CjrREVILLEA.

Front) f

THE EEV. M. J. BERKELEY, MA.

A MONTHLY RECORD OF

CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY

AND ITS LITERATURE.

Edited by M. C. COOKE, M.A.

Author of " Handbook of British Fungi," " Rust, Smut, Mildew, and
Mould," Sfc, Sfc.

VOL. I. ui*w*"Y

18 7 2-3. -

WILLIAMS and NORGATE,
HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON

SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBUROH.
LEIPZIG: A. DURR. NEW YORK: WKSTERMANU & CO.

GEO. P. BACON, PRINTER LEWES.

PREFACE

The completion of the first volume of an English Journal, specially
devoted to Cryptogamic Botany, enables us to congratulate our
readers and ourselves upon the achievement of a task which many
friends believed to be impossible. It is, nevertheless, an accom-
plished fact that " Grevillea " has reached its twelfth number, and
its promoters are preparing for another year's campaign. If our
subscribers and supporters will but continue their aid, this also we
hope to accomplish. The complaint which some have urged, that
the Journal is too scientific, will, we hope, be speedily removed,
not so much by any considerable alteration in the character of the
Journal, as by the assiduity of its readers themselves, whereby in-
creased knowledge and experience will bring to its perusal minds
more receptive, because better prepared. A popular journal was
never intended, but one which should become valuable — nay, in-
dispensable— to students and adepts in the branches of Botany to
which it is devoted. That it has hitherto been too exclusively
devoted to Fungi and Lichens is scarcely the fault of the Journal,
but results from the fact that these have been less studied than the
higher Cryptogamia, and more was necessary to be done to keep
pace with the discovery of new species, or the better illustration of
old ones. Now that the additions to British Fungi, discovered
since the appearance of the " Handbook of British Fungi," have
been recorded, and the descriptions furnished, there will be more of
our very limited space left free for Bryologists and Algalogists to
r . describe their additions, and also for communications less connected
with systematic than physiological Botany. It could scarcely be
• expected that we should secure the co-operation of all Cryptogam is Is

PREFACE.

within the short period of twelve months. Many very reasonable
excuses can be made for those who may not be ready at a brief
notice to espouse a new cause, or support a new venture ; but we
hope that when we have demonstrated to them that our Journal
has become established, having entered upon its second year, these
excuses will vanish. To all who have assisted us so liberally and
freely in the past, our thanks are due, not forgetting those who, by
subscribing their names, gave us encouragement to venture upon
an undertaking which seemed to promise only great losses and no
profits. Finally, we commend ourselves and our work to all British
Botanists, and urge them, for the sake of so small an annual sum,
not to hesitate in giving us their support. It will be an honour to
them if they enable us to continue, and even to enlarge and improve
a journal of this character, and prove that Britain as well as Ger-
many can sustain a Cryptogamic Journal. Increased support alone
will enable us to augment the number of pages, and continue
coloured illustrations as hitherto. Our success has been great, and
we rely upon the good fellowship of our Botanical and Micro-
scopical friends to make it greater still. The best road to improve-
ment will lie through an augmented list of subscribers.

Ekesperiika,. C&P.

%

P. floccosa

P.pelHta C:>P

P. siibocbraceai C&P

ooo
0

J*Sr-v^~>4'

{*

P. erocitmcta. B & C .

P. a.ssira-Qis C&P.

£ Cook* teh,.

No. L] [July, 1872.

A MONTHLY EECOED OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY,
AND ITS LITEEATUEE.

0 the memory of one of the most worthy of British Cryp-
l;fi \*$b togamists is dedicated this little monthly record of
Cryptogamic Botany. With some diffidence it has
been commenced ; but with the united support of all
students in the different orders its career may be a success-
ful and useful one. What it shall become depends chiefly
on the amount of support it may receive. The intention of its
projectors is to furnish, month by month, descriptions in English
of new species discovered in the British Islands, and to record
the habitats of rare or interesting forms, for which purpose com-
munications are solicited ; to furnish a record of the literature ;
and, as far as space permits, descriptions of Exotic specieSj
especially those of the British Colonies and dependencies, and the
United States of America, or wherever the English language is
spoken. Although the space is limited, it is hoped that structural
and physiological subjects will receive attention, and a space will be
devoted to the Queries of Correspondents and announcements of
desiderata and exchanges. Illustrations will depend, both in quality
and quantity, upon the number of subscribers ; but it is hoped that
at least one plate, sometimes coloured, will accompany each number.
It can scarce be expected that such a work will at once assume the
character it is desired. Some few months must be expected to elapse
before all those who may be interested in Diatomacea?, Desmids,
Lichens, Mosses, or multicellular Algae will find, as well as those
interested in Fungi, that each of these branches are intended to be
equally cared for, and illustrated. With patience on the part of
subscribers, and perseverance on the part of the Editor, it is hoped
that, though small and unpretending, " Grevillea " will at least be
useful, and not unworthy of the name it bears.

4 NEW-YORK FUNGI.

Agaricus (Mycaena) subincarnatus. Peck.— Gregarious. Pileus
hemispherical, convex or expanded, striatulate, of a pale yellow, or
flesh-coloured hue, becoming whitish ; gills subincarnate, uncinate,
decurrent-toothed ; stem slender, hollow, white — villous at the base.
— Report, p. 83.

Under pine trees. Center and Sandlake. October.

Height 1-11 in.; breadth of jDileus 3-6 lines.

Agaricus (Omphalia) oculus. Peck. — Pileus thin, convex, um-
bilicate, generally with a small umbo, or papilla in the umbilicus,
minutely squamulose, dingy white, umbilicus blackish-brown ; gills
white, narrow, close, subarcuate ; stem whitish, minutely squamu-
lose, or furfuraceous, hollow, often curved, easily splitting. — Report,
p. 84.

On prostrate trunks in woods. Adirondack Mts. August.

Height 1-2 in. ; breadth of pileus -J-l in. ; stem 1 line thick.

Agaricus (Omphalia) chryseus. Peck. — Pileus thin, convex, at
length plane, or slightly depressed, umbilicate,- striatulate, minutely
squamulose ; gills not crowded, rather narrow, yellow ; stem nearly
smooth, stuffed or hollow, sometimes curved. — Report, p. 85.

Old logs in woods. Adirondack Mts. August.

Height l-ll in.; breadth of pileus f-1 in. ; stem 1 line thick.
The whole plant is yellow.

Agaricus (Omphalia) scabriusculus. Peck. — Pileus thin, broadly
convex or expanded, striate, yellow ; gills distant, broad, subtri-
angular, connected by numerous veins, white or pale yellow ; stem
firm, yellow, minutely squamulose, stuffed or solid. — Report, p. 85.

Mossy prostrate trunks in woods. Adirondack Mts. August.

Height 1^-2 in. ; breadth of pileus 1-1 in. The numerous con-
necting veins between the gills give a wrinkled appearance to the
margin of the pileus.

Agaricus (Pleurotus) sulfureoides. Peck.— Pileus rather thin,
fleshy, convex, umbonate, subsquamulose or smooth, sulphur-yellow;
gills moderately close, rather broad, rounded or slightly emargi-
nate at the inner extremity, easily separating from the stem, pale
yellow ; stem firm, equal, slightly fibrillose, stuffed or hollow,
generally curved and eccentric, rarely central, a little mealy —
tomentose at the top. — Report, p. 86.

On old logs in woods. Catskill Mts. October.

Height l-ll in. ; breadth of pileus 1-2 inches ; stem 2-3 lines
thick. Becomes paler in drying. The minute scales are brown,
but often wanting.

PEZIZiE AMERICANS.
By M. C. Cooke and C. H. Peck.

Peziza (Macropodes) hesperidea. C. 4' P.— Stipitate, subsolitary.
Cups fleshy, subglobose then patellaeform, bright orange within,
paler without, smooth, even, l-l in. broad ; margin even, smooth ;
stem slender, straight or flexuose, 1-1-^in. long, clad with white
clown, especially towards the base, scarcely exceeding 1 line thick,
equal, sometimes ending in slightly marked veins at the base of
the cup. Asci cylindrical, sporidia narrowly elliptic -0009 X *0005
in. (-0225 X -0125 m.m.)

Amongst leaves. Goat Island, near Niagara Falls, U.S. (Peck,
no. 216.)

More slender and graceful than P. coccinea, and belonging to a
different section, since the cup is smooth. We have no knowledge
of P. occidentalism Schw., the cup of which is described as subto-
mentose. [PL 1, f. i, nat. size.]

Feziza (Sarcoscypha) floccosa. Schw. North Amer. Fungi ,jpp. 172,
no. 782.— Asci long, cylindrical, sporidia elliptic •0007-'0008in. long
(-0175--02 m.m.) [PI. i, f. 2, nat. size.]

Feziza (Dasyscypha) Agassizii. B. 4' C. — Fasciculate, stipitate,
erumpent; cups at length open and infundibuliform, externally
clothed with a whitish tomentum ; disc flattened, orange ; stem
rather long. Asci subscylindrical, sporidia elliptic or oval, about
two-thirds as broad as long.

On bark of Abies.

Allied to P. calycina, sporidia -00025--0003 in. (-0065-
0075 m.m.) long.

Feziza (Sarcoscypha) pellita. C. # P.— Sessile, subglobose then
expanded, at length splitting in a radiate manner into four or five
irregular lobes ; externally brown, densely wroolly with septate
brown flexuous hairs ; disk flesh-coloured, with a rufous tinge.
Asci cylindrical ; sporidia elliptic ; paraphyses slightly clavate at
the tips.

On soil covering rocks. Adirondack Mts. U. S. (C. H. P. no. 92.)

Cup scarcely an inch broad. Sporidia -0007 *001 in.
(-018--025 m.m.) long, -0005 in. (.0125 m.m.) wide. Allied to
P. lanuginosa and P. geaster. [PI. i, f. 3, a nat. size, d hairs
magnified.]

Feziza (Dasyscypha) pulverulenta. Lib.— Somewhat crowded,
at first globose, then slightly flattened, whitish, externally villose,
hairs pulverulent, with glandular orange tips, stem short, thick ;
asci clavate ; sporidia linear, obtuse. — Libert, exs. no. 125. llabh.
Fung. Eur.no. 514.

On fallen leaves of Pinus rigida. New Scotland, N. Y. June.
(Peek. no. 277.)

Sporidia -0004 in. (-01 m.m.) long. Two species are confounded

b TEZIZJZ AMERICANS.

by authors under this name, Helotium pulverulentum, Awd. Rabh.
Fung. Eur. no. 1221, differing considerably from the specimens
published by Madame Libert, and F. E. 514.

Feziza (Dasyscypha) subochxacea. C. $' P. — Sessile, scattered,
subglobose, then expanded, margin incurved, cream-coloured, to-
mentose ; disc darker or bright ochraceous yellow, even •, asci cylin-
drical ; sporidia narrowly fusiform or subcylindrical.

On stems of Rubus odoratus. Adirondack Mts. July. (Peck.
no. 93.)

Sporidia '0005 in. (-0125 m.m.) long. [PI. i, f. 4, a nat. size, b
magnified.]

Feziza (Calloria) assimilis. C. $ P. — Gregarious, erumpent, sub-
tremellose, small, dull orange, cups shallow, margin slightly
elevated, connivent and retracted when dry; asci subcylindrical,
sporidia narrowly elliptic, about one-third as broad as long.

On stems of Aster pimicea. West Albany. May. (Peck. no.
278.)

• Allied to P.fusarioides. B. & Br. Sporidia '00035 in. (-009 m.m.)
long. [PI. i, f. 6, a nat. size, b magnified.]

Feziza (Tapesia) pxuinata. Schw. Fr. S. M. ii. 109.— We have
failed in all attempts to discover the fruit in this species, and
should be glad to learn of better success being achieved by some of
our American correspondents.

Feziza (Mollisia) vincta. C. $ P. — Gregarious, sessile, between
soft and waxy, irregular, at first subglobose, then expanded, smooth,
even, very dark brown, nearly black ; disc even, cinereous, very
irregular in form and size, attached beneath by delicate brownish
hairs, which form a thin arachnoid subiculum, only the margin
being free and incurved. Asci subcylindrical, sporidia cylindrical,
obtuse, straight or curved.

On old wood. Sandlake, N. Y. Oct. (Peck. no. 217.)

Sporidia -0005 in. (-0125 m.m.) long.

Feziza (IVXollisia) crocitincta. B. <5" C— Sessile, scattered, soft,
globose, then expanded, saffron-yellow, disc paler, externally smooth,
slightly channelled. Asci cylindrical. Sporidia very minute, sau-
sage-shaped, with a yellowish tint. Rav. no. 1730.

On wood. [PI. i, f. 5, a nat. size, b magnified.]

Feziza (JYIollisia) lacerata. C. &P. — Gregarious, globose, then
expanded, dark brown, margin coarsely lacerated into subtriangular,
irregular teeth, disc cinereous, becoming blackish when dry. Asci
subcylindrical, sporidia cylindrico-clavate.

On Rubus odoratus. Adirondack Mts. July. (Peck. no. 94.)

Similar to P. escharodes, B. & Br., except that it is larger,
never hairy, and the margin different, sporidia '0005 in.
(•0125 m.m.) long.

Feziza (Mollisia) Dehnii. Rahb. But. Zevt. 1843. 12. Deut. Crypt.

BRITISH FUNGI.

Flor. no. 2G35.— Sporidia narrowly fusiform, straight or curved, often
quadriguttulate, -0008 in. (-02 m.m.) long.

On stems and leaves of living Potentilla argentea. Albany.
June. {Peck. no. 280.) New York. ( W . W. Denslow, no. 88.)

BRITISH FUNGI.
By M. C. Cooke.
Since the publication of the " Handbook of British Fungi " a
considerable number of additions have been made. Some of these
have already been enumerated or described by Messrs. Berkeley
and Broome in the "Annals of Natural History;" others we purpose,
from time to time, to describe and illustrate, as far as possible, in
this Journal. The following belong to the Order Coniomycetes : —

Nemaspora grisea. Corda. " Grey Nemaspora."
Perithecia simple, fleshy, white ; nucleus white ; spores oblong,

semi-pellucid, white ; tendrils greyish-white, sub-diaphanous, short.

— Corda Ic. iii. /. 68. B. & Br. Ann. N.H. no. 1B10. Libert exs. no..

389.

On dead twigs. Hatton. May 23, 1867.

Protomyces. linger.— Entophytal. Spores simple, aggregated,
always immersed ; epispore firm, diaphanous ; endochrome granu-
lose, coloured; immersed in the matrix. — Unger Exantheme t. 5,/.
27. DeBary, Beitrage. CordaAnleitung,p.8.

Protomyces Meny anthis . Be Bary. " Bogbean Protomyces."

Spores aggregated in roundish or confluent patches, immersed in
the substance of the leaves, purplish on the surface ; spores sub-
globose, brownish. — Be Bary Brandpilze p. 19. Fckl. Sym. Myc.p.
75. Fckl. exs. no. 260. Cooke exs. no. 295. Berk, in Rabh. F.E. no.
1500.

In leaves of Menyanthes trifoliata.

Protomyces Ari. n. s. "Arum Protomyces."

Spores aggregated in elongated patches in the substance of the
leaves and petioles, always covered, globose, simple, brown, endo-
chrome granular, epispore smooth.

In leaves and petioles of Arum maculatum, Chichester. May,
1872. {Dr.Paxton.)

JEcidium Statices. Besm. " Sea lavender cluster cups."
Hypophyllous. Spots sub rotund, or confluent and irregular,
purple ; peridia in subrotund circulating clusters, sometimes irregu-
larly disposed on the nerves and petioles, urceolate ; margin lacer-
ated, wmite ; spores orange. — Desm. exs. no. 132. Cooke exs. no.
444.

On leaves and petioles of Statices. June — July. Fleetwood,
1859 {Rev. A. Bloxam). Walney Island, 1871 {C. Bailey). Near
Basingstoke, 1871 (7?. S. Hill). Near Chichester, 1872 (F. V.
Paxton).

8 LICHENOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA.

iEcidium Parnassiae. Grav. " Parnassia Cluster Cups "
Hypophyllous. Spots pallid ; peridia in subrotund patches, irre-
gularly disposed, tawny yellow, between urceolate and concave, the
margin thick and nearly entire ; spores pallid. — Duby. Bot. Gall. ii.
p. 904.

On leaves of Parnassia palustris. Near Glasgow {Dr. Greville).
The original specimen is in the Edinburgh Herbarium.

LICHENOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA.— No. 1.
By the Rev. W. A. Leighton, B.A., F.L.S., F.B.S. Ed.

Pilophoron fibula. TucTt.
This very interesting lichen, which until lately was supposed to be
confined to the White Mountains in North America, has been con-
stantly confounded with Stereocaulon condensatum, Ach. ; but is
readily distinguished by the differences in the spores, those of
the former being ellipsoid and simple, and those of the latter
fusiform, 3-7-septate. I have myself repeatedly gathered it
throughout the Snowdonian district, Nant Francon, the Glyders,
Avan Mowddy, and in other parts of North Wales, where it
occurs in some abundance ; but requires careful observation to de-
tect it, from its close growing habit and the minuteness of its
fructification. Dr. Nylander, in the appendix to his " Lichenes
Lapponica3 Orientalis," mentions it as found by M. Th. Simming at
Dianovagora, near Lake Onega. And in looking over some lichens
in the herbarium of Mr. Horatio Piggot, of Tunbridge Wells, I
detected a remarkably fine specimen with magnificently developed
fructification, under the name of St. cereolinum, which he had col-
lected near the Cuchullin Hills, near Sligachan, Isle of Skye,
Scotland. If carefully searched for it may be, no doubt, detected
in Alpine and sub-Alpine regions throughout the world. Most of
English and Scotch localities given for St. condensation and cereo-
linum will, on more careful research, prove referable to Pilophoron
fibula. See Leight. Lich. Fl., 2nd ed., pp. 469 and 470.

Morocco Lichens.

Dr. Hooker, of Kew, placed in my hands for examination and
determination the lichens which he collected in his expedition to
Morocco and the Atlas Mountains, in May, 1871. Though few in
number they are very interesting, especially from the locality from
whence gathered.

They are as follows : —

Cladonia endiviosfolia, Fr. Tangier and Tetuan, North Morocco.

Alectoria cana, Ach. Beni Hosmar, Tangier, and Tetuan, North
Morocco.

Ramalina calicaris, Fr. Tangier and Tetuan, and Ain-el-Hadjar,
North Morocco.

BRYOLOGY. \)

Ramalina evernioides, Nyl. Ain-el-Hadjar, near Mogadore,
North Morocco.

Sticta pulmonacea, Ach. Beni Hosmar, North Morocco.

Physcia jmrietina, L. ; var. ectanea, Ach. Beni llosniar, North
Morocco.

Physcia intricata, Desf. On Argan trees, Djebel Hadid, South
Morocco, and near Mogadore.

Physcia villosa, Dub. San, South Morocco.

Physcia stellaris, L. ; var. leptalea, Ach. Tangier and Tetuan,
North Morocco.

Umbilicaria deusta, L. ; var. mesenteriformis, Wulf. Mount
Tezi (10,000 feet), South Morocco, Greater Atlas.

Squamaria lentigera, Web. Arnsmiz (5-G,000 feet), Greater
Atlas, South Morocco.

Squamaria cartilaguiea, Westr. Amsrniz, Mount Tezi (10,000
feet).

This lichen is found on our shores, near Barmouth, perhaps
under 1,000 feet. It has, therefore, a remarkable range in altitude,
which is applicable also to several others of these lichens.

Squamaria mela?ioj)hthalma, Ram. Mount Tezi.

Placodium murorum, Hffm. Mount Tezi.

Placodium aureum, Sch^er. Beni Hosmar.

Lecanora chlorophana, Ach. Mount Tezi.

Urceolaria ocellata, D.C. Djebel Hadid, South Morocco, near
Mogadore.

Dirina repanda, Fr. South Morocco.

Endocarpon Muhlenbergii, Ach. (Syn. 101), Revaia (7-11,000
feet), Great Atlas, South Morocco.

BRYOLOGY.

By Robert Braithwaite, M.D., F.L.S., etc.

The commencement of an English Journal devoted to Cryptogamic
Botany must surely engage the attention of all workers in the wide
field embraced within the scheme of its operations ; and as our
opening contribution to the department of Bryology, we offer the
latest arrangement of mosses. The well-known merit of the author,
and the high character of most of the papers brought before the
Society, require no apology for presenting it to the readers of
" Grevillea," many of whom might not otherwise have an opportunity
of becoming acquainted with it, and we purpose, on a future occa-
sion, to review it more in detail.

This " Moss Picture" will be found in the " Verhandl. Zool.
Botan. Gesels. in Wien," vol. xxi., p. 375 (1871).

10

BRYOLOGY.

2.

3.

Das Moosbild. auctore Dr.
SECT. A. SACCOMITRIA.

Archidiaca?.
Sphagnaceae.
Andrea3acea3.
SECT. B. STEGOMITRIA.
1. ACRO CARPI.

A. Cleistocarpi.
Phascaceaa.

B. Stegocarpi.
Funariacea3.
Splachnaceas.
Pottiacea?.
CalympereaB.
Leucobryacese.
Weisiaceaa.

a. Emveisiacece.

b. Seligeriacece,

c. Angstrcemiacece.

d. Blindiacece.
Bartramiaceaa.

a. MeesiacecB.

b. Eubartramiacece.
GrimmiaceaB.

a. Eugrimmiacece.

b. GlyphomitriacecB.

c. Orthotrichacece.

4.

Ernst Hampe.

Bryaceae.

Mniacese.

a. Eumniacece.

b. Polytrichacece.

c. Buxbaumiacece.
CLADOCARPI.

Fontinalaceaa.
Cryphaeacea?.
PLEUROCARPL

A. Brachycarpi.

a. Leucodontece.

b. Phyllogoniece.

c. NecJceracece.

B. Orthocarpi.

a. Eabroniacece.

b. Pterogoniacece.

c. Pseudo-Neckeracece.

d. Eulesheacece .

e. Daltoniacece.

C. Camptocarpi.

a. Hookeriacece.

b. Hypnacece.
AMPHICARPI.

Gamophylleaa.

Heterophylleaa.

Hypophyllea3.

ON A MINUTE NOSTOC WITH SPORES.

By William Archer.

The appearance of a highly interesting and noteworthy commu-
nication from Professor Max Reess conveying a description of
certain novel experiments instituted by him on the growth of a
Collema from the spores, and giving his views as to the bearing
thereof as regards Nostoc,* which I have only just seen, recalls to
my recollection a seemingly remarkable, though isolated example of
a not uncommon minute aquatic Nostoc brought forward by me at
a recent meeting of our Microscopical Club, but not publicly ex-
hibited, from want of time, and since then somehow overlooked to
be recorded. I will not attempt on this occasion to give any ac-.
count of Reess' views, or those of Schwendener, but will reserve
my observations thereon for a future communication to this Journal.

*Ueber die Enstechung der Flechte Collema glaucescens, Hoffm., durch Aussaat
dev sporen derselbcu auf Nostoc lichenoides, Vauch. Prof. Max Reess, in Monatsb.
der K. Acad, der Wias. zu Berlin, Oct., 1871, pp. 513.

ON A MINUTE NOSTOC WITH SPORES. 11

Professor Rcess' is an abstract of the views already propounded
by Professor Schwendcner as regards the nature of Lichens, •who,
in his turn, seems possibly to have had suggested to him the work-
ing out of some such idea as he has arrived at, by the alternative
conclusion put forward by Professor de Bary as one or other being
a necessary outcome or result deducible from the existent know-
ledge of the gelatinous Lichens (Gallertflechten) or the Col-
lemacese and allies, and seemingly embracing al«> Ephebe in his
generalisation, which is thus enunciated — " Either the Lichens in
question are perfectly developed states of plants whose imperfectly
developed forms have hitherto stood amongst the Algae as the
N-ostocacea3 and Chroococcacea3 ; or the Nostocacerc and Chroococ-
caceas are typical Algaa ; they assume the form of Collema, Ephebe,
and so forth through certain parasitic Ascomycetes penetrating into
them, spreading their mycelium into the continuously growing
thallus, and frequently attached to their phycochrome containing
cells."* The former of these hypotheses, as is well known, has
many supporters, and, seemingly, a considerable amount — at least,
in certain instances — of evidence in its favour. The latter hypo-
thesis, on the other hand, has found, if fewer, even more staunch
adherents, most prominent amongst whom are Schwendener and
Reess, and is in fact that alluded to as being recently put forward
by him, relinquishing the views supported by him in the earlier
portion of his elaborate memoir on the Lichen thallus.

The little Nostoc to which I have already alluded, and to which
I am desirous of directing attention, is a very minute one, though
the dimensions of the subglobose or elliptic fronds vary much. It
is rather common in moor and certain bog pools. On account of
its small size, therefore, readily capable of compression, and its
pellucid character, the elegant arrangement of its tortuously twisted
rather large moniliform filaments, is often nicely seen, and this
causes it to be a very pretty and favourable illustrative example of
its type for examination in its entirety under the higher powers of
the microscope. Its minute size calls to mind Nostoc minimum
(Currey),f but in it the cells are described as quadrate with a sinus
at each side, lending a crenate outline to the filaments, and the
heterocysts are large, whilst here the cells are orbicular or for a
time slightly flattened at the junctions, and the heterocysts are but
slightly wider, though longer than the ordinary cells. This plant
is probably identical with Nostoc jjaludosum (Kiitz.), though as re-
gards anything to be deduced from the heterocysts Kiitzing is silent.
But the interesting point connected with it is a single example of
it having presented indubitable " spores," and precisely similar
nature to those in Sphrcrozyga, &c, but with the peculiarity of

* Morphologie u. phys d. Pilze, Flechten und Myxomyceten— Proff. de Bary, in
Hofmeister's Handbuch dpr Phys. Bot., Bd. ii., p. 291.

+ Currcy "On Freshwater Algae," in "Quart. Journ. of Micr. Sci.," vol. vi.
(1st ser.), page 216.

12 ON A MINUTE NOSTOC WITH SPORES.

these being always placed singly between two heterocysts. The
pairs of heterocysts with the intervening spore occurred at just
about the same intervals as in ordinary examples occur the isolated
heterocysts; the spores large, broadly elliptic, about one-third
longer than broad ; their diameter more than twice the diameter of
the heterocysts, about thrice the diameter of the ordinary cells ;
the " bright points " of the heterocysts not very conspicuous.

I would explicitly deprecate any supposition that the observation
was founded on any mere isolated filament, met with in the same
material as the rest of the ordinary examples of this Nostoc around,
and assumed by me to have emanated from some of them, and,
therefore, possibly that of some other genus.

The filaments were not isolated, but contorted about in quite the
ordinary way, were still involved in the parent matrix, which was
bounded by the distinct pellicle, or " periderm," generically charac-
teristic, and in all respects, save the remarkable speciality described,
this example was absolutely the same as the others in the same
gathering ; in fact, the little Nostoc was intact. It might be said,
possibly, this little plant was rather a Monormia, but the definite
periderm to the rounded fronds places a bar to the assumption, and
I do not think any observer would see it and pronounce it other
than a Nostoc.

In making a drawing for illustration it is of course unnecessary
to present more than one spore, with its adjacent heterocysts and
a few cells of the filament. To give the total frond and its long,
tortuously looped and curved filaments, with their numerous spores
and heterocysts, and to convey an idea of the matrix, with the
bounding periderm, would have been an unnecessary labour and
expense, and to carry it out on the scale of some 400 diameters
would have occupied a very considerable space.

The interest which attaches to this example of a spore-bearing
Nostoc will be more apparent after reading my observations on
Reess' views, which will follow, and which are necessarily excluded
here on account of the limited space at my disposal.

Australian Fungi. — Mycologists will be glad to learn that the
last number of " The Journal of the Linnean Society" (No. 67, for
May), contains a valuable communication by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley,
on Australian Fungi. In addition, we may observe that the same
number contains a communication by Dr. Dickie on the Marine Algee
of the Island of Saint Helena, and two communications by Dr. S. (J.
Lindberg on Mesotus (Mitten) and Zoopsis (Hook and Thorn.).

13

CHICAGO HYDRANT WATER.

From a communication on this subject, by H. H. Babcock, in the
second number of " The Lens " (Chicago, U. S.), we extract the
following observations : —

" Some species of diatoms, as Tabellaria fenestrate and Fragil-
aria Crotonensis, produced in abundance all along the shore of the
Lake, are always to be found in the hydrant water. Surirella
splendida, Cymatopleura solea, Stephanodiscus Niagara, Asterionella
formosa, and a Cymbella, which one may sometimes observe in a
shore gathering, are occasionally present. A Melosira, identical
with that found in small streams flowing into the lake at Glencoc,
is often seen ; Pleurosigma attenuatum more rarely ; while Pleuro-
sigma Spencerii, Amphiprora ornata, and a Rhizosolenia are the rarest
species.

" In a word, we receive through the hydrants many of the free,
unattached forms, known to be produced along the lake shore, and
on streams entering the lake to the north of the city, as well as a
few species whose origin has not been determined ; while the
stipitate or otherwise attached forms, as Gomphonema and Synedra,
though growing in abundance in the vicinity, are seldom repre-
sented.

"I am led to believe that the streams of Northern Illinois, Wis-
consin, and even Northern Michigan, are the source whence we
obtain some of the diatoms most rarely observed in the hydrant
water, and that these forms, coming within the influence of the
southerly current of the lake, are brought as far as the crib which
stands within the current, but near its easterly edge. In a gather-
ing made at the mouth of the Carp river, a stream of Northern
Michigan, nearly opposite the island of Mackinac, I have found an
abundance of Pleurosigma attenuatum and Spencerii, Surirella splen-
dida, and Amphiprora ornata. It is probable that other streams in
the vicinity, and to the southward of that named, produce the same
species, which, specifically light, are borne by the current as far as
Chicago, and that the reversal of the course of Chicago river has
caused the lake current opj^osite the city to swerve slightly towards
the west, and admitted to the crib the pure water from the deeper,
undisturbed part of the lake.

" Whether the river or lake current, or, as I am inclined to believe.
both combined, are the source of these organisms, there seems to
be no doubt that so long as there is kept up in the river a mode-
rately rapid current from the lake, the city will be provided with
water more nearly approaching in purity that at Mackinac and Lake
Superior, which is remarkable for its transparency."

14

RHIZOSOLENIA ERIENSIS.

Rhizosolenia Eriensis. H. L. Smth.— Frustules small, com-
pressed, somewhat flattened ; not rigidly siliceous, 6-12 times as
long as broad ; length -003--006 in. Annuli on the dry frustules
conspicuous, apparently interrupted in the middle, and alternate ;
obscure in fluid or balsam. Frustules finely striated. Bristles nearly
as long as the frustules, and, with the calyptra, excentric, lying
nearly in a line with one margin of the frustule when the flat side
is in view.

Chicago (U.S.) water-supply; very abundant at certain seasons,
and very rare at others. Originally noted in Lake Erie, at Cleve-
land, O. — S. A. Briggs in " the Lens,"" for Jan., 1872.

NEW AMERICAN POLYSIPHONIA.

The following species is described as new, by C. H. Peck, in his
Report for 1869, just issued.

Folysiphonia subcontoita. Peck. — Tufts rigid, 2-3 in. high,
loosely entangled, dark red ; filaments slender, naked below, alter-
nately, and sub-distantly branched above ; branches short, subequal,
naked at the base, much branched above, and expanded into a rigid
subsquarrose bushy tuft of ramuli, which are subfusiform and more
or less curved or contorted ; tubes four, surrounding a small cen-
tral one ; articulations of the leading filaments 6-10 times, of the
branches 2-4 times their breadth, those of the ramuli shorter than
broad ; tetraspores in the swollen part of the ramuli. — Report, p. 51 .

Rocks near low water mark. Long Island Sound, at Greenport
and Orient. July.

The filaments are about as thick as hogs' bristles, nearly equal
in thickness throughout, constituting a leading stem, with its
articulations distinct and very long towards the base, and giving
out its branches, which are four or five lines long at intervals of 3-4
lines. The plant becomes blackish in drying, and does not adhere
closely to paper. In size, consistency, and coloration this species
resembles P. fastigia ta ; but in ramification, number of tubes, length
of articulations, etc., it is far removed from that species.

Amexican Desmids. — The seven new species of Desmids described
by Dr. Wood in the " Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences," at Philadelphia, are named by him, — Euastrum multih-
batum. Euastrum ornatum, Arthrodesmus quadridens, Staurastrum
minutum, Staurastrum Lewisii, Cosmarium suborbiculare and Pleuro-
tcenium breve. Descriptions in Latin, with measurements, will be
found in Hedwigia for 1872, No. 1, p. 3.

15

New Hepatic ae.— The following new species of North American
Hepaticae are described by C. F. A. Austin in the Bulletin of the
Torrey Botanical Club, for March, 1872: — Sarcoscyphus Bolancleri,
Sarcoscyphus BceckiijScapania Oakesii, Junqermannia crenuliformis,
Jungermannia Wattiana^ Jungermannia Sullivantia>, Jungermannia
Gillmani, S.phagnoecetis 3facounii, Madotlieca Bolanderi, Madotheca
Sullivantii, Lejennia Sullivantice, Frullania Wrightii, Frullania
Sullivantia?, Frullania pendula, and Fimbriaria violacea. We
regret to see that the "complimentary fever" is raging so strong
across the Atlantic ; here are eighteen new species, of which no
less than twelve have " complimentary" names, the same individual
heing four times immortalized.

Dimorphic Diatoms.— Last October (1871) I collected in the
salt water at Helle Gat, North end of Norfolk Island, a Melosira,
which was in part M. nummuloides and part 31. Borrerii, as Smith
defines and figures. I have for some time expected that these two
forms were only one species. In September (1871) I collected in
a small stream on Union Hill, N. J., Gomphonema constrictum,
capitatum, acuminatum, and cristatum, all on the same stalk. Also
sporangia (?) of 3Ielosira varians, different from any I have ever
seen before, they are like little " dumbbells," consisting of two
globes united by a short isthmus. Hydrodictyon utriculatum is
very common around New York. — Arthur 31. Edwards, M.D.,
Newark, N.J.

Alphonse de Brebisson.-The death of this veteran cryptoga-
mist took place at Falaise on the 26th April last, at the advanced
age of 74 years. It is with regret that we shall be deprived of his
promised assistance, that we make this announcement. Another
of the contemporaries of Smith, Greville, and Walker Arnott has
finished his course. A large and valuable collection of some thou-
sands of slides of Diatomaceee, the accumulation of an active life,
is to be disposed of by his son, M. Rene de Brebisson. It is to be
hoped that some Microscopical Society, or public institution like
the British Museum, will secure the collection in its entirety.

Dr. M. A. Curtis.— The death of the Rev. Dr. M. A. Curtis, of
Hillsborough, North Carolina, U.S., leaves a blank in the short
list of North American mycologists which we fear will not soon be
so efficiently filled up.

Edible Fungi.— The following species are enumerated by C. H.
Peck for the State of New York: — Agaricus ca!sarius, Scop. ; Cor-
tinarius cinnamomeus, Fr. ; Cortinarius castcuieus, Fr. ; Lactarhis
deliciosus, Fr. ; Lactarhis subdulcis, Fr. ; Cantharelhis cibarhts,
Fr. ; Lycoperdon cadatum, Fr. ; Lycoperdon gigaitteum, Batsch. ;
Jlolvtus luteu8,JJmu..\ Boletus J/avidvs, Fr. ; Boletus collinitus, Fr. ;
Boletus subtomentosus, Linn. ; Boletus edulis, Bull. ; Hydnum inl-
and Helvetia Infula, Schorl*.

16

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Mycologische Berichte, by Dr. Hermann Hoffman, Professor
of Botany at Giessen. Part iii., for 1871, contains abstracts of
contributions to Mycological Literature, during the year 1871.
~* Hedwigia. Nos. 1 to 4, for 1872, contain descriptions of new-
species of Desmids, found in the United States by Dr. Wood,
transcribed from the " Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, of Philadelphia," No. 3, Aug., Sept., 1869. An abstract
of " Polymorphic Fungi," by M. C. Cooke, in " Pop. Sci. Rev.,"
Jan. 1871. Conspectus of the Families of Cryptogamia, as ar-
ranged by Ferdinand Cohn. Review of M. C. Cooke's " Handbook
of British Fungi," with other notices and reviews.

Podisoma. A communication on the supposed Fungus on Coleus
leaves, and notes on Podisoma, by Henry J. Slack, F.G.S., is pub
lished in the " Monthly Microscopical Journal," No. 41, for May,
1872.

Mycologia Europcea, by Gonnermann and Rabenhorst. Parts
8 and 9 contain plates of the Agaricini.

Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, vol.
xi., part 1, contains papers " On new and rare Mosses, from Ben
Lawers, Perthshire," by J. Stirton, M.D., in which Zygodon Stir-
toni (Schp.), Hypnum Breadalbanense (White), and Hypnum anno-
tinum (Stirt.), are included, but without any diagnosis. " Notes on
the structure and measurement of cells of Hepaticas," by J. W.
Edmond, M.B., is a very useful, practical paper. " Notes on the
distribution of Algae," by George Dickie, M.D., Professor of Botany,
Aberdeen.

Journal of the Linnean Society, No. 66, contains " Bryo-
logical Notes," by S. O. Lindberg, M.D., with descriptions and
synonymy of Hypnum Teesdalei (Sm.), Hypnum curvisetum (Brid.).
The synonyms of Clasmatodon parvulus (Sull.), Clasmatodon per-
■pusillus (Lindb.), and Clasmatodon Bertrami (Lindb.) ; and also
descriptions of Fabronia Schimperi (De N.), and Fabronia p>usilla
(De N.).
f- Contribution to the Biology and History of the Develop-
ment of the Ustilagi^e^e, by Dr. Fischer von Waldheim, trans-
lated for the " Transactions of the New York State Agricultural
Society," for 1870, and just published at Albany, N. Y. It is a
translation of the memoir published in Pringsheim's " Jahrbucher,"
for 1869.
f- Report of the Botanist to the New York State Cabinet of
Natural History, for the year 1869, Appendix C, contains figures
and descriptions of several new species of U.S. Fungi. Albany, 1872.
— A Synopsis of the Erysiphei of the United States, by
M. C. Cooke, M.A., and C. H. Peck, is published in the " Journal
of Botany," for January and June, 1872.

PL.Z.

! II II

III

No. 2.] [August, 1872.

€vtmllm,

A MONTHLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY,
AND ITS LITERATURE.

NEW- YORK FUNGI.

Described by Charles H. Peck.

The following are in continuation from page 4.

Agaricus (Pleurotus) serotinoides. Peek. — Pileus fleshy, thick,
firm, convex .above, minutely punctate-tomentose, slightly viscid
when young or moist, the margin usually incurved; gills close,
determinately ceasing, some of them forked, white or yellowish ;
stem lateral, short, thick, scarcely distinct when viewed from above,
yellow and tomentose beneath. — Report, p. 86.

Trunks of deciduous trees in woods. Oct. Nov.
Crespitose, imbricating, or solitary, 1-2 in. broad, grayish brown,
variously modified with yellow and greenish or olivaceous hues ;
edge of the gills sometimes discoloured and slightly floccose.

Agaxicus (Entoloma) strictior. Peek. — Pileus thin, submernbra-
naceous, broadly convex or expanded, umbonate, smooth, shining,
hygrophanous, striatulate, grayish-brown ; gills rather broad, rounded
or deeply emarginatc at the stem, pale, flesh-coloured; stem straight,
equal, or very slightly tapering upward, nearly smooth, hollow, with
a dense white mycelium at the base. — Report, p. 88, t. ii.,f. 6-9.
Ground in groves and their borders. Albany. Oct.
Height 2-4 in., breadth of pileus 1-2 in., stem 1-2 lines thick.

Agaricus (Clitopilus)Noveboxacensis. Peclt.— Pileus fleshy, thin
convex, then expanded or slightly depressed, with the margin re-
curved, dingy white, cracking into areas, or concentrically rivulose,
sometimes obscurely zonate ; gills close, narrow, long decurrent,
some of them forked, white, at length dingy, tinged with yellow or
flesh-colour ; stem concolorous with the pileus, equal, solid, smooth,
with white mycelium, and brittle branching white rootlets. — Report,
p. 89.

In woods and pastures. North Elba and Albany. Aug. Oct.
Gregarious or sub-ea^spitose. Height 1-2 in.; breadth 1-2 in.;
Btem 1-2 lin. thick. Odour of new meal, taste very bitter, spores
globose, pale flesh-coloured.

Agaricus (Pholiota) temnophyllus. Peek.— Pileus fleshy, hemi-
spherical, then convex, smooth, dull yellow; gills very broad, at-
tached, obliquely truncate at the inner extremity, brownish-ferrugi-

18

NEW-YORK FUNGI.

nous ; stem equal, smooth, white, hollow, annulate ; ring mem-
branaceous, white, dusted with the brownish-ferruginous spores. —
Report, p. 90.

Grassy ground by road sides. Sandlake. June.

Height 2-4 in. ; breadth 1-^-2 in. ; stem 3-4 lines thick.

Agaricus (Flammula) Hallianus. Peck, — Pileus thin, hemi-
spherical or convex, smooth, hygrophanous, watery cinnamon, with
the margin obscurely striatulate when moist, dull yellow when dry;
gills close subarcuate, slightly decurrent, tapering to a narrow point
at the outer extremity, and ceasing before the margin, cinnamon
colour ; stem equal, slightly fibrillose, hollow, with a slight ring,
reddish-brown. — Report, p. 90.

Pastures. Bethlehem. Nov.

Height 2-3 in. ; breadth 1-2 in,; stem 2-3 lines thick. Taste a
little bitter.

Agaricus (Naucoria) vernalis. Peck.— Pileus thin, fleshy, con-
vex, then a little depressed, with a deflexed margin, umoonate,
hygrophanous, dull yellow, darker when moist ; gills narrow, at-
tached, cinnamon colour ; stem long, flexuous, striato-sulcate, hol-
low, tapering downwards, white-villous at the base, brownish. —
Report, p. 91.

On rotten wood. Greenbush. May.
Height 2 in. ; breadth 8 lines 1 in. ; stem 1 line thick.
Agaricus (Naucoria) lignicola. Peck.— Pileus thin, convex, um-
bonate, smooth or slightly fibrillose, hygrophanous, watery cinna-
mon, and the margin striatulate when moist, dull yellow when dry ;
gills narrow, close, attached, cinnamon colour ; stem slender, equal,
hollow, slightly fibrillose, firm, mostly curved, reddish-brown. —
Report, p. 92.

On old logs in woods. Sandlake. June.
Height 1-2 in. ; breadth 1-1 in.

Agaricus (Naucoria) fulvus. Peck. — Pileus thin, convex, then
expanded, umbonate, tawny yellow, darker when moist ; gills broad,
emarginate, decurrent toothed, cinnamon coloured; stem equal, solid,
subflexuous, a little paler than the pileus. — Report, p. 92.
Ground in pine woods. Bethlehem. Nov.
Height 1-1J in. ; breadth 4-8 lines.

Agaricus (Naucoria) autumnalis. Peck. — Pileus thin, fleshy,
convex, smooth, hygnyphanous, watery cinnamon, and marginally
striatulate when moist, dull yellow when dry; gills close, slightly
emarginate, spuriously decurrent-toothed, easily separating from the
stem, yellowish, then cinnamon colour; stem slender, equal, hollow,
fibrillose, paler than the pileus. — Report, p. 92.

On rotten wood in woods. North Greenbush. Nov.
Often CEespitose, sometimes with a trace of a ring.
Agaricus (Naucoria) curvomarginatus. Peck.— Pileus, thin,
convex, smooth, reddish-yellow, margin paler, reflexed, extending
beyond the gills ; gills subventricose, emarginate, decurrent-toothed,

\ I. W- YORK FUNGI. 19

pale yellow or whitish, with a flesh-coloured tinge ; stem equal,
solid, wavy, with a whitish silky lustre. — Report, p. 22, t. ii./. 1-5.

In mossy places in woods. North Elba. August.

Height 2-3 in.; breadth 4-6 lines.

Agaricus (Hebeloma) subochxaceus. Peck.— Pilous thin, conical
or convex, sometimes expanded, generally umbonate, fibrilloso-
squamulose, pale ochraceous-yellow ; gills rather broad, attached,
emarginate, whitish, becoming brownish-yellow ; stem equal,
whitish, slightly fibrillose, solid. — Report, p. 96.

Ground in groves and open plains. Sandlake and West Albany.
June — Oct.

Height 1-2 in. breath 9-18 lines.

Agaricus (Hebeloma) sarcophyllus. Pech.— Pileus fleshy, short
and obtusely conical or convex, smooth, white, margin incurved ;
gills broad, not crowded, attached, deeply emarginate, dingy flesh-
colour ; stem equal, smooth, white, firm, stuffed, mealy-squamulose
above; spores smooth, very dark, ferruginous. — Report, p. 96, t. i.
/.7-11.

Wet grass of ground. Greenbush. June.

Height, 1-2 in.; breadth, J-l^ in. Taste slightly bitter.

Agaricus (Psalliota) Johnsonianus. Pech. — Pileus fleshy, soft,
brittle, broadly convex or expanded, smooth, white; disc yellowish;
margin thin, sometimes purplish stained, when moist striatulate ;
gills close, rounded behind, nearly free, white, then brown ; stem
equal, smooth, annulate, solid, slightly striate at the top ; ring white,
tumid, stained with the brown spores. — Report, p. 98, t. hi./. 4-6.

Grassy ground, in pastures. Knowersville. Sept.

Height, 2-4 in. ; breadth, 2-4 in. ; stem, 3-5 lines thick. Has
a sweetish, nutty flavor.

Agaricus (Hypholoma) perplexus. Pech. — Pileus fleshy, con-
vex, then expanded, often broadly sub-umbonate, smooth, yellow,
the disc red or brownish-red, margin paler ; gills not broad, rounded
behind, easily separating from the stem, pale yellow, then greenish-
tinged, finally purple-brown ; stem subequal, firm, slightly fibril-
lose, hollow, yellow-reddish at the base ; flesh white ; spores pur-
plish-brown.— Report, p. 99.

About stumps in woods or open places. Sandlake, Albany, and
Catskill Mts. Sept.— Oct.

Height, 2-3 in. ; breadth, 2-3 in. ; stem, 2-3 lines thick. Taste
mild.

Agaricus (Panaeolus) solidipes. Pech. — Pileus firm, at first
hemispherical, then sub-campanulate or convex, smooth, whitish,
the cuticle at length breaking up into dingy-yellowish, rather
large, angular scales ; gills broad, slightly attached, whitish, be-
coming black ; stem firm, smooth, white, solid, slightly striate at
the top; spores very black, with a bluish tint. — Report, p. \0\,t.
iv./. 1-5.

On dung heaps. West Albany. June.

20

BRITISH FUNGI.
By M. C. Cooke.

Hyphomycetes.
Volutella roseolum. Cooke. " Rosy Volutella."

Stem distinct, whole plant rose-pink ; stroma snbglobose, crowned
above with obtuse cylindrical spores, surrounded by long flexuous,
septate, attenuated, hyaline setse.

On Bilbergia. Glasnevin. (W. S. Keit.)

Evidently allied to Chcetostroma stipitatum, Corda.

Volutella stipitatum. B. <£• Br. " Stipitate Volutella."

Stem short, brownish, or none; stroma spherical, fleshy, covered
above with a stratum of rosy spores, and furnished with solitary,
rigid, septate, subulate, hyaline setse ; spores ovate-oblong, minute,
hyaline. — -Chcetostroma stipitatum, Corda Ic. m.f. 83. B. <$• Br.
Ann.N.H. no. 1312. Psilonia stipitata, Lib.exs. 287.

On elder. Batheaston, March, 1869.

" This belongs properly to the genus Volutella" — B. & Br.
Epicoccum micropus. Corda. " Small-stemmed Epicoccum."

Gregarious ; tufts effused, black ; stroma subglobose, then de-
pressed, reddish-brown ; casidia emergent, clavate, transversely
septate, brown ; spores subglobose or tetrahedral, base depressed,
apodal or very shortly pedicellate, smooth, brown. — Corda Ic. hi./.
82. B. $ Br. Ann. N.H no. 1313.

On decaying Lactarius deliciosus. Ascot. Oct.
Spondylocladium. Preuss.

Hyphasma creeping, septate ; fertile flocci erect, simple or some-
what branched, septate ; spores homogeneous, cellular, laterally
opposite or verticillate. — Preuss in Sturm. D.F. vi. p. 105.
Spondylocladium fumosuxn. Preuss. " Smoky Spondylocladium."

Tufts effused, black ; hyphasma branched, septate ; flocci simple,
septate, erect, pellucid, brown, bearing three or four spores in a
verticillate manner from the upper septa, spores subfusiform, brown,
with the endochrome twice divided. — Preuss in Sturm. D.F. no. 35,
t. 53. B. 4- Br. Ann. N.H. no. 1314, t. 18, f. 7.

On rotten sticks. Batheaston. March. Spores *001 in. long,
•0004--0005 in. wide.

Graphium stilboideum. Corda. " Cabbage stalk Grapbium."

Gregarious; stem erect, subulate, simple, black, opaque; head of
spores glutinous, whitish, then livid ; threads simple, whitish ;
spores ovate, oblong, pellucid. — Corda Ic. ii.,f. 69. B. § Br. Ann.
N.H. no. 1315.

On cabbage stalks. Batheaston. April, 1869. Spores -0002-
•0004 in. long.

Feronospoxa entospora. B. $ Br. " Clavate Peronospora."
Fertile threads simple, clavate, surmounted by a crown of apiculi,
bearing the ellipsoidal conidea, each of which papillate at the apex ;
endochrome granular. Oogonia yellowish, subglobose, tuberculate.

BRITISH FUNGI. 21

B. cj- Br. Ann. N II. no. 1317, 1. 18, /. 8. Basidiophora entospora
lio:e $ CornUj Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. v., vol. xi , t. 4.

On Erigeron canadense. Wimbledon. June. Resting spores
echinnlate '001 in. diam. (M.J.B.)

Peronospora Laxnii. Broun. " Dead nettle Peronospora."
Fertile threads short, 5-7 times dichotomous, branches attenu-
ated, patent, all more or less arcuate, ultimate ramuli often elongated
and acutely subulate. Conidia pedicellate, globose or ovoid, quite
obtuse, membrane pale violaceous. Oospores slightly brown. —
Rabh. Myc. ii., no. 325. De Bary Ann. Sc. Nat., 1863, xx., p. 120.
On Lamium purpureum, &c. Welshpool (Rev. J. E. Vize).

Peronospora Ficariae. Tul. " Buttercup Peronospora."
Fertile threads small, usually 5-6 times equally or unequally
dichotomous, ultimate and penultimate branches arcuate, rerlexed
or inflexed ultimate often subulate. Conidia broadly ellipsoid and
obtuse, membrane pale violaceous. Epispore of Oospores pale
yellowish brown. — Tul. Compt. Rend. Jan. 26, 1854. De Bary,
Ann. Sc. Nat., 1863. xx., p. 117. Fchl. exs. no. 3. P. grisea Rabh.
Herb. My. no. 322.

On Ranunculus repens. Welshpool (Rev. J. E. Vize).
Oidium aurantium. Cooke. " Orange Oidium."
Forming dense, irregular, effused, bright orange tufts, sometimes
several inches in length. Hyphasma creeping, branched, robust,
septate, surmounted by simple or branched moniliform threads,
which break up into subglobose or elliptical spores ; endochrome
granular. — Cooke exs. no. 448.

On spent hops. Burton-on-Trent. Aug. 1871. (Edwin Brown,
Esq.)

Endodesmia. B. ^- Br.
Forming little tufts ; flocci shining, glaucous, smooth, without
septa, slightly curved ; spores concatenate, uniseptate, eliptical,
appendiculate at each extremity. — B. 4' Br. Ann. N.H. no. 1318
(1871).

Endodesmia glauca. B. $ Br. " Glaucous Endodesmia."
Spores -0004--0005 in. long, -0002 in. wide.— B. $. Br. Ann.
N.II.no. 1318, *.xx./. 9.

On cabbage stalks. Batheaston. April.

Acremonium ranigenum. B. $ Br. " Frog Acremonium."
Stem composed of the aggregated flocci ; tips elongated, free ;
spores agglomerated, globose, echinulate, shortly pedicellate. — B. fy
Br. Ann. N.H. no. 1319, t. xviii./. 10.

On dead frogs. Monkton Farleigh. Sept.
Stem composed of a multitude of septate threads, of a delicate
lemon-yellow, which diverge upwards and form a subglobose head ;
the threads give origin on all sides to globose spores crowded so as
to form little mass>es. Spores '0004 in. diameter.

22

RECENT OBSERVATIONS ON COLLEMA, &c,
BRIEFLY CONSIDERED.

By William Archer.

As promised in the preceding number of this journal, I purpose
setting forth, as briefly as possible, the views of Schwendener and
Reess (page 11) on Collema, &c. Relinquishing the opinions sup-
ported by him in the earlier portions of his elaborate memoir on
the Lichen-thallus,* Schwendener, before he concludes, propounds
the doctrine that not only are the " Lichens" in question (the Colle-
macea3, alluded to by de Bary) no " Lichens," but that the whole class,
without excej)tion, fall under the same category ; that is to say,
that each is to be regarded as some one or other Algal-type which
has become, as it were, the home or residence of a parasitic growth
— the combination of the two being, in point of fact, the so-called
Lichen. His views on the question the author has given more at
large, in relation to various types, in a subsequent memoir, j" These
he states generally thus : — " As the result of my researches all
these growths [Lichens] are not simple plants, not individuals in
the ordinary sense of the word ; they are rather colonies, which
consist of hundreds and thousands of individuals, of which, how-
ever, one alone plays the master, whilst the rest, in perpetual cap-
tivity, prepare the nutriment for themselves and their master.
This master is a fungus of the class of Ascomycetes, a parasite
which is accustomed to live upon others' work : its slaves are green
alga3, which it has sought out, or indeed caught hold of, and com-
pelled into its service. It surrounds them, as a spider its prey,
with a fibrous net of narrow meshes, which is gradually converted
into an impenetrable covering ; but, whilst the spider sucks its prey
and leaves it lying dead, the fungus incites the algas found in its
net to more rapid activity — nay, to more vigorous increase. ... If
this mode of illustration be permissible, this fungus forms a remark-
able contrast not only to the predatory and murderous spider, but,
in quite an analogous way, to the vine and potato-fungus, as well as
all other fungi which vegetate in living organisms, and destroy
their host-plant, or host-animal, in the unequal struggle.''^ Such,
" popularly" expressed, is Schwendener's view as to " Lichens" at
large, which he now holds and supports. This quotation, I would
venture to suggest, would seem sufficiently to convey its own refu-
tation of the hypothesis, inasmuch as this assumed parasitic fungus
does not destroy or live upon its assumed algal-host. If the
''parasite" cannot be a "fungus" it must be something else —
that something else no more nor less than the veritable " lichen,"
though it may be, indeed, but in part represented; though, of

# Dr. S. Schwendener — " UntersiichungenueberdenFlechten-thallus," in Prof.
Niigeli's " Beitriige zur wissensch. Botanik," Hft. 4, p. 195 (1868).

f Dr. S. Schwendener — "Die Algentypen der Flechteugonidien," Basel, 1869.
X Schwendener — " Die Algentypen," etc., p. 3.

OBSERVATIONS ON COLLKMA. 23

course, on all hands it is agreed that Lichens and Fungi, save the
gonidia, have between them no absolute line of demarcation.

Seemingly at first more impressed with the applicability of the
theory to the Collemacese, though he no doubt afterwards accepts

its complete tenabilit j as regards the whole class of the " Lichens,"
Reess conceived the idea of " sowing" the spores of Collema upon
the substance of Nostoc, and a description of the experiment and
its results forms the subject of his memoir previously alluded to.*
He states, indeed, that the spores of Collema ran be readily enough
made to germinate upon any moist substratum, such as a glass-plate,
stones, and so on, and will slowly produce even a branched and
sparingly jointed growth, but this goes on only so long as the reserve-
stuff is supplied by the spore, but when this is exhausted the liypha-
mass thus produced, though it may survive even weeks, will then
slowly die off. But when he brings a spore or the young hypha
upon the Nostoc, it at once becomes further developed, sending more
or less copiously through its surface many branches, and penetrat-
ing within. Soon, however, they cease to increase in length, be-
come swollen at the points and at other places, and become attached
by these swellings upon the Nostoc. Thereupon thinner processes
become sent further into the gelatinous mass of the Nostoc, from the
swellings ; these become branched, and, tortuously surrounding the
chains of gonidia, form, in fact, the " Collema-mycelium," and the
complete transformation or conversion of the " Nostoc" into the
Collema is brought about by the hypha producing a peripheral
stratum of fibres, from which break forth, through the " Nostoc -
jelly," the first root hairs. Such an artificially -produced " Collema"
the author had not been able to rear up as far as the production
of fructification (apothecia), but he doubts not the tenability of the
assumption that every Collema in free nature is a " Nostoc" thus
made the nidus for the development of the spores, evolved of course
from a preceding " Nostoc " so naturally inoculated (as one might
say), i.e., in other words, a preceding compound organisation which is
known as " Collema." Such is, as brief as possible, the result of
Reess's experiences, and the views he holds ; it would far exceed
the limits available in these pages to go more closely into the
arguments and statements of Reess and Schwendener — those of
the latter applied to the Lichens at large, not the Collemaceaj only
— but it may not be wholly without use to have directed attention
to their remarkable memoirs.

Basing his opinion, as it would seem, at least mainly, upon the
result of the experiments of Professor Reess alluded to, Professor
Cohnf would exclude the Collemacere from the Lichens, which
^without these), as a Class, he would retain, remarking that "he

* Prof. Eeess— "Ueber die Entstehung der Flechte Collema glaucescens,
Hoffm. durch Aussaat der Sporen derselben auf Nostoc lichenoides, Vauch." in
" Monatsb. der k. Akad. der Wissensch. zu Berlin," Oct. 1871, p. 523.

f Prof. Dr. F. Cohn — " Conspectus Familiarum cryptogam; i rum secundum
method um naturaltm dispositarum," in " Hedwigia," No. 2, 1872, p. 17.

24 • OBSERVATIONS ON COLLEMA.

knows no Alga? which could be transformed by the influence of a
fungus into Usnea, Cladonia, Cetraria, etc., but that it appears to
him that the parasitism has been rendered by de Bary and Reess
extremely probable for the ' Collemacea}.' "

Schwendener himself, in his later memoir,* figures certain
Nostoc specimens whose gelatinous matrix is seen to be penetrated
by what he denominates fungal threads (Pilsfaser), and these he
points to as evidence of the truth of his view ; that is, that they
become the hypha, and that the phenomena of growth thereby
induced absolutely convert the " Nostoc " into " Collema ;" and he
firmly holds his figures prove the case. Now, Reess, referring to
these very figures, conceives the fungal threads depicted must be
strictly those of a (destructive) fungus — a mould, in point of fact ;
he thinks, indeed, they may be anything whatever, but one thing
clearly he avers, be they what they may, they are by no means a
Collema-hypha, founding his opinion, of course, upon the know-
ledge gained from his recently conducted experiments. So that
whatever may be the opinion of other observers as to the result of
the researches of Reess, at least the examples adduced by
Schwendener relating to Collema, it would appear, must be held as
inconclusive.

It may, perhaps, be not inoj)portune to observe that, as must be
well known, the gelatinous masses of those Alga3 which grow on wet
rocks and-such situations, be they Palmellaceous or Chroococcaceous, i
are prone to be more or less permeated by " mycelioid " threads,
and even some such as would fairly well accord with those Reess
depicts for Collema, though not so copiously branched, may not
be unusual. Some of these threads are, at least occasionally, those
of indubitable (devastating) fungi, which, when they " attack "
certain cells, destroy them ; other threads, doubtless quite distinct,
can apparently live independently and innocuously, though probably
drawing nutriment from the common mucous matrix. What a
monstrous and abnormal " Lichen-th alius " thus not unfrequently
comes to view — a variable " hypha " interruptedly running hither
and thither, and accompanied by " gonidia " of very heterogeneous
character ! The plant named by Kutziiig, Trichodictyon rupestre,
which can hardly be doubted to be the same as Cylindrocystis crassa,
de Bary, is frequently (though not always) accompanied by a
number of fine filaments (which seem, however, to be inarticulate),
twisted in and out through the gelatinous mass made by the alga,
but so running as to leave rounded spaces between containing the
groups of the Cylindrocystis-cells ; they seem, in fact, to urge their
way between the more dense mucous envelopes formed round the
groups of dividing cells, simply because they find the intervals,
being softer, more readily permeable. These filaments, whatever
their nature really may be, cannot be doubted I should think to be
foreign, though they were actually introduced into the generic

* " Die Algeiitypen," etc., pp. 28, 29, t. II., ff. 13-15.

OBSERVATIONS ON COLLBMA. 25

characters by Kiitzing, being considered by liim as somehow a por-
tion of the structure of the alga, which, indeed, itself reproduces
by conjugation, and is, no doubt, in i'act, a dcsmid.

Bchwendenei claims as the foundation or basis for the production
of " Collemacese " only such nostochaceous plants as live in moist or
wet habitats — the entirely aquatic forms (Trichornras, SphaBrozyga,
Cylindrospermum, Dolichospermum), he considers, being inac
sible under water, are protected from the attack of the parasite,
and thus " cannot enter into the ' gonidia question.' " The fact
that these latter form independent "spore-cells" (reproducing the
plant), he would seem, so far as we can judge, to hold as having
no material, if any, bearing on the question, for he dwells only on
their being submerged as giving them an immunity. " But in any
case," he says, afterwards, further on, as regards the question,
" whether certain species of Cylindrospermum pass into the 'gonidia
state' [that is, become the basis of Collemacea1] remains for so
long doubtful, till the transition, here alone decisive, be observed.
In the Collema-thallus itself a decision is of course no longer
possible, since the spores characteristic of Cylindrospermum ap-
parently just as little come to development in the gonidial state, as
do the ' manubria' of the Rivularieas." (This last allusion has a
bearing on Lichina, &c, which the author thinks have plants
appertaining to Rivulariea3 for their basis, but without manubria.)
I would venture to suggest were such Algre as these truly seized
upon by this completely innocuous parasite — nay, which, if tin'
hypothesis be true, rather tends to favour the growth and vigour of
the " gonidia" — we should hardly expect that, on the other hand,
the innate or inherited tendency to produce "spores" would at
the same time become wholly extinguished. It would, I should
venture to suppose, seem probable, even admitting the views of
Schwendener and Reess as regards Nostoc, that Cylindrospermum
is not likely to have anything to say to the "gonidia question."'
But the isolated observation, for the first time recorded in the pre-
ceding brief communication,* would seem to show that Nostoc,
too, may form spores, though it be, indeed, so very exceptionally,
and so extremely rarely.

The main object, then, of the present communication is to offer
the following three suggestions which occur to me : —

1. To suggest the possibility that, if we may conceive Dolicho-
spermum, &c, excluded from the "gonidia question" as forming
special fruit (that is, " spores "), so might we regard Nostoc as ex-
cluded, though its formation of spores be so extremely rare.
Seemingly, indeed, the formation of spores by an algal species,
supposed to become occasionally lichenized, is not a reason against
the hypothesis as viewed by Schwendener — he only assumes that
such an example of the alga surrenders, or leaves in abeyance, its
tendency to the production of spores.

* " GreviPfca," Xo. 1. July, 1872, p. 10.

26

OBSERVATIONS ON COLLEMA.

2. To suggest that there are veritable lichens which live sub-
merged, and produce their apothecia. I presume, however, it
might be replied that such may have received their inoculation by
the parasite during some season of drought, when the alga lay
"high and dry."

3. To suggest the possibility that the spores of Collema, if
" sown " on some other gelatinous substratum, besides that of
Nostoc — say, for instance, a Palmella or Mesotaenium — might
equally well germinate, penetrate therein, and develope a hypha.
There seems, I venture to think, no a priori reason against this
supposition — inside the Nostoc, the " reserve-stuff " of the spore
being exhausted, and the chains of Nostoc filaments admittedly
intact, the only next immediate source of nutriment for the
growing hypha would, I imagine, in the experiment of Reess,
appear to have been the " Nostoc-jelly."

Now a " Palinella-jelly," or a " Mesotaenium -jelly " (both aerial,
that is, not under water), would seem in themselves to be possibly
just as likely to afford the requisite pabulum for the germinating
and growing Collema-spore. If this conjecture should be borne
out, which I would indeed put with all diffidence, what would be
the result of Reess's experiments, or, rather, what proven thereby ?
Such a combination (if capable) with a Palmella or a Mesotaenium
would not be " Collema," because it would not have " nostocha-
ceous " gonidia, nor the characteristic periderm. If, indeed, we
might for a moment assume that which direct experiment alone
could prove, and a germination of spores and penetration of the
hypha of a Collema with a Mesotaenium effected, such a " lichen-
thallus " would be, I apprehend, unprecedented — a hypha like other
lichen-hyphae, no doubt (but known to be that of a Collema), with
large elliptical or cylindrical "gonidia" containing a central
" chlorophyll-plate," and which would probably (in free nature at
least) go on and produce zygospores I

I trust that the readers of these and my foregoing remarks will
understand that I put them forward but with great diffidence ; it
was the occurrence of my little spore-bearing Nostoc, which sug-
gested to me to venture to do so. Isolated, indeed, as was that
example, still no matter from what aspect viewed, even though it
be urged that we should look upon it as " abnormal " on account
of its rarity, it cannot, I apprehend, but be regarded under any
circumstances as to a certain extent suggestive and as possessing a
considerable amount of significance.

Clavaria rosea. Fr.— At the Liverpool Naturalists' Field Club
Excursion to Saddle worth, June 29th, this rare Clavaria was col-
lected. H. H. Higgins.

North American Fungi.— A series of papers on this subject, by
the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., will be commenced in the next
number of this Journal.

27

A NEW MOSS FROM IRELAND.

By Dr. Robt. Bb ai i iiwaite, F.L.S.
Splachnobryum. C. Midler, Verhandl. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien.,
18G9, p. 501.
Calyptra dimidiate, enclosing the whole theca, and embracing

spirally the upper part of the seta, cleft at the side, smooth,
fugacious. Peristome simple, arising below the orifice of capsule ;
teeth 16, very narrow, linear-lanceolate, acicular, with the articula-
tions remote. Columella immersed. Dioicous, male flower terminal,
gemmaceous, without paraphyses. Plants small, slender, with dis-
tant spathulate leaves. Natives of equatorial America and India.

S.Wrightii: C. Mull., 1. c. Entosthodon minimus: Hunt, Proc.
Lit. and Phil. Soc. of Manch., xi., p. 19 (1871;. Amblyphyllum
Ilibernicum, Lindberg, M.S.

Dioicous, minute, gregarious. Stems ]■ to | in. high, simple
subflexuose, pale red, with a few slightly branched radicles. Leaves
bright green distant, with a narrow and slightly decurrent base,
patent, rlattish, obovate or spathulate, rounded at apex, the margin
somewhat reflexed in the lower half, entire or minutely serrulate in
the male plant, crenulate in the upper part in the female ; nerve
thick, prominent at back, vanishing below apex, less clearly defined
in the male plant ; cells lax, large, pellucid, smooth, incrassate,
rhombo-rectangular at base, rhomboidal above, smaller and nearly
circular at margin, especially in the male. Male flower terminal,
bracts erect, resembling the leaves, antheridia 3 to 8. Seta slender,
twisted to the left, pale brownish-yellow ; capsule erect, obconical
at base, subcylindric, wide-mouthed, pale brown ; operculum
conical, acute ; teeth of peristome very slender, pale red, erect.
Calyptra long, conical, very narrow, its cells arranged spirally,
spores smooth. Fr. August.

Ilab. Top of the wall of a forcing-pit in the Botanic Gardens,
Glasnevin, Dublin. (Mr. D. Orr.)

We fear this interesting little moss can hardly be regarded as
indigenous, for the spores have most probably been mixed with
soil attached to some exotic, and thus accidentally scattered on the
sandstone wall, where it was found. So much do the leaves re-
semble those of Splachnacea3 in ar eolation, that at first I was in-
clined to follow C. Miiller and Hampein referring it to that family ;
but on the other hand the equally high authorities Mitten and
Lindberg place it in Trichostoniaceae, and after careful considera-
tion I am satisfied that in the structure of the peristome, the
calyptra like that of Tortula, and the place of growth it entirely
accords with that family.

The type of the genus is S. obtusum, C. Mill. Bridel ( Weissia ob-
tusa, Sp. Musc.,i., p. 118, 180G; Didymodon? splachnifolius^ Hook.
Muse. Exot., t. 126, 1820; Dissodon rotundifolius, C. Mull, Syn.,
i., p. 140, 1849), from the Antilles, to which th" presenl B]
was referred by Sullivant in the " Mutci Cubenses Wrightiaui "

28 A NEW MOSS FROM IRELAND.

(Proc. Amer. Ac. of Arts and Sc, 1861) ; but it is separated by
C. Miiller in the paper quoted, and with the Cuba plant the Irish
specimens, kindly sent by Dr. Moore, agree in everything but size,
and though Miiller describes the leaf as " margine integerrimo "
in both, it is distinctly crenulate.

The other species of the genus are —

3. S.flaccidum (Weissia flaccida, Harvey, Hook. Ic. PI., t. 18,
f. 3), from Nepal.

4. S. Wullschldgelii, C. M., from Surinam.

5. S. Bernoullii, C. M., from Guatemala.

6. S. Indicum, Hainpe and C. M., from Calcutta.

7. S. Spruceanum, C. M. {Weissia § Tapeinodon splachnifolia,
Mitten, Musci. Austr. Amer.), from the Andes.

Another species is also referred to with papillose leaves, from
Tranquebar. — Journal of Botany, for July, 1872, p. 193.

Observations on the above Moss. By Prof. Lindberg.

The characters of the plant before us show that it cannot be an
Entosthodon (i.e., Funaria), but that it must belong to a different
tribe of mosses, and if we pass before us all the European species,
we do not find one allied to it, and must therefore extend our view
to exotic forms. In the tropical parts of America and Asia grow
a few minute tufted mosses, which have lately been considered to
form a proper genus [Tapeinodon or Splachnobryuni), the type of
which is the old Didymodon (?) splachnifolius, Hooker.

The specimens named Tapeinodon splachnifolius, from Tarapoto
(No. 209, b. coll., R. Spruce), seem to be a proper robust form or
species distinguished by its size and larger flaccid leaves.

Another species is Weissia flaccida, Harvey, very distinct by its
erect narrow leaves, reflexed at apex, which is obtuse as in all other
forms of the genus.

As to its systematic position, it has not a natural place among
Splachnacese, or Funariaceas, for the following characters militate
against it : — The habitat on rocks or naked barren soil ; the habit
resembling that of certain Trichostomea?, thus the plant from Tara-
poto is very like some states of Tr. tophaceum ; the usually dull
green or light dirty brown colour of the leaves, which are small and
nearly all of one size, easily softened in water, and with cells for
the most part distinctly incrassated, and the uppermost much smaller
than the rest ; the dioicous inflorescence (no dioicous form has yet
been found among Funariacea?) ; the open indistinct andrcecium,
which wants all trace of paraphyses ; the very narrow pungent teeth
of the peristome, with numerous trabeculas on the inside and papil-
lose on both surfaces, and, indeed, not much unlike that of
Eucladium verticillatum ; and, lastly, the very narrow calyptra, and
seta twisted just as in Trich. rubellum. Judging from all these
characters, of great importance in a natural arrangement, I must
place the genus in Trichostomea?, where we find some forms, e.g.,
Pottia vernicosa (Bryol. Javan. t. 51), having leaves of nearly the
same structure.

A NEW MOSS FROM IRELAND. 29

The oldest denomination of the genus is rather difficult to deter-
mine. The Bpecies have been called I • v different authors Didymodon,
Dt8Sodon, Pottia, Syrrhopodon, and Weissia ; but only Dr. C.
Mallei and Mr. Mitten have given them proper generic denomina-
tions. The former called tlic genus at firsl Amblyphyllum among
the synonyms under his Dissodou rotundifolius (Synop. Muse. I.,
p. 1 10), but without any diagnosis ; later (in Verh. X. B.3 I
Wien, 1869, p. 503) Splachnobryum. Mr. Mitten also has named
it, but without any generic description, Tapeinodoni in Spruce, Cat.
Muse. Amaz. And., p. 1 (1867), and in his Muse Austr. Amer.,
p. 141 (18G9), Weissia, Sect. 8, Tapetnodon. Which name musi
we adopt according to the law of prioiity ? 1 think Amblyphyllum ;
but we must not forget that in Midler's Syn. Muse. I., p. 286, we
again find the same name applied to a section of Bryum* But
this section, formed of B. calophyllum and cyclopliyllinii, is very
unnatural, and can never be considered as a genus, distinct from
the other species of the vast genus Bryum. I cannot, therefore,
see any objection to using the denomination Amblyphyllum for this
very natural and interesting genus of Trichostomece.

A Grimmia new to Britain.
Mr. Bagnall, of Birmingham, detected, in June last, a species of
Grimmia he could not determine, which I at once recognised as
G. crinita, Brid., a species closely allied to G. anodon, and occurring
in Southern Europe, on the plaster of walls. He found it occupy-
ing a precisely similar locality on the wall of a bridge over the canal
a few miles from Warwick, and its characters are as follows : —

Grimmia crinita, Bridel, Sp. Muse., part 1, p. 95 (180G).
Monoicous, in low diffuse flat tufts, silky on the surface, with
long white hairs, which form a pencil-like tip to the branches.
Stem simple, or but slightly divided. Leaves imbricated, erecto-
appressed, lowest lanceolate, muticous, upper obovate, oblong
channelled, with a broadly diaphanous apex continued into a hair as
long as the lamina, which in the pericheetial leaves extends far
above the capsule ; nerve vanishing below apex ; margin erect or
plane; cells at base elongated, diaphanous, above finely chloroph)l-
lose, oblong or rounded, large, incrassate. Capsule on a weak
sigmoid pedicel, subcernuous, subventricose ovate, lightly striate
brown, furrowed when dry ; operculum convex, with an obtuse
conical point ; annulus broad, compound ; calyptra dimidiate,
bilobed ; teeth of peristome red, erect, bi-trifid to the middle.

R.B.

* As the system of vegetation in mosses must be regarded as of much greater
importance than that of fructification, in the natural limitations of the higher
divisions, I am convinced that Lcptobryum pyriforme holds a very artificial place
among the true Bryccs ; and I propose to transfer it to Ditrit
chacea), on account of its habit and mode of growth, the form and structure of the
.uid bracts, the synoicous inflorescence, and the glossy leptodermoufl theca.
The habit and leaf structure are nearly the same as in 1>. pallidum, and this very
natural genus thus holds in Ditrichacece a place analogous to Lamprophyllum
(WeberaJ, among teryece, and, indeed, there exists between these two genera
(Leptobryum and LampropTvylkmi), analogy, but no affinity at all.

30

NOVARA DIATOMS.

Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Diatoms obtained by the
Austrian Imperial Frigate Novara, during her Voyage round the
World.

By Herr A. Grunow.

(Translated by F. Kitton.)

Part I. (with Plate ii.)

We have much pleasure in introducing to our readers an English
translation, andfac similes of the new forms obtained during the
above expedition. As copies of the original paper are difficult to
obtain, we have no doubt that this and the succeeding paper will be
welcomed by those who are studying the Diatomacese.

Gomphonitzschia Ungexiana, Grim. — Frustules small, linear
cuneate, valve linear lanceolate cuneate, apex rounded.

Puncta 33 in. "001, striae transverse, delicate, about 60 in. '001.

Sometimes sessile on a mucous cushion, at others attached to a
short stipes.

[PI. ii, f. 1, valve a, b side view of frustule, c front view do., d
stipitate variety, e sessile do.]

Upon Cladophora macrogonia, Upper Egypt, Unger.

A well marked species, nearly approaching the Nitzschias, but
also bearing a resemblance to Gomphonema, Meridion, Lichmophora,
Roikosphenia, &c.

Synedra investiens, W. Smith, Synopsis Brit. Diat. — [PI. ii, f. 2, a
valve, b d c front view of a double frustule.]

In a mass upon Ectocarpus littoralis, from the shores of the
Island of St. Paul, in the South Sea.

Its appearance on Ectocarpus, as well as the strong stride leaves
no doubt about the determination of this unfigured species of
Smith. I have given two side views, and a front view of a double
frustule.

(The fact of its growth on an Ectocarpus is of no specific im-
portance ; I have found it investing Polysiphonia pulvinata ? and
also parasitic on the stipes of a Rhipidophora, F. K.)

Diatoma ? exiguum, Grim., n. s. — Frustules minute, linear,
valves linear with rounded apices ; costa3 strong 18-20 in. -001.
[PI. ii, f. 3, a b c d front view, e side view.]

Upon Lessonia, from the coast of Chili.

It may possibly be a small Denticula ; it also resembles a
Diatoma or Odontidium, between which the generic differences are
very uncertain. (I should be inclined to refer it to Diatoma
elongatum, var. *y, Sm. Brit. Diat. = D. tenue, Kutz. Bacill. PI.
xvii., 9, 10. F. K.)

Eeikeleya Harveyana, Grunow.— [PI. ii, f. 4.] He says it is dis-
tinguished from other species of Berkeley a by the club-shaped form
of the mucous envelope (Schleimmassen). The frustules are small

N0VARA DIATOMS. 31

linear, with rounded ends, and extremely fine striae, fig. 4, a. (The
author does not distinctly allude to fig. 4, which but for the ab-
sence of a central nodule might be referred to Navicala Lewisiatia,
of Greville.

Campyloneis Grevillei = Cocconeis Grevillei, Smith, Brit. Diat.,
pi. 3, f. 35 = C. parmula, Bail, in Proceed. Phil. Acad., 1853.?
Upper valvccellules small, confluent and elongated, as they approach
the narrow depressed medium space.

Var. obliqua minute, median space depressed, broad, subrhom-
boid, cellules minute, sometimes oblique ; confluent, elongated on
the margin, minute, irregular, lower valves with large radiant
costa?, reaching to the narrow median blank space, which is some-
times oblique.

[PL iii, f. 5, a lower valve, b upper do.]

On Ballia callitricha, New Zealand, and other parts of the
Southern Ocean.

Coconeis pseudomarginata, Greyory. — Var. intermedia small,
finely striate, upper valve pale, yellow, median line generally
sigmoid. = C. Kirchenpaueriana, Rab. & Jan. [PI. ii, f. 6, a
upper valve, b lower.]

Common on Alga? in the warmer seas, Cape of Good Hope,
Nicobar Isles, Manila, Tahiti.

C. pellucida var. /3. minor, Grim. = C. exarata, Grun., in litt.
— Broad, median line straight or slightly sigmoid, furrows (longi-
tudinal), conspicuous, 3-5 on either side of the median space = C.
lineata, Ehr. Micro. Geol., vi., 1, 40 ? ? [PI. ii, f. 7, a upper valve,
b lower do.] On Sarcomenia intermedia, St. Paul, in the South
Sea, on Alga? from the Cape of Good Hope, &c.

C. pellucida var.? y sigmoidea. — Median line sigmoid, central
nodule sometimes transversely dilated, longitudinal furrows some-
times subsigmoid or equally arcuate, abbreviated towards the margin.
[PI. ii, f. 8, upper valve.] On Alga?, from Tahiti, common in the
lied Sea.

Cocconeis ambigua, Grun., n. sp. ?— Upper valve ? marginal stria}
interrupted by a smooth sub-marginal median line, following the
contour of the valve ; marginal stride distinct, sub-radiant, 40 in.
•001, interior part of the valve longitudinally and transversely
striate ; longitudinal striae conspicuous ; terminal and central no-
dules more or less distinct. [PI. 2, f. 9, upper valve ? growing on
Ptilota asplenioides on the coast of Kamtschatka.]

? Var. Transverse stria? obsolete ; transverse stria? even on the
marginal part of the valve, conspicuous. [PI. 2, f. 22, upper valve
with the preceding.]

(The large size of the valve and the peculiar striation renders it
difficult to imagine that this form is the upper valve of the forego-
ing species. The so-called longitudinal strife resemble the furrows
on C. pellucida. [Fig. 7 a, and f. 8. F. K.]

Cocconeis pacifica, Grun., n. sp. — Lower valve with a distinct
border of conspicuous granules, interior of valve hyaline and finely
striate, median line straight, central nodule dilated into a transverse

32 CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

fascia, upper valve, median line linear, or acutely lanceolate ; costee
strong, sub-radiant. [PI. 10, a lower valve, bed upper do. upon
Macrocystus from the coast of Chili.]

The upper valve has some resemblance to my Raphoneis scutel-
loides, which does not, however, appear to be a Cocconeis, as I have
never been able to discover a lower valve. Cocconeis Grantiana,
Greville, is perhaps the lower valve of a similar species, if not that
of a small form of C. scutellum.

(I scarcely see how the upper valves differ from that of Campy-
loneis Grevillei, var. obliqua, f. 5 a, F. K.)

CONTENTS OF PLATE II.
Fig. 1. G-oinphonitzscbia Ungeri. — Fig. 2. Synedra investiens. — Fig. 3.
Diatoma (?) exiguuni. — Fig. 4. Berkeleya Harveyi. — Fig. 5. Cainpyloneis
Grevillei var. obliqua. — Fig. 6. Cocconeis pseudoniarginata var. inter-
media.— Fig. 7. Cocconeis pellucida var. (3 minor. — Fig. 8. Cocconeis
pellncida var. y sigmoidea. — Fig. 9. Cocconeis ambigua. — Fig. 10.
Cocconeis pacifica. — Fig. 11. Ortboneis binotata var. Atlantica. — Fig. 12.
Mastogloia marginnlata. — Fig. 13. Pleiirostauron Franenfeldianum. —
Fig. 14. Plenrostauron Javanicum. — Fig. 15. Stanroneis oblonga. —
Fig. 16. Navicula javanica. — Fig. 17. Navicula pacifica. — Fig. 18.
Plenrosigma anstrale. — Fig. 19. Diadesmis confervacea. — Fig. 20. Dia-
clesmis peregrina. — Fig. 21. Craticula Perrotettii. — Fig. 22. Cocconeis
ambigua var. ? — Fig. 23. Oscillaria Poepiggiana. — Fig. 24. Oscillaria
Tabitensis. All tbe figures, witb the exception of 13 d. (which is x 500)
are X 400 diameters.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Bulletin de la Societe Royale de Botanique de Belgique,
tome x., No. 3, June, 1872, contains an excellent " Catalogue pour
servird'introductionaune monographic des Hepatiques de Belgkjue,"
by Alfred Cogniaux.

Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, for July,
1872, includes a communication on " Some peculiar forms of
Navicula from the Sulu Archipelago," by Rev. E. O'Meara, M.A.
(with plate).

Monthly Microscopical Journal, for July, 1872, contains a
continuation of Dr. R. Braithwaite's paper, on " Bog Mosses,"
with description and plate of Sphagnum rubellum (Wils).

Journal of Botany, for July, 1872, contains part v. of Dr. R.
Braithwaite's " Recent Additions to our Moss Flora," and " Recent
Researches on the Diatomacea3," by Rev. E. O'Meara, M.A.

Flora, for May, includes " Discussion on the Gonidia Question,"
by S. Schwende.ner ; and " Bryological Notes from the Rhonge-
birge," by A. Geheeb.

Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France, tome xviii.,
No. 2, includes papers on Merulius lacrymans and Polyporus
obducens, by C. Roumeguere ; on Nitella syncarpa and Chara
connivens, by Mons. Chaboisseau ; on the genus Cordyceps, by F.
S. Cordier ; and on the " Distribution of Mosses in the Vosges and
the Jura," by Mons. Boulay.

Ccokt- &Jrnt/m-i ■ ■tmxruttr

No. 3.] [September, 1872.

(SrttriHtB,

A MONTHLY EECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY,
AND ITS LITERATURE.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.

It is proposed in this and future papers to continue what was
already begun in the " Annals of Natural History" for December,
1853, and October, 1859. Of species already described only the
more rare will be noticed, of all undescribed species the characters
will be given. Specimens of many have been published without
characters by Mr. H. W. Ravenel in his '; Fungi Caroliniani." Some
have already been described in my Decades of Fungi contained in
Sir W. J. Hooker's " London Journal of Botany " and the " Kew
Garden Miscellany," and of these the characters will be given, as
the works may not be readily accessible. The numbers will be
continued from the Paper of 1859. The cyphers following the
descriptive characters are those of an enormous mass of Fungi,
amounting to more than six thousand numbers, forwarded to me
from time to time by the late Dr. Curtis.

101. Lentinus omphalodes. Berk. $ Curt. — Pileoinfundibuliformi,
tenui ; stipitegracili, sursum incrassato, basi fibrilloso spongiosoque ;
lamellis integris, angustis, decurrentibus. No. 3G24. Pennsyl-
vania, Dr. Michener.

Pileus -J- in. across, infundibuliform, thin; stem 1-J in. high, 1
line thick, slender, incrassated upwards, fibrillose and spongy at
the base ; gills entire, narrow, decurrent.

102. Lentinus Micheneri. B. $ C— Pileo umbilicato, ochraceo,
glabro ; margine lobato ; stipite basi spongioso, umbrino ; lamellis
acie serrulatis. No. 3962. Penns. Dr. Michener.

Pileus \\ in. across, umbilicate, ochraceous, smooth, margin
lobed ; stem 1 in. high about \ in. thick, spongy at the' base,
umber; margin of the gills serrated.

103. Lentinus hsematopus. B.— Pileo umbilicato depressove,
ochraceo, glaberrimo ; stipite brevissimo, cruento ; lamellis decur-
rentibus, margine laceratis. N. America, locality unknown.

Pileus 1^-lf in. across, umbilicate or depressed, ochraceous, quite
smooth ; stem 1-2 lines high, blood red, almost laccate at the
base, \ in. thick ; gills decurrent, margin lacerated.

104. Lentinus pallidus. B. <L- C- Pileo convcxo-pkuio, margine

34 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

fortiter inflexo ; stipite stirsum glabro, deorsum furfuraceo ; la-
mellis decurrentibus, margine laciniatis. No. 2586. Car. Inf.
Curtis.

Pileus |- in. across, convexo-plane ; margin inflexed ; stem 1 ^ in.
high 2-J lines thick, smooth above, and furfuraceous below ; gills
decurrent, laciniate at the margin.

* Lentinus lepideus. Fr.—No. 1259, Car. Inf.

Lentinus tigrinus. Fr. — No. 963. Santee River. No. 3148,
Texas (C. Wright) is, I believe, a monstrous state of this species in
which the gills form a reticulated spongy mass like the hymenium
of Secotium. The same thing occurs in Ohio.

* Lentinus Ravenelii. B. & C. Kew Gard. Misc. i. p. 100. —
Pileo tenui, umbilicato, subtiliter punctato-squamoso, lamellis
tenuibus, dente-decurrentibus, margine laceratis. No. 1706, Santee
Eiver, Ravenel. No. 2716, Car. Inf. Curtis. No. 4632, Alabama,
Beaumont.

Pileus -|-1 in. across, thin, nmbilicate, delicately punctato-squa-
mose ; stem J-l-J in. high, 1 line thick ; gills thin, decurrent with
a tooth ; margin lacerated.

* Lentinus Lecomtei. Fr. — No. 5152. Penns. Dr. Michener,
on walnut.

* Lentinus ursinus. Fr. — No. 3983. Penns. Dr. Michener.

* Lentinus pelliculosus. Fr. — No. 2585. Car. Inf. Ohio,
Lea.

* Lentinus vulpinus. Fr. — Ohio, Lea.

* Xexotus nigrita. ie'y.-No. 2868. Car. Inf. Ravenel, on
Rhus radicans, R. toxicodendron, § Laurus Carolina,

* Xexotus lateiitius. [B. § C— No. 2563. Santee Canal.
Ravenel.

105. Xerotus viticola. B. $ C. X. lateritius, Rav. Fasc. iv. no.
3. — Pileo tenui nigro ramoso-sulcato scabro; margine pallidiore ;
lamellis latiusculis. No. 1975. Car. Inf. Curtis.

Pileus j in. across, thin, black, ramoso-sulcate, rough; margin
paler; gills rather broad.

* Lenzites xepanda. Fr.— No. 3870. Alabama, Peters.

— 106. Lenzites glabexxima. B. % C. — Pileo suberoso, dilatato,
e disco orbiculari, oriundo, sursuni sulcato-zonato, albido, glaber-
rimo ; lamellis poroso-anastomosantibus ; interstitiis angustissimis.
Santee River. Ravenel.

Pileus by confluence 7 in. across, 3 in. long, suberose, dilated,
springing from an orbicular disc, sulcato-zonate above, whitish,
quite smooth ; gills poroso-anastomosing, interstices about -^ in.
wide.

* Lenzites Klotzschii. B.— No. 90. Car. Sup. Curtis. No.
968. Santee River. No. 5409. New England. Sprague.

* Lenzites ungulaefoxmis. B. § C. — Kew Gard. Misc. i. p. 101.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 35

Pileo ungulreformi, rugoso, pallido, e velutino glabrato ; margine
tenui ; lamellis latis, poroso-ramosis, undolatis, acie acutis, tomen-
tosis, antice rudimentariis. No. 2-4. Car. Sup. Curtis.

Pileus 2 in. across, l£ in. long, hoof-shaped, rugose, pallid,
velvety, then becoming smooth ; margin thin ; gills broad, poroso-
ramose, waved ; margin acute, tomentose, rudimentary behind.

* lienzit.es Berkeleii. Lev.— No. 317. Car. Sup. Curtis. No.
4644. Alabama, Beaumont.

* Lenzites Crataegi. B.— Ohio, Lea. No. 2534. Car. Inf.
On Liquidambar. No. 4278. Pcnns. Michener. No. 4480, on
Birch, Car. Sup. Curtis. No. 4532. Alabama, Peters. No. 5856.
Maine, Morse. No. 6169.

* Lenzites corrugata. Kl. — No. 1866, on Chestnut, Rhode
Island, Bennett. No. 5661, 5802. New England, Sprague. It
is Dcedalea zonata of Schweinitz Herbarium.

* Lenzites tricolor. Fr. — No. 967, 1347. Santee River, Ravenel.
No. 1391. Car. Inf. Curtis.

— 107. Lenzites rhabarbarina. B. $• C. — Pileo reniformi, zonato,
rugoso, e velutino subglabrato, rhabarbarino, fasciis rubris demum
picto •, lamellis subramosis, rhabarbarinis, acie laceratis. No. 3849,
4796, Car. Inf. Curtis. Allied to L. sepiaria.

Pileus reniform 1^ in. across, f in. long, zonate, rugose, velvety,
then nearly smooth, rhubarb coloured, at length marked with red
bands ; gills sub-ramose, lacerated at the margin.

108. Boletus Spraguei. B. % C— Pileo convexo, flavo, coccineo-
squamuloso ; stipite flavo, cocineo-notato ; poris viridi-flavis, amplis,
angulatis, decurrentibus ; velo tenui albo-evanescente ; carne e flavo
purpurascente. No. 5801 (cum icone). New Eng. Sprague.

Pileus above 3 in. across, convex, yellow, with crimson scales ;
stem yellow, dotted with crimson, 1^ in. high, nearly \ in. thick
above, attenuated below ; pores greenish yellow, broad, angular,
decurrent, the thin white veil evanescent ; flesh yellow, becoming
purplish ; spores ochraceous.

109. Boletus Curtisii. J?.— Pileo hemispherico, viscoso ; stipite
tenui, sursum attenuato, polito, reticulato ; poris umbrinis, liberis.
No. 3212. Car. Inf. Curtis. In pine woods.

Pileus 1 in. or more across, hemispherical, viscid; stem 2 in.
high, ^ in. thick, attenuated upwards, polished, reticulated ; pores,
umber, free ; spores ferruginous.

110. Boletus hemichrysus. B. $ C— Pileo convexo, crasso,
aureo-pulverulento ; stipite subconcolore, deorsum pulveraceo ;
mycelio luteo ; poris amplis, decurrentibus. No. 2928. Car. Inf.
Ravenel. On roots of Pinus palustris.

Pileus 1J-2J in. across, convex, thick, powdered with yellow ;
stem 1 in. high, ±-± in. thick, nearly of the same colour, pulver-
aceous below ; mycelium yellow ; pores broad, decurrent.

111. Boletus Ravenelii. B. & C— Pileo convexo, stipite tenui.

36 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

veloque sulfureo-pulverulentis ; pons planis, umbrinis. — No. 1970.
Car. Inf. Ravenel.

Pileus 1-11 in. across, convex ; stem 1J in. high ; 1^-3 lines
thick, attenuated upwards, as well as the veil, sulphury- pulveru-
lent ; pores plane, umber.

112. Boletus auziflammeus . B.fyC. — Pileo convexo, stipiteque
sursum attenuato, aureo-pulverulentis ; poris liberis, amplis, ore
cinnabarinis. No. 6467. N. Car. Curtis.

Pileus 1 in. across, convex, and as well as the stem powdered
with golden yellow ; stem attenuated upwards, 1 in. high, with a
strong depression round the top ; pores free, broad, the orifices
scarlet. A lovely species, allied to the two last.

* Boletus calopus. Fr.— No. 5720. New England. Sprague.

113. Boletus zetipes. B. $ C— Pileo convexo, sicco, luteo-pul-
verulento; stipite subaequali, usque ad basin reticulato, deorsum
pulverulento ; poris luteis, adnatis. No. 6414. Car. Sup. Curtis.
In grassy woods.

Pileus 1-|- in. across, convex, dry, powdered with yellow ; stem
2 in. high ^-^ in thick, reticulated to the base, pulverulent down-
wards ; pores yellow, adnate. Pilei arising from a common base.

* Boletus parasiticus. Bull. — New. Eng. Sprague.

* Boletus edulis. Bull.— No. 5333. New England. Sprague.
(cum icone.) This was returned with the name B. alveolatus,
B. & C, but it is either B. edulis or very nearly allied.

* Boletus Ananas. Owrt. Kew Gard. Misc. i. p. 101. — Pileo
floccoso-verrucoso ; floccis supra candidis, subtus carneis, margine
lacerato, membranaceo ; stipite candido ; poris planis luteis. No.
1649. Santee River.

Pileus 2 in. or more across, floccoso-verrucose the flocci whitish
above, flesh coloured beneath ; margin torn, membranaceous ; stem
4 in. high, white ; pores plane, yellow ; spores ferruginous.

* Boletus felleus. Bull.— No. 1283. Car. Inf. Curtis.

* Boletus castaneus. Bull— No. 5738, 5748. New Eng.
Sprague (cum iconibus).

114. Boletus Muzzaii. B. cj- C. — Pileo hemispherico, crassissimo,
vivide rubro, granulato ; carne flava ; stipite clavato, flavo, laevi ;
poris angustissimis, decurrentibus, flavis. No. 5742 (cum icone).
New Eng. Murray.

Pileus 2| in. across, nearly 1 *- in. thick, vivid red, granulated ;
flesh yellow; stem clavate, yellow, even; pores about a line deep,
decurrent, yellow. Spores, as in B. castaneus, pale yellow.

* Stzobilomycesstzobilaceus. B.— Ohio, Lea. No. 507. Car.
Inf. Curtis. No. 3889, Texas. C. Wright.

= 115. Polypozus (Mesopus) dibaphus. B. $ C- Pileo orbicu-
lari, atropurpureo, subtiliter tomentoso, glabrescente, lineis pallidis
tic illic radiato ; stipite graciii, subconcolore, deorsum pruir.ato;

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNOI. 37

poris decurrentibus, ochroleucis, angulatis, parvis. No. G062,
Alabama, Peters, on Ilex opaca.

Pilens 1 in. across; orbicular, dark purple, finely tomentose, be-
coming smooth, with here and there pallid radiating lines; stem
slender, nearly of the same colour, pruinate downwards; pores
decurrent, pale ochre, angular, small.

* Polyporus (Mesopus) lepideus. Fr. — No. 3008. Sartwell.

* Polyporus (Mesopus) arcularius. Fr. — No. 3 1 -42. Texas,
C. Wright. Car. Inf. Ohio, Lea.

— 116. Polyporus (Mesopus) dependens. B. % C. — Pileo turbi-
nato, ferragineo, sericeo-striato, stipite brevi, villoso, e basi spon-
giosis oriundo, porisque angulatis, parvis, concoloribus. No. 3691.
Car. Inf. Curtis. On the under side of pine logs.

Pileus ^ in. across, turbinate, ferruginous, silky-striate ; stem
\ in. high, about a line thick, villous, springing from a spongy base ;
pores angular, small, of the same colour. Hymenium sometimes
proliferous.

* Polyporus (Mesopus) Schweinitzii. Fr. = P. tabula forniis,

B. No. 3920. Car. Inf. Curtis. No. 4280. Penns. Michener.

* Polyporus (Mesopus) lentus. B.— No. 5596. Connecticut.

C. Wright.

— 117. Polyporus (Mesopus) luridus. B. # C— Pileo orbiculari,
umbilicato, fusco, pulverulento, margine incurvo ; stipite cylindrico,
subconcolore ; poris cinereis, parvis, angulatis. No. 5598. Conn.
C. Wright. Wisconsin, Lapham.

Pileus 1-1^ in. across, orbicular, umbilicate, brown, pulverulent,
sometimes rugose, margin incurved ; stem ^-| in. high, 2 lines
thick, rooting ; pores ash colored, small, angular.

* Polyporus (Mesopus) rufescens. Fr.— No. 1953, 2089, 2125,
2581, 2147. Car. Inf. Curtis. No. 361G. Penns. Michener.

— 118. Polyporus (Mesopus) persicinus. B. $ C— Pileo molli,
tomentoso, pulvinato, atropurpureo ; stipite, crasso, concolore ;
poris, angulatis ; came rubida, sub-cuticula atropurpurea, quan-
doque zonata. No. 2945. Car. Inf. Ravenel.

Pileus 4 in. or more across, often oblique, soft, tomentose, pul-
vinate, dark purple ; stem 2 in. high, l^ in. thick, concolorous ;
pores angular, -^ in. across, flesh-red, dark purple beneath the
cuticle ; sometimes zoned.

* Polyporus (Mesopus) tomentosus. Fr.— No. 5699. New
Eng. Si3rague.

* Polyporus (Mesopus) Boucheanus. Fr. No. 738. Car. Sup.
No. 2482. Car. Inf. Curtis, No. 5595. Conn. C. Wright. No.
6201. New Eng. Sprague. Ohio, Lea. Like many other species
of this section, frequently pleuropous.

— 119. Polyporus (Mesopus) delicatus. B. <£• C— Pileo orbiculari,
ochraceo, tomentoso ; margine tenui, acuto ; stipite brevi, radi-

38 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

cante ; poris angulatis, dissepimentis tenuibus, usque ad basin de-
currentibus. No. 4512. Alabama, Peters.

Pileus | in. across, orbicular, ochraceous, tomentose ; margin
thin, acute ; stem £ in. high, 2 lines thick, rooting ; pores angular,
dissepiments thin, decurrent to the very base, -^ in. across.

* Polyporus (Mesopus) ovinus. Fr. — No. 1034. Car. Inf.
Curtis. Ohio, Lea.

— 120. Polyporus (Mesopus) flavo-virens. B.fyRav. — Pileo molli,
irregulari, pulvinato, vel depresso, subtiliter tomentoso, navo-viridi ;
stipite pallido, sub-concolore, crasso ; poris irregularibus, dissepi-
mentis tenuibus flavis. No. 5659. New Eng. Sprague.

Pileus 3-4 in. across, soft, irregular, pulvinate or depressed,
delicately tomentose, greenish-yellow ; stem pallid, 2 in. high, \ in.
thick ; pores irregular, ^s in. across, dissepiments thin, yellow.

* Polyporus (Mesopus) confluens. Fr.— No. 1622, Car. Inf.
Kavenel.

* Polyporus (Mesopus) leucomelas. Fr.— No. 5662. New.
Eng. Sprague. Ohio.

„ 121. Polyporus (Mesopus) cupulaeformis. B. <fc C— Ka7. Fung.
Car. Fasc. i. no. 10. Pileo cupulseformi demum reflexo, rufo to-
mentoso ; stipite brevissimo ; poris minimis, concoloribus. No.
1209. Car. Inf. Curtis, on Rhus copallina.

Pileus a line or more across, cupulate, at length reflexed, rufo-
tomentose ; stem scarcely a line high, f thick ; pores minute, about
T-i_ in. across, concolorous. Stem and pileus sometimes white
with age.

* Polyporus (Pleuropus) Curtisii. B. — Kew Gard. Misc. i. p.
101. Pileo excentrico, molli- suberoso, sulcato, zonato, ochro-
leuco, hie illic sanguineo-laccato ; stipite elongato, rugoso, sangui-
neo-laccato ; hymenio ex albo ochraceo ; poris punctiformibus.

Pileus 3-6 in. across, eccentric, between soft and corky, sulcate,
zoned, pale ochre, here and there red-laccate ; stem 2-5 in. high,
\-\ in. thick, rugose, laccate ; hymenium white, then ochraceous ;
pores punctiform.

* Polyporus (Pleuropus) luteus. Nees.— No. 2256, Car. Inf.
Curtis.

— 122. Polyporus (Pleuropus) Ravenelii. B. 4' C— Pileo sub-fla-
bellifomii, demum lobato, zonato, albido, lineato-sericeo ; stipite
albo, pruinato, poris ochroleucis, minimis. No. 2859. Car. Inf.
Ravenel.

Pileus 1-1-J in. across, sub-flabelliform, at length lobed, zoned,
whitish, with silky lines ; stem f in. high, 2-3 lines thick, white,
pruinate ; spores pale-ochrey, T-jLg- in. across. Allied to the last.

— 123. Polyporus (Pleuropus) mutabilis. B. $ C— Pileo flabel-
liformi, zonato, postice pallido, antice rufo, sericeo-striato ; stipite
variabili ; poris minimis, ochroleucis. No. 2943. Car. Inf.
Eayenel.

A NEW BRITISH WEISSIA. 39

Pileus 2 \ in. across, very variable, sometimes mucli elongated,
flabelliform, zoned, pallid behind, rufous in front, silky striate ;
stem variable, obsolete or much elongated ; pores minute, T\^ in.
across, pale ochre. The same species occurs on Rio Negro. Poly-
porus fibro so -radians, Mont, is very near, but if the same not the
typical form.

— 124. Folyporus (Pleuropus) fractipes. B. cj- C — Ochraceus ;
pileo reniformi, irregulari, rugoso, tomentoso, hie illic hispidulo ;
stipite irregulari distorto, quandoque postice adnato, pulverulento ;
poris minimis. No. 2858. Car. Inf. Ravenel. No. 4706. Car.
Inf. Curtis.

Pileus nearly 2 in. across, reniform, irregular, rugose, tomentose,
here and there hispid, ochraceous ; stem 1-1^ in. high, 2-4 lines
thick, irregular, distorted, sometimes adnate behind, pulverulent ;
pores minute, r|^ in. across.

— 125. Polyporus (Pleuropus) dealbatus. B. § C— Rav. fasc. 3,
No. 10. Pileo convexo, zonato, quandoque sulcato, dealbato ;
stipite elongato, distorto, pruinoso ; hymenio concavo, albido ;
poris microscopicis. No. 1524. Santee River, Ravenel. On the
ground in woods.

Pileus f-lf in. wide, convex, zoned, sometimes sulcate, becoming
whitened ; stem 2 J in. high, \ in. or more thick, distorted, prui-
nose ; hymenium concave, whitish ; pores microscopical, ^^ in.
across. Sometimes mesopodous. . _

A NEW BRITISH WEISSIA.

Weissia truncicola. De Notaris, Epilogo delta Briol. Ital., p.
598 (Journ. Bot., 1871, pi. cxix., f. 2). Dioicous ? in large dense
tufts, interwoven at base with branched radicles, bright green.
Stem innovating dichotomously, 1-2 in. high, flexile, reddish, bear-
ing lax radicles at the lower part from the axils of the leaves.
Leaves approximated, erect when moist, and often somewhat secuncl
on the second shoots, rather soft, papillose at back, from a narrowly
lanceolate base, gradually subulate, channelled, with a thin nerve
reaching the apex, the margin not revolute, sharply denticulate
above, and on the back of the nerve ; when dry strongly cirrhate
and twisted. Cells at base large cylindrico-vesicular, the rest
small, quadrate, or subhexagonal, filled with deep green chlorophyll.

Growing in expanded tufts, like Weissia cirrhata, the leaves
resembling those of Weissia B?mntoni, but longer, and the margin
not revolute.

Hab. On the base of the trunk of an oak in Lower Nuthurst,
Sutton Park, Birmingham. (J. Bagnall, Aug. 27, 1870.) Iden-
tical with original specimens gathered by Carestia in the Val
d'Intrasca, near Verbano. R. Braithwaite, 21. D., in Journ. Bot.
1871, p. 289.

40

BRITISH FUNGI.
By M. C. Cooke.

G aster omycetes.

Lycoperdon Hoylei. B. % Br. " Hoyle's Lycoperdon."
Peridiuni stipitate, subglobose, bristling with elongated rigid
brown warts, sterile base small, confluent with the capillitium, spores
globose, echinulate, lilac. — B. § Br., Ann. N. H., No. 1307.
On the ground.— Reading (Mr. Hoyle). Oct.
Stem 1 in. high, | in. thick, lacunose, olivaceous within ; peri-
dium 2 in. across ; warts 1^-2 lines high ; capillitium and spores
lilac ; spores -00015 in ; mycelium threadlike, white.

Scleroderma geaster. Fr. " Stellate Scleroderma."
Sessile, sub-globose, growing pallid, peridium dehiscing at the
apex in stellate lacinire ; inner mass dirty purplish black ; spores
globose, verrucose. Fr. S. M., Hi., p. 46. B. 4' Br. Ann. N.H.,
No. 1308. Seem. Joum.Bot. ix. t. 116, Trans. Woolh. Club, 187U,
p. 252, plate. Ly coper, rotunclum, $-c. Mich. t. 99,/. 1.
On the ground. Near Hereford (Dr. Bull). Oct.

Geastex tunicatus. V'ttt. " Tunicated Geaster."
Outer peridium splitting to the middle in rather large lacinia?,
internal stratum thick, evanescent. Capitulum sessile ; peridium
flaccid, mouth minute, conico-fimbriate, circumscribed by a paler,
scarcely determinate zone ; columella with a long pedicel. — Vitt.
Hon. p. 18, t. 3, /. 3. B. 4' Br. Ann., N. H., No. 1306. Geaster
lageniformis, Cooke, Hclbk. No. 1079.

Amongst Rhododendrons.

Messrs. Berkeley and Broome seem to regard this as the correct
determination of the species described in Cooke's Handbook, No.
1079, under the name of Geaster lageniformis. Not having seen
specimens we accept their decision.

Badhamia capsulifer. B. " Capsular Badhamia."
Peridium sessile or very shortly pedicellate, spherical, or ovoid,
bluish-black, or blue-grey, dehiscing irregularly, seated on a
whitish membrane ; spores globose, pale brown, endochrome
granular. Berk. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi., p. 154. SphcBrocarpus
capsulifer. Bull: t. 470, /. 2. Trichia capsulifera. D.C. Fl. Fr.
ii., 254. Physarum capsuliferum Chev. Par. i., p. 339.

On living leaves of Tussilago petasites. Cheshire (T. Brittain.)

Perichaena quercina. Fr. "Oak Perichaena."
Peridia globose, yellow ; somewhat lacerated, flocci and spores

yellow.— Fr. S.M., in., 192.

On oak trunks. Autumn. Rare.

Detected by Mr. T. Brittain near Manchester, and determined by

C. E. Broome, Esq., on whose authority it is inserted, as we have

never seen specimens.

41

NOVARA DIATOMS.

Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Diatoms obtained by the
Austrian Imperial Frigate Novara, during her Voyage round the
World.

By Herr A. Grunow.

(Translated by F. Kitton.)

Part I. (with Plate ii.)

(Continued from page 32.)

Orthoneis binotata, Grun. = Cocconeis binotata = C. scutellum,
7, Roper, Mic. Jour. vol. vi. 6, pi. 3, f. 9.

Var. ? atlantica. — Valves ovate, sometimes lanceolate ovate,
striato- punctate, delicate, marginal marking elongate. [PI. 2, f.
11, ab c.~\

On Sargassum bacciferum in the Atlantic Ocean.
Mastogloia marginulata, Grun., n. sp.— Minute, valves narrow,
lanceolate, obtuse; marginal loculi minute 30 — 33 in. .001 ; stii;i3
transverse, delicate, 60 in. -001; central nodule small, oblong. [PL
2, f. 12, a b.~\

On Sargassum plumo sum, from New Zealand, and not uncommon
on Algre from the Island of Tahiti.

Pleurostauron Fxauenfeldianum, Grun., n. sp. — Small valves
narrow, lanceolate, somewhat acute; stauros broad, dilated toward
the margin ; strice delicate, transverse. [PL 2, f. 13, ab c d.~\
Fossil in Essebaren Erde (Bergmehl) from Java.
( = Stauroneis scaphulceformis, Greville, Mic. Jour. vol. xiv.
pi. 9, f. 32, differs from S. legumen var. of Lewis, in the ends of
the stauros being dilated. F. K.j

P. javanicum, Grun. — Large; valves lanceolate ; apices some-
what obtuse ; stauros broad, dilated towards the margin ; striai
transverse, punctate, 33—100". [Plate 2, f. 14.]
Bergmehl, Java.

(This form is identical with S. phamecenteron, Ehr., and the
Synopsis. Smith's specific characters are " lanceolate, obtuse ;
stauros linear, reaching the margin ; strise 33 in. *001 ; length
•0055 to -0066." Grunow gives the length of his specimens as
•0056" to -006". F. K.)

Stauroneis oblonga, Grun. n. sp. — Small, valves broad, linear,
oblong ; apices rounded ; stauros narrow, linear, reaching the mar-
gins of the valves ; striae punctate, delicate, 40 in. -001. [PL 2, f.
15, a b.~]

Bergmehl, Java.

Resembles my S. bacillum, but differs in its greater breadth
and more conspicuous striation.

Navicula Javanica, Grun , n. sp.— Valve convex, narrow, lanceo-
late, somewhat acute, a well-marked undulating line on each side

42 NOVARA DIATOMS.

of the median line ; median and central nodnles oblong ; stria?
reaching median line, delicate, 50 in. -001". [PI. 2. f. 16, a 5.]

Bergmehl, Java.

Distinguished by the well-marked undulating sub-marginal lines
from any other species of Navicula. (The outline of the valve
and the undulating lines seem to show some affinity with the
genus Cylindrotheca, a genus, however, with which I am only ac-
quainted by name. F. K.)

Navicula pacifica, Grun.— This form is not described in the
text. [PI. 2, f. 17.]

Pleurosigma austxale, Grun., n. sp.— Small, narrow, lanceolate,
sub-sigmoid ; apices somewhat acute ; median line gracefully
sigmoid; central nodule round,* striae oblique, delicate, 55 — 60 ;
colour of dry frustule yellowish-brown. [PI. 2, f. 18.]

On Ballia Callitricha, from New Zealand.

Resembles P. JEstuarii, but is smaller, and not of the pale purple
of that species, but a yellowish-brown. And as it can be compared
with no other of Smith's species of Pleurosigma, I am reluctantly
obliged to describe this uncharacteristic species as new.

Diadesmis confervacea, KuU. Bacill. T. 1, /. 8.— [PI. 2. f. 19, a.
b.~] Amongst Cladophora Roettleri, Kiitz. and fresh water. Rio
Janiero.

The valves closely enough resemble Kiitzing's fig. and descrip-
tion to warrant our referring this form to Kiitzing's species.

The strias are 56 to 60 in. -001".

D. peregrina, W. Smith, Ann. of Nat. His.— [PL 2, f. 20, a b.~]
Tahiti.

The specimens from Kew Gardens, London, have enabled me to
obtain a view of the valve, and I am satisfied of their identity with
the Tahitan form.

As this species is but little known I have given figures of valve
and filament.

The valves are stout, ovate, sometimes nearly rhomboid, often
with slightly produced apices ; median nodule distinct. The striae
are delicate, above 60 *001.

It resembles Navicula brachysira, Breb., and it must not be over-
looked that this form also occurs in short filaments, produced by
the cohesion of the smaller valves.

CRATICULA, Grun., Gen. Nov. — Frustules naviculoid, valves
double, outer valve ? furnished with central and terminal nodules,
punctatostriate ; interior valve surirellseform, costate ; costaa linear,
distinct, reaching median line, for the most part wanting from the
central portion,

Cxaticula Perrotettii, Grun., n. sp.— Valve lanceolate ; apices
shortly produced, obtuse ; longitudinal lines distinct, 24 in. -001" ;
transverse, 48 in. -001", costaa 7-4 in. -001" [PI. 2, f. 21, a in-
ternal valve, b external do.]

From Senegal, amongst Nitella, Perrotet.

NOTE ON ACALYPT08PORA. 43

To this species belong some of the earlier species of Surivella,
viz. : —

S. Craticula, Eh. = C. Ehrenbergii, Grim.
S. megaloptera, Eh. = C. megaloptera, Grim.
S. procera, Eh. = C. procera, Grun.

C. Perrotettii is distinguished from the above by its distinct
longitudinal striae. S. Craticula has already been figured with a
distinct central nodule, as a variety, Greg. Mic. Jour. vol. ii., pi. 4,
f. G. With careful examination it may always be observed, my
figure of Navicula rhyncocephala, var. a and /3. in Vcrh. Wien,
zool.-bot. Gesellsch, 1860, t. 4, f. 31, a and c are outer? valves of
C. Ehrenbergii. The position of the genus Craticula still requires
consideration.

(Prof. H. L. Smith, in his new Conspectus of the families and
genera of Diatomacese deletes the genus Craticula, and unites it with
Greville's genus, Stictodesmis. F. K.)

Figures 23 and 24, although occurring in the original plate, do
not represent diatoms, but are two species of Oscillaria.

NOTE ON ACALYPTOSPORA.

Acalyptospoxa nervisequia. — In the 10th volume of the " Ann.
Sc. Nat.," at page 343, an elaborate description is furnished by
Desmazieres of an original structure found on the leaf of the elm,
which he regards as a fungus of the Family Coniomycetes, and has
named Acalyptospora nervisequia. Berkeley and Broome, in the
15th vol. of the " Annals of Natural History," record it as occur-
ring at Apethorpe, in Northamptonshire, and remark that it looks
like a short obtuse Puccinia, and that it closely resembles a gland.
In the " Handbook of British Fungi " it is stated to be inter-
mediate between Torulacei and Puccinia^, and to appear to be more
closely allied to the former than the latter. A diligent examina-
tion of the leaves of the common elm has left me without any
doubt that this so-called Fungus is simply a glandular hair. It
occurs on every leaf of the common elm in all stages of its growth,
from its first expansion to its fall. By macerating the leaf in liquor
potassaa, and subsequent washing with water, the tissues are ren-
dered transparent, when the object is seen plainly to be a process of
the cuticle as much as any other hair on the surface of the leaf, and
to have none of the characters of a fungal growth. I am
strengthened in this view of the matter by finding on the leaves of
Viciafaba, Agrimonia Eupatoria, Sambucus nigra, Anagallis arvensis,
and Solanum Dulcamara, similar growths, which are, I presume,
regarded without dispute as glandular hairs. C. J. Muller.

[N.B. — Has our correspondent examined specimens of Acalypto-
spora, published by Desmazieres himself, and compared them
with his glandular hairs ? — Ed. Grev.~\

44

THE GENUS TETRAPEDIA (REINSCH) WITH TWO
NEW FORMS. (Plate iii.)

By William Archer.

Amongst unicellular Algse falling under the class Chlorophyl-
laceae, forms with specially figured cells — that is, otherwise than
globular, ellipsoidal, or cylindrical, with more or less abruptly or
broadly rounded ends — are, as is well known, numerous ; but
amongst such plants belonging to the class Phycochromaceae, so
frequently found in the same situations associated with the fore-
going, so far as I am aware, not until recently has attention been
drawn to any examples of a specially figured outline.

It does not appear, until the genus Tetrapedia was founded by
Professor Reinsch* for two new and singular exceedingly minute
chroococcaceous forms, that examples of specially figured forms
were known in this family of AlgEe. Inasmuch as Reinsch 's work
is but little known in this country, and as I have on one occasion
encountered his T. Crux-Michaeli'va this country, and am acquainted
with two other forms of a kindred nature, it has appeared to me that
a brief notice thereof might find a fitting place in these pages, ac-
companied by a reproduction of Reinsch's plate, and a sketch of
my own forms, reserving a fuller description and details to be pub-
lished elsewhere, in deference to the limited space which can be
devoted to this subject in this Journal.

The description given by Reinsch of his genus is as follows : —
Class. Phycochromaceaa.
Family. Chroococcacese.
Genus. Tetrapedia, Reinsch.
Cellulae solitariaB aut farms consociatione individuorum plurium
familias ex cellulis binis, quaternis aut 16is exstitutas constituentes,
in sciagraphia quadratics, cellula singula incisuris quaternis in
cellulas filias quaternas dilapsa, cellula? filite post divisionem indi-
viduas singulas se prgebentes, incisurarum directio in marginum
lateralium directione perpendiculari aut in angulo semirectangulo
versa ; cellularum interanea granulosa, colore aerugineo.

So far as our acquaintance with these little Alga3 reaches there
appear to exist four (if not five) distinct, yet kindred forms of
figured " Chroococcacese " — their remarkable shapes preclude their
being regarded as " Lichen-gonidia," but whether mature plants
or stages in the growth of any more complicated structure remains
a problem. Ours are at least forms which here and there recur,
and one can at once recognise them as always offering the same
characteristics and as maintaining their apparent individuality.
Whether they are " species " or not, it may be a matter of conve-
nience, should observers meet them elsewhere, and be able to throw
a light upon them, to have at least a means of their recognition ;
for these reasons it occurs to me as desirable (at least, provi-

* " Die Algenflora des mittleren Theiles von Franken," by Prof. Paul Keinsch.
Etirnberg, 1867, p. 37, t. ii. f. 2, and t. i. f. 6.

THE GENUS TETRAPEDIA. j ."»

isionally) to record them under Reinsch's genus, if indeed that
observer may not consider it unallowable so far to modify the terms
thereof as to admit of its embracing the two new forms. It may
be objected that the very name of the genus would preclude the
admission of a ^^e-lobed form into it, but the name Staurastrum
is retained though only a minority of the forma referable thereto
are cruciate or quadrangular in end view, so also with Triceratium,
where four and live-angled forms occur, &c. I venture, therefore,
to cast the description of these forms as follows: —

Tetrapedia (Reinsch) mut. quodammodo char.
Cells compressed, quadrangular or triangular, equilateral, be-
coming subdivided into quadrate or cuneate segments, or rounded
lobes, either by deep vertical or oblique incisions, or by wide
angular or rounded sinuses.

Tetrapedia gothica. Reinsch. — Cells quadrate, angles rounded,
lateral margins emarginate at the middle, whereat afterwards
deeply incised, each of the four roundly angled quadrate segments
thus produced becoming equal in dimensions to the original cell,
and their lateral margins emarginate at the middle, whereat after-
wards also deeply incised ; each of the sixteen (secondary) roundly
angled quadrate segments thus produced becoming equal in dimen-
sions to the original cell, and their lateral margins emarginate at
the middle (whereat afterwards incised ?) ; all the incisions per-
pendicular to the sides, rounded below, somewhat wide, of an equal
average width throughout; ultimately a quadrate foramen through
the cell at the central points of junction of the segments (the in-
cisions afterwards completed and the segmented tablet breaking
up?); in side view the single cell oblong at the middle, slightly
concave at each side, ends rounded. [PI. iii. figs. 1-7.] Diameter
of single cell about TT^ to -^T".

In a ditch and in a mill-race (scantily) near Erlangen.

It seems to be probable that another distinct form exists — that
figured by Reinsch (op. cit. t. ii. f. 2. i.), and reproduced in our
plate [PI. iii. f. 8]. Should that form recur to him, probably he
may be in a position to throw further light on it on a future occa-
sion.

Tetrapedia Crux-Michaeli. Reinsch. — Cells quadrate, lateral
margins entire, with two shallow concavities, each extending half
the length of the side, thus producing an obtuse-angled central
prominence, deeply incised at the angles, incisions diagonal, recti-
lineal, dee}), acute below, slightly expanding upwards, thus bisect-
ing the angles, and dividing the cell into four broadly cuneate seg-
ments, the upper angles of which are subacute (the incisions ulti-
mately completed, and the cell breaking up?) ; in side view lanceo-
late, ends acute. [PI. iii. f. 9-10.] Diameter of cell about

In running water (very scantily) near Erlangen, also (very
scantily) near Mullingar, Co. Westmeath, Ireland.

46 THE GENUS TETRAPEDIA.

Tetrapedia Reinschiana. nov. sp. — Cells quadrangular, two op-
posite margins excavated by a wide triangular sinus, thus sub-
dividing the cell into two broadly cuneate segments connected by a
wide isthmus, and somewhat convex on their lower margins ; the
other two opposite margins of the cell, that is the upper margins of
the segments, very slightly concave at the middle, somewhat raised
towards the acute outer angles ; in side view oblong, constricted at
the middle, ends rounded. [Pl.iii. f. 11-13]. Diameter of largest
cell met with (from angle to angle in both directions equal) from
about 2T00"" to one-third, or even one half smaller.

In moor pools, Co. Dublin and Wicklow.

Tetrapedia setigera. nov. sp. — Cells triangular, the lateral margins
somewhat deeply excavated by a broad rounded sinus dividing the
cell into three lobes, rounded at the ends, and each terminated by
a very delicate straight bristle, in length about equal to the dia-
meter of the cell ; in side view oblong, somewhat inflated at the
middle at each side, ends rounded, and each seen tipped by the
bristle. [PI. iii. f. 14-17.] Diameter of cell (without bristles),
about 40V0 to 34V o"? from end to end, including the bristles about
1 +A 1 "

1 sen V\J "1 1 6 0 *

In moor pools, Co. Dublin and Wicklow.

Reinsch' s figures are so much enlarged that they are calculated
to mislead. In the present plate they are reduced into uniformity
with our own to a scale of some 400 diameters. The descriptions
of his forms are a direct translation, somewhat altered in order,
from the original.

PI. iii. f. 1, Tetrapedia goihica, Reinsch, a single developed cell,
whose lateral margin presents the indication of division.

F. 2. A cell with the indication of division, the angles bluntly
rounded.

F. 3. A cell [the division] somewhat more advanced.

F. 4. A four-celled family, the [secondary] cells still connected
in the middle by the angles, the depth of the incisions almost their
breadth, the individual cells fully formed, i. e., already with the
commencement of a division into a new cell-generation, the margin
of the side-lobes of the [secondary] cells somewhat emarginate
at the middle.

F. 5. A four-celled family, the tablet furnished in the middle
with a quadrangular hole (Loch).

F. 6. A sixteen-celled family formed from four smaller families,
still connected at the corresponding angles, all the cells of like
figure and presenting the indication of continuous division.

F. 7. Side view of a cell.

F. 8. A four-celled family of peculiar form, which, perhaps, re-
presents a distinct species, of which, however, I [Prof. Reinsch]
have observed but a single specimen, the cell cruciate, formed of
four semicircular lobes, but whether the cells present the de-

LICHENS IN SOWERBY'S HERBARIUM. 47

veloped condition, or the condition of beginning of a new division,
I [Prof. Reinsch] do not venture to decide ; the dimensions as in a
four-celled family of the ordinary form.

F. 9. Tetrapedia Crux- Michaeli (Reinsch) — an individual in
the state as observed, showing the division furthest advanced.

F. 10. Side view of the same individual.

F. 11-12. Tetrapedia Reinschiana (Arch). Front or broad view.

F. 13. The same. Side view.

F. 14-16. Tetrapedia setigera (Arch). Front or broad view.

F. 17. The same. Side view.

(Fig. 18 represents an example of the spore and adjacent hetero-
cysts of a minute Nostoc, the subject of a communication in No. 1
(p. 10) of this Journal.— W. A.)

LICHENS IN SOWERBY'S HERBARIUM.

The Rev. J. M. Crombie, M.A., F.L.S., commenced in the
" Journal of Botany" for August a series of papers on the Lichens
contained in Sowerby's Herbarium, illustrative of the figures in
11 English Botany," viz : —

1. Lichen plicatus. E. B. t., 257.== Vsnea barbata, var. plicata.

2. Lichen ochroleucus. E. B. t., 2374 = Alectoria ochroleuca.
Ehrb.

3. Lichen sarmentosus. E. B. t., 2040. = Alectoria Cincinnata.
Fr.

4. Lichen jnbatns. E. B. t., 1880. = Alectoria jubata. L. The
upper figure usually referred to var. chalybeiformis, L., as in Hook.
Br. Fl. ii., p. 227, seems rather to belong to var. lanestris, Ach.
" A smaller state, with shorter and more slender branches, densely
entangled." No specimen, however, is extant in Sow. Herb., either
of this or of true chalybeiformis.

5. Lichen lanatus. E. B. t., 846. = Alectoria lanata. L. The
middle figure may be accepted as the type. The upper figure
represents a good variety = var. parmelioides. Cromb. MSS. To
the typical form, as a young condition, is also to be referred Lichen
scaber. E.B. t., 2318.

G. Lichen stictoceros. E. B.t.,lS53. = Evernia prunastri, var.
gracilis. Ach.

7. Lichen fastigiatus. E. B. t., 890- = Ramalini fastigiata. P.,
and liamalina fraxinea, Q. The lower left hand figure = R. fas-
tigiata. Of the two other figures, the upper is a smaller state of
R. fraxinea, and the lower apparently a hybrid between them.

8. Lichen pollinaxius. E. B. t., 1C07. = Ramalina evernioides.
Nyl.

9. Lichen pinastri. E. B. t., 211. = Platysma junipcrinum* pi-
nastri. Appears by a note to have been figured from a specimen

48 CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

in the herbarium of Linnams. The Lichen juniperinus of E. B. t.
194, is only a state of Physcia parietina.

10. Lichen sepincola. E. B. t., 2386. = Platysmasepincola., Ehr.,
and var. ulophylla, Ach., fig. 1, represents the type from near
Yarmouth; fig. 2, from a Continental specimen; fig. 3, from
Scotland, is var. ulophylla.

11. Lichen fahlunensis. E. B. t., 653. = Platysma commixtum.

Nyl.

12. Lichen aleuxites. E. B. t., 858. = Platysma diffusum. Web.
of which Parmelia placorodia (Ach) Nyl. is a synonym.

13. Lichen resupinatus. E. B. t., 305- = Nephromium lusitani-
cum. Schcer. The specimen drawn is from Cornwall.

14. Lichen spongiosus. E. B. t., 1374. = Solorina limbata.
Smmrft. The figure in E. B. is not very characteristic, and is too
deeply coloured.

Lichenologists are recommended to consult this paper for the
sake of the valuable notes not included in this brief abstract.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Pilobolus. Pringsheim's Jahrbucher, B viii., Hft. 3, contains
a copiously illustrated paper, by Julius Klein, entitled " Zur
Kenntniss des Pilobolus."

British Lichens. The "Journal of Botany" for August contains
the first of a series of papers, by the Rev. J. M. Crombie, M.A.,
on " The Lichens in Sowerby's Herbarium."

Fungi Austriaci. Three fascicula of Austrian Fungi have
already been published by Baron Thuemen, of Teplitz, at a reason-
able price ; others are in preparation.

Hedwigia, Nos. 5, 6, 7, contain notices of recent Cryptogamic
papers and communications, together with an enumeration of speci
mens published in recent fasciculi.

Giordano, G. C. Prima contribuzione alia flora briologica Na-
politana. Naples, 1871.

Botaniska Notiser (1872), Nos. 1, 2, 3, contains several
short cryptogamic papers, amongst which is one by J. M. Norman,
entitled " Cives novi lichenosa? arcticae Norvegia?."

Sauter, Dr. A. E. Flora des Herzogthums Salzburg, v. Theil.
Die Flechten. Salzburg, 1872.

Zeitschrift des Allgem, Osterrach, Apotheker-Vereines,
Vienna, 1872, contains " Beitrag zur Kenntniss einiger geniess-
barer Schwarnme," by Jos. Fuchs.

f The Lens, No. 3, for July, 1872, contains " Alg^e Rhodiacea?,
a list of Rhode Island Alga?," by Stephen T. Olney. A continua-
tion of the " Conspectus of the Families and Genera of the Diato-
macea?," by Prof. H. L. Smith. " Fungi in Cow's Milk," by James
Law. " Puccinia on Paper " (but not a Puccinia)^ by Thomas
Taylor.

GREVILLEA

No. 4] [October, 1872.

tL

A MONTHLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY,
AND ITS LITERATURE.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.
By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.

{Continued from Page 39.)

— 12G. Polyporus (Pleuropus) Amygdalinus. B. & Bar. — Olidus ;
pileo carnoso, subimbricato, laterali, luride-flavo, hie illic squamis
omnino adnatis, obscurioribus notato ; stipite obsoleto ; poris si-
nuosis, irregularibns, parvis, albis ; No. 1153. Car. Inf. Ravenel.
On rotten oak logs.

Pileus 3 inches across, fleshy, somewhat imbricated, of a dull
yellow, with adpressed dark scales; stem rudimentary ; spores ^L inch
across, waved, irregular. Smells strongly of vanilla or bitter almonds.

* P. (Pleuropus) rhipidius. B. — Rav. Fung. Car. Fasc. 1, No. 9.
No. 1719, Car. Inf. Curtis. Ravenel. Ohio, Lea. No. 5070, New
England, Sprague. Has a wide subtropical range.

* P. (Merisma) cristatus, Fr., No. 6218. Wisconsin, Lapham.
~ 127. P.(Merisma) subgiganteus. B.8f C. — Pileo dilatato, lobato,
flexuoso, rugoso-undulato, villoso-scabro, margine inflexo ; poris.
irregularibus ; dissepimentis, tenuibns, No. 5594. Conn., C. Wright.

Pileus some inches across ; 2 long, lobed, flexuose, ragged
and waved, clothed with down which becomes in parts shortly
strigose or scabrous ; margin inflected ; pores -^ inch across, but
very variable ; dissepiments thin. Flesh compact, not fibrous.

* P. (Merisma) anax. B.— No. 517. Car. Sup. Curtis. Ohio,
Lea.

* P. (Anodermei) lacteus. Fr. — No. 899, Car. Inf. Ravenel.
on pine logs. No. 1863, Rhode Island, Bennett. No. 5390, New
Eng., Sprague.

* P. (Anodermei) epileucus. Fr. — No. 2366, Car. Inf. Curtis.

* P. (Anodermei) testaceus. Fr — No. 4279. Penns., Michener.

* P. (Anodermei) borealis. Fr. — No. 2941, 4771. Car. Inf.
Curtis, 3576, 3617. Penns., Michener.

* P. (Anodermei) tephroleucus. Fr. — No. 42^2, Penns. Mi-
chener ; on Liriodendron.

50 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

-128. P. (Anodermei) semisupinus. B. & C. — Ochraceus, pileo
e resupinato reflexo, tenui, fibris paucis, brevibus, ornato, postice
laccato-glabrato, poris nrinutis, dissepimentis tenuibus. No. 5860.
New Eng. Sprague.

Pileus ^ inch across, pale ochre, at first resupinate, thin clothed
■with a few short fibres, smooth as if very thinly laccate behind ;
pores gL inch wide, but variable, with thin dissepiments. No.
6054. Alabama, Peters, is a form of the same species.

* P. (Anodermei) pallescens. Fr. — No. 6216. Wisconsin,
Lapham.

» 129. P. (Anodermei) cerifluus. B. § C. — Ochroleucus ; pileo
sessili, dimidiato, angusto,hic illic laccato-glabrato ; hymenio cribro-
so ; poris angulatis, dentatis, minutis. No. 2926. Car. Inf. Ravenel.
Pileus 1 inch across, often laterally confluent, sessile, dimidi-
ate of a slightly ochraceous white, here and there smooth as if
thinly laccate ; hymenium cribose ; pores angular, minute ; -^ inch
wide ; dissepiments toothed.

— 130. P. (Anodermei) Lindheimeri. B. Sf C. — Pileo albido, subci-
nereo, floccoso, substrigoso ; hymenio cinereo ; poris minutis, an-
gulatis. No. 3639. Texas, Lindheimer, on Laurus Sassafras.

Pileus 1^ inch wide. -J long, often laterally confluent, dirty wliite,
tinged with ash-colour, floccose, here and there slightly strigose ;
hymenium cinereous ; pores -j-^ inch wide, angular.

* P. (Anodermei) amorphus. Fr. — No. 1502. Car. Inf. Curtis.
No. 2023. Car. Inf. with a pale purplish black hymenium.

— 131. P. (Anodermei) Spraguei. B .Sf C — Pileo imbricato,pruinoso-
scabro, rugoso ; margine lobato, intus zonato, umbrino fibroso, riges-
cente ; hymenio concavo ; poris minutis. No. 5700, 5718. New
Eug. Murray.

Pileus 3 inches across, \\ long, rigid when dry, imbricated, ru-
gose, pruinoso-scabrous ; margin lobed ; flesh umber, fibrous, at
length blackish ; pores T\^ inch wide ; hymenium concave.

* P. (Anodermei) crispus. Fr. — No. 4281. Penns. Michener
on Carya.

^132. P. (Anodermei) nssilis. B. Sf C. — Albus ; pileo dimidiato,
vertice elongate rugoso hie illic aculeato-setoso ; intus fibroso, fis-
sili, zonato, poris subrotundis, acie obtusiusculis ; Kew Gard. Misc.,
v. i., p. 234. 1441, Car. Sup.

Pileus 6 inches wide, 2 long, sparingly aculeato- setose, at length
quite smooth and reddish ; strongly zoned within ; flesh coarsely
fibrous ; pores -^ inch wide. Allied to P. labyrinthicus, but the
surface is different, and the texture looser and darker.

* P. (Placodermei) senex. Mont. — No. 1558. Santee River.

* p. (Placodermei) dryadeus. Fr. — No. 3094. New Eng."
Oakes. P. dryadeus, Sckwein, is P. scruposus, Fr., which occurs
in many parts of the United States, on various trees as Rhus toxi-

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 51

codcndron, Castanea, Quercus, and seems to be the same with P.
gilvus.

* P. (Flacodermei) cervinus. Nees. — No. 5218. Alabama,
Peters, on lime.

* P. (Placodermei) fulvus. Fr.— No. 5991, 6013. Penns. Mi-
chener, on Liriodendron.

••133. P. (Placodermei) novaeangliae. li. & C. — Pileo reniformi,
disco pulvinato affixo, ferrngineo, velutino ; hymenio concolore ;
poris parvis ; dissepimentis rigidis. No. 5807. New Engl.

Pileus :^ incli wide, laterally confluent, kidneyshaped, fixed by a
cushion-like disc, velvety, ferruginous ; hymenium of the same
color; pores -gL inch wide; walls rigid.

*P. (Placodermei) carneus. Fr. — Rav. Fung. Car. Fasc, 5. No.
14. No. 1160, Car. Inf. Curtis, 3462. New York, Sartwell.
-"» 134. P. (Placodermei) cucullatus. B. $ C. — Pileo minuto, ungu-
laeformi, e ferrngineo tomentoso, nigro glabro ; poris parvis ; hyme-
nio primum margine breviter porrecto, limitato. No. 5382. New
Eng. Sprague.

Pileus -j^ri mcn w^ej ferruginous, tomentose ; then black and
smooth ; hymenium bordered by a projecting margin ; pores
angular, J-0 inch wide.

— 135. P. (Placodermei) palustris. B. & C. — Pileo pulvinato,
cuticula laevi ochroleuca viestito ; hymenio convexulo ; poris parvis,
angulatis. No. 1566. Santee River. On Pinus palustris.

Pileus 2 inches across, 1 long, pulvinate covered with a smooth
ochre-white cuticle ; hymenium slightly convex ; pores -^ inch
wide, angular. Resembles P. betulinus.

* P. (Inodermei) crocatus. Fr. — No. 2927. Car. Inf. Ravenel.

* P. (Inodermei) floridanus. B. Rav. Fung. Car. Fasc, i. No.
11. No. 1563. Santee River. No. 2016. Car. Inf. Curtis on
Rhus radicans. No. 2328, Car. Inf. On oak.

* P. (Inodermei) cinnabarrinus. Fr. — Rav. Fung. Car. Fasc.
2, No. 17. No. 452. Car. Sup. Curtis on cherry.

* P. (Inodermei) valenzuelianus. Mont. — No. 974,976. Santee
River. Curtis.

* P. (Inodermei) elongatus. B. — No. 5988. Penns. Michener.
On chesnut.

* P. (Inodermei) biformis. Fr. — P. Caroliniensis.'B. &C. Rav.
Fung. Car. Fasc, 2. No. 2178. Car. Inf., Curtis. On oak.
3615, Penns. r Michener, 4560. Alabama, Beaumont, 6042. Penns.
Michener. On oak and Liquidamber.

• 136. P. (Inodermei) Sartwellii. B. $ C. — Dimidiatus, postice
decurrens ; pileo albido, zonato, velutino-strigoso; poris angulatis
elongatis nigris. No. 3446. New York, Sartwell ; 5272. New
Engl., Sp'rague.

52 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

Pileus 1-2 inches wide, \ inch long, dimidiate, decnrrent behind,
dirty white, zoned, clothed with velvety down, which is here and there
matted and strigose ; pores -^ inch wide, angular, elongated.
- 137. P. (Inodermei) scarrosus. B. $ C. — Ochruceus ; pileo di-
midiato, postice decurrente, fibris radiantibus stuppeo ; pons decur-
rentibus elongatis, angnlatis. No. 4935. Car. Sup. Curt. On
twigs of Liriodendron.

Pileus i inch wide, \ long, ochraceous ; dimidiate, decurrent
behind, clothed with radiating towlike fibres ; pores ^ inch wide,
elongated, angular, decurrent.

* P. (Inodermei) radiatus. Fr.—Pol. fusco-gilvus, Schwein Herb.
No. 4424. Car. Sup. Curtis. On birch. 5418. New Engl.
Sprague ; 5804, New Eng., Murray ; Ohio, Lea.

* 138. P. (Inodermei) ectypus. B. $ C— Pileo flabelliformi, lobato,
zonato-picto, postice rufo, antice pulverulento, pallido ; hymenio
ochraceo; poris minutis. No. 2942. Car. Inf., Ravenel.

Pileus 3 inches wide, 2f long, deeply lobed, fanshaped, zoned, ru-
fous behind, pallid and pulverulent in front ; hymenium ochraceous ;
pores -j-l-o inch wide. Looks at first like some form of P. versicolor,
but is very different.

* P. (Inodermei) nigro-purpurascens. Schwein.— No. 6171. Car.
Inf. Perhaps referrible to P. amorphus.

- 139. P. (Inodermei) Halesise. B. & C. — Pileis imbricatis, postice
decurrentibus, pallidis, sericeis ; margine tenui, inflexo; hymenio
cinereo ; poris minutis. No. 2027, 2028. Upper Georgia. Ravenel.
On Halesia tetraptera.

Pileus 1 inch wide, ^ inch long, imbricated, decurrent behind,
pallid, silky ; margin thin inflected ; hymenium ash- coloured ;
pores 5*o inch wide. Ravenel compares this with P. amorphus,
but it seems very different, the pores being deficient in the peculiar
waxy appearance which characterises that species.

* P. (Inodermei) pinsitus. Fr.— No. 11. Car. Sup. Curtis.

* p. (Inodermei) barbatulus. Fr — Rav. Fung. Car. Ease, 2.
No. 19. No. 6376. Texas, Bigelow.

* P. (Inodermei) decipiens. Schivein. — No. 4339. Penns. Mi-
chener. No. 4737. Car. Inf. Curtis.

— 140. P. (Inodermei) Ilicincola. B. Sf C— Rav. Fung. Car. Fasc.
5. No. 17. Pileo flabelliformi, pallido, glabrato nitido radiato
ruguloso ; poris pallidis sinuatis. Alabama. Peters. On bark
of Hex opaca.

Pileus f inch wide and long, flabelliform, but frequently laterally
confluent, pallid, at length quite smooth, marked with little radia-
ting lines ; pores 7\ wide, sinuated. Hymenium much like that
of P. abietinus.
s*» * P. (Inodermei) Xalapensis. Berk— In Hook. Kew. Misc., i.,
p. 103. Thin membranaceous ; pileus flabelliform, variously lobed,

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 53

2-4 inches long, pale, silky, at length nearly smooth and shining,
repeatedly but delicately zoned ; hymenium white ; pores small ;
dissepements very thin and delicate, soon torn, and toothed so as to
present the appearance of a Hydnum. Car. Inf. Curtis.
• * P. (Znodermei) chartaceus. B. § C. I. c— Effused for many
inches, and completely surrounding the smaller branches, broadly
reflexed; margin membranaceous but rigid ; obscurely zoned, dirty
white, slightly silky, but by no means hairy or bristly ; pores ^
inch wide, soon broken into obtuse lamellar processes. Allied to
P. pinsitus.

- 141. P. (Ruspinati) favillaceus. B. $ C. — Brevis, sparsus ;
margine liberato, tomentoso ; hymenio cinerco ; poris minimis. No.
5266. New Eng., Sprague. Consisting of little scattered patches:
margin at length free and tomentose; hymenium ash-coloured;
pores yJ^ inch wide. Parasitic, together with a minute Hydnum,
on some indeterminable resupinate Polyporus.

* P. (Resupinati) niger. B. — Hook, Lond. Journ., v. 4., p. 304.
Rav. Fung. Car. Fasc. 1, No. 20. Ohio. Lea. Elongated, mar-
gin free, dark brown, pubescent ; hymenium jet black ; pores very
minute, punctiform umber within.

~ 142. P. (Resupinati) auxantio-pallens. B. cf C— Suborbicularis.
margine elevato obtuso cinctus ; poris parvis. No. 2600. Car.
Inf. On pine. About an inch wide ; margin obtuse raised ; pores
7/3- inch wide. Allied apparently to P. bombycinus

- 143. P. (Resupinati) chrysobaphus. B. $ C— Totus resupina-
tus, immarginatus, aureo-olivaceus ; poris elongatis obliquis ; sporis
ferrugineis. No. 6i5>42. Alabama. Peters.

Entirely resupinate without any distinct margin ; of a golden
yellow, inclining to olive ; pores elongated, oblique, -^ inch wide ;
spores ferruginous.

* P. (Resupinati) xanthus. ^K-No. 2356. Car. Inf. On
pine. 2442. Car. Inf. On oak. 3873, 5220. Alabama. Peters.

* P. (Resupinati) spissus. Fr.— No. 5803. New Eng. Sprague.
6000, Penns. Michener.

* P. (Resupinati) cruentatus. Mont —Boletus spissus, Schwein.
No. 2012. Car. Inf. On oak.

* P. (Resupinati) fusco-carneus, P. Rav. Fung. Car. Fasc. 1.
No. 15. No. 5592. Connect. C. Wright.

* P. (Resupinati) salmonicolor. B. cy C— Hook. Kew. Misc., 1.
p. 104. Totus resupinatus e mycelio tenui albo oriundus ; poris
primum subcarneis, demum elongatis nigrescentibus. No. 1527.
Santee River. Ravenel. On charred wood.

Several inches broad, thin near the margin, of a rich salmon
colour, at length brown. Pores -±% inch wide; very tender when
young. Allied to the three last.

144. P. (Resupinati) barbaeformis. B.d- C— Totus resupinatus

54 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

margine tenui, albo ; hymenio fulvo ; poris parvis, elongatis, dis-
sepinientis tenuibus. No. 4519. Alabama., Peters. On vine.

Wholly resupinate with a thin white margin ; hymenium tawny ;
pores Jg- inch wide, but variable in size. No. 4266. Penns.,
Michener. appears to be a form of the same species, with the
margin free and elevated, and the dissepiments elongated and
toothed.

* P. (Resupinati) contiguus. Fr.— Eav. Fung. Car. Fasc, 1.

No. 16. P. ambiens. B. & C. No. 1468. Car. Inf., 2300. On
oak. 252 on Cyrilla. 3655. Louisiana. Dr. Hall. 3906, 3907.
Texas.

* P. (Resupinati) incaxnatus. Fr.— No. 2741. Car. Inf. On pine.

* P. (Resupinati) farinellus. Fr.— No. 2246. Car. Inf. Cur-
tis. On pine. No. 2042, 2081, 2264. Car. Inf. On oak.

- 145. P. (Resupinati) clathratus. B. $ C. — Niveus, effusus, late
cribrosus ; parietibus cribrorum laccato-laevibus ; poris puncti-
formibus, dissepimentis crassis obtusis. No. 3656. Louisiana.
Dr. Hale. Widely effused, the hymenium with large apertures, the
walls of which are smooth and honey colored. Pores y1^ inch wide.

- * P. (Resupinati) cremor, B. Sf C. — Rigidus, brevis, discincola,
totus resupinatus ; poris suborbicularibus ; dissepimentis crassius-
culis, obtusis. No. 1074. Car. Inf. On oak branches, espe-
cially on the disc where branches have been broken off. About
an inch broad, consisting almost entirely of tubes. Pores 7\ inch
wide, nearly round.

- 146. P. (Resupinatus) Lindbladii. B.— Pileo resupinato, rigido;
margine tomentoso albo demum libero ; hymenio griseo, fusces-
cente; poris angulatis. No. 1623. Car. Inf. Spreading for
some inches; of a peculiar grey tint. Pores -^ inch wide. The
Carolina specimens are a little darker than those originally received
from Sweden.

^ 147. P. (Resupinatus) limitatus. B. $ C. — Totus resupinatus
rigidus allidus ; margine nigrescente rimoso ;.poris angulatis. No.
2686. Car. Inf. entirely resupinate, the margin thin, barren, and
cracked. Pores ■£$ inch wide.

* P. (Resupinati) Stephensii. B. $ Br. — Rav. Fung. Car. Fasc.
4, No. 7. On Taxodium disticham.

- 148. P. (Resupinati) salviae. B. & C— Effusus, mollis, albus.
fere totus e poris minimis flexuosis constitutus ; dissepimentis
tenuibus. No. 2602. Car. Inf. On Salvia, surrounding the
branches, consisting almost entirely of the minute flexuous pores;
dissepiments thin ; pores ^q inch in diameter. Allied to P.
vaporarius.

* 149. P. (Resupinati) incxustans. B. $ C— Mollis, albus; quis-
quilias incrustans ; mycelio gossypino ; poris brevibus angulatis ;
dissepimentis tenuibus. No. 5671. New Eng. Murray.

BRITISH FUNGI. 55

Running over grass and various substances, after the fashion of
Thelephora sebacea ; white, soft, springing from a thin cotton-like
mycelium ; pores ^Vmcn wide, short, angular, with thin dissepiments.

/b,Wf

BRITISH FUNGI.

By M. C. Cooke. — (Continued from page 40.)
Hymenomycetes.

Agaricus (Lepiota) Georginae. Smith. " Crimson-tinged Lepiota."

Pileus white, slightly fleshy, fragile, at first campanulate, then
expanded, covered with a minute, dense, viscid pruinosity, which,
as well as the white flesh, instantly changes to crimson when
touched ; margin at length striate ; stem slightly attenuated
upwards, also covered externally with minute, viscid pruinosity,
changing to crimson when touched ; ring evanescent ; gills free,
very thin, moderately distant, somewhat ventricose, white, the edge
becoming crimson when touched ; spores white. — Smith in Seem.
Journ. Bot. ix. (1871), p. 1, t. 112.

On mosses in a cool fernery. Chelsea.

Pileus 1 to 1 in. across. Stem 1-2 in. long. Spores "0003 x
•0002 in.
Agaricus (Lepiota) metulsesporus. B.d-Br. " Clavate-spored Lepiota."

Pileus campanulate, rather fleshy, white, grooved, adorned with
small pallid scales ; margin appendiculate ; stem nearly equal or
slightly clavate ; pallid, lemon-coloured, stuffed ; gills white, ven-
tricose, approximate; spores nine-pin shaped, or obliquely clavate;
mycelium thread-like. — -B. 4' Br. Ceylon Fungi, no. 67. Ann. N.H.
no.1182.

Pileus 1 in. across; stem 21 in. high, 1 line thick ; gills nearly
2 lines broad. This species, which at present has been found only
once in this country by Mr. Broome, and which in external charac-
ters approaches A. clypeolarius, is at once distinguished by the
length of the spores, which is '0006 in. — B. fy Br.

Agaricus (Lepiota) Terreii. B. $ Br. " Terry's Lepiota."

Pileus sub-hemispherical, bright tawny, rough with minute
warts ; stem sub-equal, clad with furfuraceous scales of the same
colour ; ring at length torn ; gills white, narrow, remote. — B. 4'Br.
Ann. N.H. no. 1183.

On sandy ground. Forres.

Pileus 1-2 in.; gills not branched; spores *0002x-00015 in.
This species, which appears quite distinct, approaches A. granulosus
on one side, and A. acutesquamosus on the other, but it is nearer to
tin' latter than the former. The spores of A. granulosus arc slightly
larger, those of A. acutesquamosus are rather longer, and at the"
same time narrower. — B. 4' Br.

56 » BRITISH FUNGI.

Agaricus (Lepiota) ermineus. Fr. " Ermine Lepiota."
Pileus fleshy, even, smooth, at length silky about the margin ;

stem fistulose, equal, smooth ; ring erect, becoming lacerated; gills

approximate. — Fr. S. M. ii. p. 22. Sv. Bot. t. 596 /. 1. Krombh.

t. 25. /. 34, 85. Fr. Ep. p. 15 B. % Br. Ann. N. H. no. 1184.
In grassy places. Coed Coch.
Fragile, wholly white, inodorous, with the taste of radishes.

Krombholz says that the spores are fusiform.

Agaricus (Lepiota) ramentaceus. fivll. — Bull. t. 595. f. 3.
Agaricus {Armillaria) ramentaceus. Cooke, Hdbh. no. 35.
Under trees. Coed Coch.
In the " Handbook," No. 35, this is referred to Armillaria.

Agaricus (Lepiota) sistratus. Fr. " Fibrous-ringed Lepiota."

Pileus fleshy, rather thin, cahipanulate, pruinose ; stem sub-fis-
tulose, equal, ring and stem below it, fibrillose ; gills nearly free,
ascending, white.— Fr. S.M. 1. p. 24. Fr.Ep. p. 18. B. $ Br.
Ann. N.H. no. 1185. bis.

On sandy ground. Forres.

This pretty species is remarkable for the filamentous ring.

Agaxicus (Lepiota) delicatus. Fr. " Delicate Lepiota."
Pileus somewhat fleshy, convexo -plane, smooth, even, viscid ;
stem fistulose, squamulose ; ring densely floccose ; gills free,
crowded, thin.— Fr. S.M. i. p. 23. Fr. Ep. p. 20. B. $ Br. Ann.
N.H. no. 1186.

About an old stump. Sept. Powerscourt.
Pileus hemispherical, obtuse, rivulose, viscid, smooth, pallid,
lin. across; stem 1 in. high \'m. thick, transversely punctate,
squamulose, stuffed with flocci, white above ; veil floccose, slightly
appendiculate ; gills free, rounded behind, approximate, pallid. The
veil is really double, floccose, covered with scaly particles. Taste
like Polyporus squamosus. — B. fy Br.

Agaxicus (Armillaria) robustus. A. § S. " Robust Armillaria."

Pileus fleshy, compact, convexo-plane, unequal, smooth ; stem
solid, short, attenuated downwards, rooting, fibrillose above the
ring, white below; gills emarginate, reaching the stem. — A. $ S.,
p. 147. Fr. S.M. i.p. 26. Fr.Ep. p. 21. Krombh. t. 2b. f. 15-20.
Br. Bath Trans. 1870, p. 59.

In woods, &c. Leigh Down, Bristol.

Short, robust, pleasant ; pileus bay, tawny, or reddish, variable
in size.

Agaricus (Armillaria) denigritus. Fr. " Smutty Armillaria."

Pileus hemispherical, obtuse, fleshy, tawny ; flesh whitish ; stem
subequal, solid ; striate above the ring, white ; gills adnexed,
tawny. — Fr. in Mus. Suec. B. $ Br. Ann. N.H. no. 1187.

On a grass plot near shrubs. Coed Coch.

At first sight very like A. Leveillei, but the white spores at once
distinguish it. — B. (j* Br.

LICHENOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA.— No. 2.
By the Rev. W. A. Leighton, B.A., F.L.S., F.B.S.Ed.

The Lichens of Bettws-y-Coed, North Wales.

A fortnight's sojourn, in the month of June, 1872, amongst the
magnificent and romantic rocks and woods surrounding Bettws-y-
Coed, in the valley of the Conway, is, in itself, a thing long to be
treasured in the memory ; but to the lichenist, who finds those
rocks and woods abounding with rare and beautiful lichens, it is
11 a beauty and a joy for ever."

As a general rule, mere lists of localities of plants are scarcely
advisable, but the knowledge of lichens, and of their distribution over
the British Isles, is as yet so incomplete and imperfect, that a devi-
ation from this rule may be possibly pardoned. Assuming this, I
proceed to enumerate the lichens which I observed and collected
in this circumscribed nook of lovely scenery.

The Collemacei, curiously enough in so damp a locality, seem to
be comparatively rare, Collema fiaccidum, Ach., barren as usual,
but abundant ; a few plants of Collema nigrescens, L., sterile ; Lep-
togium lacerum, (Ach.), sterile ; and a single specimen of the rare
Leptogium Burgessii, (Lightf.) in fine fruit, being all their repre-
sentatives. Caliciumhyperellum, Ach., was the only representative
of the Caliciei, though I think I also observed the barren thallus
of Coniocybe furfuracea, Ach. Cladonia squamosa, Hffm., and
Cladonia digitata, Hffm., var. macilenta, Hffm., f. carcata, Ach.,
occurred in surpassing beauty and luxuriance on the trunks of
trees, at the Conway Falls, together with well-fruited Usnea bar-
bata f. hirta, Fr. ; and Cladonia cervicomis, Schjer., in equal luxu-
riance on the rocks above the Gwydir woods. Stereocaulon nanum,
Ach., very fine, and abundant, but sterile as usual. Ramalinafari-
nacea, (L.), large and abundant but sterile, and Ramalina fastigiata,
Fr., finely fruited. A single specimen in jruit !! of Cetraria
aculeata, Fr., was gathered on the rocks. Nephromiinn lusitanicum,
Schjer., was most abundant, in fine fructification in all the woods,
especially in the Gwydir woods, where the trees were clothed with
it. Peltigera horizontalis, (L.), and P. scutata, (Dicks.), were not
unfrequcnt, the latter sterile. Stictina limbata, (Sm.), Stictina fuli-
ginosa, (Dicks.), and Stictina scrobiculata, (Scop.), and Sticta pul-
monacea, Ach., very fine and luxuriant, but always sterile, were
abundant, and Ricasolia hetevirens, (Lightf.), in fine fructification,
but partial. Of Parmelia, the following were noticed : caperata,
(L.), olivacea, (L.), physodes, (L.), and its variety labrosa, Ach.,
clothing the young trees, one specimen in fruit, perlata, (L.),fuligi-
nosa, DuB.,corticole in fruit, conspersa, Ehrh., and its form Mou-
geotii, Sch.er., sa.ratilis, (L.), corticole form in good fruit, and its
variety omphalodes, (L.), also in fruit, Borreri^ f. olivacea, Lbight.,
and ttliavca, (Am.). Umbilicaria pvlyph<jlla, (L.), f. lacera,

58 LICHENOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA.

Leight., sparingly. Pannaria triptophylla, (Ach.), sterile, and
Pannaria plumbea, (Lightf.), in most luxuriant fruit, abounded on
the trees. In Lecanora the following occurred, expallens, Ach.,
tartarea, L., f. grandinosa, Ach., ventosa7 L., sulphur ea, Hffm.,
very perfect, Dicksojiii, (Ach.), subfusca, L., f. allophana, Ach.,
abundant and fine. Pertusaria yielded communis, D.C., and leio-
placa, (Ach.), but a few specimens of the uncommon Phlyctis
argena, (Ach.) were met with, and Thelotrema lepadinum, Ach.,
in tolerable quantity. Lecidea sanguineo-atra, Ach., was abundant
on one or two elms, Lecidea pineti, (Schrad.), at the bases of Scotch
firs. This lichen has been now ascertained to be identical with.
Peziza diluta, Pers., and it must consequently henceforth bear the
name of Lecidea diluta, (Pers.). Its synonymy is Peziza diluta,
Pers. Syn. 668 (1801) ; Lichen pineti, Schrad. in Ach. Meth. 68
(1805); Biatorina pineti, Mass. Ric. 135; Korb. Syst. 189, Par.
136; Biatorina diluta, Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. 185; Lecidea pineti,
Leight. Lich. Fl. 317— and Exsiccati, Rabh. 906. Zw. 83. Mudd.
145., Hepp. 136., Nyl. 56. Schasr. 218. Leight. 89. A few very
poor specimens of Lecidea panceola, Fr. ; L. myriocarpa,T).G.',
one or two bits of L. carneola, Ach. ; and on the rocks, but rare,
a Lecidea altogether identical with a specimen in my herbarium from
Dr. Lahm, of Buellia occulta, Korb. Par. 186, collected near Heidel-
berg, by Von Zwackh. As this has never before been noticed in
Britain, I add its characters : —

Lecidea occulta. (Korb.)— Thallus pallido-lutescent, effuse, ad-
nate, thin, minutely areolate, areolae somewhat convex ; hypothal-
lus dark ; apothecia very minute, adnate, nigro-fuscous, at first
margined by the thallus, eventually free and somewhat convex,
proper margin more or less visible; epithecium fuscous; para-
physes indistinct ; hypothecium lutescent ; spores 8, fuscous, small,
oblong, 1- septate.

Thallus tinged yellow with K, and on immediate subsequent
application of C still yellow, but soon obliterated (Ky C — ). It
may be well to state that my herbarium contains a similar lichen
gathered at Diganwy, near Conway, in 1851.

See plate 4, fig. 6, a thallus nat. size, b section of apothecium, c
spores, magn. 1200.

This Lecidea bears a considerable general external resemblance
to L. stellulata, Tayl, but that has a white thallus, and a dark
hypothecium, and different reaction, keeping them distinct.

A very interesting and instructive series of forms of Lecidea
resince, Fr., occurred on the resin issuing from the spruce fir-trees.
Its normal condition may be seen in plate 4, fig. 9 a, in which the
apothecia were pale yellowish-brown, adnate and plane, variable in
size. A section of the apothecium (fig. 9, f. & d.) showed a pale
yellow hypothecium, with a darker yellow hymenium, consisting of
distinct slender paraphyses, and linear asci, containing innumerable
spherical colourless spores (fig. 9, i. & h.) The spermogunia were

LICHENOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA. 59

tubercular, of similar colour with the apothecia, and contained
Bterigmata (fig. 9, ].), and small spherical colourless sper-
matid (tig. 9, m.). A biatorine state sparingly occurred, repre-
sented in Leight. Exs. 277. In the cicatrices, where branches had
been broken away, the resin assumed a brownish, or greenish brown,
or even purplish hue, through discoloration from some unascer-
tained cause, and here the apothecia and spermogonia became black,
the former being much more concave, and even in some cases some-
what stipitate, the epithecium shining (fig. 9, c. & g.). A section
of the apothecium exhibited a nigrofuscous hypothecium, and a
dark epithecium (fig. 9, e.), and the spores (fig. 9, k.), were
slightly smaller than those of the normal state. There is, however,
no reason to imagine that these are distinct plants, but merely states
of one and the same lichen, transitional forms having been observed.
The dark form may be named forma cicatricicola, Leight. The
normal state is the Peziza resince of Fries, and the spermogonia
the Sphceria resince of the same writer. I subsequently found L.
resince in both its forms on the spruce firs in Glanartro, the
woody valley leading to Cwm Bychan near Barmouth.

The Graphideae were very plentiful ; Graphis elegans, (Sm.),
G. scripta, Ach., in its forms diffusa, Leight.; varia, Leight.,
Jlexuosa, Leight., and divaricata, Leight. ; and its varie-
ties serpentina, Ach., and pulverulenta, Ach. G. inusta, Ach., f.
simpliciuscula, Leight. G. sophistica, Nyl., in its forms radiata,
Leight., and divaricata, Leight., and its variety pulverulen ta,
(Sm.). Opegrapha atra, Pers., and its forms par allela, Leight.,
denigrata, Ach., and arthonoidea, Leight. Opegrapha Tumeri,
Leight., Opegrapha vulgata, Ach., and Opegrapha saxicola, Ach.,
f. gyrocarpa, (Zw.), very sparingly. Stigmatidium Hutchinsice,
Leight., clothed the shaded rocks in profuse perfection and beauty.
Arthonia lurida, Ach., and Arthonia vinosa, Leight., and its var.
pineti, Korb. (fig. 5), plentiful. The latter Arthonia may be
readily distinguished from its congeners by a section of the ardella
turning vinous or red-purple in hydrate of potash. Arthonia
astroidea, Ach., and var. opegraphina, Ach. (plate 4, fig. 7 a.
& b.), not unfrequent. It should be here observed that the variety
opegraphina, Ach., and also the var. epipastoides, Nyl. (plate 4, fig.
8, a. & b.), appear to be erroneously joined to A. astroidea, Ach.
(see Leight. Lich. Fl., p. 397), inasmuch as they possess spores
different from those of A. astroidea, and in all respects assimilating
those of Arthonia cinnabarina, Wallr., viz., obovato-clavate,
rounded at the extremities, 4-septate, the uppermost cell largest,
and occupying nearly half of the spore, and the other cells in the
lower half. (Plate 4, fig. 7 b, & 8 b.), of which they are no
doubt states or forms, and to this species they must in future be
referred. Arthonia epipasta, (Ach.) ; Arth. cinnabarina, Wallr.,
var. anenjthrea, Nyl., f. detrita, T. & B. ; and the following, which
I believe are new to Britain : —

60 LICHENOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA.

Arthonia pxoximella, Nyl.— Thallus effuse, hypophlseodal, silvery-
grey ; ardellae nigro-fuscous or black, minute, round, lecideoid,
opaque, plane, internally nigrescent ; spores 8, fuscous, obovate,
1 -septate.

On hollv, rare. Gwydir woods.

Syn.— Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 262. (1861).

Fig.— Plate 4, fig. 3., a. b. c.

Exs.— Fellman 208.

Arthonia aspersella. Leight, n. sp. — Thallus pale-yellowish,
maculari-effuse ; ardelke very minute, scattered, pnnctiform, linear
or angulari-confluent, black or nigro-fuscous ; hymenium untinged
by K; spores 8, colourless, obovate, 1 -septate.

On holly ; Gwydir woods.

This lichen assimilates in general aspect with A. vinosa, var.
pineti, but in that the ardellae are roundish, and the hymenium is
tinged red-purple with K. ; whilst in aspersella the ardellae are
remarkable for a peculiar sharp angularity, and the hymenium is
untinged by K. (Plate 4, fig. 4, a. & b.)

On one rock in the Gwydir woods, I met with, what I believe to
be, the sterile thallus of Arthonia decussata, Fw., which is per-
fectly identical with Zwackh 10. A. & B., and Mass. 123, and has
similar reaction K — C red. This is new to the British Flora, and
is mentioned here to induce further research for fructified speci-
mens.

Endocarpus Jluviatile, (D.C.), in small quantities on wet
rocks. Verrucaria epidermidis, Ach., f. fallax, Nyl. ; V. puncti-
formis, Ach., V. autecellens, Nyl. (Leight. Lich. Fl. G. B.), see
plate 4, fig. 2, a. b. c, and to which as Exsiceati may be quoted
Zw., 363, A. & Hepp. 954, rather abundant on hollies. The cells
of the spores have a singular tendency to become spuriously sep-
tate ; V. biformis, Borr. ; lectissima, (Fr.), very plentiful ; V. chlo-
rotica, (Ach.), and its f. carpinea, 8ch,er. ; V. nitida, (Weig.)
especially plentiful, and also a remarkable form or state, on old
laurel and other trees, having a nigro-fuscous thallus resembling an
indeterminate, diffuse, dark-brown, oily stain, which may be named
f. elwodes, Leight. ; V. horistica, Leight. (Lich. Fl. G. B., 451),
abundant on rocks. (Plate 4, fig. 1, a. b. c. d.)

I may mention that the duplicates of the above collections will
be made up into a few sets for distribution at 30s. per 100 speci-
mens. First applicants will have the most complete sets.

Old Nettle Stems and their Micro-Fungi is the title of a
communication, by the Editor, which appears in the current number
of the Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club. It contains
also a paper by C. H. Peck on Cucurbitaria morbosa, Schwein.

61

NEW BRITISH LICHENS.

Communicated by the Rev. J. M. Crombie, M.A., F.L.S.

The following new species of British Lichens have been described
by Dr. Win. Nylander, in the " Flora," 11th August, 1872 :—

1. Obryzum dolichoteron. Kyi.— Parasitic on the lobes of Col-
lema auriculatum, var. piuguescens, Nyl. Similar to 0. comiculatum,
but with the spores longer, 3-5 septate, cylindrico-oblong, 0,*023 27
mm. long, 0,0045-50 mm. thick. On shady calcareous rocks of
Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole (Crombie, August, 1870).

2. Lecidea asemea. Nyl.— Thallus white, thin, unequal, sub-
dispersed ; apothecia black or livid-black, margined, often subpli-
cate ; spores 8 naa., ellipsoid, 0,013-16 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm.
thick, epithecium glaucescent, hypothecium reddish; hymenial
gelatine bluish, and then tawny wine-coloured with iodine. On
sandstone rocks. Jersey (Larbalestier). Allied to L. sublatypea.
Leight.

3. Lecidea mesotropoides. Kyi.— Thallus externally somewhat
similar to that of L. mesotropa, but with the areolae convex
(K -f (yellow), medulla I — ) ; apothecia at first plane, margined,
at length convex, prominent, immarginate, the lamina thinner than
in L. mesotropa, and the spores shorter, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,006-7
mm. thick ; perithecium circuuicingent. Spermogones frequent,
scattered over the areolae, with spermatia 0,007-10 mm. long,
scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. On calcareous stones of an old wall on
Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole (August, 1871, Crombie).

4. Lecidea subfurva. Kyi. — Thallus brownish-black or greyish-
brown, above minutely furfuraceous and opaque, areolato-diffract,
indeterminate ( K — ) ; apothecia black, plane, ruguloso-opaque,
margined, often angulose, obscure within ; spores 8 nas, colourless
subgloboso-ellipsoid, simple, 0,011-12 mm. long, 0,009 mm. thick •
paraphyses slender, irregular, indistinct ; epithecium and hypothe-
cium obscure ; hymeneal gelatine intensely blue with iodine. On
micaceous stones of old walls in Glen Fender and on Craig Tul-
loch, Blair Athole (Crombie, August, 1870). Externally some-
what resembling L. furvella, but belonging to the section of L.
petrosa.

5. Lecidea confusula. Kyi.— Thallus olive-grey, or bright
brownish- grey, thinnish, granulated or granulato-conglomerated
the glomeruli dispersed ; apothecia black, adnate, convex, immar-
ginate, white within ; spores 8 na?, ellipsoid, simple, somewhat
small, 0,007-11 mm. long, 0,0040-45, mm. thick; epithecium
yellowish-brown, paraphyses slender, indistinct (visible with K) ;
hypothecium colourless. On micaceous stones of an old wall on
Craig Tulloch, in Blair Athole (Crombie, August, 1871).

62 NEW BRITISH LICHENS.

6. Lecidea deparcula. Nyl.— Thallus greyish, thin, subareolate,
dispersed, evanescent, hypothallus black, but little conspicuous ;
apothecia black, small, somewhat difformed, slightly prominent,
subumbonate in the centre, concolorous within, the margin obtusely
turgid and sometimes subcrenate ; spores 8 nae, colourless, ellipsoid,
simple, 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; epithecium ob-
scurely bluish ; paraphyses moderate, bluish-green towards the
aj>ex ; hypothecium brownish-black ; hymeneal gelatine intensely
bluish or dark-blue with iodine. On calcareous stones amongst
detritus, on the summit of Ben-y-gloe (Crombie, August, 1871).

7. Lecidea atro-badia. Nyl.— Thallus dull-brown or greyish-
brown, thinnish, areolato-diffract, hypothallus black, radiating at
the circumference (medulla I — ) ; apothecia black, somewhat con-
vex, immarginate, concolorous within ; spores 8 na3, brown or black-
ish, oblong, 1 -septate, 0,021-30 mm. long, 0,010-14 mm. thick ;
epithecium violet-brown, with K faintly purple ; paraphyses not
very distinct; hypothecium brown; hymeneal gelatine intensely
bluish with iodine. On quartzose rocks on the summit of Ben-y-
gloe (Crombie, August, 1871). Allied to L. badio-atra.

8. Verrucaria submicans. Nyl.— Not unlike V. punctiformis,
var. tremula, but with longer spores, 0,020-26 mm. long, 0,006 mm.
broad. It is allied also to V. elongatula, but this species has the
spores more fusiform. On the bark of hollies in the New Forest
(April, 1868, Crombie).

9. Verrucaria analeptella. Nyl.~- Similar to V. epidermidis, f.
analepta, but with the paraphyses soft, distinct, though but slightly
evolute. From V. fallax it is distinguished by the smaller apo-
thecia, and different thecae and spermatia. On the bark of trees
in Ireland, frequent (Carroll). It appears in Anzi L. min. r.
No. 395, s. n. Sagedia cenea.

10. Verrucaria spilobola. Nyl.— Thallus black, thin, evanescent ;
apothecia black, small, somewhat prominent, crowded or subma-
cuiari-aggregated, the perithecium entire, black; spores 8 na?,
colourless, oviform or oblongo-oviform, slightly 1-septate, 0,015-2
mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick ; paraphyses none ; hymeneal gela-
tine not tinged with iodine. On calcareous stones on Craig Tul-
loch (August, 1871, Crombie). This species has the green
gonidia often 4 connate, and belongs to the section of V. mesobola.

Synopsis of New York Uncinula ; by Charles H. Peck, con-
tains the following species: — Uncinula circinata, C. & P., on
maple leaves ; Uncinula adunca, Lev., on leaves of willow and
poplar ; Uncinula macrospora, Peck., on elm leaves (scarcely ten-
able) ; Uncinula parvula, C. & P., on leaves of Celtis ; Uncinula
jiexuosa, Peck., on horse-chestnut leaves ; Uncinida Clintonii, Peck.,
on leaves of Basswood, and Uncinula ampelopsidis,Veck., on leaves
of woodbine.

63

THE NEW CONSPECTUS OF THE FAMILIES AND
GENERA OF DlATOMACEiE. By Professor H. L. Smith,
of Geneva College, New York.

The July part of the " Lens" contains the Index to the above
Conspectus. It will be found that the Professor has applied the
pruning knife most unsparingly, doubtless to the great disgust of
the " species mongers." Some of the genera might, Ave think,
have been retained with advantage ; for example, the Campylo-
disci, which has been relegated to the Surirellai. This genus has
two unvarying characteristics, viz., the circular form of the valves,
and the median space of the two valves of the frustule are always
at right angles to each other; consequently the valve must be
truly circular. Professor W. Smith, the author of the Synopsis,
has erred in placing Campylo discus spiralis in that genus. Kut-
zing was right in making it a species of Surirella (S. spiralis).

The union of the genera Triceratium and Amphitetras with Bid-
dulphia we think will not be generally accepted ; to do so necessitates
the enlargement of the generic characters of the last to too great
an extent. The number of species will also be inconveniently
large.*

The genus Triceratium might, we think, be united to Amphite-
tras without much alteration of the generic character. The author
is, no doubt, right in abolishing the conditions of stipitate, tubular,
&c, as being of no value. He remarks, " The conditions frondose,
stipitate, filamentous, tubular, &c. I have not considered sufficient to
warrant the formation of new genera. A long study of living
forms has convinced me that these characters are fleeting — not to
be relied on.

" Among the Schizonemea?, e. g., the fronds are quite variable
which enclose the same siliceous frustules ; and the fronds them-
selves vary with the habitat. The tubes of Colletonema and En-
cyonema disappear in quiet waters, and the frustules become
embedded in amorphous jelly, or quite free."

The number of genera dealt with in the Conspectus, and which
the Professor says "includes, as far as I am aware, either as ad-
missible or among the synonyms, the name of every genus hitherto
constituted," is 299; the number deleted is 189, thus abolishing
nearly two-thirds ! ! !

We find on comparing the Conspectus with the Synopsis of British
Diatoinaceae 23 out of the 59 genera described therein deleted.

The following list shews the genera retained, but in order to

* The author will no doubt complete the Synopsis by publishing a Conspectus
of the Species of Diatomaceas.

64 • DIATOMACE.E.

embrace all the species in the Synopsis, nine genera not included in
that work are added : —

1. Actinocyclus. 20. Fragillaria.

2. Amphipleura. 21. Gornphonema.

3. Amphora. 22. Grammatophora.

4. Amphiprora. 23. Isthmia.

5. Arachnoidiscus. 24. Licmophora.

6. Asterionella. 25. Mastogloia.

7. Achnanthes. 26. Melosira.

8. Biddulphia. 27. Navicula.

9. Cocconeis. 28. Nitzschia.

10. Coscinodiscus. 29. Podocystis.

11. Cyclotella. 30. Pleurosigma.

12. Cyinatopleura. 31. Rhabdonema.

13. Cynibella. 32. Stauroneis.

14. Denticula. 33. Surirella.

15. Diatoma. 34. Synedra.

16. Epithemia. 35. Striatella.

17. Eunotia. 36. Tabellaria.

18. Eupodiscus. 37. Tryblionella.

19. Eucampia.

Additional genera to which some of the forms in the Synopsis
are referred: —

38. Actinoptychus, Ehr. (Actinocyclus undulatus, Sra.)

39. Auliscus, Ehr. (Eupodiscus sculptus, Sm.)

40. Ceratoneis, Kutz, non Ehr. (Part of Synedra and Eunotia, Sm.)

41. Cauipyloneis, Grimow. (^Cocconeis Grevillii, Sm.)

42. Ditylum, Bailey. (Triceratium striolatuin ? Sm.)

43. Diatomella, Greville. (Grammatophora Balfouriana, Sm.)

44. Gomphogramma.

45. Stictodesmis, Greville. (Surirella Craticula.)

46. Toxarium, Bailey. (Synedra undulata, Sm.)

Genera abolished in the new Synopsis. (The numbers refer to
the genera to which the species belonging to the deleted genera
are relegated.)

Achnanthidium. 7. Homeocladia. 28.

Amphitetras. 8. Meridion. 15.

Bacillaria. 28. Odontidium. 15-20.

Berkeleya. 27. Orthosira. 26.

Colletonema. 27-30. Pinnularia. 27.

Campylodiscus. 33. Podosphenia. 24.

Cocconema. 13. Podosira. 26.

Doryphora. 27-29. Rhiphidophora. 24.

Dickiea. 27. Schizonema. 27-32.

Encyonema. 13. Tetracyclus. 44.

Himantidium. 17. Triceratium. 8-42.

F. Kitton, Norwich.

CEYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

On the Spermogonia and Pycnidia of Crustaceotjs Lichens,
by Dr. Lauder Lindsay, in " Linnean Transactions," xxvi., part 2.

Krempelhuber, Flecbten aus Amboina, in "Abhand. der. K.
K. Zool. Bot. Gess. zu Wien :" Bde. xxi. (1871) ; descriptions
reprinted in " Hedwigia," No. 8, 1872.

C-REVILLEA

PL. 5

Cooke it'Fothvrinplijvni.Tith. Wis •

NO VARA DIATOMS

No. 5.] [November, 1872.

A MONTHLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY,
AND ITS LITERATURE.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.
By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.

{Continued from Page 55.)

-150. Polyporus (Resupinati) vesiculosus. B.Sf C. — Late effusus
alutaceus ; poris peziza^forniibus veluti e vesiculis raptis enatis.
No. 4578. Alabama. Peters. On pine planks.

Widely spreading, pale tan- coloured ; pores y-L- inch wide, look-
ing like minute burst bladders.

- 151. Polyporus (Resupinati) minimus. Bavenel.— Pulvinatus
fere totns e poris mollibus ceraceis candidis elongatis minimis con-
stitntus ; No. 2988. Car. Inf.

Only one or two lines across, forming little cushions, consisting
almost entirely of very minute, elongated, wax-like pores.

- 152. Polyporus (Resupinati) fatiscens. B. <$• JRav. — RaV. Fung.
Car. Fasc. 2, No. 21. Totus resupinatus albus tennissimus pulver-
aceus ; poris serius enatis primum punctiformibus dein angulatis.
Car. Inf. Entirely resupinate. At first consisting of a thin white
pulverulent stratum, which, after a time, bears pores about yi^ inch
wide, which are at first punctiform, then angular.

• 153. Polyporus (Resupinati) tenerrimus. B. % Bav. — Rav.
Fung. Car. Fasc. 3, No. 13. Tutus resupinatus, tenerrimus, fulvus,
aquosus ; poris minimis, dissepimentis tenuibus.

Entirely resupinate ; very thin and tender, of a watery texture,
tawny ; pores very small, confluent, with very thin dissepiments.
On bark of Ulmus Americana.

* Glaeoporus conchoides. Mont.— Rav. Fung. Car. Fasc. 1, 22.
No. 2146, Car. Inf. Curt. (No. 196, 1337, Ravenel), who believes
it to be a perfectly developed Polyporus nigro-purpurascens.
Schweinitz.

* Trametes Benzoina. Fr.— No. 5824, New Eng. Sprague, on
Pine. No. 3618. Tram. Micheneri, Penns. appears to be the same.

* Trametes odorata. Fr.— No. 5907. New Eng., Russell, on
Pine.

•-

66 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

* Trametes Pini. M-.—No. 3226. Car. Inf. Curtis. Occurs also
in Cuba.

* Trametes rigida. B. <$' 3Iont.— Syll. p. 168. Pol. rigidus, Rav.
Fung. Car. Fasc. 1, No. 15. No. 999, 2921, 6170. Car. Inf. (No.
1454, Rav.) Car. Inf. on Diospyros. No. 5092. Alabama, Beau-
mont ; New Orleans, Drummond. Like the following has a wide
geographical range.

* Trametes hydnoides. Ib\— No. 3093. Texas, C. Wright.

* Trametes occidentalis. Fr.— Rav. Fung. Car. Fasc. 5. 18.
No. 4864. Alabama, Beaumont.

- 154. Trametes Lindheimeri. B. <$• C— Pileo dimidiato, applanato,
fulvo, floccis mollibus, strigosis, spongioso-implicatis vestito ;
margine tenui ; poris demum umbrinis mediis, dissepimentis dentato-
elongatis. No. 3764, 3919. Texas, C. Wright.

Pileus 6 inches across ; 3 long, pale, tawny, dimidiate, plane,
clothed with soft, matted strigose hairs, which are quite distinct in
young specimens, though always inclined to become fasciculate ;
margin thin ; pores at length dingy-umber, -gL inch across, slightly
angular; dissepiments rigid, often elongated into one or more teeth.
Allied to T. ozonioides and the Cuban T. aculeifera.

— 155. Trametes Petersii. B. $ C. — Pileo applanato subtiliter
tomentoso pallide fulvo marginem versus subsulcato-zonato, poris
minimis punctiformibus, dissepimentis ab initio rigidis. No, 4558.
Alabama, Peters.

Pileus flattened, but slightly convex, minutely tomentose ; of a
very pale tawny, somewhat sulcate or zoned at the margin, which
is barren ; pores quite punctiform, with rigid obtuse dissepiments
about t1q- inch wide. Only a portion of a single specimen was
sent, but the characters will be sufficient to recognise it.

— 156. Trametes limitata. B. Sf C— Suborbicularis, applanata, pal-
lida subtiliter tomentosa zonata; poris minimis concoloribus ; dis„
sepimentis tenuibus ; margine sterili acuto, No. 6377. N. Mexico,
Dr. Bigelow.

About an inch in diameter , thin, coriaceous, minutely tomentose,
pallid zoned ; pores about y^- inch across, angular, with thin dis-
sepiments ; margin sterile, thin, about a line broad. At first sight
bearing some resemblance to the last, but the pores are quite
different, with thin dissepiments ; when young, distinctly angular.

* Trametes lactinea. B.— Ann. Nat. Hist., v. 10, p. 373. No.
6199, New Eng., Murray. This species is found also in Cuba,
Ceylon, &c.

— 157. Trametes Ohiensis. B.— Pileo pulvinato, angusto, zonato,
ochroleuco, tomentoso, demum ; laccato-glabrato contextu tenui
subconcolore ; hymenio concavo candido ; poris punctiformibus ;
dissepimentis rigidis latis. Waynesville, Lea.

Pileus f-1 inch wide, ^ inch long; often laterally confluent pulvi-v
nate, decurrent behind, ochrey-white, zoned ; at first tomentose, at

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 67

length smooth, as if laccate ; hymeninm white, concave ; pores
punctifonn, T-^(T in. wide, witli broad, obtuse dissepiments. Allied
to Trametes oc/woleuca, B In the measurement of the pores, the
dissepiments are always included, so that y^ means a hundred to
the inch. This was formerly referred to P. pubescens, Fr.

*~ * Trametes sepium. B — Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 6, p. 322.
Dcedalea Sepium, Rav. Fung. Car. Fasc. 1, 21. Pilei effused at
the base, reflexed, often laterally confluent, finely tomentose, re-
peatedly zoned, pale wood-coloured ; coriaceous, sometimes tri-
quetrous when young; substance white ; hymenium pallid ; pores
slightly sinuated, about ^ inch across. No. 166, 329. Car. Sup.
No. 1029, 1473, 1541, 2063, 2284,2303. Car. Inf. On oak, pine,
Taxodium. No. 3874. Alabama, Peters. 3878, Alabama, Beau-
mont, on Laurus Sassafras. No. 5591, Connect., C. Wright. Ohio,
Lea.

«*.158. Daedalea glaberrima. B. & C— Pileo reniformi candido,
polito leviter sulcato ; stipite laterali brevi obtuso ; poris demum
sinuosis. No. 1032. Santee River. On decaying logs.

Pileus Z\ inches across, 2 long ; reniform, rather rugged, with a
few shallow grooves ; white, polished ; margin thin ; stem \ inch
long and wide, lateral, obtuse ; pores ^g- inch wide, at length sinu-
ated. This is just one of the species which oscillate between
Trametes and Dcedalea.

— * Daedalea pallido-fulva. B.— Hook Lond. Journ., v. 6, p.
322. Of a corky substance ; pileus 1-J inches long, 3 or more
across ; dimidiate, rather shining, rugged, zoneless, pallid ; hyme-
nium pale tawny ; pores narrow, ^ inch wide, straight, here and
there sinuated. Ohio, T. G. Lea.

* Daedalea confragosa. Fr.— No. 5862. Maine, Morse. Few
fungi are more liable to be attacked by insects.

— 159. Daedalea puberula. B. % C— Pileo molli-suberoso, irregu-
lari, dimidiato, hie illic tuberculoso, puberulo, ochraceo ; margine
tenui; poris parvis demum sinuatis, No. 3612. Penns. Dr. Michener.

About 4 inches across ; irregular, corky, of a soft substance,
which is slightly zoned, attached behind, and more or less decurrent,
even, with the exception of a few obtuse, tubercular, elevations,
finely pubescent ; ochraceous ; pores about ^ inch across, sinuated ;
of the same colour as the pileus. This species just forms the
transition between the two sections of Fries.

* Daedalea cinerea. Fr— No. 1865. Rhode Island, Bennett.

* Daedalea unicolor. Fr.— No. 3398. Masstt., on Willow. No.
4710. Car. Inf.

* Daedalea aurea. Fr.— Rav. Fung. Car. Fasc. 2. 14. (Rav. No
1614. 1024.) Car. Inf. Ohio, Lea.

* Daedalea ferruginea. Fr.— No. 4273, 4407. Penns. Michener,
on Betula lenta, Brit. N. Am. Franklin's First Voyage.

68 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FDNGI.

- 160. Daedalea Ravenelii. B— Ferruginea, pileo postice decur-
rente, tomentoso, eetate spadiceo ; poris irregularibus, primum
pubescentibus. Rav. No. 1775. Car. Inf.

Ferruginous in tbe younger part, with sometimes a tawny tint.
Pileus J-f inch across, scarcely \ inch long, decurrent behind,
tomentose, becoming dark brown in the older parts ; pores irregular,
about -^g- inch across, at first pubescent.

• * Cyclomyces Greenii. B — Hook, Lond. Journ. iy., p. 306.
Pileus orbicular, undulated, somewhat lobed, zoned, tomentose, cin-
namon coloured, marked with a few lines towards the margin ; stem
central, obconical ; gills at length somewhat ash-coloured. Massa-
chusetts, Greene, Sprague. Pileus 1-3^ inches across.

* Hexagona seiicea. Ft.— No. 696. Car. Inf. Rav. No. 3650.
Louisiana, Dr. Hale. New Orleans, Drummond.

-.161. * Hexagona carbonaxia. B. <£• C— Tota resupinata, fulvo-
fusca, margine nullo, subtus, fulva tomentosa ; poris rigidis, disse-
pimentis acutis, no. 2466. Car. Inf. On charcoal and burnt sticks
in woods.

Entirely resupinate, of a tawny brown, forming little, inter-
rupted, rather convex patches ; pores springing abruptly, without
any margin, about ^ 0f an inch across, but very variable in size ;
dissepiments acute. The under surface, when detached, is tawny
and tomentose.

* Hexagona variegata. B.— No. 3133. Key West, Blodgett.
The species was described from Jamaica, St. Domingo, and British
Guiana specimens.

- 162. Favolus Curtisii. B. — Pileo orbiculari umbilicato tenuis-
simo, margine ciliato ; stipite centrali deorsum incrassato setu-
loso ; poris oblongis mediis. No. 335. Car. Sup. Curtis.

Pileus j inch across, very thin, .and transparent ; margin irre-
gular, ciliated; stem 1 inch high, 1J- line thick at the base, about
| line at apex, hispid ; pores oblong, about ^ inch wide. Re-
sembling P. arculartusj but much more delicate.

* Favolus cucullatus. Mont. — F. curtipes, B. & C. Kew Gard.
Misc. i. p. 234. No. 1544. Santee River.

Specimens of F. cucullatus from St. Domingo exactly connect the
South Carolina plant with that of Cuba. The pores are quite con-
cealed in both on the upper side. F. induratus, from St. Domingo,
has larger pores.

* XVXexulius txemellosus. Schrad. — Rav. Fung. Car. 3. 15. No.
2083.2435. Car. Inf. Curtis. The only European species which is
closely allied to M. incamatus, Schwein. no. 2745, 1676. Car. Inf.
Rav. Fung. Car. 2. 22.

* Mexulius corium. Fr.—M. confluens, Rav. Fung. Car. 1. 23.
No. 1030, 1123, 1363, 1386. Car. Inf. (Rav. no. 971.) No. 4470.
Car. Sup. No. 5424. Maine, E S. Morse. No. 5425. New Engl.
Murray on Vitis labrusca.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. • 69

It occurs also in tropical climates, as at Bombay.
•163. Merulius haedinus. B. $ C — Rav. Fung. Car. 4. 8. Pileo
dimidiato candido glaberrimo, hymenio ruguloso. No. 3812. Ala-
bama. T. M. Peters.

Pileus 1 inch or more across, \ long, white, except at the margin,
where it has a pale umber tint, quite smooth, slightly wrinkled ;
margin lobed, probably from the lateral confluence of one or more
individuals ; hymenium deep flesh-coloured, wrinkled.

* Merulius aureus, Fr. — Car. Inf. Ravenel.

-164. Merulius Wrightii. B.— No. 3144. Texas. C. Wright.
Pusillus renii'ormis extus furfuraceus, hymenio albido, poris radi-
antilms.

About \ inch long and wide, reniform, externally furfuraceous ;
hymenium dirty white, with a few radiating pores. A very curious
species, apparently intermediate between Laschia and Merulius.

* 165. Merulius ambiguus. B.—M. fugax. Rav. Fung. Car. 1.
24. Orbicularis, margine demum reflexo sulcato villoso plicis radi-
antibus demum reticulatis. No. 1138, 1218. No. 2339. Car. Inf.
On Pinus palustris.

Two to three inches across, orbicular, at length reflected on one
side, villous and sulcate, white ; hymenium red-brown when dry ;
folds radiating, and at length reticulate. This is clearly very dif-
ferent from authentic specimens of M. fugax from Fries, resembling
in fact the Fl. Danica figure more than the plant of the great
Swedish mycologist.

-166. Merulius Ravenelii. B.—M. serpens, Rav. Fung. Car. 4.
9. — Orbicularis totus resupinatus, margine tomentoso albo; hyme-
nio poroso ex alutaceo rufo demum spadiceo. No. 1770, 2965. Car.
Inf. Curtis & Ravenel. (Rav. No. 658.)

Orbicular, 2 inches or more across, surrounded by a distinct,
white, tomentoso border ; hymenium tan-coloured, then sienna
brown, at last deep brown, with distinct, nearly regular pores. This
again is very different from authentic specimens of M. serpenshom.
Fries, to which it was originally referred.

* Merulius Porinoides. IV.— No. 2615. Car. Inf. No. 5228.
Alabama, Peters. On oak.

• 167. Merulius ceracellue. B. § C. — Totus resupinatus margine
tenui ; hymenio primum lasvi ceraceo, dein reticulato-poroso alu-
taceo. No. 2802. Car. Inf. On oak.

Forming small, thin, resupinate patches with a thin white border;
hymenium tan-coloured at first, quite even and waxy, at length
distinctly porous. The first condition is exactly that of M. serpens,
but the appearance is ultimately yery different.
^ L68. Merulius bellus. B. $ C— Effusus subbyssoideus irregu-
laris ; hymenio alutaceo poris ab initio distinctis brevibus. No. 001)9.
Alabama. Peters. On abies.

Efiused, more or less byssoid; hymenium tan-coloured, dis-

70 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

tinctly porous as soon as the hymenium is formed. This is quite
different from the last, though difficult of definition ; the walls of the
pores are not rigid as in M . ceracellus.

~ 169. Merulius patellaeformis. B. & C— Pnsillus orbicularis
totus resupinatus fuscus ; hymenio poroso. No. 6361. Car. Inf. On
very rotten wood.

Scarcely exceeding a line in breadth, orbicular, entirely resupi-
nate, brown, paler towards the margin ; hymenium porous. Very
minute, but quite distinct.

* Merulius lacrymans. Fr.— No. 2168. Car. Inf. A variety
growing on the soil.

We have no specimen from N. America in the normal condition.
«, * Merulius incrassatus. B. 8f C— Kew Gard. Misc.i. p. 234.
No. 1504. Car. Inf. On pine stumps.

Effused for several inches, resupinate, with the margin shortly
reflexecl, dirty white, and slightly silky ; substance thick, fleshy ;
folds forming minute shallow brownish pores. Allied to Merulius
tremellosus, but thick and fleshy with minute pores.

* Merulius brassicsefolius. Schwein.— Rav. Fung. Car. 2. 23.

170. Merulius spissus. B.— Poris primum pallidis brevibus
dein fuscis elongatis e strato membranaceo oriundis. Car. Inf. Curtis.

Resupinate several inches across, at first membranaceous with
shallow pale pores about -^th of an inch in diameter, then much
elongated and forming a dark brown mass.

* Arrhytidia flava. B. & C— No. 1349. Car. Inf.

Forming little, scattered, sometimes confluent patches -^in. broad,
consisting of a white mycelium which forms a distinct border to
the smooth orange-yellow hymenium ; sometimes the border is
double. Spores oblong, fixed obliquely at the base.

171. Arrhytidia fulva. B. Sf C. — Pusilla horizontalis, spathu-
lata, fulva. No. 4739. Car. Inf.

About 11 line long, horizontal, spathulate, abruptly narrowed be-
hind into a short stem ; hymenium like the pileus fulvous.

* Porothelium fimbriatum. Fr.— No. 2349. Car. Inf.

* Porothelium lacerum. Fr. — No. 2791. Car. Inf. On oak.

* Porothelium Pezizoides. Schwein. — No. 3851. Car. Inf. No.
6108. Alabama, Peters.

The papilla? in the latter specimen are elongated as in Solenia.
On Liriodendron.

* Porothelium subtile. M-.—No. 2393. Car. Inf. On oak.

* Porothelium Friesii. Jlont.— No. 1792. Car. Sup. On Juni-
perus Virginiana.

— 172. Porothelium hynoideum. B. — Effusum niveum pulveru-
lentum, verrucis primum pruinosis, dein lutescentibus, demum fuscis.
No. 3686. Car. Inf.

Effused, snow-white, pulverulent looking at first exactly like

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAS FUNGI. 71

Hydnum farinaceumy but the proinose seta} soon become yellowish
above and ;it length brown.

L73. Fistulina pallida. B. <G liar. — Pilco reniformi pallido-
rubente, Btipite laterali, tubis decurrentibus. Ravenel (No. 148C.)
On the ground. Mountains of South Carolina. No. G339. Ala-
bam;!. Peters. Base of a stump of Quercus alba.

Pileus 1-2 inches across, about 1 inch long, uniform, pallid red,
pulverulent ; margin inllexed ; stem lateral, 1-i- inch high, ^ thick,
striate when dry ; tubes more or less decurrent.

174. Fistulina spathulata. B. $ C. — Pileo tenui, spathulato in
stipitem gracilem basi attenuatum cum tubulis decurrente. No.
6066. Alabama, Peters. At the base of an oak.

Pileus J inch across, thin, pulverulent, spathulate, attenuated
behind into the lateral stem ; stem 2 inches or more high, 1^ line
thick above, much attenuated downwards. Apparently a very dis-
tinct species.

* Fistulina hepatica. Bull. — No. 3546. Penns., Michener.

* Hydnum subsquamesum. Batsch. — No. 1318. 1382. Car. Inf.
(Rav. 1505).

- * Hydnum diffr actum. B— Hook. Lond. Journ. 6, p. 323.

Pileus 3 inches across, convex, smooth, of a tough fleshy sub-
stance, at length much cracked and split; margin involute ; stem
H-2 inches high, f thick, buff, and split like the pileus, tender when
fresh ; spines even, subulate, soft, entire, pale buff ; smell vinous.
„ 175. Hydnum Curtisii. B.— Fuligineo-fuscum ; pileo orbicular!
lsevi ; margine inrlexo ; stipite centrali sursum attenuato ; aculeis
elongatis acutis integris. No. 2809. Car. Inf.

Whole plant of a dingy brown; pileus § inch across, even;
margin inilexed ; stem bulbous at the base, where it is nearly i an
inch thick, attenuated upwards ; spines even, entire, elongated.
A lied to II. Icevigatum.

* Hydnum infundibulum. flto.— Ohio, T. G. Lea. A noble
species.

* Hydnum xepandum. X.-No. 1849. Rhode Island, Olney. No.
2861. 2931. Car. Inf. No. 3104. New Engl. Oakes. Y&r.rujescens.

* Hydnum compactum. Fr.— No. 1383. Car. Inf.

* Hydnum auxantiacum. F. $ ,$'.— No. 5357. New. Engl.
Bprague.

* Hydnum ferrugineum. Fr.— Rav. Fung. Car. 3. 17. No. 620
Car. Sup. No. 1397. Car. Inf. (Rav. No. 809.)

* Hydnum zonatum. Batsch.— Rav. Fung. Car. 1. 25. No 1316
C;r. Inf.

* Hydnum gxaveoleus. Dolast re.— Rav. Fung. Car. 3.16. No.
1314. Car. Inf. (Rav. No. 1506). Car. Sup.

* Hydnum adustum. Sclnr.—lso. 3465. New York, SartweH.
(Rav. No. 824.) Car. Inf. Ohio, T. G. Lea.

JO. 47

72

BRITISH FUNGI.

By M. C. Cooke. (Continued from p. 56.)

Agaxicus (Txicholoma) pxavus. Laseh. " Deformed Tricholoma."
Reddish brown, pileus somewhat fleshy, campanulate, then ex-
panded, umbonate (slightly silky), stem stuffed, then hollow, floccose,
attenuated downwards ; gills adnexed with a tooth, eroded, pow-
dered with white. — Lasch. Lin. iv., No. 532. B. $ Br. N. H. No.
1191. Fr.Ep.p.42.

In a stove. July. Kew.
Considered by Fries as a variety of A. ionides.
Agaxicus (Tricholoma) caelatus. Fr. " Embossed Tricholoma."
Pileus somewhat fleshy, convex, umbilicate, flocculose, then ru-
gose or cracked, becoming pale ; stem stuffed with flocci, equal,
smooth, tawny ; gills sinuate, adnate, crowded, dingy white. — Fr.Ep.,
p. 42. B. $ Br., Ann.N.H.,No. 1192. Br. Bath, Trans. 1870,p. 61.
On the ground. April. Charmy Down.

Spores subglobose, -0003 X '00015 in. Stem 1 in. high, at
length fistulose, incrassated above, scarcely or slightly pruinose.
Pileus scarcely 1 in. broad, brownish, then greyish-brown.

Agaxicus (Tricholoma) soxdidus. Fr. "Dingy Tricholoma."
Tough, pileus somewhat fleshy, campanulato-convex, then plane
or depressed, subumbonate, smooth, hygrophanous, margin at
length slightly striate ; stem stuffed, fibrilloso-striate, rather
curved, thickened at the base ; gills rounded, rather crowded, vio-
laceous or dingy-white, at length sinuato-decurrent. — Fr. S. M ., «.,
p. 51. B. $ Br., Ann. N. H., No. 1196. Fl. Dan. t. 1843,/. 2.
Buxb. iv., t. 12, /. 1.

On the ground, amongst dung. Sept.
Spores pale ferruginous, *0003 in.

Agaxicus (Txicholoma) lixivius. Fr. u Ashy Tricholoma."
Fragile, pileus rather fleshy, convex then plane, smooth, moist,
umbo evanescent ; margin flattened, membranaceous, slightly
striate ; stem stuffed, then hollow and compressed, equal, floccoso-
pruinose; gills truncate, free, soft, rather distant, greyish. — Fr.
Ep.,p. 54. B. $ Br., Ann. N. H., No. 1197.
In pine woods. Nov. Ascot.

Agaxicus (Txicholoma) putidus. Fr. " Stinking Tricholoma."
Pileus somewhat fleshy, hemispherical, umbonate, even, soft,
hygrophanous ; stem hollow, fragile, sub -compressed, pruinose;
gills adnexed, ventricose, crowded, cinereous.—- Fr. Ep. p. 54.
B. $ Br., Ann. N. H., No. 1198.
In fir woods. Nov.

Stem 1^ in. high, 3 lines thick, wholly fibrous, soft. and fragile ;
pileus olive-grey, hoary when dry, here and there glistening. Gills
2-3 lines broad, distinct. Odour mealy, rancid.

Agaxicus (Txicholoma) xesplendens. Fr. " Shining Tricholoma."
White, pileus fleshy, convexo-plane, smooth, glutinous, with a

BRITISH FUNGI. 73

silvery lustre ; stem solid, stout, smooth, or flocculose at the apex ;
gills free, then uncinate adnexed, somewhat distant, unspotted. —
Fries Summ. Veg. Scan. p. 274.

In shady places, heading.

Stem sometimes equal, sometimes bulbous, \ in. thick. Pileus
3 in. broad.
Agaricus (Clitocybe) nigrescens. Lasch. " Blackish Clitocybe."

Whitish ; pileus thin, soft, at first convex, obtuse, then plane, stlb-
umbonate, and somewhat depressed ; stem solid, tomentose ; gills
thin, decurrent, very much crowded, narrow. — Lasch. Linn., Vol. iv.,
No. 521. B. cj- Br., Ann. N. H., No. 1199.

In larch plantations. W. Gr. S.

Pileus 2-3 in. broad ; stem 1^-lJ in. long, 2-3 lin. thick. Odour
rather sweet, taste unpleasant.

Agaricus (Clitocybe) toxnatus. Fr. " Regular Clitocybe."

White. Pileus fleshy, thin, orbicular, plane, sub-depressed,
smooth, shining ; stem stuffed, equal, smooth, somewhat striated ;
gills decurrent, adnate, rather crowded, plane. — Fr. 8. M. i.p. 91.
Fr. Ep. p. 62. B. $ Br., N. H., No. 1200.

Amongst grass at the foot of old decayed elm stumps. Oct.
Leicestershire.

Small, very regular, inodorous, stem slender, firm, pubescent at
the base. Disk of pileus darker.

Agaricus (Clitocybe) orbatus. Fr. " Grey-gilled Clitocybe."

Pileus submembranaceous, umbilicate, then infundibuliforra,
smooth, hygrophanous ; margin at length striate ; stem hollow,
equal, tough, smooth, cinereous brown ; gills decurrent, distant, at
first dark-grey, then frosted with white. — Fr. Ep. p. 74. Bull. t.
248, /. c. B. $ Br., Ann. N. H. No. 1200.* Buxb. iv., t. 3,f. 1.

In pine woods. Nov. Ely.

Pileus blackish-brown.

Agaricus ^(Clitocybe) membranaceus. Fr. " Membranaceous
Clitocybe."

Pileus infundibuliform, brick red, even, membranaceous ; stem
fistulose, naked, attenuated upwards; gills decurrent, pallid. — Fr.,
El. p. 13. Fl. Dan., t. 1012. Fr. Ep. p. 68. B. $ Br., Ann.
N.H.,No. 1201.

In pine woods. Street, Somerset.

Fries, in his Epicrisis, regards this as a form of Ag. infundibuli-
formis.

Agaricus (Clitocybe) parilis. Fr. u Flocculose Clitocybe."

Pileus somewhat fleshy, convexo-plane, atomate, flocculose; disc
depressed; margin deflexed, involute; stem stuffed, fibrous, tough,
rather firm, naked, dingy ; gills deeply decurrent, crowded, narrow,
grey becoming whitish. — Fr. S. M. i.p. 168. Pers. 31. E. t. 26,/. 7.
Fr. Ep. p. 69. B. cj- Br. Ann. N.H., No. 1202.

By the side of plantations. Coed. Coch.

Slightly hygrophanous, but not becoming white.

74 BRITISH FUNGI.

Agaricus (Collybia) distortus. Fr. " Distorted Collybia."
Pileus fleshy, convex, then expanded, obtusely umbonate, smooth,
even, growing* pallid ; stem somewhat hollow, ventricose, tomentose,
attenuated, somewhat twisted, sulcate, pallid ; gills slightly adnexed,
subserrate, narrow, very much crowded ; white, then spotted with
reddish-brown. — Fr. Ep. p. 84. B. fy Br., Ann. N.H., No. 1205.
At the roots of trees. Oct. Bowood.

Agaricus (Collybia) coracinus. Fr. " Rancid Collybia."
Strong smelling. Pileus rather fleshy, convex, then expanded,
rather irregular, even, naked, hygrophanous ; stem hollow, rigid,
not rooting, subcompressed, squamulose with a white meal above ;
gills adnexed, seceding, scarcely crowded, rather broad, whitish-
grey.— Fr. Ep. p. 95. B. 4- Br., Ann. N. H. No. 1207.
In fir plantations. Nov. Batheaston.

Pileus fuscous then grey, not silky, 1-J in. and more broad ; stem
tough, 1± in. high, 4 lines thick.

Agaricus (Collybia) murinus. Batsch. "Brown Collybia."
Pileus rather fleshy, companulato-convex, then expanded, umbi-

licate, smooth, then somewhat squamulose or rugulose, growing pale;

stem hollow, cylindrical, not rooting ; gills slightly adnexed, broad,

rather distant, dirty white, becoming pallid. — Batsch. f. 19. B. 4' Br.

Ann. N. H. No. 1210. Fr. Obs. 2. p. 115. Fr. El. p. 97.
On the ground in woods. Marlborough Forest. Oct.
Pileus brownish, becoming pale.

Agaricus (Collybia) clusilis. Fr. " Closing Collybia."
Pileus submembranaceous, hemispherical, expanded, umbilicate,

smooth, hygrophanous ; margin rounded, inflexed, slightly striate ;

stem stuffed with flocci, then hollow, smooth, flexile, not rooting;

gills subarcuate, affixed, broad, semicircular, plane, white, growing

pallid.— Fr. Ep., 98. B. $ Br., Ami. N. H., 1211. Bull, t. 4,11, f. 2.
Var. /3. Minor. Amongst Hypnum. Coed Coch. Oct., 1869.
Stem l-jr-2 in. high, 1 line thick ; pileus ^-1 in. broad.

Agaricus (Mycena) cohaerens. A. $ S. "Velvety Mycena."
Pileus rather fleshy, campanulate, then expanded, obsoletely um-
bonate, velvety, cinnamon-brown, growing pale ; stem horny, very
rigid, even, smooth, shining, bay, pallid above ; gills free, distant,
connected by slight veins, white, then yellowish, growing pallid. —
A. # S.p. 163. B. &.Br., Ann. N. H.,No. 1212. Fr. Ep.,p. 105.
On bramble. Feb. Batheaston.

Agaricus (Mycena) atro-cyaneus. Batsch. " Dark-blue Mycena."
Fragile, inodorous ; pileus membranaceous, campanulate, then
convex, sulcate, covered with an evanescent white powder ; umbo
irregular, obtuse ; stem straight, filiform, dark-blue, base villose,
somewhat bulbous, gills attenuated, adnexed, lanceolate, distant,
whitish.— Batsch., f. 87. B. $ Br., Ann. N.H. No. 1213. Fr.Ep.im.
On the ground. Nov. Ascot.
Pileus 3-5 lines broad, brownish, then grey, becoming bluish.

75

Weissia truncicola=Dicranum montanum. — Observing that
you have re-printed my description of Weisaia truncicola De Not.,
I beg now to correct the same by informing you that the species is
a nonentity. Having shown the specimen to Prof. Lindberg,
during his recent visit, he informed me that he was under the im-
pression that Juratzka had referred it to Dicranum montanum
Hedwig, and on comparing the two, I find that they are truly
identical. The species is, however, none the less an addition to
our Flora, and one that ought to occur here, since it is found
throughout Europe, though most frequent in pine forests; its
place will be next to D. strictum. — R. Braithwaite.

New British Lichen, Lecidea fossarum. — Thallus tenuissi-
mus, obscurus vel evanescens, apothecia hete croceo-rufa, planuis-
cula, adpressa, immarginata mediocria, thecae polysporte. Sporaa
oblonga? vel oblongo-cylindricse . Description furnished in letter
from the Revd. W. A. Leighton, Shrewsbury, of date March,
4th, 1869. The above Lichen was gathered in a Cryptogamic
trip with Dr. James Stirton, Glasgow, in the month of July, 18G8,
on Ben Lawers, near the head of the ravine where the saxifages are
usually got. Unfortunately all the specimens gathered got quite
broken, except the one which was forwarded to Mr. Leighton, and
from which he sent the above description. — Walter Galt, Glasgow.

Fungus Show at South Kensington. — Amongst the exhibits
were a beautiful specimen of Thelephora multizonata from Epping ;
a species of Hydnum new to Britain, several specimens of Sparassis
crispa — a peculiar form of Cantharellus allied to Cantltarelhs
cibarius from Reading, besides some other very interesting fungi.
Messrs. B. J. Austin of Reading, Lnglish of Epping, and W. G.
Smith exhibited good collections.

Luminosity in Fungi. — A striking example is recorded by the
Rev. M. J. Berkeley, in " Gardeners' Chronicle" for Sept. 21.
A log of Spruce or Larch, 24 feet long, had the inside of its bark
covered with a white byssoid mycelium. This was so luminous
that when wrapped in five folds of paper the light penetrated
through all the folds on either side as brightly as if the specimen
was exposed. " Observers as we have been of Fungi in their
native haunts, for fifty years," adds the writer, " it has never fallen
to our lot to witness a similar case before." From the observa-
tions it seems probable that putrescence had as much to do with
the luminosity as the mycelium. "We regret that our space will
not permit us to reprint this communication or the remarks of Mr.
W. G. Smith in the succeeding number of the same journal.

76

NOVAE A DIATOMS.

Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Diatoms obtained by the
Austrian Imperial Frigate Novara, during her Voyage round
the World.

By Herr A. Grunow.

(Translated by F. Kitton.)

Part II.

Schizonema reptabundum, Grun. — Frond minute, tubes minute,
thin, creeping on various Alga?, navicular generally in simple series,
frustule broad at the ends, centre slightly attenuated, valve narrow,
rhomboido-lanceolate, apices somewhat obtuse, central nodule large,
round, strito-punctate, delicate, 60 in. -001, slightly radiant, more
conspicuous near the centre. PI. v, fig. 1, a portion of a tubule,
with the frustules included, b c valves.

Upon Calithamnium Borreri, from the coast of Madeira, Jelinek ;
from Dalmatia, Dr. Lorenz.

This small, but characteristic species, has been long known to me
as frequently occurring on C. Borreri, obtained from various
localities.

The valves bear boiling in nitric acid very well.
Striatella chilensis, Grun. — Minute frustules, quadrate, longer or
shorter than broad, septa?, (dissepimentis) imperfect, more or less
numerous, arcuate; valves broad, linear, apices rounded, sides
slightly orbicular, stria? delicate, parallel, 50-55 in. *001 ; median
line distinct in the large valves, obsolete in the small valves. PI.
i, fig. 2, a and d valves, b narrow frustule, c broad frustule.
Upon Algae, from Valparaiso.

Approaches my S. kamtschatica very nearly, but differs from it
in its smaller form, delicate stria?, and especially by its constantly
arcuate septa?, which are many times repeated and cut through, and
overlie the conspicuously convex central line, something after the
manner I have figured my Euodia Frauenfaldii.

Fxagillaxia (?) Nankoorenis, Grun. — Valves linear, lanceolate,
constricted below the apices, which are round, subcapitate, and pro-
duced ; median line and terminal nodules distinct, stria? transverse,
not punctate, 17 in. -001, absent from the centre and below the
apices. PI. v, fig. 3.

Very rare in the " Polycystin stone," from Nankoori.
Of the form of Denticula fulva, Greg, but differs materially in
the strong costa?-like non-punctate stria?, which are interrupted by
a narrow smooth space at the centre. It also resembles F. am-
phiceros, but Ehrenberg has not figured his form with the central
smooth space.

Plagiogramma stipitatum, Grunow. — A variety distinguished by
the peculiarity of the central costa?, which are frequently inter-

NOVARA DIATOMS. 77

rupted by an elliptical ring similar to a form figured by Greville as
P. elongation, and which does not reach the margin of the valve.
PL v. fig. 4 a. b.

P. constxictum var. .' Nankoorensis, Grun. — Valve broad, deeply
constricted, central space annular. PI. v. fig. 9.

The transformation of the two central costa? of Plagiogramma
into enclosed elliptical and round rings clearly indicates the neces-
sity of uniting Glfiphodesmis with Plagiogramma.

Our form is distinguished from P. constrictum by the form
of the terminal smooth spaces which are longly elliptical, whilst in
Greville's figure the lower part of the nodule has a flat base.

(I am unable to agree with the author's remarks that Plagio-
gramma and Glyphodesmis should be united; the latter genus has
a distinct central nodule, in Plagiogramma this is wanting. — F. K.)
Denticula nicobarica, Grun. — Small, valves narrow, linear, some-
times linear lanceolate, rounded at the apex, costae 12 to 14 in.
•001, striae granular, 24 to 28 in. -001. PL v. fig. 6, a. valve, b.
frustule. Not uncommon in the " Polycystin stone" from Nan-
koori.

A characteristic species with conspicuous moniliform striae
between the costae, and occasionally with interrupted or imperfect
costae.

(This form seems to me to be identical with the Eunotia Sancti-
Antonii of Ehrenberg's mikrogeologie and the Denticula Lauta
of Bailey in Smithsonian Contributions. A very common form in
the Californian deposits. — F. K.)

Rhaphoneis Rhombus, Ehr. var. dubia, Grun.— Valve broad,
ovato-lanceolate ; apices slightly produced, somewhat obtuse ;
median line narrow in tlTe central part, slightly dilated ; central
nodule obsolete, sometimes slightly visible ; stria1 punctate, radiant,
24 in. -001 ; punctae minute, confluent. PL v. fig. 7.

Synedra Nitzschioides, Grun.— Small variety ; valve marked on
both sides with cuneate, marginal puncta, 30 to 32 in. *001. PL v.
fig. 8. a. b. c. d.

On Algae from- Valparaiso.

Many of the valves are slightly cuneiform, and resemble the more
delicate and short wedge-shaped frustules of Meridian marinum,
Greg., which I found in detached frustules in shore sand from
Auckland, and which I atone time took to be a Sceptroneis.

(I am unable to detect any resemblance to the genus Xitzsehia,
at least as that genus is usually understood. Judging from
Grunow's figures I should refer this form to Denticula, possibly a
variety of D. mutabile.—F. K.)

Nitszchia panduriformis, Greg. Var.? Nicobarica. Grun.—
Valves large, irregularly granulate ; granules minute; transverse
striae delicate ; longitudinal striae obsolete; oblique none ; puncta
on keel large. PL v. fig. 5.

In sea sand from the island of Kamortha.

78 NOVARA DIATOMS.

Larger than JV. panduriformis, but of similar shape ; the struc-
ture, however, differs, whilst the irregular, closely packed puncta
show no symptoms of oblique arrangement, but very delicate trans-
verse lines, whilst the longitudinal lines are not resolvable. This
form would, perhaps, better be considered a variety of N. plana,
Sin., to which it bears resemblance. I have only had the oppoitu-
nity of examining two valves. To this genus, perhaps, belongs
also the N '. panduriformis of Hantzsch in "Rabenhorst-Beitragen,"
Part I. PI. vi. fig. 7. There also no oblique striae can be detected.
iV. bilobata, Sni., has a similar outline to this form, on account of
its central keel, and although not observed by Smith, its central
nodule, like Amphiprora latestriata, Breb., should be placed with
the Amphiprora or some Amphiprora-like genus which possess
punctate keels.

(The author was no doubt misled, like De Brebisson, by Smith's
erroneous figure, which represents N. bilobata with distinct striae.
The Amphiprora latestriata of De Brebisson, from whom I received
authentic specimens, is Navicula convexa, Sm. ! ! The present
species can hardly be a variety of N. panduriformis, Greg., the
arrangement of the striae in that being totally different, viz., in
regular lines and their oblique direction being very distinct. — F. K.)

Euphyllodium spatulatum, Shadbolt.— Many characteristic forms
occur in the Polycystin stone from Nankoori, showing distinctly
the costae between the quadratic puncta. On the narrow base the
costae are bifid, nevertheless I believe the species now before me,
although not absolutely identical with Shadbolt's form, must be
placed with Podocystis. PL i. fig. 10 is a valve from Naukoori
enlarged to 500 diameter.

(It is to be regretted that the author did not figure a normal
instead of an abnormal form. My specimens have both margins
alike, as in other species of Podocystis. — F. K.)

Orthoneis ? Barbadensis, Grim. — Cocconeis, Greville in Mic.
Jour. xii. PI. ii. f. 10.

Var. nankoorensis, Grim. Small, elliptical. PI. v. fig. 13.

In Polycystin stone, Nankoori, very rare. The valves are much
smaller and narrower than in the type form, and the puncta nearest
the median line form curved lines, which in Greville's figure are
straight. The structure, however, closely enough resembles the
type species.

Uflastogloia Jelinekiana, Gran. — Navicula Jelinekiana, PI. v.
fig. 12.

I have recently found this form in tolerable plenty among diato-
maceae collected by Lindig at Honduras, and find in many examples
the marginal oblong plates (platten) which appear to be the ana-
loo'ues of the marginal plates of Orthoneis fimbriata. But on account
of the lanceolate form of the valves and generally produced apices
I cannot well place this form in the genus Orthoneis.

In the meanwhile I place it in Mastogloia, which must therefore

NOVARA DIATOMS. 79

be divided into two sections, the one containing forms with mar-
ginal loculi, the other those surrounded with marginal plates.

Amphora kamoxthensis, f/rww.— Frustules complex, oblong, sub-
rectangular, or with a slight median constriction ; angles rounded ;
valves linear cymbiforme ; ventral margin straight; dorsal ele-
vated in the central part, straight, or slightly constricted ; apices
slightly produced; median line somewhat bi-undulate, approaching
the inferior margin ; central nodule transverse, dilated ; longitu-
dinal sulcus parallel with the dorsal portion ; stride punctate, sub-
radiant, 35 in. -001. PI. v. fig. 11. a. b.c. d.

Not uncommon in shore sand from Kamortha, one of the Nicobar
Islands.

I have formerly described the form as A. Grevilleana. Further
observations on better preparations, in which valvular veiws were
abundant, show that the distinct, broad, median line is constant. I
have occasionally observed valves greatly resembling A. Grevil-
leana.

Navicula foxtis = Pinnularia fortis, Gregory.

Var. ? opima. — Frustules broad, truncate, slightly constricted at
the centre ; valves broad, ovato-lanceolate, rounded at the apices ;
median line straight, central nodule small, oblong ; terminal nodules
minute, remote from the ends, striae conspicuous, non-punctate,
subradiant, 14 to 15 in. -001 ; a smooth space surrounds the central
nodule. PI. v. fig. 13. a b.

Amongst sand from the roots of Ecklonia, from St. Paul, and
rare in shore sand from Auckland.

Among all the figures known to me, the best is. one of Ar. varians
in Alia Jour, iii, pi. 2. fig. 25. N. varians is, however, entirely
confined to freshwater. N. retusa, Breb., appears to be closely related
to this form ; but the valves are smaller, and not so broad as in
iV\ fortis.

Navicula quadxisulcata, Grun. — Valves broad, ovato-lanceolate,
ends slightly produced, obtuse, central nodule small, oblong, striae
transverse, distinct, minutely punctate, radiant, 16 to 20 in. -001 ;
furrows longitudinal, connivent at the ends, double on each side.
PI. v. fig. 14 a b.

Amongst sand, from the roots of Ecklonia buccinalis, from St.
Paul's, South Sea. A characteristic form that cannot be confounded
with any other species. It is distinguished from iV. nitescens not
only in form and its conspicuously punctate striae, but also in the
greater number of longitudinal furrows.

Navicula suboxbiculaxis var. nankooxensis, Grun. — Costae dis-
tinct, 10 in. "001, alternating with a series of minute granules.
PI. v. fig. 16.

In Polycystin stone, from Nankoori.

The form, median line, and longitudinal furrow same as in the
type species ; the delicate rows of puncta stand between strong
costae, which in that form are delicate and scarcely visible. In

80 CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Hedwigea, I have described a second form of this species from
Honduras, which differs essentially from N. S?nithii, and which have
only costas and not series of puncta.

(Query. — Would this form be identical with Greville's Cocconeis
ccelata, Mic. Jour. vol. x. pi. x. figs. 5. 6.)

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE V.
Fig. 1. — Schizonema reptabundum ; a portion of frond, b and c navicula X 400*
Fig. 2. — Striatella chilensis ; a valve, b c and d frustules.
Fig. 3. — Fragillaria nankoorensis.
Fig. 4. — Plagiogramma stipitalum ; a and b valves.
Fig. 5. — Nitzschia panduriformis var. (?) nicobarica X 400.
Fig. 6. — Denticida nicobarica ; a valve, b frustule.
Fig. 7. — Bhaphoneis rhombus var. dubia.

Fig. 8. — Synedra nitzschoides var. minuta ; a b and c valres, d frustule.
Fig. 9. — Plagiogramma constrictum var. nankoorense.
Fig. 10. — Euphylodium spathulatum.
Fig. 11.— Orthoneis barbadensisvar. nankoorense X 400.
Fig. 12. — Mastogloia Jelinekiana.

Fig. 13. — Amphora kamorthensis ; a and b valves, c and d frustules.
Fig. 14. — Navicula for tis var. opima; a valve, b frustule.
Fig. 15. — „ quadrisulcata ; a and b valves.
Fig. 16. — ,, suborbicularis var. nankoorensis.

All the figures, with the exception of 1, 5, and 11, are magnified 500 diameters.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

, Botaniska Notiser ut gifne af O. Nordstedt oct A. Falck.
(Lund.) The " Botanical Notices," originally and for some years
published in Upsal, are now published at Lund, in a new and entirely
remodelled form, by Otto Nordstedt, who is both Editor and Pub-
lisher since the -lamented death of his colleague, Mr. A. Falck.
Nearly all of the papers are in Swedish. The following is a list of
those relating to Cryptogamic Botany which have been published
during the last year: —

N. J. Scheutz ; Sketch of the Moss Flora of Smaaland :
Vert Wittrock; Dispositio CEdogoniacearum suecicarum : J.
Agardh; On the Algas collected during the " Josephine" Expe-
dition: Hy. Mosen ; Contributions to the Moss Flora of Sweden :
Norstedt and Wahlstedt ; List of the Scandinavian Characeaa.
Sophia Akermark ; List of dried specimens of Scandinavian Alga3.
Wittrock ; G^dogoniaceEe Novas in Suecia lectas. Norman ; Fuli-
gines lichenosas or Moriolei. Areschong ; On a Collection of
Algas from Alexandria. Lundell ; De Desmidiaceis quaa in Suecia
inventaa sunt, Observationes Critical. Norman ; Cives novi liche-
nacas articas Norwegias. S. Berggren ; Bryological Sketches of
the Norwegian Coast. N. Wulfsberg ; New Norwegian Mosses.
In addition to translated and reproduced papers, the former being
almost entirely limited to the writings of German botanists, Canon
Kingsley's address on " Biology" being the only English con-
tribution so honoured. The Journal is published six times in the
year, each issue consisting of two sheets, and costing for the year
about 3s. 5d. R. B.

GBEVILLEA

\.:-'ii<yhwo.h; .

No. 6.] [December, 1872.

A MONTHLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY,
AND ITS LITERATURE.

BRITISH FUNGI.

By M. C. Cooke. (Continued from p. 1±.)

Agaricus (Mycena) ammoniacus. Fr. " Strong-scented Mycena."

Strong scented ; pileus membranaceous, conical, then expanded,
umbonate, naked, discoid, opaque ; paler at the margin and striate ;
stem rather firm, even, smooth, dry, rooting; gills adnate, linear,
distinct, whitish.— Fr. Ep. p. 109. Fr. Obs. ii., p. 155. B. $ Br.
N. II. No. 1214.

On the ground. Oct. Lyndhurst.

Pileus normally brown or blackish, sometimes cinereous ; stem
not yellowish, 2 in. long, \ line thick.

Agaricus (Mycena) peltatus. Fr. " Peltate Mycena."

Pileus rather firm, convex, then plane, obtuse, densely striate to
the middle, disc somewhat fleshy orbicular, even, plane ; stem even,
smooth, villous below ; gills with a decurrent tooth, crowded,
ventricose, grey, with the edge paler. — Fr. S. M. i. p. 145. Fr.
Epic. p. 110. Br. Bath Trans. 1870, p. 64. Ag. ambustus, Seer.,
No. 927.

Amongst moss. Warleigh Down.

Inodorous. Pileus f in. broad, dark brown when moist, when
dry becoming somewhat depressed at the centre, and paler.
Agaricus (Mycena) sacchariferus. B. 4' Br. " Sparkling Mycena."

Whitish. Pileus hemispherical, stem short, filiform; gills few,
rather thick, sprinkled with shining granules. — B. 4' Br., Ann.
N.H., No. 1216. Br. Bath Trans. 1870, p. 64.

On bramble and nettle stalks. March. Batheaston.

Pileus 2 lines broad ; stem 2 lines high, fixed at the base by a
few flocci ; gills 8-9, very distant, arcuato-decurrent, their margin
and even the surface granulated. Allied to A. tenerrimus, which
has crystalline particles on the pileus, but the gills are free and
ventricose. B. 4' Br.
Agaricus (Omphalia) leucophyllus. Fr. " White-gilled Omphalia."

Pileus submembranaceons, infnndibuliform, becoming even, not
floccose, dark cinereous, margin reflexed, involute ; stem stuffed,

82 BRITISH FUNGI.

then fistulose, rather rigid, equal, even, smooth, cinereous ; gills
decurrent, rather distant, arcuate, distinct, whitish. — Fr. in Vet.
Ac. Fork. 1851. Fr. Mon. Hym. i. p. 183. B. §■ Br. Ann. N. H.
No.1217.

Amongst short grass. Coed Coch.

Stem 11 inch and more long, 1 line thick. Pileus about an inch
across.

Agaxicus (Omphalia) xusticus. Pers. " Rustic Omphalia."

Pileus membranaceous, slightly convex, umbilicate, striate,
smooth, hygrophanous, when dry smooth and silky ; stem somewhat
stuffed, slender, smooth, greyish brown ; gills decurrent, thick,
rather distant, equally attenuated towards each extremity, grey,
margin arcuate. — Pers. Obs. i. t. 4, f. 12. B. fy Br. Ann. N. H.
No. 1217, bis. Fr. Ep.p. 124.

On the ground. Sept. Coed Coch.
Agaxicus (Fleuxotus) mutilus. Fr. " Mutilated Pleurotus."

White, soft, pileus rather fleshy, versiform, when dry silky,
becoming smooth ; stem excentric, short, and sublateral, terete,
erect, villous at the base ; gills decurrent, narrow, rather thick,
and somewhat crowded. — Fr. S. M. i. p. 191. B. §- Br. Ann.
N. H. No. 1221. Fr. Epicr. p. 134. Batt. t. ix. e.

On dead wood. Dec.
Agaxicus (Volvaxia) medius. Fr. " Intermediate Volvaria."

White, pileus fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse, viscid, of one colour;
margin even ; stem solid, equal, smooth ; volva lobed. — Fr. Epicr.
p. 139. Fl. Dan. t. 1676. Br. Bath. Trans. 1870, p. 65.

In woods, &c. Warleigh Down.

Agaxicus (Clitopilus) vilis. Fr. u Paltry Clitopilus."

Pileus rather membranaceous, convex, umbilicate, somewhat
striate with silky flocci, soft, hygrophanous ; stem hollow, thin,
equal, fibrilloso-striate, grey; gills adnate, decurrent, crowded,
whitish or greyish. — Fr. Epicr. p. 150. Br. Bath. Trans, p. 66.

In pine woods, amongst moss. Leigh Woods.

Stem 2-3 in high, about 1 line thick. Pileus about an inch broad.

Agaxicus (Leptonia) lappula. Fr. " Bur-like Leptonia."
Pileus rather fleshy, convexo-plane, the darker umbilicus punc-
tate with short erect fibrils ; stem fistulose, slightly striate, lilac
with a brown tint, apex naked, punctate with black ; gills adnate,
seceding, ovate, crowded, whitish. — Fr. Ep. p. 152. B. § Br.
Ann. N.H. No. 1225.

Amongst leaves of beech. Forres.

Agaxicus (Leptonia) solstitialis. Fr. " Solstitial Leptonia."
Pileus rather fleshy, depressed, papillate in the centre, rugulose,

obsoletely clad with innate fibrils ; stem somewhat hollow, smooth,

smoky ; gills emarginate, broad, wrhitish. — Fr. Ep.p. 152. B. fy

Br. Ann. N.H. No. 1226.

Amongst stones by the side of Lake Ceneord, Aberdeenshire.

Sept.

BRITISH FUNGI. 83

Agaricus (Leptonia) lazulinus. Fr " Bright-blue Leptonia."
Pilens submembranaceous, campanulate, then expanded, obtuse,

discoid, at first even, striate when moist ; stem fistulose, smooth,
nearly of a ccerulean blue ; gills adnate, crowded, equally attenu-
ated, pale bluish.— -Fr. Ep. p. 143. B. § Br. Ann. N.H.TZo.
1227. Pers. Ic. Pict. t. 4./. 3, 4.

On the ground amongst grass. Sept. Aber.
Agaricus (Nolanea) mammosus. Fr. " Mammose Nolanea."

Pileus somewhat membranaceous, conico-campauulate, papillate,
striate, smooth, hygrophanous ; when dry isabelline and silky ; stem
fistulose, rigid, polished, even, smooth, mealy at the apex ; gills
affixed, seceding, rather crowded, grey. — Fr. Epicr.p. 156. Bull,
t. 526. Br. Bath. Trans. 1870, p. 66. Batsch. f. 5.

In meadows. Chippenham.

Pileus brown. Stem elongated, fragile, shining.

Agaricus (Nolanea) verecundus. Fr. " Modest Nolanea."
Pileus campanulate, then convex; disc fleshy, smooth, somewhat
umbonate, about the thin margin striate and flocculose; stem fis-
tulose, rather firm, growing pale, mealy at the apex ; gills adnate,
whitish.— Fr. Spic.p.6. Fr.Kp.pA5S. B.$Br.Ann.N.H.NoA228.
Amongst short grass. Sept. Aber.

Agaricus (Stropharia) inunctus. Fr. "Anointed Stropharia."

Pileus campanulate, then conve'xo-plane, covered with an evan-
escent gelatinous cuticle ; stem attenuated downwards, white, floc-
coso-fibrillose below the ring ; gills broad, adnate, purplish-brown.
—B. $ Br. Ann. No. 1229.

On rich ground. Ely, S:c.

Pileus 2 in. across, fleshy, livid ; stem 2\ in. high, \ in. thick,
stuffed, composed of fibres ; spores purplish-brown, "00028 in.
long. Resembles some states of A. ceruginosus, but the spores are
of a different colour and much smaller. - B. fy Br.

Agaricus (Fholiota) confragosus. Fr. " Rugged Pholiota."

Pileus fleshy, thin, convexo-plane, obtuse, clad with flocculose
scales,hygrophanous ; margin striate ; stem fistulose, equal, fibrillose
below the membranaceous ring ; gills adnate, very much crowded,
rufous.— Fr. Ep. p. 169. B. $ Br. Ann. N. H. No. 1232.

On an old fallen elm. Coed Coch.

Stem 3 in. long, about 2 lines thick. Subccespitose, fragile.
Spores oblong, ferruginous (-0003 X'00015 in.)
Agaricus (Hebeloma) phaejocephalus. Bull. " Bullard's Hebeloma."

Pileus subcampanulate, rarely flattened and umbonate, fuligi-
nous, becoming brownish, smooth; stem thick, swollen at the base,
naked, straight, grey with brownish lines, white at the base ;
gills free, semilunate, very broad, yellowish bistre colour. — Bull. t.
555./. 1. B. 4- Br. N. H. No. 1233.

Oct. Near Wellington.

Pileus 2-4 in. broad ; stem 3-5 in. high, 4-7 lines thick. The
spores are bright ferruginous red.

84 BRITISH FUNGI.

Agaricus (Hebeloma) caiamistratus. Fr. "Crispate Hebeloma."

Pileus fleshy, thin, campanulate, obtuse, stem solid, rigid, base
sky blue, squarrose everywhere with rigid recurved scales ; gills
adnexed, whitish, then ferruginous. — Fr. S. M. i.p. 256. B. $ Br.
Ann. N. H. No. 1234. Fr. Epicr. p. 171.
In fir woods. Sept. Luggela, Wicklow.

A noble species, remarkable for the blue colour of the base of
the stem. Spores -0005 in. long, smooth.

Agaricus (Hebeloma) geophyllus. Sow. Yar. lateritius.
—5. £ Br. Ann. N.H. No. 1234.*

This curious form, if it is really the same species, has been sent
to us by Mr. Jerdon from Jedburgh. When dry it retains its brick-
red colour. B. 4' Br.

Agaricus (Hebeloma) scabellus. Fr. «' Ragged-cap Hebeloma."
Pileus rather fleshy, campanulate, then plane, when dry lacerated
into scales or fibrils, umbo obtuse, even, smooth ; stem somewhat
stuffed, thin, smooth, growing pale, pruinose at the apex ; gills
adnexed, ventricose, rather distant, pallid. — Fr. Epicr. p. 177.
Fr. S. 31. i. p. 259. B. &. Br. Ann. N. H. No. 1235.
Amongst short grass. Oct. Little Ormes Head.
Pileus chestnut, sericeo-squamulose ; stem white, pruinose at the
apex; gills ventricose, adnexed, ascending, pallid.

Agaricus (Hebeloma) firmus. Pers. " Firm Hebeloma."
Pileus viscid, gibbous, smooth ; stem not attenuated, brown
downwards and within ; gills thin, slightly sinuated behind, cinna-
mon brown.— Pers. Ic. £ descr. t. 5, /. 3, 4. B. $ Br. Ann. N. H.
No. 1236. A. clavus, Batsch.f. 199.

In fir woods. Sept. Gwrwch, Denbighshire.
Taste not bitter, smell raphanoid. Colour exactly as in Batsch's
figure.

Agaricus (Hebeloma) elatus. Batsch. " Elevated Hebeloma."
Pileus fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse, even, smooth, rather viscid ;
stem stuffed, elongated, cylindrical, twisted, adpressedly fibrillose,
apex farinaceous, growing pale ; gills rounded, crowded, dry, pale
ferruginous.— Batsch. /. 108. B. $ Br. Ann. N. H. No. 1238.
Fr. Epicr. jo. 181.
Amongst pine leaves.

Odour very strong ; stem 4 in. long, 4 lines thick. Pileus orbi-
cular, 3 in. broad, tan colour, margin thin ; gills 3 lines broad,
unspotted.

Agaricus (Hebeloma) Hongardii. Weimn. " Bongard's Hebeloma."
Pileus rather fleshy, campanulate, obtuse, disc squamose, torn
and fibrillose about the margin ; stem solid, rigid, pale rubescent,
reddish silky below, apex sprinkled with a whitish powder ; gills
adnate, ventricose, broad, pale reddish, then cinnamon. — Weinm.
p. 190. Fr. Epicr. p. 173.

On sandhills. Forres. (J. K.)

With the odour of Bergamot. Stem 2-3 in. long, 2 lines thick.

BRITISn FUNGI. 85

Pileus 1-11 in# broad, fuscescent when moist, pallid when dry, not
riniose.
Agaricus (Hebeloma) lanuginosus. Bull. " Woolly Hebeloma."

Pileus rather fleshy, hemispherical, then expanded, obtuse, floc-
coso-squamulose, the scales of the disc erect and squarrose ; stem
solid, thin, squamose, fibrillose, with a whitish powder above ; gills
seceding, thin, denticulate, pallid clay colour. — Ball. t. 370. Br.
Bath. Trans. 1870. p. 67. Fr. Epicr. p. 171.

On the ground. Near Bristol.
Agaricus (Hebeloma) uniformis. P. " Uniform Hebeloma. '

Pileus rather fleshy, convex, umbonate, piloso-squamose, stem
somewhat hollow, fibrillose and squamulose, farinaceous at the
apex; gills arcuate, affixed, ventricose, pallid olivaceous. — Pers.
Icon. Pict. t. 15./. 1. Br. Bath Trans. 1870. 67. A. dulcamarus.
Fr. Epicr. p. 171.

In fir plantations. Bathford.

Agaricus (Flammula) mixtus. Fr. " Mixed Flammula."

Pileus fleshy, convex, then plane, obtuse, viscid ; disc darker,
rugulose ; stem hollow, curved, pallid, with brownish fibrils, and
rufous scales below ; gills subdecurrent, crowded, pale clay colour.
— Fr. Ep. p. 185. B. $ Br. Ann. N. H. No. 1239. bis.

On the ground in pine woods. (C. E. B.)

Stem 13 in. long, 3-4 lines thick, somewhat flexuous, incras-
sated at the base. Pileus 1-2 in. broad, margin paler.

Agaricus (Flammula) alnicola. Fr. " Alder stem Flammula.'

Pileus fleshy, convexo-plane, moist, even ; from the first rather
fibrillose or squamose, sometimes smooth ; stem somewhat hollow,
attenuated and rooting, fibrillose, yellow, becoming ferruginous ;
gills sub-adnate, broad, pallid, then ferruginous. — Fr. S. M. i. p.
250. Fr. Epicr. p. 187. B. & Br. Ann. No. 1242.

On stumps of various trees. Epping.
Agaricus (Flammula) conissans. Fr. " Tan-coloured Flammula."

Pileus fleshy, thin, convex, then plane, equal, smooth when
moist ; stem hollow, silky-fibrillose, pallid ; gills adnate, thin, very
much crowded, dingy pallid, becoming clay-coloured. — Fr. Ep.
p. 187. Bull. t. 178. B. Sf Br. Ann.N. H. No. 1243.

On dead stumps.

Often confounded with A. fascicularis, but with differently
coloured gdls and spores. Pileus yellowish-tan, rather viscid.

Agaricus (Flammula) lubricus. Fr. " Slippery Flammula."

Pileus fleshy, convex, then plane, even, viscid; stem solid, rather
attenuated, fibrillose, whitish, apex striate; gills adnate, broad,
pallid, then clay-coloured. — Fr. S. M. i. p. 252. Fr. Epicr. p. 185.
B. $ Br. Ann. N.II. no. 1245.

On trunks. Tunbridge Wells.
Agaricus (Naucoria) semifiexus. B.^ Br. " Half-turned Naucoria."

Pileus hemispherical, chestnut colour, hygrophanous, margin
fringed with a delicate white veil; flesh white ; stem semi-hori-

86 BRITISH FUNGI.

zontal, solid ; gills distant, adnexed, brownish ; spores echinulate.
—B. 4- Br. Ann. N. H. No. 1246.

On the side of a bank. Oct. Ascot.

Pileus ^ in. across, subcampanulate, then hemispherical, or flat-
tened above, moderately fleshy ; stem f in. high, -f line thick ;
spores oblong, -0003--0004 long, -00025--0003 in. wide. Allied
to A. horizo7italis. B. fy Br.

Agaxicus (Naucoxia) scolecinus. Fr. " Eusty Naucoria."

Pileus rather fleshy, campanulate, then convex or plane, smooth,
margin slightly striate; stem fistulose, equal, ferruginous, or
rufous-ferruginous, sprinkled with white meal; gills adnate, rather
distant, pale flesh colour, then ferruginous, edge flocculose. — Fr.
Ep. p. 194. B. $ Br. Ann. N. H. No. 1247.

On moist ground under alders. Sept Powerscourt.

Spores apiculate, -0003 in. long, .0013 in. wide; stem 2-3 in.
long, 1 line thick ; pileus ^-f- in. broad, ferruginous bay, paler at
the margin.

Agaxicus (Naucoxia) tenax. Fr. " Tough Naucoria."

Pileus somewhat fleshy, campanulate, then expanded, smooth,
slightly viscid, hygrophanous, stem stuffed, then hollow, equal,
yellow, brownish, slightly striate with adpressed fibrils ; veil fuga-
cious ; gills adnate, rather distant, edge whitish. — Fr. S. M. i.
p. 290. Weinm. p. 262. Fr. Epicr. p. 198. B. $■ Br. Ann. N. H.
No. 1248.

On sticks in a ditch. Oct. Welford, Norths.

Pileus cinnamon, ochraceous when dry ; stem becoming ferru-
ginous or olivaceous ; gills pallid, olivaceous, becoming ferruginous.
Agaxicus (Naucoxia) cxobulus. Fr. " Scaly Naucoria."

Pileus rather fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse, with whitish eva-
nescent floccose scales, then smooth ; stem fistulose, brown, with
whitish scales, gills adnate, decurrent, crowded, ferruginous, brown.
—Fr. S. M. i. p. 200. Fr. Epicr. p. 200, B. $• Br. Ann. N. H.
No. 1249.

In a ditch amongst fragments of sticks. Oct. Welford, Norths.

Pileus slightly viscid, scarcely striate, when dry tan-coloured,
rather shining.

Agaxicus (Galexa) xubiginosus. Pers. " Rubiginous Galera."

Pileus membranaceous, campanulate, obtuse, everywhere sulcate
or striate, hygrophanous ; stem filiform, equal, thin, shining,
smooth, rubiginous ; gills adnate, ascending, distant, broad, opaque.
—Pers. syn.p. 385. B. § Br. Ann. N.H. No. 1252. Fr. Epicr. 206.
Mich. Gen. t. 75./. 8.

Amongst moss. Sept. Kew.

Pileus cinnamon or honey-coloured, tan colour when dry ; stem
2 in. long, flexile.

Agaxicus (Psalliota) xnexdaxius. Fr. lt Dung Psalliota."

Pileus convexo-plane, obtuse, smooth, moist, hygrophanous ;
stem hollow, tough, short, flocculose when dry, and pallid ; ring

BRITISH FUNGI. 87

lacerated, fugacious; gills adnate, broad, yellowish, then umber. —
Fr. S. M. i. p. 291. B. & Br. Ann. No. 1255. Fr. Epicr. p. 220.
\V< mm. p. 253. Buxb. C. 4. 1. 16. /. 2.

Ou dung. Oct. Sibbertoft.

Densely gregarious. Pileus moist, prettily edged with the
remains of the veil, ^-1 in. across ; stem -|-- * in. high. — B. 4" Br.

Agaricus (Hypholoma) leucotephrus. B. cj- Br. " White-capped
Hypholoma."

Caespitose. Pileus at first pallid, subcampanulate, rugose, then
convex, expanded, whitish ; stem silky-fibrillose below, apex striate,
or between sulcate and striate, fistulose ; riug broad, here and
there appendiculate ; gills narrow, at first cinereous-white, slightly
adnate, then grey, nearly black. — B. ty Br. Ann.N.H. No. 1256.

In large masses at the base of ash trees. Oct. North Kilworth.

Pileus 3 in. across ; stem 4 in. high, 5 lines thick ; gills 1^- line
broad; spores -00028 in. long -00019 in. wide, very dark brown
purple. Clearly different from A. Candollianus and A. appendi-
culatus, Fr. The pileus is not of a rich brown when young, nor
are the gills when old at all brown. — B. fy Br.

Agaricus (Psilocybe) agnarius Fr. " Whitish Psilocybe."
Pileus conical-convex, then expanded, whitish, then becoming
cinereous, not hygrophanous, subumbonate, between sulcate and
striate ; flesh white ; stem flexuous, fistulose, white ; gills rather
distant, somewhat broad, briefly adnate or adnexed, cinereous. —
Fr. MSS. B. $ Br. Ann. N. H. No. 1257.

About the roots of decayed trees. Oct. North Kilworth,
Leicestershire.

Allied to A. coprophilus. In colour the pileus somewhat re-
sembles Ilygropliorus ovinus.

Agaricus (Panaeolus) acuminatus. Fr. *' Acuminate Pameolus."

Pileus rather fleshy, conic, acuminate, even, smooth, shining,
zoned about the margin with a blackish line ; stem thin, equal,
pruinose, bicolored ; gills adnexed, ventricose, crowded, becoming
blackish. Fr. Epicr. p. 237. Batt. t. 22. F. B. & Br. Ann. N. H.
No. 1258.

On dung. Oct. Sibbertoft.

Exactly accords with Batarra's figure, which scarcely agrees with
the specific name. B. fy Br.

Agaricus (Psathyrella) subatratus. Batsch. ' ' Blackish Psathyrella."
Pileus rather membranaceous, campanulate, then expanded, um-
1 miiate, striate, rugulose, sprinkled with pruinose atoms; stem
straight, rather firm, shining with a silky lustre, naked ; gills ad-
nexed, fuliginous, becoming black. — Batsch. f. 89. B. fy Br. Ann.
N. H. No. 1260. Fr. Epicr. p. 238.
In grassy places. Sept. Batheaston.

Pileus rufescent, growing pale, scarce exceeding 1 in. broad.
Stem 1^ line thick, clad with whitish down at the base.

88 THREE NEW SPECIES OF AGARICUS FROM A STOVE.

Agaxicus (Psathyxella) caudatus. Fr. " Caudate Psathyrella."

Pileus membranaceous, conico-campanulate, striate, hygropha-
nous, even when dry ; stem elongated, somewhat attenuated from
the rooting base, at length twisted ; gills adnate, cinereous, be-
coming black.— Fr. Obs. ii. p. 187. Fr. Ep. p. 239. B. $ Br.
Ann. N.H. No. 1261, Paul. t. 124. /. 1. 2.

Amongst the stumps of a wooden pavement. Sept. Sibbertoft.

A small form. Pileus at first sienna brown, at length whitish,
often transversely cracked; stem at first white, fibrillose ; gills
ventricose, adnate. B. 4' Br.

Agaxicus (Psathyxella) empyxeumaticus. B. $ Br. " Empyreu-
matic Psathyrella. '

Pileus expanded, hygrophanous, sprinkled with atoms, rufous,
growing pale ; stem elongated, between silky and scurfy, pallid,
narrowly fistulose ; gills broad, thick, distant, adnate with a de-
current tooth, rufous, with a pallid edge. — B. $• Br. Ann. N. H.
JVo.1262.

On a wooden pavement. Oct. Sibbertoft.

Pileus 1^ in. across, margin crenate ; stem 2 J in. high, 1\ line
thick, narrowly but distinctly fistulose; gills 2 lines broad, con-
nected by veins, rufous, then brown-purple; spores black. Re-
sembling A. confragosus so closely that, till the spores were ob-
served, it was taken for that species. — B. 4' Br.

ON THREE NEW SPECIES OF AGARICUS FROM A

STOVE.

By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.

It is pretty certain that most of the Hymenomycetous fungi
which occur in stoves are of exotic origin. A. cepcestlpes and an
allied similarly coloured species, which are the produce of our hot-
houses, occur naturally in hot countries, and have never been found
wild in Europe, and the same may be said of some others. The
three species at present described appear to be quite new, and one
of them is amongst the most interesting of the geous.
1. Agaxicus (Collybia) Doxotheae. 11.

Pileo primum subgloboso fusco,dein applanato subumbonato palli-
diore, demum depresso usque ad centrum radiato-sulcato granulato,
setulis brevibus candidis sparso ; margine crenato ; stipite basi
ribrilloso luteo vel rufo, sursum candicante velut pileus granuloso-
hispidulo setuloso ; lamellis candidis distantibus adnexis leviter
ventricosis postice connexis, acie integra.

On a dead fern stem from Jamaica, in a hothouse at Dangstein.
Lacly Dorothy Nevill.

Pileus at first globose, dark brown, then flatly hemispherical, at

THREE NEW SPECIES OF AGARICUS FROM A STOVE. 89

length expanded, with a slight umbo, and eventually depressed,
pale brown, an inch or more across, radiated, silicate from the
crenate margin almost to the centre, granulated, beset with short
white bristles, which in the young state point in every direction.
Stem 2-2^ inches high, scarcely a line thick, at first brownish
above, white below, with a minute disc-like swelling at the base, then
yellowish or rufous below and white above, granulated like the
pileus and beset with white bristles. Gills white, distant, adnexed,
slightly ventricose, connected behind ; edge quite entire.
2. A. (Collybia) caldaxii. B.

Pileo hemispherico umbonato brunneo rugoso non expallcnte ;
Btipite brunneolo lam extus cart [lagineo ; lamellis adnato-deeurren-
tibus subcinereis, interstitiis marginem versus venosis.

On Sphagnum, in an orchid pot at Dangstein.

Pileus hemispherical, umbonate, brown, rugose, not turning pale ;
1 an inch across ; stem paler, even, cartilaginous externally ; 2
inches high, not a line thick ; gills adnato-decurrent, somewhat ash-
colored, interstices near the margin veined.

3. A. (Omphalia) Nevillae. B.

Pileo hemisphaarico brunneo depresso rugoso striato minute gra-
nulato ; margine tenuissimo, pallescente impunctato ; Btipite pal-
lidiore nigro-granulato albo-farcto, basi subdilatato villoso-strigoso ;
lamellis candidis arcuato-decurrentibus, interstitiis lateribusque
venoso-rugosis.

On Sphagnum, in an orchid pot at Dangstein.

Pileus \ an inch across, brown, hemispherical, depressed in the
centre, rugose, minutely granulated, striate, growing pale, when
parting with its moisture, towards the margin, which is not dotted
like the centre ; stem 1 inch high, not a line thick, brownish, stuffed,
white within, rough with black granules, rather dilated at the base,
and clothed with villous hairs ; gills white, arcuato-decurrent ;
interstices and sides venoso-rugose.

Somewhat resembling A. ajfricatus, but not infundibuliform nor
variegated with pilose scales, while the gills are white, not cinereous.

Professor H. L. Smith's Conspectus. — I have just received
a communication from my friend the author, calling my attention
to one or two errors in my notice of his work. He says — " I did
not intend to place all the Triceratia: among the Biddulphia?, for a

large number of them belong among the Coscinodiscea?

It is true this does not appear clearly in the Conspectus as it now
stands, but this was my idea."*

Tetracyclus, Ralfs. should have been referred to Biblarivm, Ehr.

F. Kitton.

# Professor Smith informs me that an addenda will shortly be published.

90

BLIGHTS ON TEA AND COTTON.
By M. C. Cooke.

The tea-planters of Cachar have been complaining of late that
the leaves of the tea plants have become blighted, so as to interfere
seriously with the production of tea. Two or three of the diseased
leaves have been sent us for examination. They were not in good
condition for the purpose, but on one we detected some punctures
of an insect, and on two of the others a parasitic fungus. The
leaves are blistered, deformed, and stunted ; the fungus appear-
ing on both surfaces like minute black points. The following is a
description drawn up from the dry specimens : —

Hendexsonia theaecola. sp. nov. — Perithecia globose, black, pro-
minent, pierced at the apex, scattered over both surfaces, or sub-
gregarious ; spores cylindrical, rounded at the ends, triseptate, pale
brown, on long hyaline pedicels ('0004-#0005 in.), 01-'0125 m.m.
long, without the pedicels.

On leaves of Thea. Cachar, India.

The ultimate cells have sometimes a more hyaline appearance,
but we could detect no terminal cilia, otherwise it reminds us of
such species of Pestalozzia as P. Guepini, which occurs on Camellia
leaves. The only remedy we can suggest is to pick off the diseased
leaves and burn them. What portion of the destruction is also
due to the insect we have no material for determination, but both
are probably culpable.

From Dharwar we have also received samples of " Black blight"
on naturalised American Cotton. The cotton presents but little ex-
ternal indication of disease so long as the seeds remain entire, but, on
crushing the seed the cotton becomes covered with a sooty powder,
which at first we were disposed to regard as the spores of a species
of Ustilago, which entirely fills the seed. After a closer examina-
tion, however, we became satisfied that the spores are concatenate,
being produced in chains, or jointed threads, in the interior of the
seed, and afterwards break up into subglobose spores. This is
rather an anomalous habitat for a Torula, but such, nevertheless,
we are disposed to regard it, and append its description.

Torula incarcerata. sp. nov. — Produced within the seeds of
Gossypium. Threads simple, or slightly branched, breaking up into
minute, subglobose, fuliginous spores.

Within cotton seed. Dharwar, India.

It is rather to be presumed that the Torula makes its appearance
after the commencement of decay in the seed, stimulated by mois-
ture, than that it should be the cause of disease in the plant. The
species of Torula with which we are acquainted are produced upon
decaying substances, and we have no experience of any one causing
disease in living plants. Had this proved to have been a species of
Ustilago, the case would have been different, but we believe that, not-
withstanding its habitat, we are justified in placing it with Torula.

91

NOVARA DIATOMS.

Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Diatojns obtained by the
Austrian Imperial Frigate Nova?-a, during her Voyage round
the World.

By Herr A. Grunow.

(Translated by F. Kitton.)

Part III.

Navicula gemmata. GrerUle var. biseriata. Grun. — Stria? trans-
verse, 10 in. '001 composed of a double series of minute granules.
PI. 6, fig. 1.

Polycystin Stone. Nankoori.

A very interesting form, perhaps a distinct species. The strias
consisting of two rows of closely-pressed, somewrhat irregular
shaped granules. The central nodule is large, square, and as in
Greville's figure tridentate on both sides.

The smooth space between the strias and the costas on each side
of the median line is less than in the type form, and the outline of
the valve more symmetrical.

To this species perhaps belongs my N. spectabdis, in Verb
Wiener zool bot. Gesell, 1860, pi. 3, fig. 11, and which was changed
by Rabenhorst to JV. Grunowii, on account of the N. spectabilis of
Gregory.

Entopyla omata. Grun.— Frustule large, valve linear, apices
rounded, median line not reaching the apices, costa? pervious (not
alternate) parallel, 10-12 in. -001, strias distinctly granular, in pairs
between the costae. PI. 6, fig. 2, a valve, b apex of a larger valve.

Not uncommon on'Polycystin stone from Nankoori.

Differs from Gephyria incurvata in the costas, which do not, as
in that species alternate, but cross the valve. In G. incurvata we
find a great number of minute puncta between the costae.

Coscinodiscus ellipticus. Grun. — Valve elliptical or oblong,
puncta in central part large, subradiant or irregularly disposed,
decreasing as they approach the margin, where they form minute
radiant striae. PI. 6, fig. 4, a b.

Very abundant. Polycystin stone, from Nankoori.

Has a remarkable resemblance to Cestodiscus ovalis, Grev., but
I can in no instance find a trace of the round processes or nodule.

Coscinodiscus oblongus. Grev. — Has radiating puncta, and the
puncta on the margin are only a little smaller, whereas our species
has a marginal band of very delicate and closely arranged puncta.

Amphipleura Frauenfeldii. Grvn.— Central nodules x 1500
diameters. PI. G, fig. 3.

Pleurosigma validum. Shadbolt. — Mic. Jour., vol. ii., pi. 1.
fig. 8.

92 NOVARA DIATOMS.

Var. (?) nicobaricum. Grun.— Valve broadly lanceolate, some-
what obtuse, median line straight, central nodule dilated towards
the margin, stride transverse and oblique, transverse stria? distinct,
40 to 44 in. "001 The striae become more oblique as they ap-
proach the ends. PL 6, fig. 5 a. b. portion of an abnormal
valve more enlarged. In Polycystin stone, Nankoori.

This species has a resemblance to my P. giganteum, but is smaller,
shorter, and less obtuse at the apices ; the transverse are somewhat
stronger than the oblique striae, which, towards the ends, become
somewhat more oblique.

In one specimen I detected from one to two rows of puncta, en-
closed between delicate, often interrupted costae, as I have sketched
in fig. 5, b.

(P. validum is identical with P. rigidum of the Synopsis, and the
preceding is only a straight form of the same. I have it from
several localities.* The statement that this and many other
diatoms have two sets of striae (rows of punctae) is erroneous ; those
said to have transverse and oblique striae have them arranged thus :

if the space between the transverse rows is greater

'.".*.". than that between the oblique, then the so-called trans-
• • • • verse striae are more easily resolved, if, on the con-
trary, the space is greater between the oblique rows, then they are
more easily detected. The same applies to the so-called transverse
and longitudinal striae. In this case, the puncta are arranged in
the following manner ' \ \ \ \ * P. K.)

Xsthmia nervosa. Var. (?) Nankoorensis. Grim. — Frustule
somewhat flatter than in /. nervosa; between the costae are one, two
(or more) rows of square reticulations, rounded at the angles, which
become smaller in size, and greater in number as they approach
the margin of the valve. The connecting zone in I. nervosa is con-
nected with the valve by a row of large cells. In this form they are
wTanting.

PI. 6, fig. 6, b. portion of valve and connecting zone enlarged
to 500 diameters.

Perhaps a distinct species ; it differs from /. nervosa in the form
of the reticulations ; in the latter they are circular or five and six
sided.

Asteromphalus Nankoorensis. Grun. — Broadly ovate or sub-
orbicular, centre hyaline, orbicular, slightly excentric ; rays binate,
forked, distinct, narrow ; margin divided by two broad rays, reach-
ing the circumference : space between the rays about -f- of the
valve, a single thin ray not reaching the margin divides this into
two unequal parts. The inferior portion of the valve has five
narrow short rays, of which the first and fifth are longest. Spaces
marked with decussating punctate striae. PL 6, fig. 9.

Not uncommon on Polycystin stone. Nankoori.

NOVARA DIATOMS. 93

This appears to be a very constant species, it bears the most
resemblance to A. Malleus, Wallicb, but differs in many respects
from that species. A peculiar characteristic of our species are the
short rays on the inferior punctate portion of the valve, and the
two broad rays reaching the superior margin. All examples we
have observed are very constant in form.

Stictodiscus californicus. Orev. Var. nankoorensis. Chun. —

Costa1 radiant, generally bifid as they approach the margin, irre-
gularly reticulate in the centre.

PI. 6, fig. 8, a. b. part of a larger valve. Polycystin stone.
Nankoori. Somewhat rare.

As in Dr. Greville's species a row of large granules lies between
thecostaj; the costa> divide as they approach the margin, so that
more rows of puncta will be found near the circumference than near
the centre. The irregularly disposed puncta of the middle portion
are placed in a kind of network, from which apparently the mar-
ginal costa: proceed ; this may also be seen in the Californian
species.

Climacodium Fraunfeldianum. Grun. — Frustules scarcely
silicious, smooth, expanded at the ends, truncate, forming long
filaments. PI. 6, fig. 10.

In the sea by Tilanshong, floating in masses.

A wholly distinct genus, with very weak siliceous frustules,
which perhaps remotely approach Eucampia Zodiacus, one of the
specimens consisted of 16 frustules, the frustules were -007 long.
I know no form that can be better compared with a little ladder
than this. I have therefore given it the above generic name.

(This form appears to be a very doubtful diatom. The author
gives no side view, and the figure shows no connecting zone be-
tween the valves ; it approaches more closely to Triceratium
malleus, Brightwell, which is also a very doubtful diatom. (F. K.)

Plagiogramma spectabile. Grev. Var. quadrigibbum. Grun.—
Valve lanceolate, constricted at the centre, and with two smaller
constrictions between the ends and the central constriction, apices
produced acute, central nodules, elliptical in a transverse smooth.
central fascia, median line absent ; puncta minute (30 to 32 in.
•001 in longitudinal and transverse lines). Costas pervious. PI.
6, fig. 7.

In Polycystin stone. Nankoori.

Differs chiefly from Greville's species in the greater number of its
undulations, and the smaller number of its stria5, which towards the
end are closer, whilst in Greville's figure they are equally distributed
over the whole valve.

Cocconeis surirellcides. Gnm>- Minnte, valve broadly ellip-
tical ; upper valve median line narrow, straight, centra] nodule
obsolete, costae subradiant, 20 in. -001 furrow elliptical, submar-
ginal interstices granulate. PI. 6, fig. 11.

94 NOVARA DIATOMS.

Lower (?) valve median line more or less arcuate, central nodule
small, oblong, terminal, nodule approaching the apices, stri as punc-
tate, delicate (50 to 54 in. "001), radiant furrows double, marginal
one more or less approximate. PL 6, fig. 12.

In sand, from the roots of Eck Ionia buccinalis, from St. Paul, in
the South Sea.

A diminutive species. I am not certain whether the form des-
cribed as the lower valve belongs to it. They occur commonly
enough in the cleaned material of the same form, size, and quan-
tity as the characteristic upper valve, so that they belong to each
other is very probable. It is distinguished from C. scutellum in
the costee of the upper valve, and from the small form of Campy-
loneis Grevillei in the number of narrow costaa and delicate puncta.
Cocconeis costata, Greg, has also much stronger costse, and a broad
lanceolate median space.

(I do not observe in the author's figures any resemblance to the
Surirellje, none at least to warrant his specific name. F. K )

(Berkeleya Harveyi, of this form we have no additional descrip-
tion. The fig. (pi. 6, fig. 13) is apparently given to show the
resemblance of the median line to Ampliipleura Frauenfeldiana,
and the transverse stride. F. K.)

(An uncorrected printer's error occurs in the otherwise very
correct text of the original paper ; this would hardly have called
for notice had it not been repeated in the catalogue of forms sent with
Moller's Typen Platte, and repeated again in his printed catalogue,
viz., Craspepodiscus, for Craspedodiscus. A similar repetition of
a printer's error occurs in the very imperfect index to the diato-
macese, figured in Qua. Mic. Jour., by C. J. Muller, Esq., vol. x.,
N.S. In the description of figures in Greville's paper, vol. xiv.,
page 79, Croispedodiscus is printed for Craspedodiscus, and the
error has been repeated by the author of the index. F. K.)

CONTENTS OF PLATE VI.

Tig. 1. — Navicula gemmata, var. biseriata.

Fig. 2. — Entopyla ornata. a frustule, b portion of valve more enlarged.

Fig. 3. — Ampliipleura Frauenfeldiana. (Central nodule.)

Fig. 4. — a. b. Coscinodiscus ellipticus.

Fig. 5. — Pleurosigma validum ; var. nicobaricum. a, valve ; b, portion of ditto
more enlarged.

Fig. 6. — Ithmia nervosa, var. nankoorensis. a, frustule, b, portion more en-
larged.

Fig. 7. — Plagiogramma spectabile, var. quadrigibbum.

Fig. 8. — Stictodiscus califomicus, var. nankoorensis.

Fig. 9. — Aster omphalus nanlcoorensis.

Fig. 10.— Climacodium Frauenfeldianum.

Fig. 11. — Cocconeis surirelloides, upp^r valve.

Fig. 12. — „ „ lower valve.

Fig. 13. — Berkeleya Harveyi.

Fig. 6 X 200 diameters ; fig. 10 X 100 diameters ; fig. 11 X 1000 diameters ;

all the others (with the exception of 3 and 13, of which no amplification is given),

are X 500 diameters.

95

THE AGUE PLANT.

Some years since I became interested in the statements of Dr. J.
H. Salisbury, of Cleveland, Ohio, in reference to the germs of
ague. Dr. Salisbury* believes to have discovered the malarial
essence in the cells of certain Palmelloid plants. Desiring to in-
vestigate the subject, I sought for the plants described by him, in
the ague bottom of the Mississippi river, opposite Keokuk, Iowa,
lat. 10° 25'. Not being provided with a suitable microscope, I
was unable to discover the microscopic algse described by the
doctor. I was pleased, however, to find the fungi, samples of
which I send you. Generally it answers Salisbury's description.

It does not correspond in these important particulars : Salis-
bury's plants are so minute that it requires a powerful lens to
render them visible. A single specimen of plant may be discovered
as you stand. Salisbury's plants were not less. These have roots
"S" or t3^" °f an mcn ^n length. They grow on the flat moist allu-
vium of the slough and river margins and their drying beds ; in
the vicinity of such localities they may be found on ordinary soil
in damp places, even at some elevation. The specimens sent you
are green ; I have observed them slate- coloured, pink, and black.
They vary in size from a mere point to ■£% of an inch in diameter.
When in natural state they are globular in shape and of a fresh
colour, when covered with water they swell and present a gelati-
nous appearance. They discharge their spores when ripe by slit-
ting open at the top and a falling in, collapsing of the upper cir-
cumference ; so that a discharged plant appears cup-shaped, and to
the naked eye it seems to have lost the upper half of its circum-
ference. So far as I have been able to determine with the imper-
fect means of observation at my command, the cells are composed
of two walls, the outer green or (otherwise coloured), composed of
laminated cells, the inner white and structureless. Upon punctur-
ing the plants a liquid is forcibly ejected. I have never been able
to discover the contained cells for want of a good microscope.
By placing the cake of earth sent you in a plate, and adding water
enough to make it of about the consistence of potter's clay, and
keeping it at a temperature above 60°, you will find a fresh crop of
the plant to develop, and you will thus have an opportunity of
studying them. Should you allow them to flourish, and remain
uncovered in your room, you might have the satisfaction of demon-
strating the "cause of ague." This fungus was first found, so far
as I know, by Dr. J. P. Saftord, of Keokuk, who was kind enough
to search for me while I visited an ague patient. In the locality of
their growth they are to be seen in myriads, and near them, even on
elevations of over 100 feet, everybody had the ague. The course
of this disease seemed pari ])assu with that of the plant.

Dr. John Bartlett, Chicago.

* See American Journal of Medical Sciences, 1866.

96

Mycological Illustrations, by W. W. Saunders and "VV. G.
Smith, part 2, contains figures of Agaricus obturatus, Fr., Ag.mer-
darius, Fr., Ag. porrigens, P., Cortinarius elatior, Fr., Hygropho-
rus liniacinus, Scop., Hy. russo-coriaceus, B. fy 31., Agaricus albo-
cyaneus, Desm., Ag. inunctus, Fr., Ag. confluens, P., Ag. clavipes,
P., Ag. portentosus, Fr., Ag. Taylori, B., Ag. gloiocephalus, Fr.,
Ag. lacrymabundus, Bull., Ag. Candollianus, Fr., Ag. Terreii,
B. 4' Br., Ag. Badhami, B. § Br., Ag. subinvolutus, Batsch., Ag.
gracilis, Fr., Ag. atomatus, Fr., Ag. exhnius, W. G. S., Ag.
candicans, Fr., Ag. infundibuliforruis, var. membranaceous, Fr., Ag.
strangulatus, Fr., Thelephora fastidiosa, Fr., Thel. caryopbyllea,
Fr., Ag. elatus, Fr., Ag. fastibilis, Fr., Boletus purpureus, Fr.,
Bol. parasiticus, Bull, Agaricus carneus, Bull, Ag. terreus, Sch.,
Polyporus rutilans, Fr., Poly. Stephensii, B. 4' Br., Ag. majalis,
Fr., Boletus cyanescens, Bull., Ag. patulus, Fr., and Ag. acerbus,
Bull.

The venerable Fries has made some critical observations on this
and the previous part, to which we shall have occasion to refer
hereafter.

Schistostega osmundacea. Web. & M. Gathered by my self and
Dr. Dowson in a sand cave near Farnham, in Oct., 1872, where in
the spring of 1842 I found it fruiting in abundance. I believe this
to be the only station nearer London than Nottingham. — W. W.
Reeves.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Dr. Ed. Eidam, der gegenwartige Handpunktder Mykologie mit

Ruksicht auf d. Infections-krankheiten, 2nd ed. 72 cuts. Berlin.
Botaniska Notiser (September). P. J. Hellbom, Lichenological

excursions in Lule Lappmark, in 1871.
Botaniske Zeitung (Sept.) M. Woronin, Researches on the

development of Puccinia Helianthi causing the disease of the

" Sunflower."
Journal of Botany for October. — Recent Researches in the

Diatomacae, by Rev. Eugene O'Meara, A.M. On a new Erratic

British Parmelia, by the Rev. J. M. Crombie, M.A., F.L.S.
Monthly Microscopical Journal for October. — On Sphagnum

neglectum, Angs., by Dr. Braithwaite, with a plate.
Karsten, P. A. Fungi in insulis Spitsbergen et Beeren Eiland

collecti.
Hedwigia, No. 9. Einige neue Hyphomyceten Berlin und Wiens,

by Dr. C. 0. Harz.

GREVILLEA

PL. 7

V

/W v\

v

Iff

BOTRYDIUM G-RANULOSUM. fei-.

No. 7.] [January, 1873.

f7

A MONTHLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY,
AND ITS LITERATURE.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.
By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.

(Continued from Page 71.)

— > * Hydnum (Apus) pulcherimum. B. $ C— Kew Gard. Misc.
i. p. 235. Dimidiate, thick-lobed, spongy, between fleshy and
fibrous, hirsute, zoned within, margin thin ; prickles rather short, awl-
shaped. No. 1648. Santee River. Ravenel.

* Hydnum (Apus) septentrionale. Fr. — No. 5203. Alabama,
Peters. On Linden.

* * Hydnum (Apus) cixxhatum. Fr.— No. 1419. Car. Inf. On
oak. No. 4639. Alabama, Beaumont. Ohio, Lea. No. 2860.
Car. Inf. On Liriodendron, orbicular, resupinate, spongy be-
neath, is apparently a resupinate form of one of the three foregoing
species.

•- 17G. Hydnum (Apus) glabrescens. B. 4' Bar. — Umbrinum,
pileo dimidiato, glabrato, concentrice sulcato ; aculeis 'elongatisj
acutis, demum compressis. No. 1634. Car. Inf. Ravenel, on
Carya. Ceylon, G. H. K. Thwaites. No. 385. Central Pro-
vinces. Pale umber, or reddish-brown, with a paler margin ; pileus
1-3 inches across, dimidiate, more or less imbricated, and sometimes
elongated, tomentose, gradually becoming smooth, deeply sulcated
concentrically ; prickles of the same colour as the pileus, acute,
more or less compressed, about a line long.

•* * Hydnum (Apus) flabelliforme. B. — After examining a large
6eries of specimens, this appears to be too closely allied to H. Rhois,
Schweis. Indeed, it approaches so near to unusually thick speci-
mens of II. ochraceum, that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish.
— 177. Hydnum (Apus) plumarium. B. tj- C— Pileo conchiformi
minuto, candido, villoso, aculeis acutis tomentosis. No. 4936. Car.
Sup. On Viburnum.

Pileus 1-2 lines across, white, conchiform, villous, prickles acute,
tomentose, pale flesh-coloured. Specimens occur not exceeding.

98 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

these in size, resupinate, with the margin reflected, and others
nearly an inch across, also resupinate.

* Hydnum (Resupinatum) fusco-atrum. Fr.— No. 2422. Car.
Inf. No. 2723. Car. Inf. on Magnolia glauca.

-178. Hydnum (Resupinatum) subvelutinum.— B. $ £.— Resupi-
natum, breviter reflexum subvelutinum ferrugineum, aculeis com-
pressis apice pallidioribus subvelutinis. No. 6012. Penns.,
Michener.

Ferruginous. Some inches in breadth, resupinate, with one edge
slightly reflected and somewhat velvety ; prickles compressed,
sometimes compound, paler at the tip, more or less velvety.

* Hydnum (Resupinatum) membxanaceum. Bull. — No. 2025,
2185. No. 2924. Car. Inf. No. 935. Ravenel.

* Hydnum (Resupinatum) ferruginosum. Fr. — No. 2105,
2414. Car, Inf. 3950. Penns., Michener. 4861. Alabama, Beau-
mont.

- 179. Hydnum (Resupinatum) amplissimum. B. § C— Crassum
suberosum, effusum, intus pallidum fibrosum ; aculeis subulatis
acutis runs. No. 5323. No. 5383.
New Eng., Sprague. On Cerasus.

Effused for several inches, irregular, \ an inch or more thick, of
a firm corky substance, but fibrous when torn across ; prickles elon-
gated, subulate, acute, rufous.

— 180. Hydnum (Resupinatum) xanthum. B. <t C. — Totum re-
supinatum tenue margine e subtiliter tomentoso ceraceo, aculeis
xanthis sparsis compressis subdivisis ceraceis. No. 2266, 4445.
Car. Inf. On Castaneavesca.

Two or three inches across, at first orbicular, white and delicately
tomentose, then waxy; prickles lemon-coloured, scattered, com-
pressed, often compound, tips, when perfect, white and tomentose.
-181. Hydnum (Resupinatum) Halei. B. Sf C— Tenue crustosum,
aculeis brevissimis flavis demum obtusatis. No. 3657, 3666. Louis-
iana, Dr. Hale. On Liriodendron.

One inch or more across, thin, crust-like, with sometimes a very
thin pale margin ; prickles short, yellow, at length obtuse. Like
many resupinate species difficult of definition, though distinct. H.
armeniacum, B. & Rav. No. 1296, is apparently a younger state of
the same species in which the subiculum is more evident.
— 182. Hydnum (Resupinatum) chrysellum. B. 4' C. — Totum re-
supinatum hie illic interruptum subiculo candido ; aculeis elongatis
flavis acutis. No. 3649. Louisiana, Dr. Hale.

About an inch across, entirely resupinate, interrupted by the white
substratum ; prickles elongated, acute, yellow. Allied to the last.
—183. Hydnum (Resupinatum) chxysodon. B. $ C— Totum re-
supinatum tenue subiculo e fibrilloso ceraceo ; aculeis paucis parcis
elongatis acutis flavis. No. 2511. Car. Inf. On oak chips.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 99

At first of a delicate fibrillose substance, which gradually ac-
quires a waxy covering, on which the elongated acute yellow prickles
are sparingly scattered.

• 184. Hydnum (Resupinatum) fascicularia. B. % C. — Totum
resupinatum ceraceum pallidum ; aculeis fasciculatis brevibus ob-
tusis quandoque apice ciliatis. No. 4725. Car. Inf. On Nyssa.
(No. 565, 1546, Ray.)

Widely effused, very thin, waxy, inseparable from the matrix,
pallid, but varying in tint ; prickles fasciculate, short, obtuse, some-
times ciliated at the top as in Kneiffia. No. 6105. Alabama,
Peters. Specimens on Carya, distributed as II. areolatum are
perhaps an advanced state of this species, in which the prickles are
collected in groups, and approaching 11. udum.

* Hydnum (Resupinatum) udum. Fr. — No. 2701. Car. Inf.
On Acer. 4925. Car. Sup. On oak. (Rav. 935, 1546.)

* Hydnum (Resupinatum) Himantia. ScJiwein. — No. 6106.
Alabama, Peters. On Fraxinus. Penns., Dr. jMichener.

- 185. Hydnum (Resupinatum) Cookei. B.— Tenue, subliberum,
subiculo mcmbranaceo, hie illic byssoideo, iibrilloso ; hymenio
isabellino ; aculeis brevibus obtusis. No. 6051. Car. Inf. On
Liquidambar.

Thin, membranaceous, more or less separable from the matrix, here
and there bysoid or fibrillose ; hymenium of a brownish-buff, with
scattered, short, obtuse, small prickles.

• * Hydnum (Resupinatum) pithy ophilum. B. if C. — Kew
Gard. Misc. i. p. 235. Resupinate, effused, subiculum very thin,
byssoid, farinaceous ; prickles ochraceous, compressed, toothed, and
lacerated above. No. 1501, 2060, 4811. Car. Inf. No. 5603. Con-
nect., C. Wright. No. 4811, was originally named H. mellitum, but
it appeared afterwards that it was discoloured by poison.

• * Hydnum (Resupinatum) ciliolatum. B. # C. 1. c. — Resupinate,
thin, orbicular, scarcely separable from the matrix ; prickles short,
compressed-, floccoso-ciliate. No. 1464, 2204. Car. Inf. No. 1779,
Rav. On Magnolia glauca.

*. 186. Hydnum (Resupinatum) laeticolor. B. $ C.— Late effu-
sum, margine denium separabili subbyssoideo ; aculeis lajte och-
raceis compressis subvelutinus apice dentato-lasceratis. No. 2930.
Car. Inf. 4647, 5166. Alabama, Beaumont. On oak. (No. 894.
Car. Inf. Rav.)

Effused for several inches, at length more or less separable at the
margin, where it is slightly byssoid or tomentose ; hymenium red-
dish-ochre ; prickles compressed, somewhat velvety, toothed and
lacerated at the apex. A fine species.

* Hydnum (Resupinatum) mucidum. Fr. — (No. 1503. Rav.)
No. 6058. On Liquidambar. 6103. On Carya. Alabama, Peters.
The latter is infested with a Sepedonium.

100 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

* Hydnum (Resupinatum) alutaceum. P.— No. 563. Car. Sup.
1143. Car. Inf. (1531, Rav.) No. 3928, 6019. Penns., Michener.
No. 4724. Car. Inf. No. 5599. Connect., C. Wright.

- 187. Hydnum (Resupinatum) velatum. B. $ C— Subiculo to-
mentoso, albo demum aculeos ceraceos brevibus subfasciculatis
obducente. No. 2393. Car. Inf. On pine.

Subiculum white, tonientose, soon running over the short waxy
prickles, which are sometimes fasciculate.

„ 188. Hydnum (Resupinatum) nudum. B. & C— Subiculo fere
nullo, vel tenuissimo, farinaceo ; aculeis sparsis ceraceis subulatis.
No. 2220, 2407, 4489, 4823. Car. Inf. 6221. Wisconsin, Lapham.
On Polypori, Patellaria applanata, or on pine wood.

Subiculum almost obsolete, or extremely thin and farinaceous ;
prickles waxy, scattered, subulate, acute, easily coalescing.

* Hydnum (Resupinatum) plumosum. Bubxj. — No. 5712. New
Eng., Murray. 6047. Car. Inf.

- 189. Hydnum (Resupinatum) caryophy Ileum. B. S>- C— Totum
resupinatum pulveraceum ; aculeis in fasiculos subdigitatos con-
natis. No. 2330. Car. Inf. (1362. Rav.;

Entirely resupinate, white, becoming dingy and somewhat umber
when old, pulverulent ; prickles joined into distinct, somewhat
digitate, flat, petal-shaped bundles.

- 190. Hydnum (Resupinatum) fragilissimum. B. & C— Fragile,
subiculo byssoideo, hie illic fibrilloso-repente ; hymenio ceraceo
aculeis brevibus subulatis. No. 2608. Car. Inf.

Extremely brittle when dry ; subiculum white, byssoid, with a
few creeping fibres ; hymenium waxy ; prickles short, distinct.

- 191. Hydnum (Resupinatum) Nyssae. B. # C. — Subiculo eximie
pulveruiento ; aculeis elongatis subulatis acutis quandoque apice
fimbriatis. No. 3716, Car. Inf. 4362. Penns., Michener.

Subiculum copious, pulverulent ; prickles elongated, subulate,
acute, sometimes pencilled at the tip. Whole plant dry, of a dull
buff.

- 192. Hydnum (Resupinatum) parasitans. B. $ C— Parasiticus,
aculeis brevibus compressis obtusis. No. 6113. Alabama, Peters.
On Ulmus Americana.

Parasitic on the teeth of some Hydnum ; subiculum obsolete ;
prickles short, compressed, obtuse.

~ 193. Hydnum (Resupinatum) setulosum. B. $ C. — Subiculo can-
dido lacteo membranaceo ; aculeis flexuosis subulatis acutis subtiliter
sutuloris. No. 6086. Alabama, Peters. On Liquidambar.

Subiculum membranaceous, white, forming a broad border to
the hymenium, which is quite confined to the centre; prickles"
waved, subulate, minutely setulose under a lens. A very distinct
species.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 101

- 194. Hydnum (Resupinatum) Murraii. 2?.<fcC— Subiculum mem-
branous, thin, white ; prickles scattered, subulate, acute ; of a
pinkish ochre. No. 5707. New Eng., Murray.

On very rotten wood. Subiculum, spreading widely, very thin,
membranaceous, slightly byssoid and pulverulent; prickles scat-
tered, of a reddish tint, subulate, smooth.

This species, perhaps, should come next to II. Cookei. It is,
however, very difficult to say what is the colour of the prickles
when fresh.

• 195. Hydnum (Resupinatum) HIicheneri. B.— Subiculo e floc-
cis intertextum hie illic fibrillis repentibus ; aculeis verrucoeformi-
bus brevibus apice subciliatis. No. 4368. Penns., Michener.

Entirely resupinate ; subiculum composed of interwoven flocci,
which here and there send out creeping threads ; aculei verruci-
form, the tips sometimes minutely ciliated. This species ap-
proaches Kneiffia.

» 19G. Hydnum (Resupinatum) ischnodes. B.— Subiculo e floccis
intertextum hie illic fibrillis repentibus ; aculeis subulatis graci-
libus. No. 6093.

Subiculum as in the last, but the hymenium totally different ;
prickles slender, waxy, subulate or nearly cylindrical, almost rufous
when dry.

* Hydnoglaeum gelatinosum. Cur.— No. 2420. Car. Inf. On
pine.

This is Hydnum gelatinosum, Scop., but differs materially in
structure from Hydnum. There are two or three other species.

* Hericium hystrix. Fr.-^o. 1751. Car. Inf.

* Irpex pendulus. Fr.— No. 3038, 3722. Car. Inf.

* Irpex fusco-violaceus. *fc— No. 3937, 4269. Penns., Mi-
chener.

* Irpex lacteus. Fr.— No. 2199. Car. Inf. On oak.

- * Irpex mollis. B. $ C— Kew Gard. Misc. i. p. 236. '

Pileus dimidiate, plane ; coriaceous, dirty white, tomentose ;
prickles long, compressed, tips subulate or dilated. No. 1729.
Car. Inf. (1744. Bav.), No. 3203. Car. Inf. In some specimens
the pileus is decurrent behind, or resupinate.

• * Irpex cxassus. B. % C. — Thick, corky ; adnate behind and
decurrent, subimbricate ; pileus finely pubescent, zoned within,
teeth lamellar, somewhat fimbriated at the tips. Two inches thick,
teeth \-\ inch long.

No. 170, Car. Sup. 3072,3261. Sartwell, 3371, 3394. Massac.
3506. Penns., Michener.

* Irpex sinuosus Fr.— No. 5593. 5600. Connect,, C. Wright.
^197. Ispexcoriaceus. B. § Bav. — Pileo dimidiato portice decur-
rente imbricato tabacino concentrice sulcato tomentoso ; dentibus
ferrugineiscompressis. (No. 1111. Kav.) Car. Inf.

102 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

Pileus tobacco-coloured, coriaceous dimidiate, decurrent behind;
concentrically sulcate, 1J-2 inches across ; teeth short, irregular,
compressed, with a greenish bloom. This is Ilydnum trachyodon.
Lev. From Bogota. It is found also in Cuba.

— 198. Irpex tab acinus. B. $ C— Breviter reflexus subzonatus
pubescens postice longe decurrens kete tabacinus. Hymenio con-
colore; dentibus compressis. No. 2353, 2932. Car. Inf. 2922.
Car. Inf. A Polyporoid form. No. 3152. Texas, C. Wright
(1088. Eav;.

Shortly reflexed, imbricated, decurrent behind, velvety, some-
times zoned, bright brown ; hymenium of the same colour ; teeth
compressed. Allied to the last, but the teeth have not the bloom
of that species, and the pileus is less dimidiate.

-199. Irpex pity reus. B. $ C. — Parvus, brunneus ; pileo con-
chiformi subvelutino sericeo, ezonato ; hymenio concolore ; den-
tibus compressis. No. 6329. Rhode Island, Bennett.

Pileus scarcely J inch across, conchiform, brown, somewhat
velvety, silky towards the margin ; hymenium of the same colour ;
teeth compressed. Allied to the two last.

* Irpex cinnamomeus. Fr.~ No. 1005, 1006, 1642, 1978. Car.
Inf. No. 436, 447, 875. Car. Sup.

- 200. Irpex Schweinitzii. B. $ C— Resupinatus, subiculo mem-
branaceo, separabili, margine sterili, brevi, byssoideo ; dentibus
carneo-griseis compressis. No. 4655. Alabama, Beaumont.

Scarcely exceeding ^ an inch in breadth ; suborbicular ; subi-
culum thin, membranaceous, byssoid, separable from the matrix ;
teeth confined to the centre, compressed, pinkish-grey, subporiform.

/>.'*?

Schistostega Osmundacea. — Your correspondent (\V. \V.
Reeves) is in error concerning this moss, as I find it abundantly
at Guildford, in the holes made by sand martins. It was first
pointed out to me by the celebrated cryptogamist, Mr. Borrer, in
1852-3. E. Capron.

Uromyces Behenis. Lev — " Campion Uromyces." On both
surfaces of the leaves, and on the stems ; pustules subrotund or
confluent, for a long time covered by the cuticle; spores coherent,
ovoid, brown, on long hyaline pedicels. — Leveille. Ann. Des Sc.
Nat. viii. (1847), pp. 371 Kickx. Fl. Crypt, ii., p. 75. Uredo
behenis, D.C. FL Fr. vi.,p. 63. Cceoma behenis, Link. Sp. ii., 27.

On Silene injiata in company with jrEcidium behenis. Near
Chichester (Dr. Paxton). Aug.

103

BOTRYDIUM GRANULATUM, (DESV.)
By E. Parfitt.

This curious little plant, which is not uncommon in certain
places in the neighbourhood of Exeter, and it is also generally
distributed both in England and Scotland, has been known to
botanists for a very long time, but as Dr. Greville observed in his
Algae Britannic* in 1830, and I believe up to the present time, its
fructification is not known, and so far as I have been able to find,
the true structure, and peculiar physiology, have not been studied.
Dilwyn in his" British Conferva?" p. 79 has done more to illustrate
some of its peculiarities than any of the numerous writers that I
have consulted, if his be really the same species that I have in
view, and it differs only in one particular, and that is, he has made
the underground stems in his figures septate. He says, " the joints
are very long in the creeping stems," which is perfectly true. I have
observed but one septum in the many specimens that I have ex-
amined. Dr. Greville has very accurately described this little
plant, so far as a general description goes, and which is rendered
quite sufficient for its distinction, but he has gone no farther. The
Doctor says, " Plant about the size of a pin's head, sessile upon
the surface of the ground, covering a large space in a densely
crowded manner, composed of a hollow vesicle, not homogeneous
as in the genus Vancheria, but filled with a watery fluid, which
escapes by an irregular terminal orifice. The receptacles at length
collapse, become cup-shaped, and then cover the ground with a
thin greenish crust, like that of some lichens. At its under part,
each receptacle is terminated by a very short neck, which divides
into a radiating tuft of pale fibres. Substance fragile and mem-
branaceous, colour a pale green," and he adds to this — " The
fructification of this plant is not known! Does the watery fluid
contain it ? The structure of the receptacle seems minutely
granular." In this description it will be observed nothing is said
about the underground stems being septate. We may from this
infer that Dr. Greville did not observe them. The specific name
of this plant is granulatum, and as Dr. Greville and others have
said, its surface seems minutely granular. Now this I have ascer-
tained by careful microscopic examination to be not external,
although the effect is seen on the surface of the vesicles, but it
results from the pressure of the protoplasm and grains of
chlorophyll on the inside.

The membranes composing the walls of the vesicles, for there are
two, an outer and an inner membrane, although this cannot be
ascertained wTith certainty, except at the base of the vesicles and
where the inner membrane begins to dry up when it shows in folds,
by carrying, and the breaking up of the endochrome, into folds
with it, and in the underground stems, where they are distinctly
visible, they appear to me to be perfectly structureless, that is, they

104: BOTRYDIUM GRANULATDM.

are thin transparent membranes only, without any cellular struc-
ture, and when the plant is alive they remain distended to their
very utmost from the pressure of the fluid within. The young
vesicle which, as will be observed, is -only the swollen apex of
a branch of the creeping or underground stem, when it emerges
from the ground it is frequently only a clear transparent sac
filled almost to bursting with a watery fluid ; after a time minute
green spherical grains will be seen, mostly adhering in little
groups to each other, and at length they take up their position on
the wall of the inner membrane, until the whole vesicle appears
to be filled with them ; but the vesicle being filled with them is
only in appearance, as it is only the walls that are covered,
with a few exceptions of granules floating in the fluid. When a
full-grown plant is pressed between slips of glass and examined
the membranes composing the vesicle will be seen to shrink up into
folds, on which are seen the adhering granules. When the plants
are full-grown the epidermis is furfuraceous, or having a number
of minute scale-like processes attached to it, as if it were a very
thin outer membrane broken up.

These vesicles have generally been treated as separate and
distinct plants, but it will be observed by the sketch, and also
Dilwyn has shown, that several of these vesicles are attached to
underground stems, and I find, as it has been before observed, that
the vesicles are only the apices of the young branches of under-
ground stems. These, then, it will be observed, are all attached,
forming a kind of system, the tubular stems connecting all the
vesicles together, so that we have a minute spreading underground
plant whose branches rise to the surface, where they swell into little
ovate or spherical vesicles. Now Dilwyn has made his plant sep-
tate, or in other words, has divided the connecting tubes or stems
by little nodes or rather diaphragms, consequently cutting off the
communication between the different parts of the plants, so that it
would be impossible for the granulose matter to traverse the
tubes, except in the internodes. In my examination of groups
of this plant, after having washed the stems perfectly clean, I could
only detect one septum, and the tubes appeared to me perfectly free,
and that the granulose matter can float freely in them. I noticed
particularly that the full-grown plants contained the largest grains,
with a large proportion also of minute granules, the larger
generally having several of the minute ones attached to them. This
led me to investigate them still further, and I now feel convinced
in my own mind that the small granules are zoospores, which attach
themselves to the larger or female grains, for on liberating some
of these on a slip of glass and examining them carefully under the
microscope, I distinctly saw the minute granules moving about as
I have seen zoospores in fresh-water Algas.

Finding some of the vesicles of apparently the same age as
others containing only minute granules, whilst others contained both

BOTRYDIUM GRANULATUM. J 05

large and small, I conclude that the small granules arc generated
in distinct vesicles, whilst others contain only female grains, and
also that these free or moving zoospores hare access through the
tubes to the larger grains, as the tubes are all seen to be moiv or
less filled with granulose matter. These Largei -tains are the
means adopted by the plant fur perpetuating its species — it may
not be its true fruit. The Rev. M. J. Berkeley (" Introduction to
Oryptogamic Botany"), page 157, foot-note, says: — "The plant
figured by Cienkowski, in Bot. Zeit. 1855, tab. XI. as Protococcus
botnjoides, is probably a Botrydium, and if so, that genus pro-
duces large resting-sporcs and minute swarming-spores. It is
said to grow with Botrydium {Hydroga&trum granulaturri), and is
certainly no Protococcus."

Now, what I have stated here in regard to the smaller cells being
filled with zoospores, and which appear to traverse the tubular
underground stems to the larger cells, seems to confirm, to a
great extent, the observations of Cienkowski.

This plant has been generally regarded as of very rapid growth,
and of as quickly decaying, and so far as the vesicles above ground
are concerned this is true, but I believe that the underground
6tems and roots remain for a considerable time, and that at certain
seasons, when a favourable hygrometric condition favours the deve-
lojtment of the branches, it bursts up again with new vigour, so
that it may be termed perennial. I have frequently searched to
find, if possible, some of the full-grown vesicles in conjugation,
similar to those of the genus Vancheria, but have never been
successful. I therefore conclude that the only mode adopted to
perpetuate its species is the one I have indicated above ; at the
same time it would be well if observers would direct their attention
to this curious little plant, and endeavour, if possible, to clear up
this interesting portion of its history, for it is in these lowly forms
that we detect the key to some of the more intricate structures in
the larger and grander portions of the vegetable kingdom.

NOTES OX THE ABOVE COMMUNICATION.
By William Archer.

This is a plant 1 have had but seldom an opportunity to see my-
self. Any new information in reference to it would no doubt be
desirable. The paper you forwarded, however, I would venture to
think, while it serves to draw fresh attention to this organism, has
not an a priori probability in favour of the author's conclusions,
and yet there is no saying they may not be true, so unexpected
phenomena sometimes offer themselves. He is no doubt right
that the plantlets, if we may so say, have a mutual intercommuni-
on by their subterranean branching " rootlets." Of course, as

106 BOTRYDIUM GRANULATUM.

regards the author's statement that the membrane is double, one
cannot say nay. I did not notice that myself, but I would venture
to suppose the possibility that he may have mistaken the boundary
of the shrunken-in protoplasmic contents — the so-called " pri-
mordial utricle " — for an inner membrane. In several algaa this
is seen, and looks very like a membrane. Still, doubtless, many
algaa have laminated membranes. That immediately investing the
contents remains generally firm, the outer older laminae removable
or "dissolvable." The author has seen "zoospores," but while he
calls them by that name he seems to regard them functionally as
spermatozoids, and that these travel across from certain of the
" vesicles" by the under-ground connecting tubes to certain other
"vesicles," there to fertilize certain other larger "grains." It
would not befit one who has not followed out his observations to
say nay again to this ; but the view does not seem to have the
ground of analogy. But it would not on that account be untrue.
It would seem to be the case where spermatozoids occur that
they are themselves generated within a more or less specialized
structure, and, from which set free, that they proceed to act
upon what the Germans would call a " Befruchtungskugel " — a
specially differentiated portion or mass of protoplasmic matter,
when fertilised an oospore — and not that in the same or an adjoining
cavity one portion of the contents becomes spermatozoids, another
the future oospore. Not only is the " oospore " thus a specialised
body, but it is enclosed (singly or several) within a specialised
" oogonium." But the Conjugates are examples of germ-cell and
sperm-cell (if you admit in that group the applicability of these
terms), mutually co-operating, whilst the spore is not in a specialised
" oogonium " (so as to say), but both factors in the process occupy
a common cavity. The author's views may not, indeed, be impos-
sible. If true it would degrade Botrydium considerably below
Vaucheria, where the antheridia and the oogonia are highly dif-
ferentiated. The author says he has not seen anything like the
" conjugation" of Vaucheria. This is surely a misapprehension
of his, for " conjugation" does not take place there (comparable to
Spirogyra or Mesocarpus, &c). The probability, I venture to
think, is rather he has seen the zoospores (zoogonidia Aut.), not
spermatozoids. Doctor Itzigsolm is stated to have seen zoogonidia.
Since I came home I havn't had time to try and work up where.
If the author's views were correct the larger grains would, I
suppose, have necessarily to be regarded as its " true fruit," for
they would be fertilised protoplasmic masses. If, on the other hand,
the motile bodies be only zoospores, this plant, as regards our know-
ledge of its history, would remain much in the position of several
other alg£e — say, for instance, Characium, &c. As, however, the
contents have been seen simultaneously segmented into individual
portions, if any fertilization occurs it would be more probable that
they it is that would be acted upon by spermatozoids.

BOTRYDIUM GRANULATUM. 107

The following is Reinsch's account of this, given in his " Die
Algenftora des mittleren Theiles von Franken," &c, pp. 218, 219: —

" The plant about 1^ rn.m. diam. ; the upper portion, or that
above ground, globular, gradually narrowing downwards, and pas-
sing into one or two principal roots, which become gradually rami-
fied into many fine rootlets ; the chlorophyll-contents at the begin-
ning dense and homogeneous, and, clothing the inner cell-membrane,
extends only to the neck of the root ; the membrane is rather rigid,
upon being broken the cell-contents become extruded, the membrane
collapses as a thick pellicle, whose contents admit of being com-
pletely pressed out ; the fluid contents in this condition consist of
finely-granular plasma, tinged by chlorophyll-granules. (Subse-
quently the green plasma layer becomes separated from the mem-
brane, breaks up into single equal-sized portions, which become
rounded off, coated with a membrane, and gradually individualized
as daughter-cells. At last the entire globose cell is densely filled
with rounded daughter- cells ; whilst, previous to this state, the
plant presented an intensely grass-green colour, it shows in this
latter state a clear or sea-green colour ; mature and immature plants
hence readily admit of being distinguished by the tint with the
unassisted eye. The membrane of the mother-individual at last
passes to decay, it collapses, and the daughter-cells become the
germs of new individuals in the soil. The maturity of the indi-
viduals occurs towards autumn, and accordingly the germ-cells lie
resting in the earth during winter, and germinate in the following
spring. The development of the germ-cells to new individuals
takes place without formation of a * prothallus, ' (" ohne Vorkeim-
bildung.") One end elongating as a root at once penetrates the
earth, the other end becomes developed as the above-ground por-
tion. The diameter of a ripe germ-cell is 0.009-0.012 rn.m. The
plants prefer to establish themselves on the surfaces of the large
clefts which are produced when the waters retreat and the ground
becomes gradually dried by the air."

The author refers to Cienkowsky's observations on " Protococcus
botryoides." (Bot. Zeit. 1855.) This original paper I had not before
seen ; but at this point I stopped writing this letter, and went to the
Royal Dublin Society's Library and fished it up. Berkeley, I fancy,
is right in supposing this really refers to a Botrydium. Cicn-
kowski's figure of his plant shows " resting-spores " and " swarm-
spores." His fig. 8 rather shows something very like spermatozoids ;
quere then, may his " resting-spores " be really fertilised spores —
true oospores ? That author does not so interpret the matter. He
only refers to " swarm-spores " and " resting spores," and does
not infer any analogy with Vaucheria. If fig. 8 show really
spermatozoids, they escape by the bursting of the parent cell
(which would then be an " antheridium") at the summit, not by
i ravelling round to meet the resting-spores in a common cavity ;
lor they are separate cells (possible " oogonia"). The paper

108 DICRANUM UNDULATUM.

you sent I should think must be interesting, and though possibly
cl priori open to some question, ought to serve to draw attention
to a little-understood plant. There are some slight inaccuracies in
phraseology; for one I would presume he means " spermatozoids"
when he writes " zoospores," for they are physiologically and
functionally distinct things. According to the " priority- laws " it
would seem that this plant should pass rather as Hydrogastrum
g r a i u datum (Linn.) Desv. than as Botrydium argillaceum (Wallr.).
■ — Hydrogastrum has priority over Botrydium, but the latter name
is often employed in algological works, apparently without due
regard to that circumstance.

DICRANUM UNDULATUM {EHRHART).
By R. Braithwaite, M.D., F.L.S.

This may now with certainty be entered as a member of our
Moss- Flora, Prof. Lindberg having detected it in Mr. Spruce's
herbarium. Having recently paid a visit to that gentleman, he
kindly gave me some of his original specimens, and informed me
that he found it in August, 1842, growing in dryish sand-pits in
a fir plantation on Stockton Forest, near York, and although speci-
mens were sent to the late Mr. Wilson, it has no place in his
" Bryologia Britannica." My friend Mr. Anderson, of Whitby,
has found it again in the same locality a few weeks ago, and it is
probable that it occurs in many other places, but, being barren, has
not been distinguished from D. scoparium or D. Bonjeanii; at
least, this is much more probable than that such a widely diffused
Continental and American species should be totally absent from
Britain.

Mr. Spruce informs me that it is not uncommon in the lower
Pyrenees, growing in grassy glades of sandy woods.

D. scoparium is at once separated by its non-undulated leaves,
and we may indicate the other two by the following diagnostic
characters.

Die. undulatum. Ehrt.— PL Crypt, exsic, 271 (1791),. Bryum
rugosum, Hoffm.Deutsch.Fl. ii.p. 39 (1795). Die. poly setum, Swartz.
Muse, Suec. p. 34, t. iii. f. 5 (1798).

Seta3 aggregated ; stems naked and decumbent at base ; leaves
patulous, the uppermost somewhat falcato-secund, .or appressed
and slightly secund, from a broad oblong base, lanceolate, gradually
narrowed into a dagger-shaped point, ending somewhat abruptly
in the acute apex, beautifully undulate in the upper half, carinate ;
margin revolute below, coarsely serrate above, the teeth spinulose
and somewhat irregular in direction ; nerve flattened, narrow and
extended to apex, narrowly two-winged and serrated at back ; cells
elongate-oblong or elongate-hexagonal, those of the central base
subquadrate and hyaline.

DICRANUM UNDULATUM 109

Die. Bonjeanii. De Xotaris.- Syllab. Muse. p. 213 (1838). c.
MU1. Synop. I. p. 3G9. (1849).

D. palustre, Bryol. Eur. Wilson, Bry. Brit.

D. undulatum, Turner, Mus. Hib.

Seta solitary ; stem erect ; leaves more or less erecto-patent,
straight, from a broad linear flat base, broadly oblong-lanceolate,
gradually narrowed into a strap-shaped point, tapering into an
acute apex; lightly undulate above, canaliculate ; margin acutely
serrate above, the teeth uniform in shape and direction ; nerve very
narrow, vanishing below apex, smooth at the back ; cells at base
short, quadrate, brownish ; above elongate-hexagonal or parallelo-
gramic, the uppermost elliptic oblong. Schimper erroneously
describes this species as having leaves " serrated on the back," so
that it seems barren specimens of the two species are liable to be
confounded by the best authorities. De Notaris, in his " Syllabus,"
points out the difficulty of distinguishing them, a difficulty which
does not seem greatly lessened in our own day, especially since
both are subject to considerable variation. The British specimens
of D. undulatum certainly show little approach to the falcate direc-
tion, usually observable in continental specimens. De Notaris, in
his Epilogo della Briol. Ital. points out that La Pylaie's specimens
of Dicr. palustre (Bridel Bryol. Univ. i. p. 814) belong to Campy-
lopus flexuosus, and hence the name Bonjeanii is to be preferred.

I hope on a future occasion to illustrate the subject of these
notes by figures, and in the meantime leave the point to be further
elucidated by our numerous collecting bryologists.

Note on Sphagnum neglectum. — I have just received a letter
from Prof. Lindberg, in which that great Bryologist informs me
that he has identified Sphagnum neglectum, Angst., with an original
specimen of Sph. laricinum, Spruce. This celebrated observer
detected the plant in 1846, in Terrington Carr, Yorkshire, and
since that time its place in the genus or its title to specific rank
has never been settled ; Sph. neglectum therefore drops into a
synonym, and the species must stand as Sph. laricinum, Spruce.
The figure 6x in my plate, representing a section of the leaf, is
erroneous, for the chlorophyllose cells are elliptic and central, just
as in Sj)h. subsecwidum, to which, indeed, S. laricinum appears to
stand in the relation of a sub-species. Angstrom described both
S. laricinum and S. neglectum as species in the " Ofver. Vet. Ak.
Iorhandl.," for 18G5, but Prof. Lindberg points out that the Lap-
land specimens collected by him and published under No. 712, in
Rabenhorst's " Bryotheca," as Sph. laricinum, and also those of
Austin's " Mnsci Appalach," do not belong to the species, but to S.
cuspidatum. Fine specimens of S. laricinum in fruit, from the
Island of Aland and Stockholm, accompanied the note. — R.
Braithwaite, in " Monthly Microsc. Journal."

110 BRITISH FUNGI.

BRITISH FUNGI.
By M. C. Cooke.
(Continued from p. 88.J

Coxtinaxius (Phlegmacium) txiuxnphans. Fr. "Magnificent
Cortinarius."

Pileus fleshy, convex, then plane, viscid, even, at first spotted
with evanescent darker adpressed scales ; stem solid, clavate, con-
centrically squamose beneath the ring ; gills emarginate, quite
entire, crowded, pallid, then clay-coloured. — Fr. Epicr. p. 256.
B. §- Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1263. Cortinarius snblanatus. Hussey
Myc. Illus. ii. t. 22.

In woods.

A large species. Pileus yellowish.

Coxtinaxius (Hflyxacium) pluvius. Fr. " Pluvial Cortinarius."

Pileus rather fleshy, globose, then convex, smooth, viscid, hygro-
phanous ; stem stuffed, then hollow, slender, nearly equal, soft,
white, becoming pallid ; gills decurrent, then seceding, white, then
ochraceous. — Fr. Sys. Myc. i., 36. Fr. Epicr. p. 277. B.c,Br.
Ann. N. H., No. 1267. Seer. No. 265.

In woods. Lea. Sept.

Pileus 1-1 in., stem sometimes short, sometimes 3 in. long, 2-3
lines thick. Gills at length free, pallid.

Coxtinaxius (Dexmocybe) anthxacinus. Fr. " Fiery-gilled
Cortinarius."

Pileus innato-fibrillose, brownish cinnamon; stem fibrilloso-striate,
pallid ; gills very much crowded, narrow, fiery-yellow, blood-red
when rubbed.— Fr. Epicr. p. 288. B. $ Br. Ann. N.H., No. 1269.

In a wood. Coed Coch.

Certainly different from C. sanguineus. The Welsh plant exactly
accords with a drawing from Fries. B. 4' Br.

Stem 2 in. long, 1-2 lines thick.
Coxtinaxius (Dexmocybe) oxellanus. Fr. tc Eed fleshed
Cortinarius."

Pileus fleshy, obtusely umbonate, villoso-squamulose or fibrillose,
tawny orange, flesh reddish ; stem solid, firm, nearly equal, striato-
fibrillose, tawny ; gills adfixed, broad, rather distant, at length
opaque.— Fr. Epicr. p. 2-88. B. $ Br. Ann. N. H. No. 1270.

On the ground in a wood. Coed Coch. Oct.
.With C. cinnamo?neus, to which it is nearly related, but very
distinct.
Coxtinaxius (Telamonia) bivelus. Fr. " Twin-veiled Cortinarius."

Pileus 'fleshy, convex, then plane, obtuse, smooth, or silky at the
margin, brick red, becoming tawny ; stem firm, rather bulbous, dirty
whitish ; spurious ring fugacious ; gills adnexed, scarcely crowded,
bright tawny cinnamon. — Fr. Epicr. p. 292. B. fy Br. Ann. N.H.
No. 1271. Fr. Obs. ii. 58. Fr. Sys. Myc. i. 215.

In woods. Coed Coch. Oct.

Pileus soft, bibulous, moist, but not truly hygrophanous.

BR1TI8H FUNGI. Ill

Cortinarius (Telamonia) incisus. Fr. " Incised Cortinarius."

Pilous rather fleshy, between conical and convex, at length plane,
unibonate, naked, soon innato-fibrillose or squamose, hygrophanous ;
stem somewhat stuffed, equal, fibrillose with ferruginous fibrils,
veil interwoven into a ring, or obsolete ; gills adnate, distinct,
scarcely crowded, cinnamon becoming ferruginous, — Fr. Epicr. p.
301. B. <$• Br.N.IL, No. 1272. Fr. Sys. Myc. i. 213. Bull. t. 586,
/.2.

On the ground. Loughborough.

Gregarious. Stem 1 in. high, 1-2 lines thick. Pileus ferrugi-
nous tawny, olivaceous brown or brownish when young.

Cortinarius (Telamonia) haematochelis. Fr. " Blood-cinctured
Cortinarius."

Pileus fleshy, thin, silky or fibrillose, brownish or pallid testa-
ceous ; stem solid, attenuated upwards, with a rufous zone below
the middle, gills adnate, crowded, rather narrow, pallid cinnamon.
— Fr. Epicr. p. 302. Huss. Illust. vol. i. t. 19. Bull, t. 527, fig. 1 ?
B. 4- Br. Ann. N.H., No. 1273.

In woods. Coed Coch. Oct.
Cortinarius (Hygrocybe) subferrugineus. Fr. " Rusty Cortinarius."

Pileus fleshy, convex, then expanded, obtuse or gibbous, becom-
ing smooth, testaceous grey, becoming ferruginous, rather hygro-
phanous ; margin thin, stem solid, spongy, rigid externally, stout,
somewhat bulbous, whitish, then dingy white, fibrillose veil fuga-
cious ; gills emarginate, scarcely crowded, broad, opaque, pallid,
then becoming ferruginous. — Fr. Epicr. p. 303. Batsch. El.f. 186.
B. $Br. Ann.N.H., No. 1275. Fr. Sys. Myc. i. 234. Weinm.
p. 157.

In woods. Coed Coch. Sept.

Odour and taste unpleasant.

Cortinarius (Hygrocybe) obtusus. Fr. " Obtuse Cortinarius."

Pileus submembranaceous, conico -campanulate, striate to the
middle, flesh coloured ; stem hollow, soft, ventricose, adpressedly
fibrillose, growing pallid ; gills adnato -ventricose, rather distant,
tawny cinnamon, edge fringed with white. — Fr. Epicr. p. 313.
Fr. Sys. Myc. i. 233. B. $ Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1274. Weinm.
p. 183. Seer. No. 247.

In woods. Coed Coch. April.

Paxillus filamentosus. Fr. " Filamentose Paxillus."

Pileus fleshy, excentric, gibbous, at length depressed, torn into
dense villous scales ; margin thin, inflexed ; stem solid, attenuated
downwards, sub-incurved; gills crowded, narrow, straight, white,
then yellowish, simple behind. — Fr. Epicr. pp. 317. Buxb. iv.
t. 8,/. 1.

On the ground. Aug. Forres.

Stem from an inch in length, and \ in. thick, lateral. Pileus
1J-3 in. broad, tawny-yellowish. Gills decurrent, at length becom-
ing darker.

112

NEW BRITISH NITOPHYLLUM.

Dr. J. E. Gray has kindly drawn our attention to a recent and
valuable memoir by J. G. Agardh, entitled " Bidrag till Florideernes
Systematik," with which Algalogists in this country should make
themselves acquainted. Apart from the new and systematic
arrangement of the Floridea? which it contains, descriptions of new
species are interspersed, and one of these is from our own coasts.
The specimen was communicated to the author by Mrs. Griffiths,
under the name of Nitophyllum Hillice, and is here described as
follows : —

Nitophyllum litteratum. J. Ag. — Stem short, cuneate ; frond
rather obscurely venose beneath with dichotomous anastomosing
veins, cuneato-reniform, palmately pinnatifid, lobes linear-cuneate,
margin minutely undulato-crenulate, base contracted, sori seriate
between the veins, more or less confluent amongst themselves,
forming irregular figures.

The shores of England (Mrs. Griffiths).

Sori not punctiform and scattered, as in N. Hillice, but linear,
oblong, or variously configurate, seriate between the veins. The
substance is also thicker.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Monthly Microscopical Journal for December. — On the
structure of the valves of Eupodiscus Argus and Isthmia enervis,
showing that their silicious deposit conforms to the general plan of
deposition in simpler forms, by Henry J. Slack, F.G.S.

Hedwigia, No. 10 (1872), contains " Pyrenomycetes novi Aus-
triaci," by George Winter.

Pilze an Quittenasten, von Stefan Schulzer von Muggenburg,
in Verb. d. Zool. Bot. Gess in Wien, xxi., 1871, abstracted in
Hedwigia, No. 10 (1872).

Notes on the Lichens in Sowerby's Herbarium, Part ii,,
by Rev. J. M. Crombie, M.A., F.L.S., in " Journal of Botany," for
Dec, 1872.

Recent Researches in the Diatomaceje, Part v., by the Rev.
Eugene O'Meara, A.M., in " Journ. Bot,," Dec, 1872.

The Mosses of Oxfordshire and the Neighbourhood of
Oxford, by Henry Boswell, in « Journ. Bot.," Dec, 1872.

Blights on Tea and Coffee, by M. C. Cooke, in " Gardener's
Chronicle," Nov. 30, 1872. pp. 1588.

Grevillea.

Pla

TE VIII.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 2.

K&l E H^-'O

C D

X 30 DJA

HAT. SIZE

X700 OIA.

Figs. 1, 2, Peziza Chateri 8m.
3, Peziza Bullii. Sm.

No. 8.] [February, 1873.

A MONTHLY EECOED OF CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY,
AND ITS LITEEATUEE.

BRITISH FUNGI.

By M. C. Cooke.
(Continued from y. Ill J

Hygrophorus limacinus. Fr. " Slimy Hygrophorus." :

Pileus fleshy, convex, then plane, smooth, glutinous, umber, then
fuliginous ; margin paler ; stem solid, firm, ventricose, fibrilloso-
striate, viscid, squamulose above ; gills rather thin, white, then
cinereous.— Fr. Epicr. p. 324. B. $- Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1277.
Paul, t. 77, /. 3.

In woods, &c. St. Leonards.

Hygrophorus caprinus. Fr. " Streaky Hygrophorus."

Pileus fleshy, fragile, conical, then flattened, and umbonate ; at
length depressed, subrepand, moist, streaky, as well as the stem,
which is solid, fibrillose, fuliginous ; gills deeply decurrent, thick,
scarcely distant, white, then glaucous. — Fr. Epicr. p. 326. B. 4' Br.
Ann. N.H., No. 1278.

In pine woods. Near Bath.

Hygrophorus turundus. Fr. Epicr. p. 330. Ag, svpwbus, Lasch in
Lhm. iii. No. 118.

Var. mollis. — B. $• Br. Golden yellow ; pileus nearly plane,
at length slightly depressed, clad with short radiating soft hairs of
the same colour ; stem equal, stuffed ; gills distant, arcuate, decur-
rent.— B. 4" Br. Ann. N.H., No. 1279.

In plantations on the naked soil. Coed Coch. Oct.

Pileus ^-| in. across ; stem 1-1^- in. high, 1-2 lines thick ; gills
narrow.

Hygrophorus irriguus. Fr. " Moist Hygrophorus."

Pileus rather fleshy, campanulate, then expanded, somewhat
umbonate, even ; stem fistulose, equal, tough, smooth, viscid, livid ;
gills rather decurrent, somewhat distant, whitish. — Fr. Epicr.
p. 329. B. & Br. Ann. N.H., No. 1280.

In grassy pastures. Laxton, Norths. Oct.

114 BRITISH FUNGI.

Russula nauseosa. Fr. " Nauseous Russula."
Rather mild, strong scented, fragile ; pileus fleshy, thin, plane,
rather swollen, then depressed and infundibuliform, viscid ; disc
darker, margin silicate, submembranaceons, stem stuffed, rather
striate, white ; gills adnexed, ventricose, somewhat distant, yellow,
then dingy ochre.— Fr. Epicr. p. 363. B. $ Br. Ann. N. H., No.
1283.

In pine woods. Coed Coch. Bowood. Oct.

Lentinus iresinaceus. Trog. " Gummy Lentinus."
Pileus somewhat fleshy, slightly excentric, villous, rather gummy,
ochraceous cinnamon, stem unequal, tomentose, gills crowded,
serrated, whitish.— Trog. Reg. Bot. Zeit., 1832, p. 525. B. # Br.
Ann. N. H., No. 1283.* Fr. Epicr. p. 391.
On trunks. Forres, N.B.

Boletus collinitus. Fr. " Ringless yellow Boletus."
Pileus pulvinate, even, with an evanescent tawny gluten, grow-
ing pale, stem firm, rather attenuated downwards, ex-annulate,
white, then becoming brownish, somewhat reticulated with ad-
pressed scales, pores adnate, elongated, didymous, pallid, then
yellow, mouth naked. — Fries. Epic. 410. B. fy Br. Ann. N. H.,
No. 1284.

In fir woods. Ascot. Nov.

With the stature and color of B. luteus, but absolutely ex-annulate.

Boletus pxuinatus. Fr. " Brown mealy Boletus."
Pileus convex, then plane, rigid, dry, becoming purplish-bay,
smooth, sprinkled with an umber powder, stem firm, somewhat
ventricose, even, smooth, yellow, or variegated with reddish, punc-
tate at the base, tubes adnate, minute, pallid yellow. — Fries. Epicr.
414. B. & Br. Ann. N. H.} No. 1285. Bull. t. 393,/. b. c.
On grassy ground. Kew, &c.

Pileus 2 in. and more broad, scarcely rimose, margin obtuse ;
flesh white, firm, reddish beneath the cuticle.

Polyporus melanopus. Fr. " Black-stemmed Polyporus."
Pileus between fleshy and tough, plane, then infundibuliform,
white,then yellowish-brown, at first finely flocculose ; stem excentric,
rather velvety, incurved, thickened downwards, black ; pores de-
current, short, minute, obtuse, unequal, white. — Fr. Epicr. p. 439.
Rostk. t 4. Fr. Sys. Myc. i. 347. B. $ Br. Ann. N.H., No. 1286.
On dead wood. Scotland.

Polyporus (Placodexmei) populisms. Fr. " Poplar Polyporus."
White, pileus between corky and woody, rigid, not zoned, villous,
internally of the same colour ; margin obtuse ; pores minute, short,
rounded.— Fr. Epicr. p. 472. Fl. Dan. t. 1791. Fries. Sys. Myc. i.
367. B. & Br. Ann. N.H., No. 1288.

On the trunk of a poplar. Lincolnshire.
Has very much the habit of P. connatus.

BRITISH FUNGI. 115

Polyporus (Resupinatus) mlcans. Ehr. u Glistening Potyporus."
Effused, thin, flesh-coloured, becoming whitish; circumference
byssoid, whitish ; pores honeycombed, angular, somewhat crenate. —
Ehr. Silv. Ber.p. 30. Fries. Epicr.p. 481. Fries. Sys. Myc. i. 383.
B. <J- Br. Ann. N.H., No. 1289.

On dead wood. Leigh Wood. Oct.

Polyporus (Resupinatus) hibernicus. B. fy Br. " Irish Polyporus."

Wholly effused, not separable, white ; margin thin, tomentose ;
pores small, angular; dissepiments rather rigid. — B. <$• Br. Ann.
NIL, No. 1291.

On decorticated branches of fir. Co. Wicklow. Sept.

At first orbicular, then by confluence forming effused patches,
with a narrow, very thin, tomentose margin ; pores -^-in. across ;
dissepiments mostly entire. Apparently nearer to P. radula than
to P. vaporarius. — B. fy Br.

Polyporus (Resupinatus) farinellus. Fr. "Mealy Polyporus."
White, vaguely effused, thin, interwoven with a naked flocculoso-
pulverulent mycelium ; pores thin, contiguous, unequal, rather
flexuous, intricate. — Fries. Sys. Myc. i. 384. Fr. Fpicr. 487. B. <$•
Br. Ann. N.H.,No. 1292.
On beech. Dec.

Trametes Bulliardi. Fr. i% Bulliard's Trametes."
Pileus corky, flattened, even, smooth, white then tawny, at length
zoned ; pores long, subrotund, unequal, pallid, then rufescent. —
Fries. Epicr. 491. B. $ Br. Ann. N.H., No. 1293. Bol. suaveolens,
Bull. p. 342, J.310.
On dead wood. Oct.

Hydnum scrobiculatum. Fr. " Furrowed Hydnum."
Ferruginous, pileus between corky and coriaceus, clavate, then

plane or infundibuliform, pubescent ; disc furrowed, squamose,

zoned within, stem very short, naked, rooting ; spines very short.

—Fries. Obs. i. 143. B. & Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1294. Mich.

Gen. t. 72, /. 7. Bull. 1. 156, var.a.
In fir woods. Oct. Nov.

Hydnum melaleucum. Fr. " Black and white Hydnum."
Pileus coriaceus, thin, rigid, irregularly striate, as well as the

slender, smooth stem, black ; margin and spines white. — Fries.

Epicr. 510. Bt £ Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1295. Schoff. t. 272.
In fir woods. Ascot.

Hydnum cirrhatum. P. " Cirrhose Hydnum."
Pileus fleshy, expanded, cirrhoso-fibrillose, pallid, margin fim-
briate, incurved ; spines very long, rather tough, equal. — Pers.
Syn. 558. Fries. Sys. Myc. 411. Fries. Epicr. 513. Flor. Dan.
t. 1789,/. 2. Weinm.p.361.

On beech. Epping Forest. (J. English.)
At first whitish, then yellowish or rufescent.

116 BRITISH FUNGI.

Hydnum bicolor. A. $ S. " Two-colored Hydnum."
Subiculum broadly effused, tomentose, adpressed, thin, white ;
spines minute, short, white, villose, apex naked, acute, rufous
brown.— Alb. fy Schw. Consp. 270. Fries. Epicr. 518. Fr. Sys.
Myc. 417. B. & Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1297.
On Bramble. Batheaston. March.

Odontia ba»t>a- Jovis. Fr. " Jupiter's beard Odontia."
Between byssoid and membranaceous, effused, separable, white,
then yellowish, warts at first papillose, then conical, apices orange,
fimbriate.— Fries. Epicr. p. 528. B. $ Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1299.
Sow.t. 328. Bull. t. 481, /. 2.
On decayed wood. Epping.

Stexeum frustulosum. Fr. "Frustulose Stereum."
Woody, resupinate, tuberculose, crowded, and almost confluent,
afterwards apparently broken up into frustules, beneath and around
the margin smooth, bay-brown, becoming blackish, hymenium
convex, cinnamon, growing pale, pruinose. — Fries. Sys. Myc. 445.
Fries. Epicr. 552. B. §• Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1300.
On hard oak wood. South of England.

Solenia fasciculata. P. " Fasciculate Solenia."
Gregarious, somewhat fasciculate, between clavate and cylindrical,

becoming nearly smooth, white. — Pers. Myc. Eur. t. 12, f. 8-9.

B. $ Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1301, t. 18,/. 4. Fries. Stjs. Myc. ii. 200.

Solenia Candida. Moug. Exs. No. 96. Cooke Handbook, 956. Br.

Bath Trans. 1870,^. 90.
On rotten beech. Jan.
This was included in the Handbook in error, under the name of

Solenia Candida.

Clavaria spinulosa. Pers. " Spinulose Clavaria."

Stem rather thickened, short, pallid ; branches elongated, crowded,
straight, attenuated, approaching cinnamon colour. — Pers. Obs. ii.
t. 3. /. 1. B. & Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1302. Fries. Epicr. p. 574.

In pine woods. Coed Coch.

Stem thick at the base, but not so thick as in Persoon's figure.
B. & Br.

Pterula. Fr.

Caulescent, coriaceus, apex at first fimbriate or compressed.—
Fr. Summ. Veg. Scan. p. 339. Fr. Sys. Myc. iii., 285.

Ftexula multifida. Fr. " Multifid Pterula."
B. 4- Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1304. Sept. 1865.

We have been unable at present to meet with a description of
this plant.

117

ON SAPROLEGXIiE.

By Dr. Anton de Bary.*

The existence of a sexual generation in a certain number of
Fungi has latterly been demonstrated. The Mucorini offer an
example of a copulation which, in my idea, and that of M. Hof-
meister, is a particular form of this mode of generation ; and,
since Micheli and Bulliard a multitude of Fungi are, at any rate,
Bupposed to possess sexes, flowers, anthers, &c.

We will first quote the Saprolegnia?, the sexual organs, and the
fecundation of which were first discovered by M. Pringsheim,
and described by him.f In the types which may be imagined to
be monoecious, such as the Saprolegnia monoica, the Pythium and
our Aphano?nyces, the female organs consist of oogonia, that is to
say, of cells which are at first globose, and rich in plastic matters,
which most generally terminate short branches of the mycelium,
and which are but rarely seen in an interstitial position. The con-
stitutive membrane of the adult oogonium in Saprolegnia monoica
is reabsorbed in a great number of points, and is there pierced
with rounded holes. At the same time the plasma is divided into
a larger or smaller number of distinct portions which are rounded
into little spheres, and separate from the walls of the conceptacle,
in order to group themselves in its centre, where they float in an
aqueous liquid. These gonospheres are then smooth and bare ; on
their surface there exists no membrane of the nature of cellulose.
In the genera Pythium and Aphanomyces, and in some of the
Saprolegnia all the plasma of the oogonia is condensed into one
solitary central sphere, surrounded by liquid.

During the formation of the oogonium, there arise from its
pedicel, or from neighbouring filaments, slight, cylindrical, curved
branches, sometimes twisted around the support of the oogonium,
and which all tend towards this organ. Their superior extremity
is intimately applied to its wall, then ceases to be elongated,
becomes slightly inflated, and is limited below by a septum ; it is
then an oblong cell, slightly curved, filled with protoplasm, and
intimately applied to the oogonium ; in one word, an antheridium,
or the organ of the male sex. Each oogonium possesses one or
several antheridia. Towards the time when the gonospheres are
formed, it may be remarked that each antheridium sends to the
interior of the oogonium one or several tubular processes which
have crossed its side wall, and which open at their extremity in
order to discharge their contents. These, while they are flowing
out, exhibit some very agile corpuscles, the diameter of which is
barely equal to -002 m.m., and which, considering their resemblance
to what are termed " spermatozoids" in the Vaucherice, ought to

# Translated from " Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze," in Hofmeister's
" Handbuch," vol. ii., cap. v., p. 155. By the Editor.
t Pringsheim's " Jahrbucher," vol. i., p. 284, vol. ii., p. 205.

118 ON SAPROLEGNLE.

be regarded as the fecundating corpuscles. After the evacuation
of the antheridia, the gonospheres are found to be covered -with
cellulose ; they then constitute so many oospores, with solid walls,
if I may use an expression specially applied to the alga? by M.
Pringsheim. Phenomena which are analogous in several respects
and have been studied in the Vaucherice and other conferva?, as also
direct observations which are due to M. Pringsheim, do not permit
of any doubt but that the cellulosic membrane, which appears on
the surface of the gonospheres, is only the consequence of sexual
fecundation, and that this ought not to be attributed to the cor-
puscles which issue from the antheridea, which would penetrate
into the gonospheres, and unite with their substance.

In Saprolegnia dioica and Achlya dioica, the gonospheres and
the oogonia are formed in the manner we have just described ; the
membrane of these latter is pierced with openings or pores, and
yet no antheridia-bearing filament is seen to be applied to it. It
must be elsewhere that M. Pringsheim has seen organs which
everything authorizes us to qualify as antheridia. Thick tubes,
similar to those which engender the zoospores, spring from the
mycelium at a given moment, and are divided by septa into a series
of cylindrical cells, each of which is an antheridium. In Sapro-
legnia dioica, the plastic contents of the antheridia are transformed
into an infinitude of very small vacillary corpuscles which escape
with much agility by the orifice of a prolongation of the anther-
idium, made in the manner of a neck and very short. The
antheridium of Achlya dioica is cylindrical, the plasma which it
encloses is divided into particles which have nearly the volume of
the zoospores of the plant. These particles become globose cells,
grouped in the centre of the antheridium. Posteriorly the con-
tents of these latter cells are divided into numerous bacillary
spermatozoids, which first break the wall of their mother-cell, and
then issue from the antheridium in the same manner as the sper-
matozoids of Saprolegnia dioica. These corpuscles, in the two
plants of which we are speaking, resemble the spermatozoids of
the Vaucherice ; they are bacillar, and their agility is assisted by a
long ciliuni. It is presumable that here, as in the alga?, concern-
ing which we have positive demonstration, the spermatozoids intro-
duce themselves into the cavity of the oogonium, and unite with
the gonospheres. On this point, however, observations are wanting,
and therefore we cannot consider ourselves perfectly sure in our
appreciation of the organs of which we have just treated.

We may also class amongst bodies of a doubtful nature, but
which are certainly worthy of further observation, the organs first
seen by M. Nageli, then by M. Alex. Braun, and M. Cienkowski,
and, lastly, by M. Pringsheim, who has carefully described them,
and who considers them to be the probable antheridia of some
species of Achlya or Saprolegnia. These bodies, according to the
learned Professor of Jena, have their origin in thick filaments or

ON SArROLEGNI^E. 119

tubos, similar to those which form tlie zoosporangia, ond represent
so many distinct little masses of plasma in the midst of a homo-
geneous and parietal ganglium ; the contents of these plastic masses
are soon delineated in a more precise manner ; we sec in their in-
terior some homogeneous grannies, which are at first globose, then
oval, and finally pass to the enlarged and ampulla; form extremity
of the generating tube ; there they become rounded or oval cells,
covered with cellulose, and emit from their surface one or several
cylindrical processes, which elongate towards the wall of the con-
ceptacle, and pierce it, without, however, ever projecting very far
beyond it. At the same time the lacunose plasma of each cell is
divided into a multitude of corpuscles, the diameter of which equals
about '004 m.m. ; these escape by the open extremity of the cylin-
drical neck of which we have spoken, and, as regards their
organization and agility, they resemble the spermatozoids of Aclilya
dioica. In water these corpuscles quickly become motionless, and
do not germinate. During the development of these organs, the
protoplasm of the utricle, which contains them, offers at first quite
normal characteristics, and disappears entirely by degrees as they
increase. That these organs belong really to the Saprolegnia,
which presents them and constitute its antheridia, there are good
reasons to believe, as M. Pringshcim has shown. Another opinion,
which the same author refutes, is that the corpuscles in question
are parasites from outside, entered into the cavities of the Sapro-
legnia, and which fructify at the expense of its protoplasm. This
opinion relies principally on the great resemblance of these
corpuscles to certain veritable parasites, such as Chytridium. It
may also be supported by the fact that M. Pringsheim has some-
times observed near the corpuscles in question, and in their con-
ceptacles, globules similar to those which have been often met with
in the Sjnrogyrce, the Vaucherice, and other Algre, and which belong
incontestably to vegetables which are parasitic upon them. The
reasons which M. Pringsheim brings against this appreciation
ought to have lost some of their value in consequence of the new
observations which have been made on the biology of microscopic
parasites, and the whole subject should be studied again. More
ample details concerning the sexual organs of the Saprolegnia] will
be found in the already quoted works of this celebrated Algalogist.

The oospores of the Saprolegnice, when they have arrived at their
maturity, possess, like many other spores, a tolerably thick integu-
ment, which is double, viz., formed of an epispore and an endospore.
After a considerable time of repose, they originate tubular or
vesicular germs, and, by exception, these germs are only as yet
slightly elongated, when they produce zoospores.

Hitherto it has not been possible to obtain a direct experimental
proof of the reality of a fecundation in the Saprolegnia?, unless
we can consider as such an instance observed by M. Pringsheim,
in which the multitude of the gonospheres of a Saprolegnia perished

120 TWO SPECIES OF PEZIZA.

totally from the accidental default of antheridia. However, if we
consider the analogies of all kinds which exist between the organs
of the Saprolegnice and those among the Algae, of which the sexual
office is well known, we cannot refuse to the former the value which
we grant to the latter. Experimental researches on the phenomena
of sexual multiplication in the other Fungi, and on the organs
which are employed in it, are barely possible. The physiological
office of these latter, as sexual organs, can only be concluded from
the constancy of their reciprocity of action, and from their resem-
blance to the organs of Saprolegnice.

TWO SPECIES OF PEZIZA *
By Worthington G. Smith, F.L.S.

Peziza (Humaria) Chateri. &m. " Chater's Peziza."
Cups concave, at length expanded, margin incurved, sessile, bright
orange-red within, pale brown externally, from the colour of the
cells of the cup, asci cylindrical ; sporidia elliptic, binucleate, epis-
pore rough. Paraphyses clavate above. — W. G. Smith, in Gard.
Chron., No. 1 (1872). with fig. Rabh. Fung. Eur., No. 1517.
On the ground.

Cups 1 to 6 lines across, composed of clavate, pale brown, septate
cells, the tips of which give a granulated appearance to the outer
surface, which is otherwise smooth.

(PI. viil, fig. 1. 2.)

Peziza (Mollisia) Bullii. Sm. " Bull's Peziza."

Cups subhemispherical, at length irregular, sessile, or very shortly
stipitate, whitish, margin inflexed, rather pulverulent from the
remains of the veil, hymenium often proliferous, mycelium brown-
ish, asci subclavate, sporidia sub-elliptic, minute. — W. G. Smith,
in Gard. Chron., (1873). with fig. B. $ Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1324, t.
19, /• 17.

On a wooden cistern. Dec.

Sporidia •0002--0003 in. long.

(PI. vin., fig. 3.)

* For the use of the figures illustrating this communication,
we are indebted to the Gardener's Chronicle.

Batarrea Phalloides.

Mr. W. G. Smith has announced in the Gardener's Chronicle
that four specimens of this very rare and interesting fungus have
been found recently in Britain. One of these has been deposited
in the Museum of the Boyal Botanic Gardens, at Kew.

121

LICHENOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA.— No. 3.
By the Rev. W. A. Leighton, B.A., F.L.S., F.B.S.,Ed.

Hellbom's Lichens of Lule Lapmark.

Messrs. P. J. & E. V. M. Hellbom, of Orebro, Sweden, have
issued a " Centuria" of dried specimens of Lichens, collected by
them in 1871, in Lule Lapmark. Unfortunately, though with
printed labels, they are not numbered, so that it will be difficult to
quote them as Exsiccati. For convenience sake I have numbered
them in the following notes. They appear to be named after Th.
M. Fries Lichenes Arctoi, but I have transposed them into the
nomenclature adopted in Dr. W. Nylander's system, as that which
is best known and most used in Britain. The specimens, in general,
are good and characteristic, and comprise many rare and newly-
detected lichens. Amongst them are many species which occur also
in Britain, and the whole collection is interesting not only to
the general lichenist, but also to the British lichenist, inasmuch as
it identifies our insular species with those of more northern conti-
nental countries, and also enables us to detect several which have
not heretofore been recorded as British. The following notes made
during examination and identification, before placing them in my
herbarium, may prove of some value and interest : —

1. " Pyrenopsis granatina. (Smkflt.) — In rupibus micaceo schis-
tosis infra Snjarrak Lapponia3 Lulensis" = Fellm. Exs. Lapp. Or.
4. Leight. Lich. Fl. G. B. 14.

2. u Fhylliscum endocarpoides. Ntl. — In rupibus ad Aktse &
Qvickjock."— Nyl. Syn. p. 137., t. 3,f. 6. Wahl. Fl. Lapp., t. 29,
f. 2. Fellm. 3. Sommerf. 58. Korber, 270.

3. "Baeomyces roseus. Pees. — In terra infra alpem Rittok."
= Leight. Lich. Fl. G. B. 53 & Exs., cited there, to which add
Sommerf. 156. Reich. & Schub. 16.

4. "Sphyridium placophyllum. (Wnbg.)— Ad terrain in alpe
Sni'&TT&k."=BceomycesplacopJiyUiis, Ach. Leight. Lich. Fl. G. B. 53.

5. "Icmadophila aeruginosa. (Scop.)— In terra humida ad Aktse."
= Bceomyces icmadophilus (Ehrh.) Leight. Lich. Fl. G. B. 54, &
Exs., there cited, to which add Reich. & Schub. 27.

6. u Kelocarpon crassipes. Tn. Fr.— -Ad terram turfosam in
sumrno cacumine alpis Nammats." A lichen with the aspect of a
Lecidea with conglomerate apothecia, but belonging to the tribe
Baeomycei. See Th. M. Fries. Lich. Arctoi, 178. K— C—

7. " Cladonia botrytes. (Hag.)— Ad truncos mortuos abietis prope
Aktse" = Fries. 80. Fellm. 36. Korb. 242. Rabh. 817. Mass.
182. K— C yellow.

122 LICHENOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA.

8. " Cladonia amaurocraea. Flke.— In rupibus muscosis infra
Snjarrak & in Pakti Suollo ad Qvickjock." Small specimens (K.
f. + C. +). Leight. Lick. Fl. G. B., 74.

9. "Pilophoruscereolus. (Ach.) P. Fibula. Tuckerm. — In schisto
micaceo ad Qvickjock et amphibolitico ad Jockmock."= Piloplwron
fibula, Tuck. Leight. Lich. Fl. G. B., 76.

10. "Thamnoliavermicularis. (Sw.) — In terra nnda campi alpini
Walliware prope Qvickjock."= Leight. Lich. Fl. G. B. 82, and Exs.,
cited there.

11. "Usneabarbata. (L.)— In ramis abietis ad Qvickjock." Speci-
mens without fructification, forma hirta, Fr. Leight. Lich. Fl. G.
B. 84; Schcer. Exs., 399 ; Mudd., 35 ; Anzi. It. S., 16; Hepp.,
828 ; Leight., 1 ; Spruce Amaz., 50.

12. "Bryopogon jubatus. (L.), c. fr.— Ad ramulos abietis prope
Qvickjock."= Alectoria jubata, Ach. Leight. Lich. Fl. G. B., 88.

13. "Bryopogon Fremontii. Tuckerm. — Ad truncos ramosque
pinuum prope Jockmock "=Alectoria Fremontii, Tuckerm. Suppl.
1, p. 422. Conspicuous by the greenish-yellow priuna of the
apothecium (K — C — ).

14. " Alectoria ochroleuca (Ehrh.) « rigida (Till). — In rupibus
campisque alpinis prope Aktse." K faint yellow, C full yellow.
Leight. Lich. Fl. G. B., 87 ; Beich. Schub. 67 ; Fellm. 52 ; Schajr.
395. No fructification. HofTm. PI. Lich. t. 26, f. 2.

15. "Corniculariadivergens. (Ach.) — Ad rupes Aktse Kallou
prope Aktse. "= Alectoria divergens (Ach). Thallus K — C — , me-
dulla K — C reddish. No fructification. Small specimens = Som-
merfelt Crypt. Norveg., 154.

16. "Farmelia lanata. (L.) Wallr. — Ad rupes campi alpini Tjackeli
prope Aktse." Typical form, but somewhat approaching var. par-
melioides, Cromb. (Journ. Bot., n. s., 1, p. 231.) E. Bot., t.
846, central fig. Hepp. 588; M. & N. 557; Schasr. 257; Anzi.,
53 ; Fellm. 82. This lichen must be removed to the genus Alec-
toria, and be named A. lanata, Ach.

17. " Evernia divaricata. (L.) Ach.— Ad ramulos abietis in pro-
montorio Parkijaur Morka." Sterile ; thallus K — C deep yellow.
== Fellm. 55. Anzi. It. S. 72. Fries. 332. Mass. 22.

18. " Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. fi fastigiata * minuscula
(Nyl.) Th. Fr.— In ramulis abietis ad Qvickjock."= Ramalina minus-
cula, Nyl. Mon. Ramal. p. 66. Fellm. 57.

19. " Cetraria odontella. Ach. — Ad saxa muscosa campi alpini
supra Aktse." Small and poor specimens, intermixed with Cetraria
aculeata, Fr.

20. " Cetraria hiascens (Fr.) Th. Fr. Cetraria islandica. Var.
Delisei Bory.— In locis humidis inter rupes infra alpem Nammats."
= Cetraria Delisei (Sch2er.), medulla K — C red = Fellm. 60. Th.
Fries, 54. Leight. Lichen. Fl. G. B. 97.

LIOHENOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA. 123

21. " Cetraria cucullata. (Bell.)— In rupibus muscosis infra Nam-
mats. "= Platj/sma cucullatum (Bell). Thallus K — C deep yellow.
Leight. Lich. Fl.G. B., 99 & Exs., there cited; sterile, well dis-
tinguished by the recurved apices of the lacinia).

22. " Cetraria nivalis. (L.) Ach.— In rnpibus muscosis infra Nam-
mats. "=Platys?na nivale(L.), thallus K — C deep yellow. Leight.
Lich. Fl. G. B., 99 & Exs., there cited, to which add Sommft. 76.
Rabh. 865. Sterile ; readily distinguished by the erect dentate
apices of the lacinia}.

23. " Nephroma arcticum. (L.)— In terra muscosa ad Aktse.,,
K — C yellow. Back of receptacle minutely depresso-granulate ;
see Leight. Not. Lich., No. 31. = Reich. & Schub., 13. Rabh. 857.
Fries. 4.

24. " Nephroma expallidum (Nyl.)— In terra muscosa ad Aktse."
Sterile specimens. = Fellm. 65, 66. See Leight. Not. Lich. 31.

25. " Nephroma tomentosum. (Hoffm.)— Ad Sorbum aucupariam
et Salicem capreamprope Aktse. "=Nephro?niu?n tomentosum, Hffm.
var. rameum, Sch^er. See Leight. Not. Lich. 31, & Lich. Fl. G. B.,
105.

26. " Nephroma papyraceum. (Hoffm.)— In rupibus muscosis ad
Aktse & Qvickjock." Two specimens, one normal Nephromium
Icevigatum, Ach., the other var. parile, (Ach.) Med. white K — . Back
of receptacle minutely depresso-granulate. Leight. Lich. Fl. G. B.,
104.

27. " Peltigera scabrosa. Th. Fr. — In rupibus muscosis insula? Pakti
Suollo ad Qvickjock. "= Peltigera scutata, (Dicks). Br. Crypt. 3, 18
(excl. syn.); Leight. Lich. PL G. B. 110 and Exs. there cited.

28. u Solorina crocea. (L.) — In terra ad Jockmock." = Leight.
Lich. Fl. G. B., 112, and Exs. there cited.

29. " Sticta linita. Ach.— In terra muscosa ad Tjamatis & Aktse."
Sterile = Fellm. 73 ; Anzi. Langob. 47 ; Scha?r. 385.

30. " Sticta pulmonaria. (L.) — Ad truncos Salicis caprea? prope
Aktse."= Sticta pulmonacea, Ach., sterile. Leight. Lich. Fl. G. B.,
118, and Exs. there cited ; to which add Sommerf., 151; Reichenb.
and Schub., 134.

31. " Sticta scrobiculata. (Scop.)— In cortice Salicis capreze ad
Aktse." = Stictina scrobiculata (Scop.). Leight. Lich. Fl. G. B.
117, and Exs. there cited, to which add Rabh. 837.

32. "Parmelia alpicola. Th. Fr.— In summis cacuminibus alpium
Snjiirrak, Walii& Njammelst prope Qvickjock"= Parmelia physodes
var. discreta, Nyl. Leight. Lich. Fl., 127. Medulla white, K —
C— .

33. u Parmelia encausta. (Sm.)— In rupibus campi alpini ad
Aktse" = Parmelia physodes (L.) var. encausta, (Sm.). Leight.
Lich. FL G. B., p. 127, and Exs. there cited.

124 LICHENOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA.

34. "Paxmeliahypexopta. Ach.— In truncis mortuis ad Aktse."
This is P. aleurites, Ach. ; see Nyl. in Flora, 1872, p. 248. What
British Hellenists have heretofore regarded as P. aleurites is now to
be considered Platysma diffusum, Webb. Spic. Fl. Gotting., 250
(see Nyl. 1. c), and E. Bot. t. 858 ; and Dicks. Crypt. 3, 17, t. 9,
f. 6, must be quoted to it.

35. "Xanthoxialychnea(AcH.) Th. Fr.— Ad corticem abietis prope
Aktse. "= Physcia parietina (L.) var. lychnea (Ach.). Leight Lich.
Fl., 143, and Exs. there cited.

36. " Gyxophoxa hypexboxea. Ach. — In rupibus ad Aktse. "= Um-
bilicana hyperborea, (Ach.). Leight. Brit. Urnbil., 10, and Lich. Fl.
G. B., 157, and Exs. there cited, and Hoffm. PI. Lich., t. 71.

37. " Gyxophoxa exosa. (Web.)— In rupibus infra alpem Njammelst."
Very beautiful and delicate specimens of Umbilicana erosa, (Web).
Leight. Brit. Urnbil., 12, and Lich. Fl. G. B., 158, and Exs. there
cited.

38. " Gyxophoxa vellea. L.— Ad rupes prope Aktse." Sterile. =
TJmbilicaria vellea, Nyl. Scand., 114.; Fellm., 89. " Apothecia
circinato-plicata."

39. "Gyxophoxa spodochxoa. (Ehrh.) Ach.— In preeruptis alpium
Tjackeli & Nammata." Fertile. == Urnbil. spodocliroa Hffm. Nyl.
Scand., 115 ; disk of apothecia plane, with a thick margin and a
central papilla or wart.

40. " Gyrophoxa pxoboscidea. (L.)— Ad rupes prope Aktse." Fer-
tile. = Urnbil. probocidea, (Ach.) Leight. Lich. Fl. G. B., 160,
deusta, Leight. Br. Urnbil. 17, 18, 19.

41. " Gyxophoxa cylindxlca. (L.)— In rupibus ad flumen Kama-
jok prope Qvickjock." Fertile. = Urnbil. cylindrica, Leight. Lich.
Fl. G. B., 161. U . proboscidea, Leight. Br. Urnbil., 19.

42. " Gyxophoxa anthxacina. (Wulf.) — In alpe Tjackeli." Fertile.
= Urnbil. atropruinosa. Nyl. Scand. 113. Schasr. Exs. 155. Hepp.
721. Th. Fries. 38. U. anthracina, P tessellata, Seiner, in Ser.
Mus. Helv., 1, t. 13.

43. " Pannaxia hypnoxum. (Vahl.)— Inter muscos 1. in terra sub-
nuda ad Aktse." = Psoroma hypnorum, (Vahl.) Leight. Lich. Fl.
G. B., 163 & Exs. there cited, to which add Fellm. 94. Reich. &
Schub. 103.

44. " Pannaxia elseina. (Wnbg.) — In alpe Nummats prope Aktse."
This is the true plant of Whlnbg. Fl. Lapp. 425, t. 28, f. 3.
The plant, of E. Bot. 2158, and Leight. Lich. Fl. G. B. 165, is
most probably Physcia adglutinata, (Flk.). Leight. 1. c. 149.

45. " Pannaxia bxunnea. (Sw.) — In terra muscosa 1. subnuda ad
Aktse. = Pannaria pezizoides, (Web.) Precisely the plant of
Fellm. 96.

LICHENOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA. 125

46. "Placodium chrysoleucum. (Sm.) Ach.— In praeruptis parie-
tibus alpis Rittok." = Squamaria clirysoleuca (Sm.) Status margine
squamarum atque pagina infera nigricantibus = Reich. & Schub.
36. K yellow, C orange-yellow.

47. "Xanthoria elegans. Link. — In scliisto micaceo ad Qvick-
jock." Under this name three specimens are given, two of which
have the surface of thethallus minutely punctellato-impressed, and
are therefore referable to Placodium murorum, (Hffm.), var.
miniatum, (Hffm.), and Leight. Lich. Fl. G. B. 175; and the third
is the true Placodium elegans, (Link.). Leight. 1. c, 178. It is
questionable whether miniatum should not be distinguished as a dis-
tinct species, since it has nothing in common with PL murorum,
with which it is usually associated.

48. " Caloplaca jungermanniae. (Vahl.)— In terra supra muscos ad
Aktse" = Lecidea fusco-lutea var. convexa, Schser. Herb. ! I Placo-
dium lividum, Hepp. 403, Anzi. Langob. 95. Not Lecanora fulvo-
lutea, Nyl. Scand. 146.

49. " Dimeleena oreina. (Ach.) — In alpibus Nunnats et Rittok
prope Aktse." K faint yellow, C deeper yellow, a poor specimen ;
thallo macriore ambitu parum effigurato, hypothallo nigro predomi-
nante= Hepp. 209. From the re-action this will be L. Mougeotioides,
Nyl. see Flora, 1872, p. 364 & 427. True L. oveina, Ach. has K =.

50. "Rinodina mniaxoea. (Ach.) — Supra muscos ad Aktse &
Qvickjock" = Lecanora mniarxa, Ach. Th. Fries. Lich. Arct.,
127. Anzi. Lich. Ital. S., 219.

51. "Rinodina mniaroea (Ach.) £} cinnamomea. Th. Fr. — In saxis
calcareis muscosis ad Aktse" = Th. Fries. Lich. Arct., 128. ; Anzi.
Lich. Ital. S., 220.

52. " Placodium melanaspis. Ach.— Ad lapides inundatos fluminis
Tarrajock prope Njungis" = Lecanora alphoplaca (Whlnb). Nyl.
Scand., 152.

53. " Aspicilia cinereorufescens. (Ach.) — In saxis ad Aktse &
Qvickjock." This specimen has re-action, K yellow then red, and

is, therefore, not Lecanora cinereorufescens, (Ach.), which has K

C — . Judging from the black colour of the somewhat pruinose
epithecium it should be referred to Lecanora Myrini, (Fr.). Th.
Fries. Lich. Scand., 283, states how L. Myrini (Fr.) and L. alpina
Smrft. may be distinguished, the former having a black naked
or pruinose epithecium, and the latter a rufous or rufous -black
epithecium, especially visible when moistened, but remarks that
they may be possibly only states or varieties of the same lichen,
With these criteria Richardson Arct. Am., 124, Zeo., 4, should re-
present L. Myrini (Fr.), of which I possess a specimen under a
different name, without locality, but probably British, from Rev. T.
Salwey. L. alpina (Smrft.) will then be represented in Exs. by
Arnold, 341, and 341 b., and 116, Seiner. 130; and I possess it
from Cader Idris, and from Noirmont, Jersey.

126 LICHENOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA.

54. " Aspicilia Myrini (Fr.) Th. Fr.— In saxis campi alpini supra
Aktse." See note on " Aspicilia cinereorufescens."

55. " Aspicilia pelobotrya. (Wnbg.)— In alpe Walliware prope
Qvickjock." This is not identical with Lecidea pelobotrya (Wh.i,t$b.)
of Leight. Lich. Fl., 298 ; but has an areolate thallus and convex
or granular areola, with tuberculose reddish cephalodia and re-
action, K faint yellow, C red, consequently = L. panEeola, Ach.
Leight. Lich. Fl., 280, and Exs. there cited, to which add Smrft.
Norveg., 51.

56. " Lecanora pallescens. (L.)— Incortice Salicis caprese & Sorb.
aucupariae ad Aktse." In this specimen the disk of the apothecium
alone has re-action K yellow and C becoming red ; it is, therefore,
referable to Lecanora parella (L.) forma pallescens (L.). Leight.
Lich. Fl. G. B., 189.

57. " Lecanora cateilea (Ach.) Nyl.— In cortice alni infra Snjar-
rak." Very like Lecanora subfusca f. argentata, Ach.

58. "Lecanora frustulosa. (Dicks.)— In locis pra3ruptis alpis Njam-
mats prope Qvickjock." This specimen is not identical with Dick-
son's frustulosa, but is in reality L. argopholis (Whlnb.). Leight.
Lich. Fl. G. B., 196.

59. "Lecanora rhypariza. Nyl.— In praeruptis muscosis alpis
Nammats."

GO. "Biatora cuivescens. Mudd.— In prseruptis muscosis alpis
Nammats."

61. "Biatora castanea. Hepp.— Ad terrain muscosam in alpe
Nammats." 59, 60, and 61 are all states of the same lichen.

62. " Acarospora chlorophana. (Wnbg.)— In alpibus Tjackeli &
Skarfi prope Aktse." A miserable specimen of the sterile scattered
thallus of Lecanora chlorophana (Whlnb.). Perfect specimens in
fruit will be found in Schan*. 336 ; Hepp. 770 ; Anzi. Langob.
68 ; Anzi. Ital. Sup. 214. K— C— .

63. " Acarospora badiofusca. (Nyl.)— Ad saxum erraticum micaceo
schistosmn prope Qvickjock. "= Lecanora badiofusca (Nyl.) Scand.
174. Similar in structure and in numerous minute spores with
Lecanora cervina (Pers.), and of which it may be possibly a state.
K— C— .

64. " Lecanora albescens (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. * dispersa(PERS.) Flke.
— Ad saxamicaceo-schistosa prope Qvickjock.' '= Lecanora galactina
(Ach.), forma dispersa (Pers.). Leight. Lich. Fl. G. B., 206.

65. "Lecidea Dicksoni, Ach. L. melanopheea, Fr.— In alpibus
Nammats and Njammelst." Leight. Lich. Fl., 211, and Exs. there
cited.

66. " Biatorina nivalis, (Korb.) Gyalolechia, MASS.—In rupibus
muscosis alpis Nammats."= Lecanora nivalis (Korb.). Leight.
Lich. Fl. G. B., 226.

127

CRITICAL NOTES

On Mycoloqical Illustrations ( W. G. Smith), Tart 2.
By Prof. Elias Fries.

PI. 25, f. 1. Ao. obturatus. Fr. Habit very different from
Ag. obturatus, but possibly a small form.

25, f. 2. Ag. merdarius. Fr. Genuine, but a small form.

26, Ao. torrioens. P. Excellent.

27, Cort. elatior. Fr.=Cortinarius grallipes. Fr.
very different from Cort. elatior.

28, f. 1. HYGRorH. limaoinus. Scop. Good.

28, f. 2. Hygroph. russo-coriaceus. B. $ M. Not a species of
Hygrophorus, but most certainly Agaricus (Clitocybe) erice-
torum. Fr. Epicr. p. 73. Monog. p. 127.

29, f. 1. Ag. albo-cyanecs. Desm. Differing from A. albo-
cyaneus, and appears to be a new species, which may be
called Ag. Worthingtoni.

29, i. 2. Ag. inunctus. Fr. Most excellent.

30, Ag. confluens. P.

31, Ag. clavipes. P. Gills should be less crowded.

32, Ag. portentosus. Fr. A beautiful figure. This
form is intermediate between Ag. sejunctus and Ag. porten-
tosus. (Monogr. p. 52.)

33, f. 1. Ag. Taylori. B. Most excellent : allied to Ag.
medius.

34, f. 1. Ag. lacrymabundus. Bull.
f. 2. Ag. candollianus. Fr.

35, f. 1. Ag. Terreii. B. & Br. Scarcely differing from
Ag. cinnabar inus (Monogr. p. 29), the fourth sub-species
of Ag. granulosus.

35, f. 2. Ag. Badhami. B. & Br. An excellent species and
figure.

36, Ag. subinvolutus. Batsch. Unknown to me.

37, f. 1. Ag. gracilis. Fr. ~> p ,
„ f. 2. Ag. atomatus. Fr. j Uoocl'

38, Ag. eximius. W. G. Sm. Remarkable.

39, f. 1. Ag. candicans. Fr.

„ f. 2. Ag.infundibuliformis. Sch. vnr.membranaceus. Fr.

40, Ag. strangulatus. Fr. Most noble !

41, f. 1. Thelephora fastidiosa. Fr. | Figures most
,, f. 2. TiiELErnoRA caryophyllea. Fr. ) excellent !

42, f. 1. Ag. elatus. Fr.

„ f. 2. Ag. fastibilis. Fr.

43, f. 1. Boletus purporeus. Fr.

„ f. 2. Boletus parasiticus. Bull.

128 CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

44, f. 1. Ag. carneus. Bull. Manifestly a species of Cli-
tocyhe, and without doubt a small form of Ag. rivulosus.

„ f. 2. Ag. terreus. Schceff. Eight and good.

45, f. 1. POLYPORUS RUTILANS. Fr.

,, f. 2. Polyporus Stephensii. B. § Br.

46, Ag. majalis. Fr. A new and distinct species,
clearly different from Ag. majalis, which I would call Ag.
Saundersii.

47, Boletus cyanescens. Bull. Without doubt, but
the colour of the flesh not blue.

48, f. 1. Ag. patulus. Fr. ^ Right, but the colour darker
,, f. 2. Ag. acerbus. Bull. ) than I have seen.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Botaniska Noticer, 1872 (Nos. 4 & 5). Helbrom: Licheno-
logical Excursions in Lapland, in 1871. Mortensen : A Botanical
Excursion on the Dovrefjeld. Lindberg : Notes on Scandi-
navian Mosses (a new species — Leskea (Pseudoleskea) ? papillosa
— described).

Finsca Vetenskaps Soc. Forhand (1872). Contributions
towards the Morphology and Systematic History of the Mosses,
by S. 0. Lindberg. All the above papers are in Swedish.

Thuemen (F. de.) Fungi Austriaci Exsiceati Ceut iv., v., vi.,
4to. Teplitz.

Boulay. Flore Cryptogamique de l'Est (mousses, sphaignes,
hepatiques.) 8vo. Saint-Die.

Brefeld (0.) Botanische Untersuchungen iiber Schimmelpilze.
Part i., 4to. Leipzig.

Fremineau (H.) Anatomie du systeme vasculaire des crypto-
games vasculaires de France. 8vo. Paris.

Hallier (E.) Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde. Vol. iv., part i.
1873.

Monthly Microscopical Journal. No. xlix. Jan., 1873.
Continuation of " Bog Mosses," by Dr. R. Braithwaite, (Sphagnum
subsecundum. Nees.J

Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano. Dec, 1872. " Musci
frondosi in insulis Ceylon et Borneo," by E. Hampe.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Nos. 1-4. Aug., 1872.,
contains M. Cornu, " Monograph of Saprolegnia?," part i. E. de G.
Janczenski, "Morphological Researches on Ascobolus furfuraceus."
M. M. Tulasne, " New Observations on the Tremellini."

GKEVLLLEA

PI. 9.

W 0 . Smith F. L S . del et Tith. Cooke &. Fathering/ham imp ■

PEZIZA (ALEUR1A) ISABELLINA. W.Sm.

No. 9.] [March, 1873.

dmriltea,

A MONTHLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY,
AND ITS LITERATURE.

BRITISH FUNGI.

By M. C. Cooke.
(Continued from p. 116J

ASCOMYCETES.

Peziza (Humaria) hinnulea. B. $ Br. " Brown Humaria."

Cup sessile, flexuose, marginate, bay-brown, between fleshy and
waxy ; sporidia globose, even with a large globose nucleus. — B. fy
Br. Ann. JST. H., No. 1320.*

On soil amongst grass. Powerscourt. Sept.

Sporidia ('0006 in.) -015 m.m. diameter.

Peziza (Humaria) schizospora. Phillips. " Phillips' Humaria."

Gregarious, sessile, urceolate then plane, reel, becoming brown,
externally pruinose ; sporidia spherical, smooth, with a large nucleus,
paraphyses filled with orange granules, clavate at the tips. — Phillips
in lift.

On burnt or sandy ground. Shrewsbury. (W. Phillips.)

Sporidia (-0004 in.) -01 m.m. diameter, containing a single large
nucleus, which escapes by rupture of the epispore.

Allied to P. Wrightii.—B. & Br.

Peziza (Humaria) subhirsuta cur. macrocystis.

Gregarious or scattered, cup shaped then flattened; margin
entire, slightly elevated, externally brownish, smooth, or minutely
granular ; disc orange-red ; asci cylindrical ; sporidia elliptical,
narrow ; paraphyses clavate, filled with orange granules.

On burnt soil. Shrewsbury. (W. Phillips.)

The external cells of the cup are very large : cups 1-2 lines
broad, sporidia -0009 X -0005 in.

Peziza (Dasyscypha) citricolor. B. $ Br. " Lemon-coloured

Peziza."
Cups very shortly stipitate or sessile, between fleshy and waxy,
turbinate, finely tomentose, lemon-coloured ; sporidia fusiform, with

130 BRITISH FUNGI.

oleaginous granules ; paraphyses linear. — B. $- Br. Ann. N. H., No.
1321,*. xix./ 14.

On rotten wood. March.

Cups. -0009 in., sporidia (-0008--001 X -0002--00025 in.) -02-
•025 X -005 -.006 m.m. Asci (-0035--004 in.) -085--1 m.m. long.
Feziza (Dasyscypha) stereicola. Cooke. " Rose-pink Peziza."
Gregarious, minute; cups globose, then cup -shaped, between
fleshy and waxy, externally woolly, of a delicate rosy-pink when
dry ; disc of the same colour ; asci subclavate ; sporidia minute,
cylindrical, obtuse.

On the hymenium of Stereum. Scotland. (Herb. Edin.)
Sporidia (-00025 - -00005 in.) -007 X -0015 m.m.
Peziza (Dasyscypha) candidata. Cooke. " White Bramble Peziza."
Snowy white, sessile, soft, scattered or subgregarious, soon flat-
tened ; margin often lobed and irregular, slightly elevated, extern-
ally clothed with soft tomentose hairs ; asci subclavate ; sporidia
minute, cylindrical, obtuse, hyaline.
On stems of Rubus. Highgate.
Sporidia (-00025 X -00005 in.) -007 X -0015 m.m.
Peziza (Dasyscypha) escharodes. B.$Br. " Grey Bramble Peziza."
Cups sessile, rugose, rough with short whitish flocci, dingy oliva-
ceous-greeri ; margin pallid, fringed with delicate flocci ; hymenium
cinereous ; sporidia fusiform, sometimes binucleate. — B. fy Br. Ann.
N. H, No. 1322, t. xix, /. 15. Cooke exs. No. 564.
On Rubus fruticosus. Feb.

Sporidia (-0004 in.) -01 m.m. long. Cup at first closed, globose,
'03 in. diameter, quite black when the hairs have vanished.

Peziza (Hymenoscypha) amenti. Batsck. " Catkin Peziza."
Delicate, whitish ; cups scattered, slightly convex, with the
margin inflexed, watery, pellucid, at length brownish ; stem short,
thickened upwards; sporidia obovate. — Batsch. JEl.f. 148. Fr. Sys.
Myc. ii. 127. B. $ Br. Ann. N. H.,No. 1323, t. xix./. 16. Fckl.
exs. No. 1159.

On female catkins of Abele. March.
Sporidia (-0004 X -0002 in.) -01 x -005 m.m.

Peziza (Mollisia) elaphines. B. <i- Br. " Granular Peziza."
Cups subglobose, pale fawn-colour; mouth paler, white, sprinkled
with saccharine granules ; hymenium watery-grey ; sporidia fusi-
form, hyaline, smooth, uniseriate. — B. <$• Br. Ann. N. H.,No. 1325,
t. xix./. 18.

On dead wood. Jan.

Granules often disposed in lines so that the cups are radiated.
Asci -0015 in. long ; sporidia fusiform (-00035--0004 in.) 0085-
.01 m.m. long.

Peziza (ftlollisia) aquosa. B & Br. " Watery Peziza."
Cups at first closed, then expanded, plane, or slightly concave,
greenish-brown, smooth ; disc watery-grey ; sporidia biseriate, ovate,
apiculate.— Berk. & Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1326, t, xx./ 19.

BRITISH FUNGI. 131

On or with Sphceria hirsuta on willow. Jan.

Resembling P. cinerea, but smoother and more concave when
young, with totally different fruit. Cup '024 in. diameter, growing
on Sphceria hirsuta and its mycelium, accompanied by a brown
mould, consisting of erect, simple, articulated threads, surmounted
by a single oblong, uniseptate spore -0005 in. long ; asci (*002 in.)
•05 m.m. long ; sporidia (-0002--00025 X -0001--00015 in) -005-
•006 X •0025-,0035 m.m., bright orange when treated with iodine.
Peziza (Mollisia) hydnicola. B. cf Br. " Green Parasitic Peziza."

Cups orbicular, then irregular, plane, dark green ; asci cylin-
drical ; sporidia subglobose, uniseriate ; paraphyses branched.
Berk. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1327, t. xx./. 20.

On Hydnum ochraceum.

Sporidia (-000-4 X -0003 in.) -01 X '0075 m.m. Conidia (-0001
— -00015 in.), -0025 X '0035 m.m. long.

Peziza (IVIollisia) flaveola. Cooke. " Yellow Fern Peziza."

Sessile, minute, bright yellow, submembranaceous ; soft, soon
becoming discoid, smooth, even. Asci cylindrical.

On fronds of Pteris aquilina. Sept. King's Lynn. (C. B.
Plowright.)

A very pretty little species, but apparently very scarce, and the
specimen found was not sufficiently matured for a perfect description.
Peziza (Mollisia) Typhae. Cooke. ''Bulrush Peziza."

Gregarious or scattered, minute, erumpent, sessile, black, soft
or waxy, soon plane, laterally compressed when dry ; disc fuligi-
nous, black when dry, minutely papillate, even ; asci cylindrical,
sporidia fusiform, hyaline simple. Cooke, Exs., No. 570.

On leaves of Typha. King's* Lynn. (C. B. Plowright.) Oct.

Sporidia (-0004--0005 X '0001 in.), -012--014 X -0025--003m.m.,
twice as long as in Peziza atrata, to which this plant has great
external resemblance.

Peziza (IVIollisia) Plantaginis. Fckl. '' Plantain Leaf Peziza."

Cups seated on a pallid spot, sessile, gregarious, minute, puncti-
fomi, at first closed, globose, at length open, externally clad with a
blackish meal ; margine involute, disc concave, pallid-brown; asci
elliptic-oblong, sporidia biseriate, elongated-lanceolate, straight.
Fckl. Sym. Myc, 29-4. Peziza atrata forma foliicola, Desm. Exs.

On leaves of Plantago lanceolata. King's Lynn. (C. B. Plow-
right.)

Sporidia (-0005 X '00015 in.), -016 X '004 m.m.
Peziza (Mollisia) incaxnata. Cooke. " Posy fir-leaf Peziza."

Scattered, minute, roseate, sessile, cups soon expanded, nearly
plane, externally paler ; asci cylindrical, sporidia linear, obtuse,
hyaline.

On pine leaves. Scotland. (A. Jerdon.)

Sporidia (-0004 x 00005 in.), -01 x 0015 m.m.

Peziza (Patellea) axtemisiae. Lasch. " Mugwort Peziza."

Erumpent, thin, almost stipitate ; cups at first top-shaped, then

132 BRITISH FUNGI.

flattened, somewhat rounded, naked, brownish-black ; disc whitish ;
margin incurved. Asci cylindrical ; sporidia linear, minute, hyaline.
— Lasch. in Rabh. Herb. Myc. No. 335.

On stems of Artemisia vulgaris. Isle of Wight.

Feziza (Patellea) amphibola. Nyl. " Lichenoid Peziza."
Cups black, somewhat rugulose, becoming plane, delicately mar-
ginate, or at length rather convex and immarginate ; asci clavato-
cylindrical ; sporidia fusiform, 3-5 septate ; paraphyses slender,
simple or branched, slightly incrassated at the tips. —Nyl. Obs.
p. 66. Hepp. Flecht. Eur. No. 711. Karsten Mon. Pez. 168.
On bark of Pinas sylvestris. (Dr. Holl and W. Phillips.)
Sporidia (-0005--0007 X -0001--00015 in.) -014--02 X 003--004
m.m.

Ascobolus (Ryparobius) Cookei. Baud. " Cooke's Ascobolus."
Much crowded, rarely scattered, very minute, externally brown,
hemispherical ; disc pallid, tawny, marginate ; asci broad, short,
somewhat attenuated at the base ; sporidia 64, oblong-ovate,
minute, hyaline ; paraphyses few, septate, slightly incrassated. —
Boud.Mon. Asc.p. 48, t.$,f. 24. Ascobolus Cookei, Crouan Flor.
Finist. p. 56. Ascobolus myriadeus, Karst. Syn. Pez. fy Asc. fide
Nyl.

On dung (cow, rabbit, &c). Herefordshire. (J. Renny.) Near
London. (M. C. 0.) Near Bath. (C. E. B.)

Ascobolus (Ascophanus) aurora. Crouan. " Glowing Ascobolus."

Scattered, minute, orange-red, shining, flattened ; disc plane, or
convex when old, distinctly papillate ; asci clavate, octosporous ;
sporidia ovate, small, even ; paraphyses orange, slender, simple,
bifid, or trifid, curved. — Crouan Ann. des Sci. Nat. ser. 5, x. t. 11,
/. 36. Berk. £ Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1329. Boud. Mon. Asc.
^.58, t. 11, /. 36.

On cow dung. Feb.

Sporidia (-00015--0003 in.) -0035--007 m.m.

Stictis graminum. Desm. " Grass Stictis."
Orbicular, scattered, small, deeply excavated; disc black ; mar-
gin prominent, clad with a white meal, nearly entire ; asci elon-
gated ; sporidia [very minute, globose]. — Desm. PL Crypt. Exs.
No. 1071. Ann. des. Sci. Nat. (1840) xiii. 185. Berk. £ Br. Ann.
Nat. Hist., No. 1328. Fckl. Exs. No. 1106. Fckl. Sym. Myc. p.
250.

On Carex paniculata. June.

Desmazieres describes the sporidia as u very minute, globose."
Fuckel as " filiform, as long as the ascus." Not having seen the
British plant, we cannot determine the form of the sporidia.

Fatellaria constipata. Blox. Handbook No. 2176.
This appears from comparison of authentic specimens of both to
be only Patellaria livida, B. & Br., with the sporidia more fully
matured.

133

LICHENOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA.— No. 3.
By the Rev. W. A. Leighton, B.A., F.L.S., F.B.S.,Ed.

Hellboni's Lichens of Lule Lapmark.
( Continued from p. \2G.)

67. "Lecanora oculata. (Dicks.) Pertusaria. Th. Fr. Lick. Scand.
P 307.— In alpe Njunnats." = Leight. Lich. Fl. G. B. 200 & Exs.

cited there.

68. " Varicellaria rhodocarpa. (Korb.) — Ad cortices betulae
juniperique prope Aktse." K — C. crimson. = Th. Fries., 73.
Nyl. Scand. t. 1, fig. 8.

69. "Pertusaria Sommerfeltii. (Flke.) Fr.— Ad corticem Salicis
capreae prope Aktse." K — C — . = Hepp. 937.

70. " Pertusaria panyrga. (Ach.) Th. Fr.— Ad ramos abietis
prope Qvickjock." Th. Fr. Lich. Scand., p. 308. (excl. Syn.
height. & Mudd.) = P. leucotera, Nyl. Fellm. 143.

71. "Lecanora protuberans. (Smrflt.) Pertusaria. Th. Fr. Lich.
Scaud. p. 305. In cortice alni ad Aktse." A very singular looking
lichen, with the external aspect of a Lecanora, but with spores of
Pertusaria. = Fellm. 171, Smrft. 148.

72. " Pertusaria bryontha. (Ach.) Nyl. — Li muscis destructis
infra alpem Nammats." = Leight. Lich. Fl., G. B , 240. Th
Fr. 9, Fellm. 142., Am. 108.

73. "Psora atrorufa. (Dicks.)— In alpe Nammats prope Aktse."
= Lecidea atrorufa (Dicks.), Leight. Lich. Fl. 250, and Exs.
there cited.

74. " Lecidea arctica. Smrflt. — In rupibus muscosis alpis
Njamnielst."=Leight. Lich. Fl. 273 and Exs. there cited, to which
add Smrflt. 49. K faint yellow, C yellow.

75. "Lecidea aglaea. Smrflt.— In alpibus Rittok et Walli." A
poor specimen, but probably the true plant.

76. " Biatora rivulosa. (Ach.) j3 mollis. (Wnbo.) —In rupibus
infra alpem Nammats." Lecidea mollis = (Whlnb.) Leight. Lich.
Fl. 277.

77. " Toninia squalida. (Ach.) In terra supra schistum argil-
laceum ad alpem Skarfi." = Lecidea squalida, Ach. Schaar. 170.,
Hepp. 123, Anzi Langob. 138. K— C —

78. " Thalloidima rimulosum. Tu Fr.— In saxis muscosis infra
Skarfi." Very like a starved specimen of Lecidea vesicularis
(Hoffm.) but having a different hypothecium, ellipsoid, 1-septate
spores, and reaction K — C — . Described in Th. Fries Lich. Arctoi.
174.

134 LICHENOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA.

79. "Lecidea impavida. Th. Fr.— Inalpibus Njammelst et Nam-
mats." — A very curious and distinct looking lichen, carefully cha-
racterized in Th. M. Fries " Lichenes Spitzbergenses," p. 42.

80. " Lecidea perfidiosa. Nyl. — In rupibus muscosis infra
Snjarrak." Nyl. Scand. 244. Probably the true plant, but state
of specimen unsatisfactory for correct examination.

81. " Spoxastatia Moxio (.Ram.) (3 coxacina (Smrflt.) — In alpibus
Nunnats & Passo prope Aktse." A poor specimen, externally
resembling Lecidea nitida, Sch^r. (K — C — ), but polysporous,
and according with Sornmerfelt's description in his Suppl. Fl.
Lapp., 142.

82. "Buellia insignis. (N^g.) — In terra muscosa alpis Snjarrak
= Lecidea insignis var. muscorum, (Wulf.), Hepp. 40, Fellm. 201.
Anzi Ital. Sup., 292. The var. corticicola Korb., is Hepp. 39,
Anzi Ital. Sup., 297. Both vars. have reaction, K yellow C orange
or orange-red. The spores are brown, 1-septate, and the hypothe-
cium dark fuscous. I have the var. corticicola from Bornere Pool,
Shropshire (1871), not as yet recorded as British.

83. "Buellia Rittokensis. Hellb. — In rupibus infra Rittok et
Nammats." A very remarkable lichen, well described by M. Hell-
bom in Kongl. V. A. Fordh. 1866, p. 463. On a black hypo-
tballus, the roundish, fuscobadious shining areolae, plane or concave,
with an elevated albopulverulent margin, are distantly and disper-
sedly scattered, and the larger black apothecia are sessile on the
hypothallus. The hypothecium is very large and thick, nigro-
fuscous, the hymenium very narrow, paraphyses cohaerent or indis-
tinct,'and spores 8, fuscous, very broadly and obtusely oblong or
ellipsoid, 1-septate. Reaction K — C —

84. " Rhexcphiale coxonata. Th. Fr.— In terra muscosa infra
alpem Nammats." Assuredly a very distinct and beautiful species,
described in Th. M. Fries Lichenes Arctoi, p. 205, but I cannot see
any particular reason why it should be removed from the genus
Lecidea of Ach. & Nyl. into a new and separate genus. It is
Lecidea rhexoblejdiara, Nyl. Scand. 240 and 293. Leight. Lich.
Fl. 333.

85. " Buellia coxacina. (Hoffm.) — In summo cacumine alpis
Passo prope Aktse." Identical with Fellm. Lapp. Or. 193, and
our British plant and Lecidea coracina, Ach. Leight. Lich. Fl.
307.

86. " Rhizocaxpon geogxaphicum (3 alpicolum. (Wnbg.) — In
rupibus infra Njammelst." This specimen has reaction K yellow
then reel, whereas in L. alpicola (Sch^er.), the reaction is K — C — ,
according to Schasr. 173, Hepp. 151, and specimens from Dr.
Nylander. The spores are colourless in a young state, but brown
1-septate when mature. Can it be L. atyestris, Scha^r. En. 107 ?

LICHENOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA. 135

87. "Lopadium pezizoideum. (Ach.) — Ad mnscos infra alpcra
Nammats." = Lecidea pezizoidea, Ach. Leight. Lich. Fl. 348, &
Exs. there cited, to which add Sommerfelt Noit. 43.

88. "Biatora atrofusca. Hepp.— Ad terrain muscosam in alpe
Snjiirrak." Anzi Catal. Sondr. 77.

89. Biatora phaeoitigma. (Kgrb.) — In ramulis abietis ad Aktse."
Korb. IS. L. (J. 199., Par. 157.

90. " Biatora Tornoensis. (Nyl.) — Ad ramnlos abietis prope
Aktse." = Lecidea Tornoensis, Nyl., Fellm. Lapp. Or. 148.

91. M Biatora fuscescens. (Smrflt.) — In cortice betulai ad
Tjamatis." = Nyl. Par. 133. Eabh. 833. Smrflt. 44. Fellm.
168, 109, 170. Anzi 172, 173. Th. M. Fries, 68.

92. " Biatora cinnabarina. (Smrflt.) — Ad corticem betnlaj prope
Aktse." = Lecidea cinnabarina, Smrflt. Fellm. Lapp. Or. 147.
Th. Fr. Scand. 17. Hepp. 485.

93. " Biatorina cumulata. (Smrflt.) — Ad terrain nudam alpis
Nammats." = Lecidea cumulata, Smrflt. Lapp. 157. Th. Fries.
Scand. 44. K yellow then reddish.

94. "Lecidea Diapensiae. Th. Fr. — In campis alpinis Tjackeli &
Walli." = Fellm. Lapp. Or. 149.

95. " Lecidea alpestris. Smrflt. * toninioides. Hellb. — In campis
alpinis Snjiirrak, Walli & Nammats." A form of Lecidea alpestris,
Smrflt., with the granules of the thallus larger, more areolato-
Yc-ri ncose, and the apothecia conglomerate. K — C — . I possess
a specimen collected by Mr. Crombie at Ben Mac Dhui, which
may be referred to the typical form. (Scha3r. 195. Fellm. 101,)
nut yet recorded as British.

9G. " Normandina viridis. (Ach.) — In terra turfosa rupibusque
niuscosis." = Normandina latevirens, Turn. & Borr. Leight.
Lich. Fl. 408.

97. " Endocarpon pulvinatum. Th. Fr. — In praaruptis alpis
]N'jammats prope Qvickjock." Th. M. Fries, Lich. Arctoi, 2 o 7 .
This Dr. Nylander considers as probably a variety of Vtrrucaria
pallida, Ach., see Lich. Scand. 292.

98. "Microglena sphinctrinoides. (Nyl.)— In terra subnnda
alpis Snjiirrak." = Verrucaria sphinctrinoides, Nyl. Scand. 277.
Fellm. Lapp. Or. 218.

99. " Stauxothele clopima. (Wnbg.)— In praruptis alpis Njam-
mats prope Qvickjock." = Verrucaria umbrina, Whlkb., see
Leight. Lich. Fl. 453, and Exs. there cited.

100. " Polyblastia scotinospora. (Nyl.) — In saxis infra alpes
Nammats Sc Snjiirrak. " Veirucaria scotinospora, Nyl. Scand.
270. Leight. Lich. Fl. 453.

136

NEW ASCOMYCETOUS FUNGI.
By Worthington G. Smith, F.L.S.

Mitxula alba. W. G. Sm.

Head globose, even, white ; stem stuffed, white ; asci linear,
sporidia lanceolate, hyaline, enucleate.

Amongst submerged leaves. East Budleigh, Budleigh Salter-
ton (Cecil H. Sp. Perceval, Esq.) April, 1871.

Sporidia -00065 X -0012 in. Differs entirely from M. paludosa,
Fr., in colour, and especially in the globose head and stuffed stem.

[Plate 10, fig. 7., Mitrula alba, nat. size. Fig. 8 section. Fig. 9
asci and sporidia X 700 dia.]

Feziza (Aleuaria) isabellina. W. G. Sm.

Cups large, sessile, fleshy, subglobose, internally smooth, brown-
ish yellow with a shade of red, externally paler, subpruinose ;
sporidia elliptic.

On decayed coniferous wood. King's Lynn, Norfolk. (Chas.
B. Plowright, Esq.) April, 1871.

Cups 1-2 in. across ; sporidia -00056 X -00034 in. Allied to
P. macrocalyx and P. vesiculosa, but entirely differs from both in
colour, habit, and fruit.

[Plate 9, fig. 1, 2. Peziza isabellina nat. size. Fig. 3 section
Fig. 4 asci and sporidia X 700 dia.]

Peziza (Aleuria) undata. W. G. Sm.

Middle sized, fleshy, slightly concave, at length reflexed, gene-
rally corrugated, rooting, variable in colour, purple, buff, grey,
yellowish, or pallid ; sporidia elliptic.

On tree fern stems. Messrs. Veitch's nursery, Chelsea. May,
1870.

Cups -J-| in. across ; sporidia -00023 X -00018 in. Allied to
P. purpurascens, but differing in the sporidia, which, in the latter,
are three times as long as broad ; also allied to P. viridaria, P.
applanata, P. violacea, and P.fuliginea, but differing from all.

[Plate 10, figs. 1, 2. Peziza undata, nat. size. Fig. 3 side view,
Figs. 4, 5 sections. Fig. 6 sporidia X 700 dia.]

British Mosses. — At the moment of going to press we have
received a copy of Mr. C. P. Hobkirk's " Synopsis of British
Mosses," consisting of 196 pages of neatly printed letter-press,
bound in cloth. Of its contents we have at present had no oppor-
tunity of forming an opinion, but, as the most recent authorities
appear to have been consulted, we have no doubt that a closer
acquaintance will be as satisfactory as the present casual one. Such
a handy volume was much needed by British Bryologists.

137

ON REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI.
By M. L. R. Tulasne*

Assiduous observation, and the perfection with which micros-
copes are constructed, will have enabled the botanists of this age
to determine that there are no really againous plants, that is,
without sex ; at any rate they can, from the present time, suspect
with foundation, that in all vegetables, no matter to what group
they belong, there exist two distinct orders of reproductive organs,
the relative value of which may be compared to that of the two
sexes in animals. Until latterly, however, the Lichens and Fungi
seemed to form exceptions to this law, for all the researches of
phytologists could not discover in them that duality of organs
which, after having been for so long the exclusive privilege of
cotyledonous plants, has since been found to belong to nearly all
cryptogams. I have applied all my efforts to make this anomaly
disappear, and I wish I could natter myself that I had worked
efficaciously.

As regards the Lichens I have shownt that the thallus of the
greater number of them conceals small globose organs, kinds of
simple or multilocular conceptacles, provided with an ostiolum,
which, at a certain period of their development, allow the escape
of an incredible number of extremely fine linear corpuscles, straight
or curved, such, in fact, that no resemblance usually exists between
them and the real spores of the lichen. Spermogonia (antheridia,
male flowers), entirely similar, or very analogous, are also observed
in different tribes of Fungi. J

The Pyrenomyceles, to which I particularly devoted my first
work, furnish many very fine examples, but very varied ones are
also found amongst the Discomycetes to which I now wish specially
to draw the attention of those botanists who are interested in the
physiological and organographical history of Fungi.

Among the Discomycetes of an inferior order, I have already
noticed the foliicolous lihytismce, the development of which begins
in summer by the production, on a black spot of variable extent
and form, of small pulviniform capsules (spermogonia), filled by a
solid, conical kernel, quite covered by a hymenium, like that of
Cytispora. Out of these capsules spreads a golden pulp, in which
very slender corpuscles (spermatia) are mixed with an abundant
mucilage ; and it is only after the expulsion of this spermatic
matter that the stroma of the fungus thickens around the sperma-

* Memoir read at the Meeting of the Aca'emie des Sciences, 13 Dec, 1852,
translated from " Comptes Eendus," xxxv., p. 841.

f See my first observations on the reproductive organs of Lichens, in " Comptes
Rendus," 24th March, 1851, and my " Memoire pour servir a l'histoire organo-
gruphique et phys. des Lichens," in "Ann. des Sci. Nat.," 3rd series, vol. xvii.,
p. 5.

% See my note on the reproductive apparatus of Fungi, in the " Comptes
Rendus de 1' Academic des Sciences" Meetiug, of 31 March, 1851.

138

ON REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI.

gonia to serve as a base for the lirellas, that is to say, for the gene-
rative apparatus of the spores. These new organs take all the
autumn and winter to gain their full size, and do not ripen their
seeds until the early spring. The spermatia of Rhytisma acerinum
are linear and short, those of Rhytisma salicinum are globular.
We know that M. LeVeille considered as a fungus mis' generis the
apparatus which engenders these corpuscles, and that he gave it
the name of Melasmia.

Several Hysteria certainly possess spermogonia, but they are
generally rather easy to confound with productions foreign to the
fungus ; we ought, however, to recognise as those of Hysterium
Fraxini the small lageniform, and very black bodies, which are so
abundantly sprinkled over the area occupied by the lirellse, and
which no longer contain any spermatia long before the maturity of
the spores. The spermogonia of Hysterium commune, like those of
Hysterium scirpinum and Hysterium rubi, are small, depressed cap-
sules, of a brilliant black, in which we find an innumerable quantity
of atomic spermatia ; they have hitherto been taken for species of
Leptostroma.

The spermogonia of Triblidium quercinum imitate in their form
and structure those of Rhytisma ; they are produced fastened to the
first rudiments of the lirellse, and their debris remain near these
during the whole period of their long vegetation. The spermatia
are linear, straight, and about "065 m.m. long ; the spores are also
very slender, but of a much more considerable length.

In Stictis ocellata, a Pezizoid fungus which gives out a very de-
cided odour of honey, a great number of the tubercles which ought
to be transformed into cups do not pass into this perfect state until
after having produced either linear and very short spermatia or
stylospores ; the latter are acrogenous, oblong, reproducing bodies,
wrhich are equal in volume to the spores of the endothecium. Some
tubercles confine their fecundity to this gangliary generation, and
remain pycnidia, pure, and simple, that is to say, organs analogous,
as regards their office, to the conceptacles I have thus designated in
the Lichens.*

I also consider as pycnidia the small unilocular capsules with
thick walls, which are seen mixed with the cups of Heterosphairia
patella, and which are generated on very short basidia, lanceolate,
arcuate stylospores. There also exist such relations between Ceu-
thosporaphacidioides and Phacidium Ilicis that the first ought to be
considered the pycnidia or spermogonia of the second.

The spermogonia of Tympanis conspersah&Ye a turbinate-oblong
form, the hard consistence and black colour usual to the perithecia
of the Sphcerice, but their inner wall is tapestried with the same
hymenium as the central kernel of the spermogonia of Rhytisma,
that is to say, with slender branched filaments from which spring

* " Annales des Sci. Nat.," 3rd series, vol. xvii., p. 108.

ON REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI. 139

innumerable spermatia. These corpuscles, enveloped as they are in
mucilage, issue from their conceptacle under the form of a long
tendril, and each of them, taken separately, is only *003 m.m. long.
There is no appearance as if these spermatophorous appliances were
ever transformed, as has been thought, into cyathiform organs pro-
vided with theca?. Such organs are habitually rarer in Tympania
conspersa than the spermogonia ; they are especially developed
around the sori formed by the latter, and an infinitude of extremely
fine spores are observed in each theca.

The spermoginia of Cenangium ligni (Desm.), a fungus barely
differing from the true Peziza, are very small punctiform perithecia
easy to confound with the young cups, and the simple cavity of which
encloses an infinitude of straight spermatia which are not more than
•0035 in. long.

Other Cenangia offer commonly only pycnidia, and ascophorous
cups. The pycnidia of Cenangium fuliginosum are a kind of not
very regular and unilocular tubercles ; they have a more symmetrical
form in Cenangium Aria?, and Cenangium Padi, and also contain
arched-lanceolate stylospores, from 15 to 20 thousandths of a
millim. in length. Those of Cenangium Cerasi and Cenangium
Prunastri are frequently narrow and elongated in the manner of
tubes ; they are joined at their bases, and their cavities communi-
cate with each other ; we find very large linear-lanceolate and
flexuous stylospores. Cenangium Bibis possesses on the other
hand globular substipitate pycnidia, agglomerated on a thick sub-
iculum, and their compact mass is divided by a network of coloured
partitions into a multitude of compartments in which innumerable
ovoid, and very small stylospores take their rise.

The Cenangium Fraxini and Cenangium Fran gu la? deserve a special
mention, for they possess, more than their legitimate congeners do,
spermatia. In the first these corpuscles, which are curved and
about -01 mm. in length, are developed either in small special ovoid
processes, or in the cavity of the pycnidia towards their orifice, but
in the latter case they are perfectly distinguishable from the stylo-
spores, which are similarly arched, but relatively very voluminous.
The spermatia of Cenangium Franguhv are straight, from three to
five thousandths of a millim. long, and fill the orifice of some of the
young cups, while they are still almost closed, and their lmnenium
seems to be formed of similar elements. On the other hand, the
pycnidia of the same fungus, which resemble the perithecia of
Sphceria, habitually produce no spermatia.

In several Dermatea? stylospores and spermatia co-exist. Ac-
cording to what takes place in the fungi already quoted, these two
kinds of reproductive corpuscles are disseminated before the appear-
ance of the ascophorous cups, but they are here generated together
on a stroma, which has no proper tegument. This subiculum much
resembles a Tubercularia in Dermatea carpinea ; it is less well
defined, of less consistence, and sometimes locellate in Dermatea

140 ON REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI.

coryli, D. dissepta and D. amaena, which are all kinds of small
caespitose and corticolons Peziza?.

The Bulgaria inquinans, which, in the adult state, represents a
very large, deep black Peziza, is in its extreme youth an obtuse
tubercle, the whole mass of which is divided into ramified lobes,
and of very irregular form. The extremities of these lobes become
towards the surface of the tubercle recipients, from which escape,
for some time, waves either of pure spermatia, or of spermatia
mixed with stylospores. Both are ovoid, but the spermatia are
rose-coloured, or colourless, and much smaller than the stylospores,
which are as black as the spores of Melanconium*

Quite a different organization is observed in Bulgaria sarcoides.
The unequal and sometimes branched clavules which accompany
its cups are covered throughout their superior part by a spermato-
phorous hymenium, and disseminate in very great abundance,
straight, very slender corpuscles (spermatia). In the early period
of their vegetation they are also covered with globular conidia.
As these ccespitose clavules are not always joined to the perfect
form of the Bulgaria, they have been hitherto taken for a distinct
species of fungus of the group of the Tremellince. {Tremella
sarcoides).

We know of the cohabitation on the dead stalks of nettles of
Peziza fusarioides with Dacrymyces Urtica, and the orange-red
colour common to both. There is no doubt but that these two
products belong, as several mycologists have already supposed, to
one and the same species, of which the Dacrymyces represents the
spermogonia state, and the Peziza the perfect form.

Another small Peziza which grows in autumn around Paris on
the dead branches of different trees, and which I would call Peziza
benesuada, on account of the instruction its study affords to the
mycologist, offers in some of its cups instead of the ordinary
paraphyses, which are linear, straight and simple, slender branched
and flexuous filaments, from which spring in great quantity very
fine spermatia. The cups thus gifted none the less contain numer-
ous fertile thecal, and can consequently be rigorously qualified as
hermaphrodites. They are just in the same case as the perithecia
of certain Lichens {Verrucaria), while in several species of
Pyrenomycetes, such as Polystigma rubrum, Isothea saligna, and
others, there is only a succession in the same recipient of spermatia
and thecse, the latter never coming except after the former.

* I was wrong in saying (" Ann. des Sci. Nat.," 3rd ser., xvii., p. 84, note 2,)
that the small, imperfect, and scarcely coloured spores, which accompany the
normal spores of B. inquinans, were unfit for germinating, for I have since found
that these small spores germinate quite as well, and even more quickly than the
others.

141

NEW BRITISH LICHENS.

Communicated by the Rev. J. M. Crombie, M.A., F.L.S.

The following new species of .Lichens, recently discovered in
Great Britain, have been described by Dr. Nylander in the " Flora,"
January, 1873, pp. 17-23:—

1. Lecanora pxaepostexa. Nyl. — Thallus white, thin, sub-smooth,
areolato-rimose, Bnb-fimbriated, and darkly limited at the circum-
ference (K + yellow, and then cinnabarine-reddish) ; apothecia
blackish, opaqne, glanco-suffused or snbdenudate, moderate, the
thalline margine rngnlose or subcrenate, spores 8 nae, ellipsoid,
0,009-14 m.m. long, 0,005-6 m.m. thick ; paraphyses slender,
epithecinm yellowish ; hymeneal gelatine, and especially the thecae
bluish with iodine.

On basalt rocks, in Jersey ( Larbalestier, 1872). Not unlike a
variety of Lecanora atrynea, Ach., but sufficiently distinct by the
smaller spores, the reaction of the thallus and the hymeneal gela-
tine, as also by the other characters as above.

2. Lecanora coniopta. Nyl — Thallus greyish-brown, indeter-
minate, moderate, unequal, rimoso-diffract ; apothecia black, innate,
at first slightly margined, at length somewhat convex and immar-
ginate, white within ; spores 8 nae, brownish-black, ellipsoid, 1-
septate, 0,015-20 m.m. long, 0,008-10 m.m. thick, epithecium
brown, paraphyses moderate, subarticulated, hypothecium colour-
less ; hymeneal gelatine, bluish with iodine.

On gneissic maritime rocks on the coast of Kincardineshire
(Crombie, August, 1872). Not unlike Lecidea coniops in external
appearance, but a true Lecanora. The spermogones are frequent,
black punctate, with arthrosterigmata, and slightly bacillar spermatia.
In the same locality was also gathered very sparingly, Lecanora
diphyodes. (Nyl., in " Flora," 1872, p. 353.)

3. Lecidea leucophaeopsis. Nyl. — Thallus white, consisting of
small, rotnndato difformed squamules, which are adnate and de-
pressed in the centre, and either dispersed or contiguous (K +
yellow) ; apothecia brownish-black, opaque, convex, concolorous
within (the hymeneal stratum dark- greyish) ; spores 8 nae, colour-
less, fusiform, 3-5-septate, 0,024-34 m.m. long, 0,005-8 m.m.
thick ; paraphyses slender, not always very well discrete, epithe-
cium and hypothecium yellowish-brown ; hymeneal gelatine bluish,
and the thecae wine-red with iodine.

Onquartzose stones of a wall on Ben Lawers. (Crombie, August,
1872.) The thallus of this species is not very uncommon here and
there on Ben Lawers, but it is very rarely seen in fruit. Between the
squamules there usually occur the pulvinuli of Sirosiphon saxicola,
Nag. Nylander observes that the present species recedes from all
known species ; but probably is to be systematically arranged near
to Lecidea sabuletorum.

142 HERBARIUM MYCOLOGICUM (ECONOMICUM.

4. Lecidea mesotropiza. Nyl. — Thallus white, verrucose, mode-
rate (K -f yellow) ; apothecia black, convex, immarginate, bluish-
grey within; spores 8 na?, colourless, ellipsoid, 0,011-12 m.m.
long, 0,007 m.m. thick ; paraphyses not very well discrete, epi-
thecium dark greenish-blue ; hymeneal gelatine bluish, the thecal
violet-coloured with iodine.

On schistose stones of an old wall on the hill of Ardo, near Aber-
deen, very sparingly. (Crombie, August, 1872.) From Lecidea
mesotropoides, its nearest ally, it differs amongst other characters by
the verrucose thallus and the bluish epithecium. The apothecia
are sometimes slightly pruinose.

HERBARIUM MYCOLOGICUM (ECONOMICUM.

The first Fasciculus of this publication, comprising specimens
of 50 species of those fungi which exert a baneful influence upon
agriculture and horticulture ; and also those which take part in
the administration of household ceconomy, has just been published
by Baron Thuemen of Teplitz.

The aim of the editor has been to give ample and characteristic
specimens, in order that the study of those species of fungi which
are hurtful to our cultivated plants or forest trees, may be facili-
tated, as it is only in this way that we can hope to combat the
ravages of our numerous enemies. Consequently the greater
portion o f this fasciculus consists of those species which have their
abode upon living plants. Puccinise, Uredines, and Peronosporse
find several representatives.

Amongst the more interesting species contained in this fasci-
culus are, Uredo sorghi (Pers,), Puccinia Helianthi (Schw.), P.
maydis (Pbtsch.), Ustilago destruens (Schl.), Uredo cichoracearum
(D.C.), var. Endivce, Phacidium medicaginis (Lasch.), Exoascus
pruni (Fckl.), Septoria olece (D. & M.), Septoria Mori (Lev.)
Hysterium nervisequum (D. C), Oidium lactis (Fr.), Saccharo?nyces,
apicidatas (Rees), and several others.

The specimens are very good in quality, and abundant in quan-
tity, each species being enclosed in a separate paper wrapper, their
examination is greatly facilitated. Upon the whole, the author,
Baron Thuemen, must be congratulated for the eminently practical
turn this publication gives to the study of Fungology.

Charles B. Plowright.

Potato Disease. — The time for the preparation of the prize
essay, for which one hundred pounds has been offered, is now ex-
tended from March until the autumn, in order to give more oppor-
tunity for original investigation.

I!:)

A PARASITE ON PEZIZA.
By the Editor.

We have lately received from C. J. Muller, Esq., of Eastbourne,
a very interesting specimen of a Sarcoscyphous P<>:i:<t, which
appears to be P. hemispherica, Wigg. The surface of the hyme-
nium is rough, with the projecting upper portions of semi-immersed,
pale brownish perithecia, each of which is furnished at the mouth
with a tuft of delicate, erect hairs. The perithecia are themselves
membranaceous and translucent, sometimes wholly immersed in the
hymenium, as if proceeding from the inferior stratum, and com-
posed of hexagonal cells, with a brownish tint, so as to render them
conspicuous amongst the surrounding hymenium. Many of the
asci, and septate paraphyses of the Peziza are normally developed.
These parasitic perithecia contain free lemon-shaped spores, remind-
ing one of the sporidia of certain sphcerice which occur on dung, as
S. stercoraria, &c. The spores are dark-brown, and near -001
inch in length, but in no instance could we detect asci, or sterig-
mata, nor obtain any direct evidence of the mode in which the
spores are produced in the perithecia. No perithecia were found
with the spores in their early stage, and before acquiring colour,
but in all instances they seemed to be matured and free in the peri-
thecia. From these circumstances we have been led to regard the
parasite as coniomycetous, although not agreeing with the cha-
racters of any genus of which we have any knowledge. It has
been suggested that these perithecia are not truly parasitic, but that
they are another form of fruit of the Peziza. Such is not im-
possible, but, from present experience, we are disposed to consider
it as rather improbable, although the fact that the perithecia seem
to originate from the lower cellular stratum would favour the con-
jecture. Under any circumstances, the specimens in question are
of a very interesting character, and we have at once placed on
record all the facts which have come to our knowledge, in the hope
that by turning attention to the subject, other specimens may be
found, and a more complete history elaborated for this rather ano-
malous production.

The whole of the features of this parasite seem to favour the
supposition that it may be a species of Melanospora, but no asci
having been found, it would be too great an assumption to place it
in that genus until an examination of specimens in an earlier con-
dition settle the question whether the spores are produced on pe-
duncles, or whether they are at first enclosed in asci. No species
of Melanospora has hitherto been recorded as occurring in Britain.

144

A New British Riccia.

A very distinct and interesting species R. sorocarpa, Bischoff
(Nov. Acta Ac. Nat. Cur. xvii. 2, p. 1053, t 71, f 11), was de-
tected last spring by Mr. B. M. Watkins, growing at Great
Doward Hill, between Ross and Monmouth. The plant grows in
tolerable abundance on the top of a projecting limestone rock,
overhanging the Wye, and about three hundred feet above that
river, but barren specimens only have hitherto been found.

Riccia sorocarpa. Bischoff in Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. xvii.
2, p. 1053, t. 71, /. 11. Bischoff Krypt, fig. 2667. Gottsche Syn.
Hep. p. 600.

Riccia minima. Leers. Flor. Herborn, p. 252.

Fronds bifid or sub-dichotomously divided into linear laciniae,
carinato-sulcate in the middle, slightly incrassated beneath, and of
the same colour; lobes oblong, rather acute or obtuse, or retuse ;
margin plane, smooth ; fruit aggregated, superior at the base of
the lacinise, at length with a gaping fissure.

R. Braithwaite, M.D.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Hampe, E. Musci novi Australia ex herb Mueller, in " Linnaea"
for October, 1872.

Muller, J. Lichenum species et varietates novae, in " Flora,"
Dec, 1872.

Winter, G. Notes on Renin's Ascomycetes, in " Flora," Dec.
1872.

Nylander, W. Observata Lichenologica in Pyrenaeis Orient.,
in " Flora," Dec, 1872.

Arnold, F. Lichens of the French Jura, in " Flora," Dec,
1872.

Geheeb, A. Bryological Journey to Lapland, in u Hedwigia,"
for Dec, 1872.

Limpricht, G. Supplement to Bryologia Silesiaca of Milde, in
" Hedwigia," Dec, 1872.

Johnston, C. The preparation of Diatoniaceaa, in the " Lens,"
for Oct., 1872.

Smith, H. L. The Bailey Collection of Diatomaceae, in the
Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History, in the " Lens,"
for Oct., 1872.

Briggs, S. A. Some of the Diatomaceae of Upper Lake Huron
and the Sault, in the " Lens," for Oct., 1872.

Smith, W. G., on Cordiceps capitata, with figs., in " Gardeners'
Chronicle" for Feb. 8, 1873.. pp. 178.

GKEVILLEA

EL 10.

u

C£

*4

PEZIZA (ALEUR1A) UNDATA. W.Sm

MITRULA ALBA WSrn.

. W. G. Smith. PIS. del et.litK

Go/cc <£- Fothenngfa-m. imp. Wis Lr

No. 10.] [April, 1873.

A MONTHLY EECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY,
AND ITS LITERATURE.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.
By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.

{Continued from Page 102.)

- 201. Xrpex fimbriae formis. B. % C. — Totus resupinatus immar-
ginatus, dentibus e basi triangulari subulatis seriatis, No. 3762.
Perms. Michener.

Effused, entirely resupinate,imniarginate, pallid ; teeth triangular
at the base, subulate above, arranged in parallel lines. A very
pretty species.

* Irpex obliquus. Fr. — No. 2323. Car. Inf. On Liquidambar.
No. 1605, Rav.

^ 202. Zrpex discolor. B. & C. — Totus resupinatus ; subiculo tenui
albo, cito poroso ; dentibus fasciculatis compressis subulatis. No.
2939.

Entirely resupinate ; subiculum thin, white, soon porous ;
hymeniuni umber, teeth fasciculate, subulate.

* Radulum orbiculare. Fr. — On Nyssa. Rav. No. 1765. No.
4372. Penns. Michener. On Cerasus.

- * R. magnoliae. B. $ C— Hook. Kew Misc. L, p. 236. Totum
resnpinatum, hie lasve ceraceum, carneo-ochraceum, illic crassum e
dentibus cylindricis obtusis connatis stalactitiis. No. 1097. Car. Inf.

On the smooth bark of Magnolia glauca. Effused, in part
thin, bright ochraceous, with a smooth hymenium, with no distinct
border; in part thick ; composed of irregular cylindrical teeth,
which are more or less connate.

«► 203. Radulum pallidum. B. $ C. — Totum resupinatum, la?te
ochraceum ; margine superiore tomentoso ; dentibus brevibus cy-
lindricis sparsis. No. 2599. Car. Inf.

On bark of Carya. Forming oblong patches, the upper margin
of which is tomentose from a tendency to become reflected ; the
lower margin whitish ; teeth scattered, cylindrical, often adnate on
the lower side.

* Radulum aterrimum. Fr. — Arctic America. Drummond.

146 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

* Radulum molar e. Fr.— No. 736 on alder. No. 786 on Ulmus
Americana No. 2175 on Carya. No. 2325, 2405 on oak. No.
4745 on pine. No. 5994, Penns. Michener. Ravenel, No. 65D,
1539. On bark of various trees. No. 4745 approaches E. pallidwn,
but is quite distinct.

* Radulum laetum. Fr.— No. 5400. New England, Sprague.

- 204. Radulum spinulosum. B. & C. — Effusum, isabellinum, mar-
gine elevato tomentoso, dentibus minntis sparsis spinulosum. No.
4543. Alabama, Peters.

Effused, opaque, of a pallid pinkish grey ; margin slightly
raised, tomentose ; hymenia sprinkled with short spicules.
_ 205. Radulum Bennettii. B. <$f C— Totum resupinatum pallidum
rimosum, tuberculis brevibus exasperatum. No. 6328. Rhode
Island, J. L. Bennett.

On decorticated white wood.

Entirely resupinate, without any distinct border, pallid, cracked
into little areolae; rough, with short tubercles.

* Phlebia vaga. Fr.— No. 2713, Car. Inf. No. 5606. C. Wright,
Connecticut.

- 206. Phlebia orbicularis. B. $ C— Hook. Journ. 1849, p. 237.
Primum orbicularis fasca demum latereliter confluens fasco-pur-
pureum, margine elevato, venis e centrali puncto radiantibus. No.
1281. Car. Inf. On dead sticks.

Purple-brown, orbicular, then confluent, but always retaining the
radiating disposition of the veins ; margin more or less elevateds

- 207. Phlebia zonata. B. % C. — Fusca secernibilis subtus zonata
subtomentosa ; venis depressis radiantibus. No. 2086, 2946. Car.
Inf. Rav. No. 1538. On oak limbs.

Rigid, coriaceous, brown, separable from the matrix, zoned be-
neath, and sometimes above, slightly tomentose, veins depressed,
radiating. Mycelium white.

- 208. Phlebia rubiginosa. B. # Rav.- Rav. Fasc. in. 23. Margine
reflexo rubiginoso tomentoso ; hymenio fusco ; venis elevatis. Rav.
No. 886, 1450. On oak rails.

Forming small oblong patches or widely effused ; margin ele-
vated, tomentose, ferruginous ; hymenia brown ; veins prominent.
Nearly allied to the last.

~- 209. Phlebia anomala. B. $ Rav.— Tota resupinata, margine e
strato inferiore adnato pallido ; hymenio e rufulo fusco ; venis obs-
curis. Rav. No. 1449. On fallen oak limbs.

Entirely adnate ; margin narrow, pallid from the projection of
the lower stratum ; hymenium tinged with rufous, at length brown ;
veins very obscure, so that it approaches Corticium.
« 210. Grandinia alutacea. B. <b Rav— Rav. Fas. iv. 11, lsete
alutacea, late effusa, papillis sparsis. Rav. No. 1848. Car. Inf.

Bright tan-coloured, widely effused over bark ; edge sometimes

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 1 17

slightly raised ; papilla granular, scattered, so as to leave some
parts nearly free.

«. 211. Grandinia tuberculata. B. § C.—IIoolc.Kew. Misc. \.p. 237.
Crassiuscula pallida, papillis magnis ceraceis obtusis. No. 1111.
Car. Inf. On Cart/a.

Forming a rather thick resupinate stratum, consisting entirely of
rather large obtuse papilla, apparently the same as Hydnum
Botrytis, Schwein.

w 212. Kneiffia tessulata. B. <$• C— Pallida adnata resupinata ri-
mosa ; margine tenuissimo sterili ; granulis irregularibus. No. 2805.
Car. Inf. On oak. On decayed wood.

Margin very thin, barren, hymenium cracked, pallid, thickly
covered with the prominent irregular granules.

* Kneiffia setigera. Fr.— Rav. Fasc. v. 31. No. 2G98, 2699,
2760, 4778. On oak. Car. Inf. No. 3759 on pine. No. 3899. Texas,
C. Wright, seems to be a young state.

«* 213. Kneiffia candidissima. B. S> Rav. — Rav. Fasc. v. 32. Can-
didissima primum corticioidea, sero granulis frequentibus apiculatis
sparsa. No. 1376. Car. Inf. No. 1791, Ravenel. On Juniperus
virginiana.

At first forming a thin pure white stratum, looking like a
Corticium, without granules, at length thickening and sprinkled with
numerous granules. Occasionally it acquires a slight ochraceous
tinge.

« 214. Odontia lateritia. B. <$• C— Rav. Fasc. v. 24. Effusa im-
marginata lateritia, matricem tingens. No. 6084. Alabama, Peters.
On fallen oaks.

Widely effused, without any distinct margin ; brick red, staining
the wood with the same tint ; spines short, tomentose.

This appears to be the same with Phlebia hydnoidea, Schwen.
0. albo-miniata, B. & C. is a peculiar state of Polyporus sanguineus.

* Craterellus clavatus. Fr. — No. 5786. Maine, Sprague.

* Craterellus crispus. Fr. — No. 5713. New Engl., Sprague.

* Craterellus sinuosus. .Fr.— No. 2982. Car. Inf. Ravenel.

* Craterellus cornucopioides. Fr. — No. 502. Car. Sup. No.
3445. New York, Sartwell. Ohio, Lea. Rav. Fasc. ii., 27.

215. Craterellus lateritius. B.— Pileo profunde umbilicato lo-
bato stipite deorsum angustato hynienioqueradiato venosolateritiis.
No. 4539. Alabama, Peters.

On the ground ; 2 inches wide ; brick-red ; pileus deeply umbili-
cato, cyathiform, margin lobed ; stem !•£ inch high, dilated above ;
veins narrow, radiating. This is Thelephora craterellus, Schwein.
Fine specimens wore gathered in Ohio by F. G. Lea.

* Craterellus lutescens. Fr.— No. 5773. New Engl., Sprague,
No. 1689. Santee River.

148 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

* Craterellus odoratus. Schtvein. — No. 1288. Car. Inf.

216. Craterellus unicolor. Rav. — Fasc. ii., 26. Pallide fuscus,
umbilicatus ; stipite sursum incrassato in hymenium rugosuni
effuso. About an inch high, ^-1 inch across, pale brown; stem
dilated upwards, confluent, with the rugose hyuieniuni lobes very
much like some Omphalia infested with Hyphomyces.

* Thelephora multipartita. Schweln. — No. 5265. New Engl.
Sprague.

217. Thelephora regularis. Schwein. MSS— Pileo cyathiformi de-
mum parce fisso; stipite cylindrico. No. 1206. Car. Inf.

Pileus about | inch across, cup-shaped, at first quite regular, then
slightly divided, subcoriaceous, stem 1 inch high, cylindrical, nearly
equal ; hymenium slightly veiny. The whole plant has a more or
less rufous tinge.

* Thelephora caryophyllaea. Fr.— Rav. Fasc. ii., 28. No. 1559.
Santee River.

218. Thelephora Ravenelii. B. — Pileo cyathiformi lobato fisso
pallido lineato subtiliter tomentoso ; stipite brevi cylindrico pallido ;
hymenio demum fusco. Rav. 1498. Green Ville, Car. Inf.'

Pileus \-\ inch across, cup-shaped, lobed and split, minutely
tomentose ; stem pallid, cylindrical, about \ an inch high, not a
line thick ; hymenium at length brown. In larger specimens there
are narrow zones.

* Thelephore gausapata. Fr. -No. 3988. Alabama, Peters.

219. Thelephora pteruloides. B. Sf C. — Pileo primum infundibu-
liformi ochraceo, demum in lacinias acutas fisso ; stipite compresso.
No. 1745. Car. Inf. No. 5326. New. Eng., Sprague.

On the ground, gregarious, crowded, bright ochraceous, at least
when dry, 1^ inch high ; pileus at first infundibuliform, at length
split into numerous acute latinise, which are slightly tomentose
below, smooth above ; stems crowded, compressed, dilated upwards.

220. Thelephora filament osa. B. $ C. — Pileis filiformibus pal-
lidis e mycelio lato communi oriundis. No. 6071. Alabama, Peters.

Growing on decayed matted herbaceous fragments, on which it
forms a mycelium, which is in part smooth, in jDart filamentous ; pilei
thread-shaped. A very curious species, but the specimens scarcely
show whether the pilei are really filiform or deeply split.

221. Thelephora hiscens. B. # Rav— Pileo lobato fissoque to-
mentoso pallido ; stipite brevi tomentoso, hymenio rimoso. Rav.
No. 1303. Car. Inf.

On the ground. Pileus about an inch across, deeply lobed and
split, pallid, tomentose, as is also the short stem ; hymenium grey,
at length rimose, probably from its being of a softer consistence than
in neighbouring species.

* Thelephora cladonia. Schwein.— No. 3272. Texas, C. Wright.
Arctic America, Drummond.

NOTICES OF NOllTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 149

* Thelephora pallida. ,sW<wr/'w.— No. 250, 515, 524. Cur. Sup.
No. 1131. No. 1251. Car. Inf. No. 3645. Texas, Lindheimer.
No. 5763. Nov., Aug. Sprague. Kay. Fasc. ii., 29.

* Thelephora vialis. Schwein. — No. 1660. Car. Inf.

222. Thelephora tephroleuca. B. § C— Pileo primuin subinfundi-
baliformi late lobato albido rugoso, hyinenio fusco. No. 3555.
Penns., Michener, No. 1504. Rav. Csesar's Head. Car. Inf.

On the ground.

At first somewhat infundibuliform, broadly lobed, dirty white,
rough, with little raised wrinkles; hymenium brown below, pale
above, nearly even. One to two inches or more across.

223. Thelephora aculeata. B. $ C — Infundibuliformis lata ; mar-
gine laciniato ; superficie aculeata ; hymenio pallidiure. No. 2009.
Car. Inf.

On the ground, two or three inches across ; margin laciniate, the
surface rough, with adpressed prickle-like processes ; brownish
above, pale beneath. A very fine species, of which I have only an
imperfect specimen.

* Thelephora laciniata. P.— No. 2693, 4729. Car. Inf. A zoned
variety.

* Thelephora cuticularis. P.— No. 1851. Rhode Island. Olney.
Ohio, Lea.

* Thelephora albo-marginata. Schwein.— No. 1009, Santee River.
No. 369,793, on Comus florida. Car. Sup., and No. 1368, Car. Inf.
on Castanea pumila appear to be the same. Fine specimens were
gathered by Lea on Platanus occidentalism in Ohio.

* Thelephora arida. Fr. — No. 3728, Car. Inf. Spores lemon-
shaped, -0004 long.

* Thelephora umbrina. Fr. — No. 4063, Penns., Michener. No.
6090. Alabama, Peters. No. 6210. New England, Sprague.

* Thelephora ferruginea. Fr— No. 1578. Car. Inf.

■ 224. Thelephora granosa. B. & C— Efifusa tenuis fusca ; mycelio
bvssoidea ; hymenio granulato. No. 2485. Car. Inf. On oak and
Polypori. No. 3700 on pine. Car. Inf. No. 3949, 4160. Penns.
Michener, No. 5283. Alabama, Peters.

Forming a thin, black-brown stratum on various kinds of wood,
&c, with a floccose brownish mycelium ; hymenium distinctly and
closely granular. Thel. olivacea M. (Q, botryoides, Schwein) is the
same species.

* Thelephora laxa. Fr.— Rav. No. 1308. On oak limbs. No.
782. Mass., Sprague.

* Thelephora anthochroa. P.— No. 4536. Alabama, Peters.

* Thelephora biennis. Fr.— Rav. No. 790. Car. Inf. Thel,
albo-brunnea, Schwein.

150 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

- Thelephora incrustans. P.— No. 570. Car. Sup.

* * Thelephora sebacea. Fr.-No. 4872. Penns., Michener, No.

'5821. New Eng., Sprague. Kav. No. 1619. Car. Inf.

* Thelephora pedicellata. Schwein — -No. 3807. Alabama, Peters.
On Cornus.

* Thelephora arida. Fr.— No. 2362. Car. Inf. On pine.

T 225. Thelephora Murraii. B. <L- C. — Journ. Linn. Soc, x.,p. 329.
Effusa, carnoso-crustacea ; margine angusto tomentoso pallido ;
hymenio rimoso granulato ; ex albido subcarneo-griseo. No. 5809,
New Eng., Murray. Also Cuba.

Effused, of a thick, rather fleshy substance, margin pallid, narrow,
tomentose, hymenium cracked, granulated, at first whitish, then of
a greyish flesh-colour.

fri"

ON SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN THE
PERONOSPORiE.

By Dr. Ant. de Bary.*

[At this time, when attention is directed more specially to the
Potato Disease, on account not only of its devastations, but also
of the prize which has been offered for its elucidation, the follow-
ing observations may be opportune.]

In the form and initial mode of development of their sexual
organs, the Feronosporce are completely analogous to the monse-
cious types of the Saprolegnice. It is in the intercellular spaces
of the living phanerogamic plants, inhabited by these parasites,
that we find their oogonia, which are large, rounded cells, filled
with plasma. These cells generally terminate certain branches of
the mycelium, and are only rarely interstitial. Long before the
oogonium has reached its normal dimensions, there springs from
the filament which bears it, or from some other neighbouring one,
a slender branch, which is firmly applied by its free extremity to
the walls of the said organ. Then this branch ceases to elongate,
its extremity inflates, takes a basilary division, and thus becomes a
distinct cell, a clavate, or oval antheridium, which is straight, and
of less diameter than the oogonium, firmly applied to the latter by
a relatively extensive surface. I have never met with an adult
oogonium which was certainly without an antheridium, and I have
only very rarely seen oogonia with two antheridia.

When the two sexual organs have attained their full develop-
ment, the protoplasm contained in the oogonium is divided into a
peripheric layer, with but few granules, and almost homogeneous ;
and into a central rounded mass, which is rendered opaque by

* Translated from " Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze," in Hofmeister's
" Handbuch," vol. ii., cap. v. By the Editor.

ON SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN THE TEIlONOSPORiE. 151

accumulated granules of fatty matter. This mass is what I call
the gonosphere. Immediately this is formed, the antheridium
emits from its contiguous side a tabular and slender process, a sort
of beak, which pierces the membrane of the oogonium, and reaches
the gonosphere, crossing the ambient plasma. As soon as this
fecundating process has touched the surface of the sphere in ques-
tion, it no longer increases, but the latter becomes enveloped in a
fine membrane of cellulose, and takes all the characteristics of an
oospore.

The antheridium is at first filled with a rather dense protoplasm,
which, at the moment of fecundation, often represents a rounded
central sphere, from which slender processes radiate in all directions.
This appearance is preserved before and after fecundation, and even
until the perfect maturity of the oospore. The extremity of the
fecundating canal remains closed, and is intimately joined to the
membrane of the oospore. There is no appearance of spermato-
zoids. The mode of action of this fecundating tube on the gono-
sphere may then be compared to the pollen tube in phanerogamic
plants. The cellulose membrane with which the oospore is en-
veloped then becomes thicker, and finally its endospore is a solid
inner integument, made up of several superimposed layers. At the
same time there is formed outside, and around this interior cell, a
second protecting membrane, which is ordinarily resistant, and is
the epispore. This gradually passes from brownish yellow to a
darker tint, and is finally ornamented on its surface, according to
the species of Peronospora, with warts, folds, filiform and articu-
lated prominences, &c. In Cystopus the epispore is made up of
encrusted cellulose. This outer tegument is formed at the expense
of the peripheric plasma of the oogonium, which is by degrees
precipitated on the oospore, and assumes consistency. The ripe
oospore occupies the centre of the oogonium, in the midst of a fluid
of an aqueous nature, and only holding in suspension a few scat-
tered granules. As regards the wall proper of the ripe oogonium, it
is, according to the species of fungus under consideration, either
very much thickened and rigid, or thin and somewhat evanescent.
The endospore finally surrounds a finely granulated plastic layer,
which forms, as it were, an envelope around a large central vacuole.
The fecundating tube remains recognizable until the maturity of
the spore, and it is generally covered by a case, which, proceeding
from the epispore, extends as far as the side of the oogonium.

The oospores of the Peronosporce germinate after a prolonged
repose, which lasts at least as long as the winter. As yet two
modes of germination are known; in the Cystopus candidus the
endospore becomes swollen with its contents under the influence
of water, then the epispore bursts at one point, and allows a broad,
short, obtuse hernia to issue. Then large and changing vacuoles
are observed in the protoplasm, then it divides simultaneously into
a multitude of equal parts, which soon become so many zoospores,

152 ON SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN THE PERONOSPORA.

quite similar to those which are engendered in the sporangia without
previous fecundation. Immediately after this division, the herni-
ary prominence, which we mentioned as issuing from the epispore,
increases into a globose, and very thin bladder, into which the
zoospores pass to commence their agile movements, but this vesicle
soon dissolves, in order to allow the zoospores to disperse.

In Peronospora valerianellce , and the most nearly allied species,
the oospore, when germinating on a damp body (but not in water)
emits a tubular filament, the membrane of which proceeds from the
inner layer of the endospore, and which has broken the exterior
integument of the spore. The germ elongates considerably, rami-
fies, and assumes completely the appearance of the mycelium of the
Peronospora. Its introduction into the nourishing plant has not
yet been observed.*

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN THE ERYSIPHEI.

By Dr. Anton de Bary.

Amongst the Fungi whose sexual organs are known, we must
certainly place Erysiphe, according to the researches which I pub-
lished on the fructification of the Ascomycetes (Leipzig, 1863).
The fecundated oogonium or oocyst in Erysiphe does not develope
into a simple oospore, but into a complex perithecium, which en-
closes the thecre, or sporidia-bearing cells. The mycelium of Ery-
siphe cichoracearum, like that of other species, consists of branched
filaments crossed in all directions, which adhere as they climb to
the epidermis of the plant on which the fungus lives as a parasite.
The perithecia are engendered where two filaments cross each other.
These swell slightly at this point, and each emits a process which
imitates a nascent branch, and remains upright on the surface of
the epidermis. The process developed from the inferior filament
soon acquires an oval form, and a diameter double that of this
filament, then it becomes isolated from it by a septum, and con-
stitutes a distinct cell, which I qualify as an oocyst. The appen-
dage which proceeds from the superior filament always adheres
intimately to this cell, and elongates into a slender cylindrical tube,
which terminates in an obtuse manner at the summit of the same
cell. At its base it is also limited by a septum, and soon after-
wards another septum appears a little below its extremity, at a
point intimated beforehand by a slight strangulation. This new
septum completes a terminal, short, and obtuse cell (the anthe-
ridium), wThich thus becomes borne on a narrow tube like a sort of
pedicel. Immediately after the formation of the antheridium, new
productions show themselves, both around the oocyst and within it.

* More ample details will be found in " Botan. Zeitung, 1861," p. 89, and
"Ann. des. Sci. Nat.," ser. 4, vol. xx. (1862;.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN THE BRY8IPHEI. 153

Underneath this cell, and from the filament which bears it, are seen
to spring eight or nine tubes, which join themselves to each other
by their sides and to the pedicel of the antheridia, while they apply

their inner face to the oocyst, above which their extremities soon
meet. Each of these tubes is then divided by means of transverse
septa into two or three distinct utricles, and in this manner the
multicellular wall of the perithecinm Bprings into existence. Dur-
ing this time the oocyst enlarges and divides, without its being
possible to detect precisely how it happens, into a central cell, and
an outer layer, which is ordinarily simple, of smaller utricles con-
tiguous to the general enveloping wall. The central cell becomes
the single theca proper to the species of Erysiphe of which we are
speaking, and the layer which surrounds it constitutes the inner
wall of the globose perithecium. The only changes which are
afterwards to be observed are the considerable increase of the peri-
thecium, by the fact of the development of all its component cells,
the production of the radicular filaments which proceed from its
outer wall, the brown tint which this assumes, and finally the for-
mation of the spores in the theca. The autheridium remains for a
long time recognizable without undergoing any essential modifi-
cation, but the dark colour which the perithecium assumes finally
hides it from the eye of the observer.

In other species of Erysiphe, oocysts and antheridia, but slightly
different in form from those just described, may be seen. The
structure of their perithecia, when they are ripe, agrees also as
regards the principal characteristics with that of the one we know,
only these conceptacles generally enclose several theca?, among
which are distributed numerous series and special groups of barren
cells. In consequence, the method of division of the oocyst must
be much more complex than in Erysiphe dehor acearum, but this
phenomenon has not as yet been visible, on account" of the opacity
of the young perithecia. Concerning the final structure of the
perithecia, the first volume of " Selecta Fungorum Carpologia," of
M. M. Tulasne, may be consulted, as also the dissertation published
by them in the " Annales."*

Bonds of analogy, as regards the formation of the perithecia,
doubtle;*s unite the genus Eurotium to Erysiphe. As I have shown
elsewhere,f ^ne generative filaments of the perithecia in the Eurotium
twist together at their summit like a corkscrew, and generally pre-
sent six turns of a screw solidly united to each other, and forming
a conical hollow body. After a short time this body is slightly
swollen, and composed of a multitude of rounded cells, which even
fill it?> central cavity. The most superficial of these cells are again
v ry distinctly arranged in spiral series. How the changes and
sub-divisions of cells, which bring about this second state of the
young perithecium, take place, has not as yet been ascertained ; at

* " Annales des Sci. Nat.," sec. 4, vol. vi., p. 299.
f " Botuuiiche Zeituuy," lor 1854.

154 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN THE ERYSIPHEI.

any rate, it is not improbable that some phenomenon (fecundation
or copulation) takes place, which is connected with our subject.
The multi-cellular body increases by the multiplication and sub-
division of its component cells, and soon assumes a globose form.
The cells of the superficial layer (or simply their exterior wall,
which will have to be examined anew) become polygonal, assume a
yellow colour, and constitute the thin integument of the conceptacle.
In the interior of this the cellular partition still continues for a long
time, until finally all the utricles have become rounded oval thecae,
and normally octospores.

HUNGARIAN FUNGI.

a Kalchbrenner Karoly : Icones selectee hymenomycetum hungarice"

The work is edited by and at the expense of the Hungarian
Academy of Sciences ; it will be published in three parts, the first
of which has appeared already. The text as well as the work of
the plates, are a most successful imitation of the " Icones selectge
hymenomycetum of Fries," so far, that the now publishing Hun-
garian work may be considered a continuation of the Swedish. The
Hungarian and Latin text is arranged in columns, and as far as the
description of the pileus is concerned, it is quite on the level of
the science of the present day.

The 10 plates of the first part published contain the following
new or little known species —

1. Ag. Amanita, aureola, Kalchbr.

2. Ag. Amanita, cygnea, Schulzer.

3. Ag. Lepiota, nynipharum, Kalchbr.

4. Ag. Lepiota, Schulzeri, Fries.

5. Ag. Tricholoma, macrocephalus, Schul.

6. Ag. Tricholoma, psammopus, Kalchb.

7. Ag. Tricholoma, argyricus, Kalchb.

8. Ag. Tricholoma, centurio, Kalchb.

9. Ag. Tricholoma, tumulosus, Kalchb.

10. Ag. ClytocybaB, trullaeformis, Fries.

11. Ag. Collybia, atramentosus, Kalchbr.

12. Ag. Collybia, plumipes, Kalchb.

13. Ag. Collybia, rancidus, Fries.

14. Ag. Mycena, caesiellus, Kalchb.

15. Ag. Omphalia, cyanophyllus, Fries.

16. Ag. Omphalia, reclinis, Fries.

17. Ag. Pleurotus, sapidus, Schulz.

18. Ag. Pleurotus, pardaus, Schulz.

19. Ag. Pleurotus, superbiens, Schulz.

20. Ag. Annularia, Fenzlii, Schul.

21. Ag. Pluteus, patricius, Schutr.

Fr. Hazslinszkt.

Eperies, Hungary.

155

BRITISH FUNGI.
By M. C. Cooke.

(Continued from p. 132 J
Peziza (XVIollisia) pteridis. A. <f S. " Bracken Peziza."

Sessile, small, between waxy and soft, cap-shaped, internally dingy
yellowish, externally subgranulose, olivaceous, margin crenate.
Asci oblong, sessile; sporidia oblong-clavate, hyaline. — Alb. &
Schw. Consp. t. xii. /. 7. Fckl. exs. No. 2191. Tricliopeziza
pulveracea, Fckl. Sym. Myc. p. 297.

On stems of Pteris aquilina. Darenth (m. c. c.) King's Lynn.
(C. B. Plowright.)

Sporidia (-0003--0004 in.) -008--01 m.m. long. Nearly black
when dry. The figure in Alb. & Schw. is much paler externally
than the specimens published by Fuckel with which ours agree.
Nectria Leightoni. Berk. " Leighton's Nectria."

Scattered, minute ; perithecia ovate, yellow, or lurid-red ; sporidia
subcymbiform, triseptate, hyaline. — Berk, in Fungi Cubensis. Linn.
Journ. (1868), p. 379.

On Larch, &c. Yorkshire. (Rev. W. Leighton.)

Also found in Cuba. Sporidia (-001 in.) -025 m.m. long.
Nectria furfurella. B. % Br. " Mealy Nectria."

Springing from a flesh-coloured effused stratum ; perithecia flesh-
coloured, subglobose, then collapsed, sprinkled with furfuraceous,
shining particles ; ostiolum distinctly punctiform. Sporidia ovate.
Paraphyses branched. Conidia ovate. — Berk. 4' Br. Annals Nat.
Hist., No. 1331, t. xx., f. 22.

On cabbage stalks. Feb., 1869.

Sporidia (-00015--0002 in.) -0035--005 m.m. long. Conidia
(-0002--0003 in.) -005--0075 m.m. long.

Diatrype (Diatrypella) verruciformis. Ehr. var. Tocciaeana.

Be Not.

Pustula}form, subhemispherical, depressed at the apex, fuscescent,
soon naked. Perithecia 3-6, seldom more, spha?roid, with a short
neck. Asci clavate, very much elongated at the base, polysporous.
Sporidia minute, spermatoid. — De Not., Sfer. Ital., p. 30, £.31.
Fckl Sym. Myc, p. 233. Fckl. exs., No. 2059. Rabh. Fung. Eur.
No. 253. Cooke exs. No. 483.

On Alnus glutinosa. King's Lynn. (C. B. Ploivright.)
Valsa cypri. Tul. " Privet Valsa."

Perithecia 3-8 minute, circinating, buried in the inner bark,
globose, collapsing, ending in very short attenuated necks, which
are collected in a truncated disc ; ostiola small, scarcely emergent,,
black. Asci subclavate ; sporidia cylindrical, curved, simple, hya-
line. Sperm agonia unilocular, globose ; sperm atia cylindrical, curved,
issuing in oliyaceoua tendrils. — Tul. Carp. ii. 194, t. 2b, f. 10-20.
Fckl. Sym. Myc^ p. 198. Fckl. exs., 1969. Nitschke Pyren.
Germ., p. 206.

On twigs of Ligustrum vulgar e. Twycross.

156 BRITISH FUNGI.

Sporidia (-0004 X -000075 in.) -Oil X -002 m.m. Spermatia
(•0002-00025 X -00005 in.) -005--006 X -0015 m.m.

Sphaeria (Villosae) felina. Fckl. " Fuckel's Hairy Sphaeria."

Perithecia scattered, globose, everywhere covered with erect hairs,
black ; ostiola truncate, conical, short. Asci broad. Sporidia cla-
vato-falciform ; conidia brown, pentagonal or doliiform, concatenate,
springing from flexuons horizontal threads. — Fckl. Fungi. Rhen.,
No. 945. Berk. £ Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1332, t. xx./. 23. Lep-
to.y>ora Felina. Fckl. Sym. Myc, p. 144.

On Rubus. Mar.

Sporidia (-0025 in.) -065 m.m. long ; conidia (-001--002 in.)
•025--050 m.m. long.
Sphaeria (Villosae) cupulifera. B. ${ Br. u Cup-bearing Sphseria."

Perithecia conical, obtuse, at length collapsed, delicately rugulose,
shining, with here and there erect, articulate, rigid, even flocci, the
ultimate articulations wedge or cup-shaped, resolved into truncate
cuneate conidia. Sporidia fusiform, at length 4-septate. — Berk. §•
Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1333, t. xxi.,/. 24.

On rotten elm roots. April.

The cladotrichoid hairs sometimes spring immediately from the
mycelium. The conidia are sometimes pentangular ; sporidia
(-0008--00 1 in.) -02--025 m.m. long ; conidia (-0005 in.) -0125 m.m.
long, (-0003 in) -0075 m.m. wide at the top.

Sphaeria (Denudatae) pomiformis. P. Handbook, No. 2580.

Conidia. — Flocci erect, simple, articulated, white, the two supe-
rior articulations minutely echinulate, acrospores elliptical, brown,
borne on distinct, narrowly elliptical sporo| chores, forming a sub-
globose head. — Sporocybe albipes, B. fy Br., J1SS., Ann. Nat. Hist.
No. 1333* t. xxi.,/. 28.

Acrospores (-0003--0006X-0002--O0025 in.) -0075--015X-005--006
m.m.; threads (-004--009 in.) T--225 m.m. high.
Sphaeria (Erumpentes) lichenicola. Be Not. " Solorina Spbasria."

Perithecia innate, eruinpent, scattered or crowded, rounded, ver-
rucose, black, pierced with a punctiform ostiolum which is scarcely
conspicuous, and impressed. Asci clavate ; sporidia cylindrical,
obtuse, sometimes curved, at first binucleate, at length quadri-
locular and slightly coloured. (Not S ph. lichenicola, Somm.)

Bertia lichenicola, De Not., in Rabh. Fung. Eur. No. 950.

On Thallus of Solorina crocea. Scotland. (Dr. Stirton.)

Sporidia (-0015--002 in.) -04--05 m.m. long. Bertia Solorina?,
Anzi (Hedwigia, viii., p. 14), is closely allied, but seems to be distinct.
Sphaeria (Ceratostoma) crinigera. Coolie. " Woolly-beaked SphEeria.5'

Subgregarious or scattered, black. Perithecia subglobose, semi-
immersed, pubescent. Ostiola spinulose. Asci cylindrical, narrow.
Sporidia uniseriata, elliptical, triseptate, hyaline.

On pine wood. King's Lynn. (C. B. Plowright.)

Allied to Sphceria cirrhosa, Fr. Sporidia (-0004--0005 in.)
•01--O125 m.m. Ions:.

157

BMTISH MOSSES.

From Hobkirk's " Synopsis " we have extracted two or three
descriptions of recently discovered species, which may be of ser-
vice as indicating the character of that work, and its claims upon
all students of British Bryology.

Baxtramia (Philonotis) adpressa. Ferg.— Plant widely ceespitose,
erect, 2-3 in. either dull, glaucous green or reddish ; leaves papil-
lose, erect when moist, with one wide plica on each side of nerve,
incurved towards apex, slightly twisted when dry, widely ovate from
an amplexical base, not acuminate, apex either obtuse or cucullate,
with a very slight mucro, or in the slender forms rather acute,
margin denticulate, slightly reflexed ; nerve very thick, continuous;
areolae small, ovoid above, shorter and wider towards the base. G. E.
Hunt, Mem. Lit. fy Set. Soc, Manchester, v. 102. Hobk. Syn., p. 130.

Glen Prossen, &c, Clova (Fergusson) ; Glas Mheal, Perthshire,
2,500 ft. (Hunt).

Hypnum Breadalbanense. Buchanan White. — Stem procumbent
or sub-erect, covered with villi ; vaguely pinnate ; leaves secund
ovate lanceolate concave, nerve strong single, reaching about half
way, margin of base slightly recurved ; sub-denticulate. Hobk.
Syn., p. 172.

Breadalbane Mountains, and Ben Lawers, 1865. (Dr. F. B.
White.) Fruit not known.

Hypnum rupestre. Buchanan White. — Stem procumbent, covered
with very short villi, irregularly pinnate ; leaves strongly falcato-
secund, lanceolate-acuminate from a wide base, much curved; ob-
scurely two-nerved, margin plane, scarcely denticulate. Hobk. Syn.,
p. 172.

Ben Lawers, Aug., 1865. Fruit unknown.

Bryum (Webera) Breidleri. Juratzha.— Dioicous. Stem 14 in.,
reddish brown and procumbent below, light green above, leaves
ovate, decurrent, erecto-patent, concave, serrate towards apex,
margin recurved, thinly nerved nearly to apex, areolae nar-
row-elongate, upper acute at both ends, lower quadrate ; male
flowers terminal discoid, outer perig. leaves spreading elliptic-
lanceolate, saccate at base, margin strongly recurved, apex cucul-
late serrate ; inner obovate, suddenly acuminate ; pencil, leaves
linear-lanceolate, strongly nerved ; capsules oval pendulous, glaucous
green when young, pale reddish brown when ripe, on a slender seta
geniculate at base. Hunt, Mem. Lit. 4' Phil. Soc. Manch., 1871-2,
p. 101. Hobk. Syn. App., p. 187.

Wet debris of slaty rocks near springs.

Glen Callater, Loch-na-gar, Carnlochan Glen (Hunt).

With pleasure we also give publicity to the ".Notice to Collec-
tors," which is placed at the commencement of this volume, as
follows : —

158 BRITISH MOSSES.

" It is my intention, as soon as sufficient material can be accumulated,
to publish l A Geographical Distribution of the British Mosses,'
and in furtherance of this object I should esteem it a great favour
if all collectors throughout the kingdom would kindly be at the
trouble of forwarding to me, as early as convenient, complete lists
of the mosses found by themselves or their friends, in their several
districts, with any notes they may think desirable respecting them,
and, where possible, the range and habitat of the various species.
I feel sure I have only to mention this to ensure an abundant re-
turn of information for a work which is really wanted, and shall,
as far as any exertions on my part can ensure it, be really valuable."

This information should be forwarded to C. P. Hobkirk, Esq.,
Arthur Street, Huddersfield.

LICHENS OP SOWERBY'S HERBARIUM.
By Rev. J. M. Crombie, M.A.*

No. II. Parmelia — Gyrophora.

1. Lichen perforatus. E.B. t., 2423. = Parmelia perforata, var.
ciliata, D.C. The middle fig. with the perforated apothecia being
from an exotic specimen. The true Parmelia perforata (Wulf) =
P. reticulata, Tayl., is distinguished by its minutely reticulato-
rimose thallus, of which the medulla gives reaction with K +, yel-
low, and then red. It is very rare in Britain, though a specimen
with young apothecia from Dunkerron, Ireland, occurs in herb.
Brit. Mus.

2. Lichen physodes. E. B.t., 126. = Parmelia physodes and its
var. labrosa, Ach. The fig. is a composite one, made up of
the type and this variety, which latter is more distinctly delineated
in fig. 5. Fig. 3= var. recurva, Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 126, which
is a condition of var. labrosa. The var. vittata, Ach., though not
drawn, also occurs in herb. Sowerby, and is referred to in the des-
cription.

3. Lichen incurvus. E. B. t., 1375.= Parmelia Mougeotii (ScliEer.)
The specimen drawn, is not true P. incurva (Pers.), as certain ex-
pressions in the description would lead us to suppose, but a very
characteristic specimen of the larger form of P. Mougeotii, con-
necting it with P. conspersa. True P. incurva = Lichen multifidus,
Dicks., Crypt, in., p. 16, t. 9,/ 7, is not unfrequent, though with
the apothecia not very well developed on the mountains of Braemar,
where also/, discreta, Nyl. pro p. occurs, but infertile.

4. Lichen encaustus. E. B. t., 2049. =Parmelia alpicola^h. Frs.
The colouring of the fig. and the language of the description —
" This dirty ill-looking Scotch plant, both point to P. alpicola as
the species denoted, which is confirmed by the specimen in herb.

* Condensed from " Journal of Botany," Dec., 1872.

LICHENS OF SOWERBY'S HERBARIUM. 150

Sowerby, and the fragment attached to the original drawing. True
P. e?icausta} Sm. Linn. Trans., i. p. 83, t. 4,/. 0, is a very rare
species in Britain, and seems to have been gathered only on one or
two of the higher Grampians in Braemar.

5. Parmelia ambigua. E. B. S. t., 279G = P. ambicjua, Ach. Nyl.
and P. aleurites, Ach., Nyl. The former is represented by the two
lower figs., and the latter by the two upper; the British specimens
of both, which are found in herb. Sowerby, being barren, as in figs.
For the correct synonomy of these two species, vid. Nyl. Animad.
circa F. Arnold, in Flora, 1872, which is so far confirmed by spe-
cimens in Herb. Linn. Soc. Lond.

6. Lichen ciliaris. E. B. t., 1352. = Physcia ciliaris (Linn.), and
/. actinota, Ach. The specimen drawn, from Bedfordshire (Abbot),

has, as is usually the case in Britain, some of the apothecia with
the margin smooth, and others with it proliferous. Hence, as the
margin thus varies in one and the same specimen, a separate name
is not necessary for the so-called form.

7. Lichen pulvexulentus. E. B. t., 2063. = Physcia pulverulenta,
var. laciniolata, mihi. Although the fig. has been referred to var.
venusta, Ach., which has the apothecia crowned with short hori-
zontal laciniag, yet, as these are also scattered over the thallus in
the specimen drawn, as shown in the middle fig., this evidently
represents a better developed condition than venusta, and may be
named as above.

8. Lichen stellaris. E. B. t.} 1G97. = Physcia stellaris (?). The
fig. by mistake was coloured green, vid. E. B. sub Ph. pulverulenta.
Tin' specimen drawn, which unfortunately does not occur in herb.
Sowerby, may, judging from the fig., belong rather to Ph. aipolia,
and represent an intermediate state between the type and var.
anthelina (Ach).

9. Faxmelia erosa. E. B. S. t., 2807. = Physcia erosa (Borr.),
Leight. The specimen in herb. Sowerby, from Hurstpierpoint,
Sussex, is evidently that drawn in E. B., and was rightly separated
by Borrer from Ph. stellaris var. tribacia, Ach., with which it has
frequently been confounded.

10. Lichens vixellus. E. B. t., 169G. == Physcia obscura vars.
virella (Ach.), andulothrix (Ach.) Of these the former is repre-
sented in the two upper figs., and the latter in the lower fig. The
supposed peculiar character of ulothrix, however, is found in oilier
vars. of Ph. obscura, so that it can scarcely be considered distinct.
Lichen cycloselis E. B. t., 1942, is Ph. obscura (Ehrb.), sufficiently
typical.

11. Lichen elaeinus. E. B. t., 2158. = Physcia adylutinata (Flk.)
The specimen, drawn from the bark of trees, Sussex, shows that
this is not Pannaria elaina (Whlnb.), which does not occur in
Britain, but Physcia adglutinata, as observed by Borrer, E. B. S.
t., 279G, descript.

160

LICHENS OF SOWERBY 8 HERBARIUM.

12. Lichen candelarius. E. B. t., 1794. = Physcia lychnea (Ach.).
The specimen figured does not occur in herb. Sowerby, but frag-
ments attached to the original drawing show that it is entirely as
above. True Lecanora candelaria (Ach.), Nyl., is not the Lichen
candelarius of our older British authors.

13. Lichen pxoboscideus. E. B. t., 522. = Gyrophora cylindrical
Linn., and var. denticulata, Ach. Of these the type is represented
in the two upper figs., and the var. in the two lower. The con-
founding of the two species, both of which occur in herb. Sowerby,
s. n. proboscideus, as observed in E. B. t., 2484 (the true pro-
boscidea), was, owing to specimens of cylindrica being so named, no
doubt by accident, in herb. Linnseus.

14. Lichen pellitus. E.B.t. 931. = Gyrophora poly rrhiza (Linn.).
Along with the specimen figured in herb. Sowerby is one of the
polyphyllus var. luxurians, Ach., which is the form usually seen
in the Scotch Highlands.

15. Lichen deustus. E. B. t., 2483. = Gyrophora Jlocculosa,~H.ffm.
The fruited specimen figured, from Swartz, is absent from herb.
Sowerby, in which, under the same name, there appears from
Scotland a specimen of G. pj'oboscidea, which is evidently the
Lichen deustus of Lghft. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 861. Of G. arctica there
is no specimen in herb. Sowerby, nor is this likely to have been
gathered in Devonshire.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Hobkirk, C. P. — A Synopsis of the British Mosses, containing
Descriptions of all the Genera and Species, 196 pp London, 1873.

Venturi, Dr. — " Ueber Orthotrichum," in Hedwigia, No. 2,
Feb., 1873.

Juratzka, J. — u Bryologische Notizen," in Hedwigia, for Feb.,
1873.

Smith, W. G. — " New Hymenomycetous Fungi from Stoves,"
in Journal of Botany, for March, 1873.

Witt, Otto N. — " Bericht iiber die Untersuchung zweier
Diatomaceen-Gemische." Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Flora
der Sudsee. J plate, 4to. 1872.

Nylander, W. — "Addenda nova ad Lichenographiam Euro-
paeam," in Flora, Jan., 1873.

Wells, Samuel. — The Structure of Eupodiscus Argus, in
Monthly Microscopical Journal, for March.

Lang, Captain F. H. — On Professor Smith's Conspectus of the
Diatomaceaa, in Monthly Micro. Journ., for March.

De Notaris, Dr. G. — lie Piante Crittogame prolusione ad un
corso di esercitazioni critto-gamologiche. Rome, 1873.

Stoduer, Chas. — The Structure of Eupodiscus Argus, in the
Lens, for Jan., 1873.

.#

No. 11.] [May, 1873.

(Bxtvilltn,

A MONTHLY RECOED OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY,
AND ITS LITERATURE.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.
By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.

{Continued from Page 150.)

22G. Lachnocladium semivestitum. B. $ C— Delicatnin repe-
titer farcato-ramosum, ramis toinentosis ; apice glabris. No. 4260.
Penns. Michener. On the ground. From a common short stem
straight forked branches arise, which are clothed below with whitish
down, the acute tips alone being free.

227. Lachnocladium subsimile. B.— Delicatum repetiter ra-
mosum, flexuosum deorsum tomentosum. No. 4600. New Jersey.
On the ground. I had at first considered this as a form of L.
semivestitum, but the ramification is very different. Even the base is
flexuons, and the branches are not straight, while the tips are
shortly forked.

228. Lachnocladium Micheneri. B. 4' C. — Repetiter ramosum
furcatum fnscum e caudice cylindrico subdiviso ; basi albo-tomento-
snm. No. 3534, 3763. Penns. Michener. On dead leaves, on which
it forms an orbicular villous patch, from whence arise one or two
stems, which are tomentose below and soon become repeatedly
forked, the ultimate very acute divisions forming a dendroid tuft.
It is difficult to say whether this should be placed in Thelephora or
Lachnocladium.

* Steieum calyculus. B. $ C.— Hook. Kew Misc. i., p 238.
Pusilluni ; pileo cyathiformi subtil iter tomentoso opaco umbrino ;
stipite gracili concolore ; hymenio albido obsolete venoso. No. 1716.
Pileus cup- shaped, ^ inch across, extremely thin, umber, opaque,
minutely tomentose. Stem ^ inch high, ^ line thick ; hymenium
whitish, very obscurely venose.

229. Stereum pergameneum. B. <$■ C. — Rav. Fasc. iii., 25.
Pileo cyathiformi rufo vix zonato Bubtiliter lineato ; margine tenui
dent a to laceratove ; stipite cylindrico hymenioque albidis. No. 3814.
Alabama, 4048ft. J. M. Peters. On decayed wood. Pileus
\-\\ inch across, cup-shaped, bright rufous, not shining, minutely
lineate, very obscurely zoned ; margin thin, often toothed or lacini-
ate; stem ^-Ij inch high, 1 line thick, whitish, very minutely

162 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

tomentose ; hymenium nearly of the same subochraceous tint. Either
the same or a closely allied species. No. 13 Spruce, was gathered
at Panure on sticks, to which it was attached by a circular disc.

230. Stereum Ravenelii. B. $ C— Rav. Fasc. iv., 13. Gre-
garium e comnmni mycelio oriundum ; pileo cyathiformi fusco ;
margine pallidiore plicato stipite gracili tomentoso hymenioqne pal-
lidis. No. 2630, 2980. Car. Inf. No. 4527, 4629. Alabama, Peters,
Beaumont.

On the earth, in swamps. No. 4527 is apparently a coarser form,
growing on wood. Pileus very variable in size, from a line to an
inch across, cup-shaped, sometimes split on one side, brownish, with
a slight admixture of red, paler towards the plicate margin ; stem
^-1^ inch high, \ a line thick, gregarious, springing from a com-
mon mycelium, finely tomentose, pallid, as well as the hymenium,
closely allied to S. nitidulum, B.

231. Stereum teneirimum, B 4 Rav. — Pusillum, pileo cyathi-
formi cito lacerato tomentoso pallido glabrescente ; stipite fili-
formi. Rav. No. 1437. No. 5029. Car. Sup.

On the ground amongst grass and mosses. Pileus 2-3 lines
broad, cup-shaped, pallid, soon lobed and split, at first tomentose ;
margin sometimes deeply plicate ; stem thread-shaped, £~J inch
high, whitish, tomentose ; hymenium even, or finely striate. This
is very different from small forms of the last.

232. Stereum rugosiusculum. B. % C— Pileo dimidiato um-
brino plicato subtiliter ragoso ; margine incurvo, hymenio fusco.
No. 5412. New Eng. Sprague.

About | inch long, umber ; pileus lobed and plicate, with an in-
curved margin, minutely wrinkled, as if from contraction in drying,
tomentose, becoming smooth ; hymenium even dark brown. Pro-
bably of a soft coriaceous consistence when fresh.

233. Stereum moricola. B — Pileo reflexo postice decurrente
pubescente albido ; hymenio fusco. No. 5997. On Mulberry.
Car. Inf. Forming little round patches on bark, at length broadly
reflexed, above pubescent, whitish ; hymenium brown. In some
respects resembling the last, but very different.

234. Stereum Micheneri. B. 4 C— Rav. Fasc. iv., 12. Pileo
coriaceo umbrino spongioso-tomentoso convexq lateraliter connato
v. libero ; hymenio lcevi ochraceo nitido. No. 5413. New England,
Sprague.

Apparently in one specimen consisting of a number of orbi-
cular laterally confluent individuals, each attached by a central
point without any stem, bright umber above, clothed with short
spongy down; hymenium even, bright ochraceous. In other speci-
mens, however, as No. 5806, New Eng., Sprague, and Rav. No. 1732.
the habit is more that of Thelephora biennis, while in No. 3582,
Penns. Michener we have a thick, corky dimidiate fungus. Avery
curious species.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 163

235. Stereum cristatum. B. <{,• C. — Parvumflabelliformev.cyathi-
forme pallidum subzonatum, postice tibris pallidis cristatum. No.
2038. Car. Inf. On Vitis.

Some ol the specimens are distinctly mesopodons, others merely
flabelliform, pallid, zoned, minutely lineate, clothed behind, or at
the base of the cup, with distinct cylindrical processes. Scarcely
half an inch across ; stem, when present, cylindrical, scarcely a line
long.

A very curious little species, growing on dead vines in swamps.
Stereum striatum and S. complicatum occur under many numbers.

* Stereum molle. Lev. — No. 49. Car. Sup. Leveille's speci-
mens were gathered in New York.

* Stereum Pini. Fr. — No. 6280, New Eng., Sprague.

* Stereum papyrinum. Mtmt.—R&v. Fasc, ii., 36. Rav. No.
1140,1176. On fallen logs. No. 3258. Sartwell. Thel. crassa,
Lev. is either the same or is very closly allied.

* Stereum subpileatum. B. cj- C. Rav. Fasc. i., 30. Hook.
Kew. Misc. i., p. 238. Effusnm crassum suberosum a matrice
solubile supra sulcato-zonatum fulvum velutinum ; hymenio ligneo-
-allido. No. 1007, 1062. Car. Inf. Rav. No. 787. Ohio, Lea.
Spreading for several inches, extremely hard ; upper surface, where
it separates from the matrix, tawny brown, grooved and zoned,
velvety ; hymenium wood-coloured or nearly white.

* Stereum bicolor. Fr.— Rav. Fasc. ii. 33. No. 1596. Rav.
Santee River. No. 4225, Penns., Michener.

* Stereum fasciatum. Fr.— No. 21. 194. Car. Sup. No. 2754.
Car. Inf.

* Stereum albo-badium. Fr. — Rav. Fasc. i. 29.

* Stereum Leveillianum. B. <fc C. — Rav. Fasc. ii. 35. Hook,
Kew. Misc. i., p. 238. Sub Corticio. Effusum molle crassiusculuni
margine demum libero. No. 92, 1220, 917, 1127. Car. Inf. On
vine and oak. Ccirya and Cereis Canadensis.

At first forming little peltate patches, which as they spread be-
come closely attached to the matrix, of the colour of raspberries
and cream. In age it becomes dead-white. Allied to S. papyrinum.

236. Stereum sulfuratum. B. cj- Bat:- Pileo reflexo lobnto cris-
pato sulfurato hispido subspongioso ; hymenio pallido undulato.
Linn. Soc. Journ. x., p. 331. No. 1731, Rav. On twigs of oak.
Cotoosa Springs.

At first orbicular, then more or less detached all round, clothed
witli spongy pubescence, tinged with yellow which, however, some-
times vanishes in dried specimens; hymenium pallid. Occurs also
in Cuba and Venezuela.

237. Stereum bizonatum. B. <£,• C. — Longitudinaliter effusum
utrinque retlexum pallidum subtiliter tomentosuin bizonatum;
hymenio e rufo fusco ; margine albido. No. 1924. Car. Inf.

164 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

Running for several inches along sticks, reflexed on either side,
entire or lobecl, pale umber, minutely tomentose, with about two
zones ; hymenium rufous in the younger parts, brown in the centre,
extreme edge nearly white, next to which is a rufous zone.

238. Stereum coffeatum. B. 4' C— Prim urn orbiculare dein
postice decurrens antice reflexum zonatum umbrinum rugosulum
coriaceum ; hymenio pallido. No. 2923. On Oak. Rav. 901. A
fine species, resembling somewhat S. bicolor.

At first orbicular, then decurrent behind, broadly reflexed above,
coffee-coloured, zoned, marked with minute radiating wrinkles, very
minutely pubescent, repeatedly zoned ; hymenium ochraceous.

239. Stereum Curtisii. B.— Rav. Fasc. iii., 26. Effusum,
primum orbiculare ferrugineum ; margine tenui subbyssoideo pal-
lidiove, quandoque utrinque libero ; hymenio rugoso. No. 353. Car.
Sup. 1008, 1616. Car. Inf. No. 1683. On Ckthria. No. 6040.
On Eibes aureum.

At first orbicular, ferruginous, with a paler, somewhat byssoid
margin, then effused; edge sometimes free on either side ; hymenium
more or less rugose ; when perfect of a brighter or duller ferru-
ginous tint.

This species connects Stereum very closely with Hymenochcete.
The following numbers belong to forms of the same species, No.
411, 870, 1090, 2367. Car. Inf. No. 5355. New Eng., Sprague.
No. 4548, Alabama, Peters. No. 3968,Penns., Michener.

240. Stereum umbrinum. B. <£• C— Subimhricatum supra breviter
reflexum : margine subiculoque luteis spongioso-tomentosis ; hy-
menio umbrino. Car. Inf. Ravenel.

Very narrow, somewhat imbricated ; upper margin and mycelium
of a spongy tomentose texture ; hymenium dark umber ; some-
times entirely resupinate.

* Stereum sulfureum. Fr.— Rav. Fasc. iii., 28. Rav. No. 1397.
On bark of standing trunks of Quercus alba. Occurs also in Cuba
and Ceylon.

241. Stereum dissitum. B— Parvum pallidum, primum orbicu-
lare ; margine elevato tomentoso ; hymenio ex albo, ochraceo
subfuscescente. No. 3903. Texas, C. Wright. On dead wood.

Forming little orbicular, pallid patches, with an elevated tomen-
tose margin ; these at length become laterally confluent, with the
margin free, but more depressed; hymenium pulverulent, varying
from white or ochraceous to a pale brown tint.

242. Stereum versiforme. B. § C. — Fuscum primum orbiculare;
margine tenui elevato,hymenio hie illic papillate "No. 4265. Penns.,
Michener. On dead sticks.

Bright brown, at first pezizeeform, with a thin elevated margin,
then laterally confluent; hymenium somewhat papillate.

Stereum frustulosum. Fr.~ Rav. Fasc. ii. 34. No. 195, 200,
595. Car. Sup. No. 437 L; Penns., Michener.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 165

* Stereumacerinum. Fr. w;'. nivosum.-Rav. Fasc. ii., 37.
No. 15GG. On Juniperus mrginiana. Car. Inf. Rav.

* Stereum candidum.— Rav. Fasc. i., 32. Schwein. sub Thele-
phora, No. 3G89. Car. Inf.

* Hymenochaete xubigiuosa. Lrr. Ann Sc. Nat. Fev.— 1846. No.
1850. Rhode Island, Olney. No. 1470. On oak. No. 2421 . On
Ilex. Car. Inf. Rav. No. 1777.

* Hymenochaete attenuata. Lev.— New Orleans. Drummond.

* Hymenochaete tabacina. Lrr. — No. 5299,5853. New Eng.,
Sprague. Artie. Am. Drummond.

* Hymenochaete avellana. Lev. — No. 5859. New Eng.,
Sprague.

* Hymenochaete badio ferruginea. Lev. — New York.

* Hymenochaete exocata. Lev.— No. 4416. Car. Sup.

243. Hymenochaete cervina. B. <t C— Irregularis resupinata um-
brino-cervina ; margine tenuissimo concolore. No. 5090. Car. Inf.
On rough bark. No. 2308. On oak. Car. Inf.

Forming a thin dark fawn-coloured stratum, the edge of which is
very thin, and of the same colour, but paler. Sometimes the border
is narrower and shortly byssoid. Closely resembling some resupi-
nate states of Stereum Curtisii.

244. Hymenochaete corticolor. B. & Rav.— Rav. Fasc. iii , 30.
Irregularis dura lignea coffee-color demum hie il lie liberata. Rav.
No. 1553. Car. Inf.

On the rough bark of old elms. Forming irregular patches of
a coffee brown, hard, woody, either entirely resupinate or with the
edge here and there slightly raised. Closely allied to II. dura,
D. & 0. a Cuban species of a far brighter tint.

* Hymenochaete corrugata. Lev. — Rav. Fasc. v., 26. No. 3709.
On oak. Car. Inf. No. 4264. Penns., Michener. Ohio, Lea.

245. Hymenochaete insularis. B.— Iota resupinata rubiginosa,
primum orbicularis ; margine angusto tomentoso candido ; hymenio
rimoso. No. 4456. On Castanea Vesca.

At first orbicular with a narrow white tomentose margin, under
surface white ; at length laterally confluent, ultimately continuous.
As in Polyporus igniarius, the mycelium which penetrates below the
thin bark is white.

24 G. Hymenochaete setosa. B. A C— Laste ferruginea, continua,
resupinata, setis eximiis exasperata. No. 4547. On oak. Alabama,
Peters.

Widely spread, or a bright ferruginous; hymenium rough with
fascicles of setae.

* Corticium ochroleucum. Fr. — No. 2169. On pine. Car. Inf.
Rav. Fasc. iii., 33.

166 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

Var. erimosum. — Hymenio continue No. 1763. On pine. Rav.,
1521. Sulphur springs. Car. Sup. No. 1286. On Myrica. Car.
Inf., 494. Car. Inf. No. 5214. Alabama, Peters. No. 4528. On
Lanrus sassafras. Alabama, Peters, connects the two. No. 5381.
New Eng., Murray, is a cucullate form with a continuous hymenium,
but the specimens are small. Rav. No. 5772.

Formerly C. spumeum, B. & R. On oak limbs. Appears to be
a resupinate ambient condition of the normal form.

* Corticium evolvens. Fr.— No. 5825, 6209. New Eng.,
Sprague. No. 5207. Alabama, Peters. On Liquidambar.

Appears to be a variety with a tawny hymenium.

247. Corticium Nyssae. B. $ C— Adnatum, pileo utrinque re-
flexo ochroleuco velutino ; margine inflexo ; hymenio lasvissimo
laatiori. No. 3486. Penns., Michener. On branches of Nyssa.

Spreading for some inches in length, 2 inches across, broadly re-
flexed ; pileus with a deep groove, ochraceous velvety, margin, at
least in the dry plant, incurved ; hymenium very even, and con-
tinuous, of a redder tint.

248. Corticium Oakesii. B. & C. — Rav. Fasc. iii., 32. Primum
pezizseforme margine erecto inflexo eandido tomentoso, demum
confluens; hymenio pallide cervino. No. 3102. New Eng., Oakes.
No. 1827. Rhode Island, Olney. No. 3868. Alabama, Peters.
No. 3995. New York, Sartwell.

At first looking like a little Cyphella or Peziza. Externally
white and tomentose, with an incurved margin, then confluent, but
always detached all round. Hymenium pale, fawn-coloured ; spores
obovate. A very distinct species. A very similar, if not identical
species, occurs in the Neilgherries.

249. Corticium deglubens. B. & C— Tenue papyraceum secerni-
bile subtus candidum ; hymenio laevissimo ochraceo. No. 4557. On
Juniper. Alabama, Peters.

At first resupinate, with a very narrow white bysscid margin,
soon detached, white beneath, like kid leather ; hymenium honey-
coloured, very even and continuous.

* Corticium salicinum. Fr.— No. 3464. New York, Sartwell.
Spores oblong, sausage-shaped. Formerly sent out as Exidia
cinnabarina.

250. Corticium auriforme. B. $ C— Auriform e ; pileo zonato
postice albido rugoso glabrescente, antice umbrino velutino ;
hymenio rimoso ex ochraceo rufo. No. 2380. Car. Inf. On oak.

Pileus ear-shaped 1^-2 inches across ; dirty-white behind, rugose,
and nearly smooth, zoned in front ; the extreme edge umber, velvety.
Hymenium at first ochraceous, then rufous, cracked, the cracks at
first radiating. — *j

h% i / y

167

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN THE MUCORIXI.

By Du. Ant. de Bary.

To the phenomena of fecundation already described is imme-
diately related the copulation of the Mucorini^ which has, as yet,
only been observed in two species of this family. The filaments
which conjugate in Rhizopus nigricans are solid, rampant tubes,

ramified without order, and confusedly intermingle 1. Where two
of these filaments meet, each of them pushes towards the other an
appendage which is at first cylindrical, and of the same diameter as
these filaments themselves. From the first these two processes are
firmly applied to each other by their extremities; they increase in
size, become clavate, and constitute together a fusiform body placed
across the two conjugated filaments. Between the two halves of
this body there exists no constant difference of volume, and often
they are perfectly equal. In each there is an abundant protoplasm,
and when they have attained a certain development, the largest ex-
tremity of each is isolated by a septum from the clavule, which
thus becomes the support or suspender of the copulative cell. The
two conjugated cells of the fusiform body are generally unequal ;
the one is a cylinder as long as broad, the other is disciform, and
its length is only equal to half its breadth. The primitive mem-
brane of the clavule forms a solid partition between the copulative
cells, which is composed of the two lamella? ; but soon after these
cells become defined the medial partition is pierced in the middle,
and soon disappears entirely, so that the two twin cells are con-
founded in one single zygospore, that is to say, in one organ of mul-
tiplication, which is due to the union of two more or less similar utri-
cles. After its formation the zygospore still increases considerably
in size, and acquires a diameter of more than one-fifth of a mi lie-
metre. Its form is generally spherical, flattened on the faces, which
are attached to the suspenders ; or it imitates a slightly elongated
cask. The membrane thickens considerably, and consists, at the
time of maturity, of two superimposed teguments; the exterior or
epispore is solid, of a blackish-blue colour, smooth on the piano
laces in contact with the suspenders, but covered everywhere else
with thick warts, which are hollow internally; the endospore is
thick, composed of several layers, without colour, provided with
uarts corresponding to those of the epispore. The contents of the
zygospore consist of a large grained plasma, in which large drops
of an oleaginous liquid often float. While the zygospore is in-
creasing in size the suspender of the smaller copulative cell becomes
a rounded and stipitate utricle, often divided at the base by a par-
tition, and which attains almost the size of the zygospore. The
suspender of the larger copulative cell preserves its primitive form
and becomes scarcely any larger. It is rarely that there is not a
considerable difference in size between the two conjugated cells and
the suspenders.

168 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN THE MUCORINI.

The phenomena of copulation in Ehrenberg's celebrated Syzygites
megalocarpus offers the same essential characteristics as in the
Rhizopus, as I have elsewhere shown in detail ; * the structure of
the ripe zygospores is also the same in the two plants. In Syzygites,
however, the copulative cells and the suspenders do not habitually
differ in volume in any sensible manner, and the generative clavules
are formed between the branches of an upright, and regularly bi —
or — trichotomous carpophore. I have also observed in the Syzygites
a fact which the Rhizopus has never presented to me — the copulative
cells of the former often cover the whole structure of the cells
without uniting to each other, and then constitute what might be
called azygospores. The germination of the zygospores and azy-
gospores has hitherto been observed only in the Syzygites. If, after
a certain time of repose, these bodies are placed in a moist sub-
stratum, they emit a germ-like tube like the spores, with hard and
resisting sides, and this germ, without giving birth to a proper
mycelium, developes at the expense of the nutritive materials stored
in the zygospore, into an arbuscle or carpophore, which is branched
bichotomously many times, charged with terminal sporangia charac-
teristic of the species.

NOTES ON THE ABOVE.
By M. M. TuLAsxE.f

In the chronological order of observations and discoveries re-
lative to this subject, the fungi which demand to be first quoted
are the moulds, for it is amongst them that M. Ehrenberg's
Syzygites megalocarpus is grouped. Until lately the remarkable
phenomenon of copulation presented by this plant appeared to
belong to it alone, and there was no analogy in the vegetable king-
dom except with the conjugation of certain fresh- water Alga3.
M. M. A. Janowitsch and de Bary discovered that Rhizopus
nigricans, Ehb., also possesses zygospores, \ and have thus once
more, though indirectly, demonstrated that Ehrenberg's celebrated
fungus is in all respects a true Fungus mucoreus.

The opinion formerly § expressed by us that Aspergillus maximus
Lk. (Sporodinia grandis) is only one of the forms of Syzygites megalo-
carpus Ehb. has been fully confirmed by the observations of M. M.

* "Beitrage zur Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze," part i. (1864)
p. 74, &c.

f Translated from Annates des Sciences Naturelles. 5th Series (Oct., 1866), p.
211. Bv the Editor.

| De Bary. Beitr. zur Morph. und Phys. der Pilze, pt. 2 (1866), p. 28.

§ Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. des Sciences. Vol. 41 (1855), p. 617.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN THE MUOORINI. 1 GO

Schacht* and de Bary "j* so that the latter no longer hesitates to
quality M. Ehrenberg'a fungus as Mucor Syzygites, and associates
with it not only Rkizopus nigricans, Ehr., or Mucor stolonifer, Ehr.,

and Mucor mucedo, Fres., but also Phycomyces nitens, Kze., and
Mucor macrocarpus, Corda, and Mucor fksiger, Lk.

We shall be careful not to criticise these associations, especially
after having stated, as we have done this year, that the zygospores
show themselves not only in Mucor Syzygites and M. stolonifer,
but also in M. fusiger. We have met with this latter species finer
and larger than all the others in the woods of Chaville, near
Versailles ; it was living on Agaricus fusipes, Bull., which was
decayed and partly destroyed. Its mycelium is remarkable in that
some of its branches, stronger and more rigid than the others, bear
small short spiniform divergent branchlets ill imperfect verticels
close together. The hyphasma in contact with the nourishing
substratum, or buried within it, is a very dense anastomosing net-
work, which in aspect and habit are quite different from the
branched filaments, barely separate and very unequal, which con-
stitute the upright fertile tufts of the Mucor. The spores, which
are formed in great numbers in each terminal conceptacle, are
oblong-oval, and rather unequilateral, not less than •032--035 X
•017--019 m.m. in size.J

The globular zygospores measure about "18--2 m. m. in diameter ;
they are very brown, almost black, but instead of presenting a
verucose surface, like the zygospores of Mucor Syzygites and M.
stolonifer they are only finely striated, and one would say that
their membrane was composed of very thin bands in juxtaposition.
It is not rare to find two of them soldered together. Under their
exterior or striated tegument, which is only the membrane of the
conjugated cells from whence they come, two smooth coats which
are slightly tinted with a brownish colour can be distinguishe I.
The middle coat, which is easily exposed, is a very thick mem-
brane of horny appearance, which imbibes water and speedily softens.

* See " Gazette de Cologne" of 1st June, 1864, for the account of the meeting
held at Bonn on the previous 7th April by the Societe de medecine et d'hist. Nat.
du Bas-Bhin. M. Schacht was. unable to assure Hmself positively that the
zygospores of the Syzygites were produced upon the identical mycelium which
bears the fertile cymes of Sporodiniagrandis, Lk., but he has seen that the germ
filament which these zygospores issue in spring divides into dichototnons branches
terminated by conceptacles which are exactly like, those of Sporodiaia, provided
with an abundant mycelium.

t The principal observations of M. de Bary on the Syzifgites were also pub-
lished in 1864 (Beitr. z. Morph. u. Phys. der Pilze i., p. 74—88). They agn e
entirely with those of M. Schacht. In sowing the ascogenous spores of the
8porodinia M. de Bary obtained a mycelium as fertile in conceptaculiferous
cymes as in zygospores, but he observed that habitually the two sorts of fructifi-
cation arise from different, or more or less distiuct filaments, although theM are
the issue of the same mycelium ; he therefore declares that there is perhaps no
fungoid species more fit than the Syzygites to demonstrate the presence oi
genders of fruit in one and the same fungus.

X These dimensions are less than those indicated by M. de Bary, accordiug to
whom the spores of Mucor fusiger, Lk., measure "05 X 012 m.m.

170 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN THE MUCORINI.

Daring gormi nation this coat sensibly loses its thickness. The
interior utricle, which is thin, then swells, and bursts its two enve-
lopes in order to elongate into an upright tube of uniform diameter,
and which remains simple. This tube is obtuse, and at first con-
tinuous, but it finally exhibits some transverse partitions, especially
towards its base, and it swells at its summit into a large globular
conceptacle filled with spores identical with those of the adult and
perfect plant. It does not appear that the zygospores directly
produce a mycelium, at least we have not observed that they emit
any branches at their base. Similar things take place in the ger-
mination of the zygospores of Mucor Syzygites, as M. M. Schacht
and de Bary have reported. From this fact it would result that the
zygospores of the Mucorhii represent a life incapable of being continued
without change of form, at least in the first generation, and that
the Mucors possess at least two alternating modes of reproduc-
tion.

ON THE BARER LICHENS OF BLAIR ATHOLE.

By the Rev. J. M. Crombie, M.A., F.L.S.

The district of Blair Athole occupies the N.W. portion of the
Highlands of Perthshire, and is traversed by the central chain of
the Grampians. Though a few species of lichens appear in some
of the older British Herbaria from Ben-y-gloe, the highest ridge of
mountains in the district, yet it would not appear until recently
to have been systematically explored by any lichenist. The fol-
lowing record of the rarer species — many of them new to science,
and others elsewhere extremely rare in Great Britain and Ireland
— which I collected during a few weeks spent in the district in the
autumns of 1870-1, will suffice to show how rich it is in this class
of our Cryptogamic Flora. The majority, as will be seen, are from
three localities, viz. — Craig Tulloch, a low-lying hill south of the
village of Blair, some 900 feet high ; Cairn Gowar, the loftiest
of the Ben-y-gloe mountains, 3,690 feet in height ; and from Glen
Fender, N.W. of the village, and about half way between the two
preceding.

1. Pyrenopsis fuscatula. Nyl. — Very sparingly on a quartzose
boulder, in a stream on Cairn Gowar.

2. P. lecanopsoides. Nyl. — Very rare on moist calcareous rocks
of Craig Tulloch, with the spores but seldom well developed.

3. P. Scheererii. (Mass.) Here and on dry calcareous rocks of
Craig Tulloch, with both thallus and apothecia very well developed.

4. Collema auriculatum. rar. pinguescens. Nyl.- " Thallus
thicker, lobes more divided." Rather scarce, on shady calcareous
rocks of Craig Tulloch, amongst decayed mosses.

ON THE RARER LICHENS OF BLAIR ATHOLE. 171

5. Obryzum dolichoteron. Nyl. — Parasitic on the preceding,
and very rare. NB. The genus Obryzum, being now ascertained

to be entirely parasitic, must be removed from the Collemei.

6. Calicium citrinum. Leight.— Extremely rare on the thallus of
Lecidea lucida, on walls in Glen Fender.

7. C. byssaceum. Frs.— On decaying branches of alder, by the
side of the Garry, probably not unfrequent, though but very spar-
ingly gathered.

8. Coniocybe furfuracea. rar. fulva. (L.) Frs.— Along with
the type on dead stems of Rosa camina, in crevices of walls at base
of Craig Tulloch.

9. Alectoria nigricans. Acii. — Plentiful on Ben-y-gloe, descend-
ing to a comparatively low altitude.

10. A. Lanata (L.) and far. parmelioides. Cromb.— On rocks near
the summit of Ben-y-gloe, sparingly and infertile. N.B. Ramalina
polymorpha var. emplecta, from Craig Tulloch in Leight, Lich. Fl.
S. p. 475, was gathered, I suspect, in Braemar. The Craig Tul-
loch plant in all probability being R. subfarinacea, Nyl. Common
in many maritime and montane tracts.

11. Feltidea aphthosa. (L.)— Plentiful and well fruited amongst
mosses on a turf-covered wall by the banks of the Garry.

12. Physcia pulvexulenta rar. muscigena. (Whlnb.)— Very rare
and infertile on decaying mosses near the summit of Craig Tulloch.

13. Fannaria nigra* triseptata. Nyl.— Apparently rare and in-
fertile, though readily recognised from the type by the character
of the thallus.

14. Squamaria gelida /. dispersa. Cromb.— " Thallus diffract,
scattered." — On stones of wall on Craig Tulloch, very sparingly.

15. Sq. saxicola var. versicolor.- Rare on rocks on Craig Tulloch.
Not to be confounded with states of Sq. galactina.

16. Flacodium callopismum rar. plicatum. Wedd. — Sparingly
on a wall near the village of Blair.

17. PI. chalybaeum. ( Odf.)— Abundant and very fine. On cal-
careous rocks on the S.E. brow of Craig Tulloch.

18. Lecanora cerina rar. stillicidiorum. —Amongst mosses on
Craig Tulloch, sparingly, associated with other lichens.

19. L. subfusca rar. spodophaeoides. Nyl. — Sparingly on mica-
ceous stones of a shady wall near the base of Craig Tulloch.

20. It. atrynea var. melacarpa. Nyl. - Very sparingly on mica-
ceous stones of a wall high up on Craig Tulloch.

21. Lepiniperda. Krb. — Rare on old larch pales in Glen Fender,
but probably overlooked elsewhere.

22. L. glaucocarpa /. conspersa. Fus.— " Apotheciis minori-
bus." Sparingly on a boulder amongst heath on Craig Tulloch.

172 ON THE RARER LICHENS OF BLAIR ATHOLE.

23. L. leucophaea var. conglobata. Flot. — On quartzose boulders
near the summit of Cairn Gower, sparingly.

24. Ii. epanora. Ach. — Here and there, but infertile, on stones of
walls, as in Glen Fender.

25. L. epulotica. (Ach.) — " Apotheciisrosellis." — On moist rocks
of Craig Tulloch, not to be confounded with L. lacustris, With.

20. Ii. verrucosa. (Ach.) — Here and there on decayed mosses
near the top of Craig Tulloch.

27. L. poriniformis. Nyl. — Very rare, only a single specimen
having been observed on schistose stones of a wall on Craig Tulloch.

28. Ii. rubra. (Hfpm.)— Plentiful and in fine condition in one or
two places of the steep rocks of Craig Tulloch, on decayed mosses.

29. Pertusaria Westringii. (Ach.)— Rare, and with apothecia not
sufficiently developed, on boulders of Craig Tulloch.

30. Lecidea lucida. (Ach.)— Plentiful and well fruited on stones
of walls in Glen Fender — f. theiotea, on a putrid trunk near the
Falls of Tummel.

31. Ii. coarctata (Ach.) and its forms glebulosa, elacista, ornata,
on walls of Craig Tulloch, sparingly.

32. Ii. turgidula. (Frs.)— On old pales at Pass of Killiecrankie,
and var. pityophila. Smmrf. on larch pales, Glen Fender, sparingly.
N.B. L. endopella, Leight, is another variety of this species, hav-
ing the hymeneal gelatine intensely blue with iodine.

33. Ii. misella. Nyl. = L. Melanochroza, Leight. — Very spar-
ingly on decaying larch pales near Loch Tummel.

34. L.enclitica. Nyl. -Very sparingly on old pales at Pass of
Killiecrankie, but probably overlooked elsewhere.

35. Ii. syncomista. Flk. -Plentiful on the ground in crevices of
rocks on Craig Tulloch.

36. L. metamorphea. Nyl.— Extremely rare, and seen only on
one stone of wall in Glen Fender.

37. Ii. subnigrata. Nyl. — On schistose stones of wall on Craig
Tulloch, very sparingly gathered.

38. I*. sublatypea. Leight. — Not uncommon on micaceous stones
of walls on Craig Tulloch and in Glen Fender.

39. L.aromatica. Ach.— Very sparingly associated with Paunaria
nigra. On calcareous rocks of Craig Tulloch, and confluent with
L. squamulosa, Deak.

40. Ii. limosa. Ach.— On the ground towards the summit of Cairn
Gowar, but sparingly.

41. L.silacea. Ach. -Pretty common and very fine on micaceous
stones of a wall in Glen Fender.

42. L. mesotropa. Nyl. — Very rare, only a single specimen hav-
ing been seen on a wall on Craig Tulloch.

OS THE RAT.ER LICHENS OF RLAIR ATIIOLE. 17"

43. L.mesotropoides. Nyl.— Like the preceding, gathered only
very sparingly in the same locality.

41. L. plana. Lamm. = L. lithophiloidet, Nyl. — Olini in litt.
Sparingly on old walls in Glen Fender, "thallus thin, rimose,
greyish-white, evanescent."

4;>. I., sarcogyniza. NYL.— Athalline on quartzose boulders, near
the summit of Cairn Gowar. N.B. The true thallus of this species,
which I have recently detected at hill of Ardo is " subdeterminate,
thickish, rimoso-areolate, or somewhal continuous, sordid, greyish "

4(>. L. aglaea. var. Crombiei. Jones.— Plentiful on boulders on
the N.E. brow of Craig Tulloch.

47. L.subfurva. Nyl.— Not uncommon on micaceous stones of
walls on Craig Tulloch and in Glen Fender, but often sterile.

48. L. coufusula. Nyl.— Very sparingly gathered on micaceous
stones of a wall on Craig Tulloch.

49. L. nigxo-glomerata. LEIGHT.-Xot uncommon on quartzose
stones on the summit of Cairn Gowar, but rather a Lecanora than
a Lecidea, closely allied to L. leucophcea, and probably but a sub-
species of that very variable lichen.

50. L. Gevrensis. Th Fos. var. prolata. Nyl.— Extremely rare,
on quartzose stones on summit of Cairn Gowar.

51. L. deparcula. Nyl.— Like the preceding, very rare, in the
same habitat and locality, only a single small specimen having been
found.

52. L. lugubxis. Smmeft.— Plentiful on micaceous stones of walls
on Craig Tulloch and in (den Fender, but with the thallus often
sterile.

53. L. atxobadia. Nyl.— Very sparingly gathered on a quartzose
boulder, near the summit of Cairn Gowar.

54. L. lenticularis. ACH., and its var. rhyparocarpa. Nyl.— On
rocks of Craig Tulloch, sparingly.

55. L. occellata. Flk. — Apparently rare, having been seen only
on a single boulder of Craig Tulloch.

56. L. citrinella. Ach. — Very rare, on turfy soil, on a wall of
Craig Tulloch.

57. Xylographa parallela. (Acn.)— Plentiful on old pales at Pass
of Killiecrankie ; var, pallens, f. alliptica. Nyl. Very sparingly
in the same locality.

58. Lithographa tesserata. (D.C.) — Extremely rare, only a single
specimen having been seen on a small fragment of a calcareous
stone amongst detritus on the summit of Cairn Gowar.

59. Opegrapha Turneri. Leight.— On the trunks of ash at base
of Craig Tulloch, probably frequent.

Git. O. confluens. (Ach.)— Apparently rave on calcareous rocks
of Craig Tulloch.

174 ON THE RARER LICHENS OF BLAIR ATHOLE.

61. Vexxucaxia pyxenophoxa. Ach. — Sparingly gathered on cal-
careous rocks of Craig Tulloch.

62. V. integxa. Nyl. — Plentiful on calcareous rocks of Craig
Tulloch.

63. V. spilobola. Nyl. — Very rare, on calcareous stones of Craig
Tulloch, only a single specimen having been gathered.

64. V. Epipolytxopa. Mudd. — Sparingly on the thallus of
Lecanora polytropa, on walls of Craig Tulloch.

65. Melanotheca gleatinosa. (Chkv.)— Apparently common on
the trunks of young alders, by the side of the Garry, associated
with Verrucaria rhyponta.

Of the above G5 lichens, eight are new species, as yet found only
in this district, seven are new varieties and forms ; while, exclusive
of these, seven others are now for the first time recorded as British.
A further exploration of the district would, no doubt, bring other
varieties to light, as my attention was directed chiefly to those
localities in which primary limestone is associated with mica, slate,
and quartz, — a geological combination which always yields the
Lichenist, everywhere throughout the Grampians, a rich and rare
harvest, e.g., Ben Lawers, Movione, Crag Guie, &c. Many other
interesting species were met with, and many which might have been
expected to occur, such as Parmelias and Stictas, were but few in
number. To those interested in the geographical distribution of
our British Lichens, I may state that there is a marked contrast in
many respects between the Lichen-flora of the Central Grampians
in Blair Athole and that of the S.W. Grampians in Braedalbane,
as also between it and that of the N. Grampians in Braemar.

BRITISH FUNGI.

By M. C. Cooke.

( Continued from p. 15G.)

Sphaexia (Immersae) parallela. Fr. " Parallel Sphasria."
Immersed, black ; perithecia globose, disposed in lines ; ostiola

rather prominent, crowded, globose, even. Asci snbcylindrical ;

sporidia linear, obtuse, straight or curved, uniseptate, pale brown.

—Fries. Ex., No. 3. Fries Sys. Myc.,\\. 373. Sphceria linearis.

Grev. in Herb. Ed.

On decorticated pine wood. Scotland. (Dr. Greville.)

The specimen, on the authority of which this species is recorded

as British, is in the Edinburgh Herbarium. It accords exactly with

Fries's Scler. Suec. No. 3. Sporidia (-0004 in.) -01 m m. long.

Sphaexia (Obtectae) xhodobapha. B. 4' Br. " Red Staining Sphasria.
Perithecia semi-immersed, compressed, ostiola papillaaform ; the

BBITIBH FUNGI. 175

matrix tinged -with rose-colour. Asci clavate, sporidia fusiform,
multinucleate. — Berk, <J- Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1334,*. xxi., /. 29.
On dead decorticated branches. Apr.

Perithecia fragile, for the most part compressed and elongated,
so as to approximate Pertusse and Microstoma. The subjacent
wood is tinged throughout with magenta pink. Sporidia with
several nuclei (-001 in.) -02") m.m. long.

Sphaeria (Obtectae) mammillana. Fr. " Teat-like Sphaeria."

Scattered. Perithecia hemispherical, rather prominent, covered by
the blackened adnate cuticle ; ostiola papillseform. Asci cylin-
drical ; sporidia uniseriate, or biscriate, cylindrical, obtuse, brown.
—Fries Si/s. Myc. ii., 487.

On oak twigs. Castle Rising. (C. B. Plowriglit.)

Allied to Sphceria clypeata, N., with which it is associated by
some authors. Sporidia very variable in length, sometimes pseudo-
septate (-0008--001 in.) '02- -025 m.m. long.

Ceratostoma Helvellae. Cooke. " Peziza Ceratostoma."

Perithecia soft, membranaceous, ovate, smooth, pale brown, at
first semi-immersed ; neck scarcely equal in length to the diameter
of the perithecia, ending in a somewhat erect fringe of hairs. Asci
clavate, fasciculate, soon disappearing. (Sporidia lemon-shaped,
simple, dark-brown ; epispore smooth.
On the hjmeniumof Peziza hemnpherica. Eastbourne. (C.J.Muller.)

Sporidia -OOOO-'OOOl in. long, about two-thirds as broad. This
belongs to Corda's genus M elanospora, which seems scarcely
capable of separation from Ceratostoma of Fries.

Venturia atramentaxia. Choke. u Inky spot Ventnria."

Hypophyllous, gregarious, forming irregular patches upon dis-
coloured spots. Perithecia subglobose, clad with short, dense,
patent hairs, black. Asci cylindrical ; sporidia uniseriate, elliptic
(probably septate when mature). — Scottish Naturalist, March, 1872.
Cooke, exs., No. 599.
On living leaves of Vaccinium uliginosum. Lochnagar. (Dr.B. White.)

Differs from Ventnria myrtilli in the larger perithecia, gregarious
habit, and shorter and denser hairs, as well as in other particulars.
Capnodium salicinum. ''Willow Capnodium."

Forming a thin velvety black stratum; mycelium moniliform,
the articulations containing asingle nucleus. Peridia rather short,
often obtuse, but sometimes lageniform and acuminate; sparingly
forked, sometimes fringed. Asci broad, obtuse ; sporidia oblong,
Blightly curved or oblique, oblong, triseptate, with one or two lon-
gitudinal septa, constricted at the articulations. — Mont. Ann. Nat.
Hist., 2nd ser. vol. iii., p. 520. — Berk. Jlort. Jour, iv., p. 251.
I - '.--., No. 596.

On leaves of willows. Near Eastbourne. (C. J. Muller.)
Chaetomium griseum. Cooke. '* Grey Bristle Mould."

Suhgregarious or scattered, grey or cinereous; perithecium glo-
bose, brown, submembranaceous ; hairs long, elastic, circulate, pel-

176

BRITISH FUNGI.

lucid, faintly and very rarely septate. Asci clavate, fasciculate ;
sporidia lemon-shaped, colourless ; endochrome granular, or nucleate.

On old sacking. King's Lynn. (C. B. Plowriglit.) On old rag
and paper. Highgate (M. C. C.)

The threads somewhat resemble those of Chcetomium murorum, but
are stouter, less rigid, and more transparent, the sporidia are larger and
colourless (-0004--0006X -00025-00035 in.) 013--017 X -006--009
m.m.

Chretomium funicolum. Cooke. '' Twine Bristle Mould."

Perithecia scattered, sub ovate, black; hairs of the vertex very
long, dichotomous or simple, erect, slender, acute, black; sporidia
lemon- shaped, dingy -brown. — Cooke, Microscopic Fungi, 3rd Ed.
App. p. 221 .

On twine. British Museum. (W. Carruthers.)

This species is most closely allied to C. datum, but much smaller
and neater. It is wholly black, and without the fibrous base of C.
datum. The hairs are more delicate, and not half the diameter,
and the sporidia are scarcely more than half as long or broad.

HOBKIRK'S "SYNOPSIS."

While I express my gratitude to Mr. Hobkirk, for his well-con-
densed and exceedingly handy " Synopsis of the British Mosses,"
the general accuracy of which is unimpeachable, I would at the
same time call attention to an error into which he has been led,
and which is likely to be propagated, unless corrected.

In Dr. Braithwaite's papers on " Recent Additions to our Moss-
Flora," the discovery, in Britain, of Seligeria tristichais ascribed to
the Rev. J. M. Crombie; and Mr. Hobkirk, following Dr. Braith-
waite, ascribes it to the same gentleman. Long ago, in the
" Transactions of the Edinburgh Botanical Society," the discovery
of this moss was assigned to Miss Mclnroy, a lady who has been
very quietly but most successfully investigating the Moss- Flora of
Athole, and whose important discoveries in that quarter are well
known to Scottish botanists. The first specimens of Seligeria
tristicha gathered in Britain, which Wilson saw or heard of, were
those sent to him by Miss Mclnroy in 1859, and they were accom-
panied with Seligeria pusilla, and Anodus from the same quarter,
but the first specimens gathered by Miss Mclnroy were gathered a
year previously, i.e., in 1 858.

I may also mention that I myself, not Mr. Hunt, as stated in the
" Synopsis," was the first to make known the existence of Webera
Briedleri as a British species, and that I gathered it in clover, &c,
so early as 1867, though then I was not aware of the difference
between it and Bryum Ludwigii.

New Pitsligo. John Fergusson.

Feziza schizospoxa. Phillips.— The measurement of the spori-
dia in this species was incorrectly stated in the description. It
should have been -0007 in.

No. 12.] [June, 1873.

(Brttriflta,

A MONTHLY KECOKD OF CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY
AND ITS LITEEATUEE.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.
By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.

Hi

(Continued from Page Wk)

* Corticium giganteum. Fr.— Rav. Fasc. ii., 38. No. 3659.
Louisiana, Dr. Hale. Rav. No. 1244. On pine logs.

251. Corticium polyporoideum. B. Sf C. — Subiculo tomentoso can-
dido marginem angnstum formante ; hymenio pulverulento, pallide
alutaceo. No. 4559. Alabama, Peters.

Effused irregular ; subiculum white, well-developed tomentose
projecting beyond tbe pale tan-coloured pulverulent hymenium and
forming a narrow border. Allied to C. Dregeanum. Mont. & B.

252. Corticium siparium. B. d* C— Subiculo spongioso tomentoso
pallido ; hymenio ochraceo demum fuscescente. No. 5239.
Alabama, Peters. On Liquidambar.

Subiculum consisting of spongy pallid down ; edge slightly turned
up ; hymenium at first ochraceous, gradually acquiring a brownish
tint. If No. 6116, Alabama, Peters, is the same, the hymenium at
length becomes much darker and cracks.

* Corticium Auberianum. Mont.— No. 2497. Car. Inf. On
Carza. Rav. No. 1369. Ohio, Lea. No. 2030. Appears to be a
white variety of the same species.

253. Corticium venosum. B. <b i?/u\— Late effusum ; subiculo
tomentoso ; hymenio livido-pallido, e fibrillis subiculi parce et late
reticulato. Rav. No. 1321.

Spreading widely ; subiculum thin tomentose, consisting of inter-
woven threads ; hymenium livid, but pale, marked here and there
with wide reticulations, which appear to arise from the subiculum.

* Corticium laeve. Fr.— No. 4517, No. 6101. Alabama, Peters.
On Liquidambar) 6087. On oak. Rav. Fasc. ii., 59.

254. Corticium Petersii. B. <{,• C— Rav. Fasc. v., 28. Subiculo
tenui tomentoso, pallido hie illic in fibrillas compacto ; hymenio
alutaceo hie illic lateritio. No. 4509. On the ground in moist
places. Alabama, Peters.

Subiculum thin, pallid, tomentose, here and there forming creep-

178 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

ing fibres ; hymenium pale, tan-coloured, in parts tinged with brick-
red.

255. Corticium glabrum. B. $ C. — Subiculo radiante byssoideo
cito evanido lateritio ; hymenio glabro nee velutino concolore. No.
2404, 3719. Car. Inf. On bark.

Subiculum where well-developed, radiating byssoid, but soon
vanishing ; hyrnenium brick-red, smooth, not velvety, as in C.
velutinum.

* Corticium miuiatum. B.~ No. 5252. Alabama, Peters. On
Liquidambar.

* Corticium cceruleum. Fr.— Rav. Fasc. iii., 27. No. 1570.
Santee River. A very widely diffused species.

256. Corticium chrysocreas. B. & C— Rav. Fasc. v., 27. Subi-
culo parco flavo ; hymenio ex albido fulvo papillate No. 2933.
Car. Inf. 4027. Alabama, Peters. Rav. No. 1536. On pine.

Subiculum bright yellow, thin; hymenium immarginate pallid, or
yellow tinged with tawny.

* Corticium viticola. Fr.— Rav. Fasc. iii., 34.

257. Corticium crocicreas. B. $ C— Subiculo amplo, tomentoso,
laeteritio ; hymenio tenui flavo. No. 4542. On vine. Alabama,
Peters.

Subiculum spreading widely, bright saffron yellow ; hymenium
thin, more or less yellow. A curious species.

* Corticium albido-carneum. Rav. — Fasc. iv., 14. Thelephora,
Schwein.

258. Corticium epichlorum. B.& C— Rav. Fas. v., 24. Subiculo
tenui viridi-luteo marginem angusium formante ; hymenio olivaceo
umbrino demum rimoso. No. 4552, 6118. Alabama, Peters. No.
5240. Al., Peters. On Vaccinium.

The two former are the normal condition. Subiculum thin, yellow-
green, forming a slight margin ; hymenium olive-umber, at length
cracked.

259. Corticium filamentosum. B. & C. — Subiculo molli tomentoso
fibrilloso pallido ; hymenio pulverulento ochraceo, vel subolivaceo.
No. 6119. Alabama, Peters.

Subiculum consisting of soft tomentose {breads, over which the
ochraceous or olivaceous pulverulent hymenium forms a thin stratum.

260. Corticium ephebium. B. $ C— Subiculo tomentoso pallido ;
margine secernibili, velutino ; hymenio ex ochroleuco rufulo setuloso.
No. 6050, 6088, 6089. Alabama, Peters.

Spreading widely. Subiculum tomentose ; margin becoming free,
velvety, pale, umber ; hymenium setulose, as in C. velutinum.

261. Corticium flavidum. B. & C— Subiculo obseleto ; hymenio e
floccis repentibus ramosis apice sporas flavidas subglobosis botry-
oidcas ferentibus. No. 4084. Penns. Mich. On decayed wood.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 170

Subiculum obsolete ; hymenium consisting of branched creeping
threads, each branch of which bears at the tip a cluster of dirty
yellow subglobose spores.

262. Corticium vagum. B. if C. — Subiculo arachnoideo reticulato
flavido subfulvo; hymenio efloccis repentibus apice sporiferis enato,
fibrillas ambiente. No. 3240. On pine.

Subiculum forming a reticulate spidery web, round the reticula-
tions of which the hymenium is formed at the top of short processes ;
varying from dirty white to pale tawny.

2G3. Corticium olivascens. B. <L- C. — Subiculo albo floccoso
fibrillas hie illic emittente ; hymenio pulverulento olivaceo-luteo hie
illic margine albo. No. 6392. Boston, Murray.

Subiculum consisting of white threads, which send out delicate
filaments over the bark ; hymenium occasionally with a white
border, pulverulent yellow-olive.

264. Corticium prasinum B. # C— Rav. Fasc. v., 29. Subiculo
parco arachnoideo ; hymenio continuo tenui fragili prasino ; margine
albo. No. 6080. Alabama, Peters. On the ground under
Liquidambar.

Subiculum delicate spidery ; hymenium thin brittle continuous,
with a white margin when young.

265. Corticium c hi or i num. B. & C. — Tenue fragile olivaceum
demum granulatum. No. 6109. Alabama, Peters. On Abies.
Forming a thin, brittle, olive-green membrane, which is at first
pulverulent, but afterward rough, with minute papillse ; resembling
such Thelephora3 as T. laxa, &c.

266. Corticium hypopyrrhinum. B. <k C— Subiculo pyrrhino
marginem hie illic tenuissimum formante ; hymenio albido. Rav.
No. 1704. Car. Inf. Apparently on vine.

Subiculum extremely thin rufous, sometimes forming a slight
margin ; hymenium dirty white at first pulverulent.

267. Corticium cervicolor. B. & C— Subiculo delicato byssoideo ;
hymenioque cervinis. No. 4026. Alabama, Peters. On smooth
wood. Fawn-coloured.

Subiculum very delicate byssoid, spreading over the wood, but
scarcely forming a distinct margin ; hymenium of the same colour,
scarcely pulverulent.

268. Corticium martianum. B. <i- C— Rav. Fasc. v., 30. Subiculo
tenuissimo fulvo ; hymenio croceo. No. 6251. Boston, Sprague.
Forming little detached patches, very irregular in form. On rough
wood.

Subiculum very thin, tawny, covered here and there with the
saffron yellow hymenium. Allied to C. peroxydatum, B. & Br. A
Ceylon species.

269. Corticium dryinum. B. # C— Subiculo vix distincto ; hy-
menio crassiusculo rhabarbarino-rufo. No. 5204. Alabama, Peters.

180 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

On oak. Running over very rough wood, on which it forms an
irregular stratum of a deep rufous tint, with a rhubarb-coloured
velvety aspect.

* Corticium calceum. Fr.— Rav. Fasc. iv., 15. No. 2312. Car.
Inf. No. 3914. Texas, C. Wright. No. 4263. Penns., Michener.
On Vine. Rav. No. 1817. Car. Inf. On pine logs. No. 1797.
On Leucothoe coriacea*

270. Corticium hepaticum. B.&C. — Latissime effusuni ; margine
hie illic reflexo tenui subtus albido; hymenio continuo hepatico.
No. 5989. Penns., Michener. On ash.

Very widely effused, running over the rough wood, and surround-
ing any projecting point; edge thin, white beneath, here and there
free ; hymenium liver-coloured, with somewhat the aspect of that of
C. viscosum or C. lividum when dry.

271. Corticium tremellinum. B. &Rav. — Tremelloideum albidum,
siccum rufescens ambiens. Rav. No. 1649. Car. Inf. 1754. Cotoosa
Springs, Georgia. No. 6393. Wisconsin, Lapham.

On the ground running over whatever it meets with. Dirty-
white gelatinous tremelloid ; rufous, hard and horny when dry.

272. Var. reticulatum.— Fuciforme fasciculatum reticulatum.
No. 3942. Penns., Michener.

Imitating in form Podisoma macropus, forming erect fucoid tufts,
reticulated below.

273. Corticium cremoricolor. B. § C— Mycelio albo innato ;
hymenio immarginato rimoso areolato, hie illic papillato. No. 5205.
Alabama, Peters. On Ilex.

Mycelium white innate ; hymenium cream-coloured when fresh,
soon cracked into largish areola?, here and there papillose.

274. Corticium lilacino-fuscum. B. & C— Effuseum ; margine
angusto albo ; hymenio lilacino fusco demum rimoso. No. 5610.
C. Wright, Connect.

On smooth wood, over which it forms a thin stratum, with a
narrow white border arising from the subiculum ; hymenium lilac,
tinged with brown, at first even and paler, then cracked, shewing
the white subiculum. No. 5608. Conn., C. Wright. Appears to
be a form of the same species, Corticium pauperculum, B. & C.

275. Corticium molle. B. '$. C— Linn. Soc. Journ., p. 336. Rav.
Fasc. iii., 29. Effusum immarginatum armeniaco-rufum ; subiculo
pallidiore ; hymenio glaberrimo nitido. No. 2718, 2936. Car. Inf.
4869. On Vine. 5089. Alabama, Beaumont, No. 5186. Alabama,
Peters. Also Cuba.

Subiculum pale, sometimes byssoid, rarely extending beyond the
hymenium, which is very smooth, and even varying from apricot
colour to deep rufous.

181

ON CYSTIDIA.
By M. Anton de Bary.*

In the ITymcnomyretes the organs of the male sex have been the
object of many researches. J. Hedwigf thought that he had
found their seat in the ring, the stria? and scales of the stipe of
pileate Fungi, and he took to be sexual organs the corpuscles
accumulated on these several parts, but which, according to his
own descriptions, could only have been the spores fallen from the
hymenium.

Long before this Micheli had seen on the hymenium of a Coprinus
particular vesicular organs, and he had perhaps also (for the fact
does not seem to me without doubt) noticed the same vesicles in
other Agaricini, as lt apetalous flowers, naked and consisting only
of a single filament." Bulliard, in his " Champignons de la
France" (vol. i., p. 39 — 50), also considers these organs to be a
sexual apparatus and a sort of spermatic vesicles. They have
since been differently described by several authors. They are
qualified as " cystidia" by M. Leveiile, as " paraphyses" by M.
Phcebus, but to Klotzscli and Corda J they are positively antheridia,
anthers, or pollenidia. M. Hoffmann § has more recently devoted
a special memoir to them. They are found in the greater number
of the fleshy Hymenomycetes, but, according to M. Phcebus, their
presence is not constant in several species, such as Agaricus
lateritius and Ag. geophilus and Cantharellus aurantiacus. It
seems they have not yet been met with in the Hydnei and the
Clavarice. The hymenium of the Hymenogastri presents a few, and,
doubtless, the paraphyses which I have noticed in Geaster
hygrometricus are analogous to them. The cystidia are large cells
which are especially recognized by their projecting, more or less,
on the surface of the hymenium. They have besides the same
direction and the same seat as the basidia. Their form and
dimensions vary much according to the species under observation.
They are generally constant and characteristic for each species,
but they are less so for the genera or subgenera. Among the most
remarkable of them we must especially mention the large cystidia
which are thought to be common to all the Coprini, and which are
oval or elongated cells, obtuse, and sufficiently large to be visible to
the naked eye. In other cases the cystidia are cylindrical, clavate,
lageniform, obtuse (in Polypoms wnbeUatus according to Corda,
and Agaricus viscidus, L., according to Phcebus), pointed or capitate
(in Lactarins, Russida, and Boletus according to Corda). The
cystidia are simple, sometimes branched and cylindrical, capilliforru,

* Translated from the 5th Chapter of DeBary's " Morphologic und Physiologie
der Pilze."
f Theoria general, et fructif , Plant, Crypt,
t Icones Fungorum, vol. iii., p. 44.
§ Botanische Zeitnng (1856), p. 137.

182 ON CYSTIDIA.

as in Agaricus fumosus P., Agaricus laccatus, Scop, and others.
In Agaricus jiluteus, P., they represent a kind of flask terminated
superiorly by several short, pointed recurved appendages, which
appear to me to be doubly hooked. Still more singular forms have
been observed by the authors I have quoted.

The structure of the cystidia offers few peculiarities ; in the
greater part a delicate and colourless membrane surrounds some-
times a similarly colourless plasma, full of vacuoles, and sometimes
a perfectly transparent liquid. I have observed in the hymen ium
of Coprinus micaceus which had not yet attained its maturity, that
the cystidia enclosed a central plastic body, irregularly elongated,
which sent in all directions towards the sides of the cell a multitude
of filiform processes, branching and anastomosing amongst them-
selves. These processes changed their form with astonishing
rapidity,* after the manner of the Amoebae. The older cystidia
were entirely transparent.

The contents of the cystidia of Lactarius deliciosus, and allied
species, are granular and opaque. In this respect the cystidia
resemble the laticiferous tubes or filaments, and often when a thick
slice of the substance of the fungus is observed it seems that they
are branches from these filaments, the more so since they bury them-
selves deeply in the weft of the lamelke, underneath the sub-
hy menial tissue. Still I have never seen them spring except from
filaments of the weft deprived of latex, of which they seemed to be
branches. The cystidia of Agaricus balaninus, Berk., are of a dark
purple colour.^

According to Corda, and the uncertain opinions of anterior
authors, the cystidia eject their contents under the form of a liquid
drop and that by their summit, which is represented as open. I
have not, any more than M. Hoffmann, been able to convince
myself that this phenomenon is produced spontaneously. I have,
indeed, only very rarely seen the cystidia burst in the water, which
the same author says takes place very irregularly. If their surface
is damp, and often bears liquid drops, this is a circumstance which
is common to them with all fungoid cells that are full of juice.

The cystidia are developed in nearly the same time as the basidia.
Sometimes they are dispersed without order amongst the latter ;
sometimes, and more generally, they are placed on the free edges
of the prominences of the hymenium, and especially on the cutting
of the lamellae of the Agaricini. Their number is always less than
that of the basidia, and often it is insignificant.

Those observers who have considered the cystidia to be male
sexual organs have supposed that the ripe and detached spores of
the basidia fastened themselves to the moist surface of these
cystidia, to be there fecundated by the lubricating liquid. J If this

* See Ditmar in Sturm Deutschl, Flora, part iii., No. 1, pi. 28.

f See Montagne Organ, et Phys. de la Classe des Champignons.

X See Klotzsch in Dietrich Flor. Boruss., vol. vi., sub. Coprinus deliquescens.

ON CYSTIDIA. 183

entirely gratuitous opinion had foundation we should here have
less to do with a real fecundation than with a phenomenon of
nutrition. As far as I know, there exists no other observation on
any female organ susceptible of fecundation by the cystidia, and the
known facts fully authorize us only to see in them pilose produc-
tions of a particular order. Many cystidia have, in fact, just the
form of ordinary cylindrical hairs, those of the Coprini have the
greatest resemblance to the hairs spread over the sterile surface of
the cap, and in many fungi we find positive pilose formations in
the place where in others the cystidia are placed ; it is sufficient to
quote the edges of the tubes of Fistulina, and the setiform appen-
dages which are prominent on the hymenial surface of several
Thehphorce, such as Corticium quercinum and especially Tlielephora
(Hymenochcete) tabacina, and other species of the group which
constitute M. Leveille's Hymenochcete ;* these appendages resemble,
it is true, pollenidia, but their sides are everywhere hard and
thick.

Quite recently M. A. S. CErsted has discovered a trace of sexual
organs in the Hymenomycetes where, perhaps, no one had pre-
viously looked for them.-(- He has seen, in fact, in Agaricus
variabilis, Pers., oocysts or elongated reniform cells, which sprung
up like rudimentary branches of the filaments of the mycelium, and
enclose an abundant protoplasm, if not even a nucleus. At the
base of these oocysts appear the presumed antheridia, that is to say
one or two slender filaments which generally turn their extremities
towards the oocysts, and which more rarely are applied to them.
Then, without ulteriorly undergoing any appreciable modification,
the fertile cell or oocyst becomes enveloped in a lacework of fila-
ments of mycelium which proceed from that which bears it, and
this tissue forms the rudiments of the cap. The reality of some
kind of fecundation in this circumstance, and the mode of the phe-
nomenon, if there is one, are at present equally uncertain. If M.
(Ersted's opinion is confirmed, naturally the whole of the cap will
be the product of fecundation. As long ago as 1860 M. Karsten
presumed that such was the case. His observations on the first
development of Agaricus cajnpestris , as far as we can judge by the
rather obscure account given in " Bonplandia" (1862, pp. 63),
would agree with M. CErsted. It is impossible not to perceive the
similitude between the phenomena seen by M. CErsted and those I
have described in Peziza confluens.

* See Annates des Sciences Naturelles, 3rd series, vol. v. (1846), p. 150.
t See Verhandl : der Konig : Dan : gesell : der Wiss : 1st January, 18G5.

184

TWO BRITISH MOULDS.
By M. C. Cooke, M.A.

Verticillium agaricinum. (Bon.) " Agaric Verticillium."

"White. Forming woolly tufts. Fertile flocci, septate, branched.
Ultimate ramuli verticillate, three or four in a whorl, thickened
below, attenuated upwards. Spores narrowly elliptical, obtuse,
triseptate, hyaline. Trichothecium agaricinum, Bonorden Handbk.,
p. 99, t. y.f. 114.

On decayed Agarics. Ken Wood, Highgate. Autumn.

This mould agrees very closely with Bonorden's figure, and,
unless the genus Verticillium is to be restricted to such species as
have simple spores, it offers no features which would warrant its
removal to another genus. The snow-white threads form a dense
cottony stratum, covering the decayed Agaric.

(Edocephalum roseum. Cooke. " Roseate GEdocephalum."

Rose-pink. Effused, or in minute punctiform tufts, collected
together in irregular patches. Threads equal, head subglobose,
spores ovate or oval, smooth, attached by a slight apiculus. Cooke,
exs. No. 550.

On old paper and rags. Millfield Lane, Highgate. Autumn.

This is closely allied to (Edocephalum Iceticolor, B. & Br., but
differs in colour, as well as in the form of the spores ; features
which seem to be sufficient to characterize it as a distinct species.
The tufts are very minute, scarcely visible to the naked eye, except
as forming an effused rosy patch sometimes an inch or more in
diameter, on the discoloured matrix.

Fungi from Stoves.

In the Journal of Botany for March, 1873, Mr. Worthington
G. Smith has given descriptions of several new species of Hymeno-
mycetons Fungi, which he has met with from time to time in stoves.
These are doubtless of exotic origin, and although developed in
Britain, can scarcely be grouped with truly indigenous species.
Two coloured plates accompany the descriptions, which include the
following : —

Agaricus (Pleurotus) gadinioides — on tree-fern stems (t. 129,

Agaricus (Naucona) echinosporus — in orchidhouse (t. 129,/. 5-9).

Marasmius subulatus — in dense patches on tree-fern stems (t. 129,
/. 10-15).

Marasmius aratus — on tree-fern stems (t. 129,/. 16-20).

Radulum Cyathea? — on tree-fern stems (t. 130,/. 5-8).

Clavaria cervina — on and about tree-fern stems (t. 130,/. 9).

Pistillaria purpurea— {t. 130,/. 10-12).

Amongst known exotic species, Mr. Smith cites the elegant
Polyporus xanthopus, Fries., as having occurred on old wood at
Bull's nursery.

INDEX.

Acalyptospora, note on
Agaricus, three new species of
Ague Plant, by Dr. Bartlett

Archer, W., on a minute Nostoc, &c. .

,, on Botrydiumgranulatum .

„ recent observations on Collema, &c.

„ The genus Tetrapedia, &c.
Australian Fungi ....

Bartlelt, Dr. Jno., The Ague Plant .
Batarrea phalloides ....
Berkeley, M. J., Notices of North American Fungi, 33, 49,

65, 97, 145, 161,

„ on Three new Species of Agaricus from a

stove .......

Blights on Tea and Cotton ....

Botrydium granulatum ....

Braithwaite, Dr. R., a Grimmia new to Britain

,, ,, a new moss from Ireland

„ „ Bryology .

„ ,, New British Riccia

„ ,, on Dicranum undulatum

„ ,, on Sphagnum neglectum .

7, 20, 40, 55, 72, 81, 110, 113, 129

British Fungi

British Mosses (C. P. Hobkirk)

Bryology, by Dr R. Braithwaite

Chicago Hydrant Water

CI a\ aria rosea

Collema, recent observations on

Cooke, M. C, and Peck, C. H., Pezizce American

Cooke, M. C, Blights on Tea and Cotton .

British Fungi, 7, 20, 43, 55, 72, 81,110, 113,

129, 155, 174,
„ Two British Moulds

Crombie, J. M., Lichens of Blair Athole

,, Lichens in Sowerby's Herbarium . 47,

,, New British Lichens .... 61,

Cryptogamic Literature, 16, 32, 43, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160

155,
136,

PAOE

43

88
95
10

105
22
44
12
95

120

177

88

90

103

29

27

9

144

108

109

174

157

9

13

26

22

5

90

181
184
170
158

141

Cystidia, on, by A. de Bary.

181

186

INDEX.

De Bary, A., on Cystidia .....

„ on Saprolegnise .....

„ Sexual reproduction in Erysiphei

,, Sexual reproduction in Peronosporse

„ Sexual reproduction in Mucorini

Dicranum undulatum .......

Erysiphei, sexual reproduction in ....

Fergusson, J., on Hobkirk's Synopsis

Fries, E., Critical notes on Mycological Illustrations, part ii.

Fungi from Stoves

Fungi, North American . . . 26,

Fungus Show at South Kensington

Grimmia, a new British species

Grunow, A., Novara Diatoms

Hazslinzsky, Fr., Icones Hymenomycetum, &c.

Herbarium Mycologicum CEconomicum

Hobkirk, C. B., British Mosses .

Hobkirk's Synopsis, J. Fergusson on .

Icones Selects Hymenomycetum Hungarian

Kalchbrenner Karoly .....

Kitton, F., on Grunow's Novara Diatoms

,, on Professor Smith's Conspectus of Diatomacese 63, 89
Lecidea fossarum . . . . . . . .75

PAGE.

181

117

152

150

167

108

152

176

127

. 184

49, 65, 97, 146

. 75

. 29

30, 41, 76, 91

. 154

. 142

. 136, 157

. 176

. 154

. 154

30, 41, 76, 91

Leighton, W. A., Lichens of Bettws-y-Coed

,, ,, Morocco Lichens

„ ,, on Hellbom's Lichens of Lule Lapmar

„ ,, on Pilophoron fibula

Lichenological Memoranda . . . 8, 5'

Lichens of Bettws-y-Coed

Lichens of Blair Athole .....
Lichens in Sowerby's Herbarium ....

Luminosity in Fungi ......

Moulds, two British

Mucorini, M. M. Tulasne on ... .

„ sexual reproduction in ...

Muller, C. J., on Acalyptospora
Mycological Illustrations, part ii.
New Ascomycetous Fungi ....

New British Lichen, Lecidea fossarum

New British Lichens ......

New British Nitophyllum .....

New British Riccia .......

New Conspectus of Families and Genera of Diatomace^e
New Moss from Ireland .....

New York Fungi ......

Nitophyllum literatum .....

North American Fungi
Note on Acalyptospora

26, 33, 49, 65, 97, 145;

. 57

. 8

121, 133

. 8

121, 133

. 57

. 170

47, 158

. 75

. 184

. 168

. 167

. 43

127

136

75

141

. 112

. 144

63, 89

. 27

2,17

. 112

161, 177

. 43

96

61,

INDEX.

187

Novara Diatoms .....

Old Nettle Stems and Micro-Fungi

On a minute Nostoc with spores

Parasite on Peziza ....

Parfitt, E., on Botrydium granulatum

Peck, C. H., New York Fungi

Peronospora:, on, by A. De Bary .

Peziza? Americana? .....

Peziza schizospora .....

Peziza, two species of ....

Plowright, C. B., on Herb. Mycol. CFconomicum

Reproduction in Fungi ....

Riccia, new British species

Saprolegniae, by A. De Bary

Schistostega osmundacea ....

Smith, Prof. H. L., Conspectus of Diatomaceae

Smith, W. G., New Ascomycetous Fungi
„ on Fungi from Stoves

,, Two species of Peziza

Sphagnum neglectum, note on . .

Synopsis of New York Uncinulae

Tetrapedia, the genus, with two new forms .

Tulasne, L. R., on Reproduction in Fungi
,, M. M., on Mucorini

Two British Moulds .....

Uromyces behenis .....

Weissia, a new British species . ...

Weissia truncicola = Dicranum montanum

-11, 76, HI

0

. GO
. 10
. 143
. 103
2, 17
. 150
. 5
. 17G
. 120
. 142
. 137
. 144
. 117
96, 102
63, 89
. 136
. 184
. 120
. 109
. 62
. 44
168
168
184
102
39
75

13;

ILLUSTKATIONS.

Frontispiece — Portrait of Eev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A.

PAGE.

Plate I., fig. 1, Peziza hesperidea ; fig. 2, Pez. floccosa; fig. 3,
Pez. pellita ; fig. 4, Pez. subochracea ; fig. 5, Pez.
crocitincta ; fig. 6, Pez. assimilis .... 5

Plate II., fig. 1, Gomphonitzschia Ungeri ; fig. 2, Synedra inves-
tiens ; fig. 3, Diatorna (?) exiguuni ; fig. 4, Berkeley a
Harvey i ; fig. 5, Campy loneis Grevillei, var.; fig. 6, Coc-
coneis pseudoinarginata, var. j fig. 7, Coc. pellucida,
var. ; fig. 8, Coc. pellucida, var. ; fig. 9, Coc. ambigua ;
fig. 10, Coc. pacifica ; fig. 11, Orthoneis binotata, var. ;
fig. 12, Mastogloia marginulata j fig. 13, Pleurostauron
Frauenf eldianum ; fig. 14, Pleuro. Javanicuni; fig. 15,
Stauroneis oblonga ; fig. 16, Navicula javanica ;
fig. 17, Nav. pacifica; fig. 18, Pleurosigma australe ;
fig. 19, Diadesinis confervacea ; fig. 20, Diadesmis
peregrina ; fig. 21, Craticula Perrotettii ; fig. 22, Coc.
ambigua, var. (?) ; fig. 23, Oscillaria Pcepiggiana; fig.
24, Oscil. Tahitensis 30

Plate III., figs. 1 — 8, Tetrapedia gothica ; figs. 9 — 10, Tetrapedia
Crux-Micbaeli ; figs. 11 — 13, Tetrapedia Reinschiana;
figs. 14 — 17, Tetrapedia setigera; fig. 18, Nostoc . 44

Plate IV., fig. 1, Verrucaria boristica; fig. 2, Ver. antecellens;
fig. 3, Artbonia proximella; fig. 4, Artb. aspersella;
fig. 5, Artb. vinosa v. pineti ; fig. 6, Lecidea occulta ;
fig. 7, Artb. opegrapbina ; fig. 8, Artb. epipastoides ;
fig. 9, Lecidea resinse 57

Plate V., fig. 1, Scbizonema reptabundum ; fig. 2, Striatella
cbilensis ; fig. 3, Fragillaria nankoorensis ; fig. 4,
Plagiogramma stipitatum ; fig. 5, Nitzscbia panduri-
formis, var. ; fig. 6, Denticula nicobarica ; fig. 7, B.ba-
pboneisrbombus, var. ; fig. 8, Synedra nitzscboides ; fig.
9, Plagiogramma constrictum, var.; fig. 10, Eupbylo-
dium spatbulatum ; fig. ll,Ortboneis barbadensis, var.;
fig. 12, Mastogloia Jebinekiana ; fig. 13, Ampbora
kamortbensis ; fig. 14, Navicula fortis, var.; fig. 15,
Nav. quadrisulcata ; fig. 16, Nav. suborbicularis, var. 76

Plate VI., fig. 1, Navicula gemmata, var.; fig. 2, Entopyla ornata ;
fig. 3, Am pbipleura Frauenf eldiana; fig. 4, Coscinodiscus
ellipticus ; fig. 5, Pleurosigma validum, var, ; fig. 6, Istb-
mia nervosa, var.; fig. 7, Plagiogramma spectabile, var.;
fig. 8, Stictodiscus calif ornicus, var. ; fig. 9, Asterompba-
lus nankoorensis; fig. 10, Climacodium Frauenfeldia-
num; fig. 11, Cocconeis surirelloides (upper valve);
fig. 12, ditto (lower valve) ; fig. 13, Berkeleya Harvey i. 92

Plate VII., Botrydium granulosum 103

Plate VIII., fig. 1, 2, Peziza Cbateri; fig. 3, Peziza Bullii . . 120

Plate IX., Peziza isabellina 136

Plate X., fig. 1, Peziza undata ; fig. 7 — 9, Mitrula alba . . 136

Plate XI. — Inserted in error by tbe Binder; it belongs to tbe next
volume (No. 13), to which subscribers are requested to transfer it.

A MONTHLY RECORD OF

CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY

AND ITS LITERATURE.

Edited by M. C. COOKE, M.A.

Author of " Handbook of British Fungi," "Rust, Smut, Mildew, and
Mould," Sfc, Sfc.

VOL. II.
18 7 3-4.

WILLIAMS and N ORG ATE,
HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON;

SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH.
LEIPZIG : A. DURR. NEW YORK : WESTERMANN & CO.

PRINTER, LEWES.

GREVILLEA

The present number (No. 21, .Fane, 1874) completes the second
volume of this Journal, and terminates the monthly issue. From
this time " Grevillea " will be issued quarterly, on the 1st of

September, December, March, and June respectively, and each

number will consist of the same amount of letterpress and illus-
trations as hitherto have been comprised in three monthly numbers,
so that really no difference in size will take place. The price of
each single number will be one shilling and sixpence, or six
shillings per annum. Subscribers by payment of five shillings per
annum (exclusive of postage) in advance, will receive it by post as
soon as published. The postage for Great Britain and Ireland
will amount to four pence for the year, and for foreign countries
one shilling, or one shilling and four pence, in the majority of cases,
according to Postal Tariff. Subscribers are solicited to observe
promptitude in payment of their subscriptions, and to use their
efforts to extend the circulation so as to relieve the Editor from any
fear of having to conduct the journal at a pecuniary loss. It is
hoped that the reduction in cost of Foreign postage during the
year will increase the number of subscribers abroad, and somewhat
compensate others for the change, which for economical reasons
has been found necessary.

It is a source of gratification that a Journal devoted to such a
special subject should have been maintained for two years, con-
tinuing the meanwhile to extend itself at home and abroad so as to
attain a circulation exceeding that of any Botanical Magazine yet
emanating from this country. It was never contemplated as a
commercial speculation, nor projected or maintained as a source of
profit, but, whilst thanking those kindly disposed correspondents
and friends who have proffered to combine, and guarantee him
against pecuniary loss, the Editor hopes that the third year of its
existence will be entirely self supporting.

Subscriptions for the third year are now due, and may be trans-
mitted by Post Office Order, payable at Charing Cross, to M. C.
Cooke, 2, Grosvenor Villas, Junction Road, Upper Holloway, N.

N.B. — The next number will be trebled in size, ami issued on the
1st of September, 1874.

A

No. 13.] [July, 1873.

(SntrtlUa,

A MONTHLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY
AND ITS LITERATURE.

NEW BRITISH ALG^E.
By E M. Holmes.

Callithamnion hormocarpum. JV. S. — General characters : Frond
capillary, densely tufted, 1-2 inches high, of a pinkish purple colour.
Stems not glossy ; as thick as bristle below, becoming as fine as
silk above. Plumules alternately branched throughout.

Microscopical characters : Articulations at the base of the stem,
coated with branched and jointed filaments ; articulation of the
plumules, 6-8 times as long as broad ; those of the pinnae four
times, decreasing to twice as long as broad ; flexuose and attenuated
towards the apex of the ultimate pinnules. Pinnules of the pinnae
either simple, once forked, or repeatedly forked, and tufted at the
apex ; axils very narrow, so that the less-branched pinnules appear
pinnate, and the more densely branched ones appear furcate.

Fructification of two kinds : 1st, Tufts of branched moniliform
cells, of a darker colour than the cells of the frond, each cell sur-
rounded by a hyaline border ; these tufts are situated on the rachis
of the plumules and pinnae, but are never formed from the terminal
branchlets. 2nd, Elliptical cells, two or three in number, forming
a whorl round and semi-immersed in, the upper part of the articu-
lations of the plumules.

Both the tufts and the whorls of cells appear to contain granular
matter, but show no appearance of being tetraspores.

This very remarkable plant bears some resemblance to Seriospora
Grijjithsiana, but differs from it in its want of gloss, different colour,
in the moniliform cells never being terminal, and not formed from
the branchlets, but an independent growth on the rachis, and in the
presence of the whorled elliptical cells. It is interesting to find
that there is a specimen in Mrs. Griffith's collection of Alga} be-
longing to the Linnean Society, which was gathered at Salcombe,
in 1840, and which presents the same character of tufted cells, eve.
This specimen is marked " Seirospora ?"

I have gathered the plant at Plymouth for two consecutive years,
and it has always presented the same characteristics. It grows on
Fuci at low water, on the Torpoint mudbank, and is thrown up on

2 NEW BRITISH ALG.E.

the shore at the same time as Seriospora Griffithsiana. I once met
with a specimen there which had elliptical lateral tetraspores, but it
has been unfortunately lost.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

1. — The entire plant.

2.— Plumule magnified X 20.

3.-Pinnule magnified X 100 ( «• | elliptical cells on rachis of plumule.

° I o. 6 ditto on ultimate branchlet.

4. — Tuft of moniliform cells.

5. — Portion of base of stem showing the coating of branched and jointed fila-
ments.

Nitophyllum thysanorhizans. N. S. — General characters : Frond,
1-2 inches long, of a thin membranaceous substance, very flaccid,
and of a pale rose colour, glossy when dry, and adhering closely to
paper. Frond much branched, branches between pinnate and
furcate, from one to two lines broad, slightly dilated upwards ; the
terminal segments generally two-lobed, one lobe being shorter and
smaller than the other. The fronds are everywhere fringed, at
intervals of about one line, wTith minute cellular processes, which
develop roots at their extremities, and by these the plant adheres
to other Algre.

Microscopical structure : Cells polygonal, becoming smaller
and quadrate at the margin of the frond ; the cellular processes
are composed of large elongate polygonal cells, which become
smaller and very dense toward the point from which the roots arise.
A network of minute veins traverses the whole of the frond, and is
especially noticeable in the ultimate segments, the veins being
formed of a single row of narrow, somewhat cylindrical cells.
Tetraspores distinctly tripartite, collected into definite rounded sori
in the apices of the ultimate segments. Capsular fructification not
yet met with.

Habitat : Thrown up on a mud- bank at Torpoint, and at Mount
Edgecumbe, near Plymouth. Perennial ?

This interesting little plant has probably been overlooked for
many years as a variety of Rhodymenia bifida, under which name I
have several times received it, and have also seen it among the
Alga3 collected, by the late Dr. Cocks, and now in the possession of
the Linnean Society. This mistake has most likely arisen from
the similarity of its branching to that of R. bifida, and perhaps
also from the rare occurrence of its tetraspores. From R. bifida,
however, and from R. cristata, which it also resembles, it is abun-
dantly distinguished by its definite sori, and tripartite tetraspores.
From Nitophyllum pnnctatum, to the narrow forms of which there
is a close resemblance in colour and general appearance, it is
separated by the tetraspores forming sori in the apices of the frond
only, and by its fimbriate margin.

N. thysano?'hiza?is has not, so far as I have been able to ascertain,
been found in any other locality than the one above mentioned. It
is thrown np there in seme abundance in July, but the tetraspores

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 3

are not commonly met with. It has also been found, with tetras-
pores, in the month of January, by my friend Mr. Goode, of
Plymouth.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

1. — The entire frond.

2. — Apex of ultimate segment, showing' the unequal terminal lobes with the

definite sori X 20.
3. — One of the marginal processes X 100.

4. — Tetraspores in siiu, showing also the veins and cells of frond X100.
5.— Tetraspores X 200.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.
By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.

(Continued from Page 180.)

276. Corticium diminuens. B. $ C— Rav. Fasc. iii., 31. Album
stratosum, hymenio cretaceo diminuente. No. 4009. Alabama,
Peters.

Consisting of several layers, each separated by a dark line ;
hymenium white, diminishing in width each time of growth, so as
to leave a narrow zoned border.

277. Corticium subgiganteum. B. — Effusum rigidum cremori-
color marginem versus subfuscum ; hymenio e velutino glabro.
Rav. No. 1669.

On Magnolia glauca. Sent as a form of C. giganteum, but the
texture is different. Widely effused ; at first cream coloured,
rigid, then acquiring a brownish tint, especially towards the margin;
velvety in the younger parts, smooth in the older.

278. Corticium scariosum. B. $ C— Tenue secernibile mem-
branaceum immaginatum ; hymenio pulverulento ochroleuco. No.
4916. On alder. Car. Sup.

Forming a thin, oblong, membranaceous separable stratum,
without any distinct border ; hymenium pulverulent ochroleucous.

270. Corticium aschistum. B.— Tenue rigidum secernibile ochro-
lencum tuberculatum papillatumve ; hymenio velutino. No. 1430.
Car. Inf. On the under side of a trunk of Acer rubrum, lying on
damp soil.

Effused, thin, separable, smooth beneath, rigid ; hymenium
papillate or tuberculate ; velvety.

280. Corticium portentosum. B. $ C. — Ochroleucum, contextu
crasso albo molli spongioso ; hymenio tuberculato glabro. No. 3620.
Penns. Miehener.

Forming a thick mass on very decayed wood, spreading widely ;
substance soft, white, spongy ; hymenium tuberculate smooth.
Some parts, however, are free from tubercles.

281. Corticium colliculosum. B. $ C. — Tenue adnatum ; mycelio
albo ; hymenio hete ochroleuco papillato granulatocme glabro. No.
5297. New Eng., Sprague.

4 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

Thin, adnate, inseparable from the matrix, springing from a
white mycelium which penetrates the matrix, but is scarcely visible
externally ; hymenium papillate, and also minutely granulated, in-
dependently of the matrix. No. 6025. Penn., Michener (Corticium
compaction, B. & C), is possibly a state of the same species.

282 Coxticium scutellaxe. B. $ C— Resupinatum effusum im-
marginatum ex albido subalutaceum ; hymenio in areolas minutas
fisso. No. 2473, Car. Inf. 5G26, New Eng., Sprague. 6091,
Alabama, Peters.

On oak. Rav., No. 1584. On dead herbaceous stems.

Widely effused, thin, inseparable, immarginate ; hymenium from
dirty white to tan-coloured or tawny. It occurs also in Venezuela.

* Coxticium quexcinum. P.

* Coxticium cinexeum. Fr.— Under many numbers from various
quarters. No. 1717, on Vaccinia, is an unusually thick form.
Corticium murinum, B. C. No. 4023, on Corrius Florida, is per-
haps also a form.

* Coxticium incaxnatum. Fr. — Equally common with the last.

* Coxticium polygonium. Fr— No. 4893, Massac, Sprague.

283. Coxticium alutaxium. B. <$■ C. — Effusum immarginatum
alutaceum ; hymenio papillose No. 5169, 5335, New Engl.,
Sprague. 6349, Penns , Michemer.

Either on smooth or rugged bark or wood, following all the in-
equalities ; bright, tan-coloured, papillate.

* Coxticium Sambuci. Fr.— No. 6208, New Engl., Murray. No.
4362, Penns., Michener. On Rubus. Corticium Rubi., B. & C, is
scarcely different.

* Coxticium comedens. -Fr.— No. 3608, Penns., Michener. On
Celastrnm scandens, Rav. No. 1544. On Melia Azederack.

* Coxticium axachnoideum. B.— No. 2523, Car. Inf., and
several other numbers.

284. Coxticium leucothxix. B. # C— Effusum olivaceo-rubrum;
hymenio setis candidis vestito. No. 4775. On pine.

Effused immarginate, of a reddish olive, beset with delicate white
bristles.

285. Coxticium bxunneolum. B. tf C— Effusum, inseparable ;
margine albo byssoideo ; hymenio brunneolo. No. 3664, Louisiana,
Dr. Hale.

Effused, resupinate, inseparable ; margin white, narrow, byssoid ;
hymenium brownish.

* Kypochnus xubxo-cinctus. Ehrb.— Rav., Fasc, i., 33. Loui-
siana.

* Guepinia Spathulaxia. Fr.— No. 246, Car. Sup. No. 3146,
Texas, C. Wright.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. ."»

28G. Guepinia petaliformis. B. <$• C— Pilco flabelliformi mar-

gine crispato tuberculoso, hymenio supra niulo, infra venoso. No.
G052, Alabama, Peters.

On dead wood about an inch high; stem compressed ; pileus
flabellilbrm, with the margin crisped and tuberculate ; hymeniuin
naked above, pubescent and venose below.

* Guepinia elegans. B. $ C. — ITook. Kew Misc., »., p. 239.
Fulva ; pileo suborbimlari margine incurvo ; subtus pulverulento-
velutino ; stipite hispido ; hymenio succineo-fusco lam Rav. On
dead trunks of juniper. No. 1024, Bantee l»iver.

Pileus ^-inch across; orbicular or slightly flabelliform between
velvety and pulverulent and ferruginous below ; hymenium even;
brownish amber coloured ; stem hispid, ^--inch high, ^ a line thick.
Very distinct from the allies of G. Spathularia.

287. Cyphella fulva. B. & Rav.— Rav., Fasc, iv., 1 6. Gregaria

pczizaeformis margine incurvato extus villosa fulva. No. G296. On
Alder. Maine, Rev. J. Blake. Rav., No. 1683. On Alnus serrulata,
Car. Inf.

Forming little erumpent tufts pezizaeform, clothed externally
with tawny down. Cantharellus fasciculatus, Schwein. Torrey,
New York, is the same.

288. Cyphella fur cata. B. $ C— Stipite cylindrico hie illic furcato,
cupulisque cyathiformibus ferrugineis tomentosis. No. 4022. On
alder. Alabama, Beaumont.

Like the last, growing in little groups, but consisting of fewer
individuals; stem cylindrical, often forked, terminated by cyathi-
form cups, tomentose and ferruginous externally. A very curious
species.

289. Cyphella filicicola. B. <$■ C— Stipite brevissimo ; cupulis
irregularibus minutis extus subtiliter tomentosis umbrinis. No. 4(.i34
Car. Sup.

On dead fern. Stem very short, cups irregular, sometimes
oblique, very obscurely tomentose umber.

290. Cyphella subgelatinosa. B # Bar.— Sessilis applanata
fusca; margine leviter inflexo. Rav., No. 1714.

( )n Alnus serrulata. Looking like a brown subgelatinous Peziza ;
brown, flat, sessile, with a narrow indexed border.

291. Cyphella cupulaefoxmis. B. <b Bar.— Sparsa cupulrcformis
niinuta grisea extus subtiliter tomentosa ; hymenio fusco. Rav.,
No. 14o;i. Car. Inf. On trunks of Juniperus virginiana.

Scattered, externally grey, cup-shaped Bub-globo: e, very obscurely
tomentose; hymenium brown. Resembling at first sight Peziza
Godroniana.

292. Cyphella Ravenelii. B.— Sparsa globosa ore parvo aperta

ex 1 us tomentosa pallide eervina. Rav., No. l700. On Lurk of
Carya.

D NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

Scattered globose opening with a minute orifice, pale fawn colour,
tomentose, hairs minutely rough, spores elliptic, -00025 long.

293. Cyphella fasciculata. B. § C— Erumpens fasciculata con-
gesta pallida irregularis subtiliter tomentosa. No. 2659. New
York, Sartwell. On willow.

Like C.fulva, forming little erumpent tufts, consisting of pallid
obscurely tomentose irregular shallow cups.

294. Hymenella rhabdophora. B. $ Rav. — Resupinata gelati-
nosa fuscescens ; conidiis filiformibus trinucleatis ; sporis ellip-
tisis. Ravenel. No. 1441. On Acer rubrum.

Forming little gelatinous tubercles, varying from honey-coloured
to brownish, consisting of flexuous threads with filiform, slightly
curved, trinucleate conidia, -002 long, and elliptic spores.

295. Hymenella haematococca. B.ty C— Tenuissima sanguinea e
floccis apice clavatis. No. 3064. Car. Inf. On Zea.

Consisting of extremely thin blood-coloured patches, which are
composed of short erect threads, strongly clavate above.

296. Hymenella Phytolacca. B. — Maculis hysteriiformibus atro-
purpureis; sporis (v. conidiis) filiformibus curvatis. No. 941. Car.
Sup. On Phytolacca.

Consisting of little dark purple hysteriiform specks, which pro-
duce a multitude of filiform strongly curved spores or conidia.

* Spar as sis crisp a. Fr. — Rav. No. 1613.

* Sparassis spathulata. Fr. — No. 1000. Santee River.

297. Sparassis tremelloides. B.— Stipite obsoleto ; ramis erectis
tortis sinuatis intertextis. No. 1380. Car. Inf.

Stem quite obsolete ; branches crisped, waved and twisted, con-
fluent with each other, so as to present a tremelloid aspect. This
does not agree with any of the four figures of Krombholz.

* Clavaria Botrytis. P.— Rav. Fasc. ii., 41. No. 669, 1621.
Car. Inf. No. 5384. New Eng., Sprague.

* Clavaria amethystina. Bull— Rav. No. 1712. Car. Inf.
Clavaria fastigiata. L.— No. 5963.

* Clavaria muscoides. L.— No. 4261. Penns., Michener.

* Clavaria tetragona. Schrvein.— No. 5796. New Eng., Sprague.
No. 3107. New Eng., Oakey.

* Clavaria cristata. Holmsk.— Rav. Fasc. ii., 42. No. 1828,
1869. Rhode Island, Olney, Bennett. No. 5338. New Eng. Sprague.

* Clavaria rugosa. Bull.— Rav. No. 1285.

* Clavaria fuliginea. P.— No. 1265. Car. Inf.

* Clavaria subtilis. P.-No. 3000. Car. Inf.

* Clavaria pyxidata. P.-No. 1620. Santee River, Ohio.

* Clavaria aurea. Schcrff.— No. 533, 535, 536. Car. Sup. Rav.
No. 1510, 1500 Cassar's Head. Car. Inf.

STRUCTURE OF AGARICS. 7

* Clavaria formosa. P.— No. 3206. Car. Inf. No. 5315. New
Eng., Sprague.

298. Clavaria secunda. 7?.— Caudice crassiusculo cito diviso ;
ramis cnrvatis secundis; apicibus apiculatis. No. 534. Car. Sup.
No. 991. Santee River.

Tale yellow ; stem moderately thick, soon divided, branches
curved, all leaning one way, tips shortly divided, apiculate ; spores
yellow. C. spinulosa, Schwein. Herb.

299. Clavaria leucotephra. B. & C. — Caudice communi crassius-
culo, ramis strictis apicibus furcatis acutis brunneis basi albo-to-
mentosis. No. 6362. Car. Amongst fallen leaves.

About 2 inches high, with the thickish common base; branches
straight, forked and apiculate at the tips, tomentose below.

300. Clavaria Petersii. B. <k <7.-Rav. Fasc. v. 33. E communi
basi ramosa ; ramis strictis subfastigiatis apice apiculato divisis
rufis. No. 4576 bis. Alabama, Peters. On dead wood.

About 2 inches high, branched from the very base ; branches
straight, somewhat fastigiate, rufous, tips apiculate. No. 4576.
seems to be Clavaria decolor, B. & C. U. S. E. E., from Hong
Kong.

* Clavaria stricta. P.— No. 5321, 5322. Maine.

* Clavaria crispula. Fr.— No. 5799. New Eng. Sprague. Rav.
South Carolina. x t~r

STRUCTURE OF AGARICS, PARTICULARLY OF THE
HYMENIUM.

By J. De Seynes.*

When first studying the Hymenomycetes one easily perceives that
there are no precise rules nor definite characters for their classifica-
tion. The limitation of the species among Phanerogams has already
been subjected to much controversy, but in this respect the Fungi
are far surpassed by the more fortunate vegetables, the fruits and
flowers of which can be submitted to rigorous analysis. Here the
characters are founded upon organs of such a nature as to neces
Bitate the employment of the microscope, and a simple cell corres-
ponds with many more complicated organs among the superior
vegetables. The form of this cell ought to have its importance,
above all the study of the fruit in one of large size, although it
may be reduced to a simple cell ; this cell offering differences of
form, colour, &c, sufficient to furnish good characters. One ought
not, therefore, to separate the anatomic study of the types from
that of their external characters, which are visible to the naked
eye. Whilst we are searching in this way for a fit union between
the two, an important work is being published in Germany with

* Translated from the Introduction to " Flore Mycologique de la Montpelier."

8 STRUCTURE OF AGARICS.

the same end in view, and M. H. Hoffmann has given two parts,
which appear to ns to supply the actual wants of the science, which
has until now been a veritable gap. By the representation of the
specific type in its normal state, the study of its tissues, and of its
development, all three being presented, reveals some facts which
will facilitate the classification of the Agarics. The works of
Corda, before those of Hoffmann, have opened the way, for they
embrace all Fungi, and are produced more particularly from an
anatomic and physiological point of view. They have in this respect
rendered great service, and facilitate ulterior researches.

Three principal parts together compose the vegetation of an
Hymenomycete — the mycelium, the receptacle, or hymenophore, and
the hymenium.

I. The mycelium and receptacle, or hymenophore. — The mycelium,
the elementary composition of which is very simple, found under
the soil, or under the debris of dead leaves or branches, affects dif-
ferent appearances, generally white, sometimes yellow, and also red.
It is at times filamentous or silky {nematoid mycelium of M.
Leveille*), at times like felt (hymenoid mycelium of the same
author) ; finally, at times it becomes compact and solid, for a long
time regarded as a perfect fungus, and was called Sclerotium ; this
is the scleroid or tuberculous mycelium of M. Leveille. This
author has also signalised the malacoid, or pulpous mycelium be-
longing to some Physariacei, or to some Trichiacei, the fungoid
nature of which is actually contested. -j-

The nematoid mycelium, which is more frequently found amongst
Agarics, varies extremely in appearance, at times presenting itself
like some rayed threads of silk, and prickly, at times ramified or
dichotomous, like some radicular fibres, and at times so thin that it
is easily pulverized ; it certainly has its characteristic value. Hoff-
mann, draws from its absence, or its concrete form, a conclusion
which appears to us quite just. " That there is more difference,"
says this author, " than the kind of development in Amanita with-
out a mycelium, which recals the Gasteromycetes, and among which
the mycelium is replaced by the veil, and some Agarics, with a per-
manent mycelium in the form of Sclerotium, as for example, Agari-
cus tuberosus."X One can, perhaps, place more value on the per-
manence or annual disappearance of the mycelium, than to the per-
ennial, or to the annual or biennial life of the stem of Phanerogams,
where the form of the organs of vegetation so notably differ, it
follows that they are monocotyledons or dicotyledons, the mycelium
may affect different modes of development, as in the two examples
cited by Hoffmann.

The concrete mycelium or sclerotium is rather scattered amongst

* " Annales des Sci. Nat," 2nd ser., t. xx.,p. 78, &c.

f The observations of Wigand (Pringsheiin's Jahrbucher) appears to me to
shake strongly the hypothesis of M. de Bary, as to the animal nature of these
small productions.

% Hoffmann, Icon. Analyt. Fung., Heft.i, 1861.

STRUCTURE OF AOARIC8. 9

the Agarics, as the remarkable researches of Leveille have demon-
strated it,* and removed all doubts on the subject. In his recent
work (" Selecta Fungorum Carpologia," p. 107), M. Tnlasne gives
a rather instructive history of Sclerotium, which appears to be most
complete on the subject.

M. Leveille has indicated the mode of sclerotial formation, which
has greater analogy with the rhizome, as is remarked in Agaricus
ftisipes ; the base of the pedicel is permanent, and produces tho
following year some new Agarics, becoming more or less branched.
The mycelioid nature of the Sclerotium, and its assimilation to the
organs which, in the Phanerogams, take the place of veritable
stems, is a proof more in favour of the theory, first noticed by
Palissot de Beauvois, and then by Dutrochet, of the identity of the
mycelium with a stem or thallus.

The hymenophore, which is only the condensed mycelium, par-
ticipates in the vegetative function, but in a more especial manner,
to elaborate the reproductive bodies. It is cellular, membranaceous
or parenchymatous, formed of a pedicel and a cap, at times reduced
to a cap, which spreads into a membrane, and is clothed with a
hymenium, reposing upon a smooth surface (Thelephora) ; at other
times the inferior surface is folded, forming plates, pores, spines,
&C, upon which are the organs of fructification (Poli/ponts, Hyd-
num, &c.)

The collected cells which form the stipe, and which afterwards
expand in the cap, are generally rather uniform, long, fibrous, often
much separated, rarely ramified, presenting at times in their dis-
tance from each other, at others in their dimensions, differences
which on the fissure of the stipe, present an aspect either fibrous,
granulated, spongy, or woolly. The cellular fibres are always
closer and more compact at the cortical part. The volva and ring,
which give excellent characters for classification, ought always to
be studied in their structure in each type. The cells of the paren-
chyma of the cap are more ramified than those of the stipe. One
sees them form by anastomosing and crossing each other, some
polygonous trellis-work. In the meshes so formed, there is a second
system of larger cells. These two systems have been described by
Corda, especially amongst Russula. lt These two forms," says this
author, "are not always neatly separated, but pass, as the organ
requires, more or less rapidly one into the other, or, what is more
rare, they arc substituted one for the other. These two forms of
tissue taking part, generally both together, in the structure of the
hymenium, each giving birth, or both together, to one or many
organs of the hymenium. "f

Amongst the Lactarii some lacticiferous vessels may be seen,
often of a larger calibre, running over the meshes of the paren-
chyma, and forming a new system of organs. Why give them the

* Ann. des. Sci. Nat., ser. ii., t. xx. (1843), p. 218-248.
t Corda, Iccmes Funjjoruoi.

10 STRUCTURE OF AGARICS.

name of vessels ? This does not appear to us exact, because if the
cells which form them are very long, it is yet possible to find, from
time to time, that some are divided transversely. We have seen
them in Lactarius deliciosus, but they are to be perceived in other
species ; the Lactarii affording an opaque, resinous juice, which fills
the cells, and it is not easy to discover the real nature of the cel-
lular tube. In Fistulina buglossoides, which contains an abundant
red juice, the juice is more fluid, is not so concreted, and is con-
tained in the special varicose and sinuous tubes, like the laticifers,
but perfectly furnished with transverse divisions. These cells have
not always a distorted or varicose disposition, they are often recti-
linear, like those figured by Hoffmann (Icon. Analy. Fung., i.,tab.
2, f. 5) but on approaching the lamella? the same series of cells is
curved, and recurved, thus showing that here the milky secretion
appears more abundant ; one sees more numerous drops after the
section. This only really exists, not when one has cut a greater
number of laticiferous cells, but when one has cut the same one
many times. It is, at least, this which we have seen very well in
Lactarius deliciosus. As to the importance of the liquid, it is
difficult to judge, because numerous Agarics are deprived of this
proper juice, at least it can only be admitted that, if existing at
all, it is not equally visible, because of its containing resinous or
fatty bodies, which may be seen. One finds this same milky juice
in the organs of the hymenium, for if the lamella? are cut when a
Lactarius begins to ripen, one sees in the basidia, the cystidia, and
the sterile cells of the hymenium, the concrete matter of the lati-
ciferous cells.

The exterior surface of the cap, or of the stipe, is sometimes
furnished with productions which contribute to give them a parti-
cular appearance, at times these are rather large hairs, simple or
branched, in which are accumulated granulations which are only
slightly disseminated in the exterior cells of the parenchyma
( Agaricus phaiocephalus, Bull., Agaricus setiger, Fr., Agaricus ter-
reus, Scha?ff., and a great number of others). At other times
these hairs are not visible to the eye, and give simply a dull aspect
to the surface on which they occur. In fine, one finds at times
some cells which belong to this kind of production, but which, in
lieu of preserving the elongated cylindrical form of the parenchy-
matous cells, dilate and become spherical, like the primitive vege-
table cell. The surface always takes a more or less characteristic
pulverulent or pruinose aspect. Agaricus chrysoplia?us, Schasff.,
offers a very good example ; its cells are large, and filled with grey-
brown granulations of the same nature as those which colour the
exterior cells of the cap. In Agaricus micaceus, Bull., these same
cells take still more considerable dimensions ; they are filled with a
clear liquid, and send out luminous rays, so as to take the appear-
ance of sheets of mica, from which the name of the Agaric is
taken. These cells have greater analogy, as for their structure and

STRUCTURE OV AGARICS. 11

contents, with the cystidia, which are also bright, and found on the
hymenium, and at the margin of the gills. The degree of abund-
ance of these cells vary according to conditions which have not
been studied as amongst the phanerogams. One sees, in effect,
what enormous differences of aspect the same species, here smooth,
and there extremely velvety, can present. It is the same with
fungi, of which the hairs, scales, viscid, and soft state seldom vary
much. One may easily guard against confounding the scales aris-
ing from the debris of the volva with the productions of which we
have just spoken. There are also some scales which have the same
specific importance ; they are formed either upon the stipe or upon
the pileus, by a stoppage of the development of the external stra-
tum of cells, which, not following that of the internal parenchyma,
break and leave at the surface of these organs more or less irregular
fragments, thus causing the external suberous layers of the bark
to present a cracked appearance. Agaricus obturatus, Fr., often
presents itself under this aspect in our region. Krombholz has
also given a figure under the name of Agaricus obturatus rimosus.
The dessication caused to the periphery by external agents has
great influence upon this phenomenon. I have often discovered, in
a dry time, some Agaricus melleus, Wahl., the stipe of which pre-
sented some circular rings ; their origin can only be attributed to
the dessication of the external cellular layer, during which the
stipe increases in height. There are some Agarics with which the
elongation of the stipe is such that it is scarcely possible that ex-
ternal agents act in this sense, and one cannot call it a sort of
deformity in them.

The agglomeration of the coloured granules to which the fungus
owes its colour, either in the cells disposed in phaneres, or simply
epidermic cells, is also subject to many variations. I cannot say
whether the want of colour, the albinism has been noticed in many
fungi, but I have in several cases encountered it upon some well
characterised and easily recognised species ; among others Agaricus
semiglobatus, Batsch. ; Agaricus coronillus, Bull ; Agaricus micans,
Bull. By the side of this fact there is another quite opposite, it
is the greater intensity of colouration, according with the bases of
temperature ; I have had occasion to verify it so frequently that I
can no longer doubt it. Agaricus nudus, Bull, is found during
winter in the parks in the neighbourhood of Montpellier; according
as the temperature falls, it takes a dark violet, almost black, or a
deep brown. "When the spring arrives one finds some almost white
individuals, shaded with lilac, or fawn colour, as we have proved
upon an exposed hillock at midday. Agaricus terreus, Schreff., and
Agaricus dryophilus, Bull, which accompany Agaricus nudus and
pass the cold season with it, present with it the same phenomena.

I found, during December last, at a very cold time, in a farm
yard of the Chateau Levat, a well characterised Agaricus medius,
Schum., and the microscopic analysis has confirmed its identity,

12 STRUCTURE OF AGARICS.

the pileus was of an almost black sepia colour. Ordinarily this
Agaric is white, at other times a little dirty. A figure by Delile
shows a like phenomenon of colouration produced in this same
species, but with less intensity, upon an individual found also
during the month of December. As I am assured, by microscopic
study, there is no new production of cellular elements, but simply
a greater agglomeration of pigmentary granules. Finally, during
a herborization, made in the beech woods of the Lozere, at a tem-
perature of 5 to 6 degrees, I have been struck with the deep
colouration of Agaricus melleus and Agaricus lateritius, SchaBff.,
which were to be seen by hundreds, and the aspect of which
differed very much from the same species found in the woods of
inferior zones, during the fine days of autumn.

The result of numerous observations makes me certain that
although the cold has an influence upon the intensity of the
colouration among the Agarics, it does not follow that, in certain
given conditions, an observer cannot, in the middle of winter, find
an example of a normal colour, perhaps even more clear; it may be
caused by its being shaded or placed in the neighbourhood of a
source of heat, causing the body to develop in fermentation, the
dunghill for example ; an individual so found is placed in such
conditions with few exceptions. If one cannot find a sufficient
reason in the external circumstances, it follows then to recall the
contingence of physiological phenomena, the limits of variation of
which escape us, because of not knowing the exact causes. The
phenomena due to the atmospheric influences ought to be submitted
to some very numerous observations, and not to draw conclusions
from isolated facts.

As to the influence of light upon the colouration of vegetables,
one may believe that it is much more upon the green matter which
it acts than upon the substances which colour the petals or other
organs. A herborization in the oil mines of Rochebelle, near Alais,
has enabled me to prove the little influence of the deprivation of
light upon the colouring matters of Fungi. I have found at 80
metres depth, in the most complete obscurity, almost a kilometre
from the entrance shaft, an Agaric allied to Agaricus conopilus, Fr.,
presenting upon the pileus the fawn-colour habitual to this Agaric.
Some Polyporei reduced to a crustaceous expansion, with some ves-
tiges of pores, have offered to me, in the same conditions, a sul-
phury tint. Moreover, the figures given by authors who are spe-
cially occupied with the fungi of mines, demonstrate this fact. F.
Hoffmann has represented in his " Vegetabilia in Hercynia? subter-
raneis collecta," an Agaric which appears rather like Agaiicus gale-
ricvlatus, Scop., this species, called by him Agaricus myin us (pi. iii.),
is much coloured, also Agaricus u?tdvlatus, given in pi. iv. of the
same work. The want of light which acts so little upon the
colouration, has it more effect upon the general vegetation ? " That
which is most evident," says E. P. Fries, "up to what point the

NOTE ON LECANORA RALFSII. 13

development of the Hymenomycetes is subject to the action of light,
it is that those -which have not been exposed to its influence ; those,
for example, which have grown in the galleries of mines, in caves,
or in hollow trees, take the most curious abnormal forms, their
metamorphosis remaining incomplete, or otherwise the whole fungus,
preserving its mycelioid nature, its growth is cut short in a mon-
strous modification of the mycelium." In admitting this fact
generally, it does not, it appears to me, follow the idea which one
has of the superior vegetables. I believe that an equal tempera-
ture, certain conditions of constant warmth and humidity, ought to
have here as much effect as the want of light, and to cause rather a
sort of exuberance which is opposed to the formation of the fructify-
ing organs, thus a too luxuriant vegetation often puts an obstacle in
t lie way of the flowering or fructification of the Phanerogams.

NOTE ON LECANORA RALFSII (Salwey), Cromb.
By the Rev. J. M. Crombie, F.L.S. & G.S.

In the Rev. Mr. Salwey's" Observations on Penzance Lichens,"
in the Annals of the Penzance Natural History Society, ii. (1853),
p. 144, there occurs the following notice of a supposed new species
of Lecidea : —

No. 34. Lecidea, nova species, gathered with Mr. Ralfs at
Lamorna.

" This is hitherto a unique specimen, though I hope Mr. Ralfs
will be able to find more of it. It consists of a thin, closely pressed,
crustaceous thallus, of a dusky-green colour, with irregular warty
protuberances and flattened scales intermixed. The apothecia,
which are extremely minute, have scarcely any border, and are of a
dull reddish-brown. Some of them are of a dull fawn-colour ;
but this appears to be an older state, in which the disc has been
worn away, leaving the pale colour of the apothecium visible."

Should it prove to be, as I believe it, undescribed, I would venture
to call it Lecidea Ealfsii, from its discoverer.

The plant so named provisionally, does not appear, at least under
the proposed name in any subsequent list of British Lichens. Its
identification is, therefore, a matter not simply of curiosity, but of
importance. Did Salwey rightly conjecture that it was a new
6pecies, or is the name proposed merely another synonyme of one
previously described ? From authentic information recently ob-
tained from Mr. Wm. Curnow, of Penzance, I believe that I am
now in a position fully to identify this plant, and, as will be seen
from what follows, it has a rather singular and interesting history.
Several months ago I received from the above gentleman two
specimens of Lecidea Muddii, Salw., to my great delight, as no
British Hellenist, save Messrs. Mndd and Salwey, would Beem ever
to have seen this lichen, nor does it appear amongst the large col-
lection of British lichens from the latter gentleman in the herba-

14 NOTE ON LECANORA RALE8II.

rium of the British Museum. On first examination, the specimens
thus received seemed to agree sufficiently well in all respects with
that plant as described in Mudd Man., p. 178, sub Biatorina, and I
took it for granted that they undoubtedly belonged to the desi-
derated Lecidea Muddii, Salw. (Mudd Man. I.e.), Cromb. Enum.,
p. 74, Leight. Lich. FL, p. 315. The receipt, however, of several
other specimens, with the apothecia in various stages of develop-
ment, led me to hesitate somewhat as to the identity. This arose
from the circumstance that one or two of the younger apothecia
had a distinct though evanescent thalline margine. A more accu-
rate microscopical examination revealed also that the hypothecium
was moderate rather than thin, and nearly colourless rather than
pale-brown, as Mr. Mudd describes it — a discrepancy, however,
which can easily be otherwise accounted for, as the apothecia in
the specimen examined by Mr. Mudd were most probably old ones.

On sending a specimen to Dr. Nylander for his opinion, he wrote
in reply that the plant was a true Lecanora and that if not the
veritable Lecidea Muddii, it was certainly a new species. This led
to farther correspondence with Mr. Curnow, the result of which
was the conclusion that Lecidea Ralfsii and Lecidea Muddii were
one and the same plant. The evidence for their specific identity
appears to be, in all respects, perfectly satisfactory, and is to the
following effect. Amongst some forty specimens of the lichens
described by Mr. Salwey in the above paper, one of his Lecidea
Ralfsii was deposited in the Penzance Museum. This was borrowed
by Mr. Mudd at the time when he was preparing his manual, and
by some oversight or other, was not afterwards returned. The
identity, however, even in the absence of the original specimen,
can otherwise be sufficiently established. That the original speci-
men of L. Ralfsii was identical with the specimens received by me
from Mr. Curnow, s. n. L. Muddii, is proved by others subse-
quently gathered by Mr. Ralfs in company with Mr. Curnow, in
the same spot, where the type, the appearance of which was quite
familiar to Mr. Ralfs, was obtained. And that Mr. Curnow's
specimens were identical with L. Muddii of Mr. Mudd's manual
is proved by their equally corresponding with the description there
given of this species, except in the two minor characters above
mentioned, and also in the thalline margin of the apothecia, which
evidently was wanting in the single specimen seen by Mr. Mudd.
It is, therefore, I think, quite clear that Lecidea Muddii, Salwey,
in litt. 18G0,=Lecidea Ralfsii, Salwey, in Ann. Nat. Hist. Soc,
Penzance, 1853, and that as the latter was the first published
name, the plant, for the reasons assigned, must henceforth be known
as Lecanora Ralfsii (Salw.), Cromb. Why Mr. Salwey should
have subsequently changed the name, and why L. Ralfsii should
not be alluded to in Mudd Man., is a matter with which we have
nothing to do, for our present purpose, though no doubt an easy
explanation could be given by either of these gentlemen.

15

Geasters. — In a series of papers on Geasters which recently ap-
peared in the "Gardener's Chronicle," Mr. Worthington G. Smith
has figured all the British representatives of this genus. The species
which is recorded in Grevillea, vol. i., p. 40, is considered distinct
from both G. lageniformis (Vitt.) and G. tunicatus (Vitt.), and for
it is proposed the name G. Michelianus (W. G. S.), it being re-
garded as identical with the plant Micheli has figured in his Nova
Plantarum Genera t. 100, f. 1, under the name Geaster major um-
bilico-fimbriato, and with the specimens published in " Erbario
Crittogamico ltaliano " (No. 343 and 979) as Geaster tunicatus
Michelianus.

In the same communication there is a figure of what is regarded
as Geaster lageniformis, Vitt. This is a much smaller and more
delicate plant, differing from the majority of Geasters in possessing
perfectly round and smooth spores. It is comparatively a recent
addition to our flora, having been up to the present time only re-
corded from Devonshire, and, possibly, Norfolk.

British Lichens. — In the "Journal of Botany" for May,
Mr. Crombie records 47 additions to the British Lichen-Flora,
since the publication of Mr. Leighton's work. These are as fol-
lows : — Collema stygium, Del., C. polycarpon, Schasr., C. Laureri,
Fr., C. auriculatum var. pinguescens, Nyl., Obryzum dolichoteron,
Nyl., Leptogivm amphineum, Ach., Calicium byssaceum, Frs., Alec-
toria divergent, Ach., Ramalina intermedia, Del. Parmelia prolixa*
Delisei, Dub., P urinaria nigra* psotina, Ach., Lecanora diphyodes,
Nyl., L. Ivtescens, D.C., L. piniperda, Krb., L. symmictera, Nyl.,
L. sarcopis* homopis, L. subintricata, Nyl., L. varia* leptacina, L.
prwpostera, Nyl., L. coniopta, Nyl., L. leucophwa, var. conglobata,
Flot., L. alpina, Smmrf., L. peliscypha, Whlnb., L. glaucocarpa,
var. depavptruta, Kphlb., Lecidea misella, Nyl., L. metamorphea,
Nyl., L. turqidula, var. pityophila, Smmrf., L. leucopIia?opsis, Nyl.,
L. squalida, Ach., L. asema, Nyl., L. alpestris, Smmrf., L. confusula.
Nyl., L. mesotropoides, Nyl., L. mesotropiza, Nyl., L. deparcida,
Nyl., L. subfurva, Nyl., L. atrobadia, Nyl., L. ccnea, Duf., L.
lavaia, Ach., and /. ferrata, Nyl., L. occulta, Flot., Xylographa
parallela, var. pattens, Nyl., and/, elliptica, Nyl., Opegrapka hapa-
leoides, Nyl., Arthonia proximella, Nyl., A. aspersella, Leight.,
Verrucaria analeptella, Nyl., V. snbmicans, Nyl., V. spilobola, Nyl.
For localities, &c, we refer our readers to the paper in " Journal
of Botany," and for descriptions of the new species amongst them
to former papers in " Grevillea."

Dr. L. Rabenhorst, of Dresden, has for disposal some sets of
Chinese Lichens, collected in the neighbourhood of Saigon, Hong-
Kong, Wampoa, and Shanghai, by Rudolph Rabenhorst, in 1871-2,
and determined by Dr. Krempelhuber, of Munich. The price of
each set will be 5 thalers.

16

Botanical Prizes. — We are pleased to learn that the Botanical
Society of Edinburgh offers a prize of Ten Guineas for the best
essay on the Reproduction of Lycopodiaceee, to be competed for
by Students who have attended the Botanical Class at the Royal
Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, during at least one of the three years
preceding the award, and has gained honours in the class examina-
tions.

A prize of Ten Guineas is also offered through the Council of
the Botanical Society, by Charles Jenner, Esq., for the best essay
on the Structure and Reproduction of the Frondose and Foliaceous
Jungermanniacea3. This prize is subject to all the conditions of
the preceding.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Vol. xvi., Nov., 1872,
contains, S. Sirodot, Researches in the Freshwater Alga3 of the
Family Le?naneacece, (pi. i., viii). E. Janczewski, on the Parasi-
tism of Nostoc lichenoides (with a plate). M. Woronine, Re-
searches on the Gonidia of Parmelia pulverulenta [with a plate).

Bulletin de la Societe Botanique. Vol. xix., parts I. & II.,
contain — A. Chatin, On the Truffle and its naturalisation ; E.
Roze, on the Fertilization of the Higher Cryptogams, especially
Sphagnum. ; J. de Seynes, Physiological Experiments on Penicil-
lium glaucum ; H. Bonnet, on a New Truffle (Tuber piperatum);
V. Payot, on Woodsia ilvensis '; E. Boudier, on a remarkable
anomaly in Agaricus maculatus ; M. Cornu, on the Zygospores of
Mucor fusiger ; A. Chatin, on the culture of Morels.

Mitten, W. New Species of Ceylon Musci, in the " Journal of
the Linnean Society," March, 1873.

Leighton, W. A. New Species of Mycoporium. " Journal
of Linnean Society," March, 1873.

F. Currey. On a New Genus of the order Mucedines (with a
plate.) "Journal of Linnean Society,'' March, 1873.

Thuemen (F. de.). Fungi Austriaci Exsiccati Cent. vii. and
viii., 4to, Teplitz.

Magnus, P. Mycologische Bermerkungen, in Hedwigia. April,
1873.

Geheeb, A. Bryologische Notizen, Hedwigia. April, 1873.

Niessl, G. Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Pilze. 5 pi. 8vo.
Berlin.

Berkeley and Broome. Notices of British Fungi, 'in the
" Annals of Natural History." May, 1873.

Plowright, C. B. Spheeriacei Britannici (exsiccati). Cent. I.
King's Lynn. May, 1873.

PL 12

'

■ i

m

:J s' '

Braid lwaite. del.

-<m Hth..

No. 14.] [August, 1873.

A MONTHLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY
AND ITS LITERATURE.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.
By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.

(Continued from Page 7.)

* Clavaria fusiformis. Sow. — In woods, Rav. No. 1080.

Pale yellow, not so brittle as C. incequalis, and more fasciculate.

* Clavaria miniata. B. — Hook. Lond. Journ., 1813, p. 416.
On damp, sandy ground. Car. Inf. No. 992.

* Clavaria insequalis. Fr. — Car. Inf. Rav. No. 1632. New Eng-
land, Sprague. No. 5795.

* Clavaria argillacea. Fr — Penns., Michener. No. 3938. New
England, Sprague. No. 5797.

* Clavaria fragilis. P.— Car. Inf. No. 1313.

* Clavaria contorta. Holmsh — On dead branches. Car. Inf., No.
3831, New England, Sprague. No. 5398.

Maine, on birch, a darker form than usual. Rev. J. Blake. No.
6292.

301. Clavaria filipes. B. # Rav. — Pallide rufa ; stipite filiformi
distincto fistuloso, clavula longo cylindrica curvata. On the ground.
Car. Inf. Rav. No. 1488.

Springing from a white mycelium ; pale rufous ; stem about an
inch high, slender, club the same length.

* Clavaria mucida. P. — Car. Inf. No. 655, 974, Rav.

302. Var. Curtisii. B. — Clavata brevis lutea apice fusca ; stipite
albo, e mycelio parco albo orbiculari oriundo. No. 974 is once
forked and narrow.

On wet-rotting stumps.

* Clavaria acuta. Snv.— On the ground. Car. Inf. No. 2947,
3244.

* Clavaria falcata. P.— Alabama, Peters. No. 3877.

.'$■ 3. Pterula densissima . B. <f C. — Pulvinata congesta e com-
muni basi ramosissima; ramis tenuibus apice penicellatis. On the
ground, under shrubs. New England, Sprague. No. 5324.

Forming dense rufous pulvinate masses ; very much branched
from a common base ; branches slender, apices pencilled.

18 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

* Calocera palmata. Fr.— On dead branches. Boston, Murray.
No. 6391.

* Calocera albipes. Mont.— (sub Clavaria.) Ohio, Lea. No. 56.

* Calocera cornea. Fr.— On dead wood. Car. Inf. No. 635,
1275, 2065. Ohio, Lea. No. 278. Penns., Michener. No. 3935.

* Typhula Grevillei. Fr. — On petioles of Liquidambar. Car. Inf.
No. 2743.

304. Typhula rubicola. B. S> C. — Filiformis opaca cylindrica
apice clavata alba, insititia. On dead Eubus. Penns., Michener.
No. 4332.

Thread- shaped, opaque, cylindrical, springing at' once from the
matrix ; clavate at the apex. About i of an inch high.

* Typhula muscicola. Fr.— Car. Inf. Rav. No. 1604. Penns.,
Michener. No. 3976.

A variety with the tips acute, and sparingly branched.

305. Typhula mucosa. B. Sf C— Simplex filiformis acutissima,
basi leviter incrassata. On dead herbaceous stems. Car. Inf. No.
3832.

Not above the -^ of an inch high ; slender, threadlike, spring-
ing from a minute bulb-like base, very acute. A much smaller
species than T. subulceformis.

* Typhula gyrans. Fr. — On dead petioles. Car. Inf. No. 3844.

306. Typhula tenuissima — Curt, in Sill. Journ., 1848, p. 350.
Linn. Soc. Journ., x., p. 339. On dead leaves. Car. Inf. No. 1368.

307. Pistillaria elegans. B. Sf C. — Stipite e sclerotia orbiculari
oriundo, clavula nutante aurantia, On slender dead twigs of
Viburnum opulus. Car. Inf. No. 2780.

Stem short, cylindrical, springing from a flat, dark-brown scle-
rotium ; head very obtuse orange. About ^ inch high.
"Pistillaria rosella. Fr.— On dead leaves. Car. Inf. No. 1361.

308. Exidia obliqua. B. &; C— Nigra obliqua expansa subtus
velutina hymenio laavi. On branches. New Engl., Murray. No.
5692.

Black, expanded, oblique, attached on one side, velvety beneath,
as in E. glandulosa, hymenium without spicules.

* Exidia glandulosa. Fr. — Car. Inf. No. 694. Eav. No. 1380.
Maine, Sprague. No. 6212. Car. Sup. No. 121, 333.

* Exidia truncata. Fr. — On dead branches. No. 3533. Penns.,
Michener.

"Exidia recisa. Fr. — On oak. Car. Inf. No. 2786.

309. Exidia picea. B. § C— Erumpens ; pedunculo cylindrico
brevi, hymenio cupulseformi subtus lsevi. On Betula lenta. Car.
Sup., No. 4493.

About \ inch across, pitch black ; stem short, cylindrical ;
hymenium cup-shaped, smooth externally.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 19

310. Exidia pedunculata. B. if C— Stipite distincto sulcato, hy-
menio expanso lobato deniuin deflexo. On pine. Car. Inf., No.
3750.

About \ of an inch high, horn-colour ; stem erect, sulcate, bear-
ing at the apex the expanded, lobed, and at length deflexed hyme-
nium, about rL of an inch across. At first tuberculiform, and
attached to a white floccose mycelium, which at length entirely
vanishes.

*Hirniola Auricula- Judae. Fr.— Car. Sup. No. 308, 404, 5055.
Ohio, Lea. Texas, C. Wright. No. 3143.

311. Hirniola scutelliformis. B. % C— Minuta orbicularis, sub-
tus Candida; hymeuio fusco. On branches of Asimina. Alabama,
Peters. No. 6343.

About T\r inch across, looking like aflat Peziza ; thin, orbicular,
white beneath, hynienium brown. Sometimes laterally confluent,
ami forming a continuous mass.

* Tremella lutescens. Ir. — Car. Inf. No. 1552. Car. Sup. No.
528. Ohio, Lea. Alabama, Peters. No. 4573.

* Tremella foliacea. P. — New England, Murray. No. 5312.
Car. Inf. No. 2532, 1531.

* Tremella albida. Hads.— Car. Inf. No. 2392, 2749. No. 2967.
Ravenel. No. 1076. New England, Sprague. No. 5402.

312. Tremella gigantea. B. cj- C. — Maxima, pallide ferruginea,
foliacea, rirma. Alabama, Peters. No. 3806.

Very near T '. ferruginea , but paler and firmer.

* Tremella sarcoides. Sm.— On Birch. Car. Sup. Curt., No. 4459.
New Eng., Sprague, No. 5686.

*T. intumescens. Smith.— Car. Sup. No. 768, 794,881. Car.
Inf. No. 1403, 1079. Penns., Michener, No. 3970.

* T. mesenterica. Bctz. — Car. Sup. No. J 4. Car. Inf. No. 1407.

313. Tremella dependens. B. & C. — Sacciformis subclavata,
Yiridi-flava dependens. On Lirwdendron. Alabama, Peters. No.
6455.

Sacklike, elongated, subclavate, subtranslucent, thin, watery,
mucilaginous, dissolving when the thin outer skin is broken ; pale,
watery, greenish-yellow, |~1 inch long. Hanging down from the
under side of rotting tulip logs after rains. July, Sep. Allied
to T. vesicaria.

* Tremella aurantia. Sck— Car. Sup. No. 430, 1520.

* Tremella vesicaria. Bull.— Penns., Michener. No. 3981,3984.
New Eng., Murray. No. 5658. Leotia anomala, Schwein. MS=
Guepinia Helvelloides, Scliw.

314. Tremella marmorata. B. <fc C— Magna cerebriformis com-
pacta granulata nigra intus marmorata. On oak logs. Car. Inf.
No. 3023. Aug.

20 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

Forming a thick, compact, brainlike mass, of a dark-brown tint
inclining to black, with the habit of Ncematelia encej)hala, marbled
within like a truffle; threads waved; spores oblong. No. 5687.
New England, Sprague. Appears rather to be a state of some
Hy poxy Ion.

* Tremella torta. Willd.— Car. Inf. No. 1273, 1 279, 1499, 2972.
Car. Snp. No. 761. New Eng., Murray. No. 5710.

315. Tremella enata. B. & C. — Erumpens, convexa, tuberculi-
formis rnfa ; floccis dichotomis erectis. On Alnus serrulata, No.
2191. Car. Inf. On oak. No. 2456.

Erumpent, forming little rufous tubercles ; flocci erect, dicho-
tomous.

* Naematelia encephala. Fr. — On oak. Alabama, Peters. No.
6096. No. 4892, from Maine, is apparently a young state.

* Naematelia nucleata. Fr. — Car. Inf. On oak and Nyssa.
No. 2642. Tremella gemmata, Leveille. Ravenel, No. 1441, on
Acer rubrum — is apparently a confluent state of the same species.

316. Dacrymyces chrysosperma. B. 4' C. — Erecta clavato-lobata
aurantiaca ; sporis aureis 4-6 septatis. New England, Sprague.
No. 6211.

On stumps ; erect, lobed above, orange, dusted with the golden
spores. More highly developed than D. deliquescens.

* Dacrymyces deliquescens. Fr. — New England, Sprague.
Russell, No. 5951. Car. Inf. No. 3036. Ravenel, No. 1378, 1177.

* Dacrymyces stillatus. Fr.— Car. Inf. No. 1080, J 877. No.
5894.

317. Dacrymyces syringicola. B. & C. — Erumpens plana epider-
mide cincta pallida ; conidiis oblongis curvulis quandoque furcatis.
On Syringa. Car. Inf.

Forming little concave pallid spots, resembling some Stictis, sur-
rounded by the cuticle ; conidia oblong, curved, sometimes forked
at one end. Allied clearly to D. cinnabarina, Schwein, which has
a similar habit ; on willow and mulberry.

318. Dacrymyces destructor. B. fy Bar.- Erumpens, epidermide
cincta, tuberculata pallida ; conidiis oblongis curvulis quandoque
furcatis. On branches of pear, to which it is very destructive.
Car. Inf., Ravenel. No. 1233.

With the habit of the last, but tuberculated.

* Ditiola radicata . Fr. — On pine wood. No. 3250. Ditiola
gambosa, B. & C.

319. Coryne gyrocephala. B. Sf C. — Stipite cylindrico rufo demum
sulcato, capite fusco gyroso. On rotting logs in swamps. Car.
Inf. No. 1191.

About \ inch high, stem cylindrical, rufous, at length slightly
sulcate ; head brown, gyrose, as in Helvella esculenta. A very
remarkable fungus. . *„

21

DAS MOOSBILD OF DR. ERNST HAMPE.
By Robert Braithwaite, M.D., F.L.S., etc.

II.

In reviewing Dr. Hampe's arrangement of mosses given in Vol.
i., p. 10, we have first to consider the value of the two sections
under which the families are grouped ; and these, it will be seen
depend on a single character — the condition of the calyptra. The
large saccate hood in the three families included in Saccomitria is
torn irregularly by extension of the fruit (and, indeed, it is the
degree of expansion in the capsule which determines the form of
the calyptra in all mosses), but wTe may question whether this cir-
cumstance is deserving of the importance attributed to it, since in
all other points they have nothing in common, and we incline to
follow the view of preceding authors that Sphagnum in its leaf-
structure, arrangement of branches, and internal anatomy of stem,
differs so far from all other mosses as to be entitled to represent a
subclass. Andrecea, notwithstanding its affinity in leaf-structure to
Grimnilacea?, cannot be allied with them, as some authors have
done, but may conveniently remain as the section Schistocarpi.
Archidium agreeds too closely with Pleuridium in most of its cha-
racters to permit of its being separated far from that genus, and
both of them appear to have their most natural position as the
lowest members of a series comprising Seligeria, Ditrichum and its
allies, Dicranella, &c, with Dicranum as its highest form.

In the second section we have a return to some of the old sub-
divisions characterised by the position of the fruit, and the Cleisto-
carpous group is maintained, although the learned author was one
of the first who broke up the Phascoid mosses, and distributed
them among "families containing more highly developed species ; as
he also was to indicate the importance of the areolation in all
mosses, by which in recent years we have acquired such additional
facilities in the discrimination of species.

Pottiaceaj and Blindiacere are adopted instead of Trichostomacea3
and Dicranaceas, because, says the author, it would be barbarous to
apply such terms to families which include mosses having no peris-
tome. We do not see the force of this reasoning, but would regard
;i moss to be Dicranaceous which agreed with the genus Dicranum
in its most important characters, and not necessarily that it should
have the bic rural teeth of Dicranum; besides, the great genus
Dicranum) being the best developed in the group, must stand as
the type ; and the same applies to genera, for we should have to
separate species without a peristome, if the generic name imply
that one be present, e. g., Zygodon viridissimus.

22 DAS MOOSBILD OF DR. ERNST HAMPE.

In placing Polytrichacea? and Buxbaumiacea? under Mniacea}, the
author reverses the principle previously acted upon ; the free
lamina of the leaf in Polytrichum has indeed cells like those of
Mnium, but we do not find any resemblance in the structure of the
peristome. The tall dendroid habit of Polytrichum and the solid
structure of the stems entitle the family to a high place in the muscine
group ; and, as the author points out, Pogonatum cannot be main-
tained as a genus apart from Polytrichum, for the angular outline
of the capsule in some species of the latter genus is scarcely dis-
tinguishable.

In the Cladocarpi the fruit is borne at the end of lateral branches,
without any specially formed pericytial leaves, and in Fontina-
liceasis included Cinclidotus. In Cryphaeacere is placed the genus
Hedwigia, and notwithstanding that Mr. Mitten refers it to Neck-
eraceae, we must own that we have a leaning to the view that it is
Grimmiaceous ; but we must remember that both authors have
based their opinions on the study of many exotic forms of the
group, and they are therefore entitled to the highest respect.

The Pleurocarpi are characterised by lateral fruit, arising from a
distinctly lateral bud. The arrangement of the host of species be-
longing to this section has hitherto proved a difficult task to
almost every systematist, owing to the immense number of transi-
tional forms ; some, e. g. Prof. Schimper, have attempted to evade
it by forming a great number of genera, very good on paper, but
not so satisfactory in practise; others, like C. Mliller, mass the
whole together and break the genus up into sections ; perhaps a
middle course between the two will prove most advantageous. Dr.
Hampe apparently regards the whole as representing one great
family, divisible into tribes and grouped in three sections.

1. Brachycarpi, having symmetric capsules, immersed or on a
short seta. The Neckeracese are the chief representatives of this
section.

2. Orthocarpi, with symmetric capsules elevated on long seta?.
Leskea will stand as the type of this group, and to this genus the
author refers Pylaiea and Homed othecium as Sciuro-Leskea, Amlly-
stegium subtile and Sprvcei as Seiyo-Leshea and other sj)ecies to
Drcpano-Leskea, Cyrto- Leskea and Dendro-Leskea.

3. Camptocarpi, fruit curved, elevated on a long seta. These
present the highest degree of development in the Hypnoid mosses,
for it appears to be the rule that in a curved or pendulous capsule
we find the greatest perfection of peristome. Dr. Hampe regards
Hookeria and Hypnum as two genera embracing all the species,
much as C. Muller does in his Synopsis ; but we have again in
Hypnum the singular play with the generic name seen in Leskea.
Hooheria is divided into seven groups — Euhookeria, Mniadelphns,
Cho?tophora, Pterygophyllum, Hypnella, Holoblepharum, and Cal-
licostella.

DAS MOOSBILD OF DR. ERNST IIAMPE.

23

Many excellent remarks are given on the Hypnacea?, and the
onus is as follows : —

arrangement of the

A

Plaiy-hypnum —

1. Veflicularia.

H. vesiculare, Schw.

2. Glossophylla.

H. radiculosum, C. M.

3. Cyinbifolia.

//. A uberH, Schw.

4. Cyclophylla.

H. trichomanoides, Schr.

5. Pulchella.

H. dcn'iculatum, L.

B.

Serpo-hypnum —

U. serpens, L.

C

lllfcebro-hypnum —

1. Cochlearif'olia.

H.cochlearifoliinn, Schw

2. Cirrosa.

H. cirr sum, Schw.

3. lllecebra.

H. illecebrum, L.

4. Cuspidate.

H. cuspidatvmi, L.

D.

Sciuro-hypnuin —

H. velutiuum, L.

E.

Chryso-hypnum —

1. Polymorpha.

H. chrys .phyllum, Brid.

2. Reptantia.

H. reptans, Sw.

3. Flagellaria.

H.flagellare, Dicks.

4. Squarrosa.

H. squarrosum, L.

F.

Dropano-hypnum —

1. Iucuvvata.

H. incurvation, Schrad.

2. Palustria.

H. palustre, L.

3. Hamulosa.

H. hamulosum, B. & S.

4. Cupressiforuiia.

H. cv press if or me, L.
H. aauncum, L.

5. Adunca.

6. Filiciiia.

If. filicinum, L.

G.

Rhyncho-hypnum —

1. Serrulata.

H. serrulahim, Hed.

2. Muralia et rusciformia.

H. murale, &c.

3. Pungentia.

H.pungens, Hed.

4. Caespitosa.

H. ccespitosum, Wils.

5. Tenuirostria.

If. demissum, Wils.

6. Proelonga.

H. prcelongum, L.

H

Cyrto-bypnum —

1 . Rigodium.

H. implexum, Kze.

2. Pseudoleskea.

If. catenvlatum, Brid.

3. Tamariscella.

If. abielinum, L.

I.

Dendro-hypnum —

1. Flabellaria.

H.fasciculatum, Sw.

2. Comosa.

If comosum, Labil.

3. Neckeroidea.

If. alopecurum, L.

4. Rigida.

H. rigidum, Husch.

5. Arbuscula.

If. arbuscula, Hook.

6. Stolonifera.

H. myurum, Poll.

7. Splendentia.

H. splendens, Hed.

The Amphicarpi have peculiar foliaceous appendages, and their
position among the other moss-families has been very unsettled.
Gamophylleae correspond to Fissidentacca?, and, as the author well
observes, the amplexicaul part is not a cleft portion of the leaf, nor
an auricle or lamina appended to it, but truly an independent organ
or Tegumentum akin to stipules, which has become organically
united to the vertical leaf. Heterophyllea? comprise only Schisto-
stega, in which normal leaves are found only on the barren stem,
those of the fructiferous stem being regarded as stijmlar leaves.

Hypophyllen correspond to the elegant frondiform group of
Hypopterygiaceae, which have a series of peculiar stipule's attached
to the underside of the stem.

24

CONSPECTUS OF DIATOMACE^E.
THE GENUS AMPHORA.

Prof. H. L. Smith.

We have just received a further instalment of Professor Smith's
New Conspectus,* in which he treats of the genus Amphora. In
none of the genera of Diatomacece is the structure of the frustule
more difficult to understand ; owing to the unequal development of
the cingulum or connecting zone, the two valves of the frustule
are always visible at the same time. Professor Smith's explana-
tion will enable the student to comprehend the peculiar formation
of the frustules of the species of this genus.

" Bearing in mind that all diatomaceae are built after the same
type, or are silicious boxes, as I. have already indicated in the
preface to the ' Synopsis,' a reference to the following diagrams
will make the structure of Amphora plain. If we commence with
a typical navicula form, as in figure 1, presented in side view, we
have the median line (raphe) dividing the valve symmetrically.

Passing to figure 2, we have the typical Cymbella, the median line
being nearer to one margin than the other, or dividing the valve
un symmetrically. The more convex margin is termed the dorsum,
and the other the venter. Although these are objectionable terms,
yet, as they have been extensively adopted, I shall continue to use
them. If we pass now to figure 3, we have a more decided depar-
ture from the navicula, in the curved raphe, and the more or less
curved ventral margin. Let us look at these frustules in front
view ; a and b are the striated valves, with central nodule, while
the dotted lines c d represent the lines of suture (in all the
figures the lines are dotted); fig. 5, the end view of the same frus-
tule. While the valves, as seen in figures 4 and 5, are slightly
convex, the sutural zone, or hyaline part, which has upon it the
sutural lines, is of the same width at the two ends c and d, fig. 4,

* Published in " The Lens," No. 2, vol. 2.

CONSPECTUS OF DIATOMAOE.fi. 25

and again at the middle of the frustule, as seen at fig. 5. Suppose,
now, the sutural zone to become wider at one margin of the frus-
tule when it passes from fig. 1 to fig. 2, and widest at the middle
of the dorsal surface, it would now appear as in fig. 6, which is the
end view of a Cymbella. We should find the frustule under action
of gravity lying upon one of its valves when allowed to fall freely,
and so it would present itself generally in side view. Imagine now
an excessive development of the sutural zone, as in fig. 7 (which
is an end view, as in fig. 6), the frustule would no longer rest upon
one of its valves, as in figure C, but upon the expanding connecting
zone between the two dorsal surfaces, and generally we look down
upon the frustule from c through to d, in which case both median
lines, e and/, would be in view, and if the median line incurved
towards c, as it does in many species of the Amphora?, we would
now have the view presented as figure 9."

The connecting zone being almost invariably presented to view,
lias led some authors to found specific differences upon it, but cha-
racters must be received with caution, and very possibly are value-
less. Gregory's group of what he calls complex forms, are frustules,
in which from some cause abortive attempts at division have taken
place.

Professor Smith divides the genus into two sections.
A with median line incurved.
B with median line not incurved.

These are again divided and subdivided into twenty-three classes.
He has only introduced one new species, with the following specific
characters : —

A. undata, n.s. Doubly lyrate and somewhat angularly con-
stricted at the middle. Nodule distinct, valves with several longi-
tudinal lines, inflexed like the margins of the frustules, and con-
verged at the ends ; inner margin of valves slightly curved ;
connecting zone with longitudinal lines. Marine. Length *0017,
breadth -00U75, transversely striate, strias fine, about 55 in. "001,
dry frustule, straw colour.

In brackish grounds, near New Haven, Conn.

The number (121) of previously described species he reduces to
7G. The following are the forms retained : —

Amphora locvis.

Amphora inflexa.

? i

ocellata.

ii

naviculacea.

flexuosa.

Donkinii.

>>

undata n.s.

it

Proteus .

ii

obtusa

ii

spcctabilis.

n

Milesiaua.

ii

robusta.

11

Magnifica.

1 1

augusta.

11

complauata.

ii

ovulis.

11

pule lira.

ii

lyrata.

11

binodis.

angularis.

1-

sarnienus.

,,

sinuata.

)1

ondulata.

rimosa.

I)

pr.iboscidea.

ii

nobilis.

oblonga.

acuta.

)i

kamorthensia.

it

reel angularis

26 CONSPECTUS OF DIATOMACE.E.

pkora vitrea.

i>

litoralis.

it

ostrearia.

33

elegans.

decussata.

}J

bevissima.

) )

delpbina.

lineolata.

,,

byalina.

V

plicata,

,,

excisa.

3 J

biseriata.

5>

pusilla.

sulcata.

J)

elongata.

33

quadrata.

13

Gregorii.

33

Grevilliana.

3 >

arcus.

33

obtecta.

»»

semen.

33

pellucida.

5 3

arenaria.

Ampbora coffeaeformis.

3?

lineata.

33

costata.

3»

Terroris.

J)

monibfera.

S3

apariena.

31

salina.

33

exigua.

33

fiuuiinensis.

Reichardtiana.

J5

cymbifera.

33

Ergadensis.

31

granulata.

33

turgida.

33

borealis.

33

crystallina.

33

lanceolata.

33

cymbelloides.

33

nana.

33

gracilis.

}J

marina.

}J

bacillaris.

) 3

Hobenackeri.

Professor Smith lias, we think, very rightly placed this genus in
the family Cymbelleas, and says he may hereafter consider them as
a subgenus at least of Cymbella. They are, in fact, exaggerated
Cymbelleae.

The present paper is a very valuable monograph of the genus
Amphora, and every diatomist will look forward with impatience to
the future parts of the Conspectus. The author has undertaken a
work of considerable labour, and he asks for the sympathy and
assistance of all those interested in the study of the Diatomacea?,
and we hope that this request will be heartily responded to.

Norwich. Y. Kitton.

Eabenhorst's Fungi Europ^i. Cent. XVI. — This publication contains
many new and interesting species of fungi, from England, Germany,
Holland, Greece, Italy, and other European countries. Amongst others
are specimens of the following species : — Lactarius controversus, P. ;
Marasmius Wynnei, B. and Br. ; M. impudicus, Fr. ; Irpex lacteus, Fr. ;
Hydnuni aurantiacum, A. and S.; Polyporus Inzengae, Ces. and De Not.;
Merulius molluscus, Somm. , Cyphella endophila, Ces. ; Peziza lasia, B.
and Br. ; P. aspidiicola, B. and Br. ; P. Chateri, W. G. S. ; Helotium
■pruinosum, Jerd. ; Schizothyrium Ptarniicse, Desm. ; Sordaria bombar-
dioides, Awd.; S. Rabenhorstii, Nssl. ; S. tetraspora, Wint.; Anthostoma
trabeum, Nssl. ; Rossellinia Eosarum, Nssl. ; Cucurbitaria varians, Haszl. ;
Dacrymyces macrosporus, Berk. ; Pleospora phragmispora, Ces. ; P. co-
mata, Awd. ; Leptosphseria suffulta, Nees. ; L. culmifraga, Awd. ; L. cul-
morum, Awd. ; Stigmella Platani, Fckl. ; Bhapidospora erytbrospora,
Ouds ; Sphserella bicalcarata, Ces. ; Peronospora Chlorse, De By. ; Apios-
porum Lentisci, Fckl. ; Synchytrium aureum, Sch. ; Cladosporum Flug-
gese, Tbm. ; Puccinia heraclei, Grev. ; P. helianthi, Schw. ; Trichobasis
hydrocotyles, Cooke; Cronartium rubicola, Fischer; Uredo arrnerise,
Duby; iEoidium glaucis, Rab., and many others. The new species are
accompanied by descriptions, spore measurements, etc., and in a few
instances by figures of the fructification. To the other specimens are
appended descriptive notes, synonyms, locality, date, and the finder's
name. C. B.P.

27

OBSERVATIONS OX GONNERMANN
AND RABENHORST'S MYCOLOGIA EUROPE A.

Ry Prof. Elias Fries.

Tab. 1. A. pantherinus is Ag. excelsusf

„ 2. A. Secretani (not Fries) is A.recutitu&l

„ 4. A. citrina == A. mappa. Not the colour of A. phal-

loides.

„ 7. f. 2. Small specimen, in no way to be distinguished from
A. muscariua.
A. strobiliformis is A. spissus.
scarcely differs from t. 1.
A. virosa — perhaps A. mappa.
A. asper — absurdly so named, is a monstrous form

of A. vail his.
not A. muscaria formosa, but A. magnijicus.
A. mappa.

A. solitaria = A. verna.
In Fasciculi 8 & 9, also of Agarics, are many very absurd errors.
A. suaveolens = A. murinaceus is neither Bulliard's plant nor my
own.

7.

f.

3.

8.

f.

1.

9.

f.

1.

f.

2.

10.

f.

2.

11.

f.

2.

LICHENS IN NORTH WALES.

By William FHiLLirs.

The following Lichens deserve mention as occurring in the imme-
diate vicinity of Capel Curig, North Wales : —

Calicium byssacium, Fr. On dead alder. This being a recent
addition to our Flora, I append its description : —

" Thallus obscure, obsolete or scarcely any visible ; apothecia
very Blender; much dispersed ; spores nigricant, oblongo-fusiforme,
pimple, or at length one to three septate. On branches of alder
(especially the dead ones), also on Sorbus aucuparia and Cerasus
padus." Nyl. Lich. Scand.

This is an exceedingly minute species, easily overlooked. I have
also found it in Shropshire.

ninphoron fibula, Tuck, on a boulder near the Tan-y-bwlch Hotel.
Sphoerophoron coralloides, Pers., in fine fruit.

Plutysma triste, Webb. Rocks on the ascent to Moel Siabod.

Lcconora ventosa, L. Moel Siabod.

Lecidea carneola, Ach. This was in tolerable plenty on old
beech trees in the Glyder Wood, where I also gathered a few
Bpecimens in fruit of Parmelia physorfes, L.

Opegrapha Chevallier^ Leight. On the bone of an animal in
the crevice of a stone wall.

28

STRUCTURE OF THE GILL-PLATES OF AGARICS.
By J. De Seynes.*

Arriving at the gills, the cellular fibres, which have contributed
to the formation of the parenchyma of the other parts, take a
rectilinear direction, being inflected only outwardly towards the
walls, in order to bear the hymenium. They fork and anastomose
less than in the pileus ; still, in A. ceraceus for example, we can see
the anastomosed sub-hymenial cells fork frequently, almost remind-
ing us by their delicacy and their general aspect of the mucilaginous
tissues of Exidia. This system of cells is not the only one in this
Agaric, and stronger cells, filled with a clear yellow liquid, which
colours the parenchyma, sustain this delicate trellis-work. Most
frequently we see the organs which constitute the hymenium in-
serted directly upon the fibriform cells more or less inflected in
order to sustain them to their extremities ; at other times, one, two,
three, or four spherical or polygonal cells intervene. As for the
hymenium, properly so-called, its study offers numerous points of
interest ; as for that of the mycelium, it is necessary, in order to
find a precise and accurate description, to go back to a memoir of
Mons. Leveille, read at the Philomathic Society, on the 12th of
March, 1837, and inserted in the " Annales des Sciences Naturelles."
The same name is given to the spore-bearing organs of the
Agarics and to those of the Pezizas ; certain plates, such as those of
the memoir of Dutrochet upon A. crispus, show sufficiently how
necessary it was that an earnest study of them should be made. The
report to the Philomathic Society upon the memoir of M. Leveille
gives a just idea of its importance.

The hymenium is not a membrane stretched upon the hymen o-
phore ; nothing can be better isolated than its cellular elements,
which are simply side by side, and in contiguity. It results from
this idea, well understood, that, as the organs of reproduction are
those which individualise the living being, an Agaric may be re-
garded as an agglomeration of cellular fibres, varying according to
the place through which they pass, and terminating in fructifying
organs. Such was also the conclusion which Dutrochet deduced
from his observations upon A. crispus.

Three cellular organs compose the hymenium of the exosporous
Ilymenomycetes. The basidium or formative and nutritive organ,
analogue of the thecal amongst the Discomycetes ; a cell sometimes
smaller than the basidium, sometimes of equal dimensions, which
appears to me the analogue of the paraphyses ; in fine, a cell which
varies much in its form and dimensions, named cystidium by M.
Leveille, and of whose functions the celebrated mycologist was
unaware, but which he compares to the paraphyses, whilst the
other cells are named by him proper cells of the hymenium. These

* Translated from his " Flore Mycologique."

8TRUCTURE OF THE GILL-PLATES OF ACJARICS. 29

latter, generally considered as simple terminations of the cells of
the parenchyma, called by Hoffman sterile cells, and by Corda
basilary cells, have always, for this Latter author, the same morpho-
logical signification as the paraphyses. Whilst giving them this
name of basilarv spores, which would seem to indicate a situation
inferior to that of the other organs, Corda lias very well shown in
his fine plates the real position which they occupy; one might even
reproach him with having done it in a more regular and geometrical
manner than occurs in nature. We readily establish this situation
on the same plan, at the same height as the hasidia. The structure
is the same as that oi* the fertile basidia, there are cases even in
which they are all transformed into fertile basidia (" Icon. Fung.,"
p. 1<>, heft. ii.). There are also Pezizas, amongst which we may
show that, at an advanced period of their development, the number
of thecse is greater than that of the paraphyses, and in excess of
the proportions which those two organs habitually bear towards
each other. In the Agarics, among which the hymenium is neither
too fertile nor too barren, the basidia are intermixed with the
sterile cells, like the thecae in the midst of the paraphyses.
Amongst the Discomycetes, the paraphyses become lengthened in
such a manner that they seem to lose their analogy with the thecae ;
nevertheless, intermediate stages may be observed, and I have
remarked in Pe:i:a eximia a cell, which had commenced by having
the dimensions of a young thecae, arrested in its development, and
take the attenuated form of a true paraphysis. The paraphyses
appear sometimes to "specialise" in their functions, by charging
themselves with the colouring principle which gives the hymenium
its proper colour ; but if the theca3 are transparent, it is because
they have employed in the fabrication of the spores these same
colouring matters, which can be discovered, although very diluted,
amongst the latter; P. aurantia furnishes us with an example.
Thus the paraphyses of the Discomycetes have their analogues in
the cellules proper, and the sterile cellules of the hymenium,
although they are frequently shorter than the fructifying organ,
which is not the case with the paraphyses ; but this question of
size does not appear to us a sufficient reason for neglecting this
analogy. "In the hymenium of the Discomycetes" says the cele-
brated mycologist of Prague, " the form of the envelope is the
primary direction of life, and. therefore it is that paraphyses and
the thecaj are on the same level ; in the hymenium of the basidia-
bearing mushrooms, the increase is directed towards the exterior,
and therefore the basidium is raised as well as the pollenaire
above the mother cells, which replace the paraphyses. and form the
surface of the hymenium.*

* This consideration, expressed in a somewhat abstract manner, merits further
development. If we understand it properly, it iimounts t this: among the
Asconvycetes, one might say a centripetal force retains the spore, and renders it
the centre to which everything converges. In effict, the theca envelope's the
spore ; the paraphyses are raided, and have a tendency to envelope the theca which

30 STRUCTURE OF THE GILL- PLATES OF AGARICS.

Basidia. — The basidia are cells which vary within sufficiently
restricted limits ; they are in general widened towards the summit,
and more or less swollen or slender, rarely of an equal size from the
base to the summit. Upon the hymenium of Agaricus ceriums we
have seen basidia slightly compressed at the centre to take a
biventral form, but this form is rare.

The basidia contain a granular liquid charged with little drops of
oil, sometimes slightly coloured ; this liquid passes through the
sterigmata or sporophores, little organs ordinarily four in number,
superposed upon the basidia, and from the summit of which the
spores originate. It is a sort of hollow funiculus, varying in
length, sometimes slender, sometimes wide and funnel-shaped, and
joinedto thebasidiuin by the wide part, sometimes describing a curve
in the form of an ox's horn. During the early stage of the spore it
is seen, as well as the sterigmata, to be filled with the granulations
which were accumulated in the basidium. According to Corda,
each sterigmata always develops one spore at a time, and some-
times one after another ; although direct observation has not yet
demonstrated this fact to me, it seems to be very probable, for we
see the old basidia, which have employed their granulous contents
in the fabrication of spores, present nothing in their interior but a
clear and transparent liquid.*

When a basidium bearing ripe spores ready to be detached is
found still filled with the granulous plasma intended for the spores,
it is to be presumed that it will serve for a second formation, the
existing spores being entirely closed, and maintaining only a very
feeble connection of endosmose with the sterigmata. We see,
besides, some basidia, the plasma of which has been partly used,
keep only three-fourths or a half of their cavity filled with granu-
lations, as I have observed, and figured in a section of the gills of
Agaricus murinus ; this diminution of the contents has very likely
a connection with the number of spores formed. If we were able
to assure ourselves that amongst the tetraspored basidia there are

they surround ; the receptacle takes a concave form to envelope the hymenium,
and this form subsists among the species with bymenophores exposed on the ex-
terior (Helvella, Morcliella, &c.) by the formation of secondary or alveolous
cavities.

Amongst the Hymenomycetes, the spore seems, on the contrary, endowed with
a centrifugal force which urges it to the exterior of the basidium ; the basidium
tends to raise itself above the hymenium — at least for the whole height of the
sterigmata, and most frequently, for even much more. In fine, the receptacle
tends always to bear the hymenium to the exterior, by offering it the convex
surfaces of gills with pointed ramifications The Exidece and the Cyphellce seem
to break this law by reason of their concave shape, but it is always verified in the
hymenium, and we are accustomed to meet everywhere, in the organic kingdoms,
these aberrations of types which seem designed only to concur in a sort of har-
monic symmetry, by recalling to us, in certain sections, and among certain
groups, forms which belong to others more or less removed from them.

* " Whilst the basidium, fulfilling the function which is deputed to it, gives
birth to the spores, it empties itself for their use of the plastic matters which
were elaborated or accumulated within it, and, when the reproductive bodies have
left it, it is only a colourless cell of an extreme transparsncy." — (Tulasne, Sur
V Organisation, &c.)

STRUCTURE OF THE O] U.-I'LATES OF AGARICS. 31

but two generations, each of four spores, that would show another
affinity with the thecae of the Ascomycetes, which produce, as is
known, for the most part eight spores. There is between the theca
and the basidinm such an analogue as to the terminal situation of
the vegetable axis and to the production of liquid, granulous, oily
contents, that we cannot but compare them completely, despite the
differences in size and even of form, with products which are called
upon to fulfil the same physiological function.

American Ferns. In the " Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Club," for March, 1873, Mr. D. C. Eaton describes two new
species of the Transatlantic ferns : — Aaplenium Bradleyi and No-
tholcena Newberryi (Eaton). The former of these plants has been
found in Massachusetts and in Tennessee, by Prof. P. H. Bradley.
In some of its more compound forms it is related to A. montanum,
from which it differs in its larger size, more membranaceous texture,
narrower outline of the fronds, and shorter stalked pinnae. Some
of the denser specimens also resemble somewhat A. lanceolatum of
Europe. Notholcena Newberryi has been known to Mr. Eaton for
some years, but has hitherto been considered either as Cheilanth.es
tomentosa or a white form of Ch. Eatoni. There is, however, no
trace of an involucre, even in fruiting specimens, otherwise it bears
a considerable resemblance to the ferns just referred to, but is
whiter and much more tomentose. In Notholama it comes nearest
N. mollis, Kze, from South America, but is much more delicate,
and differs in many other important respects.

Freshwater Algjc. — The April number of the " Quarterly
Journal of Microscopical Science" contains a very interesting paper
by Mr. W. Archer, in the form of a translation in abstract of Dr.
Veit Brecher Wittrock's memoir of the "Freshwater Algae of
Gotland and Oland :" two islands in the Baltic Sea. The original
paper, in Swedish, was communicated in 1872 to the Royal
Academy of Stockholm, and contained an enumeration of some
190 species, accompanied by four plates illustrating the Bubject.

Fries' Epicrisis. — It is said that Prof. E. Fries has in prepar-
ation a new edition of his "Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici."
The first edition of this work was printed at Upsala in 1836-38 ;
since which time numerous and important additions have been
made to the species, included under the Hymenomycetes, in this, as
well as in other countries. The announcement of a new edition
would therefore be welcomed by mycologists in all parts of the
world.

32

Mr. W. S. Sullivant. — We regret to learn from the " Journal
of Botany" of the death of this eminent American botanist, which
took place on the 30th April, at Columbus, Ohio, at the advanced
age of 70 years. He was the author of several memoirs on the
bryology of the United States, of numerous sets of actual speci-
mens of American mosses, and of the " Icones Muscorum." His
extensive bryological herbarium and library have, we understand,
been left to the Herbarium of the Harvard University.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Bornet, E. Researches on the Gonidia of Lichens, in the
" Annales des Sciences Naturelles," vol. xvii. April, 1873.

Braithwaite, Dr. R. On Bog Mosses : Sphagnum papillosum,
Lindb., S. Austini, Sull, and S. Angstromii, C. Hart, in " Monthly
Microscopical Journal," Nos. 53 and 55, May and July, 1873.

Smith, H. L. Professor Smith's Conspectus of the Diatomacea?,
in " Monthly Microscopical Journal," for May, 1873.

Maddox, Dr. R L. Some remarks on a minute plant found in
an incrustation of Carbonate of Lime, in " Monthly Microscopical
Journal," No. 52, April, 1873.

Kitton, F. Professor Smith's Conspectus of the Diatomacese,
in " Monthly Microscopical Journal," April, 1873.

Gronvall, A. L. Bryological Notes in " Botaniska Notiser,"
May, 1873.

Venturi, Dr. " Ueber, Orthotrichum Shawii" in " Hedwigia,"
May, 1873.

" Botanische Zeitung" for May, contains — P. Tomaschek, on
the Law of Development of Diatoms ; B. Hartig, on the Parasitism
of Agaricus melleus ; A. Geheeb, on Neckera Menziesii and N.
turgida.

Nylander, W. Observata Lichenologica, in Pyrenaeis Orient,
in the " Flora," May, 1873.

Kitton, F. On Aulacodiscus fomnosus, Omphalopelta versicolor,
&c, with description of a new species of Navicula, in the
" Monthly Microscopical Journal," July, 1873.

Archer, W. On the Recent Views respecting the Nature of
Lichens, and a Translation of Prof. Schwendener's paper on the
Nature of the Gonidia of Lichens. PI. ix. and x., in the
11 Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science," No. LI., July, 1873.

Smith, W. G. On a new species of Lactarius. L. minimus, in
the "Journal of Botany," July, 1873.

Braithwaite, Dr. R. Recent Additions to our Moss Flora,
part vi., in the "Journal of Botany," July, 1873.

Grkvillea.

Plate xiii.

Geaster Michelianus W.G.S.
Half actual size; section of inner peridium real size. Spores X ?00 diam.

No. 15.] [September, 1873.

(Sratllea,

A MONTHLY RECORD OF CR YPTOGAMIC BOTANY
AND ITS LITERATURE.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.
By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.

(Continued from Page 2,0.)

320. Coryne Ellisii. B.— Fusca stipite cylhulrico sulcato, capi-
tulo ovato. On decaying basswood logs, Potsdam. New York,
Ellis. No. 851.

About ^ of an inch high ; stem cylindrical, grooved, head ovate ;
nearly even. Clearly allied to the last, but quite distinct. The
whole plant is of one uniform tint. Descriptions of both these
species from recent specimens are very desirable.

* Rhizopogon luteolum. Fr.—On sandy soil. Car. Inf. Curtis.
Ravenel. No. 1485.

* Rhizopogon rubescens. Tul.— Boston, Sprague. No. 6250.
Car. Inf. Ravenel, No. 1411, 1412. Curtis, No. 2577, 2578,
2765, 6417.

321. Hydnangium Stephensii, B. $ Br., var. Ravenelii. B.~
Majus, extus albidum, obovatum vel subglobosum. On the sur-
face of the earth in sandy woods. Dec. Car. Inf. Ravenel, No.
883. Curtis, No. 2576.

A much larger plant than the original form, and like that exud-
ing a whitish milk when freshly cut. Hychianquim Spraguei,
B. & C. No. 5394. New England, appears to be a metamor-
phosis of some Agaric, and not a true species.

* Phallus rubicundus. Base — Alabama, Peters. No. 6344.
Car. Inf. Ravenel, 986. No. 2035, 2643.

322. Phallus Ravenelii. B. Sf C— Volva ovataparce fissa, stipite
deorsum attenuate-, sursum subaxjuali ; pileo elongato conico apice
truncato membrana tenui clauso lasvi. Santee River. Car. Inf.
No. 2574. Ravenel.

Volva ovate, but slightly split above ; stem independent of the
pileiis, 1 J inch high ; pileus 1-J inch high, truncate at the apex,
even.

* P. duplicatus. Base- Car. Inf. Xo. 2979. Connecticut, C.
Wright. No. 5619.

* P. indusiatus. Vent.— On the ground in pine woods. Car.
Inf., Ravenel. No. 1165.

34 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

* Cynophallus caninus. Fr.— On the ground, in grassy places.
Car. Inf. No. 2573.

323. Corynites Ravenelii. B. <£,• C— Linn. Tr. xxi., p. 151,
tab. 19. Volva demum stellata, capitulo conico vel obtuso apice
perforata. Car. Inf. No. 2037, 2573.

Egg globose, | of an inch in diameter. Volva bursting in from
two to three lobes closely applied to the stem, then stellate ; stem
1^-2 inches high, ,4-5 lines thick, bright red, coarsely cribrose,
attenuated below, above confluent with the receptacle which is
somewhat broadly clavate, sometimes conical, but always more or less
obtuse, pervious at the apex, sometimes half as long as the stem.

324. Coxynites Cuztisii. B— Volva sursum dilatata bifida, stipite
cum hymenophoro conico basi punctato confluente subtriangulari.
Connecticut, C. Wright. No. 5635.

From 2-3 inches high ; volva dilated upwards, bifid, stem red,
confluent with the conical, obtuse, subtriangular, pitted at the base,
where not covered with the brown spores.

* Dictyophora Deemonum. Lev.— Ohio, Lee. No 281.

* Cyathus Lesueurii. Fid.- Connecticut, Wright. No. 5682.
Var. minor, Tul. Brevis crucibuliformis eplicatus extus tomento-
sus vel subvillosus. sporis subglobosis, "0013 inch long. I believe
that No. 414, 518 Car. Sup. are the same, but I have not found
perfect spores.

325. Cyathus Wrightii. B— Utero campaniformi eplicato extus
stuppeo, sporis ellipticis. On the ground. Connecticut, C. Wright.
No. 5650.

Bell-shaped ; 1 inch high, without any strife ; clothed with short
tow-like pubescence ; spores elliptic, '0006 inch long, -0004 wide.

* Nidulaiia pulvinata. Schivein.— Car. Inf. No. 1100, 1415.

* Sphaerobolus stellatus. Tode. — On dead bark. Car. Inf. No.
1598.

326. Sphaerobolus epigs&us. B. cj- C— Major globosus furfuraceus
e mycelio filiforini oreundus. On red earth. Alabama, Peters. No.
4580.

Springing from a white threadlike mycelium, which incorporates
itself with the soil and its accompanying moss. Globose, externally
furfuraceous, splitting very irregularly. Of three species, from
Schweinitz Herbarium, one S. Corii, Schwein., is Stictis radiuta,
S. sparsus, Schwein., is an imperfect Stictis, and S. crustaceus,
Schwein., is another Stictis, with very long filiform sporidia.
Atractobolus ubiquitarius, Schwein., is a very minute Peziza,
with linear sporidia. A. lutescens, Schwein., is the egg of some
Acarus, but not grooved like the eggs of fflupignatlius.

327. Secotium Texense. B. & C. — Stipite ventricoso floccoso,
pileo cinereo basi membranaceo, hymenio atro, sporis globosis laevi-
bus minimis. Western Texas, Capt. Pope. No. 6375.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 35

Stem about three inches high, obtuse below, swelling in the
middle where it is J inch thick; attenuated within the pileus;
floccose, somewhat fulvous, pileus ovate, cinereous, 1^ inch high
and wide; membranaceous below, append ieul ate; hymenium black;
spores minute, globose, even, '0002 inch in diameter. Polyangium
vitellinum} Sehwein., is a Physarum.

* Cauloglossum transversarium. Fr.— Car. Inf. No. 2C7. In
wet, sandy places. Dull brownish yellow.

* Batarrea phalloides. P. — On sand, about eight miles south of
San Francisco. Prof. J. Torrey, No. G527.

Head about 2 inches across, stem -^ an inch thick.

* Geaster rufescens. Fr. — South California, Emory. No. 6398.

* Geaster hygrometricus. P.— New, Mexico Wright. Fort Carl-
ton. Car. Inf. No. 37, 165, 2580. Texas, Drummond.

* Geaster limbatus. Fr. — Alabama, Peters. No. 6053.

* Geaster fimbriatus. Fr.— Car. Inf. No. 3025, 3853.

\M*

TWO SPECIES OF GEASTEE *

By Worthington G. Smith, F.L.S.

Geaster Michelianus. W. G. 8. — Outer peridium pale buff,
thick, fleshy, generally splitting into five or six sub-equal laciniae,
clothed on the outside with a thin, dark brown bark, wrhich again
splits into elegant honeycombed patterns ; inner peridium pale
slatey buff, spherical ; mouth prominent, obtuse dentate, paler in
colour than the .body of the inner peridium ; spores tuberculoso-
eeliimilate.— W. G. Smith, in Gard. Chron. No. 18 (1873), with fig.
G. tunicatus Michelianus, Erbar. Critt. Ital. Nos. 343 and 979.
Mich. t. 100,/. 1. Cooke Handb. No. 1079.

On the ground.

Spores -00014" diameter. When mature, and when the outer
peridium bursts, this plants sometimes throws itself 9 inches away
from its place of growth. Plate XIII.

Geaster lagensefoimis. Vitt. — Outer peridium splitting to the
middle, in nearly equal acuminate Jaciniaa, inner stratum very thick,
evanescent; inner peridium sessile, flaccid; mouth determinate,
piano-conic, ciliato-fimbriate, columella rather long, clavate. — Vitt.
Monog. Lycop. t. 1,/. 2. Payer./. 519, 520.

On the ground.

In infancy the plant strongly resembles an antique jar with a
narrow month, hence the specific name. Spores perfectly round
and Bphaerical, thus differing from the majority of Geasters ; they
measure •00012* diameter. Plate XIV.

* For the use of the figures illustrating this communication we are indebted to
the kindness of the Editor of the " Gardeners' Chronicle."

36

AN ABSTRACT OF
M. BORNET'S PAPER ON THE GONIDIA OF LICHENS.*

By W. Phillips.

M. Bornet begins his paper by describing the structure of the
thallus in Lichens, as consisting of a colourless filamentose tissue,
termed hypha, and a coloured cellular portion, termed gonidia,
remarking that for a long time past the great similarity of the
gonidia to certain algEe had been observed, but that recent
researches have thrown much additional light on the subject,
tending to show this similarity to be not merely superficial or
confined to a few isolated instances. M. Schwendener, in his
various papers on the subject, has traced the resemblance of the
gonidia to eight types of alga?, four of which belong to the group
Nostocacece, and three to Chlorophyllophycece.

Different methods have been suggested of accounting for the
resemblance thus traced. Some have regarded it as a simple
coincidence, others have looked upon the algre which correspond
with the gonidia as imperfect or sterile states of true lichens, while
a third party have advanced the startling theory that a lichen is a
complex structure consisting of a particular kind of fungus living
parasitically upon an alga. M. de Bary was the first to suggest this
theory, but it was M. Schwendener who gave it shape and threw
around it an air of probability. This learned savant states that he
saw the filaments of the lichen-thallus (the hypha) penetrate the
fronds of different algas (Sirosiphon, Nostoc and Glceocapsa) ; en-
compass the gonidia with a network, similar to that with which a
spider entangles his prey, and in a certain number of genera
{Jtoccella, Arnoldia, Lempholemma, and P armaria) unite themselves
to the gonidia by an actual junction.

M. Bornet aims at confirming this theory of parasitism, looking
upon it as the only one capable of explaining satisfactorily all that
has hitherto been observed, and attributes its non-acceptance
among Lichenologists to M. Schwendener having failed to dwell,
as much as he ought to have done, on the nature of the connexion
existing between the hypha and gonidia, and the mode in which it
is established. Here appears to be the whole gist of the question.
To demonstrate the identity of gonidia with algge is the first point ;
but it is not decisive, as is proved by the opposite interpretations
of the fact by MM. Famintzin and Baranetzky, who equally with
M. Schwendener admit this identity. It is indispensable to show
that the relations of the hypha to the gonidia are such as neces-
sarily imply the idea of parasitism, and that these relations cannot
be otherwise understood. To this point M. Bornet specially
directs his observations, candidly admitting that it is one of the
most difficult investigations that can be met with in the whole
study of microscopic anatomy.

* " Annales des Sciences Naturelles," 5e serie, tome xvii., ler Cahier.

GONIDIA OF LICHENS. 37

M. Bornct passes in review the principal genera of the Algae which
he meets with in Lichens. In the first place he examines such as
contain chlorophyl [Trcntepohlia. Phyllactidium^ Protococcus), and
in the second place those which contain phycochrome (Scytonema,
SUgonemct) Nostoc, Glcrocapsa).

Algse coloured by Chlorophyl. Trcntepohlia, Mart, comprises
small algae of the group Conferva, branched like Cladophora, from
which they are chiefly distinguished by not inhabiting water. They
arc universally distributed on bark, wood, rocks, and mosses, attain-
ing their greatesl development in moist and shady places. Their
beautiful orange colour, which becomes grey when kept for some
time in the herbarium, their odour of violets, or rather of Cantha-
rellus cibarius, which they retain after keeping, make them easy of
recognition. The great resemblance of Trentepohlia umbrina to the
gonidia of several Graphidece and Verrucarice has been recognised
by M. de Bary. M. Schwendener has confirmed the fact, and
mentions moreover the genus Roccella, as offering the same pecu-
liarity. M. Bornet has traced this resemblance in 13 genera of
Lichens : — (1.) Roccella tinctoria, Ach., R. phycopsis, Ach., R.juci-
formis, Ach. (2.) Lecanora, Ach. (sp. plnr.). (3.) Dirina re-
panda, Nyl. (4.) Ccenogonium Linkii, Ehrnb., C. confervoides,
Nyl. (5.) Byssocaulonnivewn, Montg. (6.) Lecidea lutea, Schaer,
L. microspetma, Nyl. (7.) Graphis elegans, Ach., G. contexta,
Pers., G. heterospora, Nyl. (8.) Opegrapha varia, Pers., 0. her-
harum, Montg. (9.) Stiymatidium crassum, Duby. (10.) Arthonia
cinnabarma,WaHl. (11.) Melaspileaarthomoides,Nj\. (12.) Chio-
decton myrticola, Fee., C. nigrocinctum, Montg. (13.) Vermcaria
nitida, Schrad.

It would be premature to make a list of species of Trentepohlia
found associated with lichens, the species being as yet ill -defined,
and the lichens themselves too imperfectly known, as regards this
enquiry, to do so with sufficient precision. It is nevertheless cer-
tain that different species furnish gonidia to lichens, some of the
gonidia having more or less affinity with Trentepohlia umbrina,
under which name they may be provisionally placed.

If a section of the bark be made on which grows Opegraplia
varia, Pers., selecting the part where the white stain of the
thallua is not very conspicuous, the thallus will be seen to be com-
posed of a loosely compacted tissue of filaments and yellow oval
gonidia containing red-brown granules. On careful examination
the hypha will be seen to extend beyond the apparent thallus, the
threads diminishing in quantity, so that isolated fibres may be traced,

In the same part of the bark other filaments may be seen — of a
transparent green, much larger than the hypha, formed of cells
placed end to end, lightly attached at each articulation. The
arrangement of these cells and the mode of their increase show
thai they belong to Trentepohlia. On the confines of these two
vegetations we meet with some spaces where the hypha and the

38

GONIDIA OF LICHENS.

Trentepohlia are mixed in such a manner that they present them-
selves in the best condition for observation. The threads of the
hypha fix themselves to the alga upon some part, it being perfectly
indifferent whether the part be young or old, and put themselves
in contact with individual cells. Often one portion only of the
algal-filament, or one cell only, is touched by the hypha ; but more
frequently the hypha applies itself to the surface, follows all the
sinuosities of its contour, gradually throwing out lateral branches
which encompass, as with arms, portions more or less large of the
cells they touch. The vegetation of the hypha is stimulated by
contact with the Trentepohliar, the points of contact swelling and
extending, and its cells becoming shorter, produce numerous
branches, which ultimately surround the alga with a dense net-
work. The threads of the hypha often lie in the spaces where the
cells of the Trentepohlia join each other, from which there results
a constriction, causing a breaking up of the algal-filaments into
fragments of different length. These the hypha transforms into
gonidia, exactly similar to those in the adult thallus of the Ope-
grapha.

There is nothing to be seen in any part of the thallus at any
period of its growth to indicate that the Trentepohlia may be pro-
duced by the hypha. On the contrary, the extreme irregularity of
the first connexion established between them excludes the possi-
bility of such a thing, besides which they vegetate in an inverse
way, and it is often the last-formed cell of the alga which is seized
on by the hypha.

Verrucaria nitida (Schrad.) and Roccella phycopsis (Ach.) fur-
nish excellent illustrations of the same facts.

Amongst exotic Lichens, Chiodecton nigrocinctum Montg.,
Lecidea microsperma Nyl., Byssocaulon niveum Montg., and
Cwnogoninm, were examined, and contained gonidia of Trentepohlia,
different from those enclosed in our indigenous species.

Ccenogonium Linkii Ehrenb. presents peculiar facilities for
studying this subject. The thallus is composed of articulated
filaments, of a greyish -yellow in the herbarium, surrounded and
held together by a network of colourless and much finer filaments
belonging to the hypha. M. Schwendener regards the arti-
culated filaments as those of an Alga allied to Cladophora, but
M. Bornet considers them allied to Trentepohlia, and says that
he has seen them invaded by the hypha from their base up-
wards, the lower cells being completely enveloped by a dense
network, while the upper ones were free. He has observed
also, in some instances, the hypha attacking the algal filament
a considerable distance above its base, leaving the inferior cells
untouched.

Phyllactidium, Kiitz., he considers furnishes the gonidia to
Opegrapha filicina, Montg., the hypha of the lichen invading the
alga at an advanced stage of its developement. He also conducted a

GONIDIA OF LICHENS. 39

series of experiments with Protococcus viridis, Ag., on which were
sown the spores of Parmelia parietina, Ach., with a view of show-
ing thai the bypha produced from these spores attached itself to
tin1 isolated cells of the alga, or to small groups of them, rejecting
other bodies in their vicinity.

M. Bornet, in the second place, takes into consideration Alga
coloured by phyoochrome, which are distinguished from the pre-
ceding, not only by their bluish-green colour, but also by the con-
stant absence of a cellulose membrane, properly so called. They
are widely distributed, supplying what are known as glaucogonidia,
and constituting the greater part of the thalli of Phycolichenes.
Their cells are diffused, grouped in colonies, or disposed end to end
in moniliform filaments.

The following are the genera of these alga? met with in lichens :
— Calothrix, Ag., furnishes gonidia to Lichina conjinis and
pygmea, Ag. Soytonbma, Ag., to Ephebella Hegetschweileri, Itzigs;
St reocaulon ramulosum, Sw. (cephalodia) ; Pannaria ht/pomelcena,
Nyl. ; P. triptophylla var. nigra, Nyl. ; Cocco-carpia molybdea,
Pers. ; Erioderma unguigerum, Nyl. ; P. Dictyonema sericeum,
Montg. Lyngbya, Ag., to Stereocaulon ramulosum. Nostoc,
Vauch., furnishes gonidia to the following genera amongst the
gelatinous lichens : — Collema, Ach., Arnoldia and Physma, Mass.;
Leptogium, Fr. ; Obryzum, Wallr. ; and to the cephalodia of
Stereocaulon, to Nephromium, Nyl., Stictina, Nyl., and to a certain
number of Pannarke amongst the stratified lichens. Stigoxema,
Ag., furnish gonidia to Lichenosphceria Lenormandi, Born.,
Spilonema paradoxum, Born., Ephebe pubescens, Fr., and to
the cephalodia of Stereocaulon furcatum, Fr. Glosocapsa, Kiitz.,
serves to form Synalissa and Omphalaria, D.R., Phylliscum,
Nyl , Cora, Fr., and is met with in certain cephalodia of Stereo-
caulon.

M. Bornet says lie lias established the presence of glauco-gonidia
in the following 23 genera of lichens : — Ephebella, Itzigs, Lichen-
osphcvria, Born.Mscr. ; Spilonema, Born.; Ephebe, Fr. ; Lichina,
Ag. ; Synalissa, D.R. ; Paulia, Fee ; Omphalaria, D.R. ; Phylliscum,
Nyl.; Collema, Ach. ; Leptogium, Fr. ; Stereocaulon, Schreb. (cepha-
iodia) ; Nephromium, Nyl.; Peltigera, Hoffui. ; Stictina, Nyl.;
Psoroma, Fr. ; Pannaria, Del. ; Coccocarpia, Pers. ; Erioderma,
IV ■ : llrppia, Xa.\g. ; Cora, Fr. ; Dictyonema, Ag. (= Dichonema,
X. ;il>. Esnb.) ; Verrucaria, Pers.

In some species of lichens the hypha predominates in the thallus,
there being only a thin stratum of gonidia below the cortical layer ;
while in the others the gonidial element predominates. This differ-
ence, M. Bornet thinks, corresponds, as a rule, with the mode in
which the alga is invaded by the hypha. In the former, the hypha
applies itself lather to the surface of the alga than to the interior,
destroying its normal form, and giving the appearance of Trente-
2)ohlia and Protococcus ; while in the latter, the hypha is projected

40

GONIDIA OF LICHENS.

into the frond itself, that is into the interior of the case, or
gelatine, which unites the cells together.

Amongst those lichens enumerated, in which the hypha applies
itself to the surface of the alga, may be mentioned Stereocaulon
ramulosum, Sw., the cephalodia of which were found by M. Bornet
on dissection to contain long flexuous filaments of the character of
Scytonema, which had been taken up and encompassed by the hypha ;
also Coccocarpia molybdea, Pers., in the young fronds of which were
found moniliform gonidia, disposed in long parallel threads, in
which it was impossible to avoid recognizing the similarity to a
Scytonema, such as were found scattered upon the bark on which
the lichen had grown.

Amongst the lichens he mentions in which the hypha penetrates
into the interior of the alga, we have only space for one species,
viz., Arnoldia minutula, Born. (sp. nov.) This lichen is very small,
scarcely visible to the naked eye, pyriform or oblong, growing on
the ground. On examining a thin section, the chaplets are seen
to present here and there (independent of the heterocysts) some
cells much larger than others, surrounded by a thick membrane.
To each of these cells is fixed a short filament, a part of the
general network of the hypha. The modification which these
cells experience, shows the contact between them and the extremity
of the inserted filament is not accidental, but that the hypha exer-
cises on the gonidia an energetic action. Under its influence the
cell becomes much enlarged, and surrounded with a thick mem-
brane, which the ordinary cells do not possess ; this is followed by
a change in the colouring matter, which separates into a grumous
mass in a colourless fluid, and the side of the cell opposite the
point of attachment shrivels up, till the gonidium becomes a mere
dead membrane. These phenomena begin the moment the ex-
tremity of a hypha-filament comes in contact with an algal-
cell.

In conclusion, M. Bornet considers he has established the two
following propositions : —

1. Every gonidium of a lichen may be referred to a species of
Alga.

2. The connexion of the hypha with the gonidia is of such a
nature as to exclude all possibility of one organism being produced
from the other, and that the theory of parasitism can alone explain
it satisfactorily.

M. Bornet's Paper is illustrated with eleven coloured plates of
microscopical dissections which assist very considerably the eluci-
dation of his theory.

Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club. — The annual meeting
of this Club, which is devoted to Fungology, will be held at Here-
ford, on Tuesday, 14th October, 1873.

41

STRUCTURE OF THE GILL-rLATES OF AGARICS.

By J. De Seynes.

{Continued from Page 31.)

Cystidium. — The cystidium is a coll generally larger tlian the
baeidium, and which varies much in its forms ; originating from
the parenchyma at the same level, or a little lower than the other
elements of the hvmenium, we see it raise itself straight and soli-
tary, sometimes as a simple sterile cell a little larger, sometimes in
a cone more or less long or slender, sometimes bearing at its ex-
tremity a little sphere (A. melinoides, A. sulcatus), sometimes
dividing itself, or again growing rotund, like a leathern bottle.
Tins organ does not exist amongst all the Uymenomycetes and the
Agarics, notwithstanding it has been indicated by Corda as being
the male organ, the antheridia, and he has given them the name of
pollenaire, which has been accepted by Mr. H. Hoffmann, although
this author refuses to attribute to them the same signification. It
appears to me, in fact, difficult to accept this interpretation.
Pretty numerous observations of these organs, some of them
undertaken without even knowing the hypothesis of Corda, led me
to an altogether different conclusion, and permit me to see, in the
cystidia, only organs returned to vegetative functions, by a sort of
hypertrophy of the basidium. Following Corda, fecundation is
effected by means of a viscous liquid issuing from these organs ;
but, if we remark that the examples of this kind of fecundation
are taken from mushrooms (A. rutilus, viscidus, jjiucosus), all the
vegetative portions of which are viscid, or have a tendency to
become so in damp weather, we shall see nothing surprising in the
cell belonging to them having the same property and agglutinating
like the spores ; there is nothing special in this ; we should be
tempted, on the contrary, to see in it an argument in favour of our
thesis, and to suppose from that that the cystidia are always allied
to the simple organs of vegetation. Amongst the milky Mycence
(A. galopus) which have besides organs of reproduction very dif-
ferent from those of the Lactaini, the cystidia shew themselves
identical with those of the Lactarii ; amongst the Plutei they take
the form of basidia to such an extent, that were it not for their
dimensions we should take them for true basidia ; divided into
short horns at the summit, they seem thus to have preserved the
sterigmata. The passing of one of these organs to the other has
been very well pointed out by M. H. Hoffmann, and figured in
particular in the Ag. albo-brunneus. (Bot. Zeit. 1856, p. 139.) At
other times the form of the cystidium approaches that of the cells of
the parenchyma; in a new Agaric, Agaricus sulcatus, I have
observed the cystidia forming little cylinders with swollen, spherical
extremities, and that is exactly the form which the vegetative cells
in the pilcus and the gills affect ; many have the form of simple

42 STRUCTURE OF THE GILL-PLATES OF AGARICS.

bristles. These observations have led me to regard these organs
disseminated upon the gills or frequently agglomerated near
the margin, as hypertrophied basidia, returned to the functions
of organs of vegetation, as we see abnormally a carpel to
become a leaf. We are thus brought back to the first idea of
Micheli, who called them sterile flowers, proposing only for their
usage an interpretation diametrically opposed to his own. The
cystidia appear to me to fulfil to the gills, the same office that the
ring fulfils between the pileus and the stem ; these two organs of
the same nature transmit, at their contact, prolongations which
bind them together ; the gills organs of the same nature, and
adjacent, have a tendency to send out prolongations to bind
the one to the other. A certain number, obeying this law,
are lengthened, and are diverted from their original use ; but as
the ring may be very much developed or fugacious and rudimen-
tary to such an extent that it seems to exist only as a reminder,
or is altogether wanting, so the cystidia may be wanting, or take
such a development that they are visible to the naked eye ; they
fulfil, in certain cases, the functions of trabecules so well, that in
separating the gills of Agaricus utramentraius, not entirely expanded,
the gills divide into two longitudinal portions, instead of separat-
ing the corresponding faces of two different gills. This pheno-
menon is very apparent, and Delile, who was unacquainted with the
cystidia, had noted the existence of fibrous prolongations binding
the gills of this Agaric.

It is natural to ask whether we can take advantage of the obser-
vation of different forms of cystidia for the classification of the
Agarics ; M. H. Hoffman concludes not.

We know that there is little agreement between the form of the
cystidia (pollenaire, Hoff.), and the greater part of the sections ;
since they cannot be considered as organs of fecundation, and as
their analogy with epidermal productions or organs of simple vege-
tation is established, one can understand a priori that their impor-
tance diminishes.

Nevertheless, if we consider them from the point of view of the
dominating form amongst a group, we shall perceive that there are
still some comparisons to be effected, and that it is necessary to
take account of this element of diagnosis, more especially as the
observations made on this subject are still few in number, and,
because, on the other hand, the sections more or less in acceptance
at the present time amongst the Agarics generally, may very likely
not represent their true divisions very faithfully.

Thus regarded, the hymenium, which has not yet offered an organ
which we may suppose in reality to be the male organ, is reduced
to great simplicity : one sole and self-same organ is the basis of it ;
according as it experiences an arrest of its development, as it grows
and fructifies, or as it becomes hypertrophied, it gives us a para-
physis, a basidium, or a cystidium ; in other terms, atrophied

STRUCTURE OF THE GILL-rLATES OF AGARICS. 43

basidium, normal basidium, hypertrophied basidiam, these are tlie
three elements which form the hymenium. Does itdevelope either

outside the hymenium, or on the hymenium, at a time or in a part
which has not yet been discovered, organs which yield pollen,
spermatia, antherozoids, or any other fecundating agent ? This is
what remains to be discovered.

The mode of the insertion of the basidium, or of the different
organs of the hymenium upon the sub-jacent tissues, conforms to
two types ; but these differences are less marked in the hymenium
of the Basidiospores than in that of the Thecaspores. In these last
it is easy to recognise these two types, which present themselves
thus. In the first, and that which appears to us the most dis-
tributed, the theca, attenuated at its base, appears to have, when it
has been isolated, a little pediform swelling, or, if you please, an
extremity slightly recurved, provided w7ith a claw, recalling some-
what the form of the crutch-shaped cells of M. H. Hoffman. It is
by this little swelling that the theca is implanted upon the sub-
hymenial cell. The insertions of this form offer, in section, a
certain regularity. In the second type the theca is again attenuated
at the base, but it gives place directly to an elongated,* line,
tubular cell which loses itself in the cellulous parenchyma of the
Pi ziza. There is then, at the base of the hymenium, a complica-
tion which does not present at all the same aspect as the sub-
hymenial tissue of the other Pezizas. The paraphyses always
conform to the same mode of insertion as the thecal to which they
are adjacent, and their homology thus receives from it a confirma-
tion.

FUCKEL'S CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPH.EMACEI.

By Charles B. Plowright.

Many attempts have been made to classify the various forms
which are included in this extensive order ; since the genus, from
which it takes its name was proposed by Haller, more than a
century ago. It is not intended historically to enumerate any of
these, but it should be borne in mind, that each successive author
would naturally tend to adopt, or at any rate be influenced by,
those suggestions of his predecessors, the convenience of which
experience had demonstrated. We, in England, use almost ex-
clusively the system proposed by Fries, somewhat modified ; and so
familiar have we all become with it, that many years will probably
elapse before we shall desire to change it. Our Continental
brethren, however, have of late years introduced a multitude of
new genera, many of which have been extensively adopted, and it
may possibly not be uninteresting to compare some of the more im-
portant of these with our own. With this in view it is proposed

# At least exteriorly, for there is always an internal wall of separation.

44 CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPH^RIACEI.

to give a brief account of the system employed by Fuckel in bis
Symbols© Mycologies,* in which are adopted many of the more im-
portant genera of Tulasne, De Notaris, Nitschke, Rabenhorst,
etc.

In speaking of the Sphasrias generally, Fuckel observes that
they all probably pass through various stages of development ; in
a few instances these are known to consist of the Conidia, Sper-
mogonia, Pycnidia, and the Ascophore. It must, however, be
admitted that in very many more cases nothing whatever is known
of their earlier conditions, and at present but little help can be
derived from this source.

The Sphreriacei are, in the first instance, separated into two very
unequal divisions, by the nature of the matrix upon which the in-
dividual species subsist, viz., into the Vegetabilicoli and the Fimi-
coli, the former embracing some 64 genera and the latter eight
only.

The Vegetabilicoli are divided into two nearly equal groups, the
Simple and Compound. According to the system commonly
adopted in this country, f the 290 species of our Simple Sphasrias are
divided into 16 genera, about 200 being located in the genus
Sphreria, while the remaining 90 are distributed over the other 15
genera.

The Simple Sphasrias are divided by Fuckel into 37 genera,
which are arranged in six groups, called respectively the Sphceriece,
Ceratostomece, Pleosporece, Lasio splicer iece, Massariece, and Lopkios-
tomece.

The first group commences with Fries' genus Splicerella, con-
taining nearly sixty members. This is followed by the genus
Sphceria, composed of 40 species, of which it is remarked that
" although it at present contains some very heterogenous forms, yet
future investigations into the lower states of their fructification,
will probably afford more satisfactory data, on which to base their
separation into genera." Amongst its contents are found such
species as Isothea pustula, rhytismoides and immunda, Sphaerella
rusci and Sphseria corni-suecise.

The second group, or Ceratostomere, includes Gnomonia, a genus
of Epiphyllous Sphasrias characterised by their elongated ostiola ;
it corresponds with the division Foliicolce of Fries, and, conse-
quently, contains Sphreria fimbriata, tubreformis, setacea and
gnomon (= U. vulgaris, De Not). Linospora is a small genus, in
which Isothea saligna (Berk.) is located ; Rhapliidospora, a genus
of Caulicolous Splnerias, answering to the division which has
long, thread-like, more or less articulate sporidia, includes Sp.
rubella, herpotricha and acuminata (= R. Carduorum, Tul.) ; Cera-
tostoma, the typical genus of this group, answers to Fries' division

* " Symbols Mycologicse." By L. Fuckel. Wiesbaden. 1869.
f The classification here referred to, as well as the nomenclature employed, are
those used in the " Handbook of British Fungi.",

CLASSIFICATION OF THE BPELERIACEI.

45

of tlie same name, Sp. pilifera and cirrhosa being amongst its most
important members.

The third group, or Pleosporerc, takes its name from the prin-
cipal genus Pleospont, which is made to embrace more species, ac-
cording to Fuckel's limitation of it, than it is generally regarded
as doing. For not only are those species possessing brown, muri-
form sporidia, placed here (Pleospora genuina, of which Sp.
herbarum is the type), but also those with fusiform septate sporidia,
such as Sp. doliolum, acuta and agnita, which are classed by De
Notaris in his genus Leptosphau-ia, and in addition to these it
contains Sp. arundinaeea and culmifraga. A new genus, Didy-
mospJuvria, receives Sp. epidermidis and diplospora.

In the fourth group (Lasiosphaerieae), the typical genus Lasio-
sphceria, originally proposed by De Notaris, is now made to embrace
only those of the Villosaj, which have coloured, septate sporidia,
such as Sp. racodium, hirsuta and hispida ; while in Leptospora
are placed those with undivided sporidia, as Sp. ovina, strigosa and
even Sp. spermoides. A new genus, Trichosplueria, receives Sp.
pilosa. Rosellinia includes the species, with simple brown sporidia,
similar to those found in the genus Hypoxylon, such as Sp.
aquila, mamuiseformis, and pulveracea.

The fifth group (Massariea?) has only two genera — Ejichnoa, in
which are placed Sp. lanata and glis, and Massaria proper.

The sixth and last group (Lophiostoinea3),into which the genera
of simple Sphaerias are classed, commences with the Lophiostoma of
De Notaris ; Melanomma, in which the members have small, hard
perithecia, such as Sp. pomiformis and pulvis-pyrius ; Teichospora,
with its brown muriform sporidia, may be regarded as being typi-
fied in Sp. obducens ; Trematosphceria, in some degree answering to
the Pertusce, and finishes with two genera (Bertia and Bombardia),
containing but a single species in each — Bertia moriformis (Sp.
morifonnis) and Bombardia fasciculata (Sp. bombardia).

The division Compositi differs from our own, not only in the
greater number of genera into which it is divided, but also in con-
taining several specific forms" which we regard as simple Sphaerias.

The first group of genera, Cucurbitariea?, contains the genus
Nitschkia, consisting of three members — Cucur! itaria cupularis,
Sp. tristis, and Sp. exilis. The two first of these plants are, as
Fackel regards them, closely allied, and differ in little else than in
the size of the sporidia and in the number of nuclei they contain. It
is possible that the first named may be identical with the Sp. tristis*
var. Bporidiia Majoribus, of Messrs. Berkeley and Broome. It should
be observed that Fuckel is here speaking of the Sp. tristis of
Persoon, Tode's plant he regards as Sp. phteostroma, Mont. A
similar view, it will be remembered, was taken in the " English
Flora," vol. v., part ii.

* " Annals of Natural History," vol. 7, No. 42, p. 435.

46 CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPHiERlACEI.

The genus Valsa is divided into sections after Nitschke : — Euty-
pella, Euvalsa, and Leucostoma. It contains some 35 species,
although many members of the old genus Valsa are now located in
fresh genera. Thus : —

Valsa tilise, Tul. = Hercospora tilice, Tul.

tale la, Fr. = Aglaospora taleola, Tul.

leiphemia, Fr. = Cryptospora liphcema, Tul.
feuestrata, B. & Br. = Fenestrella princeps, Tul.

vestita, Fr. = Thyridium vestitum, Fckl.

detrusa, Fr. = Diaporthe detrusa, Fckl.

pulchella, Fr. = Calosphceria princeps, Tul.

quaternata, Fr. = Quatemaria Persoonii, Tul.

leucostoma, Fr. = Valsa Persoonii, Nke.

The genus Diaporthe (Nitschke) partakes in some degree of
the characters of Valsa and Diatrype, and also includes a number
of the Caulicolous Sphajrias, it being the most extensive genus
amongst the Compositi. In it we find Diatrype pyrrhocystis,
strumella, inasqualis, Valsa syngenesia, Innesii, Sphreria lirella,
pardalota, vepris, and rostellata.

Cryptosphceria, the genus originally proposed by Greville, re-
ceives Sp. millepunctata. Of the species usually included under
Dothidea, those found upon living leaves and grasses are placed in
Phyllachora ; Rhopogrcqihus receives D. filicina ; Homostegia, D.
Piggotii ; Melanops, D. melanops ; while the genus Dothidea is
reserved for such species as D. rosas and ribesia. The old genus
Rhizomorpha is revived, and in it is .placed Thamnomyces hip-
potrichioides, with a new species allied to it.

The Fimicoli, or, as they might be called, the Coprophilew, are
divided into three groups. In the first the sporidia are without
appendages. Cop>rolepa, a genus somewhat analagous to Hypoxylon,
in possessing a more or less distinct stroma, and Hypocopra, have
their simple, dark brown sporidia enveloped in a gelatinous coating.
In this latter genus is placed Massaria fimeti and Sp. stercoraria.
Of the other members of this group Delitschia has uniseptate, Sjw-
rormia, tetraseptate, and PI eophragmia, polyseptate sporidia.

The second group have their sporidia appendiculated at one
extremity. It consists of two genera — Malinvernia and Sordaria.
Cercophora is the name given to a new genus, the members of which
have their sporidia appendiculated at both extremities. Xylaria
pedunculata is for some reason not classed with the Fimicoli,
although, as Mr. Berkeley has long since indicated, it is closely
allied to Sp, stercoraria.

The point upon which our arrangement is most open to modifica-
tion certainly is, the great size of the genus Sphagna, especially
with regard to the number of species included under the Obtectce,
and as there are few more convenient genera than Pleospora, Eha-
pidospora and Gnomonia, we can but think their adoption would
prove advantageous ; while the host of minor genera, which various
crypto garnists have from time to time proposed, averaging, as

CLASSIFICATION OF THE Sr-HJSRIACET. 47

they do, from ono to five members, appear to as, unnecessary.
Those generic distinctions too, based upon secondary forms of fruc-
tification, however scientifically accurate they may be, and however
natural they may appear upon paper, will be found, it is feared, not
to work well in practice, because they demand a more intimate
acquaintance with the life history of each plant, than it is possible,
in the first instance, always to obtain.

Herbarium Myoolooioum CEconomicum. — The second fasci-
culus of 50 specimens has just been issued by Baron Thuemen. It
fully equals in interest its predecessor, and amongst its contents
are — Puccinia Apii, Cd. ; Asparagi, Link; Cerasi, Cd. ; P. coro-
nata, Cd., on the oat ; P. Prostii, Duby ; on the garden tulip (Tulipa
Gesneriana). Uredo Zeas, Desm., on the maize. This is probably
the uredo form of Puccinia Zese, Potsch ; Uromyces Viciaa, Fckl. ;
Fusarium Beta3, Rabh. ; Ustilago Sorghi, Pass. ; a new species
which infests the seeds of the millet (Sorghum vulgare) ; com-
municated by Prof. Passerini : Sphrerotheca Castagnei, Lev. ; on
Hibiscus esculentus, from Greece ; Phacidum medicaginis, Lasch. ;
(Ecidium alliatum, Rabh., on the shallot (Allium ascalonicium). A
new species of Hypoderma, H. longisporum, Hartig., on fir leaves.
Ascochyta Tiliae, Lasch.; Uredo fragaria3, Rabh.; Apiosporium
Mali, Wallr. ; Cladosporium Fumago, P., on vine leaves ; Anten-
natula pinophila, Fr. ; Capnodium Persoonii, B. & D., on horn-
beam and lime leaves ; Corticium amorphum, Fr. In Bohemia
this is stated to be very destructive to the young fir trees; the
affected trees usually perishing between the twelfth and sixteenth
year. Acalyptospora nervisequia, Cast., on elm leaves ; Exobasi-
dium vaccinii, Wall., on the cranberry ; Torula chrysosperma, Cd.,
on opium ; Merulius lacrymans, Fr., Saccharomyces Cerevisise
Meyen. ; S. Mycoderma, Rees. ; and several other more or less
important species.

The Hollyhock Disease. — During the months of June and
July this was reported from different localities in England as having
caused considerable damage to Hollyhocks. It is produced by
Puccinia malvacearum (Mont.), a fungus not previously observed in
this country, which was originally described by Montague as oc-
curring on the under surface of the leaves of Althcea officinalis. We
have also received specimens on Malva sylmstris, from J. Hussey,
Esq., of Salisbury j Dr. Paxton, of Chichester; and Mr. E.
Parfitt, of Exeter.

48

TWO SPECIES OF FUNGI KECENTLY OBSERVED
IN NORFOLK.

Fuccinia Asteris. Fckl. — Sori seated upon yellow, then dis-
coloured spots, hemispherical, brown; spores brown, ovato-oblong,
apiculate ; peduncles very long. — Fuchel. Sym. Myc. p. 53.

On both sides of the leaves and on the stems of Aster tripolimn.
Near King's Lynn. July, 1873. In tolerable plenty.

This is a very well marked Puccinia ; the hemispherical sori are
in their early stage surrounded by a yellow zone, and remain
covered by the unruptured epidermis for some little time, which
gives them a peculiar ashy grey colour. Dr. P. Magnus informs
me this is the P. Tripolii of Wallroth, but the above name has
been adopted on account of its more comprehensive character.
Fuckel's plant was on the root leaves of A. amellus. I have a
closely allied, if not identical species, on the leaves of some Aster,
from Maine, U.S., from the Rev. E. C. Bolles.

Macrospora scirpi. Fckl. — Perithecia scattered, covered by the
epidermis ; ostiolum obtuse, slightly prominent ; asci large, stipi-
tate, subclavate, at first innexed at the apex, then obtuse ; sporidia
oblong, obtuse, 5-septate, each loculus, except the two terminal,
longitudinally divided, slightly constricted, pale yellow. — Fckl.
Symb. Myc. p. 140, t. iii. /. 12.

On Typha. King's Lynn. May, 1873.

Regarded by Fackel as the Sphceria Scirpi of Fries. A very
different plant from Sp. scirpicola, D.C., in company with which it
was growing.* Charles B. Plowright.

* I do not think that the above Puccinia can be separated from Puccinia
asterum, Schweinitz. Macrospora is an unnecessary increase of genera, and be-
longs to Pleospora, if that be entitled to rank as a genus.— [Ed. Grev.]

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Hoffmann, H. — On Geaster coliformis, P. in the " Botanische
Zeitung " for Jane, 1873.

Gronlund, C. — Contributions to the Flora of Iceland (Ilepaticce
and Musci), in " Botanisk Tidsskrift."

Hansen, C. — On the Diatoms found in Slesvig, in ct Botanisk
Tidsskrift." Pts. 1 and 2. 1873.

Smith, W.G. — On " Abnormal Mushrooms," with numerous
figures, in the "Gardeners' Chronicle" for 26th July, 1873, pp.
1016-1017.

O'Meara, Rev. E. — On Recent Researches in the Diatomacece,
in the " Journal of Botany," Aug., 1873.

Church, A. H.~ On the composition of Lycoperdon giganteum,
Batsch., in the "Journal of Botany," Aug., 1873.

Stirton, Dr. J. — Additions to the Lichen Flora of New Zea-
land, in the " Transactions of the Glasgow Society of Field Natu-
ralists " 1873.

Grevillea.

Plate xiv.

Fig. 1 Geaster lagen^eformis. Yitt.
Half actual size : section real size : spores X ?00 diam.

Fig. 2 Geaster hygrometricus. P.
Half actual size : section real size : (A) plant in dried state. Spores X 700 diam.

Grevillea.

Plate xv.

Fig. 1. Geaster coliformis. P.
After Sowerby, half actual size : spores X 700 diam,

Fig. 2. Geaster fornicatus. Fr.

Half actual size: section of inner peridium (A) natural size. (B) tip °f lobe.

Spores X 700 diam.

No. 16.] [October, 1873.

dmiltea,

A MONTHLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY
AND ITS LITERATURE.

NOTICES OP NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.

(Continued from Page 35.)

* Geaster saccatus. Fr.—C&v. Inf. No. 1600. New York, Sart-
well. No. 3458. Alabama, Peters. No. 3869, 3872. Ohio,
F. G. Lea.

* Geaster fornicatus. P.— Car. Inf. No. 2301.

328. Geaster radicans. B. & C— Peridio externo separabili de-
mum fornicato e fibris radicantibus oriundo, peridio interno laevi
brevissime stipitato ; ore sericeo. Car. Inf. Ravenel, No. 953.
Curtis, No. 3041.

Outer peridium 2 inclies across ; reddish, separable into two
parts, the upper portion being ultimately lifted up, as in G. forni-
catus ; inner peridium about f of an inch across, very shortly
stipitate,. smooth, reddish; mouth silky, as in G.fimbriatus ; spores
globose, minutely echinulate. The same species occurs in Cuba.
No. 873.

* Tulostoma fimbriatum. Fr. — New Mexico. Rio Grande,
Wright, No. 6370. Car. Sup., No. 983. Texas, Wright. No.
3151.

* Tulostoma mammosum. Fr. — New Mexico. Rio Grande,
Wright. No. 6369. Fendler, No. 3096.

* T. Tulostoma Meyenianum. KL— New Mexico. Rio Grande,
Wright. No. 3918.

* Bovista lilacina. B.— Hook, Lond. Journ., 1845, p. 64. Car.
Inf. No. 2533.

329. Bovista pila. B. & r.— Subglobosa pallida subtiliter tomen-
tosa, basi sterili nulla, capillitio sporisque brunneis. On the ground
amongst grass, which adheres close to the peridium. Wisconsin,
Lapham. No. 6213.

About 11 inch across ; subglobose, pallid, very minutely tomen-
tose ; capillitium and globose shortly pedicellate even spores,
bright brown, spores -0002 in diameter ; pedicels about the same
length, soon breaking off.

50 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

330. Bovista stuppea. B. — Ellipsoidea sessilis ; peridio externo
tenuissimo albido, interno spadiceo ; capillitio stuppeo spadiceo ;
sporis parcis pedicellatis. Texas, C. Wright. No. 3153.

Ellipsoid, longer diameter 2 inches, shorter, \\ ; outer peridium
extremely thin, whitish ; inner, bright reddish- brown ; flocci very
abundant, woven into a tough mass ; spores few, pedicellate, '0002
in diameter. Unfortunately I have only a single specimen, the
peridium, which is thin and papery easily splits and separates from
the spongy mass within.

331. Bovista circumscissa. B.& C. — Minor subglobosa ; peridio
exteriore subcoriaceo secedente, interiore furfuraceo, ore subsericeo ;
sporis globosis minimis argillaceis. In gardens. Maine. Rev.
J. Blake. No. 6315.

About \ inch in diameter ; outer coat leathery, splitting off, leav-
ing a ring-shaped portion at the base, inner furfuraceous ; orifice
minute, silky ; spores globose, even, at length slightly rough, sessile,
•00016 in diameter; clay-coloured.

332. Lycopexdon calyptiifoime. B. — Minus e basi radicante
oriundum ; peridio ovato apice papillaeformi furfuraceo, capillitio
sporisque globosis la?vibus argillaceis. Car. Sup. Curtis. No. 557.

About J of an inch across, springing from a rooting base ; ovate,
with a papillseform apex, furfuraceous or minutely warty ; threads
and the globose even spores about -00016 in diam. clay-coloured.

* Lycopexdon fragile. Vitf. — Car. Sup. No. 124, 554,559,560,
Closely resembling Bovista lilacina. Lycoperdon cyathiforme.
Bosc., is apparently the same. Car. Inf. Rav. No. 192.

333. Lycoperdon Curtisii. B. — Minus subglobosum pallidum
verrucis echinatis exasperatum capillitio sporisque Isevibus globosis
argillaceis. Car. Sup. Curtis. No. 558. Connecticut, Wright.
No. 5613.

About -J of an inch across, springing from a short rooting base ;
globose, rough with echiniform warts, pallid ; flocci, and the
smooth, globose spores, -0001 in diameter clay-coloured.

334. Lycopexdon Wxightii. B. <k C— Globosum, primum subti-
liter echinatum, verruculiscito secedtntibusglabrum ore sericeo aper-
tum, capillitio sporisque globosis laivibus argillaceis. Connecticut,
Wright. No. 5633.

Sessile, globose, § inch in diameter, at first clothed with minute
echinate warts, which soon fall off and leave the peridium smooth,
with a minute silky orifice. Capillitium and spores -00016 in dia-
meter; clay-coloured, but more inclined to cinereous in two fore-
going species.

335. Lycopetdon calvescens. B. # C— Subglobosum, primum
echinalo-verruculosum, verruculis cito secedentibus subtiliter vel li-
thium ; capillitio sporisque globosis Isevibus argillaceis. Connec-
ticut, C. Wright. No. 6366.

NOTICES OF NORTE AMERICAN FUNGI. 01

About 1^ inch across, springing from a short rooting base, at
first clothed with minute echinate warts, which soon drop oft", and
leave the peridium minutely velvety. Capillitium and even globose
spores, *00016 in diameter ; clay-coloured. The spores appear at

first to be pedicellate, but if so the pedicels soon drop off.

* Lycoperdon saccatum. Fr. — New England, Sprague. No.
5388.

330. Lycoperdon pulcherrimum. B. & C. — Obovatum verrucis
pyramidatis echinatis albis exasperatum, ore nullo, capillitio spo-
risque globosis lsevibus pedicellatis olivaceis. Pennsylvania, Miche-
ner. No. 3933.

About 1 inch across, obovate, densely shaggy with white echinate
pyramidal warts ; smooth and plicate at the base; capillitium and
spores -00016 in diameter; olive, pedicellate. A very beautiful
species.

# Lycoperdon cruciatum. Bosth.— Rhode Island. Olney. No.
1846.

337. Lycoperdon delicatum. B. Sf C— Basi spongiosa sterili sti-
pitiformi arete a capillitio flavo subgilvo discreta, peridio pruinoso
furfuraceo. Pennsylvania, Michener. No. 3621, 3622.

About 2-1- inches across, bare more or less stem shaped H-2^
across, spongy, accurately separated as in L. ccelatum from the
capillitium ; peridium pruinoso-furfuraceous, very delicate, capil-
litium with the globose even spores, -00016 in diameter yellowish
here and there, inclining to pinkish. A very delicate looking
species, with a stout base.

338. Scleroderma Texense. B.— Irregulare subfloccosum quan-
doquc areolatum, basi subapiculato sporis e lilacinis brunneis. Car.
Inf. No. 1392, 2208.

About 1 inch across, irregular, subglobose, somewhat apiculate
at the base, sometimes wrinkled or areolate, floccose, spores lilac,
•0006- 0005 in diameter. A singular and very distinct species.
Originally gathered by Mr. Drummond in Texas, in whose speci-
m< us the spores are dark-brown and wider. I believe, however,
that they increase in size after they fall.

* Podaxon carcinomale. Fr.— Piio Grande. New Mexico.
Wright. No. 6371.

339. Mitremyces Ravenelii, B. minor.— Stipite, brevi, peridio.
exteriori in arc .Ins minutas rupto. — On the ground. Caesar's Head.
Inf. Ravenel. No. 1837.

A small torm, about ^ of an inch high, with a very short or
te stem. The outer peridium breaks up into little areolute
patch

* Mitremyces lutescens. Schroein. — Car. Inf. Curtis. No.
695. Texas. Drummond.

52 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

* Txichocoma paradoxum. Jungh. — On Laurus Caroliniensis .
Car. Inf. No. 2565.

340. Reticulata affinis. B. $ C— Effusa tenuis papillosa atro-
purpurea margine tenui ; sporis oblongis ; capillitio brevi ramoso,
Berk., in Jonrn. Linn. Soc., v. x., p. 347. On dead trees which
have not yet fallen. Car. Inf. No. 3012.

Effused, thin papillose, black-purple ; margin thin ; threads
short, erect, branched; spores oblong, •0004--00025 long.

341. Spumaxia UfXichenexi . B. — Effusa reticulata gilva ; sporis
globosis magnis kevibus. On very rotten wood. Pennsylvania.
Michener. No. 4110.

Effused, reticulate, pinkish yellow or slightly fulvous ; spores
globose, -0013-'001 in diameter. S. licheni/ormis, Schwein., is a
state of Didymium cinereum.

342. Didexma ochxoleucum. B. & C. — Gregarium congestum
sessile, peridio exteriore ochroleuco, interiore albo ; columella nulla ;
sporis atris ; floccis albis. On bark. Pennsylvania. Michener.
No. 4083.

Gregarious, crowded together ; external membrane ochroleucous,
internal white ; columella none ; spores black.

* Didexma spumarioides. Fr.— On moss. Car. Inf. No. 5001.

343. Didexma concinnum. B. % C— Sessile laBvissimum candi-
dum nitidum fragilissimum 'intus rufulum ; columella obscura, spo-
ris aterrimis. On a minute moss running over very rotten wood.
Car. Inf. No. 3021.

Extremely neat, brittle, looking like a little egg, quite even,
white, pale rufous within ; columella slightly developed ; spores
jet black.

* Didexma stellare. P.— On pine wood. No. 2171.

* Angioxidium valvatum, Fr. Ind. Syst. Myc. Diderma pallidum.
B. & C. On pine leaves. Car. Inf. No. 1972.

* Didymium clavus. Fr.—On dead leaves. Car. Sup. No.
251. Canada, Poe. No. 6137.

344. Didymium exythxinum. B.— Stipite a?quali peridioque glo-
boso cinnabarinis sporis atris, floccis albis. On pine wood.

Stem equal, vermillion, as is the globose peridural ; spores black,
flocci white. The pulverulent matter with which the peridium is
clothed soon rubs cff.

* Didymium xanthopus. Fr. — On dead leaves, &c. Car. Inf.
No. 1176, 2040. Car. Sup. No. 245.

345. Didymium pxoximum. B. $ C. — Stipite subajquali rufo
penetrante e basi orbiculari oriundo ; peridio globoso granulato
albo, floccis albis. On dead pine leaves. Car. Inf. No. 2987.

Stem rufous, nearly equal, springing from an orbicular base, pene-
trating the globose white granulated peridium ; flocci white. In
this last character it differs essentially from D. xanthopus.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 53

346. Didymium Ravenelii. B. & C— Stipite subaequ all laBvibrun-

neo ; peridio globoso ambrino ; floccis sporisque aigris. Cur. Sup.
Sulphur springs. Ravenel. No. 1513.

Stem nearly equal, or somewhat attenuated, penetrating slightly,
even, dark brown ; pcridium globose, umber, with a few very minute
metallic scales or particles ; flocci and spores black. Stem with
the head about T\y inch high.

347. Didymium pus ilium. B. tj- C. — Stipite sursum attcnuato
luteo, peridio nutante globoso farinaceo, columella nulla, floccis albis
parcis ; sporis atropurpureis lwvibus. Car. Inf. No. 1345. On dead
herbaceous stems.

A minute species, about j^ inch high. Stem attenuated upwards,
yellow ; peridium globose, nodding, farinaceous ; columella none ;
flocci few, white ; spores even, black-purple.

348. Didymium chxysopeplum. B. & C - Stipite niveo leviter
sulcato sursum attcnuato e basi orbiculari oriundo ; peridio globoso,
exteriore furfuraceo fulvo, interiore metallico ; floccis albis ; sporis
nigris. On dead leaves. Car. Inf. No. 1202.

Stem snow-white, springing from a little orbicular disc, slightly
sulcate, attenuated upwards ; head globose, slightly umbilicate,
outer coat tawny, furfuraceous, inner metallic ; flocci white, spores
black.

349. Didymium megalospoxum. B. $ C. — Stipite gracili rufo ;
sursum attcnuato ; peridio umbilicato subhemispherico rufo albo-
pulverulento ; floccis parcis albis ; sporis majoribus fuscis. On dead
oak leaves. Car. Inf. No. 1205.

A minute species, about 2\ inch high ; stem dark rufous, slender,
attenuated upwards ; peridium subhemispherical, umbilicate, rufous,
with a white dusty bloom ; flocci few, white ; spores brown, large.

350. Didymium obrusseum. B. <k C— Hypothallo tenuissimo
scarioso ; stipite aureo deorsum incrassato hyalino ; peridio albo
vel citrino, floccis candidis, sporis aviis. Linn. Soc. Journ., x., p. 348.
On leaves of Gonolobus, Texas, Lindheimer. New Orleans, Drum-
mond.

Stem golden -yellow, hyaline, attenuated upwards, springing from
a very thin membranous hypothallus ; peridium white or lemon-
coloured ; flocci white, spores black.

* Didymium polymoxphum. Mont.— Cub. p. 314. D. polyce-
phalwn, Rav. On dead leaves. Car. Inf. No. 2587. Rav. No. 1673.
New Jersey. No. 4701. . ig

Fries's Epicrisis. — A new and revised edition of this valuable
work, by its venerable author, has already commenced, and we may
hope soon to hear of its publication.

54

THE GENUS HYDRODICTYON.

By Dr. Horatio C. Wood, Jun.*

The genus Hydrodictyon comprises, as far as known, but a single
species, which is common to North America and Europe. It
grows in great abundance in the neighbourhood of Philadelphia,
especially in the ditches and stagnant brick ponds in the low
grounds below the city, known as the " Neck." There it very
frequently forms floating masses several inches in thickness, and
many feet in extent, so that with the aid of a rake it could be
gathered by the bushel. When thus in mass the colour is very
generally dingy and yellowish, although the fronds, when in active
vegetative life, are mostly of a bright, beautiful green. The plant
is in greatest profusion in June and July, after which time it
gradually disappears, until in the autumn it is scarcely to be found,
but early in the spring it reappears. The very young fronds are
minute, oval, cylindrical, filmy-looking closed nets, with the
meshes not appreciable to the eye ; when growth takes place the
fronds enlarge, until finally they form beautiful cylindrical nets, two
to six inches in length, with their meshes very distinct, and their
ends closed. In the bright sunlight, they, of course, by virtue of
the life functions of their chlorophyl, liberate oxygen, which, being
free in the interior of the net, and its exit barred by the fine meshes,
collects as a bubble in one end of the cylinder, and buoys it up, so
that, the heavier end sinking, the net is suspended, as it were,
vertically in the water. I know of few things of the kind more
beautiful than a jar of limpid water, with masses of these little
nets hanging from the surface like curtains of sheen in the bright
sunlight. A few cells collected in the fall or early spring, if put
into a preserving jar and the water occasionally changed, will
multiply, and in a little while become a source of frequent pleasure
to the watcher.

As the fronds increase in size they are always in some way or
other broken up, so that, instead of being closed cylinders, they
appear as simple open networks of less or greater extent. The
extreme length to which the frond attains is, I think, very rarely
over twelve inches, with meshes of about a third of an inch in
length. The construction of the frond is always the same. It is
composed of cylindrical cells united end to end in such a way as to
form polygonal and mostly pentagonal meshes, the size of which
varies with the age of the plant. These cells, which are closely
conjoined, but have no passage-ways between them, are capable of
independent life, so that the Hydrodictyon may be looked upon as
an elaboiate type of a cell-family, one in which cells are conjoined

* Extract from " A Contribution to the Natural History of the Fresh Water
Algas of North America." 1873.

THE GENUS HYDRODICTYON. 55

in accordance with a definite plan, so as to make a body of definite
shape and size, yet in which cadi cell is an independent being,
drawing nothing from its neighbours. The cells themselves are

cylindrical, with a thickish cellulose wall, and having no nuclei.
Their chjorophyllous protoplasm is granular, ami is placed in the
exterior portion of the cell, forming thus, within the outer wall, a
hollow cylinder, in which are imbedded starch granules, and whose
interior is occupied with watery contents. The Hydrodictyon cell,
when once formed, is capable of growth, but not of going through
the usual process of cell multiplication by division, so that the adult
frond is composed of just as many and, indeed, the same cells as it
had in its earliest infancy.

No true sexual reproduction has as yet been discovered in the
water-nets. There have been described, however, two forms or
methods in which the species multiplies, both of them occurring by
means of motile zoosporoid bodies. In the one case these develop
immediately into the new plant, whilst in the other, before doing
so, they pass through a resting stage. Of the life history of the
latter, the microgonidia, I have no personal knowledge.

The investigation of the production and development of the
macrogonidia, however, has occupied considerable of the time
devoted by myself to the microscope, and I have seen large num-
bers of specimens in almost all the stages of development. I have
never been able to detect, however, any decided motion in the
macrogonidia.

They are formed in the protoplasmic stratum already alluded to
as occupying the outer portion of the interior of the Hydrodictyon
cell. The first alteration in this, presaging their formation, is a
disappearance of the starch granules, and a loss of the beautiful,
transparent green colour. Shortly after this, even before all traces
of the starch-grain are gone, there appear in the protoplasm
numerous bright spots placed at regular intervals ; these are the
centres of development, around which the new bodies are to form.
As the process goes on, the chlorophyl granules draw more and more
closely around these points, and at the same time the mass becomes
more and more opaque, dull, and yellowish brown in color. This
condensation continues until at last the little masses are resolved
into dark hexagonal or polygonal plates, distinctly separated by
light, sharply defined lines. In some the original bright central
spot is still perceptible, but in others it is entirely obscured by the
dark chlorophyl. The separation of these plates now becomes more
and more positive, and they begin to become convex, then lenticu-
lar, and are at last converted into free, oval, or globular bodies.
When these are fully formed they are said to exhibit a peculiar
trembling motion, mutually crowding and pushing one another,
compared by Mr. Braim to the restless, uneasy movement seen in
a dense crowd of people in which no one is able to leave his place.
Whilst the process just described has been going on, the outer

56

THE GENUS HYDRODICTYON.

cellulose wall of the Hydrodictyon cell has been undergoing changes,
becoming thicker and softer and more and more capable of solution,
and by the time the gonidia are formed it is enlarged and cracked,
so that room is afforded them to separate a little distance from one
another within the parent cell. Now the movements are said to
become more active — a trembling jerking which has been compared
to the ebullition of boiling water. There is, however, with this a
very slight change of space, and in a very short time the gonidia
arrange themselves so as to form a little net within the parent cell,
a miniature in all important particulars of the adult Hydrodictyon.
The primary cell wall now becomes more and more gelatinous, and
soon undergoes complete solution, so that the new frond is set free
in its native element. As previously stated in my investigations, I
have never seen the peculiar motion above described, the newly-
formed gonidia simply separating and arranging themselves with-
out my being able to perceive any motion, or exactly how they fell
into position.

It is evident that when the species is multiplied in the way just
described the birth of the new frond is consentaneous with the death
of the old cell. But when the Hydrodictyon disappear in the fall,
it is months before they reappear in the spring. It is, therefore,
evident there must be some other method of reproduction. This
slow development of new fronds takes place, according to Prings-
heim, by means of little motile bodies which he calls Dauerschwar-
mer, which has been translated in English Chronispores (statospores,
Hicks). M. Braun stated already some years since that, sometimes,
instead of the Hydrodictyon producing the ordinary reproductive
bodies (macrogonidici) there are formed in the cells much smaller
and more active bodies, the microgonidia. The changes which occur
in the production of these are very similar to those already
described as happening when the macrogonidia are formed. When
the chronispores are once formed, however, they, instead of uniting
together, escape in a free, distinct condition with the water. They
are now small ovate bodies, with a large anterior transparent space,
to which are attached a pair of cilia, and their life and history,
according to Pringsheim, is as follows. For a few hours they move
about very actively in the water, and then, dropping their cilia, and
acquiring an outer cellulose wall, pass into a quiescent stage, in
which they closely resemble Protococcus granules. They are capable
of living in this state for a long time, if kept in water. They can
also endure dessication if the light be excluded during the process,
but, if it be present, they wither and die, and cannot be revivified.

After a longer or shorter period, but never shorter than three
months, according to Pringsheim, they recommence their life, pro-
vided they be in water. For four or five months after this the
chief change consists simply in an increase in size. The dark green
protoplasm is arranged around the exterior of the cell, within are
the more fluid colourless contents ; the whole body still looking

THE GENUS HYDRODICTYON. 57

like a Protococcus cell. After a size of about TT0-th m.m. is
attained, the endochrome divides successively into several portions.
The external layers of the surrounding wall now give way in some
spot, and allow the inner layers to protrude and form a sort of
hernial sac, into which the several endochrome masses soon pass, at
the same time assuming the well-known characters of true zoospores.
Froin two to five of these bodies are thus produced out of each
original microgonidium. They are large, ovate, biciliate, and,
generally, soon escaping from the hernial sac, move about actively in
the water for a few minutes. Sometimes, however, they set lie
down within the generative utricle. In either case, after a little
time, they become motionless, lose their cilia, and develop into
polyhedral cells, which are structurally remarkable for havingtheir
angles prolonged into long horn-like appendages. Under favour-
able circumstances, at the end of a few days, the bright green
endochrome of these undergoes similar changes to those described
as presaging the production of the microgonidia, and is finally
formed into zoospores, which, in from twenty to forty minutes,
unite, within the polyhedron or large cells, into a Jlydrodictyon,
which is finally set free by a solution of the cellulose coat of the
polyhedron. The network thus formed differs in no essential way
from tli at which arises in the better known way, except that it is
composed of much fewer cells. It is generally a closed sac ; but
when the polyhedron, out of which it is developed, is small, it is
sometimes merely an open network. Its after history appears to be
identical with that of the ordinary Hydro diet yon frond.

See also Micrographic Dictionary, under Hydrodictyon — and
HassaH's British Fresh Water Alga?, p. 225, plate lviii.

LABRELLA PTARMIC/E.

The following is the description of a parasite on Achillcea ptarmica
gathered at Ealing, and sent for determination by G. D. Brown,
as probably a species of Phacidium, which, externally, it greatly
resembles : —

Labxella Ptaxmicae. Desm. PI. Crypt Xo. 189. Fries Elen. ii.
149. Schizothyrium Ptarmica?, Desm. Ann. des Sci. Nat. xi. (1849),
p. 560. Kickx. Crypt. Flor. Fland. i., p. 4C7.

Innate, black, somewhat shining, rounded or ovate ; asci cylin-
drical or subclavate ; sporidia minute, ovoid.

On leaves and stems of Achillcea Ptarmica.

The Rev. M. J. Berkeley observed this many years since on in-
fected plants of Achillcea which he brought home from France, and
cultivated in England ; but it was not included in the British Flora,
as the fungus was manifestly brought over with its host. This
may also be the case in the present instance. Schizothyrium is per-
haps the most accurate determination, but the fungus is better known
as Labrella. Tin- former genus is classed with the Phacidiacece.

58

SPH^ERIACEI BRITANNICI.

" A Fasciculus of one hundred British Sphajrias, collected, named
and mounted by Charles B. Plowright, King's Lynn, 1873,"
contains the following species : —

1 Torrubia ophioglossoides. Tul. Castle Rising.

2 Epichloe typhina. Berk. „

3 Hypocrea gelatinosa. Fr. „

4 Hypomyces aurantius. Tul. Dunoon, Scotland.

5 Hypomyces lateritius. Tul. Hereford.

6 Nectria. pulicaris. Tul. King's Lynn.

7 Nectria cinnabarina Fr. „

8 Nectria coccinea. Fr. Dunoon, Scotland.

9 Nectria sinopica. Fr. Shrewsbury.

10 Nectria inaurata. B. & Br. King's Lynn.

11 Nectria episphseria Fr. ,;

12 Xylaria polymoipha. Grev. ,,

13 Xylaria hypoxylon. Grev. „
11 Xylaria carpophila. Fr. „

] 5 Ustulina vulgaris. Tul. Haughmon Hill, Shrewsbury.

16 Hypoxylon luteum. Fr. Castle Rising.

17 Hypoxylon concentric urn. Grev. Castle Rising.

18 Hypoxylon multiforme. Fr. Dunoon, Scotland.

19 Hypoxylon argillaceum. Fr. King's Lynn.

20 Hypoxylon fuscum. Fr. ,,

21 Hypoxylon rubiginosum. Fr. (?) „

22 Eutypa Acharii. Tul. „

23 Eutypa flavo-virens. Fr. „
21 Melogramma gastrinum. Tul. „

25 Dothidea ulmi. Fr. ,,

26 Dothidea j unci. Fckl. Dunoon, Scotland.

27 Dothidea graminis. Fr. King's Lynn.

28 Dothidea ribesia. Pers. „

29 Dothidea rosa3. Fr. „

30 Dothidea filicina. Fr. „

31 Diatrype quercina. Tul. „

32 Diatrype stigma. Fr. „

33 Diatrype disciformis. Fr. „

34 Diatrype bullata. Fr. „

35 Diatrype pyrrhocystis. B. § Br. „

36 Diatrype strumella. Fr. „

37 Diatrype nucleata. Curr. „

38 Diatrype ferruginea. Fr. „

39 Diatrype frangulse. Pers. ? ,,

40 Melanconis stilbostoma. Tul. „

41 Valsa prunastri. Fr. ,,

42 Valsa stellulata. Fr. ?,

43 Valsa syngenesia. Fr. „

44 Valsa dissepta. Fr. >>

si'ii.i;ui.\( ibi britannici. 59

45 Valsa ceratophora. Tut King's Lynn.

46 Valsa ambiens. Fr. ,,

47 Valsa salicinu. Fr. ,,

48 Valsa pulchella. Fr. Ringstead Downs.

49 Valsa quaternata. Fr. „

50 Valsa leiphemia. Fr. ,,

51 Valsa tiliae. Tul. „
.">2 Valsa detrusa. Fr. Shrewsbury.

53 Cucurbitaria laburni. De Not. King's Lynn.

54 Cucurbitaria elongata. var. simplex. Grco. King's Lynn.

55 Cucurbitaria spartii. De Not.

56 Cucurbitaria berberidis. Greu. Shrewsbury.

57 Cucurbitaria cupularis. Fr. King's Lynn.

58 Gibbera Saubinetii. Mont. ,,

59 Massaria bufonia. Tul. „

60 Lophiostoma arundinis. De Not. „
(il Sphaeria aquila. i<r. „

62 Sphaeria phaeostroma. Mont. „

63 Sphaeria tristis. 2V><fe. „

64 Sphaeria brassier. Klotsch. Wellington, Shropshire.

65 Sphaeria cauescens. Pers. King's Lynn.

66 Sphaeria spermoides. Hoffm.. ,,

67 Sphaeria moriformis. Tode. Ringstead Downs.

68 Sphaeria pomiformis. Pers. „

69 Sphaeria pulviscula. Curr. King's Lynn.

70 Sphaeria mamma.1 formis. Pers. „

71 Sphaeria obducens. Fr. ,,

72 Sphaeria pulvis-pyrius. Pers. ,,

73 Sphaeria sporormia. Cooke. ,,

74 Sphaeria stercoraria. Sow. ,,

75 Sphaeria pulveracea. Ehr. „
7 6 Sphaeria myriocarpa. Fr. ,,

77 Sphaeria lonicerae. Soiv. „

78 Sphaeria crinigera. Cooke. Dunoon, Scotland.

79 Sphaeria melanotes. B. fy Br. King's Lynn.

80 Sphaeria apiculata. Curr. ,,

81 Sphaeria spiculosa. Pers. „

82 Sphaeria inquilina. Fr. ,,
<s:} Sphaeria millepunctata. Grev. „

84 Sphaeria quadrinucleata. Curr. Ringstead Downs.
<s."> Sphaeria clypeata. Nees.

86 Sphaeria herbarum. Pers. King's Lynn.

87 Sphaeria herbarum. Pers. var. Scrophulariae. Shrewsbury.

88 Sphaeria acuminata Sow. King's Lynu.

89 Sphaeria acuta. Moug. ,,

90 Sphaeria derasa. B. 4' Br. ,,

91 Sphaeria sabuletorum. B. & Br. "Wolfe r ton Beach.

92 Sphaeria pinodes. Blox. Shrewsbury.

60

SPH.ERIACEI BRITANSICT.

93 Sphseria gnomon. Tode. King's Lynn.

94 Sphasria setacea. Pers. var. petiolae. King's Lynn.

95 Sphseria setacea. Pers. var. epiphyllaa. „

96 Sphaerella rusci. De Not. „

97 Sphaerella isariphora. De Not. „

98 Stiginatea Robertiani. Fr. ,,

99 Isothea pnstula. Berk. ,,
100 Dichama strobilina. Fr.

TWO LICHENS FROM BEN LAWERS.

By Dr. J. Stirton.

- The Animal Report and Transactions of the Glasgow Society
of Field Naturalists, just published, contains a notice of two
lichens from Ben Lawers, collected in June, 1871, which are new
to the British Flora.

Solorina bispoxa, Nyl. (Syn. p. 331). The spores in size and
shape are characteristic, as well as the peculiar granular orisidiose
appearance of the thallus in the neighbourhood of the apothecia.
This lichen is more allied to S. limbata than to S. saccata. This
is the first intimation of its existence in any other locality than that
on the Pyrenees.

Lecidea didymospora, Stirton. Nearly allied to L. sanguinarta,
but differing in having two spores in each ascus, which are, besides,
only half the size of those of the latter, and oval in shape instead
of oblong. A section of the apothecium shows, also, a perfectly
pellucid appearance, instead of the greenish tinge which pervades
the hymenium of L. sanguinarta, and the thallus is more con-
tinuous. The chemical reactions of the hymenium, epispore, and
thallus are identical in both. The discoverer remarked, besides,
that this lichen is as much entitled to a specific place as Lecidea
geminata.

Callithamnion hormocarpum. Holmes.— Dr. J. E. Gray writes
us that in his opinion this is identical with Callithamnion versicolor,
an identity which Mr. Holmes is not yet convinced of, as far as his
experience of the latter plant extends.

The Fungus Meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society at
South Kensington, is fixed for the 1st of October, and the Fungus
Foray of the Woolhope Club is finally appointed for Thursday,
October 23rd, at Hereford. This latter is a correction of the date
which appeared in our last number.

61

SPHAGNUM AUSTIN!

In May, 1873, Dr. Braithwaite gave excellent figures, with a
description of this Sphagnum, in the "Monthly Microscopical
Journal," concluding with the observation, " lam indebted to Prof.
Lindberg for specimens of this fine Sphagnum, which we may
reasonably hope will some day be found in Scotland."

In the " Journal of Botany " for September appears a letter
from Dr. D. Moore to the following effect : — " I enclose specimens
of Sphagnum Austini, Sullivant, which Dr. Lindberg recognised
among a collection of Mosses which I made in the Island of Lewis
in 1808. I had supposed the plant to be a remarkable variety of
S. cymbifolium,) differing so widely from the typical form of the
species as to wan ant me in making a diagnosis of its characters.
It is geographically interesting to find a species not rare in North
America inhabiting the Western Isles of Scotland. It grew on
extensive flat boggy moors, and forms large hummocks sometimes
18 inches to two feet above the surrounding level.

The following is Dr. Braithwaite's description : —

Sphagnum Austini, Sullivant, in Austin's Musci Appalachian]'.
Ic. Muse. Supp. i. ined., No. 2, Lindberg Contrib. ad Fl. Crypt
Asia3. Bor. Or., p. 280 (1872).

Dioicous; much resembling Sph. papillosum and the American
Sph. Porloricejise, more or less ochraceous. Stems frequently
dichotomous, dark-brown, the bark composed of four strata of cells,
the outer qnadrato-hexagonal, without fibres, the inner with very
fine fibres and large pores.

Branches closely placed 3 in a fascicle, 2 divergent, attenuated at
points, 1 pendent, short, slender, oppressed to stem; cortical cells
with fine spiral fibres. Canline leaves, Ungulate, obtuse, minutely
fringed at apex, the areolation as in Spjh. cymbifolium. Ramuline
harts, closely imbricated, ovate-oblong, concave, more deeply coloured
at apex, which is also less cucullate, but with cells strongly project-
ing on the back ; cells large, the hyaline filled with fibres, and
having several large foramina. The cldorophyl lose obtusely trigonous,
projecting between the hyaline on the concave surface of the leaf The
internal wall of the hyaline cells, where united to the chlorophyllose,
densely crested with prominent papilla'.

Fruit but little exserted ; peduncular bracts oblong, convolute,
minutely fimbriate at the rounded apex, cells of the lower third,
empty, narrow, parenchymatous, above normal, more or less fibrous,
with large pores. The adjacent walls transversely striate by the
large papillae. Spores ferruginous.

Hat), swamps. United States. Sweden.

Anthocexos laevis.— During a visit in July to the south-west of
Ireland, with Dr. Lindberg, we found this rare species, not before
known to grow in Ireland, in one place only near Ventry, co.
Kerry. — D. Moore, in Journ. Bot.

62

CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPH^ERIACEI.

By the Editor.

The observations of Mr. C. B. Plowright in the last number
of" Grevillea," will be interesting and useful to many of our readers,
and demand but little comment. It must be expected that
different workers will have different views concerning those some-
what elastic terms " Genera" and " Species/' Far be it from
us to assume dogmatically in this instance, and in others of a
similar character, that we are right, and those who differ from
us are wrong. Still, there is an observation or two which we
would offer on the principles of classification generally, and on
this classification of the Sphseriacei in particular that may
be worthy of consideration. In the first place, is it
true that because a genus, like that of Spha?ria, is so large,
it becomes a duty to lessen it, by splitting it up into smaller
genera ? That would seem to be the inference to be drawn
from the paragraph on page 46. It seems to us that however in-
convenient a large genus may be, some better grounds must be
sought for its " modification." Before any attempt is made at
the " modification" of a genus, we apprehend that it would be
beneficial to have one or two recognized principles upon which to
proceed, and, in the classification of the genus Splicer ia under new
groups, having the value of genera, there seems to be one
important feature which should be kept in mind. The form and
segmentation of sporidia alone may be of specific, but cannot at
the same time be of generic value. Want of attention to this
which we hold to be a cardinal doctrine has given us a host of
names for proposed genera of Spha>riacei which serve more to
encumber and mystify a difficult subject than any other purpose.
It may be useful to recognize groups of species having similar
sporidia, as in Raphidospora, and call those groups by any con-
venient or characteristic name, so long as they are recognized
at their proper, and not invested with a fictitious value. We
make these remarks less in opposition to our good friend Mr.
Plowright than in extenuation of our own sins in not adopting in
the " Handbook" a larger number of continental genera. We
cannot accept the majority of genera in Sphcvria and Peziza
adopted by Fuckel and others, because they are established on
insufficient characters, derived solely from the sporidia. Perhaps
the genus Gnomonia, including such rostellate species as Sphceria
gnomon, claims recognition, but with that exception we do not yet
see any good reason to amend the classification we have adopted.
The division of Splicvriacei into Vegetabilicoli and Funicoli, is, we
fear, a very weak point in Fuckel's classification.

63

TWO NEW BRITISH AGARICS.

Described by Professor Elias Fries.

Agaricus Wotthingtoni. Fr. — Pileus slightly fleshy, campanu-
late, then convex, viscid (?), even, golden yellow; stem fistulose,
slender, sub-ilexnose, turquoise blue ; gills adnate, ferruginous
brown. Fries in Journ. Bot. ( 1 873), p. 204. A. (Stropharia) albo-
cyaneus, Saund. 4' Sm. Myc. III., t. 29,/. 1-5 (not Desm.)

Pastures. Walthamstow. Dec.

Differing from Ag. albo-cyaneus, in which the stem is soft, hollow,
8-4 lines thick, and shorter ; pileus fleshy, convex, then plane,
milky-white, then becoming verdigris-green ; gills whitish, then
brownish. Spores -00027 X -00017 in.

Agaricus Saundersii. Fr.— Pileus fleshy, thin about the margin,
convex, smooth, viscid (?), becoming whitish; stem solid, firm,
equal, smooth, white; gills slightly adnexed, broad, distant, flesh-
coloured. Fries in Journ. Bot. fl873), p. 205. A. (Entoloma)
majalis, Saund. 4' Sm. Myc. Illns. t. 46 (not Fries).

Growing on the ground in patches.

Ag. majalis, Fr., differs from this, especially in the slender stature,
fistulose stem, membranaceous pileus, which is campanulate on
opening, and cinnamon, and in the gills being free, crowded, and
crenate.

LEIGHTON'S LICHEN-FLORA OF GREAT BRITAIN,

&c.

Being desirous to keep my folio interleaved copy of this work
duly posted up with the new species, varieties, and localities con-
tinually added to our British Lichens, with a view eventually to a
more perfect and comprehensive third edition, or at all events a
supplement to the work, I shall feel greatly indebted to lichenists
generally if they will obligingly communicate to me, either by loan
or gift, characteristic and authentic specimens of any new 'finds
and any other newT information relative to our Lichenology. It is
only by this mutual co-operation that anything approaching com-
pleteness or perfection can be obtained, and it is confidently hoped
that there will be no reluctance, but rather a willing readi-
among my fellow lichenists, to aid and assist with the char-
acteristic liberality of all real scientific students, in every possible
way at their command towards this desirable consummation. Any
specimens entrusted to me for examination will invariably be care-
fully and speedily returned to the owners, and I shall myself at all
times be most willing in return to supply their desiderata, so far
as my duplicates enable me to do so.

Address Rev. W. A. Leigh ton, Lueiefelde, Shrewsbury.

W. A. LEIGHTOtf.

Aug. 25, 1873.

61

Spilocsea pomi. Fries. — This fungus has made its appearance
this autumn in what would seem to be stronger force than hereto-
fore, threatening some crops with destruction. It appears at first
beneath the cuticle of the fruit, then breaks through in circular,
often confluent, patches, of a dark brown colour, bordered by the
lacerated margin of the cuticle. The microscope reveals a mass of
short septate threads, which are simple, and closely packed together,
each one terminating in an ovate, caducous joint, which has all the
characters of a spore, and ultimately becomes at least uniseptate.
The threads and spores are slightly coloured of a smoky-grey tint.
From these particulars it will be seen how near Spiloccea pomi
approaches to such species of Cladosporium as C. dendriticum, of
which it is probably only a condition. In the " Gardener's Chro-
nicle" for Sept. 20th, it is supposed to be a state of Helmiii-
thosporium pyrorum. At any rate, mycologists seem to be agreed
that it is not an autonomous plant, and is closely related either to
Cladosporium or Helminthosporium. From our own examination,
we are at present more disposed to refer it to the former than to
the latter. Further investigation, at a later period, might, perhaps,
modify this opinion, but at present its characters seem to ajDproxi-
mate so closely to Cladosporium dendriticum, especially the variety
orbiculatum, that we consider the probabilities strongly in favour of
that species. — Ed. Grevillea.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Wood, Dr. Horatio. — A contribution to the Fresh Water
Algae of North America, with plates. (" Smithsonian Contribu-
tions to Knowledge.")

Langenbach, Dr. Gustav. — Die Meeresalgen der Inseln Sizilien
und Pantellaria. Berlin.

Moore, Dr. David. — Synopsis of all the Mosses known to
inhabit Ireland, up to the present time, from the " Proceedings of
the Royal Irish Academy," vol. 1, ser. 2. .

Plowiught, C. B. — A list of the Fungi known to occur in the
county of Norfolk, and

Beverley, Dr. Michael. — On the Edible Fungi found in
Norfolk, in the " Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich
Naturalists' Society for 1872-3."

Lists of the Local Fauna and Flora of Eastbourne, reprinted
from " Chambers's Handbook for Eastbourne," corrected to June,
1873.

Lindsay, Dr. Lauder. — General Index to Memoirs of the
Spermogones and Pycnides of Lichens.

(Jrkvillea.

Plate

Fig. I. Geaster stkiatus. D.C
B. C. D. half actual size. Section (A) and mouth (E) real size.
Spores X 700 diam.

Fig. 2. Geaster Bryaxtii. B.
Ualj actual size. Section of Peridium (A) and mouth (C) real size.
Spores X 700 diam.

GrEVILLEj

Plate xvtt.

Fig. 1. Gkaster limbatus, Fr.

Half actual size. Section of inner peridium real size. Spores X 700 diam.

Fig. 2. Gearteti fimbriatus, Fr.

Half actual size. Section real size. Spores X 700 diam.

No. 17.] [November, 1873.

A MONTHLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY
AND ITS LITERATURE.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.
Bij the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.

(Continued from Page 53.)

* Didymium luteo-griseum. B. $ C. — Pennsylvania, Michener,
is apparently the same species.

351. Didymium Curtisii. B. — Sessile, obovatum fuscum, spar-
snm vel lateraliter congestum glabrum, columella distincta ; floccis
albis, sporis nigris. On dead leaves, grass, &c. Car. Inf., No.
1179-1589.

Sessile, obovate, brown, scattered or laterally connate, columella
distinct, apparently of a loose texture ; flocci white ; spores black.

352. Didymium lateritium. B. Sc R.— Globosum vel subreticu-
latum, ex hypothallo membranaceo repente oriundum, lateritium
granulatum, floccis albis, sporis atris. On dead leaves, &c. Car.
Inf. Rav. No. 1015.

Globose or somewhat reticulated by confluence, attached to a
membranous creeping hypothallus, which has some resemblance to
that of Physarum connatum ; brick-red ; minutely granulated ;
flocci white ; spores black.

353. Didymium Nectriaeforme. B. § C— Sessile, fasciculatum
obovatum ; fuscum pulvere luteo sparsum ; sporis nigris. On dead
leaves. New England, Murray, No. 5701.

Sessile, fasciculate, obovate ; springing from a yellow cellular
hypothallus, somewhat resembling that of the last species ; brown,
with a yellow pulverulent bloom ; spores black.

* Physarum psittacinum. Dlttm. — On damp, putrid logs. Car.
Inf. Ravenel. No. 742.

354. Physarum pulcherrimum. B. <£• R — Stipite brevi purpu-
reo ; peridio globoso floccisque lilacinis. On dead pine wood, &c.
Car. Inf. Ravenel, No. 744. Pennsylvania, Michener.

Stem short, but varying in thickness ; dark purple ; peridium
globose, lilac, together with the abundant flocci. Two forms occur,
one of which is smaller and more graceful.

355. Physarum cupripes. B. <L- R.— Primum luteo -viride rnuco-
sum ; stipite sursum attenuato penetrante cupreo ; peridio globoso
lilaciseno-cseuleo, floccis luteis, sporis atris. On dead wood.

66 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

At first forming a yellowish green mucus, which spreads
over the surface in patches ; 12-18 inches across, interlaced
with veins, from which spring the coffee -coloured attenuated stems
which penetrate the globose lilac-blue peridia; flocci abundant ;
yellowish ; spores black. Physarum roseum, B. § Br., is much
brighter in colour, but nearly allied.

* Physarum Columbinum. Fr. — On dead wood. Michener.
No. 3817.

356. Physarum Petersii. B. $ C. — Stipite a?quali lateritio, peri-
dio globoso luteo ; floccis subflavis ; sporis atris. On dead wood.
Alabama, Peters. No. 6072.

Stem equal, brick-red ; head globose, delicate yellow when free
from the dark spores; flocci yellowish.

357. Physarum chrysotrichum. B. $ C— Sessile, subglobosum,
peridio floccisque fulvis. On dead wood. Alabama, Peters. No.
5091.

Sessile, globose ; somewhat depressed ; tawny ; the upper part
soon breaking off'; flocci springing from the base, tawny like the
peridium.

358. Physarum Schweinitzii. B. — Gregarium nitidum flavuni,
floccis parcis spoiisque globosis granulatis concoloribus. Polyan-
gium vitellinum, Schwein. On vegetable fragments. Bethlehem
Schweinitz.

Gregarious, minute, shining, yellow, globose, sessile ; flocci few
even and globose granulated, spores 0006* in diameter, sometimes
rather irregular.

* Physarum connatum. Dittm. — Dklymium pohjceplialum. B. & C.
—On dead leaves. Car. Inf. No. 2589.

859. Badhamia papaveracea. B. $ Rav.— Peridiis globosis bre-
vissime stipitatis utplurimum congestis albis rugosis ; floccis re-
ticularis niveis ; sporis atris. On decayed oak wood. Aiken.
Car. Inf. Rav. No. 1768.

Peridia globose, very shortly stipitate, scattered, or more gene-
rally crowded ; white, wrinkled, so at first to look like a Didymium ;
flocci white, reticulated ; spores -0004 in diameter, somewhat obo-
vate, granulated above, about seven in a group.

* Badhamia utricularis. B. $' Br. — Physarum utricular^. Fr.
Penns., Michener. No. 4408. No. 3553, on cherry, from the

same locality, is apparently a very distinct species, with a yellow
peridium ; but the specimens are too imperfect to characterise.

* Badhamia decipiens. B. — Car. Inf., No. 1333.

360. Trichamphora oblonga. B. Sf C— Stipite lateritio compresso
sursum attenuato flexuoso ; peridio oblongo apice demum hyante
umbrino particulis nitentibus conspereo. On dead wood. Penns.,
Michener. No. 3578.

About ^ of an inch high ; stem compressed, fl,exuous, brick-red ;

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 67

peridium oblong, sub-cylindrical, amber, sprinkled with sinning
orbicular particles, opening with a little orifice; spores minute. A
very curious plant, of which I have but few individuals. The mar-
gin of the spores is not marked with transverse lines as in T.
pezizoides, Jungh.

361. Craterium minimum. B. $ C. — Pedunculo brevissimo,
peridio cyathiformi minimo, basi rufo, margine albo. On dead
grass, &c. Car. Inf., No. 2901.

Extremely minute; stem very short; peridium cyathiform ;
rufous below; margin white, C.jloriforme, Schwein, is a Trichia.

* C. globosum. Ft, — Car. Inf. No. 3841.

* Dictydium microcarpon. Schrad. — Car. Sup. No. 60.

* Dictydium umbilicatum. Schrad. — Var. laxum ; reticulo
laxiore, sporis pallidioribus majoribus. On planks. Car. Inf., No.
1150.

Differs from the normal form in the looser network and paler
larger spores.

362. Cribraria elegans. B. $ C. — Stipite sursum attenuato fusco ;
peridio globoso, purpureo basi leviter venoso ; capillitio reticulata
angulis incrassatis sporisque concoloribus. On decayed wood. Car.
Inf., No. 2992.

About T^- of an inch high ; stem much attenuated above ; peri-
dium nodding ; slightly venose at the persistent base, purple ; ca-
pillitium reticulated ; the angles of the network incrassated, purple
as well as the spores.

363. Cribraria minima. B.$ C. — Stipite filiformi peridio globoso
nutante umbrino subtiliter striata ; capillitio laxo pallido ad angu-
los dilitato. On pine planks. No. 2717.

364. Cribraria microscopica. B. S? C. — Stipite brevi peridio obo-
vato basi evenoso capillitio laxo, angulis non incrassatis. On
shingles. Car. Inf., No. 1182.

Very minute, *012 high ; stem short, straight ; peridium obovate,
not venose below ; capillitium loose, not incrassated at the angles.

* Cribraria intricata. Schrad,— On dead wood. Car. Inf., No.
1121, 1122, 1270, 1530.

* Arcyria cinerea. P.— Texas, Lindheimer. No. 3631, Car.
Inf. Ray. No. 415, 1342, 1752. Ohio, Lea. No. 199. New Jersey.
No. 470 1.

* Arcyria umbrina. Schum.— Car. Inf. No. 1434.

305. Arcyria pallida. B. Sf C— Stipite sulcato ; peridio oblongo
capillitioquo pallidis. On bark. Car. Inf., No. 2236.

Stems short, sulcate, fasciculate ; peridium oblong, pale, as well
as the smooth not echinulate threads. Much smaller than any
state of A.flava.

68 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

* Licea applanata. B. — On bark of Quercus Alba. Alabama,
Peters. No. 6081. Rav. No. 1348.

* Licea fragiformis. Nees. — Pennsylvania, Micliener. No. 6043.
Car. Inf., No. 1140.

* Licea cylindrica. Fr.— Car. Sup., No. 802. Mountains of
New York. No. 4415. t

366. Licea stipitata. B. $ R. — Stipite communi crasso sulcato ;
peridiis in caput hemispheericurn conglomeratis ; sporis la?te umbri-
nis cynibiforruibus. Linn. Soc. Journ. x., p. 350. On dead wood.
Car. Inf. Rav., No. 1305.

Common stem, thick, sulcate ; peridia collected into an liemi-
spherical mass ; spores pinkish umber, boat-shaped.

367. Licea microsperma. B. $ C. — Conglomerata laste umbrina,
sporis cymbiformibus minoribus. New Jersey. No. 4695.

Closely resembling L. fragiformis, but the spores in that species
are globose and minutely echinulate, and -00028 inch in diameter,
while in the present they are shaped as in Licea stipitate, "0002.

368. Licea spermoides. B. Sf C— Effusa gregaria tenuis olivacea
albo-pulverulenta sporis olivaceis. Alabama, Beaumont. No. 4867.

Spreading widely, thin, olivaceous, clothed with white meal ;
spores olive. -0002 in diameter. A very distinct species.

369. Licea Lindheimexi. B. — ErTusa, extus nigra, intus rhabar-
barina, sublateritia, sporis globosis. On dead bark. Texas, Lind-
heimer. No. 3640.

Effused, black, of a tawny brick-red within ; spores globose,
•0003 in diam.

* Lachnobolus cribrosus. Fr. — Car. Inf., No. 419.

* Fexichaena quercina. Fr. — No. 6508. Howr.

370. Fexichaena axtocxeas. B. Sf R.— Deplanata circumscissa sub-
fulva; sporis concoloribus fusiformibus. On bark of juniper. Car.
Inf., No. 1459.

Flat, of a tawny yellow, distinctly circumcised at the base ; spores
fusiform, -0005 long. Very like P. populina, but the spores very
different.

371. Pexichaena irregularis. B. 4' C— Peridiis congestis irregu-
laribus, floccis granulatis, sporis e globosis late ellipticis. On bark.
Car. Inf. No. 2478.

Crowded, irregular, angular ; flocci bright yellow, minutely
granulated ; spores globose, then broadly elliptic. This species
comes very near to P. pojndina, but appears to be really distinct.

372. Ophiotheca umbrina. B. $ C— Peridiis umbrinis serpen-
tibus, floccis crenatis pallidis, sporis globosis. On stems of her-
baceous plants. Car. Sup. No. 413.

Peridia creeping, flexuous, umber, flocci pale yellow, crenate;
spores globose, -0004 in. diameter.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMl-im AN FUNGI. 69

* Diachea elegans. *K— Car. Inf. No. 1157. D. leucostyla,
Schwein. is the same.

* Enerthenema elegans. Bowman.— On boards of a sIkmI. Car.
Inf. No. 1301.

373. Stemonitis tenerrima. B. $ C.— Stipite filiformi, peridio
toto percurso cylindrieo fusco ; capillitio pallido tenerrimo ; sporis
carneis. On herbaceous stems. Car. Inf. No. 1343.

Stem filiform, penetrating to the apex: peridium cylindrical,
brown ; capillitium very delicate, pallid ; spores flesh-coloured. A
small, delicate species.

* Stemonitis ovata. P.— Car. Inf. No. 1300.

* Stemonitis oblonga. Fr.— Car. Sup., Curtis. No. 244.

* Stemonitis obtusata. Fr.— Alabama, Peters. No. 6007.

* Stemonitis physaroides— A. $ S. — Ohio. No. 196/ Var.
subtrnea.

* Stemonitis pulchella. Bab. — Car. Inf. No. 2041. On
grass.

374. Stemonitis porphyra. B.# C— Stipite gracili nigro ; peri-
dio globoso columbino ; capillitio porphyro. On pine wood.

Steua slender, black, shining ; peridium globose, shining like a
pigeon's breast; capillitium purple.

375. Phoma longipes. B. <f C— Subcortical, gregarium ; sporo-
phoris multoties sporis minutis breviter oblongis longioribus. On
Morns rubra. Car. Inf. No. 2101.

Produced under the bark, in which it makes little pustules, at
length more or less free, sporophores many times longer than the
short, oblong, minute spores. Apparently the same species occurs
on tender shoots of Juniperus Virginica. Car. Sup., No. 6468,
but the perithecia are more scattered. V> ch

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BRITISH
DIATOMACE/E.— (Parts 1, 2, 3.)— By A. S. Donkin, M.D.

London — Van Voorst. 1873.

Perhaps no branch of natural history, particularly that relating
to the lower organisms, has occupied the attention of the micro-
scopist more than the Diatomacese.

The synopsis of British Diatomaceaa, by Professor Smith, was
fir 8 1, and indeedtheonly English work in which any scientific arrange-
ment was attempted, and since its publication (20 years ago) very
many new species have, from time to time, been published in various
periodicals ; a new edition of Smith's work, or a new synopsis,
therefore became highly desirable. Dr. Donkin has chosen the
latter alternative, and adopts an arrangement of his own. He
proposes to divide the work into two portions, viz., the Introduc-
tion, which will contain the natural history, classification, structure,

70 THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BRITISH DIATOMACE^.

mode of development, and method of collecting. The second
division, or synoptical portion, will give an accurate and succinct
description of all known British genera and species with their
synonyms.

The synoptical portion is to be completed first. The first part
commences with the Naviculeae, which, the author says " are by far
the most numerous family of the Diatomaceae, of which they are
typical, both in the structure of the frustule and the peculiar power
of motion they display. . . . Two distinct and well marked
types of form or development are met with amongst the Naviculeae ;
in the first the valve is depressed or flattened, broad or short (in
proportion to its width), the convexity behig slight and confined to
near the margin. In the second the valve is elevated or convex
and narrow (in proportion to its length), the convexity being great
and extending from the margin to the medium line, where it is
most prominent.

" In reconstructing this genus and rearranging its numerous
species I have adopted these two types as the basis of classification."

The author follows Kutzing and other diatomists in combining
Navicula and Pinnularia, and he also refers several species of
Stauroneis to the genus Navicula, and he is probably right in so
doing.

He retains Professor Smith's term " side view" (S.V.), but
abolishes "front view" (F.V.), and substitutes M.V., signifying
the view of the frustule exhibiting the median connecting zone and
the margin of the valves. This change appears to us to be un-
necessary, as the former term was sufficiently intelligible, and has
been in use for many years ; if any alteration were desirable on
account of simplicity, the letters F and V would be all that are
required, the former signify ing the frustular, and the latter the
valvular view.

In the Synopsis of British Diatomaceae, 83 species of Navicula
and Pinnularia are described, 60 of which are figured. In the first
three parts of the present work 104 species are figured and described,
and probably one or two more parts will be required to complete
the genus.

We regret to say that the plates are of very unequal merit —
those in Part 2 are particularly unsatisfactory — for example N.
cuspidata is represented with much coarser stria? than N. fulva,,
although the former is said to have 36, and the latter only 30
striae in '001. N. serians is unrecognisable, the wavy longitu-
dinal striae, its most characteristic feature, not being shown.
(The Author says these longitudinal markings are " plicae or folds
on the valve;" this, however, is not the case. The peculiar appear-
ance of the longitudinal striae are caused by the granules of which
the tranverse striae are composed being placed at irregular intervals,
so that the granules in one line of striae are not opposite those above
and below it.) A similar arrangement occurs in the large N. rhom-

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BRITISH DIATOMACEJE. 71

boides (sporangia! form of Dr. Lewis). The curious decussating
stria? of N. rostellum (in fact, no kind of stria? are figured) are not
shown. In the description they are stated to he indistinct, 80 in "001 ;
under a power of 500 diameters they are easily resolved, and are
certainly not more than 55 or GO in "001.*

Having thus alluded to the defects in the plates, we proceed to
the more agreeable task of calling attention to their merits ;
excepting those just named, and two or three others, they are far
more correct than those in the Synopsis. We would particularly
draw attention to the following forms : — N. liebes = N. obtusa, Sm.
N.rostrata= N. tumens, Sm. (the figure in the Synopsis is totally
unlike the actual form), N~. alpina, N. latiuscula = N . patula,
Sm., N. nobilis and N. major are all admirably represented. In
concluding these brief and imperfect remarks on Dr. Donkin's
undertaking, we beg to express our best wishes for its success, and
hope the publication of the parts will now proceed uninterruptedly.

F. KITTON, Norwich.

* We happen to know that the principal cause of the delay in the publication of
the parts has been owing to the difficulty of obtaining satisfactory drawings.

ADDITIONS TO THE LICHEN FLORA OF GREAT
BRITAIN.

By Dr. J. Stirton.

1. Pyrenopsis hcemalea. Smrf. — Ben Lawers, July, 1871.

2. Lecidea botryiza. Nyl. Sp. nova. — Thallus cinereo-virescent,
squamuloso-pulverulent, thin (K — C — ). Apothecia small, simple or
aggregate, prominent, almost spherical, pale-brown to dark-brown ;
spores 8, colourless, elliptical, simple (-008 X -004 m.m.) ; hyme-
niurn colourless, pellucid ; paraphyses not discrete, apices colourless ;
hypothecium thick, dense, brownish-black ; gelatina hymenea creru-
lescent then vinous-red with iodine. Ben Voirlich, 1871.

3. Lecidea Brayeriana, /. ochrodes. Nyl. — Glen Callater, 1872.

4. Lecidea cupreiformis, var. lecanodes. Nyl. — Apothecia spuria
lecanoroidea. Ben Lawers, 1871.

5. Lecidea subincompta, /. ozibata. Kyi.— Ben Lawers, 1871.
C. Lecidea persimilis. Nyl. — Lich. Scand., p. 236.

Thallus whitish, visible here and there, granular ; apothecia at
first small and very concave, afterwards flat and expanded as^well as
enlarged. I am inclined to refer Lecidea scapanaria (Carrington)
to this Lichen.

Ben Lawers, 1871. Carlochan, 1873. On JungermannicB .

72

ON THE DESMIDIACE^E — By Dr. Horatio C. Wood,

JlJN.*

Of all the fresh water Algse, with the exception of the diatoms,
this family has attracted most attention, owing, not only to the
beauty and variety of its forms, but also to their universal presence
and abundance, and the ease with which their most wonderful life-
histories are observed. They are exclusively, as far as known,
denizens of fresh water, and preferably that which is pure and
limpid. Although Mr. Ralfs states that they never grow in
stagnant water, I have often found them in great abundance in
such, yet never in that which was actually putrid. The same
authority is also too sweeping, at least as far as this country is
concerned, in stating they are never found in woods, although they
are really most abundant in the open country. My experience has
taught me to look for them in brick-ponds, small mountain lakes,
springy fens, ditches, and, in the fall, growing among mosses and
in the thick jelly composed of unicellular algae on the face of
dripping rocks ; or to sum up in a word, they dwell in quiet shallow
waters, for I have never found them in rapidly moving or very
deep water.

The single cell of which a Desmid is composed is mostly divided
into two very marked similar portions, the exact counterparts one
of the other, which by some have been asserted to be distinct cells.
Their close union and connection, and their inherent oneness are,
however, so apparent that it is needless here to spend time in
demonstrating that they really are halves of one individual cell.
They contain together all the parts found in the typical vegetable
cell ; an outer cellulose wall, chlorophyllous protoplasm, a nucleus,
starch granules and semi-liquid contents. The cell wall, or
cytioderm, as it is called in this memoir, varies in thickness and
firmness. During life it is mostly, if not always, colourless; but
in certain species in the dead empty frond is of a reddish yellow.
The markings upon it are various, and are not unfrequently al-
together absent ; they are such as fine or coarse punctations,
granulations of various size, stria?, furrows or elevated ribs,
tubercles, obtuse or sharp, simple or forked spines, hair-like
processes, umbonations, &c. These markings are within narrow
limits constant in each species, and more or less peculiar, so. that
they afford valuable characters to the systematist. The cytioderm
itself is mostly composed of cellulose, free from appreciable
inorganic matters : but in certain species contains a large amount
of silex. Thus, according to De Bary, if Closterium lunula be
carefully burnt upon a slide, a perfect hyaline silex cast of the
cells is left.

The chlorophyl is variously placed in the cell, sometimes it is
arranged in lamina, sometimes in spirals, sometimes in the form of

* Extracted from " A Contribution to the Natural History of the Fresh Water
Algae of North America," 1873.

ON THE DBSMIDIACBJ5. 7 3

radii from a central mass. These different methods afford good
generic characters, and will be dwelt apoo more in detail under the

various genera. The colour of the chlorophyl during active life is
a vivid green, which, as the vital forces Lessen, changes to a faded
yellowish tint.

Naegeli and others affirm that there is always a central nucleus
in the Desmid, and probably d<> so with truth, although in many
instances I have found it impossible to demonstrate its presence
from the size and opaqueness of the frond, crowded with endochrome,
&c. In a large number of cases, however, it is very apparent.

As ordinarily viewed underthe microscope, the two most striking
peculiarities presented by these little plants are the motion of the
whole Desmid in the water, and the various movements exhibited
within the fronds. The general movement is most apparent in the
larger species, which exist free and distinct in the water, especially
in the boat shaped Closteria. It mostly consists of a steady,
stately, slow onward movement, with sometimes backward oscilla
tions. By virtue of it, Besmids in a bottle will often congregate
in such positions as arc most exposed to light. There have been
various theories advanced as to the cause of this motion.
Ehrenberg believed that he had found foot-like processes pro-
truding from the end of the frond, and giving the motile power.
Others, such as Eev. Mr. Osborne and Mr. Jabez Hogg, have
attributed the movements to the presence of cilia, but I think have
failed so entirely to establish this that their views are more than
problematical. That the motion is due to vital actions taking
place, especially under the action of light, is as much as can be at
present affirmed with any certainty, though it is probable that the
immediate agents are endosmotic currents of gas or water.

The movements of the contents within the cells are chiefly of
two kinds. Taking Closterium lunula as an illustrative example,
there will be found, on examination with an -Idh objective, a
narrow, very transparent, and, therefore, often not very apparent
layer or zone lying immediately within the cell wall, between it and
the endochrome, and dipping inward in the middle of the frond, so
as to communicate with the nucleus. In this zone are protoplasm,
watery fluid, and scattered granules. In the ends of the fronds the
different portions of this zone, meeting and widening, fill up the
whole of the cavity, and, within the space thus occupied by them,
there is a globular, sharply defined, still more transparent vacuole.
This, some have thought to be a closed sac, with a distinct wall,
but it seems really to be a vacuole lying in the midst of the inner
protoplasm, which, with a few green granules, occupies more or less
completely the transparent zone already described. Sometimes the
chlorophyl encroaches upon this zone at the ends so as to, more or
less, completely surround the vacuole, within which are always
found watery fluid and granules. In the protoplasmic zone, and
its vacuole, active movements are probably always present during

74 ON THE DESMIDIACE.E.

active life. Streams of protoplasm appear to be constantly passing
to and fro between the nucleus and the ends of the cell along the
outer zone, and granules can be always seen passing backwards and
forwards with an unsteady motion.

When streams of protoplasm are setting very actively from the
centre towards one end, there will often be an accumulation of the
protoplasm there, and a consequent decided lessening in the size of
the vacuole, which will again expand as the return currents arouse
themselves. Within the vacuoles are seen more or less numerous
smaller or larger granules in active, busy motion, swarming over
and about one another with an unsteady hurrying to and fro.

A form of motion, similar to this in appearance, but probably of
different significance, is seen in most Desinids when in an unhealthy,
feeble condition. I have seen it most marked in Cosmarium
margaritaceum. In such fronds the endochrome has lost its deep
green colour, and become shrunken, and lying within it is a great
space containing myriads of minute, blackish particles swarming
about actively. This peculiar state and appearance is by no means
confined to the Desmids, for I have seen it very highly developed
both in species of Spirogyra and CEdogonium. It appears to be
connected with decay. Is it possible that these minute particles
are foreign to the plant, vibrionic in nature ?

In regard to the nature of the movements seen within a healthy
Desmid, some have viewed them as exceedingly mysterious, the
result of the presence of cilia, &c; but these views have been so
thoroughly exploded that it is scarcely necessary even to mention
them here. The movements are, in truth, precisely parallel to the
so-called cyclosis of the higher plants. Protoplasmic germinal
matter, wherever it exists, be it in animal or vegetable, has, as one
of its distinguishing characters, the power of active, spontaneous,
apparently causeless movements, and it is simply the carrying out
of this power or attribute which has attracted so much attention in
the Desmids, because it is in them so readily seen.

There are, in this family, two distinct methods in which the
species are multiplied, one with, the other without, the intervention
of anything like sexuality. The non- sexual method of increase is
really a modification of an ordinary vegetative process, a peculiar
cell multiplication by division. In such fronds as those of the genus
Cosmarium, which are composed of two evident halves connected
by a longer or shorter isthmus, the first step in the process is an
elongation of this neck. In a very short time there appears around
the centre of this a constriction, and, I believe, an actual rupture
of the outer coat. By this time a new wall has formed inside each
half of the isthmus, and stretches also across its cavity, forming,
with its fellow, a double partition wall, separating the two halves
of the old frond. Rapid growth of the newly formed parts now
takes place, the central ends become more and more bulging as
they enlarge, and in a little time, two miniature lobules have

ON THE DESMIDIACEJS. 75

shaped themselves at the position of the old isthmus. These are,
at first, small, colourless, and destitute of all markings, Looking, as
Mr. Ralls says, like condensed gelatine. They, however, rapidly
increase in size and firmness, their contents assuming a grei n
colour, and their walls taking on the peculiar markings of the
species. At last, the parts thus formed having assumed the
shape and appearance of the original lobules, the two fronds,
which have been developed out of one, separate mostly before the
new semi-cells have acquired their full size. What part the nucleus
has in the process just described, I have never actually demon-
strated, but have little doubt but that it undergoes a division in
the very commencement, so that the new nucleus of each secondary
frond is formed out of one-half of the old one.

In proportion as the form of the Desmid becomes simpler, so do
the peculiarities of its cell multiplication become less. In those
species which are simple cylindrical cells, there appears to be
nothing peculiar in the method of dividing, which, however, always
takes place through the centre of the cell, and subsequent growth
occurs, generally, only in the new found part.

True sexual reproduction apparently does not take place as freely
in this family as the former process, for whilst I have seen hundreds
of cells undergoing the latter, it has not been my good fortune to
meet with conjugating specimens on more than two or three occasions.

The process has, however, been studied very closely by De Bary,
Braun, Hofmeister, and others, and appears to consist generally in
a rupture of the outer wall of two cells, and the protrusion of de-
licate processes from an inner, often newly-formed coat, with sub-
sequent union of these, and consequently of the two cells, and
afterwards a condensation of the contents in the enlarged connect-
ing passage. The connecting passage between the fronds is really
a sporangium in which the spore is perfected, the contents of the
cell finally condensing it into a firm globe, and secreting around
themselves a thick coat.

The after history of this spore has been very successfully studied
by M. Hofmeister, whose observations were made upon Cosmarium
tetraophthalmuml which he watched conjugating and forming a sort
of resting spore, which was perfected early in the month of July.
This was composed of a thick outer coat and green endochrome
lying within as a distinct ball, nowhere in contact with the investing
membranes. In three weeks time this chlorophyllous protoplasm
had divided into ellipsoidal masses, or primordial cells, which soon
surrounded themselves with cellulose walls, and became distinct free
cells in the granular fluid which filled the cavity of the original
spore. In August each of these masses was divided into two, and
in the month of September the process was repeated, so that out of
the original endochrome eight strong flattened primordial cells were
produced. Division in some specimens ceased here, and in others
took place once more, so that by the following spring all of the

7(3 ON THE DESMIDIACE.E.

living sporangia contained eight or sixteen green daughter cells,
each of them discoid in outline, with a strongly marked central
notch. These daughter cells were finally set free by the solution of
the spore wall, as Cosmaria of minute size, but agreeing in all
other characters with the specific form to which they belonged.

According to Braun, in the larger, more or less lunate Closteria,
conjugation occurs in the following method : Two fronds approach
one another in such a way that they lie back to back. In the
middle of each of them there then appears an annular line or trench
reaching through the cell wall, and accompanied by a distinct
separation of the endochrome into two halves. Whilst these
changes have been progressing there has also formed a new double
wall at the position of the trench, so that out of the two Closteria
two pairs of separate equal celts have been formed. Near to the
larger or central end of each of these now appears a pouting trans-
parent nipple like process. The corresponding opposing processes
enlarging and meeting coalesce, so that the upper half of one
Closterium, in the form of a daughter cell, is finally united with the
upper half of the other Closterium, and the two lower halves are also
joined together. Thus from a single pair of fronds arise two con-
jugating pairs of cells, and finally two sporangia, in each of which
a spore is perfected.

This process does not seem, however, to be universal amongst the
Closteria, for in many, if not all, of the smaller species, a pair of
fronds produces a single sporangium.

In the genus Palmoglcea, in which I have had an opportunity to
study the development of the spores, the process closely simulates
that seen in certain of the Spirogyra. The contents of the cells
first became broken up and confused, and almost simultaneously the
nucleus disappeared, the cells became swollen at one side, and
slightly bent backward, so as to form jutting processes, which
meeting grew together, became confluent, and developed into a
sporangium much larger than either of the parent cells. Into this
sporangium the contents of the latter passed, and soon became
converted into a thick-walled spore, often completely filling the
cavity, and apparently with its wall adherent to that of the latter.

BRITISH GEASTERS.

In the columns of the " Gardener's Chronicle,1' Mr. Worthington
G. Smith has from time to time contributed a synopsis of the
British species of Geaster, with illustrations, which, by the kind
permission of the editor and proprietors of that journal, we have
been permitted to reproduce for the benefit of our readers.

1 Geaster coliformis. P.— Cooke's " Handbook," No. 1070.
« Gardener's Chronicle," 1873, p. 469, fig. 86. [PI. xv., fig. 1.]

Spores -0002 in. diam.

BRITISH GEASTERS. 77

2. Geaster fornicatus. Fr.— Cooke's" Handbook," No. 1071.
"Gardener's Chronicle, 1873, p. 469, fig. 87. [PL xy., fig. 2.]

Spores -00015 in. diam.

3. Geaster striatus. B.C.— Cooke's " Handbook," No. 1072.
" Gardener's Chronicle," 1873, p. 469, fig. 88. [PI. xvi., fig. 1.]

Spores -000 1G in. diam.

4. Geaster Bryantii. B.— Cooke's "Handbook," No. 1073.
" Gardener's Chronicle," 1873, p. 504, fig. 94. [PI. xvi., fig. 2.]

Spores *0U018 in. diarn.

5. Geaster limbatus. Fr.— Cooke's " Handbook," No. 1074.
" Gardener's Chronicle," 1873, p. 504, fig. 95. [PI. xvii., fig. 1.]

Spores -00019 in. diameter.

6. Geaster fimbriatus. Fr.— Cooke's " Handbook," No. 1075.
"Gardener's Chronicle," 1873, p. 543, fig. 104. [PI. xvii., fig. 2.]

Spores -0001 in. diam.

7. Geaster mammosus. Chec— Cooke's " Handbook," No. 1076
" Gardener's Chronicle," 1873, p. 543, fig. 105. [PI. xvii., fig. 1.]

Spores -00035 in. diam.

8. Geaster rufescens. Fr.— Cooke's " Handbook," No. 1077.
" Gardener's Chronicle," 1873, p. 577, fig. 111. [PI. xvii., fig. 2.]

Spores -00017 in. diam.

9. Geaster hygrometricus. P. - Cooke's " Handbook," No. 1078.
" Gardener's Chronicle," 1873, p. 577, fig. 112. [Pl.xiv.,fig. 2.]

Spores -00035 in. diam.

10. Geaster Michelianus. W. G. S.—lt Grevillea," vol. ii.. p. 35.
PI. xiii., " Gardener's Chronicle," 1873, p. G08, fig. 115.

Spores -00014 in. diam.

11. Geaster lagenaeformis. Vitt— " Grevillea," vol. ii., p. 35.
PI. xiv., fig. 1. " Gardener's Chronicle," 1873, p. 608, fig. 116.
Cooke's " Handbook," No. 1079.

Spores smooth, -00012 in. diam.

12. Geaster saccatus. Fr.—U Gardener's Chronicle," 1873, p.
1275, fig. 2GG. [PI. xviii.]

Outer peridium saccate, cleft into many flaccid snbinvolnte la-
cunar ; interior peridium sessile, crowned with a circular flat disc,
and a sharp silky mouth. Spores dark brown, slightly echinulate.

By hedge banks. Truro.

Spores -00013 in. diam.

The spores in all the foregoing figures are magnified 700
diameters.

78

THE MOSSES OF IRELAND.

Bryologists will be very glad to make the acquaintance of such
a complete and careful synopsis as Dr. David Moore has recently
produced of the mosses of Ireland. This synopsis was first pub-
lished in the proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (vol. i., ser.
2, Science), and since issued in a separate form, but as no pub-
lisher's name appears on the title-page, and no price is stated, we
are not in a position to affirm whether it has been published in the
separate form, or only printed for private circulation. The arrange-
ment adopted is lucid and distinct, generic characters are given,
with tabular diagnoses of species; these are followed by ample
references to full descriptions and figures, with an enumeration of
the Irish localities, ending with a copious index. Altogether here
are 140 compact 8vo. pages, representing such a mass of work
that we should be afraid to compute the time it must have occupied
in its production. This is a valuable contribution to our literature
of British Cryptogams, and we can only regret that such appear so
rarely. There is in Dublin a gentleman with a world-wide reputa-
tion in his special subject, who could give us just such a synopsis
of the Irish Fresh Water Algge ; we are not alone in the hope that
Dr. Moore's example may induce him to achieve this new honour
for Old Ireland.

PROFESSOR (ERSTED.

Dr. R. Brown has read to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh,
and it is about to be published in the annual volume of " Transac-
tions," a Biographical Sketch of the late Professor (Ersted, of
Copenhagen. Dr. Brown was specially fitted for this duty, and
has done it with all reverence for the memory of his friend. Pro-
fessor (Ersted was only in the 57th year of his age, and yet by
diligence and perseverance he contributed much to Botanical Science.
In Cryptogams, his best known researches were amongst the Fungi,
on which subject Dr. Brown enumerates thirteen contributions,
prominent amongst which are those relating to the connection
between Rcestelia and Podisoma. Professor (Ersted died at Copen-
hagen, Sept. 3rd, 1872, after a week's illness from dysentery, having
for twelve years occupied the chair of Botany in the University of
Copenhagen.

Fungi Britannici. — The Rev. J. E. Vize, Forden Vicarage,
Welshpool, announces the publication of a fasciculus of British
Fungi, including the following groups : — Puccinirei, Ca?omacei,
iEcidiacei, Mucedines, and Erysiphei, making altogether 100
specimens, at the price of £1. " As a further help to beginners,"
he also announces, " a limited set of very good microscopical
slides, showing spores, &c. ;" which will be prepared on application
at 10s. 6d. per dozen.

79

The Fungus Show at SouTn Kensinoton tliis year was fully
equal to, if not in some respects superior, to its predecessors. The
great fault was a want of arrangement, of classification, and even
of names. Still there was a goodly show of interesting species,
and some that were new. Amongst the latter we observed, for the
first time, an English specimen of Rhizina Icetiigata, Fries, ex-
hibited by Miss Louisa Hubbard, of Horsham. There were also
numerous species of Hydnum, and some very fine Polyporei. An
excellent specimen of Clavaria botrytis arrived late, together with
fresh specimens of Rhizina undulata, Fries. A full account of the
meeting appeared in the " Gardener's Chronicle."

Relation of Funoi to other Plants. — Their most common
colouring matters exactly correspond with those found in the apo-
thecia of lichens, and their more accidental constituents are also
quite analogous to those occasionally found in the apothecia of
particular lichens — for example in those of Cladonia comucopioides.
According to the principles adopted in this paper, fungi ought then
to be looked upon not as fronds, but as the fructification of a low
type of plants, and I think that the fact of the colouring matters
alone leading to such a satisfactory conclusion shows that they
must have some important physiological signification. * * * *
Looking upon fungi from this chromatological point of view,
they bear something like the same relation to lichens that the petals
of a leafless parasitic plant would bear to the foliage of one of
normal character — that is to say, they are, as it were, the coloured
organs of reproduction of parasitic plants of a type closely ap-
proaching that of lichens, which of course is in very close, if not
in absolute agreement, with the conclusions drawn by botanists
from entirely different data. — H. C. Sorby, in Proc. Roy. Soc.

NOTE ON SOLORINA BISPORA (Nyl.).

By the Rev. J. M. Crombie, F.L.S.

In recording the occurrence of this lichen on Ben Lawers, as
mentioned in last number of Grevillea, Dr. Stirton is mistaken in
supposing that it has not been gathered elsewhere than on the
Pyrenees. A reference to Continental Lichenology would have
informed him that since the date of " Ny lander's Synopsis" it had
been found in the Tyrol by Dr. Arnold, and in North Italy by
Professor Anzi. What, however, is of more consequence, is the
specific value of the plant so named provisionally as a separate
species. Dr. Nylander (Syn. p. 331), in speaking of it, says —
" Forsitan tantum varietas saccatce (limbatce maxime propinqua) ;

80

NOTE ON SOLORINA BISrORA.

sed quum transitum nullum vidi, earn seorsim exponere debui."
Such a transition state, however, may be seen in Anzi " Exs.
Langob.," 46, where the spores are 4-2 nae, and in a specimen from
Killin in my own Herb. s. n. S. limbata, where, however, the thecae
are usually 4-spored. S. bispora, therefore, cannot with propriety
be regarded as distinct from S. limbata (Smmr ft.). This latter also,
as it appears to me, has but very slight claims to be separated,
otherwise than as a mere variety from S. saccata (Linn.). Certainly
as seen in the " Herbarium," and having regard only to the cha-
racter of the so-called thallus, it seems sufficiently distinct. An
attentive observation, however, of the plant three months ago in
Killin, convinced me that an opinion I had previously entertained
was correct. There it grows, always associated with saccata, and
not only so, but in one and the same specimen occur both the type
and the variety. The former evidently passes into the latter through
the decay or destruction of the proper thallus, aud the consequent
growth or protrusion of an alien thallus. This latter, which is of
a gelatinous nature, belongs either to an undeveloped Collema, such
as C. cheileum, or a Leptogium such as L. scotinum (minor), (in
which case it is Lichen spongiosus. (Sm., E. B.T., 1374.). This is
frequently more or less suffused with a whitish lepraria, differing
in character, on a microscopic examination, from the pruina which
occurs on the thallus of the type. This alien thallus gradually
destroys or takes the place of the proper one, leaving only a narrow
thalline margin around the apothecia, which becomes at length
isidiose or granulose. There can thus, I think, be little doubt that
the species stands thus : — Solorina saccata (Linn.), with thecae
4 spored and membranaceo-papyraceous continuous thallus ; var.
limbata (Smmrft.), with thecae 4, rarely 2-spored, and proper thallus
interrupted, and only bordering the apothecia, its place being other-
wise usurped by an alien gelatinous (collemoid) thallus.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

O'Meara, Rev. E. Recent Researches in the Diatomaceae,
No. 7, in " Journal of Botany," for October.

Niessl, G. V. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Pilze (continued)
in " Hedwigia," No. 9.

Smith, W. G. On Geaster saccatus, with fig., in " Gardener's
Chronicle," p. 1275(1873).

Kitton, F. Strange habitats of certain species of Diatomacea*,
in " Science Gossip," for October.

Sorby, H. C, F.R.S. On Comparative Vegetable Chromatology
(including Cryptogamia), from the " Proceedings of the Royal
Society," No. 146, vol. xxi.

Grevillea.

Plate xix.

Fiff. 1.

v^C

F s. 2.

1. Geaster mammosus. Chev.
After Sowerby : spores X 700 diam.
2. Geaster rufescens. Ft.

Half actual size : section real size : spores X 700 diam.

iXQ., lith.

No. 18.] [December, 1873.

(bxtvilUu,

A MONTHLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY
AND ITS LITERATURE.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.
By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.

(Continued from Page 53.)

376. Phoma macropus. B. $ C— Subcuticular, peritheciis spar-
sis ; 6porophoris flexuosis sporis oblongis 5-6 longioribus.
On the white shoots of some shrub. Scattered, tearing off with
the cuticle ; scattered, collapsed ; sporophores waved, 5-6 times
longer than the short oblong spores. Nearly allied to the last, but
distinct.

377. Phoma Petexsii. B. cj- C. — Erumpens, clemum superficiale,
hysteriiforme in lignum dealbatum situm, sporis ellipticis,binucleatis.
On wood which has been exposed to the weather, and has become
bleached. Alabama, Peters. No. 523-4.

Scattered, hysteriiform, erumpent, then free ; spores elliptic,
•0003 long, with two nuclei. Distinct from Phoma epileucum, B.,
in which the spores are -00015 long, and not so elliptic.

378. Phoma citrulli. B. $ C. — Deplanatum superficiale, sporo-
phoris sporis fusiformibus bi-trinucleatis brevioribus. On seeds of
watermelon. Car. Inf. No. 5031.

Flat, superficial, sporophores shorter than the fusiform 2-3 nu-
cleate spores, -0008 long.

379. Phoma cucuxbitale. B. Sf C— Spar sum deplanatum nitidum ;
sporis breviter oblongis binucleatis minutis. On seeds of water
melon.

Scattered, shining, flat ; spores minute, oblong, binucleate,
•0002-00025 long.

380. Phoma ampelinum. B. § C— Subcuticular hysteriiforme,
sporis fusiformibus. On shoots of vine. Pennsylvania, Michener.
No. 4094.

Growing beneath the cuticle which swells into little hysteriiform
pustules ; spores oblong, subfusiform, *0005 long.

381. Phoma pallens. B. $ C— Subcuticular hysteriiforme ;
sporophoris sporis utrinque apiculatis sub-fiequalibus. On shoots
of vine which it renders pallid. Car. Inf. No. 5015. Also on
Celastrum scandens. Penn. Michener. No. 4127.

82

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

Growing beneath the cuticle, sporophores equal in length to the
spores which are oblongo-fusiform pointed at either end, '0002-
•0003 long.

382. Fhoma uvicola. B.& C— Irregulare cuticula anguste cinctum,
sporis oblongis. On berries of Vitis. Car. Inf. No. 3286.

Produced beneath the cuticle, through which it bursts, and by
which it is surrounded ; spores oblong, -0003 long.

383. Fhoma confluens. B. <fc C. — Maculis elevatis marginatis,
peritheciis confluentibus ; sporis brevibus. On branches of vine.
No. 5616.

Forming little raised hysteriiform spots with a distinct margin.
Perithecia black, confluent ; spores shortly oblong, -0002 long.

384. Phoma ustulatum. B. $ C— Maculis helvolis, peritheciis
punctiformibus ; sporis utrinque attenuatis. On leaves of Vitis
cestivalis. No. 4842.

Spots broad, red-brown; perithecia minute punctiform ; spores
attenuated at either end, shortly fusiform, -0003 long.

* Fhoma xadula. B. & Br.— Pennsylv. Michener. No. 4049.
On pear. Car. Inf. No. 4998. Spores subfusiform, -0005 long.

385. Fhoma Phytolacca;. B. $ C— Subcuticula dealbata oriun-
dum ; sporis fusiformibus binucleatis. On Phytolacca. New Jersey.
No. 4702.

Black shining, covered with the bleached cuticle ; spores fusi-
form binucleate, -0004 long, resembling those of P. pattern.

386. Phoma helvolum. B. $ C— Maculis helvolis definitis ; peri-
theciis minutis ; sporis minimis. On leaves of some Anonaceous
plant. Texas, C. Wright. No. 3901.

Spots definite with a distinct margin reddish brown, perithecia
minute ; spores shortly oblong, -000 i long.

* Phoma concentxicum. Besm.- On Yucca. New England,
Russell. No. 5973. Penns., Michener. No. 4141, 4164. Alabama,
Peters. No. 4569.

387. Fhoma melaleucum. B. & C— Subcuticular e nitidum e
macula albida oriundum, sporis oblongis. On berberry. New
England, Sprague. No. 5274. On Magnolia tripetala. Penn-
sylvania, Michener. No. 4096. On Aralia spinosa. Alabama,
Peters. No. 5185.

Growing on a pallid spot, subcuticular, shining ; spores oblong,
•0003 long. In No. 5274 the spores are rather narrower and -0004
long.

388. Phoma mixtum. B. % C— Subcortical e sero liberation,

sporophoris sporis utrinque apiculatis sub aBqualibus, processibus
filiformibus apice curvatis intermixtis. On Liriodendron. Car. Inf.
No. 4963. On Viburnum opulifolium. Penns., Michener. No.
4174.

Produced under the bark in which it forms little pustules, at

notices of north AMERICAS fungi. 83

length free ; sporophores about equal in length to the spores which
are shortly fusiform, -00025 long, mixed with filiform processes,
about three times as long, curved at the tips.

* Phoma fibricola. B.— On whitened wood of Populus dilatata.
Penns., Michener. No. 4241.

389. Phoma maculare. B. $ C— Maculis orbicularibus brunneis
immarginatis peritheciis irregularibus ; sporis oblongis subcymbi-
formibus. On leaves of Diplopappus. Alabama, Beaumont. No.
4GG1.

Forming brown orbicular spots, in the centre of which are
Beated the irregular perithecia; spores oblong subcymbiform. -0004
long.

390. Phoma chartarum. B. $ C— Sparsum e subiculo tenero
byssoideo oriundum, sporis minimis.

On white paper. Alabama, Beaumont. No. 5106. Perithecia
scattered, each springing from some delicate radiating threads ;^
spores very minute, -00012 long, sometimes ejected in the form of
a tendril.

There are also a great many other forms in the collection which
can scarcely be characterised as there are no very distinctive marks
in the spores.

391. Phoma cinctum. B. $ C— Irregular e depressum materie
alba cinctum, sporis oblongis angustis.

On leaves of Ulmus Americana. Car. Inf. No. 3791. Peri-
thecia irregular, depressed, surrounded by a white border ; spores
oblong, narrow, -00027.

* Leptothyrium Ribis. Libert. — On Ribes nigrum. Connecticut.
C. Wright. No. 5G39. New England. Russell. No. 5943.

In the former the spores are wider at one end, slightly curved,
•0008--0006 ; in the latter often more curved, and then not dilated
at one end, '001 long.

392. Leptothyrium Celastri. B. 4' C— Superficiale orbicularc
gregarium, sporis cylindricis.

On twigs of Celastrum. New England. Murray. No. G270.
Forming little black orbicular superficial specks ; spores cylindrical,
•001 long.

* Leptothyrium Fragariae. Libert. — Sprague. No. G241.

393. Leptothyrium Lychnidis. B. tf C— Maculis pallidis ; peri-
theciis punetiformibus ; sporis oblongis utrinque irregularibus.

On Lychnis Flos cttculi. Alabama. Peters. No. 4544. Spot
pallid, perithecia very minute ; spores oblong, hollowed out on
either side, -0004 long.

394. Leptothyrium punctiforme. B. tk C— Sparsum minutum
superficiale ; sporis oblongis curvalis.

On leaves of Erujeron. Massachussets, No. 3387. Scattered

84 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

over the under surface without any spot ; perithecia punctiform ;
spores oblong, more or less curved, '0008 long.

395. Cryptosporium noveboracense. B. & C. — Peritheciis de-
planatis fuscis sporophoris brevibus, sporis lunatis.

On bark of Abies. Mountains of New York. No. 4502. Form-
ing little flat pustules, sporophores scarcely half so long as the
crescent-shaped spores, *001 long.

396. Cryptosporium Pini. B. $ C— Peritheciis papillasformibus
nigris ; sporophoris triplo sporis angustis curvatis uniseptatis
brevioribus.

On smooth pine bark. New England. Sprague. No. 5270.
Perithecia papillaaform, black, at length rupturing the cuticle ;
sporophores about -\ as long as the narrow crescent-shaped at length
uniseptate spores attenuated at either end, '003 long.

397. Cryptosporium filicinum. B.& C. — Nitidum hysteriiforme ;
sporophoris duplo sporis curvatis filiformibus brevioribus.

On dead ferns. Alabama. Peters. No. 4008. On Osmunda
cinnamomea. Penns. Michener. No. 4884. Shining hysterii-
form ; sporophores half as long as the thread-like curved spores,
which are variable in length.

In appearance it approaches Leptostroma, but differs in the more
highly developed spores.

* Sphaeronema rufum. i^V.— On Magnolia glauca. Car. Inf.
No. 4923.

398. Sphaeronema echinatum. B. <$• C. — Perithechiis globosis ;
collo longo processibus echiniformibus subverticillatis ornatum ;
sporis filiformibus curvalis.

On twigs of Rhododendron. Mountains of New York. No.
4464. Perithecia minute, globose, with a long neck clothed in a
verticillate manner with stiff spines ; spores filiform slightly curved.

399. Sphseronema penicillatum. B. $ C— Peritheciis elongatis
ventricosis e basi orbiculari oriundis, collo longo penicillato.

Car. Inf. On dead wood. No. 2134. Perithecia springing from
an orbicular base, above which it is first contracted, then ven-
tricose, ending in a long neck which is clothed with loose hairs.

400. Sphaeronema metulaeforme. i?.— Peritheciis fuscis metulaB-
formibus, collo breviore apice penicellato albo.

On Cornus fiorida with Perichcena popidina, Fr. Car. Inf. No.
2515. Perithecia ninepin-shaped, brown, base contracted, neck
about two-thirds as long, white, with a pencil of articulated threads.

401. Sphaeronema epiglaeum. B. $ C— Peritheciis globosis,
collo cylindrico.

On some Tremella, which runs up the sides of the neck and
upper portion of the perithecium, which is globose, gradually
passing into the cylindrical neck. . q*

85

NEW BRITISH HEPATIC^.

By Dr. Carrington.

Riccia bifurca. Iloffm.

Fronds tumid, flabellate ; lobes elliptic-obvate, cuspidate, retuse,
or bifurcate ; margin elevated, rounded ; disc nearly plane, glaucous-
green ; lower surface sphacelate.

Iloffm. PL Cryp. Germ. p. 95 {excel, syn. Michelii). Lindenberg's
Riccice, p. 65, t. 20, f. 1. N. ab. E. Hep. Eur., iv., p. 396. Syn.
Hcpat. p. 600.

Hab. On limestone rocks by the shore, Barmouth, Oct. 18G7 !
Aberffraw, W. Wilson, 1830 ! Levens Park, Westmoreland, on
limestone rocks, G. Stabler, Feb., 1870 ! Head of Glen Dole,
Forfar, J. Sadler, 1872 !

Patches 2 to 3 inches in diameter (pi. 18, f. 1), glaucous-green,
margin and underside purplish-black ; fronds crowded and fre-
quently imbricated, firmly attached to the surface, but from the
tumid margins appearing to stand boldly from it. Like all the Riccice,
the individual fronds increase by repeated bifurcations from the ter-
minal lobes, which diverge more or less, so as to assume a pedate,
or flabellate outline — not stellate, as usually described by authors.
In old tufts, the periphery is found to describe the section of a
circle, or series of circles, the centres of which, from the decay of
the older fronds, are incomplete, or occupied by newer fronds.

Segments of the fronds, 3 to 6 lines in length, by a line in dia-
meter, contracted at each end, elliptic-spathulate, rarely oblong,
cuspidate at the apex (f. 4, 5), or obovate-emarginate, and more
or less deeply furcate. Frequently the lobules are separated
from each other by a mere chink (f. 2, 3), but near the base
of the frond they are patent or divergent (f. 5). Their charac-
teristic feature, however, is the bold, tumid border, most con-
spicuous near the apex, but surrounding the lobes more or
less perfectly, and visible even in dry specimens. The depressed
portion is broad and plane, or slightly concave (f. 6), without any
defined mid-vein, as in R. sorocarpa. When in a state of fructi-
fication, the segments are sometimes contracted or deformed, but
generally retain the peculiar boat-like outline. On section the
border is found to be permanently thickened, not merely inflexed
(f. 7). Cellular tissue solid, homogeneous, upper stratum columnar,
intermediate portion darker-green, from the presence of numerous
gonidial cells. Epidermis of the lower aspect purplish-brown,
continued uniformly, or in irregular fascia over the margins.

Rootlets numerous, either capillary and translucent, or papillose
within. Sporangia scattered irregularly over the disc of the frond,
at length rupturing the epidermis. Spores conspicuous, dark-brown,
three-angled, sub-cristate, rounded and reticulate-muricate on the
outer surface (f. 8, x. 120).

The margin, in old fruit-bearing fronds, is sometimes irregularly
crenate externally, and the purple stratum disposed in spots or bars,

86 NEW BRITISH HEPATIC.E.

so as to resemble scales. In this state it may be confounded with
R. nigrella, D.C., a species first discovered by Mr. Ralfs, at Bar-
mouth, and published under the name of R. lamellosa. The two
species grow near each other, R. nigrella on damp banks, and R.
bifurca on limestone cliffs. The former is smaller in all its parts,
with linear dichotomous lobes (pi. 18, f. 9), margin membranou ,
entire, expanded, and dark-green when moist, but when dry re-
markably inflexed, and displaying the dark-purple scales which
clothe the inferior surface, and which are rounded and closely im-
bricated. In this state the fronds have a peculiar wiry look, quite
different from their aspect after rain. In R. lamellosa, Raddi, the
under side is concolorous, and the scales are pale and scariose,
much narrower, and projecting beyond the margin.

In R. glauca the fronds are of uniform colour on both surfaces,
texture much thinner, margins plane, acute, or slightly inflexed.
From "Ross Bay in Ireland, and Penzance, I have received a small
var., in which the margin is purple, but not thickened as in R. bifurca.

When I first collected this species at Barmouth, I thought it
probably a form of R. glauca, the fleshy habit of which might
depend on the sea air, as in Cochlearia, Silene, &c. Recently, how-
ever, I have received authentic specimens from Prof. Lindberg, a
drawing of which I give at fig. 4, and which differ in no respect
from our own plant, except that the lobes are more oblong.

PI. 18, fig. 1. R. bifurca, natural size. 2, 3, 4, 5 fronds X 16

diam. 6, transverse section. 7, the same X 60 diam., showing the

cellular structure. 8, spores X 250 diam. 9, R. nigrella, D'Cand.

Upper surface when dry and inflexed, showing the lamellate scales.

Riccia sorocarpa. Bischoff.

Segments of the frond linear, sub-dichotomous, carinate-sulcate,
green on both surfaces ; lobes thick and fleshy, oblong, obtuse, or
emarginate ; margin thin, glabrous, inflexed when dry ; fruit
scattered along the mid-vein.

R, sorocarpa, Bisch. de Hep., in Nov. Act. A. Nat. Cur., xvii.,
2. p., 1053, t. 71, f. 11. iexd. syn., R. minima?, Ruddi.) Syn. Hepat.,
p. 600. Gott. and Raben. Hep. Eur. ex. n. 23. 543.

R. minima, Leers Fl. Herborn, p. 252 {not Lindenberg Monog.
der Riccieen, p. 67, t. xx., f. 2).

Hab. Great Doward Hill, near Ross, Hereford ; discovered by
Mr. H. 31. Watkins, growing on limestone rocks, 1862 !

Fronds forming shallow strata, divaricate-furcate, crowded
and entangled so as to be separated with difficulty ; colour pale
glaucous-green on both surfaces.

Segments one to three lines in length, by \ to ^ of a line
broad, linear, the lobes patent or divergent. Upper surface cana-
liculate-sulcate, mid-vein distinct, margins expanded when moist
(f. 11, 15), except near the apex, where they are thin, membranous,
and erect or incurved (f. 13, 14). When dry the involution of the
margin is more decided, so as to hide the upper surface, and impart
to the frond a peculiar aspect (f. 16). Ventral surface nearly

NEW BRITISH HEPATICLE. 87

of the same colour, obscured in some parts by the fibrillar which
proceed from it, and which, as in all of the Marchantiece (for, as
pointed out by Hoffmeister, Ricciais only an angiocarpous section of

thai tribe] — are of two kinds : simple, translucent, capillary rootlets,
and others, which seem dotted, from the presence of peculiar clavate
thickenings within the tubules (f. 17) ; sometimes the rootlets are
varicose, or bulbous at the apex.

On section the frond is seen to be nearly trigonous (f. 17), tex-
ture solid and fleshy, destitute of lacuna', central stratum chloro-
phyllose, superficial cells arranged in linear series, conical at the
apex.

J'istiUidea scattered along the carinate base of the lobes, young
fruit immersed, at length elevating the epidermis until it ruptures,
and allows the escape of the spores.

Spores smaller than in R. bifurca, but not so much so as in the
figures (8 and 18), the former of which is magnified to twice the
diameter, so as to show the surface markings. Colour, dark-brown,
cremate reticulate.

A short notice of R. sorocarpa appeared in the March number
of " Grevillea," by Dr. Braithwaite, so that I should not have
recurred to the subject (although I had made drawings at the time
with the intention of describing the species), but for the discovery
of a nearly allied form, and the difficulty of discriminating such
minute species from descriptions only. I trust, therefore, the
figures given will facilitate the study of these interesting additions
to our Flora, and perhaps lead to the recognition of cognate species.

When the new Riccia was first sent to me by Mr. Watkins, I
referred it doubtfully to R. sorocarpa, for, possessing only Linden-
berg's monograph, I was misled by the figure and description of
his R. minima (under which R. sorocarpa, Bisch., is quoted as a
Bynonym), but in which the lobes are acute, and purple on the under
side. This form, although published in Syn. Hepat., p. G01, as a
distinct species, appears to me to come very near R. bifurca, of
which it may prove only a small variety.

The smaller forms of R. glauca may be distinguished by their
much thinner texture, and the absence of the characteristic invo-
lution of the margins.

Lastly, from R. nigrella, which it approaches in size, and the
linear involute lobes, it may be known by the absence of the row of
roundish, purple scales with which that species is clothed externally,
and which are met with in no other European Riccia.

Probably A*, sorocarpa may be found in other localities ; but,
except after rain, it is very difficult to make it out, the particles ol
earth adhering to the marginal rootlets of the inflexed fronds, im-
parting to it nearly the same colour as the surface on which it grows.

PI. 18, fig. 10, R. sorocarpa, natural size ; 11, 13, 14, 15, fronds
expanded X 16. 12, inferior aspect of frond. 16, appearance of
the segments when dry. 17, Transverse section, exposing sporan-
gium X 60. 18, spores X 120 diam.

88

NEW BIUTISH HEPATIC^.

Nardia revoluta. (N. ab. E.) Lindb.

Leaves erecto-patent, bidentate, rigid, sub-complicate, round or
elliptic-obovate, base narrowed, clasjnng ; sinus and lobes acute,
margins re volute throughout. (Fr. ?)

Sarcoscyphus revolutus, N. ab. E. Eur. Leberm. ii., p. 419., iv., p.
xxxiv., Syn. Hepat., p. 8.

Jung, atrata, Mitten, HejDat. of East Indies. (Jour. Lin. Soc,
1859, p. 90.)

Sent to Prof. Lindberg, Aug., 1 873, by Mr. David Orr, of Glasnevin ,
under the name of Andrcea alpina. Luggielaw, Co. Wicklow, 1851.

Fronds densely csespitose, of an intense black colour, sub-kevi-
gate, stoloniferous at the base.

Stolons matted together, of nearly the same thickness as the
stems, dark-brown, brittle, sparingly radiculose.

Shoots ascending, simple, half an inch to an inch long, rigid.
Innovatious from the apex or axils of the upper leaves, fasciculate.

Leaves bifariously imbricated, complicate-concave (f. 22 —
23), bi-dentate, erect and adpressed when dry, erecto-patent
when moist ; roundish or elliptic-obovate (f. 21, 25), from a some-
what narrowed base. Near the base of the stem they are smaller
and more distant, gradually enlarging upwards, except when inno-
vations are present, when the stem is interrupted, and the upper
leaves scarcely exceed it in diameter (f. 25).

Lobes equal, acute, cuspidate ; sinus deep, equal to about i of
the length of the leaf, angular, but a little rounded at the base from
the recurvation of the margin. Margin narrowly but uniformly
reflexed, so as to appear thickened under the lens (f. 22).

Texture of the leaves dense, polished, scarcely altered when dry,
colour pitch-black, deep-brown by reflected light. Cells minute,
thick-walled polygonal (f.24),those of the margin sub-quadrate, com-
pressed, -ptVq" broad. Cells of the middle of the leaf hexagonal,
ttW m length, by T^j0-" broad ; basal cells more elongated (-775-0")
but not differing in breadth. Trigones small.

This interesting addition to our list of Hepaticte was collected
by Mr. David Orr, as long ago as 1851, but overlooked as a form
of Andrsea, which it resembles in habit and colour. Himalayan
specimens, from Dr. Hooker, differ only in the shoots being sub-
falcate, and the leaves more secund.

In size, and the emargination of the leaves, N. revoluta is inter-
mediate between N. emarginata and N. Funckii, but the narrow
revolute continuous border will at once distinguish it from
these, and all allied species. The leaves of N. emarginata are
usually reflexed at the base, but the lobes are blunter, and plane at
the margin. (PI. 18, fig. 19-25

PI. 18, f. 19, Nardia revoluta, natural size. 20, shoots X 16
diam. 21, 23, 25, stem leaves X 30. 22, lateral aspect of upper
leaf (involucral ?) 24, portion of the leaf to shew the reticulation
and revolute border X 120 diam.

89

NEW BRITISH LICHENS.

Communicated by the Rev. J. M. Crombie, F.L.S., &c.

The following new species of British Lichens have been described
by Dr. Nylander in the " Flora," 1873, pp. 280 300.

1. Lecanora fugiens. Nyl. — Thallns glaucescent, opaque, thin
or very thin, unequal, effuse; apothecia whitish flesh-coloured,

minute, with entire white thalline margin; spores 8 nae, ellipsoid,
0,009-13 m.m. long, 0,005-G m.m. thick ; paraphyses slender;
hymeneal gelatine (especially the thecse) bluish and then tawny
wine-red with iodine.

On dry rocks in the Island of Jersey (Larbalestier). This species
belongs to the section of L. piniperda, Krb., and has the spermatid
arcuate.

2. Lecanora actaea. Nyl. — Thallns leaden-greyish, unequal, ri-
moso- diffract, moderate or thinnish, somewhat bluish and white,
fimbriated at the circumference ; apothecia blackish, slightly pro-
minent, at length convex, biatorine ; spores 8 nae, ellipsoid or sub-
fusiform, 1-septate, 0,012-14 m.m. long, 0,00045 m.m. thick;
epithecium dark-bluish ; paraphyses thickish, articulated; hymeneal
gelatine, bluish, and the thecre at length violet with iodine.

On maritime rocks in the Island of Jersey (Larbalestier). A
peculiar species belonging to the section of Lecanora erysibe ( Ach.)

3. Lecanora spodophseiza. Nyl. — Thallus greyish, moderate,
granuloso-verrucose, thinly white-fimbriated at the extreme cir-
cumference ; apothecia badio- reddish, somewhat plane, with sub-
entire, scarcely prominent thalline margin ; spores 8 nae, oblong
or fusiform i-oblong, simple, or often subspuriously 1-septate, vari-
able, 0,009-18 m.m. long, 0,004-6 m.m. thick ; epithecium faintly
brownish ; hymeneal gelatine at first slightly bluish, and then
wine-red with iodine.

On maritime rocks in the Island of Jersey (Larbalestier). This
species has the appearance of Lecanora poliophcea or spodophwa,
but in reality belongs to the section of L. erysibe. The spermatia
are arcuate.

4. Lecidea atropurpurascens. Nyl.— Somewhat similar to L.
atro- purpurea, Schaer, but differing amongst other characters in
having the hymeneal gelatine intensely and persistently bluish
with iodine.

On aged oaks in the New Forest, near Ministeed (Crombie,
April, 1808).

5. Lecidea subsphaeroides. Nyl— Thallus whitish, thin, areolato-
rimose, rugulose ; apothecia pale-reddish, margined, at length
convex, the margin excluded, moderate; spores 8 n«, ellipsoid, or
oblongo-ellipsoid, 1-septate, 0,014-17 m.m. long, 0,006-7 m.m.
thick ; paraphyses not discrete ; hymeneal gelatine bluish and the
thecaj violet with iodine.

90 NEW BRITISH LICHENS.

On young beech trees, near Lyndhurst, in the New Forest.
(Crombie, April, 1873.) Belonging to the same section as the
preceding.

6. Lecidea hexnipolioides. Nyl. — Thallus greyish-green, thin,
subopaque, rugulose, indeterminate ; apothecia pale or livid, convex,
immarginate, colourless within ; spores 8 na?, oblong, usually some-
what curved, 3-septate, 0,012-18 m.m. long, 0,0045 m.m. thick;
paraphyses not very well discrete, slender, epithecium colourless ;
hymeneal gelatine, especially the theca3, at first bluish, then tawny
wine-coloured or reddish with iodine.

On rocks, Jersey (Larbalestier). Distinct from L. arceutina*
hemipolia, Nyl.

7. Lecidea caxneo-glauca. Nyl. — Thallus glaucous-green, thin,
opaque, subleprose, whitish, limited at the circumference, K —
C — ; apothecia sordid, or pale flesh-coloured, convex, immar-
ginate, whitish within ; spores 8 nse, attenuato-fusiform, 1-5 sep-
tate, 0,025-40 m.m. long, 0,0030-35 m.m. thick ; epithecium and
hypothecium colourless ; paraphyses slender, not very well discrete ;
hymeneal gelatine bluish, and then tawny with iodine.

On siliceous stones, Jersey (Larbalestier). Belonging to the
section of L. luteola. The spermogones are pale, urceolate, with
oblong spermatia.

8. Lecidea scotinodes. Nyl. — Thallus dark-greyish, thin, un-
equal, areolato-rimose, subdeterminate ; apothecia black, convex,
immarginate, whitish within ; spores 8 na?, colourless, oblong,
simple, or 1-septate, 0,014-18 m.m. long, 0,005-6 m.m. thick ;
paraphyses moderate, incrassate at the apices, dark bluish-black;
hypothecium colourless ; epithecium K — , faintly violet ; hyme-
neal gelatine bluish, and then wine- red with iodine.

On micaceous rocks, Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole (Crombie,
August, 1871). Allied to L. scotina (Krb.) from which it differs
by the above characters.

9. Lecidea contiguella. Nyl. — Thallus whitish, thin, areolato-
rimose, surrounded at the circumference by a black hypothallus,
K — ; apothecia black, adnate, plane, margined, within concolorous;
spores 8 nse, colourless, oblong, simple, -0,011-15 m.m. long,
0,0045-55 m.m. thick ; epithecium dark-bluish, hypothecium
brown ; paraphyses moderate ; hymeneal gelatine bluish, then
wine-reddish with iodine.

On quartzose boulders, Morrone Braemar (Crombie, August,
1872). Differs in the above characters from L. lactea, Flh.

10. Lecidea deludens. Nyl. — Thallus whitish, firm, thin, rimose,
K + pale yellowish, surrounded by a very thin, black hypothallus ;
apothecia black, innate, circumcised, plane, obtusely margined,
concolorous within ; spores brown, 1-septate, 0,022-27 m.m. long,
0,008-13 m.m. thick ; paraphyses discrete, regular, moderate,
clavate, brownish, hypothecium brown ; hymeneal gelatine intensely
bluish with iodine.

(JEW BRITISH LICHENS. 01

On weathered quartzose stones on the summit of Cairn Gowar,
Blair Athole (Crombie, August, 1871). Allied to L. co lindens,
Nyl.

11. Lecidea subgyratula. Nyl.— Thallus blackish, very thin,
opaque, sub-rimose, apothecia black, gyroso- rugose, minute ; spores
8 n®, 0,012-J6 ni.iii. long, 0,008-10 m.m. thick; epithecium
brownish, paraphyses slender, not discrete, hypothecium blackish ;
hymeneal gelatine pale bluish, and then tawny wine-red with
iodine.

On stones on the ground near the summit of Morrone (Crombie,
August, 1872). Looks like Lecanora simplex, but is allied to
Lecidea wmbonatula, Nyl.

12. Lecidea confeederans. Nyl. — Th alius scarcely any visible ;
apothecia black, plane, obtusely margined, verrucoso-congested
(verruca composed of 20-30 or more apothecia), within blackish ;
spores 8 n«, oblong, simple, 0,010-11 m.m. long, 0,003-4 m.m.
thick ; paraphyses moderate or thickish, clavato- incrassate and
bluish-black or greenish-blue at the apices ; hypothecium thick,
brownish black (K purplish).

On quartzose boulders, Morrone, Braemar (Crombie, August,
1872). A very distinct species.

13. Lecidea delimis. Nyl, — Thallus dark-greyish, verrucoso-
granulate or rugose, moderate, hypothallus subfimbriated, infuscate,
limiting the thallus ; apothecia black, at length convex, immargi-
nate, greyish-suffused, within concolorous ; spores 8 nse, colour-
less, oblong, 3-septate, 0,015-18 m.m. long, 0,004-5 m.m. thick ;
epithecium granulose, paraphyses moderate, soft, hypothecium
thick, black ; hymeneal gelatine tawny-wine-coloured or somewhat
reddish with iodine.

On granite rocks, Jersey (Larbalestier). Looks like an Ope-
grapha, but belongs to the section of Lecidea premnea.

14. Lecidea subvixidis. J\'yl.— Thallus greenish or dark-green,
somewhat shining, rugulose ; apothecia black, minute, plane, dis-
tinctly margined, within whitish ; spores 8 na?, colourless, oviform,
] -septate, 0,011-16 m.m. long, 0,005-7 m.m thick; epithecium
brown, paraphyses moderate, hypothecium colourless ; hymeneal
gelatine bluish, then tawny red with iodine.

On siliceous stones, Jersey [Larbalestier). Belongs probably to
the section of L. arthoniza.

15. Lecidea lutulata. Nyl. — Thallus yellow-ochraceous, thin,
leprose or indistinct ; apothecia black, convex, immarginate, within
concolorous; spores 8 nse, colourless, ellipsoid or oviform, simple,
0,007-9 m.m. long, 0,003-4 m.m. thick ; paraphyses not discrete,
epithecium bluish, hypothecium thick, brownish-black ; hymeneal
gelatine bluish, and then tawny wine-red with iodine.

On maritime rocks, Jersey (Larbalestier). Belongs probably to
the section of L. dispansa, Nyl.

92

DK HORATIO WOOD'S METHOD FOR PRESERVING
FRIiSH WATER ALG^E.*

There are three or four distinct classes of localities, in each of
which a different set of forms may be looked for. These are
stagnant ditches and pools, springs, rivulets, large rivers, and other
bodies of pure water, dripping rocks in ravines, &c. ; trunks of
old trees, boards, branches and twigs of living trees, and other
localities.

In regard to the first — stagnant waters — in these the most con-
spicuous forms are Oscillatoria? and Zygnemacefe. The Oscilla-
torias may almost always be recognised at once by their forming
dense slimy strata, floating or attached, generally with very fine
rays extending from the mass, like a long, delicate fringe. The
stratum is rarely of a bright green colour, but is mostly dark, dull
greenish, blackish, purplish, blue, &c. The Oscillatoria? are equally
valuable as specimens at all times and seasons, as their fruit is not
known, and the characters defining the species do not depend upon
sexual organs. The Zygnemas are the bright green, evidently
filamentous, slimy masses, which float on ditches, or lie in them,
entangled amongst the water plants, sticks, twigs, &c. They are
only of scientific value when in fruit, as it is only at such times
that they can be determined. Excepting in the case of one or two
very large forms, it is impossible to tell with the naked eye with
certainty whether a Zygnema is in fruit or not ; but there are one
or two practical points, the remembrance of which will very greatly
enhance the probable yield of an afternoon's search. In the first
place the fruiting season is in the spring and early summer, the
latter part of March, May, and June being the months when
the collector will be best repaid for looking for this family. Again,
when these plants are fruiting they lose their bright green colour
and become dingy, often yellowish, and very dirty looking — just
such specimens as the tyro would pass by. The fine, bright green,
handsome masses of these algse are rarely worth carrying home.
After all, however, much must be left to chance ; the best way is to
gather small quantities from numerous localities, keeping them
separate until they can be examined. .

Adhering to the various larger plants, to floating matters, twigs,
stones, &c, in ditches, will often be found filamentous Algas, which
make fine filmy fringes around the stems, or on the edges of the
leaves, or perchance one may meet with Rivalariae or Nostocs, &c,
forming little green or brownish balls, or indefinite protuberances
attached to small stems or leaves. These latter forms are to be
looked for, especially late in the season, and whenever seen should
be secured.

In the latter part of summer there is often a brownish, gelatinous

* Extracted from "A Contribution to the Natural History of the Fresh Water
Algse of America." Washington, 1873.

ON FRESH WATER ALG.E. 93

scum to be seen floating on ditches. Portions of this should be
preserved, as it frequently contains interesting Nostocs and other
plants.

In regard to large rivers, the time of year in which I have been
most successful in such localities is the latter summer months.
Springs and small bodies of clear water may be searched with a
hope of reward at any time of the year when they are not actually
frozen up. I have found some exceedingly beautiful and rare
Alga3 in such places as early as March, and in open seasons they
may be collected even earlier than this. The Desmids are most
abundant in the spring, and possibly most beautiful then. Tiny,
however, rarely conjugate at that time, and the most valuable
specimens are therefore to be obtained later — during the summer
and autumn months, at least, so it is said ; and the experience I
have had with this family seems to confirm it. Rivulets should be
watched especially in early spring, and during the summer months.

From the time when the weather first grows cool in the autumn,
on until the cold weather has fairly set in, and the reign of ice and
snow commences, is the period during which the Alga? hunter
should search carefully all wet, dripping rocks, for specimens.
Amongst the stems of wet mosses — in dark, damp crevices, and
little grottos beneath shelving rocks — is the Algse harvest to be
reaped at this season. Nostocs, Palmellas, conjugating Desmids,
Sirosiphons, various unicellular Algas, then flourish in such
localities. My experience has been thatlate in the autumn ravines,
railroad cuttings, rocky river-banks, &c, reward time and labour
better than any other localities.

The Vaucherias, which grow frequently on wet ground, as well
as submerged, fruit in the early spring and summer in this lati-
tude, and are therefore to be collected at such times, since they
are only worth preserving when in fruit.

In regard to Algae which grow on trees, I have found but a
single species, and do not think they are at all abundant in this
latitude. Further south, they seem to be the most abundant forms.

As to the preservation of Alga?, most of the submerged species
are spoiled by drying. Studies of them should always, when
practicable, be made whilst fresh. Circumstances, however, will
often prevent this, and I have found that they may be preserved
for a certain period, say three or four months, without very much
change, in a strong solution of acetate of alumina.

An even better preservative, however, and one much more easily
obtained, is carbolic acid, for I have studied Desmids with great
satisfaction which had been preserved for five or six years in a
watery solution of this substance. In regard to the strength of
the solution, I have no fixed rule, always simply shaking up a
few drops of the acid with the water, until the latter is very de-
cidedly impregnated with it, as indicated by the senses of smell
and taste.

9i ON FRESH WATER ALG.E.

Almost all species of Algae which are firm and semi-cartilaginous,
or almost woody in consistency, are best preserved by simply dry-
ing them, and keeping them in the ordinary manner for small
plants. The fresh-water Algae which bear this treatment well
belong to the Phycochromophycece, such as the Nostocs, Scytonema,
&c, the true confervas not enduring such treatment at all. When
dried plants are to be studied, fragments of them should be soaked
for a few minutes in warm, or for a longer time in cold water.

The only satisfactory way that Algae can be finally prepared for
the cabinet is by mounting them whole or in portions, according to
size, for the microscope. Of the best methods of doing this the
present is hardly the time to speak ; but a word as to the way of
cleaning them will not be out of place. Many of them, especially
the large filamentous ones, may be washed by holdiug them fast
upon an ordinary microscope slide, with a bent needle, or a pair of
forceps, and allowing water to flow or slop over them freely, whilst
they are rubbed with a stiffish camel's-hair pencil or brush. In
other cases, the best plan is to put a mass of the specimens in a
bottle half-full of water, and shake the whole violently, drawing off
the water from the plants in some way, and repeating the process
with fresh additions of water, until the plants are well scoured.
At first sight, this process would seem exceedingly rough, and
liable to spoil the specimens, but I have never seen bad results
from it, at least when practised with judgment. The water seems
so to envelope and protect the little plants, that they are not
injured.

After all, in many instances it appears impossible to clean these
Algae without utterly mining and destroying them, so that he who
despises and rejects mounted specimens simply because they are
dirty and unsightly, will often reject that which, scientifically speak-
ing, is most valuable and attractive.

In finally mounting these plants, the only proper way is to place
them in some preservative solution within a cell on a slide. After
trial of solution of acetate of alumina and various other preser-
vative fluids, I have settled upon a very weak solution of carbolic
acid, as the best possible liquid to mount these plants in. Acetate
of alumina would be very satisfactory were it not for the very great
tendency of the solution to deposit minute granules, and thus spoil
the specimens. As every one knows, the great difficulty in pre-
serving microscopic objects in the moist way is the perverse ten-
dency of the cells to leak, and consequently slowly to allow entrance
to the air and spoil the specimens.

As I have frequently found to my great chagrin, the fact that
a slide has remained unchanged for six months, or even a year, is
no guarantee that it will remain so indefinitely. It becomes,
therefore, exceedingly important to find some way of putting up
microscopic objects that can be relied on for their preservation.
Where carbolated glycerine jelly or Canada balsam can be used,

ON FRESH WATEB A.LG I 05

the solid coating which they form around the specimens constitutes
the best known protection. Except in ease of the Diatoms, how-
ever, these substances so shrivel and distort the fresh water i
immersed in them as to utterly ruin them. I lost so many
specimens by the old ways of mounting, that, becoming dis-
heartened, I gave up all idea of making a permanent cabinet,
until a new cement, invented by Dr. J. G. Hunt, of this city, wafl
brought to my notice. This is prepared as follows ■ —

Take damar gum, any quantity, and dissolve it in benzole ; the
solution may be hastened by heat. After obtaining a solution just
thick enough to drop readily from the brush, add enough of the
finest dry oxide of zinc, previously triturated in a mortar with a
small quantity of benzole, until the solution becomes white when
thoroughly stirred. If not too much zinc has been added, the
solution will drop quickly from the brush, flow readily, and dry
quickly enough for convenient work. It will adhere, if worked
properly, when the cell-cover is pressed down, even when glycerine
is used for the preservative medium. Keep in an alcohol- lamp
bottle with a tight lid, and secure the brush for applying the cement
in the lid of the bottle.

Its advantages lie in the circumstance that the glass cover can
be placed upon the ring of it whilst still fresh and soft, and that
in drying it adheres to both cover and slide, so as to form a joint
between them of the width of the ring of cement, and not, as with
asphaltum, gold size, &c, simply at the edge and upon the outside
of the cover. It is readily to be seen how much less liability to
leakage must result from this. The method of mounting with it
is as follows : — A ring of any desired size is made by means of an
ordinary Bhadbolt's turn-table, upon a slide, which is then placed
to one side to dry. When required for use, the specimen, cover,
&c, being all prepared and ready, the slide is again placed upon
the turn-table, and a new ring of cement put directly upon the old
one. The specimen is immediately placed within the cell thus
formed, and the requisite quantity of the carbolated water placed
upon it. The cover, which must be large enough to entirely or
nearly cover the cement ring, is now picked up with the forceps,
the under side being moistened by the breath to prevent adhesion
of air-bubbles, and placed carefully in position. It is now to be
carefully and equably pressed down with some force. By this any
superfluous water is squeezed out, and the cover is forced down into
the cement which rises as a little ring around its edge. The pres-
sure is best made with a stiff needle, at first on the centre, and
then upon the edges of the cover, which may finally be rnade slowly
to revolve underneath the needle point. The slide may then be put
aside to dry ; or better, an outside ring of the cement thrown over
its edge in the usual manner. Where a deep cell is required,
several coats of the cement should be placed one over the other,
each being allowed to dry in turn. If time be an object, and only

96

ON FRESH WATER ALG.E.

a shallow cell be necessary, the first ring of cement may be dispensed
with, and the whole mounting of the specimen be done in a few
minutes. Even with this cement, and the utmost care in mounting,
the cabinet should be occasionally inspected, for there will always
be some slides into which air will penetrate. When such are found
efforts may be made to stop the leak by new rings of cement over-
laid upon the old ; but very often entire remounting of the speci-
men is the only satisfactory cure.

Viennese Fungi. — The only fungi that I have seen exposed
for sale in Vienna are Truffles from France. Dried slices and
fragments of Boletus edulis — common in every shop at which dry
food substances are sold — and in the markets Agaricus melleus. I
find that Agaricus campestris and Ag. arvensis are well known and
eaten, but I have not seen them during my peregrinations.
Bushels of Agaricus melleus have been exposed for sale during the
past month. — [Ed. Grevillea.]

Fungus Foray op the Woolhope Club. — During the third
week in October some very pleasant excursions were made in the
neighbourhood of Hereford, by the members of this Field Club,
and their friends. The meeting being held this year at a more ad-
vanced period of the autumn than heretofore, a different class of
fungi was consequently met with. On the 23rd the Rev. M. J.
Berkeley accompanied the members on an excursion to Holm
Lacy, where a profusion of Geoglossum olivaceum, P., was found,
or rather an interesting variety of this species, in which the stem,
although perfectly smooth, was of a bright green colour. It grew
gregariously amongst short grass, on a mossy lawn, and will be re-
presented in the forthcoming fasciculus of Fungi Britannici
Exsiccati. Upon the same occasion were found Agaricus icterinus,
Fr., Hygrophorus fornicatus, Fr., and Clavaria curta, Fr., all pre-
viously unrecorded as British species. Upon the tables were
specimens of the following less common species : — A. gloiocephalus,
Fr., Cantharellus umbonatus, P., Hygrophorus Haughtonii, B. &
Br., Lactarius uvidus, Fr., Polyporus Schweinitzii, Fr., The-
lephor a multizonata, B. & Br., Hyphomyces torminosus, Tul.,
Marasmius Hudso?ii, Fr., and many others. On the following
day an excursion was made to Moccas Court, where specimens
of Clavaria purpurea, Mull, CI. umbrina, B., Hygrophorus russo-
coriaceus, B. & M., and numerous other highly interesting species
were found. During the meeting the following papers were
read : — Mr. C. E. Broome on " New Genera of Fungi ;" Mr.
James Benny on " Saprolegniei ;" Mr. Wm. Phillips on " The
Fungi of Charcoal Beds;" and on "The Fungi of Gerarde's
Herbal," by the undersigned

King's Lynn. Charles B. Plowright.

Grevillea.

Tlatr XX.

Geaster saccatus, Fr.
(Reprinted, by permission, from the "Gardener's Chronicle:')

No. 19.] [January, 1874.

A MONTHLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY
AND ITS LITERATURE.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.
By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.

{Continued from page 84.)

*451. Cocculaxia stictica. B — Peritheciis punctiformibusnigris;
sporis breviter ellipticis. On dead bark. Car. Inf. No. 2235.
On Platanus. Ravenel. No. 1532.

Perithelia punctiform, black; spores shortly elliptic, nearly as
broad as long, with a distinct nucleus '0003 long. Sometimes two
perithecia become confluent.

*Excipula strigosa. Fr.—On Sambucus pubens. Mountains of
Car. Sup. No. 4492.

Spores -0008 long.

452. Excipula exumpens. B.— Congesta erumpens glabra ;
sporis curvulis breviter apiculatis. On stems of Phytolacca. Penns.,
Michener. No. 3601.

Erumpent smooth ; spores slightly curved, shortly apiculate,
with from 2 to 4 nuclei, -0006 long.

453. Excipula punctifoimis. B.— Punctiformis hispida ; sporis
curvis fortiter apiculatis latiusculis. On an old corn broom. Car.
Inf. No. 1752.

Punctiform superficial hispid ; spores curved enucleate, strongly
apiculate, rather broad.

454. Dinemasporium Pezizula. Lev.— Pezizasforme hirtum ;
sporis curvatis angustis, 5 nucleatis. On Sambucus pubens, moun-
tains of Car. Sup., No. 4492.

Regular, pezizseform, hairy, spores curved.

* Astexoma poxnigena. Sckwein!— On apples. New England.
Sprague, No. 5410.

* Astexoma Rosae. Libert.- On rose leaves. Car. Inf., No.
3676.

455. Astexoma puxictifoime. B.— Punctiforme ; floccis radian-
tibus tenerrimis : sporis simplicibus cymbelormibus 3-4 nucleatis.
On rose leaves, No. 5946.

Minute, punctiform, with extremely delicate radiating threads ;

* The manuscript of the intervening numbers having been lost in transmission,
they must be replaced at a future time.

98 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

spores slightly cymbaaform, -0008 inch long, -00016 wide, with
from three to four nuclei.

456. Asteroma atramentarium. B.~ Nigerrimum compactura
expansum ; floccis radiantibus reticulatis ; peritheciis minutis ;
sporis brevibus subcymbyformibus. On leaves of Amelanchier and
Pyrus arbutifolia. Car. Inf., No. 1773. >

Forming broad black patches, with a reticulated radiating border ;
perithecia minute ; spores shortly cyrnbiform, about -0005 long.

* Asteroma Robergei. Desm.— On the inner side of stems of
Arundinaria. Car. Inf., No. 3213.

Endobotrya. B. § C— Perithecia abdita ; sporse clavatse pedun-
culate ; episporium reticulatum ; endosporium e cellulis globosis
nucleatis transversim subseriatis.

457. Endobotrya elegans. B. & C. — On branches of beech.
Maine. No. 5703. Perithecia concealed by the bark ; spores "002 inch
long, oozing out and forming black orbicular patches, clavate, pe-
dunculate ; external coat hyaline at first, continuous, then reticu-
lated; endochrome consisting of globose nucleated, at length sepa-
rable divisions, which are at first arranged in transverse layers.
This is probably a state of some Sphasria, but the structure is so
curious that for the present it is left under the name originally
proposed.

458. Cytispora orthospora. B. $ C- — Pustulis parvis, demum
erumpentibus planis ; sporis lineari-oblongis. On Robinia. Penns.,
Mich., No. 5158. New Jersey, No. 4681.

Pustules at length bursting through the bark, plane above ; peri-
thecia with a flat expanded base ; spores *0004 inch long. In the
Pennsylvanian plant the pustules are quite concealed by the bark,
having probably not arrived at maturity, and the spores are rather
longer, -0005 inch.

459. Cytispora abnormis. B. <& C. — Pustulis minutis apice tantum
erumpentibus ; sporis oblongis binucleatis. On twigs of Robinia.
Car. Inf.

Pustules minute, entirely covered by_ the bark, with the excep-
tion of the apex ; spores oblong, -0003 inch long with two nuclei.

460. Cytispora parva. B. & C. — Pustulis minutis apice tantum
punctiformi erumpentibus ; peritheciis globosis ; sporis oblongis
angustis enucleatis. On twigs of Robinia. Car. Inf. No. 3424.

Pustules small, piercing the cuticle by the minute apex ;
perithecia globose ; spores oblong, narrower than the last, but of
equal length.

461. Cytispora ficicola. B. <fc C. — Pustulis minutis ; peritheciis
globosis, sporis oblongis curvulis. On twigs of fig. Pennsylvania,
Michener, No. 4011.

Pustules minute, covered by the cuticle ; perithecia globose ;
spores sausage-shaped *0003 inch long.

NOTICES OF NORTH 4MB BIO AS FUXCI. 99

4G2. Cytispora leucophthalma. B. <£ C— Pustulis minutis, apice
niveo ostiolo «itro percurso ; peritheeiis in stromate nigro conditis ;
sporis minutissimis curvulis.

On bark of Cerasus caroliniensis. Car. Inf. No. 2709. New
Jersey. No. 4077.

Pustules minute, bursting through the bark by the snow white
apex, whicli is pierced by the black common aperture in the
centre; perithecia globose or elliptic in a black stroma ; spores
curved, very minute. The New Jersey plant, which was formerly
named C. nivosa, has rather longer spores, but may be considered
a variety. C. niphostoma, Mont, is very different.

4G3. Cytispora Gordoniae. B.— Pustulis minutis immersis; sporis
bnvibus, fortiter curvatis utrinque angustioribus. On peduncles of
Gordonia lasiantha. Car. Sup. No. 700.

Pustules minute, subcutaneous ; spores short, strongly curved,
thicker in the middle.

* Cytispora Persicae. Schrcein. — On peach twigs. New York.
Sartwell. No. 2655.

464. Cytispora chloroglaea. B. & C— Pustulis oblongis hysterii-
formibus, apice planis ; sporis curvulis minutissimis chlorinis. On
twigs of Cornus sericea. Mountains of New York, No. 4500.

Pustules oblong hysteriiform, bursting through the bark, flat
above; spores very minute, sausage-shaped. The following Cytis-
pora?, with sausage-shaped spores, have been distributed under the
following names: — C. laxa, B. 4' C, on Calycanthus. Car. Inf.
No. 3209. C. coryneoides, B. $ C, No. 5938. On Vitis labrusca.
C. PUSTULATA, B. 4' C. No 4387. On roots of Quercus alba.
Pennsylvania, Michener. C. Micheneri, on ash. Pennsylvania,
No. 5142. C. Ailanthi, B. <$■ C. Car. Sup. No. 3432.

* Cytispora rhuinae. Schwein.— On Rhus. Maine, Rev. J. Blake.
Spores -0002 inch long.

* Cytispora leucosperma. Fr.— On twigs of various trees, under
twenty different numbers, from various localities.

* Cytispora rubescens. Fr. — On Pyrus Americana. Mountains
of New York. No. 4432, 4473. On poplar. New England,
Russell. No. 5912.

* Cytispora hyalosperma. Fr.— On Acer rubrum. Car. Sup.
Car. Sup. No. 20.

* Cytispora aurea. Fr.— Boston. Sprague. No. 6205.

* Cytispora chrysosperma. Fr. — On Populus grceca. Penn-
sylvania, Michener. No. 3542.

* Cytispora pinastri. Fr.- New England. Russell. No. 5900.

* Cytispora carbonacea. Fr. — Ohio. Lea. No. 131.

* Dflicropera Drupacearum. Lev.— On Prunus and Cerasus

100 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

avium. Pennsylvania, Michener. No. 3537, 4186. Maine, E. S.
Morse. No. 5440.

465. IHicropera rubida. B. $ C. — Transversim erumpens, rubida ;
sporis filiforniibus longissimis. On cherry. Pennsylvania, Michener.
No. 3934.

Bursting transversely through the bark, reddish within and
without ; spores thread-shaped, very long, the endochrome here
and there interrupted.

* Discella caxbonacea. B. $ Br.— On willow twigs. Maine.
Rev. J. Blake. No. 6304.

466. Discella effusa. B. $ B.— Pustulis punctiformibus stratum
nigrum efformantibns ; sporis oblongis, angustis. On decaying
apples. Pennsylvania, Michener. No. 3541.

Pustules minute, crowded into black effused spots ; spores
oblong, -0008 long, -00016 wide, without any nucleus.

467. Discella rugosa. B.$C. — Pustulis sparsis curvulis sub-
hysterii formibus ; sporis oblongis utrinque attenuatis, endochro-
mate utrinque retracto. On Acer rubrum. Pennsylvania, Michener.

Pustules scattered hysteriiform, slightly curved, here and there
dotted with the slightly prominent ostiola; spores pedicellate, ob-
long, attenuated, slight at either extremity, -0005 inch long ; en-
dochrome retracted towards either apex; pedicel as long as the
spores.

468. Discella Magnolias. B. & C— Pustulis sparsis, apice tantum
nudis ; sporis oblongis brevioribus. On twigs of Magnolia cordata.
Virginian mountains. No. 3359.

Pustules small, covered with the cuticle, which is not discoloured,
except at the apex ; spores "0003 inch long, oblong, -00008 wide ;
pedicels as long as the spores.

469. Discella obscura. B. ft C— Pustulis minutis depressis sparsis
fuscis, epidermide tectis ; sporis oblongis. On twigs of Acer stria-
tum. Massachusetts. No. 3395.

Pustules minute, rather irregular, depressed, covered with the
transparent cuticle through which their brown tint is visible ;
spores oblong, 0003-'0006 long, slightly wider than in the last.

470. Discella micxospora. B. & C— Pustulis parvis elongatis
depressis ; sporis brevibus subellipticis. On twigs of Ceanothus
Americanus. Pennsylvania, Michener. No. 3599.

Pustules elongated, depressed, covered with the cuticle, which at
length becomes transparent in the centre and bursts ; spores sub-
elliptic, -0003 long, -00013 wide.

* Phlyctaena vagabunda. Besm. — On stems of Phytolacca.
Alabama, Beaumont, No. 4656 ; spores, -0006 long.

471. Phlyctaena axcuata. B. — Pustulis minutis, epidermide

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 101

tectis, sporis filiformibus apice hamatis. On dead Solida/jo. New
England. Russell. No. 5814—5915.

Pustules minute slightly convex, covered with the cuticle ;
spores filiform, curved over at the apex, '001 long.

472. Phlyctsena orthospora. B. <fc 6*. — Pustulis oblongis fusco-
marginatis ; sporis oblongis. On Phytolacca. Pennsylvania,
Michener.

Pustules oblong covered with the cuticle, with a narrow brown
border; spores oblong, -00062 long.

* Melanconium magnum. B. — On Acer. Connecticut.
Wright. No. 5615—5046 ; spores -001--0015 long.

473. Melanconium cellulosum. B. <fc C. — Pustulis ellipticis, lima
apertis ; stromate celluloso ; sporis oblongis nucleatis. On stems
of Bhus radicans. Pennsylvania. Michener. No. 5130.

Pustules elliptic covered with the cuticle which splits along the
major axis, 'cellular within ; spores oblong with a nucleus -00057
long.

474. Melanconium cinctum. B. <f C— Pustulis nigris epider-
mide cinctis ; sporis obovatis. On small branches of Castanea
jmmila. Mountains Car. Sup. No. 4451.

Pustules black, surrounded by the cuticle ; spores broadly obo-
vate, -0008 long, with a minute nucleus.

475. Melanconium varium. B. $ C— Pustulis liberis elevatis
subtruncatis ; sporis oblongis. On dead twigs. New England.
Sprague. No. 5819.

Pustules free, somewhat truncate above ; spores oblong, -00016
long, sometimes slightly curved.

>.)*-*

SORBY'S RESEARCHES ON CHROMATOLOGY.

Mr. H. C. Sorby, F.R.S., has published, in the Proceedings of
the Royal Society, some of the results of his examination of Algae
and other Cryptogamia, by spectrum-analysis. We quote the fol-
lowing : —

Connexion of the different Groups of Alga.

Perhaps I cannot choose a better illustration than that furnished
by tbe different groups of Alga — the olive, the red, and the green.
They contain at least twelve different colouring-matters, distributed
very differently, in such a manner as to connect, and yet to dis-
tinguish, the different groups very characteristically. 1 have not
yet made any accurate quantitative analyses, and therefore express

102

sorby's researches on chromatology.

the relative amount of the various substances by the following

signs : —

A relatively large quantity *

A relatively moderate quantity -j-

A relatively small quantity

Blue chlorophyll

Yellow chlorophyll ,

Chlorofucine

Orange xanthophyll

Xanthophyll

Yellow xanthophyll

Fucoxanthine ^

Lichnoxanthines

Phycocyan

Pink phycocyan

Eed phycoerythrine

Olive.

Eed.

Gi-een.

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+
+

*

+
*

+

On inspecting this table it will be seen that the olive Algce are
characterized by the relatively large amount of chlorofucine and fucox-
anthine, and the total absence of yellow chlorophyll, of xanthophyll,
and of yellow xanthophyll. The red are especially distinguished by
the colouring matters of the phycocyan and phycoerythrine groups,
but also differ from the olive in containing xanthophyll and very
little chlorofucine and fucoxanthine. The green are characterized
by the presence of yellow chlorophyll and yellow xanthophyll, as
well as by the absence of chlorofucine, fucoxanthine, and the sub-
stances soluble in water, so characteristic of the red group. Blue
chlorophyll, orange xanthophyll, and the lichnoxanthines are com-
mon to all. It will also be seen that the red group is intermediate
between the olive and the green, and, independent of the red
colouring-matters, it differs from each of the other groups far less
than they do from one another. It is also still more closely con-
nected with each by other examples. My endeavour has been to
extend such a method of comparison to all the leading classes of
plants and to some of the lower classes of animals, and to ascer-
tain the order in which they should be arranged, so as, in like
manner, to show the most gradual and unbroken passage from one
to the other. '

Connexion between the loivest classes of Animals and Plants.

Comparing these various groups of Alga? with other classes of
plants, and with such low classes of animals as Actinice, I found
that the whole of the colouring -matters present in green Alga are
those most characteristic of all the higher plants, the only difference
being that in certain circumstances these latter contain in addition
various more or less accidental and unessential substances, belong-
ing to the erythrophyll and chrysotannin groups, some kinds of

sorby's researches on chromatology. 103

which, nevertheless, do to some extent appear characteristic of par-
ticular classes. As far as their constituent colouring-matters are
concerned, the green Algce are therefore perfectly typical plants.
On the contrary the olive Algce differ h\ a very marked manner;
they contain no yellow chlorophyll, nor either of the two kinds of
xanthophyll, all so characteristic of the most perfect plants, but
contain chlorofucine and fucoxanthine, both of which occur in cer-
tain species of Actinia?, like Anthea cereus, var. smaragdina. The
presence of such colouring-matters, therefore, connects the olive
Algce with the lower classes of animals, in the same manner that
the presence of blue chlorophyll connects some animals with plants.
Such substances, though essential to the growth of plants, arc not
constant in closely allied species of animals, as though they were
of no more importance for the life of animals than the accidental
vegetable colouring-matters are for the life of plants. The value
of these connexions between plants and animals remains to be de-
termined, but in any case such definite facts must, I think, have
some very important signification. If, then, according to these
principles, the olive Algce be looked upon as a link connecting the
lowest classes of plants with some of the lowest classes of animals,
there is a perfect and simple continuity ; whereas if they were to
be considered intermediate between green Algce and the higher
Cryptogamia, there would be two great breaks of chromatological
continuity.

Changes occurring in Oscillatorice.
The olive Algce are also connected in another manner with lichens,
through Oscillatorice. These latter plants are extremely interest-
ing, since they are subject to most remarkable changes, depending
on the conditions in which they grow. I have made a series of
quantitative analyses, which show this in a striking manner. I
may here say that the chief difficulty in the analysis was the de-
termination of the amount of the lichnoxanthines in presence of
chlorofucine and fucoxanthine, and therefore the quantities given
must be looked upon as only approximate, derived from several
different methods, none of which were perfectly satisfactory, though
they all agreed in leading to the same general conclusions. In dis-
cussing the results of the analyses, it was requisite to take the
amount of blue chlorophyll as uniform, since it was the only con-
stituent occurring in any considerable quantity throughout the
v hole series. To have taken equal weights of the plants them-
selves would have been almost impossible, and would often have
made those which really correspond very closely appear to differ
extremely, since the constitution of the endochrome is the impor-
tant question. Of course by thus calculating the results as if the
amount of chlorophyll were the same in all, there appears to be an
increase in some of the other constituents in the specimens exposed
to the sun, due, however, in reality to a reduction in the relative
quantity of chlorophyll.

104

SORBY S RESEARCHES ON CHROMATOLOGY.

For comparison I give the following : —

I. Fucus serratns grown in the shade.

II. The same plant grown in the sun.

III. Oscillatoria grown under water, in a cold spring, in a very
shady place.

IV. The same plant, in the same spring, where more exposed to
light.

V. The same plant, growing in and on the surface of water,
where fully exposed to direct sun.

VI. Probably a different species of Oscillatoria, growing on a
damp wall, completely exposed to the sun.

VII. Peltigera canina, slightly shaded, and having much fructi-
fication.

VIII. The same plant, where much exposed to the sun.

Blue

cliloro"

Ckloro-

Phyco-

Orange
xantho-
phyll.

Fuco-

Lichno-

phyll.

fucine.

xanthine.

xanthine.

xanthines.

1 I-

100

90

0

3

77

11

i

' II.

100

100

0

31

100

14

4>

►

8

•£

III.

100

13

0

1

51

6

©

, IV.

100

19

36

3

55

10

e

y v.

100

trace

67

25

11

9

H

VI.

100

ii

100

77

25

23

sj

VII.

100

27

32

0

32

•1

^ VIII.

100

54

100

0

100

§j

In this Table are compared together the same or very similar
plants growing in different conditions, as connected by the brackets,
and also plants belonging even to different classes. On comparing
together the amount of the different constituents of the same plants
grown in less or more light, it will be seen that some of the differ-
ances are in perfect agreement with those already described ; but
the differences in the Oscillatoria? are evidently not a mere change
in equilibrium, due to the decomposing action of the light, and
point unmistakably to a great difference in the constructive force
of the plant, depending on increased light. There is a remarkable
development of phycoxan thine and orange xanthophyll, and a great
decrease in the amount of chlorofucine and fucoxanthine, and the
result is that we have a change almost from the type of olive Alga?
to that of certain lichens. When growing in a very shady place
the colouring-matters soluble in bisulphide of carbon are all iden-

80RBY S RESEARCHES ON CHROMATOLOGY. 105

tical with those in Fucus and other olive Algce, whereas when
grown exposed to much sun there is a great reduction in the
amount of those substances which are so characteristic of that
group, and at the same time a great developement of others which
are almost or altogether absent from it, but occur in large quantity
in, and are very characteristic of, such lichens as Peltigera canina.
The olive Algce are, however, distinguished from those Oscillatorice
which approach them most closely by the absence of the phyco-
cyans ; and though these occur in Peltigera, it is distinguished by
the absence of fucoxanthine from those Oscillatorice which in other
respects agree with it. We may also draw another important con-
clusion from the above facts. Oscillatorice approach most closely
to the olive Algai when their vegetative energy is the weakest,
when so little light is present that they can only just keep alive.
This seems to show that the colouring of olive Algce, in some way
or other, belongs to a lower type than that of the green Algce, as
indicated by other facts previously described.

General connexion of different classes of Plants.

The olive Algce are thus connected with the lowest green plants
by means of two different groups of the red Algw, one leading
gradually to the green Algce through Porpliyra, and the other to
lichens through Peltigera. There is the same sudden break in
both, where the phycocyan and phycoerythrine colours cease and
yellow chlorophyll and yellow xanthophyll make their appearance
— at least I have hitherto met with no good connecting links con-
taining a small quantity of both instead of a normal amount of one
or of the other ; and if this be really a universal fact, it would
seem to show that, in some way or other, the presence of the phy-
cocyans excludes yellow chlorophyll and yellow xanthophyll. Curi-
ously enough this break does not occur between one great natural
class and another, but in passing from those red Alga? which are so
closely related to the green series as Porphyra, and from Peltigera
to other lichens. So much remains to be learned of the details
that it would be premature to put forward any general scheme with
the expectation of its being finally adopted ; but at the same time
it may perhaps be well to express what is already known, if only as
a guide for further research. Of course I refer simply to the dis-
tribution of the colouring-matters ; and this could hardly be ex-
pected to depend upon, or accurately follow, the difference in the
development of the reproductive organs ; but, on the contrary, it
seems to represent something special in the constitution of the
plants, for which no name has hitherto been adopted, but which I
have called constructive energy. If such be really the case, an
arrangement founded on chromatological characters alone would by
no means necessarily agree in every particular with a natural system
founded on structural peculiarities. Taking into consideration the

106 sorby's researches on chromatology.

various facts described above, the following arrangement expresses
every thing so far known respecting the distribution of the different
colouring-matters : —

Actinia.

Anthea cereus, var. smaragdina.

Olive group of A Igce.

Red Algoe. Oscillatorice

Porphyra. Peltigera.

Green Algoe. Lichens.

Higher Cryptogamia.

Highest classes of plants.

The colouring -matters found in Actinia? are very various, and
it is only particular species that contain those found in Alga?.
Lichens, as a whole, are characterized by a number of what may be
called accidental constituents— such, at least, as occur in one species
and not in another closely allied to it. Many of these are almost
or quite colourless substances, which easily give rise to colouring-
matters when treated with various reagents. This fact, combined
with their partial distribution, is taken advantage of in studying
lichens as a means for distinguishing closely connected species.
Their more constant and aj)parently fundamental colouring-matters
correspond with those found in the higher classes of plants, but
differ considerably in relative proportion, the lichnoxanthines usually
being relatively more abundant.

ON SOLORINA BISPORA.
By Dr. J. Stirton.

By way of reply to Mr. Crombie's note on Solorina bispora (Nylj,
perhaps I may be permitted to state the considerations which have
weighed and still weigh with me towards the retaining of it as a
species.

Since detecting this lichen for the first time in 1871, on Ben
Lawers, I have secured it on almost every mountain in Scotland
that I have climbed of a greater elevation than 3000 feet. Accord-
ingly, so far as my experience goes, it is more frequent than S.
saccata, which is usually found, besides, at much lower elevations
— a fact which, in my estimation, ought not to be wholly ignored
in the question of specific distinction. In all these instances (four
in number) the thecae are 2-spored, without exception. Occasion-
ally, it is true, a one spored theca may be seen, where the spore
is larger than usual, viz., as in one specimen (*1 X "054 m.m.), but,
as is well known, especially in the larger spored lichens, such a state
is easily accounted for physiologically, although the converse does
not hold true.

ON SOLORINA BISrORA. 107

Again, in S. saccata, two-spored thecal are occasionally though
rarely seen in this country, mixed with the 4-spored, where such
spores approach in configuration and, to a less extent, in size, those
of S. bispora, but this fact, so far from militating against the spe-
cific value of the latter, is, in my opinion, decidedly in its favour,
and is merely a counterpart of what (as we have stated) is seen in
its own internal organization. In this way is explained what is
described by Anzi, and distributed by him from time to time.

3rdly. S. bispora has not the slightest relationship to S.limbata
in the way which Mr. Crombie indicates, inasmuch as the so-called
collemoid parasite is not present in any of the examples. The thallus,
on being moistened, certainly swells more than that of S. saccata,
and the particular parts in the neighbourhood of the apothecia are
more isidiose, both of which characters, although apparent enough
as well as distinctive, cannot, by any stretch of imagination, be
construed into having any affinity with a Collema ; besides, the in-
ternal organization is entirely that of the genus, and, in all the
Scotch specimens, the rest of the thallus is well developed, and con-
tinuous with the parts surrounding the apothecia.

I am inclined to give a different interpretation from Mr. Crombie
of the occasional gelatinous appearance assumed by S. saccata, and
it may be, by S. bispora, and one that does not imply the rather
clumsy assumption of the superposition or invasion of either a Col-
lema or a Leptogium. By the way, it is somewhat puzzling to see
why he has pitched on L. scotinum as the parasite. C. cheileumis
in every respect a better choice ; perhaps, however, the cellular
appearance of the epithallus has determined him to include samples
from both genera.

Some time ago my attention was arrested by seeing in two Stic-
tinse from New Zealand pulpy patches of the central and older
parts of their thalli. The microscope revealed the fact that the
granula gonima had renewed their life, so to speak, and formed
detached groups, which caused corresponding bulgings on the upper
surface, while the rest of the thallus had a gelatinous appearance,
as if the fibrous element (small in this section in comparison to
the extent of the gonimal layer) had been nearly macerated out.
In fact the whole presented very much the appearance of Sol. lirn-
bata, while the surrounding parts retained their original constitution.
Why granula gonima, in contradistinction to true gonidia, should
have, in favourable circumstances, this increased, or rather renewed
activity, I cannot explain, but the fact is, nevertheless, indisputable,
of which any one may convince himself by retaining and keeping
moist for a time between glass slips, portions of the thallus of a
Pyrenopsis, &c.

During the summer of this year, while at Killin, I noticed, as
Mr. Crombie has done, a greater prevalence of the form S. limbata
and always with deeply urceolated and accordingly old apothecia, as
if the life of the plant had been on the decline, while the generally

108 ON SOLORINA BISPORA.

wet season had served to stimulate the conglomerated gonidiac
granules into renewed activity, and produced (along with the con-
sequent maceration) the modified thallus in question.

Had time and space permitted, I should have liked to have en-
larged somewhat more on this subject ; meanwhile, I shall content
myself with describing a genuine parasite on S. bispora, viz : —

Lecidea epiphorbia, Stn. — Apothecia resemble, externally and
internally, those of L. Parmeliarum, except that the paraphyses
are neither thickened nor darker coloured at their apices, the spores
are colourless, or present in a few instances, a faint tinge of yellow,
and the reaction on the gelatina hymenia by means of iodine,
shows a deep vinous red without any preceding caerulescent tint,
instead of being negative, as in L. Parmeliarum. This lichen
bears the same relationship to L. Parmeliarum that L. solorinaria
does to L. oxyspora.

BRITISH FUNGI.

By the Editor.

if'

(Continued from Page 176.)

The number of species of Fungi found in this country since the
conclusion of our series of descriptions in the last volume of this
Journal has rendered it incumbent upon us, in fulfilment of promise,
to continue the descriptions of these additions as a supplement to
the " Handbook of British Fungi."

Agaricus (lepiota) granulosus. Batsch. var. Cazcharias. Fr.

Pileus umbonate, clad with darker evanescent granules ; stem sub-
bulbous, and as well as the patent ring squamulose with granules ;
gills adnexed, white. — Fries, Ep., p. 18. Ptrs. Ic. Fiat., t. 5,f. 1.
Smith, Journ. Bot., 1873, p. 335 = var. incarnato-albida. Fr.
Mon. Hym. Suec, p. 29.

On grass under old Scotch firs.

Agaiicus (Armillaria) aurantius. Schcpff.
Pileus fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse, innato-squamulose, viscid;
stem solid, equal, concolorous,guttate above, clad with orange scales,
sub-annulate ; gills adnexed with a tooth, crowded, white. — Fries
Fpicr., p. 21. Sys. Myc. i., 39. Schceffer, Ic. 27. B. $ Br. Ann.
N.H., 1335.

In pine woods. Forres, N. B.

Varying a good deal in the nature and frequency of the scales.
Agaricus (Clitocybe) tuba. Fr.

White, pileus fleshy, thin, convex, then plane, umbilicate, moist,
shining with a whitish silky lustre, margin even ; stem equal, soon
hollow and compressed, naked above, gills attenuated and decurrent,

imiTIRH FUNGI.

109

broad, much crowded, white, growing pallid. — Fries Epicr., p. 72.
— Smith, Journ. Bot., 1873, p. 336.

Amongst leaves. Epping Forest.

Agaricus (Clitocybe) ericetorum. Fr.

White, pileus fleshy, convex, then plane, or concave (sub-
turbinate) smooth, shining when dry; stem stuffed, short, tough,
smooth, attenuated downwards, gills Recurrent, broad, connected by
veins.— Fries Epicr,, 73. B. 4- Br. Ann. N.H., 1338. Bull, t.
551, fig. 1.

On heathy places. Sept.

Pileus, 1-2 in. broad ; stem 1 in. long, 2-3 lines thick.
Agaricus (Clitocybe) gangraenosus. Fr.

Pileus fleshy, convex, then plane, obtuse, at the first covered
with white powder, then naked, variegated or virgate ; stem solid,
spongy, sub-bulbous, soft, striate ; gills sub-decurrcnt, arcuate,
crowded, dingy- white. — Fries. Epicr. p. 56. Butt. t. 20,/. m. Smith,
Jour. Bot. (1873), 355.

In woods. Street.

At length turning jet black.

Agaricus (Clitocybe) subinvolutus. 8m.

Pileus plane, fleshy ; margin subinvolute ; gills broad, decurrent ;
stem stuffed, sub-bulbous ; whole plant cream-coloured, every part
at length becoming spotted. — Smith in Jour. Bot. (1873), p. 336.

In woods, &c.

Always smaller than A. geotrupus, Fr., with a stem one-third
the length. It is, moreover, never umbonate, and the fruit is
different.

Agaricus (Collybia) succineus. Scheeff.

Pileus rather fleshy, convex, then expanded, at length some-
what depressed, even ; stem fistulose (not rooting), pallid- rufous,
quite smooth ; gills obtusely adnexed, broad, rather thick, serru-
late, somewhat distant, whitish. — S chaff Icon., t. 45. Fries Epicr.,
p. 91. B. $ Br. Ann. N.H.,No. 1339.

Amongst grass. Coed Coch.

Stem 1-2 in. long, 1-2 in. thick ; pileus 1 in. broad.
Agaricus (Collybia) aquosus. Bull.

Pileus rather fleshy, convex, then expanded, umbonate, scarcely
changing, margin rather inflexed ; stem fistulose, thin, equal,
straight, rooting, smooth, even ; gills nearly free, crowded, narrow,
white.— Bull t. 12. Fries Epicr., p. 92. Sys. Myc. i., 125. B. tj- Br.
Ann.N. H., No. 1340.

Amongst moss. Coed Coch.

Agaricus (Collybia) tylicolor. Fr.

Pileus rather fleshy, convex, then plane, somewhat umbonate,
even, smooth ; stem fistulose, equal, even, pulverulent ; gills free,
distant, plane, greyish. — Fries Epicr., 98. Sys. Myc. i., 132.
B. £ Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1341.

In woods. Coed Coch.

110

NEW DIATOMS.

The following New Species of Diatoms are described by Mr. F.
Kitton, in the " Monthly Microscopical Journal" for Nov.,
1873. Chiefly exotic.

Aulacodiscus superbus. Kitt. —Valve with a large central hep-
tagonal depression, processes placed on the margins of the seven
cuneate inflations. The heptagonal area marked with large hemi-
spherical elevations, less conspicuous on the remainder of the valve,
the surface of which (with the exception of a small central smooth
space) is covered with distinct radiant moniliform striae ; striae
about 18 in '001 in. ; diameter of valve '0050 in. ; length of sides
of heptagon, -0033 in. [M. M. J. pi. xxxviii., fig. 1.]

Clark's Cliff, Barbadoes.

Stictodiscus Crozierii. Kitt.— Valve with numerous irregularly
undulating costse, which become very delicate as they approach the
centre, within a short distance of the margin they divide, the spaces
between the costae distinctly punctate, central puncta large, scattered,
diameter of valve '0064 in. [M. M. J., pi. xxxviii., f. 2.]

Plentiful in a gathering made by Capt. Crozier, in the Mauritius.
Rare in scrapings from a Haliotis shell, West Indies.

Isthmia? vitrea. Kitt. — Frustules trapezoidal, the opposite cor-
ners of the ends more or less produced, hyaline, valves oval or sub-
orbicular. [M. M. J., pi. xxxviii., f. 3.]

Shell scrapings, Sandwich Islands. (R. M. Browne.)

Nitzschia ventricosa. Palmer. — Frustules linear, lanceolate ;
apices obtuse ; valve with ventral margin convex ; dorsum straight
or slightly convex ; apices very much produced, awn-like ; keel sub-
marginal, punctate, puncta reaching to the extremities of the awn-
like ends ; striae faint, distant, about 13 in '001 in. [M. M. J.
pi. xxxviii. f. 5.]

Hong Kong (Palmer). Rio de Janeiro and Bahia (Capt.
Perry).

Nitzschia decora. Kitt. — Valve linear, elliptical, somewhat
deeply constricted at the centre ; ends subacute ; keel marginal,
punctate ; length -0055 in. ; striae moniliform, distinct, about 36
in -001 in. [M. M. J., pi. xxxviii. f. 6.]

Bahia (Capt. Perry).

Txyblionella conspicua. Kitt.— Valve elliptical, with central
constriction, ends broadly rounded ; one of the margins punctate,
puncta conspicuous, about 12 in -001 in. ; centre of valve with a
longitudinal elevation gradually sloping towards the margins ;
striae obsolete. [M. M. J., pi. xxxviii. f. 7.]
Scrapings from Tredacua shells, West Indies.

Ill

SPHAGNUM MOLLE.

Dr. R. Braithwaite Las recently described, and figured in the
11 Monthly Microscopical Journal" this species as an addition to the
British Flora, and to this communication we must refer for the full
synonymy and bibliography of the species.

Sphagnum molle. Sullirant.— Monoicous ; in very soft densely
cushioned tufts ; whitish-green above, pale brownish below. Stem
pale-green, slender, 2-5 in. high, usually divided, with 2-3 layers of
non-porose cortical cells. Branches densely crowded, 2-3 in a
fascicle, nearly alike, erecto-patent, the porose cortical cells elon-
gated, with the apices somewhat recurved. Cauline leaves very
large, closely set, minutely auricled, ovato-spatulate, patent and
deflexed, the hyaline cells almost free from fibres ; apex with three
teeth and a few minute ones at sides ; margin involute, very nar-
rowly bordered. Ramuline leaves oblong ovate, concave, convo-
lute above, very narrowly margined, the apex truncate and with 5
or 6 irregular teeth ; hyaline cells angulato-fusiform, very
prominent and confluent at the back, with annular and spiral fibres,
and a few large pores ; chlorophyll cells slender, triangular, pro-
jecting between the hyaline at the concave surface of the leaf.

Male amentula short, thick, violaceous, placed in the coma, the
bracts oblong, obtuse. Capsules in the capitulum or upper fascicles,
perichastiuni not separating, upper bracts broadly oblong-ovate, con-
volute with 2-3 teeth at apex, cells below elongate hexagono-
rhomboid, above normal, free from fibres or pores. Spores
ochraceous.

Var. /3. Mulleri.— Ramuli 3-4 in a fascicle, 1-2 patulous, the
rest longer, slender, and pendent. Stem leaves more elongated,
the hyaline cells with fibres and pores ; perichastial bracts lan-
ceolate, acuminate at apex, with a broad margin, wider toward
apex, cells of upper part with fibres and pores.

Hah. — By moorland streams, forming dense hassocks. Fr.
August.

The typical form is American, and the variety (3 only is found
in Europe. In Britain, Darnholme, near Whitby, Yorks (Ander-
son, 1853, Crouch, 1871). Ben Lawers (Mac Kinlay), Brickhill
Heath, Bucks (Rev. J. F. Crouch).

Fuller particulars, with plate xl., will be found in the " Monthly
Microscopical Journal," vol. x. for November, 1873.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

HusNOT, T. Flora analytique et descriptive des Mousses du
Nord-Ouest (environs de Paris, Normandie, Bretagne, Anjou, &c).
Paris, F. Savy, 1873.

112 CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Peck, C. H. Report of the Botanist, made to the Regents of
the University of the State of New York. Albany, 1873.

Willey, H. Lichens collected by the United States Expedition,
under Dr. F. V. Hayden, to the Yellowstone Region, in 1872.

Willey, H. Statistics and Distribution of North American
Lichens, in Bulletin of Buffalo Society of Natural Science for
October, 1873.

Rabenhorst, Dr. L. Index to L. Rabenhorst's " Algarnm
Europasarnm exsiccatarum." Nos. 1 to 2350. Dresden, 1873.

Smith, Prof. H. L. The siliceous shelled Bacillaria3 or Diato-
macea?, in the " Lens," for August, 1873.

Briggs, S. A. A contribution towards a list of Rhode Island
Diatomaceas, in the " Lens," for August, 1873.

Taylor, Thomas. Potato Blight and Rot, in the " Lens," for
August, 1873.

Saccardo, P. A. Fungi veneti novi vel critici, in "Nuovo
Giornale Botanico Italiano," for Oct., 1873.

Hobkirk, C. P. On the Mosses of the West Riding of the
County of York, in " Journal of Botany," for November and
December, 1873.

Carruthers, W. On some Lycopodiaceous plants from the Old
Red Sandstone of the North of Scotland, in " Journal of Botany,"
for December, 1873.

Smith, W. G. New British Fungi, in " Journal of Botany,"
for December, 1873.

Weberbauer, Otto. Die Pilze Nord-Deutschlands mit beson-
derer Beriicksichtigung Schlesiens. Heft. i. 6 plates. Breslau,
1873.

Witt, Otto N. iiber Siidsee Diatomaceen.

Winter, Geo. die Deutschen Sordarien, 5 plates. Halle, 1873.

Winter, Geo. Mycologische Notizen, in " Hedwigia," Oct.,
1873.

Ruthe, R. Eine neu unterschiedene Art der Laubmoosgattung
Dicranella in " Hedwigia," Oct., 1873.

Oudemans, C. A. J. A. Aanwinsten voor de Flora mycologica
van Nederland.

Niessl, G. v. iiber Sordaria appendiculata und S. curvula, in
" Hedwigia," for Nov., 1873.

Zeller, Dr. G. Algae collected by S. Kurz in Arracan and Brit-
ish Burmah. " Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal," vol. xlii.,
pt. 2, 1873.

Ahles, Dr. Wandtafeln der Pflanzkrankheit. Regensburg, 1873.

Thuemen, Baron. Fungi Austriaci exsiccati, cent, vii., viii.

Kitton, F. A description of some new species of Diatomacea?,
in " Monthly Microscopical Journal " for Nov., 1873.

Bbaithwaite, Dr. R. On Bog Mosses. No. 5, with plates, in
" Monthly Microscopical Journal " for Nov., 1873.

No. 20.] [February, 1874.

tfretrillta,

A MONTHLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY
AND ITS LITERATURE.

BRITISH FUNGI.

By the Editor.

{Continued from Page 109J

Agaricus (Tricholoma) macrocephalus. Schulzer.

Sub-gregarious, very large; stem solid, ventricose, delicately
granulated, whitish, ochraceous below, produced into a fleshy root;
pileus compact, fleshy, convex then plane, somewhat depressed ;
cuticle at first smooth, at length broken up in a tessellated manner,
ochraceous, darker when old ; gills deeply emarginate, nearly free,
attenuated behind, scarcely crowded, pallid. — Schulzer, Icon. Hym.
Hung., t. 3. Smith, Jour. Bot. (1873),/?. 336.

In grassy places. King's Lynn.

Very large, emulating Ag. colossus. Odour very powerful, like

Lilium auratum ; stem long, subterranean ; flesh firm, slightly

yellowish ; taste unpleasant ; spores irregularly globose, -00G m.m.

Agaricus (Omphalia) Fibula. Bull. (Handbook No. 227.) Var.

Swartzii. Fr.

Rather firm ; pileus at length nearly plane, whitish ; disc
tawny ; stem whitish, slightly violet-coloured above. — Fries, Mon.
Hym. Suec, i., p. 193. Smith, Journ. Bot. (1873), p. 336.

In woody places. Crystal Palace.

Agaricus (Entoloma) Saundersii. Fr.

(Grevillea, ii., p. 63.)

Growing on the ground in patches.

Agaricus (Entoloma) Wynnei. B. $ Br.

Pileus at first plane, fuliginous, velvety, then convex, squamulose,
hygrophanous ; margin striate, often undulating ; stem fuliginous,
blue, compressed; base cottony ; gills broad, transversely ribbed,
pallid, margin crenulate ; having the odour of bugs. — Ann. Nat.
Hist., No. 1342.

In fir woods. Coed Coch. Sept.

Allied to Ag. costatus, with which it agrees in size.
Agaricus (Nolanea) mammosus. L.

Pileus sub-membranaceous, conical or canipanulate, papillate,
striate, hygrophanous, when dry isabelline, silky ; stem fistulose,

114 BRITISH FUNGI.

rigid, polished, even, smooth, sprinkled, above with white meal ; gills
fixed, seceding, rather crowded, grey. — Linn. Suec, No. 1218.
Fries, Epic, 156. B. $ Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1343. Bull, t. 526.
Batsch,fig. 5.

On lawns. Coed Coch. Sept.

Pileus tawny ; stem elongated, fragile.

Agaricus (Nolanea) icterinus. Fr.

Pileus sub-membranaceous, campanulate, then convex, papillate,
striate, hygrophanous ; stem somewhat stuffed, short, rigid, between
flocculose and farinaceous; gills adfixed, or free, distant, ventricose,
pallid. — Fries, Sys. Myc, p. 207. Fries, Epicr., p. 157. Sm., in
Journ. Bot., 1873, p. 384.

In woods, &c, near Hereford. Oct.

Colour yellowish, or greenish yellow.

Agaricus (Fholiota) Arrhenii. Fr.

Pileus fleshy, thin, campanulate, expanded, smooth ; stem fistu-
lose, rigid, fibrous or strigose, and cracking, pallid above, ring
entire, distant ; gills adnate, then seceding, ventricose, narrow
behind, becoming yellowish. — Fries, Epicr., p. 161. Smith, Journ.
Bot., 1873, p. 336.

In a wood yard among chips. N. Wootton.

A totally different plant from A. mycenoides. Slender. Stem
3-4 in. long, 1 1 in. thick ; pileus 1^ in. broad.

Agaricus (Hebeloma) relicinus. Fr.

Pileus fleshy, thin, conical, then expanded, obtuse, squarrose
with tomentose scales ; stem solid, soft, equal, floccoso-squamose ;
gills adnexed, crowded, yellow, then olivaceous. — Fries, Epicr., 171.
Sys. Myc. i, 256. B. $ Br. Ann. N.H., 1344.

Under pines. Stannage Park.

Colour fuliginous, without any perceptible odour.

Agaricus (Hebeloma) Clarkii. B. $ Br.

Pileus campanulate, white, silky ; stem nearly equal, flocculose,
stuffed; gills adnexed, white, marginate. — Ann. Nat. Hist., No.
1345.

In shady places. Street. Oct., 1871.

Allied to A. sindonius. Pileus |- in. across, 1 in. high ; stem
1J in. high, 2 lines thick ; slightly incrassated at the base.
Agaricus (Hebeloma) truncatus. Fr.

Pileus compact, convex, then plane, undulated, or flexuose,
smooth, rather dry ; stem solid, stout, equal, entirely pruinose with
white ; gills emarginate or free, crowded, dry, whitish, then flesh-
coloured, at length ferruginous. — Fries, Epicr., p. 181. Schceff.,
Icon., t. 251. B. 4- Br. Ann. N. H., 1346.

On the grassy base of a bank. Dangstein. Sept.

Pileus 1^-2 in. across, plane, rigid, slightly viscid, rufous, de-
pressed in the centre, smooth, margin crisped, inflexed, the extreme
edge pruinose ; stem 2J in. high, f thick, claviform at the base,

BIUTISII FUNGI. 115

stuffed, fibrilloso-striate, pale, rufous, less deeply coloured below ;
gills narrow, adnexed with a tooth. Smell raphanoid.
Agaricus (Flammula) astragalinus. Fr.

Pileus fleshy, convex, then plane, discoid, at first silky about the
margin, stem nearly hollow, flcxuous, fibrillose or scaly, pallid ;
gills adnate, crowded, pallid, then yellow, at length ferruginous. —
Fries, Sys. Myc. p. 251. Weinm. p. 209. Fries, Epicr.,p. 187.
Smith, Journ. Dot., 1873, p. 336.

On pine stumps. Aviemore, N. B.

Taste nauseous and disagreeable, like A. melleus. A most beau-
tiful species, resembling in colouring Cortinarius cinnabarinus.
Agaricus (Flammula) inauratus. Smith.

Pileus fleshy, 1 in. or more across, moist, smooth, furnished with
a distinct veil ; gills broad, adnate, with a decurrent tooth, pale
yellowish clay colour, stem incurved, sub-hollow, clothed with in-
nate scales ; taste mild, insipid ; whole plant sulphury-yellow. —
Sm. in Journ. Bot., 1873,;?. 336.

On willows. North Wootton (C. B. P.).

Allied to A.flavidus and A. Junonius.

Agaricus (Flammula) juncinus. Smith.

Pileus fleshy, 1^ in. across, hemispherical, sulphury-yellow, with
a rich brown disc ; veil none, gills broad, very thin, red-brown ;
stem elongated, thin, 4 in. long, attenuated downwards, clothed
with a few fibres ; taste nauseous and disagreeable, somewhat
bitter. — Sm. in Journ. Bot., 1873, p. 336.

On dead bullrushes in an old clay pit. N. Wootton (C. B. P.).

Allied to A. mixtus.

Agaricus (Naucoria) pusiolus. Fr.

Pileus slightly fleshy, hemispherical, then expanded, obtuse,
even, smooth, rather viscid ; stem fistulose, filiform, smooth, yellow,
shining ; gills adnate, crowded, plane, pallid, then cinnamon. —
Fries, Sys. Myc, i., 264. Fries, Epicr., 196. Pers. Myc. Eur.
No. 272, t. 2b, f. 1. B. & Br. Ann. N.H., 1347.

On the ground. West of England.

Stem 1 in. or more, rather viscid, lemon-yellow. Pileus 3 lin.,
tawny-yellow.

Agaricus (Naucoria) sobrius. Fr. (Handbook p. 130.) Var.
dispersus* B. $ Br.

Pileus convex, ochraceous, delicately punctulate ; margin fur-
furaceous ; stem incrassated above or equal, furfuraceous, fistulose ;
ring appendiculate ; gills pallid, adnate, plane. — B. <$• Br, Ann.
N. H., 1348. Arj. dispersus, Pers.

On lawns amongst short grass. July.

Pileus 3-4 lines across ; stem j-1 in. high, 1 line thick ; margin
of gills white.

Agaricus (Stropharia) Worthingtoni. Fr.

{Grevillea, ii., p. G3.)

In pastures.

116

BRITISH FUNGI

Agaxicus (Psalliota) inunctus. Fr.

Pileus fleshy, soft, even, smooth, subuniboiiate, clad with an evan-
escent livid purplish gluten, growing paler ; stem soft, flexuose,
white, silky librillose below the distant fugacious ring; gills
adnate, ventricose, pale brown. — Fries, Ele?i., p. 40. Fries, Epicr.,
p. 219. Buxb. Cent, iv., t. 4, /. Saund. $ Sm. Illust. t. 29. B. $
Br. Ann. N. II., 1349.

In grassy places. Ely. Epping.

Agaricus (Psalliota) mexdaxius. Fr.

Pileus convex, then plane, obtuse, smooth, moist, hygrophanous ;
stem hollow, tough, short, flocculose, pallid when dry ; ring torn,
fugacious ; gills adnate, broad, yellowish then umber. — Fries, Sys.
Myc. I, 291. Fries, Epicr., p. 220. Buxb. Cent, iv., t. 16,/. 2.
Saund. 4' Sm. Illus., pi. 25. B. $ Br. Ann. N. H., 1350.

In a grass field. Sibbertoft.

Coxtinaxius (Inoloma) txaganus. Fr.

Pileus fleshy, obtuse, fibrillose with lilac fibrils, then becoming
smooth and discoloured ; stem bulbous, spongy, violaceous white,
saffron yellow within ; gills emarginate, thick, crenate, distant, at
first ochraceous saffron colour. — Fries, Sys. Myc. i., 217. Schceff.
Icon. t. 56. Fries, Epicr., p. 281. Smith, Journ. Bot. (1873), p.
336.

In pine woods. Forres.

Taste strong, not unpleasant, odour very powerful, like that of
the larva of the goat-moth (Cossus.)

Coxtinaxius (Fhlegmacium) txiumphans . Fr.

Large, splendid ; pileus fleshy, convex, then plane, obtuse,
regular, when moist viscid, crystalline, yellow or ochraceous,
when dry yellow, disc spotted with minute adpressed scales, or
naked; margin even ; stem solid, firm, ovate-bulbous at the base,
attenuated upwards, striate, white, then yellowish, with tawny scales
disposed in rings ; veil partial ; flesh compact, white ; gills emar-
ginate, crowded, with a decurrent tooth, whitish, then clay-coloured.
Fries, Mon. Hym., ii., p. 4. B. $• Br. Ann. N.H., No. 1350.*
C. sublanatus, Hussey, Myc. Illus.

In moist woods. Oct.

Stem 3-5 in. long, 1 in. and more thick. Pileus 3-5 in. broad.
Gills 3 lin. broad.

Coxtinaxius (Fhlegmacium) poxphyxopus. Fr.

Pileus fleshy, thin, even, virgate, viscid ; stem stuffed, then
hollow, thin, somewhat attenuated, flesh purplish when broken ;
gills emarginate, crowded, thin, violaceous-purple, at length cin-
namon.— Fries, Epicr., p. 271. Fries, Mon. Hym., ii., p. 31.
B. cj- Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1351. Alb. $■ Schw., p. 153.

In woods. Coed Coch. Oct.

Stem 2-4 in. long, 3 lin. thick, fragile, externally and internally
violaceous, growing pale, then whitish. Pileus 1J-3 in. broad,
livid yellowish or clay-coloured.

BRITISH FUNGT.

117

Cortinaxius (Dermocybe) cinnabarinus. Fr.

Pilous fleshy, obtuse, silky, then smooth, 3hining, stem stoflfed,
short, Qbrillose, vermillion-r d, gills adnate, broad, rather distant,
darker. — Fries, Epicr,,p. 287. Fries, Mon. Ilym., ii., 04. B. 4' Br.
Ann. .V. //., No. L352.

In beech woods. Street. Oct.

An elegant Bpecies. Stem 1^-2 in. long, 3-4 lin. thick ; fibrillosc
or striate; pilens 2-3 in. broad, campanulate, then plane, silky, or
obsoletely squamnlose, vermillion, flesh firm, paler; gills admit'-,
Babdecnrrent ; 3 lin. broad, connected by wins, edge unequal, darker.

Cortinarius (Dermocybe) orellanus. Fr.

Pilens fleshy, obtuse, unibonate, villoso-squamulosc or fibrillosc,
tawny-orange, flesh similar, stem solid, firm, subequal, striate or
fibrillose, tawny as well as the veil ; gills adfixed, broad, rather
distant, at length opaque. — Fries, Epicr., p. 288. Fries, Mon. Hym.,
ii., 66. Smith, Journ. Bot., 288. Bull, Champ., t. 598. Var.

In woods. Epping Forest, &c.

Cortinarius (Telamonia) helvolus. Fr.

Pilens rather fleshy, becoming plane, smooth, hygrophanous,
ferruginous, then tawny, at length rimose, with an evanescent
obtuse umbo ; stem stuffed, attenuated, of the same colour, veil
peronate silky, ending in a ferruginous annular zone ; gills emargi-
nate, thick, rather distant, opaque, tawny-cinnamon. — Fr., Epic,
296. B. 4- Br. Ann. N. II., No. 1355. Bull, t. 531,/. 1. Fries,
Mon. Hym. ii., p. 85.

In woods. Coed Coch. Sept.

Pileus 2-3 in. ; stem 2-3 in. long, 2-4 lin. thick.

Cortinarius (Telamonia) armillatus. Fr. (Handbook No. 52G.
except reference to Hussey.)

Fries, Mon. Hym. ii., 78. B. 4' Br. Ann. N. II., No. 1354.

In woods. Coed Coch.

Cortinarius (Telamonia) haematochelis. Bull.

Pileus fleshy, thin, gibbous, silky-fibrillose, tawny or pallid, tes-
taceous ; stem solid, attenuated above, with a rufous zone below
the middle ; gills adnate, crowded, rather narrow, pale cinnamon. —
Bull, t. 527, fig. 1. Hussey, Myc. Illus., referred to C. armillatus
in Cooke, Handbook, No. 52G. B. 4' Br. Ann. N. II., No. 1354.
Fries, Epicr., p. 302.

In woods. Coed Coch.

Cortinarius (Hygrocybe) decipiens. Fr.

Pileus somewhat membranaceous, conical, smooth, shining, bay-
brown (or testaceous), then rather fleshy about the umbo, which is
darker ; stem sub-fistulose, equal, slender, covered with a separable
pallid cuticle, internally somewhat testaceous; gills adnate, thin,
rather crowded, testaceous, or ferruginous. — Fries, Epicr., p. 312.
Pers. Sym., 298. Fries, Sys. Myc. ii., 23G. B. ij- Br. Ann. N. II.,
No. 1356. Hoffm. Icon. An., t. 9, /. 12.

In woods. Leigh Woods. Oct.

118 BRITISH FUNGI.

Hygrophorus pratensis. Fr. (Handbook No. 560.) Var. Pallida.

B. $ Br.

Pileus infundibuliform, pallid ; margin undulated, deflexed ; stem
dilated, fibrilloso -striate ; gills distant, decurrent, branched, pallid.
— B. $ Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1356 *

In grassy places. Coed Coch. Oct.

Var. Meisneriensis. Fries, Mon. Hym. ii., 132.

Cinereous, stem often white, pileus thinner, margin at length
striate. — Smith, Journ. Bot., 1873, 336.

In grassy places. Largo, N.B.

Hygrophorus livido-albus. Ft.

Pileus fleshy, obtuse, even, smooth, viscid, livid, of one colour ;
margin naked ; stem stuffed, equal, firm, nearly equal ; gills thick,
distinct, distant, white. — Fries, Epicr., 324. Fl. Dan., t. 1904,
/. 2. B. §f Br. Ann. N. H, 1357.

In woods. Street. Oct.

Hygrophorus Clarkii. B. & Br.

Fragile ; pileus convex, sub-umbonate, livid, cinereous, viscid ;
margin even ; stem concolorous, hollow ; gills broad, distant,
thick, adnate, white.— B. $ Br. Ann. N. H., 1358.

In woods. Street. Oct.

Gills in large specimens nearly -J in. wide.

Hygrophorus fornix atus. Fr.

Pileus fleshy, thin, campanulate, then expanded, even, smooth,
viscid, livid white, stem firm, equal, tough, smooth ; gills sinuate,
adnexed, ventricose, distant, white. — Fries, Epicr., p. 327. Batt.,
p. 46, t. 21. W. G. Smi., in Jour. Bot., 1873, p. 384.

In mossy places, near Hereford. Oct.

Pileus obsoletely umbonate, 1 in. broad, when broadly expanded
nearly 2 in. broad. Stem 2-3 in. high, 4 lines thick.
Hygrophorus metapodius. Fr.

Pileus compact, convex, then expanded, obtuse, at first viscid,
then squamulose, becoming tawny ; stem solid, smooth, attenuated
downwards; gills thick, distant, veined, white; arcuato- decurrent
behind. — Fries, Obs. ii., p. 110. Fr. Sys. Myc. ii., 109. Fr.
Epicr., 328. Fr,Mon. Hym. ii., 135. B. $ Br. Ann. N. H, 1359.

In pastures. Street. Oct.

Stem 1-2 in. long, i in. and more thick; pileus 1J-3 in. broad.

Hygrophorus Houghtoni. B. %. Br.

Pileus convex, bright coloured, at length depressed in the
centre, striate, tawny yellow as well as the stem, transversely un-
dulate, very viscid ; gills decurrent, thin, grey. — B. 4' Br. Ann. N.
H., 1360.

Amongst grass. Preston, Salop. Oct.

Pileus 11-2 in. across ; stem 2 in. and more high, J in. thick,
sometimes tinged above with blue ; odour foxy. The gelatinous
coat is extremely thick, and at length separates and forms a cup in
the centre.

BRITIBH FUNGI. 119

Lactarius exsuccus. Smith.
Pilous clothed with adpressed down, fleshy, depressed, with an
involute margin ; gills decurrent, white, shaded with verdigris,
connected by veins and forked; stein white, very short, clothed
with adpressed down ; whole plant rigid and brittle, milkless. —
Smith, Jour. Bot., 1873,/?. 33G. Lact. vellereus var. /3. exsuccus.
Fries, Sys. Myc. i. p. 77. Buxb. Cent. iv.,t. 4.
In pine woods, &c.

Smith observes that this plant can no longer be considered a
mere variety of L. vellereus. The fruit of the two plants, as well
as the general habit is very different.

Lactarius minimus. Smith
Journ. Bot., 1873, p. 205, with figs.
In a small wood. Abergavenny. Oct., 1871.

Russula subf ceteris. Smith.
Pileus bullate, subviscid, disc fleshy, margin submembranaceous ;
gills thick, distant, and branched ; stem not so stout as in R. fcetens,
smaller, odour somewhat disagreeable ; taste slightly acrid. — Smith,
Journ. Bot., 1873, p. 337.
On the ground.

Smith observes that this is the plant referred to by Fries in Sys.
Myc, i., p. 58, as a variety of R.fragilis, but that plant has crowded,
thin, and generally entire gills, whilst those of the present plant
are thick, distant, and branched. It is much nearer R. fcetens.
Nyctalis caliginosa. Smith.
Pileus very fleshy, white when dry, flocculoso-pruinose, when wet
marked with colours (as in Ag. butyraceus) ; margin involute,
slightly exceeding the gills, gills thick, branched, decurrent ; stem
solid, flocculoso-pruinose, base naked ; odour and taste rank and
disagreeable (like Polyporus squamosus). Smith, Jour. Bot., 1873,
p. 337.

Amongst earth and dead leaves. Highgate.
Closely allied to N. parasitica, but at once distinguished by its
truly decurrent gills and other characters.

Marasmius terginus. Fr.
Inodorous. Pileus rather fleshy, convex, then plane, obtuse,
shining, becoming whitish ; stem fistulose, smooth above, shining,
pallid, reddish below, villous and rooting ; gills seceding, then free,
rather crowded, narrow, pallid. — Fries, Sys. Myc, ii., 128. Fries,
Epicr., p. 377. B. $ Br. Ann. N. H., 1361.
Amongst leaves in a wood. Batheaston. Nov.
Pileus T5^- in. broad, faintly striate, of a pale reddish brown,
darker in the centre; stem about 3 in. high, ^ line thick, smooth,
pale-brown, satiny ; gills reddish-ochre, adnate by a tooth, but
sinuated, moderately distant.

120

DIE DEUTSCHEN SORDARIEN.*

Those who have followed the vicissitudes through which the species
and genera of ascomycetous fungi have passed, during the last few
years, will welcome this monograph, if it be only because, in it they
find, a series of plants grouped together which previously were scat-
tered over several genera. It is not purposed to discuss the advi-
sability or otherwise of accepting the genus Sordaria, suffice it to
say that we have here, a number of species possessing many characters
in common beside that of their general fimicolous origin, and that
they are arranged in a systematic manner, so that in reality it
matters but little, whether they be collectively called Sphceria or
Sordaria. The author includes 22 species in this enumeration,
which previously were scattered over the following genera : —
Sphceria, Podospora, Malinvernia, Hypocopra Coprolepa, Sordaria,
and Ixocliopsis.

The work commences with a history of the literature of the sub-
ject, from which it appears that the first author to mention a Sor-
daria was Persoon in his " Synopsis," p. 64, where we find two
varieties of Sphceria Jimeti described. Herr Winter regards Sow-
erby's Sphceria stercoraria as a Sporormia. This we venture to
think an error. The specimen of S. stercoraria in the Hookerian
Herbarium at Kew possesses simple dark-brown sporidia,f and it
was determined by Rev. M. J. Berkeley, J who had the opportunity
of seeing Sowerby's original specimen. Cesati and De Notaris
were the first to employ the genus Sordaria, but since then almost
every author has limited it in a different manner. The Morpho-
logy of this genus is treated of in some very interesting remarks,
upon the Stroma, the Perithecia, and the Fructification.

The genus itself Herr Winter thus defines —

" Stroma suberoso crastaceum, vel plerumque nullum, perithecia
membranacea, pellucida, asci cylindracei vel ampli, 4 — 128-spori,
paraphysibus obvallati, sporidia continua non septata, opaco-nigro-
fusca."

Although usually found upon dung, it is added, these plants may
grow upon other vegetable substances ; one is described on wood,
another on biotting-paper, and a third upon the lees of wine. The
perithecia may be scattered, or crowded, superficial, immersed in the
matrix, or imbedded in a stroma, of various shapes, membranaceous,
and often diaphanous. The sporidia, simple, round or ovate, brown,
opaque, surrounded or not by a gelatinous envelope, or appendiculated.
The genus is for convenience divided into three subgenera —

1. Coprolepa = possessing a stroma.

2. Hypocopra = without any stroma, but having the sporidia in-

volved in mucus.

3. Eusordaria = having appendiculated sporidia.

* "Die deutschen Sordarien," by George Winter, with 5 plates. Halle, 1873.
f F. Currey, " Linnean Transactions," xxiv., p. 318.
X F.Curtey, " Linean Transactions," xxv., p. 254.

DIE DEUTSCIIEN SORDARIEN. 121

Appended is a list of the species, with their synonyms. Each
species is fully described, and lb accompanied by a figure of its
fructification, and what we consider equally important, a sketch
of the perithecia. The illustrations are original, ami taken in
most instances from authentic specimens in the author's extensive
herbarium.

Sou d aria. Winter.

Subgenus Coprolepa.

1. Sordaria merdaria (Fr.) Awd.

Syn. Sphceria merdaria. Fr. Hypocopra merdaria. Fr. Copro-
lepa merdaria. Fckl.

2. Sordaria equoruni (Fckl.) Winter.

Syn. Ilypoxylon equorum. Fckl. (Fung. Rhen.) Copro-
lepa equorum. Fckl. (Symb. Myco.)

3. Sordaria fimeti. (Pers.) Winter.

Syn. Sphceria fimeti. Pars.

Subgenus Hypocopra.

4. Sordaria macrospora. Awd.

Syn. Hypocopra stercoris. Fckl.

5. Sordaria Rabenhorstii. Niessl.

6. Sordaria fimicola. (Rob.) Ces & De Not.

Syn. Sphcei'ia equina. Fckl. (Fung. Rhen.) Hypocopra
fimeti. (Pers.) Fries. Fckl. Hypocopra stercoraria. Fckl.
Sordaria conferta. Awd. Sphceria fimicola. Rob.

7. Sordaria papyricola. Winter.

8. Sordaria discospora. Awd.

Syn. Hypocopra discospora. Fckl.

9. Sordaria humana. (Fckl.) Awd.

Syn. Sphasria humana. Fckl. (Fung. Rhen.) Hypocopra
humana. Fckl. (Symb. Micol.)

10. Sordaria fermenti. (Fckl.) Awd.

Syn. Spha?ria fermenti. Fckl. (Fung. Rhen.) Hypocopra
fermenti. Fckl. (Symb.)

11. Sordaria bombardioides. Awd.

12. Sordaria maxima. Niessl.

Subgenus Eusordaria.

13. Sordaria fimiseda. Ces et De Not.

Syn. Podospor a fimicola. Ces. Cercophora fimiseda. Fckl.

14. Sordaria coprophila. Ces et De Not.

Syn. Sphceria coprophila. Fries. Hypoxylon copropliila. Fr.
(S.V.8.) Cercophora mirauilis. Fckl.

15. Sordaria lignicola. Fckl.

16. Sordaria decipiens. Winter.

Syn. Sordaria lancisperma. Fckl. Sordaria decipiens.
(Winter). Fckl.

122 DIE DEUTSCHEN SORDARIEN.

17. Sordaria pleiospora. Winter.

Syn. Sordaria Langei. Fckl. Sordaria pleispor a (Winter).
Fckl.

18. Sordaria setosa. Winter.

19. Sordaria cnrvicolla. Winter.

20. Sordaria anserina (Babh.) Winter.

Syn. Malinvernia anserina. Babh. Hypocopra anserina. C6s.

21. Sordaria minuta. Fckl.

Syn. Sordaria tetraspora. Winter.

22. Sordaria curvula. De Bary.

Syn. Spharia jimiseda. (De Not.) Fckl. (Fung. Blien.)

Sordaria appendiculata. Awd. Cercophora conica. Fckl.

(Symb.) Ixodiopsis fimicola. Karst. Schizothecium jimi-

colum. Corda.
Forma coronata. Winter.

Syn. Malinvernia pauciseta. Babh. Malinvernia breviseta.

Fckl.
Forma aloides. (Fckl.) Winter.

Syn. Sordaria aloides. Fckl.

Charles B. Plowright.
King's Lynn.

LICHENOLOGICAL MEMOBABILIA, No. 4.
By The Bev. W. A Leighton, B.A. Camb., F.L.S., F.B.S. Ed.

On the Gonidial-Zoospores of Lichens.

Much attention lias been of late devoted, and is still devoted, to
the subject of the Gonidia of Lichens. Two theories or opinions
have sprung from these researches, which are respectively sup-
ported by great and learned savans. Those whose studies are
chiefly physiological maintain that the filamentous tissue of the
thallus of lichens is a fungus which grows parasitically on an
alga, which it envelopes and carries on with it in its growth so as
to constitute the gonidia. On the other hand, true lichenologists,
whilst admitting the apparent similarity of gonidia to certain algas,
do not consider them as such, but as special organs of multiplica-
tion or propagation of lichens.

Without offering any opinion as to the merits or demerits of
these two theories, the solution of the question certainly appears
important, not only as regards lichenology, but botany generally,
and, consequently, the least research which, tends towards this end
cannot but be regarded as interesting and instructive in a scientific
point of view.

Five years ago Famintzin and Baranetzky published their dis-
covery of the existence of zoospores which issued from the gonidia
of Physcia parietina, (L.), but this fact has not been since verified

LICnENOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA. 123

by others, and has been even wholly neglected and overlooked, and
that with contempt, by many Bavans.

To determine what becomes of the zoospores after their issue
from the gonidia, M. Woronine has during two successive years
(1870-1871) carried on researches on the gonidia of Physcia pvl-
venrfenta, (Schrcb.), and in a paper in the Ann. des Sc. Nat.,
ser. 5. Bot., vol. x\i., p. 317, illustrated by tab. 14, has published
the results.

M. Woronine freed the gonidia from the thallus of this lichen,
and cultivated them on a stage of a microscope, and kept them
moistened daily with pure water. At the end of five days he saw
the nucleus and the great lateral vacuole found in every gonidium
to disappear, and the entire contents of the gonidium become very
finely granular, and transformed into a considerable number
(thirty, forty, or more) of small, round, irregular protoplastic
bodies, which are the future zoospores. During this time the
gonidia increased considerably in size, and on a certain part of
their surface a small protuberance arose, indicating the point
whence the zoospores would issue. When the zoospores were fully
formed, this protuberance increased very quickly ; the membrane of
the gonidium became in that point thinner and thinner, and ulti-
mately absorbed, and an aperture formed, from which issued the
entire mass of zoospores surrounded with a very delicate membrane.
This membrane quickly disappeared, and the freed zoospores dis-
persed themselves throughout the circumambient water.

These zoospores are oblong and fusiform in shape, generally
more or less attenuated at one extremity, which is furnished with
two cilia, by means of which they move about with great rapidity. At
the end of five or six hours this movement ceased, and the zoospores
lost their cilia, took a perfectly round form, became covered with
a membrane, their contour more definite, and their size enlarged.
In about three more days these small spherical bodies assumed a
decided green tint, and in each of them a small but very distinct
central nucleus was observed. In fact, these small spherical bodies
assumed the form of small gonidia, precisely identical with those
contained in the large gonidia. In four or five days more these
young gonidia, obtained from the transformed zoospores, became
enlarged in size, and eventually began to multiply themselves by
the usual process of reiterated and successive division. During the
following five or six days these young gonidia grew considerably,
but ultimately perished, probably from deficiency of nutriment.

These experiments he repeated several times, and always with
the same results, and he thence deduces that the zoospores pro-
duced from gonidia vegetating externally to the thallus, never
produce either filament or hypha, but continually give existence to
new colonies of young gonidia.

Such are the results of M. Woronine's researches, which appear
to carry the previous researches of physiologists one step further,
viz., in witnessing the conversion of the zoospores into gonidia again.

124 LICHENOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA.

But now comes the question, what function do the zoospores
exercise ? We know that zoospores or spermatozoids do exist in
ferns, mosses, hepatica?, alga?, and probably fungi, and that they
exercise in some — as yet unascertained — mode an influence in the
fertilization and fecundation of the plant. Now, as the laws which
the Divine Creator has imposed on organic matter are never excited
into action but with some definite object, and the production of a
definite result, we may conclude that these zoospores, issuing from
the gonidia of lichens, exercise a definite function on these lichens.
But what that action is remains to be ascertained by future experi-
ments and researches. As yet we are simply in the dark. But
will analogy justify us in judging it to be in some way connected
with fecundation ? Very possibly.

In Ann. des So. Nat. ser. 5, Bot. xv., p. 198, illustrated by
tab. 8, M. Janczenski publishes a very interesting paper on the
structure and development of Ascobolus furfuraceus, (Pers.), in
which he shows that in the tubercular body formed on the
mycelium, and which eventually developes into the cupula, there is
engendered in the lower portion a series of larger cells assuming a
curved, worm-like contour, which he terms Scolecite, and that from one
only of the cells of this scolecite (possibly fertilized by zoospores)
issue certain filamentary processes which progress upwards into
the young hymenium, and there expand their extremities into
young asci filled with protoplasm, which finally developed itself
into perfect spores.

Now, though it be but jumping to a conclusion, still we may in
some measure reason by analogy that as assumedly zoospores in
other tribes tend to promote or further fecundation, which takes
place in the early life of the plant, as in ferns, so also these
zoospores in lichens do possibly fertilize, by their movements and
contact, one or more gonidial cells, and that the gonidia so fertilized
give birth to the asci and paraphyses of the hymenium. At all
events, the matter is worthy of consideration, although it be non
proven.

But then another question arises. If this be so, what are the
spermogones and pycnides of lichens ? and what their functions ?

Pycnides are very rare, and are regarded generally by many as
parasitic fungilli. More than one kind of spermogonium has been
observed on the thallus of some lichens, and it is in such case
difficult to say which is the true allied one. Nor have the contents
of the spermogonium, the spermatia, been ever observed to exercise
any fertilizing process on the apothecia, even in a young state,
and moreover they also co- exist with the mature apothecia. Are,
then, these spemiogonia the male or fertilizing organs of lichens, or
are they parasitic- fungilli in an incipient or imperfect state, i.e.,
having free spores not included in asci ? And is fertilization not
effected by them or their spermatia, but rather by the zoospores
proceeding from the gonidia ? Who will decide ?

125

THELOCARPON INTERMEDIELLUM. Nyl
IN BRITAIN.

By W. Phillips.

Thelocarpon intermediellum, Nyl. The following arc the cha-
racters of this minute lichen, given by Dr. Nylander, in " Flora,"
18G5, p. 2G0. " Extus simile pr«cedenti (Th. Laurerii, Flot.),
sed globuli paullo majores (diam. 0.2 millim.). Thecae myrios-
porse, spora3 oblonga? (long 0.0035-0.0050 millim., crass. 0.0020
millim). Vulgo medio obsolete tenuiores et ntroque apice obtuse
incrassatulae, paraphyses nulla;. Gelatina hymcnea iodo vinose
fulvescens, thecal dilute caerulescentes."

" Ad lignum alni putrescens in Finlandia media (Novvlin)."

" A Th. Laureii differt magnitudine paullo majore, sporis aliis
et defectu paraphysium. Adsunt filamenta ostiolaria brevia gracilia
fasciculata in supera parte cavitatis perithecii (omnino sterigmata
simulantia spermogonii)."

To this I would add the following details from our British
specimens : —

Thallus thin, yellowish-green, but evanescent. Apothecia scat-
tered, occasionally crowded or adnexed, yellowish-green, small,
globoso-depressed and umbilicate, when mature pierced with a
minute pore (fig. d.). In a careful section under the microscope,
I saw the spores escaping by the pore with a jerking motion. The
perithecium is externally crustaceous in texture, and very firm, pre-
ferring to divide at the base when crushed, and so allowing the asci
to escape downwards. The inner walls of the perithecium are
clothed with minute branched threads (fig. g), which I take to be the
" filamenta ostiolaria" of Dr. Nylander, but which are not confined
to the immediate vicinity of the ostiolum. The asci, when perfect,
are large, ventricose, attenuated in the upper part, and also at the
base, and have innumerable sporidia (fig. e). They adhere so firmly
to the hymenium, that if a group be pressed they spread in a radiate
manner from a common centre, when the young asci can be seen in
all stages of growth — bluntly clavate, cylindrical, fusiform, and as
above described. The sporidia (fig. h), are very minute (0.0035-
0.0050 X 0.0020 millim., Nyl.) oblong, hyaline, obtuse at the ends,
appearing to have a septum in the middle, but only apparently so.
being in reality as described by Nylander, thinner in the middle
portion and thickened at the apices. There are no paraphyses, a
character which distinguishes this from the other species of the genus.

I have tried in vain to obtain the blue reaction with iodine in the
asci, which Dr. Nylander has observed in this species, ami can
offer no reason for my want of success, as I use a solution strictly
according with his formula. The only reaction I see is the " vinoso-
fulvescent" colour assumed by the asci, as the result of their large

126 THELOCARPON INTERMEDIELLUM.

absorption of the solution, which indeed can hardly be called a
reaction, being merely an instance of mechanical mixture.

This rare and interesting lichen, which has been hitherto found
in Finland only, occurred near Shrewsbury, Dec, 1873, on the sur-
face of old leather — the sole of a shoe — lying exposed in a fallow
field. On showing it to my friend, the Rev. W. A. Leighton, he
at once recognised it as T. intermediellum of Nylander, and afforded
me every facility for comparing it with other species in his valuable
herbarium. The fact will be known to British Lichenists that we
owe to Mr. Leighton the discovery in this country of the only two
species as yet recorded in our Flora, namely — T. Laureri (Flot.),
and T. epithallinum, Leight., out of the nine species at present
known in the genus. I am much gratified to be able to add T.
intermediellum, Nyl., to the list of British species.

Explanation of Plate XXI.

a. TTielocarpon intermediellum, Nyl. Nat. size.

b. Apothecium side view, much enlarged.

c. Upper surface of the same.

d. Section of the same with asci in situ, sporidia escaping by the pore.

e. Asci filled with sporidia, others immature.

f.g. Filaments growing from the sides of the interior of the perithecium.
h. Sporidia much enlarged.

FRUITING OF MASTIGONEMA.

Dr. Wood has described, in his new and interesting work on the
Fresh Water Algae of the United States, a new species of Masti-
gonema, which he calls M. fertile. His remarks upon this species
are of interest to Algologists. He says — " I found this plant in a
stagnant pool in ' Bear Meadows,' forming a filamentous, felty
mass, with GEdogonium echinatum and other algae. The variously
curved and interlaced flexible filaments are always simple, and of
uniform, or nearly uniform, diameter through their whole length ;
excepting that, in some instances, there are small, local, bulbous
enlargements of the sheath. Though the ends of the filaments, in
all the specimens I have seen, are abruptly truncate, it is very pos-
sible that in the young trichoma the apex is prolonged into a long
hair, as in most of the Mastigonema. The inner filament is some-
times very distinctly articulated, often, however, it is not at all so.
The sheaths are firm, not at all lamellati, and generally project
beyond the inner trichoma. The spores are cylindrical, yellowish,
with a pretty distinct, although very close coat. They are always
enclosed in distinct cells, and are mostly several in a filament,
placed at intervals in its length."

This is the first instance, at least that I know of, in which a
species of this genus has been found in fruit, and it is interesting
to note the resemblance of the spores to those of the more commonly

FRUITING OF MASTIGONEMA.

127

fruiting Rivularias. At the same time the peculiar arrangement
of the spores is remarkable, and it' the other species of Mastigo-
nema should be found to have the more common exclusively basal
arrangement of spores, I think it would afford good ground for
considering M. fertile as the type of a new genus. Moreover, the
filaments are not united into a distinct thallus, and also want the
apical hair of Mistigothrix, so that it is very probable that they
represent an undescribed genus. Until, however, the fructification
of the European species is elucidated, it seems best to forbear
multiplying names.

HUNGARIAN FUNGI.

The species figured in the first part of the new work by Kalch-
brenner, called "Icones Selects; Hymenomycetum Hungariaa," are —

Ag. (Amanita) aureola. K.
Ag. (Amanita) cygnea. Sch.
Ag. (Lepiota) nympkarum. K.
Ag. (Lepiota) Schulzeri. Fr.
Ag. (Tricholoma) macrocephalus. Sch
Ag. (Tricholoma) psammopua. K.
Ag. (Tricholoma) arcyrius. K.
Ag. (Tricholoma) centurio. K.
Ag. (Tricholoma) tumulosus. K.
Ag. (Clitocybe) trullgeformis. Fr.
Ag. (Collybia) atramentosus. K.

Ag. (Collybia) plumipea. K.
Ag. (Collybia) rancidus. Fr.
Ag. (Mycaena) caasiellus. K.
Ag. (Omphalia) cyanophyllus. Fr.
Ag. (Omphalia) recliim. Fr.
Ag. (Pleurotus) sapidus. Sch.
Ag. (Pleurotus) pardaus. Sch.
Ag. (Pleurotus) superbiens. Sch.
Ag. (Annularia) Fenzlii. Sch.
Ag. (Pluteus) patricius. Sch.

The figures are well executed, and published at Pesth, by the
Athenaeum press.

TORTULA INCLINATA. II. <J- Gr.

In the last number of the " Journal of Botany," Mr. Henry
Boswell gives the description of this moss, together with a plate,
reproduced from the " Bryologia Eftropaea." It was recorded by
him in 1872, as found in Oxfordshire, and he expresses surprise
that it has not been met with elsewhere.

Barbula inclinata. Scfavg.— Dioicus ; broadly tufted, tufts plane,
condensed. Stem short or taller, densely leafy. Leaves elongato-
linear, undulated in the margins, the nerve whitish on the back,
excurrent into a mucro ; the perichajtial longer, narrower, erect,
with a looser areolation. Fruit stalk tlexuose, often spirally twisted ;
capsule yellowish or fuscous, cernuous, oval-oblong, more or less
incurved and gibbous at the base.

Habitat. — Gravelly and sandy ground near river banks, or dry
hills and subalpine calcareous situations. The short stems rarely
attaining an inch in length, the shorter, broader, and less curving

128 TORTULA INCLINATA.

leaves, and the shorter cernuous capsule, readily distinguish it from
B. tortuosa. [Schimp. Syn. p. 178.)

For some further particulars, as well as for the analytical plate,
we must refer Bryologists to the " Journal of Botany" for January,
1874.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Ruthe, R. ueher Orihotrichum Sliawii. Wih.m " Hedwigia,"
No. 12, 1873.

Cleve, P. T. Examination of Diatoms of the Sea of Java.
3 pi. Stockholm, 1873.

Cleve, P. T. Diatoms from Arctic Sea in " Svenska Fet.
Akad. Handl." Bd. 1, No. 13. Stockholm, 1873.

Cleve, P. T. Diatomaceer frau Spetsbergen, in " Svenska
Fet. Akad. Handl." Bd. 1, No. 14. Stockholm.

Schroeter, Dr. J. Bemerkungen iiber eine neue Malvenkran-
kheit, in "Hedwigia," 1873, p. 183. _

Geheeb, A. Bryologische Notizen, in " Hedwigia," 1873, p. 186.

Bescherelle, E. Bryological Florula of New Caledonia, in
" Ann. des Sci. Nat.," ser. 5, xviii. Sept., 1873.

Krempelhuber, A. v. Chinese Lichens, in " Flora," for Oct.,
1873.

Duby, A. New moss genus from New Caledonia, in " Bullet.
Bot. Soc. France," t. xviii., 1873.

Muller, K. Six new North American Mosses, in " Flora,"
for Nov., 1873.

Arnold, F. On Lichens of the French Jura, in " Flora," for
Nov., 1873.

Treub, M. On Cultivation of Lichens, in " Flora," for Nov., 1873.

Payot, V. Catalogue des Fougeres, Preles, et Lycopodiacees
des Environs duMont Blanc — Geologie& Mineralogie des Environs
du Mont Blanc. Geneve, 1873.

Berkeley, M. J., and Broome, E. C. Enumeration of the Fungi
of Ceylon, " Journ. Linnean Society," No. 74.

Morren, E. Les Champignons a l'Exposition de Spa, in " La
Belgique Horticole," 1873, p. 345.

Kalchbrenner, C. Icones Selectee Hymenomycetum Hun-
garian," part i. Prague, 1874.

Dalton, Dr. J. C. The Origin and Propagation of Disease, an
Anniversary Discourse. New York.

Bagnall, J. E. The Moss Flora of Warwickshire, in " Journal
of Botany " for January, 1874.

Boswtell, H. Tortula inclinata H. & G. as a British Moss, in
"Journ. Bot.," 'Jan., 1874.

GREVILLEA

PL. 21.

a

3

1 a

E- Cooke, lxth.

No. 21.] [March, 1874.

(§ttvilUn.

A MONTHLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY
AND ITS LITERATURE.

ON THE SPECIES OF TIMMIA.

By S. O. Lindberg, M.D.

[Translated, with the Author's permission, from " Ofversigt af K. Veten-
skaps Akad. Forhandlingar," 1864, No. 6, by R. Braithwaite, M.D.,

F.L.S.]

Timmia. Hedw.
Stirp. Crypt, i., p. 83 (1787).

1. Timmia Austxiaca. Hedw.

Dioicous ; yellowish above, not easily softened ; with a tall dense-
leaved stem; the leaves of equal length, solid, somewhat appressed
when dry, from a rufescent sheathing base, erecto-patent, abruptly
narrowly lanceolate, acute, rather obtuse at apex, plicate, serrate at
back on the uppermost part of the nerve ; bracts slightly shorter ;
seta slender, 2-3 inches long ; capsule oval, horizontal, slightly
striate, lid hemispherical mammillate, large ; annulus rolling back ;
inner teeth whitish, without appendages ; antheridia narrowly
cylindric, with a short, thickened, bulb-like filament.

Timmia A ustriaca. Hedw. Sp. Muse, p. 176, tab. 42, fig. 1-7
(1801).

T. pohjtriclwides. Var. {3. lutescens. Brid. Sp. muse, hi., p.
99 (1817).

T. lutescens. Brid. MSS. ex ejus Bryol. Univ. n., p. 72 (1827).

T. megapolitana (haud Hedw.) auct. antiqu.,pp. Var. /3, Hook
et Tayl. Muse. Brit. 2nd edit., p. 191 (1827).

M niiim austriacum. P. Beauv. Prodr., p. 74 (1805).

Habit. On rocks covered with earth in the mountain regions of
Europe, up to the southern part of the island of Spitzbergen, but
everywhere rare, and sparingly fruitful.

Female plant ferruginous below, yellowish above. Leaves rigid,
straight, pellucid, when dry slightly incumbent or subarcuate,
rather glossy, broad at base, channelled, above convolute-concave,
with two longitudinal plaits, margin straight, never undulated,

130 ON THE SPECIES OF TIMMIA.

unequally coarsely serrate, the nerve vanishing in the extreme apex ;
cells of base linear, upper quadrate, incrassate, almost empty ;
very minutely papillose on the upper part of back of leaf. Bracts
of perichaetiuni longly sheathing. Vaginula longly and narrowly
cylindric. Capsule sulcate when dry. Lid hemispherical or very
shortly conical. Annulus broad, triple. Teeth of outer peristome
rugulose at apex, and densely papillose, those of internal strongly
papillulose. Spores rufous-yellow. Calyptra long, narrow, mem-
branous, cleft above the middle, straw-coloured, brown at apex,
quite smooth.

Male plants either forming separate tufts or growing in the same
with the female, very like the female, but with the leaves patent
divaricate. Andrcecium terminal, perforate from the growing point
of the stem as in Polytrichum (sometimes eccentricj ; bracts very
like the leaves, but patent; antheridia 6-10 times longer than the
thickish filament, equalling the paraphyses.

Obs. This plant in habit is almost like Polytrichum juniperinum
or P. commune, and is erroneously stated by authors to be monoi-
cous, for we have always found the male organs in separate plants.
2. Tiznmia Bavariaca. Hessler.

Autoicous ; green above, softened with great difficulty ; with a
rather tall dense-leaved stem ; the leaves of equal length, solid,
curling slightly when dry, from a scarce semi-vaginant yellowish
base, whitish and glossy when dry, patenti-recurved, gradually
lineari-lanceolate, very acute, scarcely plicate, the back of the nerve
smooth ; bracts slightly shorter ; seta slender, about 1^ inches
long ; capsule oval or elliptical horizontal, smooth ; lid hemisphe-
rical, most frequently impressed at the centre, and mammillate ;
annulus rolling back ; inner teeth pale yellow, spinuloso-appendi-
culate ; antheridia cylindric, from somewhat shorter to one half
longer than the longly obconical filament.

Hypnum foliis lanceolatis, falcatis, setis alaribus, capsula ovata,
inclinata, operculo mammillari. Hallee, Hist., stirp. indig., Helv.
in., p. 37, n. 1779 (1768).

Timmia polytrichoides. Brid. Muse. Eec. n., p. in., p. 153,
pp. (1803). — a. viridis. Brid. Sp. Muse, in., p. 99, pp. (1817).

T. Bavarica. Hessler de Timmia, p. 19, fig. 3 (1822). Laur.
in Regens. bot. Zeit. x., p. i., p. 295 (1827).

T. viridis. Brid. MSS. pp. ex ejus Bry. Univ. n., p. 70 (1827).

T. Megapolitana (baud Hedw.) Brid. Bry. Univ. n., p. 69 pp.
Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit. 2nd ed. Suppl. tab. 6 (1827) ? Grev.
Scott. Crypt. Fl., vi., tab. 326 (1828). Br. et Sch. Bry. Eur.
fasc. 10, Monogr., p. 6, pp., tab. i. (1841). Hartm. Skand. Fl.
4th— 8th edd. (1843-61). C. Mull. Synops. i., p. 189, pp. (1848).
Rabenh. Deutsch. Krypt. Fl. n., p. in., p. 232, pp. (1848).
Schimp. Synops., p. 430, pp. (I860). — Var. /3. bavarica. Brid.
op. cit. p. 71. Wallr. Fl. Crypt, Germ., i., p. 234 (1831).

T. Austriaca. Var. /3, umbiheata. Hartm. 2nd ed., p. 330(1832).

ON THE 8PECIB8 OF TIMMIA, 131

Var. ft, alpina, Habtk. op. cit. 3rd ed., n., p. 202 (1838) — var.
y, bavarica. Huhen. Muse. Germ. p. 514 (1833).

Var. ft, Salisburgensis. Larger and taller, with leaves less
dense, aeute and recurved, their cells one half larger, less chloro-
I'livlliferous, subhyaline ; bracts of andrceciuin more shortly
acuminate; antheridia twice longer than the filament. Timmia
Salisbury ensis. Hopp. MSS. ex auct. Laur., in op. cit., p. 295.

T. alpina. Laur. In op. cit., p. 294 ? Var. ft, salisburgensis.
Laur. In op. cit. p. 295.

T. austriaca. Var. ft, alpina. Huben. 1. c.

Habit. — In the damp shady fissures and holes of stones and
rocks in the mountain regions of Europe, as in Switzerland,
Austria, Central Germany, and Scandinavia, often associated with
T. Austriaca, this plant grows commonly, fruiting freely, but
appears to prefer more elevated localities. Collected also in the
peninsula of Kamtschatka by Tilesius. Var. ft, has been observed
in the Alps of Southern Europe.

Plants with the habit almost of Polytriclium gracile, or the small
forms of P. formosum, ferrugineo-fuscous below, green above ;
leaves rigid, scarcely pellucid, opaque when dry, the base yellowish
or pale brown, scarcely broader and appressed to stem, deeply chan-
nelled ; the margin straight, often lightly undulate below, un-
equally coarsely serrate, nerve vanishing in the extreme apex,
glossy when dry ; cells of base linear, upper twice smaller than
those of the preceding species, quadrate, slightly incrassate, quite
filled with chlorophyl, very minutely papillose on the upper surface
of the leaf, smooth on the back. Bracts of perichaBtium semi-vaginant,
vaginula short, lanceolate-ovate ; capsule horizontal or subnutant,
sometimes very slightly oblique, striate when dry ; annulus narrow,
double ; teeth of outer peristome strongly rngulose at apex,
slightly papillose, those of the inner one nearly smooth ; spores
greenish ; calyptra as in the preceding species ; andrcecium axillary
among the innermost bracts of the perichajtium, often stipitate, its
bracts about 10, very broad, unequally serrate, of lax texture,
outer obtuse, suddenly longly acuminate, with the nerve disappear-
ing in the acumen, inner more gradually acuminate ; antheridia
equalling the obconical filament, or one-half longer, equal to the
paraphyses.

3. Timmia Megapolitana. Hedw.

Autoicous ; pale green, very readily softened ; stem short,
distant leaved ; leaves accrescent, fragile, curled when dry, from a
scarcely semi-vaginant yellowish base, erecto-patent, gradually
more narrowly lanceolate, rather obtuse, not plicate, with the back
of the nerve smooth ; bracts almost twice longer, linear-lanceolate,
acute ; seta stoutish, about an inch long; capsule obovate-oblong,
oblique, cernuous, passing almost gradually into the seta, smooth ;
lid hemispherical, with the centre impressed and mammillate ;

132

ON THE SPECIES OF TIMMIA.

annulus persistent ; internal teeth yellow, spinuloso-appendiculate ;
antheridia cylindric, with a very short indistinct filament.

Timmia megapolitana. Hedw. Stirp. crypt, i., p. 83, tab. 31
(but the bracts of perichaetium too short and broad), 1787, et Sp.
muse, p. 176 (1801). Timm. Fl. megapol., Prodr., p. 234 (1788).
Brid., muse, recen. n., p. 1, tab. 4, fig. 32 (1798), et Bry. Univ.
ii., p. 69 pp. (1827). Roth. Tent. Fl. Germ, in., p. 1, p. 254
(1800). Web. et Mohr. Tasch. pp. 254, 268-270 (1807). Bland.
in Sturm, Deutsch. Fl. n., Heft 9(1809). Schw^egr., Supp. 1.,
p. ii., p. 84 (1816). Hessl. de Timmia, p. 16 (pp. ?), figs. 1 et 2
(1822). Laur. in Regensb. Bot. Zeit. X p. i., p. 294 (1827).
Hook, in Drum., muse. Amer. n., n. 273 (1828). Wallr. Fl.,
crypt. Germ, i., p. 234 (1831). Huben. muse. Germ., p. 513
(1833). Br. et Sch., Bry. Eur. fasc. 10, Monog. p. 6 pp (1841).
Fiedl. Synop. Laubm. Meckl., p. 74 (1844). C. Mull. Synop.
i., p. 189 pp. (1848). Rabenh. Deutschl. Krypt., Fl. n., p. in.,
p. 232 pp. (1848). Sull. in Asa Gray, Man. Bot. U.S., 1st ed.,
p. 664 (1848), et 2nd ed., p. 642 (42) : 1856. Schimp. Synops.,
p. 430 pp. (1860).

T. cucullata. Michx. Fl. bor. Am. n., p. 304 (1803).

T. polytrichoides. Brid. Muse. rec. n., p. hi., p. 153 pp.
(1803) — a. viridis. Brid. Sp. muse, in., p. 99 pp. (1817).

T. viridis. Brid. MSS. pp. ex ejus Bry. Un. n., p. 70.

Milium megapolitanum. Gmel. in L. Syst. Nat. 13th ed. n., p.
ii., p. 1327 (1791).

Mn. Timmia. Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. n., p. 53 (1795).

Orthopyxis megapolitana. P. Beauv. Prodr. p. 79 (1805).
Var. p, norvegica.

Taller ; leaves when dry cirrhate-crispate, the lower most fre-
quently fuscous-brown at base ; the comal yellow-green, erect,
lanceolate-linear with the base sometimes narrower.

Timmia norvegica. Zetterst. in Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Forh.
xix., p. 364 (1862), et in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 1862, p. 288.

Habit. — Wet turfy places among Carices and Fissidentes, near
Malchin. First found by Timm in Mecklenburg- Sch werin. North
America.

Var. (3, in rocky grassy places in the subalpine region of Central
Norway ; at Tjidtjak in Lapland, and Rothwand in Bavaria ; also
Ben Lawers, Scotland.

Plant with the habit almost of Atrichum undulatum. Stem
branched or simple, strongly radiculose below; leaves thickish, not
pellucid , the base scarcely broader, and appressed to stem, chan-
nelled ; the margin straight, often lightly undulate below, un-
equally coarsely serrate, the nerve vanishing in the extreme apex,
and usually giving off fuscous radicles ; cells of base linear, tuber-
culoso-papillose at back, the upper twice the size of those in the
preceding species, rounded-quadrate, incrassate, almost empty,
papillose on the upper surface. Bracts of perichastium semi-

ON THE BPBOIB8 OF TIMMIA. 133

vaginant at the rather broader base ; the upper surface of cells,
especially on the nerve, stongly papillose, but on the back smooth,
except on the uppermost part of the nerve. Vaginula very short,
ovate. Capsule wide-mouthed (almost with the form of Funaria
calcarea, Waul. = F hibenn'cd, Hook), when dry slightly rugu-
lose. Annulus narrow, simple. Teeth of internal peristome less
appendiculate, otherwise quite smooth. Spores rufous-brown.
Calyptra as in the preceding species. — Andrcecium axillary among
the innermost bracts of the pericluetium, stipitate ; bracts 12, very
broad, very shortly acute, unequally serrate, of lax texture, the
nerve disappearing below the apex ; antheridia shorter than the
paraphyses, with the filament scarcely thickened.

Var. (3, norvegica. Leaves, especially on the back of the base
and on each surface of the nerve, with more elevated papilhe ; cells
twice larger, more empty, and subhyaline ; comal leaves (bracts of
pericliEetium ?), with close and long articulated threads (para-
physes ?) interposed, the cells one-half larger than those of the
leaves, more chlorophyllose, and with more elevated papilla}. The
plants hitherto have always been found sterile ; nor are either
male or female organs to be detected on any of my specimens.

BRITISH FUNGI.

By the Editor.
(Continued from Page 119.J

Boletus inunctus. Krombh,

Pileus pulvinate, depressed, fleshy, quite smooth, sub-umbilicate,
pale cinnamon or yellowish brown, shining when dry, margin
obtuse, tubes long, olive or greenish, free, orifice somewhat irregular,
brownish, unequal, minute ; stem obconic ochraceous above, finely
reticulated, white and tomentose at the base, solid, flesh white,
immutable.— Krombholz, t. 76,/. 10, 11. B. $ Br. Ann. N. B.}
1362.

Amongst moss. Ascot, &c.

Boletus sulfureus. Fr.

Pileus compact, convex then plane, silky or tomentose with in-
nate flocci, stem firm, ventricose, even, smooth, sulphur coloured ;
tubes adnato-decurrent, short, minute, sulphur coloured, at length
becoming greenish. — Fries, Epicr., p. 413. Smith, Journ. BoU,
1873, p. 337. Fries. Mon. Hym. Suec, p. 249.

Amongst sawdust in dense clusters. Aviemore, N.B.

Closely resembles B. pachypus var. amarus in general aspect, but
in reality different. Taste mild and pleasant, colour golden sulphur.
Spores oval.

134 BRITISH FUNGI.

Boletus radicans. Fr.

Pileus pulvinate, when dry subtonientose, olivaceous-cinereous
then ash colour, margin thin, involute, stem attenuated, rooting,
even, yellow, flocculose with a reddish powder, darker where touched,
tubes adnate, broad, unequal, lemon yellow. — Fries, Epicr., ^>.415.
Smith, Journ. Bot., 1873,2?. 337. Fers. Syn., 507. Fries, Sys.
Myc, f., 390. Krombh., t. 48,/. 1-6.

In woods. Staplehurst, Epping, &c.

Boletus pachypus. Fries. (Handbook, No. 718.) var. amaxus. Fr.

Pileus becoming plane, even, growing pallid and whitish, stem
nearly equal, scarcely reticulated, white. — Fries, Epicr., p. 417.
B. cyanescens, Cooke in Journ. Bot., vol. 3., t. 30. B. Elephantinus,
Hussey, Illus.

In grassy places.

Boletus cyanescens. Bull.

Pileus convexo-expanded, closely tomentose or floccose-scaly,
opaque tan coloured, beeoming brownish, flesh compact, white,
dark blue when broken ; stem stuffed with a spongy pith, then
hollow, ventricose, villoso-pruinose, of the same colour, constricted
above, even, white ; tubes free, minute, round, white, then yellow.
—Bull, t. 369. B. $ Br. Ami. N. H., 1363.* Saund. $ Sm.
Illus., t. 47. Barla., t. 37, /. 1-7. Fries, Epicr., 426.

Meadows and woods. East Budleigh.

The floccose coating which encloses the whole plant when
young is very curious. The degree in which the flesh becomes
blue is variable.

Folyporus (Merisma) frondosus. Fr.

Very much branched, between fibrous and fleshy, rather tough ;
pileoli very numerous, dimidiate, rugose, lobed, intricately re-
curved, dingy grey, stems concrescent, pores small, acute, white. —
Fries, Sys. Myc. 355. Fr. Epic. p. 446. Bostk. t. 18. FL
Dan. t. 952. B. & Br. Ann. N. H. 1364.

In woods at base of trunks. Berkshire, Oct. [Esculent.]

Folyporus (Anodexmei) mollis. Fr.

Pileus between fleshy and fibrous, soft, effuso-reflexed, somewhat
triangular, acute, rugose, flesh coloured ; pores unequal, elongated,
flexuous, soft, white, when touched spotted with red. — Fries,. Sys.
Myc. 360. Fr. Epic. 454. B. £ Br. Ann. N. H., 1365.

On rotten pine wood. Near Slough.

Folyporus (Flacodermei) carneus. Fr.

Pileus woody, thin, hard, effuso-reflexed, rugose, smooth, not
zoned, flesh-coloured, internally the same, pores minute, rounded,
decurrent at the base. — Nees Nova, Act. Nat. Cur., xiii. t. 3.
Fries, Epicr., p. 471. B. £ Br. Ann. N. H. 1366.

On an old stump. Welshpool, Nov.

Daedalea mollis. Sommf.

Resupinate, determinate, submembranaceous, pallid, at length

BRITISH FUNGI.

135

becoming tawny, pubescent beneath, umber, pores irregular,
sinuous and lacerated. — Fries El, p. 11. Fries, Epicr., p. 495.
Weimn. Buss, p. 345. B. $ Br. Ann. N. II., No. 1361.*
On alder and birch. King's Lynn (C. B. P.).

Hydnum compactum. Fr.

Pileus corky, compact, undulated or tuberculose, not zoned,
olivaceous grey or tawny, commonly covered with a whitish tomen-
tum, internally blue, variegated, stem very short, irregular, brownish
or tawny, spines becoming tawny, pallid at the tips. — Fr. Epicr.,
507. B. $ Br. Ann. N. II., 1367. Krombh., t. 50,/. 12.

In heathy places Forres, N. B.

Hydnum aurantiacum. A. $ S.

Pileus corky, compact, turbinate, or dilated, not zoned, orange,
sometimes covered with a whitish down, internally zoned, stem
short, orange, spines whitish, then tawny. — Fr. Epic, p. 508. Alb.
£ Schw.,p. 265. Flor. Dan., t. 1439. B. $ Br. Ann. N. H.,
1368.

In pine woods. Forres, N. B.

Hydnum ferrugineum. Ir.

Pileus between spongy and corky, soft, covered with a whitish
tomentum, furrowed, dropping with blood-like tears, then more
even, and internally ferruginous ; stem unequal, spines tawny, be-
coming ferruginous. — Fr. Sys. Myc, 403. Fr., Epicr., 508.
Krombh, t. 50, /. 10, 11. Bull, t. 409, var. B. $ Br. Ann. N. II,.
1369.

In pine woods. Reading.

Hydnum cirrhatum. P. ( Grevillea, i.,p. 115j. B. <$• Br. Ann. N. B.

1370.

On trunks. Epping.

At first snow wljite, but gradually acquiring a pale ochraceous
tint ; imbricated, confluent behind ; aculei long ; pileus rough, with
abortive prickles.

Corticium lacunosum. B. $ Br.

Soft, broadly effused ; hypothallus woolly, tawny, lacunose ;
hymenium pulverulent. — B. 4' Br. Ann. N.H., 1371.

On branches ? Aboyne, Sept.

Spreading for several inches, and looking like a thin sponge from
the numerous lacunas.

Cyphella cat ilia. Smith.

Sub-membranaceous, expanded, margin crisped and undulated,
hymenium veined, f-in. broad, grey, often imbricated. — Smith,
Joum. Bot., 1873, 337.

On moss and dead leaves. King's Lynn (C. B. P.).

Allied to C. galeata.

Cyphella pallida. B. #\ Br.

Cups at first orbicular, at length irregularly lobed, plane, to-
mentose, or hairy, sessile ; hymenium at length rugose, pallid,

136

BRITISH FUNGI.

ochraceous. — B. $ Br. Ann. N. H., 1372. Rabh. Fung. Eur.
Ex.. 1415.

On old stems of Clematis vitalba.

Cups ^-1 line across, sometimes proliferous. Differs from C.
Curreyi in the colour of the hymenium, which is rugose, like that
of Cantharellus muscigenus and its more irregular form. It appears
also not to be erumpent as that species often is, but is seated on
the bark of wood. Spores -00025--00035 in. long, elliptic.
Cyphella dochmiospora. B. $ Br.

Minute, pezizaeforin, snow white ; spores oblique, ovate, slightly
acute.— B. $• Br. Ann. N. H., 1373.

On sticks. (?) Batheaston, Oct.

Resembles externally Peziza villosa, but the hairs are not granu-
lated. Spores -0035--0006 in. long.

Clavaria rufa. Fr.

Casspitose, rufous, clubs stuffed, incrassated, somewhat bifid,
acute. — Fries, Epicr.,p. 577. Flor. Dan., t. 775,/. 1.

In grassy places. Hereford (W. G. S.).

Clavaria curta. Fr.

Small, very much branched, crowded together, greenish yellow,
no distinct stem, branches short, crowded, straight, obtuse ; spores
white. — Fries, Vet. Ac. Fork, 1861. Mon. Hym. Suec. «., p. 281.
Smith in Jonrn. Bot., Dec, 1873.

In grassy places. Hereford (W. G. S.).

Approaches C. fastigiata, but different in stature and colour.
Dacrymyces macrosporus. B. $ Br.

Gelatinous, tuberculate, rosy ; flocci septate, apex sporiferous ;
primary spores oblong, 3-5 septate, articulations constricted ;
secondary spores elliptical, apiculate at either extremity ; conidia
concatenate.— £. # Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1374, L 1 , f. 1.

On dead branches. Batheaston. Dec, Mar.

Forming irregular gyrate and tuberculated masses of a rosy
colour, about ± jn# long, parasitic on old Diatrype stigma. The
mass of gelatine consists of delicate branched septate threads,
mixed with shorter threads bearing oblong 3-5 septate primary
spores -0015--002 in. long, -00034-0004 in. wide ; these at length
fall off, and produce shortly stipitate secondary spores, one from
each division ; secondary spores elliptic, *0005 in. long, more pro-
minent on one side, pointed at either end. The cells of the primary
spores are empty after the production of the secondary spores.
Other threads break up into much branched chains of conidia
•0002 in. diam. The parts of the gelatinous mass where these are
produced acquire a paler tint. It preserves its rosy tint when dry.

Hydnangium cazneum. Wallr.
Subglobose, irregular, smooth, flesh-coloured ; cells pale flesh
colour, immutable ; basidia prominent ; spores spherical, echinulate ;
spinules long, slightly coloured. — Tulasne Eypogozi, p. 75, t. 21,

fig- 3.

BRITISH FUNGI.

137

About the roots of Eucalypti. Edinburgh (Dr. Dickson).

Sporidia "OlS-'Ol-i in. in. diam.

Lycoperdon echinatum. Pen.

Peridinm turbinate, substipitate, pale umber, or yellowish, rough
with rather distant, stout, spiny warts ; spores echinulate. — Pers.
Syn.,p. 147. Pers. Desp., p. 33. B. $ Br., Ann. N. II., 1375.

In woods. Berks.

Spores echinulate •0002--00025 in. diam.

Scleroderma geaster. Fr. (Grevillea, i., p. 40). — B. Sf Br., Ann.

N. U., 1375.*
Spores -0003--0005 in. diam.

Geaster sac catus. Fr. (Grevillea, ii., p. 77, t. xx.)
By hedge banks.

Ferichaena quercina. Fr. (Grevillea, i., p. 40.)
External peridinm crustaceous, becoming whitish ; internal very
thin, browTnish-yellow, marked with impressed areolae ; fiocci few ;
spores yellow, globose, rough. — B. $• Br., Ann. N. II., 1376.
On ash. Batheaston, Shrewsbury.
Spores '0005 in. diam.

Perichaena picea. B. Sf Br.
Peridium dark brown, hemispherical, at length circumscissilc ;
spores sub-globose, tawny and even, as well as the fiocci. — B. 4'
Br. Ann. N. II., 1377.

On dead wood. Shrewsbury.

Looks at first like a Perisporium. The colour of the spores
approaches that of those in the section Hyporhodii of Agaricus.
Sphaeronema aemulans. B. ,(• Br.
Perithecia sub-globose, arising from a sparse mycelium, neck
ciliate at the apex ; spores very minute, with Brownian movements.
—B. & Br. Ann. N. H., 1378, t. 7,f. 2.
Epping Forest. Feb.

Perithecia '06 in. long ; spores -0001 -'0003 in. dia. Possibly
a pyenidiiferous state of some Melanospora.

Uromyces Behenis. Lev. (Grevillea, i., \02.)
On Silene influta. Aug.

Fuccinia Asteris. FcJd. (Grevillea, ii., p. 48.^)
On Aster tripolium.

Fuccinia Malvacearum. Corda.
Hypophyllous, sori scattered, hemispherical, at first veiled in the
centre by the persistent epidermis, circumference naked, umbilicate
beneath ; spores densely crowded, ovoid-oblong, brown, even,
somewhat constricted in the middle, obtusely acuminate, on very
long hyaline pedicels. — Mont. Syll., p. 314. Corda Icones, \l, p.
4, t. \.,f. 12. Grevillea, ii., p. 47.

On mallow leaves. Australia. Chili.

Monosporium saccharinum. //. j' Br.
Hyphasma gelatinous, coffee-coloured ; fiocci short, erect, sub-

138 BRITISH FUNGI.

clavate ; spores obovate, fixed by the truncate base, pallid. — B. 4"
Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1379, t. 1 , f. 3.

Growing on decayed substances under glass. Batheaston. Feb.

Spores -0004--0005 in. long. Sometimes the tips of the threads
have an articulation, and possibly form a second spore.
Helminthosporium exasperatum. B. cs Br.

Flocci flexuous, nodulose above, fructiferous ; spores oblong,
obtuse at each end, triseptate. — B. § Br. Ann. N. H., 1380, t. 7,

On Sweet William. Sibbertoft.

Flocci knotted above, each knot bearing an oblong spore, -0012-
•0018 in. long, -0004--0005 in wide.

Dactylium impiexum, B $ Br.

Flocci erect, interwoven ; spores nearly cylindrical, apiculate at
the base, terminal.— B. 4' Br. Ann. N. H., 1381, t. 1 ,f. 5.

On the inside of a willow. Hereford.

Spores -001--0012 in. long.

Dactylium melleum. B. & Br.

Stratum thin, honey-coloured ; flocci branched at the tips,
branches bearing acute ramuli, with terminal uniseptate spores. —
B. 4- Br. Ann. N. H., 1382, t. 8,f. 6.

On decayed Polyporus or Stereum. Feb.

Spores -0005 in. long. Approaching Diplocladium minus, of
Bonorden.

Dactylium Rennyi. B. # Br.

Flocci sparingly branched above, branches crowned at the tips
with clavate ramuli ; spores elliptical, uniseptate. — B. 4" Br. Ann.
N. H., 1383.

On stumps. Hereford.

Very near Diplocladium minus, Bonorden, but the spore-bearing
ramuli are obtuse above, slightly clavate, and attenuated.
Feronospora ficaxiae. Tid.

Fertile threads 5-6 times dichotomous, ultimate and penultimate,
ramuli arcuate and deflexed, ultimate subulate, conidia broadly
ellipsoid, obtuse, epispore pale, violet-tinted. Oospores having the
epispore of a pallid yellowish-brown. — Tulasne. Comptes Rendus,
Jan., 1854. B. ^ Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1399. DeBary, Ann. dts
Sci.Nat., 1863, xx.,p. 117.

On Ranunculus ficaria. Forden. May.

Fezonospoxa lamii. Be By.

Fertile threads short, 5-7 times dichotomous, branches attenuated,
patent, all more or less arcuate, ultimate ramuli acute, conidia dis-
tinctly pedicellate, globose-ovoid, obtuse, epispore pale dull violet
tint ; oospores small, brown. — De Bary in Ann. des Sci. Nat.,
1863, xx., p. 120. B. 4- Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1400.

On Lamium rubrum. Forden. May.

Tufts dense, forming grey spots on the under surface of the
leaves.

BRITISH FUNGI. 139

Peronospora hyoscyami. Be By.

Fertile threads thick, 5-8 times dichotomous, branches patent,
attenuated, straight or slightly curved, the ultimate forming a very
obtuse angle, divergent, short, subulate, straight, acute ; conidia
small, ellipsoid, very obtuse, cpispore pale violaceous. — De Bary in
Ann. des Sc. Nat., xx., p. 120 (1863). B. $ Br. Ann. N. II., No.
1401.

On common henbane. Market Deeping.

Verticellium agaricinum. Bon. (Grevillea, i., p. 184.)
On decayed Agarics.

[Plate 22, fig. 9. a, Upper portion of fertile thread, b, Spores.
X 320 diam.]

Verticillium aspergillus. B. <£ Br.

Flocci simple below, or rarely divided, attenuated above, re-
peatedly furcate at the tips.— B. $ Br., Ann. N. H., 1384, t. 8,f. 7.

On decaying Poly poms vaporarius. Kelmarsh, Notts. Nov.

Threads -0055 in. high ; spores -0001 in. long. The threads are
occasionally divided below, in which case each branchlet is forked
at the tip. The habit is that of Chlonostachys araucaria, Cord a.
It is worth enquiry whether this may not be a state of Hypocrea
farinosa.

Polyactis galanthina. B. & Br.

Flocci above shortly branched, tawny ; ramuli incrassated above ;
spores obovate, sessile ; springing from elongated spicules. — B. <£•
Br., Ann. N. H., 1385, t. 8, f. 8.

On bulbs of Snowdrop.

Spores •0006--0007 in. long.

(Edocephalum roseum. Cooke. (Grevillea, i., p. 184.)
On old paper and rags.

[Plate 22, fig. 8. a, Fertile threads magnified, b, Spore further
magnified.]

Oidium microspermum. B. $ Br.

Pulvinules regular, ochraceous lemon-colour, flocci radiating,
furcate ; spores subglobose, concatenate. — B. fy Br., Ann. N. II. ,
1387.

On bark of Scotch fir. Batheaston. Nov.

Spores -0002 in. dia. Differs altogether from O. aureum and
O. fulvum in the shape and size of the spores. Pulvinules at length
confluent.

Helicomyces roseus Link.
Tufts effused, rosy.

Link Obs. i. 19. Nees Sys. 1.,/. 37. Link sp. L, 131. B. 4' Br.,
Ann., N. H., No. 1386. Fuckel Exs., No. 80.
On rotten trunks.

140

NEW BRITISH LICHENS.

Communicated by the Rev. J. M. Crombie, F.L.S., &c.

The following new species of British Lichens have been recorded
by Dr. Nylander, in the "Flora," for 1874, No. 1.

1. Lecidea perobscura. Nyl.— Thallus black, sub-opaque, thin,
or very thin, effuse ; apothecia concolorous, or brownish-black,
slightly convex, immarginate, greyish within ; spores 8na3, colour-
less, ellipsoid, small, 0,006-8 mm. long, about 0,0035 m.m.
thick, paraphyses not discrete, epithecium brownish-inspersed,
hypothecium colourless ; hymeneal gelatine bluish with iodine.

On old fir pales near Killin ^Crombie, August, 1873), but spar-
ingly gathered. This species seems allied to L. uliginosa, from
which, however, it is sufficiently separated by the above characters.

2. Lecidea spodiza. Nyl. — Thallus dark-greyish, thin, sub-opaque,
minutely granulated, or inspersed with greyish-green minute gra-
nules, KC + tawny- red ; apothecia livid-grey or livid-pale, slightly
convex, immarginate, colourless within ; spores 8na3, oblong,
0,011-17 m.m. long, 0,0025-35 m.m. thick, frequently subcurved,
and sometimes obsoletely or spuriously 1-septate, epithecium sordid,
paraphyses not very well discrete, hypothecium colourless ; hyme-
neal gelatine bluish with iodine.

On old fir pales about Killin (Crombie, August, 1873). Allied
to L. denigrata, but distinct.

3. Lecidea botryiza. Nyl. — Thallus whitish-green, thin, minutely
areolato-rimulose (thence appearing as if minutely appresso-squa-
mulose), K — C — ; apothecia brown, superficial, somewhat promi-
nent, conglomerated and verucose, dark within; spores 8na3, colour-
less, ellipsoid, simple, 0,006-9 m.m. long, 0,0035-45 m.m. thick,
paraphyses not discrete, epithecium colourless, hypothecium brown;
hymeneal gelatine tawny wine-red with iodine.

On micaceous rocks of Ben Voirlich (Dr. Stirton). Allied to
L. botryocarpa, Nyl., from which it is distinguished by the spores,
hypothecium, and other characters.

4. Lecidea caligans. Nyl. — Thallus fuliginous-black, thin,
rugose, diffract, indeterminate; apothecia blackish, plane, obtusely
margined, within pale; spores thinly acicular, 0,030-35 m.m. long,
0 0015 m.m. thick ; epithecium colourless, paraphyses not distinct,
hypothecium colourless (perithecium somewhat brownish above),
hymeneal gelatine wine-red with iodine.

On maritime rocks, in the island of Alderney (Larbalestier),
very sparingly ; allied to L. egemda, but a very distinct species.

5. Axthonia astroidestera. Nyl.— Nearly similar to A. astroidea,
but having the apothecia more distinctly astroid, brownish, spores
3-5-septate, usually 4-septate, 0,021-26 m.m. long, 0,007-8 m.m.
thick.

M.W BRITISH LICEU 141

On the bark of holly, near Lyndhnrst, New Forest (Crombieand
Larbalestier), very sparingly. This Bpecies, which belongs to the

section of A. rubella, = A. armoricana, Cromb. Ennm. p. 103,
Leight. Lieh. Br. Fl., p. 401.

In addition to these, Nylander has also described another new
British species in bis Obs. Lich. Pyr. Or, p. 70, viz. : —

6. Pertusaria urceolaria. JV>J. — Thallus whitish, thin, areolatn-
rimose, snbpapilloso-exasperate, on the surface effuse, K + at
first yellow, then orange-red ; apotbecia black, urceolato-depressed ;
spores l-4na?, blackish, 0,100-0,140 m.m. long, 0,050-75 m.m.
thick, K + violet.

On walls, La Moye, Jersey (Larbalestier, June, 1873). This
interesting species is allied to P. spilomantha, Nyl.

Anew Bubspecies is also recorded in the ''Flora,"/. c.tp. 16,
viz. : —

Lecidea subincompta* oribata. Nyl.— Thallus greyish-brown,
thinly subgranuloso-verrucose ; spores 3-5 septate, 0,023-40 mm.
long, 0,003-4 m.m. thick.

On the ground, Ben Lawers (Dr. Stirton).

HUNGARIAN FUNGI.

In your notice of Messrs. Schulzer and Kalcbbrenner's plates of
Hungarian Fungi, p. 127, you particularize one plant as Agaricus
(annularia) Fenzlii. Sch. This plant comes under my subgenus
Chamceota, as originally published by me in the " Journal of
Botany," vol. viii., p. 213, and where I refer A. xantliogrammus, ces.
to it. Messrs. S. & K. must be aware that the mere manuscript
name (" Mpt.p. 1079") of Schulzer' s cannot, by any law of priority,
stand, and it is the more, inexcusable from the fact of Messrs.
S. & K. actually referring to my remarks published under Cham-
ceota. Agaricus Fenzlii must in future stand as A. (Chamceota)
Fenzlii, and this becomes more important as the many new Agarics
are day after day described from different parts of the world.
Professor Fries also informs me that A. macrocephalus, Schulzer,
has already been described by Lasch, No. 240.

WORTHINGTON G. SMITH.

Ague Plant. — American Botanists are of opinion that the
plant found in marshes by Dr. Bartlett, and which is considered
to be intimately associated with Ague, belongs to the genus
Botrydium ("Grevillea," pi. 7.), the Hygrogastrum, ol* Raben-
horst.

142

THE AGUE PLANT.

Dr. Bartlett has recently read before the Chicago Society of
Physicians and Surgeons a communication on the Ague Plant,
already noticed by us (" Grevillea," vol. i., p. 95), and of which he
has given the following more minute description : —

Safford's plant consists of body and what would appear to be a
root. The body, or globe, consists of a wall enclosing a cavity.
The layers of this wall are two ; an internal structureless envelope
of a dull white color, like the retina in the cadaver, and an outer
green wall, apparently resting upon the first as a basement mem-
brane, which is much more complicated. It is composed of a
great number of green cells ; these are circular, and enclose green
contents. The contained material seems to be divided by lines
running across the cell, which do not, however, display any definite
arrangement. At this point of development the cells furnish the
observer no indication as to the granular or cellular condition of
their contents. When injured they appear to discharge other very
small and greenish cells of a simpler construction. The green
wall cells do not adhere very tenaciously to the white membrane.
They are readily detached from the latter by gentle friction and
maceration, and float off on to the root or other adjacent body.
Of the construction of the cavity of the plant within the white
membrane I have no knowledge. It seems to be a simple sac.
The globe of the plant, at maturity, collapses, the upper circum-
ference falling in upon the lower in such manner as to leave to the
view a cup, in place of a sphere. At first glance it would seem
that the upper hemisphere of the globe had been thrown off, and
that the observer was looking into the concavity of the lower
hemisphere. More careful examination will show that the globe
has collapsed, its contents escaping, and the upper half of its wall
falling down upon the lower. The collapsed plant generally pre-
sents the cell wall unbroken. Occasionally the upper depressed
half is slit open through its centre ; frequently, along the margins
of the cup, at the junction of the depressed and stationary portions,
there are lacerations of the wall. When the soil containing the
plant is removed from its natural bed and placed in different con-
ditions, the collapse of the globe seems to be precipitated. The
walls, examined immediately after having fallen in, appear of a
darker colour, as if moistened. The cavity of the plant contains a
colorless fluid, which, it is presumed, is spontaneously evacuated when
the globe collapses. It is forcibly ejected if the plant be punctured.
I have never had an opportunity to examine it with a higher power
than 200 ; I can therefore say nothing of its composition ; it is
probably simply nutritive. Under certain conditions, as when an
attempt is made to preserve the plant in glycerine, the green wall,
losing entirely its cellular character, becomes rumpled up, and
massed upon the inner tunic.

THE AGUE PLANT. 143

The root, or wh.it seems to serve as such, is, in length, about six
times the diameter of the plant. The trunk of the root soon puts
forth a number of branches which seem to terminate in points, the
latter becoming bulbous when soaked, as in glycerine. The root
is white ami translucent ; not smooth, but having an appearance as
if the surface were covered with granules. It is hollow, the fluid
sometimes seen within giving the shaft the appearance of a glass
tube containing water. It seems continuous with, and similar in
structure to, the white wall membrane ; or rather, this mem-
brane appears to be an expansion of the root material. Dr. Saf-
ford regards the cavity of the root and body as continuous; he
thinks lie has seen the green cells of the wall within the hollow of
the root. I have never observed such an appearance. The green
cells of the globe wall were often seen floating upon, under,
and about the root, and massing together in its branches. In such
specimens, however, it has been easy to recognize the fact that
these cells have been washed from the body of the plant — the spot
on the globe from which they have been removed being readily
detected by the bald appearance of the denuded white membrane.

The plant varies greatly in size ; perhaps the average diameter
of the mature globe would measure ■£§ of an inch. They are, of
course, occasionally so small as not to be detected without a lens;
the largest specimens measure T]¥ of an inch. The cellular char-
acter of the green w7all may be detected by a good lens, this coat
appearing granular under such a power.

HERBARIUM MYCOLOGICUM .ECONOMICUM.

The third fasciculus of this publication contains, amongst other
fungi, the following interesting species : — Puccinia straminis, Fckl.,
placed side by side with the Puccinia graminis of Persoon. An
interesting species of Tillitia ; T. Icevis, Kiihn, for a full description
of which see " Hedwigia," No. 10, 1873, p. 152-3, where we learn
that Herr J. Kiihn first detected this species in a sample of wheat
from Lower Silesia ; since 18G7 he has cultivated it in the Botanic
Garden at Hiille, and has been successful in reproducing it (by
direct infection) upon numerous varieties of wheat. Ustilago cra-
mori, Kornicke, on Setaria Italica, Depazea beta>cola, D.C., on B.
cicla, D. brassiccccola, D. prunicola, Op., on Prunus domestica, and
D. rubicola, D.C., on the red currant. Uromy<-es phaseolorum, Tub,
Puccinia endivicB, Pass., P. alii, Cast., Uromyces trigonell&j Pa--..
on Fcenumgnrcuui officinale, Peronospora Schachtii, Fckl., on Beta
vulgaris, Sclerotium rhizodes, Awd., on Poa pratensis, Uredo pisi,
D.C., Exoascus deformans, Pass., on Peach leaves, Asteroma viai-
perda, Shm., on vine leaves, smaller branches, and grapes, Clados-
porium fumago, Link., on gooseberry, hazel, and birch leaves,

144 HERBARIUM MYCOLOGIOUM J2CONOMICUM.

Cceoma pimtorquum, A. Br. Peridermium oblong isporium, Fckl.,
Hypoderma macrosporiam, R. Hartig., and Trametes pint, Fr., on
various species of fir, Uredo ovata, Strauss, U. vitellines, D.C.,
Rhizomorpha subterranea, Pers., the mycelium of Agaricus melleus,
Saccharomyces Pasteurianus, Rees, and Botrytis Bassiana, Bals.,
" Muscardine," on the pupas of Bombyx sericeum, the silk-worm.

C. B. P.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Philibert, H. Observations sur l'hybridation dans Ies Mousses,
in " Ann. des Sci. Nat.," 5 ser. (Bot.), t. xvii., p. 225.

Janczewski, E. Etudes anatomiques sur les Porphyra, in
" Ann. des Sci. Nat.," 5 ser. (Bot.), t. xvii., p. 241.

Tieghem, P. Van., and Monnier, G. Le. Recherches sur les
Mncorinees, in "Ann. des Sci. Nat.," 5 ser. (Bot.), t. xvii., p. 2G1.

Tieghem and Le Monnier. Researches on the Mncorini ; con-
densed translation, in *l Quart. Jour. Micro. Science," vol. xiv.,
1874.

Lindberg, S. 0. The Mosses of Buddie's Hortus Siccus, in
" Journal of Botany," for February, 1874.

Lundell, P. M. The Desmidiaceas of Sweden, in " Nova Acta
Acad. Roy. Sci. Upsal.," vol. viii., fasc. 2, 1873.

Karsten, Dr. H. On the -Theory of the Process of Fermen-
tation, in " Annals of Nat. Hist.," No. 74, for Feb., 1874.

Peck, C. Descriptions of New Species of Fungi (North
American), in " Bulletin of Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences,"
vol. i., No. 2, 1873.

Bartlett, Jno., M.D. On a Marsh Plant (Ague Plant), sup-
posed to be kindred to the Geniasma of Salisbury, in " Chicago
Medical Journal," for Jan., 1874.

Gerard, W. R. New Species of Fungi (North American), in
" Bulletin of Torrey Botanical Club," vol. iv., No. 12.

Famintzin, A., and Woronin, M. Ueber 2 neue formen von
Schleimpilzen (Ceratium, A. & S.), 3 pi., in " Mem. de l'Acad.
Imper. des Sc. de S'Petersburg," xx., No. 3.

Magnus, P. Zur Morphologie des Sphacelarieen, 4 pi., Berlin,
1873.

Sauter, A. E. Flora des Herzogthums Salzburg, v. die Flechten,
vi. die Algen, in " Verlag. der Ges. fiir Salzb.," xiii. band, 1873.

Oudemans, C. A. J. A. Materiaux pour la Flore Mycologique
de la Nederlande, ii., in " Archiv. Neerlandaises," t. viii., 1873.

Hegelmaier, Dr. F. Ueber die Moosvegetation des Schwiibis-
chenJura, in " Wiirttemb. Natur. Wissensch. Jahresheften," 1873.

Rees, Prof, uber die Flechtenfrage, in " Sitzung. der Phys.
Med. Soc. zu Erlangen," Dec, 1873.

E. Cooke ,TxtlL

No. 22.] [April, 1874.

drmlUa,

A MONTHLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY
AND ITS LITERATURE.

NYLANDER ON THE ALGO-LICHEN HYPOTHESIS
AND ON THE NUTRITION OF LICHENS, &c.

Translated by the Rev. J. M. Crombie, F.L.S., &C

Dr. Nylander, in noticing in the "Flora," 1874, No. 4, two
recent pamphlets by Dr. Weddell, makes the following very op-
portune observations on several most important matters relating to
Lichenology, which with several additional notes, he has requested
me to translate for insertion in " Grevillea." The pamphlets under
review are : —

I. — H. A. Weddell, " Les Lichens du massif granitique de Liguge "
(Extrait du " Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France/' 1873).

II. — H. A. "Weddell, "Nouvelle Revue des Lichens du Jardin public
de Blossac, a, Poitiers " (Extrait des " Memoires de la Societe" des
Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourg," 1873).

Since what I have elsewhere written is true, " that truth itself
consists in the continual demolition of errors," I have always be-
lieved that it tends very much to the interests of science to oppose
fanciful or erroneous opinions ; nay, it may legitimately be con-
sidered to be one's duty to point out and refute such opinions, for
the.progress of science depends not a little upon their subversion.
Nothing, indeed, as is evident, is more readily received and propa-
gated than erroneous opinions, and, conseqnently, there is so much
greater difficulty in opposing their propagation, though we may not
on that account depart from the duty.

The two writings, whose titles are given above, forsaking on
certain points the truth and exactness of science, present a handle
for some animadversions, of which the following are, I think,
especially useful and opportune where they touch upon modern
controversies.

I.

Here, in the first place, we find (p. 5) these words — " Recent
observations introduce to our notice singular relations which exist
between Lichens and Alga?," &c. From this it would appear that
the author, in his own way, assents to the Schwendenerian hypo-

146 NYLANDER ON THE ALGO-LICHEN HYPOTHESIS, &C.

tliesis. Those, however, who have promoted it have brought
forward nothing confirmatory of it, but only anatomical reasons
long ago well known (they have introduced nothing). The absur-
dity of such an hypothesis is evident from the very consideration
that it cannot be the case that an organ (gonidia) should at the
same time be a parasite on the body of which it exercises vital
functions ; for with equal propriety it might be contended that the
liver or the spleen constitutes parasites of the Mammiferce. Parasite
existence is antonomous, living upon a foreign body, of which
nature prohibits it from being at the same time an organ. This is
an elementary axiom of general Physiology. But observation
directly made teaches that the green matter originally arises within
the primary chlorophyll —or phycochroui — bearing cellule, and
consequently is not intruded from any external quarter, nor arises
in any way from any parasitism of any kind. This, in a note
*' Upon the Gonimic Evolution of the Collemaeei " (" Flora,"
1868, p. 353), I have already enunciated, and in vain can it be
denied. The cellule at first is observed to be empty, and then, by
the aid of secretion, green matter is gradually produced in the
cavity, and assumes a definite form. It can, therefore, be very
easily and evidently demonstrated that the origin of green matter
in Lichens is entirely the same as in other plants. What need is
there then of any fuller refutation of the but too notorious hypo-
thesis of Schwendener ?

In a note under this paragraph, Nylander adds — " To those
desiring somewhat longer explanations upon this subject, I may
transcribe the following observations which I have elsewhere
made : — ' In this place may be noticed the hypothesis, or singular
conjecture, which, confirmed by no certain observations, and de-
pending upon no valid grounds, amongst other statements, exhibits
Scytonemata insinuating themselves into the thalli of Pterygium
(erroneously termed P armaria in Schwend. Erorter, in " Flora,"
1872, t. 4). Those Scytonemata are explained as ' Alga?,' which,
in a most wonderful manner, are parasitic in Pterygium." But did
not the author in conceiving such a theory know that the Scytone-
mata are (as is proved by the genus Gonionema), rather Lichens
than Alga? ; so that he was by no means treating of the parasitism
of an Algal on a Lichen, but of a Lichen on a Lichen. Moreover,
the Scytonemata present a gonimic vagina much firmer than the
Scytonemoid syngonimia of the Pterygia, and consequently the
Schwendenerian assimilation is entirely erroneous. In opposition
to the affirmation of this author, I may also add that no free
Scytonemata are to be seen in the specimens cited as received from
Tuckerman, and which I also have received. And if there were
any truth in his seeing anything of the kind, we would reason from
it that Lichens would grow best and occur most abundantly in
places where Scytonemata and other " Alga?," regarded as " para-
sitical" gonimic, or gonidial elements of Lichens, abound, and

NTLANDEB ON Till'. ALi;o-i.[iilKN HYPOTHESIS, &0. 147

would then be there observed crammed with these elements. The
case, however, is far otherwise; for, on the contrary, such
stations arc avoided by Lichens, and are not inhabited, except
Bparingly by Collemacei ami a few others, which are not always
well developed ; nor do those which occur contain any para-
sites of that kind in their texture. Elsewhere I have adduced
that the gonidia and gonimia of Lichens constitute a normal
organic system necessary, and of the greatest physiological im-
portance, so that around them we behold the growing (or vege-
tative, if we may so term it) life chiefly promoted and active. a<
for example creating colorific matter. On the contrary, thofi I
portions of the thallus remote from the gonidia and more advanced
in age, as best appears in incrassate crustaceous lichens, having lost
their life, become entirely tartareous, forming, as it were, but
" thickened deposits." Thus the life is collected chiefly in the parts
around the gonidia (in the thin superficial stratum). Moreover the
lower, and but little gonidiose lichens, such as often occur amongst
the llielotrejnata, Graphides, Vetrucarice, Mijcopora, have but a
shorter life, and consequently are frequently found with the apo-
thecia either not rightly developed, or dead, and thus in this respect
manifesting an analogy with and verging towards the fungi. It
would be most inconsistent to admit that parasitic plants dis-
charge the function of organs within the plant which they invade.
Other and additional arguments against the parasitic hypothesis of
Schwendener may be seen in Caspary, " Ueber, dieneuren Ansich-
ten in Betreff der Flechten, monach diese Schmarotzer seieu in
Schriften der physik. okon. Gesellschaft in Konisberg, 1872,
Abth. ii., p. 18." I add nothing here concerning the hymeneal
gonidimia, which, without any "hyphae," and the hyphre of fungi
have certainly nothing common in structure with the " hyph®" of
lichens *, normally occupy the pyrenocarpous thalamia, which are
destitute of paraphyses, between the thecte of many species, and
nothing of the Friesiads or the gonimia of cephalodia, which simi-
larly constitute normal organs, and afford constant characters of
different species (not only in Stereocaulon and Pilophoron, but also
in Peltidea, Placopsis, Lecidea panceo/a, &c). It certainly seems
superfluous to delay longer in refuting an hypothesis of that kind.
But even though the gonidia of lichens should show an analogy
with the gonidia of " xYlgai" (and what is clearly known of the full
development or fructification of those algae treated of?), this cir-
cumstance would present nothing marvellous, and certainly would
not confirm any subversive theories. But it is not to be overlooked,
that under the name of Algae are received by authors plants wholly
ambiguous in their nature, and such, indeed, as are very near to

* Here the author ad>ls in my copy — " The anatomical filamentose elements
of lichens are distinguished by various characters from the hyphae of fungi. They
are firmer, elastic, and at ouce present themselves in the texture of lichens. On
the other hand the hjpha3 of fungi are very soft, they possess a thin wall, and are
not at all gelatinous, while they are immediately dissolved by the application of
hydrate of potash, <fcc."

148 NYLANDEK OH THE ALGO-LICHEN HYPOTHESIS, &C.

lichens in a gonidic or gonimic respect. Nay, I have pointed out
the presence of apothecia in true Chroolepi (constituting the t h alii
of Verrucaria melathelia and Artlionia chroolepida), and not a few
thalli occur with chroolepoid gonidia of a violet scent (as for the
first time I have shown in " Flora," 1870, p. 52). So far, then,
are what are called " Algae," according to the turbid hypothesis of
Schwendener, and regarded as the " nourishers of the parasites of
fungo-lichens," from constituting true algae, that on the contrary
it may be affirmed that they have a lichenose nature, whence it
follows that these " algae" (or more correctly pseudo-algae) are in
a systematic arrangement to be referred rather to the lichens, and
that the class of algae hitherto so vaguely limited, should be cir-
cumscribed by new and truer limits." Nyl., Obs., Pyr. Or., pp.
45-47. The boundary of lichens has also by my aid in this sense
been enlarged, for to it I have annexed such genera as Cora, Dicho-
nema, Scytonema, Sirosiphon. In " Hedwigia," 1852, p. 3, Cohn,
in a paper on Protococcus, already indicates "the existence of zoo-
spores, not only in the Algae, but also in the lichens (developing
themselves in their gonidia) as a possible thing." The origin of the
Schwendenerian hypothesis seems to be as follows : —In Th. Fr.
" Stereoc," p. 16, are mentioned, " Cephalodia composed of gelati-
nous fibres, intricately congested and blackish." I have shown that
the author, led astray by his inexperience, took the common and
widely-distributed Sirosiphon saxicola, Naeg., which is to be found
on so many different lichens, for the cephalodia of Stereocaulon denu-'
datum. Then is devised the Friesian algo4ichen dispute. Sirosiphon,
willing or unwilling, is intruded in the cephalodia. The gonimia of
cephalodia. become " parasite algae," accordingto the discovery of the
writer of Upsala. With respect to these, I have written in " Lich.
Lapp. Or." p. 117, "If the various gonimia in cephalodia are to be
assumed to be algae, all gonidia must be declared to be such para-
sites ;" which immediately afterwards {Schwendener declared to be
the case. But more recently Norman (in an article on Moriola),
has made known observations somewhat analogous, but much newrer,
more wonderful and worthy of attention — observations which so far
from sustaining the hypothesis of Schwendener, on the contrary,
quite weaken it.

On the same page of Dr. Weddell's paper already cited, we
read — " It has been repeatedly stated that lichens live exclusively,
or nearly exclusively, at the expense of the atmosphere ; but it is
apparent that the rain-water which periodically impregnates them,
and which serves as a vehicle for many diverse substances, whether
organic or mineral — substances which a crowd of accidental cir-
cumstances brings upon the localities — contributes at least an equal
part of their nutrition." Also, p. 6 — " It would be very difficult
in many cases to explain without the concurrence of rain-water the
presence, so general, of lime in the th alius of crustaceous lichens,
which has without doubt penetrated in the condition of soluble
carbonate." Whence does the author obtain such an exact know-

NYLANDER ON THE ALGO-LIOHBH HYPOTHESIS, &0. 1 19

ledge of these, oven in their proportions (an equal part) ? I should
certainly Buppose that anyone teaching that lichens draw their
Donrishmenl from the atmosphere, by no means understands by the
term " atmosphere " only dry air, but chiefly rain-water with all
the different Bubstances which it may contain ami bring with it. Or
who has affirmed, who ever would affirm, that lichens can derive
all the parts constituting their organisation from pure air ^oxygen,
azote, carbonic acid)? And who, also, would affirm that rain-
water is the same as the distilled water of the chemist's laboratory ?
But we may correctly say that pure or naked air (if the expression
may be allowed) is by no means adapted for the food of lichens,
but by drying them up checks and represses their nourishment ;
though at the same time they do not love places which are not open
to salubrious air. It is manifest that the air does not directly
nourish them. So far, however, as relates to the manner in which
lichens draw their nourishment (aerial, solid, and in solution) from
water or by means of water (atmospheric or other), it can very
easily be shown that it chiefly penetrates through the surface of the
thallus (the cortical stratum). And how far the nature of the sub-
stratum is indifferent to them is evident from the circumstance that
very many of them occur promiscuously on the most diverse sub-
strata. Thus the same lichens occur on the hardest rocks, on dry
wood (even indurated by dryness), or on dead bark ; from all of
which they assuredly could not extract similar aliment, if, indeed,
they were able to annex even any particles to themselves. What,
for example, is to be derived from the old sapless bark of a pine ?
or what analogous from a quartzose rock ? But the same Lichens
grow alike on both. Nor is it to be overlooked that many of the
same are at the same time muscicole, and often only loosely affixed —
which very dissimilar stations, nevertheless, would seem to present
similar food, for these plants remain most similar in all ; nor is the
substratum lying under them (under the thallus, hypothallus, or
gomphus) ever observed to be worn or comminuted. From all
these reasons, then, we may conclude that the substratum is
scarcely of any importance, so far as nutrition is concerned. But,
in addition to this, lichens are so formed that foreign elements
usually could not, or could only with difficulty, arise from the sub-
stratum. The crustaccous thalli, indeed, not rarely exhibit under
the cortical gonidial stratum a tartareous medulla, or thick deposit,
not readily permeable, and nearly dead, and often a hypothallus
conglutinating the lichen closely to the stone, and this also but
little pervious.* But by a very simple and easy experiment the

* Here the author adds, in a note in my copy — " The same is observed in terres-
trial or museieole fruticulose thalli, fortbeir lower part next to the substratum is
destroyed and seen to be dead, when the upper parts only of the lichen are iu
full vigour. The life thus being lost in the part contiguous to the substratum,
nothing through it can arise from the Bubstratum. The nutritious elements,
indeed, in these lichens, as iu the others, are received through the external and
upper parts."

150 NYLANDER ON THE ALGO-LICHEN HYPOTHESIS, &C.

case is proved in fruticulose thalli, which, immersed in water by the
gomplius (that is, which are affixed very solidly to the substratum
by means of a conglutinating hypothallus), or at the lower part,
are by no means penetrated by this upwards ; whence it is abundantly
shown that the entrance to the nourishing moistures by no means
lies open from the substratum. On the contrary, it is everywhere
seen that immediately the thallus externally (or on the surface
looking towards the light) is moistened it promptly imbibes water,
and at once becomes vegetous. Thus, for example, Usnea sub-
mersed at the base of the thallus remains dry (except only the very
part which is submersed), but should water be sprinkled over it it
very greedily absorbs it, and presently softens and revives. This
experiment may be regarded as more than sufficient to demonstrate
that the atmosphere directly, by means of rain-water (from the
clouds or dew, &c), transfers nourishing matter to Lichens, and that
these can scarcely enter into their texture from the substratum,
unless sometimes in crustaceous thalli (received as if mechanically,
and not -as the result of nutrition properly so called), e. g , iron and
lime, which in solution are drunk up, and remain in drying, whence
the ferrose and calcareous states of Lichens derive their origin.*
Besides this, the active life, having its seat chiefly around the
gonidia, and putting forth young parts (lobes, laciniaB, branchlets,
isidia), and being manifested in the vital function of the apothecia
and the spermogones, it is apparent also that in these superficial
parts the nourishing humours necessary for all the actions of life
are especially and directly poured upon them. For this reason, we
see that the thai line surface delights in an anatomical texture which
assists such absorption, and that similarly the apothecia and the
spermogones are observed well filled with a very hygroscopic
lichenine gelatine, and draw to themselves water, the primary con-
dition of life, and receive nourishment through the medium of
water from the clouds, from rain, from fountains or rivers, or even
(in the case of maritime Lichens) from the sea.f

Moreover, in p. 6, it is observed — " Silicicole Lichens, which occur
exceptionally upon calcareous rocks of sufficient hardness, but
never upon organic substrata. For example, Lecanora gibbosa,
Lecidea geographica, Lecidea contigua, &c." This does not seem quite
consistent with the words of the author in the same page — " The
attentive observation which during several years I have been able
to make of a great many of these vegetables in the most varied
conditions of existence," for it is very evident, and has been pub-
lished over and over again in Lichenological literature, that these,
in addition to many other silicicolous ones, occur also upon dead
bark or old wrood. That " never," therefore, is to be deleted. Nor

* In primary limestone neither calcareous states nor calcivorous apothecia
scarcely occur.

f In a note by the author in my copy, he says— " In the Collemacei, in which
the entire thallus is perfused with lichenine (or Lichen gelatine), all its parts are
observed to be very hygroscopic.

NYLANDER ON THE ALOO-LICIIEX HYPOTHESIS, &0. 151

would there be wanting oilier observations in regard to that divi-
sion of Lichens which the author admits, and upon which subject
he lias neglected many more recent documents.

Jn the same place \>i\ Weddell says, in a note — " The oxalate of
lime constitutes . . . one of the essential characters of this
class of plants." This is an error, for the occurrence of oxalate of
lime in octohedral crystals is not to be regarded but as a character
in doubtful cases, distinguishing the thallusof a lower Lichen from
those Fungi which it resembles. But oxalate of lime is especially
peculiar to certain medullas (vid. Nyl. Syn., p. 11); on the other
hand, it is entirely absent — for example, in the Collemacei, as is
shown in every microscopical drawing of their thalli yet published,
and which is altogether elementary. Elsewhere 1 have indicated
(Nyl. Obs. Peziz. Fenn., p. 37), under Peziza amentacea, Balb., " The
hypothecium contains crystals of oxalate."

II.

"With respect to the Lichens of the public garden of Blossac com-
pared with my note concerning those of the garden of the Luxem-
bourg, at Paris, I may observe that my intention in it was only to
show what Lichens might be found in the midst of a very large
city,* which can in no way be compared with the vegetation
of a town which entirely presents the vegetation of the
neighbouring rural tracts. Concerning chemical re-agents, we find
it laid down — •' The truth is, an experience of many years
permits me to affirm that there are some things in the new method
to accept and some to reject." We may expect to learn from the
experience of the author, what, in his judgment, are to be rejected,
and what, on the contrary, are to be approved of or retained. Also
the incomparable writer of Upsala, thinking in former publications,
11 the reactions fallacious and variable," and " of little or no im-
portance," lately confesses and kindly concedes, that " he does not
entirely despise this character, sometimes as auxiliary" (that is
nearly sub-auxiliary) " Scand.," p. GO ; nevertheless, he expounds
no better character in his writings, and most eagerly adduces the
chemical characters indicated by me, than which none others are
indeed more constant. He looks down upon them, but he lays
hold of them.f The naked truth is (" la verite est") that the

* Not a single Lichen, and scarcely even the trace of any thallus, are to be
perceived in any of the public parks of London. — J. M. C.

t In the same place there occur these words — " It would be incongruous if
lichens and not also other plants could be distinguished in this way." But the
opinion may rather be regarded as incongruous, which would maintain that lichens
in this respect are of an identical nature, for they show a nature altogether pecu-
liar. Nor may it be overlooked that in Th. Fr. " Scand.," p. 187, there is openly
announced " a new discovery." The author declares that he has employed acetic
acid as a reagent " with great success." He may not, therefore " despise" this
lucky acetic acid, but happily use it. The next time he will no doubt reveal won-
derful things effected by the help of this acid, and what splendid successes he has
obtained.

152 NYLANDER ON THE ALGO-LICHEN HYPOTHESIS, &C.

chemical characters are entirely similar, and of similar value with
the other characters ; all are auxiliary, but the former excelling in
simplicity and perspicuity, are at the same time very easy and
necessary. Accordingly in the present state of Lichenography,
we may not neglect them, or if we do neglect them, the whole of
Lichenography would become worthless and profitless. But it is of
the greatest importance that those as well as the other characters
should be rightly and accurately observed ; for, if badly and un-
skilfully employed, they lead to errors ; as happens through any
defect of dexterity and sound judgment in matters relating to
science, and nowhere is expertness and judgment more necessary.

In p. 16, we read, " I have seen in some apothecia of this variety,
or of the following, the normal spores of Lecanora subfusca replaced
by the spores in equal number of an entirely distinct physiognomy
— spores twice as large, brown, 1-septate, without apparent change
in the other portions of the apothecium. M. Nylander, to whom I
submitted pieces, has hesitated to pronounce upon the possible
causes of such an anomaly." Here the experience of the author
by no means shines forth. He had, indeed, submitted to me hete-
rogeneous apothecia, growing mixed with the apothecia of a certain
" Lecanora subfusca" saying on a label, " apothecia L. subfusca?.,
bearing different spores (brown, 1-septate)," an absurdity unworthy
of any lichen whatever, or any other plant. I answered, "this
is something marvellous ; I have known nothing so prodigious."
This the author does not seem to have understood, nor very faith-
fully rendered. " Nylander has hesitated, &c," when on a more
attentive examination, the wonderful knot could easily be solved.
Manifestly it relates to two lichens occurring conjointly, as is every
day seen, with the thalli so intermingled that the different apothecia
appear as if sitting on the same thallus.* Examining to-day those
apothecia which were sent, it was at once evident that the apothecia
with the brown spores belonged to Physcia aipolia. Accordingly,
Lecanora subfusca was growing mixed with this Physcia, which was
the " wonder." It may be added that, in no respect, either external
or anatomical, do the apothecia of both present any likeness. f

* This is equally the case, and perhaps even more frequently so with the
spermogones, which it cannot be doubted are as constant in their chai'acter in the
different species as are the apothecia. Inattention to this has led Dr. Lindsay to
propound his very erroneous theory of the " Polymorphism of Spermogones." —
J. M. C.

f It may be observed that lichens occurring without any thallus, or as para-
sites of other lichens, are of a very low order; the inferior Lecidece (nearly Patel-
larice, scarcely any Biatora), Opegraphce, Artlwnice, Melaspilece, Yerrucarice,
Endococci, Mycopora. Some Biatora1, which seem to occur as parasites, and as if
athalline, yet are not entirely destitute of traces of a thallus (thus, for instance,
gonidia are observed amongst the apothecia of Lecidea Heerii, Hepp., on the
tLallus of Peltigera (Nyl., in my copy.) I may here notice also that Lecanora
sophodes, var. pictavia, Wedd., p. 17, is certainly nothing new. Elsewhere I
may adduce the names formerly received.

153

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.
By the Rev. M. J, Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.

(Continued from Page 101.)

470. Melanconium oblongum. />'.— Pustulis elevatis late COnicis
t • ctis ; sporis oblongis.

On Juglans cinerea. Massachusetts. No. 3380. Alabama,
Peters. No. 5250 : Bpores*0008 long, with an oil globule, one Bide
curved. A very different plant from Stilbospora ovata, which also
occurs (»n walnut.

477. Stilbospora brevis. B. $ B.— Bubcorticalis, tarde sporas
oblongas utrinque obtusas triseptatas emittens.

On rather thick bark of hornbeam. South Carolina. Ravenel.
No. 1360.

At first entirely concealed by the bark, then sending out the black
oblong triseptate spores, the breadth of which is one-third of the
length.

478. Stilbospora pinicola. B. $ C, — Soris oblongis erumpentibus ;
sporis oblongis, utrinque obtusis triseptatis, articulis uninucleatis
leviter constrictis.

On the under side of pine leaves. No. 4791.

Forming little oblong hysteriiform spots, at first surrounded by
the cuticle ; spores oblong, -0008 long, -0002 wide, constricted slightly
at the joints, each of which has a single globose nucleus.

* Steganosporium cellulosum. Cd. — On Acer saccharinum.
Pennsylvania, Michener. No. 3604. Mountains of Upper Caro-
lina. Curteis. No. 4501. Spores "002 long.

* Coryneum Kunzei. Cd.— On oak branches. Pennsylvania.
Michener. No. 5125.

479. Coryneum decipiens. B. % C— Sporis oblongis utrinque
obtusis triseptatis longe pedicellatis.

On bark. New England. Murray. No. 5670.

Forming little erumpent pustules; spores oblong, obtuse at either
end, triseptate, -0006 long, about ^ as much broad., seated on long
hyaline pedicels. No. 3339, on chesnut from the Virginian
Mountains, is either the same or very closely allied, but the spores
are attenuated at the base, and I have not seen the same elongated
pedicels.

* Coryneum pulvinatum. Kze. — On Tilia Americana. Vir-
ginia Mountains. Car. Inf. Curtis. No. 3331, 3402. Canada.
Dr. McLagan.

* Coryneum compactum. B, § Br. — On Betula rubra. Car.
Sup. Curtis. No. 313.

* Coryneum mycrostictum. B.$Br. — On Rose. Alabama.
Peters. No. 5209.

480. Coryneum Negundinis. B. <b C— Pustulis nrinutissiinis ;

154 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

sporis brevibus biseptatis e pedicellis crassiusculis furcatis reticula-
tisque oriundis.

On twigs of Acer Negundo. Car. Sup. No. 893.

Pustules extremely minute ; spores pallid, oblong, very slightly
attenuated at either end, biseptate, about half as wide as long,
springing from hyaline, rather thick pedicels, which are forked or
reticulated.

481. Coryneum castanicola. B. & C. — Pustulis epidermide arete
circtis ; sporis elongatis breviter pedicellatis pluri-septatis ; endo-
chromatibus denmm verticaliter divisis.

On smooth branches of chesnut. Pennsylvania. Michener. No.
4324.

Pustules raising the cuticle by which they are closely surrounded ;
spores elongated, slightly curved, pluriseptate, the endochromes at
length divided by one or sometimes two septa. The spores are of
the same form as those of C. Kunzei, but are distinguished by the
vertical divisions of the septa.

482. Coryneum ixxegulaxe. B. <Sf C— Pustulis elevatis distinctis ;
sporis obovatis 4-6 septatis ; tmdochroniatibus verticaliter divisis ;
pedicellis tenuissimis.

On birch. Alabama. Beaumont. No. 5121.

Pustules distinct, raised ; spores large, "002 long, obovate, at-
tenuated below, 4-6 septate, the lower divisions very narrow, and
gradually passing into the short, very slender stem, the endo-
chromes divided vertically, each division containing a single globose
nucleus.

483. Seixidium Liquidambaxis. B. $ C. -Pustulis epidermide
arete inclusis ; apice carneo ; sporarum articulis ellipticis.

On twigs of Liquidambar. Car. Inf. No. 3718.

Pustules completely inclosed, except at the rather mealy flesh-
coloured apex. Joints of the spores elliptic, not so elongated as in
Seiridium marginatum ; interstices cylindrical.

* Festalozzia Fezizoides. Be Not. — On Vitis riparia. Car. Sup.
Curtis. No. 209. Murray.

* Festalozzia Guepini. Be Not.— On orange leaves. Massachu-
setts. Murray. No. 5459. On Lagerstrcemia. Car. Inf. No.
6186. On peach. Car. Inf. No. 5037. On Smilax. No. 2720.

Also with Discosia ocellata, B. & C, on Magnolia grandifiora.
Car. Inf. No. 5011.

* Festalozzia funexea. Besm. — On Cupressus thujoides. Car. Inf.
No. 2610. A variety, with rather narrower spores, occurs on pine.
Car. Inf. No. 3797. On Araucaria. Pennsylvania, Michener.
No. 5164.

I cannot distinguish from these latter, No. 4482, on Rhododendron
Catawbiense, Mountains of Car. Inf., or No. 1370, on the fruit of
roses, Ravenel. These two, perhaps, may properly be considered
varieties of P. Guepini.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 155

484. Pestalozzia unicolor. B. $ C. — Pustulia mmutissimis ;
Bporis oblongis utrinque leviter attenuatis triaeptatis hyalinis.

On juniper. New England. Sprague. No. 6324.

Pustules extremely minute, situated on tin; grey fibres of the
exposed wood ; Bpores oblong, slightly attenuated at either end,
.001 long, very pale.

485. Pestalozzia stictica. B. J; C. — Pustulis niinutisshnis ; sporis
subdolii lorn li bus biseptatis.

On leaves of Platanus occidental is. Santee River. No. 1G38.
On leaves of Tilia. Alabama, Beaumont. No. 4608.

Pustules very minute ; spores swollen in the middle, with two septa,
exclusive of those which separate the highly developed crest and
the short pedicel. The dark part, .000 u" long and almost as much
wide.

486. Pestalozzia torulosa. B. <L- C. — Pustulis parvis, sparsis, vel
e macula nigra oriundis ; sporis biseptatis torulosis.

On seeds of water melon. Car. Inf. No. 5035.

Pustules minute, scattered, or springing from a black spot;
spores with two septa, exclusive of those which separate the crest
and pedicel, strongly constricted at the articulations, .001-. 0015
long, the upper and lower joints sometimes brown.

487. Pestalozzia hysteriifoxmis. B. <$• C. — Pustulis minutis e
macula arida decolorata oriundis; sporis breviter fusiformibus ;
biseptatis pedicellis hyalinis elongatis.

On leaves of Quercus nigra.

Pustules minute, springing from greyish discoloured concentri-
cally divided spots ; spores shortly fusiform, biseptate, with long
hyaline slender pedicels.

488. Pestalozzia compacta. B. <£• C. — Pustulis elevatis medio per-
foratis ; sporis angustis triseptatis.

On stems of hops. Car. Inf. 6030.

Pustules distinct, elevated, perforated in the centre ; spores
narrow, oblong, triseptate, brown. The spores resemble those'of
the varieties of P. Guepini mentioned under P. funerca.

489. P. stellata. B. § C. — Pustulis stellatis e macula alba ori-
undis; sporis subdoliiformibus biseptatis.

On leaves of Ilex opaca. Car. Sup. No. 4921.

Pustules stellate, seated on a circular white spot surrounded by
a black line ; spores short, swollen in the centre, biseptate ; pedicels
about the same length, attenuated downwards.

490. Pestalozzia annulata. B. $ C. — Pustulis punctiformibus e
macula alba fusco-cincta oriundis ; epidermide centro excepto
tectis annulatis; sporis fusiformibus 2-3 septatis.

On Ilex. Alabama, Beaumont. No. 4871.

Pustules punctiform, perforated in the centre, covered with the
cuticle, and surrounded by a black ring, springing from a large
marginal white Bpot with a brown border; spores fusiform, bi-

156 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

triseptate .002 long, with a pedicel of the same length, attenuated
downwards. Quite distinct from the last species.

* Pestalozzia Laurina. Mont. — The spores slightly shorter than
in an authentic specimen.

On leaves of Laurus Caroliensis. Car. Inf. No. 2712.

491. Pestalozzia concentrica. B. $ Br.— Pustulis concentricis e
macula pallida oriundis ; sporis triseptatis, utplurimum mono-
chaetis.

On leaves of Pyrus. Car. Inf. Raven el. No. 1354. On apple
leaves. Mountains of Upper Carolina. No. 4497. On Crataegus.
Alabama, Beaumont. No. 4607. On Castanea pwnila. Beau-
mont. No. 5094.

Pustules concentrically arranged in the more typical form on a
pallid or white spot; spores rather variable in form, about -001
long, with, in general, a single oblique process at the apex, more
rarely with a three-threaded crest. The process is sometimes quite
horizontal. Nearly allied to P. monochceta, Desm.

492. Cheirospora Micheneri. B. $ C. — Soris elevatis, minutis ;
sporis longe pedicellatis globosis vel irregulariter obovatis, fuscis e
cellulis globosis indefinitis membrana tenui circumdatis.

On hornbeam. Pennsylvania, Michener. No. 4315.

Forming little elevated pustules ; spores with long slender hya-
line pedicels, which are sometimes forked, brown, globose, or
irregularly obovate, consisting of a number of cells contained
within a thin membrane.

* Nemaspora crocea. P. — On bark of various trees. Car. Inf.
Ravenel. No. 925. Curtis. No. 1145, 1165.

* Nemaspora aurea. Fr.— Michener. No. 3819.

493. Nemaspora pruinosa. B. $ C. — Pustulis pruinosis, intus
cellulosis ; sporis minutissimis.

On Ecliino cactus. Massachusets. Murray. No. 5461.
•Pustules gregarious, elevated, distinctly pruinose, irregularly
cellular within ; spores extremely minute, subelliptic.

494. Nemaspora rufa. B. & C. — Pustulis irregularibus applanatis
intus cellulosis ; sporis minutissimis motu Browniano praeditis.

On branches of Magnolia. No. 4555.

Pustules irregular, depressed, black cellular within ; spores ex-
tremely minute, subglobose, endowed with Brownian motion.

495. Nemaspora decipiens. B. $ R.— Pustulis subcortice abditis ;
sporis brevibus filiformibus curvulis pedicellis brevioribus.

On bark, which is soon covered with the spores, so as at first
sight to look like Corticium viscosum. Sulphur Springs. Car. Sup.
Ravenel. No. 1519.

Pustules completely concealed by the bark, sending out innu-
merable very short linear, slightly curved, yellowish spores, which
spring from pedicels rather longer than themselves.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI, 157

49G. Nemaspora Rhoidis. B. «$■ C— Pustulis basi dilatatis cortice
arete cinctis extna nigris intus pallidia ; sporis oblongis hyalinis.

On Rhus. Maine. Rev. J. Blake. No. 6297.

Pustules prominent, closely surrounded by the bark, except at
the apex, brown pallid within, spores hyaline, -0000-0005 long,
obtuse at either end, about \ wide

497. Nemaspora Russellii. B. & C— Pustulis gregariis epider-
mide pallida ferine tectis ; sporis fusiformibus pedicellis hyalinis
sequatis.

On branches of Robinia. New England. Russell. No. 5911 bis.

Pustules gregarious, almost covered by the pallid cuticle ; spores
fusiform, rather oblique, -0005--0004 long, seated on pedicels of
the same length.

498. Nemaspora viridis. B. $ C— Pustulis truncatis promincn-
tibus; sporis viridibus ellipticis e pedicellis elongatis hyalinis ori-
undis.

On birch. No. 4899.

Pustules prominent, black, truncate above ; spores elliptic or
elliptic-oblong, about -0006 long, but rather variable in size, about
half as much wide, green, granular within, springing from slender
hyaline elongated pedicels.

499. Nemaspora brachyspora. B. # C— Pustulis elevatis obtusis
libeiris, sporis curvulis reniformibus.

On bark. No. 2647 bis.

Pustules scattered, obtuse, free ; spores about -0006 long, half as
much wide, reniform.

500. Nemaspora erythraea. B. $ C— Pustulis epidermide tenui
tectis, gregariis, intus cellulis globosis prasditis ; sporis minutissimis.

On twigs of roses. No. 3188.

Pustules minute, gregarious, covered with the thin cuticle, de-
pressed, with a single row of globose cells within, the walls of which
are covered with extremely minute, shortly oblong spores.

REHM'S ASCOMYCETEN.

No mycological student of the present day need complain of any
lack of published specimens to assist him in his researches. Since
the publication of Fries' Scleromycetes Suecia?, Mougeot and
Nestler's Stirpes Cryptogamicce, etc., this method of diffusing a
knowledge of the science has found much favour amongst fungo-
logists. Each year brings into existence some fresh series of
" Exsiccati." There are in course of publication at the present
time, amongst many others, collections representing the mycologieal
flora of Austria, of Great Britain, of the European Continent, and
we believe, one is in contemplation which will include species from
all parts of the world. Dr. Rehm, of Windsheim, has undertaken
the illustration, by actual specimens of the Ascomycetes, a class of

158 REHM S ASCOMYCETEN.

fungi to which this mode of representation is especially applicable on
account of the facility with which they can be dried, so as to retain
their microscopical characters unimpaired. Each fasciculus contains
fifty specimens, which are carefully arranged and very richly repre-
sented—

Fasc. I. contains — Ascobohs furfuiYiceus, Vers., Leucoloma carnea,
(P.), Crouania asperior, (Nyl.),C humosa{Fr.), Pezizahemisphairica,
Wigg., a variety with verrucose sporidia ; Humaria gregaria, Rehm.,
Pyronema luteopallens, Nyl., Pustularia cupularis (L.), Helotium vir-
gultonim, Fr., Format Jructigenum and conigenum, H. epiphyllum, Fr.,
H. herbarum, Fr., Ciboria firma (Pers.), Dasyscypha virginea
(Batsch.), Pyrenopeziza Lojkce, Rehm., anew species allied to Peziza
atrata, Lepto sphceria Nitschkei, Hehm., Lachnella barbata,Fr., Cal-
loria vinosa, A. & S., Durella ceruginascens, Rehm., Melaspilea Pelti-
gerce, Nyl., Scutidaepigena, Nyl., Karschia nigricans, Rehm., Stictis
ollaris, Wallr., S. Carestice, De Not., Ilysteriu/n elatinum, Pers., H.
pinicolum, Rebent, Hysterographium Fraxini, DeNot, Colpomaquer-
cinum, Wallr., Baggea pachyascus, Awd., Leciographia pulvinata,
Rehm., Ostropa cinerea, Fr., 0. cubicularis, Fckl., Sphcerella Haqe-
nice, Rehm., on the thallus of Hagenia ciliaris, Pharcidia congesta,
Korb., Sporormia minima, Awd , Leptospliceria agnita, Ces. &
De Not, Melanomma pomiformis (P.), Nectriella Robergei (Desm.),
Nectrialecanodes, Ces., A7. Lamyi (De Not), N.pyrrhochlora, Awd.,
Amphio sphceria Xyloslei, (Pers.), Teichospora obducens, Fckl., Bertia
querceti, Rehm., Diaporthe fibrosa, Mtschke, Aglaospora profusa,
Tul., Valsa eunomia, Fr., V. ambiens, Fr., V. dissepta, Fr., Rhapi-
dospora Carauorum, Tul.

Fasc. II. contains — Helvella lacunosa, Afz., Ryparobius Cookii,
Boud., Pustularia vesciculosa, Fckl., Leucoloma ascoboloides, Rehm.,
n. sp., Pithya chrysophtlialma (Pers.), Helotium virgultorum, Wahl.,
forma scutula, H. amenti, Fckl., Peziza alniella, Nyl., P. convivalis,
Fr., P. nrtica?, P. Humuli, Lasch., P. cl ancle stina, Bull, P. caly-
cina, Sch., Pizizella avellance, Fckl., P. Hungarica, Rehm., Peziza
leucophcea, Pers., P. Artemisia?, Lasch., Pyrenopeziza vitis, Rehm.,
P. carduoimm, Rehm., P . fuscorubra, Rehm., P. Niptera polygoni,
Rehm., Calloria coccinella, Sonimf., C. fusarioides, Tul., Durella
macrospora, Fckl., Bulgaria inquinans, Fr., forma tetraspora, Hys-
terium Prostii, Duby, Propolis versicolor, Fckl., Uncinida bicornis,
Lev., Hypoxylon udum, Fr., Crijptovalsa ampelina, Fckl., Diaporthe
vepris (Nitschke), Valsa rhodophila, B. & Br., V. salicina, Fr., f.
tetraspora, Cryptospora sujfusa,f. polyspora,Nectria iniligens, Rehm.,
Gibbera Winteri/ Rehm., Trematospha?ria Morthieri, Fckl., Lophios-
toma cavlium, De Not., Rosselinia rimincola, Rehm., Enchnosphceria
pinetorum, Fckl., Leptospliceria modesta, Desm., L. rubicunda,
Rehm., Pleospora doliolum, Pers., Phapidospora rubella, Pers.,
Gnomonia vulgaris, De Not., G. tubceformis, Tode, Sphceria Genista?,
Fckl., S. spurca, Wallr., S. Byonice, Fckl., Sphcerella Tussilaginis,
Rehm.

159

BRYOLOGICAL NOTES.

By E. M. Holmes.

The occurrence of the following new species in localities other
than those which have already been published may, perhaps, be
in t cresting to British bryologists : —

Baibula sinuosa. — On a stone in a hedgebank in a limestone
district, near Totnes, Devon ; Leigh Woods, near Clifton, Bristol,
on limestone ; Buckingham, on the exposed roots of trees, and at
the base of their trunks, growing with Tortula latifolia, on oolitic
soil ; Hanwell, near Banbury, on a damp oolitic limestone wall ;
Oxford, on a tree stump by the side of the canal ; Dunton Green,
in a wood on the chalk.

In the moist state it occurs generally in small dense tufts
which resemble T. vinealis in appearance, but have the peculiar
colour of Grimmia pulvinata. When growing in dry places, or on
the tops of limestone walls, as at Plymouth, it is of a somewhat
brownish-green colour. When dry it resembles Tortula nitida, but
the nerve is not glossy, and each stem appears separated from its
fellow, although united below by tomentum.

Under the microscope it is readily known by the fragile tips of
the leaves, of which the young and more perfect ones are seen to
have two or three irregular teeth at the apex.

Dicranum montanum.— Abbey Wood, Kent. On the stumps
of chestnut trees (Casianea vesca) which have been cut down, but
which have sent out a new growth ; the soil is sandy. It grows
intermixed with Tetraphis pellucida, and occurs in densely compacted
tufts of a deep green colour, in appearance resembling Weissia
cirrhata, but with the leaves rather more erect. It also resembles
that plant when dry. Under the microscope, however, it is readily
distinguished from it by the margins being serrated as well as the
back of the nerve towards the apex of the leaf. The leaves are
also distinctly papillose.

Stereodon canariense.— Near Buxton (Mr. E. George). The
specimen I have received is a dense flat tuft in which the stems
are about ^ inch long, and erect ; it has a more rigid appearance
than //. cupressiforme. The district in which it occurs is lime-
stone.

Fottia cavifolia. — I have only seen this plant growing on oolitic
soil, and believe it to be confined to that soil and magnesian lime-
stone. On the oolite it is extremely abundant, the mud-capped
walls being brown with its capsules.

Amblystegium confexvoides.— On limestone rocks, in Leigh
Woods, near Clifton, Bristol. In fruit August, 1873. It grows
in thinner tufts than Hypnum sevens, and is of a darker, almost
blackish- green colour in old specimens, and is in young fruit in
July, and the beginning of August.

160

Tortula sinuosa, in Oxfordshire. — A few days ago Mr. F.
Westell forwarded to me a specimen of this beautiful moss, gathered
by him near Witney during the present month, and in the note
accompanying it he states that Mr. H. Boswell has also gathered
it near Oxford. I have not specimens from Mr. Boswell, but there
can be no question about the Witney Moss, and from Mr. Boswell's
well-known character as a Bryologist, his word is quite sufficient.
We have thus another county for this moss, in addition to those
already recorded of Sussex (Davies), Cornwall (Boner), Devonshire
(Holmes), and near Bangor (Wilson). It is figured in " Journ.
of Bot.," vol. ix. (1871), p. 289, pi. 120, fig. 6.

Chas. B. Hobkirk.

British Mycologists will regret to learn that Mr. A. Jerdon,
of Allerton by Jedburgh, N.B., is deceased. For many years he
was an assiduous collector of Cryptogamia, and was instrumental
in augmenting our Flora with several very interesting species,
some of which bear his name.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Cunningham, Dr. D. Microscopic Examinations of Air. Calcutta,
1874.

Smith, H. L. The Siliceous shelled Bacillaria or Diatomacea?,
in the " Lens." Dec, 1873.

Smith, H. L. On the preparation of Diatomacete, in the
"Lens." Dec, 1873.

Briggs, S. A. The Diatomaceee in the Soundings of the Expedi-
tion for the Exploration of the Baltic, in the "Lens." Dec, 1873.

Jatta, A. Lichenum inferioris Italian manipulus, in " N. Gior.
Bot. Ital." Jan., 1874.

Delogne, C. H. Contributions to Crypt. Flora of Belgium, in
" Bullet. Soc Bot. Roy. de Belgique." Jan. 1874.

Nylander, W. Addenda Nova ad Lichenographium Europium,
in " Flora."

Willey, H. Statistics and Distribution of North American
Lichens, in " Bullet. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci.," No. 3. 1873.

Rostafinska, J. T. Versuch eins Systems der Mycetozoen (in-
augural dissertation). Strasburg, 1873.

Seynes, M. De. Observations sur le developpement des spores
du Penicillium glaucum et de 1' Aspergillus candidus. (Congres
de Bordeaux, 1872.)

Rabexhorst, Dr. L. Fungi Europoea exsiccati. Cent. 18.

QRZMLEA

BHETISH XiICHIEMS.

i

HEW BRITISH MOSS.

No. 23.] [May, 1874.

(SttvilUi,

A MONTHLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY
AND ITS LITERATURE.

BRITISH FUNGI.

By the Editor.
(Continued from Page 139J

Puccinia Bistortae,. B.C.

Spots none ; sori scattered, minute, numerous, rufous, hypo-
phyllous, suborbicular, spores ovoid or oblong, obtuse, rounded,
bright brown, stem very short. — De Can., Flor. Fr. v. 61. Corda
Icon, iv., /. 61. Libert. Exs., No. 91. Puccinia vivipara, Grev.,
MSS.

On leaves of Polygonum viviparum, near Mar Lodge. Aug ,
1822 (Dr. Greville). On Polygonum Bistorta, near Liverpool.
(11. McL.)

Uromyces excavata. B.C.

Spots none or yellowish ; sori scattered, surrounded by the in-
flated epidermis ; spores brown, obovate, shortly pedunculate and
sessile. — Uredo excavata, D.C., Fl. Fr., vol. ii., p. 221 . Berk. Exs.
No. 119. Coeoma excavum, Lk. sp. ii., p. 31.

On Euphorbia exigua, in company with JEcidium Euphorbhe.

King's Cliff, Norths.

Omitted in Berkeley's u Outlines" and Cooke's " Handbook,"
through oversight.

.JEcidium Parnassiae. Graves.

Hypophyllous, spots pallid, cups laxly disposed in subrotund
tufts, yellowish-brown, urceolate, margin thick, nearly entire, spores
pallid. — Graves, in Duby. Bot. Gall., ii., 904.

On leaves of Parnassia palustris. Near Glasgow. (Dr. Greville.)

This will follow No. 1G2G in the " Handbook of British Fungi."
Synchytrium. Be Bary.

Cellules often numerous, aggregated, involved in a common
membrane, forming sori, endochrome orange, delicately granulose ;
zoogonidia globose, rarely oval or oblong. — Rabh. Algce Europ.,
ii., 284.

Entophytal, with the habit of Uredo, seated in the parenchyma
of terrestrial plants.

162

BRITISH FUNGI.

Synchytrium taraxaci. Be By. $ Wor.
Cellules variable, seated beneath the cuticle of living leaves.—
Cohn's Beitrage, p. 39. B. $ Br. Ann. N.H., 1388.
On leaves of common dandelion. Batheaston.
Zoogonidia -00013 m.m. diam.

Synchytrium mercurialis. Fuckel.

Tubercles confluent on the nerves of the leaves, hemispherical,
greenish, depressed above, umbilicate ; sori oblong, grey ; zoo-
spores globose, uninucleate, hyaline. — Fuckel F. Rhen., No. 1607.
Schroet in Cohn's Beitr., p. 40. —B. $• Br. Arm. N. H., 1389.

On leaves of Mercurialis perennis. Batheaston. April.

Spores echinulate, -0012--0015 in.

Synchytrium anemones. Wor.— Schroet in Colin Beitr., p. 40.
B. 4' Br. Ann. N.H., 1389.* Chytridium anemones, D'By., in
Rabh. Algce Eur. ii., p. 284.

On leaves and petals of Anemone nemorosa.

Spilocaea pomi. Fr.

Spots often confluent, at first covered by the thin cuticle, which
is soon broken and evanescent ; spores densely adnate, subglobose
or oval. — Fries Sys. Myc. in., 504. Grevillea, ii., p. 64.

On apples.

Doubtless only a condition of Cladosporium.

Mitrula alba. Sm. (Grevillea, i.,p. 136, t. x., fig. 7.)
Amongst submerged leaves.

Vibrissea Margarita. White.
Simple, head orbicular, orange-red, margin hisped, stem cylin-
drical, hirsute with black articulated hairs, internally white. Asci
and sporidia ? — Buchanan White, in " Scottish Naturalist" for Jan.,

1874.

On dead sticks. Sept. Oct.

Rhizina laevigata. Fr.

Orbicular, even, brown, margin prominent, granulose beneath,
fibrils pallid ; asci cylindrical ; sporidia broadly fusiform, acumi-
nate, binucleate, uniseriate, hyaline. — Fries Sys. Myc, ii., 33.
Octospora rhizophora, Hedw. Muse. Frond, ii., t. b,f. a.

On stumps,

[Plate 22, fig. 1. Ascus with sporidia and paraphysis. b.
sporidia X 320.]

Feziza (Aleuria) isabellina. S?n. (Grevillea, i., p. 13G, t.ix.,fig. 1-4.)

On decayed coniferous wood.
Feziza (Aleuria) undata. Sm. (Grevillea, i.} p. 136, t. %., figs. 1-6.)

On tree-fern stems.

Feziza (Humaria) Chateri. Sm. (Grevillea, i., p. 120, t. viii,f. 1-2.)

Feziza (Mollisia) Bullii. Sm. (Grevillea, i., p. 120, t. viii.,f. 3.)

Feziza (Dasyscypha) lasia. B. § Br.

Cups globose, erumpent, orange, at length opening with a torn,
dentate mouth, externally gummy ; asci elongated ; sporidia fusi-

BRITISH FUNGI. 103

form, paraphyses urn-shaped above, sometimes uniseptate, inter-
mixed with short flood. — B. $ Br. Ann. N. II., 13(J1, t. 8,/. 10.

On elm. Langridge. Mar.

Caps smaller when on bark; sporidia -0005 in. by '0001 in.

[Plate 22, fig, 2. a, paraphysis ; b, ascus with sporidia ; c,
sporidia ; (/, tip of paraphysis. — B. $• Br.~\
Kiiyi-a nonius. Boudier.

Cnps very minute, scar^' conspicuous to the naked eye, waxy,
marginate, sessile; disc plane; asci prominent; when dry margin
indexed, rounded; parapliyses rare, short, septate; asci minute but
broad, polysporous, dehiscing with a convex operculum ; sporidia
very minute, hyaline. — Boudier, Mem. Asc, pp. 47.
Rhyparobius dubius. Bond.

Scattered, just conspicuous under a lens, pale grey or tawny,
pellucid, rounded ; margin not distinct ; asci oblong or oblong-
ovate ; sporidia 128 (?), oblong-ovate, minute, hyaline. — Bond.
Ann. Sci. Nat. (1869) x., p. 240. B. $ Br. Ann. N. H. 1392.

On rabbit's dung. Bathford.

Rhyparobius Cookei. Bond. ( Grevillea, i., p. 132 J B. $ Br. Ann.

N. H. 1393.
On dog's dung. Batheaston.

Rhyparobius argenteus. B. § Br.

Very minute, silvery white, ciliated with soft hairs ; asci short ;
sporidiiferous cysts elliptic, seated towards the apex ; sporidia
fusiform ; paraphyses furcate. — B. fy Br. Ann. N. H., 1394, t. 9,

/• 11.

On rabbit's dung ; for the most part attached to filaments of
Mucor.

Cups -004 in. across ; asci -004 in. long; sporidia normally 64
in each cyst -0007 in. long, -00025 -'0003 in. wide. Scarcely visible
to the naked eye ; asci opening with a little lid, which splits verti-
cally. Comes near to R. felinus, B , but has soft hairs, and is of a
pure white ; tips of paraphyses slightly enlarged.

[Plate 22, fig. 3 — a, asci with cyst ; b, paraphysis ; c sporidia. —
B. £J3r.]

Rhyparobius woolhopensis. Benny.

Minute, scattered, at first jmre white, then dingy ; cups with a
thick stem-like base, which is tuberculate, covered above with close-
st hairs which fringe the margin, at length expanding, the hairs
disappearing with age; substance of base vesicular; paraphyses
simple ; asci clavate ; sporidia fusiform (normally 04). — B. ^ Br.
Ann. N. II. , No. 1395, t. 9,/. 12.

On bird's dung, mixed with filaments of Mucor.

Cups -^ line (-041 in.) high; sporidia *0007 in. long ; cells of
base often -0015--0018 in. long.

[Plate 22, fig. 4 — a, ascus with cyst; b, sporidia. — B. ty Br.~\
Bulgaria purpurea. Fckl.

Receptacles as in Bulgaria sarcoides, but larger and more robust ;

164 BRITISH FUNGI.

asci scarcely stipitate, cylindrical ; sporidia biseriate, lanceolate,
sometimes curved, multinucleate, hyaline ; paraphyses filiform, not
thickened at the tips. Coryne purpurea, Fckl. Sym. Myc., p. 284.
Fckl. Fungi Bhen., No. 1136.

On rotten wood. Epping.

Sporidia ("0007 in.) -02 m.m. long, whereas in B. sarcoides they
are only half that length. The cups exceed 1 inch in diameter.

Dothidea filicina. Fr. Cooke's "Handbook of British Fungi,"
No. 2427.

The description of the fruit in the work above quoted is erro-
neous, as I find upon re- examination. It should be as follows : —

Asci elliptical ; sporidia biseriate, broadly fusiform, straight or
curved, 3-5 septate, constricted, with a short apiculus at either end,
amber- coloured, -0014 in. long.

Nectria citrino-aurantia. Leer.

Caespitose, pale orange ; perithecia very minute. — Leer, in Desm.
exs. it., No. 778. Rabh. Fung. Eur., No. 325. Tul. Sel. Fung.
Carp. Vol. Hi.

On sticks. Batheaston (C. E. Broome).

Remarkable for the exceedingly minute perithecia.
Sphaeria (Pertusae) paedida. B. $. Br.

Perithecia ovate, rugose, opaque, free, brownish- black ; ostiolum
conical, at length deciduous ; asci linear ; sporidia uniseriate, con-
tracted in the middle.— 5. £ Br. Ann. N. H.} No. 1396, pi. x.,
/. 13.

On beech. April.

Quite superficial, confluent ; sporidia -0005--0006 in. X -0002-
'0003 in.

[Plate 22, fig. 5 — a, ascus with sporidia ; b, sporidia. — B. $- Br.']
Sphaeria (macrospora) Scirpi. Fckl. (Grevillea, ii.,p. 48.)

On Typha. May.

Sphaeria (Immexsae) nigxofactae. Cooke.

Gregarious, on blackened spots. Perithecia globose, opaque
black, rough, immersed or semi-immersed, ostiola thick, prominent,
sometimes alone appearing above the surface of the matrix ; asci
cylindrical, tetra^porous, sporidia linear, multiseptate, yellowish.
Paraphyses slender, hyaline, simple.

On old cabbage stems. Eastbourne (C. J. Muller). April.

Allied to Sphceria bacillata, C, but perithecia nearly double the
size, the sporidia are not much more than half as long (-0045 in.)
and appear to be always limited to four in an ascus.
Schizotuyrium. Desm.

Perithecia sessile, simple, rather fleshy, rounded or ovate, flat-
tened or slightly convex, minute, punctilorm, dehiscing by a longi-
tudinal fissure; nucleus gelatinous; asci fixed, erect; sporidia
ovoid. — Desm. Ann. Set. Nat. (1849), xi., 360.

Schizothyxium Ftazxnicae. Desm.
Innate, black, somewhat shining, rounded or ovate. Asci cylin-

BRITISH FUNGI.

165

drical, or somewhat clavate ; sporidia minute, ovoid. — Desm., Ann,
des Sci. Nat. (1849), 01., 360. Labrella ptarmiccB, in Grevillea,
it., 57.

( )u Achillea Ptarmica.

Sphinctrina coremioides. B. $ Br.
Perithecia stipitate, globose, externally setulose ; hymenium

downy from the projecting paraphyses; asci linear, soon absorbed ;
sporidia globose, concatenate. — B. 4' />'/•., in Gard. Chron., 1872,
p. 10, with Jig. B. $ Br. Ann. X. //., Nu. 1398.

On pear roots. Painswick. No?.

Sporidia -00025 in. -00b" m.ni. diam., forming eliains at the tips
of the elongated pedicels of the asci. which are soon absorbed.

Phacidium radians. Bob.

Erumpent, black ; receptacles minute, rounded, or oblong, glo-
bose, then flattened, solitary and scattered, or confluent in radiating
lines; disc fuliginous. Asci clavate ; sporidia oblong, straight, or
Blightly curved.— Desm , in Ann. des Sci. Nat. (lb'42), xvii. p. 116.
Rickx. Flor. Hand. 1, p. 45;).

On living leaves of Campanula patula. Summer. Near
Worcester (Edwin Lees).

Sporidia (-00035 in.) *01 m.m. long.

Chaetomium rufulum. B. d- Br.

Perithecia subglobose, cellular, rufous, springing from a thin
mycelium ; asci short, obtuse, sporidia eight, globose, granulate,
biseriate.— B. 4" Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1397, pi. x.,Jig. 14.

On a paper box under a bell glass. April.

Sporidia when young, '0004--0005, mature, -0007 in. Perithecia
globose, with a pointed apex, composed of about three rows of
coarse cells, of a pallid ochre at first, attached by a few threads.
Ostiolum (if any) very inconspicuous ; asci mostly curved, obtuse
at either end, the narrow base soon losing all signs of attachment
and floating freely in the perithecium ; sporidia spherical, strongly
granulated, of a pale-brown tint, containing a small nucleus.

[Plate 22, fig. 6. — a, b, asci ; c, sporidinm. — B. 4' #>'•]

Chaetomium glabrum. B. (Cooke " Handbook," No. 1934.)

Asci linear ; sporidia globose, uniseriate, smooth, (*0005 in.) '0127
m.m. diam. — B. §■ Br. Ann. N. II., No. 1397,* t, x.,fig. 13.

On the same matrix Lycogala parietinum occurs, and we have
little doubt that it is a mere state of the Chcetomium. The asci
are mixed np with yellow threads, and it is probable that, as in
other Chcetomia they are often absorbed, leaving the sporidia free,
and thus appearing to be the spores of a Mt/xogaster.

[Plate 22, fig 7. — a, asci with sporidia and paraphyses ; b,
sporidia. — B. 4' Br."]

Ailographum vagum. Dcsm.

Receptacles innate-superficial, amphigenous, scattered, elliptic,
ovate, or linear, simple or furcate, black, opaque, lips closely con.

166 BRITISH FUNGI.

nivent when dry, acute, asci elliptical ; sporidia very minute, hya-
line, oblong, simple. — Desm. Ann. Sc. Nat., 2 ser., xix., p. 362.
Dub?/, Hist., p. 38.

On dry coriaceous leaves, as holly, ivy, &c. Epping.

Perithecia scarcely visible to the naked eye.

A WORD MORE ON THE "AGUE PLANT."

By Wm. Archer.

The appearance of a further notice of the " Ague Plant," so-
called, in the preceding number but one of this Journal (No. 21,
March, 1874), recalls attention to the former record of it communi-
cated by Dr. Bartlett (No. 6, Dec, 1872, p. 95), and it, at the
same time, reminds me of the Editor having been so good as to
forward me, shortly after that occasion, some specimens of this
supposed dreadful form of vegetation, bringing home to me as well
the fact that, owing to many and various avocations, I had left
over communicating to him the result of an examination, until,
indeed, the matter had at last altogether escaped me.

Meantime I perceive by the number referred to (p. 141) that its
identity has since been made out, and quite correctly, as simply
Botrydhnn argillacewn (Wallr.), or perhaps better, Hydrogastrum
granidatmn (Linn.), Desv. Indeed, on reading over the original
account of the " Ague Plant," as given from Dr. Bartlett in this
Journal (p. 95, Dec, 1872), I could not but suspect that this was
in fact the very plant (though he called it a " fungus") in which
Dr. Salisbury believed he had discovered the " malarial essence,"
though I fancy there are few European observers who would not
be disposed to acquit the little Hydrogastrum of being the " cause
of the ague."

Nevertheless I might be excused some little trepidation and mis-
giving on opening the little package containing the specimen, all
the way from Iowa, fearing that concentrated within might be im-
ported a very unwelcome visitant. It was, no doubt, a relief, and
I certainly must own to have been quite reassured, even upon a
mere inspection by the unaided eye, when I did summon courage
to open the little box, to see the poor little Hydrogastrum sure
enough, as I had previously conjectured, showing its little withered,
depressed, and collapsed rounded fronds, dotted over the surface of
the dry mud. With very little compunction I placed a specimen
with some water under the microscope, and found it, as indeed the
majority of the examples proved to be, in the condition described
by Reinsch, of which I gave an extract in this Journal (" Grevillea,"
No. 7, Jan., 1873, p. 107), following Mr. Parfitt's communication
on this plant (1. c, p. 103), that is showing the cell, here making
up the whole u plant," densely filled with rounded, rather thick-

A WORD KOBE OB IHI "AGUE TLANT." 1G7

called daughter-cells, dne to the breaking up of the contents of
the original individual, and destined themselres to produce young
plants " in the following Bpring" (and to perpetuate the " ague " ?).
Indeed, the examination with a hand lens showed certain of the
examples which bad burst at the top rilled with these rounded
germs (like so many little eggs in a nest).

I would at once have communicated to the Editor the result of
my examination, but that I had Been a reference to a paper pub-
lished in the Regensburg "Flora" of 1868, purporting to contain
a demonstration by Dr. Ltzigsohn that Hydrogastrum after all
was not an Alga, but a Lichen, or at least that its nature was de-
bateable, as one was to gather from the title: " Botrydium
argillaceum, Wallr., ob Alge oder Flechte?" and I desired to
know what ltzigsohn had to say upon our plant, ere sending for-
ward a note of what the " Ague Plant" had turned out to be. It
will be borne in mind that Itzigsohn's statements could scarcely
have had any reference to the new views as to the nature of
Lichens propounded by Prof. Schwendener, lately discussed at
considerable length, a resume of which has appeared, and is being
continued, in the " Quarterly Journal of Micros. Science." But
the " Flora" was not then, and has only lately been, available in
Dublin.

From his paper (1. c, p. 129), we are to gather that, the Hydro-
gastrum being so common in his region, Dr. ltzigsohn had long
looked rather down upon it on that account, and had taken its
structure for granted, by, as he mentions, merely squeezing the
examples out upon a slide, in place of making sections ; still the
examination he had previously given had shown him the formation
of zoospores, his record of which is quoted, by Eabenhorst in his
" Flora Europasa Algarum Aquae dulcis," etc. (p. 2G5), and which
seems to be confirmed by Parfitt (1. c). It would seem, indeed,
for so far ltzigsohn had this very plant in view, and that his fore-
going statements about it are correct.

But Dr. ltzigsohn desired to repeat his previous observation as
to the occurrence of zoospores in Hydrogastrum, and having re-
ceived some examples of what he supposed to be this plant from
Dr. Ivuthe, obtained from another locality, he submitted them to
examination. He now made vertical sections, and of these he
gives a description, but no figures, promising a more enlarged
account on a future occasion ; but I am not aware if he ever ful-
filled that intention. From that description it appears indeed
abundantly manifest it was now not Hydrogastrum at all which he
had before him, but a true lichen, though from an outward resem-
blance he at once conies to the conclusion that Hydrogastrum
(Botrydium) must be no longer accounted an alga, but a lichen. A
vertical section through the rounded plant itself indeed gave him
an outward cortical or epidermoidal layer, composed of very delicate,
distinctly organised rotundato — G-angular parenchymatous cells,

168 A WORD MORE ON THE " AGUE PLANT."

followed by a "chlorogonimic " gonidial layer enclosed in a spongy
indistinctly cellular mass, whilst further inwards towards the middle
there occurred an irregularly interwoven fibrous layer, some of
the threads of which ended blind towards the hollow centre of the
" Botrydium-plant." He went further, and amongst those
examples of a chestnut-brown colour he detected apothecia, with
8-spored theca?, paraphyses none, spores colourless, filled with deli-
cate plasma, elongato-elliptic ; furthermore he found spermogonia,
with spermatia. But these examples did not satisfy Itzigsohn,
and he obtained, through friends, from Frankfort and Eichstadt,
examples fully developed, which, he says, satisfied him at last that
the plant passing at home with him as Botrydium was but the
undeveloped state of Tballoidima vesiculare (Hoffm.) Massal ;
{Lecidea vesiculare, Auct.). Still, he adds, he would reserve his
final judgment until he succeeded in obtaining fresh material for
the more exact examination of the common Botrydium form,
though he could entertain but little doubt but that " the unde-
veloped Tballoidima is perfectly identical with the plant figuring
amongst phycologists as Botrydium Wallrothi."

It appears, then, that Itzigsohn's statements were after all, in
the present case, scarcely worth waiting for ; it cannot be doubted
that, though possessing some amount of outward resemblance, these
are two plants essentially distinct — it would seem pretty certain
that not even a Schwendener would claim Hydrogastrum as the
" gonidia-former," in any modified manner, of " Lecidea vesi-
culare;" but whether Itzigsohn ever investigated the matter any
further is unknown to me.

On reading over the more recent description of the " Ague
Plant" communicated by Dr. Bartlett to the " Chicago Society of
Physicians and Surgeons" (see " Grevillea," No. 21, March, 1874,
p. 142), one sees how fairly it tallies with the known characters of
Hydrogastrum (see also Parfitt in " Grevillea," No. 7, January,
1873, p. 103), but it is undoubtedly surprising how he and the
American observers of the Society referred to (loc. cit.) failed to
perceive the identity of the organism in question, one which finds
a place in so many botanical text-books, both by figure and
description, as well as on lecture- diagrams, as a noteworthy
example of a single-celled independent plant, and at the same time
endowed with the power to become copiously ramified, so to speak,
"root," "stem," and serial portion combined in one "cell" only.
I venture to think it hardly less surprising to find this seemingly
so passive and inert little chlorophyllaceous alga, met with, in
suitable situations, all over Europe, gravely tried and found guilty,
on so. slender evidence, of being the atrocious " cause of the ague."

In the mud-samples so kindly forwarded by the Editor, there
occurred some fragmentary examples of a plant wholly different
from the foregoing — so small in quantity as to be quite invisible to
the unassisted eye — but which disclosed itself amongst the debris

A WORD MORE ON THE " AGUE PLANT. 1G9

taken up along with tin' II tnnn. This was a Chthono-

blastns, Kiitz. (Microcoleus, Barvey), and was mosi probably the
same as Ch. (Brugineus, Kiitz. Jusl when' one of these algae
would be found it would not be very surprising to meel with the
other. Can this latter be chargeable with being the "cause of the
ague?'1 It is wholly a differenl kind of alga from Hydrogastrnm,
without any point of homology or affinity therewith , except, perhaps,
their common love for the damp clayey substratum afforded by the
partial drying of the swamps, near which, unfortunately, from some
occult cause, the "ague" is prone to hover.

ON TOETULA BREVIROSTRIS. (HOOK. AND GREV.)
By E. M. Holmes.

While looking over some mosses, collected in the neighbourhood
of Buxton by my enthusiastic bryological friend Mr. E. George,
my attention was attracted by a specimen amongst them, evidently
belonging to the aloid group of the To?'tulce, but which had a very
short conical operculum, and upon further examination proved to
have synoicous flowers, and. therefore, to belong to T. brevirodri.<.
Hook, and Grev. Having reported the occurrence of this species
as a British species to ]\lr. Mitten, he kindly pointed out that it had
already been established as a British species, and as one new to
science, in " Brewster's Edin. Journ. of Science," vol. i., p. 289,
and that an excellent figure of it was given in the 2nd ed. of the
" Muse. Britt.," Suppl. tab. ii.

The history of this interesting little moss is a curious one. It
appears to have been first collected in 1799 by Bwartz, by whom
specimens were sent to Messrs. Turner and Smith under the name
of T. rigida. His specimens were described by them, in 1804, asa
variety of T. rigida having a short operculum. In ]<x:M Drs.
Hooker and Greville having received specimens, which they con-
sidered to be identical with those of Swartz, from D. Stewart, Esq^.,
collected on an old wall near Edinburgh, they established the moss
as a new species under the name of T. brevirostris, and described
and figured it in il Brewster's Edin. Journ. of Science." as above
quoted. It was afterwards described, and an excellent figure given
of it, in the 2nd ed. of the " Muscologia Britannica." Wilson,
however, omitted it from the " Bryologia Britannica,'* published in
1855, referring Stewart's specimens to T. rigida, Schnltz, and his
statement has hitherto passed unquestioned.

Thinking, however, from the occurrence of this species in Derby-
shire that Wilson might possibly have been mistaken, and having
ascertained that Gre?ille's original specimens were in existence, I
obtained, through the courtesy of Mr. .1. Sadler, permission to

170 ON TORTULA BREVIROSTRIS.

examine the original specimen from which the drawings in the
" Mnscologia " and " Brewster's Journal " were taken.

The packet I received was labelled on the outside, in Dr.
Greville's handwriting, " T. brevirostris," and contained two
smaller packets, one of which had Dr. Greville's original drawing-
inside, and was labelled outside, " T. brevirostris, on an old wall
opposite Parson's Green, Edinburgh, D. Stewart, Esq.;" and the
other was labelled also, in Dr. Greville's handwriting, " T. breviros-
tris" but was marked inside " T. rigida, Jackdaw Crag, Durham,
E. Spruce."

The specimen from Parson's Green consisted of a few immature
seta3, one of which only was sufficiently advanced to show the
short operculum. On this one I found synoicous flowers, which
proved it to be the right species, and not T. rigida, Schultz, as stated
by Wilson.

The specimens in the other packet from Spruce were T. rigida,
Schultz, having dioicous inflorescence. The operculum was, how-
ever, rather shorter than usual in that species, which probably led
Dr. Greville (to whom the synoicous inflorescence of T. brevirostris
was not then known) to label it " T. brevirostris."

Hence it is probable that Wilson, owing to the meagreness of
the specimen from Parson's Green, did not examine it, and taking
for granted that the other specimen from Jackdaw Crag was
rightly named by Dr. Greville as T. brevirostris, and, therefore,
identical with the Parson's Green specimen, referred them both to
T. rigida, Schultz. The honour of separating T. brevirostris as a
distinct species, and of discovering it as a native of Britain, is,
therefore, due to Drs. Hooker and Greville.

The description given in " Brewster's Journal," and in the 2nd
ed. of the " Muscologia," states that the operculum is half the
length of the capsule ; while Br. and Schimper, in the " Bry Eur.,"
state that it is only one-third the length of the capsule. The plate
in the " Muscologia " does not, however, correspond with the
description in the text, the figure being excellent, and representing
the lid as less than one-third the length of the capsule. The
figure was drawn, as above stated, from the Parson's Green speci-
men, which accounts for its correctness; the description may, how-
ever, have been modified by the remembrance of the supposed T.
brevirostris from Jackdaw Crag.

The character of the Derbyshire specimens, which agree well
with the figure in " Muscologia," may be thus expressed : —

Tortula brevirostris, Hook, and Grev. Plants small, subgemmi-
form, in scattered patches ; lower leaves roundish, ovate, obtuse, upper
leaves Ungulate ; nerve thin ; seta reddish, about J inch long ;
capsule elliptical ; lid obliquely conical, \ the length of the cap-
sule ; annulus broadish ; teeth of the peristome twice twisted.

For the purpose of easily distinguishing the allied species, the
following arrangement may perhaps be found useful : —

ON TORTULi BRBVIEOBTRI8. 171

Capsule elliptical — T. Irewroatris. Hook, and Grey. Lid short,
conical ; synoicous.
T. rigida, Scholtz. Lid long subulate ;
dioicous.
Capsule cylindrical — T. ambigua, Br. & Bch. Capsule erect;
dioicous.
T, a/oides, Br. & Sell. Capsule inclined ;
dioicous.

T. brcvirostris appears to prefer old moss-covered limestone
walls ; T. rtgida, nuidenpped walls in oolitic or magnesian limestone
districts; T. ambigua, rabble heaps in chalk pits; T. abides, clay
banks; for it is in these localities that the species are respectively
found to grow most luxuriantly.

For the excellent drawing accompanying this notice 1 am in-
debted to Dr. R. Braithwaite, whose kind assistance on this and
former occasions 1 take this opportunity of gratefully acknow-
ledging.

A full account by Mr. Mitten of the history of the group of
Tortulcc to which T. brevirosiris belongs will be found in the
" Journal of Botany " for this month.

Explanation of Plate xxiii.
1. Plants, natural size. 2. Capsules X 20. 3. Operculum X 50. 4. Part of
annulus. 5. Vaginula and inflorescence. 6. Stem X 20. 7. Leaves X 20. 7x.
Transverse section of a leaf. 8. Filaments from surface. 9. Areolation of margin
at upper part. 10. Areolation of basal angle.

LICHENOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA, No. 5.
By The Rev. W. A. Leighton, B.A. Camb., F.L.S., F.B.8. Ed.

On Lecidea Dilleniana (Ach.), and Opegrapha grumulosa, Duf.

Our venerable and venerated confrere, the Rev. M. J. Berkeley,
in one of his excellent papers in the " Linnean Transactions," xxi.,
p. 149, remarks that "The illustrious Mycologist, Elias Fries, on
more than one occasion expresses the far greater pleasure that he
has experienced in ascertaining with complete certainty a single
synonyme of the earlier writers than in discovering new species —
a sentence which will meet a responsive echo in the approbation of
most true lovers of science. There is indeed a great satisfaction
in clearing up a point hitherto obscure."

This excellent remark was forcibly recalled to my mind on ex-
amining some specimens of Opegrapha grumulosa, Duf., from the
walls of the old Nunnery in Alderney, which had been determined
by Dr. Nylander, and sent to me by Mr. Chas. Larbalestier, who
has been the fortunate and acute discoverer of so many novelties
in our Lichen-Flora, in the* Channel Islands and elsewhere. This
lichen is in general external character and aspect very similar to

172 LICHENOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA.

Lecidea Dilleniana, (Ach.), and lias been often confounded with it
in the published continental " Exsiccati." Attention, however, to
the chemical reaction of the tballus and the size and form of the
spores enables us distinctly to distinguish the two plants. In L.
Dilleniana the reaction of the thallus is K yellow, C orange-yellow,
and the spores are large, aciculari- fusiform, acute at the apices, and
3-septate (see fig b.). In 0. grvmidosa, on the contrary, the re-
action of the thallus is K very faint yellow, C decided red, and the
spores less than half the size of those of L. Dilleniana, oblongo-
fusiform or lineari-fusiform, obtuse or rounded at the apices,
3-septate (see fig. d.).

When describing L. Dilleniana in my " Lichen- Flora of Great
Britain," &c, p. 332, I had never seen or examined a specimen of
0. grumulosa, which at that time (1871) had never been detected
as a British lichen, except in Jersey, by Mr. Larbalestier. Conse-
quently whilst giving in the Lichen-Flora the proper reaction to
L. Dilleniana, I mentioned in a note that the " Exsiccati " of
Anzi Ven, 82 and 83, and Zwackh, 142 (respectively labelled as
L. Dilleniana), and Schasr., 580 (labelled as Lecidea epipolia),
had a different reaction, viz., K yellow, C red. The present exami-
nation of authentic specimens of 0. grinnulosa now enables me to
refer these to their proper place, viz., to 0. grumulosa, and not to
L. Dilleniana.

Much has been written time after time by various writers against
chemical tests and their supposed variability, and this apparent
diversity has no doubt resulted from similar circumstances with the
above. But the above fact appears to my mind as an additional
confirmation of their real value and constancy. In these investi-
gations it will be advisable to bear constantly in mind the caution
— a caution which cannot be too often repeated — which Dr.
Nylander gives in " Journ. Linn. Soc," ix., p. 365, note : — " The
analyses of lichens made by chemists often fail through the neglect
of an exact determination of the species, and probably not less
often by the mixture of specimens confounded together, and in-
correctly assigned to one single species. For the chemist, no less
than for the physiologist, it is of the greatest importance to know
exactly what is the plant we have under observation ; that is, to
have well determined the plant which we are studying." In other
words, he must not place implicit confidence on the attached labels
merely, from however great soever authority resulting, as indicating
undoubted accuracy, nor on his own preconceived notions of the
particular diagnosis ; but by careful observation and comparison
thoroughly satisfy himself that the plant under review is really
that which the label indicates it to be. Then apply the chemical
test, and doubt will be exchanged for certainty.

It affords no trifling pleasure to my own mind to acknowledge
and correct the error into which, through ignorance and imperfect
knowledge, I had fallen, and at the same time to adduce a confirm a-

LICHEHOLOGICAL MEMORABILIA. 173

tion of the value of chemical reagents in accurately determining

tin1 Bpecies of lichens.

The following additions to the synonymy may be useful : —
Lecidea DHleniana (Ach.) ( K yellow, C orange).

Geog. distrih. : — Sweden, Italy.

Exs.— Leight, 336. Mudd, 199.

Opegrapha grumulosa, Duf. | ' K faint yellow, C red).

Exs.— Zw., 142, 9, 144. Anzi Langob., 404. Anzi Venet,
82, 83. Schaer., 580.

England. — New Red Sandstone Rock, South Devon! Prof. G.
Dickie.

As details of the two lichens have not been published, it may be
advisable to introduce them here : —

Explanation of Plate xxvi.

Lecidea DHleniana (Ach.).— a. Section of apothecium. 6. Spores magn. 1,200
times.

Opegrapha grumulosa, Duf.— c. Section of apothecium. d. ""pore magn.
1,200 times.

SOME CRYPTOGAMS FROM PIEDMONT AND NICE.

With a view to draw tourists' attention to new ground, the follow-
ing slight notice of a few rarities is given, as the habitats of some
do not appear to be localized. Collected in a hasty journey, one is
induced to believe other noteworthy plants would be found in this
region, the beauty of whose scenery and climate ought alone to
induce a visit.

Collema Stygium. (Belhr.) Krempelh. Bay, p. 94. Synechoblastus

Kdrb. Parer. p. 418.

On elm and walnut, Cuneo (Coni) to Robillante. I have received

this (Saxicole) from Mr. Joshua, Cirencester. Professor Anzi, in

his " Neosymbola Licli. Rarior. vel. now Italic Superioris, Milano,

180G, gives following habitats for this : —

" On limestone and dolomite in the Grisons Valleys, Lanzada
Poschiavo."

Rhynchostegium piaecox. Ih Not. Epilogo, p. 81. Ewrhynehium
Strigosum /3 abbreviation, B. B. " Montibus di Tenda, sterile," Epilogo. y;. 81.
A dense species, occurring on the Limone side of Col di Tenda,
forming patches like the dense state of Brachythecium Collinum,
B.E., fertile June, 1873, in turfy hollows, wet with snow water,
although the Col is only some 6000 feet high.

Desmatodon obtusifolius. D.N. Epilogo, p. 576. D. flamcon*. B;B.

" In Montibus di Tenda, secus viam, Julio, 1839, legit celeb.
cesati." What appeared to be this, but old and barren, was by
road side on south-west side of summit of Col. Being out of
season, one could only judge from the obtuse leaves that resemble
the American specimens of true V.flavtcans.

174 SOME CRYPTOGAMS FROM PIEDMONT AND NICE.

Omphalaria cyathodes. Mass.

On vertical shady rock faces, Val di Tenda. A peltate, umbili-
carioid, highly singular plant, that I thought 0. Notarisii, D. N.
0. helvelloidea, Mass. Probably same as Collema Eluelloidea, Ach.
Synopsis, 1814, p. 318 ; the description of which appears very
applicable to my plant. Professor Anzi's exquisite * Lichen Flora
of Como,' " Catalogus Lichenum, &c, 1860," gives several habi-
tats for 0. Notarisii, D. N., near Como.

Grimmia Tergestina. Tommasini.

Rocks, Val di Tenda. This beautiful plant, so well marked by
its membranous perichastial leaves, is, as De Notaris well remarks,
" ad Grimmiam leucophseam, quadantenus accedens, distinctissi-
mus," a new habitat.

In the vicinity, on the rocks, were Thalloidima mamillare,
Gonan, and the charming Fabronia pusilla, Raddi, investing the
chinks of the rocks with a delicate lining, and the bases of the
rocks lined for miles with a dense mat of Adiantum capillus veneris,
while about Cineraria maritima was extremely common.
Trichostomum diffr actum. Mitten. Seeman's "Journal of Botany,"

18G8, p. 98.

Cited by Dr. Braithwaite as same as Tortilla nitida, Ldbg., but
the locality cited by both authors, " Shoreham, Sussex, No well,"
yields only Trichostomum flavovirens, B.E., and Tvrtula squarrosa,
D. N., both of which Nowell gathered with the writer. Trichost.
diffractum, Mitten, does not occur in Sussex. Rocks, Val Sant
Andrea, near Nice, furnish the veritable species, identical with
specimens from Plymouth, Devon, where it is extremely common.
At Val S. Andrea it grows near Trichostomum crispulum and Gym-
no stomium calcareum.

Grimmia cxinit a . B. E.

Extremely common on walls, valley of the Paglione, Nice.

I am much indebted to Mr. Baker, of Kew, for, in the kindest
manner, helping me as to names of Collemata.

Brighton, March, 1874. Geo. Davies.

Tortula sinuosa, in Warwickshire. — It may interest Bry-
ologists to know that I find this moss in Warwickshire. On the
mortar of a brick bridge, near Wootton Warven : in this habitat
small, apparently starved ; also near Fenny Compton, on an old
tree stump, the plants in this locality being robust ; in both habitats,
however, barren. Pottia cavifolia is not confined to oolitic soils,
as I find it abundantly on mud-capped walls, at Harbury, Fenny
Compton, Kineton, Wilmecote, and on marly banks at Bearley ;
all these localities are on the lias and are all in South Warwick-
shire. The form I find at Wilmcote seems to be typical, whilst at
Harbury and the other localities the piliferous form appears to
prevail. J. Bagnall.

175

CALLITHAMNION HORMOCARPUM.
By E. M. Holmes.

A note having appeared in this journ.il stating- that CaUitham-
jiion hormocarpum should be referred to Callithamnion v0r8icolory it
may perhaps be well to poinl oul the difference between Callitham
nion hormocarpum and the nearly allied species.

Through the kindness of Prof. Agarh, who lias sent me au-
thentic specimens of C. versicolor, I have been enabled to examine
that species, and find that it is entirely distinct from C. hormocarpm/i,
which is much more nearly allied to C. roseum, bystoideum, and Sei-
rospora Gnfithsiana.

In C. versicolor the plumules are distinctly and repeatedly forked,
the pinnules ending in two short, equal, and nearly parallel cylin-
drical cells. In appearance the plumules are truncate and peni-
cellate, owing to the densely corymbose branching at the tips. It
seems to be merely a variety of C. corymbosum, having a more
marked central rachis to each frond.

In Callithamnion hormocarpum the plumules are not forked,
but alternately pinnate, and the tips never end in equal forks, but
the pinnae are pinnate, with a slightly flexuous rachis, which
gives the pinnules the appearance of being distantly forked, as in
Seirospora.

In appearance the plumules are never truncate or penicillate, but
have a lanceolate outline, and are distantly branched.

C. roseum. — The plumules are much more densely clothed with
pinnae, and have a somewhat truncate, but never penicellate, appear-
ance ; the pinnules are longer and less branched, and are without
the peculiar cells on the joints, and the tufts of seirospores, present
in C. hormocarpum.

C. byssoideum.— The plumules are much more densely tufted
than in C. hormocarpum, and the pinnules are corymbose and more
slender.

Seirospora Griffithsiana lias the seirospores always on the tips
of the plumules ; C. hormocarpum always on the rachis of the plu-
mules, never at the tips, and I have not observed in Seirospora
the peculiar cells on the joints which are present in C. hormo-
carpum. In some specimens of C. hormocarpum which I have
recently examined, these marginal cells appear to have split longi-
tudinally into four parts, but not in a tripartite or cruciate manner
as is usual with tetraspores.

British Hepatic^e. — The announcement that the first part of
Dr. Carrington's long-promised work is ready, will be gratifying to
some of our readers. It is uniform with the last edition of Sowerby's
" English Botany," and is issued by the same publisher (Hardwicke).

17G

Hypoxylon marginatum. Sclnv. — A singular illustration of the
wide distribution of some species of fungi was discovered the other
day in examining two fragments of Hypoxylon on some bark from
Lagos, W. Africa. One of these was the above-named, which
occurs in Britain, the United States, Venezuela. Cuba, and now in
West Africa. The other very characteristic species appears to be
undescribed.

Feziza vesiculosa. Bull. — Dr. Rehm has issued in his " Ascomy-
ceten" specimens of a Peziza which he calls by this name, but
which is evidently quite different from Bulliard's species. It is
unnecessary to enumerate here all the differences between this,
which we have named Peziza Ta?zetta, and the much larger, more
sessile species found in this country ; meanwhile, we note the
correction.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Quelet, L. Les Champignons de Jura et des Vosges. 2nd
part. Paris, 1873. [It is much to be regretted that the plates are
so indifferent.]

Braithwaite, Dr. R. On Bog Mosses, No. 4. Sphagnum
acutifolium, Ehr., and its varieties, with two plates, in " Monthly
Microscopical Journal," for April, 1874.

Taylor, T. On the Fungus of the Hawthorn (reprint), in
" Monthly Microscopical Journal," for April, 1874.

Archer, W. Notice of a new species of Spirogyra, described
by 0. Nordstedt, in " Journ. Bot.," Ap., 1874.

Smith, W. G. Review of Part I. of Icones Selectas Hymeno-
mycetum Hungarian, in " Journ. Bot.," April, 1874.

Krempelhuber, A. v. Chinesische Flechten, in " Hedwigia,"
No. 3, 1874.

Nordstedt, 0. Desmidiacese ex insulis Spitzbergensibus, &c,
collects, in " Hedwigia," No. 3, 1874.

Rabenhorst, Dr. L. Fungi Europaei, Cen. xviii. — species
enumerated in " Hedwigia," Noi 3, 1874.

Nylander, W. Animadversiones circa Spruce Lichenes Ama-
zonicos et Andinos, in " Flora," Feb., 1874.

Bary, A. de. On Protomyces microsporus and its allies, in
" Bot. Zeitung," for Feb., 1874.

Hampe, E. New Mosses from Madagascar, in " Linnasa," for
Sept., 1873.

Oudemans, C. A. J. A. Aanwinsten voor de Flora Mycologica
van Nederland, in " Nederlandisch Kruidkundt Archief," 1873,
with plates.

Brefeld, Oscar. Botanische Untersuchungen iiber Schimmel-
pilze, 2 Hft. Penicillium, with 8 plates. Leipzig, 1874.

QEEVJLLEA.

i n

si

£ 0 fc \

<~7*

,7 R

o

/>V?

0?

-G

f ' : I

M,

BRITISH FUNGI

OPMVICLEA-

^^^^

c

Q

I

u

m lK

b aiTTSH ptjtstgi.

No. 24.] [June, 1874.

ffirtvilUn.

A MONTHLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY
AND ITS LITERATURE.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.
By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.

(Continued from Page 157.)

402. Sphaeronema pruinosum. B. & C. — Erumpens cylindricum
apice globosum ; sporis oblongis hyalinis.

On Rhus venenatus. Pennsylvania, Michener. No. 3492.

Cylindrical. Bursting through the bark with its globose head,
pruinose with minute conidia, punctate below ; spores oblong, -0007-
•U01 long.

402 (bis). Sphaeronema radula. B. § ft— Erumpens conicum
compressum ; apice truncatum ; sporis brevibus fusiformibus hya-
linis uniseptatis vel endochromate utrinque retracto.

On twigs of Acerrubrum. Car. Inf. No. 1088.

Erumpent conical, compressed, often truncate at the apex, which
is of a pale rose colour from the shortly fusiform hyaline uniseptate
spores, or with the endochrome retracted at either end.

403. Sphaeronema Ampelopsidis. B. & C. — Gregarium nigrum
ostiolo tenier erumpens ; sporis oblongis hyalinis minutis.

On twigs of Ampelopsis quin que folia. Mountains of Virginia.
No. ^316.

Bursting through the bark by means of its delicate ostiolum, and
at length throwing it off entirely, so as to leave a little patch of
perithecia ; spores oblong, minute, seated on pedicels of about the
6ame length.

403 (bis). Sphaeronema spina. B. Sf R — Peritheciis erumpentibus
spiniformibus nigris corticatis ; sporis minimis globosis. Sphceria
Spina, Schwein. Splicer onema acuminatum, B. & R. S. Spinal-
forme, B. & C.

On dead leaves of ash, accompanied by young Tillandsia
Usneoides. Car. Inf. Ravenel. No. 1447. Alabama, Beau-
mont. No. 5118.

Bursting through the bark by its spiniform often inclined ostio-
lum, covered with a thick bark ; spores globose, very minute.

178 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

404. Sphaeionema Rhoidis. B. Sf C. — Peritheciis sparsis vel con-
gests minoribus subcylindricis erumpentibus.

On brandies of Rhus copallina. Car. Inf. No. 233.
Much resembling the last, but very much smaller, and with the
perithecia often crowded. Unfortunately no fruit has been found.

404 (bis). Sphaexonema macrosporum. B. % G. — Subcylindricum
basi parce dilatatum ; sporis longis filiformibus flexuosis, 7-8 sep-
tatis coronatum.

On twigs of Robinia. Car. Inf. No. 3283.

Perithecia cylindrical, slightly thickened at the base formed of
elongated cells, crowned with the radiating thread-like curved 7-8
septate spores.

405. Sphaexonema sexiatum. B. & C. — Peritheciis majoribus sub-
cylindricis transversim seriatis apice collapsis ; sporis filiformibus e
strato pallide brunneo oriundis.

On birch. Massachusetts. C. J. Sprague. No. 4896.

Bursting transversely in rows through the bark ; perithecia
rather long, collapsing above, outer walls red-brown under the mi-
croscope, lined with a pale brown stratum, from which spring the
hyaline slender- waved spores which are three times as long as the
pale brown sporophores.

405 (bis). Sphaexonema Robiniae. B. $ C. — Peritheciis liberatis
subglobosis ostiolo brevi truncato primum pruinoso ; sporis hyalinis
oblongis utrinque obtusis.

On branches of Robinia and Tilia. Virginia Mountains. No.
3309. On lime. No. 3331.

Perithecia at length free, subglobose,with a short truncate ostio-
lum, at first pruinose ; spores oblong, hyaline, '0006 long, obtuse
at either end.

406. Sphaexonema nitidum. B. Sf C. — Peritheciis conicis truncatis ;
sporis oblongis vel clavatis hie illic uno apice attenuatis binii-
cleatis.

On twigs of Acer Negvndo. Carolina. No. 6388.

Perithecia conical, truncate, bursting through the cuticle, some-
times surrounded by a dark line, resembling those of a Sphaeria of
the tribe Pertusaa ; spores oblong or clavate, "0004 long, binu-
cleate. In many respects resembling the last, but the spores are
different.

406 (bis). Sphaexonema populi. B. $ C. — Peritheciis conicis quan-
doque congestis ; sporis breviter fusiformibus hyalinis.

On bark of Populus monilifera. No. 5872.

Perithecia conical, scattered, or congested, more acute in the last,
but sometimes cylindrical ; spores hyaline, shortly fusiform, -0004
long.

407. Sphaeronema subtile. B. § C. — Hysteriiforme ; sporis mi-
nutis oblongo ellipticis.

On pine wood. Massachusetts. Russell. No. 5462.

NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI. 170

Perithecia minute, hysteriiform, obtuse; spores oblong, -00025
long, under a high magnifier surrounded with a broad hyaline
border.

* Sphaeronema rufum. /•>.— On bark of Magnolia qlauca. Car.
Inf. No. 4923;

Spores extremely minute, with molecular motion.

* Sphaeronema glomeratum. J font— On oak twigs. Car. Inf.
No. 725. '

Sporophores with a few short branches above ; spores minute,
shortly oblong.

407 (bis). Sphaeronema viticola. B. § C— Perithcciis gregariis
quandoque congestis crumpentibus conicis tate truncatis ; pulveru-
lentis parietibus crassis.

On branches of Vine. Car. Inf. No. 1408.

Gregarious, or occasionally almost connate, erumpent ; perithecia
conical, widely truncate, with thick walls, pulverulent. Immature ;
allied to the last.

408. Sphaeronema Sambuci. B. <$• C. — Perithcciis sparsis crum-
pentibus obtusis ; sporis minutis oblongis curvulis ; sporophoris
ramosis.

On branches of Elder. Maine, Rev. J. Blake. No. 6298.

Perithecia erumpent, scattered, obtuse ; spores minute, sausage-
shaped, sporophores branched as in Sphaeronema glomeratum. No.
5040. Car. Sup. appears to be a smaller form.

* Darluca filum. Cast.— Parasitic on various uredines. On
Smilax. Car. Inf. No. 1511. On Juncus dichobomus. Car. Inf.
No. 3214.

On clover. Massachusetts. No. 3384. On Pycnanthemum.
Mountains of New York. No. 4429. On Viola pubescens. Penn-
sylvania, Michener. No. 4831. On Tea. Alabama, Beaumont.
No. 4664. On Cy penis. Car. Inf. Ravenel. No. 1656. On
Lespedeza. Car. Inf. No. 2084. On Rhjncospora. Florida.
No. 757.

408 (bis). Sphaeropsis anomala. B. $ C— Perithcciis sparsis nudis
hemisphericis sporis magma obovatis e pedicellis simplicibus vel
furcatis oriundis.

On dead wood. Car. Inf. 1790.

Perithecia superficial, scattered, minute hemispherical; depressed,
minutely granulated ; spores obovate, *013 long, springing from
hyaline pedicels which are simple or forked below. In one case the
spore was lemon-shaped, and in a young spore the endochrome was
retracted to either end. Clearly allied to S. placenta, B. & C.
Linn. Journ., x., p. 352.

409. Sphaeropsis hyalina. B. 4 C— Perithcciis cpidermide sub-
tectis ; sporis ellipticis hyalinis.

On twigs of Ribis rubrum. Pennsylvania, Michener. No. 4093.

180 NOTICES OF NORTH AMERICAN FUNGI.

On Viburnum dentation. No. 4208. On Fraxinus Americana.
No. 4201.

Perithecia almost entirely concealed by the cuticle forming little
papillas ; spores exactly elliptic, -001-013 long, hyaline. There
are multitudes of specimens from various quarters which either
belong to one common species or are mere conditions of Diplodia
vulgaris, Lev. All are no doubt mere states of Spli&ria or allied
ascomycetous genera, the spores varying slightly in size. It is
not thought worth while enumerating them.

409 (bis) Sphaeropsis tephrospora. B. Sf C. — Peritheciis subcor-
tice nigrifacto, tectis, sero rima longitudinali emergentibus, sporis
brunneis ellipticis vel oblongo-ellipticis uninucleatis.

On twigs of Magnolia. Car. Inf. No. 5013.

Perithecia at first quite concealed, then partially exposed by the
splitting of the cuticle, at first presenting a pallid disc ; spores
elliptic or oblong elliptic uninucleate, '00025 long, about half as
mach wide, with a central nucleus.

410. Sphaeropsis parasitans. B. <Sf R. — Peritheciis minutis sparsis
papillasformibus ; sporis ellipticis binucleatis.

On some Hypoxylon, of which perhaps it is a mere condition.
Cotoosa springs, Ravenel. No. 1745.

Perithecia minute, scattered papillaeform ; spores elliptic, brown,
with two nuclei, "0003 long, about half as much wide.

410 (bis). Sphaeropsis micromegala. B. Sf C. — Peritheciis hyste-
riiformibus minutis nitidis, sporis elipticis hyallinis.

On naked roots of pine. Alabama, Beaumont. No. 5090.

Perithecia minute, hysteriiform, shining ; forming little linear
patches, the fibres of which are bleached; spores elliptic, with one
side less arched, -001 long, hyaline, rather more than half as much
wide.

411. Sphaeropsis dryina. B. Sf C— Peritheciis papillaeformibus
epidermide cinctis ; sporis obovatis hyalinis.

On twigs of oak. Pennsylvania, Michener. No. 4139,
Perithecia papillgeform, surrounded by the cuticle, which gives

them a pale appearance ; spores obovate, *00061ong, about half as

much wide, hyaline.

411 (bi?). Sphaeropsis Fennsylvanica. B. % C— Peritheciis pa-
pillasformis epidermide cinctis ; sporis oblongo-obovatis hyalinis.

On branches apparently of elder. Pennsylvania, Michener.
No. 3963.

Perithecia minute, gregarious papilkeform, surrounded by the
cuticle, the bright black apex only penetrating ; spores oblong-
obovate, -001 long, with one or sometimes two nuclei. Sphceropsis
stenosporas, B. & C, on peach, Pennsylvania, Michener, No. 4233,
may be considered as a variety. The spores are the same, but
rather darker.

NOTICES OF N'oUTII AMERICAN FUNGI. 181

* Sphaeropsis atrovirens. Lt'r— On Mistletoe. Car. Inf. No.
8697,2707.

412. Sphaeropsis mamillaris. B. A C. — Peritheciis sparsis vel
congestis mamillaeformibus ; spoils oblongo-obovatis hyalinie.

On twigsof Gledit8chia. Car. Inf. No. 3414.

Perithecia scattered or collected in groups; mamillsBform sur-
rounding the cuticle; spores oblongo-obovate, hyaline, '0006 long,
about \ as much broad; perithecia much larger than in the last,
but the spores are smaller and narrower.

* Sphaeropsis Candollei. B. $ Br. (SpTueria Jltt.ri, D.C.)— On
leaves of box. Car. Sup. No. 6469.

412 (bis1. Sphaeropsis elongata. B. Sj" C. — Peritheciis minutis ni-
tidis sparsis ostioli brevi emergentibus ; sporis subfusiformibus enu-
cleatis ; sporopboris sursum attenuatis.

On Gladiolus. Alabama, Peters. No. 5231.

Perithecia minute, piercing the cuticle by the distinct ostiolum ;
sporophores attenuated upwards, spores oblong, subfusiform, *001-
•0008 long, without any nucleus, |-th or £th as much wide.

413. Sphaeropsis macrospora. B. tj- C. — Peritheciis in massam
communem congestis ; sporis elongatis subfusiformibus.

On twigs of Coriaria myrtifolia. Pennsylvania, Michener. No.
4162. On Magnolia glauca. Alabama, Peters. No. 4G06. On Sam-
brecur Canadensis. Pennsylvania, Michener. No. 4305.

Perithecia crowded into a common mass, which is flattened above ;
spores elongated, subfusiform, with one side less curved, or slightly
clavate, as in No. 4606, enucleate, -001--0016. In No. 4305 '0015.

413 (bis). Sphaeropsis fusiger. B. & C. — Peritheciis sparsis apice
lateritiis ; sporis subfusiformibus enucleatis.

On twigs of Mespilus. Pennsylvania, Michener. No. 405 G.

Perithecia scattered, covered at the emergent apex with red
granular matter; spores fusiform, with one side less curved, -0015
long, enucleate. The spores closely resemble those of the last
species, but the habit is quite different.

414. Sphaeropsis marginata. B. $ C — Peritheciis tectis ocellatis ;
sporis fusiformibus elongatis angustis brunneis.

On leaves of Yucca. Car. Inf. No. 6184.

Perithecia scattered, concealed by the cuticle, which is black on
them by translucence, but white in the centre ; spores narrow, fusi-
form, -001 long, about J-th or |th as much broad.

414 (bis). Sphaeropsis cymbaespora. B. $ C.— Peritheciis sparsis
obtusis epidermide cinctis ; sporis cymbteformibus endochromate
utrinque retracto.

On twigs of Vaccinium. New England, Russell. No. 5930.

Perithecia scattered, slightly projecting, almost covered by the
cuticle, very obtuse ; spores cymbseform, -006 long, pale green, the
endochrome retracted to either end.

182

REMARKS ON A PAPER PUBLISHED (JAN., 1874) BY
DR. W. NYLANDER, IN THE " FLORA," AND
LATELY RE-ISSUED IN " GREVILLEA."

By H. A. Weddell, M.D., F.M.L.S.

Few among those who have passed some part of their life in
botanical pursuits, and more especially in the study of Lichens,
can boast of having committed even but a small amount of errors.
I for one have to confess many such, but I may candidly say that
I have always felt grateful to fellow botanists who have advised me
of them, provided they have done so in a friendly or courteous
manner. So much <:) 2^W0S °f a Latin article, from the pen of the
celebrated lichenologist, Dr. W. Nylander, translated some weeks
since into this Journal.* Shortly after its appearance in the
" Flora " it was handed over to me by a friend of mine and the
author's, and as it struck me that some passages quoted in it from
my two last lichenological brochuresf had been misunderstood by
my learned critic, or wrongly dealt with, I took the liberty of
writing to him on the subject, fully expecting then to hear no
more about the matter. Dr. N. having, however, thought proper,
notwithstanding, to have his paper re-edited for the readers of this
Journal, I have on my part thought it expedient to lay before them
some of the remarks which its perusal had suggested to me,
noticing by the way that they are, for the most part, extracted
from the letter above alluded to.

I, — Lichens du Massif Granitique de Liguge.

1°. (Nyl. 1. c, p. 57.) Hie prtmo invenimus, p. 5, hcec verba :
"Recent observations, by introducing to our notice the singular
relations which appear to exist between Lichens and Algee," etc. —
Dr. N. takes occasion from these words to develope his opinion on
Schwendener's Algo-Lichen theory, taking it for granted I must
be, meo modo, an adherent to it. The truth is, that in the face of
many facts lately adduced, especially by M. Bornet, it is difficult
to deny that many Lichens during the first stage of their life are
connected parasitically with some of the inferior Alga?. At a later
period, however, when the Alga, assuming the form of Gonidia,
becomes included within the tissue of the Lichen, the connection,

* It is scarcely necessary to state here that, in writing these and the following
lines, I have not had the slightest pretension to put my experience in lichenology
(hardly of six years' standing) upon a parallel with that of Dr. Nylander. whom
the Rev. W. A. Leighton, in one of his late publications, has called the "facile
princeps of modern microscopic botanists." I cannot, though, refrain from say-
ing how deeply I regret that one whom I had been accustomed for so many years
to consider as a friend, and look up to as a master, should have thought it
needful, on account of some variance of opinion on scientific matter, to treat me
so much like an enemy, and oblige me to ace in self-defence.

f " Lichens du Massif Qranitique de Liguge'," and " Nouvelle Revue des
Lichens du Jardin public deBlossac, d Poitiers."

BBHARKS OS DB. BTYLAKDER's PAPBB. • 3

if still kept ap, can hardly continue to be considered as para-
sitical.*

2°. (Nyl. 1. c, p. 58.) Eadem pagina legimut: " It has been rc-
peatedl) stated thai Lichens live exclusively, or almosl exclusively,
at the expense of the atmosphere ; but it stands for itself that the
rain-water which periodically impregnates them, and which serves
as a vehicle for very many diverse substances which a crowd of
accidental circumstances may have brought upon the spot, con-
tributes at least an equal part of their nutrition." — Unde (exclaims
Dr. Nylander) auctor hcecce sic exacte (et quidem proportion/bus)
Cognita habet? Now, if my eminent censor had read the above
quoted paragraph with due attention he would easily have con-
vinced himself that it contained no mention whatever of "exact
proportions ;" it merely expresses that Lichens derive a greater
proportion of nutriment from rain than from the naked air. And
the words '• it stands for itself" imply clearly enough that, in my
conception, those who had spoken of the atmosphere as the main
instrument of Lichen nutrition must necessarily have comprised
" rain." My very reason for insisting upon the importance of
rain-agency was for the purpose of making it understood that rain-
water and dew served likewise as vehicles for very many organic
and inorganic substances brought by 'accidental circumstances"
within the proximity of the plant subject to be impregnated by them.

3°. (Nyl. I.e., p. 61.) Porro, p. 6, animadvertatur : " Silicicole
Lichens which occur exceptionally upon calcareous rocks of suffi-
cient hardness, but never upon organic substrata." The word
11 never" used in this sentence is evidently rather too strong. I
ought to have said, " never, or almost never." Be it however
remarked, that this assertion was not founded on my personal
experience alone, but also on that of several classical authors,
whose books were before me ; such, for instance, as Acharius,
Fries, Nylander, and others. Now, as no one of these authors
mentions the circumstance of Lecidea contigua, for instance, grow-
ing on an organic substance, I thought it not unreasonable to
assume that it was not to be found there. Dr. N., however, tells
us that it is, as well as other species mentioned by me along with
it.f The rarity of the fact alluded to is, however, almost tanta-

# When Mr. N. says (1. c.) : Fieri nequit organum (gouidia) simul estcparasi-
tam corporis, cugus partes vitales ayit," he seems as if he thought Schwendeneriste
C msidered the Alga (gonidia) as living' parasitically on the substance of the
Lichen ; whereas they believe, I fancy, just the contrary. As regards Dr. N.'s
special objections to an Algo- Lichen hypothesis, I do not see that they are in any
way conclusive, not one of them really coming to the point. They prove undoubtedly
the importance of gouidia as instruments (I dare not say organs) of lichen nutri-
tion, but do not, I find, in any manner demonstrate that true Gouidia are not
Algffi. Dr. N. very correctly remarks, on the other hand, that there has been in
more than one instance a confusion made between genuine AJgSB and plants that
bear more or less resemblance to them, also with what he calls Pseudo-Alga ; all
which, according to his investigations, ought more appropriately to be referred to
the class of Lichens.

f Lecidea yeoyraphica has, I know, been gathered once or twice in the Pyre-
nees, on the stem of Rhododendron ferrugi/nev/m.

184 REMARKS ON DR. NYLANDER's PAPER.

mount to its non-occurrence, and does not, I believe in any way-
interfere with the differences I have pointed out as being observ-
able in the natural stations of saxicole lichens.

4°. (Nyl. I.e.) Ibidem in nota attest : " Oxalate of lime consti-
tutes 4 . . one of the essential characters of this class of plants."
Error est hocce, etc. I must here beg leave to observe that, owing
to the curtailing of the passage quoted from my brochure, I am
made to endorse the responsibility of an opinion which is not mine,
and which I have nowhere expressed as such. The quotation
ought to have been given as follows : " constitutes, according to
several modern authors, and according to Dr. Nylander, one of the
essential characters," etc. My motive for especially mentioning
here Dr. N.'s name, arose from a very natural interpretation of
the following paragraph of his Synopsis Method. Lick, omn., p. 4. :
" Les Lichens possedent en outre, parmi leurs principes immediats,
un element caracteristique, facile a reconnaitre, l'oxalate de chaux,
dont les cristaux octoedriques se trouvent, a ce que je crois, dans
tous les thalles."

II. — Nouvelle Revue des Lichens du Jardin

PUBLIC DE BlOSSAC.

5°. (Nyl. I.e.) Quoad Lichenes liorti publici " Blossac" compa-
ratos cum notula mea circa Jwr 'turn " Luxembourg,1 etc. — Dr. N.
here objects to my comparing the Lichen-flora of the public garden
of Blossac, in Poitiers, to that of the Luxembourg, in Paris, on
the ground that the vegetation of the former of these localities is
too analogous to that of the rural tracts bordering upon it. This
difference in the relative situation of the two public walks had
appeared to me, on the contrary, to be precisely what was suited to
give some interest to the comparison of their respective floras, and
I may add that it was for the very same reason that I compared
the Luxembourg garden, as respects lichens, to that of the more
central Tuileries ; these, again, to the London parks ; and, lastly,
the side of the garden of Blossac which is hemmed in by dwelling-
houses, to that which adjoins the open country.

6°. (Nyl., p. 62.) Circa reagentia chemica invenimus : "the
truth is, an experience of many years permits me to affirm it, that
there are some things in the new method that are worth keeping,
and others that may be laid- aside." Expeciemus et experientia
auctoris discamus, etc. In this part of Dr. Nylander's paper, I am
found fault with for not having more precisely stated what I con-
sidered to be the defects of the very useful and practical method of
diagnosis for which we are indebted to this laborious and acute
lichenist. The reason I have to give for the omission, if it be one,*
is, however, a very simple one, and I am surprised Dr. N. did not

# For, while combating, in my brochure, what I think exaggerated criticisms of
Dr. N.'s method, I nevertheless clearly acknowledge the existence of " a certain
number of dubious results."

REMARKS ON DR. KYLANDER's PAPER. 185

at once detect it — for my wis!) was to defend bhe method, as far as
I deemed it practicable, and therefore it could scarcely be expected
that I should set forth arguments thai would have produced a con-
t rary effect.

7°. (Nyl. 1. c.) P. 10, legitur: "1 have seen in souk; apothecia
of this variety or of the following, (In1 normal spores of Lecanora
subfusca replaced by spores in equal number of an entirely dis-
tinct physiognomy, etc. M. Nylander, to whom 1 submitted the
parts, hesitated to pronounce upon the possible causes of such an
anomaly." Hie experientia auctoris minime splendescit. Mihi
quidem submiserat, etc. — I have nothing to object to this, being
quite confident that I committed the blunder attributed to me.
The so-called anomalous apothecia were undoubtedly, as Dr. X.
states, nothing else but those of a Physcia accidentally intermingled
with those of the Lecanora, and seeming to arise from the same
thallus. I cannot,- however, omit remarking that, as regards Dr.
N.'s answer to my letter on the above case, his memory must
certainly have failed him, for his translation of the passage con-
cerning it, by the words: " Hocce miraculum est, nihil tarn pro-
digiosan novi" is anything but Jidissima. Indeed my conviction
is, on again perusing his letter,* that, for the time being, he was

somewhat taken in also Nor did his memory

serve him, I am sorry to say, a bit the more faithfully, when he
wrote the following (1. c, p. 62): "Mihi quidem submiserat
apothecia heterogenea cum apotheciis ' Lecanorce subfuscccj cujusdam
immixta crescentia" etc. — The fact is that I only sent Dr. N. a few
"halves" of isolated apothecia, all with fuscous spores, the exis-
tence of which I had taken care to ascertain hy a microscopical
examination of the halves corresponding. How is it, then, that,
being under the impossibility of making any comparison whatso-
ever between the apothecia of the two species, from the inspection
of "my" specimens, the learned author should have thought him-
s If authorised to conclude his pamphlet with such a precise
affirmation as the following: — " Addatur, quod nulla respectu, nee
i xterno nee anatomico, apothecia ambarum similitudinem quandani
pfferunt ?"

* Here is the passage allu.led to of Dr. NylamWs letter :— " Vous av> z
n^surement f nit une bien siuguliere decouverte en deuichant des apothecies du
Lecanora subfusca dont les theques coutienuent des spores brums biluculaires.
Qu'ont ces spores Leterogenes a t'aire dans cette galere ? Un cas teratoloyique ou
i! iraculeux de cette force ue tn'etait pas encore cunnu." Be it observed that this
was written on the 22nd of Biaroh, 1873, tli.it is almost a year previous to Dr.
N.'a writing (I. c, p. 63 ) : Examinatis quidem "hodie" a/potheciia tllia
moxpatuit, apotliecis sporis fuscis proedita periinere ad " Physciam aipoUam."

186

NEW AND RARE BRITISH FUNGI.

By Wm. Phillips and Charles B. Plowright.

(with plates 24 and 25.)

We propose in this and subsequent papers to record the occur-
rence of such species of fungi not hitherto found in Britain as may
come under our own immediate notice ; also the occurrence in new
localities of some of the rarer British species, which have already
appeared in the invaluable series of papers by Messrs. Berkeley
and Broome, in the " Annals and Magazine of Natural History."

1. Diplodia Syringae. Awd. Fckl. Symb. Mycol., p. 395. Cooke's
exs., Cent vii.

On Syringa vulgaris. Shrewsbury.

2. Ramularia armoraciae. Fckl. Symb. Mycol., p. 361. Tku-
men Herb. Mycol. iEconom., No. 27. On the leaves of horseradish.

North Wootton, June, 1873.

3. Ascochyta armoraciae. Fckl. Symb. Mycol., p. 388. Thumen
Herb. Mycol. iEconoin., No. 23. Cooke, Exs., Cent vii.

On horseradish leaves, North Wootton, Sept., 1874. Obviously
a more advanced condition of the preceding.

* Thecaphora hyalina. Fing. On the fruit of Convolvulus
sepium. King's Lynn. Dr. J. Lowe. C. B. P.
• 4. Helminthosporium arundinaceum. Corda. Ic. in. 10, tab.
2, fig. 25. Fckl. Symb. Mycol., p. 354.

On the leaves of Phragmites communis. King's Lynn, August,
1873, abundantly. Cooke, Exs., Cent vii.
5. Peziza (Phialea) Strobilina, Fr., S.M.il, p. 125. Eabh. F. E., 222.

Krst. Pez. Asc, p. 30. Nyl. Fez. Feim., p. 41.
Pyriform, firm, cupula concave, pallid, rufescent, margin tumid,
entire ; stipes short, black.

Sporidia oblong or fusiform, simple, -0,008--0,012 X -0,0025
millim. Nyl.

On fir cones. Derbyshire. (Mr. J. Rennv.) North Wootton.
C. B. P.

* Ascobolus viridis. Chirr. Lin. Trans, xxiv., p. 154.
On a clay bank, Wrekin, Shropshire. July, 1873.

6. Asco"bolus atro-fuscus, n. s. (A. viridis, Boud. Ann. Sc. Nat.. 1SG9.
x.,f.5,/.4.?)

Sessile, crowded or scattered, blackish brown, concave, then plane,
margin crenulate, externally furfuraceous ; asci clavate ; sporidia
broadly elliptical, obtuse, hyaline, then purple, at length brown,
epispore granulated or verrucose; paraphyses linear, occasionally
branched. Sporid. -001 X -0005.

On a charcoal bed, the Wrekin, Shropshire. July, 1873.

We have little doubt of this being the same plant as that re-
ferred by M. Boudier (1. c.) to A. vii'idis, Curr. ; it differs, how-

\M> RARE BRITISH

IS?

ever, so much in sporidia, colour, and habitat, from Mr. Carrey's
species thai we venture to consider it distinct.

Plate 24, fig. 1. a. plants nat. bum ; b. section of one enlarged;
c. ascus and paraphysea magnified; d. Bporidia.

* Ascophanus carneus. Var Cuniculi. Boud. Ann. So. Nat., L869,

/. L2,/. 39.

This differs from the normal form in its dirty-orange or orange-
flesh colour, rather .-mailer Bize, paraphyses always colourless, and
growing on rabbits' dang. SporicL -UOUG x '0004.

Near Shrewsbury, Dec, 1873.

7. Cenangium Laricinum. FcM.

Pycnidia. Cenangium bullatum. Alb. and Schw. Consp., p. 344.
c. Pina8tri, b. monstrosuw, Fr. Sys. M. it., />. lb'4.

Cupula round, closed, then perforated, black, rngulose, stylospores
long, filiform, slender, curved.

Ascophore. Fckl. Bym. Myc.,/>. 270.

Scattered or csespitose, as in Oen. Pinastri, but totally black ;
asci rilled with sperraatia-like corpuscules.

On larch poles. Near Shrewsbury. Nov., 1873.

8. Sphaeria (Sordaria) discospora. Awd. — Perithecia scattered,
minute, globose, with an obtusely conical ostiolum, covered by dense,
black, short, rigid seta?, asci cylindrical, somewhat truncate at the
apex, sporidia involved in mucus, subrotund discoid, dark-brown or
Mack, -012 m.m. (-0004 in.) in diameter, "003 -005 m.m. (-001 in.)
thick. Niessl. Beitrage der Pilze., p. i'2. T. vi., fig. 44. Fckl.
Symb. My col. Nachtrag n., p. 43. Winter. Deutsch Surd, p. 19,
«.vm.,/. 8.

On rabbits' dung. North Wootton. Dec, 1873. Known im-
mediately by its disc-shaped sporidia.

Plate 25, fig. 2. a. plant magnified; b. asci and paraphyses, more
highly magnified ; c. sporidia separated from the ascus with their
mucus envelope.

9. Sphaeria (Sordaria) breviseta. Ithh. 1 mi

Sphaeria (Sordaria) conica. Fold. j lllesc tw0 «P«™*

have been united by Heir Winter in his monograph of Sordaria,
as species and variety (coronataj of De Bary's Sordaria curvula.
Not having seen authentic specimens, Ave think it best simply to
record their occurrence without binding ourselves to any generic
name. It is worthy of remark, however, that the presence or
absence* of one or both the appendages, even in the same perithe-
cium, is liable to considerable variation. Appended is a list of refer-
ences bearing upon the plants in question: — Sordaria curvula, De
Uary. Morphol. der Pilze. p. 209 ; Sphceria fimiseda ( De Not.),
Fckl., Fung. Rhen., No. 2087; Sordaria appendiculata, Awd.;
Cercophora conica, Fckl. Symb. Mycol., p. 245 & 243 (Sub. Matin-
vemia breviseta, Fckl.); Ixodiopeis fimicola, Kins., Fungi Fenn.,
No. (J55 ; Schizotheciurn Umicolum, Corda, Icones, t. ii., p. 29;
Hedwigia, No. 11, 1873. Winter, Deutschen Sordarien,;). 38, tab.
xi., fig. 22.

188 NEW AND RARE BRITISH FUNGI.

10. Sphasria carbonaria. n. s.

Crowded, globose, semi-immersed, having an obtuse rugulose
ostiolum, clothed at the base with branched septate hyaline threads ;
asci cylindrical, commonly truncate at the apex ; sporidia almond-
shape, dark-brown, with a very short hyaline tail, uniseriate ; para-
physes linear. Sporid. -0009 X -0003.

On burnt ground, near Shrewsbury, 1873.

This appears to be allied to S. rotula, Cooke.

Plate 25, Jig. 3. a. perithecia in the ground, magnified; b. asci
and paraphyses ; c. sporidia ; d. mycelium clothing the base of the
perithecia.

11. Sphaerella Iridis. Gon. Sf Rabh. Myc. Eur. t. o.f. 71.

Amphiginous, black, at first covered by the epidermis, then some-
what free, scattered, depresso-globose, pierced with a simple minute
pore ; asci obovate-oblong, attenuated at the base into a short stem,
sporidia 8, subtriseriate, oblong, rounded at the ends, straight, uni-
septate, not constricted at the septum, epispore thick, 17 X 4-5 mic.

On dead leaves of Iris jiseudacorus. Near Shrewsbury, Nov. 1873.

12. Sphaeria (Delitschia) Winteri. n. s.

Perithecia immersed, spherical, black; ostiolum elongated, cylin-
drical, tuberculose, rugnlose, frequently somewhat curved ; asci
cylindrical, octosporous. Sporidia involved in mucus, uniseptate,
black-brown, elliptical.

On rabbits' dung. North Wootton, Dec, 1873.

The perithecia are completely immersed in the matrix, only the
tip of the ostiola being visible. The sporidia are at first greenish-
yellow, then clear brown, becoming eventually almost black, when
young surrounded by a gelatinous envelope, which subsequently
disappears. They exhibit a tendency to fall in halves at the septum,
•003 in. long by -001 in. wide (-062 m.m.--028 m.m.).

Dr. George Winter, to whom specimens were submitted, con-
siders it distinct from all its allies, and adds, " it approaches nearest
to D. chcetomoides, Karst., Fungi Fennici. Exs.

Plate 25. a. perithecia enlarged ; b. ascus and sporidia ; c. three
sporidia.

13. Cucurbitaxia Dulcamarae. Fr. Fuckel Symb. Mvcol.,^. 175,

Ft. S. V. §.p. 391.
Spheeria dulcamara?, Kunze & Schm., Myc. Heft, i., p. 62.
Sphariacei Brit. Cent. it. (inedit.)

On dead stems of Solarium dulcamara, in company with a Hen-
dersonia, which doubtless bore some connexion with it, as a second-
ary form of fructification.
King's Lynn, Jan., 1874.

* Stemonitis pulchella. Bab. Cooke's " Handbook," No. 11G0.
Church Stretton, Salop, Dec, 1873.

* Peziza pustulata. Pcrs. Cooke's " Handbook," No. 1986.
Sporidia .0006 X -0003. Tips of asci bright-blue with iodine.
On charcoal beds, the Wrekin, Salop, lb73.
Plate 24, Jig. 2, asci, paraphyses and sporidia, magnified.

NEW AND BARB BRITISH FUNGI. ' 189

* P. Saniosa. Schrad. Cooke's "Handbook," No. 1091.

The hymonium when wounded exudes ;i purple juice. The tips
of the asei become blue with iodine. Sporidia '0006 X '0008, with
two or more nuclei.

This Bpecies is of very rare occurrence; one specimen only was
found near the Wrekin, Salop, July, 1873.

Plate 2 t, fig. :!. Nat. size of plant with section; fig. 2 /., B8CU8,
paraphyses and sporidia.

GLYPHOMITRIUM DAVIESII.

Several years ago I took a deep interest in this moss and its
distribution in Scotland. As the fruiting period occurs in May
and June, I wish to draw the attention of bryologists more imme-
diately to it.

In Wilson's " Bryologia" three stations were recorded — one
each in England, Scotland, and Ireland — all of which were in the
neighbourhood of the sea. Since then a considerable addition
has been made to the Scotch habitats. The original station of
Hooker and others had been either overlooked or neglected at
Bowling. At the suggestion of Mr. Roger Hennedy, Lecturer on
Botany to Anderson's University, Glasgow, we visited and found
the station in May, 1863. An inspection of the place led to
similar localities in the West here being visited with very satis-
factory results, proving that it is much more widely distributed
than was at first supposed. Our stations are now as follows : —

1. — Bowling, May, 18G3, Messrs. Gait and McCartney.

2. — Whangie, New Kilpatrick, May, 18G3, Messrs. McKinlay
and Shaw.

3.— Killin, Perthshire, Mr. Alex. McKinlay.

4.— Ardtun, Mull, May, 1864, Mr. Donald Black, Iona, by
request of Messrs. Gait and McCartney.

5. — Skye, 1864, Mr. G. E. Hunt, Manchester; ami again in
1866 by Dr. John Shaw.

6. — Blairlogie, Stirlingshire, June, 1865, Mr. Geo. Thomson.

7. — Craigallion, Stirlingshire, March, 1868, Messrs. Thomson
and Gait.

8. — Crags, near Strathblane, Campsie Hills, March, 1868, by
Messrs. Thomson and Gait.

This interesting moss has thus been found in the counties of
Dunbarton, Argyle, Inverness, Perth, and Stirling. The attention
of bryologists in other parts of the country should be specially
directed to fallen basaltic rocks, and more immediately to those
bared ones that are not overrun with other mosses.

Walter Galt.

INDEX

Agarics, structure of
Ague Plant ....

Algie, New British
American Ferns
Archer, W., Ague Plant
Berkeley, N. American Fungi . 3, 17, 33, 49
Botanical Prizes ....

Braithwaite on Das Moosbild of Hampe
British Fungi . . ,48, 58, 77, 108

British Geasters ....

British Lichens . . .15, 60,

Callithamnion hormocarpum
Carrington, Dr., New British Hepaticae
Chromatology, on ... .

Classification of Sphasriacei
Cooke, M. C, on British Fungi .
Crombie, J. M., on Lecanora Ralfsii .
„ on New British Lichens

,, on Solorina

Cryptogamic Literature 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 1
Das Moosbild of Hampe
Davies, G., Cryptogams from Piedmont, &c.
Desmidiacea3, on ....

Diatomaceas Amphora
Diatomacea?, British ....
Diatoms, new .....
Die Deutschen Sordarien
Donkin's British Diatomacea3
Freshwater Algee ....

Fries, E., on Gonnerman and Rabenhorst's

,, Two new Agarics

,, Epicrisis

Fruiting of Mastigonema .
Fungi Britannici ....

PAGE.

7,28,41

141 142, 166

. 1

. 31

. 166

65, 81, 97, 153, 177

: 16

. 21

113, 183, 161, 185

. 77

1, 89, 122, 125, 140

60, 175

. 85

. 101

. 62

108, 113, 133, 161

. 13

89, 140

. 79

1,128,144,160,176

. 21

. 173

. 72

. 24

. 69

. 110

. 120

. 69

31, 54, 72, 92

OR-ia . . 27

. 63

. 31

. 126

. 78

Mycol

[NDEX.

191

Fungi, North American . 3, 17, 33, 49, 65, 81, 97,
Fungus Foray ....
Fungus Show ....
Gait, W., on Glyphomitrium Daviesii
Geasters, British
Geastcr, Two Species .
Gill Plates of Agarics
Glyphomitrium Daviesii
Gonidia of Lichens .
Gonidial Zoospores of Lichens
Hepaticse, British

Herbarium Mycologicum QSconomicum
Hollyhock Disease
Holmes, E. M., Bryological Notes
,, New British Algse

,, on Callithamnion hormocarpum

„ on Tortula brevirostris

Hungarian Fungi
Hydrodictyon, on ...

Hymenium of Agarics
Hypoxylon marginatum
Kitton, F., on Smith's Conspectus

,, New Diatoms

Labrella Ptarmicse
Lecanora Ralfsii
Leighton's Lichen Flora
Leigh ton, W. A., on Lichens
Lichenological Memorabilia
Lichens, British .... 15,71,89,122,

Lichens from Ben Lawers .
Lichens of North Wales
Liiulberg, S. 0., on Timmia
Mosses of Ireland
North American Fungi . 3, 17, 33, 49, 65, 81, 97
Ny lander, W , on Al go- Lichen Hypothesis
Peziza vesiculosa ....

Phillips, W., Abstract of Bornet on Gonidia

„ Lichens in North Wales

,, on Thelecarpon

Phillips and Plowright, New and Rare British Fungi
Plowright, C. B., on Fuckel's Sphseriaeei
,, on Winter's Sordarien

,, Sphseriacei Britannici

,, Two Species of Fungi

Professor G^rsted ....

Puccinia Malvacearum
Babenhorst's Fungi Exsiccati

„ Mycologia, by E. Fries .

153,

p.u;r:.

177

96

78, I

187

77

35

28, <

187

36

.

122

85,

177)

47,

143

47

159

1

177)

169

127,

141

54

7, 28, <

176

24

110

57

.

13

63

122,

171

122,

171

125

140

,

50

27

129

78

153,

177

115

176

36

27

125

184

43

120

58

48

78

47

26

27

192

INDEX.

Rehm's Ascomyceten ....

Relation of Fungi to other plants

Seyne's, J. de, Structure of Agarics

Smith, H. L., Conspectus ....

Smith, W. G., Two Species of Geaster
Solorina bispora .....

Sorby's Researches on Chromatology .
Sphagnum Austini .....

Sphagnum molle .....

Sphaniacei, classification ....

Spilocaai pomi ......

Stirton's additions to Lichen Flora of Britain
Stirton, Dr. J., on Solorina bispora

,, Two Lichens from Ben Lawers

Sullivant, W. S., the late ....

Thelecarpon intermediellum

Timmia, species of ....

Tortula inclinata .....

Tortula sinuosa ......

Two New British Agarics ....

Viennese Fungi .....

Wedder, H. A., Remarks on paper by Dr. Nylander
Wood, H. C, on Desmids ....

, on Hydrodictyon .

„ Preserving Fresh Water A\gs&

41

PAGE.

. 157
. 79
28, 7
. 24
. 35

79, 106
. 101
. 61
. Ill
. 43
. 64
. 71
. 106
. 60
. 32
. 125
. 129
. 127

160, 174
. 63
. 96
. 180
. 72
. 54
. 92

,fo

New York Botanical Garden Llbrai