innesota Plant Studi OW! b. K. Bl"i F* 1. ii Mill ffiibrarQ Nortli (Harolitta BtnU MnttJFrHitjj is book was presented by Harlan C. Brown THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB- JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS POSTED AT THE CIRCULATION DESK. Ubb Minnesota Plant Studies V. GUIDE TO THE AUTUMN FLOWERS OF MINNESOTA FIELD AND GARDEN F. E. Clements, C. 0. Rosendahl AND F. K. Butters University <>t Minnesota Minnc;ipuli:> Junel"M Preface The present number of "M ini the third edition of "Spring Flowers." It is pre] hools to begin work with flowering plants in tl i dent some preliminary knowledge and training as a ba work in the spring. For this reason, cultivated •; included, and special attention is given to tl i play such a large and practical part in fall vegetation. An ei to include all the specie- found in bloom alter September first to bloom in July and August, SO that autumn and spril fairly well for the recognition of the summer generally, as well as for the increasing number • and high greenhouses, all of the common species blooming during the wintei also. The flowering plants of the whole school year, from September i I cultivated and native, are now covered by the two guides to spring fl< autumn flowers. In a few year- it is expected that a summer guide will I in anticipation of the time when a completely illustrated book of all the fl state will be possible. Britton and Brown's "Illustrated Flora" and Gray's "Manual" drawn upon in the preparation of the present guide, and acknowledgmei I made of their aid. The grouping <>i the families is essentially that system of classification. The sequence is from pines and 1. utter, mints to roses and asters, and then to lilies, grasses and orchids. In addition to the list of publications in the following series, "Minn* and Shruhs" is also available for students and plant lovers generally. In supplants the "Guide to Trees and Shruhs." which will not be republish* "Minnesota Algae" is also valuable for schools, health officers, water and missioners, as well as to others who possess micr< - MINNESt >TA PLANT STUD! i. Guide to Spring Flowers, third edition 2. Guide to Trees and Shrubs, second edition 3. Guide to Ferns and Fern Allies 110 cents). , 4. Minnesota Mushrooms (paper. 50 cents; cloth, .c I 5. Guide to Autumn Flowers (15 cento. 6. School Gardens and Greenhouses (15 cents). (In prepai Copies of the above publications ate sent free to resident copies of Nos. I. 5 and 6 will be furnished tree to the sell Additional copies may be Secured at the price indicated This is the ; non-residents, who are not on the exchange list of the FREDERIC l CLEW ' of the Departmi The University of Minnesota May, 1913. Introduction HOW TO USE mi: KE1 Th" method of using the keys for finding the common flower as an --simple. If we choc "Key to Families" on page ri. Here it is <>r absent. Since petals and sepals are both clearlj pi Under this heading it is then necessary to decide between "1 I. Lbai Outlim 1. Rounded. 2. Cordate (heart-shaped). 6. Sagittate (arrow-shaped). 3. 4. Krnifurni I kidncy->h.i; Auriculate lean.! 8. Hastate halberd *hap«J "2. Flowers in heads." Examples of the latter are i I glory evidently falls under "1." The next choice is Since the morning glory has five petals grown int.) a funnel decision then rests between "(1) Petals separate" an between "(a)" Ovary superior, i. e., within the other parts," and the other parts." The ovary is found within the corolla tube II. Leak Outlines AND I'. I 1 Linear. 2. Lanceolate (lance-shaped). 3. Oblong 7. OblanciMl.itc ferior ovary is found at the bottom of the single flowers of dandelions, a in the ovary. This can be told readily from • of the ovary. If there are no cross walll, is divid Brat i one-celled," or "y. I vi INTRODUCTION and "(y) Erect herbs, or tendril climbers." The morning glory twines or climbs without tendrils, and our plant thus belongs to the "Convolvulaceae » This family is found in the text on page 14. Here the first step is to read carefully the description of the morning glory family. If there are no points of disagreement, the plan! has been traced to the right family, and it is then necessary to III. Leaf Edges 1. Serrate (saw-toothed). 4. Tndulate (wavy). 2. Dentate (toothed). 5. .Sinuate (bayed). 3. Crenate (scalloped). 6. Incised (lagged). determine the particular genus by reference to the key which follows the family description. The morning glory clearly falls under "1. Stems leafy, green; flowers large." The choice then lies be- IV. Leaf Tips 4 5 6 7 2. Acute. 3. Obtuse. 4. Truncate. Emarginate. 7. Obcordate. 8. Cuspidate. 9. Mucornate 1 2 1. Acuminate. 8 9 5. Retuse. t wiin "a. Stigma capitate or head-like" and "b. Stigmas 2, linear." Since the stigma is one and capitate, the choice then falls between "(1) Leaves pinnately parted; corolla salver-form" and "(2) V. Lobed Leaves Pinnately: 1. Lobed. Palmately; 2. Loced. 3. Cleft. 4. Cleft. 5. Parted. 7. Divided. 6. Parted. 8. Divided. IN I 1,-1.1 ■ : "1. Flowers opening in the mon he morning glory belongs in "1." i "a," and under "a" th< ' = ^ 1. Odd-pinnate. 2. Tendril-pienate. .'. Kvtn-pinnate. The same method is used in locating any plant whosi using the key are: first, that the choice must 1»- made between two, alternatives are indented the sac from the margin, and are numl • for example, "I" and "II," "a" and "h," ai after choice has been made of one alternative, no further attention In making the choice bet\t however, it is essential I VI. Compound I.k.wi - . 4. Palmate oi digitate. viii INTRODUCTION upon the other. In the last place, it is necessary to examine the plant carefully and not merely guess at the points in question. This applies also to the technical terms which cannot be avoided if leaves and flowers are to be described accurately. In the case of a common weed, it will often be found convenient to make use of the "Key to Weeds" on page xv. This is particularly true of weeds in the fall, since their flowers have often tred. tt is quite possible to place them, however, from the characters of leaves and fruits by the use of the key indicated. In finding the botanical name of the sweet clover, the first choice is between "1. Leaves simple," and "2. Leaves compound." Since the leaf of the sweet clover consists of three leaflets, it evidently falls under "2." The next choice is between "a. Leaves with three leaflets," and "b. Leaves with more than three leaflets." The choice here falls upon "a" and then the decision rests between "(1) Leaf margin entire" and "(2) Leaf margin serrate or toothed." 1 ii. I,i ••(2)" the choice lies between "(a) Leaf margin coarsely serrate or toothed" and "(b) Leaf margin finely serrate." This distinction requires some experience for entire certainty, but the small teeth on the leaflet of the sweet clover would seem to indicate fairly clearly that the choice would fall upon "(b)." Under "(b)" the height of the plant and the arrangement of the flowers in a long cluster or raceme indicate that the choice should rest upon "x. Upright plants 2-6 feet tall — Melilotus alba : sweet clover," page xviii. EXPLANATION OF THE CHART The chart on page ix is designed to show the general lines of descent of flowering plants from the ancestral ferns, and to indicate the relationships of the various orders. It is based primarily upon the development of the flower as a special organ for pollination and seed-production. Families with the simplest flowers, that is, those with the flowers least changed from the fruiting organs of the ferns, are placed at the bottom of the chart. Such families are found in the gymnosperms and in the buttercup order. The flowers of the former are wind-pollinated, and lack both calyx and corolla. The flowers of most buttercups, on the other hand, are pollinated by insects, and possess both calyx and corolla, or a showy calyx. These are regarded as the primitive or earliest type of flower of the angiosperms. From the specialization of these, in response to insect and wind pollination, have been derived the orders and families of the three lines of evolution shown in the chart. In detail, the primitive flower shows a large number of separate stamens and separate pistils, the petals are alike and separate, and there is no union between any of the four parts, sepals, petals, stamens and pistils. In the increasing adaptation of a flower to its work of pollination and seed- production, this primitive form has given rise to the higher or more specialized forms characteristic of the various orders of the chart. The chief steps by which this has been brought about are four, namely, reduction in number of parts, union, change in shape, change in position of the corolla, or eleva- tion, but these changes have not appeared in the same sequence in all three lines. Reduction in number to a flower plan of 3, 4 or 5 has been almost universal in the groups just above the buttercups, though flowers occasionally occur with number plans of 6, 7, 8 and even 9. In flower structure, the arrowheads are essentially buttercups with parts in threes, while the lilies are arrowheads with the stamens and pistils reduced in number, and the latter united to form a compound pistil. In the irises, the colored perianth of sepals and petals is upon or above the ovary, and in the orchids, the corolla is strikingly irregular, one petal usually taking the form of a lip or sack. In the roses, the buttercup type is modified by the gradual growing together of the calyx and receptacle, and finally of the ovary also, with the result that the corolla and stamens are above the and ovary. In the lower roses, the number of stamens, and usually of pistils also is large, pistils are separate. In the higher families, the pistils are united into a compound pistil. In the madders and honeysuckles, the petals have become united, and finally, in most of the asters, or all of the flowers of the characteristic heads become irregular as to their petals. In the rds, pinks, and geraniums, the flower parts are regularly reduced to the number plan of 4 or 5, and the pistils are united. In the primroses, the petals become united, and in the snapdragons and mints, the corolla as a rule is highly irregular. EVOLUTION AND RELATIONSHIP 01 Till Monocotyledons Dicotyledons Orchidales "Orchids" Irida "Ir&j Poales "Grasses" Juncales "Rushes" les ds" Asterale< anales Bluebells" Madders" Cactales "Cacti" Apiales . "Parsleys' Sapindales "Mii\ les' Erica les "Heaths' | ; Arale "Aroids Gymnosperms "Conifer Key to Families I . Petals i resent 1. Flowers single or in clusl ds 3 ( 1 ) i >\ ary superior (a) Pistils several-many, simple Pistil 1, compound \. Sepals green, or still and dry, unlike the pel (x) Air plants with gray foliage (v) Lam! plants with green leaves and sepals y. Sepals and petals similar in color and texture Sepals and petals very small, scale-like, usuallj brown - pals and petals not scale-like imr greenish brown in. Aquatic plants, Sowers irregular n. Land plants. Rowers regular or near;-. (2) Ovary inferior (a) Aquatic, leaves submerged, flowers floating (b) Not aquatic x. Stamens 3-6, (lowers regular or moderately irregular (x) Stamens 6 (y) Stamens 3 y. Fertile stamens 1 2, llowrrs very irregular (x) Stamen not attached to style, seeds few (y) Stamen or stamens attached to the style, seeds very numer- ous b. Petals 4 or more (1) Petals separate (a) Petals 4 x. Flowers regular i\> Stamens 4. at least the anther-bearing Stamens l> or more m. Stamens 6 n. Stamens 8 or more (m) Stamens 8-10 r. Fleshy plants s. Nut fleshy ■ '\ ary superior, i. e, \\ ithin the h. Pod bladderj ; flowers white i. Pod nol flowers yellowish (s) <>\arv infei T. i.e. below the other : Stamens 1- or \. Flowers irregular 3l miens many Stamen 1 (b) Petals 5 ,,r more \. Petals 5 (x) Flowers regular % m. Pistils feu c (m) Plants Resl 60 KEY TO FAMILIES . e. w ithin the other parts e. below the other parts (n) Plants not fleshy : stamens many r. Stamens and petals coming o!T with the calyx s. Stamens and pistils entirely free from the calyx n. Pistil 1 (ni) Pistil with a single stigma (n) Pistil with 2 or more stigmas, or the ovary lobed r. Stamens 5-10 (r) Ovary 4-5-celled or 10-celled h. Leaves simple, entire I eaves lobed to compound (h) Leaves of 3 leaflets (i) Leaves not of 3 leaflets p. Flowers yellowish q. Flowers never yellow (s) Ovary l-2-celled h. ( (vary 2-celled (h) Ovary superior, (i) Ovary inferior, i. Ovary 1-celled (h) Styles 2, the ovary lobed at tip (i) Styles 3-5, when 2 the ovary not lobed s. Stamens many (r) Stamens united into a column (s) Stamens not united into a column (y) Flowers irregular m. Flowers spurred (m) Spur formed by a petal (n) Spur formed by a sepal n. Flo spurred (m) Stamens 6-8; ovary 2-celled (n) Stamens 10; ovary 1-celled y. Petals apparently 6 Stamens 5; flower very irregular, one sepal spurred (y) Stamens 6, pistil 1; petals really 3 (z) Stamens and pistils many; petals really sepais z. Petals many: double flowers of many families, to be determined by the beginner only when single (2) Petals united (a) Ovary superior, i. e., within the other parts x. ('vary l-celled, or pistils 5, separate (x) Ovary 1-celled m. Corolla regular (m) Stigma 1 r. Stamens opposite the corolla lobes s. Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes (n) Stigmas 5 n. Corolla irregular (m) Calyx teeth with hooked bristles (n) Calyx not bristly (y) Pistils 5, separate y. Ovary 2-4-celled, rarely the 2 cells separate or 4-lobed (x) Ovary 2-celled, or 2 ovaries united by the stigmas m. Corolla papery, tiny, 4-lobed n. Corolla not papery and tiny, rarely 4-lobed (m) Flowers regular; stamens as many as the corolla lobes r. Ovarv 2-celled Rosaceae Ranunculaceae 24 1 Rosaceae 24 Linaceae 12 Oxalidaa \ .iry and fruit ii g. < ivaries 2, united al the tip only (n) Flowers ii regular ; itan r. Shrubs s. 1 1 3 eds borne dire< tly on the borne on i up . Flowers not in fleshy (x) Ovary superior in. 1 lower > lusters pa] n. Flower i lusters » ithi (m) Sepal i a | Sepals * or more r. Stipules papery and sheathing tl corolla likr s. Stipules not ; (r) Stigma 1 (s) - IS • ■ ' ' KEY TO FAMILIES h. Fruit a capsule; stigmas 3 i. Fruit an achene or utricle; stigmas mostly 2 (h) Flowers perfect or monoecious (i) Flowers dioecious (y) Ovary inferior m. Petal-like sepals forming a tube; style 1 n. Styles 2; tube lacking (b) Stamens more numerous than the sepals \. Sepals 4 ; stamens 6 y. Sepals S, or apparently so, often petal-like (x) Stamens apparently numerous; fruit a capsule (y) Stamens 6-S ; fruit an achene 2. Sepals absent, or occasionally very minute a. Flowers in small heads, surrounded by 5 petal-like parts b. Flowers in spikes or spikelets (1) Spike fleshy, with a petal-like spathe (2) Flowers in papery spikelets with scales (a) Flower enclosed in 2 scales, stem hollow, round (b) Flower with a single scale; stem solid, mostly triangular Mollugaci ac 6 Chenopodiattac 7 Moraceae 10 Allioniaceae 8 Apiaceae 30 Brassicaceae 3 liuphorbiaceae 12 Polygonaceae 7 Enphorb'iaceae 12 Araceae 45 Gram'maceae 50 Cyperaceae 49 Key to Weeds For weeds amonR the Brasses and composites, lee tb< 1. Leaves simple a. Leaves nol lobed 01 i ul (. I ) Plants rosette like, mat like or i reeping (a) Leaves large, S 10 cm. or more, rounded; biennials x. Leaves elliptic to ovate, in a ro (x) Leaves parallel veined l aves netted-veined, very large ives densely woolly, hairy ii. Leaves not woolly y. Leaves round, on i reeping stems (b) Leaves small, 1-3 cm. liiuar to ovate, annuals x. Leaves and stem thick and fleshy, not milky y. Leaves and stem milky (x) Leaves and stems hairy (y) Leaves and stems smooth in. Seeds faintly transversely ridged and pitted n. Seeds stronglj transversely ridged, nol pitted z. Leaves and stems neither fleshy nor milky (x) Leaves narrow, in whorls (y) Leaves broader, alternate m. Flowers solitary in the axils n. Flowers clustered in the axils (2) Plants erect, ascending, decumbent or clim (a) Stems climbing x. Fruits triangular, flowers inconspicuous y. Fruits rounded, flowers large white (b) Stems not twining nor climbing X. Annuals (x) Steins and leaves milky Stems and leave-, not milky m. Plants bushy, tumbh wi | in i Leaves obo> at< I ea\es linear, somewhal ' Stl nis with spiny bl • ns not spin) . often red n. Plants not bushy, not tumbh (m i Flowers and fruits in terminal • lusl ■ ■ ■ ■:um -■ KEY TO WEEDS o. Fruit a many-seeded 4-celled pod p. Fruit 1-seeded (o) Fruit inclosed in greenish, white or pink sepals, nodes enlarged, stipules sheathing r. Plants 1-3 feet, racemes short and thick s. Plants 1-1^2 feet, racemes narrow (r) Sepals white or pink (s) Sepals greenish ([)) Fruit inclosed in fleshy-mealy sepals, stems ridged (q) Fruit inclosed in dry spiny sepals r. Dull green, spikes dense s. Deeper green, spikes slender (n) Flowers and fruits in the axils of the leaves o. Fruit a blue-black berry p. Fruit dry, not berries (o) Stems four-sided, leaves cordate (p) Stems round, leaves ovate to lanceolate r. Leaves alternate, fruits surrounded with leafy bracts (r) Leaves parallel-veined, petioles sheathing (s) Leaves net-veined, petioles not sheathing s. Leaves opposite (r) Plants smooth, transparent and watery (s) Plants more or less hairy, not transparent t. Plants tall, fruit 1 cm. or more u. Plants low, spreading, fruit less than 1 cm. (t) Leaves all sessile and viscid hairy (u) Lower leaves petioled, slightly hairy y. Perennials or biennials (x) Leaves densely gray-woolly, large and basal (y) Leaves not woolly, mostly on the stem m. Leaves linear n. Leaves oblong to ovate or lanceolate (m) Leaves alternate with sheathing stipules (n) Leaves opposite without sheathing stipules o. Margin of leaf entire (o) Fruit surrounded by large green involucre (p) Fruit surrounded by close-fitting calyx p. Margin of leaf serrate or toothed (o) Flowers in spikes or racemes, leaves not stronj scented r. Leaves sessile, spikes dense Ondgra biennis: evening primrose Polygon u m pen nsilvdn hum : per sic aria Polygonum lapathifolium: pale persicaria Polygonum hydropiper: smartweed Chenopodium album: goose- foot Amardnthus retro flexus : pig- weed Amardnthus hybridus: green pigweed Solarium nigrum: nightshade Ldmium amplexicaule: hen- bit Commelina communis : day- flower Acalypha virginica: 3-seeded mercury Pilea pumila: clearweed Silene noctiflora: night- flowering catchfly Cerdstium vulgdtum: mouse- ear chickweed Stellar ia media: chickweed Verbdscum thdpsus: mullein Lindria vulgaris: butter and eggs Rumex crispus: dock Allionia nyctaginea: Saponaria officinalis: soap- wort Verbena strict a: hoary ver- vain KEY TO WEEDS :n long, ill : . ! lowers in numerous axill I rs in axillary . In-'- • b. Leaves lobi d or cut (1)1 osite Stems climbing, rough, almost prickly (b) Stems not climbing, square or squarish Sti ms prostrate, bracted, fruit m • • . ires alternate S ;i ms climbing, fruit spiny x. Fruits borne singly, four • y. Fruits in clusti rs, one seeded Stems erect or nearly so, fruit mostly smooth x. Fruit small, flattened, l-seeded, in clu y. Fruit a several to man) Pod elongated or narrow m. Pod 0-10 cm. long, flowei red n. Pod 1-2 cm. long, flowers yellow (m) Pod sessile (n) Pod stalked 1 i ni. or Li 5s, shorter than th( onger than pedi< els, ing ■ r. Pod 10-15 mm. long s. Pod 2-5 cm. long Bi ak very short, po . ■ j Pod rounded or triangular m. Pod large, spiny n. l'or ^ r< 1 5 mm. long 1,. Pod I 2' _. em. long, beak 2 10 mm. long | Beak 2 4 mm. long : Beak 8 10 mm Raphanus Ra Kir. rha. Quick, phanos. alM- 1. Cultivated; flowers pink to wl 2. Weed; flowers yellow, then white; 4 POLYGALACEAE— CARYOPHYLLACEAE Matthiola — Stock. Gillifiower (Named Cor the Italian botanist, Matthioli) 1. Stem herbaceous; annual <}I- "!1'!ua ennial M. incdna Sisymbrium — Hedge Mustard (Gr. name of some mustard) 1. Pod 1-2 cm. long; flowers yellow $■ officinale 2. Pod 6-10 cm. long; flowers cream-colored S. altissimum Nasturtium — Cress, Horseradish il.at. nasturtium, cress, from nasus tortus, due to its pungency) 1. Cultivated ; flowers white a. Aquatic; leaves pinnate -v- officinale: zoaler cress b. Terrestrial; leaves large, simple, crenate N. armor dcia: horse- radish 2. Native ; flow ers yellow a. Stems spreading, 1-2 dm. high -V. sinudtum b. Stems erect, 3-8 dm. high N. pahislre Polygalaceae — Milkwort Family Herbs with entire leaves; sepals 5, 2 larger, petals 3, somewhat united, stamens 8, ovary 2-celled, fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, slightly sympetalous hypogynous, somewhat zygomorphic. Polvgala — Milkwort (Gr. polys, much, gala, milk, from its supposed virtue in increasing the flow of milk) Leaves linear, whorled ; flowers whitish P. verticilldta Resedaceae — Mignonette Family Low herbs, with simple entire or lobed leaves; sepals 4-7, petals 4-7, irregular, stamens 10-40, ovary 1-ce'led, of 3-6-carpels, fruit a capsule; ilower syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, zygomorphic. Reseda— Mignonette (I.at. reseda, a medicinal plant, from resedare, to allay) Leaves oblong, entire or 3-lobed ; flowers greenish, fragrant R. odordta Violaceae — Violet Family Low herbs, with simple entire to deeply cut leaves; sepals 5, petals 5, 1 spurred, stamens 5, ovary l-celled, carpels 3, fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, zygomorphic. Viola— Violet, Pansy, Heart's-ease (Lat. viola, violet) 1. Flowering stems leafy; stipules large a. Spur short, blunt (1) Flowers large, 3-5 cm. wide V. tricolor: pansy (2) Flowers small, 1-2 cm. wide V. arvensis: field p. b. Spur long, acute V. cornuta 2. Flowering stems leafless; stipules lacking a. Lobes of the leaf broad, especially the middle one V. pahndta b. Lobes narrow, linear V. peddta Caryophyllales Pink Order Caryophyllaceae — Pink Family Herbs with opposite entire leaves; sepals 4-5, petals 4-5, rarely none, stamens 4-10, ovary l-celled, rarely 2-5 celled, styles 2-5, fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular. 1. Sepals united a. Styles 2 (1) Calyx with scales at base Dianthus (2) Calyx without basal scales (a) Calyx pyramidal, the angles winged in fruit raccaria CARYOPHYLLAC] . oblong or bell shaped \. Calyx oblong ; flow< i y. I alj \ bell shaped ; Bowers tiny b. Styles 3 S ( 1 ) Styles 3 (2) Styles A 5 2. Sepals nol united a. Styles 3 4 b. Styles 5 I Hanthus Pink, ( a mat ion (Gr. d.o-, of Juplt< r, antho*. • 1. Flowers in a Sat topped cluster ; pi tals toothed 2. Flowers single or but 2-3 in a cluster a. Petals cut-fringed b. Petals merely tooth d (1) Flowers 3-5 cm. wide, usually double (2) Flowers 1 2 cm. wide, single Vaccaria \ accaria, I ■■ ■■ Pink I I. .at. vacca. cow; of doubtful a | Leaves lanceolate, clasping; flowers pink Saponaria — Bouncing Bet, Soa] (Lat. snpo, Boap, from I Leaves ovate to lanceolate; flowers pinkish ( iypsophila I rypsophila (I !r. gypsos, chalk, ph'ilos, li 1. Stems 3 dm. high, annual; flowers 6-8 mm. 2. Stems 6-10 dm. high, perennial; flowers 2-3 mm. Silene -( atchfl) . ( tampion (Probably from Gr. siaios, saliva, from I 1. Plant more or less sticky a. I'lant very sticky and hairy; night-flowering 1). Plant sticky near the joints, nol hair) ring (1) Leaves lance-linear; flowers small, panicled (2) Leaves lance-ovate, glaucous; flowers show) in cyi 2. Plant not sticky; calyx bladdery; petals white I .ychnis < lorn cockle, Raggi tl Robin (Gr. lychnos. lamp, f i om i 1. Sepal loins long and leaf like 2. Sepal lobes nol leaf like a. I'lant white-cottony b. Plant not \\ hite cottony (1) Petals heart shaped (2) Petals deeply lobed 'i tals 2 lobed x. Flower red, perfe< I y. Flower white, dioecious (b) Petals -1 lobed ; flower oft< Stellaria (Lai stellar i Leaves oblong to n\ ate ; petals 2 clef! 6 PORTULACACEAE— AMARANTACEAE Cerastium — Chickweed (Gr. kerastion, little horn, from the form of the pod) Leaves ovate, soft-hairy; petals shorter than calyx C. vulgdtum Portulacaceae — Purslane Family Fleshy herbs; sepals 2, rarely 5, petals 4-?, stamens 4-30, ovary 1-celled, style usually 3-cleft; ■: arpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, somewhat irregular. Portulaca — Purslane, Moss Rose along the filament tube; fruit a a. Style branches <>r stigmas 10 Style-branches or stigmas .•> 5 (1) Involucre "I' many narrow 1" a I 2 I [nvolui • leaf-like brai Uthaea Marsh Mallow, I (Gr. althaia, mai - 2 4 cm. wide, rose, in axillary clu 2. 1 lowers 6-15 cm. wide, Malva— Mallow, (Gr. malache, Lat. malva, 1. Flowers about 1 cm. wide, white or pale blue, carpels about 15 2. Flowers 2-5 cm. a. Leaves with shallow lobes; (lowers red b. Leaves deeply lobed; (lowers pink to white; (1) Leaves twice-lobed, divisions lini (2) Leaves once-lobed ; carpels smooth ■ Callirrhoe Callirrl (Gr. kallirrhoe, beautiful-flowing 1. Leaves triangular-ovate, somewhat lobed; flow 2. Leaves round, deeply palmately lobed; flowers red Abutilon — Velvet Leaf (Aral Leaves large, velvety, roui wers yellow .Malva st ruin — Red Mall il.it. malva, mallow, -astrum. Ilki Leaves palmate, 3-5-parted, silvery-scurfy; B Malvaviscu — Mai (Lat malva, mallow, viscus, g Leaves heart-shaped; flowi 1 [ibiscus— 1 [ibiscus, Ri >s< hibiskos. n 1. Shrub; flowers red or varicolored, about 1 dm 2. Herbs a. Low coarsely hairy w< : b. Tall smooth or downy herbs (1) Capsule (a) Leaves smooth on both - (b) Leaves hairy below . (2) « . and pod lik< . I0 MORACEAE— GERANIACEAE Gossypium — Cotton i Name from the Arabic) Leaves 5-lobed ; flowers yellow, purple inside at base G . herbdeeum Moraceae — Mulberry Family Herbs with opposite or alternate lobed leaves ; sepals 5, more or less united, petals 0, stamens 5 ovary 1-celled, stigmas 2, fruit an achene; flower syncarpous, synsepalous, apetalous, dioecious, hy- pogynous, regular. 1. Tall ereet herb, leaves divided to the base into 5-11 lance-linear divisions Cannabis 2. Twining herb with 3-7 lobed leaves; fruit cone-like Humulus Cannabis — Hemp (Lat. cannabis, hemp) Plant 1-4 m. bigh; flowers green, in axillary spikes C. saliva Humulus — Hop (Lat. humus, ground, -ulus, little, perhaps from its clambering habit) Leaves rough, ovate in outline ; fruit clusters 3-8 cm. long //. hipulus Urticaceae — Nettle Family Herbs with opposite or alternate leaves, sometimes with stinging hairs; sepals 3-5, sometimes united, petals 0, stamens 3-4, ovary 1-celled, stigma 1, fruit an achene; flower syncarpous, apetalous, polygamous, monoecious or dioecious, hypogynous, regular. 1. Leaves opposite a. Armed with stinging hairs Urtica b. Smooth and without stinging hairs Pilea 2. Leaves alternate, without stinging hairs Parietaria Urtica— Nettle (Lat. urtica, nettle, from uro, to burn, from the stinging hairs) 1. Leaves hairy, heartshaped at base U. d'weca 2. Leaves smooth or nearly so, round at base U . gracilis Pilea — Richweed, Clearweed (Lat. pileus, cap, from the cap-like sepal of one species) Stems clear, 1-4 dm. high; leaves ovate, 3-ribbed P. pumila Parietaria — Pellitory (Lat. parietaria, on walls, from paries, wall) Low annual herb; leaves lance-oblong P. pcnnsilvdnica Geraniales Geranium Order Geraniaceae — Geranium Family Herbs, or some shrubby, with simple lobed or compound leaves; sepals 5, petals 5, stamens 5 or 10, ovary 5-celled, stigmas 5, fruit separating at maturity into 5 achene-like parts; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular. 1. Leaves entire to palmately divided a. Flowers regular: stamens with anthers 10 Geranium b. Flowers somewhat irregular; stamens with anthers 7-8 Pelargonium 2. Leaves pinnate ; stamens with anthers 5 Erodium Geranium — Crauesbill (Gr. geranos, crane, referring to the form of the fruit) 1. Flowers red , a. Flowers 1 cm. wide; leaves 3-parted G .robcrtianum: herb Robert b. Flowers 2-4 cm. wide; leaves 7-parted G. sanguineum 2. Flowers blue or violet G. ibericum 3. Flowers white or pink <7. Richards6nii OXALIDACEAE— TROPAEOLACBAE Pelargonium- < ieranium (Gr. pelargos, Bt< 1. Plant trailing; leaves ivy-like, petiole attached to I 2. Plant erect, Dot trailing a. Leaves with shallow lobes, marked with a lemicirculai fleshy b. Leaves distinctly or deeply lobed, usually nol 1 1 I Leaves rarely lobed to the middle, fi i| (2) Leaves lobed beyond the middle, often to I I i Lobes oblong (b) Lobes linear Erodium— Storksbill (Gr. erodios. heron, referring to tie- form ol Low, spreading; leaves pinnate, hairy; flowers pink Oxalidaceae — Oxalis Family Low, usually stemless herbs, with 3-foliate leavi ovarj 5-celled, stigmas ?, fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, a < Kalis- -■< Ixalis, \\ 0" d sorrel (Gr. oxalis. BOrrel, from oxys. 1. Native; flowers yellow, 5-10 mm. wide 2. Cultivated; flowers varicolored, 10 25 mm. wide a. Stems leafy; leaflets deeply notched; flowers yellow b. Stems leafless; leaflets not deeply notched; flowers (1) Leaves fleshy, 5-6 cm. wide; stem from bulbs (2) Leaves thin, hairy, 3-4 cm. wide; stem from thick Balsaminaceac — Touch-me-not Family Herbs with simple alternate leaves; sepals 4. one of them spui ovary 5-celled, stigma 1, fruit a capsule which coils elastically, apopetalous, hypogynous, irregular. Impatiens — Touch-me-not, Bal (Lat. impatiens, Impatient, hence touch-i 1. Native; flowers pale-yellow to orange a. Flowers pale yellow, with scattered reddish b. Flowers orange, densely dotted with red-brown 2. Cultivated; flowers red to white, varicolored a. Flower flat, red; spur long, narrow b. Flower cup-like, vai ften double; Tropaeolaceae — Tropaeolum Family Fleshy herbs, climbing with their long petiole-, i shaped, alternate; sepals 5, united at the 3-celled, stigma 1. fruit i a< hene like hypogynous, irregular. Tropaeolum— Tropaeolum, N'asturtium, 1; (Gr. tropaion. Lat. tropaeum, 1. Petals large, spreading a. Leaves entire or wavy (1) Feat' veins ending in point-; (2) Feat' veins not pointed ; petals b. Feaves deeply lobed; flowers brighl yellow; 2. Petals small, pi LINACEAE— EUPHORBIACEAE Linaceae — Flax Family Herbs with simple alternate entire leaves; sepals 5, petals 5, stamens 5, ovary 5-celled, styles 5, fruit a 10-cellerl capsule; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular. 1. Flowers blue oual; sepals ; Linum — Flax (Gr. linon, I. at. linum, flax) b. Perennial ; sepals blunt 2. Flowers red L. usiiatissimum: com- mon flax L. perenne: blue flax L. sanguineum: red flax Rutaceae — Rue Family Herbs, shrubs or trees with compound leaves, sometimes reduced to the terminal leaflet, and appear- ing simple; sepals 4-?, or lacking, petals 4-8, stamens 4-60, ovary 2-5-celled, styles 1-5, or 2-5 separate pistils; fruit various, capsule, samara, drupe or berry; flower apocarpous or syncarpous, apopetalous, perfect, polygamous or dioecious, hypogynous, regular. 1. Flowers greenish-yellow ; leaves compound Ruta 2. 1 lowers white, fragrant; leaves of one leaflet Citrus Bushy herb, woody at base Ruta— Rue (Lat. ruta, rue) leaflets oblong to obovate, dotted 1. Leaves 1 -foliate, 2. Leaves 3-foliate, evergreen deciduous Citrus — Orange. Lemon, Citron (Gr. kitron, the citron tree) Euphorbiaceae — Spurge Family R. graveolens C. aurdntium C. trifolidta Herbs or shrubs usually with milky juice and alternate simple, leaves ; sepals 3-5, somewhat united, or lacking, petals 0, or rarely 5-6, stamens 1-30, ovary 3-lobed or 3-celled, stigmas 3-6, fruit a 3-celled capsule ; flower syncarpous, apetalous, monoecious ordioecious, hypogynous. In the genus Euphorbia, a cup-like involucre, resembling a calyx, contains 1 pistillate and several-many staminate flowers of 1 stamen each, and frequently bears 1-4 brightly colored glancls at the edge, simulating a corolla. 1. Leaves very large, 3-6 dm. wide, 7-11 cleft Ricinus 2. Leaves not cleft a. Calyx present (1) Staminate flowers with 8-16 stamens and no petals Acalypha (2) Staminate flowers with 15-30 stamens and 5-6 petals Codiacum b. Flowers tiny, many in a calyx-like involucre Euphorbia Ricinus — Castor-bean, Castor-oil Plant (Lat. name of the castor bean) Plant 1-4 m. tall; capsules spiny Acalypha — Acalypha (Gr. akalyphe, nettle) 1. Flowers in red spikes, 1-3 dm. long 2. Flower clusters small and inconspicuous a. Greenhouse shrub with colored leaves b. Low native weed with green leaves R. con A. hispid a A. tricolor A. virginica Euphorbia — Spurge '<;.'•. euphorbion, name of a resinous plant) 1. Shrubs, often with spines ■ ioth shrubs with the upper leaves flower-like; involucre with 1 yellow gland E. pulcherrima : poin- settia - iny shrubs with green leaves; involucre with 2 red petal-like glands E. splcndeiis 2. Smooth herbs PLUMBAGINACEAK— PRIM U LAC a. St< ( 1) Upper leavi - m ;::: 1 2 > Le&\ - scattered, no1 whiti b. Stems prostrate, or 1 3 dm. high (1) S I hairy - smooth Seeds wrinkled and pith d y. Seeds strongly wrinkled, i (2) Si . 2-3 dm. high ; lr:, zed i"! Shrub; leaves oval Primulales Primrose Order Plumbaginaceae— Leadwort Family Herbs or woody plants with entin 5, opposite the petals, .vary I -celled, stigmas 5, fruit a nti times apopetalous, hypogynous, regular. 1. Stems leafy; corolla with a long tube 2. Sums leafless; corolla of nearly or quiti Pluml Iwort (Lat. plumbum, !• 1. Shrubby, climbing; l( liate; Bowers li^'lit blue 2. Low bushy herb; leaves ciliate, flowers deep blue Armeria- -Thrift 1 1. .it. fm in (.f i Stems tufted, with narrow entire leaves; fli Primulaceae — Primrose Family Herbs with simple leavi 1-celled, stigma 1, ca usually regular. 1. Flowering stems leafless a. Flowers in an umbel, erect b. Flowers single, invert'' 1 2. Flowering stems leafy a. Flowers yellow b. Flowers red, blue or white Primula — Prii i I. at, primus, spring, 1. Flowers pink to pur] a. Leaves round i b. Leaves spatulate, no( lob< 2. Flowers yellow to red a. Flowers 1-2 cm. wide, dr< b. Flowers 2-4 cm. wide; corolla limb flat (1) Leaves thick, ? 8 cm. I (2) Leaves thinner, 1-2 dm. (a) Flowers (b) Flowers on It I4 PLANTAGINACEAE— CONVOLVULACEAE ( "\ clamen — Cyclamen (Gr. kyklaminos, cyclamen, from kyk'los, referring to the coiled flower stalk of some species) Flowering stems leafless, from a large conn ; flowers varicolored C. persicum I ,ysimachia — Loosestrife (Gr. lysimachia, loose-strife, from its reputed medical properties) Stems creeping; the leaves round, opposite, with single yellow ilowers in the ax;is L. nummuldria: money- wort Anagallis — Pimpernel (Gr. name of the pimpernel, from agallomai, to delight) 1. Low and spreading; leaves ovate; (lowers 4-6 mm. wide ./. arvensis 2. Erect; leaves lance-linear; ilowers 10-15 mm. wide A. linifolia Plantaginaceae — Plantain Family Low herbs with parallel-veined leaves at the base of the flowering stems; sepals 4, united, petals 4. united, stamens 4, rarely 2, exserted in flowering, ovary 2-celled, stigma 1, hairy and thread-likt, fruit a pyxis; (lower syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, regular. Plantago — Plantain (Lat. planta, sole, perhaps from the broad flat leaf) 1. Leaves ovate a. Pod ovoid, splitting circularly near the middle P. major b. Pod oblong, splitting near the base P. Rugelii 2. Leaves lanceolate to linear a. Leaves lanceolate to oblong, 8-40 mm. wide (1) Leaves lanceolate, 3-5-ribbed, 8-25 mm. wide P. lanceoldta (2) Leaves oblong to spatulate, 5-9-ribbed, 15-40 mm. wide P. eriopoda b. Leaves linear, 3-8 mm. wide (1) Leaves silky-hairy; bracts little longer than flowers P. Purshii (2) Leaves smooth or hairy ; bracts several times longer than flowers P. aristdta Polemoniales Phlox Order Polemoniaceae — Phlox Family Herbs with opposite or alternate, simple or compound leaves; sepals 5, united, petals 5, united, Stamens 5, ovary 3-celled, stigmas 3, fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, reg- ular. 1. Climber; leaves pinnate ; corolla bell-shaped Cobaea 2. Erect herbs; leaves simple; corolla salver-form Phlox Cobaea — Cobaea (Named for a Mexican priest, Cobo) Leaves ovate; flower greenish or purplish, 5-6 cm. long C. scdndens Phlox — Phlox, Sweet William (Gr. phlox, flame, from the brilliant colors) 1. Plants hairy a. Perennial ; blooming in May, and sparsely again in autumn P. divaricdta 1). Annual ; blooming in summer and autumn . P. Drummondii 2. Plants smooth, perennial P. paniculdta Convolvulaceae — Morning Glory Family Twining or trailing herbs, with simple alternate leaves, or leafless; sepals 4-5, usually united, petals 4-5, united, stamens 4-5, ovary 2-4-celled, stigmas 2-3, fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, regular. 1. Stems leafy, green ; flowers large a. Stigma capitate, somewhat lobed (1) Leaves pinnately parted; corolla salver-form Quamocllt SOLANACKAK (2) Leaves no! pinnatcly-parted ; corolla b. Stigmas 2, linear 2. Stems leafli or y< How , • Quamoclil Leaf segments linear; Sowers single, [pomoea Morning i 1. Flowers opening in the morning a. Corolla funnel-form, 3-7 cm. wid< (1) Leaves cordate-ovate, entire; stem hairy (2) Leaves angled to di i (a) Plant hairy (b) Plant smooth b. Corolla salver-form, 1 -2 cm. wii ellow 2. Flowers opening at night; corolla white, 10 15 era I !i mvol villus Bindweed i Lat. convolve to tw Ine, fn 1. Corolla white to rose; wet a. Calyx enclosed in 2 leafy bracts; Sowers 4 : ■■ . long b. Calyx without leafy bracts; Sowers 2 cm. long 2. Corolla blue, with white throat and yellow tube; bushy hei Ciiscuta I li idder ■ 1. Sepals separate a. Styles as long as the ovary b. Styles 2-3 times as long as the ovary 2. Sepals united a. Flowers sessile b. Flowers stalked . Solanaceae — Potato Family Herbs or shrubs, with alternate, usually ovary usually 2-celled, sometime: . stigma I, Sower syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, regular • 1. Shrub, often spiny, with green-purple Bow< 2. Herbs a. Corolla wheel-shaped or cup-shaped, mor< (1) Calyx bladdery, inflated in fruit (2) Calyx not bladdery (a) Filaments much longer than ■ (b) Filaments not longer, usually shorter than ;' x. Anthers united at tht tip; Bower yellow y. Anthers not united : fl b. Corolla tubular to funnel form or salverform (1) Fruit spiny; flowers long tubular, solitary (2) Fruit not spiny (a) Fruit a purple berrj | (b) Fruit a capsule x. Calyx enclosing tht (x) Calyx with a spr< ading • (y) Calyx bell-shaped, without y. Calyx nol en< It sing ': !6 solanaceae Lycium — Matrimony Vine (Named from the country Lycia) Leaves spatulate, entire; branches trailing L. vulgare Physalis — < rround Cherry (Gr. physall'is, bubble, from the inflated calyx) 1. Fruiting calyx red P- alkekengi: straw- berry, tomato 2. Fruiting calyx not red P. heterophylla a. Plant glandular, hairy b. Plant smooth or sparsely hairy (1) Corolla dull yellow with brown center; berry yellowish P. lanceoldta I ' Corolla brighl yellow with purple center; berry purple /'. ixocdrpa I apsicum — Red Pepper, Cayenne Pepper, Green Pepper (Gr. kapsis, gulping down,, perhaps from its pungency) 1. Annual or biennial ; fruit oblong linear to round t. annuutn 2. Perennial ; fruit oblong-pointed as a rule C. fruiescens Lycopersicum — Tomato (Gr. lykos, wolf, persikon, peach) Leaves pinnate, hairy, strong-scented ; flowers yellow ;. fruit red or yellow L. esculentum Solatium — Potato, Egg-plant, Nightshade (Lat. sola-, solace, perhaps from the use as food or medicine) 1. Plant prickly a. Prickly calyx enclosing the dry fruit S. rostrdlum: buffalo bur b. Calyx less prickly, or smooth, not enclosing the berry (1) Fruit globose, orange-yellow, 1-2 cm. wide; native 5. carolinense: horse nettle (2) Fruit various in form and color, large, J/2-2 dm. long; cultivated S. melongena: egg-plant 2. Plant not prickly a. Shrubby house-plant with white flowers and red berries S. pseudo-capsicum: Jerusalem cherry b. Plant not shrubby \ 1 i Leaves lobed or compound (a) More or less climbing, many of the leaves 3-lobed ; flowers purple; berry red S. dulcamara: bittersweet (b) Erect or spreading; berry green x. Leaves pinnate; cultivated for its tubers S. tuberosum: potato y. Leaves pinnatifid; native S. trifiorum (2) Leaves not lobed, nearly entire, fruit black, edible; wild, and cul- tivated as the "wonderberry" S. nigrum: nightshade Datura — Thorn-apple, Stramonium, Jimson Weed (Name from the Arabic) 1. Flower white a. Leaves lobed D. stramonium ives entire or merely wavy (1) Plant smooth; corolla 5-tOOthed D. cornucopia (2) Plant viscid, hairy; corolla 10-toothed D. meteloidcs 2. Flower violet or lilac D. tdtula Atropa — Belladonna (Named for Atropos, one of the Fates) Leaves ovate, entire; corolla and berry purple A. belladonna I [y< iscyamus — Henbane (Gr. "hyos." hog, kyamos, bean) Leaves clasping, toothed, clammy; flowers yellowish //. niger BORAGINACEAE— GENTIA'. • 1. Flowers white, at least within, op 2. Flowers usually some shade ol i a. I le, dei urrent ; Rowers r< d 01 pui b. Leaves stalked ; flowers yellow Ish i Petunia Petunia (Nativ< Leai es o^ ate, hairy, rtearl) si sile ; flowers Boraginaceae — Borage Family Herbs with simple alternate leaves, often rouj 5, ovary 4-celled or deeplj 4-lobed, separating at matu syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, regular, or irregu 1. ( (vary divided into 4 parts a. Corolla regular (1) Corolla wheel-shaped, tube lacking (2) Corolla more or less tubular, with throat (a) Flowers blue to purple x. Nutlets bur like, with hooked prickles y. Nutlets smooth (b) Flow ers j ellow ish \\ hite b. Corolla irregular 2. Ovary entire, but the ripe fruit separating into 2 or 4 i rago — -Borai i Supposed to i»' from corago. bi ■ Leaves oval to lance-oblong, bristly; flowers blue to purple Cynoglossum — I [oundsb •• (Gr. kynos, dog, gloss.i. I Leaves spatulate to lance-oblong, downy, flowers red purple Anchusa — Alkanet < i '.i enchusa, alkai :s lance-ovate, rou^'h : flowers lai nphytum- I (Gr. symphyton, comfrey, from symphyo, to ui Leaves lance-oblong, soft-hairy, decurrent I [eli< itropium — 1 [elii >tr< ipe (( ir heliotropion, a plant 1. Corolla tube hardly longer than the calyx 2. Corolla tube twice longer than the calyx Gentianales Gentian Order Gentianaceae — Gentian Family Herbs with opposite simple i i 4-5, alternate with the corolla lobe . capsule : flower syncarpous, symj 1. Corolla tubular, blue : flowi 2. Corolla w heel shaped, gr< • n . flov i ( i( nl (Nan I. C rol 2 Corolla lobes not frii . [8 APOCYNACEAE— SCROPHULARIACEAE Frasera — Frasera I Named for the botanist Fraser) Corolla 4-parted, with 4 fringed nectaries Apocynaceae — Dogbane Family Herbs or shrubs, usually with milky juice, and with opposite simple leaves; sepals 5, united, mens 5, ovaries 2, the styles or at least the stigmas united, fruit a follicle; flower apocarpous sympetalous, hypogynous, regular. 1. Shrubs; leaves somewhat whorled, leathery 2. Herbs, or woody at base; leaves opposite F. speciosa Nerium Vinca Nerium — Oleander, Rose Bay (Gr. nerion, oleander) Flowers rose to white, in terminal clusters i i.at. Yinca — Periwinkle incio, to bind, from the cord-like stems) Leaves oblong, veiny, shining; flowers salverform, rose to white N. oleander V. rosea Scrophulariales Snapdragon Order Scrophulariaceae — Snapdragon Family Herbs with mostly simple leaves; sepals united, the calyx often 2-lipped, petals usually 5 united into an irregular or 2-lipped corolla, rarely 4 and regular, stamens 4, rarely 2 2-celled, stigma 1, entire typically irregular. 1 or 2-lobed, fruit a capsule ; and flower syncarpous, sympetalous, d or 5, ovary hypogynous, Stamens, or the anther-bearing ones, only 2 a. Corolla 2-lipped (1) Leaves opposite; both corolla lips sac-like (2) Leaves alternate ; one lip slightly sac-like b. Corolla not 2-lipped, often nearly regular 2. Anther-bearing stamens 4 a. Fifth stamen present as a sterile filament (1) Corolla strongly 2-lipped (a) Corolla wide open; sterile filament conspicuous (b) Corolla nearly closed; sterile filament shorter than others (2) Corolla not 2-lipped, somewhat irregular b. Fifth stamen entirely lacking (1) Base of the corolla with a spur or sack (a) Corolla spurred (b) Corolla with a sack at base (2) Corolla without spur or sack (a) Corolla salverform, not 2-lipped (b) Corolla more or less tubular and 2-lipped x. Climbing by coiling leaf stalks y. Not climbing (x) Leaves alternate; flowers terminal (y) Leaves opposite; flowers axillary m. Calyx 2-lipped ; corolla 4-lobed n. Calyx S-toothed ; corolla 2-lipped 3. Stamens with anthers 5, corolla wheel-shaped Calceolaria — Calceolaria I I-.it. calceolus, slipper, from the form of the flower) 1. Leaves simple; flower yellow, with red-orange dots 2. Leaves pinnate ; flower yellow Calceolaria Schizanihus V eroniea Pentstemon Chelone Salpiglossis Linaria Antirrhinum Broiuallia Maurandia Digitalis Torenia Mi mul us Verbaseum C. pendula C. pinnata Petals much lobed, Schizanthus— Butterfly Flower "Ir. schizos, split, anthos, flower, from the lobed petals) the lower sack-like, varicolored S. pinnata SCROPHULARIACEAE Veronica— Speedwell (Of doubtful origin and meaning) 1. Leaves in whorls; flowers white to blue, in terminal spikes 2. Leaves opposite or alternate; Sowers blur, axillary C. Pentstemon — Pentstemon, Beard T< i (Gr. pente, live, stemon, stamen, froi 1. Flowers pink to red, narrow; leaves linear to lanceolate 2. Flowers white ; leaves ovate to oblong Chelone— Turtle-head, Balmony (Gr. chelone, turtle, from the form of thi Leaves lanceolate to oblong; flowers white to pale purple Salpiglossis — Garden Trumpet (Gr. salpingos, trumpet, glossa, tonj Leaves lanceolate, entire to pinnatifid; flowers varicolored Linaria — Butter-and-Eggs 1 1. at. linum, flax, trom the resemblance) 1. Plant creeping; leaves round; flowers blue 2. Plant erect; leaves linear or lance-linear a. Flowers blue b. Flowers yellow Antirrhinum — Snapdragon (Gr. anti-, like, rhinos, noa •. from I 1. Plant erect; leaves linear to oblong a. Flowers 3-5 cm. long; leaves lanceolate to oblong b. Flowers 1-2 cm. long; leaves linear 2. Plant climbing by coiling petioles; leaves halberd-like Browallia- Bn iwallia i Named for .t Sw • Leaves ovate, cuneate or rounded: flowers varicolored Maurandia — Maurandia i Named for the b | Stem and leaves smooth; corolla purple Digitalis Foxglove (Lat. digitalis, flnger-llke, from I 1. Flowers yellowish 2. Flowers purple Torenia Torenia i Name. i for the Swedish botanist, 1. Corolla yellow 2. Corolla blue to white a. Corolla 4-lobed b. Corolla 2-lipped Mimulus Monkey Flow (Gr. mlmos, Lat, mlmus. comic actor fro 1. Flowers yellow; cultivated a. Creeping, hairy, musl ol b. Erect, smooth 2. Flowers red-purple; native 2o ACANTHACEAE— BIGNONIACEAE Verbascum — Mullein i I.at. verbascum, mullein) 1. Leaves woolly, white to gray , a. Leaves densely woolly, decurrent on the stem ' . thdpsus b. Leaves thinly woolly, not decurrent • V. lycknitis 2. Leaves smooth, green / - blattdria Acanthaceae — Acanthus Family Herbs with opposite simple leaves; sepals 5, united, petals ?, united, stamens 4 or 2, ovary 2- . stigmas 1 or 2. fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, usually irregular. 1. Leaves pinnatifid; corolla of one 3-lobed lip Acanthus 2. Leaves arrow shapi 1; corolla 5-lobed, nearly regular Thunbergia Acanthus — Acanthus akantha, prickle, from the prickly leaves) 1. Leaves spiny, deeply cut A. spindsus 2. Leaves nearly or quite smooth, lobed A. mollis Thunbergia — Thunbergia More or less climbing; flowers varicolored T. aid/a Gesneraceae — Gesnera Family Herbs with simple leaves; sepals 5, united, petals 5, united, ovary 1-eelled with 2 parietal placentae, stigma entire or 2-lobed, fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, regular or irregular. 1. Stems leafless a. Stamens 4 Sinningia b. Stamens, at least the anther-bearing, 2 Streptocarpus 2. Stems leafy Achimenes Sinningia — Gloxinia i Named for the botanist, Sinning) Leaves spatulate to rounded; flowers varicolored S. spcciosa Streptocarpus — Streptocarpus (Gr. streptos, twisted, karpos, fruit, from the twisted pods) 1. Leaf single, basal; flowers several on each scape . S. polydntha 2. Leaves several to many ; flowers usually single S. Retzii Achimenes — Achimenes (Or. acheimenes, not disturbed by winter, i. e., blooming late) 1. flowers violet blue A. longifldra 2. Flowers reddish A. grandi flora Bignoniaceae — Catalpa Family Herbs, or woody plants with simple or compound leaves, sepals united, petals 5, united mostly -' lipped corolla, stamens 4 or 2, ovary 1-4-celled, stigma 2-lobed; fruit a capsule or silique ; syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, irregular. 1. Leaves pinnate; flowers on a scape, rose Incarvillea 2. Leases simple; flowers on the leafy stem, whitish Martynia Incarvillea — Incarvillea (Named for [ncarville, a French missionary) 1. Leaflets entire or toothed a. Leaflets toothed or nearly so /. dlgae b. Leaflets toothed throughout /. Delavdyi 2. Leaflets cleft /. variabilis Martynia — Unicorn Plant (Named for the English botanist, Martyn) Leaves heart-shaped, entire, hairy; flowers whitish to lilac or yellowish M. proboscidca VERBENACEAK— I.AMIAi Lamialcs Mini ( )rdcr Verbenaceae— Verbena Family Herbs or shrubs with simple opposite 01 wl to an irregular corolla, stamens •. <.r dry and then usuallj separating into 4 nul irregular. 1. Shrul's ; corolla 4 lobed 2. I lei bs ; corolla 5 lobed or 2 lipped a. Calyx 2-lipped, with spiny teeth; corolla 2-lippi b. Calyx not 2-lipped and spin) ; corolla irregularly 5 I Lantana Lanl (( T uncei tain oi li Flowers yellow, then orange and finally reddish; !■ Phryma — Lopseed unci rtaln origin ai Leaves ovate; flowers small, in a loose spike; fruits spiny Verbena — Verbena, Vervain i I at. verbena, a Bacred 1. Native h ei ds a. Plant spreading; bracts longer than the flo* b. Plant tall, erect; bra than the flov (1) Flowers white; spike very narrow (2) Flowers blue; spike broader (a) Leaves lanceolate, somewhat hairy (b) Leaves ovate, very hairy 2. Garden plants, extensively hybridized and known as Lamiaceae — Mint Family Herbs, mostly aromatic, usually with opposite 1 5, united, usually irregular, st; 1. Corolla regular or nearly so a. Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla 4-cleft b. Calyx 2-lipped in fruit; corolla 5 cleft J. Corolla irregular, usually 2-lipped a. Stamens 2 (1) Herbs i lowers in racemes or spikes; calyj 2 (b) Flowers in heads; calyx 5-toothed (2) Shrubs b. Stamens 4 (1) Calyx 2-lipped (a) Calyx cup shaped, lips entire (b) Calyx lips toothed x. Flower bra< is large, round, pur| y. Flower bra. is neither round nor 1 orolla apparentlj (v) ('.nulla i leai Ij 2-li] in. ( lorolla yellowish to n. Corolla purple or blue (2) l \.U k mi r less equalb : alyx 10-toothed ; li (b) Calyx 4 S toothed x. Uppei tooth much lai . (x) Corolla with upper lip ; i LAMIACEAE m. Leaves green ; filaments separate n. Leaves colored; filaments united (y) Corolla with upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed in. Native herb; leaves lanceolate to ovate n. Hoary undershrub, cultivated; leaves lance-linear qua! in size or nearly so (x) Calyx swollen in fruit (y) Calyx not swollen m. Calyx teeth rigid, spiny n. Calyx teeth not spiny (m) Flowers in heads (n) Flowers not in heads r. Stamens projecting, at least 2 of them (r) Leaves linear to oblong; bracts green (s) Leaves ovate; bracts purple s. Stamens not projecting (r) Lower or outer stamens shorter than the inner h. Anther halves parallel i. Anther halves spreading (s) Lower or outer stamens longer than the inner h. Upper lip of the corolla flat, erect i. Upper lip hooded or concave (h) Calyx 5-nerved (i) Calyx 10-nerved Ocimutn Coleus Dracocephalum Lavandula Physostegia Leonurus Koellia Hyssopus Origanum Lopanthus Nepeta Satureia Lamium Stachys Mentha— Mint (Gr. mintha, Lat. mentha, mint) 1. Leaves sessile 2. Leaves petioled a. Flowers mostly in terminal spikes (1) Leaves lanceolate (2) Leaves ovate b. Flowers in axillary whorls M. spicdta: spearmint M. piperita: peppermint M. citrdta: bergamol mint M. canadensis: wild mint Perilla — Periila (From the native name in India) Leaves ovate, bronze-purple, fragrant ; flowers rose or whitish P. crispa Salvia — Sage (Lat. from salvus, well, referring to its medical use) 1. Flowers blue a. Tall; leaves green; flowers large, 2-3 cm. 5. aziirea: blue sage b. Low; leaves white-woolly; flowers 1-2 cm. 5. officinalis: garden sage 2. Flowers red a. Floral leaves and calyx green S. fulgens b. Floral leaves and calyx red S. splendens: red sage Monarda — Balm, Horse-mint (Named for Monardez, a Spanish writer on medical plants) 1. Corolla red M. did y ma: Oswego tea 2. Corolla rose-purple to white M. fistulosa: wild berga- vwt Rosmarinus — Rosemary (Lat. ros, dew, marinus, of the sea) Shrub with evergreen linear leaves, hoary beneath; flowers blue R. officinalis LAMIACi Scutellaria I Lat scutella, Ral 1. leaves sessile; (lowers 2 S cm. long, solitary 2. Leaves petioled ; flowers 6-8 mm. long, in rac< Prunella Heal all, ■ (< 'I um erta - oblong to ovate; bracts round; flowers blue-pui Teucrium • iermai (Gr. teucrion, g< rmander, perhaps nai ■ Leaves lance-ovate, serrate; flowers purplish Melissa Bee-balm (Gr. melissa, bee, r< ferrlng t. Leaves ovate, crenate; flowers yellowish or white Thymus -Thyme i < !r. thymon, thj m< . fi 1. Creeping, leaves petioled; flowers axillary 2. Erect ; leaves sessile; flowers in terminal s] Marrubium I [oarln >und ( I. at. nam.- from the l tebr< w word Leaves ovate-rounded, crenate; flowers small, white I )raci icephalum I Iragi m-head (Gr. drakon, dragon, kephaie. Leaves lanceolate to oblong, toothed; flowers light blue Ocimum Sweel Basil dli-. ocimon, an ai ■!)■ i ■ ' : - I Leaves ovate, toothed; flowers bluish-white Coleus — Fi iliage-plant i ' Sr. koleos, sheath, refei rii g Leaves ovate, toothed, colored; flowers blue 1 avandula — Lavender (I. at. lavandus, for washing, Leaves lame- linear ; flowers blue Physostegia I Iragi m-head Mir. physa. 1. lad. I.e. stege, roof, rel 1. Corolla pale purple or rose, 2.? em. long 2. Corolla purple, 1-1 ' j em. long ] ,e< murus Motherwort .< Jr. leon. lion, cura, tall, •■• i ely cleft; calyx spin) : corolla pink t" white Koellia Mountain Mint (Named for a German botanist, K Leaves lance-linear, sessile; flowers wl 1 1\ ssopus II (Gr. hyssopos, a' Leaves lance-linear, entire: flowers blue ( Iriganui i 1. Leaves broa A ovate; bra< t- col( n 2. Leaves oblong i vrat( ; brai ts gn • i ROSACEAE /.. nepcloides L. anisdtus L . scroph ularifolius X. catdria N. glechoma S. kortinsis Lopanthus — Giant Hyssop (Gr. lophos, crest, anthos, flower) 1. Corolla yellowish; calyx nearly equalling corolla 2. I lorolla blue or purple a. Leaves white beneath, anise-scented b. Leaves green beneath, not anise-scented Nepeta — Catnip, Gill (Lat. name of the catnip) 1. Erect; leaves oblong; flowers whitish 2. Creeping; leaves round; flowers blue Satureia — Savory (Lat. name of the savory, Gr. satyrion) Leaves oblong-linear; flowers small, purplish Larriium — Dead-nettle, Henbit (Gr. lamia, throat, referring to the gaping corolla) 1. Corolla red or purplish; upper leaves sessile L. amplexicdule 2. Corolla white; leaves petioled L. album Stachys— Hedge Xettle (Gr. stachys, spike, referring to the flower cluster) 1. Leaves sessile or short-petioled S. palustris 2. Leaves distinctly petioled S. dspera Rosales Rose Order Rosaceae — Rose Family Herbs or woody plants, with alternate leaves; sepals usually 5, sometimes 4 or apparently twice the number, petals usually 5, stamens 4-many, pistils separate, 1-many, or 2-5, united, fruit various; flower apocarpous or syncarpous, apopetalous, or apetalous, perigynous, regular. 1. Flowers large, 3-many cm. wide; shrubs with pinnate leaves Rosa 2. Flowers small to medium, 1-3 cm. wide a. Petals present (1) Flowers yellow to red (a) Styles long and hairy, persisting on the fruit (b) Styles short, inconspicuous (2) Flowers white to pink (a) Herbs; clusters few-flowered (b) Shrubs; clusters many-flowered b. Petals absent; calyx lobes petal-like Gcnm Potentilla Frag aria Spiraea Poterium Kosa — Rose (Lat. rosa, Gr. rhodon, rose) hick, wrinkled; stem densely prickly R. riigosa . Geum — Avens (Gr. reuma, taste, perhaps from the root) Stem leaves 3-parted ; flowers panicled, red Potentilla — Potentilla, Cinqfoil, Five-finger a. at. potens, powerful, from reputed medical properties) 1. Shrubs; leaflets 5-7, hairy; flowers ll/2-3 cm. wide 2. Herb-.; flowers ]A-\l/2 cm. wide a. Leaflets 5, silvery white below; plants spreading b. 1 ry on both sides, not silvery; erect Fragaria — Strawberry ( Lat. fragum, strawberry) Leaves thick, hairy; flower stalks shorter than the leaves P. jruiicosa P. argentea P. monspeliensis norweg- ica F. virginidna FAB AC K A K Spiraea Spiraea, M< (Gr. spiraea, meadowBwi 1. Flowers white, in simple umbels 2. Flowers pink a. Flowers in umbels or corymbs b. Flowers in dense pai * I !r. poterion, : of 7-19 small leaflets ; flowers green Poterium Burnel drinking i up fi im I purplish, in /'. Fabaceae — Pea Family Herbs <>r woody plants, with alternate usuallj com] petals typically 5, and of three different forms, standard, win,: Kss similar, star.. ens 5-many, pistil single, simple, fruil tj flower apocarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, irregular. 1. Leaves compound a. Leaflets digitate or apparently so, 2 IS (1) Leaflets _' (2) Leaflets more than 3 (3) Leaflets 3 (a) Leaflets toothed \. Flowers in slender racemes y. Flowers in spikes or heads (x) Flowers blue or yellow (y) Flowers red or white (b) Leaflets entire x. Fruit a legume; mostly climbers (x) Calyx 5-toothed; cultivated (y) Calyx 4-tOOthed ; native y. Fruit a loment or achene ; i (x) Fruit a 1 -seeded achene (y) Fruit a loment with 2-several b. Leaflets pinnate, 4 many, or when fewer, (1) Climbers or twiners, usually with tendrils (a) Leaves odd-pinnate; flowers brown-purple (b) Leaves even-pinnate, tendril-bearing as a rub' x. Style bearded down one face y. Style bearded at tip only (2) Erect herbs; tendrils mere remnants when pi (a) Leaflets 4; flower- yellow; culti (b) Leaflets 5 or more x. Leaves sensitive, closing and di y. Leaves not sensitive to touch (x) Flowers pea-like 111. Leaflets 2-14 n. Leaflets 15-21 (v) l'dowers not pea-like m. Flowers tiny, 4 6 n (m) Stamens 5 (n) Stamens 10 n. Flowei - 2 I cm. wide, yell. 2. Leaves simple; flowers yellow; shrubby Lupinus— Lupine , us, Leaflets 13-15, lanceolate; flowers bin O. H. HILL. LIBRARY North Carolina State College 26 FABACEAE Melilotus — Sweet Clover (Gr. meli, honey, lotus, clover, from the fragrant leaves) 1. Flowers white; stem 1-3 m. tall; leaflets notched at tip 2. Flowers yellow; stem 'j-1 m. tall; leaflets blunt MedicagG — Alfalfa, Nonesuch ..;,-. medi'ke, alfalfa, Lat. -ago, like) 1. Flowers blue; perennial 2. 1 Im» ers yellow ; annual a. Leaves oval to rounded; pod smooth, black, 1-seeded b. Leaves cuneate, spotted; pod spiny, coiled, several seeded M. alba M. officinalis M. sat ha: alfalfa, lucerne M. liipulina: non, such 71/. maculdia: spotted medic Trifolium — Clover. Alsike (Lat. tri-, three, folium, leaf) 1. Heads round or nearly so a. Flowers red, rarely white b. Flowers white to pinkish (1) Stems erect or ascending, 3-6 dm. high (2) Stems creeping, 1-2 dm. high 2. Heads oblong to cylindric a. ILads 3-6 cm. long; red corolla exceeding calyx b. Heads 1-2 cm. long; whitish corolla shorter than calyx Phaseolus — Bean (Gr. phaselus, string-bean) 1. Flower clusters longer than the leaf; flowers usually red 2. Flower clusters shorter than the leaf; flowers not red a. Flowers greenish-white ; pod broad ; seeds flat b. Flowers white to purplish; pod narrow; seeds swollen ( 1 ) Twining (2) Bushy, not twining T. pratense: red c. T. hybridum: alsike T. re pens: -white c: T. incarndtum: crimson c. T. arvense: rabbit-foot P. multifldrus: scarlet runner P. lunatus: lima bean P. vulgaris: common kidney b. P. nanus : bush b. Falcata — Wild Peanut (Lat. falcatus, sickle-like, from the form of the keel) Leaflets ovate; flowers purplish to white; pods both aerial ami subterranean F. comosa Lespedeza — Bush Clover Named for Lespedez, a Spanish governor of Florida) L. capital a L. Sieboldii D. gyrans 1. Flowers in heads, creamy or white; native 2. Flowers in racemes, red-purple; cultivated Desmodium— Tick-Trefoil, Telegraph Plant (Gr. desmos, bond, chain, from the loment) Leaflets 3; end leaflet large, lateral ones small, moving up and down Apios — Groundnut (Gr. apios, pear, from shape of the tubers) Flowers purple-brown, fragrant; stems from strings of starchy tubers A. tuberosa Lathvrus — Sweet Pea, Everlasting Pea (Gr. lathyros, a kind of pulse) 1. Peduncles 2-4-flowered ; flowers fragrant; annual L. odordtus 2. Peduncles many-flowered; flowers scentless; perennial L. latifolius SAXIFRAGACEAE— CRASSULACH \ icia \ eti h, ll..t V I C I .1 . 1. Climbing; leaflets 20 24; flowers blue, small, refl 2. Erect; flowers large, not reflexed a. Leaflets 10 14; flowers in 2'^. purplish b. Leaflets 2-6; flowers clustered, white Arachis -Peanut (Gr. arakos. ; ts 4, oblong; flowers yellow, the pod forming below Mimosa Sensitive I 'knit m ;r. mimos. actor, fron Leaves digitate on the common petiole, leaflets many; flowi ( !( »r< milla— ] 'urple I 'i .it. corona, i • >• n - Ilia, Leaflets 15-21 ; flowers pink to white, in head like uml I 'etalostemon — I 'rairii (Gr. petalon, petal, stemon, stamen, from the pel Leaflets 5, linear; flowers in a short spike, rose-purple 1 >alea I >alea i Nan Leaflets 15-40, linear-oblong; flowers white to pink in an o Cassia — Senna. Partridge Pea (Gr. cassia, a spice-bearing Leaflets 20-30, oblong; flower nearly regular, large, yellow ( lenista— ( ienista, Whin i Celtic, meaning little hush) Leaves lanceolate; flowers in racemes, small, yellow Saxifragaceae — Saxifrage Family Herbs with simple or compound leaves; sepals 1 ;. ovary 1-2-celled, usually 2-beaked, or sometimes thi or an achene ; flower typically syncarpous and apopetalous, hj 1. Leaves simple a. Stamens 4-5 b. Stamens 8-10 2. Leaves 3-ternate; flowers white, in panicles I teuchera — Alum-i Leaves rounded, lobed ; B Saxifi (Lat. saxum. rock, franno. to brej Leaves heart-shaped, toothed, with long runners; flow i small, rose, 2 large, white Astilbe Vstilbe (Gr. a-, wltho it, st.ibc. i oblong to lam •■ ovate : flowers small in a Crassulaceae— Stonecrop Family Herbs with fleshy leaves; lis I ;. 3 5. separate as a rule, fruit a small folli 1. Petals se] 2g HAMAMELIDACEAE— ONAGRACEAE 2. Petals united at the very base a. Flower in 5's Cotyledon b. Flower in 4's Bryophyllum Sedum — Stonecrop (Lat. secleo, to sit, from the habit of growing on walls and rocks) 1. Creeping; leaves 4-6 mm. long; flowers yellow S. acre: wall pepper 2. Erect; leaves 2 ? cm. long; flowers pink to white S. telephium: live-for- ever Cotyledon — Cotyledon (Gr. kotyiedon, "cup, from the form of the corolla) Leaves basal, wedge-shaped, glaucous; flowers red C. orbiculdla Bryophyllum — Bryophyllum (Gr. bryon, bud, phyllon, leaf, from' the buds which form on the leaf) Leaves ovate, simple or ternate ; flowers large, greenish, hanging B. calycinum Hamamelidaceae — Witch-Hazel Family Shrubs or trees, with simple alternate leaves; sepals 4, petals 4, stamens 8, 4 more or less im- perfect, ovary 2-celled, styles 2, fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular. Hamamelis — Witch Hazel (Gr. hamamelis, a kind of tree) Tall shrub with obovate leaves; flowers yellow, appearing in autumn just before leaf-fall II. virginica Sapindales Maple Order Sapindaceae — Soapberry Family plants or climbing herbs, mostly with compound leaves; in the following genus, the sepals are 4, petals 4, stamens 8, ovary 3-celled, styles 3, fruit a bladdery 3-lobed pod ; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, nearly regular. Cardiospermum — Balloon- Vine, Heart-Seed (Gr. kardia, heart, sperma, seed, from the heart-shaped seed scale) Leaves 2-ternate, alternate; flower clusters with hook-like tendrils; flowers white; seed with a heart-shaped scale C. kalicdcabum Lythrales Loosestrife Order Lythraceae — Loosestrife Family Herbs with simple opposite entire leaves; sepals 5-7, united into a tube enclosing the ovary, petals 4-7 or none, stamens 4-14, ovary 1-4-celled, stigma 1, sometimes 2-lobed, fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, rarely apetalous, hypogynous, regular, or somewhat irregular. 1. Petals present; calyx not spurred Lylhrum 2. Petals absent; calyx spurred at base Cuphea Lythrum — Loosestrife (Gr. lythron, blood, from the color) Leaves lanceolate; flowers with 6-7 pink petals L. salicdria Cuphea — Cigar Plant (Gr. kuphos, hump, from the spur) Leaves lance-ovate, glossy; flowers bright red C. platycentra Onagraceae — Evening-Primrose Family Herbs or shrubs witli simple leaves; sepals 2-6, united and grown to the ovary, petals 2-6, mostly 4, stamens 2-12, mostly y day (2) Blooming at nightfall b. Stemmed (1) Flowers white; capsule winged (2) Flowers rose to purple Fuchsia — Fuchsia i Named for the < ierman bota • 1. Flowers hanging a. Tube of calyx shorter than lobes b. Tube of calyx 2 S times longer than th 2. Flowers erect a. Erect shrub; flowers in a panicle b. Trailing; flowers solitary Lopezia- Lopezia (Named \'"i an early Spanish naturi Leaves lance-oblong to ovate; flowers rose, 5 << nun. wide ■' Cactales Cactus Order Cucurbitaceae — Gourd Family Herbs, usually with tendrils and alternate lobed leaves the ovary, petals usually 5, united, stamens usually 3, rarely a capsule or achene; flower syncarpous, mom regular. 1. Flowers large, .i l? cm. mostlj yellow or yellowish a. Staminate flowers solitary (1) Flowers white (2) Flowers yellow (a) Flowers bright yellow, I ll-shaped ; stigma l< (b) Flowers pale yellow, shallow; stigma I b. Staminate flowers clustered ( 1 ) Tendrils present ; fruit 3 6 dm. (2) Tendrils lacking; fruil I 2. Flowers small. '. 2 cm., white or greenish a. Leaves compound ; leaflets 3 7 30 BEGONIACEAE— APIACEAE b. Leaves simple, lobed (1) Ovary and fruit 1-seeded Sicyos (2) Ovary and fruit several-seeded Micrampelis I ,agenaria — Gourd, Calabash (Lat.'lagena, bottle, from the fruit) Leaves rounded; the fruit club- or flask shaped L. vulgaris Cucurbita — Pumpkin, Squash t l. at. cucubita, squash) 1. Leaves lobed; fruit stalks strongly ridged C. pepo: pumpkin 2. Leaves not lobed; fruit stalks scarcely ridged C. maxima: squash Cucumis — Cucumber, Muskmelon that, cucumis, cucumber) 1. Leaves lobed c- sativa: cucumber 2. Leaves rounded, not lobed C. melo: melon Luffa — Dishcloth Gourd, Vegetable Sponge (The Arabic name) Leaves round, many -lobed ; flowers yellowish L. aegyptidca Ecballium — Squirting Cucumber (Gr. ekballo, to cast out, from the fruit) Leaves ovate, heart-shaped at base; flowers yellow E. elateri urn Cyclanthera — Cvclanthera (Gr. kyklos, circle, anthera, anther) oval, toothed or lobed; fruit ovoid, spiny C. dissecla Sicyos — Star Cucumber (Gr. sikyos, cucumber) with shallow lobes; fruits yellowish, spiny, clustered .S'. anguldtus Micrampelis — Wild Cucumber, Alock Apple (Gr. mikros, small, ampelis, vine, from the climbing habit) Leaves deeply 3-7-lobed; flowers fragrant; fruit bladdery, spiny M. lobdta Begoniaceae — Begonia Family Herbs with alternate simple leaves; sepals 2, petals 2-5, stamens many, ovary 2-4-celled, styles 2-4, fruit a triangular capsule; flower syncarpous, monoecious, apopetalous, epigynous, often irreg- ular. Begonia — Begonia, Elephant's Ear (Named for Begon, a governor of Santo Domingo) The species and varieties are numerous and closely related ; see Bailey's Cyclopaedia of Horti- culture, 1 :143. Apiales Parsley Order Apiaceae — Carrot Family Herbs, with alternate mostly compound leaves; sepals united and completely fused with the ovary, the calyx usually appearing absent as a consequence, petals 5, stamens 5, ovary 2-celled, styles 2, fruit of twin achenes ; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, epigynous, usually regular, the flow- ers typically in umbels. 1. Flowers in umbels; leaves not prickly a. Flowers white or cream-colored (1) Leaves simple, lobed, 2-4 dm. wide; umbels 1-2 dm. wide HeraeJum (2) Leaves compound (a) Fruits prickly Daueus (b) Fruits smooth Apium RUBIACKAK b. Mowers yellow, yellowish or (1) Flowers yellow (a) Leaf divisions thread like (b) Leaf ili\ isions broad (2) Flowers yellowish or greenish (a) Leaf di\ isions thread like (b) Leaf divisions wedge-shaped, lobed 2. Flowers in heads I teracleum I ■ l-<\-- (Gr. galion, bedstraw, gala, milk, from th< Leaves lance-linear, in 4"-~ ; flowers wb ite, in a pai ( iardenia I lardenia, I ape i Named for i '■ Garden, an Am. • Leaves oblong, bright green; flowers i N Lined foi Leaves opposite, o\ ate acuminati 32 CAPRIFOLIACEAE— DIPSACEAE Caprifoliaceae — Honeysuckle Family Shrubs or vines, rarely herbs, with mostly simple opposite leaves ; sepals united, more or less completely fused with the ovary, petals 5, united, ovary 2-5 celled, stigma 1-3, fruit a capsule or berry; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, epigynous, regular or irregular. Lonicera — Honeysuckle (Named fur the German herbalist, I.onitzer) Leaves oblong, united in pairs above; flowers trumpet-like, red or yellow; berry red L. sempervirens: trump- et h. Campanales Bluebell Order Campanulaceae — Bluebell Family Herbs with alternate leaves and milky juice; sepals 5, united, petals 5, united, stamens 5, ovary 2-5-celled, stigmas 25, fruit a capsule; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, epigynous, regular or ir- regular. 1. Flowers regular a. Flowers bell-shaped Campanula b. Flowers cup- or saucer-shaped Platycodon 2. Flowers irregular, the tube slit Lobelia Campanula — Bluebell, Harebell (Lat. campana, bell, from the form of the corolla) 1. Stigmas 3; calyx without appendages a. Native; flowers nodding; leaves linear C. rotundifolia b. Cultivated (1) Flowers solitary; leaves ovoid, petioled C. carpdthica (2) Flowers in a raceme; leaves lance-ovate, sessile C. rapunculoidcs 2. Stigmas 5 ; calyx with leafy appendages C. medium: Canterbiiry bells Platycodon — Platycodon (Gr. platys, flat, kodon, belli from the corolla) Leaves ovate, toothed; corolla blue or white, 4-6 cm. wide P. grandiflorum Lobelia — Lobelia (Named for the herbalist Lobelius) Stems tufted, 4-6 in. high ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers blue L. crimes Asterales Aster Order Valerianaceae — Valerian Family Herbs with opposite leaves; sepals adherent to the ovary, often invisible in flower, becoming pappus-like in fruit, petals 5, united, stamens 1-3, ovary 3-celled, but only one cell with an ovule, stigmas 1-3, fruit an achene ; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, epigynous, regular or irregular. 1. Stamens 3; corolla without basal spur Valeriana 2. Stamen 1 ; corolla with basal spur Centrdnthus Valeriana — Valerian (Lat. valeo, to be well, from the medicinal root) 1. Leaflets 11-21 V. officinalis 2. Leaflets 3-7 a. Rootstalk horizontal V. pint b. Rootstalk long, tuberous V. edit! is Centranthus — Spurred Valerian (Gr. kentron, spur, anthos, flower) Leaves lance-ovate, nearly entire; flowers red to white C. ruber Dipsaceae — Teasel Family Herbs with opposite leaves; calyx tube forming a border above the ovary, corolla 4-5-lobed, stamens 4, ovary 1-eelled, stigma 1, fruit an achene; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, epigynous, regular or irregular. ASTKKACKAK 1. Flowers in an oblong prickly head 2. Flowers in a Rat bead, without pricklei <;r. dipsakos, leaves I ; flowers bluis Scabu »sa scabies. Itch, from I 1. Flowers pui pie, red i r white :. Flowers ligl Asteraceae — Aster Family Herbs with flowers in dense involu etc., or wanting, petals 5, stamens .; or 0, united by their antl 2-cleft, stigmas 2; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, regulai head may be all tube-shaped, or the outer row or so r> shaped. The receptacle is rial or re or less conical, bearing -rales among the flowers. The head is surrounded bj I Key to the Genera 1. Flowers tube-shaped, no ray or ribbon-like ll"-. a. I lowers bright coloi ( 1) Leaves or involui n (a) Leaves spiny x. Pappus of plumj bi I x i [nvolucral scales thick ai j | [nvolu ral Males not thii y. Pappus ■ (b) Involucre spiny with hooked * 2 ; Leaf and involui re without sj (a) Heads in long spikes 34 ASTERACEAE (b) Heads in flat-topped clusters, or single x. Involucrai scales dry and papery, yellow to white or red (x) Leaves white-cottony, extending along the stem as wi (y) Leaves not white-cottony, stem not winged }■ Involucrai Males not papery, usually green (x) Heads white, yellowish or purplish; native in. Heads whit.-, pink or purplish n. Heads yellowish (y) Heads deep purple or blue m. Heads deep purple; native n. Heads blue, rarely white; cultivated b. Flowers greenish; heads inconspicuous (1) Leaves broad, ovale, not deeply lobed (a) Involucre forming a hooked bur (b) Involucre not hooked (2) Leaves narrow or deeply lobed (a) Leaves strong-scented" x. Pappus a short crown Ammobium Helichrysum Eupatoriu, Kuhnia Vernon'ia Age vat um Xanthium Iva Tanaceium te head of Cosmos with long sectior ray flower and tubular or disk flower. ASTEKACKAi: y. Pappus | x I Re< ■ ptai le smooth Receptai le chaffj (b) Leaves not strong s< ented \. Pappus a crown, or none y. Pappus oi two or more barbed awm 2. Flowers of two kinds, tubular and ray, 01 ..II raj a. Ilea. Is with chaff, i. e., each Bower with a (1) Ray flowers trumpet-shaped (2) Kay flowers flat, ribbon- or strap sfa (a) Kays white \. I .. aves pinnately dissec ted, strong • y. Leaves not dissei ted or strong - • (b) Rays yelloM or purple x. 1 >isk globose to cylii (x) Chafl stoul or spiny; rays white, red oi ; . in. Chaff equalling the disk flowers ii. Chaff much longer than the disk ll. i (y) < l,.iM -..ii ; raj - yellow in. 1 lisk globose ; a< hem - -1 angled n. Disk oblong to cylindric; achenes wing marj y. I »isk Hat or slightly (x) Bracts of the involucre united, at leasl in. Chafl broad; achenes flat, winged-marg ii. ( 'hall' linear or long pointed : a. henes not i! il (m) Kays white to pink or red (n) Rays yellow to maroon r. Pappus teeth barbed upward or downward s. Pappus teeth smooth or lacking (y) Bracts not united, or somewhat so at m. Achenes broad, winded (m) Rays in 2-3 rows; disk flow (n) Kays in 1 row; disk flowers fi n. Achenes not winged (m) Kays neutral, deciduous r. Pappus of t\\<> triangular awns; s. Pappus of two awns and small - (n) Kays pistillate, persistent; pappus crown-like b. Heads without chaff ; the receptacle slightly bi (1) Pappus of capillarj bristles (a) Rays yellow \. I leads small, 2 8 mm. Heads larger, 1-3 cm. Kays white to blue or purple x. I leads single, on shorl y. I leads several many (x) Kays narrow an., many; br... !- in 1 i r< i y i Kays broader and ewer; bri m. Pappus double ; i ultivati d annual n. Pappus single ; native i m I Heads in a I leads in a i j on (2) Pappus none, or of ; 12 (a) Pappus \. .\. disk small ai (b) ' - I ■ ■ . 36 ASTERACEAE y. Achenes of disk normal (x) Achenes flat (y) Achenes 4 angled (b) Pappus present x. Rays white (x) Pappus of bristles and awns (y) Pappus a short-toothed crown in. Receptacle nearly Hat n. Receptacle conic or ovoid y. Rays yellow or orange (x) Bracts united into a deep cup m. Leaves finely cut; heads very small n. Leaves coarsely cut ; heads large (y) Bracts not united m. Bracts squarrose-spreading n. Bracts not squarrose-spreading (m) Leaves typically lobed ; achenes densely hairy (n) Leaves not lobed; achenes smooth or nearly so 3. Flowers strap-shaped, all alike Achillea Chrysanthemum Bolt on ia Chrysanthemum Matricaria Dysodia Tagetes Grindelia Gaillardia Helenium Ligulate head of dandelion, Taraxacum; showing the habit of the plant, long section of the head, Jigulate or strap-shaped flower, and a parachute fruit. ASTERAC Heads on a scape I [eads "ii a leafy stem ( 1 ) Pappus branches united by hairs ippus brani hes aot so tin (a) Pappus capillary \. Achenes flattened '. henes liluiu (y) Achenes beaked v. Achenes cj lindric or angled (x) Flowers yellow or orange in. Pappus brown »r brownish n. Pappus white (y) Flowers white or cream-colored (b) Pappus of blunt scales; flowers blue . Cynara — Artichoke, < ardoon (Gr. kinara, 1. Leaves woolly below; head smooth 2. Leaves smooth; heads prickly 1. Heads less than 3 cm. Carduus— Thistle ; heads l 6 (2) Rays small or wanting; heads 1 4 cm. (a) Leaves not divided x. Outer bracts 2-4 times longer than y. Outer bracts not longer than hi (b) Leaves pinnately 3-5-divided 2. Heads red Centaurea — Bachelor's Button, Bluel (Gr. nam.- K'-.'fe Head of bluebottle, Centaur< Leaves gray, linear; rays blue, more rarely white or pink 40 ASTERACEAE Anthemis — Chamomile, Mayweed (Gr. anthemis, flower, perhaps referring to the many flowers) 1. Rays white a. Rays pistillate (1) Chad acute or pointed A. arvensis (2) Chaff blunt or rounded A. nobilis b. Rays without pistils A. cotula 2. Rays yellow A. tinctoria Galinsoga — Galinsoga (Named for Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist) Row weed, with inconspicuous rays and broad leaves G. parviflora Zinnia — Zinnia (Named for Zinn, a German botanist) Cultivated annuals, generally with double or partly double flower heads of various shades of dull yellow, orange, red and purple Z. elegans Echinacea — Purple Coneflower (Gr. echinos, hedgehog, referring to the bristly head) 1. Leaves dentate; rays 15-20, dull purple 2. Leaves entire; rays 12-15, rose-purple Rudbeckia — Coneflower (Named for the Swedish botanists, Rudbeck) 1. Heads single a. Leaves entire or nearly so; disk purple-brown b. Leaves deeply cut, except the upper ; disk yellow 2. Heads doubled 1. Disk cvlindric, yellow 2. l>isk oblong, brown Ratibida — Coneflower (Of doubtful meaning) Dahlia— Dahlia (Named for Dahl, a Swedish botanist) Roots tuberous, fascicled; leaves pinnate; flowers white to red Cosmos — Cosmos (Gr. kosmos, order, world) Leaves twice pinnatifid ; flowers white to red, rarely yellow Coreopsis — Coreopsis, Tickseed (Gr. koris, bug, opsis, likeness) 1. Leaves 2-pinnate ; rays often maroon 2. Leaves 1 -pinnate or simple a. Annual; leaves or leaflets oval b. Perennial ; leaves or leaflets lanceolate (1) Leaves with 3, sometimes 5, leaflets (2) Leaves simple 3. Leaves palmately 3-lobed Silphium — Silphium (Or. name of a resinous plant) 1. Leaves simple, united at base into a cup 2. Leaves very larye, deeply pinnatifid E. pur pure a E. angustijolia R. hirta R. lacinidta R. lacinidta: golden glow R. columndris R. pinndta D. variabilis C. bipinndtus C. tinctoria C. Drummondi C. tripleris C. lanceoldta C. palmdta S. perfolidium: cup plant S. lacinidtum : compass plant Yerbesina (Of doubtful meaning) Tall cultivated perennial with rouyh lanceolate leaves and yellow flowers; disk flowers large, campanulate r_ altemifolia ASTERAC 'I antho«, !' (Gr. helios, 1. Disk brown or purplish a. Leaves opposite, thii k, lai b. 1 eaves mostly alternate, tl in the cultivated forms 2. Disk yellow a. I eaves long, mostly lam e shaped (1) Leaves petioled ; stem glaui ous (2) Leaves sessile i a I Stem smooth (b) Stem rough x. I.. -axes mostly enlin . Ided y. Leaves toothed, flat b. Leaves ovoid ( 1) Stem smooth or soft hairy (2) Stem rough or bristly hairy ■ //. . //. • 11. 11. II, Leaves 1 telianthella— Alpine Sunfl < A Greek-Latin hybrid, meaning long; heads 5-10 cm. wide, yellow //. (Gr. helios, Leaves ovate; rays pistillate, yellow 1 [eliopsi — i Ixeye i, opsis, look, from tin Solidago -I lolden-rod (Lat. soiidus, whole, fn m Its reputi 1. Heads in a fla( topped cluster a. Kays fewer than the disk flowers (1) Leaves ovate to oblong, rough (2) Leaves long, lanceolate, smooth b. Rays more numerous than the disk flov 2. Ili-ads in a terminal much-branched conical cluster a. Stem and leaves glabrous <>r nearly su (1) Heads in a compact rounded thyrse (2) Heads in one-sided spreading clusters (a) Leaves 3 nerved x. Tall, 1-2 m. high ; along streams and !■ v. Low. ! ■ in. high; on prairies and plains (b) Leaves without a strong pair of later..! x. Racemes few ; heads 4 6 mm. high v. Racemes many; head- 3-4 mm. high b. Stems and leaves hairy ( 1 ) Leaves lam i olate, serra . long pointed (2) Leaves oblanceolate to broadly span.' (a) Leavt - green, rough on both - (b) Leaves graj or ash) x. Leaves faintly 3 nerved v. Leaves strongly 3 nerved 3. Heads mostly in axillary clusters a. Kays white ; leaves hairy, Munt b. Rays yellow ; have- smooth, long ; i Chrysopsis chrysos, gold, epi • Leaves hairy, 42 ASTERACEAE Belli •English Daisy Leaves basal, spatulate ; (Lat. bellis, daisy, from bellus, beautiful) heads usually double, white to pink B. perennis (Gr. eri-, 1. Heads 2-3 mm. wide; 2. Heads 5-20 mm. wide a. Rays 40-70 b. Rays 100-150 Erigeron — Daisy very, geron, old man, referring rays inconspicuous ; rays conspicuous to the hoary heads) E. canadensis Callistephus — Garden Aster ulr. kalli-, beautiful, stephos, wreath) Double asters of the garden Aster — Aster (Gr. aster, star, in reference to the head) 1. Lower leaves heart-shaped, petioled a. Rays white, violet or pink (1) Rays white, 6-10 (2) Rays violet, 5-16 b. Rays blue to purple (1) Leaves entire (2) Leaves toothed (a) Stem smooth x. Heads 4-6 mm. high; leaves hairy y. Heads 6-10 mm. high; leaves smooth (b) Stem finely hairy 2. Lower leaves not petioled and heart-shaped a. Stem leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base (1) Stem smooth or nearly so (a) Leaves entire x. Leaves oblong to ovate y. Leaves linear or lance-linear (x) Bracts of the involucre in 3-4 rows (y) Bracts of the involucre in 1-2 rows (b) Leaves toothed (2) Stem rough or hairy (a) Leaves entire x. Stem rough y. Stem hairy (b) Leaves toothed b. Leaves sessile, slightly or not at all clasping (1) Leaves densely silky-silvery, entire; rays blue (2) Leaves not silky-silvery (a) Stem leaves linear, entire x. Heads 16-25 mm. wide y. Heads 6-12 mm. wide (x) Heads in 1-sided racemes (y) Heads not in 1-sided racemes (b) Stem leaves oblong to lanceolate x. Stem and leaves hairy y. Stem and leaves not hairy (x) Heads 10-15 mm. wide (y) Heads 15-25 mm. wide Leaves lanceolate; Doellingera — Doellingera (Named for Doellinger, a botanical explorer) rays small, white annuus philadelphicus C. chi divaricatus macrophyllus cordijolius sagittifolius Drummondii A. lev is A. junceus A. longi/dlius A. levis A. patens A. novae-dngliae A. puniceus A. sericeus A. ptarmacoides A. multiflorns A. ericoides A. oblongifolius A. Tradescdnti A. salicij alius (inch A. paniculdtus) D. umbelldta ASTERACKAi: Achillea (Nat, i 1. Heads white a. Heads single ; leaves finely disse b. Heads double; leaves simple 2. Heads yellow Chrysanthemum— Chrysanthemum, 1 (Gr. chrysos, gold, snthsmon, 1. Heads large, few or solitary a. Heads with a single row of whit- (1) Leaves spatulate (a) Weed with narrow, deeply cul l< (b) Cultivated plant with thick crenate li (2) Leaves lance-ovate, toothed; cul' b. Heads variously colored, usually with many r< (1) The various showy "chrysanthemums"' arc hybri and C. morifoliuin (2) Heads rose or pink, single garden form 2. Heads small, numerous, often double; leaves deeply cut pinnatifid Matricaria I Chamomile (From its use in medicine; cfr. Lat, matrix) Annual, with smooth aromatic deeply cut leaves and small white or double At. Boltonia— Boltonia i Named for Bolton, an English botanist of tl Leaves entire; rays white to purplish Tagetes -Marigold oubtful m< • Leaves pinnate; head single or double; rays yellow or orange Grindelia I Irindelia (Named for Grlndel, a Russian Leaves simple, toothed; heads yellow, sticky Helenium Sneezeweed (Gr. heienion, i a nl ■ 1. Stems winged; heads 2-4 cm. wide 2. Stems not winged ; heads 6-8 cm. wide Gaillardia Gaillan i Named for the botai 1. Annual; rays brown-purple, yellow at tip 2. Perennial; rays yellow, or brown-purple at base Calendula Mari (Lat. kalendae, months, Leaves oblong, sessile; heads single or double Taraxacum- 1 >.m<:< (Gr. tarassc, I Leaves lobed or dissected ; b< a Dys (Gr. dysodes, lll-sm.-lllnir. n B Leaves deeply pinnatifid; heads small, yellow Tragopogon Salsify, i nt, ' ;" (Gr, tra'gos. goat, pog.m 1. Heads yellow; bracts not longer than th( 2. Heads purple; bracts much longer thai 44 ASTERACEAE Sonchus — Sow-thistle (Gr. name of the sow-thistle) 1. Perennial; heads 2-3 cm. wide S. arvensis 2. Annual a. Achenes wrinkled crosswise; ears of leaves acute S. olerdceus b. Achenes 3-striate on each side ; ears rounded 5". dsper Lactuca — Lettuce (Lat. lactuca, lettuce, from lac, milk, referring to the miiky juice) 1. Pappus white a. Flowers '.due L. pulchella b. Flowers yellow or cream-colored (1) Cultivated L. saiiva (2) Native (a) Leaves twisteu into a vertical position, midrib spiny L. scariosa (b) Leaves normal, pinnatifid ; margin spiny L. ludovicidna 2. Pappus brown L. spicdia Hieracium — Hawkweed (Gr. hieracium, hawkweed, from hierax, hawk) 1. Leaves and stem with hairs 2-3 cm. long; achene long-beaked II. longipilutn 2. Leaves and stem with short stout hairs; achenes truncate II. scdbrum Crepis — Hawksbeard (Gr. krepis, boot, base, perhaps from the basal rosette) Leaves lanceolate, pinnatitid ; heads yellow C. tectorum Nabalus — Nabalus (Latinized form of the Indian name) 1. Pappus dark brown N. dlbus 2. Pappus straw-color a. Involucre hairy N. dsper b. Involucre smooth N. altissimus Cichorium — Chicory (Latinized form of the Arabic name) Leaves lobed ; heads blue C. intybus Monocotyledons Alismales Arrowhead Order Alismaceae— Arrow-head Family Aquatic and marsh herbs, with fibrous roots, flowers in clusters; sepals 3, not petal-like, petals 3, stamens 6-many, pistils several-many; flowers apocarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular. 1. Each pistil 1-seeded a. Flowers perfect ; pistils in a ring Alisma 1). Pistillate and staminate flowers separate; pistils covering a convex receptacle Sagiltaria 2. Each pistil many-seeded a. Stamens 9, fertile Butomus b. Numerous fertile and sterile stamens Hydrocleis Alisrria — Water-plantain (Gr. alisma, a water plant) Native plant with ovate leaves, and many small flowers in an upright panicle A. planlago-aqudtka Sagittaria — Arrow-head (Lat. sagitta, arrow, from the shape of the leaves) spei ies, mostly blooming in midsummer 1. Leaves arrow-shaped; pistillate flowers obviously stalked S. latifolia 2. Leaves linear, ovate, or rarely arrow-shaped; pistillate flowers not stalked S. rigida HYDROCHARITACEAE— A RACE/ Buti »mus • mi A single European spa ies sometimes > ulth I [ydrocleis \\ : (< Sr. hydro-, water, kieis. A single tropical s] yellow Hydrales Water Weed Order Hydrocharitaceae — Water-weed Family Submerged or floating aquatic herbs; sepals 3, petal 3-9-parted, ovary l-9-celled; flower syncarpous, apopetali . regular, usually dioecious. 1. Stems elongated, branched; leaves small, in wh< thread-like tube 2. Stems undeveloped; leaves long, grass-like Philotria — Water-weed (Gr. philos, loving, trin. Small native submerged aquatic, often cultivated in aquaria; pistillal ers with a long, thread-like perianth-tube Vallisneria — Eel-grass ( Named for Vallisni Submerged grass-like aquatic; pistillate flowers on long ci Arales Arum Order Araceae — Arum Family Herbs, or somewhat shrubby, with flowers in a dense 0 ih] or surrounded by a spathe ; sepals 4-6 or 0, petals 0, pous, apetalous, ovary sunk in the fleshy axis. The autumn vated greenhouse plants. 1. Spadix covered with flowers to the tip a. Stem thick, elongated; leaves perforated b. Stem not appearing above ground; spathe ex] 2. End of spadix without flowers a. Spathe hood liki tnple, entire b. Spathe expanded, ill smelling, preceding the larj Monstera Half-climbing plant with aerial roots and edible fruit Zantedeschia i i Named for Zai I Commonly cultivated plant with arro i sha| on long stalks Arum Flowers on lower part of spadix, tl arated \<\ fringe like sterile B< Amorph Flowers on lower part of spadix: spall 46 COMMELINACEAE— LILIACEAE Liliales Lily Order Commelinaceae — Spiderwort Family Upright or trailing herbs with fleshy leaves of moderate thickness; mucilaginous sap; sepals 3 or 0, petals 3, stamens 3 or 6, pistil 1, ovary 2-3-celled; flower syncarpous, apopetalous or sympetal- ous, hypogynous, regular or irregular; sepals not petal-like, petals usually withering in one day. 1. Flowers regular; stamens 6 a. Petals separate Tradescantia b. Base of petals united to form a tube Zebrina 2. Flowers irregular ; fertile stamens 3 Commelina Tradescantia — Spiderwort, Wandering Jew (Named for Tradescant, an English gardener) 1. Native species with linear leaves; flowers chiefly in early summer a. Sepals and pedicels smooth T. reflexa b. Sepals glandular pubescent (1) Leaves and bracts 5-10 mm. wide T. occidentals (2) Leaves and bracts 1-2 cm. wide T. bractedta 2. Cultivated species with ovate or lanceolate leaves a. Creeping plant, -rooting at the joints ; leaves green or white striped ; flowers white T. flumincnsis b. Plant half prostrate, not widely creeping; flowers rose-colored T. micrdntha Zebrina — Wandering Jew (From zebra, referring to the striped leaves) Creeping plant with variegated leaves, purple beneath Z. pcndula Commelina — Day Flower (Named for the brothers Commelin, Dutch botanists) Branching annual weed with bright blue flowers C. communis Liliaceae — Lily Family Herbaceous plants with scapes or leafy stems growing from bulbs, corms or rootstocks, rarely shrubby; sepals 3, petals 3, stamens 6, pistil 1, ovary 3-celled, superior; flowers syncarpous, apopetalous or sympetalous, hypogynous, regular or nearly so ; sepals usually petal-like. 1. Plants with evident above-ground stems bearing the leaves, or leaf-like twigs a. Plants with true leaves (1) Leaves thick and fleshy; flowers small, numerous, in elongated leafless spikes or racemes (a) Perianth tubular, with scarcely any limb (b) Tips of petals and sepals free, spreading, irregular (2) Leaves not thick and fleshy; flowers large, solitary or in loose leafy clusters (a) Flower solitary; stem bearing 1-2 leaves (b) Flowers usually several ; stem bearing many leaves b. True leaves reduced to minute scales, foliage consisting of needle-like or leaf-like twigs in the axils of the scale-leaves (1) Herbaceous; flowers and fruit borne on ordinary twigs (2) Shrubby ; flowers and fruit borne on the leaf-like twigs 2. Stemless plants a. Flowers borne on erect leafless scapes, usually in clusters (1) Leaves ovate to lanceolate (a) Flowers trumpet-shaped, each lasting one day Funkia (b) Flowers bell-shaped, persistent Convallaria (2) Leaves linear, each flower lasting several days (a) Plants with thickened roots and no true bulb x. Flowers in umbels, blue or white Agapanthus Aloe Haworthia Tulifa Lilium Asparagus Ruscus LILIACBAE y. Flowers in an elongated spike, 01 /.. Flowers in a brani hed p. mi. le, (b) Plants with true bulbs x. Flowers vi ith an involui re (x) Flower solitary (v) Flowers in a cluster v. I lower i luster \\ ithout an involui re I x 1 Trials ami sepals separate in. Petals and sepals white or greenish, n n. Petals and sepals blue (rarely whiti . (y) Petals and sepals united at the base into ■ Flowers solitary, Lome due, iiv ,,„ the under-groun (1) Plant with a corm; flower conspicuous (2) Plant with a creeping rootstock; flowers in Aloe— Aloe une) Fleshy greenhouse plants; the leaves usually spiny 1. Leaves many ranked a. Stem obvious, branching; leaves 3-7 dm. long with 1). Stems short, covered with the small warty leaves 2. Leaves 3-ranked, warty and mottled 1 [aworthia (Named for Haworth, an El Fleshy greenhouse plant with short Stem, and small whitish ll Tulipa -Tulip 1 X. I., tulipa, turban, from tb< foi n Spring-flowering bulbs, often force. 1 into winter blooming. I forms are generally considered as forming the two sp< 1. Early flowering, pubescent 2. Late flowering, smooth Lilium — Lily 1 I. at. nam.- of the lily, Or. lemon | 1. Autumn-blooming species, sometimes delayed for indoor n ing ; flowers usually spotted or striped on a white gi a. Flower flat; petals reflexed from the base b. Flower open bell-shaped ; petals reflexed only at the • with a broad central stripe 2. Early summer-blooming species, often forced; flowers a. Basal leaves broad; flower open bell shaped b. Leaves all narrow lanceolate; flower trumpet ■ Asparagus Vs] iTIi,- ■ Foliage twigs thread like a. Hardy vegetable witli upright steins b. « Greenhouse twiner Foliage twigs broader, leaf like a. Foliage twigs linear: branches drooping b. Foliage twigs ovate lanceolate; st^ns twining Riiscus Butcher's Foliage twigs leathery, ovate Ian 48 PONTEDERIACEAE Funkia — Day Lily (Named for Funck, a German botanist) Garden plants with trumpet-shaped flowers 1. Flowers white, fragrant F. subcorddia 2. Flowers bluish a. Leaves broad ovate ; flowers deep blue F. ovdta b. Leaves narrow ovate to lanceolate ; flowers pale lilac F. lancifolia Convallaria — Lily-of-the-valley (Lat. convallis, a deep valley) Spring-blooming hardy plant with racemes of fragrant bell-shaped flowers ; often forced for winter blooming C. majdlis Agapanthus (Gr. agape, love, anthos, flower) Large half-hardy pot plant with umbels of blue or white trumpet-shaped flowers A. umbelldius Kniphofia — Red-hot Poker (Named for Kniphof, a German botanist) Half-hardy plant with an elongated spike of tubular scarlet and yellow flowers K. aloides Chlorophytum (Gr. ehloros, green, phyton, plant) Pot plant with stolons, and loose panicles of white flowers C. datum Tritelia (Gr tri-, three, teleos, complete) Bulbous plant with solitary whitish flowers, spring-blooming but forced in late winter 7. umflora Allium — Onion (Lat. name of the onion) Bulbous plant with umbels of small white flowers, often forced in greenhouses A. neapolildmim Ornithogalum (Gr. ornis, ornithos, bird, gala, milk) 1. Flowers over 2 cm. across, white with a black pistil O. ardb'uum 2. Flowers less than 2 cm. across, white with green stripes O. cauddtum Scilla (Lat. scilla, Gr. skilla, sea-onion) Very early spring-blooming bulb, sometimes forced ; flowers bright blue S. sibirica Hvacinthus — Hyacinth (The Greek name) Spring-blooming bulbous plant, often forced in winter; fragrant flowers in a dense raceme II. orientdlis Colchicum (Greek name of some poisonous plant) flowers in autumn without leaves or stems, pink-purple, crocus-like C. autumndle Aspidistra Pot plant with large leathery lanceolate leaves (sometimes variegated) from a creeping rootstock ; flowers fleshy, almost concealed in the earth, their parts in 4's A. lurida Pontederiaceae — Pickerel -weed Family Aquatic and marsh plants; flower clusters subtended by leaf-like spathes ; sepals 3, petals 3, stamens 6, pistil 1, ovary 3-celled or 1-celled; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, irregular; sepals and petals similar, united, and forming a 2-lipped perianth. CYPBRACBAE I N . I ■ ingle native species growing in i Poales ( irass ( )rder Cyperaceae — Sedge Family Grass-like herbs, animal or pen nnial ; ■■ mostly long and narrow, with closed sheaths, 3-ranked on ll ii h (lower in the axil of a barbed bristles or hairs, scales 2-\ attache, 1 at the basi ; pistil « ith 2 triangular nutlet or . Key the Genera 1. Flowers perfect, spikes (spikelets) all of one - a. Spikes cone-shaped; scales very numen (1) Achene crowned by a cap or tubercle (2) Achenes without a cap or tubei b. Spikes (spikelets) flattened; scales 2 ranked (1) Flowers without bristles, achenes (2) Flowers with 6-10 bristles, iked 2. Flowers monoecious, in the same or in dioecious ; achene enclosed in a Heleocharis — Spike Rush (Gr. helos, marsh, chairo, delight in, 1. Plants tufted, without conspicuous rootstocks //. . 2. Plants not tufted, perennial from an elongated roof //. ; Scirpus — Bulrush. Club Rush (Lat, scirpus, bulrush) 1. Tall aquatic rush, inflorescence without leafy involucre 2. Swamp or wood plants, involucre leafy a. Style 3-cleft, achene 3-angled, bristles 6 b. Style 2-cleft, achene plano-convex, bristles 4 ■ diandrus 50 GRAMINACEAE Cyperus — Cyperus (Gr.' kypeiros, a sedge) 1. Styles 2-cleft, achene lenticular, not 3-angled a. Stamens 2, style much exserted, scales dull b. Stamens 3, style scarcely exserted, scales shining 2. Styles 3-cleft, achene 3-angled a. Spikelets in heads b. Spikelets in spikes (1) Spikelets flat, linear, falling away from the spikes (2) Spikelets thicker, oblong-linear, scales falling away from the spike- lets Dulichium — Dulichium (Of doubtful origin and meaning) . single species Carex — Sedge (Lat. carex, sedge, i. e., that which cuts) A large and difficult genus. Most of the species ripen and shed the fruit before the middle of C. didndrus C. rivuldris C. filiculmis C. esculent i C. Schweinitzii D. arundindceum Carex festucacea Cluster of spikelets and fruit Carex lurida Pistillate and staminate spikes and fruit September and are not in condition to be identified subsequent to that time species retain the fruit longer and may be looked for through October. 1. Spikes 2-5, stalked and pendulous 2. Spikes 2 (1-3), sessile or very short-stalked The following swamp C. c omasa C. intumescens Graminaceae — Grass Family Annual or perennial herbs (shrubs and trees in the Bambuseae) ; stems usually hollow, with nodes and internodes ; leaves narrow, 2-ranked, with sheathing base split on the side opposite the blade; flowers in spikelets, in paniculate, racemose or spicate inflorescences; spikelets consisting of 2-many, 2-ranked bracts, the two lower of which are empty, the succeeding ones, called lemmas (1- many), each bear a naked, usually perfect flower; the flower is subtended on the inside by a thin scale called the palet ; stamens 3, rarely 1, 2, or 6; filaments very slender, anthers long, attached at the middle; pistil 1, styles 2, rarely 1-3, stigmas feathery, fruit a 1-seeded grain or caryopsis, usually inclosed at maturity by the lemma and palet. KEY TO THE TRIBES I. Plants with herbaceous stems I. Spikelets all monoecious a. Spikelets in different inflorencences, the staminate in tassels, pistillate in ears Zea in Maydeae GRAMINACEAE b. Spikelets in the same Inflorescence I I | Pistillate spikelets below, surroum (2) Pistillate spikelets above, without ivory-liki involucre 2. Spikelets all perfect or oJ two kinds, : mentary a. Spikelets in different inflorescences, the staminati in tassels, pis) the other imperfect and stalked b. Spikelets all alike (1) Glumes 3-4 (a) Glumes shorter than the fertile lemma and palet, both I and palet indurated in fruit (b) Outer glumes enclosing the Lemma and palet, leu i durated in fruit; third and fourth glumes small or rud and hair like (2) Glumes 2 (a) Spikelets in one sided spikes (b) Spikelets not in one-sided x. Spikelets 1 -flowered (x) Glumes small or minute (y) Glumes variable, mostly as long or longer than I y. Spikelets 2-many-flowered (x) Spikelets sessile on the main zig-zag axis (y) Spikelets more or less stalked, main axis net / , m. Glumes enclosing the spikelet, lemma usuallj i back n. Glumes not enclosing the spikelet, lemma awnl< at the top (3) Glumes none II. Plants with tall woody stems or canes . . Artificial Key I. Spikelets in panicles (Or cylindric spikes) 1. Spikelets one-flowered a. Three or four empty glumes Agrostis Agrro vulgaris, panicle ind Bpik< b. Two empty glumi - (1) Flowers naked at base, or with one hairy bristle (2) Flowers with two seal- - or Dl Stli c. No empty glumes ■ 52 GRAMINACEAE Oryzeae Leersia oryzoides Cluster and spikelet Phalarideae Phalaris arundinacea Spikelet and flower Aveneae Avena sativ; Spikelet 2. Spikelets more than one-flowered a. Empty glumes longer than the spikelet ; lemma awned on the back b. Empty glumes shorter than the spikelet, lemma awned at the tip (1) Herbs (2) Tall reeds Festuceae Bambuseae P.ambuseae Arundinaria japonica Spikelet and flower Festuceae Bromus ciliatus Spikelet and flower II. Spikelets not in panicles 1. Spikelets monoecious Maydeae GRAMINACEAE Maydeae Zea mays Staminate and pistillate spikelets 2. Spikelets in one-sided spikes 3. Spikelets in pairs (one sessile, the other stalked) Andropogoneae Andropogon fun tir of spikelets and open 4. Spikelets on a zig-zag axis MAYK1 \i 1. Staminate .and pistillate spikelet in difl ears 2. Staminate and pistillate spikelets in the sai enclosed by a bead-like involucre 54 GRAMINACEAE Zea — Corn, Maize (Gr. zeia, a kind of coarse grain) A single cultivated species Z. mays Coix — Job's Tears (Gr. koix, a kind of palm) A single cultivated species ('. Idchryma ANDR0P0GONEAE BLUESTEM TRIBE 1. Spikelets in many-jointed, spike-like hairy racemes Andropogon 2. Spikelets in a panicle a. Panicle very hairy, golden, stalked spikelets reduced to 1 or 2 hairy pedicels Chrysopogon b. Panicle smooth or nearly so, brownish, stalked spikelets 1-2, staminate °r empty Sorghum Andropogon — Bluestem, Beard Grass (Gr. aner, andros, man, pogon, beard, referring to the hairy axis) 1. Racemes solitary, stems 4-8 dm. high A. scopdrius 2. Racemes in clusters, stems 10-15 dm. high A. furcdtus Chrysopogon — Goldstein, Goldbeard (Gr. chrysos, gold, pogon, beard, referring to the hairy pedicels) A single species C. nutans Sorghum — Sorghum (Of doubtful origin and meaning) A single cultivated species $. vulgaris PAN ICE AE— MILLET TRIBE 1. Spikelets inclosed in a spiny bur Cenchrus 2. Spikelets not inclosed in a spiny bur a. Spikelets borne in more or less one-sided spikes (1) Spikes long and slender, in a digitate cluster; glumes not awned Digitaria (2) Spikes shorter, in a panicle; glumes more or less awned Echinochloa b. Spikelets not in one-sided spikes (1) Spikelets subtended by bristles, in a cylindrical spike Setaria (2) Spikelets not subtended by bristles, in a panicle Panicum Cenchrus — Sandbur (Gr. name of a kind of millet) A single species c carolinidnus Digitaria — Finger Grass (Lat. digitus, finger, referring to the flower cluster) 1. Axis of spikes flat, broadly winged; stems spreading a. Spikelets with 3 glumes, 2-3 mm. long D. sanguindlis b. Spikelets with 2 glumes, 2 mm. long £>, humijusa 2. Axis of spikes not winged, 3-angled, stems erect D. filiformis Echinochloa— Barnyard Grass (Gr. echinos, hedgehog, chloe, grass, referring to the bristly spikelets) A single species with awned spikelets, awn very variable in length E. crusgdlli Setaria — Foxtail, Pigeon Grass (Lat. seta, bristle, referring to the awns) 1. Bristles five or more below each spikelet S. glduca 2. Bristles 1-3 below each spikelet a. Spikes thick and dense, 1-2 dm. long, spikelets 3 mm. long S. itdlica b. Spike slender, 3-10 cm. long, spikelets 2 mm. long S. viridis GRAMINACEAE Panicum ' Lat. panicum, • pan v 1. Plants glabrous throughout, 8 20 dm. high, 2. Plants bristly pubes< enl al le isl or or spreading, 3 10 dm. high a. Annual, panicle ample, bram hi - long ind b. Perennial, panicle short, less than I PHALARID1 A single genus (in late season) 1 'halaris < !an u (Gr. name -, from pnaios. 1. Panicle very dense, spike-like; glumes winged •• 2. Panicle branched; glumes not winged on the k.-.-l a. Leaves green b. Leaves striped with white ORYZEAE — RICE 1 RIBE 1. Cultivated grass; glumes present, small 2. Native grasses; spikelets monoecious, lacking a. Tall aquatic grass, pistillate spikelets at the summit ij b. Low marsh grass with closely row led spike! less inclosed ie sheaths A single cultivated Oryza— Rice Gr. oryz Zizania — Wild Rice, Inr the German bot 1. Panicle simple, branches stiffly spreading; spikelets 2 1 mm 2. Panicle twice branched; spikelets 4? nun. long CHLORIDEAE — GRAMA 1. Tall marsh grass with long, sharp 2. Prairie grass with short Muni edged leaves . A single species Spartina Gr. spnrtinf. Boul 1. Spikes IS or more, pen 2. Spikes 1 4 usuall) a. Leaves smooth b. Leaves hairy i 56 GRAMINACEAE AGROSTIDEAE REDTOP TRIBE 1. Spikelets in a cylindrical spike a. Lemma without an awn ; glumes awn-pointed or aristate Phleum b. Lemma awned ; glumes not aristate Alopccurus 2. Spikelets in a panicle or spike-like panicle a. Spikelets in a dense spike-like panicle Muhlcnbergia b. Spikelets in an open panicle (1) Lemma firm and hard at maturity, closely enveloping the grain Ory-opsis (2) Lemma thin or membranous at maturity, glumes coarse, grain loose x. Lemma with a tuft of straight hairs at its base (x) Rachilla prolonged behind the palet, bristle-like Calamagrostis (y) Rachilla not prolonged behind the palet Calamovilfa y. Lemma without a tuft of hairs at its base (x) Glumes longer than, and inclosing, the lemma Agrostis (y) Glumes shorter than, and not inclosing, the lemma m. Stems wiry or rigid ; lemma and palet not raised on a short pedicel Sporobolus n. Stems not wiry ; lemma and palet raised on a short pedicel Cinna A single cultivated speci A single species Phleum — Timothy (Gr. phleos, a kind of reed) Alopecurus — Foxtail Grass (Gr. alopex, fox, cura, tail, referring to the spike) P. pratense Muhlenbergia — Muhlenbergia (Named for Muhlenberg, an American botanist of the 18th 1. Glumes equalling the lemma 2. Glumes much longer than the lemma A. geniculdtus. century) M. mexicdna M. racemosa Orvzopsis — Mountain Rice (Gr. oryza, rice, opsis, likeness; of little meaning) A single species (at this season) A single species A single species Calamagrostis — Blue j oint Grass (Gr. kalamos, reed, agrostis, grass) Calamovilfa — Reed Grass (A hybrid name of doubtful meaning) Agrostis — Red Top (Gr. agros, field, from its home) 1. Palet at least one-half as long as the lemma, 2-nerved 2. Palet minute and nerveless or wanting O. melanocdrpa C. canadensis C. longifolia A. dlba A. hi emails Sp< n'obolus — Rush-grass, Drop-seed (Gr. spora, seed, bolos, throwing) 1. Slender plants, the spike-like panicle exserted beyond the upper leaf sheath 2. Coarse wiry plant, the much branched panicle more or less inclosed by the upper leaf sheath Cinna — Wood Reed-grass M'.i. kinna, a kind of grass) A single species .S". cuspiddtus S. cryptdndrus C . arundindceat AVENEAE — OAT TRIBE A single genus GRAM I N ACL A K Wena i ■ i ..i ... .- , 1. Lemma with a ring of hair- ai the base, awi 2. Lemma without a ring oi hairs, awn less than FESTl l 1. Tall reed-like swamp grass, spikelets with long silkj 2. Lower meadow or woodland grass, s a. Spikelets 8 12 mm. wide, ali.mt as long as broad 1.. Spikelets less than 8 nun. wide, longer than (1) Panicle dense ami spike-like, shining (2) Panicle open, no( shining (a) Spikelets in one sided, capitate i ' (b) Spikelets nol i ollei ted into one sided large x. Lemmas inure than <> mm. long, ' near the apex y. Spikelets smaller; lemmas less than "6 nun. long, awned at the apex (x) Spikelets 3-5-flowered in. Glumes compressed and keeled; lemma mostlj with hairs at the base, aw nless n. Glumes rounded, at least at the base; lemma withi il mostly awned at the apex (y) Spikelets 5-30-flowered, much ll Phragmites —Reed grass (Gr. phragmites, growing in hedges; ol doubtful appUc A single swamp species, 4-8 feet tall A single cultivated specii s I li'i/a Quaking < Irass ii ;r. brizo, a kind of grain i A single species Koeleria Koeleria i Named for Koeler, a < ;• ■ ma < I (act) lis • >rchard l (Gr. daktylos, finger, of doubtful .i single introduced species Bromus a'.v. bromos, a kiml • •: 1. Spikelets densely silky hairy all over 2. Spikelets not densely silky hairy all over a. Lemma awned, awn over 1 'in. long b. Lemma awnless or with an awn less than 1 i ill. long (1) Lemma awnless or merelj awn-pointed (2) Lemma with a shorl straight awn Poa Bluegrass i i 1. Low, spreading annual, less than 2 dm. high 2. Perennials; stem erect, over .^ dm. a. Stems not tufted, from extensive!) creeping i 1>. Stems tufted (1) Panicle crowded; stems much exceeding lh< l< (2) Panicle open and spreading; sterna . 58 GRAMINACEAE Festuca — Fescue Grass (Lat. festuca, stem, straw) 1. Leaves narrow and involute; lemma awned 2. Leaves flat; lemma not awned F. ovina: sheep's fescue F. nutans: nodding fescue grass (Gr. era, ground, 1. Perennial, reddish; branches of 2. Annual ; branches shorter a. Spikelets 2-8 mm. long b. Spikelets 5-16 mm. long Eragrostis — Eragrostis agrostis, grass, from the spreading >anicle long and stiff habit) E. pectindcea E. pildsa E. megasldchya IIORDEAE BARLEY OR RYE TRIBE 1. Spikelets 1 at each joint of the zigzag axis a. Spikelets with edge turned towards the axis Lolium b. Spikelets with flat side turned towards axis (1) Native perennials ■ Agropyrum (2) Cultivated annuals (a) Spikelets 2-several-flowered, glumes broadly ovate Triticum (b) Spikelets 2-flowered, glumes acute Secale 2. Spikelets 2-several (sometimes 1 or more rudimentary) at each joint of the zigzag axis a. Spikelets 1-flowered, in 3's at each joint, the lateral reduced Hordeum b. Spikelets 2-6 flowered (1) Spikelets ascending, glumes about the same size as lemmas Elymus (2) Spikelets spreading horizontally, glumes very small or lacking Hysirix A single introduced species Lolium — Darnel (Lat. name of the darnel) L. perenne: common darnel Agropyrum — Wheat Grass (Gr. agros, field, pyros, wheat) 1. Stems tufted, no creeping rootstocks or stolons; lemma awned a. Awn about twice the length of the lemma; spike thick A. Richardsonii b. Awn shorter than the lemma; spike slender A. tenerum 2. Stems solitary or few, from creeping rootstocks; lemma mostly awnless or awn-pointed Triticum — Wheat (The Latin name) 1. Grain remaining within the glumes when ripe 2. drain easily falling out when ripe A. re pens: quackgrass, couch grass T. spelta: spelt T. vulgdre: common zvheat A single cultivated spec! Secale — Rye (NL. from seco, cut) Hordeum — Barley (Lat. name of the barley) 1. Cultivated; glumes short, not awn-like 2. Native weed; glumes long and awn-like Elymus — Rye Grass, Wild Rye (Gr, elymos, a kind of grass, from elyo, roll u?) 1. Spike erect, awns shorter than the spikelet 2. Spike more or less nodding, awns longer than spikelet a. Glumes narrowly awl-shaped; spike slender S. ceredle H. vulgdre: barley H. jubdtum: squirrel-tail grass E. virginicus E. stridtus AMARYLLIDACE b. Glumes lineai lanceolati spike - 1 < ai i ■ r (1) Spike loosely flowi r< d, nodding at ll i per leaf sheath (2) Spike densi l\ flowi red, i in the upper leaf sheath Hystrix Bottlebrusli (i !r. hystrix, porcupini A single woodland species BAM r.i' SEA] 1AM BOO RIBE A single cultii Iridales Iris Order Amaryllidaceae — Amaryllis Family Herbaceous plants, usually with scapes or li I sepals 3, petals 3, stamens 6, pistil 1, ovary 3-celled, inferior; fl rarely apopetalous, epigynous, regular or somewhat irregulai often bearing a conspicuous crown within the petals. 1. Flowers with a crown-like appendage within the perianth 2. Flowers without a crown-like app< a. Stems leafy; flowers white b. Bulbous plants with scapes; flowers pink to red (1) Scales present at the base of the stamens (a) Flowers in an umbel, regular (b) Flower solitary, irregular (2) No scales at base of the stamens (a) Sepals and petals distinctly un (b) Sepals and petals si x. Flowers pink or whitish y. Flowers orange Narc (The < (] Spring-blooming bulbous plants often forced in winter 1. Crown as long as the petals and sepals; Rowers solitary 2. Crown small ; flowers in clusters a. Leaves 10-30 mm. wide b. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide - '■ Polianthes — Tul .<;,-. polios, white, anthos. •' Autumn-flowering garden plant often with double flowers Hippeastrum— "Amaryllis" Johnsoi (Gr. hippos, horse, aatron, The house and greenhouse tonus are largely hybi kelia facobaean Lily i Name 'i tor Spr Bulbous greenhouse plant with solitary irregular Amaryllii Half-hardy bulbous planl with umbel of lilj 1. Leaves acute, flowers upright, I i 2. Leavi ■ 6o IRIDACEAE Xerine (Gr. nereis, a sea-nymph) 1. Flowers scarlet; stamens straight 2. Flowers pale pink ; stamens curved 3. Flowers bright pink (hybrid of 1. and 2.) X. curvifolia N. flexudsa X. Manselli Iridaceae — Iris Family Herbaceous plants with bulbs, corms, or rootstocks, from which come the solitary flowers, scapes, or leafy stems; sepals 3, petals 3, stamens 3, pistil 1, ovary 3-celled, inferior, style with three branches; flower syncarpous, sympetalous or apopetalous, epigynous, regular or somewhat irregular; sepals petal-like, but sometimes differing considerably from the petals. 1. Style branches petal-like, concealing the stamens a. Perianth-tube present; plants with bulbs or creeping rootstocks Iris b. Sepals and petals separate to the base ; plants with corms Moraea 2. Style branches not petal-like ; stamens obvious a. Stemless ; flowers rising directly from the corm Crocus b. Leafy stemmed ; flowers in spikes or racemes (1) Style branches cleft into 2 thread-like subdivisions Freesia (2) Style branches not cleft (a) Flowers regular, salver-shaped Ixia (b) Flowers somewhat irregular, funnel-shaped x. Bracts leafy ; flowers decidedly irregular Gladiolus y. Bracts papery; flowers slightly irregular Tritonia Iris — Iris (Gr. iris, rainbow) 1. Garden plants with creeping rootstocks, blooming in early summer, often with a few autumn flowers a. Flowers lavender ; leaves about 2 dm. long /. cengidlti b. Flowers dark purple; leaves 3-4 dm. long /. germdnica 2. Bulbous spring-blooming plants, sometimes forced into winter blooming a. Stemless, blue, flowering in the greenhouse in early winter I. aldta b. Long stemmed, variously colored, flowering in late winter I. xiphium Moraea — Peacock Iris (Named for Moraeas, father-in-law of Linne) Slender plant with white and blue iris-like flowers Crocus — Crocus (The Greek name) Spring flowering plants often forced into winter blooming 1. Flowers yellow a. Anthers orange ; sepals brownish on outside b. Anthers pale ; sepals clear yellow 2. Flowers violet to white M. paz C. susianus C. moesidciis C. vermis Freesia ,-ers in irregular racemes Greenhouse bulbous plants with fragrant flo' 1. Flowers whitish-green and purple 2. Flowers pure white 3. Flowers yellow and orange Ixia (Gr. ixos, birdlime, from the sticky sap) Greenhouse bulbous plants with flowers in spikes 1. Flowers white or yellow with a dark eye 2. Flowers purplish with a dark eye Gladiolus (Lat. gladiolus, small sword, from the shape of the leaf) ^Various garden hybrids of G. cardinalis, G. psittacinus, and other species. F. refrdcta F. refrdcta alba F. Leichtlini I. maculdta I. columelldris BROMELIACEAE— ORCHIDA< Tritonia Monti c From i he 1. Perianth tube longer than the slightlj spn 2. Perianth-tube about the length of the widel) s| The latter is a garden hybrid ol /. /',:... and I Bromeliaceae — Pineapple Family Herbs, many of them epiphyl instil 1, ovary 3-celled ; flowers syncarpous, apopetalou regular or somewhat irregular; sepals not petal-like, usually tropical or subtropical plants, sometimes grown in gi Ovary inferior, plant growing in earth Ovary superior, air plant Ananas Pineapple I Brazilian name o pple) Plant with a fleshy multiple fruit, surmounted by a crown oi I Tillandsia Spanish Moss, Tillandsia Named for Tlllonda, a Sw 1. Plant hanging in festoons; stem branched, thread-lik (Spanish Moss) 2. Plant with a tuft of erect leaves; flowers in a clus a. Stamens shorter than the petals; flowers tew, blue 1). Stamens longer than the petals (1) Base of plant bulb-like; leaves about 1 dm. long (2) Base of plant not bulb-like (a) Leaves awl-shaped, about 15 cm. long (b) Leaves 1 cm. or more wide, 5 dm. long Scitaminales Canna Order Cannaceae — Canna Family Large herbs, with rootstocks ami leafy stems; flowers in lusl stamens 3-4, fertile stamen 1, pistil 1, ovary 3-celled, inferior; fl epigynous, irregular; sterile stamens petal-like an. I larger than I Others, fertile stamen petal-like with the anther along seeds. One genus Canna — ( lanna i l. at. canna, reed, The garden Cannas are hybrids of numerous wild species from the W'-st Indies, South America, and northern India. Orchidales Orchid Order Orchidaceae — Orchid Family Herbaceous plants with roi them air plants; sepals 3, or apparei I) 2 a> a result stamens 1 or 2, pistil 1, ovary I -celled (rarelj ; apopetalous or sympetalous, epigynous, irregular; petal (the 'lip") diff( ring from the ,,th- i t, sterile stamens variable, the pollen of the I rl usually bent or twist.d s,, as to invert the flower, Many tropical and subtropical forms ■ ous native plants of this family, nearlj all 1. Fertile stamens 2; lip slipper like 62 ORCHIDACEAE 2. Fertile stamen solitary, the 2 anther-sacs sometimes widely separated a. Native plants with small and inconspicuous flowers (1) Stems leafy; lip not sack-like, appendaged at base Spiranthes (2) Leaves all basal ; lip sack-like Epipactis b. Greenhouse plants of tropical origin ; flowers large and conspicuous ; mostly growing with little earth, and having thick leaves, aerial roots, and thickened tuberous stems (pseudo-bulbs). (1) Flower clusters terminal upon the pseudo-bulbs; chambers of anther distinct (a) Lip flat and spreading; pollen masses 4; flower clusters usually many-flowered Epidendrum (b) Lip rolled about the base of the column; flower clusters few- flowered x. Pollen masses 4 Cat/leva y. Pollen masses 8 Laelia (2) Flower clusters not terminal upon the pseudo-bulbs (a) Flowers borne singly or in small clusters upon the sides of the pseudo-bulbs Dendrobium (b) Flowering shoots springing from the base of the pseudo-bulbs ; chambers of anther confluent x. Base of lip parallel with the column, often adhering to it Odontoglossutn y. Lip spreading from the base of the column Oncidium Cvpripedium ' (Gr. Kypris, Venus, pedilon, slipper, from the slipper-like lip) A genus compromising our native "Mocassin flowers" as well as many exotic forms. Flowers green, brown, and white C. insigne Spiranthes (Gr. speira, spiral, anthos, flower, from the spiral cluster) 1. Sepals and petals forming a hood-like structure S. romanzoffiana 2. Sepals and petals spreading S. cernua Epipactis (Gr. name of a plant) Leaves white netted ; lip sack-like E. pubescens Epidendrum (Gr. epi-, upon, dendron, tree, from its habit) 1. Base of lip slightly joined to the column; flowers red and orange E. viiellinum 2. Base of lip completely joined to the column ; flowers pink, green, and chocolate E. venosum Cattleya (Named for Cattley, an English collector) 1. Pseudo-bulbs 1-leaved; flowers 15 cm. in diameter ('. labidia 2. Pseudo-bulbs 2-3 leaved ; flowers about 10 cm. in diameter ('. Skinneri Laelia (Named for Laelius, a Roman statesman) 1. Pseudo-bulbs compressed and margined ; sepals and petals with a green line along the outside of the midrib L. dnccps 2. Pseudo-bulbs not compressed or margined ; sepals and petals not marked with a green line L. autumnalis Dendrobium (Gr. dendron, tree, bios, living:, from its habitat) 1. Pseudobulbs black-hairy; flowers white, marked with yellow D. jormosum 2. Pseudo-bulbs not black-hairy ; flowers white, pink, and crimson D. nubile ORCHIDACEAE i i.i, mt .■ (Gr. odontos, tooth, gloisa, !•■■ Flowers few, large, yellow with red brown m.irLn,. rounded ' Incidum ■• :■■ oncidion. i llttli 1. I.ip yellow a. I.ip 4 lolx-cl ; other petals and sepals very small, • brown 1). Lip round, ob-cordate; other petals and 2. Flower soft purple I Glossary Achene A dry, one-seeded fruit Acuminate Gradually tapering to a point Acute Sharp-pointed Alternate Not opposite; with a single leaf at each place of attachment Annual Lasting only one growing season Anther The upper part of the stamen, containing the pollen; the pollen pouch Apetalous Without petals Apex Tip or upper end Apocarpous Having or consisting of separate carpels Apopetalous Having or consisting of separate petals Appressed Lying close to or against another organ Aquatic Growing in the water Aristate Drawn out into a long needle-like point Ascending Growing obliquely upward Awl-shaped Narrowed upward from the base to a slender, rigid point Awn A slender bristle-like structure Awn-pointed Tipped with an awn Axil The angle between leaf and stem Axillary Borne in the axils of leaves Axis A term generally applied to that portion of a branch which bears the flowers or the parts of a flower Barbed Having a tip like a fish-hook Basal Arising from the base Beak An elongated tapering structure Beaked Bearing a beak Bearded With hairs limited more or less to a certain area of an organ Berry A fruit in which the seeds are imbedded in a soft or fleshy substance Bitenate Twice ternate Blade The flat, expanded part of a leaf Bract A leaf, usually small, standing below a flower or a flower-cluster Bracteole A small leaf or scale on the pedicel below the flower Bristle A stiff hair or any similar outgrowth Bulb A short stem with fleshy scales, usually subterranean Bulbets Small bulbs Bulbous Like a bulb; bearing bulbs Capsule A dry fruit consisting of two or more carpels Carpel A simple pistil, or one member or division of a compound pistil Catkin An elongated axis covered .with scales all around that bear either stamens or pistils Cell A cavity or chamber in an ovary Chaff Thin scales between the disk flowers of composite heads Ciliate Provided with marginal hairs Claw Applied to the much narrowed lower portion of a petal Cleft Cut about half way to the middle Climbing Growing upon a support of some kind Compound Composed of two or more similar parts united into one whole GLOSSARY Compound leaf One divided into Cone An elongated axis b< flower and fruit of conifers Convolute Rolled up length Cordate Heart-shaped Corm A swollen fleshy base of a stem Corymb A flat-topped <>i convex open flower <1 Creeping Growing along tin- ground Crenate Scalloped; with rounded, shallow teeth Crenate-toothed With rounded teeth Cyme A flower cluster in which the terminal or middh somewhat flat Deciduous Falling off at the close of the growing period Declined Benl down Decurrent Applied to leaf bases, running down the st< Dentate Toothed, with outwardly projecting teeth Denticulate With small teeth Depressed Vertically flattened Dioecious Bearing pistil- and stamens on different plants Disk An enlargement of tin- axis of a flower around tin i if tubular flowers in tin- ^.sterai Dissected Cut or divided into numerous segments Divided Lobed t>> tin- base Entire Without lobes, divisions, or teeth Epigynous Applied to a flower with tin- part- upon the ovary Erect Standing upright Exserted Projectim-; beyond the surrounding part- Fascicle A dense cluster Fascicled Borne in dense clus Fertile Bearing seeds, or bearing pollen Filament The -talk bearing the anther Fleshy Soft, containing more or [ess sap Flower An axis bearing stamen- or pistils or both; generally s< associated with these Fruit A ripened ovary, sometime- that part of t! , seeds ripen Glabrous Without hairs Gland A secreting surface or structure; any -mall appi the appearance of such an organ Glandular With glands or gland-like Glaucous Covered with a bluish or white, tine, n Globose Spherical or ncarh so Glume The small scale of tin spikelet Hastate Arrow-shaped hut with the ha-.il lobes divei Head A dense cluster of sessT 01 nearly essil Herb A non-woody plant which die- down to tin Herbaceous Of the nature of hei Hirsute With somewhat coarse, Stiff hair- Hispid With bristly stiff hairs Hypogynous Applied t<> a flower with th< Included Not projecting beyond tin- surrounding Indehiscent Applied to fruits that do i Inferior Applied to an organ situated bcl< 66 GLOSSARY Inflorescence The portion of a plant bearing the flowers; mode of arrangement of flowers Integument A protecting layer or coat, as the covering of a seed Internode The part of the stem between two successive nodes Involucre A group of leaves or scale-like leaves borne just underneath a flower or a close cluster of flowers Involucral Of an involucre Irregular Applied to a flower in which the petals, or other parts, are unlike Keel The two fused lower petals of the flower of the Pea Family- Keeled Ridged, like the keel of a boat Lanceolate Shaped like a lance Lemma The outer scale of a grass flower Lenticular Shaped like a lens Ligule A strap-shaped organ, as the rays in the Asteraceae Ligulate In the form of a strap Linear Long and narrow with sides nearly parallel Linear-lanceolate Narrowly lance-shaped Lip Each of the main upper and lower divisions of a zygomorphic corolla or calyx; the peculiar modified petal of an orchid flower Lipped Having a lip Monoecious Bearing stamens and pistils on the same plant but in different flowers Nerve One of the lines or ridges running through a leaf Net-veined Veins running in various dirctions and connecting with each other Netted-veined Veins running in various directions and connecting with each other Nodding Hanging on a bent pedicel Node The part of the stem which normally bears a leaf Nut A dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit with a stony shell or covering Nutlet A diminutive nut Obcordate Inversely heart-shaped Oblanceolate Inverse of lanceolate Oblong Somewhat longer than broad, with the sides nearly parallel Oblong-lanceolate Broadly lance-shaped Obtuse Rounded or blunt Opposite Applied to organs inserted at the same level but 180 degrees apart Orbicular Circular Ovary The part of the pistil in which the young seeds are borne Ovate Shaped like the outline of an egg Ovule A young seed Palet The inner scale of a grass flower Palmate Radiately lobed or divided Palmately In a palmate manner Panicle A compound flower-cluster, the lower branches longest and blossoming first Pappus The bristles, hairs, awns and like structures which are borne upon the fruit in the Chicory and Aster Familes Parasitic Growing upon and getting its nourishment from some other plant Parted Deeply cleft Peduncle The stalk of a flower or of a flower-cluster Pedicel The stalk of a flower in a flower-cluster Peltate Shaped like a shield with a stalk attached in the middle below Perennial Lasting from year to year Perfect A flower having both stamens and pistles Perfoliate Leaves appearing to be pierced by the stem GLOSSARY Perianth Applied to the leav< - oi th< fl .-. ■ : ■ corolla Perigynium The sack-like membr; Carex Perigynous Applied to a flower in which th ovary Persistent Organs that remain attached after the . Petal One of the inner set of flower leaves, usuallj Petaloid Resembling a petal, especiallj a Petiole The -talk of a leaf Pilose With long soft hairs Pinnate Leaves divided into leaflet Pinnately In a pinnate manner Pinnatifid Pinnately cleft to tin- middle or beyond Pistil The central or terminal organ in a flower, containing I Pistillate With pistils but without stamens Plumose Having line hairs on each side like a feather Plumy Feathery Pod A dry fruit made up of one carpel and splitting along I Pollen The minute grains found in the anther Puberulent With very short hair- Pubescent With hairs Raceme A more or le>s elongated axis bearing flowers with Rachilla The axis of a spikelet Rachis The axis of a spike Ray One of the marginal flowers in the Asl Receptacle The end of a flower stalk «.r axis bearing the floral 01 aceae bearing flowers Recurved Bent back Regular Having the members of each part alike in size and Reniform Kidney-shaped Resious Bearing resin Retrorse Turned downward or backward Rhombic In outline like a rhombus; obliquely four-sid Rootstock An underground stem Rotate Flat and circular in outline: wheel-shaped Rush-like Resembling a rush Salverform Having a -lender tube, abruptly expanded Samara A winged fruit Scabrous Rough Scale A minute or much reduced leaf Scape A leafless or nearly leafless stalk bearing arising from the underground portion of a plant Scurfy With small bran-lik the epideri Segment One of the part- oi t leaf or similar i Sepal One of the outer set ol flowei Serrate With teeth projecting forward Serrulate Finely serrate Sessile Without a stalk or ped Sheath The part of a leaf or hat base whi< : Sheathing A term applied to the manner in Shrub A woody plant: -mailer than a Simple Of one piece, not compound Sinuate With strongly wavy m.ir.uin- Spadix A fleshy axis bearin 68 GLOSSARY Spathe A leaf-like structure standing below an inflorescence Spatulate Spoon-shaped, shaped like a spatula Spike An axis bearing sessile flowers Spikelet A small few-flowered spike, the flower cluster of grasses and sedges Spine A sharp, woody or rigid outgrowth from the stem Spiny Provided with spines Spur A hollow projection from the sepal or petal of a flower Stamen The organ of a flower which bears the pollen Staminate With stamens but without pistils Staminoids A stirile stamen ' Standard The large upper petal of the flower of the Pea Family Stigma The top of the pistil to which pollen grains become attached Stipule Outgrowths of, or appendages to, the base of a petiole Strap-shaped Long and narrow in outline Style The narrowed or pointed part of the pistil, bearing on its top the stigma Stylopodium A disk-like expansion at the base of the style, as in the Apiaceae Submerged LTnder water Subtend To stand below on the axis Superior Applied to an organ situated above another one Sympetalous Having or consisting of united petals Syncarpous Having or consisting of carpels joined together Teeth The regular projections along the margin of a leaf Tendril A slender coiling organ Ternate Consisting of three leaflets Terrestrial Growing on the ground Thorn A stiff sharp-pointed outgrowth from the bark or rind Tomentose Covered with dense, matted, wool-like hairs Trailing Creeping along the ground Trifoliate Having three leaflets Truncate Terminated by a nearly straight edge or surface Twining Winding spirally about a support Umbel A flower-cluster with all the pedicels arising from the same point Umbellate Borne in umbels Unarmed Without spines, thorns, or prickles Valve One of the portions into which some dry fruits split; a trapdoor-like opening in the pollen chambers of some anthers Vestigial Reduced almost to disappearance Villous With long soft hairs not matted together Webby With a tuft of slender, curly hairs Whorl A group of three or more similar organs, as leaves, radiating from the place of attachment Whorled Borne in a whorl Wing One of the two lateral petals of the flower of the Pea Family Zygomorphic Applied to a flower with petals of different form D. H. HILL LIBRARY North Carolina State College Index to Common Names Page lily A. I Acalypha Acanthus Acanthus Fat Achimenes Aconite Agapanthus Ageratum Alfalfa A I ham- 1 .1 Alsike Alum-root Amaranth Amaranth Family Amaryllis Amaryllis Family Amorphophallus Anemone Angiosperms Arrow-head Arrow-head. Family Arrowhead Order Artichoke Arum Arum Family Arum Order Asparagus Aspidistra Aster Aster Family Aster Order Astilbe Avens B. Bachelor's Pulton Balloon-Vine Balm Balmony Balsam Bamboo Tribe Barley Barley Tribe Barnyard Grass Bean Beard Grass 8 12 20 20 20 2 48 38 26 17 47 26 27 6 6 59 99 45 1 1 44 44 4+ 37 45 45 45 47 48 42 33 M 27 24 $9 28 22 19 11 58 58 54 26 54 ticks i -i sly ■ una • una lily imot Mint Bidens Bindi Bistorta -..■ret > Star Bluebell Bluebell Family ■ let Bluebottle Blueg Blue grass Tribe Blue joint i, Flue stem ;tem Tribe Bolton ia Borage Family Bottlcbrush Bouncing Bet irdia Bridal Wreath Bromus illia Bryophyllum Bud Bur />'«.' . H ma- lt unlet Butt 16 $9 IS 8 16 12 19 ;: :> 54 4; (8 17 17 5 > 31 l ' 7 I I I JO ' 1 ;o INDEX TO COMMON NAMES Club Rush Cobaea Cocklebur Cockscomb Codiaeum Colchicum Compass Plant Com- flower psis Corn ('< rn-cockle Corn Tribe Cotton Cotyledon Cosmos Couch Grass Cow Far snip Cowslip Cranesbill Cress Crocus C rot on Crowfoot Cucumber Cup Plant Cut-grass Cyclamen Cyclanthera Cyperus Cypress Vine Cypripedium Dahlia Daisy Dalea Dandelion Darnel Day Flower Day Lily Dead-nettle Dendrobium Dill Dock Dodder Docllingera Dogbane Family Dragon-head Drop-seed Dulichium Dysodia Page 26 49 14 38 6 13 48 17 40 40 49 54 5 53 10 28 40 58 31 13 10 4 60 13 1 30 40 55 14 30 50 15 62 40 42, 43 27 43 58 46 48 24 62 31 8 15 42 18 23 56 50 43 Page Page E. Eel-grass 45 Egg-plant 16 Elephant's Far 30 /■ fid, ndrum 62 Epipactis 62 Eragrostis 58 Eupatorium 38 Evening Primrose 29 Primrose Family 28 Everlasting 6, 37, 38 E-oerlasting Pea 26 False Saffron Fennel Ft scue Grass Feverfew Finger Grass Fireweed Five-finger Flax Flax Family Flower-of-an-H our Foliage-plant Four O'Clock Four O'Clock Family Foxglove F oxtail Foxtail Grass Frascra Freesia Fuchsia G. Gaillardia Galinsoga Gardenia Garden Trumpet Genista Gt >it nin Gentian Family Gentian Order Gt ranium Geranium Family Geranium Order Germander Gesnera Family Giant Hyssop Gill Gilli flower Gladiolus Gloxinia Goatsbeard G odetia 29 Goldbcard 54 Golden Glow 40 Golden-rod 41 Goldstem 54 G oosefoot 7 Goose foot Family 7 Gourd 30 Gourd Family 29 Grama Grass 55 Grama Tribe 55 Grass Family 50 Grass Order . 49 Green Pepper 16 Grindelia 43 Ground Cherry 16 Groundnut 26 Gypsophila 5 H. Harebell 32 JI dzehsbcard 44 Hawkweed 44 Haworthia 47 Heal-all 23 Heart' s-ease 4 Heartsease 7 Heart-Seed 28 Hedge Mustard 4 Hedge Nettle 24 ITeliolrope 17 Hellebore 1 IT mp 10 Henbane 16 He nb it 24 Herb Robert 10 Hibiscus 9 Hoarhound 23 Hollyhock 9 Honeysuckle 32 Honeysuckle Fain ily 32 Hop 10 Horse-bean 27 Horse-mint 22 Horse Nettle 16 Horseradish 4 Houndstongue 17 Hyacinth 48 Hyssop 23 I. Incarvillea 20 Indian Cress 11 Iresine 7 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES Iris his Family 60 60 .1/ i Iris Ord r Ironweed /.via 38 60 Man Maple (hder 7 J. M,i, O Mi Jacobaean Lily 59 Marsh Elder Jerusalem Cherry 16 Marsh Mallow Jewel-weed 11 Marvel oj Peru Jitnson Weed 16 I . Job's Tears 54 Maw 1 1 Joe-pye Weed 38 M,i' Johnsonian Lily 59 M ■ - 57 K. Kenilworth Ivy Kinghead 19 38 Mign, nette Family Milfoil 4 4 Knot-weed Koeleria Kuhnia 7 57 38 Milk Milkwort Family Tribe Mint 4 4 22 21 11 L. Mint Family 11 Lady's Thumb 8 Mint Order 21 Laelia 62 Mo i P. Lambs-Quarters 7 - ' PPle Lantana 21 M u ••:• Cypress 7 Larkspur 2 Moneywort 14 Lavender Leadwort 13 13 Monkey /■',■' Monkshood 1 ' : Leadwort Family Lemon Lettuce Lily Lily Family 13 12 44 47 46 M mstera Montbretia Moon flower Morning Glory Morning Glory . 4; oi is (S 1* L ily-of-the-valley Lily Order Lima Bean 4S 46 26 .1/, i . f Mountain Mint 23 L ive-for-ever 28 Mountain .' Lobelia 32 Muhlenbi L^oosestrife 14, 28 Loosestrife Family 28 Mullein Loosestrife Order 28 Musk ■ Musk l 1 Lopezia Lopseed 29 21 .1/-. L ucerne 26 Lupine 25 M:, M. N. Madder Family 31 M Madder Order 31 ; 1 Maid-in-a-Mist I II Maize 54 4 Mallow 9 ' 4 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES Page Page Page Plantain 14 Rye Grass 58 Storksbill 11 Plantain Family 14 Rye Tribe 58 Stramonium 16 Platycodon 32 s. Strawberry 24 Poinsettia 12 Strawbi rry Geranium 27 Polanisia Poppy 3 2 Safflower Sage 37 22 Strcptocarpus Sunflower Sweet Alyssum 20 41 3 Poppy Family 2 Salsify 43 Sweet Basil 23 Potentilla 24 Sand bur 54 Sweet Clover 26 Potato 16 Sanicle 38 Sweet Pea 26 Potato Family 15 Savory 24 Sweet Potato 15 Prairie ( 27 Saxifrage 27 Sweet Scabious 33 Primrose 13 Saxifrage Family 27 Sweet William 14 Primrose Family 13 Scarlet Runner 26 Sweet-W illiam 5 Primrose Order 13 S cilia 48 Prince's Feather 6, 8 Sea Holly 31 T. Pumpkin 30 Sedge 50 Tansy 38 Purple Coronilla 27 Sedge Family 49 Tare 27 Purslane 6 Self-heal 23 Teasel 33 Purslane Family 6 Senna 27 Teasel Family 32 Q- Sensitive Plant 27 Telanthera 7 58 Shepherd's Purse 3 Telegraph Plant 26 Quack Grass Silp Ilium 40 Thistle 37 Quaking Grass 57 Skullcap 23 Thorn-apple 16 R. Slough Grass 55 Thrift 13 Rabbit-foot 26 Smart-weed 8 Thunbergia 20 Radish 3 Snapdragon 19 Thyme 23 Ragged Lady Ragged Robin Ragweed Red-hot Poker 1 5 Snapdragon Family Snapdragon Order 18 18 Tickseed Tick-Trefoil 40 26 38 48 Sneezeweed Snow-on-the-Mouniain 43 13 Tillandsia Timothy 61 56 Red Mallow 9 Soapberry Family 28 Tobacco 17 Red Peppt r 16 Soapwort 5 54 8 Tomato 16 Red Top 56 Sorghum Torenia 19 Red Top Tribe Reed Grass 56 Sorrel Touch-me-not 11 56 Sow-thistle 44 Touch-me-not Family 11 Ret d-grass 57 Spanish Moss 61 Tritelia 48 Rhubarb 8 Spearmint 22 Tropaeolum 11 Rice 55 Speedwell 19 Tropaeolum Family 11 Rice Tribe 55 Spelt 58 Tuberose 59 Rich weed 10 Spnlerwort 46 Tulip 47 Rocket 2 Spiderwort Family 46 Turnip 3 Rocky Mountain Bee Plant 3 Spike Rush 49 Turtle-head 19 Rose 24 Spinach 7 u. Rose Bay 18 Spiraea 25 Rose Family 24 Spiranthes 62 Unicorn Plant 20 Rose-Mallow 9 Spotted Medic 26 V. Rosemary 22 Spurge 12 5 Rose of China 9 Spurge Family 12 Vaccaria Rose Order 24 Squash 30 Valerian 32 Rue 12 Squirrel-tail Grass 58 Valerian Family 32 Rue Family 12 Starwort-chickwccd 5 Vegetable Sponge 30 Rush-grass 56 Stock 4 Velvet Leaf 9 21 Russian Thistle 7 Stonccrop 28 Verbena Rye 58 Stonecrop Family 27 Verbena Family 21 INDEX TO COMMON N Verbesina Vervain Vetch i'i<>h/ Violet Family Virgin' W. Wall peppt r Wandering Jew Wait r-hemp Water-plantain 40 21 .: 4 4 1 Wild r Wild : Wind ft t Index to Scientific Names Page Page Page A rack is 27 Callirrhoe 9 A. A rales 45 Callistephus 42 A bronia 8 Arctium 37 Campanales 32 A but Hon 9 Argemone 2 Campanula 32 Acalypha 12 Armaria 13 Campanulaceae 32 Acanthaceae 20 Artemisia 38 Canna 61 Acanthus 20 Arum 45 Cannabis 10 Achillea 43 Arundinaria 59 Cannaceae 61 Achimenes 20 Asparagus 47 Capparidaceae 2 Acnida 6 Aspidistra 48 Caprifoliaceae 32 Aconitum 2 Aster 42 Capsicum 16 Agapantlius 48 A steraceae 33 Cardiospermum 28 Ageratum 38 Aster ales 31 Card u us 37 Agropyrum 58 Astilbe 27 Carex 50 Agrostideae 56 Atropa 16 Carthamus 37 Agrostis 56 Aveneae 56 Carum 31 Alistna 44 A vena 57 Caryophyllaceae 4 Alismaceae 44 B. Caryophyllales 4 Alismales 44 Cassia 27 Allionia 8 Balsaminaceae 11 C at t ley a 62 Allioniaceae 8 Bambuseae 59 Celosia 6 Allium 48 Begonia 30 Cenchrus 54 Aloe 47 Begoniaceae 30 Centaurea 39 Alopecurus 56 Bellis 42 Centranthus 32 Althaea 9 Beta 7 Cerastium 6 Alyssum 3 Bidens 39 Chamaenerium 29 Amarantaceae 6 Bignoniaceae 20 Chelidonium 2 A mar ant us 6 Bolt on ia 43 Chelone 19 Amaryllidaceae 59 Boraginareae 17 Chenopodiaceae 7 A maryllis 59 Bora go 17 Chenopodium 7 Ambrosia 38 Bouteloua 55 Chlorideae 55 Ammobium 37 Bouvardia 31 Chlorophytum 48 A morphophallus 45 Brassica 3 Chrysanthemum 43 Anagallis 14 Brassicaceae 3 Chrysopogon 54 Ananas 61 Brassicales 2 Chrysopsis 41 Anchusa 17 Briza 57 Cichorium 44 Andropogon 54 Bromeliaceae 61 China 56 Andropogoneae 54 Bromus 57 Citrus 12 Anemone 1 Browallia 19 Clematis 1 A net hum 31 Bryophyllum 28 Cleome 3 A ngiospermae 1 Bursa 3 Clivia 59 Anthemis 40 Butomus 45 Cobaea 14 Antirrhinum 19 c. Codiaeum 13 Apiaceae 30 Coix 54 Apiales 30 Cactales 29 Colchicum 48 Apios 26 Calamagrostis 56 Coleus 23 A pin m 31 Calamovilfa 56 Commelina 46 A pocynaceae 18 Calceolaria 18 Commelinaceae 46 A raceae 45 Calendula 43 . Convallaria 48 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES Tage Convolvulaceae Convolvulus Coreopsis Coronilla Cosmos Cotyledon Crassulaceae Crepis Crocus Cue amis Cucurbita Cucurbitaceae Cuphea Cuscuta Cyclamen Cyclanthera Cynara Cynoglossum Cyperaceae Cyperus Cypripedium D. Dactylis Dahlia Dalea Datura Daucus Delphinium Dendrobium Desmodium Dianthus Digitalis Digit aria Dipsaceae Dipsacus Doellingera Dracocephalum Dulichium Dysodia E. Ecballium Echinacea Echinochloa Elymus Epidendrum E pi pact is Eragrostis Erigeron Erodium Eryngium Eschscholtzia Eupatorium 14 Euphorbia 15 L.uf 40 27 F. 40 28 Fagopyrum 27 Falcata 44 tin a 60 Ft ttueeae 30 ulum 30 Fragaria 29 Frasera 28 Ft i 15 Fuchsia 14 Funkia 30 • 37 G. 17 Gadlardia 49 Galinsoga 50 Galium 62 Gard Gt nist a Gi ntiana 57 Gentianactae 40 GentianaJes 27 Geraniaceae 16 Geranialcs 31 Geranium 2 Gesneraceae 62 Gcum 26 Gladiolus 5 Glaucium 19 Gomphrena 54 Gossypium 32 Graminact