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BOSTON PUBLIC
BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY
BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRAfflf
BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY
GUIDE TO
BOSTON
for Physicians
Prepared for the
Seventy-Second Annual Session of the AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
June 6— 10, 1921
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MOTOR TOURS
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for 50-mile Tour to Lexington and Thursday, June 9th.
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sday, June J Blue Line Company>s office> Mechanics
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head Tour, June 10th, must be ex- Brunswick.
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GUIDE TO BOSTON
for Physicians
Prepared for the Seventy- Second Annual Session
OF THE
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION June 6-10, 1921
EDITED BY WALTER L. BURRAGE, M.D.
CAMBRIDGE
The University Press 1921
•\f^ . « <•
%J ' >£•
.C-T" ANNOUNCEMENT
*r / o
.5 ,B9
I 92.1 At the request of the memUefs
of the
PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS EXCHANGE
this service bureau takes pleasure in extending its
facilities to the American Medical Association
during the Convention
To reach any
Physician or Surgeon in Boston
and for any INFORMATION
, and
• • •• •• ••«. ••• •••••••
Directions 4JLAWU Moment throughout the •any :of night i°C all
Members are invited to inspect this system Suite No. 432 Warren Chambers Building, 419 Boylston Street
Copyright, 1921, by WALTER L. BURRAGE
PREFACE
TIME brings such rapid changes that guide books are soon out of date. This book has been brought up to the pres- ent and is more than a guide. It has been prepared as an authoritative historical sketch of the points of interest in Greater Boston, linking the past with the present, and at the same tune it is a directory for visiting this region to-day in the most convenient manner. In scope it includes the north and south shores, taking in Salem and Gloucester to the north and Plymouth and Province- town to the south, and the historic towns of Lexington and Concord to the west.
Particular attention has been paid to the various public and semi-public hospitals and medical institutions, which are not described or illustrated in any similar publication. By printing the chief points of interest in heavy-faced type and the streets in italics, the publishers have made the book more useful for quick reference. The index, on page 166, should be consulted freely; the page numbers, in heavy type, indicate the chief treatment of a subject, the other figures, merely where it is mentioned. The maps are the most recent, and the illustrations have been selected with care.
The sections of the book, having been assigned to the different members of the committee, were put in shape for the printer during the past year, and the committee are pleased to submit the results of their labor to the American Medical Association as a free offering to the great national medical society which has accomplished so much in placing the practice and art of medicine on a higher plane and has done us the honor to hold its convention in our city.
J. BELLINGER BARNEY, M.D. JOHN HOMANS, M.D. HORACE BINNEY, M.D. HENRY C. MARBLE, M.D.
WALTER L. BURRAGE, M.D. FRANK A. PEMBERTON, M.D. ERNEST M. DALAND, M.D. * STEPHEN RUSHMORE, M.D. LYMAN S. HAPGOOD, M.D. CHANNING C. SIMMONS, M.D. LESLEY H. SPOONER, M.D.
Sub-Committee on the Guide Hook BOSTON, June, 1921.
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF BOSTON
IN the fall of 1621, the year following the landing of the Pil- grims, the doughty Captain Myles Standish, with ten com- panions, set sail from Plymouth in a shallop to explore the shores of the Bay at the northward and to secure the friendship of the Massachusetts Indians. It is thought that he landed on the three-hilled peninsula called "Shawmutt," which, according to some authorities in the Indian language, signified "Sweet or Liv- ing Waters," for the springs of the peninsula offered the chief in- ducement for the selection of this site for a settlement. Standish and his boatload moved with great celerity, spent the first night at anchor in the lee of Thompson's Island in Boston harbor, next day reached Charlestown and traveled inland as far as Winchester, starting back in three days. They brought home "a good quantity of beaver and made report of the place, wishing that they had been there seated." A little later Robert Gorges, son of Sir Fer- dinando Gorges, reached these shores. With him was one Thomas Morton, who settled at Merrymount, now in the city of Quincy, and Samuel Maverick, who founded a home on Noddle's Island, East Boston. Still another with Gorges was William Blackstone, a graduate of Cambridge University, the pioneer and only white settler in Boston for several years after 1625. He is a somewhat shadowy figure, who dwelt near a famous boiling spring on the western slope of Beacon Hill, one of the three hills of the town. Spring Lane, off lower Washington Street, marks the location of another early spring.
The town was founded in 1630, during the reign of Charles I, by English colonists sent out by the "Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay in New England." John Winthrop, who had been chosen governor to lead the expedition of the Bay colonists to the New World, had arrived in Salem the previous June, bearing with him the Charter of 1629, which transferred for the first time the control of the colony from England to New England. Salem not proving to their liking, the colonists came to Charlestown, which had been laid out and named by men from Salem the previous year. There they settled, crossing the river in a few months to Trimount, the more desirable site. The order of the founding of the town and its name were adopted by the Court of Assistants sitting in the Governor's house in Charlestown on September 17, 1630. The chief members of the company came from Boston in Lincolnshire,
1
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
hence the name given to the new town which is usually held to mean Botolph's ton or town. At first the settlement was called "Trimountaine," from the original name of Sentry or Beacon Hill, it having three separate peaks, before it was leveled years later.
Settlers from Devonshire, Dorsetshire, and Somersetshire arrived at Nantasket in the ship "Mary and John," May 30, 1630, and established themselves at Dorchester and Roxbury, later to be- come parts of the city. During the summer and fall of 1630 some fifteen hundred persons, brought in twelve ships, found their way
to the shores of Massachusetts Bay.
The outlines of the old town are shown on the map on the opposite page. It included seven hundred and eighty-three acres of solid land and marshes, and the shore was much cut up by bays and inlets. A narrow neck of land, often overflowed by the tides, connected the peninsula with the mainland at Roxbury. The waters of the harbor came into the town dock at the head of the "Great Cove," where Dock Square is now, and the Charles River formed a large bay to the west,
THE OLD SOUTH CHURCH afterwards known as "Back
Bay," at the present time filled in.
The South Bay, an arm of the sea now cutting off South Boston from Boston Proper, is the remnant of the original large body of water which occupied this region. A ferry of rowboats was estab- lished in 1637 connecting Charlestown with the town, and for one hundred and fifty years, until the first bridge was built, this was the only means of communication. The ferry was worth forty pounds a year to the ferryman in those early years, and soon became a source of income to Harvard College, being given to the college by the Court. William Wood, an educated young Englishman, who visited the settlement in 1630, wrote of it:
"Boston is two miles North-east from Roxberry: His situation is very pleasant, being a Peninsula, hem'd in on the Southside with the bay of Roxberry, on the North-side with Charles-river,
THE FIRST KING S CHAPEL AND BEACON HILL IN 1742
BOSTON
The solid black represents the part which has been filled. A large portion of what is now the principal Business District was originally covered by water and was connected with the mainland by a very narrow neck. The Cambridge side of Charles River has also been filled quite extensively.
from Guide to ffmrofolitan '.
Copyrighted, 1899, by George H. Walker tf Co, Bc<i
GUIDE TO BOSTON 3
the Marshes on the backe-side, being not halfe a quarter of a mile over: so that a littel fencing will secure their cattel from the Woolues. ... It being a Necke and bare of wood they are not troubled with three great annoyances of Woolves, Rattlesnakes and Musketoes."
Indians were about in plenty, however, and it was necessary to be on the constant lookout for them. It was for protection against these foes that the fort was built on Fort Hill in 1632 and another in East Boston (Noddle's Island) by Samuel Maverick, he who joined with Dr. Robert Child in 1646 in his "Remonstrance and humble Petition" to the General Court, that the fundamental laws of England should be established in Massachusetts, that the rights of freemen should be extended to all truly British and that all well- conducted members of the Church of England should be received without further tests or covenants into the New England churches, or else be allowed "to settle (themselves) here in a church way, according to the best reformations of England and Scotland," i.e. on the Presbyterian model. Maverick, who was a freeman, stood trial with the other petitioners the following year, was sentenced and imprisoned twelve days, and paid a fine of fifty pounds, for breaking his oath and appealing against the intent of his oath of a freeman.
The following quotation from the early records shows some of the problems which confronted the settlers: "At the General Court at Boston in September, 1632, it was ordered that Richard Hop- kins should be severely whipt and branded with a red hot Iron on one of his Cheeks, for selling Guns, Powder, and Shot to the In- dians. At the same Tune the Question was considered, whether Persons offending in this way ought not to be put to death But the Subject was referred to the next Court."
Our Puritan forefathers seldom did things by halves, as the fore- going extract shows. Life was made hard for heretics and "witches," and punishments were swift and sure. It is related that in 1640 one Edward Palmer, for asking an excessive price for a pair of stocks which he had been hired to frame, had the privilege of sitting an hour in them himself.
The settlement was hardly formed before a schoolmaster had been appointed in the person of one Philemon Pormort, of the Boston Latin School, the first of that long line of schoolmasters that has kept up the supremacy of letters through all the stress of the building of a nation. Harvard College was founded in 1636, and it has remained from the day of its founding not only the first, but the foremost university in America.
4 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
These were the days of the greatest usefulness of the far-famed baked beans. To the settler, tramping of a Sunday to his three- service, all-day worship, gun on shoulder and eye for the lurking savage, it was satisfying to the inner man to find on returning to his rude house that the smoking bean pot, snugly ensconced in the embers, had been cooking in his absence, and was ready to supply his system with that toothsome trinity of proteids, carbohydrates, and fats, the Boston Baked Bean.
Of medicine in these days Dr. O. W. Holmes says: "Our fore- fathers appear to have given more thought, a great deal, to the salvation of their souls, than to the care of their bodies. Disease itself, the offspring of sin and penalty of a poisoned nature, was for them a theological entity rather than a disturbed physiological process. . . . Very little is recorded of the practitioners of medi- cine compared with the abundant memoirs of the preachers." There were physicians, many of them well trained, instance Samuel Fuller, the first physician, who came in the " Mayflower " and ministered to the Pilgrims for thirteen years; Giles Firmin, who settled in Ipswich and was the first to "read upon an anatomy," that is, teach anatomy by means of a skeleton; John Clark (1598- 1664) of Newbury and Plymouth, who was clever at cutting for stone and introduced a breed of horses, besides being the progenitor of a long line of physicians. John Winthrop, Jr., son of the first governor, for some years an inhabitant of Massachusetts and after- wards Governor of Connecticut, was a noted physician. Charles Chauncy and Leonard Hoar, presidents of Harvard College, were both learned in medicine and taught students. Chauncy was a B.A. and Hoar an M.D. of Cambridge, England.
There were women physicians as early as 1636, when Anne Hutchinson came to Boston to practice her profession. She is spoken of as a person "Very helpfull in the times of childbirth, and other occasions of bodily infirmities, and well furnished with means for those purposes."
Margaret Jones of Charlestown, the first person to be hanged in New England for witchcraft (1648), was a practicing physician. Her medicines were said to have "extraordinary violent effects." She was charged with "having such a malignant touch that if she laid her hands on a man, woman, or child in anger, they were seized presently with deafness, vomiting, or other sickness, or some violent pains."
The most important event in the medical history of provincial times was the introduction of inoculation for smallpox in 1721. At this time there was just one regularly graduated physician in
GUIDE TO BOSTON 5
Boston, William Douglass. He opposed inoculation with a ready pen, and was supported by the press. The ministers of this time were quite the peers of the doctors in medical knowledge, and it is not strange that the credit for the introduction of variolous inocu- lation should be given to Rev. Cotton Mather, who had read in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London that this method had been used in Turkey as a preventive against smallpox.
Dr. Zabdiel Boylston supported Dr. Mather, practiced inocula- tion, and even inoculated his own son amid the most violent oppo- sition and abuse, his life at one time being in danger.
To Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse is due the credit for the introduc- tion of vaccination for smallpox in the United States. Dr. Water- house read Jenner's book in 1799 and a little later Pearson's book upon Cow or Kinepox, and in March, 1799, began the publication of articles on vaccination. He received vaccine from England and first of all vac- cinated his own son. He furnished infected threads to President Jefferson at Monticello, with which the President vaccinated all his immediate family and prob- ably himself.
The American Revolu- tion began in Boston. Just
., .. N. L. Stebbins, Photo
when the agitation started pAUL REyERE HQUSE
which led up to the war
is a matter on which there is a difference of opinion.
The citizens of Boston had an opportunity to test their indepen- dence and their resources as far back as 1746, when Louis XV sent a powerful fleet of ships under Admiral D'Anville to wipe the town off the face of the map because of the taking of Louisburg by the Provincials the previous year. The citizens sank stone boats in the harbor, and organized the "train bands of the province" to the number of 6400 men. Their deliverance came through a vio- lent storm which wrecked the French fleet off Grand Manan Island, in the Bay of Fundy.
The colonists of New England had learned that they could storm and take one of the strongest fortresses in America without help from outside, and furthermore they had defied the anger of the most powerful prince in Europe and had come off without harm, as they thought by the providence of God,
6 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
Soon after this the impressment of American seamen in the British navy aroused the ire of the inhabitants. It seemed as if the home government in England did everything it could to an- tagonize the colonists. When James Otis delivered his famous speech against the "Writs of Assistance" in 1761, he was not suc- cessful, to be sure, but he aroused the people and taught them to maintain their rights. "Sam" Adams was the quiet, honored leader behind the scenes who had the confidence of his fellow- townsmen, both rich and poor. He called town meetings upon occasions of need, and formal and dignified resolutions were passed against the British acts of repression.
If emphasis were needed to the resolutions, a mob appeared in the streets and did Adams' bidding. The Stamp Act, passed by the British Parliament in 1765 to raise revenues in the American colonies by the sale of stamps and stamped paper for commer- cial purposes, and the tax on tea aroused great hostility to the government.
In State Street was shed the first blood of the Revolution, in 1770, when the soldiers fired on one of the mobs and killed Crispus At- tucks, a negro, and two others. This was the so-called "Boston Massacre."
The Boston Tea Party, as it was styled, when masked men disguised as Indians tossed overboard a cargo of freshly arrived tea from a vessel lying at Griffin's Wharf, occurred December 16, 1773, and was the cause of the Boston Port Bill, which closed the port to trade.
These were stirring times in Boston. Dr. Joseph Warren left his practice to further the cause of freedom. Three months before his death at Bunker Hill he delivered an oration in the Old South Church on the Boston Massacre, the church being so carefully guarded by the soldiers it was necessary to introduce him into the building through a window behind the pulpit.
It was only by chance that the Americans learned of the British plans to destroy the stores and ammunition collected at Concord. The secret had been so well kept that it is said General Gage's second in command did not know until the next morning the troops had marched to Lexington. A groom of a British grenadier stay- ing at the Province House let fall the remark to a hostler, John Ballard by name, that "there would be hell to pay to-morrow." This was April 18, 1775. Ballard was a liberty boy, and feigning some forgotten errand, left the stable in haste and carried the news to Paul Revere, who already had made his plans as to the signal lanterns to be placed in the steeple of the " Old North," now Christ Church.
GUIDE TO BOSTON 7
On June 17, 1775, was fought the battle of Bunker Hill. It is a singular coincidence that this should be St. Botolph's Day, the East Anglian saint for whom old Boston in England was named. On the same day befell the taking of Louisburg by the Massachu- setts and Connecticut provincials in 1745.
The names of Warren, Putnam, Prescott, Pomeroy, and Stark are writ large on the rolls of the heroes of the Revolution.
That the raw, undisciplined Americans, fighting in their shirt- sleeves in the little redoubt only eight rods square, could inflict a loss in killed and wounded of one quarter of General Gage's force was glory enough, and was fraught with results big for the cause of freedom, notwithstanding that the British came off victors.
The loss of General Joseph Warren, the President of the Pro- vincial Congress, was equal to that of five hundred men in the estimation of General Howe, who knew him well. To the remon- strance of his friend, Elbridge Gerry, who begged him not to go to Bunker Hill, Warren replied, Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. Deeply hurt by the reflections cast upon the courage of his country- men, he is said to have exclaimed, "I hope I shall die up to my knees in blood!" He was shot through the head by a musket ball, and his body lay on the field until the next day, when it was recog- nized by Dr. John Jeffries, and was buried on the spot where he fell. His remains were removed years later to the family vault in Forest Hills Cemetery.
During the siege of Boston in 1775 and 1776 by the Revolutionary Army, General Knox succeeded in bringing more than fifty cannons, mortars, and howitzers from Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and other distant places to the lines before Boston, dragging them on sledges over the snow. One of the cannon balls, perhaps from these very cannons, found lodgement in the wall of the Brattle Square Church, and is now to be seen at the rooms of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
The British used Faneuil Hall for a theater, the Old South Church for a riding academy for the dragoons, the Old North Church for fuel, and made themselves as obnoxious as they could.
On the morning of March 17, 1776, they awoke to find that General Washington had fortified Dorchester Heights, now in South Boston, so that he could pitch cannon balls into the fleet in the harbor and into the town. Accordingly they went aboard their ships and evacuated the town, and Washington came triumphantly in over the Neck from Roxbury.
Boston originally had jurisdiction over Charlestown, East Bos- ton, Chelsea, Revere, Brookline, Quincy, Braintree, and Randolph,
8 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
so that even in colonial days there was a Greater Boston. It was not until 1739 that Boston was limited to the peninsula proper and certain of the islands of the harbor. At present its bounds (26 wards) embrace 27,870 acres (47.81 square miles) of original land, filled marshes, and acquired territory, and include besides "Boston Proper," starting at the east and swinging around to the south, west, and north, East Boston, South End, South Boston, Dor- chester, Hyde Park, Roxbury, Jamaica Plain, West Roxbury, Brighton, Back Bay, West End, North End, and Charlestown. Brookline, the wealthiest town in the country, forms a wedge be- tween Brighton on the north, and Roxbury, Jamaica Plain, and West Roxbury on the south, and so far has resisted all efforts to induce it to join the municipality. It prefers independence and a town government.
Boston had a town government, with a board of selectmen, until it was incorporated as a city, after ten futile attempts, February 23, 1822. It is interesting to note that in 1734, one hundred years after its settlement, Boston had a population of fifteen thousand, which is about the present population of Boston in England.
In 1789 the town was made up almost entirely of wooden build- ings, of which there were some twenty-three hundred, and the population numbered a little under eighteen thousand souls.
The Metropolitan District includes the "Boston Basin," a terri- tory some fifteen miles in width, lying between the bay on the east, the ridge of the Wellesley Hills and Arlington Heights on the west, the range of Blue Hills on the south, and as far as Swamp- scott on the north. This region now embraces fourteen cities and twenty-six towns, with a population in 1920 of 1,732,773, or forty- three per cent of the total population of the state.
Boston is divided up according to long-established custom into the following districts: Central or Business District; East Boston, — two islands, Noddle's and Breed's; South Boston, projecting into the harbor; Dorchester District and Hyde Park on the south- east; Roxbury District on the south; Jamaica Plain and West Rox- bury on the southwest; the Back Bay and the Brighton District on the northwest; the West End and the North End and the Charlestown District on the north. The present population is 747,923, according to the United States Census of 1920.
Business has now spread from the Central District to the North End, West End, and South End, and also into the Back Bay. The streets of the city are notoriously crooked except in the Back Bay and in South Boston. They are picturesque, individual, and con- venient. Many of them were at first lanes and paths; all of them
GUIDE TO BOSTON 9
have names and not numbers, with the single exception of the streets in South Boston.
The town of 1630 was laid out along the water front, and most of the principal houses were situated in the neighborhood of what are now Dock Square and State, Washington, and Hanover Streets. In later years the better residential section spread to the slopes of Beacon, Copp's, and Fort hills, and up Washington and Tremont Streets to the South End, finally forsaking the last region for the Back Bay.
The streets were lighted by lamps until 1834, when gas was in- troduced from the works erected at the foot of Copp's Hill in 1828.
The early springs in time gave place to wells, and these to run- ning water brought from Jamaica Pond in wooden logs by a com- pany incorporated in 1795. Cochituate water was introduced in 1848, and there was a celebration to mark the event at the time at the Frog Pond on the Common, for which James Russell Lowell wrote his ode on water.
Water for the city now comes from Lake Cochituate, the Sud- bury River, and the great Wachusett Reservoir of the Metropolitan Water Works at Clinton, Mass. The introduction of water was brought about largely by the occurrence of disastrous fires. There were serious conflagrations in 1676, 1679, 1711, and 1760. The most disastrous of all was the great fire of November 9, 1872, which destroyed property to the amount of $60,000,000 in the business district.
Boston claims as her son Benjamin Franklin, printer, writer, in- ventor, shrewd statesman, diplomat. Franklin left in his will one thousand pounds to "the inhabitants of the Town of Boston in Massachusetts." This was to accumulate for one hundred years when "the managers were to lay out at their discretion £100,000 in Public Works which may be adjudged of most general utility to the Inhabitants." In 1907 the accumulated fund amounted to $438,741.89 and in that year the managers erected the Franklin Union Building on Berkeley Street at the South End to carry out his wishes and to honor his memory. Daniel Webster, the great orator, statesman, and lawyer, had his home at Marshfield, not many miles from our city. William Thomas Green Morton, a den- tist and later the holder of an M.D. degree, first used ether as a surgical anesthetic at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Oc- tober 16, 1846. His name was entered in the American Hall of Fame, November 6, 1920.
Boston gave to the world the electric telegraph and the tele- phone. S. F. B. Morse, the inventor of the telegraph, wTas born in
10 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
Charlestown in 1791, and the first experimental line was stretched from Milk Street to School Street in 1839.
Alexander Graham Bell came to Boston from Scotland in 1872, and lectured at Boston University. At the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University he worked out what is probably the greatest time-saving invention of the age, the speaking telephone. Boston is now one of the greatest telephone cities of the country, the heart of the telephone industry, from which has spread throughout the world this wonderful means of bringing people at a distance into instant communication. In Quincy was built the first railway in America, a short line stretch- ing from the granite quarries to the sea.
The Boston region has been foremost in popular education from Puritanical times. Counting in the educational equipment, there are within the scope of the metropolitan region some three million books which may be consulted by the public. Many notable figures in the realm of pure literature adorn the pages of her his- tory. Parkman, Prescott, and Motley wrote their histories here.
Here lived Ralph Waldo Emerson, preacher, poet, philosopher, and Nathaniel Hawthorne, that matchless weaver of romances. Boston and Cambridge were the homes of the poets Longfellow, Lowell, and Holmes, and Whittier lived not far away.
Nathaniel Bowditch made his translation of Laplace's "Meca- nique Celeste" in Salem, and Asa Gray, the botanist, and Louis Agassiz, the naturalist, lived and worked in Cambridge.
The fishing industry, always one of Boston's chief occupations, still maintains its supremacy. During the year 1920, there were received direct from the fishing grounds one hundred and twenty- five million pounds of groundfish, thus making it the greatest fish- ing port in the world. Boston is the second port in point of size in North and South America. It is the greatest wool market and the greatest boot and shoe market in the world. In public spirit our city has always been preeminent. Bostonians are the first to re- spond with assistance in times of great disasters. A recent instance was the terrible misfortune which came upon Halifax. The news was barely reported before measures were taken to send relief . As a musical center Boston has been preeminent, and the fame of the Boston Symphony Orchestra has spread throughout the world.
Boston has been defined facetiously as "not a locality, but a state of mind," and it is the pride of Boston and of Massachusetts that this state of mind is the heritage from Winthrop and his fol- lowers, who brought with them to New England the best traditions of Old England.
HOW TO FIND THE WAY ABOUT THE CITY
CONSULT the map facing page 2 and note the points of the compass, the shape of the city, and that Boston is a peninsula separated from the mainland (Cambridge and Charlestown) on the west and north by the Charles River, from Chelsea and the islands of East Boston on the northeast by Boston Harbor, and from South Boston and Dorchester on the south- east by the South Bay.
Although Boston streets are narrow and crooked, the distances are not great. A circle with a mile radius from City Hall in School Street includes all of Boston proper and small portions of Charles- town, East Boston, and the South End and a large section of the Back Bay.
Entering Boston from the south over the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, trains stop first at the Back Bay Station. This is near Copley Square and the Copley Plaza Hotel. The next stop is at the South Station, one of the largest stations in the world. Trains from the west, on the Boston & Albany Railroad, stop at Huntington Avenue Station, which is near the Back Bay Station. They also terminate at the South Station. Outward-bound trains stop 'at Trinity Place. Trains from the north and east arrive at the North Station on the Boston & Maine Railroad.
There are two main streets running through the business dis- trict of Boston — Washington and Tremont. Tremont Street starts at Scollay Square, runs southward along Boston Com- mon, then swings to the south- west and across the city. As Tremont Street approaches the Common it is joined by Park Street, which leads to the State House. The principal under- ground station of the street railway system is at the corner of Park and Tremont Streets. From this station cars run L, H, shattuct, Photo. northward to Scollay and Hay- NORTH STATION
market Squares and the North
Station, where some of the cars leave the subway and cross the Charles River on a viaduct, going to East Cambridge and Somer- ville. South- and westward-bound cars may be taken at Park Street
11
12
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
for points in the Back Bay, Brookline, Allston, Brighton, Newton, and Watertown. Cars for the Huntington Avenue section of the Back Bay, and for Brookline Village leave the subway at Arlington Street, near the Public Garden. The other cars of this group pass through the Boylston Street subway to Boylston, Arlington, Copley, Massachusetts, and Kenmore stations, then coming to the surface. All of these cars go to Copley Square, either by subway or surface.
From the sub-subway at Park Street, known as Park Street Under, trains run northward to Cambridge and Harvard Square. Southward they pass beneath the Washington Street tunnel, next
N. L. Stebbins, Photo.
SOUTH STATION
to be mentioned, stopping at Washington and then South Station. They then pass under the harbor to South Boston and Andrew Square, connecting with surface cars for Dorchester.
The tunnel trains which run under Washington Street through the business section become elevated trains at either end of the line. The elevated structure begins at Everett, continues to Sulli- van, Thompson, and City Squares in Charlestown, and becomes subway at the North Station. The subway stations are Friend, Milk, Summer, and Boylston going south, and Essex, Winter, State, and Union going north. Leaving the subway again, the elevated stations are Dover, Northampton, Dudley, Egleston Square, Green Street, and Forest Hills. Connections with surface cars are made at all these stations.
One other subway needs to be mentioned. The West End cars, which run near the Massachusetts General Hospital, going north
GUIDE TO BOSTON 13
pass underground on Cambridge Street, stopping at Bowdoin and Scollay Under, which is below the regular Scollay Square Station. These cars run as a cross-town line, connecting with the Tremont and Washington Street subways, then running to Devonshire and Atlantic Avenue, thence under the harbor to East Boston.
An elevated line runs from the North Station, along the Atlantic Avenue water front to the South Station. At Rowe's Wharf is the steamship line for Nantasket Beach and the ferry to East Boston, connecting with the Revere Beach trains.
The theater district is near the southern corner of Boston Com- mon. Nearly all the theaters are within two or three' blocks, on Tremont Street or just off it. The Boston Opera House is on Huntington Avenue, beyond Massachusetts Avenue.
From Boston Common, near the corner of Park and Tremont Streets, Winter and Summer Streets pass through the heart of the business section to the South Station. Boylston Street, which originates at Washington Street, runs westward along the borders of the Common and Public Garden to Copley Square, then con- tinues across Massachusetts Avenue and ends at the Fenway, part of the Boston park system. At Copley Square, Huntington Avenue branches off from Boylston Street and leads southwestward past many public buildings to the Medical Center of the city, where the Harvard Medical School and nearly a dozen hospitals are situ- ated. The district between the first portion of Boylston Street, Copley Square, and Huntington Avenue on the one side and the Charles River on the other is the section known as the Back Bay. This is chiefly a residential district.
Massachusetts Avenue is a cross-town street, starting at the Bos- ton end of the Harvard Bridge over the Charles River, crossing Beacon Street, Commonwealth Avenue, Boylston Street, Hunting- ton and Columbus Avenues, and Washington Street, then passing the Boston City Hospital and continuing to South Boston.
Beacon Street starts at Tremont Street, opposite School Street (between Scollay Square and Park Street), curves over Beacon Hill past the State House, borders the Back Bay, and continues through Brookline to Newton Center.
Commonwealth Avenue runs from the Public Garden westward, running at first parallel to Beacon Street, but later crossing it near the Kenmore Station of the Subway and continuing westward. The cross streets between the Public Garden and the Rivenvay are arranged alphabetically — Arlington, Berkeley, Clarendon, Dart- mouth, etc. Visitors should notice the orderly naming of these streets and forget for a minute the maze in other sections.
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AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
Charles Street separates the Public Garden from Boston Common. It starts at Park Square and leads down by the Charles River, past the Massachusetts General Hospital to the Charles River Dam. One must not confuse Park Square with Park Street. They are separated by Boston Common.
N. L. Stebblns, Photo.
PUBLIC GARDEN
CENTRAL OR BUSINESS DISTRICT
MOST of the older historic landmarks are to be found in the Business District and North End, or the part of the pen- insula to which Colonial, Provincial, and Revolutionary Boston was confined.
Fort Hill Square is a few steps from the Rowe's Wharf Station of the Boston Elevated Railway on passing through High Street. It is the site of Fort Hill, one of the original hills of old Boston, leveled in 1867-72. Close at hand, at the foot of Pearl Street, near what is now the western side of Atlantic Avenue — the waterside street — was Griffin's Wharf, scene of the Boston Tea Party. A tablet, with a model of a tea ship and an inscription, marks the spot which is now not on the water's edge.
Going up Pearl Street, away from the harbor, we enter Milk Street just below Post Office Square. The Post Office marks the easterly limit of the great fire of 1872, which burned over an area of sixty acres, and destroyed property to the amount of sixty million dollars. The crumbled stone on the Milk Street side of the building, and a tablet in the wall com- memorate the disaster.
Milk and Pearl Streets were the site of many fine residences in the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth cen- turies. Some of the first families of the town occupied spacious mansions, surrounded by ample lawns and gardens, in this vicinity.
Washington Street is the longest thoroughfare with one name in New England. It extends from Boston to Providence, Rhode Island. Within the city limits its course is from Haymarket Square through the Central District, South End, Roxbury, and West
15
THE OLD SOUTH CHURCH
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AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
Roxbury to the Dedham line. In early times it was called "the way leading towards Roxbury," and for a long time was the only approach by land to Boston. The part between State Street and Water Street in the Business District has been known colloquially as Newspaper Row.
Near the head of Milk Street, No. 19, and nearly opposite the Old South Church, was the birthplace of Benjamin Franklin (1706- 1790). The Old South Meeting-House, corner of Milk and Wash- ington Streets, was built in 1729. A previous church on this site was built in 1670. On Milk Street, just behind the church, is the site of Governor Winthrop's second mansion, in which he died.
Otis, Warren, and Hancock addressed the citizens from the pulpit, of the Old South; Whitefield preached here; town meetings were held in the Meeting-House in 1773 that led up to the Boston Tea
Party. Dr. Joseph Warren de- livered a series of orations on the Boston Massacre here three months before he was killed at Bunker Hill. The church was used as a riding-school by the British dragoons in 1775, dur- ing the siege of Boston. The building is now preserved by an organization of twenty-five Boston women, as a loan mu- seum of Revolutionary and other relics. The Old South Lectures to young people on patriotic subjects are held here frequently. Open to the public, week days, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Fee, twenty-five cents.
In Spring Lane, the next street to Milk Street on the right-hand side, going north on Washington Street, is the site of the earliest spring mentioned by the first settlers. It is marked by a tablet. The Old Comer Book Store building, on Washington Street, corner of School Street and nearly opposite Spring Lane, a weathered relic of the past, was built on the site of Anne Hutchinson's dwelling in 1712 as a drug store and was a book store until the firm re- moved to 27 Bromfield Slreet in 1903. Ticknor and' Fields, and their successors, occupied the store for a series of years, and many noted authors were wont to gather here. No. 239 is the site of Samuel Cole's Inn, the first tavern in Boston (1634), later known as the "Ship Tavern." The great fire of 1711 started in the rear of the tavern.
ONE OF BOSTON S OLDEST BUILDINGS Formerly the Old Corner Book Store
GUIDE TO BOSTON 17
On the opposite side of Washington Street, from the Old South Church, and one hundred yards or so south (No. 327), is a passage- way leading into Province Court. In the court may be seen a por- tion of the wall of the old Province House (1679), used as a residence for the governors in colonial times.
Going up School Street we come to the Niles Building (No. 27) on the right-hand side of the street, next to the City Hall. This was the site from 1785 to 1815 of the dwelling of Dr. John Warren, brother of Dr. Joseph Warren and great-grandfather of the present Dr. John Collins Warren. He was the first Professor of Anatomy and Surgery in the Harvard Medical School.
In front of the City Hall (1862), on School Street, are the statues of Benjamin Franklin, by Richard Greenough, and that of the elder Josiah Quincy, by Thomas Ball. The first public Latin school- house in the town, the predecessor of the present Latin School on Warren Avenue, was erected on the spot between the City Hall and King's Chapel in 1635, whence the name of the street. See the tablet on the stone post in the fence in front of City Hall, also a tablet marking the site of the house of Gen. Frederick Haldimand.
Passing through City Hall Avenue we come to City Hall Annex, a large office building on the site of the Old Court House which was associated with the fugitive slave riots. In this building are the offices of the Boston Health Department under the charge of Com- missioner W. C. Woodward, formerly of Washington, D. C.
Boston Health Department. A board of health was first estab- lished in Boston in 1799. Paul Revere, the hero of Longfellow's poem, was its chairman. When Boston became a city in 1822 the functions of the board of health were vested in a committee of the City Council. A serious smallpox epidemic led to the re-establish- ment of a separate board of health in 1872.
In 1914 a city ordinance established the present form of organiza- tion of the Boston Health Department, and vested in a single Health Commissioner practically all the powers formerly possessed by the board of health. As at present organized the Health Depart- ment comprises the following divisions: Medical, Child Hygiene, Sanitary, Food Inspection, Laboratory, and the Division of Vital Statistics, Records, and Accounts. For the purposes of practical administration the Food Inspection Division is sub-divided into the Market, Store, and Restaurant Service; the Milk Inspection and the Dairy Inspection Services. Owing to the wide area from which Boston's milk supply is derived, this last-named service is called on to maintain a surveillance over milk producers not only in all the New England states, but also in Canada and New York
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AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
state. The Milk Inspection Service controls the sale of milk within the city.
At the Health Department Laboratory in City Hall Annex any
physician or dentist in
r Boston may have made for
him, free of charge, any kind of laboratory exam- ination to assist him in establishing a correct diag- nosis in any case of sus- pected contagious disease.
The general death rate in Boston has decreased from 26.77 in 1876 to 15.63 in 1919.
Returning to School Street, and passing to Tremont, we come to King's Chapel. Built in 1749, it is the second King's Chapel on the site, and the first Episcopal Church in Bos- ton. It was built of Quincy granite from designs of Peter Harrison, an Eng- lishman, and has been little altered. Note the communion table of 1688 and the tablets. It became the first Unitarian Church in the United States in 1785. It is open daily from 9 a.m. to 12 m.
The King's Chapel Burying Ground is nearly as old as Boston. The earliest interment of which there is a record is that of Governor Winthrop in 1649. John Cotton (1652), pastor of the First Church; Thomas Thacher (1678), first pastor of the Old South Church, physician, and author of the first publication on a medical subject in America; Governor John Leverett (1809), and Judge Oliver Wendell, grandfather of Oliver Wen- dell Holmes, were buried herd.
Across School Street from King's Chapel is the Parker House, one of the chief hotels of Boston. A part of the hotel covers the site of Edward Everett Hale's birthplace. Across Tremont Street is the Tremont Office Building, occupying the site of the THE WINTHRop TOMB
KING S CHAPEL
GUIDE TO BOSTON
19
JOHN HANCOCK MONUMENT
Tremont House, a famous inn for sixty
years previous to 1889.
Tremont Temple, next to the Parker
House, 76 to 88 Tremont Street, was
founded as a Free Baptist Church in
1839. The present building is the fourth
temple on this site. It contains a large
hall for public meetings. The Granary Burying Ground is on
the west side of Tremont Street, between
Beacon and Park Streets. Here lie buried
John Hancock, Samuel Adams, James
Otis, Robert Treat Paine, Peter Faneuil,
Paul Revere, Josiah Franklin and wife
(parents of Benjamin Franklin), John
Phillips, first mayor of Boston, and
father of Wendell Phillips; many gov- ernors, as Richard Bellingham and
James Bowdoin, and the victims of the
Boston Massacre of 1770. Park Street Church (1808) (Congregational Trinitarian) adjoins
the Granary Burying Ground at the corner of Tremont and Park
Streets — "Brimstone Corner," so called by the unrighteous. It is
the best example remaining in the city of the early nineteenth- century ecclesiastical architecture. It stands on the site of the town granary, from which the town agents sold grain to the poor. Here William Lloyd Gar- rison gave his first public address against slavery, and Charles Sumner delivered his great oration on "The War System of Nations." In this church "America " was first sung on July 4, 1832.
Looking into Hamilton Place, nearly opposite the entrance to Park Street Church, we see the northerly front of the old Music Hall, built by the Harvard Musical Association in 1852, and now a vaudeville theater. Theodore Parker preached here, and this was the home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra until Symphony Hall, at the corner of Mas- FRANKLIN MONUMENT sachusetts and Huntington Avenues, was
20 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
built in 1900. The Boston Medical Library had its rooms in Hamilton Place, when first organized in 1875.
No. 2 Park Street was the house of Dr. John C. Warren. Here Dr. J. Mason Warren was born and died, and the present Dr. J. Collins Warren began practice. It was occupied for a short time by the historian, John Lothrop Motley.
In Winter Street corner of Winter Place is the site of the home of
Samuel Adams from 1784 • until his death in 1802. It | is marked by a tablet.
Boston Common was set apart as a place for a train- ing field and for feeding the cattle in 1634, four years after the settlement of the town. It extended origi- nally from the junction of Beacon and Tremont Streets to the waters of the Charles River, where Charles Street is now. At present it com- prises about forty-nine acres, and is bounded by Beacon, Park, Tremont, Boylston, and Charles Streets, being separated from the Public Garden by the last- named street. It has been PARK STREET CHURCH preserved intact by orders
of the town, and by a clause
in the City Charter, forbidding its sale or lease, or the laying out within its precincts of any highway or railway. From time to time portions of three sides, on Park, Tremont, and Boylston Streets, have been trimmed off to enlarge the areas of these highways, the last slice being taken from the Tremont and Boylston Street sides in 1920. Handsome trees and broad walks have been permanent features of the Common for many years. It is still used as a training field by the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company (1637), who an- nually go through their manoeuvres on the Parade Ground on the Charles Street side, and by the Boston School Regiment, who have then* May trainings upon it. The surface of the southern portion has recently been raised and leveled, the Common benefiting from the George Parkman fund for the upkeep of the city parks. It
GUIDE TO BOSTON 21
was from the Parade Ground that the British took boats for Lex- ington and Concord in April, 1775, and later assembled forces for Bunker Hill. Cows were pastured on the Common as late as 1830. The walk along Tremont Street is called Lafayette Mall. When the Subway was started in 1895, the mall was bordered by several rows of ancient elms which were in a decadent condition. These were removed by the building of the Subway. Note the granite build- ings at the entrances and exits of the Subway. Also on the opposite side of Tremont Street, between Winter Street and Temple Place, St. Paul's Church, the fourth Episcopal church in Boston, dating from 1820. Daniel Webster attended this church, and the remains of Prescott, the historian, are buried in the crypt. In the east- erly corner of the Common opposite Park Street Church is a memo- rial tablet to William Blackstone, Boston's first settler, and the Brewer Fountain is now just back of the Subway exit.
About halfway be- tween West and Mason Streets, in the green facing Lafayette Mall, is the Crispus Attucks Monument, by Robert Kraus, erected by the THE FROG POND
State in 1888 to commemorate the Boston Massacre of 1770; and near it is one of the old "Paddock elms."
In Mason Street, entered just to the south of the Crispus Attucks Monument, is the second home in Boston of the Harvard Medical School. The building on the easterly side of the street, next to the rear entrance of the Boston Theater, and occupied in the lower story by the fire department as an engine house, was erected in 1815 for the Medical School, and was occupied by the school until 1847. Upstairs and in the adjoining building the rooms of the Boston School Committee have been for fifty years. They are to be moved to 15 Beacon Street soon. The Boston Theater, which was first opened to the^?ublic in 1854, was in its day the finest and largest theater in the country, and even now can hold its own in point of size and acoustic properties. The stage is 100x96 feet, and the auditorium seats 3037 people. "The Rivals" was the opening play, given by an excellent cast. Among the famous men and women seen on this stage, John Gilbert, Edwin Forrest, Edwin Booth, Charlotte
22
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
Cushman, Clara Louise Kellogg, Ole Bull, Clara Morris, Joseph Jefferson, Adelaide Phillips, and Carlotta Patti are the most noted.
On one corner of Boylston and Tremont Streets is the Masonic Temple (1898), housing thirteen different lodges, and on the op- posite corner the Touraine, one of Boston's, leading hotels, on the site of the mansion house of President John Quincy Adams, and the birthplace of his son Charles Francis Adams. The remaining
corner is the Little Office Building, on the site of the Hotel Pelham, the first family hotel in the county, built and lived in by the late Dr. John Homer Dix, an early ophthalmologist. On the corner of Wash- ington and Boylston Streets the Continental Clothing House (No. 651) is on the site of the Boylston Mar- ket, one of the two original markets of the old town; and opposite it, on the other side of Washington Street, in the wall of the building on the corner of Essex Street, is a stone tablet marking the location of the Liberty Tree, planted in 1646, and cut down by the Tories in 1775. When cut up it made fourteen cords of wood. A flagstaff was erected on the stump of the tree, and the ground around it was called "Liberty Hall" for many years. Stamp act meetings were held here, and Tory leaders hung in effigy.
The old Central Burying Ground (1756) is on the Boylston Street side of the Common. Here are buried Gilbert Stuart, the portrait painter, and M. Julien, he of Julien soup fame. Coming from France as a refugee from the French Revolution, he kept a famous restaurant, called "Julien's Restorator," the first of the sort in the town. The Army and Navy Monument is on the hill nearly in the center of the Common. It was erected by the city in 1877, and is the work of Martin Milmore. At the foot of this hill, to the east, stood the " Great Elm," which was thought to be older than the
"THE LONG PATH'
BOSTON COMMON
GUIDE TO BOSTON
23
Copyright, 1897, ty Augustus St. Gaudens he above reproduction authorised by the sculptor
SHAW MONUMENT
town. From its limbs witches and pirates were hung. It was blown down in a windstorm February 15, 1876. A tree, grown from a shoot and an iron tablet IB •-- ^.^^J^M^^^.
now mark the site.
On the easterly side of Monument Hill is the Frog Pond, a shallow pool, the survivor of a marshy bog which formerly occu- pied this ground. The children sail their boats here in the summer and skate in winter. Latterly the boys have been per- mitted to bathe in the pond. "The Long Path," which runs from Joy Street to Boylston Street, is made immortal in Dr. Holmes's "Autocrat of the Breakfast Table." On the southerly side of the hill is the Parkman Band Stand where concerts are given and speeches made upon occasion.
One of the finest pieces of outdoor sculpture in the city is the Colonel Robert Gould Shaw Memorial (1897) on the Beacon Street Matt, facing the State House. The large bronze tablet in high . ^ ... ,- relief, representing Colonel
I Shaw mounted at the head ! of his colored troops, is the work of Augustus St. Gaudens, and the architect of the elaborate stone set- ting was Charles F. McKim. There is an inscription by President Eliot, and also verses by Lowell and Emer- son. The residence of John Hancock, the first signer of the Declaration of American Independence, and first governor of Massachusetts under the State Constitu-
THE JOHN HANCOCK HOUSE ^ , , "t t th
Shaw Memorial on the site numbered 29 Beacon Street. See the tablet on the iron fence in front of the'newly laid-out State House grounds.
24
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
The State House (1795), with its gilded dome, stands at the top of a broad sweep of granite steps on Beacon Hill. It occupies the cow pasture of the Hancock estate. The historic Bulfinch Front was designed by Charles Bulfinch, and was the Massachusetts State House until 1853, when an addition to the Mt. Vernon Street side was built. The Bulfinch Front of brick is now painted to match the white marble of the new wings. The State House Annex, the portion of the building extending back to Derne Street, crossing Mt. Vernon Street by an arch, was built on the site of the old stone reservoir in 1889. The dome was first gilded in 1874, and of late years it has been illuminated at night by rows of electric lights. The construction of the east and west wings was begun in June, 1914, and only recently finished and the grounds laid out anew.
STATE HOUSE
In the State House are the headquarters of the Board of Regis- tration in Medicine and the State Department of Health. As re- gards the Board of Registration in Medicine, Massachusetts has adopted a single standard for registration. All graduates of medical colleges which give a full four-year course are eligible for examina- tion by the board. Members of the board are appointed by the Governor, each serving for a term of seven years. No medical society may be represented on the board by more than three of its members. The board examines candidates whose medical acquire- ments have been found satisfactory, registers those who have passed the examinations, conducts hearings upon complaints of illegal or unprofessional conduct of physicians, and maintains a bureau of information relating to physicians. Regular examina- tions are conducted in March, May, July, September, and No- vember, and special examinations when required.
The Massachusetts Department of Public Health, the oldest State Department in the country, having been founded in 1869,
GUIDE TO BOSTON 25
has its headquarters at the State House where most of the divisions are situated. The Board of Health was reorganized with enlarged powers in 1886, and again in 1914 when the present scheme with a commissioner and public health council was adopted. The biologic laboratories are in Forest Hills, the Wassermann Laboratory at the Harvard Medical School, the Arsphenamine factory in Brookline, the Experiment Station at Lawrence, and the four state tuberculosis sanatoria at Lakeville, North Reading, Rutland, and Westfield, respectively.
The Department consists of a Commissioner with a Public Health Council of six members; eight divisions, each in charge of a Director; and seven District Health Officers, representing the Commissioner in the field, but for administration purposes placed under one of the divisions. These district health officers as their chief function serve as advisers to the boards of health of the different cities and towns.
In this State, the Department of Public Health is largely an ad- visory body, though there are certain exceptions to this rule. For example, the Department has charge of the licensing of all dispensa- ries in the State; and all hospitals taking cases of communicable disease conform to the standards laid down by the Department. The Division of Food and Drugs enforces the general and special food and drug laws, the milk laws relating to adulteration, the state cold-storage laws, and a portion of the laws relating to slaugh- tering. The examination of samples of water from the water sup- plies of the State and of samples of sewage is made by the Division of the Water and Sewage Laboratories. The Division of Engineer- ing makes special studies of sanitary engineering problems and advises cities and towns on questions relating to water supply, drainage, and sewerage.
The Division of Biologic Laboratories produces the vaccines and antitoxins furnished free to citizens of the Commonwealth. The Division of Communicable Diseases has charge of the epidemio- logical work of the Department. It is in this division that the district health officers are placed. The Division of Tuberculosis controls the State Sanatoria. The Division of Hygiene is re- sponsible for the child hygiene work of the Department, a large part of the educational work, and also the efforts directed against cancer.
The office of the Commissioner of Public Health, Dr. Eugene R. Kelley, is Room 546, State House, Boston.
The Massachusetts Department of Mental Diseases supervises the insane, the feeble-minded, and the epileptic. There are about,
26 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
17,600 insane under care, 3500 feeble-minded, and about 800 sane epileptics. The Department of Mental Diseases succeeded the State Board of Insanity in 1916, and consists of a Commissioner and four associate members appointed by the Governor, the Com- missioner, George M. Kline, and two associate members being physicians.
There are at present twelve State institutions caring for the in- sane, one institution which cares for the epileptic, both sane and insane, two State institutions for the feeble-minded, with a third under construction at Belchertown. One institution cares for chil- dren of the defective type. There is also a site for a proposed Metropolitan Hospital for the insane at Waltham.
In addition to the above, the Department has under its care pri- vate institutions as follows : Thirteen institutions for the insane, one for epileptics, six for persons addicted to the intemperate use of narcotics or stimulants, and six for the feeble-minded.
Following is a list of State institutions wThere the above-named classes of patients are cared for, the addresses being added in case any visitors wish to inspect the hospitals : —
STATE HOSPITALS
Worcester State Hospital. Location, Belmont Street, Worcester, \]/2 miles from Union Station (Boston & Albany, New York, New Haven & Hartford, and Boston & Maine R.R.).
Taunton State Hospital. Location, Hodges Avenue, Taunton, 1 mile from railroad station (New York, New Haven & Hartford R.R.).
Northampton State Hospital. Location, Prince Street ("Hospital Hill"), Northampton, 1^ miles from the railroad station, reached by carriage (Mass. Central & Conn. River branches of Boston & Maine; and New Haven and Holyoke, Northampton, branches of the New York, New Haven & Hartford R.R.).
Danvers State Hospital. Location, Maple and Newbury Streets, Danvers, }/± mile from railroad station.
Westborough State Hospital. Location, 2*4 miles from Westbor- ough station (Boston & Albany) ; 1 mils from Talbot station (New York, New Haven & Hartford R.R.).
Boston State Hospital. Location, East Group, Harvard Street, Dorchester, near Blue Hill Avenue. West Group, Walk Hill Street, about y<L mile from Blue Hill Avenue. Trolley cars marked " Mattapan."
Grafton State Hospital. Location on main line of the Boston & Albany R.R., between Worcester and Westborough, about 8 miles from Worcester, and can be reached by trolley from Worcester or from the Westborough or North Grafton stations of the Boston & Albany R.R., or from the Lyman Street crossing of the Boston & Worcester electric
GUIDE TO BOSTON 27
Medfield State Hospital. Location, Asylum Road, 1 mile from Medfield Junction railroad station.
Gardner State Colony. Location, East Gardner, two minutes' walk from East Gardner railroad station.
Monson State Hospital. Location, 1 mile from railroad station.
Foxborough State Hospital. Location, 1 mile north of Foxborough Center. Can be reached by trolley from Norwood or Mansfield.
Massachusetts School for the Feeble-Minded at Waltham. Lo- cation, near Clematis Brook station (Fitchburg Division, Boston & Maine R.R.); about 1 mile from Waverley station (Fitchburg Division and Southern Division, Boston & Maine).
Wrentham State School. Location, Emerald Street, Wrentham, 1 mile from railroad station (New York, New Haven & Hartford R.R.).
Mental Wards, State Infirmary, Tewksbury. Location, about % mile from railroad and from electric cars. Coach from infirmary meets most of the trains.
Bridgewater State Hospital. Location, % mile fr°m railroad sta- tion (Titicut), (New York, New Haven & Hartford R.R.).
Boston Psychopathic Hospital. Location, 74 Fenwood Road, Bos- ton; reached by South Huntington Avenue or Chestnut Hill car lines from Park Street Subway Station.
On the highest of the three original peaks of Beacon hill, rising to the rear and north of the Bulfinch Front, the Beacon, from which the hill takes its name, was erected soon after 1630, to warn the country of danger. It consisted of an iron skillet, filled with combustibles, suspended from a mast. An Independence Monument, the first in America, designed by Bulfinch, was erected on the site of the Beacon in 1790, and in 1811, when the peak was leveled, this monument was destroyed, only the tablets and the gilded wooden eagle which surmounted it being preserved. The present monument, a repro- duction of the Bulfinch one, was erected by the Bunker Hill Monu- ment Association in 1898, as nearly as possible on the site of the original beacon.
In front of the State House are the statues of Horace Mann, by Emma Stebbins, on the south side, and Daniel Webster, by Hiram. Powers, on the north side. Farther away, on the Beacon Street side, is the equestrian statue of Major-General Joseph Hooker, by D. C. French, the horse by E. C. Potter. The statue on the lawn near the monument is that of Major-General Charles Devens, by Olin L. Warner. The entrance hall in the Bulfinch Front is Doric Hall. Note the statues of Washington and Governor John A. Andrew, and the brass cannon captured in the War of 1812.
The historical paintings in the Grand Staircase Hall are to be noted, also an excellent bronze statue by Bela L. Pratt representing
28 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
an army nurse supporting a wounded soldier with an inscription to the army nurses of the Civil War. In the marble Memorial Hall are the battle flags carried by the Massachusetts Volunteers in the Civil War, and mural paintings by H. O. Walker and Edward Simmons.
In Representatives' Hall see the historic codfish suspended op- posite the Speaker's desk. This is a reproduction of the wooden codfish, "emblem of the staple of commodities of the Colony and the Province," which hung from the ceiling of Representatives' Hall in the Old State House on Washington Street.
In the State Library in the State House Annex is the famous Bradford Manuscript, the "History of Plimoth Plantation," the so-called "Log of the 'Mayflower/" by Governor William Brad- ford. This was found in the library of the Bishop of London's palace at Fulham, and was returned to the Commonwealth in 1897, through the efforts of Senator Hoar of Massachusetts, and the Hon. Thomas F. Bayard, ambassador at the Court of St. James. On the south side of the State House is Hancock Street. At No. 20 was the home of Charles Stunner, the successor of Daniel Webster in the United States Senate. A statue of him is on the Public Garden.
The Boston Athenaeum (1807), recently remodeled, is at 10^ Beacon Street, east side, just below Park Street. It 'is a library of over two hundred and eighty thousand volumes, including George Washington's library and many rare books. It was formerly an art gallery as well, many of its valuable works of art now being at the Museum of Fine Arts on Huntington Avenue. It is virtually a club, with smoking-room, tea room, children's room, etc. The general reading room on the fifth floor is architecturally very fine. Most of the medical books were transferred to the Boston Medical Library several years ago.
The Congregational House and the Unitarian Building are close at hand on Beacon Street. In Ashburton Place (No. 15) is the Ford Memorial (Baptist), and at No. 9 the new building of the New England Historic Genealogical Society (1844), where there is a valu- able library of more than one hundred and fifty thousand volumes and one hundred thousand pamphlets, comprising the best-known collection of biographies, genealogical works, also histories, and many rare manuscripts and relics. The imposing building on the corner of Somerset Street is the Boston City Club where many public dinners are held.
Somerset Street leads us from Beacon Street to Pemberton Square, by the first turn on the right, where the present County Court House (1887) is situated. John Cotton's house (1633) stood on the southeast
GUIDE TO BOSTON
29
side of the Square near the entrance from Scollay Square. Next to it was Sir Harry Vane's house when he was governor of the colony in 1636. The Cotton estate originally covered a large part of Pem- berton Square, and at one time gave the name of Cotton to the hill.
The Howard Athenaeum, an old playhouse, on Howard Street, off Court, was founded in 1845, occupying on its present site a build- ing once used for the tabernacle of a so-called prophet named Miller. The theater was opened with "The School for Scandal," the partici- pants being noted actors and actresses. In 1846 the building was burned, and the present structure was built in the same year. Here the famous actor William Warren made his debut in "The Rivals." The famous Viennoise children were also first seen here. The house is most noted as being the scene of the first production of Italian opera ever given in Boston. The company was from Havana, and presented "Ernani " in 1847. The prestige of the theater has gradually declined, until now the house is known only as a variety theater.
Scollay Square — so called because the residence of William Scollay (1800) stood on the site of the old Boston Museum, No. 18 Tremont Street — is formed by the junction of Court and Tremont Streets. Running out of the Square, besides Court and Tremont Streets, are Cornhill, Pemberton Square, and Brattle Street. This is one of the great centers of traffic. Below the surface are the Tremont Street Subway, the Cambridge Street Subway, and the terminus of the East Boston Tunnel. The Scollay Square Subway entrance is the site of the First District Writing School, erected in 1684, enlarged in 1715 and 1753, and closed in 1790.
Cornhill (1816) was always a street of bookshops, and was origin- ally called "Cheapside," after the London street. About midway on the north side is a narrow alley called Franklin Avenue, leading to Brattle Street. On the east corner of Franklin Avenue and Corn- hill was the printing office of James Franklin, where Benjamin Franklin learned the printer's trade as his brother's apprentice. Here he composed and printed the ballads on "The Lighthouse
FRANKLIN S PRESS
30 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
Tragedy" and on "Teach" (or "Blackbeard"), the pirate, which he peddled about the streets.
Opposite the Brattle Square end of Franklin Avenue was Murray's Barracks, where were quartered from 1768 to 1770 the most ob- noxious of the British regiments — the Twenty-Ninth. Here the trouble began which ended in the Boston Massacre.
The Quincy House, a hotel on Brattle Street, is on the site of the first Quaker Meeting-House (1697), the first brick church in the town. On the opposite side of the street was the Brattle Square Church (1773) (Unitarian), razed in 1871, which bore in its front wall a cannon ball as a memento of the siege of Boston. This cannon ball is now preserved in the rooms of the Massachusetts Historical Society, corner of Boylston Street and The Fenway. A portion of the stonework of this church is incorporated in the tower of its successor, bought by the First Baptist Society, at the corner of Commonwealth Avenue and Clarendon Street. (See cut on page 51).
Adams Square, in Washington Street, at the foot of Cornhill and Brattle Street, is decorated by a bronze statue of Samuel Adams, by Anne Whitney. It represents him as he is supposed to have ap- peared as chairman of the committee of the town meeting the day of the Boston Massacre, when he went before Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson and the Council in the Council Chamber of the Old State House, near at hand.
The easterly part of Adams Square merges into Dock Square, which was at the head of the old Town Dock. Faneuil Hall (1763), the "Cradle of Liberty," is on made land at the margin of the dock, The Adams Square Station of the Subway is not far off, and it is a short walk from the Old State House, through Exchange Street. The Hall is now used for public meetings of all kinds. It is main- tained by the city, and no rent is charged for its use.
The original building was given to the town of Boston as a market house by Peter Faneuil (pronounced fan' el) (1700-1743), whose mansion was on Tremont Street opposite King's Chapel Burying Ground. The building was of brick, and substantial, and was com- pleted only a few months before Faneuil's death. It was one hun- dred feet long, forty feet wide, and two stories high, and the hall, which was an afterthought of the donor, held one thousand persons. The building was burned in 1762, and was reconstructed at once by the town, the old walls being used in the new one. The first public meeting in this hall was held March 14, 1763, when the patriot, James Otis, consecrated it to the cause of Liberty. Before the Revolution the historic town meetings were held in the hall to de- bate "justifiable resistance" and the rights of the colonists. During
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31
the siege of Boston the hall was transformed into a playhouse by the British. Since the Revolution it has been the popular meeting place of citizens on important occasions, and the home of free speech. Daniel Webster, Wendell Phillips, and Charles Sumner spoke here. In 1805 the building was remodeled by the architect, Charles Bulfinch, when it was doubled in width and made a story higher, and in 1898 it was re- constructed with fireproof material on the Bulfinch plan.
A market has been maintained in the ground floor and base- ment from the be- ginning. Across the street is the long granite Quincy Market, built during the administration of Mayor Josiah Quincy in 1825.
There is a fine collection of por- traits in Faneuil Hall, notably the full-length Washington, by Gilbert Stuart; the portrait of Peter Faneuil; Webster's Reply to Hayne, by G. P/A. Healy; and the "war governor," John A. Andrew, by William M. Hunt.
The gilded grasshopper on the cupola of the building is the re- juvenated one of 1742, fashioned by "Deacon" Shem Drowne, who was immortalized by Hawthorne in "Drowne's Wooden Image." Drowne's shop was hard by. The Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company (1637) have occupied the rooms over the hall for many years. Here is a museum of relics of Revolutionary, Provincial, and Colonial times. Open week days, 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Free.
Passing through Exchange Street from Dock Square brings us to the lower end of the Old State House, which stands in the middle of the street at the head of State Street, formerly King Street. The first Town House, a wooden structure, was built on this site in 1657,
FANEUIL HALL
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and was destroyed by fire in 1711. The second Town and Province House (1712), on the same site, was burned in 1747, its walls only
being preserved, and these are the walls of the present build- ing. It has been used as Town House, as Province Court House, Court House, State House, and City Hall. It was restored in 1882 to its original appearance, after being used for business purposes. The lion and unicorn which orna- ment its eastern end are new and faithful reproductions of the original ones which were destroyed during the Revolu- tion. The architecture of the building has not been changed, except ^o make entrances and exits to the basement for the Subway and East Boston Tunnel. There is a window of twisted crown glass in the second story, out of wrhich all the later royal governors of the province and the early governors of the Commonwealth looked. The eastern room on the second floor was the Council Chamber, and the western room the Court Chamber, the Hall of the Repre- sentatives being between the two. The Bostonian Society has a collection of antiquities and relics in the upper stories. The building has been preserved by the City as a historical monu- ment since 1882. It is open daily from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., free. State Street Square, the por- tion of the street toward which the Old State House faces, together with the site of the Old State House, were originally the public marketstead in early colonial days. Here were placed the stocks, whipping-post, and pillory, and this was the gathering-place of the populace. On the evening of March 5, 1770, occurred the Boston Massacre, so-called,
THE OLD STATE HOUSE AND SCENE OF BOSTON MASSACRE
COUNCIL CHAMBER OLD STATE HOUSE
GUIDE TO BOSTON
33
when the soldiers shot down the people, and the first blood of the Revolution was shed. Three were killed and two mortally wounded. The site is marked by a tablet on the wall at the corner of Exchange Street. Observe the circular arrangement of the paving stones in the street opposite the tablet marking the spot. Note the inscription on No. 27 State Street, the Brazer Building, marking the site of the first meeting-house (1632). At No. 28 was the Royal Exchange Tavern in Provincial days, the starting place for the first stage coach from Boston to New York.
The tall granite Boston Stock Exchange Building (at No. 53), farther down the street on the right-hand side, covers the site of Governor
BOSTON STOCK EXCHANGE
Winthrop's first house, and at the corner of Kilby Street stood the Bunch of Grapes Tavern, a celebrated inn in provincial times.
At the corner of India Street is the United States Custom House (1847) with its recently constructed five-hundred-foot office-building tower to be seen from afar. The view from its upper stories, reached by elevators, is very fine. A little farther along is Custom House Street, where is the Old Custom House (Nos. 14 to 20), in which Bancroft, the historian, and Nathaniel Hawthorne served as collector and customs officer, respectively. The building is now a story higher and is occupied as a stable. "Old Custom House" is cut in the granite of the fayade.
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Long Wharf (1710) is at the foot of State Street. Here the royal governors made their formal landings, and the British soldiers came and went.
At right angles to State Street is the waterside street, Atlantic Avenue, nearly on the line of the ancient "Barricado," an early harbor defense, erected in 1673 between the north and south points of the "Great Cove." Going to the north a short distance from Long Wharf we come to old T Wharf (No. 178), a part of the Barri- cade, the headquarters of the fishing industry of Boston, previous to its removal to Boston Fish Pier, South Boston, foot of B and C Streets. The wharf is so named because of its original shape.
nnn
Hfi ni
UNITED STATES CUSTOM HOUSE
THE SOUTH END
THE term "South End" has had different meanings at differ- ent periods in the history of Boston. At one tune the present site of the Old South Church, now in the heart of the business section, was considered to be in this district. As business encroached, the northerly limits of the South End have been pushed farther and farther to the south. For our purpose the South End is considered to comprise that part of the city bounded on the north by Eliot and Kneeland Streets, on the east by the South Bay, on the west by Huntington Avenue, and on the south by Roxbury.
The South End as considered to-day has little of historical inter- est when one compares it with the North and West Ends. The only part that existed in colonial times was the narrow neck of land that occupied the present site of Washington Street (see map facing page 2). Until 1786 this neck was the only way by which carriages could enter Boston, and was flanked on either side by large expanses of marsh, covered with water at high tide, and called respectively the South and Back Bays.
Near the intersection of Washington and Dover Streets there were forts that commanded this causeway from early colonial tunes until the Revolution. During the Revolution there were British and colonial fortifications at either end of this neck. At a little later tune the region near Dover Street was the site of a number of brick- yards, and here was the gallows for many years.
With the exception of Washington Street, the whole region is of relatively recent origin, and was, like the Back Bay, reclaimed by filling salt marshes. The reclaiming of the lowland that extended along the sides of Washington Street began in the thirties, and was completed in the sixties of the last century. It was expected that this region would become the "court end" of Boston, and in the fifties and sixties so many fine mansions were built about the small parks and squares of the South End that its future was supposed to be assured. About 1870, however, fashion began to forsake the South End for the newer Back Bay region. This exodus, once started, was followed and hastened by the encroachment of fac- tories and small shops, and by a very considerable influx of people of foreign birth. These changes have been most complete on the east of this district, which has become one chiefly of small shops, humble homes, tenements, and lodging houses. That part of the
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South End that borders the Back Bay has been, and still is the 11 student quarter " of Boston.
The main thoroughfare is Washington Street. Shortly after enter- ing this street at the northerly edge of this district, we come, on the left, to Bennet Street. Here is situated the Boston Dispensary, the oldest medical charity in Boston. This institution, which was founded in 1796, is the third of its kind in the country. The idea was to give gratuitous medical treatment to the worthy sick, either at their homes or at the dispensary physician's office. For many
years the office of the
|B Hi^. apothecary was at No.
92 Washington Street, where hung, as a sign, a crude representation of the Good Samaritan, now to be seen in the dispensary.
This plan of seeing patients in their homes, or at the physician's office, was followed out until 1856. Oliver Wen- dell Holmes, when a dispensary physician in 1837, urged upon the managers the importance of establishing a consulting room. In 1856 a building, occupying the site of the present dispensary, was secured, and since that time the work has been divided between the central station, which is like that of an ordinary out-patient department, and the district visiting, in which visits are made at the homes of patients. For this latter purpose the poorer parts of the city are divided into seven districts, each one of which is under the care of a dispensary physician, who is accompanied on his visits by a nurse appointed and paid by the Instructive District Nursing Association, incorporated in 1888. The nurse spends the whole of the day looking after the new and old patients in her district.
The main part of the present building was erected in 1883, and enlarged in 1900. In 1912 the Hospital for Children was opened, consisting of a ward of 26 beds, which is situated on the fourth floor of the main building. In 1920 the total number of children cared for was 892. There were 152,402 visits made at the central station by 42,000 individuals, while the district physicians made about 7000 calls, The dispensary has a staff of about 134 physicians,
Dr. M. D. Miller, Photo.
BOSTON DISPENSARY
GUIDE TO BOSTON 37
Continuing out Washington Street, one comes, at Castle Street, to the place where the superstructure of the Elevated Road branches to the east. At present the west branch is not used. Here is situ- ated, on the right, the Wells Memorial Institute, the headquarters of the Central Labor Union and a large number of trade unions. This institution provides for instruction in trades and domestic arts, and furnishes a meeting-place for various organizations.
Farther south on Washington Street one finds, on the right, Waltham Street. Here, at No. 41, is the Washingtonian Home, an institution for the care and treatment of male alcoholics. It has accommodations for about 50 patients.
On the left from Washington Street at 14 Rollins Street, is the South End Branch of the Boston Lying-in Hospital, where students of the Harvard Medical School reside while they are caring for their obstetrical cases in this district, under the supervision of the physi- cians of the Hospital.
On the left of Washington Street, at the corner of Maiden Street, is the Cathedral of the Holy Cross, a large and imposing stone structure. This is the largest Catholic church in New England, and is the headquarters of the archdiocese. In front of the cathe- dral is a bronze statue of Christopher Columbus, by Alois Buyens.
Beyond this point such cross streets as continue the same name on both sides of Washington Street, have the prefix "East" added to that part at the left, and "West" to that on the right.
At Brookline Street one comes to two open squares — Franklin on the left, and Blackstone on the right. At the corner of East Brookline Street, facing Franklin Square, is the " People's Palace " of the Salvation Army, which is also the headquarters for New Eng- land. At 202 West Newton Street is the Salvation Army Maternity Hospital of 36 beds. On East Newton Street is the Franklin Square House, a hotel for young working women. It occupies the building that was formerly the New England Conservatory of Music; previ- ous to that it had been the St. James Hotel. In it is a small hospital. Beyond the Franklin Square House is the old, but not particularly interesting South Cemetery.
East Springfield' Street, which is next beyond Worcester Square, is the most direct way to the main entrance of the Boston City Hospital, which is situated on Harrison Avenue, one block east of Washington Street. A station of the Elevated is one block away at Massachusetts Avenue and Washington Street.
The Boston City Hospital. An institution which will well repay the careful inspection of both the medical and lay visitor is the City Hospital. To its various departments are admitted cases of
38 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
acute disease only, or those cases which are capable of being relieved in a reasonable tune. Chronic cases, except under extraordinary conditions, are referred to the Long Island Hospital in Boston Har- bor. Since it is a municipal institution, supported by the taxpayers, its patients are drawn only from the population of Greater Boston. Although but haU7 the age of its elder sister, the Massachusetts General Hospital, and naturally less rich in traditions and historical prestige, the Boston City Hospital has, as might have been expected, outstripped it in actual size, and vies with it in friendly and generous rivalry in the relief of the sick poor, the promotion of medical edu- cation, and the increase of knowledge. It is interesting to note that the first benefactor of the Hospital, whose bequest had much to do with its actual foundation, was undoubtedly impelled thereto by
BOSTON CITY HOSPITAL
the remembrance of the older institution, and his realization of the need of still further extending these blessings among the sick poor. Elisha Goodnow, an old-time Boston merchant, was the second patient admitted to the Massachusetts General Hospital imme- diately after its foundation, in 1821, where he underwent a successful operation for stone at the hands of Dr. Warren. On his death, thirty years later, he left the bulk of his estate to the City of Boston to establish a free hospital. It was not, however, until 1861 that the City Council appropriated additional money and appointed a committee to build the new City Hospital. In 1863 the first board of trustees was appointed, and in 1864 the hospital was formally dedicated.
The hospital thus founded with 200 beds, three services, surgical, medical, and ophthalmic, and a staff of 18, has increased in fifty-six years to a composite institution affording 1202 beds, and having an active staff of 114, all under the direction of a single board of trustees and administered by a single superintendent. During the year 1919-20 there were received and treated as in-patients: — Medical cases, 3431; Pneumonia cases, 839; Surgical cases, 6566; Gyneco- logical and Obstetrical cases, 1269; Ophthalmic cases, 122; Aural
GUIDE TO BOSTON 39
and Laryngological cases, 2253; Neurological cases, 889; Derma- tological cases, 110; Total, 15,479. There were treated in the Out- Patient Department 31,103 persons. The total number of visits made was 112,156. In the pathological laboratory there were made and examined 7955 cultures and Wassermann tests. The hospital ambulances made 5154 trips. In all departments about 250 female nurses are employed. The gross cost of all departments for the year was $1,004,219.
The visitor enters by the gate lodge on Harrison Avenue, nearly opposite Springfield Street. This building contains, besides the entrance offices, the rooms devoted to the Medical Out-Patient Department. He should now turn to the left and gain a point whence a view of the really imposing faQade of the central Admin- istration Building may be obtained. The surgical pavilions are on the left, and the medical pavilions on the right. This group con- stitutes the original buildings. They are after the French Renais- sance in general style and fashioned on a generous and ambitious scale, the central one in particular recalling classic models. In the portico, with its columns and pediment surmounted by a dome one hundred and forty-eight feet in height, there is a certain resem- blance to St. Peter's at Rome, and the approach across a broad, open lawn and garden is in keeping with the dignity of the whole.
Ascending the wide stone steps, the visitor enters the Adminis- tration Building. On the left are executive offices; on the right the private offices of the Superintendent and Resident Physician, Dr. J. J. Dowling. On the second floor are the offices of the Superin- tendent of Nurses, and the Social-Service Department, and above these is the now unused amphitheater under the dome. Turning to the left we cross an open corridor and enter the Surgical Building, and gain access to the operating theater by a door on the right. Here is a large amphitheater, circular in form, constructed entirely of marble, terazzo, steel, and glass, capable of seating two hundred persons. On the wall facing the seats is a bronze bas-relief of the first Visiting Surgeon of the Hospital, the late Dr. David W. Cheever. Conveniently situated are etherizing, recovery, and surgeons' con- sulting rooms. Passing through the farther door, we find the steriliz- ing and instrument rooms, all modern in equipment and design. Opening from the long corridor beyond are _ five small operating rooms, with north light and complete in construction and furnish- ings necessary for the most exacting aseptic surgical work. At the farther end of the corridor are small recovery wards for the recep- tion of patients after operation. The visitor should now descend to the floor below and see the four completely equipped accident
40 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
rooms and two casualty wards, where cases can be cared for until they are in a condition to be transferred to the regular wards without disturbing the other patients. Here also are several bathrooms with set-tubs designed especially for the immediate treatment of cases of insolation, which, surprising as it may seem, are only too common in Boston in July and August. In a side corridor, off the Accident Room Corridor, is the recently established Blood Labora- tory, where investigations in the Diseases of the Blood are being carried out, under the direction of one of the Medical Staff. Time will be saved if we now leave this building by the Accident Door and cross the short interven- ing space to the Surgical Out-Patient Building, where are housed also
BOSTON CITY HOSPITAL Ai j e .1
the departments for the
SURGICAL OUT-PATIENT DEPARTMENT , ,.
treatment 01 diseases of
the eye, ear, throat, nervous system, and diseases of women. This building is five stories in height, and designed especially for handling large numbers of out-patients as conveniently and expedi- tiously as possible. In it are also the Departments of Vaccine and Serum Therapy, of Physical Therapeutics and Massage, and an office of the Social-Service Department.
The visitor should now return by the Accident Door and the stairway to the surgical corridor and inspect the three old-fashioned, but attractive, wards of the original surgical pavilion. Returning, he should leave by the door which originally admitted him to the surgical corridor, turn to the left, and reach a two-storied brick building containing two surgical wards, W and X, which are models in respect to the most approved construction and furnishing. On the way he has passed, on the left, a cheaply constructed ward of corrugated iron and wood, which was built in the days when hos- pital gangrene and sepsis made it seem advisable to build temporary structures only, to be torn down after a few years and replaced by new ones.
Returning now to the Administration Building, the visitor should enter the annex behind it, which contains the Library of more than three thousand volumes, clinical record rooms, etc. He may be interested to examine the kitchen immediately below, very modern
GUIDE TO BOSTON 41
and complete in every respect and perfectly ventilated. Behind this again is the laundry, equipped with labor-saving devices which care for an average of one hundred thousand pieces per week.
We must now return to the Administration Building, turn to the left and again to the right, and visit the medical wards, six in num- ber, grouped in a general way like those we have already seen. The general features are the same, and no description is necessary. The two wards devoted to the gynecological services are on the third floor and include a separate operating room and adjuncts. Those on the first and second floors are at present occupied by the Special Pneumonia Service. Passing back along the open-air passageway toward the rear of these buildings, we pass Wards T and V, the newest and most attractive in the hospital, in the basement of which is the X-ray department. This has an entrance upon the Hospital yard for the use of Out-Patients. In the past year the total number of negatives made was 27,211.
Beyond this building are two recently rebuilt pavilions, formerly of cheap wood construction, now largely of brick and improved in many ways. Each is of two stories, the first building contains Wards A and I, the second Wards E and N (children's wards). At the rear of this group is a three-story brick building containing Wards K, L, M, consisting largely of single and double rooms, for cases requiring segregation or restraint.
Just to the west of this building is the Pathological Laboratory which is under the direction of Dr. F. B. Mallory. It contains a post-mortem amphitheater constructed entirely of metal and ter- razzo, culture rooms, clinical laboratories, special research rooms, a pathological laboratory, storerooms, etc. Attached to it is a mortuary where 60 bodies may be preserved by artificial refrigera- tion, and a mortuary chapel, simple and dignified, where funeral services may be held. In accordance with the trend of modern ideas, much stress has been laid in this hospital upon pathology. Since 1891 the position of pathologist has been held by men who have devoted themselves exclusively to the study and teaching of this science and to the training of young men. There is at present a corps of six men — visiting pathologists, assistants, and internes. Men trained here are called to other hospitals and to medical schools as teachers. An average of 135 autopsies are performed every year, each of which is worked up bacteriologically and histologically, and 1800 surgical specimens are studied. The cabinets contain 75,000 mounted microscopic sections. Among the many valuable con- tributions which have been made here to Pathology and Bacteriology
42 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
may be mentioned two monographs which are based exclusively on cases coming to autopsy in this laboratory, namely, the monograph on Epidemic Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis, and that on Diphtheria. Attention should also be called to shorter papers on such subjects as Typhoid and Scarlet Fever. More recently, research work has been carried out on Measles, Cirrhosis of the Liver (the latter to deter- mine the cause of Acute Yellow Atrophy), and on Dural Endotheli- oma. This last study has brought out the fact that in reality, these tumors arise from the Arachnoid. The laboratory also has an excellent photomicrographic plant.
At the rear of the Pathological Building are the Office, Mortuary, and Laboratory of the Medical Examiner for the southern district of
BOSTON CITY HOSPITAL SOUTH DEPARTMENT (CONTAGIOUS)
Suffolk County, Dr. Timothy Leary. The building was erected in 1912 and is a model of its kind. It contains refrigeration chambers for 30 bodies, and an excellent autopsy theater and laboratory. About 200 autopsies and examinations are performed yearly, on medico-legal cases. Here worked Dr. F. W. Draper, the first medical examiner for Suffolk under the law creating the system in 1877, when the inefficient coroners were abolished.
Medical Examiners. Massachusetts has a system of medical examiners whose duty it is to investigate every case of supposed death by violence. Well qualified medical men are appointed by the Governor and Council for the term of seven years. Each county of the State is divided into districts, and one or more examiners is assigned to each district. Suffolk County, in which Boston is situ- ated, has two medical examiners and two associate medical examiners. It is the medical examiner's duty to view every body supposed to have come to a violent death, and if he thinks it necessary to make
GUIDE TO BOSTON
43
a further investigation, he makes an autopsy, first having obtained consent of the district attorney.
The medical examiner is required to give expert testimony in court if there is need, and he has to make an annual report to the Secretary of the Commonwealth of the records of all violent deaths. The North Grove Street Morgue is the headquarters of the northern district of Suffolk County, and the City Hospital Morgue for the southern district.
There still remains to be visited one of the most notable depart- ments of the hospital — that devoted to contagious diseases, the
NURSES HOME BOSTON CITY HOSPITAL
South Department, so-called. This group of buildings constitutes practically a separate hospital, though under the same trustees and superintendent. The visitor should leave the grounds of the hos- pital proper by the entrance lodge, visiting if he desires, the two fine buildings devoted to the Nurses' Home, where is housed the second training school in point of age in the United States. He should now turn to the left and cross Massachusetts Avenue diag- onally to the entrance of the South Department. Here are seven buildings, of brick with marble trimmings, in style after the Federal period of architecture. The central Administration Building is devoted to the executive offices and private office of the Physician for Infectious Diseases, Dr. Edwin H. Place. On either hand is a pavilion, one devoted entirely to cases of Scarlet Fever and the other to Diphtheria. Each pavilion is one hundred and sixty feet long, and each floor is divided by transverse corridors into four
44 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
sections. These corridors are entirely open at either end, so that every floor is thus divided into four complete isolating wards, each ward separated from the others by the open air. In the two pavilions there are sixteen such wards, each accommodating from 4 to 8 beds. To these has been added a third similar pavilion, the lower story of which is used for Measles, the upper for Whooping Cough cases. The building has recently been remodeled to provide separate rooms for the complete isolation of each patient. At the north end of each floor is an open-air loggia, with ornamental ironwork, and at the south end is a large semi-octagonal ward with many windows, constituting a solarium for convalescents. The inside finish through- out is of glazed brick, with terrazzo flooring. There are separate stairways and dumb-waiters for each story — in other words, there is no direct communication between stories, without the necessity of first going outdoors. Small observation wards on each floor af- ford opportunity to study cases before the diagnosis has become certain. A nurses' home, laundry, and domestic building complete this group. The visitor who is especially interested in the treat- ment of contagious diseases is advised to spend some tune in the South Department, for its widespread reputation justifies us in saying that this is the finest contagious hospital in our country. Here the mortality from Diphtheria has been reduced by the aid of antitoxin and the best of hygienic conditions from fifty-four per cent to eight per cent. The hospital now affords 340 beds, but is frequently overcrowded.
To meet the demand for a branch in the down-town district, where prompt relief could be given to accident or other urgent cases occurring in the neighborhood, the Boston City Hospital Relief Station was built in 1901. It is situated in Haymarket Square, which can best be reached by surface or elevated cars via the Sub- way. No especial interest attaches to this branch, save that it is a model of its kind. The best of everything that could be obtained was used in its construction. It is a brick and sandstone structure, three stories in height, with a portico of eight Doric columns. The first floor includes the executive offices, waiting rooms, and five surgical dressing rooms. On the second floor are three wards of 8 beds each, two large operating rooms, complete in every detail, also instrument and supply rooms. The third floor affords quarters for nurses and maids, and the roof may be used as a roof garden for either patients or staff. The north end of the first story is entirely separated from the rest of that floor and contains an ambulance station. The ambulances can drive entirely within an enclosed yard where the transfer of the patient can be effected without publicity.
GUIDE TO BOSTON 45
There were 1452 ambulance calls made, and 2074 patients were admitted during 1920. Owing to the difficulty in transporting the seriously sick or injured from East Boston to Haymarket Square or the Hospital proper, a similar building was erected there in 1908, called the East Boston Relief Station, with a capacity of 10 beds. During the year 1920, 345 patients were admitted.
With the exception of the main ambulance station and the power house on Albany Street and the Convalescent Home, with its four- teen acres of land in Dorchester, the main features of the Boston City Hospital have now been described. It has been said that one index of the intelligence and public spirit of a community is the way in which it provides for its sick poor, and in this respect Boston has every reason to be proud of her record.
At 561 Massachusetts Avenue, between Tremont Street and Shawmut Avenue, is the office of the Instructive District Nursing Association, organized in 1888 and working with a corps of over 100 visiting nurses to care for the sick and prevent disease in Boston families.
The Washington Market, No. 1883 Washington Street, is the site of one of the Continental fortifications during the siege of Boston. Beyond this, the street is devoid of interest.
Running parallel with Washington Street, and to the east of it, are Harrison Avenue and Albany Street. Harrison Avenue has little of interest until we come to East Concord Street, where we find the Church of the Immaculate Conception, in charge of the Jesuit Fathers. At 761 Harrison Avenue is Boston College High School, also in charge of the Jesuits. Just opposite, at No. 788, is the Home for Destitute Roman Catholic Children.
At No. 750 Harrison Avenue is the Out-Patient Department of the Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital, to which the visits made by out-patients in 1919 numbered 47,481. It has a visiting staff of 79 members. Farther to the east, occupying the remainder of the block bounded by Harrison Avenue, East Concord, Albany, and Stoughton Streets are the main buildings of the Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital, and the Boston University Medical School. This hospital was incorporated in 1855, and has occupied its present site since 1871. It is a general hospital, having 559 beds. The main building has the administration offices on the first floor, wards on the second and third, and surgical amphitheater on the fourth floor. Close by, on East Concord Street, is the Evans Memorial Building for Clinical Research and Preventive Medicine, which was erected in 1912. In 1919 the Hospital cared for 10,357 in-patients. On Stoughton Street is the Maternity Department, with 150 beds, and
46 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
near by is the Nurses' Home. The wards of the Hospital are util- ized for giving clinical instruction. The Hospital has two con- valescent homes. The Hospital for Infectious Diseases is on the western slope of Corey Hill in Brighton. The Boston University School of Medicine was established in 1873. The following year it took over the New England Female Medical College, founded in 1848. The school has a teaching corps of 75. The number of stu- dents in 1919 was 140. In 1918 the school renounced homeopathy, and since then has been undenominational.
At No. 112 Southampton Street is the Smallpox Hospital, of about 25 beds, under the charge of the Boston Health Department. It was at this institution that some of the investigations on the etiology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of smallpox were conducted
MASSACHUSETTS HOMEOPATHIC HOSPITAL AND (IN CENTER} BOSTON UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL
during the epidemic of 1901-2, which resulted in the noted mono- graph on smallpox, edited by Dr. W. T. Councilman, of the Harvard Medical School.
To the west of Washington Street and running parallel, are Shaw- mut Avenue and Tremont Street. Shawmut Avenue has nothing of interest to the visitor except the Morgan Memorial Chapel, by the railroad, where is the People's Forum for the public discussion of interesting questions. Tremont Street beyond Castle Street is a wide thoroughfare. There are several attractive churches on this street between Dartmouth and Worcester Streets, and on West Newton Street, between Tremont Street and Shawmut Avenue, is the Girls' High School. From Massachusetts Avenue to Roxbury Crossing the street is largely one of tenement houses and small shops. On Ruggles Street is the Ruggles Street Baptist Church, famed for its choir. At the corner of Shawmut Avenue and Camden Street is St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum, established by the Catholic Sisters in 1832. It has 250 beds.
West of Tremont Street, beginning at Park Square, is Columbus Avenue. In Park Square, opposite the site of the old Park Square
GUIDE TO BOSTON 47
Station, which was given up on the completion of the present South Terminal, is the Emancipation Group, by Thomas Ball, erected in 1879, commemorating the freeing of the slaves by President Lincoln. On the left-hand side of Columbus Avenue is the Armory of the First Corps of Cadets, one of the oldest military organizations in the country (1741), housed in a granite building on the corner of Ferdinand Street. On the corner of Berkeley Street one sees on the right the People's Temple (Methodist Episcopal).
On Berkeley Street, No. 40, between Columbus Avenue and Tre- mont Street, is the building of the Young Women's Christian Associa- tion, and opposite it, No. 41, the new building of the Franklin Union, erected in 1907-8. This institution, founded by Benjamin Frank- lin, affords technical education in evening classes for men and women. The fees charged are small. On the corner of Tremont Street is Odd Fellows Hall. Off Dartmouth Street, between Warren Avenue and Montgomery Street, are the Boys' Latin and English High Schools. On the corner of West Newton Street an^d Columbus Avenue is the Union Church (Congregational Trinitarian). On Columbus Avenue, beyond Northampton Street, is a public play- ground, of wThich Boston has many. . * ^
Scattered through the South End are many charitable institu- tions such as homes, day-nurseries, clubs, settlements. One writer has spoken of the South End as the "most charitied region in Christendom."
FRANKLIN UNION
BACK BAY DISTRICT
THE Back Bay District may be regarded as extending from Charles Street below the Common to the Brookline line, and into the edge of Roxbury where is situated the Harvard Medical School group of buildings. It is bounded on the south by Boylston Street to Copley Square, and then by Huntington Avenue, and on the north by the Charles River. A hundred years ago the Back Bay was a beautiful sheet of water, beyond which one could see from the Common both Brookline and Cambridge.
In 1814 the Boston & Roxbury Mill Corporation was formed, under whose direction dams were built later across the bay for the purpose of utilizing the water power. In 1857 the Commonwealth, together with the Boston Water Power Company, began filling in the bay, and this work went on for thirty years.
The Public Garden, enclosed by Charles, Beacon, Arlington, and Boylston Streets, was set aside as a park in 1859, shortly after the
filling-in began. It had been known as Round Marsh, was in early days a part of the Com- mon, and was bor- dered by Frog Lane, now Boyl- ston Street. The Public Garden is a beautiful park, twenty-four acres in extent, planted
L. H. shattud, Photo. with trees of al-
PUBLIC GARDEN POND most every va-
riety which can
grow in the New England climate, and the many flower beds dis- play all our outdoor plants f^om early spring to autumn.
The most notable statue in the Garden, one of the best in the city, is the equestrian statue 'of Washington, by Thomas Ball, that faces the Commonwealth Avenue parkway. On the Beacon Street side is the Ether Monument, by J. Q. A. Ward, erected in 1868. The latter was the gift of Thomas Lee, in honor of the discovery of ether, but it makes no mention of Morton or Jackson, as at that
48
GUIDE TO BOSTON
49
L. H. Shattuck, Photo.
WASHINGTON STATUE
time the controversy over the
priority of discovery was still
warm. Dr. Holmes suggested
that it be inscribed "to e(i)ther."
Other statues are, at the Charles
Street entrance, Edward Everett
Hale by Bela Pratt, and on the
Boylston Street side Charles Sum-
ner by Thomas Ball, Colonel
Thomas Cass by R. E. Brooks,
Wendell Phillips by Daniel
Chester French, and, facing the
Arlington Street Church, a statue
of W. E. Channing by Herbert
Adams. At No. 8 Arlington
Street are the offices of that Bos- ton institution, the Atlantic
Monthly magazine. From the Garden the short
cross streets south of Arlington have names beginning respectively
with the first eight letters of the alphabet. Even beyond Massachu- setts Avenue, the great thoroughfare leading to Cambridge in one
direction and to Dorchester in the other, are Ipswich, Jersey, and
-- Kilmarnock Streets.
Beacon Street is the long street
A nearest the river. Many of Bos-
ton's most beautiful residences are on this street, and now, as formerly, it is the home of many of her citizens best known in the various activities of the city. The University Club is at No. 270, near Exeter Street. It has a large membership of college graduates living in Boston and its vicinity. On the corner of Massachusetts Avenue, and near Harvard Bridge, is the Mt. Vernon Church (Congrega- tional), formerly in Ashburton Place. Opposite at No. 483 is the Cambridge Apartment ETHER MONUMENT Building filled with doctors'
50
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
offices, and just above the corner is another similar building at No. 520. At the corner of Beacon Street and Charlesgate East, on the riverside, is the site of the old "mill dam" of the Roxbury Mill Corporation. One of the poplar trees which bordered Beacon Street in the early nineteenth century is still to be seen at No. 591. At Charlesgate West, Bay State
Road leads to running along
the right, the river- bank to Brighton. In its lower course it is a favorite, abiding place for physicians. At No. 217 is the office of the Roman Catholic Arch- bishop of Boston, while the Cardinal's office is around the corner at 25 Granby Street. Back of Beacon Street is the Esplanade, a broad walk and parkway next to the river, extending from the . Charles River Dam to the "mill dam." It is in charge of the Metropolitan Park Divi- sion of the State. The Ba- sin is patrolled by the park police in motor boats, and visitors may inspect it in launches which run from the dam up as far as Watertown, stopping at landings near the foot of Chestnut Street and at Harvard Bridge.
Marlborough Street starts from the Public Garden, and runs parallel to Beacon, to a point where it meets The Fenway, a block beyond Massachusetts Avenue. The First Church (Congrega- tional Unitarian), at the corner of Berkeley Street, is the descendant of the First Church of Christ in Boston, a society established by Dudley, Winthrop, and others soon after the founding of the town. A statue of Winthrop, by R. S. Greenough, very fittingly stands in the churchyard.
Starting again from the Garden, we look from its principal en- trance on Arlington Street down the long tree-lined mall of Com- monwealth Avenue. This is Boston's most beautiful street, two hundred and twenty feet wide, with a road on either side of the parkway. On both sides of the avenue are the homes of prosperous
•THE FIRST CHURCH IN BOSTON
GUIDE TO BOSTON
51
citizens, with here and there a fine apartment house or hotel. The Vendome, at the corner of Dartmouth Street, and the Somerset, just beyond Massachusetts Avenue on Charlesgate East, are the most noteworthy. At No. 40 is the Women's College Club, with a membership made up of the graduates of all the women's colleges. At No. 152, across Dartmouth Street from the Hotel Vendome, is the fashionable women's Chilton Club. The Algonquin Club is on
the opposite, side of the
street, between Exeter and Fair field Streets (No. 217). Its membership is com- posed largely of prominent business men. The First Baptist Church, with its massive Florentine tower, at the corner of Clarendon Street, is the only church on the lower avenue. The late H. H. Richardson was the architect. It
FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH
was
erected in 1873 to succeed the historic meeting-house in Brattle Square, and was purchased by the Baptists. Crossing Massachusetts Avenue, one passes the Harvard Club of Boston at No. 374, the Hotel Puritan at 390, and Hotel Somerset at 400. The statue of Leif Ericson by Anne Whitney in front of the latter hotel was formerly at Mas- sachusetts Avenue. Beyond the bridge over Muddy River is reached the growing colony of doctors' offices, near the Kenmore Station of the Subway.
The extension of Commonwealth Avenue to and into the Brighton district is given over largely to the sale of automobiles. At Bland- ford Street is an important Jewish synagogue, Temple Adath Israel, and farther out, beyond the Cottage Farm Bridge, specifically at No. 935, is the large Commonwealth Armory, where during the great war there was a thoroughly equipped emergency hospital for the efficient and quick handling of large numbers of injured, should the need arise.
52 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
Next to the south of " the avenue " is Newbury Street. At No. 4 is the St. Botolph Club, its membership being drawn from artists, literary and professional men. In its art gallery are displayed every winter notable exhibitions of painting and sculpture. Nearly opposite the St. Botolph Club is Emmanuel Church (Protestant Episcopal). A semi-public hospital for surgical cases is the Des Brisay Hospital, of 234 beds, at 38 Newbury Street, established in 1894. The Boston Library, at No. 114 Newbury Street, is a private circulating library, incorporated in 1794. At the corner of Berkeley Street is the Central Church (Congregational Trinitarian), beautiful without and within. It is the most noteworthy building on the street. The architect was R. M. Upjohn.
On the corner of Newbury Street, at No. 233 Clarendon Street, is the rectory of Trinity Church, where Phillips Brooks lived for many years.
The Art Club, on the corner of Dartmouth and Newbury Streets, has a large membership, and holds several exhibitions during the year. These exhibitions are usually of the work of many artists, while those of the St. Botolph Club are "one man" exhibitions. The Horace Mann School for the Deaf is at No. 178.
At Exeter Street on the first left-hand corner stands the South Congregational Church (Unitarian), of which Edward Everett Hale was for many years the minister. At the end of the street, on Massachusetts Avenue is the Massachusetts Station of the Subway.
Startirtg on Boylston Street, from the Public Garden, the Arlington Street Church first commands our attention. It has a beautiful chime of sixteen bells in its tower, and is one of the prominent churches of the Unitarian faith. Rev. Paul Revere Frothingham is the minister.
Almost opposite this church on Boylston Street were the offices of the distinguished Drs. Henry Ingersoll Bowditch and Oliver Wendell Holmes, for Boylston Street was once preeminently a doc- tors' street. At No. 419 Boylston Street is the Warren Chambers. This building was built as an office-building for physicians, and is the only one of its kind in Boston. It takes its name from the Warren family, so long prominent in the medical life of this city. In this building is a doctors' central telephone exchange.
On the northwest corner of Berkeley and Boylston Streets is the dignified building of the Natural History Society. The Boston Society of Natural History was founded in 1831. This building was erected in 1864. On the first floor is the library, with about forty thousand volumes in the building. There are lecture halls and rooms for instruction, as well as carefully arranged and clearly labeled ethnological, zoological, geological, and botanical collec- tions. On the fourth floor is a magnificent array of birds' nests
GUIDE TO BOSTON
53
NATURAL HISTORY BUILDING
and eggs. The museum is open daily, except Sunday, from 9 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. The admission fee of twenty-five cents is not asked on Wednesdays and Saturdays. The remainder of the block in which the Natural History Building is situated was occupied for many years by the two main buildings of the Massa- chusetts Institute of Tech- nology. This widely known, successful technical school has within a few years been installed in a new group of beautiful buildings on the Cambridge side of the Charles River Basin near the Har- vard Bridge (Massachusetts Avenue). One of the original buildings is now occupied by Boston University, which has also taken the building on the corner of Exeter Street, built in 1883 for the Harvard Medical School. The Baby Hygiene Association, incorporated in 1910, for the purpose of keeping babies and children well, has its office at 376 Boylston Street.
The Hotel Brunswick occupies the corner of Clarendon Street. Beyond this, one comes to Copley Square, triangular in shape, and opening into it, Dartmouth, Boi/lston, and Blagden Streets, St. James'
, Avenue, Huntington Avenue, and Trinity Place. This Square was named for John Singleton Copley, the artist, and around it are some of the most beautiful buildings and important institutions of the city.
The crowning beauty of the Square is Trinity Church, the master- piece of the great architect, H. H. Rich- ardson. The style was characterized by the architect as a free rendering of the French Romanesque. In plan the church is a Greek cross, with a
B. U. SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
ARCHITECTURAL, BLDG. MASS. INST. OF TECH.
54
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
L. H. Sfiattuck, Photo.
TRINITY CHURCH
semicircular apse added to the eastern arm. The decorations inside are by John Laf arge, and many of the windows are by the same artist. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ — T-TTT Placed in the side of
the cloister leading from the eastern entrance of the church to Clarendon Street, is a part of the original tracery from a window of the ancient church of St. Botolph in Boston, England, of which John Cotton was the rector for twenty- one years. This was presented to Trinity by the vicar of that church. Opposite this tracery a carved granite rosette is imbedded in the wall of the church. This is all that remains of a former church of this parish, burned in the fire of 1872. The much discussed statue of Phillips Brooks, rector of the church, by Augustus St. Gaudens, stands under a canopy on the Huntington Avenue side. To the left of Trinity is the Westminster Hotel. Next to it, and extending along the south side of the Square from Trinity Place to Dartmouth Street is the Copley-Plaza Hotel, on the site of the old Art Museum.
The Public Library, a noble granite struc- ture, "Built by the people and dedicated to the advancement of learning," as the inscription across its fagade declares, occu- pies the western side of Copley Square. The building, which is rectangular in shape, with an enclosed court, is in the style of the French Renaissance. McKim, Mead & White, of New York, were the architects. The panels beneath the windows,
COPLEY-PLAZA HOTEL
GUIDE TO BOSTON 55
with the exception of the three panels above the doorway, bear the names of the world's greatest men. On the three center panels are, to the left, the seal of Massachusetts; in the middle, that of the Library; and on the right, the seal of the City of Boston.
The Library is approached by a broad, low flight of steps, ending in a platform. The statues of Art and Science in front of the build- ing are the work of Bela L. Pratt. In the vestibule is a splendid brpnze figure of Sir Harry Vane, by Frederick MacMonnies. Be- yond this are six bronze doors by D. C. French — Poetry, Music,, Wisdom, Knowledge, Truth, Romance. In the floor of the en-
PUBLIC LIBRARY
trance hall are set the seal of the Library and the signs of the zodiac, and in the ceiling are the names of eminent Bostonians. Across the court on the right from the vestibule is the Patent Room, where all the Patent Office reports may be found. On the immediate right of the main staircase are three rooms devoted to the current Federal Documents Service, the Library Information Bureau, and the Open-Shelf Collection of books for circulation. The Newspaper and Periodical Rooms are also on this floor.
' Halfway up the magnificent staircase, where it divides to the right and left, are two great marble lions, by Louis St. Gaudens, memorial gifts of the Second and Twentieth Massachusetts Volun- teer Regiments of the Civil War. The mural decorations, "The Spirit of Knowledge," along the stairs and the upper corridor are by Puvis de Chavannes. Passing to the left through a little lobby, decorated by E. F. Garnsey, one comes to the Delivery Room,
56 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
around which runs a gorgeous frieze by Edwin A. Abbey, illus- trating the legend of Sir Galahad's search for the Holy Grail. Just beyond is the Catalogue Room, with an admirable dictionary cata- logue. This room forms one end of Bates Hall, a great room 218 feet long by 42 Yi feet wide, with a beautiful vaulted ceiling semi- domed at the ends. Bates Hall, named for one of the library's greatest benefactors, is the Reference Room of the Library, de- voted to the interests of readers, of whom there are often three or four hundred present.
Beyond Bates Hall is the Children's Department, entered through a Venetian lobby, decorated by Joseph Lindon Smith. The ceiling of the inner room has a painting, "The Triumph of Time," by John Elliott. This is a reference and study room for the children. It has open shelves with books useful to teachers as well as to the younger students. The outer room also has open shelves, with tables provided for reading, and those in charge are always ready to help the children in the use of the library. On this floor there is also a large lecture hall.
On the third floor are the Special Libraries, all of them contain- ing rare and valuable books. They comprise the Fine Arts and Technical Departments, the Allen A. Brown Libraries of Music and the Stage, and the Barton, Barlow, Prince, Lewis, Bowditch, and Ticknor collections. At either end and on both sides of the long third-floor corridor are the sequence of mural decorations entitled "Judaism and Christianity," by John Singer Sargent.
The administration of Library affairs is carried on by five trus- tees, who are appointed by the mayor, a librarian, and the various heads of departments. There are about three hundred and forty- five assistants.
This is one of the largest reference and circulating libraries in the United States, with a collection of over 1,200,000 volumes, and a circulation of 2,300,000 volumes, not counting the books used at the library. While the circulation for home use is confined to citizens of Boston, anyone — stranger as well as citizen — may use the books at the library. The Library consists of the Central Library, sixteen Branches, fourteen Reading Rooms, and deposits in one hundred and nineteen public and parochial schools, and ninety-six engine houses and city institutions — in all, three hun- dred and seventeen agencies for the distribution of books. Some books are loaned every year to other libraries, and a few are bor- rowed. The city appropriates about $550,000 yearly, and the Library has a further income of about $25,000 from trust funds. It publishes quarterly bulletins and a weekly list of accessions, and
GUIDE TO BOSTON
57
various other lists of books on special subjects. It maintains its own bindery and printing establishment. The Central Library, in Copley Square, is open from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. in summer, and an hour later in winter. The librarian is Mr. Charles F. D. Belden. In 1905 the Library entrusted to the care of the Boston Medical Library a large part of its collection of medical books.
The Library publishes "A Condensed Guide to Its Use" which may be obtained at the Registration Desk without charge.
Across Boylston Street from the Library rises the lofty Gothic tower of the New Old South Church, two hun- dred and forty-eight feet high. This church society — formerly worshiping in the historic building on Washington Street — is one of the most important churches of the Congrega- tional Trinitarian faith in New England. Dr. G. A. Gordon is the pastor.
Going out Boylston Street from Copley Square, one comes, on the left, on the corner of Exeter Street, to the old building formerly occupied by the Harvard Medical School, now occupied by one of the departments of Boston University. Directly behind this building, facing on Exeter Street, is the clubhouse of the Boston Athletic Association.
At the corner of Boylston and Hereford Streets is the Tennis and Racquet Club.
The Medical Baths in the Farragut Building, No. 126 Massachu- setts Avenue, corner of Boylston Street, were started by a committee of representative medical men, in order that Boston might have the advantage of a scientific hydrotherapeutic establishment. This is a thoroughly equipped plant, under competent medical supervision, where hydrotherapeutic measures may be carried out either accord- ing to the judgment of the patient's physician, or, if he so wishes, according to the judgment of the medical men in charge. This
XE\V OLD SOUTH CHURCH
58
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
junction of Massachusetts Avenue and Boylston Street is a rapidly growing center. The Subway runs close to it, and over the tunnel is the loop of the surface cars from the South End and from Cam- bridge. Passing down St. Cecilia Street one comes to St. Cecilia's Roman Catholic Church on Belvidere Street, and further to the east on this street is the Mechanic Arts High School.
At the corner of Boylston Street and The Fenway is the building of the Massachusetts Historical Society, founded in 1791. Besides a priceless library, the Historical Society has an interesting museum, which is open to the public from 2 to 4 p.m. on Wednesdays.
Across The Fenway from the Historical Society's building is a memorial to John Boyle O'Reilly, the Irish poet and patriot, who was for many years the editor of a Boston paper, the Pilot.
The Fenway, which begins here, swings in a great semi-circle enclosing the old waterways of this region, and continues as the
River way out of town to ! Jamaica Pond, the Arnold Arboretum, and Franklin Park. On the outside of the semi-circle and facing upon the fens are to be seen, beginning at Boylston Street, the Boston Medical Library; then well over toward Huntington Avenue the new and beautiful Forsyth Dental Infirmary; next to this and facing as well upon Huntington Ave- nue the Museum of Fine Arts; beyond which are successively Mrs. John L. Gardner's palace and the long and dignified facade of Simmons College. Be- tween Simmons College and the beautiful Convent of Notre Dame, the Avenue Louis Pasteur leaves The Fenway and runs to the court of the Harvard Medical School.
Next to the building of the Historical Society, and facing on The Fenway, is the Boston Medical Library. This association was formed in 1875, the first library consisting of 1500 volumes, housed in two rooms on Hamilton Place. A little later a house was
BOSTON MEDICAL LIBRARY
GUIDE TO BOSTON 59
purchased at No. 19 Boylston Place, and remodeled so as to give a hall for medical meetings. The library remained at No. 19 Boylston Place for twenty-two years, until its building was so outgrown that 10,000 volumes had to be stored in other places.
In 1898 the movement was started that resulted in the erection of the present building in 1900 in a situation well suited to be a center for readers, near the homes of a majority of its 800 members and easily accessible from the surrounding country by all transit lines. Besides stacks for the care of the books, there is a Chadwick Periodical Room, and a reading room, Holmes Hall. This beau- tiful hall was named after Oliver Wendell Holmes, the library's first president. The library building serves as a meeting-place for most of Boston's larger medical societies, and many of the smaller ones, and has for this purpose three halls and several rooms, in- cluding a supper-room. The largest hall, John Ware Hall, reached by a competent elevator recently installed, seats three hundred persons, and the other two about ninety each. The library is an independent democratic institution, furnishing service to graduates of all medical schools and to the public. Any respectable physician, dentist, or scientist may become a member. If he lives more than five miles away, he pays only hah6 the modest annual assessment. In addition to 107,000 bound volumes and 65,000 pamphlets, the library con- tains a very large and valuable collection of medical medals (the Storer Memorial Collection), many portraits of medical men, be- sides autographs, prints, and other things of medical interest. Nearly ten thousand readers use the library in the course of a year. The library has long outgrown its building. Books are piled every- where in the basement, and all available nooks and corners have been utilized for temporary shelves. The corporation owns the adjoining land and has gone so far as to build the front basement of an addition, now crowded with books. A new stack building in the rear is a pressing necessity, for without it a very large number of books cannot be catalogued and are therefore unavailable. Friends of this important feature of a medical community will be appealed to for funds to carry on its public-spirited work. The Medical Library is the headquarters of the Massachusetts Medical Society, which pays rental for accommodations.
The Massachusetts Medical Society was founded by act of the Legislature in 1781, with power to elect officers, examine and license candidates for practice, hold real estate, and "continue as a body politic and corporate by the same name forever." It was reorgan- - ized and made democratic largely through the efforts of James Jack- son, in 1803. Candidates, either male or female, for membership
60 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
in the Society must be not less than twenty-one years of age, and of good moral character, must have a good general English education, and by the laws of the Commonwealth must appear per- sonally before the censors and satisfy them that they have received a diploma from a medical school recognized by the Council of the Society, and that they do not practice any exclusive system of medicine or practice unethically.
There is an annual meeting and a dinner of the Society in the month of June each year, and the district societies, of which there are eighteen, hold more or less frequent meetings during the year, and an annual meeting at least three weeks before the meeting of the parent society, when officers and councilors are elected. The governing body, the representative Council, holds three stated meetings a year and transacts nearly all the business of the Society. The present membership of the Society is about 3900. The dues are ten dollars a year. The proceedings of the Society, the annual address, and the papers read at the annual meeting are published each year in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, the official organ of the Society. The Society provides malpractice defense for its members without cost.
Opposite 84 The Fenway, on the border of the pond is a recently erected statue of Robert Burns, by H. H. Kitson
The Forsyth Dental Infirmary for Children was founded in 1910 by John Hamilton and Thomas Alexander Forsyth in memory of
their brothers James Bennett and George Henry Forsyth. It has been in operation for six years at 140 The Fenway and may be approached frcm Huntington
FORSYTH DENTAL INFIRMARY Avenue through
Forsyth Street.
Beautifully light, roomy, and hygienic, the institution not only serves the poor children of Boston in the care of their teeth, tonsils, and ade- noids, but, through classes, and the Post Graduate- School of Ortho- dontia, is a strong influence for oral hygiene and preventive medicine. It has a large consulting and active staff.
The Museum of Fine Arts is on Huntington Avenue. On the lawn in front stands Cyrus Dallin's beautiful bronze equestrian
GUIDE TO BOSTON
61
statue, "The Appeal to the Great Spirit." The newer part of the Museum, the gift of Mrs. Robert D. Evans, faces on The Fenway. The principal building, of Maine granite, opened in 1909, replaced the former building on Copley Square. The Museum ranks among the most important art museums of the world. Both the buildings and collections are the result of private subscriptions and bequests, for the museum receives no help from City or State. The collections include Egyptian and Classical Art, Chinese and Japanese sculp- tures, and paintings. Western art embraces Spanish, Italian, Flem- ish, Dutch, French, English, and American paintings, ancient Flemish tapestries, and Mohammedan pottery, rugs, and velvets. A guide to the chief exhibits may be obtained for twenty-five cents at the office. The Museum has a library of works on art and maintains a school of drawing and painting on the grounds to
ART MUSEUM
the south of the main buildings. Open week days 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Sundays, 1 to 6 p.m. Admission free.
Opposite the Museum of Fine Arts is the Wentworth Institute, founded by Arioch Wentworth and opened in 1911. With the ob- ject of increasing the average standard of skill and intelligence in the trades, it offers courses in pattern-making, carpentry, electrical work, foundry practice, machine work, both day and evening. It is open to boys and men.
Fenway Court or the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum of Art, the Boston residence of Mrs. John L. Gardner, is built after the style of an Italian palace, and much of the material used in its con- struction was brought from Italy. The museum contains Mrs. Gardner's valuable collection of pictures, marbles, and other works of art. Admission to this collection is to be had at stated intervals by means of tickets.
On the left of Mrs. Gardner's residence is Simmons College, its\ founder declaring its purpose to be "to furnish to women instruc- tion and training in such branches of art, science, and industry as
62
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
SIMMONS COLLEGE
may be serviceable in enabling them to acquire a livelihood." The main building seen here is a long structure of brick, consisting of a central section and two wings. Although Simmons College was not in- corporated until 1899, it has a large and increasing number of students. A dormitory for the students of the college is situated on Brookline Avenue, not far from its junction with the parkway.
At the junction of The Fenway and River- way, just beyond Sim- mons College, the Avenue Louis Pasteur leads up to the court of the Harvard Medi- cal School buildings. On the right is the High School of Commerce. At the corner of Huntington and Longwood Avenues, back of Mrs. Gardner's palace, are the Girls' Latin and Normal Schools, while near the corner of Riverway and Brookline Avenue is the handsome new building of Notre Dame Academy (Roman Catholic), formerly on Berkeley Street.
The Church of the Disciples is to be seen on Peterborough Street. This church society, of which James Freeman Clarke was for many years the pastor, worshiped formerly in the building at the corner of Warren Avenue and West Brookline Street.
At the corner of Jersey Street and Audubon Road, No 107, on the latter parkway, is the Eliot Hospital, a general hospital of 26 beds that was established in 1886.
To the left of Copley Square is Huntington Avenue. On the right of Huntington Avenue, about two blocks beyond Copley Square, is the Mechanics Building. This building covers seven acres of land and belongs to the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic
MECHANICS BUILDING
GUIDE TO BOSTON
63
N. L. Stebbins, Photo.
HORTICULTURAL HALL
Association. It has two very large halls, one used for exhibition pur- poses, and the other as an auditorium with a seating capacity of eight thousand. Besides these halls the building contains a smaller hall and trade schools. The so- ciety was founded in 1795, and Paul Revere was its first president. Its object was to relieve the wants of unfortunate mechanics and their families, and to pro- mote inventions and im- provements in mechanic arts. The present building was erected in 1880-81.
To the right of Hunting- ton Avenue, just before one reaches Massachusetts Avenue, is to be seen through a park maintained by the Society, the huge Christian Science Church, which was dedicated in 1906. This building, which is joined to the so-called "Mother Church," has more the propor- tions of an Old World cathedral than of a church. It has a seating capacity of five thousand. Its dome, surmounted by a cupola, is two hundred and twenty-four feet high — a landmark which can be seen at a very considerable distance. The Christian Science Monitor is published at 107 Falmouth Street, near by.
Near the intersection of Huntington and Massachusetts Avenues are several buildings which are of interest. Horticultural Hall, on
- the northeast cor- ner of Huntington and Massachusetts Avenues, is the building of the Massachusetts Horticultural So- ciety, which was founded in 1829. Every year the society has many exhibitions of fruit, plants, flowers, vegeta- bles, fungi, etc.
Across Massachusetts Avenue from Horticultural Hall is Symphony Hall. Here are given during the fall and winter the concerts
SYMPHONY HALL
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AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC JORDAN HALL IN REAR
of the celebrated Boston Symphony Orchestra. During the spring members of the same orchestra give a series of popular
promenade concerts called 'Tops."
At No. 241 St. Botolph Street, just a block east of Huntington Avenue, is the Industrial School for Crip- pled and Deformed Chil- dren. This school, with a capacity of 100 day pupils, was incorporated in 1894, "to promote the education and special training of crippled and deformed children." It is a private charitable corporation. Opposite the school on St. Botolph Street is the Boston Arena, recently rebuilt after a fire and opened January 1, 1921. It is a place for skating carnivals and large assemblages. On Huntington Avenue diagonally opposite Symphony Hall is the Back Bay Post Office, the largest branch of the Boston Post Office.
On the corner of Gainsborough Street and Huntington Avenue is the New England Conservatory of Music, incorporated in 1867. This is the largest and most important music school in the country. It has courses in the science and art of music in all its branches. By an arrangement with Harvard University, students of either insti- tution may take certain courses at the other, an arrangement ad- vantageous to both. In Jordan Hall, the Concert Room, is the great organ, formerly in the old Boston Music Hall, in Hamilton Place. Jordan Hall, the chief auditorium in the Conservatory, is entered from Gainsborough Street.
Next to the Conservatory is the fine large building of the Young Men's Christian Association, and further along, on the opposite side of the avenue, is the Boston Opera House at No. 335.
Tufts College Medical School. By vote of the Trustees of Tufts College the Tufts College Medical School was established in Boston, August 28, 1893. The object of the school was to provide a "practical and thorough medical education for
TUFTS COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL
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persons of both sexes upon equal terms." The school at first was situated in a building belonging to the College at No. 188 Boylston Street. These quarters were speedily outgrown and the Chauncy Hall School building, in Copley Square, was leased while the building on the corner of Rutland Street and Shawmut Avenue was prepared for its permanent location. In 1897 the school was transferred to Rutland Street and Shawmut Avenue. The quarters for the school having become again outgrown and the Boston Dental College having become an incorporate part of Tufts College, it was found necessary to provide still larger quarters for the rapidly in- creasing number of students. The present building, on the corner of Huntington Avenue and Bryant Street, was accordingly con- structed, and has been the home of the Medical and Dental schools since the opening of the session of 1901-02.
The school offers a four-year graded course in all the branches of the study of medicine. The policy of the school has been the quali- fication of its students as general practitioners. While stressing the importance of the bedside study of disease, the Faculty has not abandoned so much as have some other institutions the didactic method of teaching. The Laboratories of Biological Chemistry, Pathology, Anatomy, and Physiology have furnished her students with facilities adequate to the practical wish of training practition- ers, but have not catered especially to research scholars. New buildings have been added to accommodate the constantly increas- ing classes, the last to be completed being occupied in the fall of 1920. The premedical (two-year) course now furnishes all the students that the teaching facilities of the school can accommodate and at present the entering classes approximate one hundred and twenty-five. The school has access to abundant clinical material, the bulk of which, in the major subjects of medicine and surgery is obtained in two teaching services at the Boston City Hospital. Some of the specialties find their material also at the Massachusetts General and the Carney Hospitals, the Boston Dispensary, the Robert Brigham, St. Elizabeth's, the Psychopathic, and two well- equipped hospitals conducted by the Salvation Army.
Very many of the students are, in part or wholly, self-supporting while pursuing their studies, and as the school has no endowed scholarships, this means that these young men must devote their vacations as well as what they can take from their school year to remunerative pursuits. Nevertheless an attendance of eighty- five per cent upon all school exercises is compulsory, and in spite of the handicap to high scholarship that obtains when economic necessity drives so many to give time and thought to their own
66 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
support, the standing of the graduates before State Boards has not been discreditable. The school usually includes eight or ten young women in each class. After graduation most of them find places in institutional work.
Beyond the Fens one conies, on the right, to Longwood Avenue, on which at No. 240 are the buildings of the Harvard Medical School. The Harvard Medical School was the third medical school to be founded in the United States, being antedated by the University of Pennsylvania Medical School, founded in 1765, and King's Col- lege, later Columbia University, New York, founded in 1768.
The school may be said to owe its origin to the bequest of Dr. Ezekiel Hersey to Harvard College in the year 1770 of the sum of £1000, to be used "for a Professorship of Anatomy, and for that use only." Dr. Hersey was a plain country doctor, with a practice in Hingham and the surrounding towns. He had graduated from Harvard and had studied medicine in Boston under a preceptor, as the custom of those days was. He felt the need of a medical school, and resolved to do what he could toward establishing one.
The Revolution delayed the beginning of the school, but brought to it, when once it was started, the results of the experience gained in the military hospitals, and in the contact with the medical men trained in the best schools of the mother country.
The history of the school may be divided, conveniently, into five periods, for with every change of location came important altera- tions in the personnel of the teaching force, in policies, and in the clinical opportunities afforded the students.
First (1782-1816), its life in Cambridge, and in its temporary quarters on old Marlborough Street, in Boston.
Second (1816-1847), the time that it occupied the Massachusetts Medical College building on Mason Street.
Third (1847-1883), its occupancy of the building on North Grove Street.
Fourth (1883-1906), the twenty-three years during which its home was on Boylston Street.
Fifth (1906- ), its development in the splendid buildings, newly opened at the time of the last Meeting of the American Medical Association in Boston, into the center of a great hospital group.
Dr. John Warren, surgeon in the Continental Army and an active physician, had given a successful series of lectures on Anatomy in Boston in 1780 and 1781, and was invited to repeat them in Cam- bridge. This he did, and at the request of the College drew up
68 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
articles to govern the Department of Medicine to be formed in connection with Harvard College. He was chosen to the chair of Anatomy and Surgery in 1782, and a month later Benjamin Water- house, a Boston practitioner, formerly of Newport, was elected Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic. The following year Aaron Dexter, a Boston apothecary, was made Professor of Materia Medica. These three composed the teaching force during the early years of the school.
The instruction consisted at first mainly of lectures, which were given in Harvard Hall and Holden Chapel in the College grounds at Cambridge. Dissecting material was hard to procure. The first degrees were conferred in 1788 and were those of Bachelors of Medicine, the first Doctors of Medicine being graduated in 1811.
Attempts to secure clinical advantages in Cambridge proving fruitless, arrangements were made, in 1810, for a course of clinical lectures at the almshouse on Leverett Street, in Boston, and a Pro- fessor of Clinical Medicine was appointed in the person of James Jackson. Two years later he succeeded Dr. Waterhouse as Professor of Theory and Practice, and held both positions for several years. The professors were paid, for the most part, by the fees received from their pupils.
The number of medical students in 1814 was one hundred and twenty, of which fifty were at the school in Boston and seventy in Cambridge. Communication between Boston and Cambridge was by ferry to Charlestown and a long journey over the road. Many were the subterfuges resorted to in order to get material for dissec- tion. Popular prejudice was strong against anatomical study, and "body snatching" alone produced practical results. The good physician of those days had to possess many sorts of fortitude — he must brave the terrors of the law to round out his education, and keep a steady hand while operating on conscious and suffering humanity.
The anatomical dissections were made in the rooms over White's apothecary shop (on the site of 400 Washington Street), and the clinical facilities were furnished by the almshouse, the Marine Hos- pital (1803) at Charlestown, the Boston Dispensary (1801), and the State Prison at Charlestown. For many years the lectures in Chem- istry were delivered at Cambridge.
Dr. John Warren died in 1815, and was succeeded in the chair of Anatomy and Surgery by his son, John Collins Warren. In this same year Jacob Bigelow was Lecturer in Materia Medica and J3otany, and Walter Channing in Midwifery, so that when the schopj
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moved into its new building on Mason Street — the Massachusetts Medical College, as it was called in 1816 — the teaching force had materially changed, and consisted of J. C. Warren in Anatomy and Surgery; James Jackson in Theory and Practice; Jacob Bigelow in Materia Medica; Walter Channing in Midwifery; and John Gor- ham, who had succeeded Dexter, in Chemistry. Dr. Gorham was one of the founders of the New England Medical Journal (1812), the forerunner of the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal (1828). Dr. J. C. Warren was Professor of Anatomy and Surgery during the years the school remained on Mason Street. He was instrumen- tal in getting the legislative grant with which the Mason Street building was erected, and he helped raise the sum of $150,000 which was used to build the Massachusetts General Hospital. He was selected as visiting sur- geon to the hospi- tal when it was opened in 1821, and performed there the first operation under ether anesthesia, Octo- ber 16, 1846. He was the third president of the American Medical Association elected when it met in Boston in 1849. Incidentally the Association held its conventions in this city in 1865 and in 1906.
The first regular medical faculty was organized November 1, 1816, and consisted of Drs. Jackson, Warren, Gorham, Bigelow, and Channing. A library and a museum were established in the new school. The number of students in 1818 was fifty-eight, and the course of lectures lasted three months.
When the Massachusetts General Hospital was completed, it was used to provide clinical material for the students. John Ware suc- ceeded James Jackson as Hersey Professor of the Theory and Prac- tice of Physic in 1836, and John White Webster succeeded Dr. Gorham in 1827.
In 1831 the Medical School was organized as a distinct depart- ment; with its own dean, and with complete local self-government;
MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL COLLEGE, MASON STREET, BOSTON, 1815.
70 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
maintaining its own receipts and expenditures, and it remained in this anomalous condition until President Eliot took charge of the University in 1870. Then a new regime began, and dating from this time the president was instrumental in developing the school as an integral part of the University.
In 1846 George Parkman presented the growing school with a lot of land on North Grove Street, close to the Massachusetts Gen- eral Hospital, and a new building was erected on it. The Parkman Professorship of Anatomy and Physiology was created by the Presi- dent and Fellows of Harvard College in 1847, and Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes was elected to fill this office. At the same time Dr. J. B. S. Jackson was created Professor of Pathological Anatomy. This was the year of the organization of the American Medical Association.
In 1849 Dr. Henry J. Bigelow succeeded Dr. Hayward, who had followed Dr. Warren in the chair of Surgery.
The Warren museum of anatomical preparations, collected by Dr. John C. Warren abroad and in this country, was given to the school on the completion of the new building, and was the basis of the present Warren Anatomical Museum, which contains about twelve thousand specimens, illustrating normal and pathological anatomy by corrosion preparations, papier-mache models, speci- mens dried and in preservatives; a most valuable teaching collec- tion, that has been gathered by a long line of teachers of Anatomy.
At this time the different clinical facilities were furnished by the Massachusetts General Hospital, close at hand; by the Massachu- setts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary (1824), which moved into a new building on Charles. Street in 1850; by the Perkins Institution for the Blind (1829) in South Boston; and by the Boston Lying-in Hospital (1832) on McLean Street. It was at this hospital that Dr. O. W. Holmes made the study of puerperal septicaemia, on which he founded his famous thesis which revolutionized the prac- tice of obstetrics. Clinical teaching in mental diseases was conducted at the Asylum for the Insane at Danvers and at the Boston Insane Hospital, now both called "State Hospitals."
The clinical advantages of the school were increased by the founding of the House of the Good Samaritan in 1860, and by the building of the Boston City Hospital in 1864. The Children's Hos- pital, founded in 1869, opened its doors to the students of the school in 1882, and the Free Hospital for Women (1875) at about this time. In later years the students had clinical facilities afforded them at the Infants' Hospital, the Long Island Hospital for chronic diseases in Boston Harbor, and the Carney Hospital.
Among the eminent men connected with the school while it was
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on North Grove Street were G. C. Shattuck, Professor of Clinical Medicine, and also of Theory and Practice; Jacob Bigelow, Professor of Materia Medica; Jeffries Wyman, Hersey Professor of Anatomy; David Humphreys Storer, Professor of Obstetrics; Henry J. Bige- low, Professor of Surgery; Charles W. Eliot, later president of the college, Lecturer in Chemistry; Morrill Wyman, Professor of Theory and Practice; Henry I. Bowditch, Jackson Professor of Clinical Medicine, and Calvin Ellis, Professor of Clinical Medicine. Dr.
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL, 18S3-1906 NOW BOSTON UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS
Oliver Wendell Holmes gave his last lecture in Anatomy in the North Grove Street building in 1882.
As early as 1874 the progress of the school was such as to pre- shadow the need of larger and better facilities, but though at this time a public meeting was held and a committee to raise funds ap- pointed, it was not until the fall of 1883, one hundred years after the founding of the school, that the Harvard Medical School moved into its new building on Boylston Street. The building cost, with the land, $321,415, and was thought at the time to be admirably suited to the needs of the institution for many years to come.
A four-year course of study was made optional in 1879-80, before moving to Boylston Street. In 1892 it was made obligatory, with most beneficial results, the number of students not falling off to
72 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
any appreciable extent. In 1893 the teaching staff consisted of eighty-six men, exclusive of those connected with the Summer School. The opening of the Sears Pathological Laboratory at the school, and the pathological laboratories at the Massachusetts Gen- eral and City hospitals, greatly enlarged the facilities for instruc- tion. The Graduate School was developed, and opportunities offered for men to become investigators or specialists of the highest type. A degree in Arts or Science was required for admission to the school after 1902, Harvard being the pioneer in this respect, as she was the second medical school in the country to require a four-year course of study. In 1904-05, the year before moving into the new buildings on Longwood Avenue, of the three hundred and seven students in the school, two hundred and sixty-seven, or eighty- seven per cent, were holders of the preliminary degree of A.B. or S.B.
When the school moved to Boylston Street, it separated itself from a near-by hospital, and from this time the clinical facilities, although most ample, were spread about in many hospitals at a considerable distance from the school building. All this has in a remarkable degree been changed at the Longwood Avenue location, and the great need of medical education has been met by a conjunction of laboratories with clinical advantages. But while the new group of hospitals about the school has centralized in that neighborhood a very considerable amount of clinical material, the great clinics of the Massachusetts General and City Hospitals continue to form the basis of perhaps the larger part of the medical and surgical teaching.
The School on Longwood Avenue. The scheme for the expan- sion and development of the Medical School owes its success in a large measure to the untiring efforts of Dr. Henry P. Bowditch and Dr. J. Collins Warren, who educated the members of the medical profession to demand, and the public to provide, the means for the accomplishment of this object, so fraught with promise to the cause of medical education.
In 1900 a Committee of the Faculty of the Medical School secured a parcel of land on Longwood Avenue, on the outskirts of Boston, near the Brookline line, as the site for the new medical school. The land was held in trust by twenty public-spirited citizens of Boston and vicinity, who subscribed $565,000 for the purpose. Through the generosity of J. Pierpont Morgan, John D. Rocke- feller, Mrs. Collis P. Huntington, and sixty-nine different donors the buildings were erected and dedicated in 1906.
Arrangements were made with several hospitals whereby a portion
GUIDE TO BOSTON 73
of the land not needed for the medical school should be reserved for the erection of hospitals, to be managed in conjunction with the school. This far-sighted step has since resulted in the establish- ment of a number of important hospitals at the school doorsteps, and in attracting others to the immediate neighborhood. The Peter Bent Brigham, the Collis P. Huntington Memorial, the Chil- dren's and the Infants' Hospitals, the House of the Good Samaritan, as well as the Harvard Dental School and the Carnegie Nutrition Laboratory closely surround the Medical School and derive light and heat from its power plant. The Psychopathic Hospital is hardly a quarter of a mile away, and the Robert Breck Brigham Hospital and the Elks Reconstruction Hospital on the summit of Parker Hill are almost equally near. The folding map shows
PETER BENT BRIGHAM HOSPITAL
the relation of most of these institutions to each other and to the school.
The Peter Bent Brigham Hospital is on the corner of Huntington Avenue and Francis Street. Peter Bent Brigham, a native of Vermont, left at his death in 1877 the fortune which resulted in 1902 in the incorporation, and in 1913 in the completion of the hospital which bears his name. The hospital has from the first been most closely connected with the Harvard Medical School. Built at its front door, its chiefs of service, medical and surgical, hold chairs in these departments of the school, and give their entire time to the two institutions. Medical students are assigned in groups to its wards during the entire year and when so assigned spend their full time as an integral part of the hospital machine. All physicians of the staff are salaried; all hold teaching as well as hospital positions. The house staff consists of salaried Residents with indefinite terms of service, and of house officers with an eighteen-month term.
The capacity of the hospital is 220 beds, equally divided between general medical and surgical services. The wards are two-storied, generously spread over ample grounds. The Out-Door Department for Out-Patients is open at all hours of the day and night.
74 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
The patients admitted to the hospital January 1, 1920, to De- cember 31, 1920, inclusive, were: medical, 2446; surgical, 1870; total, 4316. The number of new cases treated in the Out-Door Department were: medical, 4099; surgical, 3530; prenatal, 9; uro- logical 224; total, 7862. The number of visits to the Out-Door Department were: medical, 20,349; surgical, 16,917; prenatal, 30; urological, 4414; total, 41,710.
The House of the Good Samaritan, at Francis and Binney Streets, is the outcome of a work started by Miss Annie Smith Robbins in 1861. She at that time opened the house at the corner of McLean
and Chambers Streets, for the care of women suffer- ing from chronic diseases. The house had a capa- city of 12 patients. Later an ortho- pedic department was added. The
Photo. * Dr. M. D. Miller fc
HOUSE OF THE GOOD SAMARITAN . , ,.
on under the di-
rection of the founder, who lived in the house until the time of her death, in 1899. After the death of Miss Robbins, the board of trustees, her relatives and friends raised the money for the present model hospital, which was first occupied in July, 1905.
The building has 43 beds, 12 of which are orthopedic, the rest medical. The medical side divides its beds about equally between patients with phthisis and those suffering with other chronic diseases. The institution is the first example in this community of a hospital for the treatment of chronic diseases, it being in every respect a hospital and not a home. Recently a special ward of 21 beds for cases of cancer has been added.
The present Harvard Dental School, situated at 188 Longwood Avenue beside the Medical School, is a dental hospital and infirm- ary pure and simple. Completed in 1909, the building represents the best modern dental requirements and is the natural outcome of forty years of steady progress in dental teaching. In 1867 the Corporation of Harvard University granted the petition of the Dean of the Medical School that a Dental Department be estab- lished. Dr. Nathan Cooley Keep, the originator of the plan, was made the first Dean. Beginning in a very humble way, in the Out- Patient Department of the Massachusetts General Hospital with
GUIDE TO BOSTON 75
sixteen matriculants, the school steadily developed until in 1917 there were 800 alumni and a registration of 230 students. The way has been marked by a continual elevation in the standards of teach- ing and study and in the requirements for admission.
Through its Dental Department, Harvard was the first classical institution to grant a degree in dentistry. The school was the pioneer in substituting in 1871 an optional lengthening of the school year as a substitute for private pupilage, with a progressive course of two years. After entering its present building in 1909 the Faculty was merged with that of the Medical School. Since then the Dental School has been the first to demand as a prerequisite to admission a four-year course in selected training along academic lines in a re- spectable high school. For many years the school, under the influ- ence of a line of scholarly and enlightened deans, has been a strong and leading factor in the development of teaching in dentistry. In 1903 it withdrew from the National Association of Dental Faculties to mark its disaprobation of the low entrance requirements of a majority of the schools holding membership in that body. In 1908 it joined with the University Schools in a Dental Faculties Associa- tion of American Universities whose advance in standards culmi- nated in 1917 in the present four-year course. At Harvard the first year includes a compulsory course in biology as a basis of subsequent medical studies.
The lectures and laboratory exercises in the Dental School are given in the near-by Medical School, and the dental infirmary proper is given up to the actual clinics, including a large Orthodontia Clinic and a Prosthetic Laboratory. Within a few years the school has been able to offer greater encouragement to students in research and has supplied third-year students and graduate teachers to the Massachusetts Hospital Dental Service. Its graduates have faith- fully assisted the school by teaching and gifts of money and are becoming increasingly prominent upon the staffs of hospital and dental infirmaries.
Finally, a number of its graduates have performed a brilliant role in war surgery, and an illustration of the nature and scope of their work may be seen in Dr. Kazanjian's exhibit of plaster faces of wounded soldiers on the Western Front, before and after treat- ment, together with a large number of photographs.
Harvard is recognizing at last the faithful work of instructors in the Dental School by paying salaries for service in teaching long rendered without money reward.
Next to the Dental School, at 184 Longwood Avenue, is the Angell Memorial Hospital for Animals of the Massachusetts Society
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AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. This is the last word in a modern institution of its kind and will well repay a visit. Across the street, at No. 179, is the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy, a most important institution where young men are trained in pharmacy preparatory to registering with the Board of Registration in Pharmacy at the State House. The College was founded in 1823 and incorporated in 1852.
The Carnegie Nutrition Laboratory is situated at the meeting of Villa and Van Dyke Streets close to the power station of the Harvard Medical School. The investigations in nutrition, to which this laboratory is devoted, originated with the late Professor W. O. Atwater, of Wesley an University, Middletown, Conn. The work has been carried on in the Boston laboratory by Professor Francis G. Benedict for The Carnegie Institution of Washington since 1908 when the present building was completed.
The laboratory equipment consists of a variety of apparatus, made for the most part in the laboratory machine shop, for the study of metabolism and related subjects. Respiration calorim- eters and other types of respiration apparatus are used (to men- tion some of the more important pieces of research) in the study of normal metabolism at rest and under exertion, in investigations of diabetes, in the study of infants up to two years of age, and in in- vestigations into the effect of alcohol upon the human organization. Studies have been made upon some ex- perimental metabolic dis- turbances in dogs, and certain fundamental laws governing heat production have been investigated among reptiles in the New York City Zoological Park. The laboratory has received in its researches the coop- eration of many scientists, both American and foreign, and is one of the most active and productive institutions of the type in the world.
The Collis P. Huntington Memorial Hospital. In 1901 the Cancer Commission of Harvard University was established, and the fund of $100,000 left by the late Caroline Brewer Croft in 1899 be- came available for its use. In 1912 the Commission was able, prin- cipally through the gift of Mrs. Collis P. Huntington, to build the
COLLIS P. HUNTINGTON MEMORIAL HOSPITAL
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Collis P. Huntingdon Memorial Hospital, devoted to the study and treatment of cancer. The hospital, on the corner of Van Dyke Street and Huntington Avenue, is a small one of 25 beds, but treats a large number of out-patient cases. A two-story addition is now in process of construction to house a very modern and powerful X-ray plant, which will be used in addition to radium. The pur- pose of the hospital is not only to care for incurable cancer in whatever class of life, but to find the cause of cancer and the best means of treating it. To this end extensive research is carried on by the Cancer Commission.
The Children's Hospital. Founded in 1869, this hospital, sup- ported entirely by private endowment and subscription, began as a small clinic in a dwelling house at the South End. By 1882 it was able to build the hospital on Hunt- ington Avenue used by it until 1915, when the present buildings of 150 beds at
300 Longwood THE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL
Avenue were com- pleted and occu- pied. To this institution may be traced the great interest in orthopedics so prominent in Boston medicine, and in it, in the past as in the present, most of the orthopedic surgeons of Boston have been trained. Like the Peter Bent Brigham, it is a teaching hos- pital closely affiliated with the Harvard Medical School, in which its chiefs of service, orthopedic and medical, hold professorships respectively in Orthopedic Surgery and Pediatrics.
The hospital wards are widely scattered over the grounds behind the Administration Building and so constructed as to obtain the maximum of air and sunlight. Besides the medical and orthopedic services there is a general surgical service, and in the Out-Patient Department a clinic for diseases of the nose and throat as well. The out-patient service of all departments cared for 43,306 patients in 1920; the house for 4682, a remarkably varied and interesting clinic. In the Social-Service Department there were 2750 visits. The hospital possesses an excellent shop for the manufacture of orthopedic appliances.
ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, NURSES HOME, AND OUT-PATIENT DEPARTMENT
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79
INFANTS HOSPITAL
The Children's Hospital has maintained for many years in Wellesley Hills, twelve miles outside of Boston, a convalescent home which has become a most important part of the institution. It has no financial connection with the hospital, has separate officers and managers, and is supported by voluntary subscriptions.
The Infants' Hospital, situated at 55 Van Dyke Street close to the Harvard Medical School, began in 1878 as a day nursery at 18 Blossom Street (near the Massachusetts General Hospital). Dr. Henry Cecil Haven sponsored its beginning. With Dr. Thomas
Morgan Rotch he WBHiS&BBtS^&&!!iSG^% m^^^B^H^BSBB was a pioneer in the study of the diseases of in- fants and in their scientific feeding. The hospital was incorporated in 1881 as the West End Nursery and Hospital for In- fants, and maintained an active out-patient department. It re- ceives infants up to two years of age. In 1913, with its change of name to the Infants' Hospital, the institution was moved to the present marble building known as the Thomas Morgan Rotch, Jr., Memorial. With a capacity of 60 beds, the hospital is closely affiliated with Harvard. Its staff teach in the Medical School and give clinics in the hospital to third- and fourth-year students. Besides maintaining a training school for nurses, it conducts a school for nursery maids and follows up the treatment of its patients through its Social-Service Departments, training mothers in the care of infants.
The Robert Breck Brigham Hospital is reached by trolley over Huntington Avenue to Parker Hill Avenue. A sharp climb brings one to No. 125. Robert Breck Brigham, a native of Vermont, the founder of this hospital, died in 1900, leaving, among other charitable bequests, a considerable fund which should be de- voted to the erection, equipment, and maintenance of a hospital "for the care and support and medical and surgical treatment of those citizens of Boston who are without necessary means of support, and are incapable of obtaining a comfortable livelihood by reason of chronic or incurable disease or permanent physical disability." His sister later joined her fortune to his, and the in- stitution thus built looking down upon the Harvard Medical
80 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
School from the top of a near-by hill (Parker Hill) was opened in 1914 with 150 beds. From the time of opening until 1918 it had admitted 283 patients, of whom many had been made self- supporting, while others had been taken care of by relatives and friends.
The hospital, being devoted to chronic cases, has found its Social- Service Department essential for following up and teaching its dis- charged patients as well as its inmates. Its Industrial Department has taught the occupations and trades which war hospitals have found so important to the health and well-being of victims of chronic diseases. In this way patients defray the expense of apparatus and dental work. A laboratory for the study of problems related to the diseases treated has from the start been an integral part of the institution.
In 1918 the hospital was taken over by the United States Army Medical Department together with the adjoining reconstruction hospital built by the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, be- coming General Hospital, No. 10. Recently it has become a part of the Public Health Service, being Hospital No. 36, with 520 beds in the two buildings. The organization of the Robert Breck Brigham Hospital is maintained, and it is the intention to restore the insti- tution to the care of its trustees. What will be done eventually
with the Elks' Hospital has not been determined. On the slope of Parker Hill at 53 Parker Hill Avenue is the Massachusetts Women's Hospital of 41 beds. It is a semi-public institution sup-
NEW ENGLAND BAPTIST HOSPITAL nor ted bv a
women's charitable organization. Gynecological and abdominal cases are cared for by a small staff. Next door, at No. 61, is the Gushing Hospital established by the late Dr. E. W. Cushing in 1890. It is a general hospital of 35 beds. On top of the hill on the same street (No. Ill) is the New England Baptist Hospital, established in 1893; a general hospital of 55 beds. Here any physician in good standing may send his patients and care for them.
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PSYCHOPATHIC HOSPITAL
The Psychopathic Hospital is at 74 Fenwood Road, Roxbury, reached by Ipswich Street trolley cars from Park Street. This institution was authorized in 1909 by the Massachusetts Legislature and was opened for patients in 1912, being operated as a department of the Boston State Hospital, its purpose being to receive mental
patients for first care, observation, and examination. It is thus the only one of the group of hospitals in the neighborhood of the Har- vard Medical School which is not privately endowed and sup- ported. Its work, an important link in the State Hospital system for the insane, is distinct from the treatment of obviously com- mittable cases. Patients, many of whom are temporary-care and voluntary cases, come for a ten-day (or less) investigation and are then disposed of according to the conditions found. It is thus a ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ large clinic, dealing with acute, 4?* special, difficult, and borderline
f ,_^l.JI cases, admitted by special dis-
pensation from the State at large as well as from the vicinity of Boston. The work involves problems from schools, courts, the Immigration Bureau, the Industrial Accident Board, and the like. There are 110 beds.
The hospital was frankly intended by the State authori- ties to be an institution for investigation and post-graduate teaching of the State Hospital physicians, as well as a center for undergraduate teaching in the various medical schools of Boston. The late Professor E. E. Southard, who held the chair of Neuro-Psychiatry at Harvard up to the time of his death in
NEW ENGLAND DEACONESS HOSPITAL
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1920, was, from the start, the head of the institution and was chiefly responsible for its remarkable system and progress.
The Legislature of 1920 authorized the separation of this hospital from the Boston -State Hospital, and on December 1, 1920, the Boston Psychopathic Hospital became a separate institution, with Dr. C. McFie Campbell as Director. Dr. Campbell has also been appointed Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.
Deaconess Hospital. The New England Deaconess Association (Methodist) incorporated, has three hospitals under its control. The general hospital is situated at 175 Pilgrim Road, Back Bay District. Take Ipsunch Street, Chestnut Hill car at Park Street, getting off at Deaconess Road. The hospital faces the little park which runs down to Brookline Avenue. There are 70 beds. The Palmer Memorial Hospital of 40 beds for chronic cases is on a beautiful site containing about six acres of land at 560 Blue Hill Avenue, Grove Hall District, nearly opposite Franklin Park. A cottage-type hospital of 25 beds is maintained at Concord, Mass., having accommodations for general cases for the surrounding territory.
The Channing Home for poor and deserving women with advanced tuberculosis is at 198 Pilgrim Road near the Park. There are 22 beds. It was founded in 1857 and incorporated in 1861.
THE WEST END
THE West End of Boston is a curious and interesting com- posite of slums, shabby-genteel, and lingering aristocracy. In places it retains more than any other part the genuine old Boston atmosphere. Medically it is of especial interest, con- taining, as it does, the Massachusetts General Hospital, the Boston Lying-in Hospital, and the Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary.
The West End is bounded roughly on the north by Leverett Street, on the south by Beacon Street and the Common, on the west by Charles Street and the Charles River, and on the east by Somer- set Street and Bowdoin Square.
Starting at the arch- way of the State House over Mt. Ver- non Street one finds himself at the corner of Hancock Street, on which are situated many of Boston's once
fashionable residences. Walking westward along Mt. Vernon Street, one comes to Joy Street. On the corner of this street, No. 41 Mt. Vernon Street, is the building of the United Society of Christian Endeavor. Descending on the right we come to Cambridge Street, and crossing it continue straight on through Chambers Street, soon coming to McLean Street on the left. At this corner stands the building used until 'recently as the House of the Good Samaritan, at present established in a fine new building in an attractive part of the city.
At No. 24 McLean Street, on the left, is the Boston Lying-in Hospital. This was organized in 1832 for the care of poor and deserving women during confinement. After several changes in
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BOSTON LYING-IN HOSPITAL
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location and mode of administration, the trustees established the in- stitution in its present quarters. In 1890 the hospital was enlarged to the proportions in which we find it by the purchase of adjoining houses, and 55 patients can now be accommodated. The Out- Patient Clinic, established in 1881, is at No. 4 McLean Street. The branch in the South End is now at No. 14 Rollins Street. In this department women are confined at their homes. Students from the third- and fourth-year classes at the Harvard Medical School do this work, under experienced supervision, and in this way get the training in obstetrics required for their degree. During the year 1920 there were treated in the hospital 1123 patients, there were 946 deliveries. In the Out-Patient Department 1255 attended and 2383 patients were treated in the clinics with a total of 7488 visits. In 1889 the hospital opened a training school for nurses.
In 1910 a Prenatal Clinic was established in the belief that both infant and maternal mortality could be reduced and valuable lessons in hygiene taught. During the year 1920 over 1200 prospective mothers were supervised, this work being much aided by the work- ers of the Social-Service Department, which was established about five years ago. In addition to the quarters of the Prenatal Clinic at 4 McLean Street, near the hospital, there are four branches in other parts of the city, each situated in a section where the poor can find ready access to it.
Several years ago plans had been drawn and the funds raised for a new building for the Lying-in Hospital on Longwood Avenue, corner of Avenue Louis Pasteur opposite the court of the Harvard Medical School. The high cost of labor and building materials has delayed construction.
At No. 2 Lynde Street, corner of Cambridge Street, is the recently restored Harrison Gray Otis House (1795), across Lynde Street from the Old West Church (1806) where Rev. Dr. Cyrus Bartol used to preach, the church being used now as a branch of the Boston Public Library. The Otis House is the headquarters of the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities.
Walking on to Blossom Street, one finds himself at the Massachu- setts General Hospital, the main entrance of which is on Fruit Street (continue to the left along Blossom Street, taking the first right). With the exception of the Pennsylvania Hospital, it is the oldest hospital in the country. It owes its existence to Dr. J. C. Warren and to Dr. James Jackson, who were in 1810 soon to become the Hersey professors of Anatomy and Surgery and of Theory and Prac- tice of Physic, respectively, in the Harvard Medical School. Drs. Warren and Jackson together succeeded in raising the requisite funds
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for the enterprise, and the hospital was incorporated February 25, 1811, and opened to patients September 3, 1821. During the first year of its existence it received substantial aid from the State, but with this exception it has been wholly supported by voluntary con- tributions from the citizens of Boston and its neighborhood.
During the first three weeks of its existence only one patient is said to have applied for treatment, and at the end of the first year there were but twelve patients in the wards. It grew rapidly in size, however, and during the year 1920 treated in the wards 6614
MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL^ 1831
patients. The number of new cases treated in the Out-Patient Department during that year was 25,295, with a total attendance of 165,672. The number of beds in the general hospital is 361. The cases treated include medical, surgical, orthopedic, genito- urinary, skin, nervous, nose and throat, and children's diseases. Patients suffering from medical or surgical diseases are received from any part of the United States or the Provinces. Chronic and incurable cases are, as a rule, refused admission, and no contagious or confinement cases are admitted. There are two surgical and two medical services; also there are orthopedic, pediatric, genito- urinary, neurological, dermatological, and syphilis services.
Opposite the entrance to the hospital, on the corner of North Grove Street, is a fine brick building erected in 1913 as a nurses' home. This building accommodates about 100 nurses, with quarters
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for the superintendent of nurses and other officers of the train- ing school. In the so-called Thayer Building, situated back of the hospital on Allen Street, the rest of the nurses are quartered. The Training School for Nurses was started in 1873, and there are now nearly 300 young women in training, graduating at the end of a three-year course, equipped to take care of the sick or to assume responsible positions in hospital administration.
Entering the hospital grounds, one finds himself in a large semi- circular courtyard. On the right is the new Moseley Memorial Building, erected in 1915, in memory of the late Dr. William Oxnard Moseley, formerly a house pupil, who was killed while
MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL AND HARVAHD MEDICAL SCHOOL IN 1852
mountaineering in Switzerland. The building contains the ad- ministrative offices, house-officer's and resident surgeon's and phy- sician's quarters, the record room, the Treadwell Library, and a large general assembly hall. In the basement is the Emergency Ward, wrhere over 5000 patients were admitted during the past year.
On the left of the courtyard is the Out-Patient Building housing the male and female medical and surgical departments, together with the Skin, Nerve, Laryngological, South Medical (syphilis), Dental, Orthopedic, Genito-Urinary, Pediatrics, Massage, Tuber- culin, Anaphylaxis, Infantile Paralysis, Diabetic, Posture, Nutrition, Vaccine, and Cardiac Clinics. In the basement is the admitting office, the record room, and the apothecary shop. There are also two large amphitheaters for teaching purposes.
The record rooms, both "House" and "Out-Patient," should be visited, as they are unique and models of their kind. A visit to the
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Treadwell Library is also worth while, containing as it does not only about ten thousand medical books and the same number of pamphlets, but also an unusually large collection of medical literary treasures, the acquisitions of over a hundred years.
The X-ray Department, housed in quarters which have long since been outgrown, is certainly worth visiting. Over 13,000 plates were taken during the past year. When one considers that the late Dr. Walter J. Dodd, beloved by all who knew him, started this department only about twenty years ago in a little closet off the apothecary shop, that he was one of the pioneers in this branch of science and before his death became one of the leading radiog- raphers in this country, one feels like pausing for a moment to marvel at the strides which have been taken in so short a time. What a pity that as a result of not protecting himself from the effects of a medium then little understood, this martyr to science developed cancer from which he eventually died!
Continuing now through the long, winding corridor, one arrives at the original hospital building designed by Charles Bulfinch, the architect of the present State House, and built of Chelmsford granite. When finished, in 1821, it was considered the finest edifice in New England. In 1846 two new wings were added, the whole, with its beautiful columns and classic proportions making a building of surpassing beauty. In the little amphitheater under the dome an historic event took place, and the visitor is urged to climb the three flights of stairs in order that he may see the birthplace of Surgical Anesthesia. The construction and isolation of this room was planned, so it is said, to prevent, so far as possible, the cries of those undergoing operations in pre-anesthesia days from being heard by other patients. The room is much the same as it was on the day which made it famous (October 16, 1846), and is still used for clinical lectures to students and nurses. In the two glass cases are preserved the sponges and apparatus first used in giving ether, together with the countless surgical instruments of antique design, used by the early surgeons of the hospital. Over these cases hangs a fine oil painting of the late Dr. John C. Warren who performed the first operation in which ether was used.
The history of Surgical Anesthesia is most interesting. Previous to 1846 ether was regarded rather as a chemical curiosity, although for many years it had been known that ether, when inhaled, pro- duced insensibility, and many are the amusing experiences and in- teresting experiments recounted; but to Dr. W. T. G. Morton, a prominent Boston dentist, its introduction to the world as a cer- tain and safe anesthetic is undoubtedly due. No words can express
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the value to mankind of this discovery. The story of ether is, briefly, as follows : 1
After innumerable experiments and disheartening failures, Dr. Morton became convinced that proper publicity for the new dis- covery could be attained only through the agency of some leading sur- geon, by the performance of an impressive operation in the presence of numerous spectators. The Massachusetts General Hospital, the sole hospital in Boston at that time, naturally suggested itself as a desirable place for such an exhibition. Accordingly, Dr. Morton called upon Dr. John C. Warren, one of the surgeons of the hospital, and told him that he had discovered something which would pre- vent pain during a surgical operation. He did not say what it was, but begged for an opportunity to employ it in some case in which Dr. Warren might be the operator. Dr. Warren, having had a general acquaintance with Dr. Morton for a year or two before this time, listened to this communication as one of importance and magnitude, and promised, although at the moment unable to com- ply with the request, to do so on the first occasion which offered. The hospital at this time was in a flourishing condition, and in- cluded in its staff many noted physicians. The medical staff con- sisted of Jacob Bigelow, Enoch Hale*, John B. S. Jackson, Henry I. Bowditch, John D. Fisher, and Oliver Wendell Holmes. The sur- gical staff was made up of John C. Warren, George Hayward, Solomon D. Townsend, Henry J. Bigelow, J. Mason Warren, and Samuel Parkman.
On the morning of October 13, 1846, a young man named Gilbert Abbott, twenty years old, was brought into the operating theater of the hospital to undergo an operation for the removal of a con- genital, but superficial, vascular tumor, just below the jaw on the side of the neck. Arrangements for its performance having been completed, Dr. J. C. Warren was about to begin, when he paused and said: "I now recollect that I promised Dr. Morton to give him the earliest opportunity of trying a mode for preventing pain in surgical operations; and if the patient consents, I shall defer this operation to another day, and invite Dr. Morton to administer his preparation." The patient naturally approved of this proposal. The operation was postponed to the following Friday, October 16. At the hospital on this Friday morning Dr. Warren, having waited ten or fifteen minutes, turned to those present and said: "As Dr. Morton has not yet arrived, I presume he is otherwise engaged" •
1 For this history of the introduction of ether the writer has made extensive use of Dr. R. M, Hodges's "A Narrative of Events connected with the Introduction of Surgical Anaesthesia." Boston, 1891.
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apparently conveying the idea that Morton did not intend to appear. This remark created a laugh. Dr. Warren then sat down by his patient. Just as he raised his knife to begin, Dr. Morton entered with his inhaler, an apparatus on which he had spent no end of labor and ingenuity. Having completed his preparations, Morton proceeded to administer his compound. "Are you afraid?" he said to the patient. "No," replied the young man, "I feel confident, and will do precisely as you tell me." The spectators (see the cut on page 88, which gives a good view of the persons present, and of the little amphitheater as it was on that day) looked on incredulously, especially as the patient at first became exhilarated, but suddenly, when his unconsciousness was evident, there was a start of surprise. Dr. Morton then calmly informed Dr. Warren that his patient was ready. As the operation progressed, the utmost silence prevailed. Every eye was fixed upon the novel scene in eager expectancy and amazement. During the later part of the operation, the patient was sufficiently conscious "to move his limbs and to utter extraordinary expressions, and these movements seemed to indicate the existence of pain, but after he had recovered his faculties he said he had experienced none, but only a sensation like that of scraping the part with a blunt instrument." This some- what imperfect insensibility arose from the fact that as the opera- tion had taken longer than was anticipated, Morton had several times removed the inhaler from the young man's mouth. While the patient was still lying on the table, Dr. Warren turned to the audience and said slowly and emphatically, "Gentlemen, this is no humbug." He then remarked that a satisfactory test of the preparation could be made only by repeated trials, and ended by asking Dr. Morton to come to the hospital and administer it again on the following day. This first operation occupied about five minutes. It was certainly incomplete as a demonstration; there were manifest signs of consciousness during the dissection, which was not, perhaps, of the most painful description. A powerful drug, or even the imagination, as it was said, might have been an ade- quate agency in producing the phenomena observed. Dr. J. C. Warren himself said it should be placed in the class of cases of imperfect etherization. The impression made upon the observ- ers wras, nevertheless, profound enough for Dr. Henry J. Bigelow to say to a physician whom he met as he left the hospital, "I have seen something to-day which will go around the world." He lived to see this remark prove true.
The discretion and moral courage which were instrumental in
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D S
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u
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permitting the introduction of a disguised and only partially known anodyne into the Massachusetts General Hospital should not be forgotten or passed by without mention. Even those who looked with no friendly eye on the attitude of Boston in this matter can- didly asserted that to the surgeons of this hospital the world owes the immediate adoption of the anesthesia of surgery.
On his way downstairs from the amphitheater the visitor will be repaid by glancing at one or two of the medical or surgical wards, whose architecture, doors, and fittings are about as they were in the old days of 1846.
Continuing now to the left along the tortuous corridor, one comes to a series of small rooms in which the medical research laboratories are situated. The activities are many and varied and
1 will be demonstrated with
pleasure to those interested.
Retracing one's steps
^*£Z? along the corridor and be-
fore entering the large tiled hallway, the visitor may find it worth while to stop for a moment in the rooms of the Social-Service De- partment, now in charge of Miss Ida M. Cannon. This
MOSELEY MEMORIAL BUILDING , • • » . i
MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL department, of which the
birthplace is in this hos- pital, was conceived by Dr. R. C. Cabot, growing from a small and apparently insignificant beginning to its present status. So important a bridge between hospital and home has this work proved to be that it has been taken over completely by the hos- pital trustees. This work has now shown itself to be so indispen- sable that practically all large and many small institutions have established such a department.
Entering now upon the large hallway, one turns sharply to the right, crosses the driveway, and enters the Pathological Laboratory. The latter is large and sunny, and complete in all its details. Its director, Dr. James H. Wright, or the assistant pathologist, Dr. Oscar Richardson, will show to visiting physicians the different rooms of the pathological laboratory, the animal room, the chemical laboratory, the morgue, and the autopsy room. The laboratories were established in 1896, while the morgue and autopsy rooms — together known as "The Allen Street House" — date from 1875.
In the same building is the engine and dynamo room, from which
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93
all the heating and lighting is furnished, not only to the hospital, but also to the Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary.
Leaving the laboratory building and returning to the tiled hall- way, the visitor, if he desires, may inspect the so-called Domestic Building, the doors of which open on the right. Herein are con- tained the storerooms for hospital provisions and supplies of all sorts; the house officers', nurses', orderlies', and servants' dining- rooms, and the kitchens and sleeping quarters for the maids.
One now should go down the corridor to the surgical amphi- theater, opened in 1901. To the right as one enters, one sees the Laboratory of Surgical Pa- thology, and opposite, two rooms used by the house officers and nurses, respec- tively, in preparing them- selves for operations. Be- yond these are four smaller rooms, three being the etherizing rooms, one for each surgical service, and one being a dark room for cystoscopy and the like. Beyond these there runs a wide marble corridor, out of which opens the large main amphitheater con- taining a fine bronze bust of the late Dr. Henry J. Bigelow, the hospital's deity. Dr. Bigelow's name is familiar to the profession throughout the world for his devel- opment of the art of litholapaxy and of the instruments for its performance, for his anatomical studies of the hip joint, and for perfecting the method of reduction by manipulation of dislocations of the hip. From this corridor open also the surgeons' consulting and dressing rooms, the separate operating rooms of the surgical services, and another larger room for septic cases, and an instru- ment and sterilizing room. On Saturdays the large amphitheater is open to the public, and all operating is done there. On other days operations are performed and may be witnessed in the small operating rooms. After leaving the Surgical Building, the visitor may care to continue along the corridor to see the different surgical wards, built mostly in the seventies.
PHILLIPS HOUSE MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL
94 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
The new private ward of the hospital, Phillips House, may be readily visited from the position in which the visitor now finds him- self. This building was erected in 1917 and named for William Phillips, who was the first president of the hospital corporation, and a lieutenant governor of Massachusetts from 1812 to 1823. It is one of the most complete structures of the kind in the country and accommodates 1 10 private patients. Designed with a view to concentrate effort, it brings to the patients all the facilities of a large, well-equipped hospital.
Before leaving the Massachusetts General Hospital it is proper to describe the McLean Hospital at Waverley that is under the same management.
The McLean Hospital, known until 1892 as the "McLean Asylum for the Insane," was opened to patients in October, 1818, and received its name from John McLean, who bequeathed $100,000 to the insti- tution. Its charter is the same as that of the Massachusetts General Hospital, and it is under the control of the same board of trustees. The annual reports of the two institutions are also published to- gether. From its foundation in 1818 to 1895 the McLean Hospital was situated in the neighboring town of Somerville, in imposing buildings designed, like those of the General Hospital, by Charles Bulfinch. In 1875 a large tract of land situated on a hill in Waverley, in the township of Belmont, was purchased for the use of the hos- pital. The situation is one of great beauty. The estate has been added to until now it contains 317 acres. In 1895 the hospital was moved here from Somerville, and comprised eighteen fine buildings. Now there are five buildings for men and seven for women, besides administration and service buildings; a total of 32. The effect of individual residences is gained by choosing sites for these houses at different levels and by adopting for each of them a different style of architecture. There are accommodations for 220 patients. All kinds of mental diseases are treated. In 1882 a training school for nurses was organized; this is open to men and women, who receive training in general nursing with special reference to the care of mental disease. The hospital is reached by trolley to Waverley from Park Street, or by Boston & Maine train to Waverley station.
As one leaves the Massachusetts General Hospital by way of the new. Out-Patient Department, he finds himself on Fruit Street, at the head of North Grove Street, at the point at which he entered the hospital. In passing it may be said that the courtyard, already described, was the site, until recently, of the old brick building formerly used by the Harvard Medical School, later by the Harvard Dental School. The two latter institutions are now housed in
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splendid new quarters described elsewhere in this book. A glance at the photograph on page 86 will be of interest, as it shows the relation of this old building to the original hospital building and also shows the proximity in those days of the Charles River, a tidal stream, and its marshy banks.
Those who are interested may now go down North Grove Street a few steps and inspect the Northern Mortuary, built in 1903. It is here that the medical examiner for the northern district of Suffolk County, Dr. George Burgess Magrath, conducts his examinations in medico-legal cases.
Returning from the Mortuary to Fruit Street, and turning to the left, one comes beyond the Out-Patient Department of the Massa- chusetts General Hospital to the building of the Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, No. 233 Charles Street. This institution owes its origin , to Dr. Ed- ward Reynolds and Dr. John Jeffries, who, in November, 1824, opened a small dispensary in another part of the town, for gra- tuitous treatment of the poor afflicted with diseases of the eye. Two years later the success of the effort was so great that the dis- pensary was incorporated by the Legislature under its present title. After two temporary headquarters, it removed, in 1850, to a build- ing at the corner of Charles Street and Cambridge Street, torn down some years ago. In 1899 the infirmary, having outgrown its old quarters, moved to its present building. The infirmary receives poor patients with diseases of the eye and ear; those living in Massachusetts being admitted free unless able to pay their board. Those coming from other states are charged for their board. There are accommodations for 216 patients.
In the fiscal year October 1, 1919, to September 3, 1920, 5856 patients were treated in the wards. In the Out-Patient Department during that time 38,355 ophthalmic patients and 30,760 aural patients were treated, the figures representing the number of visits.
EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY
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In addition to the regular wards, there is the Gardner Building, used solely for the treatment -of contagious diseases of the eye. An excellent post-graduate training school, for nurses who are gradu- ates of any general hospital training school, is maintained. The course is four months, and includes thorough instruction in the care of ophthalmic and aural cases.
Opposite the Eye and Ear Infirmary is the Charlesbank, a part of Boston's park system, ten acres in extent. It is an attractive bit of ground, designed for the poor of the neighborhood, and con- tains a gymnasium, playgrounds, and sand gardens. Turning to the right, and walking along Charles Street to the north, past the Charles- bank, one soon comes to Leverett Street. Here stood the old Craigie Bridge immortalized in Longfellow's poem "The Bridge." It led to East Cambridge. On this site the Charles River Basin Commis- sion constructed in 1907 a shut-off dam which converts the river above this point into a fresh-water lake with a permanent level. The viaduct over the dam carries the elevated railway to East Cambridge. Locks are on the Boston side, so that the river may be used for commerce. This improvement necessitated carrying all the sewers which emptied into the Charles above Craigie Bridge into the intercepting sewers, the total expense of the project being very great but justified by the beautiful parks that border the river and replace unsightly dumps.
On the corner opposite the Eye and Ear Infirmary stands the County Jail, generally known as the Charles Street Jail.
Walking now along Charles Street to the south, one comes to Cambridge Street. At its junction begins the Cambridge Bridge, replacing the old West Boston Bridge. It is constructed of steel arches, joining massive granite piers, and is by far the most beau- tiful of the bridges which cross the Charles River. It is 105 feet wide, and carries the elevated and surface tracks, besides roadways and sidewalks. It is high epough above the water to permit the passage of barges and tugs without a draw.
On the southwesterly corner of Charles and Cambridge Streets stands the new Nurses' Home of the Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, on the land once occupied by the old Infirmary Building. On Charles Street, No. 164, once stood the house which was occupied by Oliver WTendell Holmes from 1859 to 1871. It was here that he wrote his "Professor at the Breakfast Table," "Elsie Venner," "The Guardian Angel," and a number of his best poems. In later years he lived at No. 296 Beacon Street.
No. 148 is of unusual interest. It was the home of James T. Fields, the publisher, who lived there until his death in 1881. It
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was subsequently occupied by his widow and Sarah Orne Jewett. The house once opened its doors to Thackeray and Dickens, and their famous contemporaries. The library was one of the richest in this country in original manuscripts (including that of "The Scarlet Letter") and first editions. Rare portraits, engravings, and autograph letters adorned its walls.
No. 131 Charles Street deserves a word of comment, as from 1871 to 1881 it was the home of Thomas Bailey Aldrich, and in these years he wrote many of his best books, and began his editorship of the Atlantic Monthly.
Walking along Charles Street, one comes now, successively, to Revere, Pinckney, Mt. Vernon, and Chestnut Streets, which cross Charles Street and lead up to Beacon Hill on the one hand, and to the Charles River on the other hand.
Revere and Pinckney Streets, once fashionable in their day, are now mostly taken up with boarding- houses. It is worth one's while to wander up and down Mt. Vernon Street, as it re- tains, even to-day, much of the old- fashioned stateli- ness for which it was once famous. Here one may see many fine old resi- LOUISBURG SQUARE
dences, erected in the early part of the last century, of sumptuous design and eloquent of refined luxury.
Near Charles Street one comes to Louisburg Square, connecting Mount Vernon Street with Pinckney Street. This Square recalls in many ways a bit of old London, and is supposedly the site of Black- stone's Spring. The latter point is in dispute, however, for there were many springs in this locality; but it is interesting to know that Boston's first settler, William Blackstone, had his orchard in this region, and that his homestead was not far off on the slope of the hill which faces Boston Common. The Square is surrounded by fine, dignified houses, of which No. 10 is noteworthy as having been the home of Louisa M. Alcott.
At the upper corner of Pinckney Street and Louisburg Square is the " mother house " and chapel of the Sisters of St. Margaret
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(Protestant Episcopal), who formerly conducted two private hos- pitals in Louisburg Square. In one of them, No. 13, Dr. John Homans did much of his pioneer work in ovariotomy. Under the Sisters' auspices there is maintained St. Monica's Home, for the care of sick colored women at 125 Highland Street, Roxbury. The Sisters of St. Margaret also have supervision of the nursing at the Children's Hospital on Longwood Avenue.
If one ascends Mt. Vernon Street to the top of the hill, he comes to the arch under the State House from which he started, but before this is reached, the visitor passes Walnut Street, and is urged to go through this to Chestnut Street for the sake of seeing a quiet bit of old Boston. Chestnut Street, down which one now descends, retains — perhaps more than any other street in this section — its old prestige. Flanked on either side by handsome old houses, many of them former homes of famous men, it offers a pleasing contrast to those portions of this section seen in the first part of our ramble. On Brimmer Street, at the foot of Mt. Vernon Street, is the Church of the Advent, one of the chief Protestant Episcopal churches of the city. On the corner of Charles and Mt. Vernon Streets stands the First African Methodist Episcopal Church, one of the oldest and most beautiful of Boston's churches, built during the early part of the last century and still in practically its original condition. Owing to the recent widening of Charles Street this church has been moved back some feet to a new location. Its preservation is a source of congratulation to the city.
THE NORTH END AND BOSTON HARBOR
THE North End, the aristocratic court end of colonial Boston, rich in historic interest, is to-day wholly a foreign quarter of the city. Very few buildings of historic interest remain, and we can see only where they stood and try to imagine what they and their occupants were like. It is difficult now, surrounded by a motley crowd of jabbering foreigners, to picture the days of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when this locality was the social center of the Puritan colony.
Its location can best be understood by a study of the map of Boston as it was in early days before the filling-in of the surrounding waterways. Standing at the corner of Hanover and Washington Streets, we see the former street running northeast to the harbor front, the way to Chelsea, called "Winnisim- met Ferry," the latter due north to the water's edge, and between the two a wedge-shaped area which com- prises most of the North End.
Where the American House now stands — 50 to 64 Hanover Street — lived General Joseph Warren, phy- sician, orator, patriot, who fell at Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. Below Washington Street on Hanover is Union Street, and here are two his- toric sites. The Green Dragon Tavern, famous throughout the early history of the colony, was situated just back of Union Street in an alley. Its site (now Nos. 80-86 Union Street) is marked by an effigy of a green dragon, set on a brown stone slab about half- way up the front wall of an old building. It was the chief meeting- place of the early patriots, where much "treason" was hatched. Its existence dates from 1680 until about the twenties of the nine- teenth century, when the Green Dragon Lane was widened to form the present Union Street.
A few steps up Union Street was Marshall's Lane, now known as Marshall Street, one of Boston's curious short streets. From Marshall's Lane there is another small street, Creek Lane, now
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called Creek Square, or Public Alley 102, which in early days led to the Mill Creek. Here, set into the base of a building, is a rough piece of granite, marked Boston Stone, 1737, surmounted by a spherical stone. This stone served as a direction for the neighboring shops, and was the relic of a paint mill brought out from England about 1700. On the corner opposite is an ancient building, where was the office of Ebenezer Hancock, deputy paymaster in the Con- tinental Army.
From the left side of Hanover Street, just below Blachstone, is Salem Street, narrow and winding, and peopled almost entirely by
Russian Jews. It was the aristocratic street of the early colonial days. At the corner of Stillman Street was the site of the first Bap- tist meeting-house, erected in 1679 on the border of the Mill Pond. The present First Baptist Church is situated at the corner of Commonwealth Avenue and Clarendon Street. The Bap- tists were a proscribed sect in early days and severely persecuted, their meeting- house being closed and its windows and doors nailed up by order of the General Court. Farther down Salem Street is Prince Street (in part old Black Horse Lane), which was the direct way from the North End to the Charlestown Ferry, where now is the. Charlestown Bridge. After the battle of Bunker Hill many of the British wounded were brought to Prince Street houses, which were converted into emer- gency hospitals. One of these houses, still standing, the Stoddard House, No. 130, at present an Italian tenement, is said to be the house in which Major Pitcairn died of his wounds. On the westerly corner of Prince and Margaret Streets is the house where John Tileston lived, the popular master of the oldest North End school, the predecessor of the Eliot Grammar School in North Bennet Street. Farther down Salem Street is Christ Church (" Old North "), opposite Hull Street, and in very close proximity is Copp's Hill Burying Ground. These, the chief historic landmarks of the North End, are dear to the hearts of all true Americans. The "Old
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North Church," known throughout our land as the church from whose steeple the lanterns were displayed as a signal to Paul Revere of the British movements — "One if by land, and two if by sea " — faces Hull Street. It is the oldest church building in Boston, having been erected in 1723. It was solidly built, its side walls being two and a half feet thick. There are four floors to the tower, and from the top General Gage witnessed the battle of Bunker Hill and the burning of Charles- town. There are eight bells in the tower, brought over from Gloucester, England, in 1744, and these ring out the most me- lodious chimes in Boston to-day. The first spire was blown down in October, 1805, but was rebuilt exactly as the original from a model by Bulfinch. On the front of the steeple is this inscription, cut into brown stone : " The origi- nal lanterns of Paul Revere dis- played in the steeple of this church, April 18, 1775, warned the country of the march of the British troops to Lexington and Con- cord." I The paint was removed from the outside of the church in 1919, restoring the red brick finish of early days. The in- terior of the church is but little altered. In front of the organ are figures of the cherubim. These, and the brass chandeliers, were captured from a French ship and presented to the church in 1758. The old prayer books are still in use, and the silver communion service includes sev- eral pieces presented by King George II in 1733. The clock below the rail has been in its place since 1746. The earliest monument to Washington, a bust by Houdon, is here. Beneath the tower are a few old tombs, in one of which the body of Major Pitcairn was temporarily laid. This was the second Episcopal church in Boston
Soule Art Co., Photo.
CHRIST CHURCH
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and is still occupied by that sect, its congregations being made up largely of strangers. The sexton, living in an adjoining house, shows visitors over the church. Fee, twenty-five cents.
To the south of the church, at the corner of Sheaf e Street, was the home of Robert Newman, the sexton of Christ Church, who hung the lanterns, and near by, 37 Sheafe Street, is the site of the birth- place of Rev. Samuel F. Smith, the author of "America." Directly opposite the church is Hull Street, named for John Hull, maker of pine-tree shillings. This street was cut through his pasture lands in 1701. The Gallop house, built in 1722, and Gage's staff head- quarters during the battle of Bunker Hill, was torn down only a few years ago. Gallop's Island, in Boston Harbor, wras named after the owner of this house, and is the site of the present quarantine station of Boston. On Salem Street at the corner of Charter is the Phips House on the site of the house of Sir William Phips, the first Royal Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1692, under the charter of William and Mary. His nephew, Lieutenant Gover- nor Spencer Phips, lived here in 1749.
Copp's Hill Burying Ground, on ////// Street, is one of the most interesting of the old cemeteries of the city. The North Burial Ground, the earliest of four cemeteries on this site, was established in 1660, at the same time as the Granary Burying Ground. A visit here will well repay the visitor. The British soldiers took great pleasure in pistol practice in this burying ground, and many of the gravestones show the effects of bullets. A few of the noted graves may be mentioned — those of the three Mathers; Edmund Hartt, the builder of the frigate "Constitution"; Major Samuel Shaw, of Revolutionary fame; and the Hutchinsons. The top of the hill, which was toward the waterside, has been leveled. It was from this elevation that the shell was thrown which set fire to Charlestown.
Leaving the burying ground and crossing Salem Street, through Tileston, we come to Hanover again close by North Square. Al- though now a poor, squalid Italian tenement district, the Square was once the central point of the North End in its most aristocratic days, when shade trees and stately mansions were in evidence. A little low wooden house, 19 North Square, is the only present reminder of the early years. It is the house marked as the home of Paul Revere, in which he lived from 1770 to 1800. This house was built soon after the great fire of 1676, on the site of Increase Mather's house, which was destroyed in this conflagration. In the upper windows of this house on the evening of the Boston Massacre, Paul Revere displayed "those awful pictures" which report says
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"struck the spectators with solemn silence, while their countenances were covered with a melancholy gloom." The house has now been restored and preserved and is open to visitors.
On the north side of the Square is the site of the first Old North Church, destroyed by the British during the siege of Boston, and used by them for firewood. It was the second meeting-house of the Second Church in Boston, founded in 1649. The first edifice was burned in the fire of 1676. It was known as the "Church of the Mathers," because presided over successively by Increase, Cotton, and Samuel — father, son, and grandson.
Close to the church, in Garden Court Street, was the mansion of Governor Thomas Hutchinson — a stately colonial house on extensive grounds. Close to the Hutchinson estate was the Clark- Frankland mansion, well known . through Edwin Lasseter Bynner's "Agnes Surriage." In the widening of the present street, about 1830, most of these houses were torn down. North Square was used by the British as a military headquarters throughout the siege of Boston, the officers enjoying the houses of the good Bostonians, while barracks were erected for the soldiers.
To return to Hanover Street again we come to Battery Street, and through this to Commercial Street and its continuation southward, Atlantic Avenue. Here were situ- ated shipyards, extending well along the water front, even to the foot of Copp's Hill. Famous ships were launched from these yards — the pride of the navy, "Old Ironsides," the frigate "Boston," and the brig "Argus." Present Constitution Wharf marked the site of Hartt's Shipbuilding Yard, where the "Constitution" ("Old Ironsides") was built.
Before we leave this interesting locality, so fragrant with memo- ries of the early days, we must consider the Boston Floating Hos- pital. This hospital cares for sick infants and young children during the summer months, and has a day and also a permanent service. There are 100 beds for continuous day-and-night service for sick babies and children under five years of age, and in addi- tion there are over 100 beds for sick or convalescent babies and small children as day patients, when accompanied by their mothers.
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The work started in 1894 from the efforts of the Rev. Rufus B. Tobey. It is the second floating hospital in this country, New York having the first. The boat, with its load of sick infants and anxious parents, leaves the pier at North End Park, Commercial Street, near Battery Station of the Elevated, daily at 9 a.m., and steams out into the lower harbor and bay. The poor, sick, air- starved babies feel the strengthening breezes of the bay, color re- turns, digestion improves with appetite, and on leaving the boat at 5 p.m., mother and infant are equipped with a fresh start against the evil forces of the city's summer night. The boat ties up at North End Park for the night. Of late years the scope of the Floating Hospital has been enlarged by a better and larger boat, and more recently by the establishment of an "On Shore" de- partment at 40 Wigglesworth Street, near the Harvard Medical School, which continues the good work during the winter. The office of the Floating Hospital is at 244 Washington Street.
BOSTON HARBOR
With the salt sea breezes in our nostrils, and a desire to become acquainted with some of our medical institutions, let us board the good boat "Monitor" at Eastern Avenue Wharf at 2 p.m., and steam about the harbor. As we pick our way among the ferryboats and saucy, busily puffing tugs, avoiding here and there a mighty levia- than of the deep, or many-masted vessel for the coasting trade, or trim fishing schooner, smothered under a cloud of canvas, we may see our city from the waterside, and with the story of its early days fresh in our minds, marvel at the wonders wrought by Father Time in producing from the peaceful water-surrounded Shawmutt the present great metropolis of New England, our Boston. The harbor has six miles of docking space with a water depth of thirty feet at low tide. In passing down the harbor by the main ship channel note on the right the new dry dock and quartermaster's stores at City Point, first giving a glance at the Boston Fish Pier and the Com- monwealth Docks. Off the tip of tity Point is old Fort Inde- pendence, now a part of Marine Park. Across the harbor on the left are the East Boston docks and farther down, disused Fort Win- throp on Governor's Island, and Apple Island where many hulks were burned for their iron. Looking back at the city one of the most imposing structures to strike the eye is the stately tower of Boston's new Custom House, which with its clocks by day and its lights by night serves as a convenient landmark both to those on shore and those coming in from the sea.
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Our first stopping-place is Deer Island, where is situated the House of Correction, now fallen into partial disuse since the advent of prohibition. Here the prisoners have a Mutual Welfare League along the lines laid down by Thomas Mott Osborne, previously in charge of the Naval Prison at Portsmouth Navy Yard, Auburn Prison, and at Sing Sing, N. Y. The prisoners themselves take charge of offenses against prison rules. It is said to be operating successfully. The adjoining hospital of 100 beds is closed at present, the patients being sent to the Long Island Hospital. Farther down the harbor, between Fort Warren on George's Island and the head of Long Island, is the Quarantine Hospital, on Gallop's Island, since 1915 in charge of the United States Public Health Service. Next to it is Lovell's Island where Fort Standish and a buoy station aje situated, and off it is Bug Light, of many legs, helping to mark the main ship channel. The Port Physician has his headquarters on Gallop's Island, and the buildings scattered over the island are for those afflicted with contagious diseases found aboard vessels entering the harbor. There are 675 beds altogether. Those who have followed the sea will note Nix's Mate beacon off Long Island Head, Deer Island Light, projecting from the water near the channel, Boston Light on Little Brewster Island, and to the east the Graves Light on a ledge marking the entrance to the harbor by the Broad Sound Channel.
Returning toward the city by the southerly side of the harbor, we come to Long Island, with its hospital and almshouse under the management of the Commissioner of Institutions. The hospital supports 450 beds, caring mostly for chronic and incurable diseases. An important service to the community as well as to the patients is rendered by the efficient care of cases of tuberculosis, incipient and advanced. Fort Strong is on this island, as well as a lighthouse on Long Island Head, ten acres of the island belonging to the United States Government.
On Rainsford Island was the Suffolk School for Boys, formerly called House of Reformation, until it was closed by the City in 1920. There was a small hospital there for the sick boys of the settlement. There is a Farm and Trades School on Thompson's Island which is the large island nearest to City Point. This is a private charity where boys taken from the streets are taught oc- cupations and carry on a model community.
All these institutions have resident physicians or house officers, and in addition a visiting staff made up from among the leading physicians of Boston.
If time serves, the captain of our steamer may land us at Moon
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Island in Dorchester Bay, where are situated the storage basins and the outfall of the great southern intercepting sewer of the Metropolitan Sewerage System. This sewer drains the valleys of the Charles and Neponset rivers; the northern sewer, serving the towns of the Mystic valley, discharges at Deer Island. The southern sewer was begun in 1876, and has a finely appointed pumping sta- tion, at Cow Pasture Point in Dorchester, that will well repay a visit.
Once more we board the "Monitor," and arrive at the Eastern Avenue Wharf at 5.20 p.m., just as the sun is bathing in golden light the western half of the Gilded Dome.
If one takes a steamer for Nantasket from Rowe's Wharf, he passes the islands mentioned, and just beyond Thompson's Island he will note Spectacle Island, so named from its shape. Here is a large rendering establishment, the last stage for the city's dead horses, occasionally making itself noticeable to the olfactory senses of Bostonians when wind and atmospheric conditions happen to be favorable.
Peddocks Island, opposite Hull, is the southerly limit of Hull Gut, through which the tides course swiftly on their way in and out of Quincy Bay. On the island is Fort Andrew, while Fort Revere is at Point Allerton, marking the outermost limit of the harbor across the main ship channel from the gleaming white tower of Boston Light on Little Brewster Island. The first lighthouse was erected on the island in 1716 wrhen George Worthylake was its keeper. He and his wife and daughter were drowned November 3, 1718, and Benjamin Franklin wrote his ballad, "The Lighthouse Tragedy," in consequence. The lighthouse, much injured by fire in 1751 and on several occasions during the Revolution, was totally destroyed by the British after their evacuation of Boston in 1776. A new lighthouse was built in 1783; refitted and repaired, it is the tower of to-day. The Light Station established by the town of Boston, was taken over by the United States Government in 1790. At the time of the destruction of Minot's Ledge lighthouse in 1851 the tide rose so high that the two keepers of the Boston light had to be rescued from the tower by one of the pilot boats.
Anchored off Nantasket Roads where the "Mary and John" bringing a freight of settlers dropped anchor in 1630, is the Boston Lightship with a red hull and the word "Boston" on its side so that the voyager may know he has arrived off "The Hub."
CHARLESTOWN AND CHELSEA
CHARLESTOWN lies across the Charles River from the North End, and may be reached by the Elevated trains or by surface cars. To the right of the Charlestown Bridge which carries the Elevated trains and most of the passenger traffic, may be seen the docks of several lines of trans-Atlantic steamers. Up to the year 1786 there was no bridge to Charlestown, only the ferry which helped to support Harvard College from its tolls. The Boston end of the ferry was near the site of one of the present works of the Boston Consolidated Gas Company.
The few points of interest worth seeing in Charlestown can be easily reached by walking from the Thompson Square Station of the Elevated Railroad. In the old burying ground on Phipps Street, near by, is a monument to John Harvard, erected by several of the Alumni of the College in 1828. Tombstones in this ground were all that was left standing of Charles- town when it was burned by the
•n • • i • i~~~ r\ itr • a, N. L. Stcbbins, Photo.
British in l//o. On Mam street,
nM. o • j.1 i DRY DOCK
near Thompson Square, is the house CHARLESTOWN NAVY YARD in which S. F. B. Morse, the in- ventor of the electric telegraph was born in 1791. It is marked by a tablet.
Walking back to City Square, one finds himself in the part which was first settled in 1629. On the west side of the Square stood the Governor's house, where in 1630, the "Court of Assistants" de- cided on the founding and the name of the adjacent town of Boston.
On the slope of the hill rising behind the present Charlestown branch of the Public Library, in early days called "Town Hill," was the lot owned by John Harvard, and on it stood his house near where Main Street now begins. At the foot of the hill, near the northern end of the Square, there once existed a cemetery, and here it is supposed was John Harvard's grave, but all trace of it has been lost.
One now goes down Water Street to the corner of Wapping Street, where stands the main entrance to the Charlestown Navy Yard, dating from 1800, two years after the establishment of the United States Navy Department. Visitors are admitted daily by passes
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obtained from the office of the Captain of the Yard (Building 39). It is better to make arrangements in advance by telephone. The Navy Yard, one hundred and ten acres in extent, occupies Moul- ton's Point, where the British troops landed before the battle of Bunker Hill. The Yard contains many features of interest — among them the famous old frigate " Constitution," a large rope walk, still in active operation, the old granite dry dock and the
newer concrete dry dock com- pleted August 1, 1905, at an expense of over a million dollars, and the Marine Museum.
The United States Naval Hospital is in Chelsea, just be- yond the Charlestown Bridge. It is connected with the Navy Yard and affords care and med- ical treatment to sick and dis- abled men of the naval service. It is thoroughly up to date and progressive, and its medical equipment includes every de- partment of a first-class modern hospital except hydrotherapy. Its grounds comprise ninety- seven acres, situated on a height overlooking the Mystic River and the Harbor. There are fifty-eight separate buildings, housing an equipment which, except for electricity, is com- plete for a self-contained plant. There are 800 beds. The prop- erty was the first purchased by the United States Government for Naval hospital purposes in 1828, and the first building was erected in 1832. In 1861 there was erected on the slope of the hill a mas- sive main building of granite, now used as the quarters for nurses. Visitors are always welcome.
The United States Marine Hospital (1798), now United States Public Health Service Hospital No. 2 is on High Street in Chelsea, near the Naval Hospital. It furnishes medical and surgical relief to the sick and disabled of the American mercantile marine and to ex-service men. It has 150 beds and an out-patient service. The interior of the building has recently been extensively remodeled
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and the equipment placed upon a thoroughly modern basis. An- other hospital in Chelsea is the semi-public Rufus S. Frost Hospital at Bellingham and Highland Streets, established in 1890. It has 65 beds. On top of Powderhorn Hill is the large building of the Massachusetts Soldiers' Home, formerly a summer hotel.
Bunker Hill Monument is by far the most worthwhile of Bos- ton's sights. It is reached by the Elevated to Thompson Square. The monument stands on Breed's Hill, where the great battle was fought. Monument Avenue leads to the main entrance of the grounds.
A bronze statue of Colonel William Prescott, by W. W. Story, 1881, attracts immediate attention. It stands about on the site where the gallant leader stood at the opening of the battle. There is also a marble statue of Dr. Joseph Warren who fell at the battle, by Henry Dexter. It was erected in 1857. The spot where Warren fell is marked by a stone in the ground near the lodge. The monument itself occupies the site of a corner of the American fortifications. It is built of Quincy granite brought from a quarry in the town of that name by the first railroad laid in this country. The monument is 221 feet high, and 30 feet square at the base. It was begun in 1825, the corner stone being laid with great ceremony by Lafayette, while Daniel Webster delivered the oration. After a period of idleness covering nearly twenty years, the efforts of public-spirited American women raised funds with which the work could be carried on. The monument was completed in 1842, and at its dedication on June 17, 1843, Webster delivered another oration. A spiral flight of 294 stone steps leads to the top of the structure, whence from the observatory a grand and far-reaching view is ob- tained. Bunker Hill itself is north of Breed's Hill, near where the Elevated Railroad ends, and its summit is called Charlestown Heights.
EAST BOSTON
EAST BOSTON, across the harbor, comprising two islands, Noddle's and Breed's, is a place of docks and factories. It was once famous for its shipyards, where the first clipper ships were built. Many of the trans-Atlantic Steamship lines have their wharves here.
East Boston is reached most conveniently by the tunnel, which may be entered at Scollay Square, and extends under Court and State Streets. Where it crosses Atlantic Avenue there is a station which has elevators to take passengers to the Elevated Railway. ^ _ Under the harbor the top
of the lowest part of the tunnel is 60 feet below mean low-water mark, and the tunnel is nearly level. It has walls of concrete and is 23 feet wide and 20^ feet high, and carries two electric railway tracks. The total length of the tunnel, from Scollay Square to Maverick Square in East Boston, is 7500 feet.
In Belmont Square, be- tween Sumner and Webster Streets is the site of the house of Samuel Maverick, the earliest settler, and later the site of a fort.
The East Boston Relief Station, at 14 Porter Street, was opened in October, 1908. It is a department of the Boston City Hospital and was established for the temporary relief of all classes of accident and disease. It is open at all hours. A resident surgeon and as- sistant resident surgeon have immediate charge, with members of the Staff of the Boston City Hospital in readiness for emergency calls at any time. There are 10 beds for patients requiring ward treatment. The number of ward patients treated during the year 1920 was 383; the number of out-patients treated during the same period was 10,308. There is an ambulance sendee which cooperates with the ambulance service of the central hospital in the South End.
The Maverick Dispensary is at 18 Chelsea Street, an institution supported by private subscriptions. It is a Health Center, though not yet fully developed, and an effort is made to work rather
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intensively, especially among children. A clinic for under-nour- ished children is giving some very satisfactory results, as shown by gain in weight of the little patients. In 1919 there were treated 475 cases (367 children) with a total of 11,449 visits to the Dispensary.
Wood Island Park of the Metropolitan Park system, a tract of 55 acres, is on the easterly border of East Boston. It is not far from Bennington Street, the direct way from the South Ferry station to Revere Beach, should one prefer to take this route by automo- bile rather than through the inland park system.
N. L. Stebbins. Photo.
PRESCOTT STATUE — BUNKER HILL
SOUTH BOSTON
SOUTH BOSTON is a large residential section and is also a place of docks and factories. Take cars at Park Street Un- der. On Dorchester Heights, reached from Dorchester Street near Broadway, is a monument commemorating the erection of the American fortifications which forced the British to evacuate Boston, March 17, 1776.
On the easterly slope of this hill, now called Telegraph Hill, on Broadway, is the Municipal Building, where stood formerly the
Perkins Institution for the Blind, founded by Dr. Samuel G. Howe in 1829. Recently the institution has been removed to beauti- ful grounds in Wa- tertown. On the westerly slope of Telegraph Hill com- manding an exten- sive view of the harbor and city, is the Carney Hospital onOld Harbor Street. It was founded through the gen- erosity of Andrew Carney, a merchant of Boston, who pre- sented the land to the Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, in 1863. Subsequent benefactions of Mr. Carney and his relatives amounted to $75,000, but the institution is not endowed. The hospital supports 215 beds with separate services for medicine, surgery, gyne- cology, obstetrics, ophthalmology, oto-laryngology, and orthopedics. There is an extensive Out-Patient Department in a separate build- ing, in which are treated over 15,000 patients a year. It was in this hospital that the late Dr. John Homans first demonstrated to the profession in New England the possibility of operating successfully upon ovarian tumors.
At the harbor end of the district is Marine Park of the Boston
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public park system, a favorite recreation ground in the summer. Here is the Aquarium, a pond, and a beautiful boulevard on the water's edge. 'Tis a fine point from which to see the shipping en- tering and leaving the harbor. Any City Point trolley goes there. A long bridge connects Fort Independence on Castle Island (a dis- used Government fortification ceded to the city for park purposes) with the boulevard, and from City Point the parkway extends along Columbia Road to Franklin Park and the Blue Hills of Milton, which may be seen in the distance, to the south.
Near the Aquarium, facing the harbor, is a statue of Admiral D. G. Farragut, by Kitson, and a head house and pier, the scene of many picnics. Along the boulevard are several yacht club houses, and in summer the bay is covered with small craft. Just before the Parkway leaves the water's edge and turns inland is McNary Park,
COMMONWEALTH PIER
a large playground made from Dorchester Bay by dredging and filling in the flats. Extending from this point into the bay is a neck of land and a roadway terminating at the main pumping station of the southern division of the great intercepting sewer of the city, and also one of the works of the Boston Consolidated Gas Company.
At the foot of L Street is a public bath open the year round. Crowded in the hot days with men, boys, women, and girls enjoying the pleasure of a swim, it is used by a few hardy men during the coldest days. Photographs exist showing one foolish man swim- ming among the floating ice cakes. There are no views of the glassed-in corner where a man suns himself after a brief dip.
The South Boston water front has always been important, and the Commonwealth Docks with the new Dry Dock built by the State, the largest on the Atlantic Coast, are worth inspection. Near by are the United States Army Quartermaster's Storage Buildings erected during the Great War, and toward the city proper the large new Fish Pier, the center of the fishing industry.
DORCHESTER
ALSO HYDE PARK, SHARON, NORFOLK
K INNING southeast from the Dudley Street Station of the Boston Elevated Railway is the district known as Dor- chester. It is a place of homes. The largest town in New England in 1634, it was annexed to Boston in 1870 and now has a population of 150,000. On Dudley Street at the beginning of Blue Hill Avenue are the buildings of the Little Sisters of the Poor, the site of the former home of Enoch Bartlett, famous for his Bartlett
pears. Dorchester may be readied also from the Andrew Square terminal station of the Cambridge tunnel, taking the cars at Park Street Under. At the junction of Boston Street, Columbia Road, and Massachusetts Avenue, the long highway that stretches through Cambridge to Lexington and Con- cord, is a statue of Edward Ever- ett, by W. W. Story, that was removed from the Public Garden when the name of Edward Everett Square was given to this meeting of streets. On the east side of the Square is " Ye Olde Blake House," built in 1648 and occu- pied by the Dorchester Historical Society. Here are colonial and Civil War relics. In front of the house is the Old Dorchester Mile Stone, 173 years old. The house is open on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays from 2 to 5 p.m. Free.
Continuing along Columbia Road one comes at Stoughton Street and Uphams Corner, a sub-district of Dorchester, to the Dorchester North Burying Ground. This was established by the town in 1633. Here lie the remains of Richard Mather, founder of the Mather family, William Stoughton, the chief justice in the Salem witch- craft trials, and many of the early settlers. There are curious epitaphs. Trolley cars on Hancock Street bring us to Meeting- House Hill wrhere the church, a replica of a former building
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Dr. M. D. Miller, Photo.
FIRST PARISH CHURCH 3IEETING-HOUSE HILL
GUIDE TO BOSTON 115
destroyed by fire, is a fine example of a New England meeting-house of the early nineteenth century and a successor to the first church on this site in 1631. There is a collection of interesting relics here. The church has had a distinguished succession of ministers begin- ning with Richard Mather in 1635. There is a fine collection of communion silver, and the bell is one of the oldest in the country. The church is open every morning, except Saturday, without fee, Going up Gushing Avenue beside St. Mary's Episcopal Church at Uphams Corner one comes to St. Margaret's Maternity Hospital at No. 96. It was opened by the Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul in 1911 and has a capacity of 40 beds, mostly private rooms. It is connected with the adjacent St. Mary's Infant Asylum and Lying-in Hospital, at No. 90, organized in 1872 by the same Order, with a capacity of 100 beds. On Quincy Street, No. 428, near Magnolia Street, is the ' ' Free Home for Consump- tives in the City of Boston, Inc." It was established in 1892 and has 110 beds. A Dorchester Avenue car to- ward Milton Lower Mills reaches the Boston Home for Incurables at 2049 Dor- chester Avenue. This is a semi-public institution de- CONVALESCENT HOME
voted to the care of the BOSTON CITY HOSPIT^
poor who are afflicted with incurable diseases. It was founded in 1822 and has 50 beds. Not far beyond, at 2150 Dorchester Avenue, is the Convalescent Home of the Boston City Hospital, with its 36 beds.
On the side of Dorchester next to Franklin Park, at 425 Harvard Street, reached by Mattapan trolley cars, or the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad to Forest Hills, is the Boston State Hospital of the Massachusetts Department of Mental Diseases. It is devoted to the care of the insane having settlement in Boston. This large hospital, which was formerly owned and managed by the City of Boston, is now a State institution, having been pur- chased by the State in 1908. At the time the hospital passed into State care it had a capacity for 764 patients. It has been developed until at present about 2000 persons are under supervision. Pierce Farm or West Group, on Walk Hill Street, is for men, and Austin Farm or East Group, on Harvard Street near Blue Hill Avenue, is
116 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
for women. The visitor who is interested in psychiatry wrould do well to visit this progressive institution.
In Grove Hall, another sub-district of Dorchester, at 560 Blue Hill Avenue, is the Palmer Memorial Hospital of 40 beds, for chronic cases. This was named for Mrs. Jennie C. Palmer, was formerly the Cullis Consumptives' Home, and is now in charge of the New England Deaconess Association.
The Consumptives' Hospital Department of the City of Boston is at 249 River Street, Mattapan, another sub-district of Dorchester. This was established in 1906. On an estate of 55 acres fronting on the Neponset River there are three ward buildings accommodating 234, four cottage wards for 127, and the children's ward for 65. The Out-Patient Department is at 13 Dillaway Street, off Hollis Street in the South End, where frequent clinics are held, both day and evening. The main office of the trustees is on the tenth floor of the City Hall Annex on Court Street.
At Hyde Park, still another district of the city, corner of Gordon Avenue and Hale Street, is the semi-public charity, the New England Peabody Home for Crippled Children, established in 1894. Here a home is provided for destitute crippled children with a school and manual-training department connected. The after care of infantile paralysis and the sun treatment of bone tuberculosis are special features of the home. There are 40 beds.
The Sharon Sanatorium for cases of incipient pulmonary diseases is at Sharon, Massachusetts, eighteen miles from Boston, on the Providence Division of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad. Capacity, 43 beds. It was first opened for patients February 9, 1891, and was founded by Dr. Vincent Y. Bowditch on the principles laid down in Germany by Brehmer at Goerbers- dorf, and by Dettweiler at Falkenstein, and in America by Tru- deau at Saranac Lake, New York. It was at first unique in that it lies at only about two hundred and fifty or three hundred feet above the sea level, only twelve miles from the seacoast, and in the harsh, changeable climate of New England, which up to recent years has been considered most unfavorable for the treatment of such cases. It was the first institution of its kind in New England, and is intended for women of very limited means who are in the early stages of pulmonary disease.
The United States Public Health Service Hospital No. 34 is at East Norfolk on the New York, New Haven & Hartford Rail- road. This was formerly the Norfolk State Hospital for Inebriates and Drug Habitues. The grounds and buildings are new. There are 200 beds, many of them occupied by epileptics.
ROXBURY
THE Roxbury District, full of interest historically, is now, as in earlier years, a place of residences. In 1630 settlers who came over with Winthrop took up their abode here, es- tablishing themselves near the present Eliot Square. It was called Rocksbury or Rocksborough, from the great ledge of rocks running through it, the so-called Roxbury pudding-stone. One recalls the legend of the giant, familiar to a former generation of Boston children, through Dr. Holmes's poem :
He brought them a pudding stuffed with plums,
As big as the State House dome; Quoth he, " There's something for you to eat, So stop your mouths with your 'lection treat,
And wait till your dad comes home."
What are those lone ones doing now,
The wife and the children sad f 0, they are in a terrible rout, Screaming and throwing their pudding about,
Acting as they were mad.
They flung it over to Roxbury hills,
They flung it over the plain, And all over Milton and Dorchester, too, Great lumps of pudding the giants threw,
They tumbled as thick as rain.
Giant and mammoth have passed away,
For ages have floated by; The suet is hard as a marrow bone, And every plum is turned to a stone,
But there the puddings lie.
The early settlers were of good stock, educated and able. In 1631 came John Eliot, the apostle to the Indians. On the hill then known as Meeting-House Hill, now Eliot Square, at Roxbury and Dudley Streets, was erected in 1632 the first meeting-house. Its roof was thatched and the walls unplastered; there were no pews or spire, but about it centered the life of the village. By law the settlers were compelled to live within one-half mile of the church for protection
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AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
against the Indians. For sixty years John Eliot preached here. He was buried in the Eliot Burying Ground at the corner of Washington and Eustis Streets, as well as the Dudleys. On the north side of the Square is still standing the parsonage built by the Rev. Olin Peabody in 1750. Here was Town Street, now Roxbury Street.
An interesting landmark is St. Luke's Home for Convalescents, at No. 149, occupying a house over one hundred years old. This Home, established in 1872, is a charity supported by the Episcopal
churches of Boston. It gives shelter to women in a convales- cent stage, and can accommo- date 26 patients. A board of visiting physicians look out for the medical needs of the inmates. At No. 125 on this street is • St. Monica's Home for sick I colored women and children I under the care of the Sisters of I St. Margaret (Protestant Epis- I copal). It was founded in 1888 and has 22 beds.
On the south side of the Square is the Norfolk House, at one time a noted hotel, and south of this is the site of the Roxbury High Fort, of Revolutionary interest. Here is now a landmark in the nature of a disused water tower, or "Stand Pipe," 293 feet high, painted white, built in 1869, and now used as an observatory. On the balcony railing are tablets pointing to the different fortifications used during the siege of Boston.
On the westerly side of the Square, near Centre Street, is the Part- ing Stone, marked " The Parting Stone, 1744, P- Dudley'' This stone marked the way in one direction to Cambridge and Watertown, and in the other to Dedham and Rhode Island.
Taking the road to the west from Roxbury Crossing toward Brookline, over what is now Mission Hill, we pass the Mission Church, built by the Redemptorist Fathers in 1869. Farther on at 841 Huntington Avenue is a large group of buildings — the House of the Good Shepherd, a Catholic institution for wayward girls and
Dr. M. D. Miller, Photo.
PARTING STONE,, ROXBURY
GUIDE TO BOSTON 119
women, with a very large laundry establishment. Opposite this is Parker Hill, or "Great Hill," as it was called, from the summit of which one obtains a glorious view of Boston and the harbor and may inspect the many hospitals that are situated there. John Parker once lived on top of the hill, whence its name.
Bordering the parkway on the east is the Vincent Memorial Hospital for women, with a staff of women physicians. It was founded by a gift from Mrs. J. R. Vincent, the actress of the old Boston Museum Stock Company in 1890. It has 22 beds. Next to this is the Boston Nursery for Blind Babies, of 25 beds, fronting at 147 South Huntington Avenue wrhere the electric cars run. The other buildings near at hand are a home for old ladies, under the aus- pices of the Episcopal Church, and the Home for Little Wanderers.
Starting from Eliot Square and proceeding east, we come to the Dudley Street Terminal and Warren Street. Just back of the People's Bank on the south side of the terminal, on Dudley Street, is the site of the home of John Eliot, noted preacher for sixty years, first missionary to the Indians, translator of the Bible into the Indian language, one of the founders of the Roxbury Free School — "In zeal equal to St. Paul, in charity to St. Francis." Taking Warren Street south, the way to Braintree and Plymouth, we find some interesting landmarks. At Warren
m e e j.i_ AXT JOSEPH WARREN
rlace, on a larm of seven acres, was the Warren homestead, built in 1720 by Joseph Warren, grandfather of General Joseph Warren. Troops were quartered here during the siege of Boston. On the site of the old homestead Dr. John C. Warren erected in 1846 a stone building as a perpetual memorial; and on June 17, 1904, a bronze statue in the square, the gift of the citizens, was dedicated to General Joseph Warren — "Physician, Orator, Patriot, killed at Bunker Hill, June 17th, 1775." At the present time this is the geographical center of the City of Boston (Walnut and Westminster Avenues).
Close by, on Kearsage Avenue, is the Roxbury Latin School, founded in 1645 as the Roxbury Free School and still a leading preparatory school.
At the corner of Tolman Place and Warren Street stands the oldest house in Roxbury, built in 1683.
120 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
At 45 Townsend Street is the Beth Israel Hospital. A general hos- pital of 56 beds, established in 1911. It is reached by Humboldt Avenue trolleys from the Dudley Street Station of the Elevated.
The chief street that leads from the park system to the south is Morton Street. Over it there is much automobile travel. On the right, after leaving Forest Hills is the beautiful Forest Hills Cemetery, with its crematory and chapel on Walk Hill Street, one of the two chief cemeteries of the city.
On Dimock Street, off Columbus Avenue extension from Roxbury Crossing, is seen the New England Hospital for Women and Chil- dren, founded in 1862. Its beginning was due very largely to the
NEW ENGLAND HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN
efforts of Dr. Marie Zakrewska (1829-1902). Its object was and is now: 1. To provide for w-omen medical aid of competent physicians of their own sex. 2. To assist educated women in the practical study of medicine. 3. To train nurses for the care of the sick. It is a general hospital of 178 beds, vigorous and proud of its history. There are a dozen buildings well situated on a tract of nine acres of upland. Its active medical staff is composed entirely of women physicians. The Out-Patient Department has recently been moved from 29 Fayette Street, South End, to the hospital. Here was estab- lished in 1872, the first training school for nurses in America. The training of nurses was carried on to a limited extent from the first. In 1872 the first regular training school for nurses was organized by Dr. Susan Dimock wrho had studied the training-school methods in Germany and England. The school offered instruction in the three departments of medical, surgical, and obstetrical nursing.
The Salvation Army maintains a general hospital and dispensary at 87 Vernon Street, Roxbury, reached by any Tremont Street trolley car. Here it has a "Poorman's" drug store and daily medical, surgical, and dental clinics.
JAMAICA PLAIN AND WEST ROXBURY ALSO DEDHAM
SOUTHWEST of Roxbury, in what was West Roxbury, lies Jamaica Plain. It is reached by trolley cars from Park Street or from the Dudley Street Elevated. Its early history is really that of Roxbury. We find in 1689 John Eliot giving seventy- five acres of land, "the income from which was to be used for»the support of a school and a schoolmaster." The present Eliot School, on Eliot Street, commemorates this gift, and is devoted to the giving of free instruction in wood-carving, carpentering, needlework, and drawing. At 636 Centre Street near Green, is a two-story cottage with painted roof and dormer windows, which was sold in 1740 to Benjamin Faneuil, nephew of old Peter Faneuil, and purchased in 1800 by the distinguished Dr. John Warren, as a country house. In 1828 it became the property of Samuel Goodrich, the author, who was the kindly, well beloved Peter Parley of earlier days.
At the junction of Centre and South Streets is the old Loring- Greenough homestead, built in 1760, by Commodore Joshua Lor- ing, a veteran of the French and Indian War. Here have lived five generations of Greenoughs. This house was the headquarters of General Nathaniel Greene during the siege of Boston. Near here stands the old milestone inscribed: "5 miles to Boston Town House, 1735. P. Dudley.'" On the site of the Soldiers' Monument was the first schoolhouse in Jamaica Plain, built in 1676.
Close by is Jamaica Pond, once a source of water supply to Bos- ton, now a feature in our chain of parks, and affording boating in summer and skating in winter. On the southwest shore was the estate of Francis Parkman, the historian, the spot being marked by a memorial by D. C. French, put in place in 1906 after the city had taken the land for a part of the park which surrounds the pond. The Children's Museum at Pinebank near the boat landing, at the end of Pond Street, ought to be visited for its interesting collections. Leave Centre Street trolley at Moraine Street.
Near the Forest Hills Station of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad is the magnificent Bussey estate, bequeathed to Harvard University for the purpose of furnishing "instruction in practical agriculture, useful and ornamental gardening, botany," etc. The Bussey Institution was built in 1871, and the beautiful Arnold Arboretum, containing over one hundred and sixty acres of hilly land, has been in process of development ever since. Here
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122 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
are in great profusion rare varieties of trees, shrubs, and deciduous plants. It should be visited early in June, for the blossoms are then at their best.
Off Centre Street on high wood-covered ground, overlooking the Arboretum, is the Faulkner Hospital, opened in 1903. It is the gift of Dr. and Mrs. George Faulkner, in memory of their daughter Mary, for the good of the people of the old town of West Roxbury, where Dr. Faulkner had been a beloved physician. There are 70 beds, 19 of them in a building reserved for maternity patients.
£n important medical institution is the Adams Nervine Asylum, 990 Centre Street, close by the Arboretum. Funds for its establish- ment were left in 1873 by the will of Seth Adams, late of Newton, "for the benefit of such indigent, debilitated, nervous people, who are not insane, inhabitants of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as may be in need of the benefit of a curative institution." It was opened in 1877 and has done valuable service in providing care for nervous invalids who are in moderate circumstances. There are 50 beds.
Franklin Park, named for Benjamin Franklin, lying in the dis- trict of Jamaica Plain, but approached by way of Grove Hall, is our largest playground, a park of five hundred and twenty-seven acres. Splendid woods, tennis courts, ball grounds, and an excel- lent golf course offer their varied attractions to the visitor. The zoological gardens occupying about eighty acres, with separate houses for elephants, lions, bears, and birds, and a range for elks, deer, and other animals should be visited. Mattapan and Blue Hill Avenue electric cars pass the east entrance to the Park at frequent intervals. Leading from Elm Hill across the Park toward Milton and Plymouth was an old Indian trail. Near this point on the hill Ralph Waldo Emerson lived when he taught school in Roxbury.
On the westerly border of Franklin Park, at 215 Forest Hills Street is the Talitha Cumi Maternity Home and Hospital of 36 beds, for young unmarried mothers. It was established in 1836 and is under the control of the New England Moral Reform Society. Close at hand, at No. 118, is the Emerson Hospital, a semi-public general hospital established by Dr. N. W. Emerson in 1904, of 50 beds.
Theodore Parker was minister of the second meeting-house of the Second Parish of Roxbury from 1837 to 1846. The building stood until recently on the corner of Centre and Church Streets, Roslindale. There is a bronze statue of Parker by Robert Kraus, in the green in front of the Church of the First Parish of West Roxbury at the corner of Centre and Corey Streets.
GUIDE TO BOSTON . 123
In West Roxbury, near the Newton line, specifically at 670 Baker Street, was Brook Farm, a tract of land purchased by George Ripley in 1841. He and his associates incorporated the "Brook Farm Phalanx," a unique social and cooperative experiment in which Ripley, Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Charles A. Dana, George William Curtis, and Margaret Fuller were prominent participants. The project lasted five years. The farm is now occupied by the Martin Luther Orphans' Home of 60 beds, supported by the Evan- gelical Lutheran Church.
On Spring Street, No. 255, near the Dedham line, is the United States Public Health Service Hospital No. 44 of 250 beds, devoted to neuropsychiatric cases. It is reached by Spring Street cars from the Forest Hills Station of the Elevated. A short distance beyond the hospital there are boathouses and excellent canoeing facilities on the Charles.
In Dedham is the Old Fairbanks House, one of the oldest houses standing in the country. It was built about 1650 by Jona- than Fairbanks to whom the lands about it were allotted in 1637. It had been owned by a Fairbanks until 1896 when it was purchased by public-spirited women to save it from destruction. Since 1903 it has been the property of the "Fairbanks Family in America," incorporated. Here the Fairbanks Family reunions are held. The house is on East Street not far from the Dedham Station of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad. It is open daily. Free. Not far away is the " Avery Oak," a very large tree that is said to have been of great value at the time the "Constitution" was built, the owrner refusing to sell it for timbers for that vessel.
The rooms of the Dedham Historical Society on the corner of Church Street and High Street contain valuable relics of this old suburban town, the shire town of Norfolk County.
BROOKLINE
ALSO BRIGHTON, WALTHAM, WATERTOWN, NEWTON, WELLESLEY, FRAMINGHAM
BROOKLINE, or Muddy River, as it was called, was used as a grazing place for swine and cattle in colonial times. Originally a part of Boston, in 1705 it was set apart as an independent town and has remained a town ever since. It forms a wedge between the Brighton District on the west and Roxbury, Jamaica Plain, and West Roxbury on the east. Metropolitan plan- ning boards have always met a Puritanical opposition to their efforts to induce Brookline to join the Boston municipality. To this day the Brookline town meetings are famous for their lively and public-spirited discussions of matters of town government, although there are evidences that the politicians are getting their hold at last. It is a place of homes, many apartment houses, and beautiful estates. The mere mention of some of the noteworthy places must suffice here, the reader being assured that a trip through this town, the richest in the United States, will be well worth while. The Gardner, Sargent, Schlesinger, Winthrop, Lee, Lowell, Lyman, Brandegee, Whitney, Larz Anderson estates, and the Country Club are some of the most noted.
Not far from the golf links of the Country Club, on Newton Street near Clyde, is the Brookline Board of Health Hospital, com- prising a group of modern brick buildings in which are 64 beds, caring for scarlet fever, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and smallpox. Private patients from surrounding regions are received here, a great help when contagious diseases are prevalent. At the western end of the town, but within the limits of the City of Boston are the Chestnut Hill Reservoir and pumping stations, parts of the Metro- politan Water Works. The two lakes of the reservoir, nestling at the base of the surrounding hills, make one of the most attractive bits of scenery about Boston, while on the heights to the west are the handsome stone buildings of Boston College, conducted by the Jesuit Fathers. This growing institution is situated on most at- tractive grounds which are in the township of Newton. It is reached by Newton Boulevard trolley cars over Commonwealth Avenue, a short distance beyond the Lake Street Station.
No city in America possesses more beautiful suburbs or in a greater number than does Boston. The Newtons, Wellesleys, Natick, Weston, and Waltham to the west, Dedham, Milton, and Quincy
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GUIDE TO BOSTON
125
to the south, and Belmont, Arlington, Medford, and Winchester to the north are easily accessible by trolley or by automobile through the parkways, the roads being all that could be asked. In almost every city and town is a hospital. Among the semi-public hospitals is the Corey Hill Hospital on the top of Corey Hill, No. 232 Summit Avenue, in the town of Brookline. It was built and equipped by a group of Boston physicians in 1904 for the care of private patients under their own physicians. There are ac- commodations for 34 pa- tients, the beds being open to reputable medical men of Boston and vicinity. Training schools for nurses are encouraged to send to this hos- pital a certain number of their nurses in the latter part of their third year to complete then' training. Graduate nurses do the greater part of the nursing. It was here that our chief surgeon, the late Maurice H. Richardson, used to delight the patients by his skill as a pianist after an evening visit. Another hospital on this hill is the Brooks Hospital at 227 Summit Avenue. This was built by Dr. W. A. Brooks, incorporated as a charitable institution, and opened in 1915. It has accommodations for 34 patients. Most of the cases are surgical. Two wards of 8 beds each are largely devoted to the treatment of industrial accident cases for the Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. On the second
COREY HILL HOSPITAL AND
NURSES' HOME
MASSACHUSETTS HOMEOPATHIC HOSPITAL WEST DEPARTMENT (CONTAGIOUS)
floor are private rooms. The Sias Laboratories are in the building
under the direction of Dr. F. H. Slack and Dr. C. L. Overlander.
On the northerly slope of Corey Hill, at 296 Allston Street,
Brighton, is the John C. Haynes Hospital for Contagious Dis-
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AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
eases, the West Department of the Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital, the headquarters of which are at 82 East Concord Street in the South End. The hospital was founded in 1908 by a bequest from John C. Haynes, the music dealer, and has 150 beds in several isolated buildings. It is reached by Lake Street and Common- wealth Avenue cars from Park Street. On the easterly side of Brookline is the Free Hospital for Women, at 80 Glen Road op- posite Leverett Pond and Olmstead Park of the Boston Park System, reached by Huntington Avenue cars to Pond Avenue.
FREE HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN
This hospital, modeled after the Woman's Hospital in the State of New York, was established in 1875 by the late Dr. W. H. Baker and was first situated in two dwelling houses on East Springfield Street at the South End near the City Hospital. From this institution for twenty years came the teachings of Marion Sims and Thomas Addis Emmet to the medical profession of New Eng- land through their pupil, the professor of Gynecology in the Har- vard Medical School, the surgeon-in-chief to the hospital. The present building was erected in 1905 and has a capacity of 603 beds. It is an incorporated institution, being supported by an endow- ment fund and by annual subscriptions of churches and charitable individuals. The object of the hospital is the surgical treatment of
GUIDE TO BOSTON 127
the diseases peculiar to women. All the beds are free, only the poor being admitted. In 1919, 925 patients were treated in the hospital, and there were 5539 consultations in the Out-Patient Department. In Brighton, on the road from Allston to Oak Square and Newton, is St. Elizabeth's Hospital, at 736 Cambridge Street, reached by trolley cars from Park Street. It was founded in 1868 and for many years after 1888 occupied several remodeled houses on West Brook- line Street at the South End. In 1911 it was taken over by the Catholic Archdiocese of Boston and was changed from a hospital for women to a general hospital. The present hospital was com- pleted and occupied in 1914. Affording 200 beds, it consists of a group of buildings on a bluff well above the street level. The main building, the hospital itself, is 130 feet long with two wings of 60 feet, and is three stories high. There are balconies on the court- yard inclosed by the wings, where the patients may be wheeled in chair or bed. To the south of the hospital are the Convent and Nurses' Home, the latter a building 110 feet long and five stories in height. The training school for nurses is under the direction of the Sisters of St. Francis, the head nurses in charge of the various wards, operating rooms, and diet kitchens
being all nuns, who are ELIZABETH-S HOSPITAL
graduate nurses. There
are twenty of these and eighty pupil nurses. The school recently has been on an eight-hour-day basis. The hospital has a well equipped X-Ray department, laboratory, orthopedic department, and accident ward. Half the second floor is devoted to ob- stetrics, about seven hundred babies being born here each year, and there is a children's ward besides those given up to medical and surgical cases. During the year 1920, 3786 patients were treated in the wards and 5063 in the Out-Patient Department. The Waltham Hospital of 125 beds on Hope Avenue in that city, with a new maternity department of 24 beds, provides care for the sick of Waltham and also for Weston, Lincoln,Waverley, and Belmont. It is interesting largely because of the unique Waltham Training School for Nurses which is associated with it. The training school is at 764 Main Street near the Square, at some distance from the hospital. This is the training school which Dr. Alfred Worcester was instrumental in founding in 1885 and with which he has been con- nected from the beginning. The purpose was to supply the mime-
128 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
diate nursing needs of the community and also to give young women a thorough education and training in nursing. The distinctive character of the school is due to the fact of its separate foundation. Its only connection with the Waltham Hospital, or with other hospitals which it supplies with nursing service, allows to the school perfect freedom in following its ideals, one of which is the training of nurses in home nursing for home nursing. It was the first school in the country to give training in District Visiting Nursing. It was the first to adopt a preparatory course.
The works of the American Waltham Watch Company in this city will well repay a visit. Take Boston & Maine Railroad to Waltham, or trolley cars from Watertown or Newton.
In Watertown, the near-by town to Waltham, is the Perkins Institution and Massachusetts School for the Blind, formerly in South Boston where it was established in 1829. It has attractive grounds and buildings and a handsome tower. There are 285 beds. It is reached by trolley cars from Park Street passing over North Beacon Street to Watertown. Another institution of Water- town is Sunny Bank Home, at 304 School Street, a convalescent home of the Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital, of 18 beds. It was established in 1887. Watertown cars from Harvard Square, Cambridge, pass School Street.
On Marshall Street in Watertown is the Marshall Fowle House, in which General Warren spent the night before the Battle of Bunker Hill, and in which Mrs. Washington was entertained when on her way from Mt. Vernon to Cambridge. On North Beacon Street, near to Allston, is the great United States Arsenal on the river. North Beacon Street trolleys from the Park Street Station pass the entrance, or trolleys from the Central Square Station of the Cambridge tunnel.
Journeying by trolley from Boston over Commonwealth Avenue toward Norumbega Park one gets off at the crossing of this avenue with Washington Street and takes a Natick car which soon passes the Newton Hospital, at No. 2014, in the district of Newton Lower Falls, one of the nine subdivisions of the. township of Newton. Not many natives get these Newtons straight. The hospital has a capac- ity of 165 patients and a fine set of buildings. It was established in 1881, serves a wide expanse of territory, and has a training school for nurses connected with it.
Wellesley College for women with its three hundred acres of beautiful grounds is one of the show places of the suburbs of Bos- ton. It is about half a mile beyond the center of Wellesley, thirteen miles on the Boston & Albany Railroad, or it may be reached by
GUIDE TO BOSTON 129
trolley car over Commonwealth Avenue extension, changing at Washington Street to a car marked Natick and going through Newton Lower Falls, Wellesley Hills, Wellesley, directly by the college grounds, which are spread along Central Street, on which the trolley runs, for nearly a mile. Below this highway runs the railroad, and beyond that is Morse's Pond. On the other side of the college campus and buildings is Waban Lake, where "Float Day" is held in proper season. This very wide-a-wake and growing institution was founded by Henry F. Durant, a member of the Massachusetts Bar, who died in 1881, and was helped and fostered by his widow, whose ample homestead was given to the college in 1871, the col- lege being opened in 1875. The college has about 1400 students.
The Community Health and Tuberculosis Demonstration of the National Tuberculosis Association in South Framingham is worth a visit. This may be reached best by train from the South Station or Trinity Place to South Framingham (19 miles) on the main line of the New York Central Railway. An express train lands the visitor at the railway station in half an hour. The health station is only a short distance away on the right hand, in the Crouch Building on Union Avenue, the street with a trolley line leading to Framingham Center. Dr. D. B. Armstrong is the executive officer, and Dr. A. K. Stone administrative advisor.
CAMBRIDGE
ALSO SOMERVILLE AND MEDFORD
A ROSS the river from Boston proper is Cambridge, the "University City," joined to Boston by seven bridges. The Charles River basin is wide, and a dam keeps the water at a definite level and fresh. It gives to Boston and Cambridge a large sheet of water of inestimable value from artistic, hygienic, and pleasure-giving points of view. Crossing Harvard Bridge one faces a magnificent group of buildings, those of the Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology. This institution was chartered in 1861 and was given by the Legislature certain State lands in the Back Bay Dis- trict of Boston. Classes began in 1865, and the first class was gradu- ated in 1868. In 1889 it outgrew the portion of the square in the Back Bay District between Boylston and Newbury Streets appor- tioned by the State, and built additional buildings on Clarendon Street, Boston, opposite the present location of the Copley-Plaza Hotel. In 1916 it removed from Boston to a site upon the Charles River in Cambridge opposite the Back Bay.
The new site contains about fifty acres. The educational struc- tures are under one roof, and the plans are so drawn that the build- ings may be extended as the growth of the Institute demands. The layout was planned for two thousand students, and already the registration has risen to thirty-five hundred. An addition to the present educational buildings is in process of construction and will be known as the Pratt School of Naval Architecture. In addition to the educational buildings, there are upon the grounds of the Institute the Walker Memorial, the social center of student life, and the dormitories which are placed about the President's house on the Charles River Boulevard. The dormitories accommodate a limited number of students and are built in six units. Two frater- nities occupy the extreme units, and the remaining units are named in honor of deceased professors.
At the rear of the lot is situated the power plant, which may be doubled in size. Opposite the power plant are the laboratories of forging, foundry, and gas engines. The carpenter shop and other service buildings are erected in convenient spots on the lot.
In January, 1920, a campaign for $8,000,000 was successfully completed six months before the required date by the raising of $4,000,000. Mr. George Eastman, maker of kodaks, until that date
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AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
known as the mysterious "Mr. Smith," had pledged $4,000,000 of this and had previously contributed generously to the Institute ,. ^ under the name
of "Mr. Smith." Visitors are always welcome at the Institute, and the Engineer- ing Laboratories, which are un- usually well equipped, besides other laborato-
N. L. Stebbins, Photo. • -ii p.]afJlv
HARVARD HALL AND JOHNSTON GATE ' ,
Across Massachusetts Avenue from the Technology buildings, at 350 Charles River Road, is the Charlesgate Hospital, a surgical hos- pital of 50 beds, established by Dr. Albert H. Tuttle in 1906.
Cambridgeport is an important manufacturing center where soap, books, candies, castings, and machinery are produced in great quantities. Passing through it in trolley or motor car along Mas- sachusetts Avenue, the chief street, we note on the right, just beyond Central Square, the City Hall, the gift of Frederick H. Rindge. Just back of it, now marked by a tablet, was the headquarters of General Isaac Putnam during the siege of Boston. Near by, at 1575 Cambridge Street, is the Holy Ghost Hospital for Incur- ables. Established in 1894, it offers 140 beds for the care of incurables — a splendid charity, supported by private funds. Farther up Massachusetts Avenue is Harvard Square, the terminus of the Cambridge subway from Park Street, and the College Yard — the old College Yard, dear to all graduates, where
there is a new generation of elms HQLDEN CHAp£L
to temper the sun's rays, and
nod their welcome to the sturdy sons of fair Harvard. About the yard are old buildings, rich in traditions and hoary with age.
GUIDE TO BOSTON
133
MEMORIAL HALL
Massachusetts Hall dates backto!720. Built by gift of the General Court as a dormitory, it was used as a meeting place for the Legislature during the Revolution. In it now reci- tations and examinations are held. Hollis, Harvard, and Massachusetts Halls were used as barracks by George Washington during the Revolution. Between Massachusetts and Harvard Halls is the main entrance to the yard, through the Johnston Gateway. This gate is inscribed with the orders of the General Court, relating to the establishment of the College in 1636.
There are many buildings to inspect — some beautiful from length of service, as Wadsworth House (1726), once the headquar- ters of General Washington; others from an architectural point of view, all of them rich in traditions and associations — the Harvard Union, the gift of Major Henry Lee Higginson and Henry
Warren, the Phillips Brooks House, Hemenway Gymnasium, Memorial Hall, Law School, the various museums, and the great Stadium. The Widener Me- morial Library, with its match- less collection of books, is one of the newer buildings and should be visited. It replaces Gore Hall and contains Harry Elkins Widener's own library of 2500 volumes in a special room, be- sides some 700,000 bound vol- umes. On the Delta by Memorial Hall is the statue of John Har- vard, of Charlestown, whose gift of one-half of his estate, £779, and "his library in 1636 rt Co., Photo. made the real beginning of the
JOHN HARVARD College.
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AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
THE WASHINGTON ELM
Northwest of the College Yard lies Cambridge Common, and west of the Common stands the famous Washington Elm, under
which, as every schoolboy knows, Washington first took command of the Continental forces. Opposite the elm is Radcliffe College for women, affiliated with Harvard Univer- sity, which had its beginning in 1879. The name Radcliffe is of some interest. In 1643 Lady Anne Moulton gave the first scholarship to Harvard of £100, and in grateful remembrance of this, the women's department was named Radcliffe, Lady Anne's maiden name.
^r^SCr^aiMM Close by is Christ Church,
built in 1760 by Peter Harrison, who designed King's Chapel in Boston. A milestone near the fence reads, "Boston 8 miles, 1734." As the only road to Boston at that time led through Brighton and Roxbury and across the Neck, now Washington Street, it was indeed eight miles.
Farther down Harvard Square, at Dunster Street, is a tablet mark- ing the site of the house of Stephen Daye, the printer of the first book extant printed in English North America, the "Bay Psalm Book," 1639. Daye may be regarded as the founder of the present University Press, the printer of this Guide-Book, now situated on the Charles River Parkway, opposite Soldiers' Field, for the first president of Harvard, Rev. Henry Dunster, assumed charge of the first printing establishment, which was in -his house, with Daye as printer. Dunster, whose presidency extended from 1640 to 1654, married the widow of a Mr. Joseph Glover, of London, Eng., who had procured a press and types, but had died on the voyage to America. From Dunster's association with it the establishment received the name of The University Press. The Press was re-established by the College in 1761 and of
THE STADIUM
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135
Dr. M. D. Miller, Photo.
THE LONGFELLOW HOUSE
recent years has been run under private management. Still farther down Dunster Street, at the corner of South, is seen the tablet marking the site of the house of Thomas Dudley, the founder of Cambridge. Outside Harvard Square are many interesting and historic places. Off Boyl- ston Street, facing the river, are the Freshman Dormi- tories housing nearly all of the freshman class, lighted and heated by the college power plant, the dining room in each building served from one common kitchen through subways. Many fraternity houses are in this neighborhood. Soldiers' Field, across the river, the gift of Major Henry Lee Higginson to the University, in memory of his classmates who died in the Civil War, is the athletic field. The Stadium, built after the Greek model, is the gift of the Athletic Association and of the class of '79. It was the first of the stadia which have been growing in ever increasing size at the various colleges of the country. It is a steel frame filled in with Portland cement. Its seating capacity is 28,400. For the Harvard-Yale Football Game additional seats are added, with a grand stand at the east end, so that the seating accommodation is raised to 45,000. The graduates of both univer- sities, far and near, look forward to the Harvard-Yale game of football, and with then" families arrive in Bos- ton a day or two before the event.
South from Harvard Square, and running west, is Brattle Street, the most beautiful street in Cam- bridge. On Brattle Street is the well-known Longfellow House, built in 1759 by John Vassall. It was Washing- ton's headquarters after leaving the Wadsworth House, and later became the home of Jthe poet Longfellow. Some little distance up
THE LOWELL HOUSE
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AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
M. D. Miller, Photo.
STILLMAN INFIRMARY
the street is Elmwood Avenue, which leads to Mt. Auburn Street, where is the beautifully situated home of James Russell Lowell. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The Lowell house
is also reached on Mt. Auburn Street by trolleys from Harvard Square marked Mt. Au- burn, Waverley, or Watertown.
South of Brattle Street, and parallel to it, is Mt. Auburn Street, which for a short distance runs along the river's edge. On the left, overlooking the river and Soldiers' Field, is the Stillman Infirmary, belonging to the Univer- sity. Each student taking courses in Cambridge is charged a small sum for the support of the Infirmary, and this entitles him to two weeks' free treatment. The majority of sick students use the Infirmary when necessary. Next to it are the buildings of the Cambridge Hospital, established in 1871 and now having 165 beds. Still farther on, at the junction of Mt. Auburn Street and Brattle Street, is the beautiful and peace-inviting Mt. Auburn Cemetery, the resting-place of many distinguished dead. To wander along the beautiful walks of this cemetery is to meet the names of New England's most famous sons. Here are the graves of James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Louis Agassiz, Charles Bulfinch, Edwin Booth, Rufus Choate, James T. Fields, Phillips Brooks,
CAMBRIDGE HOSPITAL
William Ellery Channing, Edward Everett, Samuel G. Howe, and many others. The old chapel of the cemetery was converted into a most attractive and serviceable crematory in [1902. This is
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one of the two crematories of New England, the other being situated at Forest Hills Cemetery.
In Somerville, the third in size of Boston's suburbs, is Prospect Hill near Union Square, the site of the most formidable works in the American lines during the siege of Boston. Here the union flag with its thirteen stripes was first flung to the breeze, January 1, 1776. There is a tablet on the top of the hill. On Winter Hill, crossed by the Broadway trolley line, was another fort. The Old Powder House, a tower with conical top, thirty feet high and about twenty feet in diameter, having thick brick walls, is in a little park at the junction of College Avenue, Broadway, and the parkway to Mystic Valley. This was first a mill built about 1703, becoming a Province powder house in 1747. General Gage seized the 250 half-barrels of gunpowder there September 1, 1774, and in 1775 it became the magazine of the American army besieging Boston.
The buildings of Tufts College on College Hill reached by the Boston & Maine Railroad, may be seen for long distances. The college itself with Jackson College, the department for women, is situated here; the medical and dental schools are on Huntington Avenue at the South End, in Boston.
The Somerville Hospital on Crocker Street, was founded in 1891. It is a semi-public general hospital of 75 beds. Take a Clarendon Hill- Highland Avenue car at Park Street Subway and get off at Crocker Street.
The adjoining town of Medford is but a short walk frorh Somer- ville. It is six miles from Boston and may be reached by trolley cars from the Sullivan Square Terminal of the Elevated Railway. On Main Street, between George and Royall Streets, is the Royall House, one of the finest specimens of colonial architecture in Greater Boston. This was the Ten Hill Farmhouse of Governor Winthrop, the residence of Colonel Isaac Royall, and the headquarters of Gen- eral Stark. In the yard is the brick building used as slave quarters. Open Tuesdays and Saturdays from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. Admission 25 cents.
The Craddock House, on Riverside Avenue on the way to East Medford, was supposed for many years to be the original house built in 1634, the first brick house in the colony. This house must have been erected long before 1700, even if it is not the original structure.
THE NORTH SHORE
FOR many years the shores of Massachusetts Bay have been made use of as summer watering-places, both by the in- habitants of Boston and the surrounding towns, and by people from a distance who are in search of a glimpse of old ocean and refreshing sea breezes. Many are the arguments as to the re- spective merits of the North and the South Shores. To the north are woods and rocks and cool breezes from off the water; to the south are sand, stronger winds, and a more equable climate, where it is possible to sit on the piazza during the evenings unless, by chance, the wind fails and the tireless mosquito puts in an appearance.
The North Shore extends from Cape Ann, where the city of Gloucester — the greatest fishing port on the coast, next to Boston, — is nestled under the protection of Eastern Point, safe from the fury of Atlantic storms, up to the city's limits at Winthrop.
Some of the most beautiful and elaborate estates in the world are to be found in Beverly Farms and Manchester, on the northerly shore of Salem Harbor. Here forest and ocean meet at sandy beach or rocky headland, and the wealthy Bostonian travels daily back and forth between his place of business and his home, in his steam yacht or in a special express train.
Nearer 'to Boston are the more modest summer resorts of Marble- head, Swampscott, Lynn, Nahant, Revere, and Winthrop. Lynn is a shoe city of 100,000 inhabitants, approached across the Saugus marshes. Here is the Lynn Hospital, at 212 Boston Street, of 136 beds, established in 1880.
In Swampscott, a short distance beyond Lynn by trolley, is the old John Humphrey House, supposed to have been built in 1637, perhaps earlier. The house was moved only recently to its present location, 99 Paradise Road, from Elmwood Road, where it stood next to an elm tree of great age. The house has been preserved by the Swampscott Historical Society. John Humphrey was an assistant to Governor Winthrop. The original situation of the building is marked in Winthrop's handwriting on a map of Swampscott now in the British Museum.
Starting for Marblehead, the scene of the Agnes Surriage romance, we take the train at the North Station, and select a seat on the right- hand side of the car, raising the window. Let our imagination carry us back to colonial times, before the days of the "iron horse." Sir Harry Frankland is speeding northward to meet his love:
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GUIDE TO BOSTON 139
Make way! Sir Harry's coach and four,
And liveried grooms that ride! They cross the ferry, touch the shore
On Winnisimmet's side.
They hear the wash on Chelsea Beach —
The level marsh they pass, Where miles on miles the desert reach
Is rough with bitter grass.
The shining horses foam and pant,
And now the smells begin Of fishy Swampscott, salt Nahant,
And leather-scented Lynn.
Next, on their left, the slender spires
And glittering vanes, that crown The home of Salem' s frugal sires,
The old, witch-haunted town.
Marblehead is a quaint old town, situated on the tip of the peninsula which forms the southern boundary of Salem Harbor. It is a little over half an hour from Boston by the Boston & Maine Railroad. The town was settled in 1629. It has a fine, deep har- bor, and from being an important fishing and trading port has become the chief yachting rendezvous on the Atlantic coast. Dur- ing the Revolution, Marblehead furnished over twelve hundred men to the government service. Brigadier-General John Glover, one of the bravest and most distinguished officers of the Revolu- tion, who died in 1797, is buried in the old cemetery on the hill over- looking Marblehead Harbor. There is a statue of General Glover on Commonwealth Avenue in Boston.
The streets of Marblehead are no- torious for their crookedness. Ap- parently, every man built his house on this rocky promontory exactly where he pleased, without much ref- erence to his neighbors, so that while one front door looks squarely upon the street, the next one will be at an SBi^BMBBMpBB^BMK angle of ninety degrees, and the third ST' MICHAEL s CHURCH house will be entered from the rear. MARBLEHEAD
The oldest Episcopal Church in New England is St. Michael's (1714), a modest structure hidden away in a nest of wooden buildings, not
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AGNES SURRIAGE WELL
a stone's throw from the electric cars, which, coming from Lynn or Salem, pass through the center of the town.
The Colonel Jeremiah Lee man- sion (1776), No. 169 Washington Street, with its old colonial stair- case, should be visited; also the birthplace of Elbridge Gerry (nearly opposite the North Church), a signer of the Declaration of Independence, Governor of Massachusetts, and Vice-President of the United States. The well of the Fountain Inn, where began the romance of Agnes Sur- riage, celebrated by Edwin Lasseter Bynner in a novel, and by Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes in a poem, is to be seen at a point only a few steps from the terminus of the electric-car line. During the war hydroplanes, manufactured at the Curtis plant in Marblehead, were tried out in the harbor and outside.
The Eastern Yacht Club, with ample accommodations for its members, has its house and landing stage on the Neck, and also the Corinthian Yacht Club. A steam ferry connects the mainland with the Neck and also a good road across the causeway. On the town side of the harbor the Boston Yacht Club has a house and wharf. Both steam and electric cars connect Marblehead and Salem, some five miles apart.
On Lowell Island, off the tip of the Neck, is the Children's Island Sani- tarium, established in 1888 for the care of children with bone tuber- culosis and for convalescents. It has 100 beds and is open every summer. Salem, fourteen miles to the north- east of Boston, on the Boston & Maine Railroad, was settled in 1626. From Salem came John Winthrop and his companions to the founding of Boston. The town is noted for the persecution of the witches, and Gallows Hill, where nineteen witches
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141
were hanged, is one of the chief points of interest to the tourist. It is on Boston Street, and is approached from Hanson Street. Witch- craft documents and relics may be seen in the brick Court House on Washington Street, facing Federal Street. Salem was once the chief port of New England, and controlled all the East India trade.
Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, and his birthplace on Union Street, No. 27, is still standing. The house dates from before 1693, and belonged to Hawthorne's grandfather. On Turner Street is the " House of Seven Gables," recently restored to its original condition.
The old Custom House, on Derby Street, is the one in which Hawthorne served as surveyor of the port in 1846-1849. On the easterly side of the building, on the second floor, is the room in which his fancy evolved the "Scarlet Letter," and in another room is preserved a stencil with which he marked inspected goods with "N. Hawthorne."
The Essex Institute at 132 Essex Street, a library of nearly 100,000 volumes and a museum of historical objects, manu- scripts, and portraits, the larg- est collection of its kind in the country, should be visited. Also the Pickering House, No. 18 Broad Street, built in 1649, the birth- place of Timothy Pickering, soldier and statesman of the Revolution and member of Washington's Cabinet.
The oldest house now standing in Salem is the Roger Williams, or Witch House, corner of Essex and North Streets. It is said to have been the home of Roger Williams from 1635-1636, and is called the witch house because of the tradition that some of the preliminary examinations of the accused persons were held in it. The Salem Hospital, 81 Highland Avenue was established in 1873. It is an active institution of 104 beds.
Gloucester, settled in 1623, is reached by steamer from Central Wharf or by train from the North Station (31 miles). There are many old houses in the city of 25,000 inhabitants; the fishing in- dustry may be studied at close hand, and " Norman's Woe " of Longfellow's "Wreck of the Hesperus" is off the shore on the road to Magnolia.
Revere Beach is a part of the Metropolitan Park System, of which Bostonians are justly proud. The beach is nearly three
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142 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
miles long and is bordered by a boulevard connecting it with the Middlesex Fells Parkway. Along the boulevard are all sorts of amusement enterprises, dance halls, merry-go-rounds, roller coasters, and little shops.
There is a splendid State Bath-House here, which is managed under modern aseptic methods, and is open to the public. On a hot Sunday as many as 100,000 persons visit the beach.
The beach is reached by a short trip over the Narrow Gauge or Boston, Revere Beach & Lynn Railroad, which skirts the shore all the way from East Boston. The station is at Rowe's Wharf; trains every fifteen minutes; fare ten cents. The beach may also be reached by trolley cars from Scollay Square or by the Boston Revere Beach & Lynn Railroad from Rowes Wharf. A continuous line of park- ways extends from Broadway, Somerville, to the beach, for the convenience of automobiles.
The Metropolitan Park System at the present time comprises nearly ten thousand acres reserved for parks and one hundred miles of parkways, in thirteen cities and twenty-six towns of the Metro- politan District. Some of these reservations are under the control of the cities and towns in which they lie, as in the case of Boston, whose Park and Recreation Department has charge of the Com- mon, Public Garden, Commonwealth Avenue, the Fens, Franklin Park, Marine Park, and other city open spaces. The Metropolitan District Commission controls fifteen reservations, including the Blue Hills, Middlesex Fells, Charles River, Neponset River, Mystic River, Revere, Nahant and Nantasket Beach Reservations, and Bunker Hill Monument.
THE SOUTH SHORE
THE South Shore includes the country from Quincy to Plymouth. Beyond Plymouth is Cape Cod, extending to Provincetown. The resorts along the shore may be reached by water or by land — by automobile, steam roads, and trolley. If we choose the land route, we must pass through Quincy, and this is best reached by the New York, New Haven & Hartford Rail- road, from the South Station.
There is considerable of historic interest in Quincy, since it was the birthplace, home, and burial-place of two early Presidents — John Adams and his son, John Quincy Adams.
The Quincy quarries are still worked and furnish a very good granite in large quantities, although at the time of the building of the Custom House in Boston special contracts were made with the granite workers that no stone should be taken out for other use until that building had been completed. Here was built the first rail- way in America, in 1827, to carry the granite from the BIRTHPLACE OF JOHN ADAMS
quarries to tidewater. A portion of the original roadbed, with the iron-capped granite rails and a stone tablet, may be seen at the crossing of the Braintree branch of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad by Squantum Street, near the East Milton Station.
Opposite the Quincy railroad station is a solidly built granite church, the First Parish Church (Unitarian). This was built in 1828, to carry out certain provisions in the will of John Adams. He left granite quarries to the town, and ordered a "temple" to be built to receive his remains. In the basement are the tombs of the two Presidents and their wives. The sexton shows these for a small fee. In the old burial ground near at hand are the graves of the very early inhabitants: of John Hancock, father of the signer of the Declaration of Independence, and of several of the Adams and Quincy families.
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On the road toward Braintree, at the corner of Independence Street and Franklin Avenue, are two very old houses, belonging now to the Quincy Historical Society, the gift of Charles Francis Adams. The smaller house, the older of the two, is the birthplace of John Adams, the other that of his son, John Quincy Adams. In later years the Adamses lived on Adams Street, the road to East Milton, at the corner of Neponset Avenue. The Adams mansion was the home of President John Adams from 1787 until his death, and here the President celebrated his golden wedding. In it were married his son, John Quincy Adams, and his grandson, Charles Francis
Adams, United States min- ister to England. It is still occupied by descendants of the Adams family.
On Hancock Street, facing Bridge Street, is the old Quincy Mansion, known to us through Oliver Wendell Holmes's poem, "Dorothy Q." The poet's mother was a granddaughter of "Doro- thy Q." The Quincy City Hospital, at 114 Whitwell Street, was established in 1890 and has 80 beds.
°» the outskirts of Quincy are the Fore River Works, where many ships were built for the navy during the recent war. Beyond Quincy, the way lies through a beautiful country, and some of the many towns are worth more than a mere mention. Hingham is one of the oldest and loveliest towns on the South Shore, with its main broad avenue bordered by superb elms. It was the home of Dr. Ezekiel Hersey, who, with his brother Dr. Abner Hersey of Barnstable, established the Hersey professorships of Anatomy and Surgery and of the Theory and Practice of Physic in the Harvard Medical School; and he founded Derby Academy, which still stands, one of the oldest secondary schools in the country.
On an elevation just south of the latter is the Old Meeting-House, or " Old Ship Church," so called from the curious curved rafters which support the roof. Erected in 1681 it is the oldest church building now in use in the United States. Behind the latter is the burial ground containing the Settlers Monument, erected on the
GUIDE TO BOSTON 145
site of the old fort of Indian days, as well as monuments to John A. Andrew, the war governor of Massachusetts, and John D. Long, Governor of Massachusetts and Secretary of the Navy during the Spanish-American War.
Immediately behind the church is the modern Bell Tower, a fresh bond of sentiment between Great Britain and America, not only from its construction and purpose, but more especially because it contains the mounting block from the town square in Hingham of Old England.
Nantasket Beach is beyond Hingham, and extends toward the entrance of Boston Harbor. It is one of the longest sand beaches in America and faces the open ocean. It is a part of our Metro- politan Park System, and furnishes an ideal beach for children and adults. The bathing here is excellent, although the water is cold. There is a state bathhouse as at Revere. The beach, which is well worth a visit, is reached best by steamer from Rowe's Wharf. The sail through Boston Harbor and Quincy Bay is full of interest.
From the beach along the shore toward Cohasset, is the Jerusalem Road, affording a magnificent drive by the ocean. Looking off to sea a granite lighthouse is seen rising straight out of the water. This is Minot's Light, a light of second order, built on a ledge sub- merged at high tide, and in the pathway of steamers rounding Cape Cod. Visitors may reach the lighthouse by boats from North Scit- uate Beach, and be hoisted in a basket to the door in the wall.
Beyond Cohasset is Scituate, a popular summer resort. "The Old Oaken Bucket," a song dear to us all, was written here by Samuel Woodworth. Note throughout the South Shore the old colonial houses still preserved in this region with enormous central chimneys and ornamental front doors with fanlights.
Coming to Marshfield we may see the country home of Daniel Webster, and his tomb with the epitaph dictated by Webster him- self in the small graveyard in the rear of the house. We are now in close proximity to old Plymouth settlement, and find many inter- esting historical landmarks. In Duxbury are the supposed burial places of Myles Standish and of Elder Brewster and the Aldens. The Governor Winslow House, which has recently been restored, is worthy of a brief visit. The Standish Monument on Captain's Hill is a landmark for the country around. Begun in 1872, the monument was not finished until 1909; the memorial tablets were put in place last summer. The hill is a part of the farm occupied by Myles Standish and his family in 1630 and after.
Plymouth is reached by train from the South Station and by boat from Rowe's Wharf.
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When the reader visits this ancient town, the first permanent settlement in New England, let him reverently honor those who in 1620 landed here, in winter, and fought a desperate fight against disease, great privations, and hardships, that they might worship God according to their own beliefs. John Robinson, their pastor, wrote from Holland on Christmas Day, 1617: "It is not with us as with other men whom small things can discourage, or small discon- tentments make them wish themselves at home again." The three- hundredth anniversary of the landing of the Pilgrims was celebrated en December 21 of last year. To commemorate the event marked
PLYMOUTH ROCK, THE CORNER STONE OF A NATION, BEING RESTORED TO ITS ORIGINAL LOCATION BY THE STATE TERCENTENARY COMMISSION
changes, especially along the water front, have been carried out, thanks to the generosity of the National and State Governments, the Pilgrim Society, the Society of Mayflower Descendants, the Daughters of the American Revolution, and various. other patriotic societies and individuals.
The disfiguring wharves along the water front have been removed, and the land extending over Cole's Hill, the site of the first houses, has been transformed into a wooded park, similar to the topography of the region in 1620. The rock itself on which our forefathers landed to build their first permanent homes has been lowered to its original position, so that this historic scene may be more easily
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147
visualized. The memorial at the rock serves as a protection of this ancient landmark and testifies the appreciation of the American people of the twentieth century for the followers of Bradford. The latter wrote in 1620:
"But that which was most sadd and lamentable was, that in 2 or 3 months time halfe of their company dyed, espetialy in Jan. and Feb- ruary, being ye depth of winter, and wanting houses and other com- forts; being infected with ye scurvie and other diseases, which this long viooge and their inacomodate condition had brought upon them; so as there dyed some times 2 or 3 of a daye in ye foresaid time: that of 100 and odd persons scarce 50 remained."
In the quaint spelling of the time, he describes how the seven well and sound persons administered unto the sick. They
" spared no pains, night or day, but with abundance of toyle and hazard of their own health, fetched them woode, made them fires, drest them meat, made their beads, washed their lothsome cloaths, cloathed and uncloathed them. — Tow of these 7 were Mr. William Brewster, their reverend elder, and Myles Standish their captain and military commander. — And I doute not but their recom- pense is with ye Lord."
Toward the center of the town is Pilgrim Hall, the repository of the Pilgrim antiquities. Here are the Elder Brewster and Gov- ernor Carver chairs, the Peregrine White cradle, the sword of Myles Stand- ish, and many other ob- jects of interest. Across the street is the County Court House, where the original records, deeds, and wills of the Pilgrims are preserved and can be seen.
Leyden Street leads to Burial Hill, where are many graves of the early settlers, among them those of Gov- ernor Bradford and John Rowland, and here the old Powder Magazine recently has been restored. Here were the first forts for protection against the
NATIONAL MONUMENT TO THE FOREFATHERS
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Indians. South of Burial Hill is Watson's Hill, where in March of 1620 the Indian Samoset "came loudly amongst them and spoke to them hi broken English, which they could all understand, but marvelled at it." A few days later he appeared again with Squanto and the great Sachem Massasoit, and from this meeting resulted a compact of peace which Bradford mentions as existing twenty-four years later.
At the extreme north of the town is the National Monument to the forefathers, built on a hill commanding a fine view of the harbor and town.
Beyond Plymouth are the Cape towns, well-known summer re- sorts. At the end of Cape Cod is Provincetown, prominent in the fishing industries of Massachusetts. This spot at which the Pil- grims landed on their way to Plymouth, November 11, 1620, has been marked by appropriate memorials of the event. The Pilgrim Monument containing a special stone given by each state in the Union, is a beacon and seamark, the monument replacing the old church steeples in pointing out the tip of the cape to the mariner from afar. It is 252 ^ feet high and was dedicated by President Taft in 1910. Provincetown is a quaint old town with a very narrow main street along the water front. Toward the ocean side are the great sand dunes, Race Point Light, and numerous life-saving stations. The waters of the Cape are very dangerous with strong currents and many shoals lashed by frequent gales. The trip to Province- town and return is best made from Otis Wharf by steamer, a most delightful sail in good weather. Between Sagamore and Buzzards Bay the Cape is cut by a canal which has facilitated shipping between New York and Boston.
LEXINGTON AND CONCORD
E'JNGTON is eleven miles from Boston on the Boston & Maine Railroad, and divides with Concord the honors of the opening scene of the Revolution. It may be reached also by trolley cars from Park Street via Harvard Square.
On April 19, 1775, the British marched to destroy the military stores gathered by the American forces at Concord. They passed through Arling- ton and East Lexington, where there are several in- teresting tablets commem- orating events of the day, and entered Lexington, to meet their first resistance.
Now a town of six thou- sand inhabitants, in 1775 not more than eight hun- dred people lived here. At least ten of the houses in existence then still survive, and are marked by tablets.
The interest in Lexington centers round the Common, where the plucky minute- men took then* stand against more than eight times their number. A boulder, mark- ing the line of battle, is inscribed with Captain Parker's instruction to his men: "Stand your ground. Don't fire unless fired upon; but if they mean to have a war, let it begin here."
Not far off is the Buckman Tavern, where the minutemen gath- ered on the morning of the battle, and farther south, on a little hill, is the belfry in which hung the bell that summoned them.
At the east end of the Common stands a beautiful statue of Cap- tain John Parker, by Kitson, one of the most satisfactory of the monuments about Boston.
In 1799 there was erected on the west side of the Common a
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STATUE OF CAPTAIN JOHN PARKER
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granite memorial to the men killed in the battle of Lexington. Then* bodies lie in a stone vault back of it.
Across the street and behind the church, one finds the old burying ground of the town with some quaint tombstones. Another place of great interest is the Hancock-Clark house on Hancock Street, where Samuel Adams and John Hancock were sleeping when roused by Paul Revere. This house contains nearly all the rich collection of the Lexington Historical Society. Other interesting places in Lexington are marked by tablets with historical data, and on the road to Concord, which the British traveled, there are two or three other places of interest.
Entering Concord, and passing for the time the literary landmarks, one comes to Monument Square, a short distance from the Boston & Maine Railroad station, twenty miles from Boston; reached
also from Lexington by trolley. Just before it is reached, one sees the Wright Tavern, built in 1747. Here the British commander, Major Pit- cairn, as he stirred his brandy and water, boasted he would stir the blood of the Yankee rebels. From the hill nearly opposite, Pitcairn watched the A battle at the bridge. WRIGHT TAVERN From th Sauare a sign points th
way up Monument Street to the Battle-Ground. Turning into a lane, with dark pines on either side, one comes to the monument to the unknown British dead, which marks the site of the conflict. The setting is particularly impressive, and as he crosses "the rude bridge that arched the flood," looks at French's statue of the brave young minuteman, and reads the inscription on the monument, no American can fail to be moved.
Following the retreat of the British a mile or so on the Lexington road, to Merriam's Corners, one sees the place where the enemy were attacked by the farmers and townspeople, and fled in confusion. Starting again from the Common and going up Lexington Road, one sees first the beautiful Unitarian Church, built on the same lines as the former church, which was destroyed by fire in 1900. In a still older church, on the same site, the Provincial Congress met in 1774.
Across the street, a little way beyond, is the house of the Concord Antiquarian Society, and farther on the right is Ralph Waldo Emer- son's house, still occupied by his daughter. About a half mile farther, on the left, is a brown house with a curious building on one
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151
side. This is the " Orchard House," one of the homes of the Alcotts, and in the little building the " Concord School of Philosophy " met. The " Wayside," just beyond, was at different times the home of the Alcotts and Hawthorne. The next house to the Way- • side is the home of Ephraim Bull, who developed from the wild grape the delicious and widely cultivated Con- cord grape.
Returning to the Square, one sees on the left the Hill- side Burying Ground, old and quaint, but not equaling in interest the beautiful Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, a short distance away on Bed- ford Street, where rest Em- erson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, Louisa Alcott and her father, and many members of the distinguished Hoar family.
Many other places in Concord are worth seeing — The Old Manse, near the Minuteman, where Haw- thorne lived and wrote ' 'Mosses from an Old Manse " ; the Public Library
' J By the rude bridge (hat arched the flood,
and Peter Bulkeley S house Their flay to April's breeze unfurled,
amnntr thprn Thp villa o-p Here once the embattled farmers stood, among tnem. e Village And flred the shot heard round the world.
has been called the most
interesting one in America, and its natural beauties of meadow and
river and peaceful village streets would alone justify a visit.
The New England Deaconess Association (Methodist) of Boston maintains here a cottage hospital of 25 beds to serve the surrounding territory. It is between Concord and Concord Junction, just off the car line, on the old "nine acre road."
N. L. Stettins, Photo.
MINUTE-MAN, CONCORD
POINTS OF INTEREST REACHED BY THE BOSTON ELEVATED RAILWAY
THE transportation system of Boston subway, surface, and elevated lines, is practically under the control of the Boston Elevated Company. Although the fare is ten cents, free transfers are distributed for use between the different lines. It is, therefore, rarely necessary to pay more than a single fare to ride between points in this company's territory, which includes about one hundred square miles. Transfers are given only on request,, when one enters the car.
The Bay State Street Railway system connects with the Elevated system at many of the suburban points.
The arrangement of the subway and elevated lines has been described under the chapter "How to Find the Way about the City."
Near Park Street Subway Station.
Boston Common. Park Street Church. Robert Gould Shaw Memorial. ! State House.
Granary Burying Ground.
King's Chapel.
King's Chapel Burying Ground.
Near Adams Square Subway Station (or Milk and State Tunnel Stations).
Faneuil Hall. Quincy Market. Old State House. Old South Church. Stock Exchange. City Hall.
Near Battery Street Elevated Station.
Christ Church. Paul Revere's House. Copp's Hill Burying Ground. Constitution Wharf.
152
GUIDE TO BOSTON 153
Back Bay. Reached by South Huntington Avenue or Huntington Avenue cars from Park Street Subway.
1. Copley Square.
Museum of Natural History. Trinity Church. Public Library. Copley-Plaza Hotel. New Old South Church. Boston University..
2. Huntington Avenue and The Fenway.
Mechanics Building.
Christian Science Church.
Horticultural Hall.
Symphony Hall.
New England Conservatory of Music.
Young Men's Christian Association.
Tufts College Medical and Dental Schools.
Forsyth Dental Infirmary for Children.
Museum of Fine Arts.
Simmons College.
Gardner Museum of Art.c,.
3. Medical Section.
Harvard Medical School.
Harvard Dental School.
Collis P. Huntington Memorial Hospital.
Peter Bent Brigham Hospital.
Robert Breck Brigham Hospital.
Elks' Reconstruction Hospital.
Children's Hospital.
Infants' Hospital.
Carnegie Nutrition Laboratory.
House of the Good Samaritan.
Angell Memorial (Animal) Hospital.
Massachusetts College of Pharmacy.
Psychopathic Hospital.
West End. Reached by Charles Street surface cars from Copley Square or Arlington Street Subway Station, or from Scollay Square Under.
Massachusetts General Hospital. Charlesbank.
154 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. Boston Lying-in Hospital. Louisburg Square.
South End. Reached by elevated trains to Northampton Street, or by south-bound surface cars on Massachusetts Avenue. Boston City Hospital.
Boston City Hospital Contagious Department. Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital. Boston University Medical School.
South Boston. Reached by subway trains from Park Street Under to Broadway Station. Carney Hospital. Dorchester Heights. Marine Park.
Charlestown. Reached by elevated trains to City Square. Bunker Hill Monument. United States Navy Yard.
From Sullivan Square Elevated Terminal.
Prospect Hill ) 0 ...
™.j r> j TT f bomerville. Old Powder House )
Tufts College 1 Royall House >• Medford. Craddock House ) Middlesex Fells Reservation.
Brookline. Reached by Huntington Avenue cars from Park Street Subway.
Free Hospital for Women.
Hospitals on Corey Hill. Reached by Beacon Street or Commonwealth Avenue cars from Park Street Subway.
Cambridge. Reached by Harvard Square subway cars from Park Street Under or surface cars from Massachusetts Station. Harvard University. Washington Elm. Longfellow House. Lowell House. Mt. Auburn Cemetery. Stadium and Soldiers' Field.
GUIDE TO BOSTON 155
Dorchester. Reached by tunnel from Park Street Under to Andrew Square Station. Old Blake House. Meeting-House Hill. Dorchester North Burying Ground.
Forest Hills. Reached by south-bound elevated trains to Forest Hills Station.
Bussey Institution.
Arnold Arboretum. By Mattapan surface cars from Egleston Square Station :
Boston State Hospital.
Consumptives' Hospital Department.
Roxbury. Reached by surface cars from Dudley Street Terminal. Franklin Park. Roxbury High Fort. Parting Stone.
Jamaica Plain. Reached by Jamaica Plain cars from Park Street Subway.
Jamaica Pond Parkway. Faulkner Hospital. Adams Nervine Asylum
M
SIGHT-SEEING TOURS
OTOR tours are conducted by three companies to the fol- lowing places:
Historic Boston and Bunker Hill.
Residential Boston, Brookline, and Cambridge.
Lexington and Concord.
Salem and Marblehead.
Plymouth and the South Shore.
Gloucester and the North Shore.
Newton and Wellesley.
The starting places are as follows:
Royal Blue Line : Hotel Brunswick, cor. Boylston and Clarendon
Streets.
Colonial Sight-Seeing Tours : Park Square. Rockett Tours : Park Square.
156
SOME BOSTON CHURCHES
Arlington Street Church (Unitarian), Arlington and Boylston
Streets, Back Bay.
Bulfinch Place Church (Unitarian), Bulfinch Place, West End. Brighton Evangelical Congregational Church, Washington cor.
Dighton Street, Brighton. Cathedral of the Holy Cross (Roman Catholic), Washington and
Maiden Streets, South End. Central Congregational Church, Elm cor. Seaverns Ave., Jamaica
Plain. Central Church (Congregational), Berkeley and Newbury Streets,
Back Bay.
Channing Church (Unitarian), 275 East Cottage Street, Dor- chester. Christ Church (Protestant Episcopal), Salem Street, North End
(The "Old North Church"). Church of Our Lady of Perpetual Help (Roman Catholic), 1545
Tremont Street, Roxbury. Church of Our Saviour (Protestant Episcopal), Albano Street,
Roslindale. Church of the Advent (Protestant Episcopal), 30 Brimmer Street,
West End. Church of the Disciples (Unitarian), Peterborough and Jersey
Streets, Back Bay. Church of the Holy Trinity (German Roman Catholic), 140 Shaw-
mut Avenue, South End. Church of the Immaculate Conception (Roman Catholic), Harrison
Avenue and East Concord Street, South End. Church of the Messiah (Protestant Episcopal), St. Stephen and
Gainsborough Streets, Back Bay. Church of the New Jerusalem (Swedenborgian), 136 Bowdoin Street,
West End. Clarendon Street Church (Baptist), Clarendon and Montgomery
Streets, South End. Dorchester Second Church (Congregational), Codman Square,
Dorchester.
Dudley Street Baptist Church, 139 Dudley Street, Roxbury. Eliot Church of Roxbury (Congregational), 30 Kenilworth Street,
Roxbury. Emmanuel Church (Protestant Episcopal), 15 Newbury Street,
Back Bay.
157
158 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
Emmanuel Church, Stratford cor. Clement Avenue, West Roxbury. First Baptist Church, Commonwealth Avenue cor. Clarendon
Street, Back Bay.
First Baptist Church in Dorchester, 423 Ashmont Street. First Church (Methodist Episcopal), Temple Street, West End. First Church in Boston (Unitarian), cor. Berkeley and Marlbo-
rough Streets, Back Bay. First Church of Christ Scientist, Falmouth, Norway, and St. Paul
Streets, Back Bay. First Congregational Society (Unitarian), Eliot and Centre Streets,
Jamaica Plain.
First Parish Church in Dorchester (Unitarian), Meeting-House Hill. First Presbyterian Church, Berkeley Street and Columbus Avenue,
South End.
First Religious Society (Unitarian), Eliot Square, Roxbury. Friends' Meeting House, 210 Townsend Street, Roxbury. Immanuel Walnut Avenue Church (Congregational), Walnut
Avenue and Dale Street, Roxbury.
Kenesseth Israel (Jewish), 15 Emerald Street, South End. King's Chapel (Unitarian), Tremont and School Streets, Central
District.
Mishkan Tefila (Jewish), Moreland cor. Copeland Street, Roxbury. Mt. Vernon Church (Congregational), Beacon Street and Massa- chusetts Avenue, Back Bay. Notre Dame des Victoires (French Roman Catholic), 25 Isabella
Street, South End. Old South Church (Congregational), Dartmouth and Boylston
Streets, Back Bay. Park Street Church (Congregational), Tremont and Park Streets,
Central District. People's Temple (Methodist Episcopal), Columbus Avenue and
Berkeley Street, South End. Ruggles Street Baptist Church, 163 Ruggles Street, Roxbury, South
End. St. Cecilia's (Roman Catholic), Belvidere Street, near Massachusetts
Station, Back Bay. St. John the Evangelist (Protestant Episcopal), 35 Bowdoin Street,
West End. St. Leonard's of Port Morris (Italian Roman Catholic), 33 Prince
Street, North End.
St. Mark's (English Lutheran), 29 Winthrop Street, Roxbury. Second Church in Boston (Unitarian), Beacon Street and Audubon
Road, Back Bay.
GUIDE TO BOSTON 159
Shawmut Church (Congregational), Tremont and Brookline Streets, South End.
South Congregational Society (Unitarian), Newbury and Exeter Streets, Back Bay.
Temple Adath Israel (Jewish), Commonwealth Avenue and Bland- ford Streets, Back Bay.
Temple Beth El (Jewish), 94 Fowler Street, Dorchester.
The Cathedral of St. Paul (Protestant Episcopal), 136 Tremont Street, Central District.
Tremont Street Methodist Episcopal Church, Tremont and West Concord Streets, South End.
Tremont Temple (Baptist), 88 Tremont Street, Central District.
Trinity Church (Protestant Episcopal), Copley Square, Back Bay.
Union Church (Congregational), 485 Columbus Avenue, South End.
Unity Church (Spiritualist), Jordan Hall, Huntington Ave., Back Bay.
SOME BOSTON HOTELS
Adams House, Washington Street near Boylston Street, Central
District.
American House, Hanover Street near Elm Street, North End. Arlington, Chandler Street at Arlington Square, South End. Avery, 24 Avery Street, Central District. Bellevue, Beacon Street near Somerset Street, Central District. Boston Tavern, 347 Washington Street, Central District. Brunswick, Boylston Street at Clarendon Street, Back Bay. Buckminster, 645 Beacon Street, cor. Brookline Avenue, Back Bay. Clarendon, Tremont Street near Clarendon Street, South End. Commonwealth, 86 Bowdoin Street, West End. Copley-Plaza, Copley Square, Back Bay.
Copley Square, Huntington Avenue and Exeter Street, Back Bay. Crawford House, Court and Brattle Streets, Scollay Square, Central
District.
Essex, Dewey Square, opposite South Station, Central District. Fritz-Carlton, 1138 Boylston Street, near Fenway, Back Bay. Garrison Hall, 8 Garrison Street, off Huntington Avenue, Back Bay. Hemenway, 91 Westland Avenue, near Fenway, Back Bay. Langham, 1697 Washington, cor. Worcester Street, South End. Lenox, Boylston and Exeter Streets, Back Bay. Oxford, 46 Huntington Avenue, opposite Exeter Street, Back Bay. Parker House, School and Tremont Streets, Central District. Plaza, 419 Columbus Avenue, South End. Puritan, 390 Commonwealth Avenue, Back Bay. Putnam's, 284 Huntington Avenue, Back Bay. Quincy House, Brattle Street and Brattle Square, Central District. Savoy, 455 Columbus Avenue, South End.
Somerset, Commonwealth Avenue and Charlesgate East, Back Bay. Touraine, Boylston and Tremont Streets, Central District. United States Hotel, Beach, Lincoln, and Kingston Streets, South
End. Vendome, Commonwealth Avenue and Dartmouth Streets, Back
Bay.
Victoria, Dartmouth and Newbury Streets, Back Bay. Westminster, Copley Square, Back Bay. Young's, Court Street and Court Square, Central District.
160
THEATERS
Arlington, 421 Tremont Street.
Boston Opera House, 335 Huntington Avenue.
Colonial, 106 Boylston Street, near Tremont Street.
Copley, 186 Dartmouth Street, opp. Back Bay Station.
Gaiety (burlesque), 661 Washington Street.
Globe, 692 Washington Street.
Hollis Street, 14 Hollis Street (between Washington and Tremont).
Keith's (vaudeville), 547 Washington Street (also an entrance at
162 Tremont Street).
Orpheum (vaudeville), 415 Washington Street, near Winter Street. Park Square, Park Square, cor. Columbus Avenue. Plymouth, 129 Eliot Street, near Tremont Street. St. James (vaudeville), 239 Huntington Avenue, near Massachusetts
Avenue.
Shubert, 265 Tremont Street, near Hollis Street. Tremont, 176 Tremont Street, opposite Boylston Street Subway. Waldron's Casino (burlesque), 44 Hanover Street, near Scollay
Square. Wilbur, Ye, 250 Tremont Street, near Eliot Street.
161
MOVING-PICTURE THEATERS
Allston, 128 Brighton Avenue, Allston.
Beacon, 47 Tremont Street, near Beacon Street.
Boston, 539 Washington Street, near West Street.
Exeter Street, Exeter Street, cor. Newbury.
Fenway, 136 Massachusetts Avenue, near Boylston Street.
Gordon's Olympia, 658 Washington Street, near Boylston Street.
Majestic, 219 Tremont Street, near Boylston Street.
Modern, 523 Washington Street, near West Street.
Old South, 329 Washington Street.
Olympic, 6 Bowdoin Square.
Park, 619 Washington Street, near Boylston Street.
Scollay Square Olympia, 3 Tremont Row (near Scollay Square).
Strand, 175 Huntington Avenue and 545 Columbia Road, Dorchester.
162
PLACES OF AMUSEMENT
Norumbega Park, consisting of a zoological garden, open-air theater, restaurant, and boat-house, is in the township of Newton on the bank of the Charles River, at Riverside. The canoeing facilities are excellent. It is reached by trolley cars from the Park Street Station of the Subway, or by steam trains from South Station to Riverside.
Revere Beach: Bathing, amusement enterprises, and ocean view. Boston, Revere Beach & Lynn Railroad at Rowe's Wharf, trains every fifteen minutes. Also trolley cars from Scollay Square Subway.
Nantasket Beach: Bathing, ocean view, "Paragon Park," shore dinners. New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad from South Station to Nantasket Junction and thence by trolley; or better by steamer from Rowe's Wharf.
National League Baseball Grounds, Braves Field, Commonwealth Avenue, cars from Park Street Subway.
American League Baseball Grounds, Fenway Park, cars from Park Street Subway to Kenmore Station, also Ipswich-Boylston Street cars.
Marine Park, South Boston : Restaurant, view of harbor, aquarium. Park Street Under to Broadway Station, change to City Point surface car. Also connections with Washington Street Subway.
Franklin Park: Golf, zoo, a beautiful wooded park. Cars from Egleston Square Station, marked Mattapan.
Popular Concerts: "Pops," Symphony Hall, Huntington and Massachusetts Avenues, 8 p.m., daily except Sunday.
163
RESTAURANTS
Acorn Lunch Room, 144 Tremont Street (Ladies). Cann's, Boylston Street, near Massachusetts Avenue. Cann's Sea Grill, Canal Street, near North Station. Child's, 269 and 607 Washington Street; 92 Summer Street. Colonial, Shepard Norwell Co., Tremont Street, opp. Park Street
Station.
Cook's, 150 Boylston Street. DeLuxe, 495 Washington Street. Dupont, 40 West Street.
Durgin, Park & Co., 30 North Market Street, near Faneuil Hall. Dutch Room, Hotel Touraine, cor. Tremont and Boylston Streets. Egyptian Room, Hotel Brunswick, cor. Clarendon and Boylston
Streets.
English Tea Room, 160B Tremont Street; 42 Broad Street (Ladies). Filene's, cor. Washington and Summer Streets. Gingerbread Tea Room, 172 Tremont Street (Ladies). Jones and Marshall, 28 Merchant's Row, near Adams Square. Joy Young and Co. (Chinese), 630 Washington Street. Laboratory Kitchen, Inc., 66 Kingston Street; 243 Washington
Street.
Louis (French), 15 Fayette Court, near Washington Street. Low Hong Joy (Chinese), 8 Tyler Street. Marston's, 121 Summer; 81 Devonshire; 1070 Boylston Street. Mary Elizabeth Tea Room, cor. Park and Tremont Streets. Minerva Cafe, 216 Huntington Avenue. Nankin (Chinese), 83 Harrison Avenue. Napoli Cafeteria, 286 Huntington Avenue. New England Kitchen, 39A Charles Street. North Station, Causeway Street. Pilgrim Lunch, 33 West Street; 25 Temple Place; 55 Franklin Street
(Ladies).
Priscilla, 305 Huntington Avenue. Rathskeller, American House, 56 Hanover Street. Santung (Chinese), 241 Huntington Avenue. Seville, Boylston Street, near Tremont.
Shooshan's Cafe, 146 Massachusetts Avenue, near Boylston Street. South Station, Dewey Square. Thompson's Spa, 219 Washington Street.
Woman's Educational and Industrial Union, 264 Boylston Street (Ladies).
164
GUIDE TO BOSTON 165
The following hotels have restaurants of excellent quality:
Adams House, 553 Washington Street, also entrance on Mason
Street.
Bellevue, 21 Beacon Street. Copley Plaza, Copley Square.
Essex, Atlantic Avenue and Essex Street (near South Station). Lenox, cor. Boylston and Exeter Streets. Parker House, 60 School Street, cor. Tremont Street. Puritan, 390 Commonwealth Avenue. Somerset, 400 Commonwealth Avenue. Young's, 20 Court Street and Court Square.
INDEX
Page numbers in heavy type indicate the chief treatment of a subject, the other figures merely where it is mentioned.
Adams, John, birthplace, 144; tomb, 143.
Adams, John Quincy, birthplace, 144; tomb, 143.
Adams Mansion (Quincy), 144.
Adams, Samuel, 6; home of, site, 20; statue, 30; grave, 19.
Adams Square, 30.
Adath Israel, Temple, 51.
Advent, Church of the, 98.
Alcott, Louisa, grave, 151.
Aldens, burial place, 145.
Algonquin Club, 51.
American Waltham Watch Com- pany, 128.
Amusement, places of, 163.
Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, 31.
Andrew, John A., monument, 145.
Anesthesia, Surgical, history of, 87-92.
Angell Memorial Hospital for Animals, 75.
"Appeal to the Great Spirit," statue, 60.
Aquarium, 113.
Arboretum, Arnold, 121.
Arena, 64.
Arlington Street Church, 52.
Armory, Commonwealth, 51.
Armory of First Corps Cadets, 47.
Army and Navy Monument, 22.
Arsenal, United States (Water- town), 128.
Art Club, 52.
Athenaeum, 28. Athletic Association, 57. Atlantic Monthly, office of, 49. Attucks, Crispus, Monument,
21. "AveryOak" (Dedham), 123.
B
Baby Hygiene Association, 53. Back Bay District, 48-82. Back Bay Station, 11. Baptist Hospital, New England,
80.
Basin, Metropolitan Park, 50. Beacon Hill, 2; the Beacon, 27. Beacon Street, 13, 49-50. Bell Tower (Hingham), 145. Beth Israel Hospital, 120. Bigelow, Dr. Henry J., 89, 90. Blackstone, William, 1, 21. Blake House, "Ye Olde," 114. Boston, a city, 8. Boston as a port, 10. Boston churches, 157-159. Boston College, High School, 45;
Liberal Arts Department, 124. Boston Common, 20. Boston, divisions of, 8. Boston Harbor, 104-106. Boston Health Department, 17-
18.
Boston hotels, 160. Boston Library (private), 52. Boston Light (history), 106. Boston Lightship, 106. "Boston Massacre," 6, 21, 32. Boston Port Bill, 6.
166
INDEX
167
Boston State Hospital (Insane Asylum), 115, 116.
"Boston Stone," 100.
"Boston Tea Party," 6, 15.
Boston Theater, 21.
Boston University, School of Medicine, 46; Liberal Arts De- partment, 53, 57.
Bostonian Society, 32.
Bowditch, Dr. Henry Ingersoll, site of house, 52.
Boylston Market, 22.
Boylston Street, 13, 52-58.
Boylston, Zabdiel, 5.
Bradford, Governor, burial place, 147.
Brattle Square Church, 7; site of, 30.
Brewer Fountain, 21.
Brewster, Elder, burial place, 145; chair, 147.
Brigham, Peter Bent, Hospital, 73-74.
Brigham, Robert Breck, Hospital, 79-80.
"Brook Farm" (West Roxbury), 123.
Brookline, 124.
Brookline Board of Health Hos- pital, 124.
Brooks Hospital, 125.
Brooks, Phillips, statue, 54; res- idence, 52; grave, 135; "Phillips Brooks House" (Cambridge), 133.
Buckman Tavern (Lexington), 149.
Bunker Hill, battle of, 7; Monu- ment, 109.
Brunswick Hotel, 53.
Burial Hill (Plymouth), 147.
Burns, Robert, statue, 60.
Bussey Institution, 121.
Cambridge, 130-137.
Cambridge Bridge, 96.
Cambridge Hospital, 136.
Cancer Hospital, Huntington, 76- 77.
Cape Cod Canal, 148.
Cardinal's office, 50.
Carnegie Nutrition Laboratory. 76.
Carney Hospital, 112.
Carver, Governor, chair, 147-r""
Cathedral of the Holy Cross, 37
Central Burying Ground, 22.
Central Church, 52.
Central or Business District, 15-34.
Channing Home, 82.
Channing, William Ellery, statue, 49.
Charlesbank Playground, 96.
Charlesgate Hospital, 132.
Charles Street, 14, 96-97.
Charles Street Jail, 96.
Charlestown and Chelsea, 107- 109.
Charlestown Heights, 109.
Charlestown Navy Yard, 107.
Chauncy, Charles, 4.
Cheever, Dr. David W., 39.
Chestnut Hill Reservoir, 124.
Child, Dr. Robert, 3.
Children's Hospital, 77; Con- valescent Home, 79.
Children's Island Sanitarium. 140.
Children's Museum, 121.
Chilton Club, 51.
Christ Church, 100-101.
Christ Church (Cambridge), 134.
Christian Endeavor, United So- ciety of, 83.
168
INDEX
Christian Science Church and "Mother Church," 63.
Churches, some Boston, 157-159.
City Club, 28.
City Hall and Annex, 17.
City Hospital, 37-45; South De- partment, 43; Relief Station, Haymarket Square, 44; East Boston, 45, 110; Convalescent Home, 45, 115.
City Point, 113.
Clark, Dr. John, 4.
Codfish, historic, 28.
Cole's ^Hill (Plymouth), 146. vCole's Inn, Samuel, site of, 16.
Commonwealth Avenue, 13, 50- 51.
Commonwealth Docks, 104, 113.
Community Health and Tuber- culosis Demonstration (Fram- ingham), 129.
Concord, 150.
Concord Battle Ground, 150.
Concord Cottage Hospital, 151.
Congregational House, 28.
Conservatory of Music, 64.
" Constitution," frigate, 108.
Constitution Wharf, 103.
Consumptives' Hospital Depart- ment, 116.
Copley-Plaza Hotel, 54.
Copley Square, 53.
Copp's Hill Burying Ground, 102.
Corey Hill Hospital, 125.
Cornhill, 29.
Cottage Hospital (Concord), 151.
Cotton, John, site of house, 28.
County Court House, 28; (Plym- outh), 147.
Craddock House (Medford), 137.
Craigie Bridge, site of, 96.
Crippled Children, Industrial School for, 64.
Gushing Hospital, 80. Custom House, 33, 104.
Daye, Stephen, site of house (Cambridge), 134.
Deaconess Hospital, 82.
Dedham Historical Society, 123.
Deer Island, 105.
Dental Infirmary for Children, Forsyth, 60.
Derby Academy (Hingham), 144.
Des Brisay Hospital, 52.
Disciples, Church of the, 62.
Dispensary, Boston, 36.
District Nursing Association, 36, 45.
Dock Square, 2, 9, 30.
Doctors' Central Telephone Ex- change, 52.
Dorchester, 114-116.
Dorchester North Burying Ground, 114.
Douglass, Dr. William, 5.
Dry Dock at South Boston, 113.
Duxbury, 145.
E
East Boston, 3, 110-111.
East Boston Tunnel, 110.
Eastern Yacht Club (Marble- head), 140.
Elevated Railway, 12, 13.
Elevated Railway, points of in- terest reached by, 152-155.
Eliot Burying Ground (Roxbury), 118.
Eliot Hospital, 62.
Eliot, John, 117; place of burial, 118; donated land, 121; site of home, 119.
Eliot School (Jamaica Plain), 121.
Elks' Reconstruction Hospital, 80.
INDEX
169
"Emancipation Group" statue,
46. Emerson Hospital (Jamaica Plain),
122. Emerson, Ralph Waldo, house,
150; burial place, 151. Emmanuel Church, 52. English High School, 47. Esplanade, 50. Essex Institute (Salem), 141. Ether, first use of in surgery, 87-
92; Monument, 48. Evans Memorial Building, 45. Everett, Edward, statue of, 114;
grave of, 136. Eye and Ear Infirmary, 95-96.
Fairbanks House (Dedham), 123.
Faneuil Hall, 30.
Faneuil, Peter, mansion, site, 30; grave, 19.
Farm and Trades School (Thomp- son's Island), 105.
Farragut, Admiral David G., statue of, 113.
Faulkner Hospital, 122.
Fenway, 58.
Fenway Court, 61.
Ferry, Charlestown, 2.
Fires in Boston, 9; great fire of 1872, 15.
Firmin, Dr. Giles, 4.
First African Methodist Episco- pal Church, 98.
First Baptist Church, 51.
First Baptist meeting-house, 100.
First Church, 50.
First District Writing School, site, 29.
First Parish Church (Quincy), 143.
Fish Pier, 104, 113.
Fishing industry, 10.
Floating Hospital, 103-104.
Ford Memorial, 28.
Forefathers' Monument (Plym- outh), 148.
Fore River Works (Quincy), 144.
Forest Hills Cemetery, 120.
Forsyth Dental Infirmary, 60.
Fort Hill, 3.
Fort Hill Square, 15.
Fort Independence, 104, 113.
Fowle, Marshall House (Water- town), 128.
Franklin, Benjamin, 9; birthplace, site, 16; statue, 17; "Lighthouse Tragedy," 106.
Franklin, James, printing office, site, 29; grave and monument, 19.
Franklin Park, 122.
Franklin Square House, 37.
Franklin Union, 9, 47.
Free Home for Consumptives, 115.
Free Hospital for Women, 126.
Freshman Dormitories (Cam- bridge), 135.
Frog Pond, 9, 23.
Frost, Rufus S., Hospital (Chel- sea), 109.
Fuller, Dr. Samuel, 4.
Gallows Hill (Salem), 140.
Gardner, Mrs. John L., home and museum, 61.
Gerry, Elbridge, birthplace, 140.
Girls' High School, 46.
Girls' Latin and Normal Schools, 62.
Gloucester, 141.
Gorges, Robert, 1.
Governor's house, site of (Charles- town), 107.
170
INDEX
Granary Burying Ground, 19. " Great Elm " on Boston Common,
22.
Greater Boston, 7-8. Green Dragon Tavern, site of, 99.
Hale, Edward Everett, statue of, 49; his church, 52.
Hancock-Clark House (Lexing- ton), 150.
Hancock, John, site of house, 23; grave and monument, 19.
Harvard Club of Boston, 51.
Harvard College Yard, 132.
Harvard Dental School, 74-75.
Harvard, John, monument, 107; statue, 133.
Harvard Medical School, 66-73; on Longwood Avenue, 72.
Harvard Square (Cambridge), 132.
Harvard Stadium (Cambridge), 135.
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, birthplace, 141; office, 141; grave, 151.
Haynes, John C., Hospital for Contagious Diseases, 125-126.
Health, Department of Public, of Massachusetts, 24.
Hersey, Dr. Abner, 144.
Hersey, Dr. Ezekiel, 144.
High School of Commerce, 62.
Hillside Burying Ground (Con- cord), 151.
Hingham, 144.
Hoar, Leonard, 4.
Holmes, Dr. Oliver Wendell, 4, 36; Hall, portrait, bust, and library, 59; site of offices and dwellings, 52, 96; partial poems, 117, 139.
Holy Ghost Hospital for Incur- ables (Cambridge), 132.
Home for Destitute Roman Catholic Children, 45.
Home for Incurables, Boston (Dor- chester), 115.
Home for Little Wanderers, 119.
Horticultural Hall, 63.
Hotels, some Boston, 160; restau- rants of, 165.
House of Correction (Deer Island), 105.
" House of Seven Gables" (Salem), 141.
House of the Good Samaritan, 74.
House of the Good Shepherd, 118.
Howard Athenaeum, 29.
Howland, John, burial place, 147.
Humphrey, John, House (Swamp- scott), 138.
Huntington Avenue, 13.
Huntington Avenue Station, 11.
Huntington, Collis P., Memorial Hospital, 76-77.
Hutchinson, Anne, 4; dwelling, site of, 16.
Immaculate Conception, Church of the, 45.
Independence Monument (Beacon Hill), 27.
Infants' Hospital, 79.
Instructive District Nursing Asso- ciation, 36, 45.
Jackson College (Somerville), 137. Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury,
121-123.
Jamaica Pond, 9, 121. Jerusalem Road (Cohasset), 145. Jones, Margaret, 4. Jordan Hall, 64.
INDEX
171
King's Chapel, 18; Burying Ground, 18.
Latin School house, first, site of,
17; present, 47. Lee, Col. Jeremiah, mansion
(Marblehead), 140. Leif Ericson, statue, 51. Lexington, 149.
Lexington and Concord, 149-151. Liberty Tree, 22. Lincoln, Abraham, statue, 46. Little Office Building, 22. Little Sisters of the Poor, 114. Longfellow House (Cambridge),
135.
Long Island Hospital, 105. Long, John D., monument, 145. "Long Path, The," 23. Long Wharf, 33.
Loring-Greenough homestead, 121. Louisburg Square, 97. Lowell, James Russell, home of,
136; grave of, 136. L Street Public Bath, 113. Lying-in Hospital, 83-84; South
End Branch, 37. Lynn Hospital, 138.
M
McLean Hospital, 94.
McNary Park, 113.
Mann, Horace, statue of, 27;
School for the Deaf, 52. Map of Old Boston, opp. 3 ; Modern
Boston, opp. 176. Marblehead, 139. Marine Hospital, 108-109. Marine Park, 112. Maryborough Street, 50.
Marshall's Lane, 99.
Marshfield, 145.
Martin Luther Orphans' Home, 123.
"Mary and John," ship, 2. 106.
Masonic Temple, 22.
Massachusetts Avenue, 13.
Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, 95-96.
Massachusetts College of Phar- macy, 76.
Massachusetts General Hospital, 84-95.
Massachusetts Hall (Cambridge), 133.
Massachusetts Historical Society, 58.
Massachusetts Homeopathic Hos- pital, 45; Maternity Depart- ment, 45; Hospital for Conta- gious Diseases, 125-126.
Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology, 130-132.
Massachusetts Medical Society, 59-60.
Massachusetts Women's Hospital, 80.
"Mathers, Church of the," 103.
Mather, Cotton, 5.
Maverick Dispensary, 110.
Maverick, Samuel, 3; site of house, 110.
Mechanic Arts High School, 58.
Mechanics Building, 62-63.
Medford, 137.
Medical Baths, 57.
Medical Examiners, Massachu- setts system of, 42.
Medical Library, 58-59.
Meeting-House Hill Church, 114.
Mental Diseases, Department of, 25-27.
172
INDEX
Mental Diseases, Observation Hospital, 81-82.
Metropolitan District, 8.
Metropolitan Park System, 142.
"Mill Dam," site of, 50.
Minot's Ledge Light, 145.
Minute-Man (Concord), 151.
Mission Church, 118.
Morgan Memorial Chapel, 46.
Morse, S. F. B., 9; birthplace, 107.
Morton, Thomas, 1.
Morton, William Thomas Green, 9, 87, 88.
Mortuary, Southern, 42; North- ern, 95.
Moving-Picture Theaters, 162.
Mt. Auburn Cemetery, 136.
Mt. Vernon Church, 49.
Mt. Vernon Street, 83, 97.
Murray's Barracks, site of, 30.
Museum of Fine Arts, 60-61.
"Music Hall," old, 19.
N
Nantasket Beach, 145.
Natural History Society, 52.
Naval Hospital, 108.
Navy Yard, 107.
Nervine Asylum, Adams, 122.
Neuropsychiatric Hospital, U. S.
P. H. S. No. 34, 116. Neuropsychiatric Hospital, U. S.
P. H. S. No. 44, 123. Newbury Street, 52. New England Antiquities, So- ciety for the Preservation of, 84. New England Baptist Hospital,
80. New England Conservatory of
Music, 64. New England Deaconess Hospital,
82; Palmer Memorial, 116.
Cottage Hospital, 51.
New England Historic Genealog- ical Society, building, 28.
New England Hospital for Women and Children, 120.
New Old South Church, 57.
Newspaper Row, 16.
Newton Hospital, 128.
Niles Building, 17.
Norman's Woe (Gloucester), 141.
North End and Boston Harbor, 99-106.
North Shore, 138-142.
North Square, 102, 103.
North Station, 11.
Notre Dame Academy, 62.
Nursery for Blind Babies, 119.
Odd Fellows Hall, 47.
Old Colonial houses (South Shore),
145. Old Corner Bookstore Building,
16.
Old Court House, site, 17. Old Custom House, 33. Old Dorchester Mile Stone, 114. Old Fairbanks House (Dedham),
123.
" Old Manse " (Concord), 151. "Old North Church," 6, 100-
101 ; First "Old North Church"
(Second Church), 103. "Old Oaken Bucket" (Scituate),
145. Old Powder House (Somerville),
137; Magazine (Plymouth), 147. "Old Ship Church" (Hingham),
144.
Old South Meeting-House, 16. "Old State House," 31. Old West Church, 84. Opera House, 64. "Orchard House" (Concord), 151.
INDEX
173
O'Reilly, John Boyle, statue, 58. Otis, Harrison Gray, House, 84. Otis, James, 6.
"Paddock elms," 21.
Palmer, Edward, 3.
Palmer Memorial Hospital, 116.
Parade Ground, 20.
Park Street, 11.
Park Street Church, 19.
Parker, Captain John, statue (Lexington), 149.
Parker Hill, 119.
Parker House, hotel, 18.
Parker, Theodore, statue, 122.
Parkman, Francis, estate of and monument, 121.
Parkman, George, band stand, 23.
Parting Stone, 118.
Peabody Home for Crippled Chil- dren, 116.
People's Forum, 46.
People's Palace of the Salvation Army, 37.
People's Temple, 47.
Pemberton Square, 28.
Perkins Institution and Massa- chusetts School for the Blind, 128.
Pharmacy, Massachusetts Col- lege of, 76.
Phillips, Wendell, statue of, 49.
Phips House, 102.
Phipps Street Burying Ground, 107.
Pickering House (Salem), 141.
Pilgrim Hall and Monument (Plymouth), 147.
Pilgrim Monument (Province- town), 148.
Places of Amusement, 163,
Plymouth, 145-148.
Plymouth Rock, 146. Pormort, Philemon, 3. " Port Bill," Boston, 6. Post Office, 15.
Prescott, William, statue, 109. Prospect Hill (Somerville), 137. Province House, wall of, 17. Provincetown, 148. Psychopathic Hospital, 81-82. Public Garden, 48. Public Library, 54-57. Puritan Hotel, 51.
Quaker Meeting-House, site, 30. Quarantine Hospital (Gallop's Is- land), 105. Quincy, 143.
Quincy City Hospital, 144. Quincy, Dorothy, house, 144. Quincy House, hotel, 30. Quincy, Josiah, statue, 17. Quincy Mansion, 144. Quincy Market, 31.
Race Point Light, 148.
Radcliffe College, 134.
Railway, first in America, 10, 143.
Registration in Medicine, Board of, 24.
Restaurants, 164-165.
Revere Beach, 141-142.
Revere, Paul, chairman Board of Health, 17; home of, 102; "ride of," 6, 101; president of Massachusetts Charitable Me- chanic Association, 63; grave, 19.
Revolution, American, 5, 6, 7.
Roxbury, 117-120.
Roxbury High Fort, 118.
Roxbury Latin School, 119.
174
INDEX
Royal Exchange Tavern, site of,
33.
Royall House (Medford), 137. Ruggles Street Baptist Church, 46.
S
St. Botolph Club, 52.
St. Cecilia's Roman Catholic Church, 58.
St. Elizabeth's Hospital, 127.
St. Luke's Home for Convales- cents, 118.
St. Margaret, Sisters of, 97.
St. Margaret's Maternity Hos- pital, 115.
St. Mary's Infant Asylum, 115.
St. Michael's Church (Marble- head), 139.
St. Monica's Home, 118.
St. Paul's Church, 21.
St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum, 46.
Salem, 140.
Salem Hospital, 141.
Salvation Army, People's Palace, 37; Maternity Hospital, 37; Hospital and Dispensary, 120.
Scituate, 145.
Scollay Square, 29; Station, 13.
Second Church, "Church of the Mathers," 103.
Sentry Hill, 2.
' Settlers Monument (Hingham), 144.
Sewerage System of Boston, 106.
Sharon Sanatorium, 116.
Shaw Memorial, 23.
Shawmutt, 1.
Ship Tavern, site of, 16.
Siege of Boston, 7.
Sight-Seeing Tours, 156.
Simmons College, 61-62.
Sleepy Hollow Cemetery (Con- cord), 151.
Smallpox Hospital, 46.
Smith, Rev. Samuel F., site of birthplace, 102.
Soldiers' Field, 135.
Somerset Hotel, 51.
Somerville, 137.
Somerville Hospital, 137.
South Bay, 2.
South Boston, 112-113.
South Cemetery, 37.
South Congregational Church, 52.
South End, 35-47.
South Shore, 143-148.
South Station, 11.
Spring Lane, 1, 16.
Stadium (Cambridge), 135.
Stamp Act, 6.
Standish, Myles, 1; burial place, 145; monument, 145; sword, 147.
State Hospitals for Mental Dis- eases, 26.
State House, 24.
State Library, 28.
State Street Square, 32.
Stillman Infirmary (Cambridge), 136.
Stock Exchange, 33.
Stoddard House, 100.
Storage Buildings, U. S. A., Quar- termaster's, 113.
Sumner, Charles, home of, 28; statue of, 49.
Sunny Bank Home (Watertown), 128.
Surriage, Agnes, well, 140.
Swampscott, 138.
Symphony Hall, 63.
Talitha Cumi Maternity Home
and Hospital, 122. Telegraph, first, 9.
INDEX
175
Telephone exchange, doctors', 52.
Telephone, first, 10.
Temple Adath Israel, 51.
Thacher, Thomas, grave of, 18.
Theaters, 161.
Theaters, Moving-Picture, 162
Thompson's Island, 1, 104, 105.
Thoreau, Henry D., grave, 151.
Tileston, John, house of, 100.
Touraine Hotel, 22.
Tremont House, site, 18.
Tremont Street, 11.
Tremont Temple, 19.
Trimount, 1, 2.
Trinity Church, 53; rectory of,
52.
Tufts College (Somerville), 137. Tufts College Medical School,
64-66. T Wharf, 34.
U
Union Church, 47. Unitarian Building, 28. University Club, 49. University Press (Cambridge), 134.
V
Vaccination, 5.
Vane, Sir Harry, site of house, 29;
statue, 55. Vendome Hotel, 51. Vincent Memorial Hospital, 119.
W
Waltham Hospital, 127.
Waltham Training School for Nurses, 127.
Warren Chambers, 52.
Warren, Dr. John, site of dwell- ing, 17; country house, 121.
Warren, Dr. John C., house of, 20;
at first operation under ether,
89.
Warren, Dr. Joseph, 6, 7; site •of house, 99; statues, 109,
119. Washington Elm (Cambridge),
134. Washington, George, statues of,
27, 48.
Washington Market, 45. Washington Street, 11, 15. Washingtonian Home, 37. Waterhouse, Dr. Benjamin, 5. Waterworks, system of, 9, 124. Watson's Hill (Plymouth), 148. "Wayside" (Concord), 151. Webster, Daniel, 9; statue of, 27;
home, 145.
Wellesley College, 128-129. Wells Memorial Institute, 37. Wentworth Institute, 61. West End, 83-98. White, Peregrine, cradle, 147. Widener Memorial Library (Cam- bridge), 133.
Winthrop, John, 1; statue of, 50. Winthrop, John, Jr., 4. Witch House (Salem), 141. Women's College Club, 51. Wood Island Park, 111. Wood, William, 2. Wright Tavern (Concord), 150. Writing School, First District, 29.
"Ye Olde Blake House," 114.
Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, 64.
Young Women's Christian Asso- ciation, 47.
THE MEDICAL SCHOOL OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
All applicants for admission to the Harvard Medical School must present evidence, not only that they have fulfilled the special pre-medical requirements, but also that they are scholars of such rank as to give promise of doing work of high quality in the study of medicine
For further particulars apply to
ASSISTANT DEAN, HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL 240 LONGWOOD AVENUE, BOSTON
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL COURSES FOR GRADUATES
Instruction offered in
The Usual Laboratory and Clinical Subjects
also
Public Health, Industrial Medicine and Tropical Medicine
For further particulars apply to
ASSISTANT DEAN, COURSES FOR GRADUATES, HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL, BOSTON, MASS.
176
SURGEONS
AND PHYSICIANS
SUPPLY CO.
Exhibition Hall, Booth 49
Manufacturers and Dealers in
STERILIZED SUTURE MATERIALS STERILIZED DRESSINGS SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
MEDICAL AND SURGICAL SUPPLIES
Sudbury Building
SUDBURY ST., BOSTON, MASS. Tel. Haymarket 1756
The Corliss Laced //'.§) Stocking
An invaluable and ideal support for all leg troubles.
Being adjustable, wash- able, sanitary, and con- taining no elastic. It is not only the best, but also the cheapest leg support on the market.
It is made of a light- weight, especially woven, white duck and is provided with a detached tongue and extra fine three-yard lacing. This stocking in- cludes the heel as well as the instep and ankle, a feature found in no other kind of support.
Directions for measuring sent upon application.
PRICES Stockings, extending- to the
knee $2.00 each
Stockings, extending above
the knee . . . $3.00 each Anklets, Knee Caps, and
Leggings . . . $1.00 each
Discount to physicians
Corliss Limb Specialty Co.
164A Washington St., BOSTON, MASS.
are scientifically prepared to meet eVery demand of the discriminating surgeon
IM<C. 217-221 Duffield Street
BROOKLYN-N.Y-U.SA.
DIGITALIS
for Heart Men
We specialize in DIGITALIS, ASSAYED and STANDARD- IZED, for Pills, Capsules, and Tincture.
CHESTER A. BAKER, INC.
Wholesale and Retail Druggists
BOSTON, MASS.
Medical Advice
Can safely be given only after a patient has made a complete statement of the important de- tails in regard to his habits, his- tory, etc.
To properly give a doctor satis- factory service in handling his insurance, a broker must know and study various facts that apply to each case.
I attempt to give personal, care- ful study to my clients, and would like to demonstrate to you the advantage of having one man give real attention to your in- surance affairs.
STANLEY B. SWAIM
159 Devonshire Street Boston, Massachusetts
MULTI-STERILE
Surgeon's Gloves
Regular, Cadet, and Long Fingers
HEAVY WEIGHT. — Cheapest per Operation.
REINFORCED WRIST. — No more
Torn Wrists. RlDER's MULTI-STERILE GLOVES
P. L. RIDER RUBBER COMPANY, Worcester, Mass.
OLD ENGLISH ROOM RESTAURANT
and Apartments
BOYLSTON STREET and PARK SQUARE
Opposite Public Garden
COFFEE ROOM — SELF-SERVICE Upstairs
FRANK SCHOEBER
Manager
178
E. F. MAHADY COMPANY
671 BOYLSTON ST., BOSTON, MASS.
Hospital, Surgical Supplies and Equipment
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS PHARMACEUTICALS
SURGICAL DRESSINGS RUBBER GOODS
SUTURES AND LIGATURES ENAMELWARE AND GLASSWARE
DIAGNOSIS INSTRUMENTS INVALID ARTICLES
Trusses — Elastic Hosiery — Orthopedic Apparatus
Hospital Furniture and Sterilizers
Physicians' Office Furniture
Medical and Nurses' Books
Complete Equipment for Bacteriological and Pathological Laboratories
Progress
T)ROGRESS cannot halt and still be called progress. It ••• moves only in one direction — ahead. It is gratifying to the makers of the Betz line, to know that the year-by- year development of their products has kept pace with the continued advancement of medical and surgical practice.
All physicians attending the annual meeting of the AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION are cordially in- vited to visit our New York Exposition and Salesrooms, at 6-8 West 48th Street, where our complete lines are on display
FRANK S. BETZ COMPANY
HAMMOND, INDIANA NEW YORK, 6-8 W. 48th St. CHICAGO, 30 E. Randolph St.
179
Massachusetts General Hospital Case Records
^
RICHARD C. CABOT and HUGH CABOT
A pioneer of published case history series, and the ex- ponent of a unique method of case study, eminently prac- tical and valuable to every man who makes diagnoses.
Published weekly by the Hospital. $8.00 for a year, $4.00 for an introductory half year.
Detailed information will be given and
. subscription orders received at Space 17,
Exhibit Hall, during the Boston Conference
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE THE MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL COLLEGE
Session of 1921-1922
Eight to ten months' full-time courses, in the principles of the stated Clinical Specialties, are offered to limited groups of physicians, as follows: October 10 to June 10, INTERNAL MEDICINE, NEUBOPSYCHIATRY, DERMATOLOGY- SYPHILOLOGY, ROENTGENOLOGY, SURGERY, GYNECOLOGY-OBSTETRICS, ORTHOPEDICS, UROLOGY, OTOLARYNGOLOGY; October 10 to July 29, OPHTHALMOLOGY; October 31 to July 1, PEDIATRICS. Each registrant is limited to one only of the foregoing courses. Fee, $600; no other charges.
Limited numbers of scholarships or fellow- ships are available to those student physicians
who are successful in the foregoing courses, and who then desire to extend their specia studies beyond their initial registration periods.
Limited numbers of scholarships or fellow- ships are also available, upon a three years' basis, in the following separate Medical Science Departments : BIOCHEMISTRY, ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, BACTERIOLOGY — IMMUNOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY.
A few " personal " courses upon subdepart- mental subjects only, are available by special arrangement : BRONCHOSCOPY, PERIMETRY, ELECTBOCARDIOGRAPHY, NEUROOTOLOGY , NEUROPATHOLOGY, etc.
Address: DEAN, GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, PHILADELPHIA
180
F. H. THOMAS CO.
689-691 BOYLSTON STREET, BOSTON, MASS
Largest Suppliers in New England to
PHYSICIANS, SURGEONS, and HOSPITALS.
A complete and representative ex- hibition of new surgical medical apparatus and equipment at
Spaces, 44, 45, and 46.
We constantly strive to merit the confidence of the Medical Profession by superfine quality, flawless serv- ice, and acceptable methods
ESTABLISHED 1846
Physicians Service Department H. P. HOOD & SONS
Dairy Experts
181
Members of
THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
are cordially Invited
to visit the
Industrial Surgical Clinic of the
EMPLOYERS LIABILITY ASSURANCE CORPORATION, LIMITED
40 CENTRAL STREET BOSTON, MASS.
182
BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
Reorganized 1918
Founded 1873
CLASS A
ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS — A minimum of two college years, including Chemistry, Phys- ics, Biology, and in addition to English, at least one foreign language. Men and women admitted upon equal terms. Students limited to two hundred. Students admitted to ad- vanced standing.
INSTRUCTION — All fundamental medical sciences in charge of full-time professors and assistants. Abundant laboratory facilities.
CLINICAL TRAINING — Unusually extensive
facilities provided in an approved hospital having 559 beds, with departments of research, neurology, obstetrics, medicine and surgery, specialties, contagious, pediatrics, venereal dis- eases. All departments except contagious are located within two minutes' walk of college.
Ward walks, clinical clerking, pathological conferences, large Out-Patient Department. Students also receive instruction in Boston City Hospital and Westboro State Hospital for Insane.
Further information and catalogue furnished on application to EDWARD E. ALLEN, M.D., Registrar, 80 East Concord Street, Boston, Mass.
X RAY PLANT
A Complete
X-Ray Plant
in Itself
See it
at Spaces
96-111
Visit the Factory at
17 STEWART STREET, LYNN, MASS.
183
LYNN.MASS
H or lick's Malted Milk
THE ORIGINAL GENUINE MALTED MILK A Standard Dietetic Preparation
Composed of the nutritive constituents of whole cows' milk and malted cereals, includ- ing the valuable mineral constituents and vitamines. Convenient, palatable, easy of di- gestion and assimilation. Indicated from In- fancy to Old Age.
Used and Endorsed
by the Medical Profession for over
a Third of a Century
HORLICK'S MALTED MILK CO., RACINE, Wis.
ALKALOL
The Alkalol Company
Taunton, Mass.
IRRIGOL
Let us mail you a sample
184
RING SANATORIUM AND HOSPITAL, INC.
Arlington Heights, Massachusetts
EIGHT MILES FROM BOSTON
For Chronic, Nervous, and Mild Mental Illnesses.
Five separate buildings permit of segregation and a
variety of accommodations
Telephone: ARTHUR H. RING, M.D.
ARLINGTON 81 Superintendent
Compliments of
The Old Corner Bookstore, Inc.
27-29 Bromfield Street
Boston
Telephone: Main 7069-7070
185
BATTERIES
" Bring 'em in We'll fix 'em'
We Repair All Makes
HELIOS STORAGE BATTERY CO.
Official Columbia Service Station
71 CHESTNUT ST., BOSTON
Near Public Garden Phone Haymarkel 1241
Complete
Lines
in the Best
Gentlemen's Furnishings
Clothing, and
Hats
WE GUARANTEE to give you 100 per cent value on everything you buy or to cheerfully refund your money.
Two Stores:
SCHOOL STREET & CITY HALL AVENUE WASHINGTON STREET & AVERT STREET
THE STANDARD CAR
for PROFESSIONAL
MEN
THE NOYES-BUICK CO.
N. E. Distributors
857 COMMONWEALTH AVE.
BOSTON
Compliments of
The
Franklin Motor Car Company
616
Commonwealth Ave.
Boston, Mass.
186
"SETTLED -in 24 hours"
AN ACTUAL HAPPENING
child ran right into the car. Was it the driver's fault? Only the courts could decide that. But this driver, George S. Curtis, of Peabody, Mass., had Liberty Mutual insurance and was saved the court's embarrassing ordeal. When the case was settled Mr. Curtis said:
" I notified the Liberty Mutual representative, and in twenty-four hours' time a claim made by the child's parents was settled satisfactorily."
Any careful driver may, at any moment, meet with a like mis- fortune, for a big majority of auto accidents, are due to the care- lessness of pedestrians.
For this reason Liberty Mutual has built up an extra service barrier of protection and offers quick mental, physical, and finan- cial relief to all its policy holders.
Our " Traffic Cop " booklet will interest you. Send for it
LIBERTYIWMUTUAL
INSURANCE ^^ COMPANY
HOME OFFICE — BOSTON
187
For Business
For Pleasure
FIVE MODELS TO CHOOSE FROM
EDWARD BECKER
New England Distributor 677 BEACON ST., BOSTON
PRICES
$15.50 to $85.00
Fine Folding Watches
WALTHAM and Swiss Movements of highest grade, fitted into cases of varied leathers, viz. Hairline Seal, Lizard Skin, Sharkskin, Morocco, French Ecrase, in all the newest colors.
Some cases have shield for en- graving. Initials in Gold may be stamped on any of the leathers.
24 WINTER STREET
188
TUFTS COLLEGE MEDICAL AND DENTAL SCHOOL
The Tufts College Medical School
The Tufts College Medical School offers a four-year course leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine. The next session begins September 19th, 1921. Students of both sexes are admitted upon presentation of an approved high-school certificate and, in addition, college credit in- dicating two years' work in Chem- istry, English, Physics, Biology, and French or German.
CHARLES F. PAINTER, M.D., Dean
The Tufts College Dental School
The Tufts College Dental School offers a student who has had a col- lege training, a four-year course leading to the degree of D.M.D.
Being located in Boston, Tufts College Dental School enjoys excel- lent clinical advantages.
Tufts Dental School is co-educa- tional. Registration begins at 9 A.M. on June 21st, and ends on Sep- tember 22nd, 1921.
WILLIAM RICE, D.M.D., Dean
For further information apply to FRANK E. HASKINS, Secretary 416 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 17, Mass.
Ginita Cigars
• • •
Beacon Hill Mixture
• • •
Importers of
Trebor Pipes
Charles B. Perkins Co.
36 Kilby Street 44 Bromfield Street
You are Invited to Visit the
WALKER-GORDON
MILK LABORATORY
at 1106 Boylston Street Boston, and the
WALKER-GORDON MILK FARM
at
Charles River Mass.
Telephone Back Bay 2650
189
Insurance Doctors
GEORGE H. CROSBIE
and CLARENCE T. MACDONALD
extend greetings to the Medical Doctors from far and near.
We specialize in all kinds of in- surance for the medical profession.
Detailed information gladly given about Liquor and Alcohol per- mits, Narcotic Drug Blanks, and our Systematic Savings for doctors.
If you are not satisfied with a 300% increase by some com- panies in your physician's liabil- ity rates, call or write us.
Service is Our Motto
FORT HILL 4239 79 MILK ST.
"
190
f WSTON PU8LIC WBRART
BOSTON PUBLIC I
BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY
BOSTON
PINKHAME- SMITH (b.
makers of fine
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for the discriminating" wearers thereof.
Imported andlBonai^li^^ CAiyfEKAS-LENSES-PIATES FILMS- PAPERS
makers of the world renowned
"SMITH SOFT FOCUS LENSES"
and
"WOLFE ARTISTIC" for hand camera users
292 Boylston & 13BromfieId St. Boston
Physicians are Cordially Invited to Visit
THE VITALAIT LAfiOMff @RY
COMMONWEALTH AVENUE
Near Centre Street NEWTON CENTRE, MASS.
Devoted Exclusively to BACILLUS BULGARICUS CULTURES
The
Commonwealth Avenue Hospital
Surgical
Medical
Obstetrical
617-619 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, Massachusetts
BOSTON
PWUC LIBRARY
BOSTON PUBUC LIBRARY
BOSTON PUBUC L1BKA1H
CD
8
CD
r o