BE A GUIDE S89 eA } Ve rt “ae TO THE FOSSIL MAMMALS AND BIRDS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, LONDON, S.W. WITH 116 ILLUSTRATIONS. PEINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1896. (All rights reserved.) Prick SixeeNnce. PRESENTED The Trustees THE BRITISH MUSEUM. - Ls 4 Rain} . A GUIDE/ ir > r y it to tur / “a IY POSSIL/MAMMALS/AND BIRDS... // ¢ é y, f IN THH DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND PALAONTOLOGY IN THE BRITISH wUsEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, LONDON, S.W. SEVENTH EDITION. PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1896. (All rights reserved,) LONDON: ae HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTEKS IN ORDINARY TO HER MAJESTY, ST, MARTIN’S LANE. ¥ | ee [37> Q ya 4 ~ TABLE OF CONTENTS: PAGKS Table of Contents : F : : : 3 3 : : ‘ ill List of Illustrations . F 3 : : : 5 .1v-viit Preface : ‘ : ‘ : : 5 : : : ix Table of Stratified Ranke : ; 2 ; - 3 i 5 : x Introduction = : = 3 : : 2 a 3 5 ab sin VERTEBRATA. Crass 1—MAMMALIA. Nature OF Drrosits . : : A 2 Sub-class 1. Monoprerrura (Kutheria). P ‘ : 3 Order I. Prrowares (Man) . ‘ A : 3 Sub-order 1. ANTHKOPOIDEA (Monkeys) 5 4 » 9» 2 LEMUROIDEA (Lemurs) & Order II. Carnivora (Flesh-eating Animals) : ¢ : : 5 Sub-order 1. Fisstpepra (Lion, Cat, &c.) . : : : 5 » >» 2. PINNIPEDIA (Seals, Walrus, &c.) 7 Order III. Insectivora (Moles, Shrews, &c.) 7 » LV. Cureorrera (Bats). 4 8 SAE RopENTIA (Gnawing Avra) 8 Sub-order 1. SIMPLICIDENTATA (Squirrel, Beaver, Rat, &e.) 8 >» » 2 DUPLICIDENTATA (Hares and Rabbits) : : LO Order VI. Uneurara (Hoofed Animals) > 4 5 5 : 10 Sub-order 1. ProwoscrpEa (Elephants) : c d : LL » » 2- HYRACOIDEA (Conies) . F 6 . j 24 > 5» 3& AMBLYPODA (Coryphodon) A i ‘ F 25 > » 4 Dinocerata (Dinoceras). 3 : ‘ 26 399 © *O-/ CONDYLARTHRA (Per iptychus) f F 3 27 >» » 6. Toxoponrra (Loxodon) .« E : F 27 » 9» #4. ASTRAPOTHERIA (Astrapother ium) . 5 A zs > » 8. LrrorTeRNA (Macrauchenia) . 30 9. PertssopactyLa (Tupir, Rhinoceros, Horse, &e.) 30 » LO. ARTIODACTYLA (Pig, Deer, Camel, &e.) “4 : 4.0 Order VII. Srrenza (Dugong, Manatee) . , F é ¢ c 61 » WILL. Ceracea (Whales) E P A 3 S j 64 » LX. Enpegnrata (Sloth, Armedillo), ‘ c é és ‘ 67 Sub-class 2. Dipeceuts (Metatheria) . é 3 é 5 74 Order X. Marsvpratia (Kangaroo, Wombat, &c.) . : : 74 Sub-class 3. ORNITHODELPHIA ea : : : 87 Order XI. MonovkemMata . : : : “ 87 CLAss 2. _AVES (Birds) 6 ; ; ; 89 Order T. Savrur# (Lizard-tailed Birds) Arcngopteryx . i 89 Ji y bes RaAritHe a. Birds with Teeth, Hesperornis ‘ ° : “4 : 89 b. Birds without Teeth, Dinornis, &e.. : n é : 94 Order III. CaAninatz a. Birds with Teeth, Ichthyornis, &ce. 90 b. Birds without Teeth oe the later Textiary and Modern Flying Birds) : “ 92 Index : 4 Fl i ‘ 5 99- 103 List of Catalogues and Guides i E : F ‘ 0 3 . 104 a 2 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page Fig. 1.—Palatal aspect of teeth of Adapis moots el: wee me Hordwell, Hants C0 6 60 2.—Right upper cheek-teeth of M See erinaceus (Wood, Upper Eocene, Hordwell, Hants .. 00 3.—Right ramus of mandible of Viverra Havtinee (eee Upper Eocene, Hordwell, Hants... 66 Sc +e 4.—Skull of Macherodus pee on Pleistocene, Buenos Ayres, South America. 56 ac 5.—Right upper carnassial tooth of Hyena striata inn, ) Suffolk Crag. . oe oe 6.—Right ramus of m: Baas of Ceph cage ae ostris (Crna), Upper Eocene, Bach, France . ye 0 i oc 7.—Profile of skull of Ursus ae (Reon nailes Pleistaee Caves of Germany and France ae oe 90 ae 8.—Skull of Cynomys ludovicianus (Baird), “the Prairie AiraRo, 2 Missouri.. 30 ae as a0 $0 oe 36 9.—Dentition of Beaver, Castor europaeus (Owen), ma Cambridgeshire Fens (in Peat) 60 56 oe 10.—Skull of Dinotherium giganteum Osu) oe wicca of Eppelsheim, Hessen-Darmstadt ¢ . 11.—Left upper molars of Dinotherium Ateah (Baup) Middle Miocene, Sansan, France se ac 12.—First right lower true molar of Mastodon Arve (Cautley}, Older Pliocene, Siwalik Hills, India .. a0 we 50 13.—Fourth left upper milk molar of Mastodon arvernensis (Cone et Jobert), Norwich Crag 14.—Skull of Mastodon longirostris (Eaup), Eppes isos Eppele heim, Germany. . 5 es 15.—Lower molar of living Indian Elephant cas Sher ee 16.—Upper ,, > African 55 oP 55 Bc 17.—Vertical longitudinal section of molar of Elephas planifrons (Fale. and Cautl.), Phocene, Siwalik Hills, India 3 18.-—View of grinding-surface of molar of “ Mammoth,” Elephas prinigenius (Blun.), Dogger Bank ae 19.—Grinding surface’ of molar of ee antiquus (Falconer), Pleistocene, Grays, Essex sc : 30 50 nic 20.—Grinding surface of molar of Elephas meridionalis (Nesti), Upper Pliocene, Tuscany oe ae é ia sc 21.—Left lower milk molar of Mastodon inne yar. pale- indicus (Lydekker), Lower Siwaliks, India .. ee ee 16 17 2) LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page Fie. 22.—Left milk molars of Wastodon longirostris (ep) Upper Miocene, Eppelsheim, Germany : oo aly 23.— Vertical longitudinal section of molar of Mastedon aside (Cuvier), Middle Miocene, France .. as Be Bios dlrs 24.—Profile of left lower molar of Mastodon americanus (avie), Pleistocene, North America .. fe 90 BO : 18 25.—Skeleton of Mastodon americanus (Cuvier), Cee | Pleis- tocene, Missouri ; North America ae pia!) dls} 26.—Skeleton (restored aA greatly reduced) of Made angus- tidens (Cuvier), Middle Miocene, France .. eles) 27.—Right upper milk molars of Elephas primigenius (Bho, ), Creswell Cr ags Cave, Derbyshire... an 20 28.—Lower jaw of “ Mammoth,” Zilephas primigenius tan), Dogger Bank, North Sea nc 36 ad 50, mall 29.—Profile of skull of Elephas Genes (Fale. and Cant) Older Pliocene, Siwalik Hills, India . 50 22 30.—Profile of skull of Hlephas planifrons Gale ai Cant.) Mp Older Pliocene, Siwalik Hills, India.. 4 50 oo. fae 31.—Profile of skull of Mastodon sivalensis (Fale. & Cant ) Older Pliocene, Siwalik Hills, India.. Be 50 eae 32.—Skeleton of the ‘“‘ Mammoth,” preserved in the ‘St. Petersburg Museum (discovered in 1806). a oc .. 23 83.—Upper and lower teeth of re a humatus (Mfarsh), Eocene, North America ie : c 50 8) 34.—Palatal aspect of skull of Coruphodon cephantops ae Wasatch Eocene, New Mexico, U.S./ 25 35.—Restoration of Tinoceras ingens (ilar), ee Postny Wyoming, North America .. o6 : ao PAD 36.—Skeleton of Phenacodus primevus (C edb Tocene, Wyoming WHEEAV Gc ae “is c uty ox ae -. 28 37.—Skull and lower jaw of Flap Tos ium cristatum (P. Geran) Pleistocene, South America .. te a a6 a0) ay) 38.—Modifications of the bones in the Pea ese iye fore-foot in Tapir, Rhinoceros, and Horse. . ee dl 39.—Skull and lower jaw of Rhinoceros EEE hinus (Ow en), Pleisto- cene, Ilford, Essex 32 40,—Skull and lower jaw of cree mega (Cope, Miocene, Colorado, North America 83 41.—Upper left molars of Rhinoceros Croizeti (ino, Upper Eocene, Bach, France . : 34 42,— Skeleton of Titanotherivm ee (ash, Mase. ‘Dakota, North America.. : ie ‘ 65) GD) 43,—Right upper molar of Chalicotheriom SiMeNSE (Oueay Breen: China’ .. 50 oe ot ats ae ie +» 86 44,—Anterior and distal aspect of phalangeal bone of Chalicothe- rium sivalense (KF. & C.), Siwalik Hills, India an 86 ~- Paleotherium, Hocene, Montmartre (restored) 37 ao LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page Fie. 46:— Cheek-teeth of Paloplotherium annectens (Ovens pas Kocene, Hordwell, Hampshire 47.—Right upper true molars of Anchitherium Bairdi (eid), Miocene, Dékota, North America .. : a0 48.—Genealogy of the Horse (Hguus caballus) 5b fe 9 49.—Modifications of the bones in the Ar wripaiciae fore= foot (after Prof. Flower) 50 50 50.—a, Palatal view of skull of +ecent 1 appon oben anphibius (Linn:), recent from Afri¢a ; and B, lower jaw of same .. 51.—Profile of skull and lower jaw of Hippopotamus ampnibius «. 52.—Skull and lower jaw of Hippopotamus sivalensis So & Caut.), Pliocetie, Siwalik Hills, India... : 5 50 68:—Right lower molar of Sus cristattts (Wagner Pliocene India 544.—Right upper molar of Hyopotam: eee (nus (Ov °) U. Bocene Isle of Wight .. 548.—Left upper molats of Hyopotanns a CUNUs , Gerrats), U Eocene, Isle of Wight . . : .- . 54c.—Right upper molar of Meryenpotamas dissimilis F, & C) Pliocene, India. 50 —Cheek-teeth of Anoploteriom ie Dense (Lyd. 2 Bocene France .. . oe os Oo 56.—Right mavxilla of reer secundarium (Cw. aw Eocent, Débruge, France .. - 56 57.—Cheek-teeth of Lens Chalaniati (omel), Bete Quercy, France 58.—Profile, and upper and ine er views of thy sul of ‘Casi: rium Filholi (lydekker), U. Eocene, Caylux, France 59,—Side-view of skull of living Chevrotain, Zyagulus javanicus (Pallas), Java .. Ae 36 a vs ne oe 60.—Antlers of Cervidee 36 5 OC 61.—Skeleton of Cervus (AMegaces o9 oe (Bhswentach), Shell-marl, Ireland .. 50 ele 62.—Left upper molar of Cervus auaioeee (Lya.), Pliovene India 63.— Left upper molar of uae sivalensis yd), esis” india er ; 56 : 55 5 64.—Antlers of 5th aa 6th years of Cervus tetraceres (Boyd Dawkins), Pliocene, Peyroiles, France 5 = 65.—Antiers of Cervus pea Re ora Maas U. Pliocene, Ardé, France 66.—Antler of Cervus ef las (Linn ), Ree Boe Progheds, Ireland . +s 67.—Skull and antlers of Reangsfor tarandus (Linn) Bissocan Bilney Meor, Nerfolk . 68.—Skull of Sinutherswn qgiganterm G & c), Lr. pipes Siwalik Hills, India 3 Ae. LIS! OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Vil Page Fre. 69.—Profile of skull and lower jaw of Samotherium Boiss/eri (Forsyth-Major), Pliocene, Samos .. bo a So | e/ 70.—Ovibos moschatus (Zimm.), recent, North Grinneil-Land .. 69 71.—Skull of Bos taurus, var. pr igi: el: ) Pleistocene, Athol .. 36 0 oo, (60) 72.—Lower right molars of Halither ta fos (Bhanvil), Middle Miocene, Angers a0 og (ll 73.—Skeleton of living ‘‘ Neen : ine: Amazon 56 +. 62 74.—Skeleton of Rhytina gigas (Zimm.), Pleistocene, Behiing Island 63 75.—Molar tooth and caudal vertebra of Zeuglodon cetoides (Owen), Middle Eocene, Alabama .. ar 50 .. 64 76.—Profile of cranium, and upper molar of Zeng cetoitles (Owen), M. Eoeene, Alabuma. . ‘ oo OS 77.—Skull of Squaledon ee a tas oa Petron), Middle Booore t Barie, France .. BG es 56 . 65 78.—Lower molars of Sileloden Geen: Eutope 66 79.—Right tympanic of Balena p# ES iW an eee Red Crag, Sutfolk .. se 66 80.—Portion of craniim of Chonesiphivs plenirostris (Cur, ; Pliocene, Antwerp Crag ‘ : OG: 81.—Left periotic bone of We Be lois is (Cw), Red Crag, Suffolk .. BS) MOLE 82.—Lower jaw of BEN ertin americanum (cor), Biecestene! Buenos Ayres x6 oe 68 83.— Skull of Bradypus gularis G@nseee: South Nasa 00 ao, (a) 84.—Restoration of Skeleton of Scelidotherium, Pee South America (after Capellini) 5 A) 85.—Restoration of ea eee (Ow en): Pleistocene, South America.. ba po Gl 86.—Skull of Aemaditla, recent ae oe . ag) 87.—Tail-sheath of Hoplophorus, Pleistocene, South ie oo) 88.—Skull of Orycteropus capensis (Gm.), Africa .. as we 04 89.—Posterior view of lower jaw of Phascolomys .. ie 75 90.—Dentition of Hypsiprymnus (recent) .. oe ae po HB) 91.—Front view of skull of Dasyurus ursinus (Harr.),recent .. 76 92.— re 5 Phascolarctos cinereus (Goldf.) 76 93.—Teeth of the Opossum Didelphys O10 He ve ie AL 94.—Didelphys fugaz (Cope), Miocene, Colorado .. fe ogy Ne 95.—Dromatherium sylvestre (Emmons), Trias, N. Carolina Ot 96.—Lower jaw of aa Broderipi rey), Great Oolite, Stonesfield ae 20 5 ts) 97.—Lower jaw of Phase oTepher ium Buc blandi (Brod. sp.) 78 » 28:—Lower jaw of Triconodon mordax Oe Middle Purbeck, Dorset 5 ; bo 08 vili LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page Fie. 99.—American Jurassic Mammals, Wyoming Territory, North America:—A, Docodon striatus (Marsh) ; B, Diplocynodon victor (Marsh) ; ©, Priacodon ferox Marsh) ; D, Dryolestes priscus (Marsh) ; 8, Dryolestes vorax (Marsh) : F, Asthe- nodon segnris (Marsh) ; @, Laodon venustus (Marsh) po 7) 5, 100.—Dentition of Wombat (Phascolomys) .. O¢ 60 co 80 », 101.—Skull and lower jaw of Diprotodon australis (Owen), Newer Tertiary, Australia .. at ele 60 bo. will », 102.—Skull aud lower ie of Bs le carnifer Oxey Pleisto- cene, Australia . te 50 0 81 », 1038.—Skull and lower jaw of Bettongi Grayt (Gould), recent, Australia A fe 2 a te ac oq », 104,—Skull of living Kangaroo, Macr epee Bennetti Be Australia oye an : oC oo a) 4 », L05.—Left ramus and tooth of Spal Lacotheriune trineapitem (Owen), Purbeck, Dorset 26 O60 56 2 OS », L06.—Tooth of Tr ue Fraasi (Dydekter), pees Tene Stras- leona? 5 . be 56 Sa (ell », 107.—Cranium of Tritylodon ees (Oven), Trias, paaee land, Scuth Africa 40 . : Oh 56 .. «84 » 108.—American Jurassic Mammals, Woming Territory. North America: A, Jaw of Ctenacodon potens (Marsh) ; B and ¢, Ditto; p, Tooth; E, Lower jaw of Ctenacodon serratus (Marsh); F, Ditto; @, Allodon fortis (Marsh) ; H and 1, Ditto; 5, Left jaw of Allodow laticeps (Marsh) ; Kx, Jaw of A, fortis; 2, Tooth of Ctenacodon; M, Upper jaw of Allodon laticeps (Marsh) ; nN, Tooth of A. fortis (Marsh)... 85 », 109.—Lower jaw of Plagiaulax Beckles Cana U. me Atrial Dorset a 90 2) SO », 110.—Tooth of N PUIG CGCENUS (Lemoine), Li pee Rheims, Frante 50 6 AD Ran tio) » 111.—Fossil Bird Ar EE ye MACPUTA (Ow en), Vane Jurassic, Bavaria .. a 50 50 D0 5 Sis} 5, 112.—Head of the Berlin pe oe as 50 or no = fy y, 113.—Skeéleton of Hesperornis regalis (Marsh), Cretaceous, Kansas, North America .. 30 50 aS 50 20 so | BO) 5, 114.—Skeleton of Ichthyornis victor ae Cretaceous, Kansas, North America... aD 5 0 ate 50 91 », 115.—Skull of eee cents (Owen), London Oley, Sheppey . 3 . : 36 ve . 92 », 116.—Skeleton of Pachyornis A eee (Owen), and lew ae ot Dinornis giganteus, New Zealand.. 50 : Aimee: PREFACE. Tue First Edition of this Guide was issued, without illustrations, on the 19th April, 1881; the second in 1882, illustrated with thirty-one wood engravings; a third, shghtly altered, appeared in 1884. A fourth Edition, almost wholly re-written, with many fresh illustrations, appeared in 1886, and a fifth, with only a few alterations, in 1888. The sixth Edition appeared in April, 1890, and 3,000 copies were sold up to October, 1895. Of these six editions, altogether 18,000 copies have been issued. The publication of Mr. R. Lydekker’s Museum Catalogues of the “ Fossil Mammalia,’ Parts I-V. (1885-87), and “ Fossil Birds” (1891), and the numerous additions made to the exhibited series of specimens have necessitated the re-arrange- ment of a great part of these Collections, and also changed the plan of the Guide. The writer is largely indebted to the authors of Nicholson’s and Lydekker’s “ Paleontology” (Vol. II., ‘‘ Vertebrata,” by R. Lydekker), from which numerous notes and extracts have been made in the compilation of this Guide. The Director, Sir William Flower, has kindly read the sheets and made valuable suggestions and emendations. The Members of the Staff of the Department have also obligingly assisted in the preparation of the work. HENRY WOODWARD. Department of Geology, 8th April, 1896. TABLE OF STRATIFIED ROCKS. CAINOZOIC., SECONDARY OR MESOZOIC. PRIMARY OR PALAZOZOIC, HOZOIC— ARCH AAN | Pebidian, Arvonian, and Dimetian Huronian and Laurentian a Z 3 SYSTEMS. FORMATIONS. LIFE- PERIODS. 5 a Terrestrial, Alluvial, Estuarine, and iG f 2 RECENT { Maiine Beds of Historic, Iron, oa = Pronze, and Neolithic Ages fe» a Peat, Alluvium, Loess aa g Valley Gravels, Brickearths = = S PLEISTOCENE 4 | Cave-deposits = SB (250 ft.) Raised Beaches S | Paleolithic Age 5 ua Boulder Clay and Grayels ( Norfolk Forest-bed Series Q PLIOCENE Norwich and Red Crags | ra (100 ft.) Coralline Crag (Diestian) Pp 15 a {= MIOCENE f (ningen Beds Freshwater, &e. © gs | 2 (125 ft.) Pa ae 7 oe =F > o wo Aa | BOORNE |) (Hen pate oleic | ee | (2,600 ft.) ) | monden Tertiaries f Nummulitic Beds) a 2 a C | a=) aS | = pe f Maestricht Beds = eo = Ba | CRETACEOUS Chalk S 2 5 Fa er o | (7,000 ft.) | ppel Greensand 2 BP eeu ae oS 3s NIH O © © VIMCASN NINE ae a BATE Co) 5 Bag a ——- A u a eRe oe \ (| Purbeck Beds Scie a | Portland Beds a, 24 } Kimmeridge Clay (Solenhofen Beds) aus 3 m 2 J JURASSIC J | Corallian Beas Bo a = ’ Oxford Clay aehHoOors s (3,000 ft.) = : s aa | & | Great Oolite Series | Ge Te ae | | Inferior Oolite Series ssh Py NS Se L| Lias E Sp a) S'S 3 a aa & Ss Rhetic Beds a Bm TRIASSIC Kener 2 A 3.000 ft. Muschelkalk 3 { | (3, ) Bunter z L = ( PERMIAN or Red Sandstone, Marl Veeansren a) Magnesian Limestone, &e. § ESS o Sata DYAS : ? , 80 3 Red sandstone and Conglomerate FI (500 to 3,000 ft.) Rothliegende & i CARBONIFEROUS § Coal Measures and Millstone Grit 3 (12,000 ft.) (| Carboniferous Limestone Series a =o DEVONIAN & OLD ( | Upper Old Red Sandstone aa RED SANDSTONE )}| Devonian __ oe (5,000 to 10,000 ft.) {| Lower Uid Red Sandstone 2 Ludlow Series SILURIAN Wenlock Series a Llandovery Series / (3,000 to 5,000 ft.) May Hill Series — Bala and Caradoc Series ORDOVICIAN | Llandeilo Series (5,000 tu 8,000 it.) Llanvirn Series & - | Arenig and Skiddaw Series xs ( Tremadoc Slates < S CAMBRIAN | Lingula Flags ES | (20,000 to 30,000 ft.) U| Menevian Series : 25 ! Harlech and Longmynd Series eg a= { a (30,006 ft.) DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY anp PALMONTOLOGY. INTRODUCTION. Nearty every city has within its bounds some relics of earlier times, when a more ancient people occupied the same spot. Thus below modern London we find various layers of accumulated soil, each marked by tokens of former times. In one we find the charred relics of the wooden buildings which preceded the more modern brick and stone houses; be- neath this are found weapons, coins, and pottery, telling of Norman and Saxon times. More than 20 feet down we come upon the relic-bed of Roman London, and in some parts two Roman periods have been recognised with remains of buildings at different depths. Ata still lower level, along the course of the ancient Wall-brook, remnants of pile-dwellings have been discovered, which were probably occupied by an earlier British race. In the ancient gravels of the Thames Valley, both beneath and around London, stone implements, left by a yet earlier people, have been frequently met with, associated with bones and teeth of the Mammoth. If in a similar manner we investigate those larger layers of Chalk and Limestone, Sandstone, Clay, or Slate, composing the Earth’s crust, we not only find that they rest upon one another, so that we can judge of their relative age by the order of their superposition, but that, like the layers of soil below London, they are often full of relics which teil of the former inhabitants that lived, flourished, and died out, to be succeeded by another race which have in their turn shared the same fate. Xi INTRODUCTION. Geology deals with the Earth, the composition of the various strata, or layers, of which it consists, their present and former extent, and the physical conditions under which they were deposited, and the changes they have since undergone. Palwontology deals with the remains of ancient life found in the various layers, and strives, by comparison with living forms, to restore the successive faunas and floras which have passed away, and to trace by those relics their past dis- tribution, and thus to show the evolution of hfe on the earth from the earliest times to our own. So many good books on Geology and Paleontology have been published * that it is not necessary to give in such a guide- book as the present a treatise on the science, but merely to explain that the Vertebrata in the Galleries are arranged according to their zoological classes, orders, and families (so far as these can be ascertained); and upon the label to each is placed its name, its geological position, and the locality whence it was derived. In the Invertebrata and Plants. each class is also grouped chronologically in order, from the latest deposits to the earliest i which it occurs. Whenever a specimen has been figured and described in a scientific work, a green disk is affixed to if, and a reference is civen to the author, and to the name and date of the work where it was published, Explanatory labels and illustrations have been introduced in many instances, to afford fuller information to visitors respecting the objects exhibited. A plan of the Gallery will be found affixed to the wall in each room, which wil] serve to show the general arrange- ment of the cases and their contents, The smal] Table of Strata, on p. x, 1s given to indicate the range in time of the great groups of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes, Invertebrates, and Plants. fee * See specially “Manual of Paleontology,” by Prof. H. Alleyne Nicholson and R. Lydekker, in 2 vols. (8rd Edition), Wm. Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London. 1889. GUIDE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF GHOLOGY AND PALASONTOLOGY. SOUTH-EAST GALLERY. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS.* Ciass 1—MAMMALIA. Tue Cases in the South-east Gallery are devoted to the ex- hibition of the remains of Animals of the class MamMMattia,f the great proportion of which are only met with as petrifactions or fossils in those newer layers known to geologists as the Tertiary and Quaternary deposits, forming the more superficial part of the earth’s crust. (See Table of Strata, p.x.) Harlier traces of such animals are comparatively rare, and a very few re- mains of the lower types, which are mostly extremely small in size, occur in rocks of Secondary age. For example, the skull of a small mammal, named Tritylodon longcevus, from the Trias of Basnto-land, South Africa: Microlestes Moore: (represented by teeth only), from the Rhetic beds of Somerset, and M. anti- quus from the Trias of Germany ; Dromatherium, from North America; and other species, small but more numerous, from the Great Oolite of Stonesfield, and the Purbeck beds of England and America. Seven years ago (1889) Prof. O. C. * In this great division of the Animal Kingdom are included all animals which possess a backbone. + Animals that suckle their young; in this class are included, besides man, all the higher animals. (1876) B Gallery No. 1, on Plan. See Table- case, No. 14, Pavilion. Gallery, No. 2, on Plan. Nature of Deposits. Human Re- mains in Caves. Wall-case, No. 1, Pier- case, No. 2. Table-case, No. 1 (South side). 2 Mammalia found in Caves. Marsh discovered in the ‘‘ Laramie” formation in strata of Cretaceous age, in Dakota and Wyoming Territory, N. America, numerous remains of small mammals having close affinities with those previously known and described from strata of Triassic and Jurassic age. (For drawings, see small Table- case, No. 144, in 8.E. Pavilion.) Most of the mammalia found fossil are extinct, but a very large number belong to forms closely related to, or even identical with, existing terrestrial species—such as the lion and tiger, the dog, wolf, the seal, the bear, and hyena; the rhinoceros, horse, elephant, hippopotamus, pig, giraffe, camel, deer, ox, sheep; the beaver, marmot, hare; the whale, etc. The deposits which have yielded the largest proportion of these remains are met with in caves and fissures in limestone rocks; in old lake and river valley-basins, filled up with gravels, sands, loess clays, and brick-earth washed down from the higher lands by rain and rivers; shell-marls, and peat- deposits; ancient forest-beds, which have been covered up and submerged; and delta deposits formed in the estuaries of great rivers, such as the Thames, the Severn, the Rhine, the Nile, the Ganges, the Mississippi, the Amazon, and La Plata. The frozen soil of the great alluvial plains bordermg the Arctie sea both in the Old and New World is also rich in remains of large herbivorous animals, such as the “Mammoth” and the ‘ ‘ Woolly Rhinoceros,” that once inhabited these high northern latitudes before the climate became too damp, or too cold for the growth of forest trees. All over the world caves are to be met with, hollowed out by underground waters in wearing thei way through limestone rocks. Examples of the animal remains found in some of these may be seen in the Wall and Table-cases. As these caves have fre- quently served in prehistoric times as habitations for Primitive Man, when he lived by hunting and fishing, we frequently meet with evidence of human occupation, as the charcoal and ashes of fires,—the burnt and broken fragments of the bones of animals upon which he subsisted,—the rude implements of stone and bone which served as his weapons in the chase, or for domestic purposes, and even—but more rarely—rudely incised figures of the animals which he saw and hunted, and the cherished ornaments of shell or bone which he had laboured to make for the decoration of his person. It often happens that the same cave has served at different periods .as a refuge for man and for various wild beasts, as for instance, the cave-lion, bear, or hyena. Hxamples of remains of these animals, and of the gnawed bones of their prey, may be seen from Oreston, Brixham, and Kent’s Cavern, Devonshire ; from Durdham Down and Pen Park Cave, West- bury, Gloucestershire; Banwell, Hutton, and Wookey-Hole Human remains. 3 Caves, Somerset ; Doward’s Wood Cave, Herefordshire ; Windy want-case, Knoll fissure, near Castleton, and Creswell Crags, Derbyshire; No.1, Pier Kirkdale, Yorkshire; Gower, Glamorganshire ; Coygan Cave, cane ees Carmarthenshire; Cae-Gwyn and Ffynnon-Beuno Caves, Vale No.1. of Clwyd, Denbighshire; and other British caves; from Bruni- quel, Nabrigas, and Dordogne in France ; from Gailenreuth, etc., in Franconia; from Gibraltar; from Maccagnone, in Sicily; from Minas Geraes, Brazil; from the Caves of Borneo; and from the Wellington Caves, New South Wales. Near the window, adjoining Wall-case No. 1., is placed a small glazed case containing reproductions of 52 objects found in the caves of Aquitaine, France, explored by MM. Lartet and Christy, and comprising barbed harpoons of reindeer-antlers, arrow-straighteners, incised and carved antlers of reindeer, bones of horse, etc. Some of the incised figures give an excellent idea of the animals which the pre-historic cave-folk must have seen and hunted, and whose remains make up so large a propor- tion of the bone-breccia with which most of these caves were filled. These objects have been described and figured by MM. Lartet and Christy in their work entitled “ Reliquiz Aqui- tanice,” 4to, 1865-75, edited by Prof. T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S. (The originals of most of these objects are in Prof. Lartet’s Collection.) Sub-class 1.—Monodelphia (Kutheria.) Order I.—PRIMATES. Sup-orper 1.—Anthropoidea. Mawn.—In Pier-case 1 are placed skulls and other bones of Pier-case, Prehistoric Man together with specimens of his flint tools and No: weapons, and the remains of the animals which were contem- porary with him and of which many, for example the Cave Lion and Cave Hyzna, are now extinct. All these were from caverns in various parts of Great Britain and the Continent. The most important of these are:—Kent’s Cavern in Devonshire, the Gower Caves in Glamorganshire, Kirkdale Cavern in York- shire, the Cavern of Gailenreuth in Franconia and of Bruniquel in the Auvergne District of France. Pier-case 2 also contains the remains of man and of Pier-case, various extinct animals associated with him, from various No. 2. caverns and fissures, including those of Cae-Gwyn and Ffynnon-Beuno in Glamorganshire, Windy Knoll and Creswell Crags in Derbyshire, Minas Geraes in Brazil, and the Welling- ton Caves in New South Wales. Here also is placed the Fossil Human Skeleton brought from Guadaloupe, in the West Supra Indies, by Sir Alexander Cochrane, R.N., and presented to from Guada- the Museum by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. loupe. B2 Table-case No. 1. Pithecan- thropus erectus. Spurrell col- lection of#| — flint implements. Monkeys. Table-case, No. 1. 4 Fossil Monkeys. Human skeletons are found at Grand-Terre, adjoining the island of Guadaloupe in a coral-limestone formation which occurs on the sea-shore at the base of the cliffs, and more or less covered by the sea at high-water. This limestone rock, which is of modern formation, is composed of the detritus of shells and corals of species still inhabiting the adjacent sea; it also contains some species of land-shells and crabs, identical with those now living on the island. Accompanying the skele- tons are found ornaments of jade, arrow-heads, fragments of rude pottery, and other articles of human workmanship. In Table-case 1 are placed human remains from the allu- vium of the Thames Valley at Tilbury, and also casts of the famous. Neanderthal and Engis skulls. The cranium cf an exceedingly primitive type possibly of man, Pithecanthropus erectus, lately discovered in Java, is represented by a cast. Here also are placed a number of tools and weapons made of reindeer horn, from the caverns of France, and some flint im- plements from Kent’s Cavern, Devonshire. From the Thames Valley a magnificent series of implements and flakes is exhibited. These were collected by F. C. J. Spurrell, Esq., and were presented by him to the National Collection. Some of the specimens are of special interest because they illustrate the method followed by Paleolithic Man in making his weapons. The remains of various extinct animals were found in the same deposits, and of these a jaw of the Woolly Rhinoceros with a flint flake adhering to it is shown in this case; the other specimens will be found in their proper places in the Gallery. Monxerys.—In the Table-case are also placed the remains of the QuADRUMANA (four-handed animals), including at the pre- sent day the various families of the monkey tribe, the “ Cata- rhine,”’* or Old-World Monkeys, and the “ Platyrhine,’’+ or New-World Monkeys. Remains of these animals are very rarely met with in any part of the globe as fossils. The earliest trace of Old-World Monkeys (Catarhina) 1s found in the Miocene Tertiary formations of France and Italy; Dryopithecus occurs in the Miocene of Saimte Gaudens, France, and at Eppelsheim, Germany; Hylobates in the Miocene of Switzerland: Oreopithecus in Italy: and Mesopithecus at Pikermi, near Athens. Y ~ ALLELE LLL is h Y, LL MEE FE Sub-order 7.—Astrapotheria. Nesodon, another Tertiary genus, discovered in South America, has been provisionally referred to this sub-order. An upper and a lower jaw of the smallest species (Nesodon ovinus, Owen)*, from the S.W. Coast of Patagonia, are preserved in the collection. They were brought home by Admiral Sir B. J. Sulivan, K.C.B. Fic. 37. Skull and lower jaw of Typotherium cristatum (Gervais). % nat. size From the Pampas Formation, Pleistocene, Buenus Ayres, South America. Pier-case, No. 20. A plaster cast of the skulJ, upper and lower jaws with teeth, Pier-case, and some limb-bones of a larger species, Nesodon imbricatus, have recently been presented by Dr. F. P. Moreno, Director of the La Plata Museum, and are exhibited in this case. Some speci- mens of the skull and mandible of certain of the smaller and more primitive Toxodonts from Patagonia, presented by the same donor, are showu. Sue-orper 7.—Astrapotheria. This sub-order lke the last is entirely confined to South America. The upper and lower jaws and some limb-bones of Homalo- dontotherium are exhibited in this case, where also some fine plaster-casts of skulls of Astrapotheriuvm magnum and A. angus- tidens are shown. * These specimens are figured by Sir Richard Owen in the “ Phil. Trans.” Roy. Soc., 1853, Pls. 15 and 16. o. 20. Pier-case No. 20. Uneven-toed Ungulata. Ungulata. Perissodac- tyla. 30 Litopterna, Perissodactyla (Uneven-toed Ungulates). Sus-orper 8.—Litopterna. This is also a South American group and includes a number of animals which in their foot and tooth structure resemble the uneven-toed Ungulates (Perissodactyla), though they are not related to them. In the collection are jaws and teeth of Protero- therium and Diadiaphorus belonging to the Proterothervide. Some of the members of this family possess feet which much resemble those of Hipparion, the third toe being very large and the second and fourth short and very much reduced. These specimens were presented by Dr. F. P. Moreno. The second family, the Macraucheniide, is represented by remains of Macrauchenia patagonica, including a ramus of a mandible and portions of lmb-bones from the Pleistocene deposits of Buenos Ayres, in South America; also plaster casts of a vertebra, a femur, bones of a fore-foot, and other remains, discovered by Charles Darwin at Port St. Julian, South Pata- gonia, and described by Sir Richard Owen.* ; Some additional specimens have lately been received from Dr. Moreno. In the older Tertiary deposits of Patagonia is found a smaller form named Osyodontotherium, which is closely allied to Macrauchenia and may be ancestral to it; this is represented in the collection by teeth and limb-bones exhibited in this case. Sub-orDER 9.—Perissodactyla (uneven-toed Ungulates). This group of hoofed herbivorous mammals is represented at the present day by the Rhinoceros, Tapir, and Horse. Although not numerous in species, they are very widely dis- tributed over the earth’s surface, and their ancestors, even as far back as the Eocene Tertiary period, formed a very extensive and varied assemblage of animals. The middle or third digit on both the fore and hind feet, which is always present, is the largest, and is symmetrical in itself, and occupies the middle line of the foot. In the Tapir four functional toes are present on the fore- foot; m the Rhinoceros three ; and in the Horse only the third, or middle toe, remains. (See Fig. 38, 4, B, ¢., p. 31.) * See Fossil Mammalia, Voyage of the “ Beagle,” 1839. + A skeleton of the modern Indian Rhinoceros is placed in the centre of the Gallery, near the Pier-cases containing the fossil species, for comparison with them. The Perissodactyla—Rhinoceros. 31 Family Rurocerotip®.—The Rhinoceroses occupy Pier-cases Rhinoceros. Nos. 6, 7,and 8,and Table-case No.4. There is only asingle living Pier-cases, Nos. 6, 7, "h. B C and 8, and Table-case, No. 4. Fic. 38.—Examples of modifications of the bones in the Perissodactyle Fore-foot (after Flower).* A, Tapir. B, Rhinoceros. C, Horse. R=radius; U=ulna; c=cuneiform; /=lunar; s=scaphoid; w=unciform; 7=magnum; td=trapezoid; tm=trapezium. The Roman numerals indicate the corresponding toes present in each foot. genus, which includes five or six known species ; many genera have been described from fossil remains, but probably some of these might well be referred to Rhinoceros also. The Rhinoceros is a large herbivorous animal with an extremely thick skin, marked by deep folds; there are seven upper and seven lower molar teeth on each side ; no canine teeth are developed, but there are usually incisor teeth in both jaws;+ generally one or two horns are present, but some of the earlier extinct species were hornless. The longest horn is fixed on the bones of the snout (nasal bones), the shorter behind it, on the frontal bones. The horns have no bony centre or horn-core * Reproduced by permission from Sir William Flower’s “‘ Osteology of the Mammalia,” p. 295, third Edition, 1885. + Incisor teeth are absent in the adult African Rhinoceroses, but the Indian species have a pair of large upper incisors, and two large and two small lower ones. See the fine series of skeletons of the living species in the Recent Osteological Gallery on the West side, second floor. The Rhino- ceros. Pier-cases, Nos. 6, 7, and 8, and Table-case, No. 4. The Tichorhine Rhinoceros. 32 The Perissodactyla—Rhinoceros, etc. (as in the oxen), but are only dermal appendages, and entirely composed of longitudinal fibres, like hairs, cemented together ; they are seldom preserved in a fossil state,* but the surfaces of the nasal and frontal bones show traces of the roughened sears where the horns have been attached to the skin. In order ee i, s ail Fic. 39.—Skull and lower Jaw of Rhinoceros leptorhinus (Owen), from the Pleistocene Brick-earth of the Thames Valley, Ilford, Essex. (See Pier-case, No. 6.) to give strength to the nasal bones which support the horns, which were used as weapons of offence, the division between the nostrils (usually more or less cartilaginous) was hardened by the addition of bony matter, so as to form a strong septum resembling a T-girder in construction. The Tichorhine Rhinoceros is generally known as the “Woolly Rhinoceros,” from having a smooth skin without folds, covered with a fine curly and a coarse hairy coat, like the ‘‘Mammoth ;” it had two horns, one very large. Its body has been found preserved in the most wonderful manner, in frozen soil in Siberia, with the skin, the horns, the hair, and even the flesh still undecomposed. It was once a denizen of this country, and it is the remains of this species which have been most commonly met with in limestone caves. In Pier-case No. 6 are placed three teeth and a portion of a skull, discovered in 1668, in digging a well at Chartham, Kent. The fragments have a special interest, being the subjects of the first notice of * In Pier-case 6, a specimen of the horn of the Woolly Rhinoceros is exhibited. The Perissodactyla— Rhinoceros. 33 the fossil remains of the genus, published in a curious old tract of the period.* Fie. 40.—Skull and lower jaw of Rhinoceros megalodus (Cope), + nat. size; from the Miocene (Loup Fork Beds) of Colorado, N. America. ' Skulls and other remains have been dredged up by fisher- men from the “ Dogger Bank,” in the North Sea, and they are also found, associated with the remains of the Mammoth, in the gravels and brick-earths of various localities. Several fine examples of rhinoceros remains may be seen in the pier-case. Five species of rhinoceros have been found fossil in this country, three of which inhabited the valley of the Thames, namely: the “ Tichorhine” (R. tichorhinus=antiquitatis); the “Leptorhine” (R. leptorhinus); and the “Megarhine” (2. megarlinus); of the two last-named species there is a fine and interesting series of remains, including a nearly perfect skull, which shows the bony septum of the nares (see Fig. 39), from the brick-earths of Ilford and Grays, Essex (see Pier-case, No. 6). fh. etruscus is found in the Forest-bed series of Norfolk, and teeth of a species now referred to FR. incisivus, are frequently met with in the Red Crag of Suffolk. Various remains of about twenty extinct species of rhino- ceroses are arranged in Pier-cases, Nos. 6, 7, and 8, and in Table- case, No. 4; of these, two are from China, and four from the Siwalik Hills, India, and comprise skulls, jaws, and bones of xs * “The Chartham News, or a brief relation of some strange bones there lately digged up in the grounds of Mr. John Sumner, of Canterbury.” ‘London : 1669. (1876) i Rhinoceros, Pier-case, No. 6. Pier-case, No. 6. Table-case, No. 4. Pier-case, Nos. 6, 7, and 8. Pier-cases, Nos.6,7,and 8,and Table- case, No. 4. Rhinoceros. Pier-cases, Nos. 6, 7, 8. Table-case, No. 4. Cadurcothe- rium: Hyracodon. Table-case, No. 4. Elasmothe- rium. Table-case, No. 4. Rhinoceros. Pier-case, &. Table-case, No. 4. Chalicothe- rium. Table-case, No. 4. 34 The Perissoductyla—Chalicothervide. the extremities, many being the type specimens figured in the- “ Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis” of Falconer and Cautley. Other species are represented by examples from France, Italy, Spain, and Germany. Fic. 41.—Two upper left true molars of Rhinoceros Croizeti (Filhol), from the Upper Eocene of Bach (Dept. Lot), France. There are also placed in these cases several forms which departed widely from the general type of the genus, but belong to the same family. They include the genera Cadurcotheri vUNd, from the Upper Eocene of Caylux, France ; the Hyracodon, from the Upper Miocene of Dakota, N. America. In a separate case is placed a cast of the skull and teeth of the Hlasmotherium, from the Pleistocene deposits of Novousenk, Government of Samara, Russia. The original is preserved in the Museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Peter sburg. In Table-case No. 4 is exhibited a series of the teeth of rhinoceroses from the Norfolk Forest-bed ; from Grays, Essex; from Kent’s Hole, near Torquay; from Eppelsheim, Hessen- Darmstadt; from the Val d’Arno, &c. Family TrranorHertip#.—This family includes a large number of ungulates from the Lower Tertiaries of N. America. A skull and mandible of Titanotherium heloceras is placed in wall case 8, and a number of teeth of T. Prouti in Table-case 4. In the middle of the gallery in separate glazed cases will be found a skull of T. trigonoceras and a plaster reproduction of the skull and mandible of T. robustwm. (See figure of the skeleton, p: 32.) In Table-case 4 are placed some teeth and other remains of Paleosyops and a cast of the fore-arm and manus of Limno- hyops is exhibited in wall-case, Family CuaticotHertp®.—This family has a very wide geo-- eraphical range, being found in Canada and the United States, . ‘azis “qeu 4S ‘wonlemry YON ‘ejoyed Jo oUdD0ITY OY} WMO. “(YSIVTE “9 “oO “Jorg £q P2.10489q) 2WN9SRGOL WNILIYIOUNIZT, JO UO[aYS—'2P OT] Table-case, No. 4. 36 The Perissodactyla—Palcotherium, etc. in France, Germany, Greece, India, and China. It is remark- able for the abnormality in the structure of the feet, so much so indeed as to render it for the future unsafe to predict the character of an animal from a single bone, and to invalidate the old maxim, ex pede Herculem. While the proximal bones of the feet retain their normal perissodactyle character, the phalanges have been modified to resemble those of Hdentates, the second phalangeal bone having a strongly developed distal trochlea (pulley) for the articulation of the huge claw forming the terminal joint. These phalangeals have been described under the names of Macrotherium and Ancylotheriwm, and were generally considered to belong to the skeletons of huge Hden- tates. But Dr. Filhol, quite recently, found them in association with the skull and the rest of the skeleton of Chalicotherium, so Fie. 43.—The third right upper true molar of Fic. 44.—Anterior and distal aspects of a Chalicotherium sinense (Owen), from the second phalangeal bone of Chalicotherium Pliocene of China. sivalense (Faleoner and Cautley) from the Older Pliocene, Siwalik Hills, India. Paleeothes rium. Pier-case, No. 9, and Table-case, No. 5. that these names are synonymous for the same animal. This is evidently a very ancient family, and may have been directly derived from the Condylarthra. Family PatzorHrriip#—TIn the next cases are arranged numerous remains of Paleotheriwm and allied genera—animals which, by the number and characters of the teeth and also by the structure of their skeletons, were all more or less inter- mediate in form between the rhinoceros, tapir, and horse. The best known, and type of the family, is the Paleo- therium, a tapir-like animal, first described by Cuvier from skulls, teeth, and bones of numerous individuals and represent- ing several species which were discovered in the Gypsum Quarries (Upper Eocene) of Montmartre, Paris. Perissodactyla—Paloplotherium, ete. 37 The species varied greatly in size, Paleotherium magnum being as large as a horse, four or five feet high; whilst P. curtum was about the size of a hog. They all had a short fleshy snout or proboscis, like the tapir; but, unlike the tapir, they had only three toes on each foot, whilst the tapir has four on the fore-foot. A very closely allied genus, and by some authors considered Paloplothe- to be the same, is the Paloplotheriwm, of which a good series, ™¥™- consisting of a skull, jaws, teeth, and bones of two species are ponaratait exhibited in the same case. The largest of the two Fic. 45,—Restoration of the skeleton and outline of the form of Paleotherium, Eocene, Montmartre. (See Pier-case, No. 9.) (P. annectens) was about the size of a sheep; its remains are not uncommon in the Upper Eocene of Hordwell, Hants; and have been found in abundance in deposits of the same age at Vaucluse in France. Mimi MIm Fic. 46.—The left maxilla, with the cheek-dentition of Puloplotheriwm annectens (Owen); irom the Upper Eocene of Hordwell, Hampshire, 2p, 3p, 49, = premolars; 1a, 2a, 3a, true molars; E, ¢, outer, I, i, inner, and M, m, middle columns, (after Gaudry). The remains of the smaller species (P. minus) are also met with at Vaucluse. Anchilo- phus. Anchithe- rium. Table- case, No. 5. Hyracothe- rium. Pier-case, No. 9. Pliolophus. Pier-case, No. 9. Pachynolo- phus. 38 Perissodactyla—Anchilophus, Anchitherium, etc. Anchilophus, a small Paleeothere, is represented by jaws and teeth from the Upper Eocene at Bembridge, Isle of Wight, and from Vaucluse and Caylux in France. The Miocene genus, Anchitherium, is interesting as presenting many characters intermediate between the Hquide and Pal«o- therude. The bones of the extremities, especially the feet, resemble the corresponding parts in Hipparion ; but Anchitheriwm was a much smaller animal. The feet had three toes; the central toe on each foot was long and strong, and mainly sup- ported the weight of the body; the lateral toes were slender, with small terminal hoofs. Remains of Anchitheriwm aure- lianense are not uncommon in the Miocene deposits at Sansan, Gers, France, of which a _ characteristic series of teeth and bones is exhibited. A. Bairdi is a smaller species from the White River beds (Miocene age) of Nebraska territory, North America. Other genera of this family are Hyracotherium aud Pachynolophus, which are very closely allied to each other. Hyracotherium was a small animal, about the size of a hare, principally known by its dentition. Prof. Cope states that the American Orohippus is identical with Hyracotherium. Its re- mains are comparatively rare, and have been found in the Lower Eocene (London Clay) of Herne Bay ; in Eocene sands at Hordwell, Hants; at Kyson in Suffolk; and also as a “‘de- rived fossil’? from an older (Kocene?) deposit in the Suffolk Crag. The genus Pliolophus was founded on an entire head and some bones of the extremities, embedded in a nodule of ‘‘septarium,” or “ cement-stone,” from the London Clay on the coast near Harwich; it appears to be identical with Hyraco- thervum, and therefore with Orohippus; a reproduction, by Prof. Cope, of H. venticolum, from the Eocene of Wyoming Territory, United States of North America, has been added to this case. The skeleton of Phenacodus primevus, Cope, from the same forma- tion and locality, is also represented by a coloured reproduction in plaster; it possessed five toes on each foot,and is in every respect the most primitive Eocene Mammal yet discovered. It indicates an ancestral form allied to Hyracotheriwm, which is generally placed in the ConpyrartHra (see fig. 36, p. 28 and text p. 27). Pachynolophus is an allied genus of small animals, whose remains are only found in Eocene deposits. Four species are represented in the collection by teeth and jaws from France and Switzerland. The dentition is complete, namely :— Incisors 8, canines 1, premolars #, molars 2 x 2=44. upper true molars of Anchitherium Bairdi (Leidy), from the Miocene of Dakota, N. America. Fic. 47.—The right Perissodactyla—Equus, Hipparion, ete. 39 Family Equip# (Horses).—-In all modern horses the digits are reduced to a single perfect toe on each foot (Fig. 38, C., p. 31); but this character does not hold good for the allied fossil forms, several of which show a tendency to an increased number of toes; but the third is nevertheless always the largest. (See the subjoined woodcut, Fig. 48, giving four examples, of the Perissodactyle foot, after Marsh.) Il III. Fic. 48.—Diagram showing the gradual loss of toes in the feet and increase in the complexity of the teeth in the Equide. 1. Equus. 2. Hipparion 3. Anchitheriun. 4. Orohippus. Recent. Pliocene. Miocene. (Hyracotheriuin.» la, Fore-foot. 2a, Fore-foot. 3a, Fore-foot. Eocene. 1b, 26, 36, 4b, Upper Molar tooth of each genus. 4a, Fore-foot. The Roman numerals indicate the corresponding toes present in each foot. In the next Pier-case are arranged the fossil remains of the Horse from the Thames Valley Brick-earths ; the raised beach at Brighton; Kent's Cave, Torquay; they occur in nearly all our British caves where other animal-remains have been found ; in a Pleistocene deposit at Juvillac, and in the cavern of Bruniquel, in France; at Eschscholtz Bay, Arctic America ; Minas Geraes, Brazil; and from Uruguay, in South America; indeed, its fossil-remains may be truly said to be world-wide. The present race of Wild-horses, which exist in such vast herds on the Pampas, are not the descendants of the fossil horse of South America, but have sprung from those introduced by the Spaniards 350 years ago. Prior to the Spanish invasion the natives of America had no knowledge of the horse. The three-toed and most immediate predecessor of the horse (Hipperion, Fig. 48,7), occurs fossil in the Plocene deposits of the Siwalik Hills in India; in China and at Maragha, Persia ; in Samos; Pikermi, in Greece; in France and Germany ; and in the Red Crag of Suffolk. Horses. Pier-case, No. 10. Table-case, No. 5. Pier-case, No. 10. Pier-case, No. 10. Table-case, No. 5. Hipparion and Equus, Pier-case, No. 9. Artiodac- tyla, Bunodonta. 40 Tapir, Artiodactyla. More than thirty distinct equine species have been found fossil in North America, ranging from Hohippus (?) in the lowest Hocene, to Hquus in the Quaternary deposits. The genus Protohippus of the lower Pliocene equalled the Ass in size. It had three toes on each foot, but only the middle one, corre- sponding to the single toe of the horse, reached the ground. This genus resembles most nearly the Hipparion of Europe ; whilst the Pliohippus had lost the small hooflets, and was in other respects the most equine. Only in the Upper Pliocene does the true Hquus appear and completes the genealogy of the Horse, which, in Post Tertiary times roamed over the whole of North and South America, and soon after became extinct. This occurred long before the discovery of the Continent by Europeans. Family Taprrip#.—Only a single genus of the family Tapiride is found living at the present day, the species being confined to Central and South America and the Malay peninsula; but the fossil forms were distributed over a far wider geographi- cal area. Remains of no fewer than five species may be seen in Pier-case, No.9. The most important and interesting are the entire jaws, with teeth, of 7. priscus, from Eppelsheim,* T. arvernensis, and T’. elegans from France; and 1’. sinensis, the type specimens,f from China; and teeth, of a species not identified, from the Red Crag of Suffolk. Lophiodon is an extinct genus nearly approaching the tapirs in its tooth structure, the lower true molars having simple transverse ridges. As in the tapir also, there were four toes on the fore-feet and three on the hind. Many species are enumerated, ranging in size from the pig to the rhinoceros. Their remains have been met with in several localities on the European continent, and also in this country, in Eocene Tertiary deposits. In Lophiodon the first premolar is absent, and its dentition consists as follows: Incisors 8, canines +, premolars 2, molars 3 x 2=40. Sus-orpEr 10.—Artiodactyla (Even-toed Ungulates). This well-defined sub-order is traceable from early Eocene times. It is characterised by having the third and fourth digits in both fore and hind feet almost equally developed, and their hoof-bones flattened on their inner or contiguous surfaces, so that each is not symmetrical in itself, but when * These specimens are described and figured by H. von Meyer in the * Paleeontographica,”’ vol. xv., p. 178, pls. 25 and 27. + Described and figured by Sir Richard Owen in the “ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,” vol. xXvi., pp. 426 to 428, pls. 28, 29. Artiodactyla—Hippopotam, etc. 4] placed together, they are bilaterally symmetrical; the axis or median line of the foot passing down between them, whilst in the Perissodactyles, the axis or median line passes down the centre of the third digit. In all the modern Ruminants (with the single exception of Hyomoschus), the metacarpals and metatarsals are ankylosed together so as to form one bone (the “ cannon-bone’’), whereas, in the Non-ruminants, the bones of the feet remain separate, and Fic. 49.—Examples of modifications of the bones in the Artiodactyle Fore-foot (after Flower). A, Pig, } nat. size. B, Deer, + nat. size. C, Camel, } nat. size. R=radius; U=ulna; c=cuneiform; /=lunar; s=scaphoid; w=unciform; in=magnum; td=trapezoid. The Roman numerals indicate the corresponding toes, or digits, present in each foot. [Reproduced, by permission, from Sir William Flower’s Introduction to the ‘‘ Osteology of the Mammalia,” 3rd edition, 1885, p. 297.] are seldom ankylosed together. The existing Artiodactyla are readily divided into two very distinct groups: firstly, the Non- ruminants, which have been named the Bunoponra,* embracing the hippopotamus and the pigs; and secondly, the Ruminants— animals which chew the cud—these are named SELENODONTA,T * From Bovyvoc, hilly, and édove, a tooth, in allusion to the irregular hilly or mammillated structure of the molar teeth in the pig and hippopotamus. + From cednvic, crescent, and ddove, a tooth, in reference to the crescent- shaped structure of the dentinal folds in the molar teeth of deer, antelopes, oxen, &c. Hippopota- mus. 42 Artiodactyla— Hippopotamt, etc. ae — 5 fi" et big 50.—A. Palatal view of the skull of the recent Hippopotamus ainphibius (Linn.), from Africa; and B. Lower jaw of same (seen from above). Fic. 51.—Profile of skull and lower jaw of Hippopotamus ainphibius (Linn.), Africa (see Pier-case, No. 11). Artiodactyla—Hippopotamt. 43 and embrace the deer, antelopes, oxen, &c.; but when the extinct species are considered, these groups are found to be connected by many intermediate or transitional forms. : = Se : Pier-cases Family Hrppororamip# (Hippopotamus ).—In these cases are Wo, 31, 12.’ arranged the various remains of the first genus of this group, Table-case, the Hippopotamus, now only found living along the shores, No: 6- rivers and lakes of tropical Africa, but once common in England, in the southern parts of Europe, and in India. ieee The European Pleistocene species (Hippopotamus major), Noll. ” formerly considered distinct, is now admitted to be indistin- guishable from the existing African species (H. amphibius), and to that species therefore the fossil remains of Hippopotamus, found in this country, are now referred. Fic. 52 A.—Palatal view of skull of Hippopotamus sivalensis (Falconer and Cautley) ; from the older Pliocene, Siwalik Hills, India. os B.—Front or symphysial portion of lower jaw of H. sivalensis, showing the six incisors and the tusk-like canines. (Both figures one-eighth natural size.) a C.—Molar tooth of same species, showing the worn-down double trefoil pattern of the crown (one-half natural size). The series comprises specimens from Malta, Sicily, the Val dV Arno, Italy, from Auvergne, France ; from the Narbada Valley and from the Siwalik Hills, India. Its remains have also been found in the Gower Caves, South Wales ; in Kent’s Hole, Torquay; in Kirkdale Cave and near Leeds, Yorkshire; in the Norfolk Forest Bed series; at Lavenham, Suffolk; at Ad Artiodactyla—Hippopotami, ete. Chelmsford, Essex; in great abundance at Barrington, Cam- bridge ; in the Ouse near Bedford; and many remains have been obtained in the valley of the Thames both in and around London. In Pier-case, No. 11, are exhibited a very fine and nearly per- fect lower jaw of Hippopotamus amphibius, from the Pleistocene deposits of Barrington, near Cambridge; and another equally well-preserved example from the Upper Pliocene of Mt. Perrier, Puy de Déme, France. A skull and mandible of the living African Hippopotamus is also placed here for comparison. Table-case, Here are placed the fossil remains of two species of dwarf No. 6. Hippopotami, the smaller of which (H. minutus) is from Pleis- tocene deposits in the Island of Malta, and was probably a con- Pier-case, temporary of the pigmy Elephants. The other (A. Pentland) No, ll. was obtained from the Grotta di Maccagnone, near Palermo in Sicily. So abundant were the remains of these animals in the various caverns near Palermo that for many years their bones were exported, by shiploads, to England and Marseilles for the manufacture of animal charcoal for sugar-refing. Two hundred tons were removed from one cave (San Ciro) in six months. Dr. Falconer writes that literally tens of thousands of two species of Hippopotanu have been found fossil in Sicily. He points out that, at the time these animals lived, Sicily was con- nected by land with North Africa, and that Malta and Sicily must have been continuous. (See “ Falconer’s Paleontological Memoirs,” 1868, 8vo, vol. 11., pp. 544-553.) Another small species of hippopotamus (Hippopotamus madagascariensis) formerly existed in Madagascar, but is now quite extinct. This species is represented in the collection by numerous skulls and limb-bones which are exhibited in Pier-case No. 11, and Table-case 4. Fic. 53.—Third right lower true molar of Sus eristatus (Wagner), Pliocene, India. a, d, middle columns of talon of tooth. On the other side of the Table-case are placed limb-bones, vertebra, and teeth of Hippopotami from the Older Pliocene deposits of the Siwalik Hills, India (most of which have been figured in Falconer and Cautley’s “Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis”’), together with teeth and various remains from the Pleistocene deposits at Barrington, near Cambridge, and from Norfolk, with others from Walton, Grays, and Chelmsford, Essex; and from Greenwich, Kent. Artiodactyla—Pigs, etc. AS Family Suip= (Pigs).—The Pigs comprise many examples Wild-boars. of the Wild-boar from Welehenietou and Grays, Essex; the Pier-case, Red Crag of Suffolk; from the peat of Limerick, ‘Treland ; ‘Seow No. 18. Oreston near Plymouth. Other more ancient species are ae ian derived from Tuscany, from Pikermi in Greece, and Eppelsheim in Hessen-Darmstadt. Several species, as Sus hysudricus, Sus giganteus, &c., are from India; and the remains of the Peccary (Dicotyles) from the Caves of Brazil. Other nearly related genera represented in the collection are Hyothe- the Hr yothert ium from the Miocene of Ele ee (Zurich), Switzerland; "™™ from St. Gérand-le-Puy, Sauvetat, Caylux, and other localities in France. The Hippohyus from the Siwalik Hills, India; and Hippohyus. the Phacocherus (or ‘‘ Wart-hog”’) from the Pleistocene deposits of South Africa. The Listriodon is another allied genus, but possessing true Listriodon. molars bearing transverse ridges. _ Its remains have been found in the Middle Miocene at L’Ile-en- Dodon, Simorre, and Sansan in France; and in the Siwaliks of the Punjab, India. The non-ruminants are connected with the true ruminants by a gradual transition through many early and extinct forms, characterized by having incisor teeth in the upper jaw, the more or less crescentic form of the cusps of the true molars, by the ulna and radius forming two perfect and distinct bones, and by the third and fourth metapodials not being united by ankylosis. (See Fig. 49, p. 41.) Whether some of these extinct genera “ruminated” is doubtful ; that many did may be assumed as certain from the more crescentic structure of the upper molar teeth. Fic. 544.—The third right upper Fic. 548.—First and second left upper true molar of Hyopotanius true molars of Hyopotaius por- bovinus (Owen). cinus (P. Gervais). From the Hempstead Beds, U. Eocene, Isle of Wight (both nat. size). The most Porcine of the group are the genera Hlotherium Elotherium- and Cheropotamus, each possessing the typical number of teeth, berate viz., forty-four. The EHlotheriwm was a large animal from the Lower Miocene of Ronzon, near Puy-en-Velay, France. Its remains have also been found in the Hempstead beds of the Isle Cheeropota- mus. Table-case, No. 7. Anthraco- therium. Pier-case, No. 18, and Table-case, No. 7. Hyopota- mus. Merycopo- tamus. Table-case, No. 8. Oreodon. Table-case, No. 8. Anoplothe- rium. 46 Artiodactyla—Anthracotherium, Anoplotheriwm, etc. of Wight. Cheropotamus was likewise a denizen of this country. Sir Richard Owen has described* a nearly perfect ramus of the mandible, now in the collection, from the upper Eocene at Seafield, Isle of Wight; also, im the same case, are exhibited jaws and teeth from a deposit of similar age at Débruge, near Apt, Vaucluse. Family ANTHRACOTHERIDH.—The genus Anthracotheriwm, first discovered in a lower Miocene coal-bed+ at Cadibona, Pied- mont, is represented in the collection by remains of several species ranging in size from an ox toa sheep. A. magnum is from the Lower Miocene sands at Flonheim, Hessen-Darmstadt, and the fine series of portions of jaws and detached teeth are respec- tively from the Upper Hocene, Caylux, France, and Cadibona in Piedmont. Remains of the smallest species, Anthracotheriwm Gresslyi, ave found in the Upper Hocene beds of Hordwell, Hants, and Bembridge. The intermediate forms are from many locahties and formations, namely, the Upper Eocene of Switzerland and France; the Lower Miocene of Alsace and of Italy, and the Lower Pliocene of India. The Hyopotamus (Ancodus) is a closely related genus. Its remains are found in some abundance at Hempstead, in the Isle of Wight; representatives of six species are ex- They are also found in France and Switzerland. A gigantic species occurs in the Siwalk Hills, India, and another in Dakota, America. Merycopotamus, an allied form of this group, occurs in the Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills. Family Orropontip®.—Skulls and mandibles of Oreodon and Eporeodon are shown in table-case 8 Here are arranged the fossil-remains of some of the earliest known genera of ruminants, referred to several families, all extinct, some of which were true ruminants and others were Very probably nearly related to them. Family AnopLorHErtp#.—The best known, by description and figures, of these extinct animals is the Anoplotherium,t of Cuvier, the only animal known at the time in which the teeth formed one connected series, without any breaks or intervening spaces, and all of uniform height, a character then thought to be peculiar toman. The genus was first described by Cuvier from numerous remains (veferred to several distinct species) exhumed from the Gypsum-beds at Montmartre, Paris. * Owen, “ Brit. Foss. Mamm.” p. 413, fig. 163. + Hence the name “ Coal-beast.” + From avomXoc, weaponless, and @nptor, beast, in allusion to its having neither tusks, horns, nor claws. Fic. 54c—A right upper true molar of Meryco- Hated: three from the above locality. potanus dissimilis (F. & C.) from the Pliocene of India. Artiodactyla —Xiphodon, Dichodon, etc. 47 Here may be enumerated Xiphodon, from Montmartre, Caylux, and Vaucluse in France; also Dichodon and Dicho- bunus, from the Isle of Wight and Hampshire, and from Montmartre and Vaucluse, France; Cenotheriwn, a genus of small animals about the size of hares and rabbits, whose Fie. 55.—The last five right upper cheek-teeth of Anoplo’herivin cayluxense (Lydekker), from the Upper Eocene of Caylux, France, }. Fic. 56.—Part of the right maxilla of an immature specimen of Anoplotheriwm secundarium (Cuvier). Upper Eocene, Débruge, France, +. remains are preserved in the greatest abundance and perfection in freshwater deposits of Lower Miocene age at Cournon and Sauvetat (Puy-de-Déme), and Allier, and also in the Upper Hocene at Caylux, France. It is likewise found at Haslach, near Ulm, in Wurtemberg. Seven species, varying but little in size, are Betripered! Their dental formula was complete, namely, eleven teeth in each jaw, in all forty-four. In most of the Fic. 57.—The last four right upper cheek-teeth of Lophiomeryz Chalaniati (Pomel); from the Eocene Phosphorites of Quercy, France. species the series is continuous, with no diastema between the canines and premolars. The feet had four complete digits. Gelocus and Lophiomeryx occur in the Lower Miocene of several localities in France, and Cheromerysx in the Siwalik Hills, India. Xiphodon. Dichodon. Dichobunus. Ceenotheri- um. Czenothe- rium. Table-case, No. 8. Gelocus Lophio- meryx and. Choero- mery=x. 48 Artiodactyla—Ccenotheriwm. 7g} | | Li aD cath Fic. 58.—(a) Profile, (B) upper, and (c) lower, views of the skull of Cenotheriui Filholi (Lydekker). Upper Eocene, Caylux, France. Artiodactyla—Camels, Llamas, ete. 49 Family TracuLip# (Chevrotains).—The extinct fossil genera, Prodremotherium and Bachitherium, from the Upper Eocene of Caylux, and Hyomoschus (= Dorcatherium) from Eppelsheim in Hessen-Darmstadt, Sansan in France, and the Siwalik Hills in India, are probably early ancestors of the Tragulide, or “ Chev- rotains,” the smallest of existing ruminants, not exceeding the hare in size ; the fossil forms were, however, considerably larger. The teeth of a species of Chevrotain (Tragulus sivalensis) oceur in Fis. 59.—Reduced side-view of skull of living Chevrotain, Tragulus javanicus (Pallas). the Siwaliks of the Bramapittra Valley, India. The nearly entire skull with the mandible of Dorcatheriwm (exhibited in Table- case No. 8), is the type-specimen, first described and figured by Dr.Kaup.* All the teeth are preserved, the canines are long and trenchant, and there are four premolars in the lower jaw, but in the recent Cheyrotains (Tragulus) there are only three. TyLopopat (Camelide).—The camels and llamas form a some- what aberrant group of Artiodactyles as regards their general form and in their dentition. In the typical ruminants there are no incisor teeth in the upper jaw, but the camel has two, in addition to twelve molars. The extremities only of the two toes which form the foot are free, and are each terminated by a short somewhat curved nail (see Fig. 49, C. p. 41). The fossil remains of the camel are so closely related to the living species that they cannot readily be distinguished from them. They are found in the Siwalik Hills, India. Ancestral forms of Auchenia, the living South American llamas and alpacas (Palauchenia, Owen) have also been met with in a fossil state in Mexico, Brazil, and Buenos Ayres. The group is an ancient one, and appears to have arisen 1n N. America, where the remains of several primitive Camels such as Protolabis, Poébrotherium, Procamelus, are found in Tertiary deposits. * Ossemens Fossiles. Darmstadt, pt. 5, pl. xxiii. A. + Pad-footed animals. (1876) E Tragulidc Dorcathe- rium, &c. Tapble-case, No. 8. Camels. Pier-case, No. 18. Llamas. Palauche- nia. True Ruminants. Cervide, Deer-tribe. Pier-case, No. 15. 50 Artiodactyla—The Deer-tribe. True RUMINANTS. Under this sub-division is placed the second group of hoofed Artiodactyle quadrupeds, the true Ruminants, animals that chew the cud, as the ox and deer-tribes. They are characterised by the outer toes being rudimentary or absent: they have no teeth in the front part of the upper jaw ; they possess a complex stomach with four compartments; the males usually possess either “‘ horns ” or ‘“ antlers.” The group embraces many extinct genera and also extinct species belonging to existing genera. Family—Tue Crrvine (Deer-tribe).—-The Cervide or Deer- tribe are characterised by possessing antlers which differ re- markably from the horns of Oxen or Antelopes. ‘“‘ Antlers”’ are outgrowths of true bone, covered during their growth with vascular sensitive integument coated with short hair. In this Fic. 60.--Antlers of Cervide (Deer-tribe). A, Antler of Cervulus (?) dicranoceros (Kaup), Pliocene. B, Antler of Cervus pardinensis (Croizet & Jobert), Pliocene. C, Antler of the Red Deer C. elaphus (Linn.), in thesecond year. D, Antler of Red Deer in its full- grown condition. E, Antler and bony pedicle of the frontal bone of the Muntjak, Cervulus muntjak (Zimm.). F, Antler of the Fallow Deer Cervus daima (Linn). state they remain permanently in the Giraffe, but in the true Cervide, or Deer, when the growth of the antler is complete, the supply of blood to it ceases, the skin dies and peels off, leaving the bone bare and insensible, and after a time, by a process of absorption near the base, it becomes detached from the skull and is “shed.” A more or less elongated portion or “pedicle” always remains on the skull, from the summit of which a new antler is developed. This process is Artiodactyla—The Deer-tribe. ol repeated with great regularity at the same period of each year.* In young animals the antlers are simple (see Fig. 60 C) and in those species which attain a great complexity this is acquired gradually in successive annual growths. Each antler consists BARE KW NYS lh Fie. 61.—The Gigantic Irish Deer Cervus ( Megacei'os) gigantevs (Blumenbach), from shell-marl beneath the peat, Ireland. of a main stem or beam, and usually of one or more branches or tynes, of which the one immediately above the burr is termed the brow-tyne, _ * The antlers of the deer tribe are shed and renewed annually, increasing im size with age, a new “snag’’ or tyne marking each year, being added te the new antler till adult. The horns of the oxen are never shed. E 2 Pier-case, No. 15, and Table-cases, Nos. 9 and 10. Gigantic Irish Deer. Stands K.L. M. ana Pier-case, No. 15. 52 Artiodactyla—The Deer-tribe. As in many analogous instances, the development of the antlers of the individual is paralleled by their development in the family; since we find that many of the earlier members were totally unprovided with these appendages, and that their extreme complexity in the more specialised forms was not acquired until a late period in geological time. Fic. 62.—Left upper true molar of Cer- Fic. 63.— Left upper true molar of vus sivalensis (Lydekker), Pliocene, Palwonerys sivalensis (Lydekker), India. Pliocene, India. The Deer-tribe (Cervide) are well represented both by entire skeletons, in the centre of the Gallery, and also by a fine series of detached heads and antlers of various species in and upon the pier-cases, and affixed to the columns on either side of the central avenue. In addition to the fallow deer,* the roebuck, and the red deer, which still linger on (preserved in our parks and forests), we once possessed that king of the deer-tribe, the Cervus (Me gaceros) gigante US, commonly known as the ‘“ Gigantic Trish deer,” its remains haying been met with in considerable numbers in Ire- land, often ina very remarkable and perfect state of preservation, in the shell-marl beneath the peat-bogs in various parts of ne country, particularly in Ballybetagh Bog, near Dublin, and in counties Mayo and Limerick. The gigantic Irish deer was by no means confined to Ireland ; its remains are found in many parts of Great Britain, particularly in cave deposits, and also on the Continent. Two entire skeletons of the male, with antlers spreading a little over 9 feet across, and one skeleton of the hornless female, stand in the centre of the Gallery (see * Cervus dama is considered to have been introduced into this country ; but an extinct variety, named by Boyd Dawkins Cervus Brownii, from the Pleistocene of Essex, may have been its ancestor + Heads and antlers of several other individuals are placed upon the adjacent wall-cases. The crowns of some of these are of even greater breadth. Artiodactyla—Elk and Reindeer. 53 Fig. 61). The true elk (Alces machlis) and the reindeer (Ran- gifer tarandus) were also denizens of our island in Pleistocene times (see Antlers on Piers). Fie. 64. Antiers of the fifth and sixth years of Cervus tetraceros (Boyd Dawkins), from the Upper Pliocene of Peyrolles, France (sce Pier-case No. 15). Thousands of fragments of the shed antlers of the rein- deer have been obtained from the Gower Peninsula, South Wales; in the Vale of Clwyd, in North Wales; in Kent’s Hole, Torquay ; and from many other caves and fissures in lime- stone rocks in England. Numerous remains of reindeer have been obtained from the Thames valley brick-earth and gravels in and around London, as at Ilford and at Karl’s Court, Twickenham, etc. A very fine antler from the last named locality is mounted in Wall-case No. 15. The broken skulls, with the bases of antlers attached, may also be seen from the cave of Bruniquel,in France, and a fine entire antler embedded in stalagmite from Brixham Cave near Torquay. Several extinct forms of Deer, some equalling the gigantic The Elk. Pier-case, No. 15. The Rein- deer. Table case, No. 10. See Wall- case No.1, and Pier- case No.15. 54 Artiodactyla—Antlers of Deer. Fie. 65.—Antlers of Cervus cylindroceros (Boyd Dawkins), from the Upper Pliocene of Ardé, France. Fie. 66.—Antler of the Red-deer, Cervus elaphus (Linn.), one of a pair, from the bed of the River Boyne at Drogheda, Ireland. Exhibited on one of the columns on the south side. [This specimen is figured in Owen's ‘‘ British Fossil Mammals and Birds,” p. 472 (1846), ex. coll. Sir Philip Grey Egerton, Bart., M.P., F.R.S.] Artiodactyla—Deer and Giraffes. By) Trish deer in size (Cervus verticornis, &e.), occur in the Forest Cervus Bed alone the Eastern coast; C. suttonensis is found in the Red verticornis, Crag of Suffolk. An interesting series of antlers, teeth, and Fic. 67.—Skull and antlers of reindeer, Rangifer turondus (Linn.); Pleistocene ‘ till”’, Bilney Moor, East Dereham, Norfolk. (Owen's ‘‘ Palwontology,” p. 374.) bones, from deposits of Miocene and Pliocene age in Darmstadt, ee France, and Italy, and also from India, is arranged in the Pier and Table-cases. Family Guirarripz (Giratfe, &c.). In this group are Pier-case, placed a remarkable series of animals, all of which (with the Net te exception of the Giraffe) are extinct. The most prominent ue SAIN form placed in this case is the Sivatherium, a huge beast givathe- described by Falconer and Cautley from the older Piocene rium. deposits of the Siwalik Hills, India. It had two pairs of horns on its head, two short and simple in front, and two larger palmated ones behind them. From the persistent character of these bony horn-cores, we may certainly regard this animal as a gigantic four-horned ruminant, having a resemblance in some structural characters to the giraffe, in others to the antelope. Head of t 56 Artiodactyla—Swatherium, ete. A cast of the original cranium of Sivatherium, with the Sivatherium horn-cores restored from actual parts, in the collection and Stand I. Helladothe- rium, &c. Pier-case, No. 14. elsewhere, has been placed on a stand in the centre of the gallery adjacent to the case containing the skull and other portions of the skeleton. FIG, 68.—-Skull of Sivatherium giganteum (Fale. & Cautl.), from the Lower Pliocene deposits, Siwalik Hills, India (the horns restored). A hornless skull of a nearly allied animal, from the same formation and locality, is placed with Sivatheriwm, and was considered by Dr. Falconer and other paleontologists to be the skull of the hornless female; but it is now referred, by more recent writers, to a distinct genus (Helladotherimuy), whose remains were first discovered at Pikermi, near Athens, Greece. The Hydaspitheriwm from the Siwaliks of India, and the Bramatherium from Perim Island, Gulf of Cambay, are allied genera of large size. Remains of an extinct species of giraffe, (Giraffa sivalensis), also from the Siwaliks of India, are placed in the same case. The most striking new type is a large ruminant, discovered by Dr. Forsyth Major i in the lower Pliocene beds of the Island ot Samos, off Asia-Minor, named by him Samotheriwm Boissiert, and said to connect Helladotheriwn and the giraffe with some of the ancient aberrant antelopes of Pikermi. Remains of this species are shown in Pier-case 14. / Artiodactyla—Oxen and Antelopes. 57 Bovip= (OXEN, Ere.) In this division are placed all those animals with curved Horns of or straight “horns,” having a central bony process—or the Bovide, = 2 or Ox-tribe. Fic. 69.—Profile of skull and lower jaw of Saumotherium Boissieri (Forsyth Major), a giraffe-like ruminant from the Pliocene of Samos, Turkish Archipelago. horn-core—arising from the frontal bones of the skull,. en- sheathed in a case of true horn*, which continues to grow slowly from the base, and wears away at the apex, but is very rarely, if ever, shed entire. These are all included under the term Boyip#, embracing all the horned-Ruminants, such as the Oxen, Sheep, Antelopes, &c. Here are exhibited numerous heads and horn-cores of fossil Pier-cases, antelopes and oxen from the Siwalik Hills of India; and a N0S:16t019. smaller series of remains of the bison from Siberia, Arctic America, and from various British localities. AnTILOPIN®—The Antelopes resemble other Bovide in their dentition; canine teeth are absent; the rudimentary lateral digits are not always present, but the metapodial bones which support these digits are absent in all living forms. The varia- tions observed in the different genera are considerable; several sub-divisions have been formed, viz. cry the Palwotragine forms had Titerally compressed horns Pijer-case, and “‘brachyodont”’+ dentition. Protragoceros, the oldest known No. 16. * Hence they are frequently spoken of as “the hollow-horned Rumi- nants” or the Cavicornia, fon cavum, hollow, and cornu, a horn. The horny sheath when removed formed the “ hollow horn.” + “ Brachyodont,” teeth with low crowns. 58 Artiodactyla—Gazelles, Goats, and Sheep. genus from the Middle Miocene of France; Palcotragus and Tragoceros from the Lower Pliocene of Greece, Samos, and Persia, belong to this division. (2.) The Alcelaphine antelopes have recurved and lyre-shaped horns, but no supraorbital pit in the skull. Alcelaphus is fossil in the Lower Pliocene of India and in Algeria. (3.) The Cephalopine forms are of small size, living in Africa and India ; fossil species perhaps occur in the latter country. (4.) The Cervicaprine type are large African antelopes, with hornless females ; one genus, Cobws, occurs fossil in India. (5.) The Antilopine section resembles the last; the pits in the skull above the eyes are large,and the teeth are ‘‘ hypsodont,”* like those of the sheep. A. cervicapra occurs both living and fossil in India. The Siberian Saiga tartarica was once common to the whole of northern Europe, and its bones have been found in many cave-deposits. The African and Asiatic Gazelles, with lyrate, laterally- compressed horns, are represented by Gazella deperdita in the Pliocene of Greece, Samos, and Persia; by G. anglica in the Norfolk Forest-bed, and by G. porrecticornis in the Siwalik formation of India, and others. (6.) The African Hippotragine type occurs fossil both in Europe and Asia. Hippotragus sivalensis is fossil in India ; Paleoryx in the Pliocene of France, Greece, Samos, Asia Minor, and Persia; the horns are long, straight and backwardly curved ; they have no supraorbital pit in the skull and the teeth are like those of oxen. (7.) The Tvragelaphine antelopes include the Nilghai (Boselaphus) of India, and the Kudu (Strepsiceros), Tragelaphus and Oreas in Africa; fossil forms of Boselaphus oceur in the Narbada valley, India. Palwvreas and Protragelaphus (related to the living African species) are found in the Lower Pliocene of France, Greece, Persia, and Algeria. 8.) The Rupicaprine type includes only the Alpine Chamois, whose remains also occur in many cave-deposits. Caprin®, goats and sheep, form a distinct section of the Bovidw, marked by laterally compressed and angulated horn- cores, “ hypsodont ” teeth, and the absence of Jachrymal vacuity in the skull beneath the eye. The horns are either curved back as in the Ibex, spirally twisted as in the ‘‘ Markhoor,” or with a peculiar outward curvature and twist, as in the Sheep. The Goat (Capra hircus) is not uncommon in the Fens and other superficial deposits and in caves in England. In the Plocene of India several species of Goat have been met with, including Bucapra, an extinct hornless form with teeth resembling those of Oxen. The remains of the Pyrenean Ibex (C. pyreniaca) are * “ Hypsodont,” teeth with high crowns. Artiodactyla—Musk-sheep and Bison. 59 abundant in the caves of Gibraltar. A large extinct species Caprovis Savini, allied to the living Argali, occurs in the Norfolk Forest Bed. The “ Musk-sheep ” (Ovibos moschatus)* of the Arctic regions forms a connecting link between the Caprine and Bovine. It is an animal of singular interest to the paleontologist, as it was a denizen of this country in prehistoric times, and has left its remains in the gravel of the Wiltshire Avon, in that of the Thames near Maidenhead, in the brick-earth of Crayford, Grays, and Erith, and at Green Street Green in Kent; it has also been dredged up off the Dogger Bank in the North - 5 . = Sea, and found in the Caves of Dordogne in France. Fic. 70.—The Musk-sheep, Ovibos moschatus (Zimm.). Still found living in North Grinnell-Land, Lat. 82° 27’. Once its range extended over all the northern lands, as testified by its remains, which are found abundantly in Siberia. It is now only rarely met with living on the treeless barrens of Arctic America and in North Grinnell Land. Two closely allied extinct species (O. bombifrons, Harlan, and 0. cavifrons, Leidy), have been discovered in the Pleistocene of Kentucky and Arkansas. Boyix#.—In this case are also placed the remains of the European Bison (Bison bonasus, var. priscus), obtained from the Pleistocene ‘‘brick-earth” of Ilford and Walton, Hssex; from Erith, and Crayford, Kent; Peckham, Surrey; Wiltshire and Lincolnshire. Other specimens exhibited from Canada, Esch- scholtz Bay, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, are also referred to the * Of which a recent skeleton is placed in the centre of the Gallery, near Pier-case No. 16. Pier-case, No. 16. The Musk- sheep. Pier-case, No. 16. Bison. Pier-case, No. 16. Bison. Pier-case, No. 17. Indian Bovidee. Pier-case, No. 18. Bos primi- genius. Pier-case, No. 19. 60 Artiodactyla—Bison, Ox, Buffalo, ete. European Bison, thus showing a far wider geographical range for this species in Pleistocene times than at the present day. The American Bison is represented by a recent skull and mandible, and by the calvarium and horn cores of a fossil species (Bison latifrons, Harlan), from Texas. Both the American and European species of bison are now nearly exterminated by man. This case contains a long series of skulls of early forms of Indian Oxen from the older Phocene deposits of the Siwalik Hills. They have been chiefly referred to the genus Bubalus, two species being represented, namely, B. cccipitalis and B. acuticornis. They are related to the Anoa, a small species of wild buffalo now living in the Celebes. Two other species, referred to the genus Leptobos, are also represented in this case. SY ~ EOF nt s erp yrs s. 71.—Skull of Bos taurus, var. primigenivs (Bojanus); Pleistocene, Athol, (Sce Pier-case, No. 18.) In this case are displayed a very fine series of perfect erania, with the horn-cores and various portions of the skeleton and limb-bones of the gigantic extinct British Ox, Bos primi- genius, from the brick-earth of Ilford, from Walton and Clacton, Essex, and from Crayford, Kent; and from peat- deposits and Turbaries in Kirkendbrightshire, Scotland, &c. These fine animals were probably the oxen referred to by Cesar under the name of Urus; but though they surpassed in size and in the greater expanse and strength of horns any of our modern breeds of cattle, they were probably the ancestors of the larger existing European varieties found in Spain, Italy, and Hungary y. The wild cattle at Chilingham Park, Northumber- land, may perhaps be the last surviving descendants of Bos primigenius, but greatly reduced in size. In this case are placed a series of skulls with horn-cores, lower jaws, and other remains of Bos longifrons believed to be Sirenia. 61 the immediate ancestor of our existing small Welsh and Scottish Pier-case, cattle. They are commonly found in peat-bogs, Turbaries, and No. 19. superficial deposits of comparatively recent date, and in pre- Bos_ historic tumuli, kitchen-middens, &e. longifrons. Here are also exhibited skulls of Bubalus, an Indian buffalo, from the Pleistocene deposits of the Narbada Valley. One of these skulls is remarkably perfect and has the horn-cores nearly entire and measuring more than six feet in expanse; Bubalus the facial portion of the skull is also quite complete. This P2!indicus. specimen of Bubalus buffelus, var. paleindicus (Falconer), is figured and described in Falconer’s “ Paleontological Memoirs,” 1868 8, Vol. I., p. 280, &ec., Pl. XXIT., Fig. 1. Order VII.SIRENIA. (Ducone. Manarur, &c.) The Strenra form a remarkable group of aquatic vegetable- Sirenia. feeding mammals, and are really very distinct from the Cetacea, Pier-case, although they have been sometimes erroneously classed with No. 21. them. Fic. 72.—The penultimate and last lower molars, right side, of Hulitheriwim fossile (Blainville), Middle Miocene, Angers (Maine-et-Loire), France. The head is of moder pared with the body, < living animal the ‘neck is not ver y SR a the bemaiGal vertebre are all distinct, and the head can be turned freely from side to side, which is not the case in the Cetacea. The eyes are small; there are no external ears visible; the fore limb is paddle- shaped, the digits being enveloped in a fin- like cutaneous covering. The Sirenia have no dorsal fin; the tail is flattened, and expanded horizontally. The hind limbs are wanting, save in Halitheriuwm, in which genus, however, they are quite rudimentary; as is also the pelvis. The bones, more especially the ribs, are extremely compact in structure, like ivory, and of intense hardness, and very massive. The teeth vary considerably in the several genera. In the girenia, Manatee there are asrmany as 44 molars. In Halitheriwm there Manatee, are a pair of tusk-like upper incisors (smaller than in Halicore), © Pbytina. , large com- Pier-case, No. 21. Skeleton of Rhytina. Stand N. 62 Strenia—Manatee, Rhytina, ete. and either five or six cheek-teeth in each jaw, or 24 molar teeth and two tusks. The Halicore or ‘ Dugong” has only twelve molar teeth and two tusk-like incisors in the upper jaw. The adult Rhytina had no teeth, the palate and anterior portion of the lower jaw being provided with horny plates of hardened epithe- lium, which ser seul 4 in lieu of teeth for masticating the seaweed coflitielh formed its food. The manatee inhabits the west coast and the rivers of tropical Africa, and the east coast and rivers of tropical America, the West Indies and Florida. The dugong (Halicore) extends along the Red Sea coasts, the shores of India, and the adjacent Islands, and as far as the north and eastern coasts of Australia. Fic. 73.—Skeleton of the living ‘‘ Manatee” (Manatus amer icanus), from the River Amazon. The most remarkable Sirenian is the Rhytina gigas (Rhytina Stelleri), or ‘‘ Steller’s Sea-cow,” once common along the shores of Behring’s and Copper Islands, near Kamtschatka, and seen alive by the naturalist Steller in 1741. This is by far the largest of the Sirenia, eng when full grown, it is said to have attained a length of 25 feet, and a w eight of from three to four tons. The Sirenia pass their whole hfe in the water, being denizens of the shallow bays, estuaries, lagoons, and large rivers; but they never venture far away from the shore. Their food con- sists entirely of aquatic plants, upon which they browse beneath the surface, as the terrestrial herbivorous mammals feed upon the green pastures on Jand.* When Steller came to Behring’s Island in 1741, the Sea- cows pastured in the shallows along the shore, and collected in herds like cattle. As they fed, they raised their heads every four or five minutes from below water in order to breathe before again descending to browse on the thick beds of sea- weed which surround the coast. * The large seaweeds called Laminarie grow in water at or just below low-water ; they are nutritious and are eaten by animals. They abound in the North Pacific Ocean. Ruprecht, in his account of the Alge of the North Pacific, records eight species of these large weeds growing in the Sea of Ochotsk, on the shores of Kamtschatka, and the north of North America. Sirenia—Rhytina gigas, etc. They were observed by him to be gre- garious in their habits, slow and inactive in then: movements, and very mild and in- offensive in their disposition. Their colour was dark-brown, sometimes varied with spots. The skin was naked, but covered with a very thick, hard, rugged, bark-like epidermis. Like most of the Herbivora, they spent the chief part of their time in browsing. They were not easily disturbed whilst so occupied, even by the presence of man. They entertained great attachment for each other; and when one was harpooned, the others made incredible attempts to rescue it. They were so heavy and large that they required 40 men with ropes to drag the body of one to land. The almost perfect skeleton set up in the centre of the Gallery measures 194 feet in length, but a skull and some casts of detached bones in the Pier-case adjoin- ing give evidence of a much larger animal. Although only seen for the first time by civilized people in 1741, and described in 1751 by Steller, it was so easily killed, and its flesh was found so excellent for food, that in 40 years it had disappeared, and since 1782 has not been seen alive. Its bones are obtained from peat deposits on Behring’s Island, whence the specimen exhibited was procured. Although the living Sirenia are only found inhabiting the warmer sub-tropical regions of the globe, fossil remains testify their former abundance in Europe in the Tertiary period. As many as fourteen genera and thirty species are recorded, namely, one species from the Pleistocene, eight trom the Pliocene, fifteen from the Miocene, and four from the Eocene, rang- ing from the West Indies and Carolina to England, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Malta, and Egypt, and from Beh- ring’s Island to Australia. The best preserved fossil form described is the Halitheriwm WSchinzi, from the Miocene of Hessen-Darmstadt, of which a 63 imo r 2 FR (on . AC wal (Rhytina Stelleri, Desmarest), from a Pleistocene peat-deposit, Behring Island. (Length of original specimen, 19 Fig. 74.—Skeleton of Rhytina gigas, Zimm. feet 6 inches.) (Sce Glass-case N, and Pier-case, No. 21.) Sirenia. Pier-case, No. 21. Table-case, No. 11, and Wall-cases, Nos. 22 and 28. 64 Oetacea. cast of the entire skeleton and a large series of separate bones are exhibited. The cast of a nearly perfect skull of Halitherium (Felsinotheriwn.) Forestti (Capellini), from Bologna, is also in the Pier-case, together with the skull and lower jaw of Prorastomus strenoides (Owen), from the Tertiary of Jamaica; a cast of the skull of Halitherium Canhami (Flower), from the Suffolk Crag ; and the natural cast of the brain of Hotherium cegyptiacum (Owen), from Mokattam Quarries, near Cairo, together with recent skulls of the African Manatee and the Australian Dugong placed for comparison with the fossil forms. Order VIII.—CETACEA (Wuatzs). In this order of the Mammalia the body is still more fish- like than in the Sirenia. There is no trace of a neck, the contour of the head passing gradually into that of the body. They have a horizontally flattened caudal fin and very generally a median dorsal fin also. ( The anterior limbs alone are present externally, and these are not divided into arm, fore-arm, and hand, but they form a broad flattened paddle without any trace of nails. The cervical vertebre in many species of Cetacea are more or less fused together into a solid mass. None of the vertebre are united together to form a sacrum. The pelvis is quite rudimentary, as are the hind-limbs when present. Fic. 75.—A, molar tooth; B, caudal vertebra (reduced) of Zeuglodon cetoides (Owen), Middle Eocene, Alabama, U.S., North America. Teeth are generally present, but they are exceedingly variable in number. In one group, the Mystacoceti, teeth are quite absent, save in the foetal state, the palate being provided with numerous transversely-placed horny lamin, termed “ baleen.’’* * The ‘“‘whale-bone”’ of commerce. Cetacea—Archeocett, ete. 65 The whales are divided into the Mystacocett (or Whalebone wall-case, whales), the ArcH#OcETI, and the Oponroceti (or Toothed ee whales); this last division includes the Sperm-whales—the No. eo Ziphiide, Hyperoodon, Ziphius, Mesoplodon, and the Delphinide. Fic. 76.—A, left lateral aspect of cranium (much reduced); B, an upper molar tooth (less reduced of Zeuglodon cetoides (Owen). M. Eocene, Alabama, U.S.A. Fic. 77.—An imperfect skull of Squalodon Gratcloupi (Pedroni), 4 nat. size; from the Middle Miocene of Barie, Drome, France (after Gaudry). Fic. 78.—Three lower molars of Squalodon, from the Miocene of Europe. The Archwoceti embrace the genus Zeuglodon, hitherto wan-case, found chiefly in the Eocene formation of Alabama, Louisiana, No. 22. &c. It has six incisors, two canines, and 10 molars and pre- Zeuglodon. (1876) F Fig. 79.—The right tympanic of Balena primigenia (Van Beneden), from the Red Crag of Suffolk. (4 nat. size.) Fic. 80.—Anterior portion ot cranium of Choneziphius planivostris (Cuvier), Pliocene, Antwerp Crag; } nat. size. 14’, vomer; 14, mesethmoid; 21, maxilla; 22. pre- maxilla; d, d, canals, which terminate in the prenasal fosse, CraG CETACEA. (See Table-case No. 1.) —— --- Edentata—Sloth, Armadillo, ete. 67 molars on each side, or 36 in all. The molar teeth have laterally compressed crowns, with serrated edges and two distinct roots. Coloured reproductions of skulls of another extinct Cetacean, Squalodon, from the Miocene of Bavaria and ot Central France, are also exhibited here. In the Table-case is placed a series of the rostral bones ot Ziphiide and the ear bones (Cetotolithes) of true whales from the Suffolk Crag (see Figs. 79 and 80, p. 66), and casts of ear- bones from the Belgian Crag Deposits. In the Wall-case, in addition to a cast of the skull and other bones of Zeuglodon, are exhibited a series of vertebre and other remains of whales from the Red Crag of Suffolk, and Fic. 81.—The left periotic bone of Mesoplodon longirostris (Cuvier), from the red Crag of Suffolk. casts of figured specimens from the Antwerp Crag. In the opposite case are placed the remains of Cetacea obtained from superficial and modern deposits in various parts of England. THE PAVILION (No. 2 on Plan). Order IX.-EDENTATA. (Storn, Armapituo, &c.) In this gallery are arranged the remains of the various extinct genera of Edentata from America belonging to the Sloths and Armadillos, and remarkable for their gigantic size when compared with their small living representatives. All the animals of this order are vegetarians in diet, except the Ant-eaters and the Armezdillos, the former of which subsist on the White Ant, and the latter on the grubs of insects, roots, etc. The name of the order is misleading, as these animals are not entirely toothless, with the exception of the Myrmecophaga (Ant-eaters), the front teeth onJy being wanting in the majority ; the cheek-teeth have permanent pulps always growing up as they are worn away at the crown. FE 2 Cetacea. Squalodon. Pier-case, No. 21. Table-case, No. 11. Wall-case, No. 22. Wall-case, No. 28. Wall-case, No. 26. Great Ground- Sloth. Teeth of Megathe- rium. 68 Edentata—Megatheriwm, ete. The Megatheriide, represented by Meyatherium, Mylodon, Scelidotheriwm, Megalonyzx, and Celodon, present characters inter- mediate between the existing Bradypodide, or Sloths, and the Myrmecophagide, or Ant-eaters, combining the skull and den- tition of the former, with the structure of the limbs and vertebral column of the latter. Almost all the ancient forms were of gigantic size, Megatherium being larger than any Rhinoceros. The teeth in Megatherium are prismatic in form (quadrate in transverse section), and composed of hard dentine, softer vaso- dentine, and cementum, so arranged that, as the tooth wears, the surface always presents a pair of transverse ridges, thus producing a dental apparatus well suited, hke the molar teeth of Dinotherium, Tapirus, etc., for triturating vegetable food. Megatheriwm has five such teeth on each side in the upper, and four on each side in the lower jaw, as in the modern Sloth: Celodon has one tooth less on each side, both in the upper and lower series. Fie. 82.—Lower Jaw of Megatherium americanum (Cuvier), showing the double chisel- shaped Molar teeth ; from Pleistocene deposits, Buenos Ayres. 2 natural size. None of these huge extinct forms were arboreal in habit, but they were probably all phytophagous in diet, subsisting upon the leaves and young branches of trees. Although the jaws were destitute of teeth in front, there are indications that the snout and lips were elongated, and more or less extensile, whilst the fore-part of the lower jaw is much pro- longed and grooved (see woodcut, Fig. 82), to give support to a long cylindrical, powerful, muscular tongue, aided by which the great sloth, hke the giraffe, could strip off the small branches of the trees which, by its colossal strength, it had broken or bent down and brought within its reach. In the Elephants, which subsist on diet similar to that of the Megatheriwm—the grinding of the food is effected by molar teeth, which are replaced by successional ones as the old are worn away. In the Giant Ground-Sloth only one set of teeth was provided, but these by constant upward growth, and continual addition of new matter beneath, lasted as Jong as the animal lived and never needed renewal. a Edentata—Megatherium, ete. 69 On the stand, in the centre of the Pavilion, is placed the cast of the entire skeleton of the great extinct “ Ground-Sloth ” (Megatherium americanum), the separate original bones of the skeleton, and the skull, occupying the Wall-case. This colossal animal measures 18 feet in length, its bones being more massive than those of the elephant. The thigh- bone is nearly thrice the thickness of the same bone in the largest of existing elephants, the circumference being equal to the entire length. The strength of the Megatheriwm is indicated by the form of the bones, with their surfaces, ridges, and crests everywhere roughened for the attachment of powerful muscles and tendons. The bony framework of the fore-part of the body is comparatively slender, but the hinder quarters display in every part enormous strength and weight combined, indicating that the animal habitually rested on its haunches and powerful tail. Whilst in that position it could freely use its strong Fic. 83.—Skull of the Tree-sloth, Bradypus guleris (recent), S. America (reduced). flexible forearms and the large claws, with which its hands were provided, to break down or bend the trees upon the leaves and succulent branches of which it fed, like its pigmy modern representative, the existing tree-sloth, which spends its entire life climbing back-downwards among the branches of the trees suspended by its powerful arms and long recurved claws. A nearly perfect original skeleton of Mylodon robustus, Owen, has been set up in this gallery beside the restored skeleton of Megatherium, so that we see in juxtaposition examples of two of the largest genera of these great extinct ground-sloths, once the denizens of the vast tropical forests of America, and represented to-day by the tree-sloth (Bradypus), an animal not larger than a dog in size; the skeleton of one of which is placed in the adjoining Wall-case for comparison with the Megatherium. Remains of other allied animals, namely, Scelidotherium (see Fig. 84), and Megalonyz, may be seen in the Wall-case - adjoining. Mega- therium. Stand O. Great Ground- Sloth. Mylodon. Glass-case oo. Edentata—Scelidotherium. 70 (9% ‘ON ‘as¥o-[]/8M\ UW) ole UOTJVLOJSa.L SI} UT posn sauiog oyvLedas O41) ‘Turpedeg woay Apred—(peonpet Apyeo13) voloury qyNog fortqndayy auuasiy oy} Jo syIsodap audd04sTa[q ot} WOIy !(UInG) wuwRpDYd2I0;d9) W2.L2Y}0P2]99Y JO TOJIjIYS potcjsoy—'FR “OT EHdentata—Armadillos. 71 In addition to the series of gigantic Ground-Sloths, we may notice the several genera of extinct gigantic Armadillos, also from the Pleistocene deposits of South America. These large extinct genera differed from the living species of Armadillos im having their coat of mail composed of a single piece, not divided up into a series of bands or segments, by means of which the Lving forms are enabled, when attacked, to contract the body into the form of a ball. In most of the extinct species the carapace is composed of polygonal or quad- rangular bony scutes, closely united by their sutures into a solid buckler, and the caudal portion is enclosed in a complete bony tail-sheath. The top of the head is also protected by tessellated dermal plates of bone. Fic. £5.—Extinct Gigantic Armadillo, Glyptodon clavipes (Owen), from the Pleistocene deposits of Buenos Ayres, South America (much reduced). A, View of entire animal. 8, Front end of carapace. c, Back view of same. pD and B, Upper and under side of skull. F, Section of tail showing caudal vertebre inside the bony sheath. (The candal sheath represented in this figure probably belongs to Hoplophorus.) The cheek-teeth are sixteen in number, four above and four below on each side, incisors not being developed; they have two deep grooves on either side dividing them into three nearly distinct lobes. The facial portion of the skull is extremely short, and the zygoma has a long descending maxillary process just beneath the eye. The vertebral column beneath the carapace is almost entirely anchylosed into a Jong tube, and is confluent with the under surface of the dermal armour, to which the ribs are also united. Wall-case, No. 26. Table-case, No. 15a. Glass-case Q. Glyptodon. Glass-case Glyptodon. Wall-case, No. 26. (2 Hdentata—Armadillos. There is a complete joint at the base of the neck, the seven vertebree of which remain free and moveable; and in the tail all the vertebree are anchylosed together except the four immediately _ behind the sacrum. Several genera and numerous species have been determined, the latter being distinguished principally by the variations in the ornamentation and form of the tesserz of the carapace and the tail-sheath. The typical genus is Glyptodon (sculptured-tooth), so naniedl by Sir Richard Owen in reference to the sculptured aspect of the grinding surface of the teeth. In Glass-case (Q), near the centre window at the east end of the Pavilion, is placed the reproduction of the complete skeleton, together with the body-armour of an extinct gigantic Armadillo from South America, named Glyptodon, the separate bones and portions of the armour of which are also exhibited in the adjacent wall-case. The casts of the different portions of the skeleton and its carapace are not taken from the same individual, nor probably even from the same species of Glyp- todon, but are placed together in order to convey a better idea of the ereat size and general form of these extinct Armadillos. Fie. 86.—Lateral view of the skull of the living Armadillo, from South America. The restored carapace and skeleton of Glyptodon measures from the snout to the end of the armour-plated tail, following the curve of the back, 11 feet 6 inches, the tessellated body- shield being 7 feet in length and 9 feet across, followimg the curve at the middle of the back. As already remarked these large extinct species ditfered from the modern Armadillos in having no bands, or joints, in their coat of mail. The six-banded Armadillo is less than a foot in length, but the great Glyptodon was so ponderous and bulky that it could not be overturned, and it only needed to draw up its legs close to its body, so as to rest its carapace on the ground, and bend its armour-plated head down in front, to be perfectly protected on all sides from the attack of any enemy. An example of the skeleton of the small living species Edentata—Armadillos, ete. 73 of Armadillo is placed in the case beside the gigantic extinct form for comparison. The banded and jointed Armadillo is represented by the extinct genus Chlamydotherium, detached plates of the carapace and bones of which have been found in abundance in the caves of Minas Geraes, Brazil. It is supposed to be allied to the little living “‘ Mole Armadillo,” Chlamydophorus. A nearly entire carapace and tail sheath, partly restored, of Hoplophorus, an allied but smaller genus of extinct Armadillos, is exhibited in Wall-case 26. Several very perfect tail-sheaths, showing different patterns of ornamentation, and referable to different genera of giant Armadillos, are exhibited in the Wall-case and in Glass-case Q. Fis. 87.—Portion of the Tail-sheath of Hoplophorus from the Pleistocene of South America. % natural size. Judging by the numbers of remains of these large extinct Edentata which have been collected from time to time, we have evidence, not only of their great abundance and wide geographical distribution in the tropical and subtropical wooded regions of America, but also of the vast numbers of these huge animals which must have perished in floods from their having been unable to climb into trees to escape destruction, after the manner of their modern representatives, the Tree-sloths and Ant-eaters. Most of these remains have been obtained from the Pleistocene deposits in the Argentine Republic; but similar relics have also been procured from Patagonia, Brazil, Uruguay, Chili, and Bolivia, all in South America, and from nine different States in the United States of North America. The Edentata, although so largely represented in America, are not strictly confined to that region, but are represented in South Africa by the ‘Cape Ant-eater” (the ‘‘ Aard-Vark”’ of the Dutch settlers), the “ Pangolins” or Scaly Ant-eaters belonging to the genus Manis, which have a very wide range over the greater part of Africa, and in India from the Himalayas to Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Southern China, Amuy, Hainan, and Formosa. Remains of the Cape Ant-eater, Orycteropus (Fig. 88), Glyptodon. Glass-case, Q. Wall-case, No. 26. Table-case, No. 15a. 74: Marsupialia—Kangaroos, etc. have been discovered in the Older Pliocene deposits of the Island of Samos, Asia Minor, and of Maragha, Persia. Fic. 88.—-Lateral view of the skull of the living Cape Ant-eater, Orycteropus capensis (Gm.); South Africa (reduced). Such a wide geographical distribution naturally implies a correspondingly great antiquity in geological time for this singular group, which must have witnessed most marked changes in the configuration of the ancient continents, on parts of which its modern descendants now find themselves so widely separated geographically. Sus-ciass JJ.—Didelphia. Order X—MARSUPIALIA. (Kancaroo, Womnar, &e.) Wall-case, Just as the South American Continent had, in past ages, No. 27. its peculiar group of colossal Epenrata, represented at the pre- Table-cases, sent day by the Ant-eater, the Armadillo and Tree-Sloth, so the pace les 148, oreat Island-Continent of Australia had formerly its peculiar indigenous fauna of huge Marsupiaia, represented by the existing Kangaroos, Wombats, and Phalangers. The Marsupialia or ‘‘ pouched animals” comprise a curious series of mammals, offering at the present day considerable variety in form, but all characterized (with the single exception of Thylacinus,* the “ Tasmanian wolf’) by possessing a pair of long, slender, ‘‘ epipubic ” bones attached to the anterior edge of the pelvis, commonly called “ marsupial bones,” but bearing no special relation to the external pouch or marswpium,~ and present alike in both sexes. The young in this order are brought * In Thylacinus the epipubic bones are cartilaginous only. + There is no pouch or marsupium in some of the Opossums. Marsupialia— Wombats, etc. 79 forth in a blind and very imperfect condition; and, in those forms in which taat organ is present, are then placed by the parent within a fold of the integument, which forms the “ pouch ”’ or marsupiwm, whence the order derives its name. Within this pouch the mammary glands are situated, and to the prominent nipple the young one at once becomes firmly attached and remains so for some time after birth. In other cases, as among some Opossums, the young are carried on the back of the mother, on which they are supported by twisting their tails round that of the mother. The posterior angle of the lower jaw is generally bent inwards (see Fig. 89, showing inflexion). There are Fic. 90.—Dentition of Hypsiprymnvs. 11 to 3, three upper incisors; 7, lower incisor; «, Canine ; pir, last upper and lower premolar; wm 1 to 4, upper and lower molars. always true teeth implanted in the usual manner in both jaws, and divisible into incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, but they vary much in the different families (see Figs. 90 and 93). There is no vertical displacement and succession of the teeth, except in the case of a single tooth on either side of each jaw, which is always the hindmost of the premolar series, and is pre- ceded by a tooth having the character of a true molar ; this is the only one comparable to the milk-teeth of the higher mammalia; all the other teeth remain unchanged. Marsupi- alia. Wall-case, No. 27. Table-cases, Nos. 14, 14a, 15. 76 Marsupialia—dentition. The Marsupials are primarily divisible into two great sections the first being provided with numerous small incisors and well- developed canines (known as the Polyprotodont* division), eon- Fig. 91.—Front view of skull of recent Dasyurus ursinus (Harr.) ; showing the poly- protodont and carnivorous type of dentition. Fie, 92.—Front view of skull of recent Koala, Phkascolarctos cinereus (Goldf.), showing diprotodont and herbivorous type of dentition. taining the carnivorous group of Marsupials, suchas the Opossums, Dasyures, Thylacines, and Bandicoots; in the second (known as * From zoAvc, mp&roc, and écotvc, “with many front teeth.” Marsupialia—dentition. 77 the Diprotodont* division), comprising the vegetable feeders, as Wall-case, the Kangaroos, Phalangers, and Wombats, the central incisors No. 27. are very prominent, and are the only ones in the lower jaw, Eager © while in the upper jaw the lateral incisors and canines are very NOS,a0? subordinate in function, and may be absent. Fic. 93.—Teeth of the Opossum (Didelphys), N. America (recent). (i 1-5 upper, and z 1-4 lower incisors ; c, canines, pi 1-3, premolars; nv 1-12 4, molars.) Fig. 94.—Remains of Didelphys (Peratheriwin) fugax (Cope), from the White River (Miocene) Beds, Colorado, N. America. 4a, inferior, 5, lateral view of skull; c, superior, and d, lateral view of right ramus of mandible. Twice natural size. Fie. 95.—Inner view of left ramus of mandible of Dromatheriwm sylvestre (Emmons) ; from the Trias of North Carolina. Twice natural size. As typical representatives at the present day of the Polypro- Table-case, todont (carnivorous) division we may mention the Didelphiide or No 144. true Opossums, which differ from all other Marsupials in the fact that they are found living on the American Continent, whereas the great home and centre of the Marsupialia is Australia. They are mostly carnivorous or insectivorous in their diet, and * From ¢t=d1c, rpwroc, and doovc, “ with two front teeth.” Table-case, No. 14a. 7S Marsupialia—dentition. arboreal in their habits. Hight existing species are represented in the collection, chiefly by detached jaws from the bone-breccias of the caverns of Minas Geraes, Brazil, etc. Professor Cope has described a species, Didelphys fugax, from the Miocene of Colo- rado, under the name of Peratherium. Several extinct species Fic. 96.—Lower Jaw and Teeth of Amphilestes Broderipi (Owen), (twice natural size), Great Oolite, Stonesfield, Oxfordshire. (Natural Size.) Fic. 97.—Lower Jaw and Teeth of Phascolotherium Bucklandi (Broderip, sp.) from the Great Qolite, Stonesfield, Oxfordshire. Fic. 98.—Lower Jaw and Teeth of Triconodon mordaxz (Owen), natural size. Middle Purbeck Beds, Dorset. are represented from the Lower Miocene, the Oligocene, and the Upper Eocene of France, and one from the Upper Kocene of Hordwell, Hampshire. The genus Ciironectes is also represented from Minas Geraes, Brazil, by remains of the living species. To the Polyprotodont type of Marsupialia may also be referred Fic. 99.—Amerzican Jurassic MAMMALS (DRYOLESTIDZ, AMPHITHERIIDE, AND SPALACOTHERIID®), Wyoming Territory, North America, A, Docodon striatus (Marsh). B. Diplocynodon victor (Marsh). c. Priacodon ferox (Marsh). D. Dryolestes priscus (Marsh). £. Dryolestes voraz (Marsh). ¥F. Asihenodon segnis (Marsh). 6. Laodon venustus (Marsh). (For explanation of italic letters to figures, see page 87.) Tabie-case. No. 14a. Table-case, No. 14. 80 Marsupialia— Wombats, ete. the remains of Dromatherium sylvestre, one of the earliest known mammals, from the Trias of North Carolina, and Microconodon from the same deposit; also Phascolotheriwm, Amphilestes, and Amphitherium, from the Lower Jurassic of Stonesfield ; Triconodon and Amblotheriwm from the Upper Jurassic of Pur- beck; Priacodon and Dryolestes from the Upper Jurassic of North America. These were all very small animals, and their remains are chiefly confined to detached teeth and rami of mandibles. Fie. 100.—Dentition of Wombat, Phascoloinys. 4. Palatal view of skull. B. View of grinding surface of teeth of lower jaw. c. Side-view of a single molar tooth detached. But the greatest development of the Marsupialia at the present day, as well as in Tertiary times, is to be found on the continent of Australia. The carnivorous genera Thylacinus, Sarcophilus, and Dasyurus, are all represented in the collection by remains from the caves of Queensland and the alluvial deposits of New South Wales. Of the Diprotodont type no fewerthan ten species of Wombats (Phascolomys) are known and described by their fossil remains. They varied in size from that of the existing species up to Phas- colonus gigas, which was equal in size to a Tapir, but of much stouter build. Only three small species are now living; they are of burrowing habits and are confined to the continent of Australia and to Tasmania. Intermediate between these great Marsupialia—Diprotodon. 81 Wombats and the far greater form of Diprotodon is Nototherium, Wall-case, which may have been as big as a horse in size, but bulkier and No. 27. shorter, with three incisors above on each side, whereas in the peter san Wombats there is only one. gest Fic. 10]1.—(a.) Skull and lower jaw of a gigantic extinct Marsupial, Diprotodon australis (Owen), from the Newer Tertiary Deposits, Australia, (s.) A human skull placed beside it to show comparative size. (Wall-case, No. 21.) In Diprotodon the dentition is the same as in Nototheriwm, Diprotodon. This huge animal had a skull measuring nearly three feet in Wall-case, length, and it probably exceeded the Rhinoceros in bulk. Tos 2: Fic. 102.—Skull and lower jaw ef Thylacoleo curniferc (Owen), from the Pleistocene of Australia. natural size. Table-cases, In the Table-case are numerous remains of a very remark- awe able extinct genus of Diprotodont Marsupial, named by Professor Sir Richard Owen Thylacoleo carnifex, and supposed by him to (1876) G Table-case, No. 14. 82 Marsupialia—Bettongia, etc. have been a true carnivore (Fig. 102). This singular phalanger- like animal has the pair of large and characteristic middle incisors seen in front, and two additional minute incisors in the upper jaw, a minute canine above, but none below, three pre- molars above and below on each side, and one small molar above and two below. ‘The last premolar is of enormous size, both above and below, compressed laterally and trenchant. But in all known Carnivorous (Polyprotodont) Marsupials the same general plan of dentition is maintained as in the placental Fic. 103.—Skull and lower jaw of Bettongia Uypsiprymnus) Grayi (Gould), living in Australia. ec, is the upper canine tooth, immediately behind which the large sectorial premeclar is seer opposed to a similar tooth in the lower jaw. Fie. 104.—Lateral view of skull of the living kangaroo, Macropus Bennetlii, (Waterhouse), Australia. Carnivora, 7.e., the incisors are small, the canines are larye and well-formed for tearing flesh, and the molars have sharp tubercles, whereas in Thylacoleo the two central incisors above and below are large and placed close together, as in the Phalangers; the other incisors are minute, and so also are the canines. The great sectorial premolar in Thylacoleo has its exact parallel in the corresponding premolar tooth in the rat-kangaroo, Hypsiprymnus or Bettongia (Fig 103), which is enormously large: and long, exceeding in lateral length the two anterior molars combined, with from 11 to 13 external grooves. The upper canine. is also present, though small. This rat-kangaroo thus clearly Marsupialia—Thylacoleo, ete. 83 explains the origin of the large last premolar in Thylacoleo as being not som ach a carnivorous as it isa Marsupial Diprotodont character, merely exaggerated.* Of the Macropodide, found fossil in Australia, the following species are preserved in the collection, viz. :— Alpyprymnus rugescens. Macropus, many species, of which the names titan, altus, anak, are intended to convey Sir Richard Owen's idea of the great size which some of these old kangaroos attained. They were all herbivorous, subsisting on grass and roots. Most of the remarkable series of remains from Australia were obtained from caves, or from lacustrine and river deposits ou Darling Downs, Queensland, associated with estuarine shells of the genus Melania, and from the Wellington Caves, New South Wales. Fic. 105.—Imperfect left ramus of mandible of Spalacotherium tricuspidens (Owen), the outline figure is of the nat. size. c, d, lateral and upper views of a molar tooth. From the Middle Purbeck, Swanage, Dorset. Tn the Great Oolite of Stonesfield, near Oxford, the jaws of several small mammals were discovered and named Amphi- therium, Phascolotherium, and Stereognathus. Mr. 8S. H. Beckles, F.R.S., subsequently obtained a series of Mammalian remains from the Freshwater Limestone of Purbeck, Dorset, mostly con- sisting of lowerjaws. According to Owen they belong to some fourteen genera, the largest of which did not exceed in size a rat or amouse. Thegenus Spalacotheriwm belongs toa small group of Mammals whose affinities are at present uncertain. Group MctriruBEeRcuLata.t The Multituberculata include a number of small animals in which the molars bear numerous tubercles, which in the * See Prof. Flower “On the affinities of Thylacoleo carnifer (Owen),” “ Quart. Journ.” Geol. Soc., 1868, vol. xxiv., p. 307, and article ‘‘ Mammalia ”’ (Marsupialia) “ Encyclopedia Britannica,” Sth ed., vol. xv., pp. 378-383. + These forms are now considered as distinct "from the true Diprotodont type, and are probably referable to the Prototheria or Ornithodelphia. G 2 Table-case, No. 14. Marsu- pialia. Table-case, No. i4a. Phascolo- therium, etc Great Oolite. Purbeck Mammals. Table-case, No. 14a. 84 : Marsupialia—Tritylodon. ; upper teeth are usually arranged in three rows, in the lower in two. Many of the earliest known mammals belong to this group, but it is doubtful whether some forms from the Trias that have been referred to it may not really be reptiles. For Fic. 106—An upper true molar of Tritylodon Fraasii (Lydekker), from the Upper Trias of Strasburg. The two central figures are of the natural size; the others are enlarged three times. 0, crown surface: u, basal surface; v, h, the two lateral surfaces i, @, anterior and posterior surfaces. Fic. 107.—Cranium of Tritylodon lonqevus (Owen), Trias, Basutoland, South Africa. a=palatal view of skull, showing the dentition; b=view of the upper surface of the skull, $ nat. size. (See Table-case, No. 14a.) Tritylodon. instance Tritylodon longerus, a skull of which was discovered in Basuto-land in 1884, was referred by Owen to the mammalia, but Seeley has lately shown that it is probably Microlestes. Closely related to the Theriodont reptiles. As to Microlestes antiquus from the Trias of Stuttgart in Germany, and Microlestes Moorei discovered by the late Mr. C. Moore in the Rhetic beds of Frome, Somerset, they are known only ‘ \ - Ni wl fi — Queer Fic. 108.—AmERICAN JURASSIC MAMMALS—PLAGIAULACIDEA: Wyominc TERRITORY, NortH AMERICA. A. Right upper jaw of Ctenacodon potens (Marsh), inner view. 8B. Palatal aspect of upper jaw of C. potens (Marsh). c. Ctenacodon potens (Marsh), front view. D. An incisor tooth. E. Right ramus of lower jaw of Ctenucodon serratus (Marsh), outer view. ¥F. Left ramus of lower jaw of Cienucodon serratus (Marsh), inner view. G. Outer aspect right premaxillary of Allodon fortis (Marsh) and u. Inner view of same. 1. Portion of upper jaw of A. fortis (Marsh). 3. Left upper jaw of A. laticeps (Marsh), valatal aspect of cheek-teeth. x. Palatal aspect of left upper jaw of A. fortis (Marsh). L. An incisor tooth (Ctenacodon). Mm. Left upper jaw of A, luticeps (Marsh). w. Lower incisor of 4 fortis (Marsh). (For explanation of italic letters to figures, sce p. 87.) Table-case, No. 14a. 86 Marsupialia—Microlestes, ete. from their teeth, so that their systematic position is at best uncertain. To these discoveries must now be added a series of Upper Jurassic mammalia from the “ Atlantosaurus Beds,” Wyoming Territory, United States; and of Cretaceous mammals from the Laramie formation, Dakota and Wyoming, North America, both discovered by Prof. O. C. Marsh, and in many cases closely related, if not identical, with genera previously known and described from this country. With the exception of those placed in the Polyprotodont division of the Marsupialia (see p. 76), these small mammals are all provisionally arranged in the group of Multituberculata. In the Tritylodontide the upper true molars (of which there are four) are ridged longitudinally. Fic, 109.—Lower Jaw and Teeth of Plagiaulax Becklesi (Falconer), twice natural size, Middle Purbeck Beds, Dorset. Of the Bolodontide several species have been found in the Purbeck of England and Upper Jurassic of N. America, and recently an incisor apparently of a species of Bolodon has been discovered in the Wealden of Sussex. In the Plagiaulacide the premolars in the mandible vary in number from one to four, have a cutting edge, and are marked by a series of oblique lateral grooves, while the true molars are small, and usually reduced to two innumber. Probably they all had two lower incisors and two functional upper ones, Fic. 110.—Upper true molar of Neoplagiaular eocenus (Lemoine). Lower Eocena, Kiheims, France. Plagiaulax occurs in the Purbeck Beds of Swanage and probably in the Wealden of Hastings. It is represented by Ctenacodon in the U. Jurassic and by Halodon in the Cretaceous of Wyoming, by Ptilodus from the Puerco Eocene of New Mexico, North America; and by Neoplagiaulax from the Lower Hocene of Rheims. Monotremata. 87 These small mammals are arranged in the Table-case with Taple-case, others from the Tertiaries of France and from the caves of No. 14a, Brazil, &c. Drawings of many of the recently-discovered American forms have also been added to this case. Sus-ciass I]].—Prototheria or Ornithodelphia. Order XI.—_MONOTREMATA. Remains of Echidna were met with in a fossil state in neve 1867 by Ma. Gerard Krefft; more recently, in 1883, Mr. HE. P. hate Ramsay, F.L.S., Curator of the Australian Museum, Sydney, Echidna. discovered the fossil humerus and three other bones of an exceedingly large Echidna (H. Ramsayi, Owen) in the breccia of the Wellington Caves, New South Wales, and sent to Prof. Sir Richard Owen plaster casts of the same for description. These are exhibited in Table-case, No. l4a. The Multituberculata (see p. 83) may belong to this sub-class. | Nore, explanatory of small italic letters attached to figures of American Jurassic Mammals, given on pp. 79 and 85, Figs. 99 and 108. Fig. 99, p. 79, a, canine tooth; b, condyle; c, coronoid process; a, angle ; g, mylohyoid groove ; s, symphysial surface. Fic. 108, p. 85, 1,2,3, the incisors; a’, first premolar; a’ , second premolar ; 6, fourth premolar; 6’, third premolar; c, second true molar; m, malar arch ; s,suture with maxillary. Inthe lower jaws, a, incisor; 6, condyle; ¢, coronoid process ; 7, root of incisor. | —~ Sv ~ Fie. ]11.—THE Lonetamep Fossa Biro, Archwopteryx macrura (OWEN), FROM THE LiTHOGBAPHIC STONE, UPPER JuRAssICc, E1cHsTADT, Bavaria. ABOUT ONE-FOURTH NATURAL SIZE. (See Table case, No. 18, in the Pavilion.) For explanation of letters to bones, sce note on p. 97. ives. 89 Cuass 2—AVES (Birds). “ Birds,” says Professor Huxley, “are animals so similar to Reptilia in all the most essential features of their organisation, that they may be said to be merely an extremely modified and aberrant Reptilian type. Their differentiation is, however, so great as to indicate without doubt their rights to form a distinct class.” Tt has generally been considered that the most ancient type of birds known is that of the great wingless running birds, such as the Ostrich, Rhea, Emeu, Cassowary, and Apteryx, and no doubt these may have had a very high antiquity, but the oldest fossil bird at present discovered is the Archeopteryx macrura of Owen (see Fig. 112). This remarkable long-tailed bird was obtained from the lithographic stone* of Hichstadt, near Solenhofen, in Fic, 112,—Head of the Berlin Archaopteryx (nat. size), after Dames. Bavaria. The stone is so fine-grained that besides the bones of the wings, the furculum, or “merry thought,” the pelvis, the legs and the tail, we have actually casts or im- pressions on the stone (made when it was as yet only soft mud) of all the feathers of the wings and of the tail. The leg-bone and foot are similar to that of a modern perching bird, but the tail is elongated like that of a rat, or of a lizard, with a pair of feathers springing from each joint, a character not to be found in any living bird. More recently another example has been obtained from the same locality, in which the head is very well preserved; this specimen is in the Berlin Museum. A photograph and an engraving of the Berlin specimen are exhibited near the window. Further examination * The equivalent in age of the Kimmeridge clay of Erglord. (See table of strata.) Pavilion, Table-case No. 18. Oldest Bird known. The Archzo- pteryx. The Berlin Archeo- pteryx. 90 Aves—Hesperernts. Table-case, of this newer specimen shows that the jaws were armed with No. 18. teeth, of which fourteen may be seen in the figure of the head. The teeth appear to have been implanted in distinct sockets, and were smooth, pointed, and coated with enamel (see Woodcut, Jtinees IML Tos SS) Fic. 113.—Skeleton of Hesperornis regalis (Marsh) restored; about one-tenth natural size. (From the Cretaceous of Kansas, N. America.) eresperor- Here are also exhibited twenty-six casts of bones of Hespergrnis ; regalis,a large toothed bird, measuring nearly six feet from the extremityof the bill to the end of the toes. In habit it resembled Aves—Ichthyornis. 91 the Loons and Grebes of the present day, but was incapable of flight, and only the humerus, or upperbone of the wing, remains ina rudimentary condition. Its legs and feet were very powertul and admirably adapted for swimming. The teeth of Hesperornis were numerous and implanted in grooves, but the Rane AN , Cag b sna, oie, i hinZe iu 2e PME Fic. 114.—Restored skeleton of Ichthyornis victor (Marsh), from the Cretaceous beds of Kansas, N. America (from specimens in the Yale College Museum). extremity of the bill seems to have been protected by a horny sheath, as in recent birds. These bird-remains were discovered in the Middle Cretaceous beds of Kansas, U.S., N. America, by Table-case, No. 13. Table-case, No. 13. Dasornis, Argillornis, etc. Gastornis. Gastornis Klaasseni. 92 Aves—Dasornis, Gastornis, etc. Professor O. C. Marsh, F.G.S., to whom we are indebted for the series of casts. An engraving of the entire skeleton is placed near this case on the right hand side of the window. The originals are preserved in Yale College Museum, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (see Fig. 113). Along with this remarkable form of toothed wingless bird, the Hesperornis, there has been found another, named by Marsh, Ichthyornis (Fig. 114), which had well-developed powerful wings and a strongly keeled sternum. Its jaws were armed ai teeth, placed in distinct sockets, and its vertebre, unlike those of other birds, were biconcave, as is the case in a few recent and in many extinct reptiles. This character alone unmis- takably indicates a great antiquity for the Ciass of Biras. The next oldest birds whose remains are preserved in this case are from the London Clay of the Isle of Sheppey Lower Hocene). Vie, 115,—Skull of Odontopteryx toliapicus (Owen), a bird from the London Clay of Sheppey with serrated mandibles; probably a fish-eating bird, like the Merganser. __ One of these, Dasornis londiniensis, represented by a single imperfect skull, was as large as an ostrich. Another (Ar gil lornis longipennis) vivalled the albatross in size. A third (Odontopteryx toliapicus) had a powerfully serrated bill, well adapted for seizing its fishy prey (see Fig. 115). There are also remains of a Vulture (Lithornis vulturinus), and of Hal- cyornis toliapicus, a little bird, probably allied to the ebay ae lees are placed the casts of the femur and tibia of Gastornis parisiensis, from the Lower Eocene of Meudon, near Paris; also casts of two leg-bones of another equally large bird allied to the above, discovered in the Lower Eocene (Woolwich Beds), Park Hill, near Croydon, and described by Mr. E. T. Newton* under the name of Gastornis Klaasseni. They indicate a genus of birds as large as an ostrich, but more robust and with affinities to the Anserine type. * «Trans. Zool. Soc.,” vol. xii., p. 143, pls. xxviil., xxix. (1886). Aves—The Ostrich, Mpyornis, Auk, etc. 93 Tn the same case also are the remains of other Eocene birds, including Paleortyx Blanchard from the Eocene of Montmartre, Paris, and other species of the same genus from the later phosphorite deposits of Caylux, France, where also the peculiar genus A/gialornis occurs. The remains of birds are rather more numerous in the Miocene and Newer Tertiary deposits, though seldom abundant. Perhaps the most interesting are the bones of an Ostrich (Struthio asiaticus), found im the Older Pliocene sandstone of the Siwalik Hills, India, showing the once far wider geogra- phical range of this great running bird. The same deposit has yielded remains of a huge Crane, Leptoptilus (Argala) Falconert. Here are also remains of the Pelican from Steinheim, in Bavaria; of a large bird of the duck family (Anas oeningensis), from the Miocene freshwater limestone of Oeningen, Switzer- land, also impressions of feathers from Oeningen and from the Brown Coal of Bonn, on the Rhine. .. 3 79 Chevrotains.. 50 49 Dryopithecus aie 30 4 “ Chinchilla ” re 10 Duck caer. 919 93 Chironectes.. 50 78