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EXTENSION
PASS ON, THE TORCH”
Volume VI NOVEMBER 1912 Number II
Guide for North Dakota Bird Study.
Published monthly during the college year by the Department of College Extension,
Agricultural College. N. D.
Entered as second class matter January 22, 1908, at the post office at Agricultural
College, N. D., under act of congress of July 16, 1894.
FOR’ THE PEOPLE OF ‘THE STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA
NEXT NUMBER --- FARM ANIMALS
Guide for North Dakota Bird Study
Growth of Bird Study
The rapidly growing interest in the study of birds has
made necessary the preparation of a guide which may serve
to direct the many bird observers in North Dakota along
the lines which should yield the greatest pleasure and pro-
fit to themselves and the largest advantage to the state.
It is earnestly hoped also that the pointing out of the
way to make a beginning may stimulate others, who have
hesitated because of apparent difficulties or obstacles in the
way, to enter this fascinating field where so many important
discoveries await the alert and sympathetic student. The
past decade has witnessed a most remarkable spread of in-
terest throughout the United States in bird life from the
relatively few enthusiastic ornithologists to. the hundreds
of thousands of people who are now coming to know and
appreciate birds as never before. This movement is only in
its beginnings, however, and the coming decade should see
a much wider diffusion of the spirit of first-hand bird study.
Many factors have contributed to give dynamic impetus and
to render this movement possible. Organizations have been
effected which united, stimulated and directed the members. __
in all parts of the country. An abundant literature accom-
panied by simple methods of learning the names of biras
has been developed. Colored pictures showing with remark-
able accuracy the color, form and appearance of the living
birds often in their natural haunts have been prepared by
the greatest of naturalist artists and placed upon the mar-
ket at prices which put them within the reach of all and
through the proper use of these the birds themselves come to
be recognized and known.
The development of methods of bird photography has
not only afforded interesting activity for many people but
has provided a wealth of illustrative material for popular
accounts of birds and their habits in books, periodicals and
lectures.
The extensive investigations of the United States bureau
of Biological Survey have not only furnished important in-
formation relative to the distribution, abundance and mi-
gration of birds but have provided a substantial basis of
economic facts in their publications for a proper apprecia-
tion of the important relation of birds to human industries.
THE WXTHNSION 3
Many state biological surveys have likewise added their
quota to the accumulating data along similar lines of local
study. The introduction of bird study in its varied phases
into the public schools has been a most important means of
reaching not only the rising generation of children but
through them extending the message and spirit to the older
generation.
Many clubs and organizations not primarily devoted to
bird study have also rendered valuable assistance in the pro-
gress of this movement through the presentation of special
papers and lectures upon topics related to bird life and
habits as numbers upon their regular programs.
The recognition within recent years of the fact that
much of our best education and the most fundamental les-
sons of life come not from the reading of books alone but by
learning first-hand from nature has given a new trend and
a more helpful attitude toward life out of doors. The s:z-
nificance of alert attentiveness to the varied forces at work
among living things is being realized and made a prominent
factor in human development.
Bird Study for All—The availability and suitability of
bird study for all ages and conditions of mankind has made
this an especially attractive field. The little child less than
two years old will shout and clap its hands with glee as it
toddles along toward a bird on the lawn. In response to the
same deep seated instinct of their nature the growing boys
and girls full of superabundant energy may find suitable
and helpful occupation in the pursuit of these elusive crea-
tures in their varied haunts. Proper direction of his ac-
tivities is usually all that is necessary to transform the nor-
mal boy into one of the most useful bird protectionists. As
mature age is reached a still enlarging field of interest opens
up. The study of individual birds and species, their abund-
ance, distribution, migrations, nesting and feeding habits
and their intricate relation to human life and affairs affords
avenues from which each may select according to taste and
inclination. Rich or poor, healthy or infirm, the invalid re-
elining at a window, the hardy persons who tramp afield
and those who employ the space-defying automobile, all may
find in the birds lines of interest suited to their needs and
opportunities full of possibilities of enlarging the horizon
of their lives. Such worthy examples as the venerable John
Burroughs show that with advancing years these life-long
interests may be pursued with undimished ardor and_ en-
thusiasm adding zest and richness to what should be, but
too often is not, the crowning period of life.
4 THE EXTENSION
Why Study Birds—The study of bird life is not advocat-
ed because of sentimental considerations for the birds them-
selves, but on account of their important relation to human
life and welfare. An analysis of the subject from this point
of view reveals the fact that birds are to be considered
from the standpoint of three main groups of people, though
the same person may have a place in each of these groups.
1st, those who are interested in birds because of the pleasure
to be derived from acquaintance with the living bird, 2nd,
those who are interested as hunters in the game birds, and
3rd, those who are financially interested in birds because of
their economic relation to such lines of production as agri-
culture, horticulture and forestry.
Persons who belong to the first group and find their
greatest pleasure in the living birds have a much stronger
claim for the recognition of their rights than has usually
been appreciated. People as a whole are just beginning to
realize that the gaining of wholesome pleasure is not merely
a harmless pastime but that this is of fundamental import-
ance in the development of a worthy, well-rounded human
life. The brightest minds of the present day are being de-
voted to a solution of the problem of how to bring a larger
proportion of pleasure into the lives of larger numbers of
people. It is coming to be recognized that much of the in-
tellectual, social, and economic stagnation in the world is
due to the fact that not enough pleasure is sought or found
to satisfy and stimulate the life to its largest possibilities
of accomplishment and development. Witness the move-
ments on foot to provide playgrounds for the children, to
arrange for shorter hours of labor and longer hours and
suitable places of recreation for those who toil and especial-
ly the efforts that are being made to organize those who live
more or less isolated lives in the country into social commu-
nities where young and adults may seek and find pleasurable
activities sufficient to satisfy the natural craving of the mind
for pleasure. Hence, when we, as a people, come to appre-
ciate more fully the fascinating delight, the wholesome in-
fluence and the recreational value of tramping the fields,
roaming the woodlands, wading the sloughs or boating on
the waters to get acquainted with the living birds, the more
confidently may this right to enjoy one of uature’s choicest
heritages be asserted and maintained. Birds being a natural
wild and shifting population, belong to all the people, hence
are rightfully declared in the law to be the property of the
state as a whole. On this ground the people of the state are
justified in insisting that even though a given bird has no
THE EXTENSION 5
special economic value, nevertheless if not harmful it should
be preserved to give charm to the landscape and afford plea-
sure to the people who find increased enjoyment because of
the presence of those creatures which are the living embodi-
ment of beauty, grace, music and domestic felicity. The
people of North Dakota have in the past thought too little
about the discovery and perpetuation of those features of
her natural endowment which add delight to existence. Now
that people are coming from far distant places to study our
bird life and find it well worth their time and effort, when
loca] bird students who have studied our North Dakota birds
for many years attest the richness of the possibilities which
he within the state, when we are dealing with living forms
which respond so quickly to favorable conditions, is it not
time that we as a progressive, farsighted people awake to
the opportunity and responsibility of maintaining and add-
ing to the natural a‘tractiveness of the state by adequate
protection of this one of our greatest natural heritages?
This must be brought about largely through an awakened
pubjic sentiment and the individual activities of the people
by directing and controlling conditions upon their own pro-
perty and in their own community. Hence the importance
of having interest in birds diffused through all available
channels until it reaches all the people in every community
in the commonwealth.
Next the point of view and the rights of the second
eroup—the hunters,—not only of the present time but of
generations yet unborn, must be considered. To insist that
all hunting and killing of game birds is wrong is to main-
tain that one ofthe most deeply planted instincts of the mas-
culine human nature is a perversion. The primitive races
of men found their means of livelihood largely through hunt-
ing and success in hfe was conditioned upon strength, en-
durance and skill in the hunt. A large majority of perfect-
ly normal boys still, and perhaps ever will, pass through a
period of their individual development when the hunting in-
stinct is dominant and must be properly directed or grati-
fied if the boy is to develop those hardy, alert and vigorous
qualities which are of prime importance in the making of
a man. Annually thousands of mature men, weary and
worn by the strenuous and often unnatural toil of modern
civilized occupations, find in the pursuit of game. birds tne
allurement which leads them to _ forsake business
for a few days and betake themselves to _ the
health-giving influence of woods and_ fields. Here
in the haunts of the game birds in contact with the ele-
6 THE EXTENSION
mental forces of nature, engaged in a pursuit which requires
vigorous physical activity and absolute forgetfulness of
other affairs for success in the sport they find relaxation,
rest and recuperation. Much of the disrepute associated
with hunting and hunters has arisen through the disregard
by some thoughtless or inconsiderate men of the property
rights of those on whose land they are hunting and through
a failure to restrain their immediate self-interest for the
larger good of the community. Men must learn to be con-
tent with a reasonable bag of game, at least with that num-
ber which corresponds with the consensus of publie opinion
as indicated by the legal limit. Men may learn that the plea-
sure and benefit to be derived from the hunt are not con-
ditioned upon unlimited slaughter, but rather upon the as-
sociations and enjoyment of natural surroundings which the
hunting season affords. Many boys and men have learned
that even greater pleasure and benefits may be derived from
the study and photographing of the living birds, because of
the much higher degree of hunting and stalking skill re-
quired, because of the larger opportunity which this affords
for real acquaintance with the bird and its habits and the
even more attractive and valuable trophies which they have
to show. People of North Dakota should realize that a pub-
lie-spirited, far-sighted policy requires that the splendid
natural resources be maintained not only for the enjoyment
of the present generation but passed on unimpaired to sue-
ceeding generations so far as this is possible in civilized com-
munities and consistent with agricultural interests. Here
again ,there is the greatest need for the development of an
enligtened publie sentiment so that as individuals and com-
munities we shall neither exercise nor tolerate that spirit of
unlimited destruction of game which has led to the practical
extermination of game in many places and is so seriously
reducing the numbers of many of our own game birds, but
rather devise ways and means to increase and perpetuate
them.
Last, and in many respects, the most important of all
is the standpoint of those who are interested in birds from.
financial considerations. Too long people have been accus-
tomed to look upon birds as objects only of sentimental in-
terest. How often one hears the remark dropped by persons
unfamiliar with modern methods of bird study that there is
nothing of practical value about the study of birds. No
more mistaken view could well be imagined. A modern view
based upon the most carefully investigated facts is that re-
cently expressed by Dr. H. W. Henshaw, Chief of the U. S.
THE EXTENSION 7
Bureau of Biological Survey, that without the services
of insect-eating birds, ‘‘it is more than likely—nay, it is
almost certain—that within a limited time not only would
successful agriculture become impossible, but the destruction
of the greater part of vegetation would follow.’’ The fol-
lowing statement made by F. E. L. Beal in 1897 is significant
in this connection. ‘‘It has been known that birds play an
important part in relation to agriculture, but there seems
to be a tendency to dwell on the harm they do rather than on
the good. Whether a bird is injurious or beneficial depends
almost entirely upon what it eats, and in case of species
which are unusually abundant or which depend in part upon
the farmers’ crops for subsistence the character of the food
often becomes a very practical question. If crows or black-
birds are seen in numbers about corn fields, or if woodpeck-
ers are noticed at work in an orchard, it is perhaps not sur-
prising that they are accused of doing harm. Careful in-
vestigation, however, often shows that they are actually de-
stroying noxious insects, and also that even those which do
harm at one season may compensate for it by eating noxious
species at another. Insects are eaten at all times by the ma-
jority of land birds, and during the breeding season most
kinds subsist largely and rear their young exclusively on
this food. When insects are unusually plentiful, they are
eaten by many birds which ordinarily do not touch them.
Even birds of prey resort to this diet, and when insects are
more easily obtained than other fare, the smaller hawks and
owls live on them almost entirely. This was well illustrated
during the recent plague of Rocky Mountain locusts in the
Western States, when it was found that locusts were eaten
by nearly every bird in the region, and that they formed
almost the entire food of a large majority of species.’’
Since this was written extensive investigations have
been carried on in all parts of the United States and at all
seasons of the year. Detailed information is now at hand,
regarding the food habits of most of our common species. —
That of other species is being worked out as rapidly as state
and national funds will permit. In case a question arises
regarding the apparent destructiveness of any species be-
fore beginning indiscriminate slaughter the matter should
be refered to those expert in these matters either in the De-
partment of Agriculture at Washington, D.C., or the N. D.
Agricultural College and Experiment Station. Available in-
formation will then be furnished as a basis for Judgment re-
garding further procedure and in ease there is need for fur-
8 THE EXTENSION
ther investigation of the situation the scientific machinery
of state and nation is at the service of the citizens.
Economic Relations of Birds
With reference to the general economic status of birds
it is customary to classify them in four main groups as out-
lined by A. K. Fisher:
(a) Those wholly beneficial or wholly harmless
(b) Those chiefly beneficial
(c) Those in which the beneficial and harmless quali-
ties seem to balance each other.
(d) Those positively harmful.
To determine in which of these groups a given bird be-
longs involves a vast amount of patient labor including field
observation, experimental feeding and study of the actual
stomach contents of many birds taken in different places
and at all seasons of the year. The matter is one of too
grave importance to depend upon hasty judgments or casual
observation.
The principal services which birds render are usually
grouped into:
(a) The destruction of harmful insects, both those
which prey upon crops and trees and those which spread
disease.
(b) The destruction of injurious mammals especially
rodents, such as rabbits, gophers, ground-squirrels and mice.
(c) The destruction of weed seeds.
(d) Serving as scavengers by removing offensive and
dangerous decaying materials.
Birds are nature’s most efficient check in preserving a
proper balance in nature, that is, in preventing the undue
increase of insects, rodents and weeds. Where natural con-
ditions are left undisturbed by man this balance is main-
tained with remarkable perfection. But, civilized man is
everywhere a disturbing element in this perfect natural har-
mony. His activities and occupations usually tend to cause
a reduction in the number of birds at the same time that his
agricultural operations make conditions more favorable by
providing shelter and additional food for the increase of in-
sect, mammal and weed pests. One frequently hears the
remark that there is no need to worry about those thing up
here in North Dakota, that conditions are such that we shall
never be bothered by them, especially insects. They used
to talk that same way in what are now the older settled
states and this complacent or ignorant attitude led to neglect
of proper control over nature’s forces until now in spite
THE EX'’TENSION 9
of spending much time, labor and millions of dollars an-
nually in combatting these pests by artificial means, the
people are constantly suffering defeat and enormous losses.
No thoughtful, careful observer can fail to see that these
conditions are developing in North Dakota. Only ordinary
intelligence and foresight are required to see that eternal
vigilence and the employment of all the natural means to
keep these pests from multiplying is our only hope of es-
ecaping continually increasing losses. Already large sums
are being spent in spraying operations against insects and
single counties are spending amounts running to thousands
of dollars annually distributing poison to decrease the num-
ber of gophers. The annual loss to the grain producers
through the depletion of the soil, lessened yield in spite of
increased labor and lowered grade of grain because of the
presence therein of weed seeds is perhaps even better ap-
preciated by most farmers.
The following data taken largely from the reports of
the Bureau of Biological Survey of the U. 8. Department of
Agriculture, can be confidently accepted as applying well
to North Dakota conditions. Large numbers of bird
stomachs have been examined and field studies made in
connection with the Economic Biological Survey of North
Dakota which give abundant warrant for the above state-
ment. The detailed results for North Dakota will be com-
piled and reported in due time. (See account of Biological
Survey beyond.)
Birds and Insects. In order to appreciate the work of
birds in holding in check the increase of insects one should
remember that this work is continued by different species
all the year through both by day and night, that birds eat
a much larger amount of food in proportion to their size
than most animals, that not only the adult breeding in-
sects are destroyed, but their eggs and young are eaten in
enormous quantities and thus their development and _ re-
production are prevented. One should recall also that if
unchecked the offspring of a single adult female insect
living from spring to fall will run from hundreds up to
hundreds of millions depending upon’the species. ‘Think
what it means to have only a single one of these insects
killed in spring as you consider the following facts. The
damage now done by insects in the United States amounts
to several hundred millions annually the entire loss for
1909 being estimated by Dr. L. A. Howard, Chief of the
U. S. Bureau of Entomology as $1,200,000,000.. This means
several dollars for every person in the entire population of
10 THE EXTENSION
the United States. Another investigator estimates that 21,-
000 bushels of insects are eaten daily in Massachusetts by
the birds. Another that 170 carloads of insects are de-
stroyed in Nebraska each day. A pair of nesting Wrens
has been observed to take over 600 insects from a garden in
one day, while investigation shows that 98 per cent of the
food of Wrens consists of insects. A young Robin in one
day ate 165 cutworms while another young Robin ate from
50 to 75 ecutworms per day for a 15 day period. A study
of 330 stomachs of Robins shows that 42 per cent of the
food was animal matter largely insects and their larvae
and 47 per cent wild, not tame, fruit. One Chickadee had
454 plant lee in its stomach. A Cedar Waxwing’s stomach
contained 100 cankerworms, that of a Nighthawk 60 grass-
hoppers, that of a Flicker 1000 chinch bugs. A Maryland
Yellowthroat was reckoned as having eaten 3,500 plant
lice in 40 minutes. Insects and their allies constituted 76
per cent of the contents of 205 Bluebird stomachs. Cater-
pillars made up 34 per cent of the stomach contents of 113
Baltimore Orioles. Stomachs of 238 Meadowlarks examined
showed 73 per cent animal matter, nearly all insects. Grass-
hoppers and Crickets were the important items of the bill
of fare being 29 per cent average for the entire year and
60 per cent for August. During August and September the
food was 99 per cent insects. Space will not permit the
giving of further data, but those who are interested are
referred to the list of bulletins beyond in which a wealth
of important information may be found.
Birds and Rodents. The amount of damage done each
year by small rodents such as_ rabbits, hares, gophers,
ground-squirrels and prairie-dogs is usually fairly well ap-
preciated. The number of different species of mice which
the biological survey work has shown to be present, hiding
not only about houses, barns, granaries and meadows but
along fence-rows, sloughs and strips of timber, with their
enormous possibilities of increase and mischief to crops,
stored grain and trees is not so well understood. Neither
is the important work of hawks and owls in holding these
pests in check at all adequately realized. Deep-seated pre-
judice against these birds still holds sway. Farmers and
hunters shoot them down at sight with little thought of the
loss which this thoughtless destruction may entail. The
possibilities of loss through this condition of affairs was set
forth with remarkable clearness in 1886 by Dr. C. Hart
Merriam, for many years Chief of the U. S. Biological
THE EXTENSION 11
Survey in discussing the law passed, but soon repealed by
Pennsylvania providing a bounty on hawks and owls. ‘‘On
the 23d of June, 1885 the Legislature of Pennsylvania past
an act known as the “‘sealp act,’’ ostensibly for the bene-
fit of agriculture, which provides a bounty of fifty cents
each on Hawks, Owls, weasels and minks killed within the
limits of the state and a fee of twenty cents to the notary
or justice taking affidavit.
By virtue of this act about $90,000 has been paid in
bounties during the year and a half that has elapsed since
the law went into effect. This represents the destruction
of at least 128,571 of the above mentioned animals, most
of which were Hawks and Owls.
Granting that 5,000 chickens are killed annually in
Pennsylvania by Hawks, and Owls, and that they are worth
twenty-five cents each (a liberal estimate in view of the
fact that a large portion of them are killed when very
young) the total loss would be $1,250 and the poultry kall-
ed in a year and a half would be worth $1,875. Hence it
appears that during the past eighteen months the State
of Pennsylvania has expended $90,000 to save its farmers a
loss of $1,875. But this estimate by no means represents
the actual loss to the farmer and the tax payer of the state.
It is within bounds to say that in the course of a year every
Hawk and Owl destroys at least a thousand mice or their
equivalent in insects, and that each mouse or its equivalent
so destroyed would cause the loss of two cents per annum.
Therefore, omitting all reference to the enormous increase
in the numbers of these noxious animals when nature’s
means of holding them in check has been removed, the
lowest possible estimate of the value to the farmer of each
Hawk, Owl and weasel would be $20 a year, or $30 in a year
and a half.
Hence, in addition to the $90,000 actually expended by
the state in destroying 128,571 of its benefactors, it has
incurred a loss to its agricultural interests of at least
$3,857,130, or a total loss of $3,947,130 in a year and a half,
which is at the rate of $2,631,420 per annum. In other
words the state has thrown away $2,105 for every dollar
saved. And even this does not represent fairly the full
loss, for the slaughter of such a vast number of predaceous
birds and mammals is almost certain to be followed by a
correspondingly enormous increase in the number of mice
and insects formerly held in check by them, and it will
take many years to restore the balance thus blindly de-
1g THE EXTENSION
stroyed through ignorance of the economic relations of our
common birds and mammals.’’ The above view was well
substantiated by subsequent developments and investiga-
tion. Fortunately no such folly has occurred in North Da-
kota as the passage of a law paying a bounty on Hawks and
Owls, nevertheless, this undiscriminating slaughter still goes
on beeause of prejudice and just for the fun of shooting
something. If it be true, (and it is well within the true
value) that each Hawk and Owl on the average is worth
$20 per year to the farmer it is high time that people stop-
ped to think and discriminate before shooting. No sane
man would deliberately shoot a farmer’s pig or calf worth
$20 just for fun. Then why shoot these birds which are
equally valuable to the farmer and the state?
There are three Hawks, Cooper, Sharp-shinned and
Goshawk, and one Owl, Great-horned Owl, that are positive-
ly harmful and may very properly be shot. But the rest of
the Hawks and Owls commonly resident in North Dakota
belong to the class which are either entirely beneficial or
the beneficial qualitities outweigh the harmful. The harm-
ful features of these latter may readily be overcome by
reasonable protection of the poultry, encouraging King-
birds and Purple Martins to nest about the poultry yard
or premises and occasionally shooting a particular Hawk
or Owl which is positively known to have acquired the habit
of killing poultry. The latter method will seldom need to
be employed. For further information consult the ltera-
ture cited beyond, especially ‘‘Hawks and Owls from the
Standpoint of the Farmer,’’ by A. K. Fisher or ‘Useful
Birds and their Protection,’’ by E. H. Forbush.
Birds and Weed Seeds. Birds are occasionally accused
of scattering weed seed by earrying them in mud on their
feet or dropping them with the excrement. This is so small
an item compared with the enormous number of weed seeds
destroyed as to be negligible. Anyone who will take the trou-
ble to go out through the weed patches during September,
October and November while the Juncos, White-throated,
Harris and Tree Sparrows and others are migrating can see
abundant evidence of the hosts of helpers in the constant
struggle of the farmer to keep down the weeds. Continu-
ing this observation through the winter, spring and sum-
mer will be a revelation to any alert, thoughtful observer.
According to the careful investigations and estimate of F.
E. L. Beal of the U. S. Biological Survey, the Tree Spar-
rows alone destroy 875 tons of weed seed annually in the
THE EXTENSION 13
single state of Iowa. ‘Chester Av Reed: © .....ccccn sos cae 1.00
Chas. K. Reed, Worcester, Mass.
How to Know the Wild Birds. By D. Lange
Northwestern School Supply Co., Minneapolis, Minn. .25
Birds of the West. By Charles E. Holmes
Hammond & Stephens Co., Fremont, Nebraska. .: 1.00
Books upon Special Topics for Teachers and Adults:
Our Native Birds: How to Protect them and Attract
them to Our Homes. By D. Lange. The Macmil-
Neat C ORIN G Wri os OU Ka «Siete oc arohnt ares ho wicivel » Biker ohemetateta chet 1.0U
Birds in Their Relation to Man. By Weed and Dear-
born. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. ....... 2.50
Useful Birds and Their Protection. By Edw. H. For-
bush. Mass. State Board of Agriculture, Boston,
VIED S'S Ratttiouet ieee, car coerce: ia olan auclnie te ake's aheiitclianensalens apart eens 2.00
Bird Day: How to Prepare for it. By C. A. Babcock
Silver= Bundett c-Co;, New oVOrk 6 oo. kerr « onsen .50
Methods of Attracting Birds. By Gilbert H. Trafton
Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston Mass. ......... ids)
Nature Study and Life. By C. F. Hodge
Cinta CcaCom Boston «Massari toes aiiets eave e aesaets 150
28
Henry Holt & Cox Newiyvorken nc ctcies ieee ne 3.50
The Story of the Birds. By James N. Baskett
Dy Appleton” & .CozaNew. YiOrks ssn cee eee 765
The Woodpeckers. By Fannie H. Eckstrom
Houghton, Mifflin & Co:, Boston, Mass. .......... 1.90
American Birds, Photographed and Studied from Life.
By Wm. L. Finley. Charles Scribners Sons, New.
B06 ol: ORES irc A oa rriaee ape i thst) Panwa ein en a P By his Oe 1.50
Michigan Bird Life. (Exceptionaliy valuable for the
price) By W. B. Barrows. Published by Michagan
Agricultural College, East Lansing, Michigan.
Price plus postage: Paper $__.80) Clothe .: .... =... .95
Books for Children—Good for supplementary reading in
schools:
The Mirst-Bookpots Binds" agesc-erstene eee Petes aoe eee . 60
The ySecconds Books Ol BikGsS sear cic eae ae nies 1.00
True: Bird: StOriGS sles aan Sey dee atisde Gi aeee alacant cactaneee .60
Little: Brotherstot- the mAs uc. cts eine cio erethslokeeeaene ye eae 1.25
In (Nesting 2 imiey se eiercsarce atau oes eee oh Leas oe ere Teds}
By Mrs. Olive Thorne Miller, Houghton, Mifflin &
Co., Boston, Mass.
Birds: of wWaillaizexrand: MaeCla 2 cg sonccc. cuenta 2.00
Birds: Lhroush on: (Opera) (Glass... casera eee eee ta;
By Mrs. Florence Merriam Bailey. Houghton,
Mifflin & Co., Boston, Mass.
Wakes Oita 12 Bic repose ccaes aaa RIES he eer Leet eeeeehen eee 1.25
Birdssan Ge POCtS 2s tac: ine geraokeice ccaus cae oo ee eke Sea aes 1725
By John Burroughs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Boston, Mass.
Our Birds and Their Nestlings. By Margaret C.
Walker. American Book Co., New York ......... .60
Our Feathered Friends. By Elizabeth and Joseph
Grinnell. D. C. Heath & Co., Boston Mass. ..... .30
Our Friends the Birds. By Caroline H. Parker
AY uinlanaizant 1© Ors CM1Cale Ome eeeneesy suene ss csasten: ean ieiegeie .50
Gray Lady and the Birds. By Mabel Osgood Wright
Macmillan? & Col New YOLK aa. o2ieprec.s eee oe es aad
Birds of Song and Story. By Elizabeth and Joseph
Grinnell, A.“W: Mumford; Chicago .2 2... .s0ee 1.00
The Birds Convention. By Harriett Williams Myers
Western Publishing Co.. Los Angeles, Cal. ..... 75
Books for General Reading:
A-Birding on a Broncho. By Florence Merriam
Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, Mass. ......... $1.25
How to: ‘Stutiy: “Bird's See cets creer nemeeels econ ence eae 1350,
The sSport Of WBind SS CUG ye. scree totene erences teen einer 2.00
By Herbert K. Job. The Outing Publishing Co.,
New York.
‘Among the Water Fowl. By Herbert K. Job.
Doubleday Pagve--Co:, New. York |. sek wt atepere enensene= 1.50
Wild Neighbors. By Ernest Ingersoll. ;
The Macmillan Coss Ne wir Ol Keer pe tele hee eee 1.50
THE EXTENSION
The Bird: Its Form and Function. By C. W. Beebe
THE EXTENSION 29
Wild Life of Orchard and Field. By Ernest Ingersoll
FLAGD er BLOSss INOW VOLK. coiceie eters iets she otens aeteie s 1.40
Citizen Bird. By Mabel Osgood Wright and _ Elliott
Covwes?« “Macnillan= Cos NEw YOrks jeer. -)<-scle ones $1.50
Bird Life. By Frank M. Chapman
DirAppletonacc. CO; eNGwW? YORK ss. sarc cre ace 2.00
Bird Studies with a Camera. By Frank M. Chapman
Ds Ap plevonivC Os NG Waa VOT KK eset srelaoneber fone tvamoveseys, coke eo
The American Natural History. By W. T. Hornaday
Charles Scribners Sons, New York .............. 3.50
Magazines devoted to Bird Study:
Bird Lore (Official publication of the National Asso- Yr.
ciation of Audubon Societies. Very useful for
schools. Offered as a premium by the North
Dakota Audubon Society with membership.) D.
Appleton és) (COs oONEW, SVORK. 2 eo siniae pelcciesee ches 6 $1.00
The Condor (Published by Cooper Ornithological
Club) Address J. Eugene Law, Hollywood, Cal. 1.50
The Auk (A quarterly journal the official publication
of the Amercan Ornithologists Union). Address
Jonathan Dwight, Jr., 134 West 71st. St. New York 3.00
Publications of the Bureau of Biological Survey, Unit-
ed States Department of Agriculture, especially useful in
the study of North Dakota birds.
NOTE: Application for publications in this list should be
made to the Editor and Chief of the Division of Publications, Unit-
ed States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. The edi-
tions of some of the publications are necessarily limited, and
when the supply is exhausted and no funds are available for pro-
curing additional copies, applicants are referred to the Superin-
tendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, who has them
for sale at a nominal price, under the law of January 12, 1895.
Many of these publications may be obtained as “Package Librar-
ies” from the Agricultural College.
In applying give name and number of the bulletin and the
name of the bureau of Biological Survey.
BULLETINS:
Bulletin 13. Food of the Bobolink, Blackbirds and Grackles
sf 15. The Relation of Sparrows to Agriculture
SS 17. Birds of a Maryland Farm—A local study
ie 18. Distribution and Migration.of North American Warblers
s 21. The Bobwhite and Other quails of the United States
in their Economic Relations
sg 23. The Horned Larks and Their Relation to Agriculture
$ 24. The Grouse and Wild Turkeys of the United States
and Their Economic Value
s 26. Distribution and Migration of North American Ducks,
Geese and Swans ;
sf 27. The North American Eagles and Their Economic Re-
lations.
ee 32. Food Habits of the Grosbeaks
=
30
THE EXTENSION
. Distribution and Migration of North American Shore
Birds
. Food of the Woodpeckers of the United States
. Woodpeckers in Relation to Trees and Wood Pro-
ducts
. Food of our more Important Flycatchers
Farmers’ Bulletins, U. S. Bureau of Biological Survey:
He Biesoa.
Circulars,
Yo ebk.Sepe
i 383.
. 456.
re 493.
& 497.
vy 506.
Pe u7e
Some Common Birds
How to Destroy English Sparrows
Our Grosbeaks and their Relation to Agriculture
The English Sparrow as a Pest
Some Common Game, Aquatic and Rapacious Birds
in Relation to Man
Food of some Well Known Birds of Forest, Farm
and Garden.
U. S. Bureau of Biological Survey:
Bird Day in the Schools
. Value of Swallows as Insect Destroyers
. Hawks and Owls from the Standpoint of the Farmer
. Private Game Preserves and Their Future in the
United States.
. Our Vanishing Shorebirds
. Three Important Wild Duck Foods
Separate Reprints from the Yearbook. Apply for
Yearbook Separate, giving number.
“cc
37. Part 2. The Meadowlark and Baltimore Oriole
133. Birds as Weed Destroyers
364. Some Benefits the Farmer May Derive from
Game Protection
443. Does it Pay Farmers to Protect Birds?
474. The Economic Value of Predaceous Birds and
Mammals
486. The Relations between Birds and Insects
504. Plants Useful to Attract Birds and Protect Fruit
545. The Migratory Movements of Birds in Relation
to the Weather
564. Bird Enemies of the Codling Mith.
EDUCATIONAL LEAFLETS:
Published by the National Association of Audubon So-
cieties, 1974 Broadway, New York, especially useful for
schools.
1. Nighthawk 11. Screech Owl
3. Meadowlark 12. Short-eared Owl
4. Robin 13. Ostrich
5. Flicker 14. Barn Owl
7. Snowy Heron 15. Tree Sparrow
8. Marsh Hawk 16. Yellow-billed Cuckoo
9. Red-shouldered Hawk 29. Herring Gull
10. American Sparrow Hawk
THE BXTENSION 31
SPECIAL LEAFLETS:
2. Purple Martin for Winter
3. Bird Clubs in Schools 13. For December—Six Reinind-
5. The Aigrette Loses Cast ers.
7. February 15. February Hints
8. April—Nature Study Orga- 17. Bobwhite, the Farmers’
nizations Friend
9. In June 18. How Our Birds Spend the
11. August and the Flocking Winter
Time 21. The Horrors of the Plume
12. October and Preparations Trade
The above leaflets published with uncolored illustrations.
One cent each. Ten cents per dozen.
EDUCATIONAL LEAFLETS:
2. Mourning Dove 37. Sharp-shinned Hawk
6. Passenger Pigeon 38. Bobolink
17. American Goldfinch 39. House Wren
18. Cardinal 40. Bush-Tit
19. Belted Kingfisher 41. Mockingbird
20. Rose-breasted Grosbeak 42. Orchard Oriole
21. Scarlet Tanager 43. Red-headed Woodpecker
22. Blue Jay 44. Franklin’s Gull
23. Kildee, 45. Black-headed Grosbeak
24. Bluebird 46. Robin
25. Red-winged Blackbird 47. Bobwhite
26. Baltimore Oriole 48. Cedar Waxwing
27. Indigo Bunting 49, Chimney Swift
28. Purple Finch 50. Carolina Wren
- 30. Snowflake 51. Spotted Sandpiper
31. Song Sparrow 52. Least and Semi-palmated
32. Barn Swallow Sandpiper
33. Tree Swallow 53. Horned Lark
34. Ruby-crowned Kinglet 55. Downy and Hairy Wood-
and Golden-crowned Kinglet pecker
35. American Crossbill and 56. Hummingbird
White-winged Crossbill 57. Yellow-headed Blackbird
36. The Mallard
SPECIAL LEAFLETS:
6. Bartramian Sandpiper 10. Wood Duck
The above leaflets published with colored illustrations and
outlines. Two cents each, Twenty cents per dozen.
Stereopticon Slides for Lectures, addresses or entertain-
ments: An excellent stock of colored slides of birds has
been prepared by the National Association of Audubon So-
cieties, 1974, Broadway, New York. A list will be sent on
application. They may be purchased for 80 cents each or.
rented for 30 days at 5 cents each with transportation
charges extra in either case.
32 THE EXTENSION
COLORED PICTURES.
Colored pictures of birds may be obtained for from 1
to 2 cents each from the following:
National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway,
New York City.
A. W. Mumford Co., Chicago, Ill.
Northwestern School Supply Co., Mineapolis, Minn.
Northern School Supply Co., Fargo, N. D.
Perry Pictures Co., Boston, Mass.
Chas. K. Reed, Worcester, Mass.
Suitable pictures may be selected by consulting the
lists of birds given in this bulletin.
LECTURES.
An up-to-date list of national and state lecturers on bird
subjects is kept on file at the Agricultural College and will be
sent to any interested person on application.
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