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GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

WOODWORTH

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Guide to California Insects.

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C. W. WOODWORTH.

Professor of Entonidlogy, University of California.

1913.
FIRST SEMESTER.

THE LAW PRESS BERKELEY

No.

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to the value of this baok.
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THE LAW PRESS. BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.

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PREFACH.

Students in entomology need an outline of the species inhabiting the re-
gion in order that they may comprehend the relationship that the special
forms under consideration in the various courses bears to the whole assem.
blage of insects. This is the more necessary since insects affect human
interests in such a variety of ways, requiring that they be studied from
diverse and narrowing view points.

Those beginning the study of the subject are advised to familiarize them-
selves with the illustrations as the first step in gaining the desired general
concept. _ These figures are all of local forms drawn or photographed by
the author or made under his immediate direction and have been loaned
for use in this publication by the Experiment Station thru the kindness of the
Director.

Attention is particularly directed under each family to all the more im.
portant insects both of the local fauna and of other countries.

Synopses are presented for the identification of all the family groups and
cften for genera and species when of economic importance.

The synopses are arranged in an original form which the author has em.
ployed in his classes for a number of years and found to facilitate the iden-
tification of insects and to emphasize the dominant groups and their dis-
tinctive characteristics.

The plan of these synopses is to give in the order of size, the names of
the leading groups, each followed by the characters distinguishing it from
all that follow in the table. When the character is held in common by a
larger group and by one or more smaller groups the latter are gliiven in
the same paragraph each followed by its distinguishing peculiarity.

In using the tables therefore always begin with the first group and de-
termine whether the character applies to the insect in question,and if not,
proceed to the next paragraph, wholly disregarding the characters of the
smaller groups not heading a paragraph until the leading character aplies
and then each of the characters of the smaller groups in that paragraph must

be examined.
iii.

iv GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

All structures referred to in the synopses will be found explained in the
general discussion of the order or family or when of general applicability
in the introductory chapter and other technical terms used in discriptions are
given in the appendix.

The names applied to insects have been exceedingly unstable and give a
great deal of trouble even to experienced entomologists. Under each family
will be found an alphabetical list of all the names that have been applied
to california insects with citations to the present accepted nomenclature.

The appendix includes many directions which will be of use both in the
laboratory and in the field.

Finally such a guide as this should be kept up to date. To accomplish
this the whole book is held in type so that it may be revised for cach semister.

The author will appreciate very much to have the mistakes or omissions
of this book brought to his attention inorder that they may be rectified in
the next edition. He wishes to acknowledge the help he has already re-
ceived from members of his staff, particularly Dr. Van Dyke ir Coleoptera,
Prof. Herms with the parasitic forms of all orders, Mr. Bridwell in the Hy-
menoptera and Mr. Coleman in the Coccide. The Thysanoptera have been
revised for this book by Mr. Jones.
C.W.Woodwerth.
Berkeley California.
August 1913.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION

LEPIDOPTERA .

Papilionina 22 Sahineina 34 Saturnia 35° Boubycind: 36 mine
60 Hepialina 78.

HYMENOPTERA .
Apina 83 Sphecina 94 Veepina 96 rormicind 100 Chalciaina 11
Proctotrypina 120 Ichneumonina 121 Cynipina 125 Siricina 126
Tenthredinina 127.

DIPTERA ,

Hippoboscina 132 Rryaetinn 132 MaSei na 138 eorphina, 144 Phor.
ina 145 Asilina 146 Bombyliina 149 Tabanina 152 Bibionina 155
Tipulina 156 Pulecina 169.

COLEOPTERA .

Carabina 175 Menehriouine 185 Malet 191. Wntertaa 194 cant
tharina 199 Clerina 208 Hydrophylina 205 Scarabeina 206 Curculin-
ina 209 Chrysomelina 215 Coccinellina 229 Nitidulina 235 Dermest-
ina z37 Heterocerina 239 Histerina 239 Trichopterygina 240 Silph-
ina 241 Staphylinina 242.

HEMIPTHRA . :
Scutellarina PASI Pentatomina 258 Coreina 259 Reduviina 261 Hydro-
metrina 263 Nepina 264 Cicadina 265 Aphina 270 Thripsina 302
Pediculina 306.

ORTHOPTERA .

CORRODENTIA .
Philopterina 321 Termitina 327 Psocina 328

EPHEMHERIDA .
ODONATA .

NEUROPTHERA .
Phryganina 335 Panorpina 336 Hemerobiina 336 Perlina 340

APPENDIX .

19

S00)

. 129

Weal

253

307
321

330
332
335

343

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INTRODUCTION.

Insects equal in numbers of species all other living beings, both animals and
plants, but systematically they constitute only one of the classes of one
of the phyla into which animals are divided.

PHYLA OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Arthropoda: with jointed legs operated by muscles attached directly to the
skin or when legless with air tubes or traches in every part of the body.

Chordata: with back bone or in certain aquatic members only a soft noto-
chord between central nervous system and body cavity.

Mollusca: with a shell, or where this is wanting, with a well developed eye.
(if shell is composed of a small and a large valve, the latter perforated, it
is a Molluscoidea.)

Echinodermata: body radially arranged. Ccelenterata: with a common
gastrcevascular cavity.

Protozoa: unicellular.

Annulata. Porifera: many openings into digestive tract. Platyhelminthes:
without anal opening, or with whole surface ciliate. Molluscoidea: ends of
digestive tract near together Trochelminthes: with retractile anterior ring of
cilia. Nemathelminthes: body unsegmented and mouth region not retractile.

Insects are by far the most important -group of animals in their effects
on human interests, excepting only the vertebrates in which man him-
self belongs. EHEntomologists have rendered such signal service in studying
and controlling useful and harmful insects that they have generally been
called upon to extend their endeavors outside of the class insecta, and to
consider all similar matters in other classes or even in other phyla.

The problems in the other phyla are: for Chordata, the poisons used for
killing rodents and birds, which are commonly classed with insecticides in
Mollusca, the treatment of snails and slugs attacking plants corresponding
with the treatment of insects doing similar injury, and among the annulata
and other worms numerous parasitic forms both on plants and animals

1

2 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

which cannot well be separated from insect parasites.

CLASSES OF ARTHROPODA.
Insecta: winged, or one pair of antenne and three pairs of legs, or if
legless, with trachee.
Arachnida: without antenne.
Crustacea: with two pairs of antenne.
Myriapoda. Onychophora: legs not definitely jointed.

The plant feeding forms of all these classes are always treated by economic
entomologists as tho they were insects, the most important group being the
red spiders among the arachnida; of lesser importance are the sow bugs
among Crustacea, and the millipeds of the Myriopoda.

The Structure of Insects is identical in its general features with that of
the other classes of Articulata. The exterior of the body is hardened to give
attachment to the muscles and serves as the skeleton as well as skin. The
hard perts are the secretion of a delicate layer of cells called the hypoder-
mis, which develops originally in the egg as a flat disc from which most of
the organs of the body, internal as well as external, arise.

This dise is called the ventral plate because it is converted directly into
the breast of the insect, cells around the edge multiplying and giving rise to
the remaining parts of the body.

The first differentiation of the ventral plate is the splitting off from the
inner side of two ribbons of cells which become the nervous system, lying
as a double chord along the middle line beneath. These produce long slen-
der filiments, the nerves, which grow out to every muscle and sense organ
as they are developed. The cells from which these proceed gather them-
selves into a regular series of knots which early unite in pairs forming
ganglia along the double ventral chord.

The ventral plate becomes at the same time marked off into a series of
areas, one corresponding with each ganglion. As the ventral plate grows and
finally closes over the back, these areas form rings or segments of the body.
The cells between these areas not only become somewhat different in ap-
pearance but finally secrete a more delicate and flexible cuticle than those
forming the general surface of the segment. These thin portions of the
skin permit the body to bend between the segments.

Long before the segments are completed and even before the two halves
of the ganglia have come together there begins an outgrowth opposite each
forming ganglionic mass, showing first as slight elevations of the surface but
becoming long and tubular. Soon differentiations of the cells of these pro-
cesses similar to those which produce the segments, result in the production
of jointed appendages as indicated by the name Arthropoda.

In the appendages which become the legs the first articulation to become

evident is the knee joint. The adjacent segments are named after human
anatomy, femur and tibia.

INTRODUCTION. =

Ww

The parts of the knee joint are: —

1. The hinge consisting of a region on both sides where hardened processes
from femur and tibia meet. The soft skin being very narrow at these points
and folds inwardly out of the way. In the more complex knee joints like
that of the grasshopper the hard parts also fold in making long hinges.

2. The guide pieces of the femur, a flat lobe on either side at the tip below
the hinge and overlaying the base of the tibia when the knee is flexed.

3. The collar at the base of the tibia beginning as a crease extending over
the back of the tibia from hinge to hinge and widening out in the middle like
the visor of a cap.

4. The tendons, long slender infoldings of the soft skin both above and
_ below, at the end of the tibia serving respectively the extensor and flexor
muscles. These tendons usually reach almost the whole length of the femur.

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Figure 1. Foot of an ant.

5. Tne knee caps usually present as two hardened plates above between the
ends of the femur and tibia.

Almost aS soon as the knee can be made out, the structures of the foot or
tarsus begin to show. In most legs there are five tarsal joints, the fifth
bearing on the tip a pair of claws (ungues), between which there are a pair
Gf pulvilli, or more commonly a single empodium, or both.

When the basal joint is enlarged it is commonly called the metatarsus.

On the end of the tibia next to the foot there are usually one or more spurs.

At the base of the leg there normally develops at least two articulations
allowing motion in two directions and separating off the coxa. Between
this and the femur there may be an additional segment or two, the trochanter.

Before the legs there are four pairs of appendages exactly similar at first
to the rudimentary legs but each soon takes on a different shape, varying also
according to the group. These appendages arise from four primitive segments
of the head and are:—

1. Antenne, usually long and many jointed. When the basal joint is long

4 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

it is called the scape. The next joint (pedicel) is usually separated from
the remaining joints (flagellum) by a hinge.

2. Mandible, typically in the form of a somewhat curved cone, ending in a
point or with a number of teeth. The two outer angles of the base bear the
articular condyles and the soft skin of the basal articulation infolds at the
inner angle into a large tendon reaching nearly to the back or top of the head.

3. Maxille, appendages with very complicated and varying structure.
Typically consisting of two large segments (cardo and stipes) hinged together
and perhaps corresponding to the femur and tibia respectively, the latter
bearing the palpi corresponding to the foot but with structure more like an
antenna, and the lobes called galea and lacinia, the latter within and usually
sharp pointed or toothed. The stipes is often so divided as to have a sub-
galea from which the lobes arise and a palpifer bearing the palpus.

4. Labium, almost identical in structure with the maxille but usually
grown together forming a lower lip, and often with a less number of dis-
tinguishable parts. The terms mentum and submentum are commonly used
instead of stipes and cardo and these terms are not used with uniformity
in the different orders.

Besides the four segments represented by the appendages, from one to
four additional segments have been considered by different authors as occur-
ring in the primitive head, the best marked of which is the preantennal and
the least evident the prelabial.

After the appendages begin to develop as evaginations of the ventral
plate there begins an invagination at a point on the middle line at about
the suture between the mandibular and maxillary segments. This passes
between the commissures of the nervous system, dividing the ganglia of the
head into two sets which soon unite into two compound ganglia known
because of their position relative to this invagination as the supra- and
suboesophageal ganglia.

At a later period a similar ingrowth from the hind end of the ventral plate
produces the intestines and just before the closing in of the back of the em-
bryo a third portion of the digestive tract is formed as a single layer
of cells which envelop the remains of the yolk and finally becomes the
stomach, Usually not until after the insect begins to feed are the walls
broken down between these three regions making the alimentary canal
continuous thru the body.

Around the digestive tract a System of muscles are developed which by
constricting the tract from before backward forces the food along the canal.
Irregularity in the arrangement of these muscles and corresponding dif-
ferentiations of the cellular layer results in the division of the digestive
tract into a series of organs as follows:—

Stomodzeum.
1. Pharynx or mouth cavity, often partly closed by the thickening of the

INTRODUCTION 5

wall, if above, the epipharynx; below, the hypopharynx. Into the mouth
cavity open a series of glands of varying function but all called salivary
glands. Among these are the silk glands found in a great many groups of
insects. All of these glands and their ducts are produced as invaginations of
the wall of the pharynx. '

2. Cisophagus, a slender tube thru which the food passes rapidly. In
caterpillars it is rather short but in many insects it reaches fully half the
length of the body.

3. Crop or proventriculus, which receives and often holds the food for
a considerable time practically unchanged. In bees this organ is the
honey sac. In many insects there are large glandular pouches called cceca
opening into this cavity.

4. Stomach valve, which provides for the intermittent passing of the
food from the crop to the stomach. Often this region is called the gizzard
when it is large and provided with a thick muscle layer. The interior
cuticle may at the same time be hardened into a very elaborate system of
teeth.

Mesentron.

5. Stomach, usually the largest portion of the digestive tract. The cells
of the stomach wall are large and gland-like; there are no glands opening
into this region, and no interior cuticular lining such as is found in all other
parts of the digestive tract.

Proctodzum.

6. Ileum or large intestine, often appears as part of the stomach, the
line of separation however can always be made out by the attachment of
the malpighian tubes, which are long slender glands serving as excretory
organs.

7. Colon or small intestine, furnished with muscles somewhat like those
of the cesophagus, passing the contents along rapidly; and in consequence
this region is usually found empty.

8. Rectum, commonly marked out by the thick overlaying rectal glands
and is often highly muscular with the interior wall thickened in ridges
resembling-somewhat the gizzard and which serves as a filter pump to ex-
tract the liquid portion of the contents before passing the solid portion out.

The most elaborate system of internal organs are the trachee or air tubes.
They are called trachezee because of a general resemblance in function and
structure to the wind pipe in human anatomy. There are no organs in the
body of an insect comparable to the lungs, the tracheze taking the air di-
rectly to every part of the body. In aquatic insects the original openings
may finally close, and the exchange of oxygen and carbonic acid with the sur-
rounding water is made thru tracheal gills.

Trachew develop as invaginations of the body wall in quite a late stage

6 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

in the development of the embryo, a few cases being known in which they
are not developed so as to be functional at hatching. The invaginations are
formed on either side of the segment. Some of the segments always fail to
produce tracheze and in such cases the trachee of adjacent segments sup-
ply the lack. The parts of the tracheal system are as follows:—

1. Spiracles or stomata, at the point of invagination there usually develops
an elaborate structure bordered by one or more chitinous rings, within which
dense combs of spines stand guard over the slit-like opening. Within the
body the trachea may expand into a subspherical chamber and may be pro-
vided with chitinous bars with muscle connections enabling the insect to
completely close the opening.

2. Spiracular trunks, being the portion of the tracheal system developed
before the proximity of the digestive tract resulted in the stopping of the
growth at the tips of the invaginations and the beginning of growth at two
points like adventitious buds for the production of the lateral trurks.

3. Lateral trunks, resulting from the joining of the whole series of out-_
growths on a side into one long tube extending almost from end to end of
body. The points of union are at first closed just as are those of the three
regions of the digestive tract and there always remains at these points a
ring of entirely different structure from the surface of the tracheal wall.

4. Dorsal and ventral girdles, developing at various points along the lat-
eral trunks, and varying greatly in number and position in different insects.
These arise as pairs of large tracheal trunks growing around the digestive
tract, meeting and joining in the same way that the elefhents of the lateral
trunks grew together.

5. Branches, which arise at various places along any of the trunks, but
chiefly at or near the point where the first forking occurred which subdivide
into a great number of very fine thread-like tubes which proceed to invade
every tissue and organ and show no tendency to anastomose.

There are in addition to the digestive tract and tracheze numerous glands
opening thru the skin in various parts of the body in different insects, which
arise as invaginations of the skin, usually rather late in the development of
the insect. The ducts of the sexual organs also belong to this category.
There is first produced a pair of invaginations which are finally pinched off
entirely from the skin and finally attach themselves to the end of a single
median ingrowth. The first egg therefore passing out from the ovary must
first break thru its own investment of connective tissue and into one of the
lateral ducts and then thru the walls separating this from the common
duct. A special organ to tear the way thru- these tissues is developed below
the lowest egg in an ovariole.

The sense organs of insects consist of:—

1. Eyes located on the head, usually a pair of compound eyes and three
simple eyes.

INTRODUCTION 7

2. Ears in the form of tympanal organs, found only in a comparatively
small number of insects, on the base of the abdomen in grasshoppers and
en the base of the front tibie in katydids and crickets.

3. Modified hairs with a great variety of functions which may be grouped
into two classes, (a.) long hairs chiefly serving as organs of touch, certain
of them vibrating with definite tones are believed to be organs of hearing.
(b.) very much shortened hairs, often almost completely suppressed, retaining
and specializing however, the basal structures. These respond to chemical
stimuli and may be roughly classed into organs of taste and smell, according
as they respond to the contact of liquids or gasses. Many different kinds
of these modified sense hairs or pits may occur on the same insect indicating
perhaps the possession of senses unknown to us.

Besides the cells which took part in forming the ventral plate there were
other cells in the embryo which remained in the yolk or only attached
themselves to the inner surface of the ventral plate. From these the blood-
cells, connective tissue, fat bodies and muscles arise. The blood cells
correspond with the white blood corpuscles, nothing existing in insects com-
tarable ;with red blood cells. Connective tissue forms a thin investment
cver all’ the organs. When invaded by a nerve it develops into a muscle,
and when storing an inordinate amount of food material it is a fat body.

Since the skeleton of an insect is external it is necessary to cast off the
skin from time to time to provide for the increasing size. This molting pro-
cess is quite complicated. The following steps may be recognized :—
Preliminary.

1. Storing food to repletion.

2. Growth of skin epithelium, increase in both number and size of cells.

3. Emptying of digestive tract.

Somnus.

4. Detachment of epithelium and muscles from cuticle thru the secretion
of a fluid as in a blister involving the withdrawal of the contents of the
harder parts, (claws, head of caterpillars, etc.)

5. Completion of epithelium over ends of muscles.

6. Secretion of expansion layer which becomes much wrinkled thus provid-
ing for enlargement of skin surface.

7. Deposition of new cuticle against expansion layer, largely exhausting
the epithelial cells.

8. Regaining of muscle attachment to skin.
Molt.

9. Muscle action pulling legs and abdominal parts into thorax.
10. Bursting of old cuticle from internal pressure, along back of thorax.
11. Emergence of the insect.

8 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

Concluding processes.
12. Completion of expansion of einiaied parts by blood pressure produced
by filling the air sacs and by the contraction of the muscles of the body wall.
13. Hardening of cuticle on exposure to the air.
14. Beginning of feeding.
15. Completion of oxidization of skin pigment.
Metamorphosis is the term used to express the changes an insect undergoes
from the time it hatches from the egg until it assumes the adult condition.
In the more primitive insect it is not very striking. In those that possess

Figure 2. Photograph of a vine hopper just molted, and of the skin from which
it came.

wings the change on becoming adult is very much more evident. The
somnus just preceeding the last molt is longer and the whole thoracic
structure is reorganized to provide the hinge and musculation necessary
for flight. When the change to the adult becomes so profound as to extend
the somnus over the ertire instar preceeding the acquirement of adult
structures we have a third type of metamorphosis. This inactive and non-
feeding stage, the pupa, usually becomes very different externally from the
larva. The development of complex metamorphosis permits a simultaneous
improvement in the adaptation of both the young and the adult insect.
Insects having this kind of metamorphosis greatly outnumber all others.

INTRODUCTION 9

Hypermetamorphosis arises in a similar way among certain beetles for
the better adaptation of the very young and the older larval stages.

The wings of insects are of necessity limited to 'the last stage because
prevision for molting cannot be made in an organ delicate enough to serve
for flight. Wings are so complicated and so useless for this function until
they are large organs with hinge and muscles that they must have arisen
as an organ for another purpose. Aquatic insects often possess gills some-
what similar to wings in structure, and such organs are generally considered
as the precursor of the wings. An intermediate stage between the gill and
the wing is presented in the wing-like gill covers of certain May-fly nymphs.
The most important structures in the wing are the strenghening ribs called
veins. The following elements of a venation can be distinguished :—

il, Marginal veins, always present on both edges at the extreme base,
sometimes extending all around the wing. The anterior marginal connects

Figure 3. Section of a wing showing the
folding of the cuticle just before the final
mo.t. <A. section of vein. B. of membrane
Cc. tangentiar section showing the wrink-
ling oi the membrane in both directions.

with the tendon which pulls the wing from te rest position, the posterior is
continuous with the hind edge of the segment.

2. The primary vein, extending across the wing in front of the middle and
at base bearing the lower articular condyle. This vein is also invariably
present in functional wings.

3. The anterior and posterior veins, variable in number, usually one anterior
and two or three posterior.

4. The independent veins and branches, occupying the spaces in the outer
portion of the wing between the veins previously mentioned. They proba-
bly all arose as independent veins tho many became attached as branches.

5. Cross-veins, probably developing spontaneously over the wing surface

A theory of venation very .largely accepted, derives the veins directly
from the trachee of the gill and bases a nomenclature upon a theoretical
primitive number and arrangement of these structures. Ag first presented
there were supposed to be eleven of these veins but all the even numbers were

A INSECTS

7
a

GUIDE TO CALIFORN

10

Primitive

Insect

Figure 4. The five instars of the nymph

Simple

Egg.

Nymph

Imago

TABLE OF INSECT METAMORPHOSES.
Complex

Ege.

Hyper-

HKeg.

of

Ist. larva.
Pseudo-pupa

2nd. larva.

Pupa.

Imago

Feeding

No.
Yes.
No.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
No.
Yes.
Yes.

Instars
One.

‘One or more

One.
Several.
One or more.
Several

One.
Several.

One.

Stages

Hee.
Ist. larva.
Pseudo-pupa
Larva.
2nd. larva.

Nymph

Pupa.

Insect

Imago..

INTRODUCTION

11

12

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

and remaining numerous in the older groups of insects but in the more
modern orders only a few of these are left, tho remaining a very important

element of the venation.

wh go

Pp

iP

ehfe)

a

Figure 7. Diagram showing possible
stages in the development of a venation.
A. primary vein. AM.anterior marginal.
PM. posterior marginal. 1A. anterior. 1-4
P. posteriors. I. independents. B. branch.

Figure 6. Portion of the abdomen of an

ephemerid nymph showing three tracheal
gills with wing-iike gill covers and traces
of venation.

Pec, Sc

St.

Figure 8. Diagram of thoracic structure.
Pse. prescutum. Sc. scutum. Sel. scutel-
lum. Psel postscutellum. Es. episternum.
Em. epimeron. St. sternum.

Figure 5. (Opposite page.)

tellista cyanea, a parasite of the black scale.

Complex metamorphosis, the development of Scu-

Beginning to the left above, the

figure shows egg, larva, pupa (back and side views), imago black scale ov P
7 , , s ; D erturned
showing four larve, and two black scales showing exit holes made by the parasite.

——_—

INTRODUCTION 13

soon dropped out leaving six, and names substituted for the numbers as
follows:— I. subcostal, III. radius, V. media, VII. cubitus, IX. and XI. anal
veins. Three of these were supposed to be simple, III. five-branched
V. four or three-branched, and VII. two branched. The radius is the primary
vein, the media and all the branches independents. Cross-veins have no
place in the system.

There are a number of distinct systems of nomenclature used in the
different orders as will be explained as each group is considered.

The thorax consists of three segments known as the pro- meso- and meta-
thorax and these prefixes apply also to all the parts of which each segment is
“composed. The parts of a segment are: a single piece beneath—the sternum;
two on either side— episternum in front and epimeron behind; and four
sclerites on the back— the preescutum, scutum, scutellum and postscutellum.
The theory has been suggested that they represent vestiges of four primitive
segments, but it seems more likely that the development of legs and wings
has caused the differentiation from a simple segment. The sutures seem
to be in the nature of infoldings to give greater strength where the insertion
of the leg weakened the segment and where the pull of the leg muscles
needed greater resistance.

The legs may thus be held responsible for the cutting off of the sternum
and the dividing of the upper portion into an anterior and a posterior portion.
The development of the wing results in a more complete cutting off of the
dorsal portion of the segment. The prescutum and postscutellum may be
chitinizations of the intersegmental membrane to give attachment and
resistance to the great muscle of flight.

The great longitudinal wing muscle which causes the down stroke of
the wing by arching up the back connects the anterior ends of segments;
thus the hind wing muscle reaches from the metathorax to the first abdominal
segment. Where there is a great constriction at the base of the abdomen
it is necessarily between the first and second segment. The first abdominal
segment is therefore often counted as one of the thoracic segments.

Very early in the history of winged insects provision was made for
doubling the wing back against the body when not in use. The Odonata
and Ephemerida are the only existing groups in which the wings are rigidly
attached to the wing roots. In all other cases we can notice: —

1. The articulation of the base of the anterior marginal, and the develop-
ment of a tendon for direct muscular attachment.

2. The basal interruption of all veins except the posterior marginal and the
primary or their fusion with the base of the primary.

3. The formation of at least one folding area involving all the base of the
wing back of the primary, including the posterior marginal vein.

Associated with the complication of the base of the wing there is an entirely
new plan of musculation. In the Odonata the tendon of the elevator muscle

14 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

is attached to the inner end of the wing root and extends toward the breast.
The down stroke of the wing results from the contraction of muscles attached
to the side below the wing hinge which simply pull the sides in, forcing the
blood against the back and wing roots elevating them and so depressing the

wing.

Meso-thorax Mela-thorax 1= Abd. Seg.

Figure 9. Diagram of thoracic structuredotted lines showing infoldings for stif-
fening the segment.. Letters as shown infigure 8.

Figure 10. Diagram of wing fold. F. fold area.

In the great majority of insects on the contrary the middle of the back
is bent up by the pull of muscles extending lengthwise and the up stroke by
muscles reaching from back to breast.

The full name of an insect consists of:—

1. Genus name, usualiy a Greek substantive and always beginning with a

INTRODUCTION i 15

capital letter.

2. Species name, usually a Latin adjective agreeing in gender with the
genus name and never written with a capital except when derived from a
proper name and usually not even then.

3. Authority, the name of the first describer of the species, usually ab-
breviated: and inclosed in parentheses if the species was not originally placed
in the proper genus.

When varieties or subspecies are indicated, the name is formed precisely
like the species name and given immediately after it followed by the au-
thority of the variety and not that of the species. Sometimes the variety
is considered subordinate to subspecies, and then the varietal name stands

Figure 11. Wing attachmént in ANschna. A. dorsal view. B. view from within. C.
section. Letters as in figure 8. aa. articular condyle. w. wing. wr. wing root.
awr. anterior wing root. -—pwr. posterior wing root. md. muscle disk. msn. meso-
notum. mtn. metanotum. hp. hinge fold. em elevator muscle. dm. depressor muscle.

fourth and the authority fifth.

Groups higher than species are often called subgenera. Such names are
formed precisely like generic names and given in parentheses ‘between
the genus and species name.

Names of groups higher than genus never appear as part of the name
of a species and are almost uniformly derived from genus names by the
substitution of a termination as -ide for family and -ine for subfamily
-oidea has served for superfamily, tho the shorter -ina is to be preferred.

Order names are not derived from generic names, tho most of them have
the common ending -ptera.

16 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

The primary classification of insects into orders was originally based on
the wings, beginning with the horny winged beetles and ending with the
wingless forms. Next the method of taking food was made the basis of
Separation into two great groups, the biting and the sucking insects. This
has of late been largely replaced by a division based on the development
those with primitive and simple metamorphosis in one series and those with
complex and hypermetamorphosis in the other. None of these plans seem
wholly satisfactory; that adopted in this book is chronological, that is the
orders are given in the sequence of their appearence on earth as shown by the
geological record.

Figure 12. Wing attachment in Cicada.Letters the same as igure 10.

The table following gives the original Linnzan system and that given
in five recent textbooks. Folsom alone separates the Collembola from the
Aptera and Comstock alone the Euplexoptera from the Orthoptera. Both
Comstock and Kellogg separate the Mallophaga and Isopoda from the Corro-
dentia, and Comstock and Folsom the Siphonaptera from the Diptera. The
author differs from the majority regarding Thysanoptera tho all agree as
to its location in the series. He differs from all five by placing the Neuroptera
and allied forms with the Plecoptera, agreeing rather with most of those who
have specially studied these groups in the belief that they are very closely
allied despite the difference in metamorphosis. If these groups were
made distinct orders, the historical arrangement would place Neuroptera just
below Coleoptera, the Mecoptera below Diptera and Trichoptera antedating
Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera.

The placing of Ephemerida lowest of the winged insects by Comstock

INTRODUCTION et

and Kellogg is based on the theory that many veined wings antedated those
with few veins and corresponds with the idea of eleven primitive veins.
The placing of Orthoptera lowest by Folsom and Sanderson follows those
who do not think that wings arose as tracheal gills or in aquatic insects.
The arrangement of the four largest and most recent groups, Coleoptera,
Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera is given differently by each author
with no very evident reason.

Neoptera

He melrobidee

ordeal Blattide
Orthoptera><|

Ephe me eridee
alephememer ide ;
Protephe meri P ENS) ubulicornes

Figure 13. Diagram of the genetic relationships of the groups of insects and
the three types of venation.

ORDERS OF INSECTS.

Coieoptera: spiracles and dorsal abdominal segments not visible from be-
neath.

Lepidoptera: densely covered with scales.

Diptera: hind wings club-like, or if wingless, thorax separated by constric-
tions from head and from abdomen, and without opposable jaws.

Hymenoptera: wings hooking together and front wings very narrow near
the base, or if wingless, greatly constricted at base of abdomen.

Hemiptera: mouthparts tubular, or with long threadlike lancets, or very un-
symmetrical, or wanting.

Orthoptera: front wings leathery, or if wingless, either front or hind legs
are much enlarged, or body is flattened, or thorax is very slender cylindrical.

Corrodentia: ant-like or louse-like.

Neuroptera. Odonata: wings notched near the middle of the front edge. Ap-
tera: wingless and legs shorter than body. Ephemerida: with three tails.

18

Orders of insects as given

in

1.

nS

10.

11

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

Table showing the Classification of Insects into Orders.

this book.

Aptera.

Collembola.

. Neuroptera.

Mecoptera.
Trichoptera.
Plecoptera.

. Odonata.
. Ephemerida.
. Corrodentia.

Mallophaga.
Isopoda..

. Orthoptera.

Euplexoptera.

. Hemiptera.

Thysanoptera.
. Coleoptera.

. Diptera

Siphonaptera.
Hymenoptera.

. Lepidoptera.

~ 1758 Linneeus.

(4)
(4)
(4)
(7)

(1)

(7)

1894 Comstock.

py
*

16

17
19
15

= 1897 Smith.

8
7

1906 Folsom.

H
*

co

15

16
17
13

+ 1905 Kellogg.

x

11

ily
16

4 1913 Sanderson

om oN

13

14
12

Genera typical of all
groups ever given rank
as Orders.

Lepisma.

1806 Muchilis Latr.
1864 Japyx Halid.
1824 -Campodea W.

Podura.
1806 Smynthurus Lat.

Hemerobius.
1834 Coniopteryx C.
Raphidia.
18038 Sialis Latr.
Panorpa.
Phryganum.
1764 Perla Geof..

Libellula.
Ephemera.

1797 Psochus Latr.
1818 Menopon. Nitz.
Termes.
1825 Embia La r.
Gryllus.
Mantis.
1795 Phasma Licht.
1871 Hemimerus W.
Blatta.
Forficula.

Notonecta.
Coccus.
Aphis.
Cicada.
Thrips.

Carabus.
1802 Stylops Kirby.
1869 Platypsylla W.

Musca.

Hippobosca.

Pulex.

Apis.

Papilio.

1* Thysanura. 2* Pseudoneuroptera. 4* Platyptera. 10* Physopoda.

LEPIDOPTERA.

The last of the orders of insects to appear on earth is the one comprising
the moths and butterflies, these latter developing simultaneously with flower-
ing plants and are generally conceded to be the most beautiful members of
the class. The beauty of coloring is due to pigment in the scales which
cover the body and which are developed to a degree not found in any other
order. The pattern is always in mosaic the units of which are so small as
rarely to be seen except under the microscope. The distinction between
species is almost invariably based on the color pattern. Specimens that
are battered and have lost a considerable portion of their scales therefore

Figure 14. Diagram showing the flight of a butterfly.

become often quite unidentifiable.

The most important characters for the classification of these insects are
afforded by the venation of the wings. This is often quite hard to make out
however because of the scales and can be best studied by bleaching the
wings (see appendix.) Most of the features can generally be determined
by examining the wings from beneath. The commonest nomenclature for
the veins is to number them in order from behind forward using la. and 1b.
when there are two veins behind the large cell instead of one as is usual.

A plan of wing formule has been devised, based on the common system
of nomenclature but applying the numbers to the connecting veins or bai's in-
stead of those proceeding to the margin; bar 2 being between veins 1 and 2.
When veins fork from a common stem it is indicated by an * thus 8* is the
common stem of 7 and 8. The formula consists of a list of the bars

19

20 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

in the order of size, enclosing in parentheses those of approximately equal
size. The use of such formule greatly facilitates identifications.

The following formule show the venation of our common larger butterflies.

Parnasius clodius
Papilio eurymedon
Neophasia menapia
Pontia rape
Synchloe ausonides
sara
Callidryas eubule
Zerene eurydice
Eyrymus eurytheme
Eurema nicippe
Agraulis vanille
Argynnis liliana
Brenthis epithore
Lemonias chalcedon
Phyciodes pratensis
Polygonia faunus
Eugonia californica
Euvanessa antiopa
Vanessa atlanta
carye
Junonia ccenia
Basilarchia lorquini
Limitis bredowii

Ccenonympha california

Anosia plexippus
Chrysobia virgulti
Uranotes melinus

Callophrys dumetorum

Gaeides xanthoides
Epedemia helloides
Rusticus acmon
Cyaniris ladon
Erynnis comma
Brephidium exilis
Thanaos tristis
Hesperia tessellata

2 St hO GS Amon ics

WP} 7H) teh? 13) a} 2b (Df Al@) all &)
Zein OM OMG

10 27* 364986

12 2 (7* 8*) 35 9 11 4 6 10
12 2 (8* 9*) 311541067
Wil 4 aU) SG) Bie Zo 7159) (9) G)

Il BY NO) sw) a! GY)

1h SS 0 I) 6) a} 4b GG

IL) 2), AO ey ge ab)

HOO eal O RSS O a7 54a Ger ieeliles
WA 74 (33 Sh) he? AL (ZEB), @ al@) 7
WA 7} AND es ee (5) ie) ZG) ial 7
Wy 2) 8) ok By Gee aL Gab ali), '7/
12°28 9% 10* 93 by 16) 47
12 2 9* 3 8* 54611107
212 9* 8* 351146107

12 2 9* 8* 531146107

12 2 9* (3 5) 8* 4116107
12 2 9* (3 5) 8* 4611107
11 2 9* 8* 10 7 é

12 8* 2 9* 531161047
12 2 10* 8* 5 9* 610 47

IW 74 the th ey 2h IE NO): 7

12 2 8* 9* 3451167 10

11 2 8* 3569 647
1023895 6 4
10239856 4
2109356487
11 28* 10359467
11 28*39104657

11 28*%* 35961074 -
112391047
1023598764

1232114106597 8
1232111056479 8

Almost the only other characters besides those afforded by the wings
are those of the mouth. This differs radically from that of other insects.
The mandibles are wanting or represented by the merest rudiments in a few
moths. The labium is usually represented by a pair of strongly developed pal-
pi and the maxille have combined to form a single tube which at rest lies

LEPIDOPTERA. 21

coiled up is a spiral between the palpi. In some of the lower moths the
maxillary palpi are also present. The characters used in classification are the
relative size, position and clothing of the three-jointed palpi.

The larve of Lepidoptera have usually 16 legs, the first two and the next to
the last abdominal segments being legless. Some have a less number by
the loss of the more anterior pairs of abdominal legs, the minimum num-
ber being ten. All abdominal legs differ in structure from the thoracic legs,
and are often called pro-legs.

The pups have the appendages cemented fast to the body except in a few of
the lowest moths.

The classification of Lepidoptera of longest standing is the separation

Figure 15. The head and mouthparts of a larva of a moth.
of the diurnals, butterflies, from the -moths Another division commonly
made is the separation of the smaller forms as microlepidoptera. Re-
cently the forms possessing a finger-like projection (jugum) near the base of
the hind edge of the front wing have been placed by themselves as the jugate.
The families Sphingide and Saturnide comprising our largest moths have
each been separated as primary groups.

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIBS.

Noctuidze: cell of front wings closed by a cross-vein in three sections, a
large feeble semicircular portion followed by two small, nearly equal trans-
verse portions. Agaristidz: antenne: enlarged outwardly. Nycteolidze: front
wings not arched at base.

Geometridze: two large, nearly equal sections of cross-vein at end of cell

22 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

and antennee not knobbed at tip. Notodontidae, and Bombycidze: anterior vein
almost straight near base, the latter without proboscis.

Pyralidze: hind wings with posterior area distinctly wider than the costal
and median areas combined.

Tortricidge: costal area of front wings wider than cell, and palpi obtuse.

Lyczenidae: antennee knobbed and eyes not further apart than half their
vertical height. Riordinidee: anterior vein forked near base.

Nymphalidze: antenne knobbed and front legs much smaller than others.
Agapetidae: some of the veins greatly swollen near base. Lymnadidze: with
small cell between anterior vein and its basal branch.

Tineidze: head rough haired or antennee with basal eye cap.

Pterophoridz: wings divided plume-like.

Hesperidze: antenne knobbed and far apart at base.

Gelechiidze: anterior vein of hind wings connected with cell. and three
veins beyond the posterior vein. Xylorictidze: outer branch of primary vein
of hind wing not reacaing the costa.

Hyponomeutidze: wings of nearly equal size, hind wings not heavily fringed.

Arctiidse: anterior vein of hind wing arising from middle of cell. Lithosi-
idz: without ocelli.

Pieridse: antenne knobbed. Papilionidz and Parnassiidz: inner edge of
hind wings concave; the former has long tails on hind wing.

CEcophoridz: wings narrow oval or lanceolate, primary not approximate
but nearly parallel with independant vein in hind wing. Blastobasidz:
fringe of front wing making inner edge appear concave.

Elachistidz: wings narrow oval or lanceolate.

Sphingidz: end of cell of front wings very oblique.

Sessiidze: cell of front wing open. Thyridz: two independents connected
with posterior vein in front wing,

Saturnidze: cell of front wing less than half the length of the wing. Lasio-
campidze, Nolidze and Dioptidze: the first two with posterior vein of front wing
apparently four-branched, and the last two having frenulas.

Hepialidee: independent veins crosing cell of front wing. Micropterygidze:
cell open. Cossidze and Psychidze: no jugum on front wing. the former wit
wings spotted.

Syntomidze. Thyatiridze: with posterior vein of frant wing apparently
three-branched. Platypterygidze: cell of hind wing much shorter on anterior
Side. Liparidze and Pericopidae: primary and independent veins of hind wings
stalked, the latter with large spots on wing.

PAPILIONIN A: — Butterflies.

Literature:— Holland, Butterfly Book. Wright, Butterflies of the West
Coast of the United States.
PARNASSIIDA.
These butterflies live in the Sierras, the larve feed on Sedum and Saxi-
fraga.

LEPIDOPTERA — PAPILIONINA. 23

Parnassius baldur—clodius. menetresii—claudius.
behrii—smintheus. nomion (Alaska.)
clarius—clodius. smintheus Edw.

claudius Men.

PAPILIONIDA.

Swallow tail butterflies, the larvee mostly feeding on Umbelliferz, but L. phi-

lenor feeds on Aristolochia, P. eurymedon on Rhamnus californicus and P. ru-
tulus on willow, alder and apple.

Hupledes troilus—Papilio.

Jasoniades daunus—Papilio.
eurymedon—Papilio.
pillumnus (not California.)
rutulus—Papilio.

Leartius arcelisaus (not California.)
mylotes—(not California.)
philenor (Linn.)

Papilio americanus Koll.
asterias—polyxenes.
bardii (Edw.)
californica—zelicon.
caladon Lucas.
danus (not California.)
eurymedon Boisd.
hirsuta skin.
indra Reak.
machaon Linn.
mylotes (not California.)
pergamus—indra.
philenor—Leartias
polyxenes Fabr.
rutulus Boisd.
troilus (not California).
zolicon Boisd.

Figure 16. Diagram of butterfly vena-
tion. Dotted lines indicate veins some-
times absent.

PIERIDA.

The only family of butterflies containing highly injurious species, includes
the beautiful orange tipped butterflies Synchloe, the white butterflies Pontia
and a number of genera of yellow forms.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Eurymus: color yellow. Nathalis: black dash on hind edge of front wing.
Callydrias: without black markings. Zerene: with only a black dot at end
of cell in female, and nearly half the wing black in male. Eurema: black
band on wing not tapering at each end.

Synchloe: wings conspicuously mottled beneath.

Pontia. Neophasia: with distinct black mark on costa to end of cell.

Anthocharis angelina—Synchle cethu- ansonia (not California).
ae ausonides—Synchlee.

24

caliente Synchlee.
cooperi—Synchloe cethura.
cethura—Synchlee.
creusa—Synchlee.
edwardsii—Synchloe lanceolata.
hyantis—Synchloe ausonides.
lanceolata Synchlee.
lotta (not California).
morrisoni—Synchlee. cethura.
reakirtii—Synchloe sara.
sara—Synchlee.
stella—Synchloe sara.

Callidrias eubule(Linn.)

Colias adriane—Eurymus eurytheme.
alexandra—Eurymus.
amphidisca—Euryms eurytheme.

Wigure 17. illustrating the

y Diagram
flight of a butterfly. A. wing elevated. B.

wing depressed. EFGH.plane' cutting
wing at I. K. projection of path of I.

barbara—Eurymus harfordi.
behrii—Eurymus.
ceesonia—dZerene.

catifornica—Eurymus — eurythe-
me.

chrysomelas—Eurymus_ occiden-
talis.

chrysthostheme (not California).
edusa—Eurymus eurytheme.
edwardsii—Eurymus.
emelia—Eurymus alexandra.
eurydice—Zerene.
eurytheme—Eurymus.
hagenii—Eurymus eurytheme.
harfordi—Eurymus.

hyale (not California.)

interior (eastern.)
keewadin—Eurymus eurytheme.
occidentalis—Eurymus.
phylodice (eastern.)

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

rutilans (undetermined).
scudderi—Eurymus.
wosnesenski—-Eurymus.

HKucherra menapia—Neophasia.

Euchlcee ansonoides—Synchlee.
cethura—Synchlee.
creusa—Synchlee.
lanceolata—Synchlee.
sara—Synchlee.

Eurema nicippe (Cram.)

Eurymus alexandra (Edw.)
behrii (Edw.)
emelia—alexandra.
eurytheme (Boisd.)
harfordi (Edw.) -
interior (eastern.)
occidentalis (Scud.)
phylodice (eastern).
scudderi (Reak.)

Gonepteryx rhamni—Zerene eurydice.

Meganostoma cesonia—Zerene.
eurydice—Zerene.

Midea lanceolata—Synchloe

Nathalis iole Boisd.

Necphasia menapia Feld.
terlooii Behr.

Papilio eubule—Callydrias.
ceesonia—dZerene.
nicippe—Eurema.
napi—Pontia.
rapze—Pontia.

Pieris ansonia (not California). 5
autodice (not California.,
beckeri—Pontia.
calyce—Pontia occidentalis.
castoria—Pontia napi.
chloridice—Pontia beckeri.
flava—Pontia napi.
lanceolata—Synchlee.
leucodice (not California).
marginalis—Pontia rape.
menapia—Neophasia.
napi—Pontia.
nausturtiis—Pontia napi.
oecidentalis—Pontia.
oleracea—Pontia napi.
pallida—napi.
protodice—Pontia.
rap@#e—Pontia.
‘sara—Synchlee.
sisymbri—Pontia.
venosa—Pontia napi.
yreka—Pontia rape.

Pontia 1758 rapze. napi: no definite black patch at tip of front wings. 1833

LEPIDOPTERA — PAPILIONINA. 25

protodice: veins of hind wings broadly bordered with black. 1854 sisymbri:
veins black above. 1866 occidentalis: veins of hind wings narrowly bordered
with black. 1871 beckeri: somewhat mottled beneath with green.

Pontia beckeri (Edw.) creusa (D. & H.)
napi (Linn.) flora—sara.
occidentalis (Reak.) lanceolata (Boisd.)
protodice (B. & L.) lotta Beut.
rapz (Linn.) sara Boisd.
sisymbri (Boisd.) Terias midea (undetermined).
Rhodocera rhamni—dZerene eurydice. mexicana (eastern).
Synchloe ausonides (Boisd.) nicippe—Eurema.
australis Gr. Xanthidia mexicana (not California).
caliente (Wr.) Zerene czesonia Stoll.
cethura Feld. eurydice Boisd.

NYMPHALIDA.

This family shows the most diversity of form among butterflies. The food
habits of the larve are as follows:— Oaks Adelpha and Basilarchia lorquini.
Elm Euvanessa. Poplar Euvanessa and Basilarchia archippus. Willow Eu-
vanessa, Basilarchia archippus and Polygonia faunus. Ceanothus HEugonia.
Thistle Phyciodes mylitta. Nettle Aglais, Polygonia satyrus Vanessa atlanta
and cardui. Azalea Polygonia silvius and zephyrus. Passion flower Agraulis
and Euptoieta. Violets Argynnis, Brenthus and Huptoieta. Scrophulariaceze
Lemonias. Hops and Boehmeria Vanessa atlanta. Gnaphalium and Antennaria
Vanessa huntera. Cnicus, Carduus and Althzea Vanessa cardui. Lavatera
assurgentiflora and Malva Vanessa carye. Plantago, Gerardia and Antir-
rhinum Junonia.

A migration of very great numbers of Hugonia ocurred in 1912 in the
northern part of the state. and a few years before in southern California
Vanessa cardui flew in equally great numbers.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Argynnis: wings mottled with brown or black including a row of round
black dots in the center of a broad submarginal band across both wings.
Brenthus: these spots also beneath. Euptoieta: median band paler than
submarginal.

Lemonias: under side of hind wings much paler than front wings. Phyci-
edes: second joint of palpi enlarged. Thesalia: more than half of the hind
wing beneath yellow.

Polygonia: outer edge of wings angular. Junonia: wings with large
eyespots above. Euvanessa: wings black with pale border. Aglais: reddish
band across wings just within black border. Vanessa: hind wings spotted
beneath. Eugonia: no silver spots beneath on hind wing.

Basilarchia. Agraulis: front wings more than twice as long as broad.
Limenitis: eyes hairy.

Adelpha bredowii—Liminites bredowii. Apatura drummondi Kirby.
californica—Limenites bredowii. Argynnis adiante—adiaset.

Aglais milberti (Goda.) adiaste Behr.

Agraulis vanilla (Linn.) adraste—adiaste.

26 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

aglaja—edwardsii.
arge—eurynome.
atossa Edw.
behrensii Edw.
bellona (eastern).
bremneri Edw.
callippe Boisd.
chitone Edw.
coronis Behr.
cybele—leto.
edwardsii Reak.
egleis Boisd.
egleis—montivaga.
epithore—Brenthis.
eurynome Edw.
hegesia—Euptoieta.
hippolyta Edw.
hydaspe—Zerene.
inornata Edw.
irene—ruprestrIs.

Figure 18. Junonia ccenia.

juba—coronia.
laura Edw.
liliana Edw.
macaria—eurynome.
monticola Behr.
montivaga Behr
montivaga—egleis.
montevaga—irene.
mormoria—egleis.
nenoquis—egleis.
nevadensis Edw.
nokomis Edw.
oweni—hippolyta.
purpurascens—monticola.
ruprestris Behr.
semiramus Edw.
zerene Boisd.
Basilarchia archippus Cram.

arthemis (not California).

astynax (not California).

dissippus—archippus.
lorquini (Boisd.)
weidemeyer (not California).

Brenthis bellona (eastern).
epithora (Boisd.
morrisoni (not California).
myrina (eastern).
nenoquis (not California).

Charidryas carloa (not California.)
nycteis (not California).

Chlorippe antoria (not California).
celtis (not California).
leila (not California).

Dione vanille—Agraulis.

Eugonia ca'‘fornica (Boisd.)

Eresia hermas (undet rmined).
punctata (not California).

Euptoieta claudia (Cram.)

Euvanessa antiopa (Linn.)

Grapta c-album—Polygonia oreas.
hegesia Cram.
faunus—Polygonia.
marysas—polygonia.
oreas—Polygonia.
rusticus—Polygonia faunus.
satyrus—Polygonia.
silens—Polygonia oreas.
silvius—Polygonia.
zephyrus—Polygonia.

Junonia ccenia Hueb.
genovera—ceoenia.
lavinia—coenia.
orythia—cecenia.

Heterochroa bredowii—Limenitis.
californica—Limenitis bredowii.
eulalia—Limenitis bredowii.

Kodiosoma lorquini—Basilarchia.

Lemonias anicia D.& H.)
augusta (Edw.)
baroni (Edw.)
chalcedon (D.& H.)
cooperi (Behr.)
edetha (Boisd.)
gabii (Behr.)
hoffmani (Behr.
macglashani (Riv.)
nubigena (Behr.)
palla (Boisd.)
quino (Behr.)
rubicunda (Edw.)
whitneyi (Behr.)

Liminitis bredowii (Hubn.)
eulula—bredowii.
lorquini—Basilarchia.

Meliteea anicia—Lemonias.

LEPIDOPTERA — PAPILIONINA. 27

augusta—Lemonias.
baroni—Lemonias.

campestris—Phyciodes pratensis.

canace—Phyciodes picta.
chalcedon—Lemonias.
callina—Phpciodes mylitta.
collina—Phycioides mylitta.
cooperi—Lemonias.
dwinelli—Lemonias chalcedon.
editha—Lemonias.
epula—Phycioides mylitta.
gabii—Lemonias.

gloriosa (undetermined).
helcita—Lemonias hoffmani.
hermes (undetermined).
hoiimani—Lemonias.
leanira—T hesalia.
macglas2ani—Lemonias.
montana—Phycioides.

my litta—Phycioides.
nubigena—Lemonias.
obliterata—T hesalia leanira.
obsoleta—T hesalia leanira.
orseis—Phycioides pratensis.
palla—Lemonias.
pratensis—Phycioides.
pola—Phycioides whitneyi.
pulchella—Phycioides mylitta.
pulchella—Phycioides pratensis.
cuino—Lemonias.
rubicunda—Lemonias.
sonoree—Lemonias gabbi.
thecla—Thesalia.
theona—Thesalia.
whitneyi—Lemonias.
wrightii—T hesalia.

Vanessa. 1758 cardui. atlanta: red band across front wings.
two large eyespots beneath hind wings.

ci front wings.

Vanessa antiopa—Euvanessa.
atlanta (Linn.)
californica—Eugonia.
cardui (Linn.)
carye Hueb.
huntera (Fabr.)
marsyas—Polygonia satyrus.

zerena—Argynnis.
Nymphalis lorquini—Basilarchia.
Papilio antiopa—Euvanessa.
atlanta—Vanessa.
cardui—Vanessa.
claudia—Euptoieta.
hegesia—Euptoieta.
huntera— Vanessa.
vanille—Agraulis.
Phycioides canace—picta.
hermas (not California.)
montana (Behr.)
mylitta (Edw.)
orseis—pratensis.
picta (Edw.)
pratensis (Behr.)
tharos (not California).
Polygonia faunus (Edw.)
interrigationis (not California).
oreas (Edw.)
rusticus—faunus.
satyrus (Edw.)
silenus—oreas.
silvius (Edw.)
zephyrus (Edw.)
Pyrameis atlanta—Vanessa.
cardui—Vanessa.
carye—Vanessa.
elymi—Vanessa cardui.
huntera—Vanessa.
Rhodocera lorquini—Basilarchia
Thesalia leanira (Boisd.)
thekla (Edw.)
theona (Men.)
wrightii (Edw.)

1775 huntera:
1806 carye: black band across cell

milberti—Aglais.
oreas—Polygonia.
rusticus—Polygonia faunus.
satyrus—Polygonia.
silvius—Polygonia.
zephyrus—Polygonia.

AGAPETIDA-.
These butterflies have been called nymphs or satyrs and our commonest

genus Coenonympha, ringlets.

All of the species as far as known feed as

larvee on grasses and sedges and when just hatched have very large heads.

atlantus (Gr.)
baroni (not California).
paulus (Edw.)

meadii (not California).
cetus (Boisd.)
Gercyonis alope (Fabr.)

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HESPERMDIL

LEPIDOPTERA — PAPILIONINA, 29

stephani—Cercyonis. carineta (not California).
sthenele (Boisd.) Neominois ridingsi (not California).
sylvestris (Edw.) Neonympha henshawi (not California).
stephani (Wr.) rubrica (not California).
wheeleri (Edw.) Cineis californica—nevadensis.
Chionobas californicus—CEneis neva- chryxus (D.& H.)
densis. iduna—nevadensis.
chryxus—CEneis. ivallda—chryxus.
galactinus—Cocenonympha cal- nevadensis (Feld.)
ifornica. macounii (eastern).
iduna—-CEneis nevadensis. Papilio alope—Cercyonis.
ivallda-—CEneis chryxus. pamphilius—Coenonympha.
nevadensis—CEneis. Satyrus alope—Cercyonis alope.
Coenonympha brenda—ochracea. adriane—Cercyonis alope.
californica D.& H. i atlantus—Cercyonis.
eryngii—californica. baroni—Cercyonis alope.
galactina—californica. boopis Cercyone alope.
inornata (not California). californica—Coenonympha.
ochracea Edw. charon—Cercyonis alope.
panphilioides—pamphilius. nephele—Cercyonis alope.
pamphilius (Linn.) cetus—Cercyonis alope.
pulJa—californica. paulis—Cercyone.
Hipparchia boopis—Cercyonis alope. silvestris—Cercyonis.
sylvestris—Cercyonis oetus. sthenele—Cercyonis.
Libythea bachmanii (not california.) wheeleri—Cercyonis.
ITHOMIIDA.

These are southern forms only rarely reaching California. The food habits
of very few are accurately known.

Ceratinia lycaste—Dynothea. Mechanitis californica Reak.
Dynothea lycaste (Fabr.) Papilio lycaste—Dynothea.
Ithomia lycaste—Dynothea. Papilio lycaste—Dynothea.

LYMNADIDAZA.
The common well known milkweed butterfly sometimes called the monarch.
Sometimes these butterflies assemble in dense swarms which when alighting
on a tree almost hide the color of the leaves.

. Anosia plexippus (Linn.) Danais archippus—Anosia plexippus.
RIODINIDA.

A small family closely allied to the Lycenide. Food habits unknown.
Apodemia mormo—Chrysobia. Lemonias australis—Calephelis.
Calephilis australis—(Edw.) mormo—Chrysobia.

nemesis Edw. virgulti—Chrysobia.
Charis australis—Calephelis. Nemeobius virgulti-—Chrysobia.

Chrysobia mormo (Feld.)

LYCAENIDA.
The dainty little blue and copper colored butterflies constitute this family.

Figure 20. (Opposite page.) A series of the commoner California butterflies.

30

A number of species feed on oak; others are rather general feeders.

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

The

habits of very few are accurately known.

Agriades podarce (Feld.)
Atlides halesus (Cram.)
Brephidium exilis (Boisd.)
Callophrys apama (not California).
dumetorum (Boisd.)
Callipsyche behrii (Edw.)
Chalceria cupreus (Edw.)
Chrysophanes americana (eastern)
arota—Tharsalia.
cupreus—Chalceria.
editha—Geedes.
fasciata (eastern).
gorgon—Gedes.
helloides—Epidemia.
hermes—T harsalia.
hypophleas (eastern).
mariposa—Epidemia.
virginiensis—Tharsalia.
xanthoides—Gezeides.
zeree—E pidemia.
Cupido ardea (Edw.)
clara (Edw.)
dedalus—icarioides.

fulla (Edw.)
heteronea (Boisd.)
hilda Gr. i

icarioides (Boisd.)
pheres (Boisd.)
szepiolus (Boisd.)
Cyaniris ladon Cram.
pseudargoilus—ladon.
Epidemia helloides (Boisd.)
Everes amyntula (Boisd.)
monica (Reak.)
tejua, (undetermined).
Gzedes editha (Barnes).
gorgon (Boisd.)
xanthoides (Boisd.)
Habrodias grunus (Boisd.)
Helodes hypophleus (not California.)
Hemiargus isola (not California).
Hypauratus crysalus (Edw.)
Incisalia angusta (eastern).
eryphon (Boisd.)
iroides (Boisd.)
Leptotes mariana (Reak.)
striata (Edw.)
Lyceena acmon—Rusticus.
amyntula—Everes.
anna—Rusticus.
antiacis—Nomiades.
arota—Tharsalia.

argyrotoxus—Rusticus anna.
battoides—Rusticus.
behrii—Nomiades antiacus.
cajona—Rusticus anna.
catalina—Pheedrotes sagittigera.
cilla—Agriades.
clara—Cupido.
cupreus—Chalceria.
dcedalus—Cupido iraroides.
echo—Cyaniris ladon.
enoptes—Rusticus.
erymus—Cupido icaroides.
evius—Cupido pheres.
exilis—Brephidium.
fuliginosa—Satyrum.
fulla—Cupido.
helios—Cupido phileros.
helloides—Epidemia.
hermes—Tharsalia.
heteronea—Cupido.
icaroides—Cupido.
lotis—Rusticus.
lupini—Rusticus shasta.
lygdamus—Nomiades.
maricopa—lIcaroides.
mariposa—Epidemia.
marina—Leptotes.
mertila—Noniiades antiacis.
mintha—Cupido icaroides.
monica—Everes.
orbitulus (not California).
orcus—Nomiades lygdamus.
pardalis—Cupido icaroides.
pheres—Coupido.
philemon—Rusticus anna.
phileros—Cupido.
piasus—Cyanirus ladon.
podarce—Agriades.
polyphemus—Nomiades antiacis.
pseudargoilus—Cyanirus ladon.
regia—Philotes sonoriensis.
rhea—Pheedrotes sagittigera.
rustica (not California)
seepiolus—Cupido.
sagittigera—Phzedrotes.
scudderi (eastern).
‘Shasta—Rusticus.
sonorensis—Philotes.
speciosa—Phezdrotes.
striata—Leptotes.
tehama—Agriades podarce.
Satyrium fuliginosa (Edw.)

LEPIDOPTHRA — PAPILIONINA.

ardea—Cupido.
Thanaos pernigra Gr.
Strymon melinus—Oranotes.
Tharsalia arota (Boisd.)
hermes (Edw.)
Virginienssis (Edw.)
Thecla acadica—californica.
acis (eastern).
adenostomatis Edw.
angustus (eastern).
auretorum Boisd.
behrii—Callipsyche.
blendina (not California)
californica Edw.
chalcis Behr.
crysalus—H ypaurotus.
cygnus—californicus.
dryope Edw.
dumetcerum—Callophrys.
exolita—nelsonii.
eury phor—Incisa lia.
fuliginose—Satrium.
fulvescens—szepium.
grunus—Habrodias.
halesus—Atlides.

ilavia Beut.
iroides—Incisalia.
loki Sk.

melinus—Uranotes.
mirabile—ilavia.
muiri—nelsonii.
nelsonii Boisd

pudica—Uranotes melinus.

szepium Boisd.
spadix Edw.
spinetorum Boisd.
sylvius Boisd.
tacita Edw.

tetra Behr.

Uranotes alcestis (not California.)

melinus (Hueb.)

tejuna (undetermined).

viaca—Pheedrotes sagittigera.

xanthoides—Geeides.
xerxes—Nomiades.
virginiensis—Tharsalia.
Metura acis (eastern).
Nomiades antiacis (Boisd.)
lygdamus (Doub.)
xerxes (Boisd.)

Papilio halesinus—Atlides.
Phzedrotes sagittigera (Feld.)
speciosa (Edw.)

Philotes sonorensis (Feld.)
speciosa—Pheedrotes.
Polymmatus amyntula—Everes.

antegon—Rusticus acmon.
antiacis—Nomiades.
arota—Tharsalia.
enoptes—Rusticus.
exilis—Brephidium.
gorgon—Gaeides.
helloides—Epidemia.
heteronea—Cupido.
hypophleas (eastern).
icaroides—Incisalia.

nivalis—Epidemia mariposa.

pheres—Cupido.
piasus—Cyaniris ladon.
seepialus—Cupido.
xanthoides—Gzeides.
xerxes—Nomiades.
Rusticus acmon (D.& H.)
anna (Edw.)
battoides (Behr.)
chlorina Skin.
enoptes (Boisd.)
lotis (Lintn.)
neurona Skin.
scudderi (eastern).
shasta (Edw.)

HESPERIDA.

The small heavy bodied butterflies form this family. They are considered
Epargyreus feeds on Wistaria, Hudamus

pylades on clover and other plants and Pholisora catulla on lambsquarter.
Achalarus cellus (not California).

the nearest allied to the moths.

Amblyscirtes zenus Edw.
simius Edw.

Anatolmis regularis Gr.

Anchyloxypha arene (Edw.)
numitor (not California).

Anthomaster agricola (Boisd.)
nemorum (Boisd.)
pratincola (Boisd.)
sylvanoides (Boisd.)
verus (Edw.)

Atalopedes campestris (Boisd.)

31

Figure 21. (Opposite page.) A series of the commoner California butterflies.

32 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

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LEPIDOPTERA — PAPILIONINA. 33

Prenes errans Skin.
Pyrgus czspitalis—Hesperia.
ericetorum. . Hesperia.

petreius—Hesperia czspitalis.
ricara—Hesperia czespitalis.

syrichtus—Hesperia.

manden—Pamphilia palezemon.

omaha—Potanthus dara.

Cocceius pylades—Eudamus.

Copzeodes arene—Ancyloxypha.
eunus Edw.
procris Edw.
wrightii Edw.

Epargyreus exadeus—Eudamus.
tityrus (Fabr.)

Erynnis cabelus Edw.
columbia—comma.
comma (Linn.)
juba—comma.
manitoba comma.
oregona—comma.
ruricola—Atrytona.
taxilis—Atrytona.

Eudamus zmilea Skin.

albofasciatus (not California).

exadeus Cram.
mexicana H. S.
nevada—mexicana.
pylades Scud.

sympticius (not California).

tityrus—Epargyreus.

Euphyes verna (not California).
vestris (Boisd.)

Herperia agricola—Anthomaster.
czspitalis (Boisd.)
campestris—Hylephila.
comma—Erynnis.
ericetorum (Boisd.)
melane—Phycanassa.
nemorum—Anthomaster.
pratincola—Anthomaster.
sabuleti—Polites.
ruricola—Atrytone.
scriptura (Boisd.)
sylvanoides—Anthomaster.
sylvanus (European).
syrithtus (Fabr.)
tessellata Scud.
vestris—Euphyes.

Hylephila campestris—Atalopedes.

morrisonii—Atalopedes.
phylzeus (Drury.)

Larema deva Edw.

Leroda comus (not California).

Limochrees cerna—manataaqua.
manataaqua (Scud.)

morrisonii (Edw.)

Atrytone melane—Phycanassa.
taxiles Edw.

Calpodes rhena Edw.

Carterocephalus arane—Anchyloxypha.
californicus—Potanthus dara.
tristis—Thanaos.

Ochlodes agricola—Anthomaster.
nemorum—Anthomaster.
pratincola—Anthomaster.
sylvanoides—Anthomaster.
verus—Anthomaster.

Pamphilia agricola—Anthomaster.
aragos (not California).
cabeus—Erynnis.
californicus Wr.
campestris—Anthomaster.
chiapa Wr.
colorado—Erynnis comma.
columbia—Erynnis comma.
comma—Erynnis.
errans—Prenes.
huron—Atalopedes campestris.
idaho—Erynnis comma.
juba—Erynnis comma.
manataaqua—Limochrees.
mandan (not California).
manitoba—Erynnis comma.
melane—Phycanassa.
nemorum—Anthomaster.
omaha (not California).
oregona—Erynnis comma.
osceola—vestris.
palzemon Pall.
pratincola—Anthomaster.
phyleus—H ylephila.
ruricola—Atrytone.
sabuleti—Polites.
sylvanoides—Anthomaster.
sylvanoides—Erynnis comma.
sylvanus (European).
taxilis—Atrytone
verus—Anthomaster.
vestris—Euphyes.
yreka—Anthomaster nemorum.

Papilio comma—Erynnis.
phyleeus—H ylephila.
syrichtus—Hesperia.

Photisora alpheus Edw.
catullus (Fabr.)
libya Scud.

Phycanassa melane (Edw.)

Polites sabuleti (Boisd.)

Potanthus dara (Kol.)
californica—dara.

34 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

phylace (Edw.) icelus (not California).
Nisioniades cervantes (Huropean.) lilius Dyer.
funeralis—Thanaos. juvenalis (not California.)
propertius—Thanaos. persius (Scud.)
tages (Huropean). propertius (Linn.)
tessellata—Hesperia. tages (EKuropean).
ceespitalis—Hesperia. tribullus S. & B.
Syrichtus ceespitalis—Hesperia. tristis Boisd.
ericetorum—Hesperia. Taorybes #emilea—Eudamus.
ruralis (not California). bathyllus (eastern).
scriptura—Hesperia. mexicana—Eudamus.
tessellatus—Hesperia. nevada—Eudamus mexicana.
Thanacs brizoB @ . pylades—Eudamus. ;
cervantes (Huropean). Thymelious brettus (B. & L.)
funeralis S.@& A. erynnioides Dyar.

SPHINGIN A — Hawkmoths.
Monograph:— Rothschild, Revision of the Lepidopterous Family Sphingide.

SPHINGIDA.

Figure 22. Pachysphinx modesta

The sphinx moths include two important pests; the tobacco or tomato
worm Protoparce and Pholus that attacks the grape and Ampelopsis. Other
species of little economic importance are: Sphinx on willow, Pachysphinx on
willow and poplar, Hyloicus on wild cherry, ash and privet, and Celario on
portulaca and other weeds.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Hyloicus: markings on front wings longitudinal. Celario: veins white.
Errinyis: no pale band across hind wings.

Protoparce: front wings with cross bands. Sphinx: eye spots on hind wings.

LEPIDOPTERA — SPHINGINA.

Arctonotus: bands in pairs.

QF
oo

Pachysphinx: basal third of front wings pale.

Euproserpinus and Proserpinus: with broad border on hind wings, the latter

with base of hind wings red.

Hzemorrhagia: wings in part transparent.

Anceryx ello—Erinnus.

Arctonotus lucidus Boisd.

Celerio intermedia (Kirby.)
lineata (Fabr.)

Cheerocampa procne (undetermined).

Cryptopogon ophthalmicus—Sphynx

cerasyi.

Deilephila daucus—Celario lineata.
grafii—Celario intermedia.
intermedia—Celerio.
lineata—Celario.

Dilophonota ello—Erinnus.

Erinnus ello (Linn:)

Euproserpinus euterpe (Edw.)
phzeton (G. & R.)

Hzemorrhagia senta (Stretch).
thetis (Boisd.)

Hemeris cyanoglossum—Hezemorrhagia

thetis.
diffinis—Haemorrhagia senta.
diffiinis—Hzemorrhagia thetis.
paipalis—Hzemorrhagia thetis.
rubens—Heemorrhagia senta.
thetis—Hzemorrhagia.
thetis—Hzemorrhagia senta.

Hyloicus chersis (Hueb.)
drupiferarum (S. & A.)
lugens (Walk.)
perelegans (Edw.)
sequoiz (Boisd.)
vancouverensis (Edw.)

Lepisesia clarkize—Proserpinus.
pheeton—Euproserpinus.

Lethia chersis—Hyloicus.

Lintneria perelegans—Hyloicus.

senta—Hemorrhagia.
thetis—Heemorrhagia.
Pachysphynx modesta (Harr.)
Philambelus achemon—Pholus.
Pholus achemon (Drury).
Proserpinus clarkize (Boisd.)
Protoparce quinquemaculata Haw.
sexta Johan.
Pteropogon clarkize—Proserpinus.
Sesia thetis—Hzemorrhagia.
Smerintaus imperator—Pachysphynx
modesta.
modesta—Pachysphynx.
ophthalmicus—Hyloicus vancou-
verensis.
pallidulus—Hyloicus vancouver-
ensis
Sphynx achemon—Pholus.
carolina—Hyloicus.
cerisyi Kirby.
chersis—H yloicus.
drupiferarum—Hyloicus.
ello—Erinnus.
lineolata—H yloicus.
lugens—Hyloicus.
modesta—Pachysphynx.
oreodaphne—Hyloicus chersis.
perelegans—Hyloicus.
quinquemaculata—Protoparce.
sequoiz—Hyloicus.
strobi (not California).
vancouverensis—Hyloicus.
Triptopogon imperator—Pachysphynx
modesta.
modesta—Pachysphynx.

Macroglossa erata—Euproserpinus occidentalis—Pachysphynx mo-
phzeton. desta.
pheeton—Euproserpinus.
SATURNINA.
SATURNIIDA.
The Saturniidze include the largest moths. None are very injurious

tho Telea feeds on many plants
Ceanothus.

including fruit trees.

Samia feeds on

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Hemileuca. Saturnia: hind wings black. Telea:

a small transparent spot

36

on each wing. Samia:
on middle of wing.
Attacus ceanothi—Samia
poly phemus—Telia.
Calosaturnia mendocino—Saturnia.
Dryocampa riversii (undetermined).
Hemileuca artemis—nevadensis.
californica—nevadensis.
electa Wr.
lucina—nevadensis.
nevadensis Str.
neumcegenii Edw.
Platysamia californica—Samia rubra.
Pseudohazis denudata—eleganterina.
eleganterina (Boisd.)
shastensis—eleganterina.

rubra.

eye spot at tip of front wing. Saturnia:

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

eye spot

Samia californica—rubra.
ceanothi—rubra.
euryalis—rubra.
rubra Behr.

Saturnia californica—Samia rubra.
ceanothi—Samia rubra.
eleganterina—Pseudohazis.
denudata—Pseudohazis elegan-

terina.
mendocino Behrens.

Telea ceanothi—Samia rubra.
eleganterina—Pseudohazis.
polyphemus (Cram.)

BOMBYCINA.

SYNTOMID-..
Day flying moths with wings shaped somewhat like those of a wasp.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
Ctenucha. Lycomorpha:: front wings red. Scepsis: small,spread of wings

about 80 m.m.

Apitosia multifaria—Ctenucha.

Ctenucha brunnea (Stretch.)
corvina—rubroscapus.
harrisii (undetermined).
luteoscapsis—multifaria.
multifaria Walk.
orthoscapsis—rubroscapus.
robinsonii (undetermined).

rubroscapus (Men.)
Glaucopsis rubroscapus—Ctenucha.
Lycomorpha fulgens Edw.
fulvicollis (eastern).
Scepsis gravis— wrightii.
packardi Grote.
wrightii Stretch.

LITHOSIIDA.
The moths of this family feed on lichens.

Cisthene faustinula—lIllice.
lactea—Clemensia.
nexa—lIllica.

Clemensia albata Pack

lacteata Stretch.
Illice faustinula Boisd.
nexa Boisd.

ARCTIIDA..
Monograph:—Hampson, Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalenze of the

British museum. Vol. III.

Emilia roseata (Walk.)

Ammalo tenera (Hueb.)

Antarctia proba—Diacrisia Vagans.
punctata—Diacrisia vagans.
nevadensis—Apantesis.
ornata—Apantesis.
shastensis—Apantesis nevadensis

simplicior—Apantesis ornata:
rubra Diacrisia.

Apantesis arge (Drury.)
blakei (Grote).
nevadensis (G. & R.).
ornata (Pack.).
proxima (Guer.).

LEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA. 37

Arachnis aulea (not California). Cycnia tenera—Ammalo.
picta (Pack.). Diacrisia rubra (Neum.)

Arctia achaia—Apantesis ornata. vagans” (Boisd.).
arge—Apantesis. virgincia (Fabr.).
blakei—Apantesis. Ecpantheria deflorata (Fabr.)
bolanderi—Apantesis blakei. incarnata—Lerina.
caia (Linn.). permaculata—Turuptiana.
dahurica—Apantesis ornata. scribonia—deflorata. Ais
docta—Apantesis proxima. HKpicallia guttata—Platyprepia virgin-
doris—Apantesis arge. alis.
edwardsii—Apantesis ornata. virginalis—Platyprepia.
fuliginosa—Phragmatobia. Euchetes elegans—Pygarctia.
zeneura—Apantesis nevadensis. sciurus—Ammalo tenera. a
nerea—Apantesis. scudderi—Parasemia plantaginis.
vagans—Diacrisia. yosemite—Ammalo tenera.

ie
i"
yer
Wi!

Figure 23. Hustigmene acree.

virginalis—Platyprepia. EKuprepia blakei—Apantesis.
Bombyx acreze—Eustigmene. _ caia—Arctia.
caia—Arcita. Euschausia argentata (Pack.)
defiorata—Ecpantheria. Eustigmene acrez (Drury).
plantaginis—Parasemia. albida (Strech).
virginica—Diacrisia. Eutrepia acajii—Arctia caia.
Callarctia, ornata—Apantesis. Euverna clio (Pack.)
Callimorpha lecontei—Haploa. Halisidota agassizii—maculata.
Chelonia achaia—Apantesis ornata. alni—maculata.
proxima—Apantesis. argentata—Euschausia.
sciurus—Isia isabella. californica—maculata.
virginalis—Platyprepia. edwardsii—Hemihyalea.
Cordiosoma fulvum—Kodiosoma. maculata (Harr.)
nigrum—Kodiosoma fulva. roseata—Aemilia.
Ctenucha harrissi—Pygoctenucha ter- sobrina—Euschausia.
minalis. euschansia—Argentata.

robinsonii—Lerina incarnata. Haploa lecontei (Boisd.)

38 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

Hemihyalea edwardsii (Pack.) Mzgenas vestalis (Pack.) :
Hyphantria textor Harr. Nemeophile, ceespitalis Paasemia
Ista isabella (S. & A.) plantaginis.

Kedicsoma fulva Stretch. chicorii—Parasemia plantaginis.
eavesii—fulva. clio—Euverna.
nigra—tulva. modesta—Parasemia plantaginis.
tricolor— fulva. petrosa—Parasemia plantaginis.

Leptarctia albida—Eustigmene. rufula—Diacrisia vagans.
albofascia—californiz Noctue. arge—Apantesis.
boisduvalii—californiz fuliginosa—Phragmatobia.
californica Walk. Parasemia plantaginis (Linn.)
decia—californize Phegoptera cinnamomea — Emilia
dimidata—calitorniee. roseata.
fulvo fasciata—californiez. quercus—Hemihyalea edwardsii.
lena—californize. salacis—Halisidota maculata.
latifasciata—californiae. Phalene, isabe!la—tsia.

Lerina incarnata (Walk.) Phobolosia reincarnata Dyar.
occidentalis—californiz. Phragmatobia fuliginosa (Linn.)
stretchii—californie. vagans—Diacrisia.

Leucarctia, acreea—Eustigmene. Piatyprepia virginalis (Bcisd.)
albida—Eustigmene. Pygarctia elegans (Stretch).
californica—lIsia isabella. Pygoctenucha terminalis Walk.
isabella—Isia. Seirarctia, clio—Euverna.
permaculata—Turuptiana. Spilosoma vestalis—Haploa lecontei.

Lophocampa maculata—Halisodota. Turuptiana permaculata Pack.

AGARISTIDA.

A tamily of day flying moths with dark wings on which are large white or
yellow spots. Alypia cctomaculata feeds on grape and ampelopsis and A.
mariposa on the flower buds of Clarkia elegans.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Alypia. Pseudalypia: hind wings unspotted. Alypoides: hind tibize smooth

scaled. Androlomia: costa swollen.

Agarista, dispaci—Alypia. lorquini—Androloma maccullo-
gutatta—Alypia. chii.
langtonii—Alypia. mariposa—Alypia.

Alypia 1775 octomaculata. (65) 1864 ridingsii: (68) front tibiz not orange.
1865 langtoni: (68) octomaculata—markings of hind wings yellow. 1868
mariposa: ridingsii—white markings traversed by black veins. dipsaci: lang-
toni—hind wing with yellow subdorsal spot.

Alypia brannari—Androloma. ridingsii (Grote).
conjuncta—Androloma maccul- sacarmenti—langtonii.
lochii. similis—Androloma maccullochii
dipsaci G. & P. Alypoides bimaculata (H.S.)
gutatta (unidentified). Androloma brannani (Stretch.)
langtonii Coup. maccullochii (Kirby).
lorquini—Androloma. similis—maccullochii.
mariposa (G. & R.). Pseudalypia crotchii Edw.
octomaculata (Fabr.). Zygena octomaculata—Alypia.
NOCTUIDA.

The largest family of the order, including the cut worms which are general

LEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA.

33

feeders. The moths have a series of markings uniform enough to be of great
value in classification, ana to have received a distinct nomenclature. A Series
of lines paralleling the outer margin are known as ‘the subterminal, post-
median and antemedian abbreviated to st. pm. and am. lines. Just behind the
base of the cell there is a dark streak often present, lying at right angles to
the lines and known as the basal streak. There are also three spots known
claviform just behind the cell, orbicular within the cell and reniform at the

tip of cell; the names indicating their usual shape.
Monograph: Hampson Cat. Lep. Phal. British Mus. Vol. [1vV—

Abagrotis erratica—Triphzena.

Ablepharon absidum—Copablepharon.

Acerra addenda— Monima.
behrensiana—X ylomania.
erythrolita—Xylomania.
muricina (Oregon).
mys—Monima.
normalis—Perigrapha.
plusiiformis (Colorado).
pulchella—Perigrapha.
transparens—Perigrapha.

Aconitia angustipennis—Conaconia.
areli—Tarache.
arizonize—Tarache elegantula.
behrii—Tarache.
coquilletti—T arache.
elegantula—Conochares.
flavipennis—Tarache.
gonella Tarache.
lucasi Tarache.

Acronycta felina (Grote).
frigida Smith. ©
hesperina Smith.
impleta Walk.
lepusculina (eastern).

Agrotis 1776 ypsilon. 1880 havilze:
mon cut worm.

Agrotis abnormalis—Tarachidia.
abnormis—Euxoa.
seneipennis—Feltia.
zequalis—Euxoa wilsonii.
agrostis—Euxoa.
albipennis—Euxoa.
alticola—Euxoa.
annexa—Feltia.
apposita—Euxoa:
atomarius—Euxoa.
atrifera—Euxoa.
auxiliaris—Euxoa agretis.
bicollaris—Euxoa.
brevipennis—Euxoa.
brunneigera—Euxoa.
carissima—Triphzena.

hind wings brown.

lithospila Grote.

lupina—Merolonche.

mansueta Smith. ..

marmorata Smith.

cthelia Smith.

pacifica Smith.

perdita Grote.

quadrata Grote.

simplex—xylomania.

spinea—Merolonche.
Actinotia stewarti—Delta.
Adelphagrotis apposita—Eurois.

indeterminata—Eurois.

quarta—Eurois.
Admetovis oxymorus Grote.

similis Barnes.
Adonisea languida—Heliothis. pulchri-

pennis. ~ Bats

pulchripennis—Heliothis.
Aedophron pallens Smith.
Agassizia urbicolor Behr.
Agriopodes viridata (Harv.).
Agroperina cogitata (Walk.).
Agrophila tortricina Zell.

The former a com-

catenula—Porosagrotis.
cicatrosa—Euxoa.
cinereicollis Grote.
clandestina—havilae.
clemens Smith.
cogitans—Euxoa choris
colata—Euxoa. -
costata—Triphaena.
crenulata—Triphzena.
cupidissima—Triphezena.
discoidalis—Triphzena.
divergens—Euxoa.
erratica—Triphzena.
emarginata—Triphzena formalis.
euroides—Euxoa venusta.
evanidalis—Feltia.

40)

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

excellens—Euxoa.
exsertistigmus—Triphzena.
facula—Triphzena formalis.
fauna—Euxoa.
fenisica—Euxoa.
formalis—Triphzena.
friabilis—Euxoa.
furtivus—Euxoa.
fuscigera—Euxoa.

gagates—Euxoa. sie

gravis—Feltia.
havilze Grote.
hollemani—Euxoa.
incallida—Euxoa.
incivis—Peridromia.
inelegans—Triphzena
infimatis—Anomogyna.
infelix—Euxoa excellens.
innotabilis—Eurois indetermin-
ata.
insignata—Euxoa.
intrita—Euxoa.
intrcferens—Euxoa auxiliaris.
lacunosa—Euxoa.
letula—Triphzena.
lagena—Euxoa.
lutulenta—Euxoa.
malefida—Feltia.
mercenaria--Euxoa agrestis.
messoria—Euxoa.
micronyx—Euxoa.
milleri—Feltia.
mimallonis—Porosagrotis.
nostra—Euxoa.
observabilis—Triphzena exserti-
stigma.
orbis—-Triphena variata.
oblata Morr.
germana Edw.
lithosina Edw.
mera Harv.
miona Smith.
salicis arvalis.
superba Edw.
oblongistigma—Euxoa.
pallidicollis—cinereicollis.
perfusca—Euxoa.
plagigera—Euxoa.
punctigera—Euxoa.

pyrophiloides—Noctua.
quadridentata—Euxoa.
quarta—Eurois.
quinquelinea—Euxoa.
radix—Polia.
recula—Euxoa.
rema—Euxoa.
remota—Euxoa.
rena—Euxoa.

rosaria Grote.
rufipectus—Triphzena.
satis—Euxoa.
segregata—Euxoa.

sierrze How.
serricornis—Euxoa.
silens—Euxoa.
specialis—Euxoa wilsoni.
spectranda—Euxoa verticalis.
tesselloides—Euxoa.
vaucouverensis—Feltia.
variata—Triphzena.
venerabilis—Feltia.
verticalis—Euxoa.
vorax—Homoncocnemis fortis.
vernalis—Anomogyna.
volubilis—Feltia.
wilsoni—Euxoa.

ypsilon Rott.

Amathus bicolorago (Guen.)
fornica (Smith).
purpurea (Grote).

Amphipyra glabella (Morr.)
pyramidoides Guen.

Anarta kelloggi—Symphistis.
mimuli Behr.

Andropolia maxima (Dyar.)
olorian (Grote).
theodora (Grote).

Annaphila amicula—decia.
arvalis Edw.
aurantiaca—Incita.
danistica Grote.
casta Edw.
decia Grote.
depicta Grote.
diva Grote.
divinula Edw.
domina Edw.

Anomogyna 1879 vernilis. 1880 infimitalis: front wings tinged with rufus.

Anomogyna infimatis (Grote.)

vernilis (Grote).

Antaplaga koebelei Ril.

Anytus 1857 privata. 1888 evelina: front wings dark. The latter feeds on
Lupines and Ribes.

LEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA. 41

Anytus evalina (French.)
privata (Walk.).
sculptus—privata.

Apamea cogitata—Agroperina.
lunata Smith.
nictitans (Linn.).

Apatela felina—Acronycta.
frigida—Acronycta.
hesperida—Acronycta.
impleta—Acronycta.
lepusculina (eastern)
lupina—Merolonche.
mansueta—Acronycta.
marmorata—Acronycta.
pacifica—Acronycta.
perdita—Acronycta.
quadrata—Acronycta.
spinea—Merolonche.
theodori—Andropolia.

Aporophila yosemitz Grote.

Archenaria alameda (Smith.) |

Arisolonche albovenossa (Goez.)

Arthrochlora feburalis—Monophana.

Aspila subflexa—Chloridia virescens.

Athetis drasteroides (Smith.)

Atethmia canescens—Calymnia orina.

Auchmis confusa—Morrisonia.
Autographa albavitta Ott.
biloba Steph.
brassica (Ril.).
falcigera Kirby.
gamma (Linn.).
labrosa (Grote).
ou (Guen.).
pasiphzeia Grote.
Axenus amplus— arvalis.
arvalis (Grote).
ochraceus— arvalis.
Balsa albopunctella Walk.
Behrensia conchiformis Grote.
Bolina cinis (undetermined. )
hadeniformis (unidentified).
jucunde (unidentified).
Bombycia curvifascia (Smith.)
elda (French.)
Bombyx odora—Erebus.
Bomolocha
Brachylomia rectifascia (Smith.)
Bryomima fallax (Smith.)
Bryophila fascia (Smith.)
viridata—Agriopodes.

incusalis—Pleonectyptera.

Cabaloides franciscana (Smith.)
Cabalos franciscanus—Cabaloides.
Czenurgia adversa (Grote.)
Calymnia orina (Guen.)
Capnodes californica Behr.
Caradrina drasteroides—Athetis.
exigua Huebn.
extimia Athetis.
flavimacula—Laphygma.
glabella—Amphipyra.
leucorena Namangana.
miranda, Proxenus.

Carneades—Euxoa.

Catocala adromache Edw.
adulterata (not authentic).
aholibah Stretch.
aspasia Stretch.
augusta—aspasia.
californica Edw.
cleopatra—californica.
electilis—californica.
faustina Stretch.
francesca—mariana.
fratercula G & R.
hermia Edw.
hippolytia Edw.
ilia (Cram).
irene—californica.
jessica Edw.
junctura (eastern).
mariana Edw.
marmorata Edw.
perdita—faustina.
portia—stretchii.
relicta Walk.
stretchii Behr.
verilliana Grote.
virgilia—irene.
volumina—irene.
zoe—ilia.

Cea cirphidia Ham.

Cerapoda oblita (Grote.)

C lena contrahens—Eriopyge.

Cerma fascia—Bryophila.
olivacea Sm.

Chabulata fistula (Harv.)

Charadra decora Morr.
extimia Walk.
miranda Grote.

Cheophora blanda—Mythimna.

Chloridea 1781 virescens. 1827 armigera: front wings without oblique am.
m. and pm. lines. 1867 phloxiphaga: hind wings with large black discoidal

spot.

The corn worm, armigera, is a great pest on sweet corn and tomatoes

42 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

virescens feeds on solenaceze and phloxiphaga on Grindelia.

Chloridea armigera (Hueb.)
phloxiphaga (G. & R.).
subflexa virescens.
virescens Fabr.

Cirphis 1809 unipuncta. 1852 insueta (79 81) no white spot at lower angle
of cell. 1879 dia: insueta—front wings not tinged with red.
(02) insueta—abdomen not reddish beneath.
bands on tibial spur. C. unicolor is the army worm, perhaps the most injur:
ious member of ‘the family. Feeds largely on alfalfa, often migrates into

vineyards after cutting.
Cirphis dia. (Grote.)
farcta (Grote).
insueta (Guen.)
palliseca (Smith).
Cirrhobolina mexicana (Edw.)
tetrica (Edw.).

Chorizagrotis agrestis—Euxoa.
auxiliaris—Euxoa.

introferens—Euxoa auxiliaris.

Chytonix parvimacula Smith.

Crimona pallimedia Smith. -
Cucullia serraticornis Lint.
solidaginis Behr.
Cyathissa pallida—Emarginea.
Dargidia procinctus—Hadena.

1881 farcta:
1902 palliseca: farcta—blackish

Delta stewarti (Grote.)
Deve. palligera—Panchrysa.
Dianthecia insolens—Polia.
leucogramma—Polia-
reitula—Eriopyge.
Dicestra chartarina (Grote).
Dicopis damnalis—Eutolype.
Drasteria czerulea Grote.
Dryobata, apina—Dryotype.
curvifascia—Bombycia.
elda—Bombycia.
rectifascia—Brachylomia.
Dryotype apina (Grote.)
Dysocnemis prorupta (Grote.)
oregonica (Edw.).
Emarginea pallida (Smith.)
Epia minorata (Smith.)
Eplzeuxis lubricalis (Geyer.)
Erebus odora (Linn.)
Eremobia unicincta (Smith.)

Cissura biformata (Edw.)
scropulosa (Edw.)
subtermina (Sm.).

Cleoceris curvifascia—Bombycia.
alda—Bombycia.
rectifascia—Brachylomia.

Cleophane eulepis—Copicucullia.
occata—Oncocnemis

Cobaloides angelicus Smith.
franciscanus Smith.

Conacontia angustipennis (Grote.)

Conochares altera (Smith.)
elegantula (Harv.).
interrupta Smith.

Copablephron absidium (Harv.)

Copibryophila angelica Smith.

Copicucullia eulepis (Grote.)

Cosmia orina—Calypinia.
sambuci—Zotheca tranquila.

Cradrina drasteroides—Athetis..

Eriopyge 1860 contrahens. (87) 1874 puerilis: front wings tinged with pur-
plish red. rufula: front wings purplish red. 1879 perbrunnea: rufula—orbicu-
very indistinct. 1887 irrorata: male with long downturned. hair on under side

of front wings. 1890 curta: antennze of male bipectinate. 1905 affructa:

pm. line outcurved to vein 4 and then incurved.

Eriopyge affructa Ham. _
contrahens (Walk.).
curtica (Smith).
irorata (Smith).
perbrunnea (Grote).
puerilis (Grote).
rufula (Grote).

Eudryas brevipennis Stretch.
Euharveya carbonaria Harv.
HKuherrichia cervina—Protophana.
Eumestleta carmelita Morr.

daria (Druce).
Euplexia lucipara (Linn.)
Eupsephopectes procinctus—Hadena.

Eurois 1865 indeterminata. 1878 apposita: front wings without black basal
streak.

LEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA. 43

Eurois apposita (Grote.) penita—includens.
indeterminata (Walk.). EKuthisanotia brevipennis—Eudryas.
pluviosa—Parastichtis arctica. Eutolype dramalis (Grote.)
quarta (Grote.) perscripta—Lepipolis.

Euros proprius—Symphistis. Eutricopsis naxilis Morr.

Eustrotia includens (Walk.)

Euxoa 1841 messoria. (65 74 75 78) 1856 insignata: (74 75 90)front wings not
densely irrorate with dark. divergens: (65 78 90 91 00) front wings with cell
cark between stigmata.

1865 vetusta: (76) divergens— front without black basal dash. septentri-
onalis: messoria—front wings with well defined series of dark dentate marks
before st. line. punctigera: (74 75 83 87 90) messoria— front wings without
median shade. quadridentata: (74 76) veins 38, 4, 6 and 7 of front wings de-
fined by pale streaks strongly indenting the st. line. cicatrosa: quadridenta-
ta— front wings wita stigma and submedian fascia clear yellow.

1873 auxillaris: antennee of male not strongly serrate and fasciculate.
1874 fuscigera: insignata—hind wings not wholly tinged wito brown. in-

trita (75) messoria— front wings dark brown. hollemani (78) punctigera—
tegule with prominent median band or shade. plagigera (87) quadridentata
hind wings wholly suffused with brown.

1875 brunnigera (90) insignata—orbicular and reniform withoud dark cen-
ters. friabilis: intrita—hind wings almost entirely white in the male. feni-
punctigera—front wings reddish brown.

1876 satis: (77 80 81 90) vetusta—hind wings entirely suffused with brown.
fauna: insignata—front wings with lines indistinct. recula: quadridentata:
orbicular v-shaped, open above.

1877 albipennis: satis—hind wing of male white with brown terminal line,
of female wholly suffused wita brown.

1878 atrifera: (80) divergens—hind wing of male whitish, terminal area
suffused with brown. micronyx (90) messoria—hind wings nearly entirely
suffused with brown. bicollaris: (00) hollemani—orbocular and reniform
not confluent.

1880 tesselloides (00) atrifera—ground color of front wings grey. verticalis:
satis—hind wings of both sexes white, terminal areas tinged with brown.

1881 collata: (00) satis—orbicular open above,

1883 perfusca: punctigera—stigmata defined by blackish.

1887 serricornis: punctigera—front wings rufus, without dark irrorations.
oblongistigma: plagigera—front wings with cell suffused with black. brevi-
‘pennis (94) quadridentata—orbicular oblong.

1890 furtiva: (00) divergens—orbicular v-shaped. intrusa: satis—front
wings with cell prominently black. nostra: satis—front wing with terminal
area blackish. rena: satis—no dark band on tegula. incallida: brunnigera—
front wings brownish grey. lutulenta: insignata—median shade prominent.
quinquelineata: micronyx—claviform not well defined. remota: (00) punc-
tigera—front wings with ground color grey.

44 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

1891 fusimacula: divergens—front wings with reniform confluent or nearly
so with orbicular.

1894 segregata: brevipennis—front wings tinged with reddish brown.

1900 compressipennis: divergens—ground color of front wings reddish
brown. Czesia: divergens—no white streak on median vein of front wing.
silenis: tesselloides—lines about obsolete. laminis: tesseliodes—tegule rufus
at base. vanidica: furtiva—frent wing with oblique yellow streakfrom end of
claviform. noctuiformis: collata—front wings brown. tocoyze: feniseca—
front wings yellow suffused with brick red. relaxa: feniseca—front wings
pale fuscous tinged with rufous. nzvula: remota— front wings without
rufous tint. fulda: nevula—front wing with terminal area dark. loya: bi-
collaris—front wings not brown. nevada: hollenmani—front wings with costal
area concolorous.

Euxoa abnormis (Smith.) intrusa (Smith).

acutifrons (Smith).
agrestis (Grote).
albipennis (Grote).
alticola (Smith).
atomaris (Smith).
atrifer Grote
auxiliaris (Grote).
bicollaris Grote.
bifirmata Smith.
brevipennis (Smith).
brunniegera (Grote). «
czecius (Smith).
choris (Smith).
cicatrosa (Grote).
cinereopallida Smith.
cogitans (Smith).
colata Grote.

compressipennis (Smith).

divergens (Walk.).
excellens (Grote).
fauna (Morr.).
feniseca (Harv.).
flutea Smith.
friabilis (Grote).
fulda (Smith).
furtiva (Smith).
fuscigera Grote.
fusimacula Smith.
gagates (Grote).
henrietta (Smith).
hollemani (Grote).
incallida (Smith).
incubita (Smith).
insignata (Walk.).
insulsa—messoria.

lacunosa (Grote).
lagena (Grote).
laminis (Smith).

loya (Smith).

lutulenta (Smith).
messoria (Harr.).
micronyx (Grote).
naevula (Smith).
nevada (Smith).
noctuiformis (Smith).
nostra (Smith).
oblongistigma (Smith).
perexcellens—éxcellens.
perfusca (Grote).
plagigera (Morr.).
punctigera Walk.
quadridentata (G. & R.)
quinquelinea (Smith).
recula (Harv.).
relaxus (Smith).
remota (Smith).

rena (Smith).

satis Harv.

segregata (Smith).
selenis (Smith)
septentrionalis (Walk.).
serricornis (Smith).
silens Grote.
spectanda—verticalis.
tesselloides Grote.
tocoyze (Smith).
vanidica (Smith).
verticalis (Grote).
vestuta Walk.

wilsonii (Grote).

intrita Mor. Fala phycophora Grote.
Feltia 1825 annexa. (73 78) 1852 maleflda: (56) claviform filled in with

LEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA. 4

black.
(74 75) annexa—hind wings brown.
volubilis:
sis—head not ferruginous.
dark streak beyond the reniform.

Feltia zeneipennis (Grote.)
annexa (Triet.).
evanidalis (Grote).
gravis (Grote).
malefida (Guen.).
milleri (Grote).
vancouverensis (Grote).
venerabilis (Walk.).
volubilis (Harv.).

Feralia feburalis—Moniphana.

Fruva acerba—Tarache.
modesta Edw.

Galgula partita Guen.

Glee, olivata—Psectraglzea

Gortyna albilunata—Apamea lunata.

nictitans—Apamea.
obliqua—H ydreecia.
sawzallte—Ochria.

Grzeparia megocula (Smith.)

Graphiphora arthrolita—Monima.
behrensiana—X ylomania.
curtica—Eriopyge.
erythrolita—Xylomania.
furfurata—Eriopyge affurata.
muricina (Colorado).
normalis—Perigrapha.
pacifica—Monima.
pectinata—Perigrapha.
perbrunnea—Eriopyge.
preeses—Perigrapha.
puerilis—Eriopyge.
pulchella—Perigrapha.
rubica—X ylomania.
terminata—Perigraph:.

Graptolita contenta (Grote.)
dilatocula (Smith).
gausapata (Grote).
oregonensis (Harv.)
puella (Smith).

Gyros muirii (Edw.)

Hadena adnixa—Tarache.
albina—Parasticta.
antennata—Parastichtis.
binotata—Trachea.

castanea—Parastichtis arctica.

catalina—Tarache.
centralis—T rachea.
cinefacta—Trachea.
cogitata—Agroperina.
cuculiformis—Parastichtis.

(76) vancouverensis—lines

oO

1856 venerabilis: malefida—hind wings brown. 18738 vancouverensis:
1874 gravis: vancouverénsis— head dark.

indistinct.
1876 zeneipennis: volubilis—front wings without
1878 evanidalis: annexa—orbicular y-shaped

1875 milleri: vancouveren-

curvata—Trachea binotata.
cymosa—Porastichtis castanea.
devastatrix—Sidemia.
didonea—Xylomania.
divesta—Trachea.
evelina—Anytus.
ethnica—Trachea.
fumcola—Trachea.
genetrix—Trachea.
genialis—Parastichtis.
glorina—Polia.
inconspicua—Trachea paviz.
indirecta—Trachea.
levigata—Oligia.
mariana—Trachea.
mustelina—Trachea.
occidens—Parastichtis.
olorina—Andropolia.
pausis—Trachea.
pavia—Trachea.
pluviosa—Parastichtis arctica.
procincta (Grote).
rectifascia—Cleoceris.
relicina—Parastichtis.
stricta—Polia.
susquesa—Trachea.
tusa—Trachea.
unicnicta—Eremobia.
violacea—Oligia.

Hecatera laudabilis—Polia.

Hagena cuculliformis—Parastichtis.

Helia occidentalis—Epizreuxis —lubri-

calis.

Heliaca diminutiva—Heliothodes.
nexilis—Eutricopsis.
ranunculi—Xanthothrix.

Heliodes angelica Smith.
restrictalis—Microhelia.

Heliosea pictipennis Grote.

Heliolonche modicella Grote.

Heliophana amarylis Smith.

Heliophila dia.—Cirphis.
farcta—Cirphis.
heteradoxa—Cirphis insueta.
megadia—Cirphis dia.
minorata—Leucania.
oxygale—Leucania.
palliseca—Cirphis.
unipuncta—Cirphis.

Heliosea pictipennis (Grote.)

46

Heliothis armiger—Chloridia.
californica—sueta.
celeris (Grote).
crotchii—Schinia cupes.
diminutiva—Heliothodes.
grzefiana (Tep.)
lanul—Schinia.
pulchripennis (Grote).
phlogophagus—Chloridia

iphaga.
proruptus—Dysocnemis.
sueta (Grote).
vacciniz (Edw.)
villosa (Grote).

Heliothodes diminutivus (Grote.)
fasciata (Edw.).

Herrichia cervina—Protophana.

Heterogramma palligera—Tetanolita.

Himella furfurata—Eriopyge affurata.

Homoglzea californica (Smith.
carbonaria (Harv.).

Homotadena chorda—Oncocnemis.
deserta—Litocala sexsignata.
elda—Bombycia.

phlox-

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

figurate, Oncocnemis.
fortis—Homococnemis.
picina—Homococnemis fortis.
Homoncocnemis fortis (Grote.)
Homoptera salicis—PHeecyma.
roszee—Phzecyma salicis.
rubi—Pheecyma.
Hoplolythra discistriga (Smith.)
Hydroecia albilunata—Apamea lunata.
angelica—Papaipema.
lunata—Apamea.
obliqua (Harv.).
pacifica—Apamea nictitans.
Hypena californica Behr.
decorata—calitornica.
modesta Smith.
Hyssia niveoguttata (Grote.)
incita aurantiacus (Edw.)
Ingura cristatrix—Peectes.
declinata—Poectes.
Jaspidia viridata—Agriopodes.
Laphrygma flavimaculata Harv.
Lepipolys perscripta Guen.
behrensi (Grote).

Lasionycta 1879 arietis. 1880 defessa: claviform well developed.

Lasionycta arietis (Grote.)
ochracea (Grote).

Leucania dia—Cirphis.
farcta—Cirphis.
henrici—Simyra.
heterodoca—Cirphis insueta.

Leucania 1758 pallens. 1881 oxygala:
1894 minorata: front wing with fuscous shade below median vein.

fuscous.

minorata Smith.

oxygata (Grote.)

pallens (Linn.).

unipuncta—‘irphis.
Leucanitis adumbrata—Syneda.

hind wings uniformly tinged with

Perigonica 1890 angulata. 1902 tertia: male antenne bipectinate.

edwardsii—Syneda.
maculosa—Syneda.
nubicula—Syneda.
ochracea—Syneda.
stretchii—Syneda howlandii.
socia—Syneda.
tejonica—Syneda.
Litholomia napzea (Morr.)
Lycophonta

1809 margarintosa. 1852 lubricans:

Lithophane carbonaria—Homoglea.
contenta—Graptolitha.
gausapata—Graptolitha.
oregonensis—Graptolitha.

Lithocala sexsignata Harv.

Litosea aaversa—Coenurgia.

Luperina posticata (Harv.)

(03) reniform small. 1903

radiola: lubricans—front wings not reddish.

Lycophontia lubricans (Guen.)
margaritosa (Harv.)

radiola Ham.

Lygranthoecia 1864 mortua. 1893 intrabilis: hind wings orange.

Lygranthzecia intrabilis (Smith.)
mortua (Grote).
saturata—Schinia.

Lythrodes discistriga—Hoplolythra.

Mamestra albogutta—Polia.

anetis—Lasionycta.
binotata—Trachea.
cinnebarina—Polia stricta.
chartaria—Discestra.
circumcincta—Polia stricta.

LEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA.

comis—Polia olivacea.
crotchii—Polia.
cuneata—Polia.
davena—Polia olivacea.
defessa—Scotogramma.
dimmocki—Polia radix.
discalis—Polia.
incolens—Polia.
insulsa—Euxoa messoria.
invalida—Polia.
laudabilis—Polia.
lepidula—Polia.
leucogramma—Polia.
minorata—Epla.
nevadze—Polia.
niveiguttata—Hyssia.
noverca—Polia. i
olivacea—Polia.
passa—Polia.
pensilis—Polia.
puerilis—Eriopyge.
punctigera—Euxoa.
quadrata—Polia.
quadrillineata—Polia
radix—Polia.
rectilinea—Polia olivacea.
rubrica—X ylomania.
septentrionalis—Euxoa.
stricta—Polia.

subapicalis—Xylomania perlub-

Monima 1820 addenda. 1874 arthrolita: male antennee fasciculate.

arthrolita—st. line pale.

Monima addenda (Smith).
arthrolita (Harv.).
mys (Dyar).
pacifica (Harv.).

Monophana februalis (Grote.)

Morrisonia confusa (Hubn.).
peractua Morr.

Mythimna blanda (Grote).

Namangana alfceni (Grote).
leucorena (Smith).

Nephelodes mimians Guen.

Nocloca nesza (Smith)
rivulosa Smith.

Noctua armigera—Chloridia.
albovenosa—Arsilonche.
clemens—Agrotis.
gamma—Autographa.
havile—Agprotis.
lucipara—Euxplexia.
lubricans—Lycophotia.
margaritosa—Lycophotia.
nictitans—Apamea.
oblata—Agrotis.

ens.
trifolii—Scotogramma.
unipuncta—Cirphis.
u-scripta—Trichoclea.
ventusta—Euxoa.
vicina—Polia.
Melanoporphyria prorupta Grote.
Melichleptria californiensis—Heliothis
sueta.
celeris—Heliothis.
fasciata—H eliothodes.
oregonica—Dysocnemis.
grefiana—Heliothis.
perminuta—Pseudotamilia.
prorupta—Melanoporphyria.
pulchripennis—Heliothis.
sueta—Heliothis.
vaccinie—Heliothis.
villosa—Heliothis.
Meliopotis bolino—jucunda.
cinis—jucunda.
hadeniformis—jucunda.
jucunda (Hubn.).
Merolonche lupina (Grote).
ursina S. & D.
spinea (Grote).
Metalepsis cornuta (Grote).
Microhelia restrictalis (Smith).
Miodera stigmata Smith.

pacifica:
1902 nys: male antenne bipectinate.
odora—Erebus.
pallens—Leucania.
pallidicornis—Agrotis cinnerei-

collis.
pyrophiloides Harv.
rosaria—Agrotis.
saucia—Peridromia.
viregscens—Chloridea.
sierree—Agrotis.
Nonagria alameda—Archenaria.
Ochria sauzzelitze Grote.
Oligia lavigata (Smith).
violacea (Grote).
Omia nesza—Nocloa.
Oncocnemis albifasciatus Ham.
aqualis (Grote).
aterrima—Pseudocontia.
angustata Harv.
behrensi—Lepipolis.
chorda (Grote).
corusca Smith.
exemplaris (Smith).
fasciatus—albifasciatus.

48

figurata Ham. =
fortis—Homoncocnemis.
fragmantis Smith.
eracillinea—Oxycnemis.
hayesi Grote.
major Grote.
menantho Smith.
mirificalis Grote.
oblita—Cerapoda.
occata (Grote).
pophono Smith.
Orrhodia californica—Homoglea.
irrorata—Eriopyge.
Orthodes puerilis—Eriopyge.
Orthosia bicolorago—Amathes.
formica—Amathes.
hamifera—Perigrapha transpar:
ens.
posticata—Luperina.
purpurea—Amathes.
Oxycnesis fusimacula (Smith).
gracillinea (Grote).
yuma—gracillinea.
Pachnobia cinerascens (Smith).

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

cornuta—Metalepsis.
Paectes cristatrix (Guen.).
declinata (Grote).
Palada scarletina Smith.
Panthea portlandia Grote.
Panchrysa palligera (Grote).
Papaipema angelica (Smith).
Paragrotis (Euxoa).
Parastichtis albina (Grote).
antennata (Smith).
arctica (Boisd.).
castanea (Grote).
cuculliformis (Grote).
genialis (Grote).
occidens (Grote).
relicina (Morr.).
Peridromia demutabilis (Smith).
incivis (Guen.).
saucia (Hubn.).
Perigea alfkenii—Namangana.
falsa—Bryomima.
mersa (Morr.).
Perigonica angulata Smith.
tertia Dy r.

Perigrapha 1876 pulchella (87) 1879 preeses (81) antenne of male fasciculate.

1881 transparens: preeses—inner margin of front wing crimson.
pectinata: terminata—postmedian area of

ata: pulchella—orbicular ahsent.

1887 termin-

front wings concolorous. 1891 prima: antennze bipectinate in both sexes.
1894 normalis: reniform and orbicular confluent. %

Perigrapha behrensiana—Xylomania.
inferior—Stretchia.
muricina (Oregon).
normalis (Grote).
pectinata (Smith).
przeses (Grote).
prima Smith.
pulchella Harv.
terminata (Smith).
transparens (Grote).

Phzecocyma salacis (Behr.).
tertia Dyer.

Phalena devastatrix—Sidemia.

Phaleena devastatrix—Sidemia.

Phzecocyma salacis (Behr.)
rosee—salacis.
rubi (Edw.).

Phoberia indiscreta (Edw.).
ilia—Catocala.

Phobolosia resincarineta Dyar.
Pleonectopoda—Euxoa.
Pleonectyptera finitima Smith.
incusalis Grote
secundatis Grote.
subflavidalis Grote.
Pleroma cinerea Smith.
obliquata Smith.
Pleuronectyptera finitima Smith.
Plusia brassica—Autographa.
californica—Auteographa gamma.
gamma—Autographa.
labrosa—Autographa.
lenzi—metallica.
metallica Grote.
ou—Autographa.
russea—Autographa gramma.
Podagra crassipes Smith

Polia 1852 laudibilis. (65 73) 1856 radix: (91) st. line dentate on veins 3 and

4 forming a distinct w-mark.

1865 stricta: (74) laudabilis—front wing with tip of median vein streaked

with white.

LEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA. 49

1873 quadrilineata (77) laudabilis— ground color of front wings grey white.
cuneata: (74 93) laudabilis—reniform large, kidney-shaped. leucogramma:
(74 77 87) antenne of nale fasciculate.

1874 olivacea: stricta—front wings not reddish brown. pensilis: (05) clavi-
form extending well below the cell. passa (76) prothorax with a divided
crest. insolens: (05) leucogramma—front wing not reddish.

1876 nevadze: (00) passa—front wings with distinct w-mark.

1877 alboguttata: quadrilineata—am. and pm lines not approximate behind.
discalis (50) leucogramma—prothorax with divided crest.

1878 noverica: vicina—reniform U-shaped.

1880 crotchi: discalis—front wings tinged with brown.

1887 lepidula: leucogramma—pm.line incurved below vein five.

1891 quadrata: radix—front front wings without black basal streak.

1853 densa: cuneata—ground color of front wings yellowish brown.

1900 invalida: nevade—front wings with am. and pm. lines conjoined by a
black streak in submedian fold.

1905 stenotis: pensilis—ground color of front wings white. canites:
insolens—ground color of front wings yellowish brown.

Polia alboguttata (Grote). olivacea (Morr.).
canites Ham. ; olorina—Andropolia

crotchii (Grote).
cuneata (Smith).
densa (Smith).

dicalis (Grote).
insolens (Grote).
invalida (Smith).
laudabilis (Guen.).
lepidula (Smith).
leucogramma (Grote).
maxima—Andropolia.

passa (Morr.).
pensilis (Grote).
privata—Anytus.
quadrata (Smith).
quadrilinea (Grote).
radix (Walk.).
stenotis Ham.

stricta (Walk.)
theodori—Andropolia.
vicina (Grote).

nevadz (Grote). Polia alorina (Grote).
noverica (Grote). theodori (Grote).

Porosagrotis 1873 mimallonis. 1879 catenula: pm. line reduced to a series
of spots.

Porosagratis catenula (Grote).
milleri Feltia.

Proxenus miranda (Grote)
Psectraglzea olivata (Harv.).
mimallonis (Grote). Pseudoglea blanda—Mythimna.
Pronoctua pyrophiloides Harv. Pseudoglossa decepta—Mythimna
Prodenia ornithogali Guen. blanda.
przfica Grote. Pseudoglossa lubricalis—Epizeux(is.
Protophana cervina (Edw.). Pseudorthosia variabilis Grote.
Pseudotamilia 1798 vanella. 1881 perminuta: no antemedian whitish band
on hind wings.
Pseudotamila perminuta Edw.
vanella Grote.
Pyrocleptria californica Ham.
Pyrophila glabella—Amphipyra.
Pyrrhia umbria Hubn. Rhizagrotis abnormis (Smith).
Rancora, matricaria—Cucullia serrati- lagena (Grote).
cornis. Rhodosia julia—Timora.

solidaginis—Cucullia.
Raphia cinderella Smith.

coloradensis Put.

pallula—coloradensis.

50 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

Rhynchagrotis (Triphzena).
Rhynchagrotis carissima (Harv.).
costata (Grote).
crenulata (Smith).
cupidissima (Grote).
exsertistigma (Morr.).

Schinia 1852 arcigera. 1874 saturata:
1875 cupes: (77) saturata—front wings yellowish white.
markings of front wings not reddish.

Schinia arctifera Guen.
buta Smith.
cupes (Grote).
intrabilis—Lygrantheecia.
lanul Str.
ligeee—Thyreion.

Scotogramma 1776 trifolii. 1880 defessa: no distinct w-mark on st. line.

formalis (Grote).
inelegans (Smith).
leetula (Grote).
rufipectus (Morr.).
trigqona Smith.
variata Grote.

ochreifuascia—lanul.

packardii—Lygranthoecia mortua

saturata (Grote).

velaris—lanul.
Scoliopteryx libatrix (Linn.)
Scopelosoma napzea—Litholomia.

Former species feeds on Chenopodium and Atriplex.

Scotogramma defessa (Grote).
densa—Polia.
trifolii (Rot.)

Segetia mersa—Perigea.

Setagrotis dernarius Smith.
infimatis—Anomogyna.
radiatus—Lycophotia radiola.

Sidemia devastatrix Brace.

Simyra henrici (Grote).

Sprogueia fumata—Tarachidia.
vernalis—Anomogyna.

Stibadium fulignosa Stiria.
hutsoni—Stiria.

Stiria fulignosa (Smith).
hutsoni (Smith).

Stretchia addenda—Monima.
behrensiana—X ylomania.
erythrolita—Xylomania
inferior (Smith).
normalis—Perigrapha
mys—Monima.
plusiiformis (Colorado).
pulchella—Perigrapha.
transparens—Perigrapha.

Stylopoda cephalica Smith.

Symphistis kelloggi (Edw.).
propius Edw.

Synedoida biformata—Cissura.
scrupulosa—Cissura.
subtermina—Cissura.

Syneda adumbrata Behr.
divergens Behr.
edwardsii Behr.
hadeniformis—Melipotis

da.
hastingsii Edw.
howlandii Grote.

jucun-

macculosa Behr.
mexicana—Cirrhobolina.
nubicola Behr.
ochracea Behr.
perpallida—hastingsii.
socia Behr.
stretchii—howlandii.
tejonica Behr.
Teeniocampa addenda—Monima.
arthrolita—Graphiphora.
carina—Polia insolens.
curtica—Eriopyge
furfurata—Eriopyge affurata.
pacifica—M onima.
Teenicampi paviee—Trachea.
pectinata—Perigrapha.
perbrunea—Eriopyge.
preeses—Perigrapha.
puerilis—Eriopyge.
pulchella—Perigrapha.
rufula—Eriopyge.
terminata—Perigrapha.
Tamila vanella—Pseudotamila.
velaris—Schinia lanul.
Tarache angustipennis—Conacontia.
acerba (Edw.).
areli (Stretch).
behrii (Smith).
candefacta—T arachidia.
coquilletti (Smith).
elegantula—Conochares.
flavipennis. (Grote).
gonella (Stretch).
lucasi (Smith).
niveicollis Smith.

semiopaca—Conochares elegant-

ground color of hind wings white.
1877 lanul: cupes—

LEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA.

ula.

Tarachidia candefacta (Hubn.).
fumata (Smith).
tortricina (Zell.).

Tetanolita palligera (Smith).

Thalpocharea arizonsee—Conochares el-

egantula.
elegantula—Conochares.
daria—Eumestleta.

Therasea angustipennis—Conacontia.

Thyreion ligeze (Smith).

Timora julia (Grote).

Tornacontia altera—Conochares.

Tornacontia megocula—Greeperia.
pavize (Behr.).

Trachea adnixa (Grote).
binotata (Walk.).
catalina (Smith).
centralis (Smith).
cinefacta (Grote.)
divesta (Grote).
ethnica (Smith).
fumeola Ham.
genetrix (Grote).
indirecta (Grote).
marina (Grote).
mustelina (Smith).
pausis (Smith).
tusa (Grote).

Trichoclea 1887 edwardsi. 1871 antica: terminal band of hind wing no deep

fuscous.
Trichoclea antica Smith.
edwardsii Smith.
postica (Colorado).
u-scripta (Smith).
Tricholita fistula—Chabultat.
Trichosellus cupes Grote.
Trichotarche assimilis Grote
Triocnemis saporis Grote.
Triphzena carissima (Harv.).
costata (Grote).
crenulata (Smith).

Ufeus 1873 plicata. 1883 sagitaria:

Ufeus plicatus Grote.
sagittarius Grote.

Ulolonche niveiguttata—Hyssia.

Veleria opina Grote.

Xanthia bicoloraga— Amathes.
palzcea Eesp. .
Xanthothrix neumoegeni Edw.

ranunculi Edw.

Xylina amanda Smith.
carbonaria (Harv.).
contenta—Graptolitha.
dilatocula—Graptolitha.
indeterminata—Eurosis.

infructosa—Morrisonia confuSa..

oregonensis—Graptolitha.
torrida Smith.
Xylomania behrensiana (Grote).

Xylomania 1865 simplex.
patalis:
bipectinate.
188 rubricar

1875 behrensiana:

U-scripta: am. line absent.

1873 curialis:
antenne of male ciliated.
hiemalis—orbicular

cupidissima Grote.
discoidalis (Grote).
exsertistigma (Morr.)
erratica (Smith).
formalis (Grote).
inelegans (Smith).
leetula (Grote).
meta (Smith).
rufipectus (Morr.).
variata (Grote)...
Tristyla alboplagiata Grote.
lines obsolete.
curialis (Grote).
hiemalis (Grote).
patelis (Grote).
perlubens (Grote).
rubrica (Harv.).
simplex (Walk.).
Xylomiges cruciles—Xylomania
plex.
curialis—X ylomania.
hiemalis—X ylomania.
ochracea—Lasionycta
patalis—Xylomania.
perlubens—Xylomania.
rubrica—Xylomania.
simplex—Xylomania
Xylomcea didonea (Smith).

1874 hiemalis:

1881 perlubens: rubrica—front wings without black basal streak.

Xylophasia albina—Parastichtis
antennata—Parastichtis.

centralis—Trachea.
cinefacta—Trachea.

sim-

antennee iof male fasciculatel
(75) antenne of male
and reniform confluent.
(81) simplex—front wings: with ground color brownish grey.

52 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

cogitata—Agroperina. Yrias crudelis Grote.
cuculiformis—Parastichtis. Zosteropoda hirtipes Grote.
genialis—Parastichtis. Zotheca tranquila Grote.
occidens—Parastichtis. viridula—tranquila.

pluviosa—Parastichtis arctica

NYCTEOLIDA.
A small family represented in California by a single species.
Nycteola revanyana Scop.
PERICOPIDA.

A Mexican species extends into southern California.
Gnophaela hopfferi—latipennis. latipennis Boisd.

DIOPTIDE.

igure 24. Pupa of the oak moth.

The oak moth is very troublesome in the bay region completely defoliating

the live oaks every few years.
spraying with lead arsenate if the trees were smaller.

Phryganidia californica Pack.

NOTODONTIDAZA.

It would not be very difficult to control by

Two moths of considerable importance belong to this family, Datana min-

istra which feed gregariously on walnut, and Schizura concinna, the

humped caterpillar of the apple.

Alastor gibbosa—Nadata. Clostera

Cerura cinerea—Harpyia. calis.
cinereoides—Harpyia.
paradoxa—Harnpyia cinerea. cornis.
Ccolepandra—Harpyia. Datana californica Riley

incarcerata—Melalopha

Coelodasys conspecta—Schizura

red-

api-

uni-

LEPIDOPTERA

ministra Drury.
Dicranura scolopendrina—Harpyia.
Drymonia dimidiata—Pheosia.
Humelia severa——Gluphisia.
Gluphisia albofascia wrightii.
crenata—septentrionalis.
septentrionalis Walk.
severa Edw.
wrightii Edw.
Harpyia cinerea (Walk.).
scolopendrina (Boisd.).
Hyperaeschra strangula (Grote).
Ichthpura apicalis—Melalopha.
bifiria—M elalopha.
brucei—Melalpha.

incarcarata—Melalopha apicalis.

inornata—Melalopha.

ornata—Melalopha apicalis.
Melalopha apicalis Walk.

alethe—brucei.

brucei Edw.

inornata Neum.

— BOMBYCINA. 53
multchnoma—brucei.
Melia danbyi—Gluphisa severa.

Phalzna concinna—Schizura.
gibbosa—Natdata.

unicornis—Schizura.

Pheosia californica—dimidiata.
dimidiata H. S.
portlandia Edw.

Schizura concinna S. & A.
conspecta—unicornis.
ipomoeze Doub.
unicornis S. & A.

Nadata behrensii—gibbosa.
gibbosa (S.& A.).
oregonensis—gibbosa.

Notodonta californica—Pheosia dim-
idiata.
pacifica—Hyperzeschra_ strangu-
la.

strangula—H ypereeschra.
Oedemasia salacis—Schizura concinna
unicornis—Schizura.

THYATIRIDAE.

Bombycia improvisa Edw.
Gluphisia tearlei—Bombycia

improvisa

tearlei—improvisa.

LIPARIDA.

Figure 25. Cocoons of tussock
with egg masses.

THis family is represented here by

moth

a single species.

The tussock moth of this coast resembles the eastern species quite closely
but is very much more resistant to arsenicals requiring very heavy doses.
or the use of some of the other methods described in Cal. Bulletin 183.

54 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

Hemerocampa vetusta Boisd. gulosa—Hemerocampa vetusta.
Orgyia canzee—Hemerocampa vetusta. vetusta—Hemerocampa.

Figure 26. Dust mound about a tree to protect it from tussock moth larve after
shaking them down.

: LASIOCAMPIDA.

This Family includes three species of tent caterpillars Malacosoma which
are at times highly injurious in orchards.
Clisiocampa americana—Epicnaptera. disstria—Malacosoma.

californica—Malacosoma. drupacearum—Malacosoma _ dis-
constricta—Malacosoma fragilis. stria.

5

or

LEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA.

Epicnaptera americana Harris. Lasiocampa carpinifolia—Epicnaptera
erosa—Malacosoma. disstria. americana.
fragilis—Malacosoma. Malacosma ambismilis—californica.
thoracica—M alacosoma. californica Pack.
Pseudoneustria—Malacosoma constricta—fragilis.
californica—americana. disstria Hubn.
frutetorum (not California). fragilis Stretch.

Gastropacha americana—Epicnaptera.

BOMBYCIDA.
The silk worm of commerce is found in this state only under domestication.
See California circular 12.
Bombyx mori Linn.

Figure 27. Tussoeck moth larva.

PLATYPTERYGIDA.
Drepana arcuata Walk. siculifer Pack.

GEOMETRIDA.

The larvee of the moths of this family have but ten legs, and walk with a
peculiar looping motion and are called loopers, Span worms or measuring
worms. This peculiarity is also indicated by the name Geometride. The
canker worms Alsophila and Paleacrita are the most injurious members of the
family.

rubromarginaria—Xystrota he- Alsophila pometaria Harr.

paticaria. Anagoga pulveraria Linn.
sideraria—Eois. Anaplodes arizonaria Grote.
subalbaria—Eois anticaria. delicaria Dyar.
AeEthalodes packardia (Hulst.) Acidalia ancellata—Cinglis.
Aethyctera electa Hulst. californiaria—Eois sideraria.
Alcis californiaria—imitata. dataria—Cosymbia.
dejecta Hulst. granitaria—Eois.

sulphuraria Pack.

56 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

magnetoria—Leptomeris
depromaria Grote
imitata Walk.
latifasciaria (Pack.).
metanemaria Hulst.
obliquaria Grote.

pacificaria—Eois sideraria.

5-iinearia—Letomeris.

rubrolinearia—Leptomeris mag-

netaria.
festaria—arizonaria.
illustraria Hulst.
iridaria Guen.
pistacearia Pack.
Ania brehmeata Gros.

Anisopteryx pometaria—Alsophila.

NN Le é

sph

he : 2 5 4 w
rahi 44) ’

Figure 28. The three most ca

pests attacking the foliage of the apple

A. Canker worm. B. Tussock
tent caterpillar.

venata—Paleacrita.
Annemoria faseolaria (Guen.).

graefiaria Hulst.
Apzecasia mercedulata Strech.
Aplodes rubrifrontaria Pack.

terpillar

mothy iC:

Aspilates opuscularia—Pterospoda.

behrensaria—Deilinia.
desperaria Hulst.
dissimilaria Hubn.
Azelina ancetaria Hubn.
behrensata Pack.
occidentalis Hulst.
hubneraria—ancetaria.

Baptria californiata—Euchoeca.

Biston virginarius—Lycia.
Boarmia californica—Alcis imi
clivinoria—Selidosema

tata.
clivinar-

ium.
plumogeraria Hulst.
wrightiaria Hulst.
Brephos californicus Boisd.
melanis Boisd.
Caberodes confusaria Hubn.
Camptogramma — fluviata—Percnoptil-
ota.
Caripeta aequaliaria Grote.
Catopyrra ferruginosaria (Pack.).
Cherodes egrotata—Sabuloides caber-
ata.
nubiliata—Sabluoides.
Chesiadodes morosata Hulst.
Chesias occidentaliata— (synonymy un-
determined).
Chlorcchlamys chloroleucaria Guen.
phyllinaria Zell.
Chlorochlystis inconspicua Hulst.
Chlorosea fasciolaria—mAnnemoria.
nevadaria Pack.
perviridaria—mAnnemoria © faseo-
laria.
Choerades nubiliata—Sabuloides.
Cidaria glaucata—Hydriomena _ sordi-
data.
leoninata—-Eurhinosea.
mancipata—Eurhinosea.
multilineata—Mesoleuca_ .impli-
cata. ¢
nubilata—Sabuloides.
4-punctata—Coenocalpe magnol-
iata
rubrosuffusata—Rheumaptera.
subochreata—Eurhinosea manci- |
pata.
Cinglis ancellate Hulst.
Cleora atrofasciata—Siagraphia con-
tinuata.
caberata—Sabuloides.
correllatum Hulst.
formosata Hulst.
punctomacularia—Philedia.
Coenecalpe annellata Hulst.
carnata Pack.
coenonymphata Hulst.
magnoliata Guen.
oxygramma Hulst.
‘phlebeculata (Guen.).
polygrammata Hulst.
Coenocharis interruptaria Grote.
Coniodes plumigeraria Hulst.
Coremia californiata—Petrophora mu-
nitata.
convallaria—Petrophora.

LEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA. 57

defensaria—Petrophora.
polebeculata—Ccenocalpe.
perpugnata—Gypsochroa
nata

Corphista badiaria Edw.
meadii Pack.

Cosymbia dataria (Hulst).

Cymatophora benigna Hulst.
bicolorata Fabr.
bitactata Walk.
californiaria—Platea.
guenearia Pack.
inquinaria Hulst.
occiduaria Pack.
subcessaria Walk.
umbriferata Hulst.

Dasyfidonia avuncularia Pack.

Enchoria albifasciata Pack.
osculata Hulst.
desig- Enemera juturnaria Guen.
Enypia venata Grote.
Eois anticaria Walk.
granitaria Pack.
lzevitaria Hubn.
lanceolata Hulst.
microphysa Hulst.
occidentata—Leptomeris occi-
dentaria.
sideraria Guen.
Epirrita 12 lineata—Venusia.
Ersephila grandipennis Hulst.
Eubolia custodiata—H ydriomena.
Eucestia rotundata (Pack.).
fuscata Gro.

Figure 29. A Geometrid moth.

Deilinia behrensaria Hulst.
carnearia Hulst.
falcataria Pack.
foeminaria Guen.
fumosa Hulst.
indurata Dyar.
litaria Hulst.
nevadaria Hulst.
nigroseriata (Pack.)
perpallidaria Grote.
quadraria Grote.

Ectropis crepuscularia. D. & G.

ENlopia californiaria—Platea.
placeraria—Pherne.

Euchzena argillaria (Hulst.).
falcata (Pack.).
johnsonaria Fitch.

Euchoeca californiata Pack.
cretaceata Pack.

Eucrostis viridipennata Hulst.

Eucymatogogne intestinata Guen.

EKupithecia behrensata—Azelina.
cretaceata—Eucheeca.
longipalpata—M ycteropoda.
nevadata—Tephrodistis.
rotundopuncta—Tephrodistis.
subapicata—Tephrodistis

Eurhinosea flavaria (Pack.).

leoninata (Pack.).
mancipata (Guen.).

Eustroma nubilata Pack.

HKutrapela anafracta—Sabuloides.
falcata—Euchleena.
nubilata—Sabuloides.

Fidonia avuncularia—Dasyfidonia.

Geometra illustraria—Anaplodes.
iridaria—Anaplodes.
iridaria—Anaplodes illustraria.
rectaria—Anaplodes iridaria.

Glaucina incorpriata Hulst.
epiphysaria Dyar.

30.

Figure
the higher moths.

Diagram of the venation of

Glaucopteryx cretaceata—Eucheeca.
implicata—Mesoleuca.
magnoliata—Coenocaple.

Gonodontis formosa Hulst.

Gorytodes uncanaria—Platea californi-

aria.

Gymnocelis inferior Hulst.
minuta Hulst.

Gypsochroa designata Hubn.
sitellata Guen.

Halia cineraria—Symphreta marces-
saria.
4-linearia—Cymatophora _bitac-

tata.
marcessaria—Symphreta.

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

tripunctaria—Symphreta.
Hemerophila latifasciaria—Alcis.
packardaria—Aethalodes.
Hesperumia ochresata—Alcis sulphur-
aria.
Heterolocha edwardsata—Neoterpes.
Heterophleps triguitaria Her.
Hydria undulata Linn
Hydriomena amorata Hulst.
autumnalis Strom.
banavahrata Strech.
californiata Pack.
Holochroa dissociaria Hulst.
indistincta Hulst.
costiguttata Hulst.
custodiata (Guen.).
herbicolata Hulst.
indefinata Gros.
latirupta Walk.
neomexicana Hulst.
packardata Gros.
5-fasciata—sordidata.
sordidata Fabr.
sparimacula Hulst.
speciosata (Pack.).
teeniata Steph.
Hyperitis notataria Hulst.
trianguliferata Pack.
Hysepetes californiata—Hydriomena.
5-fasciata—H ydriomena_ sordida-
ta.
speciosata—H ydriomena.
viridata—Hydriomena sordidata.
Hyria occidentaria—Leptomeris.
Larentia cumatilis—Coenocalpe mag-
noliata.
implicata—Mesoleuca.
12-lineata—Venusia.
Leptomeris magnetaria Guenee.
occidentaria (Pack.).
quinquelenearia Pack.
Lithostege rotundata—Eucestia.
Lozogramma feminaria—Delinia.
juturnaria—Enemera.
nigrosehaata—Delinia.
sabularia Guen.
s-signata Pack.
Lycia virginaria (Grote).
Cacaria calfiorniaria—Siagraphia.
Marmarea occidentalis Hulst.
Marmopteryx marmorata Pack.
Melanolophia canandaria (Guen.).
Mesoleuca californiata—Hydriomena.
packardata.
etnela Hulst.

LEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA.

implicata (Guen.).
truncata Hubn.
vasaliata Guen.

Metanema argillaria—Euchzena.
aurantiacaria—Sabuloides.
cervinaria—Sabuloides.
forficularia—Sabuloides

ata.
forficularia—Guen.
inatomaria Guen.
subpunctata Hulst.

Metrocampa preegrandaria Guen.
viridoperlata—przegrandaria.

wiycte,cphoia longipalpata Hulst.

Nenoria faseolaria—Annemoria.
monticola Hulst.

Neoterpes edwardsata (Pack.).

Nomenia unipecta Pear.

Nepytia nigrovenaria Pack.
umbrosata Pack.

Numeria californica (undetermined.)

determined).

Nycterosea brunneipennis Hulst.

Nyctobia nigroangulata Str.

Ochyria abrasaria—Petrcphora.

carneata—Ccenocalpe carnata.

gueneata—Hydriomena custodia-
ta.

lacteata—Trichochlamys.
lignicolorata—Zenophleps.
munitaria—Petrophora.
rubrosuffusata—Rheumaplero.

Odezia californiata—Eucheeca.

Opzcasia mercedulata Sir.

Orthcfidonia elsinora Hulst.

Paleacrita longiciliata Huist.
vernata (Pack.).

Panagra flavof:e€ciata—Siagraphica

neptaria.
subminiata—Siagraphica.

Percnoptilota fluviata (Hubn.).

Petrophora abrasaria H. S.
convallaria Guen.
defensaria Guer.
flavata—Eurhinosea flavaria.
leoninata—Eurhinosea.
mancipata—Eurhinosea.
munitata Hubn.
nemorella Hulst.
prunata—Eustromo nubiliata.
truncata—Mesoleuca.

Phasiana irrorata—Siagraphia.
neptata—Siagraphia neptaria.
subminiata—Siagraphia.

Phengommataea edwardsata Hulst.
spoliata Gro.

caber-

or
ce

Pterospoda perumbaria.
Pierotza cariosa Hulst.
Procherodes catenulata—Sabuloides.
Racheia latipennis Hulst.
Rheumaptera basaliata—Hydriomena
tzeniata.
brunnercillata—Mesoleuca
tulata.
deétimiata War.
georgti (Hulst.).
rubrosufiusata (Pack.).
Sabulcdes anfractata Hulst.
aurantiacaria Pack.
caberata (Guen.).
catenulata Grote.
cervinaria (Pack.).
nubilata (Guen.).
truxaliata (Guen.).
Scelidacantha virginata Graef).
Sciagraphia californiaria Pack.
continuata Walk.
denticulata Grote.
granitata Guen.
irvorata Guen.
muscariata Guen.
neptaria Guen.
sinuata Pack.
spondoplerata Hulst.
subminata (Pack.).
Scotosia californiata—Philereme.
heesitata—Triphosa dubitata.
Se1idosema ztholodaria Dyar.
caliiorniata--Enemera juturnaria,
tnrnaria.
clivinarium Guen.
correktatum Hulst.
delicatum Hulst.
humarium Guen.
lachrymosum Hulst.
laminarium Steck
wrightiarum Huist.
Semiothisa denticulata—Siagraphia.
inquinaria—Cymatophora.
umbriferata—Cymatophora.
Sicya crocerariamacularia
macularia Harr.
Sigela penumbrata Hulst.
Slossonia rubrotincta Hulst.
stenocapilates Dyar.
smithii Gro.
Sympherta marcessaria Guen.
tripunctaria Pack.
Synazis oblentaria Grote.
Synchlora denticulata Walk.
gratulata Walk.

gra-

60

hersiliata Guen.
Pherne parallelia Pack.
placearia Guen.
Philedia punctomacularia Hulst.
Philereme californiata Pack.
Philobia enotata Guen.
Philopsia nivigerata Walk.
Philtzea elegantaria Edw.
Platea californiaria Her.
diva Hulst.
Pleymria fulviata—Percnoptilota.
georgii—Rheumaptera.
Pteropoda opuscularia Hulst.
liquoraria Guen.
Synglochis perumbraria Hulst.
Tephina haliata—Sciagraphia granita-
tase ok,
lorquinaria—Sympherta tripunc-
taria.
monicaria—Deilinia foeminaria.
muscariata—Sciagraphia.
neptaria—Sciagraphia.
sabularia—Marcaria.
unicobraria—Alcis sulphuraria.
Tephroclystis acutipennis Hulst.
annulata Hulst.
behrensata Pack.
bivittata Hulst.
brunneipennis Hulst.
californiata—miserulata.
cestata Hulst.
cretata Hulst.
implorata Hulst.
laisata Streck.
longipalpata Pack.
miserulata Grote.
misturata Hulst.
nevadata Pack.
nimbicolor Hulst.
nimbosa Hulst.
obscurior Hulst.

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

ornata Hulst.
raveccostaliata Pack.
rotundcpuncta Pack.
subapicata Guen.
unicolor Hulst.

Tephrosia caliiorniara—(Synonymy

undetermined).
canadaria—Melanolophia.
carnearia—Deilinia.
celataria—Deilina foeminaria.
falcatria—Deilinia.
fautaria—Thallophaga.
ferruginosaria—Catopyrrha.
nevadaria—Deilinia.
nigroseriata—Deilinia.

Tctracis cegrotata—Sabuloides caber-

ata.
aurentiacaria—Sabuloides.
cervinaria—Sabuloides.
edwardsiata—Necterpes.
mellitularia—Pherne placearia.
parallelia—Pherne.
trianguliferata—Hyperitis.
truxaliata—Sabuloides.

Thallophaga fautaria Hulst.

Thamnonoma guenearia—Cymatophora
mercessaria—Sympherta.
4-linearia—Cymatophora bitacta-

ta.
3-punctaria—Sympherta.

Trichochlamys lacteata (Pack.).

Triphosa badiaria Edw
dubitata Pack.
pustularia Edw.

Venusia cambrica Curt.
duodecemlineata (Pack.)
virginata—Scelidacantha.

Xanthrohce nemoralla Hulst.

Xystrota hepaticaria Guen.

Zenophlips lignicolorata (Pack.).
obscurata Hulst.

TINEINA.

A familly of small moths found on the trunks of trees, the larve feeding

on lichens.

NOLIDA.

Celama anfracta Edw.
aphyla Hamp.
minna Bull.

Nola apera Druce.

hyemalis—Celama minna.
minuscula—Roseelia.
Roseelia minuscula Zell.

LEPIDOPTERA — TINEINA. 61

PSYCHIDA.
The basket worms or bag worms belong to this family. None of the
species are common in California.

Chalia fragmentella Edw. Oiketicus davidsoni Edw.
Hyaloscotes fumosa Butl. Thyridopteryx meadii Edw.
THYRIDA
Belnoptera fratercula Pag. Dysodia oculatana Clem.
vitrina Boisd. Hexeris enhydris Grote.
COSSIDA.

The Cossids have wood boring larve. Cossus is quite common on cotton-
woods and poplars, and Prionoxystus
on locust trees. The pupal skins of
these insects are conspicuous objects
on the trunks of these trees.

Cossus populi Walk.

Hypopta bertholdi Grote.
riversii Stretch.

Prionoxystus robinize (Peck.).

Xyleutes robinee—Prionoxystus.

Figure 381. Venation of Cossids and
related moths in which the independent
vein crosses the cell. Dotted lines are
veins not uniformly present.

SESIIDA.

Day flying moths with partly transparent wings making them resemble
wasps. The larve bore into plants. The most injurious ‘species is the
peach tree borer, Sanninoidea. Our species is very similar to the equally
troublesome eastern S. exitiosa.

The food plants of the other species are:— Pines and Redwood Vespamia,
Poplars Adgeria and Memythrus, Locust Memythrus, Willows Atgeria, and
Sesia albicornis, Sumac Melitta, Galls on Mesquit Sessia prosopis, Currants
and Gooseberries Sesia tipuliformis and Strawberries Sesia rutilans.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Sesia. AAgeria and Paranthene: tongue rudimentary, the latter with tibiag
tufted. Albuna and Memythrus: hind independent from middle of cross-
vein, the latter with palpi long haired. Sanninoidea: abdominal tufts of male
not fan-like, female abdomen with lateral tufts.

Aegeria hemizonze—Sesia. lupini—Sesia.
impropria—Sesia. mandariz—Sesia rutilans.

62 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

noveborasensis—Sesia. Pyrotcenia achilloe—Sesia.
pacifica Edw. behrensii—Sesia.
Albuna artemisie—Sesia mellinipen- polygoni—Sesia.
nis. Sanninoidea opalescens Edw.

Sesia achillae (Edw.).
albicornis Edw.
behrensii (Edw.)

~ :

elda—behrensii.
eremocarpi—achillae.
fragarize Edw.
helianthi—bhbehrensii.
orthocarpi—fragariz.
mellinipennis Boisd.
neglecta Edw.

novaroensis (Edw.).

Figure 32. Diagram of the venation of. pictipes G.& R.
Sesiidee. | polygoni (Edw.).

Figure 33 Pupa of the -peach tree borer.

pyramidalis Watk. rileyana Edw.
resplendens—Sesia mellinipennis rutilans Edw.
Melittia glorioa Edw. tipuliformis Clerck.
satyriniformis Hubn. Trochilium pacificum—Aegeria.
Memythrus robinz Edw. Zenodoxus heucheree—Paranthrene.

Paranthrene heucherz (Edw.). Vespamima sequoiaze Edw.

LEPIDOPTERA — TINEHINA. . 63

PYRALIDA.

This family includes the mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella,
its near relative EH. cautella a pest in this state on raisins, the indian meal
moth Plodia interpunctella and the meal snout moth, Pyralis farinalis.

The bee moth, Galleria, also belongs here, and likewise the root web worms,
Crambus, and a whole series of leaf folders and crumplers, including the grape
leaf roller, Desmia.

Achroa grisella Fabr. Bandera subluteella Rag.

Figure 34. Work of larvee of peach tree borer.

Midis funalis—Evergrestis. Botis annaphilalis—Loxostege.
Acrobasis alatella—Myeolis. commortalis—Pyrausta.
tricolorella—Mineola. dapalis—Titanio.

Aglossa cuprealis Hueb. todinalis—Pyrausta.
Ambesa walsinghami Rag. fumoferalis—Pyrausta.

mirabile Dyar. lethalis—Pyrausta.
Annaphila immerens—Titanio. levalis—Pilocris inguinalis.
Anerastia excantalis—Megaspis. lulualis—Loxostege anartalis.
Anoristia olivella Hulst. monulalis—Pyrausta mustelinal-
Aphomia sociella Linn. is.
Arayria auratella (Clem.) mustelinalis—Pyrausta.
Attacapa callipeplella Hulst. obnigralis—Pyrausta unifascialis.

Autocosmia nexalis Hulst. nasonialis—Loxostege.

64 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

nexalis—Autocosmia. Dakruma _ coccidivora—Leetilia.
octosignatus—Pyrausta. Dasypyga alternosquamella Rag.
offumalis—Loxostege. Desmia funeralis Hueb.
perrubralis—Pyrausta. Diaphania hyalinata Linn.
proftundalis—Pyrausta. Diasemia eleganialis War.
semirubralis—Pyraustap Diastictis caecalis War.
thrallophilalis—Loxostege. Dicymolomyia metalliferalis Pack.
unifascialis—Pyrausta. opuntiellis Dyar.
uxorculalis—Pyrausta nicalis. Dioryctria calrioralis Walk.
vacunalis—Pyrausta. Dolichorhinia aureofasciella Rag.
Calamochrous straminea War. Eccopsia serratilineella Rag.
Cayuga bistriatella—gemmatella. Elasmopalpus decoralis Walk.
gemmatella (Hulst.) Emprepes nuchalis—Noctuelia.
Chalcoela gemmalis Hulst. Ephestia albocostalis—Epischnia.
Chilo leachellus—Crambus. cautella Walk
Coenochroa californiella Rag. kuehniella Zell.

nigrella Hulst.
opalescella Hulst.

Ephestoides erythrella Rag.
gilvescentella Rag.
nigrella Hulst.

Epischnia albocostalis (Hulst.)
boisduvaliella Guen.
fulvirugella Rag.
granitella Rag.
ruderella Rag.

Etiella schisticolor Zell.
zinckenelia (Treit.)

Huchromius ocella—Ommatopteryx.

Kurycreon anartalis—Loxostege.

Eurythmia coloradella Hulst.

Eustixia octonalis Zell.

Euzophera semifuneralis (Hulst.)

Evergrestis funalis Grote.

Figure 35. Venation of Pyralide.

Crambus albilineellus Fern. napealis Hulst.
anceps Grcte. rimosalis Guen.
attenuatus Grote. straminalis Hueb.
auratellus—Argyria. Galleria mellonella Linn.
behrensellus—biothanatilis. Glyptoteles rhypodella—Nephopteryx.

biothanatilis Hulst. Herculia olinalis Guen.

qausapilis Hulst. Homoeosoma albiscentellum Rag.
hastlferellus Walk. impressale Hulst.
hortuellus (Hueb.) mucidellum Rag.
leachellus (Zin.) opalescellum Hulst.
luteolellus Clem. Honora canacostella—montinatatella.
occidentalis Grote. mellinella Grote.
pascuellus (Linn.) montinatatella Hulst.
perlellus (Scop.) oblitella Clem.
pusionellus Zell. ochrimaculella—mellinella.
toparius—hortuellus. scinrella Rag.
ulee—luteolellus. undulatella—oblitella.
undatus Grote. Hornigia lugubrella—Moodna.
unistriatellus Pack. Lzetilia coccidivora (Coms.)
vulgivagellus Clem. Lineodes integra Zell.

Cybalomia extorris Led. Liopasia ternalis Led.

LEPIDOPTERA — TINEINA. 65

Lipographis fenestrella (Pack.)
humilis Rag.
leoninella—fenestrella.

Loxostege anartalis Grote.
annaphilalis Grote.
chortalis Grote.
flavalis Fern.
flavifimbrialis War.
linealis Fern.
napealis—Evergrestis.
nasonialis Zell.
oberthuralis Fern.

quadristrigalis Fern.
morenalis Dyar.

Mineola calignella (Hulst.)

tricolorella (Grote.)

Monocona rubralis War.
Moodna ljugubrella Rog.
Myelois alatella (Huist.)

corniella (Grote.)
grossipunctella Rag.

Nephopteryx caliginella—Mineola.

crassifasciella Rag.
fasciolalis (Hulst.)

Figure 36. The grape leaf roller.

offumalis Hulst.
similalis Guen.
sticticallis Linn.
thallophilalis Hulst.
triumphalis Grote.
Lygropia rivulalis Ham.
Manhatta lugubrella—Moodna.
Megaphysis edwardsiallis—Megasis.
Megasis cinctella Hulst.
edwardsialis (Hulst.)
excantalis (Hulst.)
Metasia argalis Fern.

fenestrella—Lipographa.
geminipunctella—ovalis.
leoninella—Lipographis fenestrel-
la.
oblitella—Honora.
ovalis (Pack.)
perfuscalis—Sarata.
rhypodella (Hulst.)
scintillans—Pyla.
semifuneralis—Euzophera.
subtinctella Rag.

undulatella—Honora oblitella.

66

Noctuelia nuchalis Grote.
simplex War.
Nomophila noctuella D. & S.
Ommatopteryx ocella (Haw.
Omphalocera dentosa Grote.
Orobena octonalis—Eustrixia..
Ortholepsis jugosella Rag.
Pachyzancla periusalis Walk.
Palparia ocella—Ommatopteryx.
Parzedis napezlis Hulst.
Passadena constantella Hulst.
Pempelia albipenella—Staudingeria.
fenestrella—Lipographis.
leoninella—Lipographis fenestrel-
ovalis—Nephopteryx.

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

coccinea War.
commortalis Grote.
fodinalis Led.
fumoferalis Hulst
gracilalis Hulst.
laticlavia G& R.
lethalis Grote.
mustelinalis Pack.
nicalis Grote.
octosignalis Hulst.
perrubralis Pack.
rubricalis Hueb.
semirubralis Pack.
subnicalis War.
unifascialis Pack.

Figure 37. Larva of the

Peoria albidella Hulst.
Phalena pascuellus—Crambus.
perlellus—Crambus.
Phlyctazenia externalis War.
ferrugalis Hueb.
indistinctalis War.
profundalis Pack.
Phorasea simalis Grote.
Phycis zinckenella—Etiella.
Pilocrocis inguinalis Guen.
Pinipestris fasciolalis—Nephopteryx.
Plodia interpunctella- Hueb.
Pseudoschcenobius opalescalis (Hulst.)
Pyla bistriatella Hulst.
scintillans (Grote.)
Pyralis farinalis Linn.
Pyrausta angustalis Grote.

grape leaf roller.

vacunalis Grote.
versicolor War.
Ragonotia dotalis Hulst.
Salebria ochripunctelia Dyar.
Saluria ardiferella Hulst.
dichrocella Rag.
rostrella Rag.
Sarata perfuscalis (Hulst.)
umbrella Dyar.
Schcenobius opalescalis—Pseudoschee-
nobius.
Scoparia atropicta Ham.
Selagia olivella—Anorista.
centuriella D. & S.
rectilinea Zell.
refugalis—rectilinea Zell.
Spermatophthora gemmatella—Cayuga.

LEPIDOPTERA — TINEINA.

Staudingeria albipenella (Hulst.)
Stemmatophthora nicalis—Pyrausta.
Stenophyes huronalis Guen.
Stericta. trabalis—Yuma.
Symphysa eripalis Grote.
Thaumatopsis coloradella Kear.
Tinea hortuellus—Crambus.
Titanio dapalis Grote.
immerens (Hav.)
nuchalis—Noctuelia.

proximalis Fern.
Unadilla erronella Zell.
Urulia incongruella Hulst.
Valdivia mirabelicanella Dyar.
Vitula serratilineella—Eccopsia.
Yuma adulatalis—trabalis.
Xanthippe descansales Dyar.
trabalis Grote.
Zophodia fuscatella Hulst.
packardella Rag.

PTEROPHORIDA.
This and the following family are called plume moths because of the
very remarkable splitting of the wings shown in the acompanying figure.

Figure 38. A plume moth.

Aciptalis cinerascens—Alucita.
montanus—Alucita.

Alucita cinerascens (Wals.
cosmodactyla—Platyptilia.
montana (Wals.)

Amblyptilus cosmodactyla—Platyptil-

la.
picta—Platyptilia.

Lioptilus augustus—Pterophorus.
grandis—Pterophorus.
homodactylus—Pterophorus.
inconditus—Pterophorus.
monodactylus—Pterophorus.
paleaceus—Pterophorus.
parvus—Pterophorus.
subocraceus—Pterophorus.
sulphureodactylus—Pterophorus.

Mimescoptilus exclamationis—Stenop-

tila.

(Hdematophorus baroni—Pterophorus.
cretidactylus—Pterophorus.
eupatorii—Pterophorus.
guttatus—Pterophorus.
gratiosus—Pterophorus.
grisesceus—Pterophorus.:
lugubris—Pterophorus.

Oxyptilus bernardinis Gri.
deliwaricus Zell.
nigrociliatus—tenuidactylus.
ningoris Wals.
tenuidactylus Fitch.

Platyptilla acanthodactyla Hueb.
adusta Wals.
albidorsella Wals.
albida Wals
bertrami—marginidactyla.
cardui—carduidactyla.
carduidactyla (Ril.)
cooleyi Fern.
cosmodactyla Huehb.
fragilis Wals.
grandis Wals.
hesperis Gri.
marginidactyla Fitch.
marmarodactyla Dyar.
modesta Wals.
monticola Gri.
pasidensis Gri.
percnodactyla Dyar.
picta (Wals.)
shastze Wals.
williamsii Gri.

68
Pterophorus augustus (Wals.)
baccharidis Gri.
baroni (Fitch.)
behrii Gri. :
carduidactyla—Platyptilia.
catalinze Gri.
cretidactylus Fitch.
dacteodactylus—subocraceus.
eupatorii (Zell.)
gorgoniensis Gri.
grandis (Fitch.)
gratiosus (Fitch.)
grisescens (Walsh.)
guttatus (Wals.)
hilda Gri.
homodactylus Walk.
inconditus (Wals.)

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

lugubris (Fitch.)

marginidactyla—Platyptilia.

monodactylus (Linn.)

paleaceus (Zell.)

parvus (Wals.)

pictipennis Gri.

rileyi Fern.

subochraceus (Wals.)

sulphureodactylus Pack.

tenuidactylus—Oxyptilus.
Stenoptila californica Gri.

exclamationis (Wals.)

gorgoniensis Gri.
Trichoptilus lobidactylus Fitch.

pygmeus Wals.

wrightii Gri

ORNEODIDA:.

Alucita hexodactyla—Orneodes.
montana—Orneodes hexadactyla

Orneodes hexadactyla (Linn.)

TORTRICIDA.
The codling moth, Cydia pomonella, is by far the most important member of

this family and perhaps of all Lepidoptera.

of great economic significance.

39. Venation of

Figure Tortricidze

Alcerys americana (Fern.)
foliana (Wals.)
niviseilana (Wals.)
permutana (Dup.)

Amorbia cuneana (Wals.)

Anchylopera biarcuana—Ancylis.

Ancylis biarcuana (Steph.)
cometana (Wals.)
comptana (Fol.)
pacificana (Wals.)

Archipsafflictana (Walk.)
aragyrospila (Walk.)

The orange tortrix figured is not

cerasivorana (Fitch.)
rosaceana (Harr.)
virescana (Clem.)
k' ndermanniana—Phalonia.
latipunctana—Phalonia.
parallelana—Phalonia.
smeathmanniana—Phalonia.
transversana—Phalonia.
Cydia cupressana Kear.
inquilina Kear.
pomonella Linn.
Diachelia, tunicana—Epagoge.
Dichrorampha plumbana—Hemimene.
Carpocapsa, californiana—Epagogne.
pomonella—Cydia.
Carposina commonana Kear.
crescentella Wals.
Cacoecie, argyrospila—Archips.
roseaceana—Archips.
Commophila macrocarpana
umbrabascana Kear.
Conchylis campicolana—Phalonia
fernaldana—Phalonia.
intactana—Phalonia.
Eecopsis punctana—Exartema.
Enarmonia americana (Wals.)
bracteateana (Fern.)
edwardsiana Kear.
larimana Wals.

Wals.

LEPIDOPTERA — TINHINA.

luna Kear.
placerana Kear.
tana Kear.
trosulana (Wals.)
vana Kear.
wana Kear.
Epagoge californiana (Wals.)
tunicana (Wals.)
Epinotia augustana Huehb.
incarnana (Haw.)
lagopana (Wals.)
liturana (Wals.)
purpurciliana (Wals.)

Figure 40. Larve and moth

Euchromia hemidesma—Olethreutes.

Eucosma agricolana (Wals.)
albangulana Wals.
atomosana (Wals.)
baslpunctana (Wals.)
biquadrana (Wals.)
bolanderana (Wals.)
canana (Wals.)
cataclystiana (Walk.)
crambitana (Wals.)
culminana (Wals.)
fulminana (Wals.)
grandiflavana (Wals.)
hirsutana (Wals.)
irroratana (Wals.)
juncticiliana (Wals.)
larana (Wals.)
luridana (Wals.)

maculatana (Wals.)
miscana Kear.
nigralbana (Wals.)
paljana (Wals.)
palusana Kear.
passerana (Wals.)
perdricana (Wals.)
primulana (Wals.)
pulveratana (Wals.)
rectiplicana (Wals.)
serpentana (Wals.)
shastana (Wals.)
sonomana Kear.

of the orange Tortrix.

subplicana (Wals.)
terracoctana (Wals.)
trigeminana (Steph.)
vomanana Kear.

Eudemis vaccininana (Pack.)
Eulia gloverana (Wals.)

niscana Kear.

Evetria colfaxiana Kear.

monophylliana Kear.
pasadana Kear.
sabiniana Kear.
siskiyouana Kear.
zozana Kear.

Exartema punctana Wals.
Glyphiptera permutana—Alceris.
Grapholitha americana—Enarmonia.

bracteatana—Enarmonia.
roessleri—Triodia.

70 GUIDE. TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

peranaustana (Wals.) trossulana—Enarmonia.
puncticostana (Wals.) Hemimene plumbana Scop.
rivulana (Scop.) Herdecanema filiana Busk.
rubipunctana Kear. fraternana Busk
scalana (Wals.) Hendecasteme, cuneana—Amorbia.
subplicana Wals. Hysterosia fulviplicana (Wals.)
terracostana Wals. inopiana (Haw.)
trigeminana Steph. Hystricophora leonana Wals.
utricana (Hueb.) Idiographis flaviplicana—Hysterosia.
vetulana (Wals.) inopiana—Hysterosia.
Pandemia albaniana (Wals.) Laphoderus gloverana—Eulia.
pyrusana Kear. Loxostenia afflictana—Archips.
Pedisca—Eucosma. cerasivorana—Archips.
Peathina conditana—Olethreutes. franciscana—T ortrix.
consanguiana—Olethreutes. rosaceana—Archips.

Bees

a5

Figure 41 Pieces of orange rind showing entrance holes made by the larva of
the ovange Tortrix.

hebesana—Olethreutes. virescana—Archips.
hemidesma—Olethreutes. Mellisopus latiferreanus Wals.
Pheecasiophora—Eucosma. CGinectra inconditana—Sparanothis.
Phalonia basiochreana Kear. pilleriana—Sparganothis.
campicolana (Wals.) rudana—Sparganothis.
carmelana Kear. senecionana—Sparganothis.
fernaldana (Wals.) Olethreutes chalybeana (Wals.)
formonana Kear. conditana (Wals.)
intactana (Wals.) “consanguinana (Wals.)
kindermanniana(Treits.) grisiocapitana (Wals.)
latipunctana (Wals.) hebesana (Wals.)
obispoana—carmelana. hemidesma (Zell.)
parallelana (Wals.) infuscana (Wals.)

smeathmanniana (Fabr.) minimana (Wals.)

LEPIDOPTERA — TINHINA.

transversana (Wals.)
vachelliana Kear.
Phoxopteris biarcuana—Ancylis.
cometana—Ancylis.
comptana—Ancylis.
pacificana—Ancylis.
Proteopteryx albicapitans Kear.
emarginana Wals.
Pseudoconcnilis laticapitana
Pyralis smeathmanniana—Phalonia.
Retinia argyrospila—Archips.
Rhopalobola vacciniana Eudemis.
Sciaphila afflictana—Archips.

Figure 42. Photomicrograph of the

argentana—Tortrix.
hebesana—Olethreutes.
puncticostana—Olethreutes.
trigonana—Tortrix.
vacciniana—Eudemis.

Semasia artemisiana Triodia.
bucephaloides Wals.
griseocapitana Wals.
infuscana—Thiodia.
minimana—Thiodia.
pallidicostana—T hiodia.
perangustana—Thiodia.
reessleri—Thiodia.

. .. terminiana—Thiodia.

Sericaris chalybeana—Olethreutes.
puncticostana—Olethreutes.
rivulana—Olethreutes.

urticana Hueb.
vetulana—Olethreutes.

Sparganothis inconditana Wals.

pilleriana (Schif.)
rudna Wals.
senecionana Wals.

Smicrates virescana—Archips.
Spilonota trigeminana—Eucosma.

fod

Steganoptycha augustana—Epinotia.

incarmana—Epinotia.
lagopana—Epinotia.
liturana—Epinotia.

purpuriciliana—Epinotia.

eggs or the orange Tortrix.

Synnoma lynosyrana Wals.

Teras albaniana—Pandemis.
americana—Alcerys.
foliana—Alcerys.
nivisellana—Alcerys.
permutana—Alcerys.

Thiodia apachena Wats.
artemesiana (Wals.)
daracha Kear.
griseocapitana Wals.
infuscana Wals.
minimana Wals.
offectalis Hulst.
pallidicostana (Wals.)
perangustana Wals.
roessleri (Zell.)
scalana Wals.

1

72 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

tenuiana (Wals.)
Tinee. pomonella—Cydia.
Tortrix argentana Clerck.
augustana—Epinotia.
citrana Fern.
comptana—Ancylis.
franciscana (Wals.)

incarnana—Epinotia.
inopiana—Hysterosia.
pilleriana—Sparganothis.
trianguiana Kea..
trigonana (Wals.)
urticana—Olethreutes.

Figure 43. Photograph of an orange Tortrix on an orange near a larval entrance.

HYPONOMEUTIDA.

Arzolepia subfasciella Wals.

Calantica polita Waals.

Cerastoma cervella Wals.
instabiliella—Trachoma.
koebelella Dyar.
radiatella Don.
sublucella Wals.

Chaleela Gemmalis—Choreutis

ella.

Choreutis bjerkandella Thumb.
dyarella Kear.
occidentella Dyar.
silphiella Grote.
sororculella Dyar.

Euceratia castella Wals.
securella Wals.

Glyphipteryx bifasciata Wals.
californize Waals.

quinqueferella Wals.
regalis Wals.
unifasciata Wals.

Orchemia diana Hueb.
Periclymenobius canariellus Wals.

dentiferellus Waals.
frustellus Wals.

silph- Plutella albidorsella Waals.

cruciferarum—maculipennis.
maculipennis Curt.

omissa Wals.

porrectella Linn.

vanella Wals.

Setiostoma fernaldella Ril.
Trachoma falciferella Wals.

instabilella Wals.
senex Wals.

GELECHIIDA.

The peach worm, Anarsia lineatella was particularly troublesome itp

growers of peaches for eastern shipment, until the discovery of the efficiency
of spraying with lime sulfur after the buds were swollen. (See California

LEPIDOPTERA — TINHINA. 73

Bulletin 144). Another important pest is the potato worm Phthorimea
operculella. (See California Bulletin 135).

Sige
Figure 45. Pupa of the peach worm.

Anacampsis rhiofructella (Clem.) Aristotelia argentifera Busk.
Anarsia lineatella Zell. roseosuffusella Clem.

74 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Cleodora canicostella—Paltodora. operculella—Phthorimea.
modesta—Paltodora. paulella (Colorado.)
sabulella—Paltodora. rhoifractella—Anacampsis.
striatella—Paltodora. roseosuftusella—Aristotelia.
tophella—Paltodora. thoracestrigella Chamb.

Dactylota snellenella—Neodactyla. variabilis Busc.

yt NG SASS
PDA, SUNN
N aS

Figure 47. Section of a bud
showing the spring burrow of
the peach worm.

igure 48. Winter nest of the peach won.

Deoclona yuccasella Busk. Glyphidocera zquipulvella (Cham.)
zquepulvella—Glyphidocera. Gnorimoschema bacchariseila Busk.
apicitripunctella—Recurvaria. coquillettella Busc.

Eucatoptus striatella—Phthorimea. occtomaculella (Chamb.)

Gelechia discostrigella Chamb. tetradymiella Busc.
griseochrella Chamb. Lita solanella—Phthorimzea operculel-
lacteochorella Chamb. la.
maculatusella Chamb. Neodactylata snellenella Wals.
occidentella Chamb. Paltodora canicostella (Wals.)
ocherfuscella Chamb. modesta (Wals.)
ochreostrigella Chamb. sabulella (Wals.)

octomaculella—Gnorimoschema. striatella (Hueb.)

LEPIDOPTERA — TINHINA.

tophella (Wals.)
Phthorimzea operculella (Zell.)

ey

striatella (Murt.)
Recurvaria apicitripunctella Clem.

Figure 49. Cocoons of the peach worm in the curls of the bark.

XOLORICTIDA:.

Ide osseella Wals.

Depressaria arenella Schif.
argillacea Wals.
arnicella Wals.
ciliella Stain.
emeritella Stain.
klamathiana Wals.
novimundi Wals.
nubuferella Wals.
posticella Wals.
psoraliella Wals.
sabulella Wals.
thoracefasciella (Cham.)
thoracenigraella (Cham.)
togata Wals.
umbraticostella Wals.

Endrcsis lactella D. & S.

CECOPHORIDA:.

Ethmia albistrigella Wals.
albitogata Wals.
arctostaphyella Wals.
monticola Wals.
obscurella Beut.
subczerulea Wals.

CEcophora dimiidella Wals.
pseudospretella Wals.

Psecadia albistrigella—Ethmia.
arctostaphylella—Ethmia.
monticola—Ethmia.
obscurella—Ethmia.
subceerulea—Ethmia.

Setiostoma fernaldella Ril.

Walsinghamia diva Ril.

ol

76 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

BLASTOBASIDA.
Blastobasis iceryeeella—Holcocera.

Dryope canariella Dietz.
occidentella Dietz.
fenyesella Dietz.

Holcocera iceryzella Ril.

inconspicuua Wals.
irenica Wals.
gigantella Cham.
stygna Wals.
Valentina glandulella Ril.

ELACHISTIDA.

Butalis aterrimela—Scythris.
ochristriata—Scythris.
perspicella—Scythris.
suffusa—Scythris.

Coleophora accordella Wals.
acutipenella Wals.
bella Wals.
costipenella Wals.
cornella Wals
dicscostriata Wals.
glaucella Wals.
glutinosa (undetermined. )
irroratella Wals.
lapidicornis Wals.
laricella Hueb.
lynosyridella Wals.
ochrella Cham.
ochrostriata Wals.
pruniella Clem.
tennis Wals.

vagans Wals
viridicuprella Wals.
viscidiflorella Wals.
wythiz Wals.

Cosmopteryx unicolorella Wals.

Heliodines bella Chamb.
extraniella Wals.
unipunctella Wals.

Laverne, bifasciella—Mompha.
decorella—Mompha.
subbistrigella—Mompha.
unifasciella—Mompha decorella.

Scythris aterrimella (Walk.)
ochristriata (Walk.)
perspicella (Walk.)
suffusa (Walk.)

Mompha bifasciella Chamb.
decorella (Steph.)
subbistrigella (Haw.)

Schreckensteinia felicella Wals.

TINEIDA.

The Tineidz are best known because of three household pests; the clothes
moth, Tineola, the carpet moth, Trichophaga and the fur moth, Tinea pellion-
ella. Of greatest scientific interest are the yucca moths, Pronuba being
necessary to fertilize the blossoms and Prodoxus living on the flower stems
can come to matnrity only where the Pronuba has preformed its work.
Yucea brevifolia is attended by Pronuba paradoxa and Prodoxus sordidus
Yucca baccata and other allied yuccas are fertilized by Pronuba yuccasella
and furnish food for Prodoxus coloradensis and y-inversa, and Yucca whip-
plei has Pronuba maculata and all the remaining species of Prodoxus.

Adela fasciella—Trigrapha. Agryrestia cuprasella Wals.
flamesella Cham. mendica Haw.
lactimaculella—flammeusella. plicipunctella Wals.
punctiferella Wals. onagella Dietz.
septentrionella Wals. pandurella Dietz.
trifasciella Cham. Bebellia somnulentella Zell.
trigrapha Zell. Buculatrix euratiella (undetermined).

Amydria coloradella Dietz. Cremastobombycia grindelilella—Lith-
confusella Dietz. ocoletes.
obliquella Dietz. Epielegis cariosella Dietz.
occidentella—onagella. Calopacta glutinosi Wals.

Apotomia fractilinella Dietz. Cerostoma flavistrigetla Busk

Apreta paradoxella Dietz. Epichata nepotella Dietz.

LEPIDOPTERA — TINEINA. TT

Eriocrania cyanosparsella Wil.
Ethmia albatogata Wals.
Gracilaria behrensiella Chamb.
elongella Linn.
yuscoochrella Beut.
nigristrigella Beut.
grindeliella (Wals.)
incanella Wals.
insignis Wal.
ledella Wals.
leucothorax Wals.
mediodorsella Braun.
nemoris Wals.
propinquinella Braun.
salicifoliella Clem.
umbellinlariz Wals.

Monopsis crocicapitella Clem.
rusticella Hubn.

Ortholophus variabilis Wals.

Paralechia californica Busk.

Phyganeopsis brunnea Wals.

Pliniaca bakerella Busk.
spa. sisquamella Busk.

Prodoxus zenescens Ril.
cinereus Ril.
coloradensis Ril.
marginatus Ril.
pulvurulentus Ril.
reticulatus Ril.
sordidus Ril.
y-inversus Ril.

Pronuba maculata Ril.
paradexa Ril.
synthetica—paradoxa.
\ueccasella Ril.

Paraneura cruciferella Dietz.

Phryganopsis brunnea Wals.

Scerdia gracilis Wals.

Semiota transverstrigella Dietz.

Setomorpha majorella Dietz.
Tinee arcella. Fabr.
ehrhorniella Dietz.
simulella Dietz.
behrensella Chamb.
cloacella Haw.
defectella Zell.
dgeniculatella Dietz.
molybanella Dietz.
niveocapitella Chamh.
occidentella Chamb.
pellionella Linn.
Tineola biselliela Linn.
Tscheria badiella Chamb.

ceanothi Wals.
sulphurea—badiella.

Trichophaga tapetzella Linn.
ruptostrigella—nigristrigella.
sanguinella Cham.
sauzalitoella Cham.
shastella Beut.

Greya humilis (Wals.)
mediostriatella—Isocorypha.
punctlferella (Wals.)
solenobiella (Wals.)

Homoseta maculatella Dietz

Incurvaria humilis—Greya.
punctiferella—Greya.

Figure 50. Venation of the larger
Tineide.

Figure 51. Venation of the smaller
Tineide.

solenobiella—Greya.

Lecithecera flavistrigella—Greya me-
diostrigella.

faginella (Huropean.)
Lithocolletes agrifoliella Braun.

alnicolella Wal.

alniella (Huropean.)

apicinigrella Braun.

arbutusella Braun.

basistrigella Chamb.

conglomeratella Zell.

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

HEPIALINA.
HEPIALIDA.

Figure 52. Venation of Hepialide and
Micropterygide.

Hepialis anceps montanus.
baroni—montanus.
behrensii Stretch.
californicus Boisd.
hectoides Boisd.
hyperboreus Mots.
inutilis—hectoides.
lembertii Dyar.
lenzi—hectoides.
meglashani—hyperboreus.
mendocineolus—sequoiolus.
modestus—hectoides.
montanus Stretch.
rectus—montanus.
sequoiolus Behrens.

MICROPTERYGIDA.

Epimartygyia pardella (Wals.)
Eriocephala aurosparsella (Wals.)

Micropteryx aurosparsella—Erioceph-

ala.
pardella—Epimartyria.

HYMENOPTERA.

In the geological stratum in which the first moths appear there are repre-
sentatives of most of the larger groups of Hymenoptera, indicating that it is
an older order. The structure of the lower forms shows a very close relation-
ship with the Lepidoptera and with the Trichoptera universally recognized
as the ancestor of Lepidoptera. From the same group the Hymenoptera must
also have sprung. The adult insect does not give any very clear evidence
of this or of any other relationship.

Figure 53. Venation of the Honey bee.

The most distinctive structure is the dominance of three series of cross-
veins in the wing which render the venation difficult to interpret or compare
with other venations. The first series of cross-veins extends from the front
edge just before the node obliquely towards the base till it reaches the next
vein, then turns squarely towards the next vein beyond, marking off two
comparatively large basal cells. The second zigzags directly across the
wing touching the costa just beyond the node. The third is a little more
indefinate. It is usually about midway between the second crossveins and the
tip of the wing. The usual conception of the venation hinges on the mar-
ginal cell, which is the large cell along the costa beyond the node. Below
this are two or three submarginal cells and the remainder of the closed cells
are called discoidal cells. The veins radiating from the marginal cell are

79

80 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

called transverso-cubital veins. The cubital vein arises from the basal cross-
vein. On the other side of the cubital there are usually two cross veins
which because of their direction are called recurrent veins.

A system of formule has been devised for expressing the salient features
of a venation and to aid in rapid identification of groups. The plan is to
number the bars surrounding the discoidal cell between the recurrent veins.
The first recurrent vein is numbered 1, then along the cubital to the first
transverso-cubital vein is numbered 3. etc. Even numbers are given to the
bars beneath the cell. Where bars are without the cell as is common with
bar 3, it is indicated by as *. The formula consists in naming in the order
of size, the bars of a venation, enclosing in parentheses such as may be
about equal in size.

Below will be found the formule of most of our genera of bees:—

Colletidee Colletes A ae Be
Prosopidee Prosopis Asm Suvi Guan is
Andrenidze Andrena 41526 8* 7*#—4 1 @ 67) 3* (© 9*)
Halictus 146 3* 72 9* 5—4172.3* 9* 5
IZ EPA 70) Bie eye i)
Sphecodes ING 24207, 92 ose
Agapostemon 4°16, 7 2°38" 935
Panurgidee Calliopsis AN 65) 2 3% 0%
. Panurginus a AN (5-16) c2ua%70s
Diandrena AWG MOM aio eases
Perdita Le bagea*
Anthophoride Anthophora 14627 (8* 5) 9*—41627 3* 5 9*
Melissodes Ain (286) sopaeoe9
Tetralonia AA i 20.0% 08
Xenoglossa Arde aGh2) ono noe
Melectidz Pseudomelecta 1 4 6 2 3* 7 9* 5
Epiolus AN Ch Ah They Bye ei
Xylocopidee Xylocopa ATAROY Dickies
Megachilidze Alcidamia APA Gaya ia De orien ies
Anthidium Gio AZ iS Canlie
Chelostoma 41 5 6 2) 7* 3*
Megachile Aa Sale G2 mointka
Osmia AMIN GO ezeat. Wis
Ashmeadella 4/1675 )2°3" 1
Nomadide Nomada 1462 3* 9* 75—146237 (5 9)
Melecta A Ge 2ino tlio
Ceratinidz Ceratina ASIN6 3a (9505
Bombus AW oie oe ode
Bombidse Psythyrus AMG elena uo ceo sy
Apidez Apis AU Gul Zalerocaio.s

HYMENOPTERA 81

The difficulty already alluded to in comparing the venation found in this
order can be solved in one of two ways, either by assuming Ist. a great
amount of fusion of the elements of the venation and of rearrangements of
position, or 2nd. simply the suppression of certain parts.

The former has been worked out in detail by Comstock and Mac Gillvray
They assume that the media is fused with the radius until just before the node
where it is turned obliquely backward to the base of the cubitus and then

~
A oy
Figure 54. Venation of Trichopterygide. A. and B. Chloropsyche. C. Helicopsyche.
1-5 notation of veins used in that order. St. area in which stigma is supposed to
develop. O. veins which are vestigial in Hymenoptera.

\
Figure 55. Three interruptions of veins on fold lines.

turned outward again to the base of the first recurrent which is its posterior
branch; both branches subsequently fork and ultimately the tips unite as
follows: the upper fork with two branches of the radius, the two middle
forks with each other thus enclosing the third discal cell, and the lower fork

82 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

with the tips of the cubital and anal veins.

The second solution explains the peculiar crookedness of the median cross-
veins and the spurs projecting from it into the second and third discoidal cells
and from the first crogs-vein into the first basal cell, as vestiges of sup-
pressed veins which, if added, would at once make this wing conform in
every essential feature with the wing of the Trichoptera.

There are two fold lines in the front wing in Hymenoptera, best developed
in the paper wasps and their allies where the wings at rest are completely
folded flat, making the wing appear to be very narrow.

Figure 56. showing names of structures in Hymenoptera and Diptera

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES.

Ichneumonidz: first cubital and first discoidal cells confluent and both
recurrents present.

Proctotrupidze: ovipositor at tip of abdomen. Pelecinidze: abdomen very
long and slender.

Mutillidaze: body densely clothed with hair.

Anthophoridz: tongue long and a dense brush on hind tibize. Apidz and
Bombidze: hind tibiz concave on outer end, the first being devoid of spurs
on hind tibiz. Xylocopidce: marginal cell long.

Megachilidz: densely hairy beneath abdomen.

Cynipidze: veins distant from costa. Ceroptridz: second abdominal seg-
ment covering nearly the whole abdomen.

Formicidz:
segments.

Braconidz:

abdomen constricted at base forming one or two hump-like

pronotum touching tegule, and trochanter two-jointed, Ean-

HYMENOPTERA 83

iidze: abdomen attached to dorsum of thorax. Alysiidze: mandibles spreading
outwardly.

Crysididz: abdomen of three to five segments, hollowed out beneath.

Nomadidz: first joint of hind feet long, and three cubital cells. Andren-
idz and Coletidze: basal joints of labial palpi similar to outer joints, the
last with tongue acute. Ceratinidze: marginal cell long.

Encyrtidze: trochanters two-jointed, Eulophidze: axille reaching as far as
opposite the tegule. Torymide, Eurytomidz, Miscogasteride, Cleonidz and
Pteromalidz: female with femoral furrows, the last with but one spur on hind
tibie, the first with pronutum elongate or hind ccoxe longer thai: front cox;
the second with pronotum subquadrate, and fourth with mesepisternum
large and triangular.

Tenthredinidz: abdomen not at all constricted at base, third submarginal
receiving a recurrent vein, Hylatomidz: antenns three-jointed. Doleridz:
basal vein joining cubital. Selandriidze: only three submarginal cells. Pam-
philiidze: prothorax not emarginate behind.

Nematidze: abdomen not constricted at base. Cimlicidz: antenne clavate.

Panurgidz: first joint of feet long. Prosopidz: no pollen brush on hind
femora.

Crabronidze: only one cubital cell. Oxybelidze: first cubital and first
discoidal cell confluent.

Philanthidz: gaster constricted between fiirst and second segments.

Trypoxylidz: head not wider than thorax. Thynnidz and Scoliidze: pro-
thorax touching tegule, the latter with middle coxe distant.

Sphecidz: prothorax distant from tegule. Bembecidz, Larridz, Stizidz
and Nyssonidz: abdomen sessile, the first two with but two spurs on middle
tibie, the second and fourth with labrum concealed by clypeus.

Pemphredonidz: but two spurs on middle tibie.

Eumenidz: wings folded longitudinally. Vespidz: claws simple.

Psamocharidee. Marsaridz and Sapygidze: hind femora shorter than abdo-
men, the former with antenne clavate.

APINA.

APIDAE

The family is represented by a single introduced species, the common
honey bee. There are two forms of females, the queen and the workers, the
latter very rarely reaching sexual maturity, and then laying unfertilized eges
developing into males or drones. The eggs laid by the queen that produce
males are likewise unfertilized. All eggs hatch in about three days; the
young larve are given a special food secreted by the workers, for three days
in the case of workers and drones, but queen larvve receive the royal jelly

84 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

thru the whole six days of its feeding life, a mixture of pollen and honey
being fed to the others, and they do not grow so rapidly. After feeding is
ended the cells are capped over with wax and the imprisoned larva spins a
cocoon, pupates and finally emerges. The total time required from the de-

CALIFORNIA.
showing the —
‘HONEY REGIONS

K-Klamath region.
NeNorthern | :
valle.
F-Foothilis of
the Sierras.
B-Bay region.
, C= Central
valley.
M=Middie
coast —
® region.

i
b

P-Plateau
region of
the south. \

S=Southern ©
coast revion.

l-lmperiat

Figorve 57. Relief map of California showing honey regions.

deposition of the egg to the appearance of the full grown insect is, queen 18
days, worker 21 days, and drone 24 days. Each form of bee is produced in
cells of different size. Workers develop in the ordinary comb having five
célls to the inch. Drone comb is similar but with about four and a half cells
to the inch and in closing the cell the cap is made dome-shaped. The queen
cells are made singly, have very thick and uneven walls, open outwardly,
and are about half an inch in diameter and perhaps an inch long.

e
oO

8

HYMENOPTERA — APINA.

When a colony becomes too numerous provision is made for increase by

producing and stocking with eggs a quantity of drone comb, then a variable

Z

tee!

2 a

RS}

SS

Details of standard bee hive.

Figure 58.

tocked, and as the new queens are about

number of quee cells are built and s

d most of the older bees swarm forth
number of queen cells are built and stocked, and as the new queens are about

ready to emerge, the old queen ati

386 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

tents except that each worker carries off a crop full of honey.

After the swarm adopts new quarters the workers proceed to make wax
from the honey which they have eaten by massing together till the body
temperature is sufficient to start secretion in the wax glands beneath the
abdomen. The jaws are used as wax modeling tools.

ae TT sae CI ene
1

,
MMM ay He He
LZZZZZZ2 FT z % =. A ole

stil

Soe nhs
5——-

| LLL Ma

Uy ae Cte
UP =

>
:
\\

\\

WHOL
i

[exe

ae

tod BSS Sit Base

Z

eed

iumeernoenan eNO se
J
LMM

l=

'
|
‘

ryt Se are

Figure 59. Details of standard bee hive.

Besides honey carried in the crop, the bees carry pollen on their hind legs
and gather various vegetable gums, the propolis, used to calk the hive.

Bee keeping is a large industry in California, some producing honey by the
car load. Most of the honey is extracted by-centrifugal machines and sold in
five gallon cans. Bees wax is a by product.

California Experiment Station Publications: Circular 63 Observation hive.
Bulletin 217 Honey plants.

Apis mellifera Linn. mellifica—mellifera.

HYMENOPTERA — APINA.

Z

ee

=

Figure 61. Details of construction of an observation hive.

i

Soo scon—)

Ea
sal

a

Figure 62. Details of construction of an observation hive.

58 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

BOMBID/=

The bumble bees are strictly social insects but the colonies only exist
during the summer months. The queen makes a nest in the ground in the
spring. The first workers produced are very small. When the colony
becomes populous the queen ceases to forage and finally towards fall
numerous drones and queens are produced, the latter after mwuting seek

each a secluded place for hibernation.

Psthyrus lives in the nests of bumble

bees, and are difficult to distinguish from them. They have no worker east.

Figure 60. Observation hive.

Aphathus californicus—Bombus.
Apis fervidus—-Bombus.
Bombus ambiguus Fra.
appositus Cr.
californicus Sm.
californicus—vosnesenskii.
centralis Cr.

columbicus—Bombus_ vosnesen-

skii.
crotchii Cr.
dorsalis—Bombus fervidus.
edwardsii Cr.
edwardsii—fernaldii.
edwardsii—rufocinctus
fernaldii Fra.
fervidus Fabr.

Ceratina acantha Prov.
submaratima—acantha
dupla Say.

suckleyi Gr.

Figure 63. Ceratina.

henshawi Fra.
howardii—occidentalis.
huntei Cr.

mixtus Cr.

morrisoni Cr.
nevadensis Cr.
nigrocinctus—crotchii.
occidentalis Green.
rufocinctus Cr.
sitkensis Nyl.
sonorus Say.
suckleyi—Psythyrus.
vosnesenskii Rad.

Psythyrus californicus—Bombus.

crawfordii Fra.

CERATINIDA.

gigantea Sm.
pacificus Sm.
tejoniensis—dupla.

HYMENOPTERA — APINA. 89

NOMADIDEZ.

All of the members of this family live in the nests of other bees.

: ashmeadi Co.
atrofrontata Co.
ashmeadi Co.
australior—edwardsii
bifurcata Co.
bisignata Say.
californiae Co.
citrina Cr.
civilis (Colorada)
coquilletti Co.
crotchii Cr.
10-punctata Co.
edwardsii Cr.
elegantula Co.
excellans Co.
excurrens Co.
flavipes Prov.
formula Vier.

Figure 64. Nomada. fragilis Cr.
; hesperia Co
Bombomelecta edwardsi Cr. humphilli Co.
pacifica Cr. interrupta—interruptellz
separata Cr. interruptella Fow.
thoracica Pat. latifrons Co.
zygos Vier. lepida Cr.
Epeolus californicus Cr. marginella Co.

melliventris Cr.
nigrior—crotchii.
obliquella Fow.
obliqua—obliquella
obscurella Fow.
obscura—obscurella
opposita Cr.
oregonica Co.
pascoensis Co.
phodosoma Co.
rhodotricha Co.
rivalis Cr.

rubra Prov.
sanctaecrucis Co

Figure 65. Melecta. suavis Cr.
subangusta Co.
concavus Cr. subgracilis Co.
compactus Cr. subsimilis Co.
faciatus subvicinalis Co.
nevadensis Edw. tintinnabulum Co.
nigroceps Sm. ultimella Co.
occidentalis Cr. Phileremus fulviventris Cr.
superbus vinnula (not California).
Melecta californica Cr. Perdita californica Cr.
edwardsii Cr. claypolei Co.
thoracicus Cr. interrupta Cr.

Nomada angelarum Co. Stelis carnifex Co.

90 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

laticincta Cr. sexmaculata Ash.
subczerulea Cr.

MEGACHILIDA.

This family contains the leaf cutting bees, Megachile, which cut round or
eval holes in the leaves of various plants, particularly roses; these are used
to line their nests. Anthidium gathers cottony materials from plants for
the same purpose. :

Figure 66. Leaf cutting bee, Megachile.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Osmia: pulvillus present, Chelostoma and Heriades: maxillary palpi three-
jointed, the latter with mandibles tridentate. Alcidamia: male antenne de-
formed.

Anthidium. Megachile: second submarginal receiving both recurrents.

Alcidamia producta Cr californicum Cr.

Anthidium atriventris Cr. Heriades albicinctum Prov.
californicum Cr. glaucum Fow.
compactum semirubra Co.
consimile Megachile brevis Cr.
edwardsii Cr. exilis
emarginatum Say. fidelis Cr.
ilftustre Cr. - frigida
maculifrons Cr. latimanus
maculosum Cr. montivagus Cr.
pallidiventre Cr. pugnata Say.
provancheri Tit. studiosa
tricuspidum Osmia abjecta Cr.

Chelostoma australis Co. albiventris Cr.

HYMENOPTERA — APINA. 91

armaticeps Co.
atriventris Cr.
brevis Cr.
californica Cr.
cobaltina Cr.
davidsoniella Co
dubia Cr.
exigua Cr.

XYLOCOPIDA.

lignaria Say.
manura Cr.
nigrifrons Cr.
purpurea Cr.
quadriceps Cr.
rustica Cr.
titusi Co.

The carpenter bees are as large as bumblebees. The female burrows into
wood making a tube several inches

long which is separated into a series
of cells, each for a single larva which

eats pollen and honey stored by the

parent.

Xylocopa zneipennis DeG.
californica Cr.
fimbriata Fabr.
oxpifex Sm.
varipuncta Pat.

Alcyloscelis afflicta—Diadasia.
alboresta—Diadasia.
australia—Diadasia.
bituberculata—Diadasia.
cinera
diminuta—Diadasia.
enavata—Diadasia.
freisei—Diadasia.
laticauda—Diadasia

nerna—Diadasia _nigrifrons.

nigrifrons—Diadasia.
nitidifrons

Anthophora
flicta.

abruptella Co.
anstrutheri Co.
californica Cr.
catalinze Co.
corvicolor—infernalis.
crotchii Cr.
curta Prov.
edwardsii Cr.
exigua Cr.

tricincta—Diadasia

Diadasia bituberculata

Diadasia australis
opuntia—Diadasia australis.
rincornis—Diadasia australis.

af-

Figure 67. Carpenter bee, Xylocopa.
ANTHOPHORIDA.

flavocincta Huard.
flexilipes Cr.
floridana—Habropoda.
ignava Cr.

infernalis Dal.
maculifrons—petrophila.
miserahilis—Habropoda.
nigrocincta—flavocincta.
ornata

pacifica Cr.

petrophila Co.

solitaria Ritz.
stanfordiana Co.
subtarsata—tarsata.
tarsata Sick.

urbana Cr.

Anthophorula coguilletti—Eucera.
Centris cockerelli Fox.

davidsoni-—hoffmansegiz.
hoffmansegiz Co.

Diadasia afflicta Cr.

alboresta Prov.
bituberculata Cr.
cinerea—bituberculata.
diminuta Cr.

92 GUIDE TO

enavata Cr.
freisei Co.
laticauda—Alcyloscetis.
nerea—nigrifrons.
nigrifrons Co.
nitidifrons Cr.
rincornmis—australis.
tricincta—afflicta
Disiaspls olivacea Cr.
Emphoropsis interspersa Co.
opuntiz—australis.
miserabilis Cr.
murihirta Co.
semifulva. Co.
tristisima Co.
Eucera coquilletti Ash.

CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

enavata—Diadasia.
intermediella Co.
intrudens—Tetralonia.
lupina Cr.

menucha Cr.
nigrifrons Cr.

obliqua

olivaceae Cr.

-personatella Co.

semilupina—menucha.
smithii Dal.

sternsii Co.
stretchii—Tetralonia.
tepida Cr.

Synhalonia acerba—Tetralonia.

albicans—Tetralonia.

=

Figure 68. Diadasia.

Habropoda depresa Fow.
floridana (Sm).
miserabilis Cr.

Macrocera pruingsa—Xenoglossa.

Macrotera californica Cr.

Mellisodes actuoSa—Tetralonia.
bituberculata Cr.
californica—smithii.
catalinensis—intermediella.
edwardsii—Tetralonia.

albopillosa —Tetralonia.
californica—Tetralonia.
edwardsii—Tetralonia.
intrudens—Tetralonia.

speciosa (Colorado). 1

Tetralonia acerba (Cr.)

actuosa (Cr.)
albicans (Prov.)
albopillosa (Fow.)
californica (Cr.)

HYMENOPTERA — APINA. 98

edwardsii (Cr.) Xenoglossa angellica Co.

fowleri (Co angustior—patricia.
ae Be curecubitorum (not California).
iridotes (Co.) davidsoni Co.

intrudens (Cr.) patricia Co.
stretchii (Cr.) pruinosum (not California).

virgata (Co.)

PANURGIDA.
Amblyapis illicifolize Co.
Calliopsis anthidius Fow.
albitarsis Cr.
atriceps—Panurginus.
californicus—Panurginus.
cinctus Cr.
clypeatus Cr.
edwardsii Cr.
lateralis—edwardsii Cr.
obscurellis Cr.
visaliensis Fow.
scutellaris Fow.
zonalis Cr.
Halictcides mulleri Co.

Figure 69. Calliopsis.

saundersi Co. enocki Co.

virgatus Co. eumorpha Co.
Panurginus atriceps (Cr.) regularis (Cr.)

californicus (Cr.) Perdita californica

chalybeus Cr. claypolei Co.
Panurgus regularis—Parandrena.

interrupta Cr.
Parandrenna albitarsis—Calliopsis. rhois Co.

ccncinnula Co. trisignata Co.

PROSOPIDZ.

These bees carry the pollen to their nests in the honey sac and store it
with a greater proportion of honey than usual.
Presopis bakeri—rudbeckia.

basalis Sm.

calvus Metz.

colcradensis Co.
conspicua Metz.
coduilletti—episcopalis.
cressoni Co.

episcopalis Co.
mesillze—cressoni.
nevadensis Co.
passadenze—cressoni.
polifelli Co. Risa 7 nln oe
REE tC eS. igure 70. Prosopis.
COLLETIDA. tridentulus Co.

These little bees live in burrows in the ground which they line with a
conspicuous slimy secretion.

Colletes americanus Cr.
clypeonitens SW.

A few are parasitic.

ochraceus SW.

94 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

ANDRENIDA.

The Andrenidgw are among the smallest of the bees. They are often semi-
social, many living in a common burrow but within which each maintains

its own quarters.

SYNOPSIS OF GHNERA. |

Halictus: color not meteilic Andrenna: basal vein bent.
Agapostemon. Augochlora: second recurrent from third submarginal cell.

Figure 71. Andrenna.

Agapostemon femoratus Craw.

texanus Cr.
Andrenna chalybea (Cr.)
foxii Co.
griseonigra Co
hesperidus Cr.
knuthiana Co.

Aphilanthops elsiz Dun.
foxi Dun.

Cerceris zqualis Prov.
californicus Cr.
cockerelli Vier.

flavocinctus—Eucerceris.

specius—Stlzus.

Ammatomus noneduloides (Pack.)
Gorytes monoduloides—Ammatomus.
Sphecius*convallis—speciosus.

perimelas Co.
pertristis Co.
phenax Co.
stanfordiana Co.
subtristis Co.
Auglochora pura (Say).
Chloralictus incompletus—Halictus.
nevadensis—Halictus.
punctativentris—Halictus.
Conanthalictus bakeri—Halictus.
Evylaeus latifrons—Halictus.
nigrescens—Halictus.
robusta—Halictus.
Halictus bakeri Cra.
farinosus Sm.
gracilis Rob.
incompletus Cra.
latifrons Cra.
longicornis Cra.
mellipes Cra.
nevadensis Cra.
nigricens Cra.
punctativentris Cra.
purus—Augochlora.
robusta Cra.
Nomia nevadensis Cr.
tegularis Rob.
Panurgus chalybea—Andrena.

SPHECINA.

PHILANTHIDAE.

Eucerceris flavocinctus (Cr.)
insignis Prov.

Philanthus californicus Cr.
crabriformis Sm.
subsimilis Cr.

STIZIDAE

speciosus Drury.
Hoplisoides umbonatus Cam.
Hypomellinus flavicinctis Cam.
Sphex speciosus—Sphecius.

HYMENOPTERA — SPHECINA. 95

unicinctus—Stizaides.
Stizoides unicinctus (Say.)

Stizus flavus Cam .
godmani Cam.

OXYBELIDA.
Oxybelus impatiens—quadrinotatus. quadrinotatus Say.
NYSSONID/=
Astata bella Cr. nevadicus Cr.
czerulans Cr. nubeculus Cr.
SPHEGIDA.

This family includes the mud daubers, Sceliphron and Chlorion, which
store their nests with spiders, others capture caterpillars, grasshoppers, etc.
Ammophila argentifrons--Psammophila Prionyx atratum—Chlorion.

luctuosa—Psammophila.
saeva—Sphex.

violaceipennis—Psammophila.

rightii—Sphex.
Cloptera wrightii—Sphex.

Chalybion czruleum—Chlorion cyan-

eum.
zimmermani—Chlorion.
Chlorion abdominalis (Cr.)
ashmeadii Fern.
atratum (Lep.)
aztecum (Saus.)
bifoviatum (Tasch.\
cyaneum Dahl.
elegans (Sm.)
derrifineum (Fox).
lzeviventris (Cr.)
lucze (Saus.)
pensylvanicum (Linn.)
praestans (Kohl.)
rufiventris (Cr.)
thomez (Fabr.)
Isodonta aztecum—Chlorion.
elegans—Chlorion.
Calmodes abdor::nalis—Chlorion.
leeviventris—Chlorion.
preestans—Chlorion.
rufiventris—Chlorion.
Pelopeus cementarius—Scelifron.

Ancistroma aurantia Fox.
dolorosa Fox.
tenuicornia Sm.

Bembidula nigrifrons (Prov)
parata (Prov.)
ventralis Say.

Larva tenuicornis—Ancistroma.

Lyrops pepticus—Tachytes.

bifoveatum—Chlorion.
ferruginium—Chlorion.
thome—Chlorion.

Proterosphex: ashmeadii—Chlorion.

luezee—Chlorion.
pensylvanicum—Chlorion.

Psammaphila argentifrons (Cr.)

luctuosa (Sm.)
pacifica Mel.
violaceipennis (Lep.)

Sceliphron cementarius (Dru.)
Sphex abdominalis—Chlorion.

atratum—Chlorion.
aztecum—Chlorion.
bifoviatum—Chlorion.
ceruleum—Chlorion cyaneum.
cementarius—Sceliphron.
cyaneum—Chlorion.
elegans—Chlorion.
ferrugineum—Chlorion.
leeviventris—Chlorion.
lucee—Chlorion.
pensylvanicum—Chlorion.
placidus (Sm.)
preestans—Chlorion.
rufiventris—Chlorion.
szeeva (Sm.)
thomee—Chlorion.
wrightii (Cr.)

Microbembex monodonta (Say).
Monodula nigrifrons—Bembidula.

parata—Bembidula.
pulchella—Stictia.
pulla—Stictia.
tenuicornis—Stictia.
usitata—Stictia.

Stictia nigrifrons—Bembidula.

96 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

parata—Bembidula. pauxillatus Fox.
signata (Linn.) Tachytes distinctus Sm.
tenuicornis (Fox). elongatus—distinctus
usitata (Fox). pepticus Say.
Tachysphex ashmeadii Fox. rufofasciatus Cr.
crenulatus Fox. Eteniola duplicata Prov.
spinosus Fox. scolopacea—duplicata.
spissatus Fox. tibians Handl.

BEMBECIDA.

Bembex amoena Hal. nubilipennis Cr.
fasciata Fabr. occidentalis Fox.
spinolae—fasciata. U-scripta Fox.
monodonta—Microbembex.

PEMPHREDON

Diodontus occidentalis Fox.

Mimesa mixtus (Fox).

Passaloecus mandibularis Cr.

Pemphredon rileyi Fox.

Psen mixtus—Mimesa.

Stigmus coquilletti—fulvipes.
fulvipes Fox.

Figure 72. Diagram of the venation of
Pemphredonide.

TRYPOXYLIDA
Trypoxylon californicum Saus. tridentatum Pack.

CRABRONIDA=
rifrons.

nigrifrons—Clypochrysis.
packardii—H ypocrabro.
sexmaculatus—Xestocrabro.
spiniferus—Xylocrabro.
vicinus—T hyreopus.
villosus—-Protothyreopus.

Figure 73. Diagram of the venation of Hypocrabro packardii (Cr.)

ero one Monizecera abdominalis (Fox)-

Protothryeopus dilectus (Cr.)

villosus (Fox).

Thyreopus vicinus (Cr.)

Xestocrabro sexmaculatus (Say).

Xylocrabro spiniferus (Fox).

Clyplochrysis gracilisimus (Pack.)
nigrifrons (Cr.)

Crabro abdominalis—Monizecera.
asperatus—Protothryeopus.
dilectus—Protothryeopus.
gracilisimus—Clytochrysus nig-

VESPIN A.

MUTILLIDA.
The females of the Mutillide are wingless and are often called woolly ants.

HYMENOPTERA — VESPINA. 57

They are unusually abundant in California. Some are parasitic in bumble
bee nests but the habits of most of the species are unknown.

Agama rustica—Mutilla.
unicolor—Mutilla.

Brachycistis brevis Fox.
carinatus Fox.
castaneus (Cr.)
figitiformis Bak.
gaudii Cr.
grabella (Cr.)
inaequalis Fox.
nudus Fox.
rutilans—Cyphotes.
subquadratus Fox.

Cyphotes californicus Cam.
elevatus Blake.
heathii Mel.
peculiaris Cr.
piceiceps Cam.
rutilans (Blake.)
similis Cam.

Spherophtoalma anthophoree—Mutii-

la.

anthracina—Mutilla anthracico-

jor.
arota—M utilla.
aureola—Mutilla.
californica—M utilla.
coccineohirta—Mutilla.
edwardsii—Mutilla.
erudita—M utilla.
gloriosa—Mutilla.
heterochroa—Mutilla.
magna—Mutilla.
ochracea—Mutilla.
pacifica—Mutilla.
pamosa—Mutilla aureola
progne—Mutilla.
sackeni—Mutilla.
tecta—Mutiila.

testaceiventris—Mutilla gloriosa

venifica—M utilla.
zenobia—Mutilla.
zephrytis—M utilla.
Glyptemetopia americana Ash.
Monochroa unicolor—Mutilla.
Mutilla anthophorze (Ash.)
anthracicolor Dal.
arota Cr.
athamas Fox.
aureola(Cr.)
californica Rad.
castaneus—Brachycystis.
clytemnestra Fox

coccinohirta Blake.
connectens Cr.
connectens Cr.
edwardsi (Cr.)
elevata—Cyphotes.
erudita—sackeni.
glabrella—Brachycistis.
gloriosa (Saus.)
harpalyce Fox.
heterochroa Fox.
hypermestra Fox.
inconspicua—Odonicphotcpsis.
inconspicuus—Odontophotopsic.
indiginus Cam.
infelix—Odontophotopsis incon-
ingenuus Cam.
spicuus.
magna (Cr.)
venifica (Biake).
nebulosa (blake).
nigriventris (lower California).
ochracea (Blake).
pacifica (Cr.)
patersonze Med.
progne Fox.
peculiaris Cr.
testaceiventris (Fox).
unicolor Cr.
scrupea Say.
tecta—gloriosa.
peculiaris—Cyphotes.
progne Blake.
rustica (Blake).
rutilans—Cyphotes.
sackenii Cr.
unicolor Cr.
venifica (Biake.)
zenobia (Blake).
zephritis (Fox).
Methoca californica West.
Norsyma ashmeadii Fox.
Odontcphctopsis annulatus Bak.
cookii Bak.
exogyous Vier.
inconspicuus (Blake).
ocellatus Bak.
succineus Vier.
Photopsis abstrusa Cam.
dificilis Cam.
inconspicuus—Odontiphotopsis.
lingulatus Vier.
insignis Cam.

98 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

nebulosa—Mutilla. rustica—Mutilla.
nudata Cam. . unicolor—Mutilla.
pedatus Cam.

THINNIDE
The sexes are extremely unlike in this group. |
Glyphometopa americana Ash. Thonnus californicus Pat.
Tetcp.romya anthrcina Ash.
TIPHIIDA.
Myzina rufiventris—Pterombus. robusta Cam. :
ratiphi- -"'"' bris Spin. Pterombus rufiventris (Cr.)
intermedia Cam. Tiphia flavipennis Spin.
SCOLIIDA=

F.4.S dives Prov.
quadricincta Prov.
Scolia consors Saus.
Trielis xantiani Saus.

SN ae
Figure 74. Diagram of the venation of

Scoliide.
MY ZINIDAE 5
Myzina frontalis—Plesia. Plesia frontalis (Cr.)
SAPY GID
These insects are supposed tc be parasitic on bees.
Eusapyga californica Cr. elegans Cr.
Sapyga aculeata Cr. nevadica Cr.
angustata—nevadica. pumila Cr.

californica Cr.

MARSARID/=
Euparagia scutellaris Cr. Pseudomasaris edwarcsii (Cr.)
Marsaris edwardsii—Pseudomarsaris

CHRYSIDIDA.
These insects are able to coil themselves up into a ball, the abdomen be-
ing hollowed out beneath to fit closely against the underside of the head and
thorax. They are parasitic in the nests of other wasps.

Chrysis alfkenella DuB. hilaris Dahl.
californica Gril. inflata Aaron.
coerulans Fabr. intricata Brul.
densa Cr. inusita Aaron.
dorsalis Aaron. lauta Cr.

halictula Gril. opyima ‘Aaron.

HYMENOPTERA — VESPINA.

mucronata—parvula.
pacifica Say.
parvula Fabr.
perpulcra Cr.
propria Aaron.
verticalis Pat.
Cleptes purpurata Cr.
Ellampus marginatus (Pat.)
nitidus(Aaron).
EKuchreeus edwardsii—Parnopes.
Hedychordum continuum Sr.
Hedychridium cintinuum—Hedychor-
dum.
continuum Aar.
dimidiatum—Holopyga.
viride—Holopyga.

aS)

Hedychrum dimidiatum—Holopyga.
sinuosum—Omalus.
ventralis—Holopyga.
violaceum Brulle.
viride—Holopyga.

Holochrysis interfota DuB.

Holopyga dimidiatum (Say).
ventralis (Say).
viride (Cr.)

Notozus marginatus—Ellamus.
nitidus—Ellampus.

Omalus diversa Aaron.
lzeviventris Cr.
sinuosus (Say).

Parnopes edwardsii Cr.

Spintharis annulipes Mocs

EUMENIDA-.

This and the next family fold their front wings when at rest.

These are

solitary wasps which store caterpillars in their nests.

Ancistocerus edwardsii—Odynerus.
lalophila Vier.
fulvitarsis Cam.
lineativentris Cam.
rivularis—Odynerus.
sutterianus—Odynerus.
trichiontus Cam.

Eumenes coloradensis Cr.
crucifera Prov.

Monobia bicolor Prov.

Nortonia nevadensis Cam.

Odynerus blandus Saus.
claremontis Cam.

cytainus Cam.
cosmiogaster Cam.
edwardsii Cam.
fulvitarsis Cam.
philadelphize Saus.
pratensis Saus.
rivularis Cam.
scutellaris Saus.
sulfureus Saus.
sutterianus Saus.
Pterochilus biplagiatus Cr.
Symmorphus _ philidelphis—Odynerus.

VESPIDZA.
Paper wasps so named because their nests are made of paper manufactured

by the insect.

The yellow-jackets h ave a very similar history to that given

for bumble bees. Hornets make their nests above ground and have equally

populous colonies.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Vespa. Polistes: abdomen only subsessile.

Polistes anaheimensis—aurifer.
aurifer Saus.
minor Beauv.
navajoe Cr.

Polybia flavitarsis Saus.

Polybia: abdomen petiolate
Vespa diabolia Saus.

germanica Linn.

maculata Fabr.
occidentalis—germanica.
sulphurea Saus.

PSAMOCHARID£.

The tarantula hawks, Pepsis, are the largest members of the order.

All of

the species of the family are supposed to store their nests with spiders.

Agenia blaisdelii Fox.
Arachnoproctonus ferrugineus (Say.)

Ceropales.

ferrugineus—Arachnoproc-
tonus.

100 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

fraterna Sm. Planiceps planatus Fox.

stretchii Fox. Pompilius ferrugineus—Arachnoproc-
Pepsis chrysothemis Luc. tonus.

cinnabarina Luc. formosus—Pepsls.

formosa (Say.) tenebrosus—Pycnopompilius.

hesperie—mildei Stal. Pycnopompilius tenebrosus (Cr.)

sommeri Dahl.

FORMICIN A.

FORMICIDA.

The ants are of peculiar interest at the present time in California because
of the recent introduction and steady spread of the Argentine species, Irido-
myrex humilis, which is killing off all native ants and proving a very serious
annoyance about the house. Already the insect occupies all of Alameda and
the greater part of San Jose and College Park, and also large areas in Los
Angeles, Berkeley, and Stockton. It is present in numerous other localities.

Ants are social insects with a wingless worker cast and queens that lose
their wings after their nuptual flight..

Literature:— California Bulletin 207. Wheeler, Ants.

Aphenogaster paturellis Forel. tejonia Bick.
pergandei Mayr. Iridomyrmex analis And.
Camponotus anthrax Whe. humilis Mayr.
fallax Nyl. - Leptothorax andrei Emery.
herculeanus Linn. nitens Emery.
hyatti Emery. pergandei And.
laevigatus Sm. Liometopium apiculatum Mayr.

microcephalum Panz.
Messor andrei Mayr.
pergandei And.
stodderdi Emery.
Monomorium ergatogyna—minutum
minutum Mayr.
pharionis Linn.
Myrmecocystis lugubris Whe.
: melliger Forel.
Plea eh Bae allt 4 ; mexicanus Wesm.
Eee de: Diagram of the venation ef Myrmica bicarinata. Nyl.
bradleyi Whe.
californicus Buck.
Phiedole barbarata Whe.

maccooki Forel.
maculatus Fabr.

Cremastogaster lineolata Say. californica Mav~
vermiculata Emery. hyatti Emery.
Cyphomyrmex wheeleri Forel. Neoponera agilis For.
Dorymyrmex bicolor—pyramicus. . Pogonomyrmex badius Latr.
pyramicus Roger. barbatus Sm.
Echiton californicum Mayr. californicus Buck.
Formica pilicornis Emery. occidentalis Cr.
rufa Linn. subdentatus Mayr.
rufiventris Emery. Plenolepis imparis Say.

subpolita Mayr. Solenopsis aurea Whe.

HYMENOPTERA — FORMICINA. 10%.
geminata Fabr. nearcticum Mayr.
texana Emery. patruelis—bakeri.
Stenamma bakeri Whe. Tapinoma sessile Say.

breviaorne Mayr.

STAGES OF THE ARGENTINE ANT. — Iridomyrmex humilis.

Figure 76. The Degg.

Figure 78. Older larva.
Figure 79. Pupa.

@

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

102

Cent

{yi

Figure 86. Queen of the Argentine ant,Irilomyrmex humilis.

HYMENOPTERA — FORMICINA. 108

ca
4
1 ‘ %
‘ 4
tee 4
\ ¥
4 4
t 4,
y ‘
Za arleses
_—

a MH

va

fl

Figure 83 Queen of the Argentine ant.

104 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

ange
as
SSS
— se

Figure 85 Iridomyrmex analis. : |

HYMENOPTERA — FORMICINA.

Figure 86. Head of a queen field ant, Formica.

Figure 88 Tapinoma.

105

106 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

de a

SSDP

y
eee

Figure 90. The smaller honey ant. °

107

HYMENOPTERA — FORMICINA.

harvester

Figure 92. Head of the black

ant.

‘Figure 91 Head of small house ant.

Stenamma.

Figure The back of the black harvester ant

Position assumed when

sonomyrmex,

Po

Figure 94. The red harvester ant.

greatly annoyed.

108 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Figure 95. Small house ant, Monomorium.

Figure 96. The black harvester ant,

HYMENOPTERA — FORMICINA. 109

Figure 98. The acrobat ant..

el
od
fin IM

|
1
!
st
J
\ tts)
1

fi

| i ia
eae

Mi

Figure $9. The back of the acrobat ant.

110 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Figure 101. The fire ant.

HYMENOPTERA — FORMICINA. 111

Figure 102. The fungus ant, Cyphomyr

Figure 103. Side view of the fungus ant.

CHALCIDINA.

EULOPHIDA.

Aphelinus diaspidis How. Coccophagus aurantii—Prospalta.
flaviceps How. californicus How.
fuscipennis How. citrinus—Aspidiotiphagus.
mytilaspidis Leb. flavoscutellum Ash.

Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Craw). lecanii. Fitch.

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

ey)

A

Figure 106. Aspidiotiphagus citrinus.

HYMBNOPTHRA — CHALCIDINA.

lunatus How.
ochraceus How.
scutatus How.
Encarsia angelica How.
coquilletti How.
Eretmocerus californicus How.

f

Figure 104. Aspidiotiphagus citrinus. 1. egg. 2. larva. 3. larva in

4. pupa.

Gyrolasia flavimedia—Pteropteryx.

Prospaita aurantei (How.)

Prospeltella gelatinosus Horn.
quericola How.

Pteropteryx flavimedia (How.)

Tetrastichus californicus Ash.

"

ee
We use
oe Niiteangacan®

Figure 108. Coccophagus lunatus.

CLEONIDA.

Enchrysia hyalipennis Ash.

maculipennis Ash.

Lis

yellow scale.

114 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

PTEROMALIDA.

lsocratus vulgaris

Epsitemia odeyneri
Metapon californicum Ash.

Halizoa rufipes Ash.

ENCYRTIDA.

Figure 120. Soft brown scale with exit holes of Aphycus flavus.

HYMENOPTERA — CHALCIDINA. 115

ut

Bothriothorax californicus How. flavus How.
Aphycus angelicus How. immaculatus Hiw.
californicus How. lecanii How.
coquilletti How. nigritulus How.
fiscipennis How. Blastotrix yuccse Can

I eo
ae
5 i e ‘

Figure 122. Comys fusca.

nigripes How. Comys fusca How.
planifrons How Encyrtus dubius—Microterys.
rotundatus How. flavus—Microterys.
Calogaster longiventris Ash. lsodromus iceryze How. .
Cerchysius hubbardi Ash. Microterys dubius (How.)

Chrysoplatocerus splendens How.

116 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

qitteseneree”
& 0

Figure 123 larva of Comys fusca, pupa of Comys fusca and pupa of Coccophag-
us lunatus.

ae i Ps if

Te ia ee 4
bani”

Figure 124. Microterys flavus.

Figure 125. (Opposite page.) Hyperparasite of Scutellista. 2. the same chang-
ing to pupa. 3. Scutellista larva containing hyperparasite the same beneath the
scale. 5. normal pupa of Scutellista. 6. parasitized pupa. 7. exit hole of par-
asite in old larva skin of scutellista. 8. black scale killed by a Sana Isaria.
9. fungus covering scale and spreading over twig.

HYMENOPTERA — CHALCIDINA.

118 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

HYMENOPTERA — CHALCIDINA. 119
flavus (How.)

Tanaostigmodes howardii Ash.
Physcus varicornis How.

tychii Ash.
Tineobius californicus Ash. Rhipodens citrinus How.
coquilletti Ash, Signiphora australiensis Ash.
occidentalis How. Prospalta aurantii How.

Figure 127. Signiphora occidentalis.

FIGITIDA.
Eucoila minor Prov.

MISCOGASTERIDA.

Figure 128. Dilophogaster californica.

Figure 126. (Opposite page.) 1. black scale with exit holes of Scutellista. 2. the
same more enlarged. 3. young black scale which died without emerging from the
parent scale. 4. eggs and young scale killed by fungus, Isaria.

120 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

i i i tor How.
Brasema ruficollis Cam. Semiotellus destruc
Dilophogaster californica (How.) Tomocerus californicus—Dilophogaster

EUCHARID-.

Chalcura californica Ash. Orasema occidentalis Ash.
Lophyricera apicalis Ash.

EURYTOMIDA.
This family comprises the only group of injurious Chaleidina. The members
of the principal genus, Isotoma, are known as joint worms. They feed as
larvee in the stems of wheat and other grasses.

Decatomidea cooke How. hirtifrons How.

Eurytoma californica Ash. tritici Fitch.
tritici—Isotoma. Orasema occidentalis Ash.

Isotoma agrostidis How. TORYMIDA.
bromicola How. Megastigmus pinus Par.
californicus How. Monodontomerus montivagus Ash.
grandz Ril. Syntomaspis californica Ash.

AGAONIDA.

The one species of this family was imported a few years ago to fertilize
the smyrna fig which previously would not bear fruit. The pollen is produced
in the capra variety, and in the figs of that variety the insect comes to
maturity. The male is wingless and remains within the fig within which it
was born. The female after being fertilized, escapes and carries the pollen
with which she is dusted to a young fig, fertilizing it.

Blastophaga grossorum Grav. i

MYMARIDA.

Anaphes cinctiventris Gir. Gonatocerus californicus Gir.

PROCTOTRYPINA.

PROCTOTRYPIDA.

Ampulicomorpha confusa Ash.

Anectata californica Ash.

Balays californica Ash.

Ceraphron californicus Ash.
salicicola Ash.

Cinetus californicus Ash.

colon Ash.
Figure 129. Diagram of the venation of 5 Meee. Ash. :
Proctotrypide. Dissomphalis californicus Ash.
Acerota cecidomyidze Ash. Epyris longicollis Kief.
Aclista californica Ash. occidentalis Ash.
rufescens Ash. megacephalis Ash.
Alapatus eriococci Ash. Gonatopus californicus Ash.

Amblyaspls californicus Ash. Goniocus cellularis Say.

HYMENOPTERA — PROCTOTRYPINA. 121

Hadronotus largi Ash. hauchucze Ash.
Hemilexus californica Ash. salicicola Ash.
Inostemma californica Ash. striaticeps Ash.
Loxotropa californica Ash. Polymecus lupina Ash.
Lygocerus californicus Ash. Proctotrupes californicus Ash.
niger How. ‘ caudatus Say.
pacificus As. pallidus Say.
Negaspilus californicus Ash. Prosocantha californica Ash.
Nesitus californicus Ash. Sparasion pacificum Ash.
Pantoclis californica Ash. Telemonus californicus Ash.
montana Ash. clisiocampze Ash.
Paramesius pallidus Ash. gnophezelze Ash.
Pentacantha rufitarsis Kief. koebelei Ash.
Phzenipria montana Ash. Thoron opacus Ash.
Polygnotus atriplicis Ash. Trichopria pacifica Ash.
artemisize Ash. Trichosteresis floridanus Ash.
californicus Ash. Zelotypa ashmeadiMetz.
eurotize Ash. Zygota californica Ash.

PELECINIDA.

Pelicinus polyturator Dru.

Figure 130. Diagram of the venation of
Pelecinide. f

ICHNEUMONINA.

EVANIIDA.

Aulacus editus—Odontaulacus.
rufitarsis—Odoiitaulicus.

Evania californicus—Evaniella.

Evaniella califorica Ash.

Foenus occidentalis Cr.
rubrofasciatus Kief.
visalize Brad.

Gasteruption pattersonz M. & B.
pyrrhosternum Kief.
rubrufasciatum Kief.

Hyptia fulchi Ash.

Odontaulacus editus Cr. Pristaulacus fusculatus Brad.
rufitarsis Cr.

Figure 131. Diagram of the venation of
Evaniide.

ICHNEUMONIDA.

Agrypon puparum Ash. simile Ash.
Amblyteles montanus Cr. verbosum Cr.
subfuscus Cr. xanthopis Ash.
Anderis californicus Cr. Aperileptus tropicus Day.
Anomalon californicum Cr. Atmetus californicus Ash.
eurekz Ash. Bassus cinctus Cr.

maceratum Cr. cinctulus—orbitalis.

122 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

decoratus—Homotropus.
euuree—Holmgrenia.
humeralis—Homotropus.

maculifrons—Syrphoctonus.

orbitalis Ash.
pacificus—Syrpnoctonus.
pleuralis—Syrphoctonus.
syrphicola Ash.

xanthopsis—Syrpnoctonus

cificus.
purgatum Say.

Brephactonus californicus Ash.

Campoplex assitus Nort.

Corinzeus californicus—carinatus.

carinatus (Cr.)

Campsocryptus brevicornis Cam.

Charops fuscipennis Prov.

Clepsiporthus subiginosus (Cr.)

Cremnodes californicus (Ash.)
tuberculatus Ash.
Cryptus alamedensis Ash.

SS

Figure 132. Diagram of the venation of

Ichneumonide.

californicus Ash.
callipterus Say.
crotchii Cr.
dirus Cr.
edwardsii Cr.
ferrugineus Ash.
pacificus Cr.
perplexus Cr.
proximus Cr.
punicus Cr,
purpuripennis Cr.
resolutus Cr.
tejonensis Cr.
turbatus Cr.
Cteniscus californicus Cr.
excelsus—Exyston.
Enytus maculipes Cam.
Epachthes basilicus Dav.
Eremotylus arctiz Ash.
Eriborus triannulatus Cam.
Erromenus crassus (Cr.)
glabrosus Dav.

obscurellus—M onoblastus.

pa-

Euchrysia hyalinipennis Ash.
maculipennis Ash.

Eupalmus piceus Ril.

Eurythrocryptus rufus Cam.

Exetastus maurus Cr.
zelotypus Cr.

Exachus atricoxalis—Exochus
leevis—Netaccelus.

Exochilum acronyctz Ash.
glabrosus Dav.
occidentalze Cr.

Exochys atricoxalis Cr.
glabrosis Dav.

Exotylus gelechize Ash.

Exyston excelsus (Cr.)
politus Dav.

Glypta californica Prov.
macra Cr.

Grotea californica Cr.

Hemiteles annulatus
ashmeadii Ril.
coleophorze Ash.
meliteze Ash.

Boethus alaingens Dav.
variegatus Ash.
Heteropelma longipes Prov.

Holmgrenia euurz (As.h)
Homotropus decoralus (Cr.)
humeralis (Prov.)

Ichneumon astutus* Holm.
californicus—rufiventris.
clairmontis Cam.
crudosus Cr.
cupitus Cr.
curvator—Triclistus.
difficilis Cr.
infractus Cr.
leucopsis Ash.
longulus Cr.
neutralis Cr.
nuncius Cr.
odiosus Cr.
petulcus Cr.
purpuripennis Cr.
rufiventris Br.
semisissis Cr.
variegatus Cr.
Ictoplectis orgyize Ash.
Ischyrocnemis pacificus Ash.
Itaplectus orgyize Ash.
Lampronota hilaris Cr.
ocidentalis Cr.
Limneria californica Cr.
cupressi Ash.
eureka Ash.

fugitiva Say.
nolze Ash.
pterophorees Ash.
tibiator Cr.
Limnoceras edwardsii Cr.
Mesochorus irridescens Cr.

Mesoleius rubiginosus—Clepsiporthus

scapularis (Cr.)
stretchii—Céthophorus.

eee---—
os &
oH

S
nome
Se

A

Figure
submarginatus (Cr.)

Mesotenus gragilipes Cr.
Mesochorus iridescens Cr.
Mesoleptus scapularis—Mesoleius.
Metapodius montanus Cr.
Metacoccelus levis (Cr)

Metapon californicus Ash.
Metapodius montanus Cr.
Monoblastsus obscureilus (Cr.)
Monoblastus obscurellus (Cr.)
Noemon californicus (Cr.)

lusoris (Cr.)

133.

HYMENOPTERA — ICHNEUMONINA.

123
CEthophorus stretchii Cr.
Ophion arctize Ril.
palmaris Dav.
costale Cr.
emarginatus—Tapinops.
nigriceps
Orona petiolaris Cam.

OrtLocentris californicus—Tapinops
emarginatus.

An Ichneumon fly.

Orthopelma cai..rnicum Ash.

Otacustes nigroornatus Cam.

Orthoporus innumerabilis Dav.

Pezomachus californicus Ash.
niger Prov.

Phygadion albirictus Cr.
californicus Cr.
crassipes Rov.
fulvescens Cr.
litamus Cr.
phryganidize Ash.

Phytodictus californic::s Cr.

124 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

obscurellus Cr. Stenomacris hastatus Dav.
Pimpla annulipes Brul. Syrphoctonus maculifrons Co.
aplopappi Ash. pacificus Cr.
behrensii Cr. pleuralis (Cr.)
brunneifrons Vier. Stiboscopus erithrostomus Cam.
conquisitor Say. Tapinops emarginatus (Say).
erythropus Vier. Thibetoides flosimoris Dav.
lithocolletidis Ash. Triclistus curvator Fabr.
notanda Cr. Triphon californicus—Ncoemon.
orgyiz Ril. carinatus—Chlorinasus.
pterophoriAsh. communis Cr.
rubropectus Cr. lusorius—Necemon.
Polyblastus pedalis (Cr.) pedalis—Polybuiastus.
Polysphincta koebelei How. submarginatus—Mesoleius.
Platylabrus californicus Cr. subniger Cr.
consors Cr. tejonicus—Syrphoctonus crassus
Porizon californica Prov. Xylonomus californicus Cr.
Pristomerus pacificus Cr. Zaglyptus koebelei—Polysphincta.
STEPHANIDA.
Schletterius cinctlpz (Cr.) Stepnanis cinctipae—Schlettarius.
ALYSIIDAE.
Adelura subcompresa Ash. Aphzereta californica Ash.

Alysia fossulata Prev.

BRACHONIDA.
Apanteles koebelei Ril.

Aphidaria basilaris Prov. i Oe ages
Aphidus californicus Ash.

confusus Ash. Rey

lachni Ash.

nigrovarius Prov.
Blacus atricornis Ash.

orchesiz Ash. F ;
Figure 134. Diagram o: the venation of

californicus Ril. Brachonid.
cecidomyize Ash.
Bracon angelicus Prov. rape Curt.
atripectus Ash. salicaphidis Ash.
euurze Ash. Lisiphlebus abutilaphidis Ash.
juglandis Ash. baccharaphidis Ash.
koebelei Ash. citraphis Ash.
nevadensis Ash coquilletti Ash.
politus Prov. eragrostaphidis Ash.
sanguineus Prov. persicaphidis Ash.
xanthonotus Ash. piceiventris Ash.
Czenophanes koebelei aif Macrocentris aciculatus Prov.
Chelonus fissus Prov. Meteorus coquilletti /\sh.
irridescens Cr. Microdus. bicolor Prov.
nanus Prov. orilitis coqu..letti—mMetorus.
Eubadizon californicus Prov. Proterops californicus Ash.
Ganychorus atricornis Ash. "aogus cerurz Ash.
orchesize Ash. Rhysalus californicus Ash.
Heterospilis koebelei Ash. Spathius sequoize Ash.
Lipoplexus chenipodiaphidis Ash. pluto Ash.

piceus Ash. Toxoneurus californica Ash.

HYMENOPTERA — CYNIPINA 12

or

CYNIPINA.

CYNIPIDA.
This family comprises gall making insects and their guests (inquilineg).

The food plants are Rubus Diastrophus, Rosa Rholites and Lytorhodites,
Quercus all other species. The oak galls occur on various parts of the tree as
follows:— roots Callirhytis, twigs Disholcaspis, Cynips all species except
maculipennis, Andricus quercuscalifornicus, dasydactyli and wisliceni, Calli-
thytis, chrysolepidicola, quercuspomiformis, quercussuttoni, nigra and sante-
clare. staminate flowers Diplolepis dubiosa and Andricus congregatus. buds
Andricus pacificus and viltze Callirhitus maculipennis, eroiphora, clarimontis,
bakeri and rossi. leaves all other species The inquilines are known chiefly
on the galls of Holecaspis eldoradensis and Callirhytis quercuspomiformis.
Andricus chrysolepidis Ash. nigra Ful.

agrifolie—Callirhytis quercusag- pelythyra Kief.

rifolize. pomiformis—quercuspomiformis.
apicalis—Callirhytis. quercusagrifolize (Bas.)
brunneus Ful. quercuscalifornicus—Andricus.
californicus (Bas.) quercuspomiformis (Bas.)
chincopin (Fitch). quercussuttoni (Bas.)
chrysolepidis Ash.
chrystallinus Bas.
congregatus Ash.
crystallinus Bass.
dasodactyli Ash.
kingi Ash.
kingi Bas.
pacificus Ash.
parmula Bas.
pattersonze Ful.
pompiformis (Bas.)

Figure 135. Diagram of the venation of

quercusagrifoliz—Callirhytis. Cynipina.
quercus californicus (Bas.) Sie
quercusflocci (Walsh.) rossi Kief.

auercuspomiformis—Callirhytis.
quercussuttoni—Callirhytis.
speciosus Bas.
suttonii—Callihritis.

santeeclarze Ful.
suttoni (Bas.)
vaccinifolize Ash.
niger Ful.

Ceroptres pompiiormis As...
dorsalis Prov.

viltzze Ful.

wisliceni Ash.
Biorhiza californica Beut. Compsodryoxenus brunneus Ash.
Callirhytis agrifolize (Bas.) Cynips agrifolizCallirhytis quercusag-
Callirhytis apicalis (Ash.) rifolize.

bakeri Kief.
clarimontis Kief.
chrysolepidicola (Ash.)
eriphora Kief.
eriophora Kief.
guadaloupensis Ful.
lasia Ash.
maculipennis Kief.

agrifolieCalliorhytis quercusag-
bicolor—Rhodites.
californicus—Andricus quercus-
californicus.
canescens (Bas.)
chrysolepida—Callirhytis.
chrysolepidocala—Andricus.
corallina (Bas.)

126

cuspomiformis.
echina—Diplolepis.
heldz Full.
kelloggi Full.
multipunctata (Beut.)
maculipennis (Gill.)
oneratus—Synergus.
pompiformis—Callirhytis .quer-
quercus—Andricus californicus.
quercusagrifolize—Callirhytis.
quercusbattatus—Neuroterus.
quercuscalifornicus—Andricus.
quercusflocci—Andricus.
quercuspomiformis—Callirhitis.
quercussuttoni—Callirhytis.
- rifoliee.
saltatorius—Neuroterus.
suttoni—Callirhytis.
tenuicornis Bas.
quercusechinus — Diplolepis — e-
chinus.
quercus—Andricus
fornicus.
saltatorius—Neuroterus.
suttoni—Callirhytis quercussut-
toni.
Diastrophus kincaidi Gil.
corallina—Cynips.
Diplolepis clavula (Beut.)
discus (Bas.)
echina (0O.S.)
douglasi (Ash.)
dubiosa Full.
Disholcaspis chrysolepidus (Beut.)
eldoradensis (Beut.)
Dryophanta clavula—Diplolepis.
discus—Diplolepis.

quercuscali-

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

multipunctata—Cynips.
Figites chincopin—Andricus.
Holeaspis canescens—Trichoteras.
chrysolepidis—Disholcaspis.
corallina—Cynips.
douglasi—Diplolepis.
eldoradensis—Disholcaspis.
maculipennis—Cynips.
truckeensis—Disholcaspis.
Lytorhodites arefactus Ash.
Neuroterus fragilis Bas.
quercusbattatus (Fitch.)
saltatorius (Edw.)
piceus Full.
terminalis Hartig.
Periclistus californicus Ash.
obliquus Prov.
brevicornis Asn.
flavus Kief.
Rhodites bicolor (Har.)
politus Ash.
Synurgus agrifolize Ash.
dimorphus O.S.
dubiosus Full.
maculatus Full.
multiplicatus Ful.
niger Ful.
ochreus Ful.
oneratus (Harr.)
punctatus Gil.
splendidulus Ful.
varicolor Ful.
Trichoteras coquilletti Ash.
ovalis Lec.
nanus Lec.
koebelei Oll.

SIRICIN A.

These insects, known as horn-tails, burrow as larve into the trunks of trees

thus injuring the lumber.

The common name of the group refers to a pe-

culiar process at the end of the abdomen in larva and pupa as well as in the

adult.

CEPHIDA.

Cephus clavatus (Nort.)
rufiventris Cr.

Phylloecus clavatus—Cephus.

ORYSSIDA.

Oryssus thoracicus Ash.

HYMENOPTERA — SIRICINA 127

SIRICIDAE.

Sirex areolatus (Cr.)
californicus (Ash.)
cyaneus—juvenalis.
juvenalis Fabr.

Paururus californicus—Sirex.

Urocerus albicornis—californicus.
areolatus—Sirex.
behrensii—Sirex.
‘californicus Nort.
caudatus—Xeris spectrum.

morrisoni—Xervis.

Xeris morrisoni (Cr.) Figure 136. Diagram of the venation of
tutatrix Fitch. Siricina.
erythrocephala Banks. :

TENTHREDININA.

CIMBYCIDA.

Abia americana (Cr.)
Cimbex rubida Cr.

Eriocampa cerasi (Peck).

Trichiosoma lanuginosa Nort.
Zarea americana—Abia.

SELANDRIIDZ.

Tenthredo cerasi—Eriocampa.

Selandria cerasi—Eriocampa.

DOLERIDA.

Dolerus coccinifera Nort.
cookii vlarke.
distinctus Nort.
parvuila Cr.

Aphanius lenis Roh.
Allantus annularis Nort.
basilaris Say

interruptus Nort.
limbatus Cr.
Claremontia typica Roh.
Hylotoma coerulea Marl.
Labida doanei Roh.
Macrophya bicolorata Cr.
californica (Nort.)
fumator Nort.
jugosa Cr.
napiensis Roh.
pieuricincta Nort.
pumila Nort.
subviolacea Cr.
Pereclista leucostoma Roh.

Pleuroneura californica Ash.

sericeus Say.
tejonensis (Nort.)
wosytheus tejoniensis—Dolerus.

TENTHREDINIDA.

Figure 137. Diagram of the venation of
Tenthredinina.

Strongylogaster distans Nort.
fidus Cr.

128 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

fumipennis Nort.
lateraria Cr.
obscuripennis Nort.
parvula Cr.

variata Nort.
varipicta Nort.

Tenthredo addenda Cr.
(atlantus—flavomarginis.
californicus—Macrophya
diluta Cr.
edwardsii Cr.
flavomarginis Nort.

NEMATIDA.
The best known member or the family is the gooseberry sawfly Pteronus

ribesii Scop. which does not occur west of Missouri. Our P. thoracicus has
been bred from Amelanchier canadensis. The smaller genera may be dis-
tinguished as follows:

Gymnononychus: claws simple. Pristophora: claws with a short tooth.
Pontania: length not over 5.5 m.m. Amauronematus: mesonotum and pleuree
opaque.

Pontania produce the common conspicuous galls on willow leaves and
Gymnonynchus is our pear sawfly.

Monograph:—Marlatt, Bull. U. S. Ent. Tech. ser. 3.

Amandonematis californicus Marl. parva (Cr.)
coquilletti Marl. resinicola Marl.
Gymnonynchus californicus Marl. truncata Marl.
Nematus edwardsi—Pteronus. Pristophora siskyouensis Mari.
erithrogaster—Pteronus. Pteronus californicus Marl.

iridescens—Pteronus.
mendicus—Pteronus
pava—Pontania.
singularis—Gymnonychus.
thoracicus—Pteronus.

trivitata—Pteronus mendicus.

vertebratus—Pteronus.

edwardsii (Cr.)’
erithrogaster (Nort.)
irridescens (Cr.)
koebelei Marl.
mendicus (Walsh).
occidentalis Marl.
thoracicus (Har.)

unicolor Marl.
vancouverensis Marl.
vertebratus (Say).
vicinalis (Cr.)

vicinalis—Pteronus.
Pontania californicus Marl.
excavatus Marl.
nevadansis (Cr.)
pacifica Marl.

HYLAMTOMIDA.
Hylatoma coerulea Nort. Sphacophilus crawii—Schizocerus.

Schizocerus crawii (Prov.)

LOPHYRIDAz.

Pamphilius bucephalus (Cr.)
pacificus (Nort.)
verticalis (Cr.)
caudatus Nort.
nigricornis Nort.

1

| ophyrus edwardsi Nort.
PAMPHILIIDA.

,s yda bucephalis—Pamphilius.

pacificus—Pamphilius.

verticalis—Pamphilius.

DIPTERA.

The term fly has come to signify a member of the order Diptera, tho in
combination the name is used in most of the orders, as sawfly, butterfly,
greenfly, whitefly, dragonfly, mayfly, etc. The most constant distinguishing
characteristic is the structure of the hind wing, which is a short slender
knobbed appendage called the halter, often covered and partly concealed by
a lobe of the front wing. When the front wings are absent the halters
also disappear.

The mouth parts are extremely variable, sometimes all the parts are present

Figure 138 Wing of the house fly.

but with mandibles and maxille modified into piercing organs and the epi-
pharynx and hypopharynx may be- developed into additional lancets, the
labium which is always without palpi forming a sheath enclosing all the lan-
cets. In the majority of flies the mouth is more or less simplified by the re-
duction or suppression of parts and in a few cases the whole mouth is rudi-
mentary. The labium remains relatively large in all functional mouths. The
one to five jointed maxillary palpi present the most characters of systematic
value in the varying number size and shape of the joints

The antenne show a great range of structure, being comparatively simple
and many jointed in the lower forms, but the higher flies have the third
joint enlarged and variously modified and the remaining joints reduced often

129

130 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

appearing as a simple bristle on the side of the third joint.

The venation affords the most important characters used in classification.
Great diversity occurs. The marginals are usually well developed, sometimes
continuous around the wing. The anterior marginal is often valled the costal.
The primary usually has three branches, the third being sometimes forked.

The independent vein divides the two basal cells and encloses the discal
cell, the large or posterior cross vein closing it externally. The small or an-
terior cross vein connects with the primary closing the first basal cell and the
posterior basal cross vein connecting with the posterior vein closes the
second basal cell. There are usually two posterior veins enclosing the third
basal or anal cell. The open cells beyond the basal cells are called the
posterior cells the first being opposite the first basal.

A system of formule has been devised constructed by listing the bars of
the discal cell in the order of their size, numbering them outwardly in order
using the even numbers below. The following list includes most of our
ganera of crane flies.

Amalopsis. SAGrle Clear) mos
Bittacomorpha. 1—21

Ctenophora. oo 4 (225476)

Dicranomyia 1—2315—3841652
Dichranoptyche. Se 4i Ole o

Elliptera. By eal ;

Eriocera. eb (Al 7) 74 8)

Erioptera. 4321—421—34251
Geranomyia. 3 4 Gls 6) eb -2%

Helobia. 1—3642*51

Holorusia 302) 62401) 54

Limnobia geome 4 eh

Limnophila. 5*¥ 4316 (27) —324(16)5—325* 4167
Pachyrinia 31 —1

Pedicia 32 1b 4

Ptychoptera. 12

Raphidolabis. 321—3241

Tipula. 3415 2— 3 6 5* (17) (2 4)
Trichocera 2) Dime Li Gaia

Trimicra. A ath he Al

The nomenclature of the veins most used consists in numbering the longitud-
inal veins from one to six of which the independent isthe forth. Schiner
names these subcostal, radial, cubital, discoidal, postical and anal veins
Comstock calls the first three the radius, the remainder the media, cubital and
anal. He interprets the posterior basal crossvein as a branch of the cubital
vein.

DIPTERA, 131

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES.

Bombyliidze: discal adjacent to last posterior, and each about equal to
second basal cell.

Tachinidz: arista bare and calypteres large.

Asilidze proboscis horny and face densely bristly below.

Syrphidze: spurious vein present.

Tipulidae: thorax with v-shaped suture dorsally.

Empidze: discal and last two basal cells about equal in length and in dis-
tance from hind edge of wing.

Dolichopidz: discal and second basal cells confluent and first basal cell
very short.

Tabanidz: last fork of primary vein spreading widely.

Culicidze: veins clothed with scales.

Mycetophilidz: antenne longer than thorax. Psychodidz: body and
wings densely hairy. Cecidomyidz: tibie without spurs. Chironomide:
veins very feeble on hind half of wing.

Stratiomyidae: basal cells more than twice as long as discal cell.

Trypatidze: auxiliary vein absent. Borboridz: hind metatarsi shorter
than other joints and thickened. Ephydridz and Oscinidae: discal and
second basal cells confluent and third basal absent, the latter consisting of
pale colored flies. Agromyzidz, Geomyzidz and Drosophilidz: with oral
vibrisse, the first with hind cross vein before middle of the wing, the last with
long plumose or pectinate antenne.

Threvidze: five posterior cells. Leptidze and Cyrtidz: three pads between
the claws, the latter with the head very small.

Muscidz: calypteres large. (Céstridze: oral opening small. Anthomidz:
first posterior cell wide open. Sarcophagidze: with outer half of arista bare
Dexidze: base of abdomen bristly.

Ortalidz: antennz with dorsal arista. Pipiculidae: head nearly as large as
thorax. Conopidze: with long slender proboscis. Sepsidz, Scatophagidze
and Helomyzidze: with oral vibrisse, the last with costa pectinate, the
second front bristly near antennee. Micropezidze: head subspherical. Sap-
romyzidze and Sciomyzidze: first two abdominal segments not at all coalesc-
ed, the abdomen of the latter elongate.

Pulicidze: wingless. Sarcopsyllidze: labial palpi only one jointed.

Simuliidz: heavy veins near costa only. Phoridz: antenne apparently
only one or two jointed.

Blepharoceridze: wings marked by a net of fine lines.

Midaidee. Bibionidz: antenne many jointed. Apioceridze and Scenopin-
idze: head not hollowed out between the eyes, the latter with only three
posterior cells.

The fleas and winged bird lice specialized as parasites on vertebrates
are generally separated from other flies tho retained within the order. The
more typical flies have generally been classified in one of two ways, by the

132 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

structure of the antenne, or according to the method of escaping from the
pupa. These two schemes are now commonly combined making three groups,
one with many jointed antenne, one with a short antenna and the pupa
skin splitting normally, and a third group with a circular split.

HIPPOBOSCIN A:

HIPPOBOSCID/=
This family includes the winged birdlice and also certain tick-like flies.
Lipotenia with rudimentary wings, which infests deer, and Melophagus en-
tirely wingless, on sheep. They differ from all other insects by the fact that the
whole larval life is passed within the body of the parent. For this reason
the family was at one time separated as a distinct order.

Hippobosca ovinus—Melophagus. ovinus (Linn.)

Lipotenia depressa (Say.) Olfersia impressa—Stilbometopa.

Melophagus depressus—Lipotena. Stilbometopa impressa (Big.)
LEY PED INA®

AGROMIZIDA.

The larva of Agromyza simplex is reported as burrowing in asparagus
stems and numerous eastern species attack other plants. An eastern Desmo-.
metopa has been bred from human excrement while Leucopsis and Copto-
chetum are parasitic, the latter on the cottony cushion scale.

Agromyza pictella Thom. Desmometopa halteralis Coq.
platyptera Thom. m-nigrum Zett.
simplex Loew. Leuccspis nigricornis Big.

Coptochztum Iceriz Wil. Ochthiphila lispina Thom.

DROSOPHILIDA.
One species of Drosophila is reported as mining the leaves of cabbages
but most of the species live in decaying fruit and vegetables.
Drosophila apicata Thom.

OSCINIDA.

The larvee of all the species of the largest genus Chlorops as far as known
feed on the stems of grasses including wheat, and Meromyza is considered a
very important pest. Our species of Oscinnus has been reported from wheat
but has also been bred from human excrement. Gaurax lives in the egg
masses of spiders.

Chlorops assimilis Macq. Hippelates genalis Thom.
graminea Coq. Meromyza americana Fitch.
proxima Say. microcentris Coq.
rubida Coq. Mecsillus 2aneus Fall.

Gaurax aranez Coq. Oscinis trigramma Loew.

DIPTERA — TRYPETINA. 33

F'gure 139 Breeding places of Ephydra milbre

134 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Figere 140 Eggs of .Ephydra milbre.

Figure 142 Pupa of Ephydra milbre.

Ol

DIPTHRA — TRYPETINA. ils

EPHYDRIDA. quadrisetosa Thom.
Czenia bisetosa Coq. Ochthera mantis (DeG.)
Ephydra californica Pad. Parydra appendiculata Loew.

cinerea Jones. aurata Jones.

milbrae Jones. Pelina brevis Walk.

pentastigma—Scatella Pelomyia occidentalis Wil.

tarsata Wil. Psilopa compta Meig.
Hydreliia scapularis Loew. petrolei Ccq.
Musca mantis—Ochthera. Scatella pentastigma (Thom.)

Notiophila decoris Wil. Scatophila hamifera Beck.

Figure 148 Ephydra milbre.

SEPSIDA..
The cheese maggot P. casei also attacks smoked meats. Species of the

other two genera live in excrement.

Musca casei—Piophita. concolor--Thom.
Nemopoda atterima Big. obscuripennis Big.
fulvicoxalis Big. Sepsis ecalcarata Thom.

Picphila casei (Linn.)
MICROPEZIDA.
Calobata lasciva Fabr.

: TRYPETIDA.
This family contains the fruit flies, highly injurious in other countries, but
none of our local species are troublesome.

Acidia fratria Thom. Vv cultaris—culta. ~
Carphotrickia culta Wied. / Ensina aurifera Thom..

136 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

eps) OG
Figure 144 Larva of Mexican orange Figure 145 Pupa of Mexican
maggot. orange m aggot.

Figure 146 Fly of Mexican orange mag got.

Figure 147 An Ortalid fly.

DIPTERA — TRYPETINA. 13°

“I

Euaresta abstersa Loew. ! genalis Thom.
adspersa Cog. rufipennis Doane. “”
bellula Loew. \ Trypeta achillz John.
californica Coq. ~ californica Doane. Vv
rufipennis Doane.~ gemella Cog. re

fustreta sporosa Wied. ¥ | aurifera—Ensina.

Neospilota signifera Coq.¥ culta—Carptotricha.v
Rhagoletis formosa Coq, /_ femcralis—Urellia.
zephrina Snow. V fratria—Alcidia.
Tephritis acutangula Thom. ¥/ longipennis—Straussia.
Straussia longipennis Wea. » Urellia femoralis Thom. :

affinis Snow. v naverna Walk.
ORTALIDA.
Like the preceeding family many of the species have highly decorated
wings.
Acrosticta dichroa Loew. Euxesta notata Wied.
fulvipes Coq. Eurycephala myopzformis Roed.
Anacampta latiuscula Loew. willistonii Coq.

Tetrcpismenus hirtus Loew.
Ulida rubida Loew.

pyrrocephalus Loew.
Diacrita zmula Loew.
Epiplatea scutellaris Coq.
GEOMYZIDAZA.
The larve of these flies live in the stems of plants.

‘Anthomyza variegata Loew. Zagonia flava Gog.
Baliptera lurida Loew.

SAPROMYZIDA.
The larve live in decaying vegetable matter.

Lonchzea polita Say.

Luxania albiset a Coq.
nasalis Hhom.

Sapromyza connexa Say.
flaveola Coq.

lupulina Fabr.

notata Fall.
planiscutum Thom.
quadrisetosum Thom.
univittata Coq.

livingstonia Coq.

SCIOMYZIDA.
Larvee aquatic.

Sciomyza humilis Loew. Tetanocera pictipes Lew.
nana Fall. plumosa Loew.

BORBORIDZ.

Borborus equinus Fall. fontimalis Fall.
Limnosia aldrichi Wil.

HELOMYZID/A=

Anorostoma grandis Dar. Helomyea limbata Thom.
maculata Dar. : lineata Walk.
opaca Cq. Siligo litorea Ald.

Leria pectinata Loew.

138 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

SCATOPHAGIDA.
These flies are very abundant on fresh cow manure upon which the larve

feed.
Musca ctercoraria—Scatophaga. stercoria (Linn.)
Scatophaga furcata Say. Scatomyza apicata Thom.

thinobia Thom.

MUSCINA.

ANTHOMY)1DA.
The food habits of the larve of this family are quite variable, including

the feeding on living plants as leaf miners or root borers.

Anthomyia micropteryx Thom. Hylemyia acanthoe Walk.
ochripes Thom. variata Fall. ;
orthogaster Thom. Limnophora cyrtoneura Stein.

Coenosia argentata Coq. Musca verna Coenosia.
canescens Stein. Ophyra leucostoma Wied.
majuscula Coq. Phaonia varipes Coq.
verna (Fabr.) Schocenomyza chrysostoma Loew.

Fannia cthops Mal. Tetramerinx femorata Mal.
benjamini Mal.

MUSCIDZ.

‘

Figure 148 Life history of the house fly.

The house fly, Musca domestica, the stable fly, Stomoxus, the blue bottle
flies, Calliphora, the screw-worm fly, Chrysomyia marcelaria and the horn fly,
Heematobia, are all very common and important insects. The relation of

DIPTERA — MUSCINA. 139

the house fly in the spreading of typhoid fever has caused special effort to
be put forth to prevent their breeding in stable manure, See California Bulle-
tin No. 215.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Lucilia: proboscis not elongate and row of vertical bristles above hind leg
Pollenia and Chrysomyia: vibrissal angles distant from oral margin, the latter
bright metalic flies. Phormia: mesonotum flattened behind transverse suture.
Calliphora: cheeks hairy.

Musca: proboscis not elongate. Pyrelia and Pseudopyrelia: middle tibize
with a prominent bristle on the inner surface beyond the middle, the latter
with angle of fourth vein rounded. Myiopsila, Morelia and Muscina: last sec-
tion of fourth vein only broadly curved, the first with eyes pubescent, the
last with first posterior cell broadly open.

Stomoxus. Hzematobia: palpi nearly as long as proboscis.

Figure 149 Effect of quantity of food on size.

Calliphora coloradensis Hough. regina—Phormia.

vomitoria (Linn.) rudis—Pollenia.
Chrysomyia marceliaria Fabr. vomitoria—Calliphora.
wheeleri Hough. Morellia micans Macq.
Conops calcitrans—Stomoxys. Muscina recurva Thom.
Hzmatobia serrata Desv. Myospila medilabunda Fabr.
-Ucillia caesar (Linn.) Nitellia glabricula—Pollenia.
proxima (Walk.) Phorma regina Meig.
sericata’ Meig. Pollenia glabricula Big.
stigmaticollis—Phorma regina. rudis (Fabr.)
Musca cesar—Lucilia. Pyrellia frontalis Thom.
cornicina—Pseudopyrellia. Pseudopyrelia cornicina (Fabr.)
domestica Linn. Stomoxys calcitrans (Linn.)

proxima—Lucilia.

SARCOPHAGIDA.

The members of this family are called Mele flies. The larve feed on all
kinds of decaying matter.

Sarcophaga davidsonii Coq. palliventris Thom.
orpifera Coq.

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

140

2

concrete manure bin.

and

a house fly

mouth parts. of

re 150. Head and

41gur

DIPTERA — MUSCINA. 141

ime gpa aps

R AW Niece? US : ae ins oe

XO

Figure 151. Head and mouth parts of a stable fly and bacteria culture spread by a
fy.

142 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS

DEXIIDA.
Melanodexia tristis Walk. Morphomyia rufinotata. Big.
TACHINIDA.
This family and the last are parasitic on other insects.
Acemyia dentata. Coq. Hilarella aristatis Coq.
tibialis Coq. decens (Town.)
Admontia retiniz Coq. siphonina Zett.
setigera Coq. Pyalomyia nigrens—Phorantha.
Aphria ocypterata Town. Hypostena znea Coq.
Archytas analis Fabr. barbata Coq.
Arthrophoda singularis—Paradidyma. pedestris Wal.
Belvoisia bifasciata Fabr. tortricis Coq.
Biomyia geogiz B.&B. vanderwulpi Town.)
Biepharipeza adusta Loew. Variabilis Coq.
monticola—Chezetogaedia. Lasioneura johnsoni Coq.
Brachycoma davidsoni Cog. Leskia eucerata Big.
Celatoria crawii—diabrotice. Leucostoma atra Town.
diabroticze Shi. neomexicana Town.
spinosa Coq. Linnzemyia compta Fal.
Chzetogeedia crebra Wulp. Lophosis setigera—Clausicella.
monticola (Big.) Macquartia pristis Walk.
Clistogaster divisa Loew. Masicera eufitchize Town.
immaculata Macq. frenchii—Frontina.
Clausiella setigera Thom. pausiseta Coq.
Cuphocera californiensis Macq. ~ Masistylum macropogon Big
Dejeania rutilioides—Paradejeania. sMelanophrys flavipennis Wil.
Demoticus melitzez Coq. ; Melanospora diabroticee—Celatoria.
Dexia pedastris—Hypostoma. Metachzeta helymus Walk.
Drepanoglossa occidentalis—Epigri- sequax Wil. —
myia. Metaplegia occidentalis Coq.
Echinomyia algens Wied. Microphthalma disjuncta Wied.
dakotensis Town. Micropalpus mizcella—Trichophora.
decisa Walk. Miltogramma erythrocaria—Senotania.
infumata—palpalis Coq. sephonia—Hilarella.
Epalpus bicolor (Wil.) trilineata—Senotainia.
signiferus (Walk.) Musca bifasciata—Belvoisia.
Humacronychia decens—Hilerella. planipes—Trichopoda.
Euphorocera claripennis Macq. radicum—Trichopoda.
Epigeimyia occidentalis Cog. Myiophasis robusta Coq.
setigera Coq. Myocera tibialis Desv.
Exorista chelionum Rund. Myotheria vanderwulpi—Hypostena.
confinis Fal. Ochthera mantis DeG.
futilis O.S. Ocyptera arcuata—Xanthalmelana.
nigripalpus Town. carotinz: Desv.
Frontania aletize Ril. - Pachyophthalmus floridensis Town.
armigera Cog. Panzeria radicum Fabr.
turgida Coq. Paradejeania rutillioides Jean.
frenchi Wil. Paradidyma singularis Town.
Geediopsis setosa Coq. Parexorista chelonize—Exorista.
Gonia capitata. DeG. confinis—Exorista.
C,raphomyia maculata Scop. Peletaria robusta Wied.
Gymnosoma. fuliginosa Desv. Phorocera claripennis—Euphorocera.

Heteropterina nasoni Coq. erecta Coq.

DIPTERA — MUSCINA. 148

saundersii Wil.
Phorantha nigrens Wulp.
occidentalis Walk.
Phorichesta sequax Wil.
Plagia americana Wulp.
Plusia brevirostris Coq.
Polidea zeros Walk.
Prospheripa cerebra—Chzetogeedia.
Pseudocheeta argentifrons Coq.

Pseudomyothris tortricis—Hypostema.

Saundersia bicolor—Epalpus.
signifera—Epa.pus.
Scopolia sequax—Phoricheeta.

Senotainia decisa Town.
rubriventris Macq.
trilineata Wulp.

Siphona plusiz Coq.

Siphoplagia anomala Town.

Siphoturmia rostrata Coq.

Spallanzania antennalis Coq.
hesperidarum Wil.

Sturmia albifrons Walk.
distincta Wied.
occidentalis Wil.

Tachina albifrons—Sturmia.
aletiz—Frontina.
algens—Echinomyia.
analis—Archytas analis.
californica —Archytas analis.
capitata—Gonia.
decisa—Echinomyia.
disjuncta—Sturmia.
distincta—Sturmia.
helumus—Meacheeta.

mella Walk.

r busta Town.

robusta—Pelateria.

signiferus—Epalpus.
Tachinomyia robusta—Tachina.
Thereva plumipes—Trichopoda.
Trichopoda pennipes Fabr.

plumipes Fabr.

Figure 152 Tachina fly.

Winthemia adusta Loew.
antennalis Coq.
Xanthomelana arcuata Say.

CESTRIDA.

The bot flies are parasitic on animals, @strus on sheep, Hypoderma on
cattle, Gastrophilus on horses and Cuterebra and Bogeria on rodents.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
Cuterebra: mouth parts not rudimentary. Bogeria: arista bare.
Gastrophilus. GEstrus and Hypoderma: first posterior closed or nearly so,
the first with the median groove of the face narrowed below.

Bogeria princeps Hust.

Cuterebra latifrons Coq.
leporivora Coq.
nitida Coq.
ternebrosa CCq.

Gastrophilus equi (Clark.)

nasalis (Linn.)
Hypderma lineata Vill.
CEstrus equi—Gastrophilus.
nasalis—Gastrophilus.
ovis Linn.

144 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

SYRPHINA
The larvee of these wasplike flies are parasitic on Hymenoptera.
CONOPIDA-.
Dalmannia picta Wil. baroni Wil.

vitiosa Coq.

Myopa conjuncta Thom.
pictipennis Wil.
pilosa Wil.

Oncomyia abbreviata Loew.

loraria Lew.
Physocephala affinis Wil.
burgessi Wil.
Zodion fulvifrons Say.
triste Big.

SYRPHIDA.
The syrphus flies feed as larve in decaying vegetation and those of the
genus Syrphus and its allies feed on plantlice.

Allograpta fracta O.S.
obliqua Say.
Ascemosyrphus mexicanus Macq.
oculierus—mexicanus.
baptista—clavata.
clavata. Fabr.
lemur O.S.
obscuricornis Loew.
Barachopa vacua O.S.
Brachymyia lupina—Criorhina.
nigripes—Criorhina.

Catabomba pyrastri—Lasiophthicus.

Cerea tridens Loew.
Chilosia baroni Wil.
chalybescens Wil.
occidentalis Wil.
pacifica Hun.
pallipes Loew.
townsendi Hun.
willistonii Snow.
Chrysochlamys croesus O.S.
Chrysogaster bellula Wil.
nigrovittata Loew.
stigma Wil.
Chrysotoxum derivatum Walk.
villosum—derivatum.
Copestylum marginatum Say.
Criorhina coquilletti Wil.
humeralis Wil.
lupina Wil.
nigripes Wil.
Crioprora alpex O.S.
cyanella O.S.
Didea laxa Fabr.
Eristalis aneus Fabr.
hirtus Loew.
latifrons Loew.

stipulator—latifrons.
temporalis Thom.
tenax Linn.

Hurhinomamallota lupina—Criorhina.
metalica—Criorhina lupina.
nigripes—Criorhina.

Eupseodes volucris O.S.

Helophilus latifrons Loew.
mexicanus—Ascemosyrphus.
polygrammus—Ascemosyrphus

mexicanus.
similis Macq. _

Mesogramma gemmata Say.
marginata Say.

Mesograpta marginata—Mesogramma.

Microdon xanthophilis Town.

Musca pipiens—Syritta.
ribesii—Syrphus.
tenax—Eristalis.

Myolepta varipes Loew.

Ischgrosyrphus tricolor—Syrphus vel-

utinus.

Lasiophthicus pyrastri Linn.

Mallota sackeni Wil.

Melanostoma bicruciatum Big.
pachytarsis Big.
p.ctipes Big.
stegnum Say.

Nausigaster punctulata Wil.

Orthoneura nigrovitta—Chrysogaster-
sinuosa—Chrysogaster stigmata.

Paragus angustus Loew.
auricaudus—Paragus tibialiss.
bicolor Fabr.
pisticodes Wil.
tibialis Fall.

Pipiza auricaudatus—Paragus tibialis.

DIPTERA — SYRPHINA.

Platychirus albimanus Fabr.
ciliatus—alblmanus.
quadratus Say.

Pocata alopex—Croiprora.
cyanella—Crioprora.
bomboides Hun.

Sceva arcuata—Syrphus.
geminata—Mesogramma.
marginata.—Mesogramma.
obliqua—Allograpia.
quadratus—Platychirus.

Sparzigaster bacchoides—Baccha clav-

ata. :

Sphzerophoria dubia Big.
infumata Thom.
melanosa Wil.
micrura O.S.
pyrrhina Big.
sulphuripes Thom.

Specomyia brevicornis O.S.

Spilomyia interrupta Wil.

Syritta pipiens (Linn.)

Syrphus cenaus—Eristalis.
albimanus—Platychirus.
americanus—Wied.
arcuatus Fall.
bicolor—Paragus.
clavata—Baccha.
fumipennis Thom.
infumata—Sphezrophora.
intrudens O.S.
lapponicus—arcuatus.
opinator O.S.
pigra—Xylota.
protritus O.S.

quinquelimbatus Big.

ribesii Linn.

sulphuripes—Sphzerophora.

velutinus Wil.
Triodonta curvipes Wied.
Tropidia quadrata Say.
Volucella avida O.S.

tan Big.

temnocera Loew.
Xylota analis Wil.

barbata Loew.

curvipes Lew.

ejuncida Say.

flavitibia Big.

obscura Loew.

Figure 153 Syrphus fly.

pigra Fabr.

esuriens Fabr.
marginata—Copestylum.
megacephala Loew.
mexicana—esuriens.

PIPUNCULIDA8.

The flies are notable by their large heads.

Small parasitic flies.
Pipicula bidens Cres.

The larve are parasitic,

Pipuncutus aridus Wil.

PHORINA

PHORIDA.
The hunchback flies have very diverse food habits.

Aphiochzeta minuta Ald.
pulicaria Fall.
pygmeea Zett.

Phora rufipes Meig.
Trineura aterrima (Fabr.)
velutina Meig.

146 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

ASILINA

LONCHOPTERIDA.

Lonchoptera lacustris Meig. lutea Panz.

EMPIIDA.
The larve are aquatic feeding on decaying vegetable matter.

Chrysotus subcostatus Loew.
Clinocera maculipes Big.
Drapetis nitidula Wiel.

unipila Loew.
Empimorpha barbata Loew.

comantis Coq.

geneatis Mel.

anca Coq.

mira BiBg.

nuda Loew.

valentis Coq.

Figure 154 Empid fly.

Enoplempis mira—Empis.

Euthyneura atripes Mel.

Hilaria cana Coq.
congregaria Mel.
nugax Mel.

Aphrostylus direptor Whe.
_grassator Whe.
predator Whe.

Hilaromorpha obscura Big.
Holocera ravida Coq.
Iteaphila peregrina Mel.
Leptcpeza disparellus Mel.
Meghyperus occidens Coq.
Microphorus ravidus Coq.
Nithicomyia rileyi Coq.
tibialis Coq.

Platypalpus zequalis Loew.
canus Mel.
gravidus Mel.

Empis cerobatica Mel.
bigoti Mel.
cinerea—hbigoti.
comantis Coq.
discoventris—dolobraria.
dolobraria Mel.
falcata Mel.
incultus Coq.
incurvis Mel.
manco Cog.
pluto Mel.

Ramphomyia amplicella Cq.
bifilata Coq.
californica Cog.
curripes Coq.
duplicis Coq.
fimbriata Coq.
loripedis Coq.
luctiosa Loew.
nigrita Big.
scauritissima Whe.
scuellaris Coq.
stylata Cog.
sudigeronis Coq.

Tachydromia schwartzii Coq.

Tachytrechus angustipennis Loew.

sanus O.S.

DOLICHOPIDA.
Aptorthus nigripes—Mesorhagia.

Campsicnemis degener Whe.
Dolichopus afflictus O.s.

DIPTERA — ASILINA 147

Hercostomus aurifer Thom.
impudicus Whe.
metatarsans Thom.

Hydrcphorus breviseta Thom.
elderadensis Whe.

Laincalus querulus O.S.

Figure 155

palusier Mel.

pollex O.S.

tenuipes Ald.
Marcellocerus sanus—Tachytrechus.
Medeterus californiensis Whe.

xerophi!us Whe.
Mesorhaga nigripes Ald.
Neurigona lienosa Ald.
Nothosympcnus vegetus Whe.

canalicu.atus Thom.
consanguineus Whe.

corax O.S.

crenatus O.S.

lamellicornis Thom.
metatarsalis—Hercostomus.

Dolichopid fly.

Paraclius femoratus Ald.
Parasyntormon asellus Whe.
emarginatum Whe.
largotis Whe.
Pelastoneurus cyaneus Whe.
dissimilipes Whe.
longicauda Loew.
occidentalis Whe.
Polymedon flabelilfer O.S.

148 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Psilopodinus pilicornis Ald.
Sympycus cuprinus Whe.
Synarthrus affine—Syntormon.

stratzegus—< yntormon.
Scellus vigil O.S.

Syntormon affine Whe.
angustipennis Loew.
stratzegus Whe.

Tachytrechus sanus O.S.

ASILIDA.

The flies of this family are called robber flies. They feed very ravenously
on other insects and the larve are also predaceous on other larve, being
found in rotten wood or under the bark of logs.

Ablantus fulvipes Coq.

mimus O.S.

trifarius Loew.
Andrenostoma fulvicauda—Nusa.

Figure 156 Asilid fly.

Anisopogon ludius—Heteropogon.

senilis—Heteropogon.
vespoides—Heteropogon.

Asilus abdominalis—Osprioceous.

Blacodes clausa—Cophura.
cristatus—Cophura.
trunca—Cophura.

Chrysoceria pictitarsus (Big.)

Clavator sabulonum—Lestomyia.

Cophura clausa (Cogq.)
cristata (Cogq.)
fallei Back.
truncata (Cogq.)

Cyrtopogon aurifer O.S.
callipedilus Loew.
cerusattus O.S.
cretaceus O.S.
cymbalistata O.S.
evidens O.S.
gibber Big.
leucozonus Loe’,
longimanis Loew.

montanus Loew.
nebulo O.S.
nigricolor Gog.
nugator O.S.
positivus O.S.
princeps O.S.
rattus O.S.
rejectus O.S.
sudator O.S.

Dasyllis astur O.S.

Dasypogon argenteus—Stictopogon.
californizee—Stictopogon.
quadrinotatus Big.
trifasciatus—Stictopogon.

Deromyia pulchra Bac.

Dicolonus simplex Loew.

‘Dioctria albina Walk.

parvula Cog.
pusio O.S. x
resplendens Loew.
rubida Coq.
vera Back.
Erax cinerascens Bel.
furax—cinerascens.
Habropogon bilineatus Wil.
ludens (Coq.)
senilis—Pycnopogon.
vespoides Big.
Heteropogon ludius (Coq.)
senilis (Big.)
vespoides (Big.)
Holopogon appendiculatus—Cyrtopo-
gon giober.
nitidiventris Big.
umbrinus Back.
Lampria felis O.S.
Laparus pictitarsus—Chrysocc:ia.
Laphria carbonarius Wil.
anthrax—carbonarius.
franciscanus Big.
fulvicauda—Nusa.
rapax O.S.
ventralis Wil.

DIPTERA — ASILINA 149

Lasiopogon arenicola O.S.
bivittatus Loew.
Leptogaster scapularis big.
Lestomyia fraudigera Wi..
sabulonum (0O.S.)
Mallophora megachile Coq.
Metapogon gilvipes Coq.
Myelaphus iobicornis (0O.S.)
melas Big.
rufus Wil.
Neclaparus pictitarsus Big.
Nicocles abdominalis Wi.
zemulaor (Loew.)
argentatus Coq.
dives (Loew.)
Nusa fulvicauda Say.
Ospriocerus abdominalis (Say).
Pycnopogon cirr..atus O.S.
senilis—Heteropogon.
sygostalus emulator—Nicocles.

dives—Nicocles
Sarapogon hyalinus Coq.

luteus Coq.

semiustus Cog.
Scleropogon jubatus—Stenopogon.

picticornis—Stenopogon.
Stenopogon albibasis Big.

breviusculus Loew.

californize (Walk.)

gratus Loew.

jubatus Loew.

nigritulus Coq.

obscuriventris—californize.

picticornis Low.

univittatus—gratus.
Stictopogon argentatus Say.

trifasciatus (Say),
Triclis tagax Wil.
Willistonia bilineatus Back.

SCENOPIDA.

tseudatrichia griseola Coq.

THEREVIDA.

Metaphragma planiceps Loew.
Nebritis pellucidus Coq.
Psilocephala aldrichii Coq.
baccata Coq.
costalis Loew.
marcida Coq.
montivaga Coq.
pavica Coq.
Thereva cornata Loew.

crassicornis Wil.
egressa Coq.
furcata Loew.
melaneura Loew.
nigra Say.
otiosa Cog.
semitaria Coq.
vialis O.S.
Xestomyza planiceps—Metaphragma.

BOMBYLINA

APIOCERIDA.

Apiocera haruspex O.S.
Apomydas trochilus Coq.

Raphiomydas acton Cog.

MYDAIDA.
The larve live in decaying wood and are predaceous.

>
aN
pce

Figure 157 Venation of a Mydiad

Leptomydas concinnus Coq.

hirtus Coq.

pantherinus Gar.

tennuipes (Loew.)

Mydas tennuipes—Leptomydas.
ventralis Ger.

150 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Figure 158 Mydiad fly

BOMBYLIIDA.

The flies of this family are particularly abundant in species in this state
tho the individuals are not excessively numerous. The larve are parasitic,
some on the eggs of grasshoppers, many on bees and wasps.

Figure 159 Bombyliid fly

Agyramoiba cybele—Spongostylum.

delila Spongostylum.

limatulus—Spongostylum

varia—Spongostylum.
Amphicosmus elegans Cog.

Anastocchus barbatus—nitidulus.

nitidulus Fabr.
Anthrax adumbrata Cog.
zenea Coq.
agrestis—Lepidanthrax.
agrippina O.S.

alpha O.S.
alternata Say.
anna Coq.
atrata Coq.
bigradata Loew.
campestris—Lepidanthrax.
caprea Cog.
catulina Coq.
cautor Coq.
cinefacta Coq.
consessor Cog.

DIPTERA — BOMBYLINA

crocina Coq.
cumenes O.S.
curta Coq.
diagonalis Loew.
edelia—perplexa.
edwardsii Coq.
endora Coq.
eumenes O.S.
fenestratoides Coq.
fuliginosa Loew.
fulvicoma Coq.
fumida Coq.
gemella Coq.
hircina Coq.
inaurata—Lepidanthrax.
inculta Coq.

inops Coq.
junctura Coq.
junctu1a—Dipalta.
lacunaris Coq.
lanta—Lepidanthrax.
lepidota O.S.
levicula Coq.

limatulus—Spongostylum.

lucifer Fabr.
mercedis Coq.

mira Cq.

miscella Coq.
mobile Coq.

molitor Loew.
mucorea—muscaria.
muscaria Coq.
nebulosa Coq.
nugator Coq.
obscura Coq.
cedipus—Spongostylum.
pallidula Coq.
perimcie—alternata.
perplexa Coq.
poecilogaster O.S.
pretiosa Coq.
pullata Coq.
sabulosa Coq.
scitula Coq.
serpantura Cog.
serpentina—Dipalta.
sinuosa Wied.
squamigera Coq.
supina Coq.

syrtis Coq.

systis Coq.

tantilla Coq.
telluris Coq.
terrena Coq.
turbata Coq.

vana Cog.

variata Coq.
varium—Spongostylum.
vasta Coq.
vigilans—perplexa.
vulpina Cog.

willistonii Coq.

Aphoebantus abnormis Cou.

Bibio

brevistylus Coq.
capax Cog.
catulus Coq.
cervinus Loew.
concinnus (Cogq.)
desertus Coq.
fucatus Cog.
fumidus Cog.
fumosus (Coq.
hirsutus Coq.
interruptus Coq.
leviculus Coq.
litus Coq.
marcidus Coq.

m xtus Coq.

mus O.S.
pavidus Cog.
pellucidus (Coq.)
scriptus Coq.
tardus Coq.
transitus Coq.
varius Coq.
vittatus Coq.
vulpecula Cog.
capicina—Exoprosopa.
lucifer—Anthrax.

Bombilius albicapillus Loew.

aurifer O.S.
cachinnans O.S.
cinerius Big.
fratellus—major.
lancifer O.S.
laticeps BBig.
major Linn.
metopium O.S.
nitidulus—Anastoechus.
recurvus Coq.
syndesmosus Coq.

Coquillettia vandykei Cog.
Dipalta junctura Coq

serpentina O.S.

Celimus californicus Big.

melanosus Wil.
puella Wil.
lotus Wil.
marginatus O.S.
muricatus O.S.

152 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Epacmus nebritus Coq.
rufilimbatus Big.

Eucessia rubens Coq.

Exepacmus johnsoni Cog.

Exoprosopa agasizii Lew.
capicina Fabr.
bifurca Lew.
divisa Coq.

dorcadion—capacina Fabr.

eremita O.S.

gaurophylax—Hyperalonia.

grata Coq.
pallens Big.

EXxoptata divisa—Exoprosopa.

Germinaria pellucida Coq.

Geron cinctura Coq.
fasciola Coq.
hybus Cog.
senilis Fabr.
trochilus Coq.

Hyperalonia gazophylax Loew.
lanta Coq.

Lordotus apicula Coq.
buceros Coq.
canabis Coq.

Lepidanthrax agrestis Coq.
angulus O.S.
campestris Cq.
inaurata Coq.
diversus Cog.
junceus Coq.
miscellus Coq.

Mancia nana Cog.

Metacosmus exilis Coq.
Pantarbes capita O.S.
Paracosmus edwardsii (Loew).

insolens Coq.

Phthiria diversa Coq.

Ploas

egerminans Loew.
humilis O.S.
notata Loew.
similis Coq.
sulphurea Loew.
amabilis O.S.
atratula Loew.
fenestrata O.S.
johnsoni Coq.
melanocerata Big.
nigripennis Loew.
obesula Loew.
rufula O.S.
serrata. Coq.

Rhambdoselaphus mus Big.
Spogostylum cybele Coq.

daphne (0O.S.)

delila Loew.

limatulus Say.

cedipus Fabr.
vandykei—Cogquillettia..
varium Fabr.

Systochus oreas O.S. :

Thalipsogaster syndesmosus—Bombyl-
ius.

Triplasius novus Wil.

planus O.S. Toxophora maxima Coq.

sororcula Wil pellucida Coq.

zona Coq. vasta Coq.
TABANINA

Eulonchus marginatus O.S.
sapphirinus O.S.
saragdinus Gers.
tristis Loew.

CYRTIDA.
Oncodes melampus Loew.
Opsebius pancus O.S.

sulphuripes Loew.

Pterodontia vix Town.

LEPTIDA.

Atherix varicornis Loew.
Chrysopila anthracina Big.
humilis Loew.

Dialysis dispar BiBg.

Hilaromorpha obscura Big.

Leptis costata Loew.
incisa Loew.

Leptotricha discolor—Triptotricha.

lauta—Triptotricha.
Mythicomyia rileyi Coq.
tibialis Coq.
Rhachicerus honestus O.S.
Symphoromyia cruenta Coq.
modesta Cog.
pachyceras Wil.
trucis Coq.

DIPTERA — BOMBYLINA

Triptotricha discolor Loew. Xylomyia pallipes Loew.
dispar—Dialysis. subula—pallipes.
lauta Loew.

TABANIDA.

: ,

if ay

4) ae
mi
é

fg Ae

Figure 160 Tabanid fly

The horseflies are not very abundant in California but in other sections are

very annoying to stock. The larve are predaceous and found in all sorts of
situations.

Apatolestes comastes Wil. noctifer O.S.
Chrysops fnivaster O.S. pachycera Wil.
gigantulus—Silvius. proclivis O.S.

1

Lacity
Do

154

Figure 161 Head and mouthparts of
a Tabanid

igure 162 Venation of Tabanidze and
related groups

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

quadrivitatus—silvius.

surdus O.S.
Corizoneura ruficornis—Pangonia.

velutina—Pangonia.
Diatominerva californica—Pangonia.
Hzematopate americana O.S.
Pangonia californica (Big.)

dives Wil.

hera O.S.

ruficornis (Big.)

velutina (Big.)
Silvius gigantulus (Loew.)

quadrivitatus Say.
Tabanus zgrotus O.S.

captouis Mar.

comastes Wil.

episatus O.S.

insuitus O.S.

laticeps Hine.

lineola Fabr.

phanerops O.S.

procyon O.S.

punctifer O.S.

rhombicus O.S.

sonomensis O.S.
Aochletus obscurus Coq.

‘Chloromyia viridis—Sargus.

Clitellaria lata Loew.

STRATIOMYIDA.
The larve are carnivorous and found in various situations.

Figure 163 A Stratiomyid fly.

villosulus Big.
Thermoplectus californicus—Tabanus

epistatus.
captonis—T abanus.
rustica O.S.

heemaphorus—Tabanus sonomen-
sis.

phenops—Tabanus.

procyon—Tabanus.

sonomensis—Tabanus.

Euparyphus apicalis Coq.
niger Big.
septemmaculatus Adams.
tahoensis Coq.

Nemotelus arator Mel.
tristus Big.

Ydontomyia americana Day.
arcuata Loew.
binotata—truquii.
cincta Oliv.

- hodiana Big.
inequatus Loew.
megacephala—truquii.
pilosus Day.
pubescens Day.
pyrrhostoma—gqilosa.
truquii Bel.

cl

DIPTERA —ASILINA 15:

Oxcera crotchi O.S. nevade Big.

Sargus viridus Say. maculosis Loew.

Stratiomyia barbata Loew. melanosoma Loew.
BIBIONINA

BLEPHAROCERIDZA.
The larve live in mountain streams.

Bibiocephala comstocki Kel. yosemite—Philorus.
doanei Kel. Liponeura yosemite—Philorus.
Blepharocera ancilla—Philorus. Philorus ancilla O.S.
jordani Kel. yosemite O.S.

ostensakeni Kel.

SIMULIIDA.
Buffalo gnats or black flies sometimes become exceedingly annoying on
account of their blood sucking habits. The larve are aquatic.

Simulium argus Wil.
bracteatum Cog. —————————— RB

pictipes Hag. —
hirtipes Frles.
venustum Say.
vittatum Zet. MA

Figure 164 Venation of Simulidze and
related families.

BIBIONIDA.
The larve feed on decaying vegetable substances.

_ ain

Figure 165 Bibionid fry.

156 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Bibio hirtus Loew. Scatopse notata (Linn).
nervosus Loew. Tipula notata—Scatopse.
Dilophus occipitalis Coq.

TIPULINA

CECIDOMYIDA.
One species, the hessian fly, Myetiola, is a very serions pest on wheat, but
not particularly so in this state. Other species feed as larve on decaying
vegetable matter, and one of our species, Arthrocnodax, feeds on red spiders.

Figure 167 Larva of a Mycetophilid.
Arthrocordax epiphila Felt.
occidentalis Felt.
Cecidomyia destructor—Myetiola.
radiate S.&M.
Diplosis piniradiatea—Cecidomyia.
Myetiola destructor (Say).

Figure 168 Mycetophilid fly.

MYCETOPHILIDA.
The larve feed on decaying vegetable substances.

lepida Joh.
modesta Joh.
Pygophora Cog.
Cordyla neglecta Joh.
Dacosia obscura Cog.
Gnorista megorrhina O.S.
Leia lineola (Adams).
Striata (Wil.)

om .
Figure 166 Venation of Mycetophilidze Mycomyia calcarata (Coq.)

and related families. frequens—littoralis.
littoralis Say.
Acnemia varipennis Coq. mendax Joh. Y
Alodia bella Joh. Bolitophila hybrida Meig.
delita Joh. Mycetophila :enistrata Coq.
Ccelosia flavicauda Win. nemoralis—Neuratelia.

gracilis Joh. obscura—Dacosia.

DIPTHRA — BIBIONINA 15

=]

trifasciata Coq. Platura pullata (Coq.)
Necglaphyroptera lineola—Leia. scapularis Joh.
striata—Leia. Rhymosia a Joh.
Neoempheria pullata—Platyura Coq. diffissa Joh.
Neuratelia nemoralis (Meig.) imitator Joh.
silvatica Coq. Sciophila calcarata—Mycomyia.
CULICIDA.

Figure 170 Culiseta.

Mosquitoes are insects of peculiar~ interest on account of the relation
between Anopheles and malaria and ANdes calopus and yellow fever. The
latter insect occurs only rarely in a few sea ports in California and the
disease is unknown here. Malaria however is wide spread in the central and
northern sections coincident with the distribution of the Anopheles. In the
San Francisco bay region two species of salt marsh mosquitoes, Aldes quaylei
and squamiger are at times very annoying. Very successful control measures
have been employed. (See California Bulletin Number 178). The two most
common fresh water mosquitoes in the same region are Culex tarsalis and
Culiseta incidens.
7EVles zstivalis Dyer. curiei (Coq.)

calopus (Meig.) damnosa Say.

158 GUIDE TO. CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

punctipennis Say.
Corethra Trivitata Loew.
Culex annulatus—Theobaldia.
ciliata—Psorophora.
cubensis Big.
currei—Aedes.

Figure 169 Venation of Culicids and
related families.

Figure 171 Anopheles.

quaylei D.& K. _ erythrothorax Dyer.

spenceri (Theo.) incidens—Culiseta.

squamiger (Cog. - inornatus—Culiseta.

sylvestris (Theo.) pipiens Linn.

varipalpus Coq. pulchripennis—Anopheles.

vittatus Theo. spenceri—Aedes.
Anopheles franciscanus McC. squamiger—Aedes.

maculipennis Mieg. stigmatosoma Dyer.

DIPTHRA\— TIPULINA

OO

Figure 172 Culiseta incidens. l,larva; 2, antenne; 3, mentum; 4, siphonal spines

showing variation; 5, scale of eighth abdominal segment;
dominal segments and siphon; all enlarged.

6,

eighth and ninth ab-

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

160

Figure 173 Atdes squamiger. Same parts as in figure 172

Figure 174

DIPTERA — TIPULINA

Amides quaylei. Same parts as in figure 172.

161

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

162

(ary (oes
‘ ie * an;
Mina:

Same parts as in figure 172.

Culex tarsalis.

Figure 175

DIPTERA — TIPULINA

MN:

i
GL
Caterer sre nae aie

POT rr
t] iii

It
PS SS
SDSiees SS =
Se ~~,
Ser =
ea ae

Sar
LG aoa
aes ee Ca nN WY
wae

ae
POKae 2
ig Ae
“aa a7 al ee /
Chang re i eee er ey is
an vem

iy G SSS =
(eka

: apy ca spre EEE aa.

apt t ere SS

a secer” 4 os

a pee ay
yn

= EZ fe er
Lip, - “a

OOD prs al an ait ‘ih
“Cntr mpm Me

PSD eo
SS SS

K&S > ~

1, Culiseta incidens; 2, Culex tarsalis;

176 Wings of female mosquitoes.

Figure
3, Addes squamiger; 4, Addes quaylei.

164 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

figure 177 Claws of Mosquitoes. 1-3 Culex tarsalis; 4 - 6 Culiseta incidens; 7 -
9 ASdes squamiger; 10-12 Ades auaylei.

DIPTERA — TIPULINA 165

Figure 178 Genitalia. 1, Ades quaylei; 2, Culiseta incidens; 3. Culex tarsalis; 4,
Aides squamiger.

svlvestris—Aedes. maccrackenze D.&H.
tarsalis Coq. Grabhamia currei—Aedes.
territans Walk. demiedmanii Lnd.
Culiseta consobrina—inornata. Leptoplatys squamiger—Aedes.
incidens (Thom.) sylvestris—Aedes.

inornata (Wil.) Mansonia signifer Coq.

166 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Figure 179 Culiseta larva.

Figure 180 Anopheles larva.

DIPTERA — TIPULINA 167

Figure 181 Culiseta. Back view.

Figure 182 Culiseta. Side view.

varipalpus—Aedes. sylvestris—Aedes.
Cchlerotatus lativittatus—Aedes Cur- varipalpus—Aedes.
riei. Psophora ciliata (Fabr.)

168 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Stegomyia calopus—A€des. Teeniorhynchus sierrensis—Aedes var-
Theobaldia annulatus Schrank. ipalpus.

incidens—Culiseta. Uranotoenia anhydor Dyer.

TENDIPEDIDA.
Larvee. aquatic.
Eretmoptera browni Kel. Paraclunio trilobatus Kief.

PSYCHOD,DA.
The larve feed on decaying vegetable substances.

Pericoma bipuncta Kin.
californica Kin.
californiensis—californica.
truncata Kin.

Psychoda cinerea Banks.
pacifica—cinerea.

Scorax lanceolata—Trichomyia.

Trichomyia lanceolata (Kin.)

Figure 188 Venation of Psychodide.

TIPULIDA. ;
The larve of the long legged crane flies called leather jackets are
sometimes abundant enough to do serious injury to the roots of plants.

}

Wo
—éy,
[>

Cee easeica

(

Ss
Ci

Figure 184 Tupilid fly.

DIPTERA — TIPULINA 169

Amalopsis calcar O.S.
Blttacomorpha clavipes Fabr.
Ctenophora angustipennis Low.
Dicranomyia badia (Walk.)

marmorata O.S.

stigmata Doane.

obscura O.S.

Dicranoptycha sobrina O.S.

Elliptera clausa O.S.

Eriocera californica O.S.
obscura Wil.

Erioptera bipartita O.S.
dulcis O.S.

Geranomyia canadensis (Westw.)

Helobia punctipennis Meig.

Holorusia rubiginosa Loew.

Idioplasta vipio O.S.

Limnobia badia—Dicsanomyia.
califrnica O.S.
punctipennis—Helobia.
sciophila O.S.

Limnibiorhynchus canadensis—Geron-

omyia.

Limnophila damnula O.S.
luteipennis O.S.
montana O.S.

Mololopnilus forciplua O.S.

Pachyrhina derruginea Fabr.

Pachyrina ferruginea (Fabr.
Wulpiana Berg.

ne Pedicia obtusa O.S.

Phylolabis claviger O.S.
encausta O.S.

Protoplasta vipio—ldioplasta.
Ptychoptera lenis O.S.
Raphidolabis debilis Wil.
Symplecta punctipennis—Helobia.
Tipula acuta Doane.
betula O.S.
bituberculata Doane.
clavipes—Bittacomorpha.
fallax Loew.
ferruginea—Pachyrhina,
graphica Doane.
precisa Loew.
pubera Loew.
simplex Doane.

Venation of Tupilidee.

Figure 185

spermax O.S.
subtilis Doane.
tristis Doane.
Trichocera trichoptera O.S.
Trimicra anomala O.S.
pallipes—Anomala.

PULECINA

PULECIDA.
The fleas have come to very great prominence since the relation of IL.

cheopus to bubonic plague has been demonstrated.

Most of the species are

found only on rodents, but C.canis and P. irritans are important household

pests.

Anomiopsyllus californicus Bak.

Ceratopyllus acutus Bak.
anisus Roth.
californicus Bak.
ciliatus Bak.
fasciatus Bosc.
ignotus Bak.
londiniensis Roth.
multidentatus Fox.
niger Fox.

proximus Bak.
sexdentatus Bak.
telchium Roth.
Corypsylla ornatus Fox.
Ctenocephalus canis Curt.
felis Roth.
Ctenophthalmus heiseri McC.
Ctenopsyllus musculi Duges.
Hoplopsyllus anomalus Bik.
Loemopsylla cheopsis Roth.

170 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Odontopsyllus charlottensis Bak. irritans Linn. 3
wymani Fox. pallidus—Loeopsylla cheopsis.
Pulex cheopsis—Loemopsyllus.

SARCOPSYLLIDA.
“he chicken flea is occasionally abundant and annoying.
Echidnophaga gallinacea Westw.

COLEOPTERA.

Numerically the Coleoptera is far in the lead of all other groups. Half the
species of insects are beetles. The order contains about 40 per cent. of all
the species of animals and approximately a quarter of all living beings both
plants and animals.

Historically the group stands intermediate between the older orders of
insects and the higher groups. Beetles are the culmination of the tendency
seen in the Orthoptera and Hemiptera to produce a fully armored insect,
@ consummation reached only after the securing of complex metamorphosis
which was also the antecedent condition permitting the specializations of
structure characterizing the Diptera, Hymenopteha and Lepidoptera.

Structurally the Coleoptera are distinguishable by the concurrent special-
ization of front wings and abdomen whereby the ventral portion of the latter
became enlarged joining with the former, enclosing a cavity into which the
spiracles open and within which the second pair of wings lie folded. Both
of these structures are absolutely distinctive of this order.

Economically beetles fall into a very secondary rank. While many are
plant feeders, the great majority feed on decaying organic matter or are
predaceous.

The classification of beetles was formerly largely based upon the number of
joints in the foot, more recently the significance of the venation has been
recognized.

The system adopted in this book is the use of a series of superfamilies
as follows:—

1. Carabina, 2. Tenebrionina, 3. Meloina, 4. Elaterina, 5. Cantharina, 6.
Clerina, 7. Hydrophylina, 8, Scarabeina, 9. Curculionina, 10. Chrysomelina,
11, Coccinellina, 12. Nitidulina, 18. Dermestina, 14, Heterocerina, 15. Histerina,
16, Trichopterygina, 17. Silphina, 18 Staphylinina.

The classification of Leconte and Horn,which has been generally followed

aia:

172 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

in this country is given below with the numbers of the superfamilies.

Coleoptera. (genuina).
Tsomera.
Adephaga. — 1.
Clavicornia. — 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18,

Serricornia. — 4, 5 and 6.

Lamellicornia. — 8.

Phytophaga. — 10.
Heteromera. — 2 and 3.

Rhynchophora. — 9.
The latest German system, that of Reiter is as follows:—

Adephaga. — 1.

Polyphaga.
Staphylinoidea.
Staphylinida. — 18
Necrophaga. — 17.

Ptiliigia. —- 16.

Histerida. — 15.
Lamellicornia. — 8.
Palpicornia. — 7.
Diversicornia.

Hygrophili. — 14.

Clavicornia. — 11 and 12.
Brachymera. — 13.
Sternoxia. — 4.
Malacodermata. — 5.
Teredilia. — 6.
Heteramera. — 2 and 3.

Phytophaga. — 10.
Rhynchophora. — 9.

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES.

Staphylinidz: abdomen exposed and horny above. Clavigeridz: antennz
less than six-jointed. Pselaphidz: abdomen inflexible.

Carabidz: hind legs with large egg-shaped trochanter, and legs not fitted
for swimming. Cicindelidze: antenne on the front. Amphizoidz: metastern-
um truncate behind. MHaliplidze: hind coxe covering base of legs.

Tenebrionidze: hind feet four-jointed, others five-jointed, antennz not club-
bed, front coxal cavities closed behind. Alleculidze: claws pectinate. A€gialit-
idz: six ventral segments.

Curculionidz: feet four-jointed, antenne clubbed and either head with a
distinct beak, or gular sutures wholly confluent or obliterated. Ipidae: elytra
surrounding edge of pygidium. Otiorhynchidz: with. scar at tip of mandible.
Calandride: with pygidium undivided in the male. Rhynchitidze, Rhinomacer-

COLEOPTERA 173

Lio
idee and Anthribidee: with antenne straight and ventral segments free, the

first without labrum and the second with prosternal sutures distinct.
Chryscomelidaz: feet apparently four-jointed, the fourth joint very minute

"pf Pury

\
\
)
N
tL

ess

Figure 186 Structure of a beetle.

antenne not distinctly clavate, shorter than legs. Lariidze: front long al-
most snout-like.

Cerambycidze: similar to Chrysomelidz but with long antenne. (in doubt-
ful cases the subcylindrical shape of body will aid in distinguishing this fam-

174 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

ily from the preceeding). Spondylidze: feet slender.

Malachiidze: body with extensile vesicles.

Elateridae: prothorax with spine fitting deep into a cavity on mesosternuta.
anterior coxe round and ventral segments free. Throscidz: front coxal
cavities open behind. Cerophytidae: hind coxe not entirely covering femora.
Eucnemidz: labrum concealed.

Coccinellidze: feet three-jointed. Sphzeriidze: only three ventral segments.
Mydroscaphidze: antenne eight-jointed. Monotomide: last ventral segment
long. Trichopterygidze: elytra truncate. Endomychidae, Ptiliidee and Lath-
rididze: claws slender; the last two with feet slender, the last one with hind
coxee widely separated.

Scarabzidee: antenne lamellate. Lucanidze: plates of antenuse immovable.

Buprestidae: similar to Elateride, but first two ventral segments connate.

Anthicidee: hind feet four-jointed, others five-jointed, antennz not clubbed.
hind coxe prominent. Monomidz: antenne in grooves. C&Edemeridz, Mel-
andridze and Pythidz: head not strongly constricted behind, the first with
middle coxe prominent, the last with thorax not margined. Mordellidze and
Rhipiphorides: thorax as wide as elytra, the latter with the lateral sutures of
prothorax wanting.

Histeridze: antenne elbowed.

Anobiidze: head retractile, tarsi five-jointed, abdominal segments five and
front and middle coxe round hind -coxe transverse. Ptinidae: antennee
inserted on the front. Lyctidze: first ventral segment elongate. Psoidze:
head prominent. Bostrichidze: tibiar spurs distinct.

Hydrophilide: legs paddle-shaped, antenne clubbed.

Dytiscidz: legs paddle-shaped. Grynidze: front legs largest.

Meloidee: hind feet four-jointed, others five-jointed, antenne not clubbed.
Cephaloidze: head elongate tapering behind. Pyrochroidz: claws simple.

Cantharidze: front coxz round, abdomen with seven to nine segments. Sty-

lopidee: antennee: not over six-jointed.

Silphidae: hind coxge prominent. Melyridz: metasternum short. Scyd-
meenidze: eyes coarsely granular. Clambidze: hind coxe lamellate. Anisi-
tomidze: front coxal cavities closed behind

Nitidulidee: front coxe transverse. Georyssidz: antenne nine-jointed.
Heterochroidz: four abdominal segments connate. Derodontidz, Byrridz,
Nosodendridz, Dryopidae and Cupesidz: hind coxe hollowed out to receive
femora, the first with metasternum long, the second and third with it short,
the third having prominent head, the fourth with fifth joint of tarsi as long as
cther joints combined. Sphindidze: metasternum long. Ostomidze: meta-
sternum emarginate behind. Dascyllidz: with hind coxe contiguous. MHelod-
idz: front coxa without trochantin.

Dermestidz: metasternum small. Byturidze: second and third tarsal joints
lobed beneath. ;

Cleridz: feet with membramous appendage beneath.

COLEOPTERA — CARABINA 175

Cucujidz: abdominal segments free. Othniidae: front coxal cavities closed.
Scaphidiidse: with fifth abdominal segment longest. Phalacridae: middie
coxe transverse. Lymexylidze: head deflexed. Corylophidze: six abdominal
segments. Monotomidz, Endomychidz, Cryptophagidz and Ciidze: first ab-
ing tarsi four-jointed with third joint very small, the last has all tarsi four-
dominal segment longest, the first two with eyes transverse, the second hav-
jointed. Erotylidz andMycetophagidz: hind coxze not nearly contiguous, the
latte: with anterior coxe oval.

Colydiidae. Rhyssodidze: feet five jointed.

CARABINA

CICINDELIDA.
The tiger beetles are very active day flying, predaceous insects.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
Cicindela. Omus: eyes small. Tetracha: third joint of maxillary palpi
longel than fourth. .
Amblychile cylindriformis (not Calif) pusilla Say.

piccolominii (not Calif.) repanda Dej.
Cicindela californica—circumpicta. senilis Horn.
cinctipennis Lec. sierra—vulgaris.
circumpicta Laf. sigmoidea—tortuosa.
decemnotata (not Calif.) sommeri Mann.
depressula Casey. sperata Lec.
Cucdecimguttata (not Calif.) tenuisignata. Lec.
echo Gas. terricola—pusilla.
eureka Fall. trifasciata—tortuosa.
tulgida Say. rifasciata—tortuosa.
gabii Horn tuolumne—lunalonga.
graminea—purpurea. vibex—vulgaris.
gravidus—hirticollis. viridisticta Bates.
guttifera—oregona. viridissima—vuigaris Say.
hyperborea Lec. (not Calif.) vulgaris Say.
hzemorrhagia_ Lec. Omus ambiguus Schaupp.
hirticollis Say. audouini Reiche.
imperfecta—pusilla. : californicus Esch.
latesignata Lec. confluens—sequoarum.
lauta—purpurea. dejeani (not Calif.)
lemniscata. Lec. edwardasii Crotch.
longilabris Say. elongatus—californicus.
lunilonga Schaupp. hornii—sequorarum.
obliqua—vulgaris. lzevis Horn.
obsoleta Say. lecontei—californicus.
oregona Lec. lugubris—edwardsii.
pacifica—hzemorhagica. montanus—edwardsii.
j perviridis—longilabris. punctifrons—sequorarum.
plutonica—purpurea. sculptilis—californicus.
preetexta—circumpicta. sequorarum Crotch.
pseudosenilis—echo. submetallicus Horn.

purpurea Oliv. Tetracha carolina Linn.

176 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

CARABIDA-.
The Carabide are ground beetles, predaceous both as larve and adults.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Bembidium: palpi with last joint slender and preceding joint enlarged.
Anillis: eyes wanting. Tachys sutural stria recurved at apex.

Pterostichus: elytra with margin interrupted, with lateral plica and with
dorsal punctures. Psydrus four joints of antenne glabrous.

Platynus: elytra obliquely sinuate at tip. Perigona: antenne thickened
beyond third joint. Calathus, and Laemosternus: claws serrate, the latter
with elytral punctures.

Amara: elytra with margin interrupted, with lateral plica and with two
setigerous punctures over eye. Nomius: four joints of antenne glabrous.

Chizenius: elytra with margin interrupted and with lateral plica. Barchy-

Figure 187 Wiug of Carabid beetle. Black areas are reversed in folding.

lobus: mentum truncate in front.

Calosoma: palpi with last joint triangular and elytra not truncate. Scaphi-
notus: hind coxe separated Carabus: third joint of antennz not compressed.

Anisodactylus: two setigerous punctures on each angle of clypeus. Galerita:
elytra truncate.

Dyschirus:body depundulate. Promecognathus: hind coxz_ separated.
Scarites: basal joint of antenne long. Schizogenius: front tarsi dilated.
Clivina: thorax more or less quadrate, palpi similar in the sexes.

Harpalus: two basal joints of antenne glabrous. Babister: labium unusu-
ally short. Patrobus, Pogonus, and Trechus: with two setigerous punctures

COLEOPTERA — CARABINA ti

over the eyes, the last with terminal joint of palpi acute, the second with
head constricted behind the eye. Nothopus: outer angle of front tibia pro-
longed. Discorderus and with middle tibia arcuate and serrate within. Sten-
olophus, Bradycellus, and Agonoderus: penulmate joint of palpus bisetose,
the first with front and middle tarsi of male bilobed, the last with mentum
not toothed. Stenomorphus: body subpedunculate.

Lebia: elytra truncate at tip. Psedomorpha: head with antennal grooves.
beneath. Brachynus: one setigerous puncture over eye. Zuphium, Dia-
phorus and Thalpius: penultimate joint of palpus pleurisetose, the first with
narrow neck, the last with body subpedumculate. Ega: hind coxe separated.
Casnonia: head elongate. Tetragonoderus: tibia spurs long. Bromius, Apris-
tus, Blechrus, Axinopalpus, Technophilus, Callida, Apenes, Cymidis, Pinaco-
dera, Plochinus, and Philophuga: head not constricted behind the eyes, the
first four with tarsi slender, the fourth with labial palpi thickened, the third
and seventh with thorax lobed at base, the second and fifth with claws
simple, the sixth with fourth tarsal joint bilobed, the eighth with coxze
hairy above, the ninth with terminal joint of palpi cylindrical, the tenth with
base oi thorax squarely truncate.

Enebria: antennz with four basal joints glabrous/Euphorticus, Lach-
nophorus, and Opisthius: with two setigerous punctures over the eye, the
first two with apices of elytra rounded, the first without elytrai punctures.
Omophren: scutellum concealed. Loricera: antennae free at base. Metrious:
elytra not margined. Notiophilus, front tibia very obliquely truncate. Leis-
tes: mandibles explinate at sides.

Eiaphrus. Trachypachus: elytra not margined at base. Dip!lochilla and
Psydrus: elytra striate, the latter with two dorsal punctures.

Agonoderus lineola Fabr. jacobina Lec.
pallipes Fabr. latior Kirby.
rugicollis—pailipes. longula Lec.
Azonosma californicum (not. Calif.) rectangula Lec.
Agcnum brevicale Loxandrus. remotestriata Dej.
ramelicum—Platynus. robustula Horn.
Amara foveolata Hay. scitula Zimm.
aurata Dej. Stupida Lec.
blanchardi Hay. ~ Anchomenus brunneomarginatus—Pla-
brunnipes Mots. tinus.
californica Dej. ferrugineus—Platynus.
conflata Lec. maurus—Platynus.
erratica Sturm. ovipennis—Platynus.
fallax Lec. rugiceps—Platynus.
farcta Lec. Anillus debilis Lec.
gibba Lec. explanatus Horn.
imitatrix Horn. Anisodactylus alternans—porosus.
impuncticoliis Say. amaroides Lec.
inepta—erratica. orevicollis Lec.
insignis Dej. brunneus Dej.
insularis Horn. californicus Dej.

interstitialis Dej. confusus (undetermined).

178 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

consobrinus Lec.
dilatatus Dej.

flebilis Lec.

hirsutus (undetermined).
immanis Horn.
irregularis Mots.
nivalis Horn.

obtusus Lec.

piceus Lec.

pilosus Horn.
pitychorus Lec.
porosus Mots.
rudis—porosus.
semipunctatus Lec.
similis—semipunctatus.
strenuus Fiorn.
subleevis—porosus.
villosus—piceus.
viridescens—porosus.

Anisotarsis flebilis—Anisodactylus.

Apenes limbata (undetermined).
nebulosa Lec.

Apheloginia bilineata—Lebia.
furcata—Lebia.
guthula—Lebia.

Apristus laticollis Lec.
cordicollis Lec.

Axinopalpus biplagiatus (Dej.)
californicus—hbiplagiatus.
fusciceps Lec.

Badister anthracinus Lec.
ferrugineus Dej.
submarinus (undetermined).

Bembicidium anthostictum (undet.)

Bembidium acutifrons Lec.
anguliferum (Lec.)
approximatum (Lec.)
assimile Gyll.
bifasciatum (Mots.)
bifessulatum (Lec.)
breve Mots.
brevistriatum Hay.
californicum Hay.
cautum (Lec.)
carinatum Lec.
coloradense—dentellum.
complanulum (Man.)
concinnum—perconcinnum.
concolor (Kirby.)
connivens (Lec.)
consanguineum Hay.
crurale—dubitans,
dentellum (Thumb.)
dubitans Lec.
dyschirinum Lec.

ephippiger (Lec.)
erosum—transversale.
falsum Bla.
flavicauda—Tachys.
flavipictum—pictum.
fuchsii Blais.
fumatum Mots.
funereum Lec.
grandicolie (Lec.)
henshawi Hay.
hesperum Fall.

horni Hay.
humboidtensis Blais.
incertum (Mots.)
incrementum—dentellum.
indistinctum Dej.
insulatum (Lec.)
intermedium( Kirby).
irridescens (Lec.)

laterimaculatum (undetermineu ).

laticeps (Lec.)
littoralei—hesperum.
lonaqulum (Lec.)
lucidum (Lec.)

lugubre Lec.

meeklini (not California).
mexicanum (not California)
mormon Hay.
mundum—hbifasciatum. —
muscicola Hay.,
nanus—Tachys.,
nebraskense Lec.
nevadense Ulke.
nigripes—variegatum.
nigrocoeruleum Hay.
nitidum (Kirby.)
nubiculosum Chaud.
obliquum—nitidum.
oblongum (Man.)
obtusangulum Lec.
parallelicolle (undetermined).
pictum: Lec.

planatum Ler.
planisculum Man.
platynoides Hay.
politum (undetermined).
perconcinnum Bla.
pumilus—Tachys.
quadrifoveatum Man.
recticolle Lec.
rickseckeri Hay.
scudderi Lec.
sculpturatum Mots.
sordidulum Chaud.
sordidulum—timidum.

COLEOPTERA — CARABINA

spectabile (Man.)
striola Lec.
subinfaltum (uidetermined).
suspectum—dentellum.
tigrinum Lec.
timidum—versicolor.
transversale Dej.
trechiforme (Lec.)
vandykei Blais.
variegatum Say.
variolosum Mots.
verSicolor (Lec.)

vile (Lec.)

whitneyi Fall.
wickhami Hay.
zephyrum Fall.

Blechrus glabratus (undetermined).

nigrinus (Man.)
Bomius lucidus—Blechrus.
Brachylobus californicus (undet.)

caurinus Horn.
Brachynus carinulatus Mots.

costipennis Mots

fidelis Lec.

lateralis Dej.

tschernikhii Man.
Bradycellus californicus Lec.

cognatus Gyll.

nebulosus Lec.

nitens—cognatus.

nubifer—ruprestris.

rivalis Lec.

ruprestris Say.

symmetricus Mots.

ventralis—ruprestris.
Bradytus latior—Amara.
Brennus cordatus—Scaphinotus.

cristatus—Scaphinotus.

dissolutus—Scaphinotus.

interruptus—Scaphinotus.

obliquus—Scaphinotus.

porcatus—Scaphinotus.

striatopunctatus—Scaphinctus.

striatus—Scaphinctus.
Calathus behrensii—ruficollis.
obscurus Lec.
quadricollis—ruficollis.
ruficollis Dei.
Calleida croceicollis—Technophilis.
Callida platynoides Horn.

Callisthenes discors—Calosoma.

Caloscma zenescens Lec.
angulatum (not California).
calidum (not California).
cancellatum Esch.

i
co |
cc

deitzii Sch.
discors Lec.
eremicola Fall.
latipenne Horn.
luxatum Say.
parviceps Cas.
parvicollis Fall.
peregrinator Guer.
prominens Lec.
rugosipennis Sch.
scrutator Fabr.
semilzeve Lec.
simplex Lec.
subzeneum Chaud..
tepidum Lec.
triste Lec.
tristoides—triste.

Carabus californicus (undescribed).

dentellum—Bembidium.
serratus (not California).
teedatus Fabr.

truneaticolle (not California).

Casnonia pennsylvanica (not Calif.)

picta Chaud.

Celia aurata—Amara.

californica—Amara.
farcta—Amara.
gibba—Amara.
imitatrix—Amara.
interstitialis—Amara.
purpurescens—Amara.
rectangula—Amara.
remotestriata—Amara.
robustula—Amara.

Chlzenius asperulus—variabilipes.

cumatilis Lec.

cursor Chev.

glaucus Lec.

harpalinus Esch.
leucoscellis Chev.
nebraskensis (not California).
obsoletus Lec.
pennsylvanicus Say.
pubescens—pennsylvanicus,
regularis—sericeus.
rogator Mots.

ruficauda Chaud.

sericeus Forvst.

slmillimus Chaud.
solitarius Say.

sparsus Lec.

tricolor Dej.

variabilipes Esch.
viridifrons Esch.

Clivina dentipes Dej.

atopunctatus.
angusticollis—Scaphinotus.
basalis—Scaphinotus cristatus.

catenulatus—Scaphinotus mim-
us.

compesitus—Scaphinotus inter-
ruptus.

constrictus—Scaphinotus _ inter-
ruptus.

convergens—Scaphinotus obliqu-
us.

cordatus—Scaphinotus.

corpulentus—Scaphinotus_ inter-
ruptus.

crenulatus—Scaphinotus ventri-
cosis.

cristatus—Scaphinotus.
decipiens—Scaphinotus striato-

punctatus.

dissolutus—Scaphinotus inter-
ruptus. :

duplicatus—Scaphinotus crista-
tus.

fuchsianus—Scaphinotus ventri-
cosus. ;

gentilis—Scaphinotus ventricos-
us.

gravidus—Scaphinotus punctat-
us.

hoppingi—Scaphinotus oreophil-
ilus.

incipiens—Scaphinotus rugiceps.
interruptus—Scaphinotus.
lativentris—Scaphinotus ventri-
cosis.
longipes—Scaphinotus
collis.
mimus—Scaphinotus.
obliquus—Scaphinotus.
oreophilus—Scaphinotus.
opacicollis—Scaphinotus obliqu-

angusti-

us.
ovalis—Scaphinotus striatopunc-
tatus.

politus—Scaphinotus _ interrup-
tus.

porcatus—Scaphinotus dissolu-
tus.

junetatus—Scaphinotus.
riversii—Scaphinotus .oreophil-

US.
~ugiceps—Scaphinotus incipiens.

180 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.
punctulata Lec. sculptipenne—Scaphinotus _ ob-
Coptodera piceus—Dromius. liquus.
Cychrus alternatus—Scaphinotus stri- sinuatus—caphinotus interrup-
tus.

striatopunctatus—Scaphinotus.

striatus—Scaphiotus ventricosus.

subtilis—Scaphinotus.

symetricus—Scaphinotus ventri-

cOsUS.
truncaticollis—Scaphinotus.

velutinus—Scaphinotus angusti-

collis.
ventricosus—Scaphinotus.
ventricosis—Scaphinctus.
Cymidcis abstrusa (not California).
amoena—Philophuga.
biplagiatus—Axinopalpus.
caitornica
cribricollis (not California).
laticollis Say.
planipennis (not California).
punctigera—Pinacodera.
viridis—Philophuga.
Cyrtonotus blancaardi—Amara.
californicus—-Amara.
jacobina—Amara.
cvipennis—Amara.
stupidus —Amara.
Diaphorus rufulus—Thaipius.
tennuicollis Lec.
Diplochila impressicollis Dej.
Discoderus americanus (not Calif.)
amoénus Lec.
cordaticollis Horn.
crassicollis Horn.
Dromius biplagiatus—Axinopalpus.
nigrinus—Blechrus.
piceus (Dej.)
Dischirius aneus Dej.
zeneolus Lec.
analis Lec.
aratus Lec.
basalis Lec.
consobrinus Lec.
gibbipennis Lec.
intiger—eeneus,
levifasciatus (not California).
marinusS—obesus.
-patruelis Lec.
obesus Lec.
salivagans Lec.
terminatus Lec.
tridentatus Lec.
truncatus Lec.
unipunctatus Fall.

COLEOPTERA — CARABINA 181

viridens Fall.

Ega latula Lec.

Etaphrus californicus—riparius.
clairvillei Kirby.
laevigatus Lec.
lecontei Cr.
pallipes Horn.
politus—leevigatus.
riparius Linn.
viridis Horn.

_-ipus lgevissimus—Promecognathus.

Eurytrichus debilis—Anisodactylus.
cuphorticus occidentalis Horn.
Galerita californica—lecontei.
lecontei Dej.
Glycerius intermedius Fall.
nitidus (Dej.)
politus Fall.
obtusus Fall.
Haplochile pygmea—Nomius.
Harpalus albionicus Man.
alternans (undetermined).
caliginosis Fabr.
carbonarius Lec.
cautus; Dej.
compar—pennsylvanicus.

depressicollis (undetermined).

fraternus Lec.

hirsutus (undetermined).

penansylvanicus DeG.

porcsus Mots.

somnulentus DeG.

ventralis Lec.

vespertinus Cas.
Holciophorus ater—Pterostichus.

serripes—Pterostichus.
Hyperpias caligans—Pterostichus.

inanis—Ptercstichus.
Lachnophorus elegantulus Man.
Lzemostenus complanatus (Dej.)
Lebia angulata (undetermined).

bilineata Mots.

cupripennis (not California).

cyanipennis De}j.

cyanella Lec.

furcata (Lec.)

gonicdera Gem.

guttula (Lec.)

majuscula Chaud.

ornata Say.

ruficollis—cyanipennis.

viridis Say.
Leistus ferrugineus Man.
Limeum laticeps—Harpalus.
Lymneum laticeps—Bembidium.

Loricera carulescens—pilicornis.
californica—semipunctata.
foveata Lec.
pilicornis Fabr.
semipunctata Esch.

Loxandrus micans (not California).

Loxopeza majuscula—Lebia.

Lymneeum laticeps—Bembidium.

Metabletus nigrinus—Blechrus.

Metrius contractus Esch.

Nebria diversa Lec.
eschscholtzia Mer.
ingens Horn.
metallica (not California).
ovipennis Lec.
rathvoni Lec.
sanlbergi (not California).
virescens Chaud.

Nomius pygmezeus Dej.

Notaphus incertus—Bembidium.

Notiophilus obscurus Fall.
semistriatus (not California).
semiopacus Esch.
sylvaticus Esch.

Notopus grossus

Gchthedromus angulifera..Bembidium.
approximatus—Bembidium.
bifosulatum—Bembidium.
cautium—Bembidium.
connivens—Bembidium.
dubitans Bembidium.
ephippiger—Bembidium.
grandicolle—Bembidium.
insulatus—Bembidium.
irridcscens—Bembidium.
longulus—Bemit/dium.
lucidus. .Bembidium.
striola—Bembidium.
timidus—Bembidium.
trechiforme—Bembidium.
versicolor—Bembidium.
vile—Bembidium.

Omophron dentatum Lec.
gilze (not California).
ovale Horn.

Opisthius richardsoni Kirby.

Pasimachus californicus (not Calif.)
mexicanus (not California)
vividans (not California).

Patrobus californicus Mots.
septentrionis Dej.

Pelophila californica (not California).

Pemphus angusticollis—Scaphinotus.

Pericompsus sellatus—Tachys.

Perigora nigricens Dej.

182

Peryphus complanulus—Bembidium.
concolor—Bembidium.
nitidum—Bembidium.
parallelocolle—Bembidium.
subinflatus—Bembidium.

Philophuga amcena (Lec.)
castanea Horn.

viridis (Dej.)
Philotechnus croceicollis—Technophil-
us.
nigricollis—Technophilus croce-
icollis.
ruficollis—Technophilus crocei:
collis.

Pinacodera punctigera (Lec.)
semisulcata (Lower California).
sulcipennis (Lower California).

Platynus agilis Lec.
bicolor—brunneomarginatus.
bicoloratus Gem.
brevicollis—frater.
bruneomarginatus (Man.)
bogemanni Gyl.
californicus Lec.
cinctellus—brunneomarginatus.
cuvripennis Say.
cupreus Dej.
deplanatus Lec.
extensicollis Say.
familicus—fossiger.
ferruginosis De].
fossiger Dej.
fragilis—agilis.
frater Lec.
funebris Lec.
jejunus Lec.
larvalis (not California).
maculicollis Lec.
maurus Mots.
micans—funebris.
ovipennis Man.
obsoletus—bogemannl.
piceolus Lec.
planipennis—fossiger.
quadratus Lec.
rugiceps—brunneomarginatus.
simplex—extensicollis.
striatus Dej.
subsericeus—cupripennis.
sulcatus Dej.
tenebricosus Gem.
variolatus Lec.

Plochionus timidus Hald.

Poecilus amplicollis—Pterostichus.

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

cursitor—Pterostichus occiden:
talis.
occidentalis—Pterostichus.
splendiduvlus—-Pterostichus.
subcordatus—Pterostichus.
Pogonus depressus (not California).
planatus Horn.

Platysma adstrictum—Pterostichus or-

angustum—Pterostichus.

curtipenne—Pterostichus.
longicolle—Pterostichus gracil-
ior.

luczati—Pterostichus.

oregonum—Pterostichus.

paralellum—Pterostichus Pur.
puratus.,

planctum—Pterostichus.

puncticolle — Pterostichus lus:

trans.
vicinum—Pterostichus.
vitreum—Pterostichus.
Pristonychus complanatus—Lzemosten:
us
ineequalis (undetermined. )
Promecognathus crassus—lzevissimus.
laevissimus Chaud.
Pseudomorpha cronkhitei Horn.
behrensii Horn.
Psydrus piceus Lec.
Pterostichus algidus;—validus.
amethystinus Dej.
angustus Dej.
ater Dej.
brunneus (not California).
californicus Dej.
caligans Horn.
castanipes Men.
cejumgenda (not California).
congestus Men.
contractus—castanipes.
crenicollis Lec.
curtipenne (undetermined).
fuchsi Sch.
gracilis (undetermined).
gracilior Lec.
herculaneus Man.
hornii Lec.
inanis Horn.
inermis Fall.
isabella Lec.
lecetulus Lec.
longicolle—gracilior.
luczotii (not California).
lustrans Lec.

COLEOPTERA — CARABINA 183

californicus—Pterostichus.
menestriesii Mots.
morionides Chaud.
muticus (not California).
occidentalis (Dej.)
oregonus (not California).
orinomum (Leach.)
ovicollis Sch.
parallelus—-protractus.
planctus Lec.

protractus Lec.
purpuratus (not California).
scutellaris Lec.

serripes (Lec.)
splendidulus Lec.
subcordatus Lec.

tarsalis Lec.

validus Dej.

vicinus Lec.

vitreus (not California).

Scaphiodactylus micans—Loxandrus.

Scaphinotus angusticollis Fisch.
behrensi Roesch.
cordatus (tec.)
incipiens—rugiceps.
interruptus (Man.)
mimus (Horn.)
obliquus (Lec.)
creophilus (Riv.)
punctatus (Lec.)
rugiceps Horn.
striatopunctatus (Chaud.)
subtilis (Schaum.)
ventricosus Dej.

Scarites subterraneus Fabr.

Schizogenius crenulatus Lec.
depressus Lec.
litigiosus—depresus.
pluripunctatus Lec.
seticollis Fall.

Selenophorus opalinus (not Calif.)
palliatus Fabr.

Stenolophus anceps Lec.
californicus Lec.
cincticollis Lec.
coniunctus Say.
flavipes Lec.
limbalis Lec.
ochropezus Say.

tener Lec.
unicolor Dej.

Stenomorphus californicus Mots.

Tachycellus cognatus—Bradycellus.
conformis Fall.
nigrinus Dej.
nitidus—Glycerius.

Tachys anthrax Lec.
audax Lec.
corax Lec.
edax Lec.
falli Hay.
flavicauda Say.
latipennis Hay.
mordax Lec.
nanus (Gyll.)
obesulus Lec.
pumilis Dej.
rapax Lec.
rivularis—nanus.
rufotestaceus Hay.
sellatus Lec.
virgo Lec.
vittiger Lec.
vorax Lec.

Trachypechys gibsii Lec.
inermis Mots.

Technophilis croceicollis (Men.)
mezgr‘collis—ereceicollis.

Tenystola striata—Platynus.
suleata—Platynus.

Tetragonoderus fasciatus Hald.
pallidus Horn.
undulatus—fasciatus.

Thalpius rufulus Lec.
hornii Chaud.

Trechus barbarz Horn.
californicus—chalybeus.
chalybeus Dej.
levigatus—ovipennis.
oblongulum—Bembidium.
ovipennis Mots.
pomone Fall.
spectabile—Bembidium.

Trizna foveolata—Amara.
longula—Amara.
scitula—Amara.

Zuphium longicolle Lec.

HALIPLIDA.

_Brychius hornii Cr.
Cnemicotus callosus Lec.
simplex Lec.

Haliplus concolor Lec.
lonaulus Lec.
ruficollis DeG,

184 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.
AMPHIZOIDA.

Amphizoa insolens Lec.

GYRINIDAE.

This family consists of the surface feeding water beetles called ‘“whirligig
bugs” because of their very peculiar habit of swimming.

also in the larva stage living at the bottom.

Dyneutes sublineatus (not California).

Gyretes sinuatus Lec.

Gyrinus affinis Aube.
confinis Lec.
parcus Say.

consobrinus Lec.
fuscipes (undetermined).
marginiventris—plicifer.
plicifer Lec.

DYTISCIDA.
The beetles of this family are aquatic and predaceous.

Acilius laticinctus—Thermonectes kas-

latiusculus—semisulcatus.
simplex—semisulcatus.
semisulcatus Aube.
Agabinus glabrellus Mots.
Agabus austenii Sharp.
brevicollis (Lec.)
confertus (Lec.)
discolor—lecontei.
erichsoni (undetermined).
intersectus (Crotch).
lecontei (Crotch.)
lineellus (Lec.)
lugens Lec.
lutosus—lugens.
morosus (Lec.)
morulus Lec.
nigroazeneus Er.
obliteratus (Lec.)
obsoletus (Lec.)
perplexus—suturalis.

semivittatus (not California).

strigulosus (Crotch).
suturalis (Crotcn).
tristis Aube.
Bidessus affinis vay.
amandus Lec.
cincte!lus (Lec.)
nigrinus Casey.
pictodes Sharp.
plicipennis (Crotch).
subtilis (Lec.)
Ccelambus hydropicus Lec.
lutescens Lec.
medialis Lec.
Colymbetes anthrax Lec.
colloseus Lec.
densus Lec.
divisus Aube.

fossiger—Agabus morosus.
glabrellus Mots.
ineequalis—seniiniger.
sculptilis Harr.
seminiger Lec.
sobrinus—Agabus nigrozeneus.
strigatus Lec.
Copelatus chevrolatii Aube.
Coptotomus interrogatus Fabr.
Cybister ellipticus Lec.
explanatus Lec.
Cymatopterus inzequalis Horn.
Dercnectes depressus Fabr.
ariseostriatus DeG.
striatellus (L-ec.)
Desmopachra latissima (Lec.)
Dytiscus anxius—circumcinctus.
circumcinctus Lec.
fuscostriatus—circumcinctus.
marginicollis Lec.
sublimbatus Lec.

Eretes sticticus Linn.
Gaurodytes brevicollis—Agabus.
conferatus—Agabus.
intersectus—Agabus.
lecontei—Agabus.
lincellus—Agabus.

lugens—Agabus.
morosus—Agabus.
obsoletus—Agabus.
semivittatus—Agqabus.
strigulosus—Agabus.
suturalis—Agabus.
. tristis—Agabus.
Graphoderes cinereus Linn.
occidentalis Horn.

Hydaticus morm-ratus—Thermonectes.

stagnalis Fabr.
Hydroporus addendus Crotch.

They are predaceous

COLEOPTERA — CARABINA 185

affinis—Bidessus.
amandus—Bidessus.
axillaris Lec.
cinctellus—Bidessus.
eximius Mots.

fortis Lec.

fraternus Lec.
funereus Crotch.

griseostriatus—Deronectes.

hardyi Sharp.
aydropicus—Hygrotus.
impressifrons Mots.
latebrosus Lec.
latissimus—Desmopachra.
lutescens Lec.
medialis—Coelambus.
mexicanus Sharp.
maculavis—affinis.
obesus—rivalis Gyll.
obscurellus—affinis.
palliatus Horn.
parallelus Lec.
perplexus—tenebrosus.
punctinatus Horn.
plicipennis—Bidessus.
pulcher Mots.
quadrimaculatus Horn.
rivalis Gyll.
striatellus—Deronectes.

Clinidium calcaratum Lec.

Cupes lobiceps Lec.
Serrata—Priacma.

subpubescens Lec.
subtilis—Bidessus.
tenebrosus Lec.
terminalis Sharp.
vilis Lec.
Hydrovatus brevipes Sharp.
Hygrotus hydropicus (Lec.)
Hydrotrupes palpalis Sharp.
Ilybicsoma regularis Lec.
decipiens Lec.
difficilis Horn.
Laccophilus atristernalis Crotch.
fasciatus Aube.
Laccophilus atristernalis—mexicanus.
quadrilineatus Horn.
terminalis Sharp.
truncatus Mots.
Rhantus anisonynchus Crotch.
binotatus Har.
consimilis Mots.
ciscedens—tostus.
divisus Aube.
flavogriseus Crotch.
sinuatus Lec.
tostus Lec.
Thermonectes basilaris Horn.
intermedius—hasilaris.
marmoratus Lec.

RHYSSODIDA.
Rhyssodes hamatus Lec.

CUPESIDA.

Priacma serrata Lec.

TENEBRIONINA

OTHNIIGDA

Elacatis longicornis—Othnius.

Statira subnitida Lec.

guttulatus Lec.

LAGRIIDA.

TENEBRIONIDZ
A family of beetles most abundant in arid regions. They feed on dead
vegetable matter, a few attacking stored food products.

Adelina lecontei Horn.
Alaphrus riparius Linn.
Alaudes singularis Horn.

Alphitobius ovatus Cas
piceus Oliv.
Alphitophagus hifasciatus (Say).

186 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Amphidora attenuata—Helops.
littoralis Esch.
Anzedus rotundicollis
Anemia californica Horn.
Anepsius atratus Cas.
bicolor Cas.
catenulosus Cas.
deficiens Cas.
nebulosus Cas.
Aphanotus brevicornis Lec.
Apocrypha anthicoides Esch.
clavinoides Horn.
dyschirioides Lec.
Arzeoschizus armatus Horn.
costipennis Lec.
exiguus Cas.
simulans Cas.
sulcicollis Horn.
Argoporis bicolor (Lec.)
costipennis (Lec.)
inconstans Horn.
sulcipennis—costipennis.
Asida actuosa Horn.
zegrota Lec.
angulata Lec.
capitosa Horn.
carinata Lec.
confluens Lec.
gabbii Horn.
hispidula Lec.
hirsutus Lec.
impetrata Horn.
lecontei Horn.
liratasiEec:
luctata Horn.
marginata Lec.
morbillosa Lec.
muricatula Lec.
obovata (Lec.)
obsoleta Lec.
parallela (Lec.)
sordida Lec.
Auchmobius sublzvis Lec:
Batuliodes rotundicollis (Lec.)

Batulius rotundicollis—Batuliodes.

setosus Lec.

Bius estriatus Lec.
Blapstinus zequalis Cas.
angusta Lec.

brevicollis Lec.
californicus Mots.
coronadensis Cas.
erassus—vUlus.
dilatatus Lec.
discolor Horn.
fuliginosus Cas.

funebris Cas.
gregalis Cas,
inquisitus Cas.
lecontei Muls.
longulus Lec.
parallelus Cas.
pubescens Lec.
pulverulenta Man.
rufipes Cas.
sordidus—Trichoton.
sulcatus Lec.
validus; Cas.
Calcar estriatus—Bius.
Centrioptera asperata Horn.
caraboides—spiculifera.
muricata Lec.
seriata (Lec.)
spiculifera Lec.
Centronopus parallelus Lec.
Cerencspus armatusLec.
bicolor—Argoporus.
concolor Lec.
costipennis—Argoporus.
costulatus Horn.
Chilometopon abnorme (Horn.)
castaneum Cas.
helopoides—Prometopium.
Cibdelis bachei Lec.
blaschkii Man.
leevigatus Cas.
Cenemeplatia sericea Horn.
Cnemodus testaceus Horn.
Coelocnemis californica Man.
dilaticollis Man.
magna Lec.
obesus Lec.
rugosa Cas.
Coelomorpha maritima Cas.
Coelus amplicicollis Cas.
avenarius: Cas.
ciliatus Esch.
curtulus Cas.
debilis Cas.
globulosus Lec.
grossus Cas.
latus Cas.
longulus Cas.
obscurus Cas.
pacificus Cas.
remotus Cas.
saginatus Cas.
scolopax Cas.
solidus Cas.
sternalis Cas.
Conibius elongatus Horn.

COLEOPTHRA — TENEBRIONINA. 187

parallelus Lec.
seriatus Lec.
Coniontellus argutus Cas.
Goniontis abdominalis. Lec
affinis Lec.
agiestis Cas.
anexa Cas.
atronitens Cas.
audax Cas.
avenarius Cas.
blaisdelli Cas.
callida Cas.
canonica Cas.
carsonica Cas.
conierta Cas.
congesta Cas.
conicollis Cas.
convergens Cas.
cuneata Cas.
curtulus Cas.
cylindrica Cas.
cylindrica Cas.
elongata Cas.
degenei Cas.
clliptica—robusta.
escnscholtzii Man.
exigua Cas.
expansa Cas.
extricata Cas.
faralonica Cas.
filiola Cas.
franciscana Cas.
genitiva Cas.
globuline Cas.
gravis Cas.
yi ossus Cas.
inzequalis Cas.
inconspicua Cas.
inflexula Cas.
ijnnocua—elongata.
insularis Cas.
elongata Cas.
inornata Cas.
integer Cas.
lassenica Cas.
lata Lec.
latus Cas.
fevetti Cas.
limatala Cas.
longicollis Cas.
lucidula Cas.
marginata Cas.
microsticta Cas.
minuta Cas.
montana Cas.

nemoralis Esch.
nevadensis Cas.
obsidiana Cas.
opaca Horn.
opacicollis Cas.
pacificus Fall.
pagana Cas.
palliidicornis Cas.
paralella Cas.
parva Cas.
parviceps Cas.
pauperculus Cas
pectoralis Cas.
perpolita Cas.
perspicua Cas.
picipes Cas.
protensa Cas.
pudica Cas.
puncticollis Lec.
remotus Fall.
robusta Horn.
rotundicellis Cas.
punctipes Cas.
rugcsa Cas.
shastanica Cas.
Ssparsa Cas.
strenua Cas,
subpubescens Esch.
suturalis Cas.
suturalis Cas.
symmetrica Cas.
tenebrosa Cas.
tenuis Cas.
thoracica Cas,
timida Cas.
tristis Cas.
truncata Cas.
verna Cas.
viatica Esch.
Craniotus pubescens Lec.
osculans Lec.
Cyanzeus angustus Lec.
depressus Horn.
Cryptadius inflatus (Lec.)
oviformis Cas.
punctipennis Cas.
Cryptoglossa, laevis Lec.
seriata—Centrioptera.
nigropilosa Lec.
osculans—Cratidius.
rufipes—Stenotrichius.
tenebrosa (lower California).
verrucosa Lec.
Dacoderus striaticeps Lec.
Doliema plana Fabr.

188 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Echocerus cornutus—Gnathocerus.
maxillosus Fabr.
Edrotes angusticollis Cas.
nitidulus Cas.
ventricosus Lec.
Eleates explanatus Cas.
occidentalis Cas.
Eleodes acuticauda Lec.
aspera—granulata.
armata Lec. :
behrii Grim.
blanchardii Bla.
clavicornis Esch.
catalinee—omissa.
communis omissa.
confinis—dentipes.
connexa Lec.
consobrina Lec.
constrictor—parvicollis.
cuneaticollis Cas.
dentipes Esch.
depressa—Embaphion.
distans—gracilis.
elegans—dentipes.
elongata—dentipes.
elongata—grandicollis.
emarginata—omissa.
estriata—gigantea.
farallonica—parvicollis.
femorata—militaris
fischeri—marginata.
fuchsii Blai.
gentilis—gigantea.
gigantea Man.
gracilis Lec.
grandicollis Man.
egranulatomuricata—humeralis.
granosa Lec.
granulata Lec.
hirsuta Lec.
hispilabris Say.
hoppingii Blai.
hornii Blai.
humeralis Lec.
impotens—armata.

longipillosa Horn.
marginata Esch.
militaris Horn.
minor—acuticauda.
muricata—humeralis.
nana—tenebrosa.
neotome Blai.
nigrina Lec.

obscura Say.
obtusa—granulata.
omissa Lec.
ordinata—pilosa. ~*
parvicollis Esch.
parvula—letcheri.
peninsularis—omissa.
pertenuis—dentipes.
pilosa Horn.
pimelioides Man.
planata—parvicollis.
producta—parvicollis
prominens—dentipes.
punctata—acuticauda.
punctata—dentipes.
pygmea—omissa.
quadricollis Esch.
reflexicollis Man.
robusta—dentipes.
scabipennis Lec.
scabricula Lec.
scabrosa Esch.
sculptilis—hispilabris.
stricta—cordata.
subaspersa—lecontei.
suhlwvis—cordata.
subnitens Lec.
sulcipennis—obscura.
tarsalis—quadricollis.
tenebrosa Horn.
tuberculata—cordata.
tuberculata—granulata.
tuberculata—humeralis.
valida—grandicollis.
vandulee—letcheri.
veseyi Lec.

vicina Lec.

impressicornis—clavicornis. Eleodimorpha volcan Bla.
inculta Lec. Embaphion pderessum Lec.
intermedia—behrii. ~ elongatum Horn.
intermedia—cordata. Emmenastus ater—Melanastus.
interrupta. .omissa. ‘crassicornis—Melanastus.
intricata—cordata. longulus—H ylocrinus.
leevis—dentipes. nanulus—Melanastus obesus.
laticollis—acuticauda. obesus—Melanastus.

lecontei Horn. obtusus—Melanastus.

letcheri Blai. piceus—Hylocrinus.

COLEOPTERA — TENEBRIONINA, 189

thoracicus Melanastus.
Epitragus pruinosus—Metopoloba.

submetallicus—Polemiotus.
Esophus castaneus—Eupsophus.
Eulabis bicarinatus Esch.

crassicornis Cas,

qrossa Lec.

laticornis Cas.

obscurus Lec.

pubescens Lec.

rufipes Esch.
Eupsophius castaneus Cas.
Eurymetopon abnorme—Metopium.

atrum—Emmenastus.

bicolor Horn.

convexicolle—Metopium.

cylindricum—Metopium.

inflatum—Cryptadium.

longulum—Emmenastus.

ohesus—Emmenastus.

ochraceum—convexicolle.

sodalis—Telabis.

rufipes Esch.

sodalis—Telabis incisa.
Eusattus agnatus Cas.

convexus Cas.

coquilletti Lin.

ccstatus Horn.

difficilis Lec.

dilatatus Lec.

dubius Lec.

erplanatus Cas.

erosus Horn.

leevis Lec.

muricatus Lec.

nanus Cas.

politus mor.

oblongus: Cas.

productus (Lec.)

puberulus Lec.

rebustus Lec.
Euschides liratus—Asida.

obovatus—Asida.
Gnathocarus cornutus Fabr.
Helcps angustus Lec.

antennatus Lec.

bachei Lec.

bliasdeli Cas.

ealifornicus Man.

discipula Cas.

edwardsii Horn.

enpecus Lec.

ovipennis Cas.

punctatus Gem.

punctipennis Lec.

rugulosus Lec.

strigicollis Horn.
tumescens Lec.
Hylocrinus blaisdelli Cas.
depressulus Cas.
filitarsis Cas.
longulus (Lec.)
oblongulus Cas.
piceus (Cas.)
Hypophleus opaculus Lec.
substriatus Lec.
Iphthimus lzevissimus Cas.
serratus Man.
Lioderma cacti Lec.
grandi Mars.
Locrodes oblongulus—Hylocrinus.
piceus—Hylocrinus.
Megeleates sequoiarum Cas.
Mecysmus angustus Lec.
Melanastus zequicollis Cas.
ater (Lec.)
crassicornis (Cas.)
exoletus Cas.
lucidulus Cas.
moestus Cas.
obesus (Lec.)
obtusus (Lec.)
otiosus Cas.
sterilis Cas.
thoracicus (Cas.)
vergrandis Cas.
Merotemnus elongatus Horn.
Metaclisa marginalis Horn.
Metopium abnorme (Lec.)
convexicolle (Lec.)
cylindricum (Cas.)
edax Cas.
egregium Cas.
faustum Cas.
gravidum Cas.
granulosum Cas.
gulosum Cas.
insulare Cas.
intiger Cas.
molestum Cas.
cpacipenne Cas.
probatum Cas.
tersum Cas.
testaceum Cas.
Metopcloka californica Cas.
prumosa (Horn.)
Micromas maritimus Cas.
ovipennis (Horn.)
Microschatia inzequalis Lec.
puncticollis Lec.
Mycotrogus angustus Horn.
Nocibiotes gracilis (Cas.)

190

Noserus convexulus Cas.
corrosus Cas.
plicatus (Lec.)

Nosoderma diabolicum—Phloeodes.
plicatum—Noserus.
porcatum—Phellopsis obcordata.
pustulosum—Phloeodes_ diaboli-

cus.

Notibius gracilis—Nocibiotes.
granulatus Lec.
puberulus Lec.
pubescens Lec.
puncticollis Lec.
sulcatus Lec.

Nyctobates inermis—pensylvanica.
pensylvanica Del.

Nyctoporus eequicollis Esch.
carinata Lec.
cristata Esch.
galeata—cristata.
pullata Cas.
sponsa Cas.
tetrica Cas.

Palecyphorus costipennis—Asida sor-

dida.

Palorus melinus Herb.

Pentaphyllus catifornicus Horn.

Phareria debilis Lec.
globosa Lec.
humeralis Cast.
limbalis Horn.
pilifera Lec.
rotundata Lec.
montana Cas.

Phalopsis obcordata
montana Cas.

Philonthus angulatus—Asida.
carinatus—Asida.
confluens—Asida.
connivens—Asida.
costipennis—Asida_ sordida.
hirsutus—Asida.
hispidus—Asida hispidula.
marginatus—Asida.
muricatulus— Asida.
obsoletus—Asida.
parallelus—Asida.

Phiceodes diabolicus Lec.
remotus Cas.

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Phthora americana Horn.
Phylethus bifasciatus—Alphitophagus.
Platydema angustus Lec.
janus Fabr.
oregonensis Lec.
subquadrulnm Cas.
Polemiotus submetallicus (Lec.)
Prometopion helopioides (Horn.)
Schizillus laticeps Horn.
Scotobeenus parallelus—Centronopus.
Sitophagus complanatus Dei.
lecontei—Adelina. «
Stenotrichus rufipes (Lec.)
stibia maritima—Micromas.
ovipennis—Micromas.
Telabis fidelis Cas.
incisa Cas.
opacella Cas.
sodalis (Horn.)
Tenebrio estriatus—Bius.
molitor Linn.
obscurus Fabr.
tenebroides Beauv.
Tribolium confusum Duv.
ferrugineum Fabr.
Trimytis abnorme—Chilometopon.
Triorphus gracilicornis Cas.
laevis Lec.
politus Cas.
punctatus Lec.
rugiceps Lec.
subpubescens Horn.
Trichoton sordidum (Lec.)
Troglederus costatus Lec.
tuberculatus Blai.
Typhlusechus sinqularis Lin.
nucleatus Cas.
Uloma olnaulata Lec.
marginata—Metaclisa.
Ulosonia marqinata Lec.
Ulus crassus (Lec.)
Usechus !acerata Mots.
Vacronus tenuicornis Cas.
Zopherodes californicus Cas.
parvicollis Cas.
Zopherus grandicollis Horn.
induratus Cas.
nucieatus Cas.
tristis Lec.

CISTELIDA.

Allecula punctulata Lec.

Cistela cpaca (Lec.)
punctulata—Allecula.
serica Say.

theveneti Horn.
variabilis Horn.
Hymerorus discrepans
Prionychus cyanescens—Stenochidius.

COLEOPTERA — TENEBRIONINA. 191

Prostenus californicus Horn.

Stenochidius cyanescens (Lec.)

gracilis Lec.

robustus Cas.

Xystropus californicus

opacus—Cistela.

MELOINA

MELOIDA.
The blister beetles are used in medicine. They feed on the foliage of

plants and are sometimes quite injurious. The young larve are parasitic on
bees and are called triungulins because of their trident-shaped claws. They

have hypermetamorphoses.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Lytta: antenne with apical joints thickened. Gnathium: mandibles pro-

longed beyond labrum.

Nemognatha: mandibles prolonged beyond labrum. Zonitus outer lobe of

maxille not prolonged.

Epicauta: lower portion of claws equal to upper. Meloe: elytra short.

Marrcbasis: second joint of antenns long.
'Calospasta. Cysteodemus: elytra inflated.

Megeira: elytra divergent frem

_ seutellum. Porespasta: elytra separating at tip. Phodaga: vertex elevated

Tegredera: body glabrous.
Calospasta elegans (Lec.)
fulleri Horn.
mirabilis Horn.
moesta Horn.
nemognathoides Horn.
perpulchra Horn.
Cantharis cneipennis—Lytta.
auriculata—Lytta.
chalybeata—Lytta.
childii—Lytta.
choris—Lytta.

compressicornis—Lytta.

crotchii—Lytta.
cyanipennis—Lytta.
difficilis—Lytta.

dolorosa—Lytta stygica.

funerea—Lytta.
incommoda—Lytta.
infidelis—Lytia.
insperata—Lytta.
lugens—Lytta.
lugubris—Lyitta.
magister—Lytta.
meleena (Arizona.)
moerens—Lytta.
molesta—Lytta.
morosa—Lytta.
morosa—Lytta,
nigripilis—Lytta.

nitidicollis—Lytta.
oblita—Epicauta.
puncticollis—Epicauta.
purpurescens—Lytta.
rathvini—Lytta.
refulgens—Lytta.
smaragdula—Lytta stygica.
sphericollis—Lytta.
stolida—Lytta.
stygica—Lytta.
tenebrosa—iytta.
vulnerata—Lytta.

Cysteodermus armatus Lec.

wizlizeni Lec.

Epicauta alphonsii Horn.

elegans—Calospasta.
fallax Horn.
maculata Say.
maura (Lec.)
oblita (Lec.)
puncticollis Man.)
straba Horn.

Gnathium nitidum Hron.
Lytta eneipennis Lec.

atriventris—Macrobhasis.
auriculata Horn.
chalybeata (Gem.)
childii Lec.

choris (Fall).

192 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

compressicornis Horn.
crotchii (Horn).
cyanipennis Horn.
difficilis (Fall).
funerea (Fall).
incommoda (Horn).
infidelis (Fall).
insperata (Horn).
lugens Lec.
lugubris Ulke.
magister Horn.
maura—Epicauta.
moerens Lec.
molesta (Horn).
morosa (Fall).
nigripilis (Fall).
nitidicollis Lec.
oblita Epicauta.

puncticollis—Epicauta.

purpuriscens (Fall).
rathvoni Lec.
reftulgens Horn.
spheericollis (Say).
stolida (Fall.)
stygica (Lec.)

Dendroides picipes Horn.

Amblyderus albicans

Anthicus amoenuc Cas,
amplicollis Boh.
annectens Lec.
atomarius Boh.
auriger Cas.
bellulus Lec.
biguttulus Lec.
californicus Laf.
caesiosignatus Boh.
confinis Lec.
corticalis Lec.
cribratus Lec.
formicarius Laf.
hecate Cas.
heivinus Cas.
herifuga Cas.
horridus Lec.
inscitus Cas.
lugubris Laf.
luteolus Lec.
maritimus Lec.
mercurialis Cas.
militaris Cas.
nanus Lec.
nigritulus Lec.

tenebrosa Lec.
vulnerata Lec.
Macrobasis fallax Horn.
Megetra opaca Horn.
Meioe barbarus Lec.
cpacus Lec.
sublaevis Lec.
strigulosus Man.
Nemognatha apicalis Lec.
cribraria Lec.
dichroa Lec.
dubia Lec.
immaculata Say. *
lutea Lec.
nigripennis Lec.
piezata Fabr.
scutellaris Lec.
Nomaspis subleevis Horn.
Phodaga alticeps Lec.
Poreospasta polita Horn.
Tegrodera erosa Lec.
latecincta—erosa.
Zonitis flavida Lec.
vigilans Fall.

PYROCHROIDEA.

Pyrochroa californica Horn.

ANTHICIDA.

nitidus Boh.
nitidulus Lec.
obliquus Cas.
obscurellus Lec.
ovicollis Cas.
pinguescens Cas.
praeceps Cas.
protectus Cas.
punctatulus Lec.
quadrilunatus Laf.
rufulus Lec.
seminotatus Cas.
squamosus Laf.
tenius—Baulius.
troglodytes Boh.
Baulius tenius Lec.
Crophyra abnormis Horn.
bardii Horn.
crotchii Horn.
distinguenda Horn.
flabellata Horn.
funebris Horn.
inconspicua Horn.
lequesii Horn.
monticola Horn.
punctulata: Lec.

COLEOPTERA — MELOINA 198

vittata Horn.
Eurygenius constricta Lec.
Formicilla munda Lec.
Hemantus enodis Cas.
floralis (Linn )
Lappus bipartitus Cas.
canonicus Cas.
cursor Cas.
nitidulus Lec.
pinalicus Cas.
turgidihollis Cas.
vigilans Cas.

Mecynotarsus delicatulus Horn.

Notoxus alamedze Cas.
apicalis Lec.
calcaratus Horn.
cavicornis Lec.
contormis Lec.
constrictus Cas.
debilitans Cas.
denudatus Horn.
elegantulus—‘alpa.
humboldti Cas.
lustrellus Cas.
monodon Fabr.
robustus Cas.
serratus Lec.
sparsus—conformis.
spatulifer Cas.

talpa Laf.
Meloe floralis—Vacusus.
Pedilus punctulatus—Corphyra.
Phomalus saginatus Cas.
Retocomus decorellus Cas.
gratus Cas.
Thicanus californicus Laf.
franciscanus Cas.
Vacusus confinus Lec.
nigritulus Cas.
Sapintus corticalis (Lec.)
corticalis—Sapintus.
obesus Cas.
parviceps Cas.
gracilentus Cas,
salinus Lec.
Stereopalpus incanus Cas.
indutus Cas.
impressicollis Cas.
nimius Cas.
pruinosus Lec,
subalbicans Cac.
variipes Cas.
Tanarthropsis alutaceus Lec.
infernalis Wic.
inyo Wic.
brunnipennis Lec.
Tanarthrus alutaceus (Lec.)
alutaceus—Tanarthrus.

CEDEMERIDA.

Asclera -cana—Oxacis.
bicoler—Oxacis.
discolor Lec.
excavata Lec.
quadrimaculata Mots.

Oxacis bicolor (Lec.)
cana (Lec.)
pallida (Lec.)

Cononotus macer Horn.
punctatus Lec.
sericans Lec.

Priognathus monilicornis Rand.

Salpingus alternans Lec.

Myodites californicus Lec.
Rhipiphorus cruentus Germ.

Anaspis atra Lec.
collaris Lec.
luteipennis—sericea.
sericea Man.

pallida—Oxacis.
Ditylus cyanipennis Horn.
Ischnomera excavata—Asclera.
Nacerdes melanura Linn.
sericea Horn.
Rhinoplatia ruficollis Horn.
Xanthochroa californica Horn.

PYTHIDA.

Spalma quadricollis Horn.

Rhinosimus ceneirostris Mann.
pallipes Boh,

Trimitomerus riversii (not California).

RHIPIPHORIDA.

flavipennis Lec.

MORDELLIDA.

aspersa—Mordellistena.

comata—Mordellistena.
Mordelila rufa—Anaspis.

scutellaris Fabr.

194 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

vilis—Mordellistena. intermixta Helm.
Mordellistenus zequalis Sm. nubila Lec.

aspersa (Mels.) .tosta Lec.

comata Lec. unicolor Lec.

militaris Sm. vilis (Lec.)

pusio Lec. Pentaris hirsuta Sm.

rufa (Say.) nubila (Lec.)

infima Lec.

MELANDRYIDA.
Beetles of this family feed on fungi.

Carebara californica Fall. Marolia fulminans Lec.
brevicollis Fall. Mycterus canescens Horn.
Dircwa riversii—Phleeotrya. concolor Lec.
Eustrophus indistinctus quadricollis Horn.
repandus (not California). Nothus iuteus Horn.
Hallomenus scapularis Mots. Phiceotrya bicincta (Horn.)
Holostrophus impressicollis Lec. riversi (Lec.)
Hypulus bicincta—Phleoeotrya. vandauri Muls.
riversii—Phloeotrya. Phryganiphilus collaris Lec.
vandaueri—Phleoeotria. Serropalpus barbatus Schal.
Lacconotus pinicolus Horn. Tetratoma concolor Lec.
MONOMMIDA.

Hyporhagus gilensis Horn.
AEGIALITIDA.
AEgialites californicus (not California.) fuchsii Horn.

STYLOPIDA..

The Stylopide are parasitic upon bees and wasps. The females are larva-
form. The grour have been separated as a distinct order under the name
Strepsiptera.

Xenos auriferi Pierce.

ELATERINA

BUPRESTIDA.
The Buprestide have been called the short horned wood borers in contrast
with the Cerambycide. The food habits are as follows:—

Pine Acmeeodera connexa, Buprestisadjecta, aurulenta, leviventris, Calco-
phora, Chrysobothris californica, contigua, dolata, Hippomelasgentilis, intrusa.
Fir Dicerca californica, sexualis. Cedar Chrysobothrisnixa. Willow Agrilus
niveiventris, politus, Anthaxia deleta,. Poplar Buprestis fasciata. Oak Agril-
uspolitus, Anthaxia snogaster, Buprestis gibbsii, Chrysobothris femoratus,
Polycesta californica. Mesquite Acmeodera gibbula, Chrysobothris deleta,
merkeleii, octocola, Gyascutus, Polycesta velasco. Alder Dicera hornii. Fruit
trees Chrysobothris femorata.

Acmzeodera acuta Lec. angelica Fall.
alacris Horn. alicia Fall.

COLEOPTERA — ELATERINA. 195

bishopiana Fall. villosa Lec.

bowditchi (not California). Anthaxia zeneogaster L. & G.
comata Lec. eenescens—eeneogaster,
connexa Lec. cyanella (not California).
coquilletti Fall. deleta Lec.

dohrni Horn. expansa—eeneogaster.
dolorosa Fall. foveicollis—eeneogaster.
fenyesi Fall. nanula—eeneogaster,
flavomarginaata Gray. quercata Fabr.
flavosticta Horn. simuala—zeneogaster.
gemina Horn. strigata—eeneogaster.
gibbula Lec.

guttifera Lec.
hepburnii Lec.
hemorrhoa—stellaris.
immaculata—pulchella.
jocosa Fall.

lanata Horn.

lareze Fall.
labythrinthica Fall.
morbosa Fall.

mariposa Horn.
nebulosa—gemina
opacula (not California).
plagiaticauda Horn.
porosa Fall.

postica Fall.
pubiventris Horn.
pulchella Herb.
quadrivittata Horn.
quadriseriata Fall.
robusta Horn.
stellaris (not California.)

tuta Horn. Figure 188. Buprestid beetle and larva.
vandykei Fall.
variegata Lec. Buprestis adiecta Lec.
versuta—guttifera. apricans (not California).
Actenodes acornis Say. aurulenta Linn.
mendax Horn. confluens Say.
Agrilus angelicus Horn. connexa Horn.
blandus Horn. fasciata Fabr.
gibbicollis Fall. Pres fulvoguttata—Melanophila.
illectus Fall. at gibbsii (Lec.)
jacobinus Horn. lzeviventris Lec.
lacustris Lec. langii—fasciata.
niveiventris Horn. lauta—aurulenta.
obolinus Lec. longipes—Melanophila.
politus Say. maculiventris Say.
walsinghami Cr. subornata Lec.
Ancylochira aphricans—Buprestis. rusticorum—maculiventris.
connexa—Buqrestis. Calcophora angusticollis Lec.
gibbsii—Buprestis. planicosta—Gyascutus.
leeviventris —Buprestis. Chrysohothris ceneola Lec.
rusticum—Buprestis maculiven- californica Lec.

tris. caurina Horn.

196

carinipennis Lec.
contigua Lec.
cuprascens Lec.
cyanella Horn.
debilis Lec.
deleta Lec.
deserta Horn.
dolata Horn.
errans Gory.
femorata Fabr.
ludificata Horn.
mali Horn.
merkeleii Horn.
monticola Fall.
nixa Horn.
octocola Lec.
prasina Horn.
pubescens Fall.
purpurifrons Mots.
scabripennis L.& G.
semisculpta Lec.
sylvania Fall.
texana Lec.
viridicyanea Horn.)
vulcanica—californica.
Chrysophana placida Lec.
Dicera californica Cr.

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

hornii Cr.
pectorcsa Lec.
prolongata Lec.
sexualis Cr.
Dystaxia murrayi Lec.
Clyposcelimorpha marmorata Horn.
Gyascutus californicus—Hippomelas.
coelatus—Hippomelas.
cuneatus Horn.
obliteratus Lec.
planicosta (Lec.)
Hippomelas californicus <(Horn.)
coelatus Lec.
appendiculata Fabr.
consputa Lec.
fulvoguttata (Har.)
gentilis Lec.
guttulata Gebl.
intrusa Horn.
longipes Say.
Polycesta carifornica Lec.
velasco L.& G.
Ptosima walshii Lec.
Schizopus latus Lec.
sallei Horn.
Taphrocerus gracilis Say.

THROSCIDA.

Aulancthroscus validus (Lec.)
Drapetes plagiatus (Boh.)
Lissomus plagiatus—Drapetes.
Pactopus hornii Lec.
Throscus mendax Horn.

parvulus Lec.

sejunctus Hofn.
sericieus Lec.
validus—Aulanothroscus.

ELATERIDA.
The larve of the Elaterida are known as wire worms and the species

living in the ground feed on the roots of plants and are very injurious. Many
of the members of this family live in rotten wood.
hispidus Lec.
imperfectus Lec.
inversus Cand.
nevadensis Lec.
Figure 189. Wire worm, the larva of an Oe te CG
Elaterid. ; : protractus—Leptoschema.
Sparsus Lec.
Adelocera cavicollis—profusa. subustus—Dolopius lateralis.

thevenetii Horn.
torquatus Lec.
Alaus melanops Lec.
Anamesus convexicollis—Aplastus op-
tatus.
Anchastus bicolor Lec.
cinereipennis Man.

profusa Cand.

sparsa Cand.

rorulenta Lec.
Agriotes apicalis Lec.

californicus—Dolopus.

ferrugineipennis Lec.

fuccsus Lec.

COLEOPTERA — ELATERINA,

desertus Horn.

militaris Cand.
puberulus—cinereipennis.
recedens—cinnereipennis.
regularis—cinereipennis.
tantilus—cinereipennis.

Aplastus angusticollis Horn.
corymbitoides Horn.
molestus Horn.
optatus Lec.
serratus Lec.
Speratus Lec.
tenuiformis Hor

Aphricus californicus Lec.

Asaphes carbonatus Lec.
caricinus—carbonatus.
dilaticollis Mots.
hirtus Cand.
morio Lec.
tumescens Lec.
verna—morio.

Athous agriotoides Fall.
aterrimus Fall.
axillaris Horn.
discors—discrepans,
discrepans Reitt.
excavatus Mots.
falli Reit.
ferruginosus Esch.
imitatus Fall.
ingens Fall.
limbatus Lec.
nigripilis Mots.
nugalis Fall.
opalinus Cand.
palpalis Fall.
polygenus Fall.
quadricollis—falli.
recticollis—rectithorax.
rectithorax Reit.
scissus Lec.
vittiger Lec.

Camphylus fulvus Mots.

Cardiophorus abbreviatus Bland.

zeneus Horn.
amplicicollis Mots.
bifasciatus Blanch.
californicus—Limonius.
carbonatus Blanch.
coxalis Blanch.
crinitus Blach.
dispar Blanch.
edwardsii Horn.
fenestratus Lec.
fulvipes—tenebrosus.

gemmifer Blanch.
inanus—Horisonotus.
latiusculus Esch.
longior Lec.

luridipes Cand.
mimeticus Horn.
obscurus Lec.
seniculus Blanch.
stigmaticus Cand.
sufflatus—Horisonotus.
tantillus—Anchastus.
tenebrosus Lec.
transfugus—Horisonotus.
tumidicollis Lec.

Chalcolepidus rubripennis Lec.

smaragdinus Lec.
tarsatus Fall.
webbii Lec.

Corymbetes zripennis Kirby.

angularis Lec.
anthrax Lec.
bombycinus—fallax.
brewerii Horn.
carbo Lec.
caricinus Germ.
colossus Lec.
conjugens Lec.
cribrosus Lec.
cruciatus Linn.
diversicolor—rotundicollis.
edwardsii—cruciatus.
excavatus Lec.
exclamationis Fall.
fallax Say.
fraternus Lec.
fertivus Lec.
fusculus Lec.
inflatus Say.
jaculus Lec.
leucaspis Germ.
linearis Fall.
macer Fall.
maurus Lec.
mirabilis Fall.
miserabilis Fall.
meoerens Lec.
monticola Horn.
nigricans Fall.
nigricollis Bland.
nubilis—propola.
oblongoguttatus Mots.
obscurus Lec.
obversus Horn.
ochreipennis Lec.
opaculus Lec.

197

1

Cryptchypnus cinereipennis— Anchas-

8

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

polygenus—Athous.
propola Lec.

pruininus Horn.
rotundicollis Say.
rufipennis Fall.
rupestris Germ.
semiluteus—fallax.
semivittatus Say.
serraticornis—colossus.
teres Lec.
tigrinus—triundulatus.
triundulatus Rand.
umbripennis Lec.
xanthomus Horn.

tus.
gicolor Esch.
colon Horn.
funebris Cand.
gradarius—Hypnoideus.
incps—Hypnoideus pectoralis.
nocturnus Esch.
ornatus—Hypnoideus.
pectoralis—H ypnoideus.
quadricollis Lec.
squalidus Lec.
strigtulus—Hypnoideus.
tantillus—Anchastus.

Dicrepidius corvinus Cand.
Dolopius californicus—v‘ateralis.

lateralis Esch.
simplex—lateralis.
subustus—lateralis.

Drasterius comts Lec.

elegans (not California).
grandicollis Horn.
livens Lec.

preeses Cand.

siminolus Cand.

Elater affinis Lec.

apricatus Say.
ater Lec.
atripennis Horn.
behrensi Horn.
carbonicolor (not California)
cordatus Hern.
cordifer Lec.
dimidiatus Lec.
fastus Lec.
hepaticus Mels.
horni Cand.
ignobilis Boh.
lonaicornis Lec.
* melinus Lec.
moerens Lec.

phelpsii Horn.
rhodopus Lec.
turbulentus—Megapenthes.
variegatus Boh.

Elatrinus anthrax Horn.

_Esthesops dispersus rorn.

Euthesanius lautus Lec.

pretiosus Lec.
Horistonoius basalis Horn

definitus Horn.

gracilis Horn.

inanus (Lec.)

simplex Lec.

sutiatus (Lec.)

transfugus (Lec.)
Hypnoides caurinus Horn.

choris Say.

cucullatus Horn.

funebris—Cryptohypnus.

dispersus Horn.

dubius Horn.

gradarius Horn.

nocturnus—Cryptohypnus.

ornatus (Lec.)

pectoralis (Say.)

striatulus (Lec.)
Ischiodontus ferreus Lec.
Leptoschema protractum Horn.
Lepturoides fulvus—Campylus.
Limonius angulatus Mots.

californicus (Man.)

clypeatus Mots.

canus Lec.

consimilis Walk.

cribricollis Horn.

crotchi Horn.

discoideus Lec.

discollis—maculicollis.

fulvipes Fabr.

fulvipilis Cand.

hispidus—californicus.

humeralis—ornatulus.

infuscatus—pilosus.

maculicollis Mots.

mandibularis—discoideus.

mirus Lec.

nitidulus Horn.

eccidentalis Cand.

ornatulus Lec.

pilosus Lec.

quadrimaculatus—M agapenthes.

subauratus Lec.

subcostatus—canus.

ulkei—mirus.

pilosus Lec.

COLEOPTERA — CANTHARINA. 199

vernalis Fall. longulus Lec.
Ludius ater Cand. oregonensis Lec.
iecontei Horn. variolatus Lec.
pinguis Horn. Meristhus cristatus Horn.
Megapenthes aterrimus Horn. Monocrepidius comis Lec.
elegans Horn. sordidus (not California).
lepidus Lec. Oxygomus ater Horn.
moereus Lec. Percthops cervina Esch.
nigriventris Lec. witticki Lec.
quadrimaculatus Horn. Phiegon ouqueti (not California).
rogersi Horn. herculeanus (not California)
stigmosus Lec. Pityobius murrayi Lec.
tartareus Lec. Plastocerus frater—schaumii.
turbulentus (Lec * megalops Fall.
Melanactes densus Lec. schaumii Lec.
procerus (not California). Serocosomus debilis Lec.
schaumi—Plastocerus. flavipennis—debilis.
Melanotus cribricollis Cand. Tricrepidius triangulicollis—Ischlodon-
erro Lec. tus.
EUCNEMIDA.
Anelastes druryi Kirby. Eucnemis americana Horn.
latereillei—druryi. Hornax pasalis—Dromeolus.
Cryptosoma dohrnii—Palzeoxenus. Melasis rufipennis Horn.
Dromiolus basalis (Lec.) Palzeoxenus dohrnii (Lec.)
californicus Bom. Sarpedon scabrosus Bonv.
hospitalis Blanch. Xylobius cylindriformis Horn.

nitens Horn.

CEROPHYTIDA.
Cerophytum. convexicolle Lec.

CANTHARINA.

CANTHARIDA.
This family has been more commonly known under the names Telephorida

and Lampyride. The latter name applying particularly to the group that
emit light and are popularly known as fireflies. All the members of the

family are predaceous.

Calochromus dimidiata (Lec.) ‘Malthodes arbustorum Keis.
Calopteron reticulatum (Fabr.) fragilus Lec.
Cenophengus debilis Lec. fusculus Lec.
Victyoptera dimidiata—Calochromus. laticallosis Lec.
leetus—Eros. transversus Lec.
Ditemus obtusus Lec. Malthacus latimanus—Podabrus.
Ellychia californica Mots. Mastinoceru opacus
corrusca Linn. Malthetius theveneti Lec.
Eros leetulus (Mots.) Microphotus angustus Lec.
Lamprorhiza riversi Lec. Phengodes integripennis—Zarhippus.
Lampyrus corrusca—Ellychia. Photinus californicus—Ellychnia.
Lucidota californica—Pyropyga. reversus Gem.
Lycus reticulatum—Calopteron. Pedabrus binotatus Lec.

Malthinus fusculus—Malthodes. bolteri Lec.

200 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

cavicollis Lec.
cinereipennis Mots.
comes Lec.
corneus Lec.
latimanus (Mots.)
lutosus Lec.
macer Lec.
melifiuus—latimanus.
mellitus Lec.
pruinosus—tomentosus.
tejonicus Lec.
tomentosus Say.
xanthoderus Lec.
Polemius languidus Horn.
Pterotus obscuripennis Lec.
Pyropyga fenestralis (Mels.)
indicta Lec.
Silis cava Lec.
filligera Lec.

lutea Lec.
pallida Man.
Telephorus concors Lec.
divisus Lec.
fraxini Say.
grandicollis Lec.
lautus Lec.
notatus lian.
ochropus Lec.
peregrinus—notatus.
tibialis—concors.
tibiellus Gem.
transmarinus Mots.
Zarhipis integripennis (Lec.)
piciventris Lec.
riversi Horn.
ruficornis Lec.
ater—Trichochrous.

MALACHIDA.

Adasytes laciniatus Cas.
Allonyx denudatus Cas.
disjunctuh Cas.
sculptilis (Lec.)
Anthocomus basalis—Attalus.
cinctellus—Attalus.
difficilis— Attalus.
lobatus—Attalus lobatulus.
submarginatus—attalus.
Atelestus abdominalis (Lec.)
basalis—Enerdes.
colleris—Enerdes.
Attalus basalis (Lec.)
cinctus (Lec.)
difficilis (Lec.)
elegans Horn.
lobatulus Lec.
oregonensis Horn.
rostratus Horn.
rufomarginatus (Mots.)
setosus Horn.
submarginatus (Lec.)
transmarinus Fall.
trimaculatus (Mots.)
unicolor Horn.
Biturosomus rufipes—Trichochrous
grisseus.
Chariessa dichroa Lec.
elegans Horn.
Charopus hamifer Kies.
longicollis—Microlepus.
moereus—Microlepus Mots.
uniformis Mets.
Collops argutus Fall.
cribrosus Lec.

crusoe Fall.
histrio Er.
insulatus Lec.
marginellus Lec.
marginicollis Lec.
punctulatus Lec.
Dasyrhadus impressicollis Fall.
longior Fall.
Dasytastes bicolor Cas.
catalina: Cas.
dispar Cas.
insularis Fall.
otiosus Cac
remissus Cas.
Dasytellus inconspicuus Cas.
Dasytes eenescens—Trichocarous.
antennatus—Trichochrous.
californicus—Trichochrous.
brevicornis—Trichochrous.
brevipilosus—Trichochrous.
breviusculus Mots.
canescens—Listrus.
clementz: Fall.
contormis—Trichochrous.
coustrictus—Eschatocrepis.
cruralis (Lec.)
cylindricus—Trichochrous.
difficilis—Listrus.
dissimillis Cas.
expansus Cas.
fastidiosus Cas.
fulvitarsis—Trichochrous.
fuscus—Trichochrous.
grandiceps—Trichochrous.
griseus—Trichochrous.

COLEOPTERA ~ CANTHARINA.

hirtellus—Trichochrous.
laticollis—Trichochrous.
luteipes—Listrus.
macer Cas.
minutus Cas.
motschulskei—Listrus.
musculus Fail.
nitens Cas.
parvicollis—Trichochrous.
pedalus—Trichochrous.
obscurellus—Listrus.
piceus Lec.
punctipennis—Trichochrous.
pusillus Lec.
rotundicollis—Listrus.
sculptilis—Allonyx.
seminidus Lec.
sordidus—Trochochrous.
squalidus—Trichochrous.
suturalis—Trichochrous.
umbratus—Trichochrous.
Ebeus bicolor Pseudobzeus.
submarginatus-—Atalus.
Eneodes abdominalis Lec.
basalis (Lec.)
collaris Lec.
Eschatocrepis constrictus Lec.
Eudasytes amplus Cas.
ursinus Cas.
Eurelymus flavipes Lec.

Harpalorhinus biguttulus—Malachius.

mirandus—Malachius.
Listrus amplicollis Cas.
annulatus Cas.
balteelus Cas.
canescens (Man.)
confusus Cas.
constricticollis—Eschalocrepis
corstrictis.
definitis Fall.
densicollis Cas.
difficilis (Lec.)
extricatus Cas.
famelicus Cas.
fidelis Cas.
incertus Cas.
interruptus Lec.
interstitialis Cas.
luteipes(Lec.)
maculosus Cas.
molannus Cas.
motschulskyi (Lec.)
obscurellus (Lec.)
pardalis Cas.
punctatus Mots.

201

rotundicollis (Lec.)
subzeneus Cas.
tibialis Mots.
tritus Cas.

Malachius acutipennis Fall.
apicaiis Mots.
auritus Lec.
bakeri Fall.
biguttatus Horn.
direcus Fall.
inornatus Fall.
longiceps—T hanaops.
macer Horn.
mirandus (Lec.)
mixtus Horn.
nigrinus Fall.
pristinus Fan.
prolixicornis Fall.
spinipennis Horn.
thevenetii Horn.
ulkei Horn.
unicolor Mots.
viridulus Fall.

Pristoscelis anescens—Trichochrous.
antennatus—T richochrous.
ater—Trichochrous.
moerens (Lec.)

Pseudobaenus bicolor (Lec.)

Melyria flavipes—Euryelmic.

Microlipus laticeps Lec.
longicollis (Mots.)
brevicornis—Trichochrous.
brevipilosus—Trichochrous.
brevipilossus—Trichochrous.
californicus—Trichochrous.
ceonformis—Trichochrous.
cruralis—Dasytes.
eylindricus—Trichochrous.
fulvotarsis—Trichochrous.
fuscus—Trichochrous.
grandiceps Lec.
eriseus—Trichochrous.
hirtellus Trichochrous.
laticollis—Trichochrous.
oregonensis—Trichochrous.
pedalis—Trichochrous.
punctipennis—Trichochrous.
ouadricollis—Trichochrous.
rufipes—Trichochrous.
sordidus—Trichochrous.
suturalis—Trichochrous.
tejonicus—Trichochrous.
umbratus—Trichochrous.

Rhadalus testaceus Lec.

Scalopterus trimaculatus—Attalus.

202 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Thanops abdominalis Lec.
longiceps Lec.-

Trichochrous zenescens (Lec.)
agrestus Cas.
antennatus (Mots)
apicalis Cas.
ater (Bald.)
barbaree Cas.
brevicollis Lec.
brevicornis (Lec.)
brevipillosus (Lec.)
brevis Cas.
californicus (Mots.)
compactus Cas.
conformis (Lec.)
conspersus Cas.
curticollis Cas.
cuspidatus Cas.
cynildricus (Mots.)
discipulus Cas.
fallax Cas.
femoralis Cas.
fimbriatus Cas.
fraternus Cas.
fulvotarsis (Bland.) .-
fulvescens Cas.
fuscus (Lec.)
griseus (Lec.)
hirtellus (Lec.)
histrix Cas.
indigens Cas.
innocens Cas.

Sandalus californicus Lec.

insignis Cas.
irrasus Cas.
laticollis (Man.)
lobatus Cas.
mucidus Gas.
nigrinus Cas.
nubilatus Cas.
parvicollis (Man.)
pedalis Lec.
politus Say.
prominens Cas.
propinquus Cas.
pruinosus Cas.
punctipennis (Lec.)
quadricollis Lec.
remotus Cas.
rusticus Cas.
seqaratus Cas.
sinuosus Cas.
sobrinus Cas.
sordidus (Lec.)
squalidus (Lec).
stricticollis Cas.
subclavis Cas.
suffusus Cas.
suturalis (Lec.)
tectus Cas.
transversus Cas.
umbratus (Lec.)
vilis Cas.
villosus Cas.
Vectura longiceps Cas.

RHIPICERIDA.

DASCYLLIDA.
The beetles of this family are predaceous on other insects.

Allopogon villosus Horn.

Anchyteis velutina Horn.

Anorus piceus Lec.

Cantheris variabilis—Cyphon.

Dascyllus davidsonii Lec.
lumbus Horn.

Acneus quadrimaculatus Horn.

Cyphon brevicollis Lec.
concinnus (Lec.)
exiguus Horn.
variabilis (Thunt.) ~

Dichranopselaphus edwardsii—Placo-

nycha

Euryopogon californicus Horn.
Euscaphurus salteror Cas.
confusus Mels.
Macropogon testaceipennis Mots.
Placonycha edwardsii (Lec.)
Stenocolus scutellaris Lec.

HELODIDA.

Eucinetus infumatus Lec.

Helodes apicalus Lec.
brevicollis—Cyphon.
concinnum—Cyphon.

Scirtes califoricus Wots.

COLEOPTERA — CLERINA. 208

CLERINA.

Cis dichroa Lec.
vitula—Ennearthron.

CISIDAE.

Enneathron californicum Cas.
vitulus Man.

CLERIDA.
The beetles of this family are predaceous on other insects.

Aulicus nero Spin.

Chartessa dichroa Lec.
elegans Horn.

Chlerus abruptus Lec.
carbonarius Spin.
cinctipennis Spin.
eximius Man.
interceptus Spin.
moestus KI.
nigroventris Lec.
quadrisignatus Say.
repandus—T hanasimus.
ruflpennis Spin.
signaticollis Spin.
sphegeus Fabr.

Corgnates marginellus Chev.
ruficollis Fabr.

Cregya fasciata Lec.

Cymatodera angustata Spin.
balteata—undulata.
californica Horn.
cylindricollis Chev.
fuscula Lec.
moresa Lec.
ovipennis Lec.
pilosella—ovipennis.

punctata Lec.
puncticollis Bland.
undulata (Say.)
usta—cylindricollis.
Elasmocerus californicus Fall.
Hnopium dichroum—Chartessa.
Hydnocera bicolor Lec.
discoidea Lec.
robusta Horn.
scabra Lec.
Lebasciella maculicollis Lec.
marginella—Corgnates.
Necrobia ruficollis—Corgnates.
Perilyptus carbonarius Spin.
Tillus undulata—Cymatodera.
Trichodes bimaculatus Lec.
ornatus Say.
tenellus—ornatus.
Trogodendron edwardsii Horn.

Thanasimus dubius Fabr.
duglasianus White.
eximius—Clerus.
nigriventris—Clerus.
repandus Horn.
rubriventris Lec.

PTINIDA.
The beeties of this family are predaceous on other insects,

Gibbium psylloides Cze.
Mezium americanum Lap.
Trigonogenius farctus—globulum.
globulum Sol.
Niptus ventriculus Lec.
Ptinus aganatus Fall.
alternatus Fall.
californicus Pic.
czelebs Fall.
cognatus Fall.

eximius Fall.
fallax Fall.
fur Linn.
guadolphei Pic.
interruptus Lec.
quadrimaculatus (not Calif.)
vergrandis Fall.
verticali Lec.
Hedobia angulata Fall.
granosa Lec.

ANOBIIDA.
The beetles of this family are predaceous on other insects,

Actenobius macer Cas.

pleuralis Cas.

204

saginatus Cas.
Anobiopsis sericans Fall.
Anobium quadrulum Lec.
Catorama conjunctum Fall.
exiguum Fall.
gemiatum Fall.
gibbulum Fall.
latum Horn.
luteotectum Fall.
mancum Fall.
nubilum Fall.
obsoleta—latum.
palliatum Fall.
pusillum Lec.
vestitum Fall.
Coelostethus quadrulus Lec.
truncatus Fall.
Coenocara californica Lec.
occidens—californica.

Calposternus tenuilineatus Horn.

Dinapate wrightii Horn.
Dorcatoma intiger Fall.
pusillus—Catorama.
Ernobius alutaceus Lec.
callaris Fall.
convergens Fall.
crotchil Fall.
debilis—punctultaus.
marginicollis Lec.
montanus Fall.
nigrans Fall.
pallitarsis Fall.
punctulatus Lec.
socialis Fall.
trapecoideus Fall.
Euceratocerus
pleuralis—Actenobius.
saginatus—Actenobius.

Eupactus pudicus (undetermined)

Eutylistus ulkei Fall.
Euvrilletta xyletinoides Fall.

Exopioides incisa—Polycaon confertus

Ga tralls marginipennis Lec.
Hemiptychus intiger—Dorcatoma.
latus—Catorama.

macer—Actenobius.

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

luteotectus—Catorama.
palliaus———Catorama.
pusillus—Catorama.

Lasioderma serricorne Fabr.
opaculus Lec.
parvulus—opaculus.
planicollis Lec.
striatus Mels.

Megorama frontalis Lec.
ingens Fall.

Hadrobregmus gibbicollis Lec.

laticolli Fall.
viduum Fall.
Oligomerodes catalinze Fall.
occidentalis Fall.

Oligomerus californicus Fall.

Ozognathus cornutus Lec.
Paralobium mundum Fall.

Petalium bistriatum (not California).

californicum Fall.
Pitnus pygmzeus Gor.
Pnitodes setifer Lec.
Ptillnus acuminatus Cas.
Sitodrepa panicea Linn.
Sphzericus gibboides Boie.
Theca protunda Lec.

striatopunctata—Calopsternus.

Trichodesma beyeri Fall.
cristata Cas.
Trypopitys punctatu Lec.

Vrilletta blaisdelli Fall.
convexa Lec.
expansa Lec.
murrayl Lec.
plumbea Fall.

Xestobium affine Lec.:

Xeranobium desertum Fall.
macrum Fall.

Xyletinus distans Fall.
fucatus Lec.

lugubris (not California).

Xyletomerus histricus Fall.

puberulum (undetermined).

Zarifa insularis Fall.

BOSTRYCHIDZ.

Amphicerus fortis Lec.
punctipennis Lec.
teres Horn.
Bostrychus californicus Horn.
Dinoderus truncatus Horn.

Acrepis quadrisignata—Psoa.

Sinoxylon declive Lec.
sericans Lec.
sextuberculatum Lec.
suurale Horn.

PSOIDA.
Polycaon confertus Lec.

COLHOPTERA — CLERINA, 205

punctatus Lec. quadrisignata Horn.
stoutii Lec. basalis Lec.
Posa maculata Lec. ramicornis Cas.

Figure 190. Polycaon confertus, and a grape twig showing work of. larva.

LYCTIDA.
Tragoxylon californicum Cr.

SPHINDIDA.
Odontosphindus clavicornis Fall.

HY DROPHYLINA

HYDROPHILIDA.

Berosus californicus Mots. rugulosus Horn.
exilis Lec. salinus Fall.
infuscatus Lec. subsignatus Lec.
miles Lec. Brachypalpus infuscatus—Creniphilus.
punctatissimus Lec. Cercyon capillatus Lec.

depressus Steph.
fimbriatus Man.
fulvipennis Man.
lateralis Marsh.
lugubris Payk.
luniger Man.
navicularis Zim.
nigriceps Marsh.
quisquilius Linn.
tristis III.

Chzetarthria minor
nigrella Lec.
pallida Lec.

Creniphilis dissimilis (Horn).
infuscatus Mots.
rufiventris (Horn.)
subcupreus (Say.)

Cyclonotum cacti—Dactylosternum.

Cymbiodyta dorsalis (Mots.)
imbellis (Lec.)
punctatostriata (Horn.)

Dactylosternum cacti Lec.

Helochares normatus (Lec.)

Helophorus alternatus—angustulatus.
angustulus Man.
fortis Lec.
obscurus Lec.
pallens Cas.

Hydraena pennsylvanica Kines.

Hydrobius castaneus—infuscatus.
cuspidatus—Phylhydrus.
dissimilis—Creniphilus.
dorsalis—Cymbiodyta.
fuscipes Linn.
infuscatus (Mots.)
latus Horn.
nebulosus—Phylhydrus.
scabrosus Horn.
rufiventris—Creniphilus.

Hydrocharis glaucus Lec.
lineatus—Ochthebius.
obtusatus Say.

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Megasternum posticatum Man.
Phylhydrus californicus Horn.
Limnebius piceus Horn.
Limnocharis piceus—Limnebius
Hydrochus vagus Lec.
variolatus Lec.
Hydrophilus califcrnicus—Tropister-
dorsalis Brul.
ellipticus—Tropisternus.
limbalis—Tropisiernus.
subcupreus—Creniphilus.
triangularis Lec.
Laccobius ellipticus Lec.
carinatus Lec.
cristatus—nebulosus.
cuspidatus (Lec.)
diffusus Lec.
fuscus—perplexus.
hamiltoni Horn.
imbellis—Cymbiodyta.
latiusculus—californicus.
latiusculus—nebulosus.
nebulosus Say.
rormatus—Helochares.
pectoralis—nebulosus.
perplexus Lec. é
punctatostriata—Cymbiodyta.
Ochtheblus costipennis.
cribricollis Lec.
discretus Lec.
fossatus—nitidus.
holmbergi Man.
interruptus Lec.
laevipennis Lec.
lineatus (Lec.)
nitidus Lec.
puncticollis Lec.
vectus Lec.
sculptus Lec.
Tropisternus apicipalpus Chev.
californicus Lec.
limbalis (Lec.)

SCARABAINA

SCARABAEIDA.
This family includes the dung beetles and a series of plant feeding forms

known as May beetles, June beetles, Cock chafers, Rise beetles, ete.

larve are called white grubs.

fEgialia blanchardi Horn.
Ccelatus—Psammodius.
conferta Horn.
crassa Lec.

The

Amechanus serratus—Bradycinetus.
Amphicoma canina (Horn.)
cooperi—canina.
edwardsii Horn.

COLEOPTERA — SCARABANINA.

rathvoni (Lec.)
ursina (Lec.)

Anomeza centralis Lec.

Aphodius abditus—Ateenius.
aleutus Esch.
alternatus (Horn).
blaisdeli—sparsus.
cadaverinus (undetermined)
cogregatus Man.
consociatus Horn.
conspersus Horn.
coquilletti Lin.
cribratus Lec.
gentilis Horn.
granarius Linn.
hamatus Say.
inutilis Horn.
lividus Oliv.
luxatus Hern.
militaris Lec.
nectome: Fall.
nevadensis Horn.
ochreipennis Horn.
opacus Lec.
ovipensis Horn.
pardallis Lec.
rubidus Lec.
rugifrons Horn.
sparsus Lec.
steracorator—Ateenius.
subzeneus Lec.
unguiculus Fail.
vittatus Say.

Atzenius abditus (Hald.)
californicus Horn.
desertus Horn.
gracilis Mels.
lobatus Horn.
oblongus orn.
steracora or (Fabr.)

Bolbocerus hornii (Riv.)
serratus—Bradycinetus.

Bradycinetus hornii—Bolbocerus.

Camptorhina seratina Lec.

Canthon corvinus—simplex.
humeralis—simplex.
levis (not California).
militaris—simplex.
perplexus Lec.

puncticollis (Lower California).

simplex Lec.
Chalepus cbsoletus Lec.
cylindrica (Esch.)
lacustris Lec.
latispina Lec.

Li)
—
-~]

rotundata (Lec.)
socialis Horn.

Copris moschus Lec.

Cotaipa granicollis Hald.
ursina Horn.

Coenonycha elementina Cas.
parvuula Fall.
rufescens Horn.

Cremastochilus angularis Lec.
crinitus Lec.
depressus Horn.
ineptus Horn.
pilosicollis Horn.
PianatuS bKec.
quadrauus Fall.
schaumii Lec.
westwoodi Horn.
wneeleri Lec.

Cyclocephala dimidiata Burm.
hirta Lec.
immaculata Burm.
longula Lec.
villosa Burm.

Dasydera cooperi—Amphicoma ursina.
rathvoni—Amphicoma.
ursina—Amphocoma.

Dichelonycha clypeata Horn.
crotchii Horn.
decolorata Fall.
fulgida Lec.
fuscula Lec.
lateralis Fall.
longiclava Fall.
muscula Fall.
nana Fall.
pallens Lec.
pectoralis Lec.
pusilla Lec.
rotundata—Coelonycha.
truncata Lec.
valida Lec.
vicina Fall.

Diplotaxis angularis Lec.
brevicollis Lec.
californica—subangulata.
corvina Lec.
fimbriata Fall.
levicoxa Fall.
mo2ens Lec.
pacata Lec.
sierrize Lec.
subangulata Lec.
tenebrosa Fall.
tenius Lec.

Dynacoma margirata Cas.

208 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Euphoria californica (not California.)
verticollis Horn.

Kuryomia californica (not California).
fasciatus (not California).

Geotrupes occidentalis Horn.

Gymnopyge hoplizeformis Lin.
hoplizeformis Lin.

Hoplia callipyge Lec.
convexula—pubicollis.
dispar Lec.
irrorata—pubicollis Lec.
pubicollis Lec.
sackeni Lec.

Lachnosterna dubia Smith.
errans Lec.
fusca (Fro.)
lenis Horn.
mucoreus—Listrochelus.

Lichanthe canina—Amphicoma.
edwardsii—Amphicoma.

Ligyrus californicus—gibbosus.
gibbosus DeG.

Listrochelus mucoreus (Lec.)

Megasoma thersites (Lower Calif.)

Melolontha 10-lineata—Polyphilla.

Ochodzeus californicus Horn.
estriatus Sch.
gnatho Fall.

Odontzeus obesus Lec.

Oncerus floralis Lec.

Orsonyx anxius Lec.

Oxyomus alternans—Atezenius.
cadaverinus—Aphodius.
gracilis—Ateenius.

Pachyplectrus levis Lec.

Pheeochrous behrensii (not Calif.)

Plectrodes: blaisdelli Cas.

Phileurus illatus Lec.

Phobetus comatus Lec.
centralis—comatus.

Pleocoma australis Fall.
adjuvans—staff.
behrensii Lec.
conjugens Horn.
edwardsii—staff.
fimbriata Lec.
hirticollis Sch.
hoppingi Fall.
puncticollis Riv.
rickseckeri Horn.

staff Sch.

ulkei (not California.)
Plectrodes' blaisdelli Cas.

carpenteri Lec.

fieldi Fall.

fossiger Cas.
palpalis Horn.
pistoria Cas.
pubescens Horn.
riversi Cas.
squamosa Cas.

Pleurophorus caesus Panz.

Plusiotus gloriosa (not California.)

Polyphylla cavifrons Lec.
crinita Lec.
decemlineata (Say).

Psammodius coelatus (Lec.)
cylindrica—/€gialia.
nanus (DeG.)

Rhyssemus californicus Horn.

Scarabeeus levis—Canthon.
nanus—Psammodius.

Serica alternata Lec.
anthracina Lec,
elongatula Horn.
fimbriata Lec.
lateralis Csch.
mixta Lec.
robusta Lec.
sericatus Mots.
serotina Lec.
silaceus Say.
simplex Mots.
valida Har.

Thyce blaisdelli—Plectrodes.
fossiger—Plectrodes.-
hartfordi—Plectrodes.
marginata—Dinacoma.
palpalis—Plectrodes.
pistoria—Plectrodes.
pulverea—Plectrodes.
riversi—Plectrodes.
squamosa—Plectrodes.

Trox atrox Lec.
fascifer Lec.
gemmulatus Horn.
punctatus Germ.
suberosus Fabr.

Tryssus comatus—Phobetus.

Valgus californicus Horn.

LECANIDA.

The Stag beetles with antler-like jaws belong to this family.
Their food habits are as follows:—

ifornia species are less conspicuous.

The Cal-

COLEOPTERA — SCARABASINA. 209

Fir Ceruchus, Diphyllostoma.

agassii, californicus latus and opacus.
Sinodesdron, Platucerus oregonensis. ..

Ceruchus punctatus Lec.
striatus Say.

Diphyllostoma fibriata Fall.
striatus Lec.

Platycerus agassii. Lec.
californicus Cas.

Redwood Diphyllostoma. Oak Platycerus.
Poplar Platycerus depressus. Alder

depressus Lec.

latus Fall.

cpacus Fall.
pacificus—agassii Lec.
parvicollis—agassii.
thoracicus Cas.

chaly beus—oregonensis. Phyllostoma fimbriata Fall.
coerulescens—oregonensis. Finodendron rugosum Man.

CURCULIONINA

The members of this superfamily are known as weevils.. They all feed on
plants and many of them are injurious.

ANTHRIBIDA.
Gonops fissungnis Lec.
Toxotropis approximatus Lec.

Anthribus albinus Linn.
Brachytarsus alternatus Say.
scabrosus Fabr.

IPIDA.

The members of this family are the wood borers that make the “pin holes”
in the bark of trees and the centipede-like burrows under the bark. They
are sometimes very injurious. They have the following food habits :—

Pine Dendroctonus brevicomis, jeffreyi, monticole, volens, Pityophthorus
nitidus. Fir Dendroctonus pseudotsuge. Spruce Scolytos unispinosus. Ce-
dar Phiceosinus cristatus. Cypress Phloeosinus cupressi. Redwood Phlceo-

Sinus sequoiz. Oak Pityophthorus pubipennis

Bostrichus pini—Tomicus.
Carphoborus bifurcus Esch.
simplex Lec.
Chzetophloeus hystrix Lec.
Corthylus cavus—Cryphalus.
dentiger—Monarthrum.
scutellaris—Monarthrum.
Cryphalus atratulus Lec.
carinulatus—Pityophthorus.
Cavus Lec.
dentiger—M onarthrum.
digestus—Pityophthorus.
pilosulus—Pityophthorus.
pubipennis—Pityophthorus.

puncticollis—Pityophthorus.

retusus—Pityophthorus.

striatus—Hypsthenemus.

sulcatus Lec.

terminalis Man.
Dendroctonus barberi Hop.

brevicomis Lec.

brevicornis—harberi.
convexifron Hop.
trontalis—barberi.
frontalis—brevicornis.
jeffreyi Hop.
monticolz Hop.
pseudotsugz Hop.
similis—monticolz.
simplex—pseudotsugee.
terebrans—valiens.
vaiens Lec.

Gnathotrichus retusus (Lec.)
Hylastes gracilins Lec.

macer Lec.

nigrinus (Man.)

porosus Lec.
rugipennis—Hylurgops.
subcostulatus-—Hylurgops.

Hylesinus aspericollis Lec.

crenatus—sericeus.
cristatus—Phloeosinus.

210 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

hystrix—Cheetophlocus.

imperialis Lec.

nebulosus Lec.

sericeus Man.
Hylurgops granulatus Lec.

rugipennis (Man.)

subcostulatus (Man.)
Hylurgus nigrinus—Hylastes.
Hypothenemus striatus (Lec.)
Ips cacographus (Germ.)

confusus Lec.

latidens Leec.

pini Say.

plastographus Lec.

pubipennis Lec.

sexdentatus Esch.
Micracis hirtella Lec.
Monarthrum dentigerum (Lec.)

huttoni Woll.

scutellare (Lec.)
Phloeosinus cristatus (Lec.)

cupressi Hop.

sequoize Hop.
Pityophthorus carinulatus (Lec.)

confinus Lec.
cribripennis Esch.
digestus (Lec.)
nitidulus Man.
pilosus Lec.
pubipennis Lec.
puncticollis (Lec.)
retusus Lec.
striatus Lec.
sulcatus Lec.
Scolytus californicus Lec.
destructor—unispinosus.
preeceps Lec.
subscaber Lec.
terebrans—Chzetophloeus
trix.
unispinosus Lec.
ventralis Lec.
Tomicus cacographus—Ips.
Xyleborus czlatu) Esch.
Xyloterus bivittatus Kirby.

Hys-

hamatus—Pityophthorus carinu-

latu .
vittiger Esch.

CALANDRIDA.
The following food habits are known:—

Pine Cossonus pisiphilus, crenotus, Rhyncolus oregonensis.
Yucca Macrorhynchus, Scyphophorus, Yuccaborus.
Poplar and Maple Cossonus sub-

lolus angularis.
Cactophagus.
arcuatus.

Cactophagus validus Lec.
Calandra granaria linn.
oryzee Linn.
Cossonus californicus—piniphilus
crenatus Horn.
piniphilus Sch.
subareatus Boh.

Dryophthorus bitubercu.atus Fabr.

corticalis (not California),
Flassoptes marinus Horn.
Lymnantes scrobicollis Gyll.
Macrorhynchus protractus Horn.
Mesitus tardii Wall.
Metamaseus sericeus Horn.
Metopotoma repens
Phloeophagus minor Horn.
Rhina frontalis—Yuccaborus.
Rhyncholus anguraris Lec.

brunneus Man.

californicus Wol.

cylindricollis Wol.

dilatatus Ca.

dorsalis Lec.

Lupine Rhyncolus pallens.
Drift wood Flassoptes..

oregonensis Horn.
pallens Cas.
protensis Wo.
spretus Cas.

Buckeye Rhyn-
Cactus

i-hynchophorus asperulus (not Calf.)

palmarum (not California).
Scyphophorus acupunctatus Gyll.
robustior (not California).
yucces Horn.
Sitophylus oryze—Calandra.
Sphenophorus abrasus Chit.
discolor Man.
gentilis Lec.
monterensis—vomerinus.
pertinax Oliv.
pictus Lec.

procerus—Cactophagus validus.

reticulaticollis Boh.
robustus (not California).
simplex Lec.

subopacus Chit.

sayi Gyll.

subcarinatus Man.

COLEOPTERA — CURCULIONINA. 211

tardus Fall.
vomerinus Lec.

CURCULIONIDAZA.

Yuccaborus frontalis Lec.

Only a comparative small number or the species of this family of weevils

have known food habits.

Pine Magdalus cuneiformis, lecontei, Pissodes radiatze, yosemite. Willow
Orchestes rufipes, salacis. Lupine Apion proclive,Tychius lineellus.

Acanthoscellis californicus Dietz.
frontalis Dietz.
perplexus Dietz.

Alophu constrictus Lec.
didymus Lec.

Apion abdominale Sm.
antennatum Sm.
atripes (not California.)

oblitum (not California).
bosoletum (not California).
occidentale Fall.
cedorhynchum Lec.
opacicolle Sm.
ovale—obsoletum.
pennsylvanicum Boh.
porosicolle Gem.

Figure 191 Alfalfa weevil.

brevicolle—cribricolle.
californicum—sordidum.
clavinatum Sm.

cavifrons Lec.

chuparose (Lower California).
concoloratum—carinatum.
confertum (not California).
cordatum Sm.

crassinasum Lec.

cribricolle Lec.

elutipes (Lower California).
floridanum (not California).
fraternum Sm.

funereum Fall.

griseum (not California).
hesperidum Fall.

minor Sm.

proclive Lec.
proclive Lec.
protensum Lec.
sordidum Sm.
troglodytes Man.
turbulentum Sm.
typicum—ventricosum.
varicorne Sm.
ventricosum Lec.
vespertinum Cas.
vicinum—walshii.
walshii Sm.

Anthonomus zneolus Dietz.

affinis Lec.
albopilosus Dietz.
ater Lec.

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

brunneipennis Man.
canus Lec.

confusus Lec.
effetus Dietz.
figuratus Dietz.
hirtus Lec.

inermis Boh.
melancholicus Dietz.
morulus Lec.
ochreopilosus Dietfi.
ornatus Dietz.
pauperculus Lec.
peninsularis Dietz.
pervilis Dietz.
densa—Onychobaris.
macra Lec.

Figure 192. Cotton boll weevil.

seriata—Onychobaris.

Centrocleonus pilosus Lec.
Ceutorhynchus adspersulus Dietz.

albopillosus Dietz.
angulatus Lec.
convexicollis Lec.
cyanipennis Germ.
decipiens Lec.
disturbatus Dietz.
equamosus Lec.
solani Fall
subvittatus Lec.

Barinu dificilis

Baris brunneipes
densus—Onychobaris.
mucoreus—Trichobaris.
nasutus—Centrinus.
macra—Baris.
seriatu —Onychobaris.

Barytychius discoideus
quadricolle Lec.
hornii Dietz.
isolatu. Dietz.
mutabilis Dietz.
nodipennis Dietz.
obliquus Lec.
ovipennis Dietz.
pollinosus Dietz.

Figure 193. Fuller’s rose weevil.

puberulus Lec.
pusillus Lec.
pusio Man.
sericans Lec.
subpubescens Lec.
testorum Fall.
Centrinogyna procera
Centrinus confusus Say.
lineellus Lec.
nasutus Lec.
Chelonychus longipes Dietz.
Cionistes insolens Dietz.
Cleonus erysimi

sycophanta Walsh.
Alyca ephippiator—Elleschus.
Analcis morbillosus—T yloderma.
Aulobaris naso Lec.
Bagous californicus Lec.
Balaninus uniformis Lec.
Baridius californicus Boh.
Barilepton falciger

quadricolle Lec.

inornatus Lec.

-molitor Lec.

virgatu) Lec.

vittatus Kirby.
Ccelogaster zimmermani Gyll. -
Conotrachelu duplex

dehiscerns Fall.

koebelei—adspersus. .

COLEOPTERA — CURCULIONINA.

littoralis Fall.
longatus Lec.
lunaus Lec.
mamillatus Lec.
mediinotus Fall.
mucidus—nubilatus.
princeps Fall.
Copturus adspersus Lec.
Elleschus ephippiatus Say.
Epimechus mobilis Fall.
Emphyastes fucicola Man.
Endalus zratus Lec.
limatulus Gyll.
ovalis Lec.
Epimechus zmulu
adspersus Dietz.
mimicus Dietz.
nevadicus Dietz.
soriculus Dietz.
Euclyptus ferrugineus Lec.
Hypera montivaga Camp.
serrana Camp.
Lepidosoma californicum Mots.
dehiscens Fall.
koebelei—adspersus.
littoralis Fall.
mediiventrus Fall.
Cryptohypnus colon Horn.
funebris Chaud.
futilis Lec.
mops Lec.
ornatus Lec.
pectoralis Say.
squalidus Lec.
Cryptorhynchus gracilis Boh.
Desmoris constrictus Say.
fulvus Lec.
incertus Dietz.
sordidus Lec.
Dinocleus albovestitu
hystrix Fall.
Dors‘eomts cuneatulus
hirtus Lec.
luridus Man.
mucidus Say.
Leprus perforatus
Limnobarins confusus Say.
Listronotus gracilis Lec.
teretirostris Lec.
Lixus asperus Lec.
acutus Lec.
maritimus Fall.
modestus Man.
parcus Lec.
perforatus Lec.
perlongus Fall.

pleuralis Lec.
poricollis Man.

Mac.:cphoptus estriatus Lec.
hispidus Dietz.

Macrops californicus Dietz.
hyperodes Dietz
Magdalinops vittipennis Dietz.

Magdalus alutacea Lec.
adenescens Lec,
convexicollis Fall.
gentilis Lec.
gracilis Lec.
hispoidec Lec.
hyperodes Dietz.
imbellis Lec.
lecontei Horn.
proxima Fall.
striata Fall.
subtincta Lec.
vitiosa Fall.
Macromastus gracilis Boh.
Onychobaris densa (Lec.)
seriata (Lec.)
Orchestes albionica Lec.
ephippiatus Say.
lapidula Lec.
mitus Horn.
parvicollis Lec.
puberulus Boh.
ramosa Cr.
rufipes Lec.
salicis Linn.
Orthoris crotchii Lec.
Otidocephalis vittatus Horn.
Pachyphanes carus Dietz.
Pachytychius discoideus Lec.
corpulentus Lec.
Paragoges maculatus Lec.
Pelencmus cavifrons Lec.
Phycoccetes testaceus Lec.
Phylilctrox nubifer Lec.
Piazurus californicus Lec.
Pissodes barbari Hop.
californicus Hop.
costatus Man.
radiatx: Hep.
yosemite Hop.
Plinthus carinatus Boh.
Podapion gallicola Ril.
Promecotarsus maritimus Gas.
Pseudooaris nigrina
Physsematus qubescens
Pycnobaris nigrostriatus Fall.
Rhinonchus longulus Lec.
fibynes fulvus
Sitones alternans

213

214 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

californicus Fah.
crinitus Oliv.
semiculus Man.
sordidus Lec.
vittatus Lec.
Smicronyx californicus Dietz.
cinereus Mots.
instabilis Ca.
nubilus Dietz.
obtectus Lec.
ornatipennis Dietz
perplexus Dietz.
pusillus Dietz.
pusio Lec.
resplendens Dietz.
scalator Dietz.
serriatus Lec.

tardus Dietz.

Stenopelmus rufinasus
Synertha imbricata Ca.
Tachyperus quadrigibbosus Say.
Trachotes ptinoides Germ.
Trichobarins compacta
Trichomagdalus atratus Fau.

conspersus Fall.

fasciatus Fall.

micorea Lec.
Triglyphus ater Lec.
Tychinus lineellus Lec.

semisquamosus Lec.

setosus Lec.

setosu. Lec.
Tyloderma morbillosum Lec.
Zascellis irrorata Lec.

OTIORHYNCHIDA.
The Otiorhynchid weevils feed largely on trees. The food of the following

are known:—

Pine Geoderces puncticollis. Geodercodes, Scythropus albidus, californicus,
elegans. Fir. Dyslobus. Spruce Scythropus ferrugineus. Willow Stamoderes

Oak Adolares.

Adalares humeralis Cas.
adalares humeralis Cas.
ovipennis Cas.
Agasphzrops nigra Lec.
Agronus cinerorius Horn.
deciduus Horn.
Amnesia decidua Horn.
decorata Lec.
discors—sculptilis.
elongate Horn.
granulata Cas.
rauca Horn.
sculptilis Cas.
sordida Horn.

squamipunctata—Sculptilis.

tessellata Cas.
tumida—sculptilis.
longipennis Pier.
longisternus Cas.
Amotus setulosus Lec.
Aragnomus griseus Horn.
Aramigus fulleri Horn.
hispidulus Cas.
Dirognathus sordidus Horn.
Dyslobus segnis (Lec.)
Dysticheus insignis Horn.
Elissa constricta Cas.
Encyllus vagans Horn.
Eupagoderes argentatus (Lec.)
aridus Fall.

desertus Lec.
germinatus Lec.
mortivallis Fall.
plumbeus—varius.
varius (Lec.)°
Geoderces incomptus (Lec.)
puncticollis Cas.
Geodercodes latipennis Cas.
Miltoderes setosus Cas.
setulosus—Amotus.
Mimetes seniculus Horn.
Minyomerus languidus Lec.
Mylacus saccatus Lec.
Nocheles vestitus Cas.
Nomidius abruptus Cas.
Ophryastes argentatus—Eupagoderes.
varius Eupagoderes.
Orimodema protracta Horn.
Orthoptochus squamiger Cas.
Otiorhynchus rugifrons Gyli.
segnis—Dyslobus.
Panormus setosus Cas.
Paraptochus californicus—sellatus.
Periteles sellatus—Peraptochus.
Peritelopsis globiventris Lec.
Peritelodes obtectus Cas.
Phymatinus gemmatus Lec.
Rhigopsis effracta Lec.
scutellaris—effracta.
Peritelinus variegatus Cas.

COLEOPTERA — CURCULIONINA. 215

Rhypodes dilatatus Horn.
Sciopithes angustalis—obscurus.
brumalis—obscurus.
arcuatus—obscurus.

ferrugineus Cas.
lateralis Cas.
miscix Fall.

Stamoderes uniformis Cas.
obscurus Horn. Stenoptochus inconstans Cas.
setosus Cas. Strophosomus alticola—Aramigus ful-
significans—obscurus. lerl.

&cythropus albidus Fall. Thinoxenus squallens Horn.
californicus Horn. Thricolepis inornata Horn.
cinereus Cas. Trogonoscuta pilosa Mots.
elegans Coup. simulator Horn.

RHYNCHITIDA.

The genus Deporaus is found on oak, Rhynchites aureus on manzanita and
R. bicolor feeds on rose and thimble berry.
Auletes laticollis Cas.

nasalis Lec.

rugipennis Pier.

viridis Pier.
Deporaus glastinus (Lec.)
Rhynchites zratoides Fall.

aureus Lec.

bicolor Fabr.
glastinus—Deporaus.
nasio Cas.

planifrons Lec.
velatus Lec.

RHINOMACERIDA.
The weevils of this family are found on pine flowers

Diodyrhynchus byturoides Lec. comptus Lec.
Rhinomacer bombiformis Lec. pilosus Lec.

CHRYSOMELIN 4A

LARIIDA.

The snout-like prolongation of the head in this family causes them to be
called weevils tho belonging to a different superfamily.

Pea Laria pisorum. Bean Acanthoscelides. Broad bean Laria rufimana.
Mesquite Laria, prosopis.
Bruchus aureolus Horn.

aria Fall.
californicus Boh.
collosus Fall.
desertorum Lec.

obtecus—obsoletus.
pauperculus Lec.
perplexus Fall.
pisorum Linn.
pullus Fall.

discopterus Fall.
exiguus Horn.
fraterculus Horn.
gibbithorax Sch.
griseolus Fall.
impiger Horn.
inquisitus Fall.
laria Fall.
limbatus Horn.
obsoletus Say.

prosopis Lec.
protractus Horn.
pruinius Horn.
ramicornis Boh.

seminulum Horn.

sordidus Horn.
texanus Sch.
uniformis Lec.

Zabrotes densus Horn.

spectabilis Horn.

216 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

CHRYSOMELIDA.
The plant beetles of the family Chrysomelids are in some cases general

feeders tho in most cases they are associated with a particular plant. The
following list includes most of the commoner species :—

Coniferze Luperoides smaragdinus. Pine Glyptoscellis illustris, pubescens.
Fir Syneta carinata Cedar Glyptoscellis pubescens, Willow Crepidodera helxines,
Diachus, Disonycha 5-vittata, Galerica flavolimbata, Glyptoscellus albidus, Pla-

Figure 194, Diabrotica soror.

umbine Cassida bicolor. Sidalcea Calligrapha sigmoidea. Marsh marigold Cil-
giodera, Syneta albida, Zeugophora californica. Poplar Syneta albida Zeugo-
phora. Alder Haltica bimarginata. Buckeye Luperodes bivittatus. Oak Sy-
neta simplex. Ceanothus Luperodes turquatus, varipes Odontota californica,
Orsodachna atra. Manzanita Colaspidea varicolor, Colaspis. oregonensis Grape
Adoxus, Haltica carinata. Raspberry Paria canella. Cucumber Copvtocycla
bicolor, Diabrotica trivittata. Solanum Cassida pallidula. Datura Lema.. Col-
ligrapha elegans. Corn andbeets Cheetocnema denticulata. Milkweed Chryso-
chus. Goldenrod Trirhabda flavimarginata. Eriogonum Saxinus saucia. Eri-
odactylon Trirhabda caduca, eriodactylonis. _Grass Disonycha pennsylvanica.
Sedge Donacia.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Haltica: hind femora enlarged and with transverse’ impression on base of

COLEOPTHRA — CHRYSOMALINA. 217

prethorax not limited on the side by a longitudinal plica.
Cheetocnemis: Hind femora enlarged and hind tibiee toothed on outer mar-

gin. Euplectroscelis: size large,5.5 mm.
Phyllotreta: hind femora enlarged. Crepitodera and Systena: front coxal

cavities closed, the last with elytra not striate. Psilloides: antenne ten-

Figure 195. Work of Diabrotica soror.

jointed. C&dionychis: last joint of hind foot globose. Biabolia: apical spur
of hind tibiw large. Glyptina: elytra striato-punctate. Longitarsis: first joint
of hind tarsi half as long as tibiae. Apthona: groove on hind tibix bifurcate.

Pachybrachus: middle ventral segments narrowed. Exema: antenne re-
ceived in marginal grooves. Euryscopa, Coscinoptera, Babia and Saxinis:
front coxal cavities confluent, the first two with claws simple, the elytra of the

218 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

first with rows of punctures, and the epiplure of the last narrow. Diacus:
claws simple. Cryptocephalus: prothorax margined.

Trirhabda: antenne on front between the eyes and claws simple, cleft or
acutely toothed. Diabrotica: front carinate. Galeruca and Monoxia: epi-
pleure extending to sutural angle, the last with front narrow.

Luperodes: antenne on front between the eyes. Phyllobrotica: elytra with-
out epipleuree. Androlyperus: last joint of maxillary palpi not conical. Scel-
olyperus: epipleure narrow.

Criocerus: prothorax not margined. Xanthonia and Adoxus: front coxee
distinctly separated, the first with prosternal sutures obsolete. Donacia:

oe \\. \vi
VY
AAV

Figure 196. Work of Adoxus obscurus.
first ventral segment very long. Zeugophora: eyes emarginate. Syneta:
prothorax toothed at the sides. Tricolema: prothorax subangulate at sides.
Crsodachna: prothorax soniewhat bell-shaped. Lema: prothorax constricted
at middle.
Glyptoscelis: front not inflexed. Metachroma, Colaspidia and Colaspis: an-
terior margin of prothorax straight beneath, the last without supraorbital lines

on head, the first with body glabrous. Paria and Chrysochus: body glabrous,
the first with hind tibiee toothed towards the tip. Myochrous: sides of pro-
thorax toothed.

Cassida. Microrhopala, Odontata and Stenopodius: head free, the last with
third joint of tarsi narrow, the first with antennze apparently nine-jointed.
Coptocycla: antenns extending beyond base of protherax.

COLEOPTERA -— CHRYSOMALINA. 219

Adoxus obscurus Linn.
vitis—obscurus.

Androlyperus fulvus Cr.
maculatus Lec.

Aphthoma subglobosa Mots.

Aulacoscelis purpurea

Babia quadriguttata Oliv.
tetraspilota Lec.

Balophila cerina—Glyptina.

Calligrapha californica—elegans.

elegans Oliv.
serpentina Rog.

rugulosa—Exema_ conspersa.
Chrysochus californicus—cobaltinus.
cobaltinus Lec.
tenebricosus—cobaltinus.
Chrysomela ceesia—Gastroidea cyan-
ea.
californica—Lina.
Colaspis cuprascens (Lec.)
smaragdula (Lec.)
subvittata (undetermined).
varicolor (Cr.)
Colaspis californica Boh.

Figure 197.

Cassida aurisplendens Man.
9-maculata Man.
nigripes Oliv.
pallidula Boh.
texana—pallidula.

Cheetocnema confinis Cr.

cribrata Lec.
cribrifrons Lec.
denticulata tll.
ectypa Horn.
irregularis Lec
opacula Lec.
sigmoidea Lec.

Chlamys conspersa---Exema.

Larva of Adoxus obsecurus.

cpulenta Hore
subcylindrica Lec.
subviridis Lec.
oregonensis Cr.
Coptocycla aurichalcea—bicolor.
bicolor Boh.
cucumeris—E pitrix.
helxines Linn.
pallida Fall.
puberula Boh.
sulphurella Boh.
subcarinata—Epitrix.
bicolor Fabr.
Coscinoptera oeneipennis Lec.

240 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Figure 198 Pupa of Adoxus obscurus. (uppei side).

Figure 199. Pupa of Adoxus obscurus (lower side).

COLEOPTERA — CHRYSOMALINA. 221

biferia—canella.
canella Lec.

pennsylvanica III.
puncticollis—Monoxia.

mucorea Lec. ve 5-vittata Say.
Crepidodera basalis Cr. Donacia atra—Orosdachna.
vafra Boh. californica Lec.

Criocerus asparagi Linn. cincticornis Newm.
castaneus Lec. emarginata Kirby.
chalconotus Man. hirticollis Kirby.
limbifer Sid. piscatrix Lec.
nigerrimus San. proxima—cincticorni-.

sanguinicollis—lus trans. =Epitrix bicolor

spurcatus Lec. pusilla Say.
Cryptocephalus auratus Lec. subtilis Kun.
cucumeris Horn.

Diabolia area Mels.

Figure 200 Eggs of Adoxus opscurus.

borealis Chev. parvula Fabr.
ovata Lec. subcrinita Lec.
Diachus auratus Fabr. Eumolpus cuprascens—Colaspidea
erasus Lec. smaragdulus—Colaspidea.
Diabrotica 12-punctata Fabr. ~ Euplectrocelis xanti Cr.
soror Lec. Euryscopa lecontei Cr.
tenella—12-punctata. scapularis—lecontei.
trivitta Man. subtilis Horn.
viridipennis Lec. vittata Lec.

vittata (not Canlfornia). Exema conspersa Man.

Disonycha alternata III. Galeruca angularis—Monoxia guttulata
limbicolis—pennsylvanica. externa Say.
maritima Man. consputa—-Mcnoxia.

222 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

flavolimbata—Trirhabda. varicolor—€olaspidea.
luteocincta—Trirhabda. Gonioctena pallida Linn.
morosa—Monoxia. Haltica aerugincsa Lec.
sordida—M onoxia. albionica Lec.
tuberculata—Gallerucella, areola Lec.
Galerucella notulata Fabr. bimarginata Say.
marginella Kirby. californica Man.
tuberculata Say. carinata Germ.

Figure 201. Work of Adoxus obscurus.

Galeruca tuberculata Say. cerina Lec.
Gastroidea czsia—cyanea. convicta Fall.
dissimilis Say. gracilis Robe.
cyanea (Rog.) lazulina Lec.
Glyptina atriventris Horn. lepidula Lec.
ceria Lec. ligata Lec.
Glyptoscellis albidus Lec. limbicollis Lec.
alternatus Cr. | maratima Lec.
cuprascens—Colaspidea. mitis Lec.
illustris Cr. oblonga Lec.
smaragdulus—Colaspidea. ochracea Lec.
pubescens Fabr. opulenta Lec.

squamulatus Cr. plicipennis Lec.

COLEOPTERA — CHRYSOMALINA. 223

probata Fall.
prasina Lec.
punctipennis Lec.
pura Lec.
recticollis Lec.
seminulum Lec.
subglobosa Lec.
suborinita Lec.
subzenia Lec.
suspecta Fall.
tegularis Robe.
tincta Lec.
tombacina Man.
torquata Lec.
verticalis Robe.

Henniglyptus basalis Cr.

Lema nigrovittata Guer.

Leptothrix recticollis Lec.
11-linetat

Lina californicus—Melasoma.
lapponica—Melasoma.

Longitarsis californicus Mots.
livens Lec.
mancus Lec.
montigagus Horn.
repandus Lec.
rufescens Horn.

Luperodes bivittatus Lec.
curvatus Fall.
crassicornis Fall.
laticeps Horn.
morrisoni Jac.
smaragdinups Lec.
torquatus Lec.
transitus Horn.
varipes Lec.

Luperus abdomnialis
bivittatus—Luperodes.
flavicornis—Scelolyperus.
eraptoderoides—Scelolyperus.
longulus—Scelolyperus.
maculicollis—Sceloiyperus.
smaragdinus—Luperodes.
thoracicus Boh.
torquatus—Luperodes.

Malachorhinus maculatus Lec.

Mantura floridana Cr.

Megalostomus mucorea—Coscinoptera.

Megistops quadrinotata Boh.
Melasoma californica Rog.
Metachroma californica Cr.

peninsularis (Lower California).

Metacycla insolita Lec.
Microrhapala melsheimeri Cr.
rubroliniata Man.
signaticollis Lec.

Monoxia-angularis Lec.
consputa Lec.
debilis Lec.
guttulata Lec.
puncticollis Say.
sordida Lec.

Myochrous angulus Lec.

Myocoryna 11-lineata Cr.

Myoctrous longulus Lec.

Odontata californica Horn.
hardyi Cr.
rubra Web.

CEdionychus fimbriata Forst.
longula Har.
violascens Lec.

Orchestris ramosa—Phyllotreta.

Orsodachna atra (Ahr.)

Orthallica recticornis—Leptothrix.

Pachnephorus smaragdulus—Glypto-

scellis.
pidea.

Pachybrachys analis Lec.
circumcinctus Cr.
coelatus Lec.
donneri Cr.
hybridus Sch.
livens Lec.
lustrans Lec.
melanostictus Sch.
signatifrons Man.
viduatus Fabr.

Paria canelia Fabr.
6-notatus Say.

Phzedon oviformis Lec.

Phyliobrotica flavicollis—Scelolyperus.
luperina Lec.
nigripes Horn.
viridipennis Lec.

Phyllotreta albionica Lec.
denticornis Horn.
lepidula Lec.
lewisii Cr.
oregonensis Cr.
pusilla Horn.
ramosa Cr.
vittata Fabr.

Plagiodera lapponica Linn.

Psylloides convexior Lec.
interstitialis Lec.
parvicollis Lec.
punctatula Mels.

Saxinus bisignata—saucia.
politula Horn.
saucia Lec.
speculifera Horn.

Scelolyperus decipiens Horn.

224 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

flavicollis (Lec.) Teinodactyla californica Mots.
graptoderoides (Cr.) Thricolema anomala Cr.
longulus (Lec.) Trimarcha intricata Hald.
loripes Horn. Trachycelida bicolor Lec.
maculicollis (Lec.) Trirhabda attenuata Say.
schwartzii Horn. caduca Horn.

tejonicus Cr. canadensis Kirby.

Stenopodius flavidus Horn. eriodictyonis Fall.

Syneocephalus autumnalis Fall. diducta Horn.

Syneta albida Lec. flavomarginata Man.
carinatus Man. germinata Horn.
serinata—albida. labrata Fall.
simplex Lec. luteocincta—flavomarginata.
suturalis—albida. tomentosa Linn.

Systena ligatus—teeniata. Typophorus oregonensis—Colaspis.
mitis—teeniata. vivicdicyaneus Cr.
ochracea—tezeniata. Xanthonia villosula Mels.
pallidula Boh. Zeugophora abnormis Lec.
subzenea Lec. californica Cr.

taeniata Say.

CERAMBYCIDA.
The members of this family are known as long norned wood borers. Most
of the species confine themselves to the wood of a single kind of tree. The
following food habits are known:—

Coniferze Anthophilax. Pine Acanthocinus, Asemum, Callidum hirtellum,
Haplidus, Leptura brevicornis, grossa, insignis, valida, Monohammus macu-
losus, titillator, Pogonocherus califorincus, Rhagium Tragosonia, Ulochetes.
Fir Callidium, Clytus, Criocephalus Hylotrupes litigiosus Leptura obliterata,
propinqua, Monohammus scutellatus, Pachyta liturata, monticola, Phymatodes
varius, Pogonocherus oregonus, Tetriopium, Tragosonia, Xylotrechus undu-
latus. Spruce Hylotrupes ligneus, Leptura carbonata, nigrella, propinqua,
sexmaculata, Neoclytus muricatus, Opsimus, Pachyta spurca, Phymatodes
des. Redwood Leptura impura, matthewsii, Phymatodes nitidus. Willow Lep-
talia, lpockus, Saperda hornii, Xylotrechus insignis, obliteratus. Poplar
geneus, variabilis. Cedar Atimia, Hylotrupes, Leptura matthewsii, Phymato-
Hyperplatys, Ipochus, Saperda populnea, Synaphoeta, Xylotrechus annosus.
Oak Elaphidion, Ipochus, Phymatodes decussatus, obscurus, Pogonocherus
crinitus, Prionus. Walnut Phymatodes juglandis, Synaphceta. Laurel Lep-
tura crassipes, Holopleura. Eucalyptus Leptura crassipes, Necydalus. Man-
zanita and Madrone Neoclytus conjunctus. Ceanothus Ipochus. Alder Pyro-
trichus. Mesquite Tragidion annulatum. Yucca Tragidion armatus. Cactus
Coenopceus, Monilema. Blueberry Desmocerus californicus. Redberry Des-
mocerus cribripennis. Mt. Elder Desmocerus auripennis. Apple Hyperplatys,
Milkweed Tetraopes.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Leptura: front coxe conical, eyes not enveloping base of antenne, front

COLEOPTERA — CHRYSOMALINA. 225

oblique or horizontal first joint of hind tarsi without brush. Desmocerus
and Necydalus: mandibles not fringed, the latter with elytra very short.
Strangalia: last ventral segment of male deeply excavated

Phymatodes: front coxe transverse, prothorax not margined. Asemum,
Tetropium, Opsimus and Dicentrus: ligula horny, the last two with prothorax
emarginate, the second with four eyes, the third with femora clavate. Xylo-
crinus: mesonotum punctured and pubescent. Callidium: mesonotum pol-
ished with scattered punctures. Hylotrupes: prosternum broad.

Acmeeops: front coxee conical, eyes not enveloping base of antenne, front
oblique or horizontal. Rhagium: prosternum prominent between the coxe.
Centrodera: eyes coarsely granulated. Toxotus: tibial spurs not terminal.
Pachyta and Anthophylax: prothorax acutely armed on sides, the latter
strongly emarginate.

Crossidius: scutellum acutely triangular. Stenosphenus: front coxalcay-
ities open. Dendrobius, Tragidion, Metaleptus, Purpuricenus, Ammanus and
Batyle: mandibles not emarginate at tip, the first with prosternum broadly
lobed at base., the last two with front short, the third with pubescence con-
colorous with punctures, the fourth with body glabrous and the last with
body pilose. Ischnocnemis: with ivory vitta. Oxoplus: prothorax with
acute lateral spine.

Xylotrechus: tlbial spurs large. Cyllene and Calloides: intercoxal pror
cess rounded, the first with pronotum transversely excavated at sides. Neo-
clytus: front quadrate. Clytus. head not carinate.

Monilema: front tibize suleate on inner side, humeral angles not prominent.
Ipochus: body densely pilose.

Pogonocherus: front tibiz sulcate on inner side, front coxe not protuberant.
Monohammus and Synapheceta: scape of antennz with apicai scar, the former
with body elongate. Acanthoderes, Coenopocus, Hyperplatys and Acanthoci-
nus: front coxe rounded, the first with scape of antenne clavate, the second
with lateral tubercle of thorax at middle, the third with a long ovipositor.
Lipsimena: middle tibiz without external sinus.

Tetraopes: last joint of palpi cylindrical and pointed. Idomea and Methia:
elytra abbreviated,, the antenne of the latter apparently ten-jointed. Saper-
da: all claws simple. Oberea: with two eyes.

Elaphidion: prothorax not margined. Atimia: stridulating plate divided.
Pceecilobrium, Hybodera, Callimus, Megobrium, Molorchus and Callimoxys:
front coxal cavities closed behind, the first four with first abdominal seg-
ment very long, the first with palpi broadly triangular, the second with
punctures fine, the third with mesosternum wide, the last with hind tibie
curved inwards. Malachopterus, C&me, Eucrossus and Haplidus: ligula
horny, the last with palpi slender, the first two with prosternum laminiform,
the first with prothorax lobed at base. Bothrylus: front coxal cavities angu-
lated. Aneflus: antennz carinate. Romalium: metaepisternum narrower

behind.
Prionus. Ergates and Mallodon: prothorax pleuridentate, the first with

226

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

third antennal joint very long. Tragosoma: metaepimera narrowed behind

Derobrachus: antenne filiform.

Acanthocinus obliquus Lec.
spectabilis Lec.
Acanthoderes peninsularis (L.Calif.)
Acmezops basalis Lec.
falsa Lec.
fuscus—tumida.
lisa—Leptura gnathodes.
longicornis Kirby.
lugens—tumida.
marginalis Lec.
militaris Lec.
pinguis Lec.
pratensis Laich.
proteus Kirby.
subzsneus Lec.
subcyanea—tumida.
subpillosa Lec.
tumida Lec.
variepes Cas.
vincta Lec.
viola Lec.
AMdilis obliquus—Acanthocinus.
Amannus pectoralis Lec.

Aneflomorpha longipennis—Elaphidion.

Anaflux linearis Lec.
prolixus (Lower California.)
protensis (Lower California). ..

Anocomus ampla—Hylotrupes ligneus.

Anthoprilax tenebrosus Lec.

Asemum atrum Esch.
nitidum Lec.

Atimia confusa Say.
dorsalis Lec.

Atimia confusa (not California).

Batyle suturalis Say.

Brothylus conspersus Lec.
gemulatus Lec.

Callichroma ceneum—Callidium.
agassii—Xylocrius.
amethestinus—H ylotrupes.
blandum—Phymatodes.

Callidium antennatum Newm.
decussatum—Phymatodes.
hirtellum Lec.
infuscatum—Phymatodes.
janthinum Lec.
hesperum—antennatum.
jalffornicur—antennatum.
mannerheimi—Phymatodes

idiatum.

obscurum—Phymatodes.
varium—Phymatodes.
vile Lec

dim-

vulneratum—Phymatodes.

Callimoxys fuscipennis Oliv.
sanguinicollis—fuscipennis.

Callimus cyanipennis (Lec.)
chalybaeus—Peecilobrium.
longicollis—ruficollis.
opacipennis—ruficollis.
varipes—ruficollis.
dehiscens—ruficollis.
ruficollis (Lec.)

Calloides lorquini Bug.

Compasa quadriplagiata (not Calif.)
puncticollis (not California).

Centrodera nevadica Lec.

Clytus conjunctus—Neoclytus.
lanifer Lec.
lorquini—eallicdes.
planifrons Lec.
nauticus—X ylotrechus.

Coenopoeus palmeri Lec.
niger (Lower California).

Criocephalus asperatus Lec.
productus Lec.

Crossidius ater Lec.
discoideus Say.
hirtipes Lec.
intermedius Ulke
maculicollis—testaceus.
pulchellus Lec.
punctatus Lec.
testaceus Lec.

Cyllene antennatus White.
crinicornis Chev.

Ceruchus punctatus Lec.

Dendrohius mandibularis Serv.
reduetus—mendibularis.

Derobrachus cerminatus Lec.

Dysphaga debilis (Lower California).

Desm-*- +5 3"rinesnis Chev.
californicus Horn.
cribripennis Horn.

Dicentrus bluthneri Lec.
sexnotata—bluthneri.

Euburia ulkei (Lower California).

Elaphidion albafasciatum Lin.
imbelle Lec.
punctatum Lec.

Fustroma validum Lec.

FRuderces parallelus (not California).

Euercssus villicornis Lec.

F.udistenia costipennis Fall.

Eustroma validum Lec.

Eumichthus oedipus Lec.

COLEOPTERA — CHRYSOMALINA.

Ganimus vittatus—Malachopterus.

Gaurotes cressoni Bland.
Haplidus testaceus Lec.
Holopleura helena Lec.
marginata—helena.
Hybodera debilis—tuberculata.
tuberculata Lec.
Hylotrupes amethystimus Lec.
litigiosus Cas.
ligneus Fabr.
Hyperplatys aspersus (Say).
caliiornicus—aspersus.
Idcemea californica Fall.
ipochus fasciatus Lec.
pubescens—fasciaus.
subnitidus—fasciatus.
Ischnocnemis bivittatus Dup.
Lamia aspersus—Hyperplatys.
Leptalia macelenta Man.
Leptostylus palmeri—Coenopceus.
nebulosus Horn.
Leptura aspera Lec.
barbarz Fall.
behrensii Lec.
brevicornis Lec.
carbonata Lec.
chrysocoma Kirby.
coccinea Lec.
convexa—instabilis.
coquilletti Lin.
crassicornis—crassipes.
crassipes Lec.
cubitalis—Acmeeops.
dehiscens Lec.
dolorosa Lec.
fusciventris—crassipes.
fuscicollis Lec.
gnathoides Lec.
grossa Lec.
impura Lec.
insignis Fall.
instabilis Hald.
kerniana Fall.
lata Lec.
lestifica Lec.
lugens Lec.
matthewsii Lec.
molybdica Lec.
nigrella Say.
obliterata Hald.
pernigra Lin.
plagifera Lec.
propinqua Bland
quadrulum Lec.
rhodopus Lec.

ruficeps—subargentata.
rubida Lec.

ruficollis (not California).
sanguinea Lec.

scripta Lec.

sexmaculata Linn.
sexspilota Lec.

soror Lec.

spheericollis (not California).

subargentata Kirby.
subcostata Fall.
tribalteata Lec.

valida Lec.

vexatris Man.
vitiosa—obliterata.
xanthogaster—crassipes.

Lisemum mokelumne—Asemum. nitid-

um.

Lianema tenuicornis (Lower Calif.)

Lilonotus multifasciatus Dup.
Lypsimena californica Horn.
Malachopterus lineatus Guer.
vittatus—lineatus.
Mallodon mandibularis Gem.
melanopus Linn.

Malthopia oculata—Aneflus linearis.
Mathopia oculata—Aneflus linearis.

Mecas inornatus Say.

Mecotetarsus antennatus Bates.

Megobrium edwardsii Lec.

Metaleptus angulatus Chev.
batesi Horn.

Methua estiva Fall.

Monilema semipunctatum (lL. Calif.)

spoliatum Horn.

subrugosum (Lower California.)

Molorchus longicollis Lec.
Monohaminus maculosus Hald.
scutellatus Say.
titillator Fabr.
Necydalus barbarz Riv.
cavipennis Lec.
lzevicollis Lec.
Neoclytus balteatus Lec.
carus Fall.
conjunctus Lec.
infans—muricatulus.
interruptus Lec.
irroratus Lec.
magnus Sch.
modestulus Fall.
muricatus Kirby.
tenuiscriptus Fall.
tularensis—conjunctus.
schaumii Lec.

228

Nothorhina aspera Lec.
Oberea quadricallosa—schaumii.
schaumii Lec.
tripunctata (not California.)
CEme ccstata Lec.
strangulata Horn.
gracilis Lec.
Omoscylon subrugosum—Monilema.
Ophistomis ventralis Horn.
Opsimus quadrilineatus Man.
Oxoplus cruentus Lec.
jocosus Horn.
marginatus (Lower California).
Pachyta falsa—Acmeeops.
liturata Kirby.
monticola Rand.
proteus—Acmeeops.
spurcata Lec.
lubeenea—Acmezops.
Paraclytus brevitarsis—Clytus lanifer.
lanifer.
Perarthus vittatus Lec.
Peritapnia nudicornis (Lower Calif.)
Phymatodes zeneus Lec
blandus Lec.
concinnus—vulneratus.
crucialis—Clytus lanifer.
crucialis—nitidus.
decussatus Lec.
dimndiatus Kirby.
elegans—nitidus.
exelis—nitidus.
grandis—obscurus.
harfordi—decussatus.
infuscatus—variabilis.
juglandis Leng.
nitidus Lec.
obliquus—decussatus.
obscurus Lec.
variabilis Linn.
varius Fabr.
vulneratus Lec.
Physocnemum amesthinum—H ylotru-
pes. :
Phyton discoideum (Lower California).
Pilema cyanipenne—Callimus.
Poecilobrium chalybeum Lec.
ruficolle—Callimus.
Pogonocherus californicus Sch.
rugosipenne Lin.
crinitus Lec.
concolor Sch.
mixtus (not California).
oregonus Lec.
Prionus ambricornis—californicus.

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

concolor (undetermined).
violans (Lower California).
laticollis (not California).

Purpuricenus dimidiatus Lec.

Pyrotrichus vitticollis Lec.

Ptychodes trilineatus (Lower Calif.)

Rhagium liniolatum Oliv.

Rhopalophora—rugicollis (.Calif.)
bicincta (Lower California).

Romalium seminitidum Horn.
simplicicolle Hald.

Rosalia funebris Mots.

Saperda hornii Jou.
moesta (not California).
mutica (not California).
populnea Linn.

Semanotus amethestinus—Hylotrupes.
ligneus—H ylotrupes.

Sphazenothecus suturalis Lec.

Stenaspis solitaria (Lower California).

Stenoptarsis fuscipennis—Callimoxys.

Stenosphenus novatus Oliv.

Strangalis delicata Lec.

Styloxus lucanus (Lower California).

Synaphoeta guexi Lec.

Tetraopes basalis—femoratus.
femoratus Lec.
mancus—femoratus.
oregonensis—femoratus.
elegans (Lower California).

Tetropium cinnamopterum (not Calif.)
velutinus Lec.

Toxotus flavilineatus—vestitus.
lateralis—vestitus
nubifer—vestitus.
vestitus Hald.
virgatus Lec.

Tragidion annulatum Lec.
armatus Lec.

Tragosonia harrisii Lec.
pilosicornis—harrisii.

Ulochztes leoninus Lec.

Xylocrius agassizii Lec.
cribratus Lec.

Xylotrechus albonotata—undulata.
annosus Say.
disruptus—insignis.
incongruens—insignis.
insignis Lec.
longitarsis—undulata.
nauticus Man.
obliteratus—insignis.
planifrons—Clytus.
undulatus Say.

COLEOPTERA — CHRYSOMALINA. 229
SPONDYLIDA. -
Parandra brunnea Fabr. uniformis Man.
Spondylus subpubescens—uniformis.
COCCINELLIN A
ENDOMYCHIDA.
Aphorista lata (Lec.) limbata Horn.
limbata—Mycetina. hornii Cr.
morosa (Lec.) morosa—Aphorista.
Epipocus letus—Aphorista. Phymatophora californica Horn.
Mycetina endomyctoiues—..mbata. pulchella Newm.
leeta—Aphorista. Xenomycetes morrisoni Horn.
COCCINELLIDA.
The lady birds feed on plant lice and scale insects.
Adalia bipunctata Linn. pleuralis—Axion pilatei
humeralis—bipunctata. Cleis minor Cas.
frigida Sch. Coccidula lepida (not California).
Agrabia sicardi Newm. suturalis—occidentalis.
Anatis rathvoni Lec. Coccinella abdominalis—Olla oculata.
subvittat aMuls. barda—trifasciata.
Aniscsticta serrata Mels. bridwelli Nun.
vittigera Lec. californica Man.
Axion pilatei Muls.
plagiatum (Oliv.)
?
Figure 202. Axion plagiatum.,
pleurale—plagiatum. _ Figure 203. Coccinella californica.
Brachycantha bliasdelli Nun.
lengi Nun,
pacifica Cas. eugenii—trifasciata.
Brumus zethiops Bland. franciscana—9-notata.
histrio Fall. humboldtiensis Nun.
septentrionis Weise. impressa—trifasciata.
Cephaloscymnus occidentalis Horn. juliana—trifasciata.
ornatus Horn. melanopleura Lec.
zimmermani (not California). menetriesi Muls.
Chilochorus bivulnerus Muls. monticola Muls.
cacti Linn. 5-notata—transversoguttata.
confusor—bivulnerus. prolongata Cr.
fraternus—hbivulnerus. transversalis—transversoguttata

orbus—bivulnerus. transversoguttata Fabr.

230 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

trifasciata Linn.
9-notata Herb.
15-notata Kirby.
11-punctata Linn.
Cryptognatha catalinze Horn.
pusilla Lec.
Cryptolaemus monstrouzieri Muls.

Figure 204. Cryptoleemus montrouzeri.

fasciatus Cas.
histrio—Brumus.
marginipennis Lec.
pilatei—Axion.
Harmonia picta Rand.
Hippodamia ambigua Lec.
apicalis Cas.

Figure 205. Hippodamia convergens.

Figure 206. Hippodamia ambigua.

Cycloneda abdominalis—Olla oculata.
catalinee—Cryptognatha.
oculata—Olla.
polita—sanguinea.
rubripennis—sanguinea.
sanguinea Linn.

Delphastus catalinze Horn.
sonoricus Cas.

Didion longulum Cas.
Parviceps Uas.

Epilachna corrupta Muls.

Eriopis connexa Germ.

Exochromus californicus Cas.
childreni Muls.

convergens Guer.
crotchii—convergens.
12:punctata
extensa—convergens.
jJuncta—convergens.
lecontei Muls.

moesta Lec.
obsoleta—convergens.
obliqua—convergens.
parenthesis Say.
5-signata Kirby.
prolitissima—convergens.
punctulata—ambigua.
sinuata Muls.

COLEOPTERA — COCCINELLINA

spuria Lec. koebelei Oliv.
subsimilis—5-signata.
13-punctata Linn.
trivittata—sinuata.
Hyperaspis angustula Cas.
annexa Lec.
annulatus Boh...
arcuata Lec.
Ciinctal -Eec:

dissoluta Cr. 5 :
effeta Cas. Olla abdominalis—oculata.

ellyptica Cas. oculata Fabr.
excelsa Cas.
fastidiosa Cas.
fidelus Cas.
fimbriolata Mels.
horni—4-oculata.
idz Nun.
&-notata.

Figure 209. Novius koebeli.

a

Figure 210. Olla oculata.

Olia plagiata Cas.

Figure 207. Hyperaspis, 8-notata.

Linedorus lophenthus Rla.
Megilla maculata DeG.
Mzemie episcopalis Kirpy.
Mysia horni—Neomysia.
Neomysia horni Cr.
Nipus bipltagiatns Cas.
niger Cas.
Novius cardinalis Muls.

>

Figure 208. Novius cardinalis.

bo
iv)
peat

232 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Figure 212. Young Cottony Cushion Sca’es on orange leaf. Larva and adult of
the Australian ladvbird, Novius cardinalis, keetle also shown feeding upon the
scales.

Figure 2138. Pups of Novius cardinalison orange tree.

COLEOPTHRA — COCCINELLINA 233

Orcus australasize Boisd.
chalybeus Bois.

Figure 514. Orcus chalybeus.

Psyllobora deficiens Cas.
Rhizobius lophanthe Bla.

Figure 215. Rhizobius lophantheze.

ventralis Er.

bigure 216. Rhizobius ventralis.

separata Cas.
teedata—20—maculata,
20-maculata

Ccymnillus aterrimus Horn.
Scymnus adventa Cas.

aluticollis Cas.
ardelio Horn.
atramentarius Boh.
bisignatus Horn.
blaisdelli Cas.
calaveras Cas.
ealifornicus (undetermined. }
caurinus Horn.
cervicallis Cas.
cinctus Lec.
collaris Cas.
coniferarum Cr.
debilis Lec.
dificilis Cas
extricatus Cas.
flebilis Horn.
guttulatus Lec.
humboaldti Cas.
infuscatus Lec.
jacinto Cas.
jacobianus Cas.
lacustris Lec.
lecontei—cinctus.
lophanthze Ril.
luctuosus Cas.
marginicollis Man.

Figure 217. Seymnus marginicollis.

mendocino Cas.
mimus Cas.
namus Lec.
nebulosus Lec.

Figure 218. Seymnus nebulosis.

pacificus Cr.
pallens Lec.

Stethorus

picipes.

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

phlepsi Cr.
punctum Lec.
saginatus Cas.
Sarpeton Cas.
scitus Cas.
solidus Cas.
sonome Cas.
sordidus Horn.
strenuus Cas.
stygicus Cas.
suavis Cas.
suturalis Lec.
tzedatus Cas.
tahoensis Cas.
tenuivestris Cas.
ovalis Lec.
platyceps Cas.
reversa Cas.
picipes Cas.
Smilia atronitensCas.
Stethorus picipes cas.
Vedalia cardinalis—Novius.
Zagloba ornata Horn.
laticollis Cas.
orbipennis Cas.

LATHRIDIIDA.

Bonvouloiria
mus.
Calyptobium
cus.
Cartodere argus Reit.
quadrifoveolata Fall.
Conionomus australicus Bel.
constrictus Gyll.
nodifer Westw.
Corticaria compta— Melanophthalma
americana.
cylindrinota (undetermined).

parviceps—Metophthal-

caularum—Holoparame-

elongata Gyll.
expansa—Melanophthalma amer-
icana.

ferruginea Marsh.

fulvinennis (undetermined).

herbivagans—Melanophthalma
similata.

inopia Fall.

leevis—Melanophthalma

cana.

morosa—Melanophthalma.
tinguenda.

ameri-

dis-

occidua Fall.
planula Fall.
prionodera—serrata.
pusilla—Melanophthalma distin-
guenda.
rutula—Melanophthalma_ distin-
guenda.
salpinoides Mots.
scissa—Melanophthalma ameri-
cana.
serrata Payk.
sim plex—Melanophthaima.
tenella—Melanophthalma.
tenuipes Fall.
Dasydercus angusticollis Horn.
granvellei—angusticollis.
Enicmus aterrimus Mots.
crenatus (Lec.)
desertus Fall.
fictus Fall.
minutus Linn.
nigritus Fall.
sulcatus. Fall.
suspectus Fall.

COLEOPTERA — COCCINELLINA 2a5

tenuicornis Lec.
ventralis Fall.
Fuchsina occulta Fall.
Holoparamecus caularum (Aube.)
kunzei Aube.
pacificus Lec.
singularis—kunzei.
Lathridius armatulus Fall.
costicolis—flavipennis Man.
crenatus—Enicmus.
flavipennis Man.
parviceps—Metophthalmus.
tenuicornis—Enicmus.
Melanophthailma americana Man.
casta Fall.

cylindrinota (undetermined),
distinguenda Cam.
gibbosa Herb.
incompta Fall.
insularis Fall.
pusilla (undetermined).
similata Gyll.
simplex Lec.
tenella (Lec.)
villosa Zim.
Metophthalmus parviceps (Lec.)
rudis Fall.
trux Fall.
Revelaria californicus Fall.

NITIDULINA

COLYDIIDA.

Aglenus brunneus Gyll.

Anchomma costatum Lec.

Aulonium zquicolle—paralleopipedum.
longulum Lec.
paralleopipedum Say.
castaneum Say.
simplex—castaneum.

Coxelus pacificus Horn.
serratus Horn.

Deretaphrus oregonensis Horn.

Ditoma ornata Lec.

sulcata Lec.

complex Lec.

linearis Cr.

pusillus Lec.

servus Horn.

vergrandis Horn.
Uxylzemus californicus Cr.
Rhagodera tuberculata Man.
Synchita variegata Lec.

CUCUJIDA.

Brontes debilis (not California)
dubius Fabr.
truncatus—dubius.

Cathartus advena (Waltl.)
opaculus Lec.

Cryptophagus advena—Cathartus.

Cucujus clavipes.
ferrugineus—Lzemophleeus.
pusillus Lemophleeus.
puniceus—clavipes.

Dermestes surinamensis—Silvanus.

Lzemophlizus bigutatus Say.
cephalotes Lec.
ferrugineus (Steph.)
horni Cas.
longicornis Man.
nitens Lec.
puberulus—pusillus.
pubescens Cas.
pusillus Schon.

Lathropus dubius—Brontes.

pubescens Cas.
vernalis Lec.
Narthesius grandiceps—striaticeps.
simulator Cas.
striaticeps Fall.
Nausibius clavicornis Klug.
Pediacus depressus Herbst.
fuscus Er.
Prostomis americana Crotch.
mandibularis Fabr.
Silvanus advena—Cathartus.
bidentatus Fabr.
gilze Cas.
imbellis Lec.
mercator Fauv.
nitidulus—planatus.
opaculus—Cathartus.
planatus Germ.
surinamensis (Linn.)
Telephanus lecontej Cas.

236 GUIDE

BYTUR:DA.
byturus grisescens Lec.

PHALACRIDA..

Acylomus nebulosus Cas.

Eustilbus apicalis Mels.
aquatilis Lec.
nanulus Cas.
notabilis Fall.
obtusus Lec.

Olibrus aquatilis Lec.

OSTOMID-z.

Alindria teres Mels.

Gynocharia pilosula Crotch.
oregonus Cas.

Nemosoma fissiceps Fall.
cylindricum Lec.

Peltis ferruginea Linn.
pippingskoeldi Man.

Pseudalindria fissipes—Nemosoma.

Temnochila chlorida Man.
yuccze Cr.

Tenebroides californica Horn.
corticalis Mels.
crassicornis—mauritanica.
intermedia Horn.

Trogosita californica

TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

obtusus Lec.

rufipes Lec.

piceus (undetermined).
wickhami Cas.

Phalacrus conjunctus Cas.

ovalis Lec. -
penicellatus Say.

mauritanica Linn.
pleuralis Horn.
sinuata Lec.
— Tenebroides
sinuata.
crassicornus—T enebroides
mauritanica.
intermedia—Tenebroides.
mauritanica—T enebroides.
pleuralis—T enebroides.
sinuata—T enebroides.
virescens—Temnochila chlorida.
yuccee—Temnochila.
chlorida—Temnochila.

MONOTOMID-.

Bactridium striatum (Lec.)
striolatum (Reit.)
Furops longicollis Horn.
Hesperobzenus appreviatus (Mots.)
Monotoma marinum—Phycconomis.
mucida Lec.
picipes Herbst.

NITIDULIDA.
Amartus rufipes Lec.
tinctus (Man.)
Athonzeus agavensis (Cr.)
Brachypterus troglodytes Murr.
Carpophilus brachypterus (Say).
californicus Sch.
caudalis—discoideus.
decipiens Horn.
cimidiatus (Fabr.)
rickseckeri Fall.
discoideus Lec. |
hemipterus Linn.
niger (Say.)
pallipennis (Say.)
yuccas Cr.

rufipennis—Hesperobzenus.

striatum—Bactridium.
Phyconomis marinus Lec.
Rhisophagus abbreviatus—Hesperobze-
nus.
striolatum—Bactridium.

Cercus niger—Carpophilus.

pallipennis—Carpophilus.
sericans Lec.

Cybocephalus californicus Horn.
Epurza ambigua Man.

avara (Rand.)
brachypterus—Carpophilus.
decipiens—Carpophilus.
dimidiatus—Carpophilus.
discoideus—Carpophilus.
hemipterus—Carpophilus.
monogama Cr.
niger—Carpophilus.
nubilia—avara.

COLEOPTERA — NITIDULINA

ovata Horn.

pallidipennis—Carpophilus.

scaphoides Horn.
truncatella Man.
yuccze—Carpophilus.
Glyschrochilus cylindricus (Lec.)
vittatus (Say).
Ips cylindricum—Glyschrochilus.
vittatus—Glyschrochilus.
Meligethes brassicae Scop.
Nitidula avara—Epureze

brachy pterus—Carpophilus.

dimidiatus—Carpophilus.
humeralis—ziczac.

~

rufimanus Lec.
runcatus—Colastus,
ziezac Say.
Omosita discoidea Fabr.
inversa—discoidea.
Perthalycra murrayi Horn.
Pithyophagus rufipennis Horn.
Pocadius dorsalis Horn.
Rhizophagus abbreviatus Mots.
puncticollis Boh.
scalphiratus Man.
Smicrips hypocopoides Reit.
Strangylus tinctus—Amartus.
Tribrachys caudalis—Carpophilus.

CRYPTOPHAGIDA.

Atomaria fuscicollis Man.
laetula Lec.

Cryptophagus californicus Man.
cellaris Scop.

debilis Lec.
lecontei Gem.
Henoticus serratus Gyll.

EROTYLIDA.

Dachne californica (Horn.)
picea Lec.

HWnegis californica—Dachne.

Erotylus boisduvali Chev.
californica—Tritroma.

Languria californica Fan.
convexicollis Horn.
Triplax californica—Tritroma.

Tritroma californica Lec.

MYCETOPHAGIDA.

Beetles of this family feed on fungi.

Berginus pumilus Lec.

Litargus balteatus Lec.
transversus—hbalteatus.

Mycetophagus californicus horn.

Myrmechixemis latridioides Cr.
Triphyllus elongatus Lec.
Tryphoea fumata Linn.

DERMESTIN A.

Amphicyrla chrysomelina Er.
dentipes Er.
elongata—dentipes.
gentilis—dentipes.
oblenga—dentipes.
parvuliceps—dentipes.
ventricosus—dentipes.

Bothriophorus minutus Lec.

Byrrhus cyclophorus Kirby.

Cytillus mimeticus—sericeus.
sericeus Forst.

Limnichus analis Lec.
californicus Lec.

BYRRHIDA.

densissimus Cas.
evanescens Uas.
naviculatus Cas.
nebulosus Lec.
perforatus Cas.
perpolitus Cas.
tenuicornis Cas.
Pedilophorus formosus Cas.
oblongus Lec.
satelles—formosus.
Simplocaria inflata—simplicipes.
simplicipes Man.
puncticeps—simplicipes.

238 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

NOSODENDRIDA-.

Nosodendron californicum Horn.

DERMESTIDA.
The Dermestide feed on dried animal matter such as museum specimens

and are sometimes troublesome by attacking hams and bacon.

Figure 220. Wing of a Dermestid beetle.*

Anthrenus apicalis—Crypterhopalum.

conspersus—scrophularie.
lepidus—scrophularize.
obtectus—scrophularie.
occidens—scrophularia.
pictus—scrophulariz.
scrophulariz Linn.
suffusus—scrophulariz.
variuS—verbasci.
verbasci Linn.

Attagenus hornii Jayne.
pellio Linn.
perplexus Jayne.
piceus Oliv.
rufipennis Lec.
unicolor (undetermined).

Cryptorhopalum affine Cas.
apicale Man.
baltcatum Lec.
filitarse Cas.
fuscuium Lec.
nigricorne Lec.

Colastus agavensis—Athonzeus
limbalis Lec.
obliquus—truncatus.
tinctus—Amartus.
truncatus (Rand.)
yuccee—Carpophilus.

Conoteles mexicanus Murr.

Cryptarcha concinna Mels.

ruficorne Lec.
tristis Lec

Dermestes caninus Germ.

carnivorus Fabr
cylindricum—Perimegatoma.
falsum—Perimegatoma.
iardarius Linn.
lupinus—vulpit.us.
mannerheimii Lec.
marmoratus Lec.
rattus Lec.

signatus Lec.

talpinus Lec.

triste (undetermined)
vulpinus Fabr.

Orphilis glabratis—niger.

niger Rossi.
subnitidus—niger.

Perimegatoma ampla Cas.

cylindricum (Kirby).
falsum (Horn).
jaynei Cas.
variegatum Horn.

Trogoderma brevis Cas.
‘ornatum Say.

pollens Cas.
simulans Cas.
sternale Jayne.
varipes Cas.

COLEOPTERA — DERMESTINA

HETEHOCERINA

GEORYSSIDA.
These beetles live on the margins of streams covering themselves with
a mass of wet sand.

Georyssus californicus Lec. PARNIDA.

Dryops productus Lec. productus—Dryops.
striatus Lec. striaus—Driops.
suturalis Lec. suturalis Driops.

Elmis divergens Lec. Lara avara Lec.
foveatus Lec. Macronynchus parvulus Horn.
quadromaculatus Horn. Pelonomus cavifrons Lec.
seriatus Leec. haldemanni Horn.
productus—Dryops. Tnroscinus crotchii Lec.

Helicus gilensis—Dryops suturalis.

HETEROCERIDA.

The members of this family live in burrows in wet sand on the banks of
streams.

Heterocerus brunneus Mels. labiatus—gnatho.
collaris Kies. luteolus—gnatho.
gemmatus Horn. pusilla Say.
gnatho Lec.

HISTERIN A.
HISTERIDA.

The Histeridze live on dry partly decayed substances both animal and
vegetable and are notable by their hard bodies and their habits of retracting
their legs into grooves and appearing as dead.

Abrzeus bolteri Lec. planulus Er.

Acritus basalis Lec. regularis Beam.
maratimus Lec. mathoncus interceptus—Saprinus fo-
volitans Fall. tundatus.

7Eletes basalis Lec. Hetzerius californicus Horn.

Anapleus compactus—marginatus. morosus Lec.
marginatus Lec. tristriatus Horn.

Bacanius globulinus Cas. wheeleri Mann.

Carcinops zqualis Say. Hister ~imaculatus Linn.
consors Lec. californicus Mars.
dificilis Horn. fractifrons Cas.
14-striatus Steph. gagates Fall.
gilensis Lec. lecontei Horn.
opuntize Lec. immunis Er.
tejonicus Horn. lucanus Horn.
tenellus Erich. militaris Horn.

Dendrophilis californicus Horn. punctiger Lec.

Epierus decipiens Lec. remotus Lec.

nasutus Horn. sellatus Lec.

240 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

sexstriatus Lec.
simplicipes Fall.
umbilicus Cas.
Hololepta cacti Lec.
bractea Fr.
helena Lec.

fossularis (not California).

marginata Lec.
pervalida Bla.
populnea Lec.
princeps—yucateca.
vicina Lec.
vulcateca Lec.
yucateca Mars.
Onthophilus lecontei Horn.
Pachylopus gaudens—Saprinus.
serrulatus—Saprinus.
Scaphisoma castaneum Lec.
sulcifrons—Saprinus.
Paromalus difficilis Horn.
mancus (undetermined.)
Platysoma punctigerum Lec.
Plegaderus consors Horn.
fraternus Horn.
molestus (undetermined).
nitidus Horn.
Saprinus cequipunctatus Horn.
alienus Lec.
behrens.1 Horn.
bigemmeus Lec.
czerulescens Lec.
ciliatus Lec.
consobrinus Fall.
discoidalis Lec.
distinguendus Mars.
densipunctatus Horn.
estriatus Lec.

fimbriatus Lec.
gaudens Lec.
insertus Lec.
interceptus—rotundatus.
interstitialis Lec.
intritus Cas.
laridus Lec.
lentus Cas.
liticollis Fall.
lubricus Lec.
lucidulus Lec.
lugens Er.
obductus—lugens.
obscurus Lec.
opacellus Cas.
oregonensis Lec.
pzeminosus Lec.
neglecta Blais.
platysma Lec.
populnea Lec.
patruelis Lec.
pectoralis Lec.
plenus Lec.
propensus Cas.
rotundatus Kug,.
rotundifrons Mars.
scissus Lec.
sejunctus—distinguendus.
serrulatus Lec.
sulcifrons Lec.
vestitus Lec.
vituosus Lec.

Teretrius obliquulus Lec.
placitus Horn.

Tribalister marginellus Lec.

Tribalis californicus Horn.

SCAPHIDIIDA.

rufulum Lec.

TRICHOPTERYGINA

HYDROSCAPHIDA.

Hydroscapha natans Lec.

TRICHOPTERYGIDZ.

Trichopteryx californicum Mat.
crotchii Mat.
laticollis Maek.

volundala Mots.
sitkzensis Mots.
Smicrus filicornis Fair.

COLEOPTERA — TRICHOPTERYGINA.,

PTILIIDAE

Actidum attenuatum Cas.

granulosum Cas.

politum Mat.

robustulum Cas.
Motschulskium sinuaticolle Mat.
Ptilium collani Maek.

columbianum Mat.
humile Mat.
Ptenidium pullum Maek.
Ptilium coltlani—Ptenium.
columbianum—Ptenium.

SPHAERIIDAE.

Spheaerius politus Horn.

SILPHINA

SILPHIDAE.

The Silphide are the carrion beetles.
burying beetles because of their habit of excavating beneath the dead animal

upon which they are feeding and upon which they lay their eggs.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Necrophorus: antenne ten-jointed.

Silpha: front coxal cavities widely open behind.

Necrophilus.
Agyrtes:
at tip.

Pinodytes: eyes
epipleural fold narrow.

Agyrtes longulus Lec.

ister tlabratus—Spheerites.

Necrophilis hydrophiloides Man.
confossor—pustulatus.
longulus—Agrytes.
tenuicorne—Pteroloma.

Necrophorus guttula Mots.
marginatus Fabr.
nigritus—pustulatus.
pustulatus Hersch.
vespilloides Herb.
potlinctor—vespilloides.

Pelates lautus Man.

wanting. Spherites:
Pteroloma:
Pelates: antenne arising under a frontal margin.

antennee

Pelates tenuicorne—Pteroloma.

Pinodytes cryptophagoides Man.
pusio (Horn.)

Pteroloma tenuicorne Lec.
caraboides Fall.

Silpha enescens—ramosa.
californica—lapponica.
lappanica Herb.
opaca Linn.
ramosa Say.

Sphezerites glabrates Fabr.

Spherites pusio—Pinodytes.

ANISOTOMIDZ.

Agathidium californicum Horn.
concinnum Man.
pulchrum Lec.
revolens Lec.
sexstriatum Horn.
virile Fall.

Amphicyllis picipennis—Cyrtusa.

Anistoma collaris Lec.
curvata Man.
dificillis Horn.
humeralis Horn.

morula—curvata.
obsoleta (Mels.)
paludicolla Crotch.

Catops basillaris—Choleva.
californicus—Ptomophagus.
cry ptophagoides—Pinodytes.
pusio—Ptomophagus.

Choleva basillaris (Say).
californicus—Ptomophagus.
clavatum—Colon.
inerme—Colon.

A few species have been called

capitate.
antennee scarcely thickened

luridipennis Man.
pusio—Ptomophagus.
Colon celatum Horn.
clavatum Man.
nevadense Horn.
inerme Man.
Cyrtusa picipennis (Lec.)
Hydnobius latidens Lec.
longulus Lec.
matthewsii Crotch.
Liodes confusa Horn.
pumilis—latidens.

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

strigilatus Horrn.
Pallodes obsoleta—Anistoma.
Platycholeus leptinoides (Crotch).
Ptomophagus californicus (Lec.)
californiscus (Lec.)
consobrinus (Lec.)
fissus Horn.
leptinoides—Platycholeus.
pusio (Lec.)
Triarthron cedonulli—lecontei.
lecontei Horn.

CLAMBIDA.

Clambus seminulum Horn.

SCYDMAENIDA:.

Brachycepsis fuchsi Brend.
Catalinus angustus (Lec.)
Cephennium anophthalmicum Brend.
Ceramphus deformata (Horn.)
Connophron digressum Cas.
occidens Cas.
Drastophus lzevicollis Cas.
Eumicris caseyi Brend.
EHutheia colon—Veraphis.
impressa—Veraphis.
Lophioderus gracilis Lec.
myops Cas.
ventricose Cas.

Papusus macer Cas.
Scydmezenus angustatus—Catalinus.
californicus Mots.
colon—Veraphis.

deformata—Ceramphis.
fuchsi Brend.
gracilis—Lophoderus.
ovipennis Cas.
ovithorax Brend.
pacificus Cas.
sparsus Lec.

Veraphis colon (Horn).
impressa (Lec.)

CORYLOPHIDA.

/Mnigmaticus californicus (undet.)

Clypeaster discolor—Sacium.
scitulus—Sacium.

Sericoderus flavidus Lec.

Sacium amabile Lec.
decolor Lec.
scitulum Lec.

STAPHYLININA

CLAVIGERIDA.

Adranes dietzii Sch.
pacificus Wick.
taylori Wick.
candidum Cas.
maurinicum Cas.

PSELAPHIDA.
Actium bifoveatum Cas-
brevipennis Cas.
californicum—fuchsii.
pluriguttatus Lec.
Articerus californicus Brend.

pacificum Cas.
politum Cas.
robustum Cas.
testaceum Cas.
Fustiger californicus Cas.

fuchsii Brend.
Batrisodes cicatrosis (Brend.)
denticauda (Cas.)
lustrana Cas.
mendocino Cas.

COLEOPTERA — STAPHYLININA. 243

monticola (Cas.)
occidens (Cas.)
pygidialis (Cas.)
speculum (Cas.)
tulareanus Cas.
zephrinus (Cas.)

Batrisus cicatrosis—Batrisoides.

denticauda—Batrisoides.
monticola—Batrisoides.
occidens—Batrisoides.
py gidialis—Batrisoides.
zephyrinus—Batrisoides.
Biotus formicarius Cas.
Bryaxis albionica Mots.
compar—franciscanus.
deformata Lec.
depressifrons Brend.
foveata Lec.
franciscanus Cas.
loripes Cas.
sagax Lec.
subtilis Lec.

Ctenistes pulvureus—Sognorus.

Ctenisis dispar Sharp.
raffrayi—dispar.
Decarthron brendeli Cas.
Euplectus californicus Cas.
orbiceps Cas.
Faronus isabella—Prosagola.
Morius occidens Cas.
Oropus abbreviatus Cas.
castaneus Cas.
cavicauda Cas.
curvipennis Cas.
debilis Cas.
interruptus Cas.
montanus Cas.
striatus Lec.
testaceus Cas.
Pilopius pulverens Lec.
Prosagola cavifrons (Cas.)
corticina (Cas.)

grandiceps (Cas.)
isabellze (Lec.)
longicollis (Cas.)
rubida (Cas.)

Pselaptrichus tuberculipalpus Brend.
informis Cas.
nevadensis Cas.

Pselaptus belfragei Lec.

Reichenbachia albionica Cas.
arthritica Cas.
deformata—taphrocera.
fallii Cas.
fundata Cas.
depressifrons Brend.
fusticornis Cas.
subtilis Cas.
taphrocera Cas.
tumidicornis Cas.
tumerosa Cas.
turgidicornis Cas.
wickhami Brend.

Rhexidius asperulus Cas.
granulosus Cas.

Sagola cavifrons—Prosagola.
corticina—Prosagola.
grandiceps—Prosagola.
isabellae—Prosagola.
longicollis—Prosagola.
rubida—Prosagola.
subsimilis Cas.

Scalenarthrus hornii Lec.

Sognorus pulvereus vex.

Trimium californicum Lec.

Tychus bipuncticeps—cognatus.
cognatus Lec.
hexagonus Cas.
puberulus Lec.
puberulus Lec.
sonome Cas.
tenellus Lec.

Tyrus corticinus Cas.

Valda frontalis Cas.

STAPHYLINIDA.

Ababectus pallidiceps Cas.
Acrotona absona Cas.
ardelio Cas.
digesta Cas.
malaca Cas.
servera Cas.
shastanica Cas.
Actobius elegantulus Horn.
formosusFall.
gratus Lec.

infirmis Horn.
ochreaus Horn.
pzederiodes (Lec.)
puncticeps Horn.
semipunctatus Horn.
senilis Horn.
sobrinus Er.
Acutalia elegans Cas.
Acylophorus gilensis—pronus.
pronus Er.

244 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

adota gnypetoides—Atheta
definita—Atheta.
insons—Atheta.
pavidula—Atheta.
scolopacina—Atheta.
scortea—Atheta.
subintima—Atheta..

Aidochara planiventris Cas.

Aleochara castaneipennis—Baryodma.
puberula Klug.
suleicollis—Eucharina.
tahoensis Cas.
valida—M aseochara.
vyerna—Baryodma.

Anczeus californicus (Lec.)

Ancyrophoma annectens—raploderus.

planus Lec.
Anepsiota insignis—Atheta.
shastana—Atheta.
torpens—Atheta.
Anthobium atriventre Cas.
aurifluum Fauv.
californicum Fauv.
diversicolle Cas.
fraternum Cas.
dilvipenne Cas.
nigerimum Cas.
punctatum Cas.

Figure 221. Wing or

Aloconota perdita Cas.
Amanusa angustula Cas.
spissula Cas.
Amischia colonia Cas.

devincta Cas.

Amphicraum alutaceum Cas.

binotatum Cas.
crassicorne Cas.
crassicorne Cas
flaviscens Cas.
floribundum Lec.
maculatum Lec.
modestum Cas.
opaculum Fauv.
pallidum Cas.
pilosellum Cas.
puberulum Fauv.
scutatum Fauv.
sparsum Fauv.
testaceum Man.

a Staphylimid szetle.

subangulatum Cas.
tibiale Cas.

Aploderus mimeticus Fall.
princeps Cas.
trinifer Fall.

Aploderus annectana—Haploderus.
cephalotes—Haploderus.
flavipennis—Haploderus.
lineolus—Haploderus.

Apocellus analis Lec.
gracilicornis Cas.
spheericollis (Say.)

Arisota pomonensis Cas.
speculifer Cas.
umbrina Cas.

Artochia productifrons Cas.

Asemobius czlatus Cas.

Atheta alamedana Cas.
aperta Cas.
audens Cas.

COLEOPTERA — STAPHYLININA. 245

barbaree Cas.
bicariniceps Cas.
blandita Cas.
civica Cas.
coriaria Kra.
definita Cas.
dunni Cas.
filiola Cas.
tugitans Cas.
gnypetoides Cas.
importuna Cas.
informalis Cas.
insignis—Athetota.
insons Cas.
intacta Cas.
lepidula Cas.
loquax Cas.
luscitosa Cas.
marinica Cas.
meticulosa Cas.
neutralis Cas.
novicia Cas.
oraria Kra.
oscitans Cas.
paganella Cas.
pavidula Cas.
perpera Cas.
perspecta Cas,
perversa Cas.
picipennis Man.
prolata Cas.
querula Cas.
repaxa Cas.
repens Cas.
repensa Cas.
saturata Cas.
scolopacina Cas.
scortea Cas.
setositarsis Cas.
shastana Cas.
socors Cas.
stoica Cas.
subintima Cas.
timida Cas.
terpens Cas.
Athetota insignis (Cas.)

Athetalia bicariniceps—Atheta.

repensa—Atheta.
Autalia copiosa Cas.
elegans Cas.
Bamona falliana Cas.
tenuissima Cas.
Baptolinus fraternus Cas.
punctiventris Cas.

Barothnius californicus (Man.)
Bariodma castaneipennis Esch.
bimaculata Grau.
denseventris Cas.
eludens Cas.
imbricata Cas.
innocua Cas.
minuta Cas.
nitidicollis Cas.
obsolescens Cas.
robustula Cas.
salicola Cas.
tolerata Cas.
uvidula Cas.
verna Say.
Belonchus epippiatus (Say).
Bisnius procerulus Grav.
Blaptolinus fraternus Cas.
punct iventris Fall.
Bledius apicalis Fall.
armatus (Say).
bicolor Cas.
clarius Fall.
cribricollis Lec.
deceptivus Fall.
diagonalis Lec.
episcopalis Fall.
eximius Cas.
ferratus Lec.
flavipennis Lec.
foraminosus Cas.
forcipatus Lec.
fratellus Fall.
gentilis Cas.
gracillus Cas.
gradatus Fall.
jacobinus Lec.
laticollis Lec.
lectus Cas.
luteipennis Lec.
monstratus Cas.
monticola Cas.
nitidiceps Lec.
opacifrons Lec.
ornatus Lec.
parvicollis Cas.
persimilis Fall.
piceus Fall.
plytocinus Lec.
pleuralis Lec.
punctatissimus Lec.
reqularis Fall.
relictus Fall.
ruficornis Lec,

wv

246 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

rusticus Fall.
specularis Fall.
strenuus Cas.
tallaci: Fall.
villosus Cas.
Boletobius biserriatus Man.
cingulatus Man.
cincticollis Say.
Bolitochara californica—Stictalia.
nigrina—Stictalia.
Bratinus californicus Cas,
Bryobiota bicolor (Cas.)
Bryoporus rufescens Lec.
Cafius canescens Maek.
decipiens Lec.
dubius (Lec.)
femoralis Maek.
iithocarinus Horn.
luteipennis Horn.
opacus Lec.
seminitens Horn.
sulcicollis (Lec.)
Calcedera attenuata Cas.
Calcederma angulata Cas.
brevipennis Cas.
continuens Cas.
contracta Cas.
discolor Cas.
exilis Cas.
luculenta Cas.
mobilis Cas.
paliens Cas.
peregrina Cas.
reducta Cas.
rugosa Cas.
semibrunnea—rugosa.
tentilla Cas.
Catochroa rubripennis Cas.
Cileasilphoides Linn.

Colusa, brevicornis—Echidnoglossa.

erilis—Echidnoglossa exima.

exima—Ech dnoglosa.

gracilis—Echidnoglossa.

grandicollis—Echidnoglossa.

velida—Echidnoglossa.
Colpcdota abdicans Cas.

egens Cas.

fatigans Cas.

inceptor Cas.

laxella Cas.

parva Sahl.

pupilla Cas.

repentina Cas.

sonemana Cas.

torvula Cas.
zephyrina Cas.
Conosoma bipustulatum (Grav.)
bisignata—bipustulatum.
casaneum Horn.
Creophilus viliosus (Grav.)
Cryptobium californicum Lec.
pacificum—Hesperobium.
pimerianum—Gastralobium.
timii.um—Hesperobium.
Dalotia pectorina—Dimetrota.
Datomicracoruscula Cas. ~
insolida Cas.
perpaula Cas.
pomone Cas.
Deleaster concolor Lec.
wliphrum zequicolle Cas.
occiduum Cas.
Delphota) audens—Atheta.
fugitans—Athea..
importuna—Athea.
intacta—Atheta.
lepidula—Aheta.
loquax—Athea.
novicia—Atheta.
oscitans—Atheta.
repaxa—Atheta.
socors—Atheta.
stoica—Atheta.
Dianusa bakeri—Eucryptusa.
pasadenz Cas.
Dimetrota cerebrosa Cas.
immerita Cas.
incredula Cas.
opinata Cas.
pectorina Cas.
resima Cas.
Spectator Cas.
vacunalis Cas.
vigilans Cas.
Echidnoglossa zemula Cas.
brevicornis (Cas.)
concinna Cas.
clavicauda Cas.
defecta Cas.
eminens Cas.
exilis—eximia.
eximia (Cas.)
gaudens Cas.
gracilis (Cas.)
arandicollis(Cas.)
leviventris Cas.
ludibunda Cas.
strangulans Cas.

COLEOPTERA — STAPHYLININA. 247

occidua Cas.
quadripennis Cas.
tenuicornis Cas.
valida (Cas.)
ventralis Cas.

Eleusis fascietus (Lec.)
nigrellus (Lec.)

Emplenota arenaria (Cas.)
pacifica (Cas.)
quadrifer Cas.
trilimbata Cas.

Engamota absona—Acrotona.

Erochomus punctipennis Lec.

Eucharina cylindrella Cas.
debilicornis Cas.
sulcicollis (Man.)
tibialis Cas.

Eucryptusa bakeri Cas.
fragilis Cas.

Euliusa citrina Cas.
elsinorica Cas.
laticollis Cas.
limatula—Gnypeta.
mollis (Cas.)
sparsella Cas.
transversa Cas.

Falagriota asperula Cas.
collaris Cas.
evanescens Cas.
lucida Cas.
occidua (Cas.)
parvipennis Cas.
picina Cas.

Falagria cavipennis—Tachyota.
laticollis—Euliusa.
leeviuscula—Lissagria.
occidua—Falagriota.

Gzenima impedita Cas.

Gastrolobium pimerianum (Lec.)

Geodromicus humboldtearum Cas.

temporalis Cas.
Glyptoma costale Er.
Gnypeta cerebropunctata (Cas.)
curtipennis Cas.
experta (Cas.)
harfordi (Cas.)
impressicornis Cas.
leviventris Cas.
limatula Cas.
linearis (Cas.)
lucens—Eliusa.
oblata Cas.
sensilis Cas.
Gnypetella laticeps (Cas.)

placidula Cas.

Gyrohypnus dimidiatus (Lec.)
hamatus (Say).
infumatus (Cas.)
mollinus Cas.
nanus (Cas.)
picipennis (Lec.)
pusillus (Cas.)

Gyronycha attenuata Cas.
longipennis Cas.
obscura Cas.

Habrocerus tarsalis Cas.

Habrolinus tahoensis Cas.

Hadrotes crassusMan.
villosus—Creophilus.

Haploderus annectens (Lec.)
cephalotes Cas.
tlavipennis (Cas.)
linearis (Lec.)

Hemithecta ruficollis—Thecturota.

Hesperobium pacificum (Cas.)
tumidum (Lec.)

Hesperolinus angustus Cas.
bicolor Cas.
brunnescens—-parcus.
parcus (Lec.)
piceus Cas.
pomone Cas.

Heterothrops californicus—fumigatus.
carbonatus Fall.
fumigatus Lec.
mediocris Fall.
occidentalis Cas.
pusio Lec.

Homalium algarum Cas.
alutaceum Fauv.
ater Cas.
ceesum Cas.
exsculptum Maek.
fractum Fauv.
humile Maek.
lapponicum Zett.
longulum Maek.
megarthroides Fauv.
pacificum Cas.
plagiatum Man.
pusillum Grav.
repandum Er.
rivulare Payk.
rugipenne Cas.
strigipenne Maek.
thevineti Fauv.

Homalota hesperica Cas.
opaca—Pontomolata.

248 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Homalctusa tahoensis Cas.
Hydromecta benigna Cas.
callidula Cas.
jugalis Cas.
subpollaris Cas.
Illobates californicus Cas.
nigrinus Cas.
lotata tepida Cas.
unica Cas.
Ischnoglossa alticola Cas.
Isoglossa pellax Cas.
Isomalus fasciatus—Eleusis.
nigrellus—Eleusis.

Lathrinzeum atrocephalum Gyll.

nigropiceum Cas.
pictum Fauv.
spretum Cas.
subcostatum Maek.
Lathrobium californicum Ltc.
franciscanum Cas.
jacobinumLec.
lituranium—Linolathra.
puncticeps Lec.
spheericollis—Apocellus.
subseriatum Lec.
Leptacinodes nigritulus (Lec.)
pallidulus (Lec.)

Leptacinus brunneaccens—Hesparolin-

us parcus.

nigritulus—Leptascinodes.

pallidulus—Leptacinus.
parcus—Hesparolinus.

Leptolinus grandiceps—Stictolinus.

parcus—Hesparolinus.

Leptorus californicus—Scopzeus.

longipennis—Scopzeus.

texanus—Scopzus.
Lestera fusconigra (Cas.)
Leucopzederus ustus (Lec.)
Leucorus luridus Cas.
Linolathra lituraria (Lec.)

Liparocephalus brevipennis Maek.

cordicollis Lec.
Lispinus californicus Lec.
linearis Er.
Lithocharis alutacea Cas.
ochracea Grav.
quadricollis Cas.
Lomechusa angustata Fall.
montana Cas.
Maseochara basalis Cas.
californica—valida.
fustiger Cas.
insignis Cas.

puberula Cas.
valida (Lec.)
Medon consanguinea Cas.
contigua Cas.
convergens Cas.
gregalis Cas.
languida Cas.
latiuscula Cas.
lepida Cas.
fuctuosa Cas.
malaca Cas.
mimula Cas.
puberula Cas.
retusa Cas.
sinuaticollis Cas.
sublesta Cas.
Megarthus pictus Cas.
Melanalia larvalis Cas.
tabida Cas.
tetricula Cas.
Metaxia adjuncta Cas.
famula Cas.
fatua Cas.
subfusca Cas.
Microdota alamedana—Atheta.
perversa—Atheta.
repens—Atheta.
saturata—Athet.
Migarthrus pictus Cas.
Microglossa grandiseps Cas
suturalia Man.
Micropeplus costatus Lec.
punctatus Lec.
tesserula Curt.
Mycetoporus hospitalis Fall.
humidis Cas.
lepidus Er.
myops Fall.
neotomes Fall.
Mymerdonia fauveli Sharp.
shastanus Cas.
sonome Cas.
Nicrodota alamedana—Atheta.
perversa—Athea.
repens—Atheta.
saturata—Atheta.
Nemota filiola—Atheta.
informalis—Atheta.

- meticulosa—Atheta.
perpera—Atheta.
perspecta—Atheta.
timida—Atheta.

Ocalea franciscana Cas.
grandicollis Cas.

COLEOPTERA — STAPHYLININA.

Oligopterus cuneicollis Cas.
Oligata pucillima Cas.
Olisthazeus megacephalus Zett.
Oligomia perpaula—Datomiera.
Oligota oviformis Cas.
Omegalia abjecta Cas.

vieta Cas.

Orobanus densus Cas.
rufipes Cas.
simulator Lec.

Orus cervicula Cas.
decaptor Cas.
distinctus Cas.
femorata Fauv.
filius Cas.
fraternus Fall.
montanus’ Fall.
punctatus Cas.
robustulus Cas.

Othius californicus—Barothnius.

Oxypoda californicus Cas.
cernua Cas.
cruda Cas.
fusiformis Cas.
insignis—-Athetota.
modescans Cas,
nimbata Cas.
olescans Cas.
recensa Cas.

Oxymedoan rubrum Cas.

Oxytelus armatus—Bledius.
montanus Grav.
niger Lec.
nitidulus Grav.
sculptus Grav.
sobrinus Lec.
vergrandis Cas.

Ousipalia hesperica Cas.
pacifica Cas.

Pachystilicus quadriceps (Lec.)

Pederillus compotens—Pzderus fem.

oralis.

Pzederus compotens—femoralis.
femoralis Lec.
ustus—Leucopederus.

Palaminus livldus Lec.

Panalota setositarselis—Atheta.

Paradilacra erebea Cas.
memnonia Cas.
persola Cas.
sinistra Cas.
subpzequa Cas.
symbolica Cas.
vulgatula Cas.

Paramedon pallidipenne Cas.

Parothius californicus Man.
Phzenogyra californica Cas.
Philonthus albionicus Man.

alumnus Er,
alutaceus Horn.
bidentatus Horn.
bucephalus Horn.
californicus—fervidus.
caurinus Horn.
clunalis Horn.
crotchi Horn.

Ss
Kigure 222. Oligota oviformis.

decipiens Horn.
discoidens Grav.
dubius—Cafius.
ferreipennis Horn.
fervus Nord.
filicornis Horn.
flavcolimkatus Er.
qrandicollis Horn.
gratus—Actobius.
hepaticus Er.
instabilis Horn.
tecontei Horn.

249

250 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

longicornis Steph.
nigritulus Grav.
nitescens Horn.
peedaroides—Actobius.
petteti Horn.
picicornis Horn.
picipennis Maek.
politus Fabr.
puberulus Horn.
punctatellus Horn.
quadrulus Horn.
quisquelarius Gyle.
semiruber Horn.
siegwaldi Man.
sordidus Grav.
sulcicollis—Cafius.
thermarum Aube.
theveneti Horn.
triangulum Horn.
varians Payk.
varicolor Bok.
ventralis Grav.
versutus Horn.
virilis Horn.
Phloeopora adversa Cas.
jacobiana Cas.
liberata Cas.
Phicepterus longipalpus Cas.
Phylosis bicolor—Bryobiota.
Phytosus bicolor Cas.
maritimus Cas.
opacus Lec.
Pinophilus densus Lec.

Platystethus americanus Er.

Platyusa sonome Cas.
Placusa petulans Cas.
striata Cas.
vaga Cas.

Polystoma arenaria—Emplenota.

pacifica—Emplenota.
Pontomalota californica Cas.

nigriceps Cas.

opaca (Lec.)
Protinus basalis Cas.

limbatis Cas.

maklini Fauv.

salebrosus Cas.

sulcatus Cas.

Pseudomedon capitulum (Cas.)

Pseudopsis detrita Fall.
minuta Fall.
obliterata Lec.

Pseudorus prolixipennis Cas.

Pseudota praesaga Cas.

Pycnorus armiger (Fall.)

Quedius capucinus (Grav.)
debilis Horn.
desertus Horn.
erithrogaster—fulgidus.
laevigatus (Gill.)
limbiter Horn.
prostrans Horn.
seriatus Horn.
transparens Mots.

Quepisota insignis—Athetota.

Ramona capitulum—Pseudomedon.

Rheobioma disjuncta Cas.
terrena Cas.
marcida Cas.

Rheocharella fenyesi Cas.

Sableta immunis Cas.

Scopzeodera nitida Lec.
sonorica Cas.

Scopzeus armiger—Pycnorus.
brunnipes Cas.
californicus Fall.
longipennis (Fall.)
punctatus Cas.
rotundiceps—Scopzeoma.
texanus (Cas.)
truncaticeps—Scopzeoma.

Scopzeoma rotundiceps (Cas.)
truncaticeps (Cas.)

Siagonium punctatum Lec.

Silusa californica Barn.
decolorata Cas.
valens Cas.
vesperis—decolorata.

Sipalia frontalis Cas.
lippa Cas,

Somatium oviforme Cas.

Sonomata lippa—Sipalia.

Stachygraphis maculata Lec.

Staphylinus capicinus—Quedius.
cinnamopterus Grav.
ephippiatus—Belonchus.

fulgidus—Quedius.
leevigatus—Quedius.
luteipes Lec.
nigrellus Horn.
pleuralis Lec.
raphynus Lec.
rutilicauda Horn.
saprinus Lec.
tarsalis Lec.
villosus—Creophilus.

Stenus adelops Cas.
aveolatus Cas.

COLEOPTERA — STAPHYLININA.

arizonize Cas.
californicus Cas.
colonus Er.
corvus Cas.
costalis Cas.
dives Cas.
ellypticus Cas.
exilis Cas.
gilize Cas.
incultus Cas.
insignis Cas.
lzetulus Cas.
lucidus Cas.
luctuosus Cas.
luculentus Cas.
pacificus Cas.
pinguis Cas.
pollens Cas.
renifer Lec.
sayi Cas.
sculptilis Cas.
subgriseus Cas.
terricola Cas.

- tristis Cas.
vacuus Cas.
vestalis Cas.
villosus Cas.
zunicus Cas.

Strictalia aspera Cas.
bakeri Cas.
brevicornis Cas.
californica (Cas.)
collaris Cas.
laxicornis Cas.
minor Cas.
nigrina (Cas.)
obsolescens Cas.
punctiventris Cas.
rugipennis Cas.

Stilisus occiduus Fall.
opaculus Lec.
quadriceps—Pachystilicus.

Stictolinus cequalis Cas.
franciscanus Cas.
grandiceps (Lec.)

Strigota intrudens Cas.
obliquata Cas.
placata Cas.
seclusa Cas.
seducens Cas.

Sunius californicus Aust.
longuisculus Man.
robustulus Cas.
similis Aust.
tenuiventris Cas.

trinotatus—longuisculus.
trisignatus—longiusculus.

Tachinus agilis Horn.
angustatus Horn.
debilis Horn.
exasperata Cas.
faceta Cas.
narfordi Cas.
instabilis Maek.
laticeps Cas.
linearis Cas.
memnonius Grav.
pallipes Grav.
cemirufus Grav.
tachyporoides Horn.

251

Tachyporus bipustulatus—Conosoma.

brunneus Fabr.

californicus Horn.

nitidulus—californicus.
Tachyusa arida Cas.

cerebropunctata—Gnypeta.

experta—Gsypeta.
faceta Cas.
harfordi—Gnypeta.
laticeps— Gnypetella.
linearis—Gnypeta.
vespertina Cas.
Tanyrhinus singularis Maek.
Tarphiota fucicola Maek.
hirsutulla Cas.
iota Cas.
lativentris Cas.
litorina Cas.
pallidipes (Cas.)

Taxicerella immunis—Sabieta.

Terasota perdita—Alconota.
Tetrallus bernhaueri Cas.
trinitalis Cas.
Thiasopila asperata Cas.
Thinobius gracilicornis Cas.
hesperiusCas.
macropterus Lec.
oxytelinus Lec.
sonomee Cas.
validus Cas.
Thinopinus pictus (Lec.)
variegatus—pictus.
Thinusa maritima Cas.
obscura Cas.
Thinotus claviceps Cas.
Tilia cavicollis—fusconigra.
filicornis—fusconigra.
fusconigra Mots.
rufitarsis—fusconigra.
Trachiota cavipennis Cas.

252 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

lativentris Cas. prominens Cas.
Trichocanthus pictus—Thinopinus. sculptilis Cas.
Trigonurus crotchii Lec. tanti.ius Cas.
edwardsii Sharp. Unamis truncata Cas.
Trogop4loeus armatus Cas. Valenusa parallela Cas.
bladiinus Lec. Vellica longipennis Cas.
confinis Cas. Xantholinus cephalus—Nudobius.
debilis Cas. diminutus—Gyrohypnus.
dentiger Cas. hamatus—Gyrohypnus.
diffusus Cas. nanus—Gyrohypnus.
filum Cas. obscurus Er.
gilize Cas. picipennis—Gyrohypnus.
lathocarinus Lec. pusillus—Gyrohypnnus.
obliquus Cas. Xanthopygus cacti Horn.
occidens Cas. Zalobius serricollis Lec.
pacificus Cas. spinicollis Lec.

pauperculus Cas.

HEMIPTEHRA.

The Order Hemiptera is the last great group with simple metamorphosis
and the first group to deviate from the simple type of mouth structure.
The great majority of the species have a metamorphosis as simple as that of
the Orthoptera but among scale insects and white flies the nymph is so

Figure 223. Stages in the growth of the cottony cushion scale.

modified that the change to adult condition seems to be as great as in the
higher groups with complex metamorphosis and with an intermediate stage
resembling a pupa but which is supposed to differ from a true pupa by

99
a0o

254 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

being able to take food. It is quite possible that some of these insects may
have a true pupa.

Figure 224. Development of the male of the purple scale.

The mouth parts were modified in this group to enable these insects to
feed on the juices of plants and most of them are still plant feeders. The

HEMIPTERA. 155

mandibles and maxille have been converted into long hair-like organs, the
latter uniting to form a single lancet. All three are enclosed in the enlarged
labium. This generally consists of a number of telescopic joints (not exceed-
ing five), which close up as the lancets are thrust into the plant.

labrum

Mandibles

labium

Figure 226. Ovipositor of vine hopper.

Figure 227. Ovipositor saws. Figure 225. Mouthparts of vine hopper.

Economically the Hemiptera are of great importance, especially in an
arid climate, because they withdraw the moisture from the plant when it
can least afford to lose it. Plant lice and scale insects are the most im-
portant families as plant pests.

A number of groups have become predaceous on other ingects. Among
these certain Reduviids commonly known as kissing bugs can produce a
painful bite. The bed. bug is a case of one of these insects becoming a
human parasite and the lice are even more strictly parasitic.

256 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

The classification of Hemiptera consists in the separation first of the
thrips often as a distinct order then the lice also sometimes as a wlistinct
order, and the division of the remainder into the Heteroptera and Homop-
tera, treated by English entomologists as separate orders. The aquatic Hete-
roptera form a natural group as does the Homopterous series- including the
scale insects and plant lice.

Figure 229. Section across developing
wing of vine hopper.

Figure 230. Wings of Heteropterous bug. Figure 228 Male organs of vine hopper.

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES.

Coccidze: beak apparently from the breast and not jointed. Aleurodidze:
hind wings as large as front wings, if wingless with oval supraanal plate.

Jassidee: hind legs enlarged, with rows of spines on tibie.

Aphidze: beak apparently from breast. Psyllidz:hind legs enlarged.

Capsidze: wings with two cells beyond thickened portion and no longitudin-
al veins.

Lygzidz: front legs slender, proboscis and antenne four-jointed, and only
a few longitudinal veins beyond the thickened portion of the wing. Berytidze:
body very slender.

Coreide: similar to Lygzide but with longitudinal veins numerous. Pyrrh-
ocoridz: no ocelli.

Pentatomidz scutellum large. Cydnide, Corimelzenidz and Scutelleridze:
the first two with front tibize spinose and the last two with scutellum broadlf
rounded behind.

Membracidz: cheeks touching the front coxee. Cicadidze: three occelli.
Fulgoridee: antennee beneath the eyes. Cercopidze: pronotum not hiding the
scutellum.

HEMIPTERA. 257

Reduviidee: antenne much larger than head and tarsi three-jointed. Cim-
icidze: abdomen entirely exposed. Henicocephalidz: the front wings mem-
branous thruout. Nabidze: proboscis three-jointed. Emesidz: andPhymat-
idze: front legs for grasping, the former with very slender body. Anthochor-
idze: with an embolium. Saldidze: proboscis reaching to middle coxe.

Corisidze: hind feet without claws. Notonectidze: head not overlapping
prothorax.

Aradidz: similar to Reduviide but tarsi two-jointed. Tingidz: wings

Yposge 3 D

Sarin
9
Figure 231. Diagrams showing structure of Hemiptera and Aptera.

longer than abdomen.

Belostomidze: antennze shorter than head. Nepidze: body slender. Galgul-
idze: with ocelli. Nancoridze: legs not flattened.

Thripidae: body very small and slender. Philocothripidze: without an ovi-
positor. Heliothripidze: ovipositor curving up.

Gerridz: Legs as long or longer than body. Veliidze: body widestat pro-
thorax.

Pediculidee.
SCUTELLARINA.
SCUTELLERIDA.
Aulacostethus similans Uhl. Pachycoris fabricii—torridus.
Camirus porosus Germ. porosus—Camirus.
Cimex torridus—Pachycoris. torridus Scop.
Eurygaster alternans Say. Tetyra alternans—Eurygaster.
Homeomus proteus Stal. Zophosssa porosa—Camirus.

Odontoscelis VanD.

258

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

CORIMEL/AENIDZA.

Corimelzena anthracina Uhl.
coerulescens Stal.
ciliatus Uhl.
cyaneus—coerulescens.

Thyreocoris

extensa Uhl.
coerulascens—Corimelz-
na.

PENTATOMINA.

PENTATOMIDEA.
The members of this family feed for the most part on plants but some

attack other insects:

pest. :

Arma spinosa—Podisus.

Arvelius albopunctatus DeG.

rochymena affinis VanD.
arborea Say.
obscura H.S.
quadripustulata—-

Carpocoris lynx Fabr.

Chlorochroa lignata—Pentatoma.
Ssayi—Pentatoma.

Cimex albopunctatus—Arvelius.
custator—Thyanta.
lynx—Capocoris.

Cosmopepla conspicillaris Dal.
uhleri Mont.

Dencrocoris pini Mont.

Euschistus inflatus VanD.
conspersus Uhl.
servus Say.

Eysarcoris conspicillaris—Cosmopepla-
integressa Uhl.
punctiger (undetermined).

Halys obscura—Brochymena.

Hoicostethus abbreviatus Uhl.

Lioderma lignata—Pentatoma.
sayi—Pentatoma.

Liotropis contaminatus Uhl.
humeralis Uhl.
pini Mont.

Menecles insertus Say.

Murgantia histrionica Hahn.
munda Dal.

Fabr.

The harlequin cabbage bug, Murgantia, is an important

Neottiglossa cavifrons Stal.

undata Say.
Pentatoma claudus—Perillus binocula-
tus.
faceta Say.
inserta—Menecles.
lignata Say.

pallidovirens—Thyanea.
rugulosa—Thyanta.
sayi Stal.
servus—Euschistus.
Perillus binoculatus Fabr.
claudus—binoculatus.
splendidus Uhl.
Peribilus abbreviatus Uhl.
limbolarius Stal.
Podisus maculiventris Say.
pallens Stal.
Prinosoma podopicdes Uhl.
Strachia histrionica—Murgantia.
munda—Murgantia.
Phytidolomia faceta—Pentatoma.
Thyanta antiguensis Westw.
costa Stal.
custator Fabr.
pallidovirens Stal.
rugulosa Say.
tzeneola Dal.
Trichopepla atricornis Stal.
Ziocona splendidus—Perillus.

CYDNID.

7Mthus politus—Cydnus.
Cydnus conformis Uhl.
mirabilis—Cyrtomenus.
obliquus Uhl.
politus Sign.
testudinatus Uhl.

teter—Cyrtomenus.
Cyrtomenus mirabilis Perty.

mutabilis—mirabilis.

teter Spin. —
Geotomus parvulus Sign.
Macroporus repitetus Uhl.

HEMIPTERA — PENTATOMINA. 259

Pentatoma cinctus—Sehirus. Microporus obliquus—Cydnus.
piceatus Stal. Melaneethus elongatus—Geotomus par.
Sehirus cinctus Beauv. vulus.
Trichocoris conformis—Cydnus. Pangeus discrepans Uhl.
COREINA.
CAPSIDA.
superbus Uni. Elidiptera fusiformis VanD.
Camptobrochis nebulosus Uhl. Fulvus anthocoroides Uhl.
Capsus caligneus—Cyrtocapsus. Hadromena militaris Uhl.
media—Lepidea. princeps Uhl.
nubilis—Neurocalpus. robusta Uhl.
rapidus—Calocoris. Irbisia brachycornis Uhl.
Catonia cara VanD. pacificus Uhl.
; costata VanD. Actinocoris lunatus—Largus.
Cimex pratensis—Lygus. Capsus minus—Dysdercus.

Cimex lunatusLargus.
succinctus—Largus.

Dysdercus albidiventris Stal.
minus Say.
obliquus H.S.
peruvianus Guer.

Lomatopleura czesar Reut.

Lopidea cuneata VanD.
marginata Uhl.
media Say.

Lygus annexus Uhl.
pratensis Linn.
sallei Stal.
convexicolle Reut.
vividus Uhl.

Macrotylus angularis Uhl.
regularis Uhl.
tristis Uhl.
verticollis Uhl.
vestitus Uhl.

Melinna elongata Uhl.

Neurocalpus nubilis Say.

Oncétylus puberus Uhl.

Orthops scutellatus Uhl.

Phytocoris eximius Reut.

igeure 232. araysh ramosus Uhl.
oe ake: Poeciloscytus basalis Reut.
intermedius Uhl..

Glosterocoris ornatus Uhl. Rhopalostomus brachycoris—Irbisia.
Compsocerocoris roseus Uhl. Stiphosoma atrata Uhl.

Coquillettia insignis Uhl. croceipes Uhl.

Cyphopelta modesta VanD. Systiatiotus venaticus Uhl.
Cyrtocapsis caligneus Stal. Telcorhinus cyaneus Uhl.
Cerzcocoris cerachates Uhl. PYRRHOCORIDA.

Dicyplus californicus Stal. Largus cinctus H.S.

Eccritotarsus elegans Uhl. convivus Stal.

Ectopiocerus anthracinus Uhl. Junatus Fabr.

260

succinctus Linn.
Lygeeus peruvianus—Dysdercus.
Pyrrhocoris obliquus—Dysdercus.

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Stenomacra marginella H.S.
Agalliastes decolor Uhl.
Calocoris rapidus Say.

BERYTIDA.

Berytus spinosus—Jalysus.
Jalysus spinosus Say.

Neides gracilipes Stal.

spinosus—Jalysus.

COREIDA.

Acanthia seratus—Harmostes.

Acanthocephala declivis Say.
granulosus Del.

Alydus apicalis—Stachylocnemis.
curtulus—Tollius.
quinquespinosus Say.
tarsatus—H yalymenus.

Anasa obliqua Uhl.
tristis DeG.

Anisocelis corculus—Leptoglossa.
zonatus—Leptoglossa.

Archimerus lineolata—Mozena.

Aufeius impressicollis Stal.

Ceraleptus americanus Stal.

Cimex tristis—Anasa.

Chelinidea vittigera Uhl.

Coreus confluens—Sagotylus.
humilis Uhl.

Corizus hyalinus Uhl.
jacatus—scutatus.
nigrosternum Sign.
punctiventris Dal.
scutatus Stal.
validus Uhl.

Ficania apicalis Dal.

Gonocerus apicalis—Ficania.
obliqua—Anasa. ~
Harmostes reflexulus Say.
serratus Fabr.
Jadera hamatoloma— H.S.
Leptocornis hamatoloma—Jadera.
trivittata—Serinetha.
Leptoglessa corcula Say.
zonata Dal.
Lygeeus hyalinus—Corizus.
trivittata—Serinetha.
Margus inconspicuous H.S.
Metapodius granulosus—Acanthoceph.
ala.
Mozena lineolata H.S.
Nematopus rufoscutellatus—Paryphes.
Paryphes rufoscutellatus Gray.
Rhinuchus declivis—Acanthocephala.
Riopalus scutatus—Corizus.
Sagotylus confluentus Say.
Serinetha trivittata Say.
Stachyocnemis apicalis Dal.
Syromastes inconspicuus H.S.
reflexus Say.
Tollius curtulus Stal.

LYGAEIDA.

Cistalia signoreti Guer.
Crophius bohemani Stal.
Cymodema tabida Spin.

Cymus bohemani—Crophius.

Erenccorus ferus Say.

Erythrischius sandrachatus—Oncopel-

tus.

Geocoris pallens Stal.
tristis Stal.
uliginosus Say.

Ischnorhynchus championi Dist.
didymus—resedze.
resedz Panz.

Lygzeosoma solida Uhl.

Lygzeus arachatus—Oncopeltus.
bicrucis—Melanocoryphus.
biloba—Pamera.
bistriangularis Say.

costalis H.S.
costalis H.S.
faceatus—Melanocoryphus.
gutta—Oncopeltus.
kalnii Stal.
leucopterus—Blissus.
nebulosus—S§praciisticus.
reclivatus Say.
reclivatus—Oncopeltus.
resedaee—Ischnorhynchus.
signoreti—Cistalia.
trunculentus Stal.
Megalonotus sodalicus—Oncopeltus.
Melanocoryphus bicrucis Say.
faceatus Say.
flavomarginellus—bicrucis.
Microtoma atrata Goeze.
carbonaria—atrata.

: HEMIPTERA — COREHINA., 261

Nysius angustatus Uhl.
californicus Stal.
Oncopeltus Gutta H.S.
reclivatus Fabr.
sandrachiatus Say.
Oxycareeus coriaceipennis—Finyparo-
chromus.
Pamera bilata Say.
Rhyarochromus fallax—Spharisticus
nebulosus.
Rhyparochromus sodalicus Uhl.
Salda uliginosa—Geocoris.
Spragisticus nebulosa Fall.
Trapezonotus nebulosus—Spragisticus.
Arphus coriaceipennis Stal.
Blissus leucopterus Say.
Cimex atrata—microtoma.

Figure 233. A Lygeid.

REDUVIINA.

ANTHOCHORIDA.

Figure 2384. Triphleps

Anthocoris antevolens White. Piezostethus californicus Reut.
whitei Reut. Triphleps tristicolor White.

262 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. 3

NABIDA.
Cimex ferus—Nabis. Nabis ferus Linn.
Coriscus ferus—Nabis.

TINGITIDA.

Corythuca czelata Uhl. Piesma cinerea Say.
fuscigera Stal.

ARADIDA.

Aradus acutus Say. fuscomaculatus—fuscoannulatus.
affinis—lugubris. lugubris Fal. :
ampliatus Uhl. rachus—lugubris.
behrensi Berg. tuberculifera Kirby.
fuscoannulatus Stal.

CIMICIDA.
Acanthia lectularis—Cimex. Cimex lectularis Linn.

HENICOCEPHALIDZA.
Hymenccoris formicina Uhl.

REDUVIIDA.

Figure 235. A Reduviid.

The species of Conorhinus and its allies are known as kissingibugs for no
very good reason. All the members of this family are predaceous.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA,

Ccnorhinus: front wings with quarrangular cell in middle of base of mem-

HEMIPTERA — REDUVIINA. 2638

brane. Polyglampis: frond wings with a discoidal area. Sirthenia, Rasahus
and Melanolestes: thorax constricted after the middle, middle tibie of first
without spongy spot, front wings of the last black. Meccus: body pilose.

Apiometus: claws simple.

Sinea: mesopleuree without tubercles or raised folds on hind edge. Acholla:
tront tibiz without long spines.

Zelus. Milyas: front femora shorter than hind femora.

Acholla tabida Stal. Sirthenia carinata (Fabr.)

Apiomerus crassipes Fabr. Zelus cervicallis Stal.
flaviventris H.S. exsanguis Stal.
repletus Uhl. 1enardii Kel.

Ascara, tablda—Acholla.

Cimex rubrofasciata—Conorhinus.

Conorhinus protractus Uhl.
rubrofasciatus DeG.
variegatus Drury

Diplodus luridus—Zelus exsanguis.
renardii—Zelus.

Meccus phyllosomus Burm.

Melanoiestes abdominalis H.S.
picipes H.S.

Milyas zebra Stal.

Petalochirus biguttatus—Rasahus.
Pirates abdominalis—Melanolestes.
picipes—Melanolestes.

Polyglampis pectoralis Say.

Rasahus biguttatus Say.

Reduvius carinata—Sirthenea.
crassipes—Apiomerus.
pectoralis—Polyglampis.

Sinea complexa Cand.
coronata Stal.
raptoria Stal.
rileyi Mont.
undulatus Uhl.

Figure 236. Rasahus.

SALDIDA.

Salda humilis Say. sphaceata Uhl.
interstitialis Say. Scanthia humilis—Salda.
luctuosa Stal. interstitialis—Salda.
orbiculata Uhl. luctuosa—Salda.
pallipes Fabr. pallipes—Salda.
polita Uhl.

HYDROMETRINA.
VELIIDA.
Hebrus sobrinus Uhl. Microvelia americana Uhl,

Macrovelia hornii Uhl.

264 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.
GERRIDA.

Aqaurius marginata—Gerris.
remigis—Gerris.
Gerris franciscanus Stal.
arginata Say.
orbona Stal.
remigis Say.
robusta Uhl.
Hygrotrechus remigis—Gerris.
robusta—Gerris.
Limnotrechus marginata—Gerris.

Figure 237. Gerris remigis.
NEPINA.

NEPIDA.
Ranatra quadridentata Stal.

GALGULIDA..

Galgulus variegatus Guer. Mononyx badius FS.
CORISIDA.

Corixa abdominalis Say. interruptus Say.
bicolor Uhl. laevigata Uhl.
dispersa Uhl. serrulata Uhl.
fossarum Leach. wallengreni Stal.
inscripta Uhl.

NOTONECTIDA.

Figure 238. A Notonectid.

HEMIPTERA — NEPINA. 265

Notonecta insulata Kirby. Plea striola Fieb.
shooteri Uhl. undulata Say.

BELOSTOMIDA.

The larger Belostomidzse are commonly known as electric light bugs, being
the largest insects commonly found flying about the lights. They live in the
water and are predaceous.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Belostoma: first joint of proboscis short.
Zaitha. Deinostoma: metasternum with median carina. Pedinocris: mem-
branule very short.

Belcstcma annulipes H.S. macronyx Mayr.
dilatatum—Deinostoma. Zaitha fusciventris Duf.
griseum Say. indentata—stolli.
impressum—griseum. minor Duf.

Dienostoma dilatatum (Say.) stolli A.&S.

Pedinocris brachonyx Mayr.

NAUCORIDA.
Ambryus pudicus Stal. signoreti Stal.

CICADIN A.

CICADIDA:.
The harvest flies are provided with a very complex musical apparatus on the
base of the abdomen of the male.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Tibicen: head narrower than thorax, Zammara: pronotum angularly dilated
Platypedia: front edge cf the wing bowed as much as hind edge.
Cicada.

Figure 240. Harvest flies. A. Platypedia
areolata. B. Tibicen rimosa. Figure 239. Venation of Cicada.

Cicada ariolata—Platypenia. hesperia—Tibicen.
cinctifera Uhl. montezuma Diet.

266 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

rimosa—Tibicen. cupreosparsa Uhl.
Platypedia areolata (UhlI.) hesperia (UhlI.)

minor Uhl. rimosa (Say.)
Tibicen blaisdelii Uhl. Zammara smaragdina Walk.

FULGORIDA.

Cixius cultus Ball.
franciscanus Stal.
Liburna consimilis VanD.
occlusa VanD.
Megamelus bicolor Ball.
Nezethus vitripennis Stal.
Olierus aridus Ball.
Oricerius rhyparus Stal.
SOS Scolops abnormis Ball.
pallidus Uhl.
viridus Ball.
Tic:dia cingulata Uhl.

Figure 241. Diagram of the main veins
in a Fulgorid wing.

Figure 242. A Fulgorid.

MEMBRACIDAZ.

Acutalis binotatus Godi. Hemiptycha expansa—Antianthe.
occidentalis Godi. Hoplophora tuberculata—Platycotis.
AEchmorpha californiensis Godi. Membracis bubalus—Ceresa.
Antianthe expansa Germ. curvata—Campolenchia.
Campylenchia curvata Fabr. lateralis—Darnis.
Centrodontus atlas Godi. sagitta—Platycotis.
Centrotis vittata—Platycotis. Platycentris acuticornis Stal.
Ceresa albidosparsa Stal. Platycotis asodalis Godi.
bubalus Fabr. minax Godi.
Darnis lateralis Fabr. sagittata Germ.

Gargara atlas—Centrodontus. tuberculata Fairm.

HEMEPTERA — CICADINA. 267

vittata Fabr. mexicana Stal.
Smilia vanduzii Godi. reclivata Godi.
Stictecephala franciscana Stal. rileyi Godi.
Stictopelta nova Godi. Tropidscyta isirtiginipennis Godi.

Telemona ccquillettiGod’.

Figure 2438. A Membracid.

JASSIDA..

The Jasside are strictly plant feeders but as a rule are not excessively
injurious. The vine hopper, Typhlocyba comes, is the most injurious vine
pest in the state (See California Bulletin 198).

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Thamnotettix: ocelli on front edge of. head which is not sharp, only one
cross-vein between primary and independant veins. Jassus: without ante-
épical cells: Cicadula: with anterior fork of primary vein obsolete. Actino-
pterus: without appendix. on front wings. Scaphoideus: with outer ante-
apical cell narrowed to a point at apex. Phlepsius and Eutcttix: body broad,
the former with front wings retienlate with brown.

Empoasca: without ocelli. Typhlocyba: without marginal vein in hind
wing. Dicraneura: with. two apical cells.

Platymetopius: similar to Thamnotettix but with two crossveins. Allygus:
with two supernumerary veinlets in front wing. Deltoctphalus: front lesse
than twice as long as broad.

Tettigonia: occelli on dise of vertex and juge not projecting. Paropulopa:

268 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

body flat.

elytra much chorter.
la: vertex flat.

Uhleriella: front edge of head thin and flat.
Huleria and Cochlorinus: vertex much longer than pronotum, the former
with wings much longer than body.

Agallia: occeli on face below edge of vertex.
antenne in feeble cavities,
margin strongly keeled.
Pachyopsis: head wider than base of wings, the former with appendage on

Bythoscopus:
striate, the second with thoracic

membrane of wing.
Homalodisca:.

somewhat triangular.
Actinopterus acuminatus VanD.
A ja tia biglovize Bak.
californica: Bak.
cinereaOsb.
inconspicuus—cinerea.
lyrata—perigrinans.
oculata VanD.
peregrinans Stal.
sanguilenta (Prov.)
uhleri VanD.
Allygus inscriptus VanD.
irrorellus (Stal.)
Athysanus irrorellus—Allygus.
Bathysmatophorus uhleri Bak.
sanguilenta—Allygus.
Bythoscopus peregrinus Stal.
Chlorita tessellata—Empoasca.

Chloroneura abnormis—Dicraneura.

Cicada flavescens—EmpoascCa.
lateralis—Oncometopia.
sexnotata—Cicadula.
smaragdula—Empoasca.
triquetra—Homalodisca.

Cicadula nigrifrons—Deltocephalus.
sexnotata (Fal.)

Cochrorinus pluto Uhl.

Deltocephalus cinerosus VanD.
coquillettia—Uhleriella.
fusconervis—nigrifrons.
minutus VanD.
nigrifrons Forbes.

Dicraneura abnormis Walsh.
cockerelli Gil.
unipuncta Gil.

Diedrocephala cythura—Versuta.
versuta Say.

Drzeculacephala minor—mollipes.
mollipes Say.

Pagaronia, Bathematophorus and Errhomellus:
on disk of vertex, the first with elytha longer than abdomen, the last with
Drzeculacephala: elytra reticulate at tip.

Oncometopia: front longitudinally impressed.

Figure 244. Venation of a Jassid.

reticulata Sign.
Empoasca albineura Gil.
flavescens Fabr.
robusta Gil.
smaragdula (Fal.)
tessellata Fieb.
Errhomenellus irroratus Ball.
Eutettix pannosa Ball.
subezenea (VanD.)
Homalodisca coagulata—triquetra.
liturata Ball.
triquetra Fabr.
magnus Bak.
robustus Uhl.
Huleria quadripunctata Ball.
Idiocerus alternans Fitch.
amcemus VanD.
Jassus acutus—Platymetopius.

eyes well back

Diedrocepha-

Koebelia: ocelli on face.

Pediopsis, Macropsis and
thefirst with thorax obliquely
idiocerus and

Phera: head

HEMEPTERA — CICADINA. 269

fasciaticollis—Thamnotettix.

lactipennis VanD.
Koebelia californica Bak.
Kybos smaragdula—Empoasca.
Macropsis atra Bak.
californicus Bak.
humilis Stal.
Oncometopia lateralis Fabr.
Pachyopsis robustus Uhl.
Pagaronia interrupta Ball.
tredecimpunctata Ball.
Paropulopa interrupta Ball.
Pediopsis nubila VanD.
occidentalis VanD.
Phera funebris (Sign.)

comes—T yphlocyba.
funebris—Phera.

gothica Sign.

hierogliphica Say.
mollipes—Droeculacephala.
quadriplagiata Walk.
reticulata—Drezeculacephala.

Thamnotettix atropunctata VanD.

aureola VanD.
bullata Ball.
capitata VanD.
coquilletti VanD.
fasciaticollis (Stal.)
mendica Ball.
subzeenea—Eutettix.

vitripennis—Homalodisca triqu:- Typhlocyba coloradensis—comes.

tra.

Phlepsius superbus VanD.
Platymetopius acutus Say.
elegans VanD.
frontalis VanD.
loricatus VanD.

Proconia costalis—Oncometopia

alis.
Scaphoideus imistus Say.
scaleris VanD.
Tettigonia zstuans Walk.
atropunctata Sign.
cetnura Bak
circislata—atrcpunctata.

comes Say.

Figure 245. The vine hopper.

Figure 246. Egg of the vine hopper in a leaf.

270 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

flavocapitata VanD. dentata Gil.
geminata VanD. Uhleriella coquilletti VanD.
languida Ball. signata Ball.
limbata VanD. stygica Ball.
lucida Bak. Xerophloea peltata Uhl.
luctuosa Stal. viridis Bak. a
CERCOPIDA.
Aphrophora permutata Uhl. obtusa Say.

Clastoptera delicata Ball.. -

APHINA.

PSYLLIDA.

Aphalara pulchella Cfa.

Figure 247. Venation of a Psyllid.
APHIDA.

Plantlice are very important pests,but as a rule quite easy to control by
spraying with an oil emulsion or nicotine solution.

cratzegi Mon.
dianthi—Rhopalosiphum.
gossypi Glo.
humuli—Phorodon.
lutescensEss.
maidis Fitch.

mori Clarke.
cenotherz Oes.
persiczeniger Sm.
rosee—Nectarophora.
rudbeckiz Ess.

Figure 248. Venation of an Aphid. sorbi Kalt.
Calaphis caryes—Callipterus.
Aphis alamedensis Clarke. Callipterus arundicolens Clarke.
avenezee—Nectarophora. betulzecolens Fitch.
betuleecolens—Calypterus. caryze Mon.
brassicze Linn. castaniz Goetze.
calendulicola Mon. hyalinus Mon.
ceanothi Clarke. Chaitophorus viminalis Mon.
ceanothihirsuti Ess. Cryptosiphum tahoense Dav.
cerasi—Myzus. Drepanosiphum acerifolii Thom.

cookii Ess. Hriosoma quereci—Schizoneura.

HEMIPTERA — APHINA. 271

Hyadaphis umbellularize Dav. valerianize Clarke.
Hyalopterus arundinis Fabr. Pemphigus betze Doane.
Lachnus alnifoliz Fitch. fraxinidipetalz Ess.
californicus Ess. i populicaulis Fitch.
Macrosiphum albifrons Ess. radicola Es.
laevigatze Ess. Phorodon humuli Fitch.
Myzus cerasi Fabr. scrophulariz Thom.
Nectarophora avenze Fabr. Phylloxera vastatrix Pla.
baccharidis Clarke. Phopalosiphum dianthi Schr.
californica Clarke. violee Es.
citrifolii Ash. Schizoneura americana Ril.
jasmini Clarke. lanigera Haus.
lycopersici Clarke. querci Fitch.
rhamni Clarke. Siphocoryne foeniculi Pas.
rosae(Linn.) ‘ Siphcnophora citrifoliimNectareophora.

sonchella Mon.

ALEURODIDA.

Figure 249. Eggs of the citrus white fly.

The white flies resemble scale insects in the nymph stage but both sexes
are winged as adults. The most injurious species is the one attacking
citrus trees, A. citri, which has only recently established itself in this state.
SeeCalifornia Circulars 30 and 32.

Aleurodes acaciz Quain. citri R. & H.
amnicola Bemis. coronatus Quain.

272 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

diasemus Bemis. maskelli Bemis.

errans Bemis. perileucus Coc.

extraniens Bemis. hutcuingsi Bemis.

kellegg: Bemis. inconspicuus Quain.

glacilaris Bemis. prumosus Bemis.

gelatinosa Coc. 5 quaintancei Bemis.
5 spiroeiodes Quain.

Figure 250. Venaticn of an Aleurodid.

as 251. Nymph of the citrus white

Figure 253. Exuvium of the citrus whitefly.

interrigationis Bemis. splendens Bemis.
irredescens Bemis. stanfordi Bemis
madroni’ Bemis. tentaculatus Bemis.

HEMIPTERA — APHINA. 273

vittatus Quain. merlini Bemis

wellmanz Bemis.

COCCIDA.
This family includes some if the worst insect pests in the state. See Cali-

fornia Bulletins 214, 222, 2238 and 226.
Aclerda californica (Ehr.)

tokionis Coc.

Antonia crawii Coc.

Aonidia aurantii—Aonidiella. if

Aonidiella aurantii Nash.

Figure 254. Venation of Coccide.

Figure 255. 1. Red scale on lemon. 2. Red scale on nightshade. 8. Red scale on

twig of lemon.

Figure 256. 1 Different stages in formation of scale covering. 2 The ventral scale
formed beneath the insect. 3 Old and young red scales on orange. 4 Larva of para-
site, Aphelinus diaspidis, feeding on Red scale; the scale shriveled from abrorption
of body contents. 5 Yellow scale containing pupa of parasite Aspidiotiphagus citri-

nus. (Opposite page)

=~]

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

HEMIPTHRA — APHINA.

Figure 257. Tree partially killed by Red
Scale. :

276 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Chane
aie

Figure 259. Motile young of Red scale.

Ig re 260. 1 A cast skin after first molt. 2 A ventral cast skin, second molt. 3
Dorsel cast skin, sceond molt, same in Figure 265 b., which shows the ventral cast
skin. 4 Characters of complete insect.

HEMIPTERA — APHINA.

Figure 262 Red scale on leaf.

Le)

-]
~l

278 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Figure 264 Showing the mature Red scale with its cast skins and scale covering.
1 First cast skin. 2 Second cast skin. 3 The insect itself. 4 The scale covering.

HEMIPTHERA — APHINA. 279

(I ae 2»,
We yl lS
Nix, il | ith : Ips
Y, sy \\ S

Figure 265. a. Dorsal view of pygidium of Red scale, b. Ventral cast skin of Red
scale. From same insect as Figure 260, 3, which is the borsad cast skin.

Figure 266. Scale of male. 1 Scale of female, same magnification. 3 Inverted male
scale, showing winged insect beneath.

280 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Figure 267. Red scale, the insect showing thru the transparent scale.

Figure 268 Yellow scale, Chrysomphalus aurantii on orange.

HEMIPTERA — APHINA. 281

Aspidictus abietus (Schr.)

zsculi John.
albus—juglansregie.
albopunctatus—-perniciosus.
californicus Col.
camellizerapax.
citrinus—Aonidiella aurantii.
conshiformis—Lepidosaphes ul-
mi.
coniferarum Coc.
ancylus Putn.
andromelas—perniciosus.
aurantii—Aonidiella.

bambusarum—Odontaspis.
bigelovie—Targionia.
buxi—Pinnaspis.
convexusS—rapax.
dearnessi—Targionia.
densiflorize Brem.
dictyospermi—Chrysomphalis
duplax—Pseudaonidia pzonix
echinocacti—Diaspis.
ehrhorni Col.

florencize Col.
furfurus—Chionaspis.
hederz (Vall.)

Figure 269. Oleander scale Aspidiotus hedere.

juglansregize Coms.
ostrezeformis Curt.
prosopidis—Xereophilaspis.

rapax Coms.
peeoniz—Pseudaonidia.
perniciosus Coms.

282 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

pinifolia—Chionaspis. cistudiformis Coms.
piricola—Epidiaspis. floridensis Coms.
rose—Aulacaspis. irregularis Coc.
rossi—Chrysomphalis. irregularis Coc.
salacisnigree—Chionaspis. rubens Mask. .
shastee—coniferum. Ceorputo ambigua Full.
tenebricosus—Chrysomphalus. bahize (Ehr.)

Figure 270. Orange infested with Greedy scale Aspidiotus rapax.

yulupz Brem. cenothi—yucce.
Asterolecanium crawii (Coc.) yuccee (Ccs_*

pentagona (Targ.) Chzetococcus bambusz (Mask.)

rosze (Bouche.) Chermes hederee—Aspidiotus.

variolosum (Ratz.) olee—Saisettia.
Asterolechanium variolosum Ratz. Chionaspis aspidistraa—Hemichionas-
Aulacaspis crawii (Coc.) _ pis.
Blastothrix yucce—Ceroputo. assimilis Mask.
Cerococcus ehrhorni Coc. aucubee—Phenacaspis.

quercus Coms. biclavis—Howardia.
Ceroplastes ceriferus (And.) citri Coms.

cerripediformis Coms. chinensis—Phenacaspis.

HEMIPTERA — APHINA. 283

cockerelli—Phenacaspis.
difficilis Coc.

euonymi Coms.

furfura (Fitch.)
latissima—Phenacaspis.
ortholobis Coms.
pinifolize (Fitch.)
quercus Coms.

salacis nigree Walsh.
sassceri C.& R.
spartinze Coms.

striata News.

wisterize Cool.
persicee—Lecanium.
pollini—Pollinia.

aurantii—Aonidiella.
citrinus—Aonidiella aurantii.
dictiospermi (Morg.)

rossi (Mask.)

tenebricosus (Coms.)

Coccus abietus—Aspidiotus.

adonidum—Pseudococcus.
aonidum—Chrysomphalus.

_ beckii—Lepidosaphes.

blanchardii—Orthesia.

‘ bromeliz—Diaspis.

ceriferus—Ceroplastes.
crawii—Pseudococcus.
cupressi—Pseudococcus.
destructor—Pseudococcus. cacti.

Figure 271. Red and soft brown scale.

stellifera—Vinsonia.
ulmi Lepidosaphes. ,
variolosum—Asterolecanium.
ulmi—Lepidosaphes.
vitis—Pulvinaria. ant
ziziphus—Parlatoria. m

Cenchaspis angzeci Coc.

hibisci—angezeci.

Dactylopius affinis—Pseudococcus.

andersoni—Pseudococcus.
aurilanatus—Pseudococcus.
azalesee—Pseudococcus.
calceolariz—Pseudococcus.
citri—Pseudococcus.

coccus Costa.

Chrysomphalus aonidtum (Linn.)

dudlei—Pseudococcus.
ephedree—Pseudococcus.
erigoni—Erium.
gloveri—Lepidosaphes.
hesperidum Linn.
hymenocleee—Pseudococcus.
icteryoides—Pseudococcus.
lichtensioides—Erium.
longispinus—Pseudococcus ado-
nidum.
maritimns—Pseudococcus.
pseudonipsw—Pseudococcus.
quercus—Pseudococcus.
ryani—Pseudococcus.
salinas—Pseudococcus.
sequoize—Pseudococcus.

284 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Figure 272. Soft brown
scale on orange twig.

Figure 273. Cottony cushion scale on or
ange twig.

HEMIPTERA — APHINA. 285

solani—Pseudococcus.
Diaspis boisduvalii Sign.
bromeliz (Kern.)
cacti—echinocacti.
carulei Targ.
cattley z—(Coc.)
crawii—Aulacaspis.
echinocacti (Bouche.)
fiorinaee—Fiorinia.
pentagona—Aulacaspis.
rosee—Aulacaspis.
Dorthesia citri—Pseudococcus.
Epidiaspis pyricola (Del.)
Eriococcus adenosteme Ehr.
artemisize Kuw.
auricarize Mask.
bahize Ehr.
catalinee Ehr.
howardii Ehr.
neglactus Coc.
palmeri Coc.
Erium erigoni (Ehr.)
lichtensioides (Coc.)

Eucalymnatus perforatus—tessellatus.

tessellatus (Sign.)

Eulecanium adenostome—Lecanium.
armeniacum—Lecanium corni.

cerasorum (Coc.)
crawii—Lecanium corni.

Figure 275. Male of Cottony cushion

scale.
|
Ischnaspis longirostris (Sign.)
Kermes austini Ehr.
cockerelli Ehr.
galliformis Ril.
nigropunctatus E.&C.
rattani Ehr.
Lecaniodiaspis pubescens Ehr.
rufescens (Coq.)
Lecanium adenostomee Kuw.
areniacum—corni.
cerasorum—Eulecanium.

3
kermoides—Lecaniuyy quercifex.
nagnoliarum—Lecanium _persi-

Ce.
persicesa—Lecanium.
pruinosum—Lecanium.
pubescens—Lecanium.
quercitronis—Lecanium querci-
fex.
Exzerotopus caricis Ehr.
Fiorina fiorinze (Targ.)
Gossyparia spuria (Mod.)
Hemichionaspis aspidistrze Sign.
Howardia biclavis (Coms.)
. Ilcerya purchasi Mask.

Figure 274. The cottony cushion scale.

corni Bouche.

crawii—corni.

hemisphericum—Saisettia.

persicee Fabr.

pruinosum Cog.

pubescens Enhr.

quercifex Fitch.

quercitronis—quercifex.

tessellatus—Eucalymnatus.
Lepidosaphes beckii (Newm.)

ee ‘

NIA INSECTS.

CALIFOR

UIDE TO

G

287

HEMIPTERA — APHINA.

Purple scale on orange leaf enlarged.

Figure 277

scale on orange leaf

ple

278. Pur

e

igur

F

bo
(o/s)

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Figure 280. Pygidium of adult female Purple scale.

HEMIPTERA — APHINA.

Figure 283. First cast skin
of purple scale; ventral view
showing how skin is split
and ventral portion with
legs and moth parts pushed

back

Figure 282. ‘Active
larva of purple scale.

289

290 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

concolor (Coc.)
gloveri (1 ack.
newsteadi—(Sulc.)
ulmi. (Linn.)

Leucaspis cupressi Col.
japonicus Coc.
kellogi Col.

Mytilaspis beckii—Lepidosaphes.
concclor—Lepidosaphes.
longirostris—Ischnaspis.
newsteadi—Lepidosaphes.
pomorum—Lepidosaphes ulmi.
ulmi—Lepidosaphes.

Nidularia californica—Aclerda.

Odontaspis bambusarum Coc.
graminis Brem.

Orthesia californica Ehr.
insignis Doug.

Palzeoccccus bridwelli Col.

Parlatoria blanchardi (Targ.)
pergandii Coc.
victrix—blanchardii.
ziziphus Lucas.

Pnzenacoccus artemisize Ehr.
bahia—Ceroputo.
colmani Ehr.
kuwanez Col.
ramonz Ess.
simplex King.
stachylos Ehr.

Phzenacaspis artimesize Ehr.
aucubze (Cool.)

chinensis Coc.
cockerelli (Cool.)
latissima (Coc.)
Phenicoccus marlatii Coc.
Physokermes concolor Col.
insignicola Craw.

Figure 284. Pine scale, Physokermes ins

ignicola.

taxifolia Col.

Pinnaspis buxi (Bouche.)
Pollinia pollini (Costa.)
Prosapophora rufeseens—Lecaniodias-

pis.
pzeoniz (Coc.)

Pseudococcus. 1813. citri. 1869. longispinis anal appendages as long as body.
1889. crawii: citri—antennal joint 2 longer than 7. ryani: crawii—antennal .
joint 1 longer than 5. aurilanatus: band of yellow wax on back. 1890.ephedrz:
crawii—fifth antennal joint four times as long as broad. 1891. iceryoides:
with dense ventral cottony cushion. 1898. azaleze: crawii—posterior lateral
filiments nearly as long as anal. 1900. quercus: crawii—body greenish brown.
maritimus: crawii et al anal filiments half as long as body. 1901. sequoiz:
citri—antennal joint 4 as long as 6. 1902. salinas: crawii—cephalic filiments
present. 1903. dudlei: crawii et al—antennal joint 1 longer than 3.andersonni:
crawii et al—antennal joint 2 longer than 4.

Pseudaonidia adonidum (Linn.)
affinis (Mask.)
agrifoliz Es.
andersoni (Col.)
artemisicz Es.

aurilanatus (Mask.)
azalia: (Tin.)
calceolariz (Mask.)
citri (Risso.)

HEMIPTERA — APHINA.

291

Figure 285. Citrus mealy bug Pseudococcus citri. The two
show the development of the cottony mass in which the eggs

figures on the
are deposited.

Figure 286 Mealy bug on lemons.

292 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Figure 287. Mealy bug on oranges.

pseudonipze {Coc.)
quercus (Ehr.)
ryani (Coq.)
salinus (Coc.)
sequoiz (Col.)
solani (Coc.)

crawii (Coq.)
cupressi (Col.)
dudlei Col.)
ephedrz (Cog.)
hymenoclez (Coc.)
iceryoides (Mask.)

junipari Ehr. yuccee—Ceroputa.
longipennis—adonidum. Pseudolecanium distichlium—Sphzero-
maritimus (Ehr.) coccus.

obscurus Es.

Pulvinaria. Antennal formule: 1758 vitis 3 4 5 2 8 1 (6 7), (3 5) (2 4) (6
7) 8 1. 1870 flocifera 3 2 4 5 8 (1 6 7). 1873 camelicola 3 2 8 (1 45) (6 7).
1892 psidii (3 8) 1 (4 5) (6 7). 1983 bigloviee (2 3) 4 (5 8) (6 7). 1896 amygdalh
24825 (6 7) 1898 rhois 3 (1 2 4) 58 6 7. 1901 ehrhorni 3 (4 5) 1 (8 6 7)

1906 pluchee 3 (2 4) 15 8 6 7.

Pulvinaria amygdali Coc. A villosa Ehr.
biglovize Coc. Ripersiella kelloggi E.& C.
camelicola Sign. plucheze Ehr.
ehrhorni King. ‘psidii Mask.
innumerabilis—vitis. rhois Ehr.

Ripersia festuce Kuw. vitis (Linn.)

Saisettia. 1782. oleze. 1867. hemisphzericum: dorsal pits not in polygonal areas.
Saissetia hemisphericum (Targ.)

HEMIPTERA — APHINA. ao.

Figure 289. Hemispherical scale on leaf Figure 288. Male puparia of Hemispher-
of orange. ical scale.

Figure 290. Hemispherical scale, Saisse-tia hemispherica, on leaf of Christmas
berry.

294 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECT».

ae si.

oleze Bern.

Lowa an POE ee i a A ‘
Figure 293 Black scale on lemon.

Figure 294. Mature Black scales.

Figure 296. Black

HEMIPTHERA — APHINA.

She

Bean eee

scale on twig producing smut on leaves below.

LN)
ot

296 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Figure 297. The sooty mold fungus. Much enlarged. 1 Mycelium. 2 Conidia. 3 Pye-
nidia with immature spores.

Figure 299 Washing oranges to remove sooty mo’d fungus which grows in the
so-called honeydew from the Black scale.

Figure 300. 1 Male of Black scale. 2 Same enlarged. 8 Puparia of Hemispherical
scale. Same magnification as 2. (Opposite page.)

HEMIPTERA — APHINA.

bo
wo
iva)

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Figure 302 Male of Black scale.

\Act! fond.

Figure 303 Development of the male of the Black scale. 1 Second stage 2 Propu-
pa. 3 Pupa.

Figure 304. 1 Different stages of Black scale. 2 Young Black scale shortly after
settling. 8 Eggs of Rhizobius ventralis under Black scale. 4 Hemispherical scale on

left and Black of same size on right. 5 Inverted Black scale with 50 eggs of Scutel-
lista. (Opposite page.) Y

HEMIPTERA — APHINA

300 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Figure 306. Lecanium quercifex on oak. Figure 301. Black scale on orange.

Figure 306. Antennz and anal lobes. 1 Saissetia oles. 2 Lecanium pruinosum. 3
Coccus hesperidum. 4 Lecanium corni.

Figure 307 Photomicrographs of derm pores. 1 Saissetia olea. 2 Saissetia hem-
ispherica. 3 Lecanium corni. 4 Lecanium. 4 Lecanium pruinosum. 5 Lecanium sp.
on Heteromeles. 6 Coccus hesperidum. (Opposite page)

HEMIPTERA — APHINA, a0

302 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

‘:

e
Figure 308. First and second stages of unaimored scale insects. 1 und 4, Saissetia
olezce. 2 and 5 Coccus hesperidum. 3 and 6 Lecanium corni.
Sphzerococcus bambuse#—Cheetococcus. Vinsonia stellifera (Westw.)
distichlium (Kuw.) Xerophilaspis prosopidis ‘Ccc.)

Targionia bigelovize (Coc.) Aylococcus macrocarpez Col.
dearnessi (Coc.) quercus Ehr.

TER TES TN A’

The thrips have been largely neglected by entomologists until within the
last few years. The damage done by the pear thrips first attracted great
attention and later the orange thrips and numerous other species have .

HEMIPTERA — THRIPSINA. 303

been carefully studied. The most troublesome species are the pear thrips,
Physothrips pyri, the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, the greenhouse thrips
Heliothrips hemorrhboidalis, the orange thrips Physothrips citri, and the
grass thrips Fraokliniella tritici. A number of species are known to feed on
other insects.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Sercothrips: adbomen with a silky lustre due to covering of extremely
fine hairs.

Physothrips: abdomen with saw-like ovipositor, and antenne eight joinetd
Heliothrips and Echinothrips: body reticulate, the latter with prothorax
as long as head. Limothrips: tibie with a pair of stout spines near the tip.
Qdontothrips and Franklinella: with prominent spines at front angles of
prothorax, the latter with tooth at end of front tibia.

Trichothrips: abdomen without saw-like ovipositor and head about as wide
as long. Haplothrips: antenne seven jointed.

Thrips: antenne seven jointed. Parenothrips: body reticulate.

AZolothrips: antennze nine jointed. Orothrips: wings with dark cross
bands. Erythrothrips: wings with longitudinal bands. Ankothrips: last four
abdominal segments not closely united.

Liothrips. Megalothrips: head more than twice as long as wide. Hoplo-
thrips: with tooth at inner side of front femora. Cephalothrips and Crypto-
thrips: wings rudimentary, the latter with spine bearing warts on cheeks.
Phiceothrips: cheeks with spine bearing warts.

Synopsis:— Moulton, U. S. Ent. Tech. Bulletin 21, Jones, ibid. 23.

LE a

2

Figure 310. Scolothrips sexmaculatug

Feeds on Red spider. Figure 309 Heliothrips fasciatus.
AZOLIOTHRIPIDA.
AEolothrips fasciatus Linn. kuwanaii Moul.

nasturtii Jones. longiceps Cra.

504 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Erythrothrips arizonize Moul.
Orothrips kelloggi Moul.
yosemite—kelloggi.

Ankothrips robusta Cra.
Calothrips woodworthii—Heliothrips

fasciatus.
robustus—kuwanali.

THRIPIDA..

Figure 311. Work of thrips Euthrips citri on fruit.

Echinothrips mexicanus Moul.

Anaphothrips albus—Euthrips.
striatus—Euthrips. Euthrips albus—Physothrips.
tricolor—Euthrips. albus (Jones).
zecee—Euthrips. californicus—Frankliniella trit-

Anthothrips flavipes—Haplothrips. ici.
niger—Haplothrips. californicus—Odontothrips. ulli-

Aptinothrips rufus Gm. cis.

citri—Physothrips.

connatticornis—rufus. ;

HEMIPTERA — THRIPSINA. 500

costalis—Physothrips. parvus—Physothrips.
ehrhorni—Physothrips. pyri—Physothrips.
helianthi—Frankliniella striatus (Osb.)
loagirostrum—Physothrips. tricolor (Moui.)
minutus—Frankliniella. tritici—Frankliniella,
occidentalis—Frankliniella. ulicis—Odontothrips.
orchidii—Physothrips. zeze (Moul.)

Figure 312. Characteristic rings at stem end of small oranges made by thrips.
Physothrips citri. eek

Frankliniella 1855 tritici. (11) 1895 occidentalis: pale lemon yellow. 1907
minutus: postocular spines wanting. 1911 helianthi: tritici—not shaded

with orange.

Frankliniella helianthi (Moul.) tritici (Fitch).
minutus (Moul.) Haplothrips flavipes (Jone).
eccidentalis (Perg.) niger (Osb.)

Heliothrips 1833 hzemorrhoidalis. 1895 fasciatus: hind and middle tibie
brown. i

Heliothrips fasciapennis Hinds. hzemorrhoidalis Bouche.
fasciatus Perg. Limothrips setarize Jones.

Physothrips 1904 pyri. (07) 1907 orchidii: head distinctly wider than long.
ehrhorni: (y2) pyri—eyes not pilose. 1909 citri: (11) orchidii—last two
antennal segments together only about half as long as the sixth. 1901 parvus:
citri—wings shaded brown. albus: (12) citri—color white. 1912 costalis:
albus—ring vein conspicuous. longirostrum: ehrhorni—postocular spines
wanting.

Physothrips albus (Moul.) longirostrum (Jones).
citri (Moul.) orchidii (Moul.)
costalis (Jones). parvus (Moul )

ehrhornii (Moul. pyri (Dan.

306 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Odontothrips ulicis (Hal) heemorrhoidalis—Heliothrips.
Sericothrips albus Jones. madronii Moul.
apteris Dan. magnus Moul.
moultoni Jones. miscrocephalus Jones. (ms.)
reticulatus Moul. tabaci Lind.
stanfordii Moul. tritici—Euthrips.
variabilis Bea. ul’c:s—Euthrips.
Thrips bremneri Moul Pavenothrips dracceenze H2eg.

femoralis—miscrocephalus.

Figure 313. The work of Heliothrips hg nov:hoidalis on orange leaf.

PHLCZOTHRIPIDA.

Trichothrips dens Moul. Cenhalethrips errans Moul.
dumosa—ilex. Phloeothrips armiger Jones.
ruber Moul. jennei Jones.
femoralis Moul. Liothrips fasciculatus Cra.
ilex Moul. stenoceps—fasciculatus.

Hoplothrips corticis Serv. meconnellii—Leptothrips

Acanthothrips doanei — Hoplothrips SUS.

corticis. Mecalothrips hesperus Moul.

Cryptothrips californicus—Leptothrips Leptothrips aspersus Hinds.

aspersus. russelli Mor.

salacis Jones.

PEDICULINA.
PEDICULIDA.
Hematopinus suis (Linn.) vestimenti Leach.
Pedicutus capitis DeG. Phthirius inguinalis Leach.

suis Hematopinus.

asper-

ORTHOPTERA.

The Orthoptera is the first group to leave abundant fossil remains and for
this reason has bee considered by some entomologists as the ancestral group
of winged insects. They are the first group of insects to become hard bodied
which probably explains in part the geological record. The Order was
grouped with the Hemiptera by Linnzeus and has been combined with the
Pseudoneuroptera by many German entomologists. On the other hand it

a
— Gaaqtte
: g sere tera
Figure 314. Diagram showing a series of cockroach wings with fold areas ap-

proaching the structure found in the wing of an earwig.

has not infrequently been split into two orders and occasionally into several.
The peculiar wing structure in the earwigs has occasioned their separation
as a separate order tho it has been shown that the cockroaches show an ap-
proach and and is doubtless the group from which they arose. The three
families of jumping Orthoptera are the more modern branch of the order. the
other families fall into two series, the cockroaches and earwigs forming a
group distinct from all other Orthoptera. and perhaps representing a different
line of descent.

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES.

Acrididz: hind legs enlarged for leaping and antenne shorter than body.
307

308 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Locustidze: similar, but antenne long. Gryllidze: feet three-jointed.

Blattidze: body flattened. Forficulidze: with forceps at end of body.
Phasmidz. Mantidze: front legs greatly enlarged.

ACRIDIDA.
The migratory members of this family have been known as locusts but the
more common name of these insects when not migrating is grass hoppers.
Locusts probably rank first of all insect pests.

Figure 315. Diagram showing the principle veins in the wing of Acrididge.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
Melanoplus: prothorax spined beneath and metasternal lobes as broad as
long. Dracotettix: apical spurs on both sides of hind tibize. Parapomala,
Leptysma and Arnilia: face very oblique, the first with hind tibia expanded

Qntenna

Pronotum

= Front Wing 7
E oe

— a ie

face =
Ovipositor
Spines
a Pulvillus
. Tarsus” Claw -
Spurs
((@& Pro- WNeso- Netathoraz
Anaomen c A Tp ranen
erci
of Male
Subgenital a

Plate Prosternal pine
Figure 316. Structures used in the classification of grasshoppers.

apically and the second with head as long as pronotum. Dactylotum: less
than nine spines on outer margin of hind tibia. Bradynotus: wingless.
Peecilotettix: no median carina. C&daleonotus: cerine interrupted between
sulci. Hesperotettix: crest equal on prozona and metazona. A®oloplus:
pronotum narrowest in front of principal sulcus.

Triberotropus: pronotal caringe evident, twice intersected, the principal
sulcus distinct on sides. Aconia and Heliastes: crest deeply interrupted
between sulci, the latter with middle independent vein feeble or wanting.

ORTHOPTERA. 309

Hadrotettix: pronotum not crested in front. Daratmena: sides of metazona
narrowed beneath. Mestobregma: lateral canthi bending at principal sulcus
or absent in front. Circotettix: posterior veins of hind wings swollen in the
middle. Conozoa: crest as high as on prozona.

Hippiscus: prosternum rough.

Schistocerca: prosternum spined.

Orphulella: face and vertex angled or the latter with distinct fovez. Gym-
nes, Bootetix and Ligurotettix: top of head bent up from pronotum, the last
Opeia, Horisodotes and Napaia: antenne triquetrus, the first with inner spurs
of hind tibiz unequal, the last with front wings shorter than abdomen
two very distinctly so, in the second forming an acute angle with face.
Plectrotettix, Brunneria, Stenobothris, Eupnigodes, Aulocara, Psoessa and.
Stirapueura: tempore visible from above, the first with face and vertex not
meeting in an angle as seen from side, the second and third with tempore
more than twice as long as broad, the former with prozona longer than
metazona, the fourth with pronotum shorter than head, the fifth with prozona
longer than metazona and the last with tempore visible throughout the
length. CEonomus and Amphitornus: with a distinct median carina on pro-
thorax. Alphia: tibiz red.

Telmotettix: pronotum extending to tip of abdomen. Paratettix: vertex
not narrowed anteriorly. Tettix and Merotettix: vertex advanced beyond

eyes, thelatter with vertex wider than an eye.
Arphia. Cortophaga, Chimarocephala and Encoptolophus: interspace be-

tween metasternal foramina longer than broad, the first with hind wings
bright colored, the second with middle independent vein midway between
others and the third with head compressed. Camnula, Agymnastus and Lep-
rus, principal sulcus feeble or wanting on sides of pronotum, the first with
pronotal carina conspicuous, the second with wings shorter than abdomen.
Lactista: costal margin of wing thickened nearly to tip. Scirtetica, Microtus
and Spharagemon: with band on middle of wings, the first with crest feably
intersected, the last with intercalary vein.

Acridium alutacea—Schistocerca. ramona Rehn.
borckii—Melanoplus. : sulphurea (Fabr.)
differentialis—Melanoplus. Aulocara ellioti Thom.
femurrubrum—Melanoplus. Bootettix argentatus Brun.
granulatus.—Tettix. Bradynotus obesa (Thom.)
shoshone—Schistocerca. referata Scud.
vaga—Schistocerca. satur Scud.

AZolophus arcuatus—chenopodii. Bruneria shastana Scud.
californicus Scud. Caloptenus atlantis—Melanoplus.
chenipodii (Brun.) collaris—CEdalionotus enigma.

Agynastus ingens (Scud.) femoratus—Melanoplus.

Alpha cinera (Brun.) femurrubrum—Melanoplus.

Amphitomus ornatus McN. spretus—Melanoplus.

Antonia integra Scud. viridis—Hesperotettix.

Arnilia mexicana (Saus.) Camnula pellucida (Scud.)

Arphia behrensi Saus. Chimarocephala behrensi Saus.

hesperiphila Rehn. brevipennis—Chortophaga.

310 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

pacifica (Thom.)
Chortophaga brevipennis (Scud.)

thallassinus Saus.
Circotettix maculatus Scud.

occidentalis (Brun.)

shastanus Brun.

verruculatus (Kirby.)
Conozoa behrensi Saus.

Figure 317. Common California grasshoppers.
behrensi. D.Camnula
G. Lactista gibbosus.

phia sulphurea. C. Conozoa
spureata. F. Hadrotettix mundus.

Encoptolophus pallidus Brun.
sordidus—pallidus.

Eupnigodes megacephala McN.

Gomphocerus pelidna—Orphulella.
shastana—Brunneria.

Gryllus carolina—Dissosteira.
sulfurea—Arphia.

Gymnes punctatus Scud.

A Chimarocephala pacifica, B. Ar-
pellucida. BH. Dissosteira
H. Circotettix shas-

tanus. I. Trimerotropis pseudofasciatus.

koebelei Brun.
rebellis—Trimerotropis.
sulcifrons (Scud.)
wallula (Scud.

Dactylotum variegatum (Scud.)

Derotmena delicatulum Scud.
saussureanum Scud.

Dissosteira monstrosus Brun.
plutonius Brun.

Hadrotettix mundus Scud.
Heliastus aridus (Brun.)
_californicus (Thom.)
minimus (Scud.)
Hesperotettix festivus Scud.
pacificus Brun.
pratensis Scud.
viridis (Thom.)
Hippiscus aurilegulus Scud.

ORTHOPTERA. 311

californicus Scud. angelicus Scud.
calthulus (Saus.) ascensus Scud.
lateritius (Saus.) ater Scud.
marmoratus Scud. atlanis (Riley.)
neglectus (Thom.) blandus Scud.
paradalis (Saus.) borckii (Stal.)

devastator Scud.
cinereus Scud.

| consanguineus Scud.
dealbatus Scud.

Figure 318. Common California grass-
hoppers. A. Bradynotus satur. B (dal-
eonotus enigma.

stigmosus Scud.
zapotecus (Saus.)

Horresidotus cinereus Scud.

Lactista gibbosa Saus.

Leprus giaucipennis Scud.
ingens—Agymnastus.
intermedius Saus.

Leptysma marginicollis Serv.

Ligurotettix coquilletti McN.

Locusta verruculata—Circotettix.

Figure. 320 Melanoplus’ devastator,
nymph.

Figure 319. Common California grassh-
opppers. A. Telmatettix aztecum. B.
Stenobothris Oregonensis.

Figure 321. A short winged adult Mel-

Mastobreama hyalinum Scud. anoplus.

kiowa (Thom.)

rosaceum Scud. differentialis (Uhl.)
Melanoplus ablutus Scud. diminutus Scud.

affinis—devastator. femoratus (Burm.)

312 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Figure 322. Melanoplus differentialis, nymph.

Figure 323. Melanoplus differentialis,

Figure 324. Melanoplus uniformis.

ORTHOPTERA. 313

femurrubrum (DeG.
flavescens Scud.
fuscipes McN.
gracilipes McN.
lepidus Scud.
marginatus (Scud.)
missionum Scud.
nanus Scud.
olivaceus Scud.
pacificus (Scud.)
packardii Scud.
phezetaliotiformis Scud.
pinctus Scud.
rileanus McN.
similis Scud.
spretus (UhlI.)
tenuipes McN.
uniformis Scud.
varicus Scud.
virgatus McN.
Menotettix pristinum Morse.
Morsea californica Scud.
Microtus nubila Scud.
Napaia gracilis McN.
Ochrilidea cinerea—Alpha. Risure yoo ohne
CEdaleonotus enigma (Scud.) (Edaleonotus enigma.

valley grasshopper,

Figure 326. The valley grasshopper, Cidaleonotus enigma.

pellucida—Camnula. kiowa—Mestobregma.

G&idocaza strangulata—Aulocara elliot- neglectus—Hippiscus.
ti. obliterata—Dissosteir

CEonomus altus Scud. Gecliontanecr realist
OPeia testacea Scud. paradalinus—Hippiscus
Opomala marginicoilis--Leptysma. Orphulella affinis Scud.

mexicana—Arnilia. compta Scud.
Orphula tepanica—Orphulella affinis. pelidna (Burm.)

CE2dipoda cincta—Trimerotropis. Paratettix hesperinus—Talmotettix

314 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Figure 238. Prepairing to use fire against grasshoppers.

ORTHOPTERA, 815

mexicanus (Saus.)
morsea Han.
toltecus Saus.

Paropomala calamus Scud.
virgatus Scud.

Pezotettix atlanis—Melanoplus.
borckii—Melanoplus.
chenopodii—/®olophus.
collaris—CEdaleonotus enigma.
enigma—CEdaleonotus.
jucundus—CEdalionotus enigma.
marginatus—Melanoplus.
obesa—Bradynotus.
pacificus—M elanoplus.
variegatum—Dactylotum.

Plectrotettix patrize Scud.

Pnigodes megacephala—Eupnigodes.

Podisma borkii—Melanoplus.

Poecilotettix coccinatus Scud.

Psinidia sulcifrons—Conozoa.
wallula—Conozoa.

Psolcessa maculipennis Scud.
texana Scud.
hyalina McN.
juliana Scud.
koebelei Brun.

Scirtettix occidentalis Brun.

Scyllina delicatula—Stiraplura pusilla.

Schistocerca alutacea (Harr.)
carinata Ccud.
shoshone (Thom.)
vaga (Scud.)
venusta Scud.
Spharagemon venustum (Stal.)
Stauronotus elliotti—Aulocara.
Stenobothris oregonensis Scud.
Stichippus californicus—Hippiscus.
Stirapieura decussata Scud.
delicatula—pusilla.
pusilla Ccud.
Telmotettix aztecus Saus.

aridus Han.
hesperinus Morse.
Tettix aztecus—Telmotettix.
granulatus (Kirby.)
mexicanus—Paratettix.
toltecus—Paratettix.
Tragocephala brevipennis—Chortopha-
ga.
pacifica—Chimarocephala.
Trimerotropis albescens McN.
bifasciata Brun.
czeruleipennis Brun.
czeruleipes Scud.
californica Brun.
calignosa McN.
cincta (Thom.)
conspersa McN.
coquilletti McN.
cristata McN.
fallax Saus.
ferruginea McN.
stigmosus—Hippiscus.
zapotecus—Hippiscus.
pacifica Brun.
pilosa McN.
porrecta McN.
pseudofasciata Scud.
rebelis (Saus.)
similis Scud.
suffusa—cincta.
tesellata McN.
thalassica Brun.
variegata McN.
vinculata Scud.
Thrincus aridus—Heliastus.
californicus—Heliastus.
minimus—Heliastus.
Xanthippus aurilegulus—Hippiscus.
cathulus—Hippiscus.
lateritius—Hippiscus.
pardalinus—Hippiscus.

LOCUSTIDA.
The Locustid# have been called in some of the books, locusts because of
the family name and sometimes grasshoppers because of their grass-green

color

Most of the males have the wings modified into musical organs and

the best known species is called katd-did because of its song and this name

has come to be used for the whole group.
Ous largest forms are locally called ‘‘potato

wingless and therefore voicless..
bug.”

Many of the California species are

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA,
Stenopelmatus: wingless and withous pulvilli.

316 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Ceuthophilus: wingless. Tropidischia: hind tibizee spined on both sides. Gam-
haurotettix: front tibiz hollowed out beneath. Prixocnemis and Udeopsylla:
palpi short, the last with third joint shorter than fifth.

Tropizaspis: with short useless wings and prosternum with two spines.

Calcopteris: with short useless wings. Anabrus: front tibize spined above on
both margins. Atelophus: with but one spine above. Clinopleura: with four.
Idiostatus: with feeble lateral carine on thorax. Steiroxys and Idionotus: with
carine well developed and divergent behind in the last.

Scudderia. Dichopetata: front coxe unarmed. Arethzea: hind margin of wings
sinuate. Platylyra: front wingsas long as hind wings.

Figure 329. Common California katydids. A Scuderia furcifera. B. Anabris
simplex. C. Ceuthophilus pacificus Ateloplus notatus. E. Stenopelmatus irregu-
laris.

Anabrus simplex Ateoplus notatus Scud.
Arethzea consuetipes Scud. Calcopteris zequalis Scud.
Arytropteris steindachneri—Tropizas- femorata Scud.

pis. fuscopunctatus Scud.

ORTHOPTERA. 317

Capnobotes brunneri Scud. Dichopetala brevicauda Scud.

occidentalis (Thom.) Gammarotettix bilobatus (Thom.)

Ceuthophilus bilobatus—Gamarotettix. californicus—bilobatus.
californicus Scud. Hemiodopsylla californicus Scud.
celatus Scud.

platiceps S.&P.

Figure 330. Clinopleura meianopleura. fema‘e.

Figure 331. Clinopleura melanopleura. male.

henshawi Scud. Idionotus brunneus Scud.
pacificus Thom. Idiostatus bilineatus (Thom.)
vinculus Scud. hermani (Thom.)
Clinopleura flavomarainata Scud. Locusta occidentalis. .Capnobotes.
melanopleura (Scud.) Orchelimum agile Deg.
conocephalus acutalus Scud. Phaneroptera mexicana—Scudderia.

mexicanus Saus. Prixocnemis validus Scud.

318 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Platylyra californica Scud. longispina Brun.
Raphidophora xanthostoma—Tropidis- oculatus Scud.
chia. pictus Scud.
Scudderia furcifera Scud. Tropidischia Xanthostoma (Scud.
mexicana (Saus.) Tropizaspis castanea Scud.
Steiroxys bilineatus—lIdiostatus. diabolica Scud.
borealis Scud. ovata Scud.
hermani. .Idiostatus. steindachneri (Herm.)
melanopleura—Clinopleura. Udeopsylla nigra Scud.
Stenopelmatus californicus Brun. Xiphidium occidentale Morse.
histrio Saus. spinosum Morse. .

irregularis Brun.

GRYLLIDA.
The crickets have musical organs on the wings slmliar to those of the Lo-
custidge with which family they are very closely allied.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
Gryllus. 1775. assimilis. 1838. pensylvanicus: totally black. 1901. intiger. black
except wings. vocalis: black except shoulder stripes.

Figure 332, Common California crickets.
A. Nemobius mexicanus. B. Tridactylus
minutus. C. Gryllus vocalis.

Gryllus assimilis Fabr.
intiger Scud.
pennsylvanicus Burm.
vocalis Scud.
Gryllotalpa cultiger Uhl.
Myogryllus sicarius Scud.
Myrmecophila formicarium Scud.
Nemobius mexicanus Walk.
necomexicanus Scud.

QGecanthus californicum Walk. :
Figure 333 Front wing of a male crick-

Tridactylus apicalis Say. d
: et snowing modificati Bey al
minutus Scud. ae 8 odification as a musical or

MANTIDA:.
The Mantids are predatory , catching other insects by their greatly devel-
oped front legs.
Litaneutria obscura Scud. skinneri Rehn.
Pacifica Scud. Stagmomantis californicus R.& H.

ORTHOPTEHERA.,

co
he
©

Figure 334. Common California Orthopptera. A. Blatella germanica. TB. Sphingo-
labis californicus. C. Litaneutria pacifica.
PHASMIDA.
The Phasmide includes the walking sticks and the leaf insects of the troc-
ics. Gnly a fev rare species of walking sticks occur in this state.

Pacillus coloradus—Parabascillus. truncata Caud.
Parabascillus coloradus Séud. Spermyle arbuscula—Pseudospermyle.
Pseudcspermyle arbuscula Rehn. Timena californicus Scud.

FORFICULIDA.
We have one fairly common wingless species ofearwig .

Doru lirearis (Dorn.) Sphingolabis californica—Doru _ line-
tasniata (Dorn.) aris.
Prolabia arachnis Yer. taeniata—Doru.
BLATTIDA.

[TI cea
I jee
LT ya
CARES

SER
Pee
Bese

PELE Te

mie

\
\S

Figure 336. Folding of the wing of a
Figure 335. Venation-of a cockroach. cockroach.

Cockroaches have not been annoyed by cockroaches till the last few years

and now only in very limited localities.
i i i i Linn.
Blatta orientalis Linn. Blattella germanica (
germanica—Blattella. Cryptocercus punctulatus Scud.

320 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Loboptera americanum Scud Phylodromia germanica—Blattella.
Planchora hyalina Saus. Stylopygea. orientalis—Blatta.

Figure 338. Section across the folded wing of an earwig. The numbers locate
the areas shown in figure 337.

CORRODENTIA.

Under the name Corrodentia are now assembled three very distinct groups
evidently closely related but differing so in habits and structure as to seem
to many to deserve rank as independent orders. The larger group usually
designated as the Mallophaga, the biting bird lice, have very evidently been
derived from the Psocina in rather recent times probably coincidently with
their hosts. The termites are very ancient and are the only group in the
order with abundant fossil remains, the others being of too small size and
delicate structure.

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES.

Philopteridze: antenne five-jointed.

Liotheidz: antenne concealed, four-jointed. Gyropidz: feet with one claw.
Trichodectidz: antennez three-jointed.

Termitide: feet four-jointed. Embiidz: thoracic segments as long as broad
Psocidze. Atropidze: no ocelli.

PHILOPTERINA.

The bird lice are as a rule confined to one or a few related host species.
The following list gives the hosts of the California species.

Grebe Docophorus lari, pertusus. Menopon tridens Nirmus fuscomarginatus.
Loon Docophorus columbinus, graviceps, lari. Lipeurus faralloni. Menopon
tridens. Puffin Colpocephalum perplanum. Nirmus pacificus. Auklet Docophorus
acutipectus, atricolor, montereyi. Nirmus maritimus. Murrelet Docophorus
atricolor, montereyi. Guillemot Docophorus procax. Nirmus fuscomarginatus,
pacificus. Murre Docophorus calvus. Jaeger Docophorus melanocephalus. Nir-
mus triangularis. Lipeurus laculatus. Kittiwake Docophorus lari Nirmus lin-
eolatus. Gull Colpocephalum funebri. Docophorus lari. Menopon infrequens.
Nirmus felix, lineolatus. Tern Docophorus melanocephalus. Menopon tridens

Nirmus hebes, preestans. Albatros Colpocephalum pingue. Hurymetopus brevis.
321

322 . * GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Gibelia mirabilis. Lipeurus concinnus, densus, diversus, ferox. Menopon ir-
rumpens, navigans. Nirmus giganticola. Fulmar Ancistroma gigas. Docophorus
occidentalis. Eurymetopus brevis. Lipeurus celer, varius. Menopon numerosum.
Nirmus maritimus. Shearwater Ancistroma gigas. Docophorus validus. Eury-
metopus brevis. Giebelia mirabilis. Lipeurus diversus, fuliginosus, laculatus,
limitatus, testaceus. Menopon paululum, petulans. Nirmus giganticola, pacifi-
cus. Cormorant Lipeurus Faralloni, toxoceros. Menopon titan. Pelican Colpo-
cephalon unciferum. Lipeurus bifasciatus, furficulatus, toxoceros. Menopon
consanguinium, titan. Merganser Docophorus icteroides. Lipeurus squalidus
temporalis. Trinoton lituratum, luridum. Duck Docophorus icterodes. Lipeurus
constrictus, squalidus. Menopon loomisii. Trinoton lituratum, luridum. Rail
Menopon tridens Oncophorus bisetosus. Coot Docophorus graviceps, minuto-
trabeculatus, pertusus, quadraticeps. Lemobothrium atrum. Lipeurus longipi-
lus, luridus, picturatus. Menopon tridens. Oncophorus advena, minutus. Phal-
arope Nirmus furvus. Sandpiper. Docophorus fusitormis. Nirmus complexivius.
Sanderling Colpocephaluin spinulosum. Nirmus actophilus, complexivus. God-
wit Nirmus cordatus. Plover Colpocephalum timidum. Docophorus fuliginosus.
Nirmus opacus. Partridge Goniodes mammillatus Lipeurus docopheroides.
Grouse Lipeurus perplexus. Goniodes mammillatus. Ptarmigen Goniodes mam-
millatus. Chicken Goniocotes abdominalis. Menopon biseriatum, pallidum.
Pheasant Gosiocotes creber. Kite Colpocephalum fllavescens, osborni. Menopon
decoratum Nirmus fuscus. Hawk Colpocephalum flavescens. Nirmus fuscus.
Eagle Colpocephalum flavescens. Docophorus pictus. Owl Docophorus cursor,
rostratus, speotyti. Woodpecker Docophorus californiensis, singularis. Menopon
funereum. Sapsucker Docophorus californiensis. Flicker Lipeurus macra-
cephalus. Hummingbird Nirmus eustigmus, vulgatus. Physostonum. Kingbird
Nirmus fcedus. Flycatcher Docophorus communis, fuscoventralis, rufus. Men-
cpon distinctum. Nirmus foedus, vulgatus. Physotomum sucinaaceum. Phoebe
Nirmus fcedus. Lark Docophorus communis. Jay Docophorus communis Nirmus
vulgatus. Menopon persignatum. Raven Colpocephalum subeequale. Crow Men-
opon mesoleucum. Blackbird Docophorus communis. Meadowlark Docophorus
communis. Oriole Docophorus Communis. Grosbeak Menopon funereum. Finch
Docophorum communis. Menopon incertum. Nirmus vulgatus. Physotomum
microcephalum. Longspur Docophorus communisSparrow Docophorus com-
munis, Menopon incertum, moestum, Nirmus latiusculus, vulgatus. Physo-
tomum diffusum. Junco Docophorus communis.. Nirmus vulgatus. Songsparrow
Colpocephalum chrysopheum, grandiculum, Docophorus communis. Menopon
moestum. Towhee Colpocephalum grandiculum. Docophorus communis. Nir-
mus vulgatus. Cardinal Docophorus communis, Bunting Nirmus vulgatus. Tan-
ager Docophorus communis. Swallow Menopon mallens. Nirmus longus. Wax-
wing Docophorus communis, incisus. Nirmus brachythorax. Phainopepla Nir-
mus foedus. Shrike Docophorus communis. Nirmus foedus. Warbler Docophorus
communis. Menopon ridulosum, Nirmus vulgatus. Chat Nirmus foedus. Dipper

CORROENTIA — PHILOPTERINA. 323

Figure 339. Eggs of Menopon pallidum.

Zs oe
oe
®@), a iN
lag WW
of — =

N

ZA. / : 4 } :
AA TIM
GANA

Wann as

ray

/

MWh A

Figure 340 A chicken louse Menopon pallidum. The two sexes.

324 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Nirmus vulgatus. Thrasher Docophorus communis. Wren Docophorus com-
munis, mirus. Menopon distinctus, incertum, malleus. Titmouse Docophorus
communis. Chicadee Nirmus vulgatus. Bushtit Colpocephalum fumidum. Men-
opon robustum, Robin Docophorus communis. Nirmus vulgatus. Bluebird Do-
cophorus Communis, incisus. Fox Trichodectes quadraticeps. Pocket gopher.
Trichodectes geomydis. Skunk Trichodectes mephitidis.
LIOTHEIDA..
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Menopon: eyes not in hollows. Physotomum: sides of head -straight. An.
cistrona: length over 5 m.m.

Colpocephalum. Trinoton and Lzemobothrum: forehead with lateral swels-
lings, the last with meso and metathorax fused.

Ancistrona gigas Piag. funereum K.&C.

Colpocephalum chrysophzeum Kel. incertum Kel.
epinulosum Piag. infrequens Kel.
flavescens Nitz. irrumpens K.&C.
fumidum Kel. loomisii Kel.

funebre Kel.

grandiculum Kel.

numerosum Kel.
osborni Kel.
perplanum Kel.
pingue Kel.

spinulosum Piag.

strictum K.&P.
subzequale Nitz.

ridulosum K.&C.

malleus Nitz.
mesoleucum Nitz.
meoestum K.&C.
numerosum Kel.
navigans Kel.
monstcechum Kel.
pacificum—tridens.
palulum K.&C.
persignatum Kel.
petulans K.&C.

robustum Kel. tridens Nitz.
titian Nitz. Trinoton lituratum Nitz.
timidum Kel. luridum Nitz.
unciferum Kel. Lzemobothrium atrum Nitz.
Menopon biseriatum Piag. Physctomum diffusum Kel.
consanguineum Piag. microcephalum Kel.
decoratum Kel. prominans K.&C.
distinctum K.&C. sucinaceum Kel.
TRICHODECTIDA.
Trichodectes geomydia Osb. quadriceps Chap.

mephitidis Osb.

PHILOPTERIDA.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Lipeurus: body narrow. Nirmus: antenne alike in both sexes. Oncophor-
us: legs short.

Docophorus. Eurymetopus, Gonioides and Goniocotes: with antennze un-
like in the sexes, the first with the last abdominal segment emarginate, the
second with an appendage on third antennal segment. Giebelia: with mem-
braneous appendage on forehead.

Docophorus acutipectus Kel. californiensis Kel.
atricolor Kel. calvus Kel.

CORRODENTIA — PHILOPTERINA,

Figure 342. A chicken louse Goniocotes

Guu
Wy ES

abdominalis upper and lower view.

325

326 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

columbinus Den.
communis Nitz.
cursor Nitz.
fusiformis Den.
fuliginosus Kel.
fuscoventralis Osb.
gigantula Kel.
graviceps Kel.
Icterodes Nitz.
incisus Kel.
lara Den.
langus Kel.
melanocephala Burm.
mirinotatus K.&C.
mirus Kel.
monachus—pertusus.
montereyi Kel.
occidentalis Kel.
pertusus Nitz.
pictus Gieb.
platyrhynchus Nitz
procax K. & C.
rostratus Nitz.
rufus Kel.
singularis K.&C.
speotyti Osb.
validus K.&C.
Eurymetopus brevis Duf.
Giebelia mirabilis Kel.
Goniocotes abdominalis Piag.
creber Kel.
Goniodes curvicornis Gieb.
mammilatus Rud.

Lipeurus californicus—docophoroides.

celer Kel.
concinnus Kel.
constrictus Kel.
densus Kel.
diomedia Fabr.
diversus Kel.
docophoroides Piag.
faralloni Kel.

forficulatus Nitz.
fuliginosus Tash.
gracilicornis Piag.
laculatus Kel.
limitatus Kel.
longipilis Kel.
macrocephalus Kel.
perplexus Kel.
snodgrassi Kel.
squalidus Nitz
temporalis Nitz
testaceus Tasch.
toxocerus Nitz.
varius Kel.

Nirmus actophilis K.&C.

americanus—fuscomarginatus.
brachythorax Gieb.
complexius K.&C.
cordatus Osb.
ductilis K.&C.
eustigmus Kel.
felix Gieb

foedus K.&C.
fuscomarginatus Den.
furvus Nitz.
fuscus Nitz.
gigantula Kel.
hebes Kel.
incoenis K.&C.
latiusculus K.&C.
lineolatus Nitz.
longus Kel.
maritimus K.&C.
opacus K.&C.
pacificus Kel.
prestans Kel.
punctatus Nitz.
triangularis Nitz
vulgatus Kel.

Oncophorus advena Kel.

bisetosus Piag.
californicus—bisetosus.

ferox Gieb. minutus Nitz.

TERMITINA.

TERMITIDA.

In the tropics the termites or white ants easily take first place as insect
pests but here in California thes are rarely more than objects of interest be-
cause of their habits, particularly the annual flight of the winged forms and
the great numbers of discarded wings to be seen at the close of the day.

Very little is known of the colony life of our species. One will often find

CORRODENTIA TERMITINA. 327

colonies in rotten logs or in the ground. The queen probably lives in the

ground as she is never seen in the infested log when that is torn to pieces
to study the colony.

Figure 344. Work of a white ant.

Callotermes castaneus Burm. castaneus—Callotermes.
marginipennis Latr. é marginipennis—Callotermes.
Termes flavipes Kol. Termopsis angusticollis Walk.
lucifugus Ros. occidentalis Walk.
angusticollis—Termopsis.
EMBIIDA. ‘
Embia californica Banks.
PSOCIN A.
ATROPIDA..

Leptinotus piceus Mots.

328 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. i

PSOCIDA.

Figure 345. Diagram of the venation of the Psocidee..

Elipsochus punctatus Banks. Czecilius aurantiacus Hag.
Myopsochus macuiosus Banks. clarus Banks.

Figure 346. The egg tent of a Psocid.

Figure 347 Venation of a Psocid.

ran

CORRODENTIA — PSOCINA.

Figure 348. Hook on the wing of
bsocid.

KPHEMERIDA.

The mayflies are not well represented in California. The nymphs are
aquatic Their venation shows perhaps the largest number of veins found
among insects. In this and the following order the wings are rigidly at-
tached to the wing root and the musculation of the thorax is different from

that of preceeding orders.
EPHEMERIDA.

Figure 349 Venation of a mayfly

Ameletus exquisitus—Siphlurus. undulatus Pict.
Beetisca obesa Say. Heptagenia nitidus Eat.
Betis obesa—Bzetisca. Iron nitidus—Heptagenia.
Callibzetis californicus Banks. Leptophlebia rufivenosus Eat.
hageni—tessellatus. Siphlurus dissitus Eat.
pictus—undulatus. exquisitus Eat.

tessellatus Hag.
330

EPHEMERIDA.

TEEIITTTITITTTT TTT TTT
LUT TTP

ph

“euap

D

Figure 351. Unusual venations of mayflies.

ODONATA.

These insects are carnivorous both as young and adults. The nymphs are
aquatic and notable on account of the greatly. developed under lip, which
has become a grasping organ for securing their prey. The adults are famil-
iarly known as “dragonflies” “darning needles” “snake feeders or doctors.”
There are seven families the last two being sometimes distinguished as dam-
selflies

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES.

Agrionidz: eyes hemispherical. Calopterygidze: five or more antecubitals.

Libellulidze: antecubitals corresponding. Cordulidze: eyes tubercled be-
hind.

omphidze. A€schnidz: eyes approximate. Corduligasteridze: touching
at but a single point.

SS
MW WS

SS
Qa~a~nn~nn~©~©npn~y»~nw~w~w—f|_Q_@E_gw|Oo Par

Figure 352. Diagram of the wing of Odo-

nata. a. arculus. n. node. n.S. nodal sec- Figure 353. Diagram of the venation of

tor. s. stigma. t. triangle. fossil dragonflies.
LIBELLULIDA.

Pelona odiosa—Libellula. pulchella Dru.
saturata—Libellula. saturata Uhl.

Diplax corrupta (Hag.) semicincta—Diplax.
flavocosta—mandida. simplicicollis—Mesothemis.
hageni Cal. subornata Hag.
mandida Hana. Mesothemis collocata—simplicicollis.
semicincta (Say.) illcta Hag.

Lepetrum corrupta—Diplax. longipennis—Pachydiplax.
forensis—Libellula. simplicicollis (Say.)
Libellula forensis Hag. Platythemis subornata—Libellula.
longipennis—Pachydiplax. trimaculata—Libelluta.

lydia Dru. Pachydiplax longipennis Burm.

odiosa Hag. i
332

ODONATA. 333

f CORDULIDA.

Epopthalmia elegans Brau.
Micromia pacifica Hag.

magnifica Say.

AESCHNIDA.

7eschna californica Hag.
constricta Say.
juncea (Linn.)
validus—walsinghami.

walsinghami McL.
junius—Anax.
Libellula juncea—/A€éschna.

CORDULEGASTERI!IDA.

Cordulegaster dorsalis Selys.

GOMPHIDA.

Diastatomma bison—Ophiogomphus.
obscurus—Progomphus.
Gomphus confraternus Selys.
olivaceus Selys.
sobrinus Selys.

specularis—Octogomphus.
Neogomphus specularis—Octogomphus.
Octogomphus specularis Selys.
Ophiogomphus bison Selys.
Progomphus obscurus Ramb.

AGRIONIDA.

Agrion definum—lIschnura ramburii.
exclamationis Selys.
ramburii—Ischnura.

Argia agrioides Calv.
vivida Selys.

Coenagrion exclamationis—Agrion.

Enallagma civile Hag.
cyathigerum—robusta.
robusta Selys.

Erythagrion salvum Hag.

Ischnura cervula Selys.
defixa—ramburii.
erratica Calv.
exstriata Calv.
perpava Selys.
ramburii Selys.

Lestes stulta Hag.
uncata Kirb.
unguiculata Hag.

Micronympha cervula—lIschnura.
defixa—Ischnura ramburii.

Oxyagrion rufulum Hag.

Pyrrosoma abbreviata Selys.

Figure 354. Agrion, showing figure 8 path
of wing as seen from adove and from the
side. A. position of wing when ready to
fly. B. position of complete rest. C. po-
sition of rest with expanded wings.

CALOPTERYGIDZ.

Calopteryx maculata Beau.
Euthore fasciata (Salys.)

Hetzerina californica Selys.
Thore fasciata—Euthore.

334

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Figure 355. -Diagram ilustrating the
flight of Agrion <A. From above, the
curved line showing the path of the stig-
ma. B. From the side, according to the
theory of von Lendenfeldt. C. From the
side, according to the theory of Marey.

NEUROPTERA.

The order Neuroptera is very frequently divided on the basis of meta-
morphosis, and the two or three preceding orders have been combined with
part or all of the order. Each of the superfamilies is sometimes considered
a distinct order,

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES.

Myrmeleonidz: antenne enlarged at tip.

Sericostomatidz: wings clothed with hair. Limnephilidz: legs spiny.
Leptoceridze, Rhyacophilidze and Hydropsychidze: male palpi five-jointed, the
first two with last joint elongate, the second with the basal joint of antenne
long.

Chrysopidze: prothorax distinctly wider than long. WHemerobiidae: anten
nal joints beadlike.

Raphidiidze: prethorax much longer than wide.

Panorpidz: mouth at end of long trunk.

Sialidze. Perlidz: feet three-jointed. Mantispidze: front legs much en-
larged. Coniopterygidze: body and wings covered with a white powder.

PHRYGANINA.

RIACOPHILIDA.
Agapetus celatus McL. basalis Banks.
Riaccephila angelita Banks.
PSYCHOMYIDA.
Tinodes consueta McL.

RYDROPSYCHIDA.
Diplectrona nigripennis Banks. | Hydropsyche californica Banks.

ODONTOCERIDA.

Neurophilus californicus Hag. Silo californicus——Neurophilus.
plutonius Banks.

336 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

SERICOSTOMATIDA.
Helicopsyche californicum Banks. nigricula McL.
Lopodostoma cinereum BaBnks. Silo californicus Hag.
Nosopus podiger McL. cinereus—Lepidostoma.

Notidobia griseola McL.

CALAMOCERATIDA.
Heteroplectron californicum McL.

LIMNEPHILIDA. *
Limnephilus gravidus Hag. - occidenta..s—designatus.
Platyphylax designatus Walk.

Figure 356. Venation of the larger Phryganeide.

PANORPINA.

PANORPIDA.
This family includes the scorpion flies, so called because the abdomen in
some cases mimic the sting of a scorpion. The larve live in the ground and
both larve and adults are carnivorous.

Bittacus apterus McL.
chlorostigma Mcl.

Boreus californicus Pack.

HEMEROBINA.

CHRYSO-IDA.
The lace wing flies feed on aphids. The eggs which are laid on long stalks

are conspicuous objects-on the leaves of aphid infested trees.

Eremochrysa californica Banks. gravida Banks.
punctinervis McL. marginalis Banks.

Chrysopa californica Coq. punctinervis—Eremochrysa.
externa Hag. Nothochrysa californica Banks.

NEUROPTERA — HEMEROBIINA.

Figure 360. Hemerobius larva

Figure 359. Brown Lacewing. Hemer-
obius pacificus.

338 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

HEMEROBIDA.
The larve of these insects cover the body with excrement and rubbish.
They feed on plantlice.
Boriomyia coloradensis Banks.

Hemerobius mcoestus Banks. tutatrix (not California.)
Polystcechotes punctulatus Fabr. Sympherobius angustus Banks.
pacificus Banks. californicus Banks.

MYRMELEONIDA.
These are the antlions or as the children usually call them ‘doodle bugs”
The larve make conical pitfalls in the sand and lie buried at the bottom

of the burrow till some insect falls in the pit and then they grasp it, pull it
under the sand and proceed to suck its blood.

Acanthaclisis fallax (Ramb.) Sackeni Hag.

Brachynemurus coquilletti Cur. lormicalio obsoletuni—Dendroleon.
exitalis (Walk.) Maracandula bellula Banks.
ferox (Walk.) Myrmeleon distans Banks.
longipalpus Hag. exitialis—Brachynemurus.
maculosis BBanks. fallax—Acanthaclisis.
minusculus Banks. ferox—Brachynemurus.
peregrinus—Myrmeleon. immaculatus Dru.
quadripunctatus Cur. peregrinus (Hag.)

Dendroleon obsoletum (Say.)
CONIOPTERYGIDA.

Small insects with wings covered with a white powder. The larvee feed
on the eggs of red spiders, puncturing them and lapping out th contents
Coniwentzia hageni Banks.

Figure 361. Conventzia hageni, Eggs, larva, pupa.

MANTISPIDA.
Carnivorous insects living on vegetation and capturing rather large prey.
Symphasis signata Hag.

~

NEUROPTERA — HEMEROBIINA. 389

RAPHID.IDA.
These insects are carnivorous. living in the ground as larve and in the
grass as adults.

Inocellia hageni Alb. astuta Banks.
inflata Hag. distincta Banks.
longicornis Alb. cblita Hag.

Raphidia adnixa Hag. occulata Banks.

acct
eas 2.

A,

Figure 364. Conventzia hageni. Mouth- Figure 363. Conventzia hageni. Mouth-
parts of adult. parts of larva.

340 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

SItALIDA.
The larve are aquatic and carnivorous.

Chauliodes californicus Walk. Sialis fuliginosa Pict.
disjunctus Walk. infumata Newm.
minimus Dav. nevadensis Dav.

PERLINA.
PERLIDA.

Aquatic insects in their early life living beneath stones, etc., at the bottom
of streams and ponds and feeding on decaying vegetable matter.

Alloperla continua Banks. concolor Banks.
Dictyopteryx signata Hag. Pteronarchus californicus Newp.
Perla californica Banks. proteus Newm.

Figure 365. Venation in Nemoura.

APTERA.

The members of this order are mostly insects of very small size living in
damp situations and feeding on decaying vegetable matter.

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES.
Entomobriidz: abdomen with ventral tube on first segment. Lipuridae:
legs very short. Smynthuridz: segments of abdomen obscure.
Lepismidze. Campodeidze: middle tail feeble or wanting. Machilidae:

outer tails shorter. Japygidze: with pincers instead of tails.
SMYNTHURIDA.

Papirus maculosus Sch. luteus Lub.
Smynthurus albipes Sch. niger—albipes.
eisenii Sch. plicatus Cch.
LIPURIDA.
This family includes the smallest members of the order. They often

become extremely abundant in the soil and after rains are often found float-
ing on pools as a film completly covering the surface.
Achorutes armatus Nic. Lipeura inermis Tull.
viaticus (Linn.) Xenella maritimus (Fabr.)
ENTOMOBRIIDA.

These are very common insects found most frequently at the surface of the
ground under stones, fallen leaves, etc., particularly in moist situations. On
cloudy days they may often be seen abundantly running over leaves of grass
and other plants. In greenhouses and damp gardens they sometimes become
real pests, gnawing off the surface of the leaves and showing a decided
preference for the petals of flowers.

Podura, maritimus—Xenella. marginata (Tul.)
viaticus—Achorutes. multifasciata (Tul.)
Dezgeeria marginata—Entomobria. nivalis (Linn.)
multifasciata—Entomobria. sexoculata Sch.
Drepanura californica Sch. Isotoma balteata—paiustris.
Entomobria atrocincta Sch. fimetaria (Linn.)
binoculata Sch. lacustris Sch.
cceca Sch. palustris (Mul.)
curviseta Bro. d viridis (Mul.)

342 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Orchesella rufescens (Linn.) viridis—Isotcma.

Podura fimitaria—Isotoma. S'’era purpurea Sch.
nivalis—Entomobria. Tempietonia quadroculata Sch.
palustris—Isotoma. Tomcecerus niger Bour.

rufescens—Orchasella.

JAPYGIDA..
Evalljapyx diversipleura sil. Japyx diversiunguis Sil.
propinquus Sil.
MACHILIDA. i;
Machilis aurantiacus Sch.
LEPISMIDAE.

lepisma reticulata Sch.

CAMPODIDA.
Campodea staphylinus Westw.

APPENDIX.

The preceding pages deal very largely with the classification of insects.
To the majority of students the identification of an insect is simply for the
purpose or finding the literature of the insect in question. The science of
entomology is much broader. Below will be found suggestions and helps for
the study of insects from a somewhat broader view point.

COLLECTING INSECTS.

Every student in entomology is urged to make a collection of insects, both
for the purpose of securing material for the study of classification which
every one should understand, and for the purpose of securing first hand

Figure 357. Sweep net, beating net and water net.

information concerning their habits and mode of life. One will find insects
almost everywhere, and many can be secured and preserved without the use

ef any special equipment. Papers for holding insects are usually folded into
343

344 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

triangles as follows: For the larger Lepidoptera and Odonata use a piece of
paper the shape and size of a page of this book, folding it obliquely across
the middle, doubling over the projecting ends and turning the corners over
again making a triangular envelope. One side is now opened, the insect
inserted and then it is closed up again and the two acute angles are twisted
over and pinched together effectively sealing the envelope. For most butter-
flies and other insects a sheet of paper a half, a quarter or even an eighth
the size if this page would be used. Insects liable to injure themselves in
the paper may be killed by a drop of gasolene, benzine, chloroform or ether
which will soak thru the paper, or the envelope may be held for a moment
over a flame. heat being very quickly fatal to all insects. The common
gelatin to be had at any drug store is one of the most satisfactory containers
for specimens of insects and should be regularly carried in the pockets of
every collector.

On collecting trips a net and a cyanide bottle are almost always carried
by insect collectors, A butterfly net is usually made of mosquito netting or
some similar fabric, made bag-shaped and two or three times as deep as the
diameter. The best nets for sweeping and general collecting is a conical
bag about a foot in diameter and a foot and a half to two feet deep. A
special shallow net, preferably of wirecloth. Electric lights or any kind of
this net is an extension at the tip of the bag to hold a quarter pound paper
bag, a narrow sleeve on the inside fits into the paper bag and the insects are
driven into this bag by the motion of the net. The paper bags are replaced as
fast as they are filled and the insects brought in alive or placed bag and ail
in a large cyanide jar. The particular advantage of this net is the good
condition of the insects even when captured in wet grass.

The net hoop may be made by bending a piece of wire into a hoop, the two
ends being bent out at right angles so as to lie adjacent and parallel with’
each other. These ends are then inserted into the small end of a six-inch tin
ferrule and soldered fast. This ferrule may serve as a handle or fitted over
the end of a handle and held in place by a tack.

The cyanide bottle is by far the most convenient means of killing insects
for the collection. A wide-mouthed bottle with an easily removed cork is
charged with a small lump of cyanide, the vapor given off from which quickly
kills any insect which may be enclosed.

The cyanide may be covered with wet plaster of paris, which sets at once
holding the cyanide in place and preventing the insects from coming into
direct contact with the poison, which might discolor them. The plaster may
be put into the bottle dry and water added carefully so as to wet only a thin
layer of the plaster, tamping it so as to leave no cavities. This dries quicker
and is more easily removed when it is desired to recharge a bottle. In either
case the bottle must be thoroly dried before using and redried if it becomes
wet, otherwise the specimens may be injured. Another method preferred by

APPENDIX. 345

some is to cover the cyanide with sawdust, excelsior, cotton, crumpled paper
or any material which will absorb the moisture and hold the cyanide in place,
and cover with a piece of cardboard cut so as to fit tight in the bottle. To
insure its holding in position, some fasten the edges with shellac or collodion
or some other material not affected with moisture.

The use of the sweep net is the most prolific method of collecting. The
method of sweeping is simply to swing the net back and forth so that the open
mouth will strike across the tops of the grass or other plants. The end of the

net quickly fills with rubbish in which a large assortment of insects will be
found. They are usually not sorted out until after the insects are killed.

Flowers of many kinds furnish a rich source for specimens. One can use a
net or catch many by hand or with a cyanide bottle. Under boards and
stones and under the bark of logs and stumps are the richest places for hand
collecting. Collecting in the water is often very prolific but requires a
special shallow net, preferably of mirecloth. Electric lights or any kind of
light is attractive to many insects that fly on warm evenings, and bait of
molasses mixed with beer or other alcoholic liquor is also very attractive to
night flying insects and is often made use of by insect collectors..

REARING INSECTS.

Figure 358. Paper box and lamp chimney cage.

The following out of the life history of insects requires tte use of a cage.
Cages may be made of all manner of shapes and sizes. Jelly glasses and chim-
neys of lamps or lanterns are very largely used. Some prefer paper boxes
because the air never deposits moisture on the sides. It is distinctly best
to keep the insects separate or with very few together and to use new or steril-

346 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Figure 3860. Cover glass cages on orange.

APPENDIX. 547

ized cages, because insects are sometimes subject. to contagious diseases
which are very fatal,

Figure 361. General view of an insetary.

Where practical a good plan is to cage the insect under rormal conditions
as for instance on its food plant. It is usually more convenient to assemble
the insects being experimented with in one place, the insectary.

MOUNTING INSECTS.
All large insects should be pinned, using insect pins which should be in-

348 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

serted in the thorax to the right of the median line and should emerge, in most
cases between the middle and hind legs. One fourth of the length of the pin
should be above the insect.

See that dirt that might render the study of the specimen difficult is re-
moved. If the legs are retracted extend them and if the legs or antennz
are unusually long bring them up towards the body so that they may be in
less danger of being broken off. Pull out the tongue in the case of bees
that the palpi may be seen. It is generally desirable to attempt to deter-
mine any unknown insect at pinning time to learn what parts must be
studied so that care may be taken to keep these exposed.

Small insects may be mounted by gluing them to the point of paper tri-
angles These should be not over 1 c.m. long nor over 2 m.m. wide at base.
The under part of the left side just above the legs should receive the triangle
point, the insect being at right angles to the triangle. Before beginning to
mount a quantity of triangles should be cut and pinned ready for use.

Velvet mounts are undoubtedly the most convenient method for small in-
sects. Cut white velvet into pieces one inch by three, lay a piece on a
microscope slide pile up, arrange the specimens on the velvet and then lay
another slide over them fastening the ends with gummed labels. Mount
many specimens of each kind, both side up, and see that all significant
structures are exposed. Other specimens may be added by breaking the seal
at one end and carefully lifting the upper glass.

DRAWING. :

The only way to effectively study complicated structures is by drawing
them, and the first thing a student should learn is to draw accurately. Ac-
curacy in drawing is almost wholly a question of learning to see and appreci-
ate proportions. One sees the detail and if a feature of the detail is drawn.
first it will almost invariably be out of proportion. It will not look right but
one is at logs to see wherein it fails to correctly interpret the object.

To draw a grasshopper side view for instance proceed as follows:

1st Decide and mark on the paper the total length of body.

2nd Draw the dorsal line locating the proportion the head, prothorax and ely-
tra contribute to this line.

3rd Locate the main ventral line, comparing the width of the thorax with
the dorsal length of the prothorax.

4th Locate the hind leg noting the position of the base by its direction from
the hind angle of the pronotum, the angle at which it crosses the dorsal line,
the length as compared with the elytra, and by the direction the tip of the
leg lies from the tip of the wing.

5th Locate the divisions between the abdominal segments.

6th Now proceed to work in the detail, locating the minor points as needed
in the same manner as above.

APPENDIX. 349

The above directions are sufficient for copying a drawing or for drawing a
flat object but where the object has much depth, unless one be already a
trained artist he should draw comparison sketches.

Comparison sketches are made of the same size but from a point of viev
ninety degrees apart. They are drawn in the manner just described, and com-
pared by meanm of a series of parallel lines. Every point in each drawing
should compare with the corresponding point in two adjacent figures.

When comparison drawings fail to agree the one in which the object is
seen most nearly perpendicularly is likely to be the more accurate. In any
case a careful inspection should show which drawing needs to be changed.

USE OF HAND LENS.

Insects are so small that the use of a magnifier is essential in their study
and every student should be provided with a good pocket magnifier. A
3%, inch (18 m.m.) or a % inch coddington is recommended as a good quality
cheap lens and a triplet where one wants the best lens available. The
fractional designation of lenses indicates the magnification. The normal
focus of the eye is assumed to be ten inches (250 m.m.) and a lense that
magnifies twenty times is called a % inch lens because the lens causes
the rays from the object to enter the eye as tho the object were but half an
inch away, the pupil remaining adjusted for the normal ten inch vision.

In selecting a lens avoid any showing serious aberration. Aberration is of two
kinds, chromatic and spherical. Chromatic aberration may be detected by first
putting the lens very close to a printed page and slowly withdrawing it. As
the letters begin to lose their distinctness, more or less color will be seen
around them. A lens should be rejected if these rainbow colors are very
pronounced. Spherical aberration may be seen when the lens is removed
still further from the page when the letters will appear distinct again but
small and upside down. If the lines are straight and not closer together at
the ends the lense is of good quality in this respect.

The most important thing in the use of a lens is to see that the point at
which one desires to look is in the light. Do not allow the head or the lens
to throw a shadow on that which you are endeavoring to examine. The
next most important thing is to hold all steady. The best plan is to lay the
two hands against each other, one holding the object, the other the lens
and bring the cheek against the hand with the eye as close to the lense as
possible.

USE OF MICROSCOPE.

A microscope provides for the use of higher magnification than a hand
lense by provisions for better illumination of the object and for greater
steadimess. The object is usually so prepairer that light can pass thru the
tissue. and it rests on a stage, the lenses being brought into focus by a screw
adjustment. In using a microscope observe the following points.

350 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

1. See that the slide containing the object is clean, and free from dust and
then lay it on the stage of the microscope.

2. Look down the tube and manipulate the mirror till securing the strongest
light. If the field is cloudy revolve the eyepiece so as to locate the dirt.

3. Move the object as nearly as possible to position and lower the tube of the
microscope till the objective is as close or closer than the focus, doing this
with the eye almost on the level of the stage.

4. Bring. the eye to the tube again and turn the focusing screw up (never
down) till the object comes into view.

If the instrument needs cleaning bring the fact to the attention of the in-
structor rather than to try to clean it yourself; however the method of cleaning

follows: (a.) brush off all dust. (b.) moisten lens with the breath and
wipe gently with a clean cloth. (c.) if these means fail slightly moisten a
a cloth with a drop of alcohol and apply carefully. .

MICROSCOPICAL MOUNTS.

Microscopical slides are usually made with an aqueous medium or wita
balsam. Aqueous media are water, sugar solution, mucilage or glycerine
jelly. To make these mounts permanent they must be sealed. One of the
best method of sealing an aqueous mount is to first mount the preparation
between two coverglasses, one much smaller than the other. Now place a
drop of balsam on a slide and lay the mount small cover down in the balsam.

Balsam mounts require the removal of the water from the specimen which
is usually accomplished by the use of alcohol. The alcohol is then replaced
by an oil which in turn is largely replaced by the balsam. The oils most used
are xylol, turpentine, clove oil and cedar oil. Carbolic acid is sometimes
added to the turpentine. When the object is dry it can be placed at once in
the oil or even directly into the balsam.

SECTIONING INSECTS.

For the most careful study of the structure of insects sections are cut bu the
use of a microtome. The following method gives good results:

1. Place the specimens in a two dram hoho vial, not filling it more than a
tenth full, and kill by filling with boiling water.

2. Harden tissues with alcohol pouring off. 14 the water and adding alcohol,
In half an hour pour off a third and add as much alcohol. An hour later % and
the next day put in fresh strong alcohol.

8 Remove the alcohol by soaking a few minutes in oil of cloves and then
nlace in melted parafine (56 degree.) one or two days, when it is ready to cut.

SS Gall DS) TE
0 — 32 50 68
0 10 20

Qaaimco HNO 1O
arremwnadtts

etm oo
reN 10 w
Arent o
DD D190 =H

. APPENDIX.

co
or
Ke

METRIC EQUIVALENTS.
Comparison of Centigrade and Fahrenheit Thermometers.

95 118-131 149 167 185 203 2
86 104 122 140 158 176 194 212 Fahrenheit.
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Centigrade.
Digs 6) 2°25 20783" 3.8 4547

1.8 3.6 5.4 7.2

Kananwtinemo

oO b= OO rd HH

Hiner Kemrmadan Milli-
wsamwurontoa Centi-

1a tH Om Milli-
NOHNAN

Centi:
Deci-

wed DS OF

CO 09 FLO

Meter.

Weights.
Apothecaries — grain 20 scruple 3 dram 8 ounce 12 pound,
Avoirdupois — dram 16 ounce 16 pound 2000 ton.
froy — grain 24 pennyweight 20 ounce 12 pound.

wreore Peca-
“100 «© cow Hecto-

Kilo-

WAONWHENAD .
RBROoHrOMUINANSO
ONR AWE RO

mporwarpeobd bd

oow or Kilo:
00 > 00 DMyria-

Word Sb
rPowor

Linear Measure..

Square Measure.

Square measure — «q. inch 144 sq. foot 9 sq.

sq. mile

omnionr Sq. d.m.

MAN HN SN
WMI N- OeE

x1oOonoro

RIN © 00 rH

em on cwoig SG. C.m.

on H00 4 10 4

Milli-

SCOoHDOD

Deci-

Oo 1H 00 16 Centi-

Ww owd10

Are.

Oo ® & oo 16 Dec-

oH ED NE

Hect-

POoOrRAWwO Kil-

oo obo CON Myri-

NANOwD w

4 Pounds Avoir.

Troy & Apoth.
Ounces Avoir.

Troy & Apoth.
Drchm Avoir.

Apoth.
Pennyweight Troy
Scruple Apoth.
Grain Troy & Apoth

yard 31% sq. ro] 160 acre 640

8 Square mile.
3 Acre.

2 Square rod.
0 Square yard.
5 Squarefoot.
9 Sq.inch

352 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Cubic Measure.

Cubic measure — cubic inch 1728 cubic foot 27 cubic yard.
Dry measure — pint 2 quart 4 gallon 2 peck 4 bushel.
Fluid measure — minim 60 dram 16 ounce 4 gill 4 pint 2 quart 4 gallon.

m.
oT]

Cusec:
Centi-
Deci-
Stere.
Deca-
Hecto-
Kilo-
Myria-

Litre. Milli-

Deca-

FPADMINORONIRSCUAUNMwWoeVIAMHworHecto-

Centi-
Deci-

Minum.
Imperial.
Dram.
Imperial.
Cu. inch.
Fluid ounce
Imperial.
Gill.
Imperial.
Pint.
Dry.
Imperial.
Quart.
Dry.
Imperial.
Gallon.
Imperial.
Peck.
Cubic foot.
Bushel.
Imperial.
Cubic yard.

aw

0. 8 At
MHS AISPNAAMHOHRAHHAMANM HONS Milli-

reNTANE WNC TRHMUMo tn NWA VRHO

CODSODAOHORRFPAOCwAAOO

DNWWWNHOOUDHR HE RRTAO DP OOK

MmmoOMmMOHA Ke MOoOMMWUON OHHH

AMWIOMNWMIATANWMDOMO AHOMMMWMNOWTH

WHWWOHH PONS .SPOUINOSwWoor oKilo:
WHALE CNHOOoDHONWwerhY PON ]SMMyria-

COHKPDHHORMRROINERHHEHHORMHOM
CHCHDRPHAODO HW WWOARANDNRPWORNAHANWAD

moO Sm
Hoimononnnd eRe ptwowowrocrcbhth

SMHHA HH HOMOMIRDONAHWDHMOHIMO NH
HOMANKRHROMHANMNOHHE
tom oo N eb pb

tC

TERMS USED IN DESCRIPTIONS.

Many of the terms used in describing the parts of insects are derived from
the latin and have not come into common use in general literature. The
following are among those most used:

Shape. —Arcuate, curved. Attenuate, much narrowed. Clavate, club-
shaped. Cordate, heart-shaped. Cuneate, wedge-shaped. Emarginate, edge
with a large blunt incision. Falcate © sickle-shaped. Incrassate, swollen.
Lanceolate, lance-shaped. Lobate, witi: rounded portions produced by deep im-
cisions. Lunate, moon-schaped. Mucronate, ending abruptly in a sharp point.
Quadrate, square. Reniform, kidney-shaped. Rotundate, round. Sinuatte,
edge strongly wavy. Spatulate, spatula-shaped. Subulate, awl-shaped. Tri-

Cu
Ww

APPENDIX.

quetral, three-sided. Truncate, appearing as if cut off. Tumid, swollen.

Surface.— Canaliculate, with a broad central furrow. Ciliate, fringed with
hairs. Coreaceous, leathery. Corneous, horny. Fasciculate, with bundles of
long hair. Glabrous, smooth, free from hairs. Muricate, covered with small
sharp-pointed elevations. Pilose, with abundant rather short erect hair. Por-
cate, with very broad and deep grooves. Pubescent, with very fine hairs. Ru-
gose, with wrinkles. Scabrous, covered with broad flat scales. Striate, with
fine parallel impressions. Sulcate, with rather large grooves. Tesselate,
checkered. Tomentose, with long tangled hairs. Ventricose, greatly swollen.
Verrucose, warty. Villose, with long erect hairs.

Colors.—AEneus, bronze colored. Brunneus, a pure bright brown. .Castan-
eus, chestnut-brown. Cinereus, dark gray. Cupreus, copper colored. Ferrens,
iron gray. Ferrugineus, rust red. Fuliginus, soot brown. Fulvus, light brown.
Fuscus, dull dark brown. Glaucus, a bright blue inclined to gray. Livid, a
pale yellow. Lurid, a dirty yellow inclining to brown. Luteus, clay yellow.
Piceus, pitchy black. Pruinose, covered with a whitish bloom. Sanguineus,
blood red. Testaceus, dull yellowish brown.

FOUR PLACE LOGARITHM TABLE.

The following table of logarithms is designed for rapid percentage determin-
ations. Relative abundance of insects should be given in per cents. The
use of such tables is so well understood that no explanations will be necessary.

This table of logarithms differs from others as follows:— Ist. The use
of antilogarithms avoids the inaccuracy of the zero end of the table. 2nd.
tions. 38rd. The arrangement in columns, the spacing, and the position of the
difference columns, are calculated to lessen the danger of error in reading
The use of five digits avoids inaccuracy in the fourth place in interpola-
aud to contribute to rapidity of work.

63347 64345 65321 66276 67210 68124 69020 4
10 448 10 444 10 418 9 370 OES 02 OZ O08
20 548 20 542 19 514 19 464 18 394 18 305 18 197
30 649 29 640 29 610 28 558 27 486 27 395 26 285
AV 49 oO MsS1 aoe LOG Lan 6d2. vovuDlS 00) 485) 35-oio
50 849 49 836 48 801 47 745 46 669 45 574 44 461

949 933 896 839 761 664 548

048 031 992 932 852 793 636

147 128 087 025 943 842 723
0 1 2 246 225 181 117 034 931 $10
0 i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

354 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

0 iL 2 3 4 5 6 7 § 9

5 69897 70757 71600 72428 73239 74086 74819 75587 76343 T1085. 5
9 984 8-842 8 684 8 509 8 820-°8 115 89896 81664 om ale ing
17 O70 17 927 17 767 16 591 16 400 16 194 15 974 15 749 15 492 15 239
24 157 25 012 25 850 24 673 24 480 28 273 23 051 23 815 22 567.22 305
34 243 34 096 33 933 32 754 32 560 31 351 31 128 30 891 30 641 29 379
43 329 42 181 41 016 41 835 40 640 39 429 38 295 38 967 37 716 37 452

415 265 099 916 (aly) 507 282 042 790 525
501 349 181 997 799 586 358 118 864 519
586 433 263 078 878 663 435 OS ee O38 670
672 517 346 159 957 741 511 268 012 743

6 77815 78533 79239 79934 80618 81291 81954 82607 83251 83385
(887-7 604 7309 “7 003; 97 686-7 358 (71020. 7° 672) «6 hodemeromons
14 960, 14 675'14 379 14.072 14 754 13 425 18 086 13, 737 13-378 19)/oOnM
22 0382 -21 746 21 449 21 140 20 821 20 491 20 151 19 802 19 442 19 073
29 104 28 817 28 518 27 209 27 889 27 558 26 217 26 866 21 506 25 136
36 176 35 888 35 588 34 277 34 956 33 624 33 282 32 930 32 569 31 198

247 958 657 346 023 690 347 995 632 201
319 029 727 414 090 7a7 413 059 696 323
390 099 796 482 158 823 478 123 759 386
462 169 865 550 224 889 543 187 822 448

7 84510 85126 85733 86332 86923 87506 88081 88649 89209 89763
672) 6 187 18.794)" 6392) 6) 982) 761564016) 13889) 6) 0b aiiae2O aeons
12 634 12 248 12 854 12 451 12 040 12 632 11 196 11 762 11321 11 873
18 696 18 309 18 914 18 510 17 099 17 680 17 252 17 818 17 376 16 927
25 757 24 370 24 974 24 570 23 157 23 787 23 309 22 874 22 4382 22 982
31 819 30 481 30 034 30 629 29 216 29 795 28 366 28 930 28 487 27 037
880 491 094 688 274 852 423 986 542 Oot

942 5d2 153 747 332 910 480 , 042 597 146
003 612 213 806 390 967 536 098 653 230
065 673 273 864 448 024 593 154 708 255

8 90309 90849 91881 91908 92428 92942 93450 93952 94448 -94939
5 3863 5.902 5 484 5::960\ 5 480 5: 993° 5 500) 5) O02 Mor 49 Se oro8s
11 417. 11 956 11 487 10 012 10 531 10 044 10 551, 10 052) 10 b4r ON O36
16 472 16 009 16 540 16 065 15 583 15 095 15 601. 15 101 15 596 15 085
22 526 21-062 21 593 21 117 21 634 20°146 20 651 20 151 20 645 119 134
27 580 27 116 26 645 26 169 26 686 25 197 25 702 25 201 25 694 24 182

634 169 698 221 737 247 752 250 743 231
687 222 751 273 788 298 802 300 792 279
741 275 803 324 840 349 852 349 841 328
795 328 855 376 891 399 902 399 890 376

© 95424 95904 96379 96848 973813 97772 98227 98677 99123 99563 |
5 472 9 5 9525 426.95 895°" 5 359 5 818 5 272i 4 224i oie Oue
10 521 10999 9 478° 9 942 9° 405 °9 864 9°318 9 76% 59) Zi OMG
14 569 14 047 14 520 14 988 14 451 14 909 14 368 18 811 13 255 13 695
19 617 19 095 19 567 19 085 18 497 18 955 18 408 18 856 18 300 17 739
94 665 24 142 24 614 23 081 23 543 23.000 28 453 22 900 22 344 22 782

713 190 661 128 589 046 498 945 388 826
761 237 708 174 635 091 543 989 432 870
809 284 755- 220 681 137 588 034 476 913
856 332 802 267 727 182 632 078 520 95%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 f 8 9

0
0 10000
2 023
5 046
7 069
9 093
12 116
139
162
186
209
1 12589
3 618
6 647
) OCT
12 706
15 735
764
794
823
853
2 15849
4 885
7 922
11 922
15 996
18 032
069
106
144
181
3 19953
5999
9 045
14 091
19 137
23 184
230
277
324
370
4 25119
(ALT
12 235
18 293
23 351
29 410
468
527
586
645

0

it
10233
257
280
304
328
351
375
399
423
447
12882
3 912
6 942
8) OU.
12 002
15 032
062
092
122
152
16218
4 255
8 293
11 331
15 368
19 406
444
482
520
588
20417
5 464
10 512
14 559
19 606
24 654
701
749
797
845
25704
6 763
12 823
18 882
24 942
30 002
062
122
182
242

1

oo
Donon

3
10715
2 740
5d 765

0 USS)
10 814
12 839

864
889
914
940

13490

3) Dal

6 552

9 583
13 614
16 646

677
709
740
772

16982

4 022

8 061
12 100
16 140
20 179

219
258
298
338

21380

5 429
10 478
15 528
20 577
PAB BAC

677
727
raced
827

26915

6 977
13 040
19 102
25 164
31 227

290
353
416
479

Q}
Vv

APPENDIX.

ANTI-LOGARITHMS.

4
10965
3 990
5 015
8 041

10 066
13 092

117

143

169

194
13804
3 836
6 868

10 900
13 932
16 964

996

028

060

093
17378
4 418
8 458

12 498
16 539
20 579

620

660

701

742
21878
5 928

10 979
15 029
20 080
25 131

182

233

284

336
27542
6 606

13 659
19 733
26 797
32 861

925

990

054

ails)

4

5
11220
3 246
5 272
8 298

10 324
13 350

376

402

429

455
14125
3 158
7 191

10 223
13 256
16 289

322

395

388

421
17783
4 824
8 865

12 906
17 947
21 989

030

072

113

155
22387
5 439

10 491
16 542
21 594
26 646

699

751

803

856
28184
7 249

13 314
20 379
27 445
33 510

576

642

708

774

=

3)

6
11482
3 508

7
11749
3 776
5 803
8 830

11 858
14 885

912

940

967

995
14791
3 825
7 859

10 894
14 928
17 962

997

031

066

101
18621
4 664
9 707

13 750
1A)
22 836

880

923

967

O11
23442
5 496

11 550
16 605
22 659
27 714

768

823

878

933
29512
7 580

14 648
21 717
28 785
34 854

992

061

130

(

3
5)
8

14

8

12023

050
078
106
134
162
190
218
246
274

15136

4
7
11
16
18

171
205
241
276
311
346
382
417
453

19055

4
9
13
18
22

6
11
17
22
27

099
143
187
231
275
320
364
409
454

23988

044
099
155
210
266
322
378
434
491

30200

ri
14
21
28
35

269
339
409
479
549
620
690
761
832
8

bo

356 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

0 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 )

5 31623 32359 33113 33884 34674 35481 36308 37154 38019 38905 5 ~
1.696 8:4384 8189 8963 8 754 38.563 8 392 ~9°239) 91077 <oNGom
15.769 15 509 15 266 16.041 16 834 17 645 17 475 17 325 18 194 18 084
3 842 23 584 23 343 24 119 24 914 25 727 25 559 26 411 27 282 27 174
29 915 30 659 31 '420 32 198. 32 995 33 810 34 644 385 497 35 371 36 264
38 989 38 734 39 497 40 277 40 075 41 892 42 728 43 '584 49 459 45 355

063 810 574 356 156 975 813 670 584 446

137 885 651 435 237 058 898 707 637 537

meal 961 729 514 318 141 983 844 726 628

285 037 806 594 400 224 068 932 815 719
6 39811 (40738 41687 42658 4 5) 6 7 8 9

9 902- -9°832:10°783 10 756
NO 994e 195926 199 87920 855
28 087 28 020 29 976.30 954
37 179 38 115 389 073 40 053
46 272 47 210 49 170 50 152

365 305 267 251
458 400 364 351
551 495 462 451
644 “2591 560 551
0 1 2 3

A plan for indexing notes or books is given below. A few examples will
render the use of these tables clear. This book would be indicated by
In—choCal which would mean a catalogue with synopses and helps for the
study of the insects of California... A textbook on zoology would be marked
z—h, A list of the sphingide of the United States is indicated by InSp—cU

PRIMARY DIVISIONS. (One or two letter the initial a capital.)

Art. 2. Accounts. Administration. Agriculture. Algebra. Amusements,
Anthropology. Architecture. Astronomy.
Biography. 2. Banking. Beverages. Biology. Bleaching. Botany. Build-

ing.
Chemistry. 2. Calculus. Ceramics. Church. Commerce. Customs.
Domestic economy. 2. Dentistry. Dichotyledons. Drawing. Dyeing

Engineering. 2 Ecology. Education: Electricity. Embryology. Engrav-
ing. Ephemerides. Eschatology. Ethics. Evolution:

Fiction. 2 Factories. Finance. Forestry.

Government. 2. Geology.

History. 2. Heat. Horticulture. Humor. Hymnology.

Industries. 2. Immigration. Insects. Irrigation.

Juvenile. 2. Jurisprudence.

Kinematics.

Literature. 2. Landscape gardening. Library science. Logic.
Medicine. 2. Mathematics, Mechanics. Mining. Morphology. Music,
Nature. 2. Numbers.

Occultism. 2: Obstetrics. Oils. Optics. Orchestra.

APPENDIX. 357

Physics. 2. Painting. Petrography. Philosophy. Piano. Plumbing Pol-
itics. Printing. Psychology. Pyrotecnics.

Religion. 2. Roofing.

Sociology. 2. Sacraments. Sculpture. Ship building. Slavery. Social-
ism. Specifications. Statistics. Sujrage. Synthesis.

Technology. 2. Taxes. Temperance. Theology. Transportation.
War. 2. Women.

Xylography.

Yachting.

Zoology. 2. Zootechny.

FORM DIVISIONS. (small letter following —.)

addresses. (lectures, essays, papers, tracts, letters, etc.)
bibliography.

catalogs.

dictionaries. (lexicons.)

encyclopedias. (collected works.)

figures. (illustrations.)

helps (study, schools, etc.)

indexes. (concordances.)

journals. (magazines, newspapers, reviews, periodicals etc.)
libraries.

museums. (exhibitions. )

note. (brief mention.)

outlines. (compends, tabular view, synopses, charts, etc.)
philosophy. (theory.)

questions. (catechisms.)

reports (of institutions or associations.)

statistics.

utility. (economics. )

GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. (Following form abbreviations.)

Asia. 2 Abyssinia. Africa. Alaska. Anhalt. Argentina. Assiniboia. Ath-
abasca. Austria-Hungary. Azores. 3 Afghanistan. Alabama. Alberta.
Algeria. Alsace-Lorraine. Andorra. Antarctic region. Arctic region.
Arabia. Arizona. Arkansas. Australia. 4. Austria.(kingdom.)

Brazil. 2. Baluchistan. Bc. (British Columbia.) Belgium. Bolivia. British
East Africa. Burma. 3. Baden. Bavaria. Bermudas. Bohemia. Borneo.
Bosnia. Bremen. British South Africa. Brunswick. Bukowina. Bulgaria.
4. British Honduras.

China. 2. Canada. Central America. Chile. Columbia. Croatia and Slavo-
nia. Cuba. Cv. (Cape Verde Islands.) 3. California. Canary Islands.
Cape Colony. Carinthia. Celebes Islands. Ceylon. Coastland. Colorado.
Connecticut. Corsica. Costa Rica. Crete. 4. Carniola.

Denmark. 2. Dalmatia. Delaware. District of Columbia.

Europe. 2. Ecuador. Egypt. England.

358

GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

France, 2. Falkland Islands. Fiji Islands. Florida. French Indo-China.
3. Fiume.

Germany. 2. Galicia. German Hast Africa. Great Britain. Guatamala.
3. Georgia. German South West Africa. Greece. Gub. (Guiana, British.)
Gud. (Guiana, Dutch.) Guf. (Guiana, French.) 4. Greenland.

Hungary. 2. Haiti. Herzegovinia. Honduras. 3. Hamburg. Hawaiian
Islands. Hesse.

India. 2. Iceland. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa, Ireland, Italy,

Japan. 2. Java. 3. Jamaica.

Kongo Free State. 2. Kamerun. Keewatin. Kongo (French.) 38. Kan-
sas. Kentucky. Korea.

Liberia. 2. Lippe. Lower Austria. Luxemburg. 38. Lichtenstein. Lou-
isiana. Lubek.

Mexico 2. Madagascar. Me. (Maine.) Michigan. Mn. (Mecklenburg
Schwerin.) Mo.(Missouri.) Mz. (Mecklenburg Stralitz.) 3.Mackenzie
Madeira Islands. Manitoba. Maryland. Massachusetts. Minnesota. Mis-
sisippi. Montana. Morocco. 4. Montenegro. Moravia.

North America. 2. Natal. Nb. (New Brunswick.) Ne. (North Carolina.)
Nd. (North Dakota.) Netherlands. Nf. (New Foundland.) Ng. (New
Guinea.) Nh. (New Hampshire.) Nicaragua Nj. (New Jersey.) Nm.
(New Mexico.) Norway. Ns. (New South Waites.) Ny. (New York.) Nz.
(New Zealand.) 3. Nebraska. Nevada. Nova Scotia. 4. Novibazar.

Oceanica. 2. Obok. Obio. Oklahoma Oldenburg. Oman. Ontario Oregon.
3. Orange Free State.

Persia. 2. Paraguay. Peru. Philippines. Portugal. Prussia, 3, Pana-
ma. Pennsylvania. Poe. (Portuguese Hast Africa.) Pog. (Portuguese
Guinea.) Poland. Porto Rico. Pow. (Portuguese West Africa.)

Queensland. 2. Quebec.

Russia. 2. Reuss Gera Schleiz. Rhodesia. Roumania. 3. Reuss Griez.
Rumelia.

South America. 2. Saskatchewan. Sc. (South Carolina.) Cd. (South Da-
kota.) Servia. Siberia. South Australia. Spain. Styria. Sumatra. Sweden.
3. Salvador. Samoa. Santo Domingo. Sardinia Saxony. Scotland. Siam.
Sicily. Sierra Leone. Somali Coast. Straits Settlement. Switzerland. 4.
Salzburg. Smaos. San Marino. Saxa. (Saxe Altenburg.) Saxc. (Saxe Co-
burg.) Saxm. (Saxe Meiningen.) Saxw. (Saxe Weimar Hisenach.) Schl.
(Schaumburg Lippe.) Schr. Schwartzburg Rudolphstat.) Saas.
(Schwartzburg Sandershausen.)

Turkey. 2. Tasmania. Texas. Tripoli. Tunis. Tyrol. 3. Tennessee

Transvaal.

United States. 2. Ungava. Upper Austria. Uraguay. Utah.

Venezuela. 2. va. (Virginia.) Vermont. Victoria. Vorarlberg.

West Australia. 2. Wales. West Virginia... Wisconsin. Wuertemberg.
Wyoming. 3. Waldeck. Washington.

Yucon. 2. Yellowstone Park. Yosemite Park.

SUBDIVISIONS OF INSECTS.

Aptera. 2. Acridide. Adschnide. Agapetide. Aleurodide. Amphizoide.
Anthophoride. Apide. Arctiide. Asilide. Atropide. 3. Adgialyt-

APPENDIX. 309

ide. Aolothripide. Agaristide. Agromyzide. Alysiide, Andrenidoe,Aniso-
tomids, Anobiidee, Anthicidee, Aphide, Apioceride, Aradide. 4, Agaonide,
Agrionide, Anthomyide, 5. Anthribide, Anthocoride.

Bombylide. 2. Belostomidee, Bibionide, Blastobaside, Bombide, Brachon-
ide, Buprestide, Byrrhide. 3. Bembecide, Berytide, Blattidze, Blepharo-
ceride, Bombycide, Borboride, Bostrychide, Bruchide, Byturide.

Coleoptera. 2. Carabide, Cerambycide, Chrysomelide, Cicindelide, Cler-
ide, Corrodentia, Crabronide, Culicide, Cynipide. 38. Calandride, Calan-
dride, Campodide, Capsidee, Cecidomyide, Cephide, Ceratinide, Chironom-
ide, Chrysidide, Cicadide, Cimbycide, Cistelide, Clambide, Cleonide,
Cocende, Colletide, Conopide, CoreideeCosside, Cryptophagide, Cucujide,
Cupeside, Curculionids Cydnide, Cyrtide. Calamoceratide, Calopteryg-
ide, Cercopide, Ceroptride, Chrysidide, Cimicide, Ciside, Clavigeride,
Coccinellide Colydiide, Coniopterygide, Corimelenide, Corylophide, Cor-
dulide. 5. Cerophytide, Coriside, Cordulegasteride.

Diptera. 2. Dascyllide, Dermestide. Dioptide, Dolichopide, Drosophilide,
Dytiscide. 38. Dexiide, Dolcride.

Ephemerida. 2. Elateride, Empide, Endomychide, Ephydride, Erotylide,
Humenide,, Evaniide. 3. Klachistide, Embiide, Encyrtide, Eucharide, Eu-
lophidee, Hurytomide. 3. Hucnemide.

Formicide. 2. Figitide, Forficulide, Fulgoride.

Geometride. 2. Gailgulide, Gelechiide, Gomphide, Gryllide, Gyrinide. 3.
Geomyzide, Gerride, Gyropide. 4. Georysside.

tlymenoptera. 2. Haliplide, Hemiptera, Histeride, Hydrophilide. 3. Helo-
myzide, Henicocephalide, Hepialide, Hesperide, Heteroceridee, Hippobosc-
ids, Hydroscaphide, Hylatomide, Hyponomeutide. 4. Helodide, Hemero-
biidzee, Hydropsychide.

Ichneumonide. 2. Ipide, Ithomiide.

Jasside. 2. Japygide.

Lepidoptera. 2. Lathridide, Leptide, Libellulide, Locustide, Lyceenide. 3.
Lagriide, Lariide, Lasiocampide, Lecanide, Lepismide, Limnephilide,
Liotheide, Liparide, Lithosiide, Lonchopteride, Lophyride, Lyctide, Ly-
geeidee Lymnadide. 4. Larride, Lipuride.

Mutillide. 2. Malachide. Meloidw, Miscogasteride, Mordellide, Muscide,
Myrmeleonidee. 3. Machilide, Marsaride, Mantide, Megachilide, Melan-
dryide, Membracide, Micropterygide, Monotomide, Mycetophagide, My-
daidw, Mymaride, Myzinide. 4. Mantispide, Micropezide, Monommide,
Mycetophilide.

Neuroptera. 2. Naucoride, Nematide, Nitidulidge, Noctuide, Nymphalide.
3. Nabide, Nepide, Nolide, Nomadide, Notodontide, Nycteolidz, Nysson-
ide. 4. Notonectide.

Orthoptera. 2. Odonata, Cicophoride, Ortalidz, Oscinide, Otiorhynchide,
Oxybelide. 38. Odontoceridz, Gidemeride, Gistride, Orneodide, Orysside,
Ostomide, Othniide.

Pyralide. 2. Papilionide, Pentatomide, Philopteride, Pieride, Platypteryg-
ide, Proctotrypide, Pselaphide, Ptinide, Pulicide, Pyralids. 3. Pam-
Philiide, Panurgide, Parnasiide, Pediculide. Pelicinide, Pemphredonide,
Pericopide, Platypezide, Philanthide, Phlceothripide, Phoride, Pipuncul-
idz, Prosopide, Psamocharide, Psocidze, Psychodide, Pterophoride, Ptili-
ide, Pyrrhocoridez, Pythide. 4. PanorpidzeParnide, Perlide, Phasmide,

360 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.

Phalacride, Psoidze, Psychomyide, Pteromalide, Pteromalidze, Pyrochro-
ide. 5. Psychide.

Reduviide. 2. Raphidiide, Rhynchide. Riordinide. 3, Rhinomaceride, Rhy-
acophilide. 4. Rhipiphoride,Rhysodide. 5. Rhipiceride,

Staphylinide. 2. Saturniide. Scarabeide, Sessiide, Simuliide, Smynthuride,
Sphingide, Strttiomyide, Syrphide. 38. Saldide, Hapromyzide, Sarcophag-
ide, Scatophagide, Scenopidee, Sciomyzide, Scoliide, Scutellerids, Scyd-
meenide, Selandriid#&, Sepside, Sercosiomatide. SialideeSiricide, Spheg-
ide, Spondylide, Stephanide, Stizide, Stylopide, Syntomide. 4. Sapygide,
Sarcopsyllide, Scaphidiide, Spheride, Sphindide. 5%

Tenebrionids. 2. Tachinide, Tenthredinide, Thripidee, Tineide, Tortricide,
Trypetide. 38. Tabanide, Tenipedide, Termitide, Tendipedide, Termitide,
Therevide, Thinnide, Throscide, Thyatiride, Tipulidae, TingideTorymide,
Trichopterygide, Thyatiride, Trypoxylide, 4. Thyride, Tiphiide, Thyride,
Tiphiide Tiphiide, Trichodectide.

Vespide. 2.Veliide,

Xylocopide. 2. Xylorictide,

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