CS5,/3-A//Vf$C7H C) K H ft H O - _] i — i ^ s: D < en G ZD CO QJ 43 +^ 4- 0 c 0 -H +J m CJ ■H C. >- •H _i W i — i m s: TO H 2 33 hH Dh H o 1— 1 s ■x, CO H o >-< Pi CQ CQ u < Q H ft < < Q H H Q H H Cm O Q EC En CQ a a: o CQ LU a i — i o i — i Q Q- O Q i— » O >- CO Species that we have examined are marked with an asterisk. Descriptive terminology used in the keys and text is in most instances obvious or illustrated. Several characters however, require additional comment. Branchiostegal rays. A useful but occasionally dif- ficult character, as in some species they are covered with darkly pigmented or thick skin, which it may be neces- sary to strip away from the inner face of the branchio- stegal membranes. The literature contains many inac- curate branchiostegal ray counts. Caudal fin rays. The number of rays in the caudal fin is a useful taxonomic character. The count is relatively easy to determine with transmitted light; in many species the rays may be counted from X-ray photo- graphs. For free-tailed genera, counts include all rays in the caudal fin. The equivalent count in genera with con- fluent median fins consists of those rays supported by the hypurals, including in some the parhypural as well, al- though it does not always support a ray. Epurals are rare- ly sufficiently well-developed to serve as fin ray sup- ports. In a very few instances, Brotula for example, the caudal fin skeleton is more complex with rays being car- ried by a parhypural, two free hypural elements, and two epurals. In fishes with free or joined tails, care must be taken to distinguish between normal and regenerated tails. Intromittent organ. Bythitoid fishes have a variously developed intromittent organ in the male. In most of these fishes the organ consists of a fleshy hood, a penis, and fleshy ridges, lobes, or flaps. In the genera that we include in the tribe Dinematichthyini there are one or more pairs of stiff, ossified lobes or prongs, two types of which are illustrated in this paper (Figs. 84,90). We call these structures pseudoclaspers, following the ter- minology of Suarez (1975) who has presented a detailed description of the genitalia of Ogilbia cayorum and cited pertinent literature. Maxillary sheath. In some genera the posterior part of the maxillary is sheathed by a fold of skin that covers, to a greater or lesser extent, the dorsal part of the bone; in the carapine genus Encheliophis the maxillary is bound by skin to the side of the head. In other genera the posterodorsal part of the maxillary is completely free. Rocker bone. Several genera of Ophidiinae and Carapidae have a prominent, median, bean-shaped bone (apparently part of a sound producing mechanism) as- sociated with the anterior end of the swim bladder and located beneath the anterior several vertebral centra. This structure cannot be seen exteriorly but is visible on X-ray photographs. It has been described most recently by Courtenay and McKittrick (1970), who called it a rocker bone and by Svetovidov (1961), who called it a cuneiform bone. Gill rakers. We have used the terms "long" or "developed" interchangeably throughout this paper to describe one kind of gill raker. Nearly all ophidiiform fishes have low pads or short tubercles at the anterior ends of the upper and lower arms of the first arch, and longer structures, ranging from short knobby tubercles to elongate, compressed, lathlike rakers closer to the angle of the arch, sometimes interspersed with pads or shorter tubercles. In a few species pads or short tubercles grade gradually into developed (= long) rakers. In most however, the two kinds are quite distinct, regardless of their absolute sizes (Fig. 1). A few species completely lack developed rakers. Teeth. Many genera have jaw teeth that we call granular. They are minute, densely distributed, and rather blunt tipped. A patch of these teeth is like sand- paper to the touch. Other genera have larger, more wide- ly distributed, needlelike teeth of varying sizes. Some genera have both types. In several genera the type of den- tition may be related to degree of maturity and perhaps sex. Most genera of Ophidioidei have one or more median basibranchial patches of granular teeth, which may vary in size and shape. Many ophidiiform genera have one pair of patches of granular teeth on the basibranchial. A Figure [.- -Anterior gill arches of ophidiiform fishes. A. Saecogaster tuberculata, lateral view of right side showing three developed rakers; Leucicorus atlanticus, lateral view of left side showing 10 developed rakers. B. patch of granular teeth is usually present at the base of each fifth gill arch and should not be confused with basi- branchial teeth (Fig. 2). Ventral fin rays. Ophidiiform fishes with ventral fins, which includes most of them, have either one or two soft rays in each: a short hidden spine which is present in many is not included in our counts. We have checked many species by examining alizarin-stained specimens, dissecting fins, or examining cross sections of fins. We have observed the following conditions, which are shown in diagrammatic cross sections in Figure 3: a single ray in each fin, the two halves bound together; two rays in each tin. the rays separate from each other for all or part of the length of the fin, but the two halves of each ray bi uind together; and two rays in each fin, the rays bound together for the entire length of the fin. There are many incorrect statements in the literature; a common one is that each fin has a single ray, the two halves of which are separate; we have never observed this condition. In some species, however, the two halves of a ray may be of un- equal lengths. Vertebrae. In those few instances in which we give the total number of vertebrae, the ural centra are not in- cluded. Vexillifer stage. One of the planktonic, preadult stages of most, perhaps all carapids. It is characterized by the presence of a long filamentous and usually orna- mented structure placed anterior to the dorsal fin, which Figure - Dentition in the floor of the mouth of Hol- romyrteronus. Stippled areas include two median ha si bra m hial tooth patches, one pair of ba si branch- ial tooth patches, and the dentaries. The dark areas arc the bases of the fifth arches. is called the vexillum. It has been described and figured by many authors; see for example Strasburg (1965). The keys in this paper are based chiefly on adults. They will identify earlier stages with various measures of success. ORDER OPHIDIIFORMES It is not now possible to give a diagnosis of the order. The following characters, taken in combination, should help to identify a fish as an ophidiiform. 1) Ventral fins with one or two soft rays in each or completely absent. 2) Ventral fins inserted at about the level of the pre- opercle or farther anterior. 3) Ventral fins relatively close together (in all but Tauredophidium). 4) Dorsal and anal fins with long bases, extending to and often joined with the caudal fin. 5) Fin ravs soft (although small pelvic spines are pres- ent in some genera). 6) Dorsal and anal fin pterygiophores more numerous than adjacent vertebrae. 7) Nostrils paired on each side of head. There has never been complete agreement among ich- thyologists as to the phyletic relationships, the con- stituents, or the taxonomic rank of the Ophidiiformes. It is not our purpose here to treat these topics in depth; however, a few brief comments are in order. Two quite different opinions are current concerning the relationships of these fishes. A classification that relates ophidioids with gadoids and zoarcoids has been revived by Rosen and Patterson (1969), who merge all three in an expanded order Gadiformes, which they place in the superorder Paracanthopterygii, a group that they classify as distinct from and parallel with Acanthop- B Figure 3, — Diagrams of cross sections through the ventral fins of three kinds of ophidiiform fishes, the dotted line in each separates the two halves of a single ray. A. One ray in each fin. B. Two separate ravs in each fin. ('. Two joined ravs in each fin. terygii. Previously unknown information on the pattern of the ramus lateralis accessorius nerve (Freihofer 1963; with additional data given in 1970) provide strong sup- port for Rosen and Patterson's classification. On the other hand, a perciform origin for the ophidioids was defended by Gosline (1968), who for- warded the enigmatic Australian freshwater genus Gadopsis as a link with more typical advanced spiny rayed fishes. Similarities in nerve patterns of ophidioids and gadoids were suggested as being instances of con- vergence in bottom living fishes by Gosline (1968), Fraser (1972), and Marshall and Cohen (1973). Additional sup- port for the hypothesis of perciform relationships of ophidioids and their separation from gadiforms was given by studies on the molecular genetics of the lactate dehydrogenase C4 isozyme by Shaklee et al. (1973) and Shaklee and Whitt.3 In somewhat of a middle course the ophidioids were described as more primitive than the Perciformes and close to but distinct from Gadiformes by McAllister (1968). Ophidioid fishes are so many, diverse, and poorly known that few of the current generalizations about the group are sufficiently well founded to serve as bases for resolving the question as to its phyletic affinities. We separate ophidiiform from gadiform and zoarcoid fishes for reasons presented by Fraser (1972), Marshall and Cohen (1973) and Shaklee and Whitt (see footnote 3). Most previous workers have treated the ophidiiforms as a suborder. We follow Mead et al. (1964), McAllister (1968), and Fraser (1972) in according them ordinal rank, not least of all because given current uncertainty as to 'Shaklee, J. B., and G. S. Whitt. 1975. A reassessment of the inter- relationships of gadiform fishes based on the analysis of biochemical characters. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Abstracts, Fifty-fifth Annu. Meet., p. 115. their placement, an order seems more easily movable baggage than does a suborder. We exclude Gadopsis from the group, though without prejudice as to its affinities; both Gosline (1968) and Rosen and Patterson (1969) have described numerous differences, which seem to us of sufficient magnitude to warrant this action. The position of the ventral fins has been used by most ichthyologists as a primary character for distinguishing ophidiiform families. As a single character at such a level it is not a reliable indicator of relationships, as the ven- trals may be in quite different positions in such ob- viously related genera as Tauredophidium and Xyelacyba, or even within a genus such as Acanthonus (Cohen 1961). Mode of reproduction is a far more fundamental character in ophidiiform fishes, and we use it to delimit two suborders, one oviparous and the other viviparous. Could viviparity have arisen more than once in ophidii- form fishes, as apparently it has done in other orders? Nearly all viviparous ophidiiforms have another specialized character, the position of the anterior nostril immediately above the upper lip. Such a combination of characters suggests a natural assemblage. However, the position of the anterior nostril is variable in the small assemblage of neotenic genera classified as the family Aphyonidae (Nielsen 1969) and is slightly to con- siderably above the upper lip in the shallow-water tropical reef dwelling genera Dinematichthys and Stygnobrotula and the pelagic Thalassobathia. In contrast, most genera of oviparous ophidiiform fishes have the anterior nostril rather high above the up- per lip; some cusk eels are exceptional in this respect in having the nostril low. Although there is not complete correspondence between position of the anterior nostril and mode of reproduction, character states do coincide in more than 90% of the genera and hence are useful to the taxonomist. Key to Suborders la. Oviparous, males lacking a developed external intromittent organ. Anterior nostril well above upper lip (Fig. 4a) in most (variable in some cusk eels). Median basibranchial tooth patches present or absent. Ventral fins at about the level of the preopercle or farther anterior in position, when present. Caudal fin usually present and connected with dorsal and anal fins Ophidioidei lb. Viviparous, males with variously developed external intromittent organ. Anterior nostril imme- diately above upper lip (Fig. 4b) in most (variable in Aphyonidae and a few bythitid genera). Median basibranchial tooth patches absent. Ventral fins at about the level of the preopercle in position, when present. Caudal fin connected with dorsal and anal fins or free Bythitoidei Figure 4. — Position of anterior nostril in two sub- orders of ophidiiform fishes. A. Ophidioidei, high on the snout; B. Bythitoidei, low on the snout. Suborder Ophidioidei As presently reconstituted this group includes the following oviparous fishes. The pearlfishes, mostly inquiline in habit, are considered a subfamily of Carapidae; a second subfamily includes the probably tree-living Pyramodon and Snyderidia. The cusk eels proper are a small group of genera that many ichthyologists have considered to be a separate family, Ophidiidae: sve treat them as a subfamily of an expanded Ophidiidae. Bratula is placed in a monogeneric subfamily of Ophidiidae. The aberrant pelagic Brotulotaenia is given subfamilial status within Ophidiidae. A great host of genera, formerly lumped with many viviparous genera in the family Brotulidae, are here grouped to- gether as the subfamily Neobythitinae of Ophidiidae. Key to Families of Ophidioidei la. Supramaxillary absent. Anal fin rays longer than opposing dorsal fin rays Carapidae lb. Supramaxillary present. Dorsal fin rays usually equal to or longer than opposing anal fin rays . . .Ophidiidae Carapidae Jordan and Fowler 1902 Supramaxillary absent. Anal fin rays longer than opposing dorsal fin rays. Scales absent. Vexillifer larval stage in most, possibly all species. For information and references on development and habits see Arnold (1956), Trott (1970), and Robertson (1975). KEY TO SUBFAMILIES OF CARAPIDAE la. Pectoral fin rays 24-27. Precaudal vertebrae 12-15 Pyramodontinae lb. Pectoral fin rays 20 or fewer. Precaudal vertebrae 17-27 Carapinae PYRAMODONTINAE SMITH 1955 Pectoral fin rays 24 to 27. Precaudal vertebrae 12 to 15. Probably free-living as adults. The taxonomic history of the fol- lowing two genera has been summarized by Robins and Nielsen (1970), whom we follow in recognizing them as con- stituting a carapid subfamily. Key to Genera of Pyramodontinae la. Ventral fins present. Origins of dorsal and anal fins approximately opposite each other Pyramodon lb. Ventral fins absent. Origin of dorsal fin anterior to origin of anal fin Snyderidia Pyramodon Smith and Radcliffe (Fig. 5) Pyramodon Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe (1913:175; type-species by original designation Pyramodon uentralis Smith and Radcliffe). Cynophidium Regan (1914:16; type-species by monotypy Cynophidium punctatum Regan 1914). Ventral fins present. Origins of dorsal and anal fins approximately opposite each other. See Smith (1955a) for a dis- cussion of the genus and species. Taken on the shelf and upper slope. South Africa, Japan, Indonesia, Australia, and New Zealand (as Snyderidia, see McCann 1972). A single species, *P. centralis Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913. Snyderidia Gilbert (Fig. 6) Snyderidia Gilbert (1905:654; type-species by monotypy Snyderidia canina Gilbert). Ventral fins absent. Origin of dorsal fin anterior to origin of anal fin. The osteology of this genus has been discussed by Gosline (1960). Adults have been taken on the shelf and upper slope. Larval stages are pelagic and resemble the early stages of carapines in bearing a vexillifer (Strasburg 1965). Circumtropical. Two nominal species: *S. bothrops Robins and Nielsen 1970, and *S. canina Gilbert 1905. Carapinae Jordan and Fowler 1902 Pectoral rays 20 or fewer. Precaudal vertebrae 17 to 27. The group has been revised by Arnold (1956). Consult his paper for references to citations in the following section, which are not included in the Literature Cited section of the present paper. Key to Genera of Carapinae la. Teeth on jaws and palatine in a single row. Maxillary bound by skin to side of head (Fig. 7a) . . . Encheliophis lb. Teeth on jaws and palatines in bands. Maxillary free (Fig. 7b) 2 Figure 7. — Condition of maxillary in two genera of carapine fishes. A. Encheliophis, with the maxil- lary bound by skin to the side of the head; B. Carapus, with the maxillary free. ■J.l 2b. Teeth in upper and lower jaws in a continuous row with no pronounced gap near tip of jaw. En- larged teeth at jaw tip present or absent Carapus Teeth in upper and lower jaw with a pronounced gap separating variously developed canines at or near the jaw tip from a following band of smaller teeth (Fig. 8) 3 Figure 8. — Upper and lower jaw teeth in Onuxodon. Notice the gap between the large an- terior teeth and the small posterior teeth. 3a. 3b. Rear of maxillary expanded; posterior margin a straight line. Body rather elliptical in cross sec- tion; width about 2 in depth .Eehiodon Rear of maxillary slender; posterior margin rounded. Body strongly compressed; width 3 or more in depth Onuxodon Carapus Rafinesque (Fig. 9) Carapus Rafinesque 1810 (type-species according to Opinion 42 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature Gymnotus acus Linnaeus). See Arnold (1956) for a discussion of the complex nomenclature of this genus and a list of synonyms. Teeth in continuous bands on jaws and palatines. Enlarged teeth present in some but not as recurved canines at the jaw tips. Maxillary free. Vent close to a vertical from base of pectoral fin. No median rocker bone at anterior end of swim bladder. Inquiline in holothurians, asteroids, bivalve mollusks, and tunicates; so far as known commensal (Trott 1970). Circumtropical, also in Mediterranean. The following list of 15 valid species is according to Arnold (1956) and Trott (1970): *C. acus (Briinnich 1768), *C. bermudensis (Jones 1874), C. birpex Arnold 1956, C. boraborensis (Kaup 1856), *C. caninus (Gunther 1862), C. cuspis Arnold 1956, C. dubius (Putnam 1874), *C. homei (Richardson 1844), C. houlti (Ogilby 1922), C. kagoshimanus (Stein- dachner and Doderlein 1877), *C. mourlani (Petit 1934), C. owasianus Matsubara 1953, *C. parvipinnis (Kaup 1856), C. pindae (Smith 1955), and *C. variegatus Fowler and Steinitz 1956. 8 Echiodon Thompson (Fig. 10) Echiodon Thompson (1837:55; type-species by monotypy Echiodon drummondii Thompson). Teeth in bands on jaws and palatines. Upper and lower jaws with a pronounced gap between enlarged recurved canines at the jaw tips and the smaller teeth in bands. Maxillary free. Body rather elliptical in cross section. Vent well posterior to a vertical from base of pectoral fin. No median rocker bone at anterior end of swim bladder. Probably free living (Trott 1970). Tropical and temperate North Atlantic including the Mediterranean, tropical eastern Pacific, subantarctic seas, and possibly western Indian Ocean and southwestern Pacific. The genus, which is being studied by M. Leiby, D. Markle, and J. Olney, contains at least three described species plus one or two undescribed and two problematic ones: E. dentatus (Cuvier 1817), *E. drummondii Thompson 1837, and E. exsilium Rosenblatt 1961. See Arnold (1956) concerning the status of Carapus cinereus Smith 1955 and C. rendahli Whitley 1941. Encheliophis Muller (Fig. 11) Encheliophis Muller (1842:205; type-species by monotypy Encheliophis vermicularis Muller). Jordanicus Gilbert (1905:656; type-species by monotypy Fierasfer umbratilis Jordan and Evermann 1903). Eneheliophiops Reid (1940:47; type-species by original designation Encheliophiops hancocki Reid 1940). Teeth in single rows on jaws and palatines. No canines. No large gap in the tooth row near the tip of the jaw. Maxil- lary bound by skin to side of head (Fig. 7a). Vent close to a vertical from base of pectoral fin, or pectoral fin absent. No rocker bone at anterior end of swim bladder. Parasitic in shallow-water holothurians (Trott 1970; Trott and Trott 1972). Tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans. Four species in two subgenera (see Arnold 1956 and Trott 1970, 1972): E. (Encheliophis) jordani Heller and Snod- grass 1903, *E. (E.) vermicularis Muller 1842, *E. (Jordanicus) gracilis (Bleeker 1856), and E. (J.) sagamianus (Tanaka 1908). Onuxodon Smith (Fig. 12) Onuxndon Smith (1955b:405; type-species by original designation Carapus parvibrachium Fowler). Teet h in bands on jaws and palatines. One or more pair of enlarged recurved canines at the tip of each jaw, separated by a pronounced gap from the smaller teeth in bands (Fig. 8). Maxillary free. Head and body deep, compressed. Median rocker bone present at anterior end of swim bladder. (Courtenay and McKittrick 1970; Tyler 1970). Onuxodon was treated as a subgenus of Carapus by Arnold (1956); however, Courtenay and McKittrick (1970) and Tyler (1970) have shown that it requires full generic status. It seems closer to Echiodon than to Carapus. [nquiline in the mantle cavity of shallow-water bivalve mollusks, particularly Pycnodonta hyotis (Trott and Trott 1972). Western Indian Ocean to the Philippines and Fiji. At least two species: *U. margaritiferae (Rendahl 1921), *0. parvibrachium (Fowler 1927), tCarapus reedi Smith 1955b I see Arnold 1956). Ophidiidae Rafinesque 1810 Supramaxillary present. Dorsal fin rays usually equal to or longer than opposing anal fin rays. Scales present on body. So far as known no vexillifer larval stage. Key to Subfamilies of Ophidiidae la. Barbels present on snout and chin Brotulinae lb. No barbels on snout and chin 2 2a. Scales in the form of small, nonimbricate prickles (Fig. 13) Brotulotaeniiae 2b. Scales cvcloid 3 Figure 13.— Brotulotaenia body scales. Left, a juvenile; right, a very large specimen. 3a. Main body of the ventral arm of the cleithrum meeting its mate at about the level of the pre- opercle, whence a slender elongate tilament of bone extends anteriorly to the ventral fins (Fig. 14a) inserted beneath the eye. Median basibranchial tooth patch present or absent Ophidiinae 3b. Ventral arm of cleithrum meeting its mate and terminating at about level of preopercle or far- ther anteriorly, but no slender, elongate, anteriorly extending filament of bone (Fig. 14b). Ven- tral fin insertion variable in position, fin absent in a few species. One or more median basi- branchial tooth patches (except absent in one Bassozetus and two Lamprogrammus species) . . Neobythitinae 10 Figure 14. — Ventral fin support in two subfamilies of ophidiid fishes. A. Ophidiinae, note the slender filament of bone extending anteriorly from the main body of the cleith- rum; B. Neobythitinae. BROTULINAE SWAINSON 1838 Barbels present on snout and chin. Body completely covered with small, imbricate cycloid scales. Ventral fins with 2 rays in each, at about the level of the preopercle in position, well behind the eye. Median basibranchial tooth patch ab- sent. Caudal fin rays 10 or 11, supported by a parhypural, 2 free hypurals, and 2 epurals. Branchiostegal rays 8. Developed gill rakers on first arch 4 or fewer. A single genus. Brotula Cuvier (Fig. 15) Brotula Cuvier (1829:335; type-species by monotypy Enchelyopus barbatus Bloch). Nematobrotula Gill (1863a: 252; type-species by original designation Brotula ensiformis Giinther 1862). Geneiates Tickell in Day (1888:804; type-species by monotypy Geneiates ferruginosus Tickell, places in synonymy of Brotula multibarbata by Day 1888). Early stages pelagic and in reef areas, often spotted. Adults benthic offshore to depths of 650 m but most common shallower than 180 m. Worldwide in tropical seas. At least five species; see Hubbs (1944) and Gosline (1953) for additional references: *B. barbata (Bloch) in Bloch and Schneider 1801, *B. clarkae Hubbs 1944, *B. multibarbata Temminck and Schlegel 1846, B. ordwayi Hildebrand and Barton 1949, and B. townsendi Fowler 1900. brotulotaeniinae new subfamily No barbels on chin and snout. Scales in the form of small, nonimbricate prickles. Ventral fins absent. No anterior projection from the symphysis of the cleithrum, which is at about the level of the rear end of the maxillary, well pos- terior to the eye. Median basibranchial tooth patch absent. Gill rakers in the form of tooth-bearing tubercles. Caudal fin rays usually 9. Branchiostegal rays 7 (rarely 6). Otoliths minute, foreshortened, and compressed. See Cohen (1974a) for osteology. 11 A separate subfamily is proposed for Brotulotaenia because it is divergent from all other ophidiid genera and not ob- viously related to any of them. Three characters which immediately distinguish Brotulotaenia from all other ophidiid genera are the nature of its scales (Fig. 13), the form of its gill rakers (Cohen 1974a, figure 5), and the size and shape of its otolith (Cohen 1974a, figure 2; W. Schwarzhans, pers. commun.). Brotulotaenia further differs from Neobythitinae (ex- cept for two species of Lam program mus and one of Bassozetus) and resembles Brotulinae in lacking a median basi- hranchial tooth patch. Characters of Brotulinae that are not shared with Brotulotaenia include the presence of barbels, a notably elongated cranium, and a well-developed caudal fin support consisting of epurals, hypurals, and a parhypural. Ophidiinae differs in the slender anterior projection from the cleithrum (Fig. 14a). Brotulotaenia Parr (Fig. 16) Brotulotaenia Parr (1933:48; type-species by original designation Brotulotaenia nigra Parr). Meso- and bathypelagic in tropical seas. The four nominal species have been reviewed by Cohen (1974a): *B. brevicauda Cohen 1974a, *B. crassa Parr 1934, *B. nielseni Cohen 1974a, and *B. nigra Parr 1933. OPHIDIINAE RAFINESQUE 1810 No barbels on snout and chin. Body covered with small, cycloid scales. Main body of the ventral arm of the cleithrum meeting its mate at about the level of the preoperculum, whence a slender, elongate filament of bone (Fig. 14a) extends anteriorly to the ventral fin, which is at about the level of the orbital region in position. Ventral fins with 2 rays in each. Median basibranchial tooth patch present or absent. Caudal fin rays 9. Developed gill rakers 10 or fewer. Branchio- stegal rays 7. In general, benthic fishes of the continental shelf. Key to Tribes of Ophidiinae la. All body scales in regular rows, rounded Lepophidiini lb. All or most body scales at oblique angles to each other, elongate or elliptical (Fig. 17) Ophidiini Figure 17. — Ophidiini body scales. 12 Lepophidiini Robins 1961 All body scales in regular rows, rounded. Three genera presently recognized (Robins 1962). Key to Genera of Lepophidiini la. No well-developed spine on snout Genypterus lb. A well-developed spine present on snout 2 2a. A narrow row of weak median basibranchial teeth. Peritoneum dark Cherublemma 2b. No median basibranchial teeth. Peritoneum pale Lepophidium Cherublemma Trotter (Fig. 18) Cherublemma Trotter (1926:119; type-species by monotypy Cherublemma lelepris Trotter). Brotuloides Robins (1961:214; type-species by original designation Leptophidium emmelas Gilbert). Well-developed spine on snout. Narrow row of weak median basibranchial teeth present. Peritoneum dark. Bones poorly ossified. Cherublemma does not seem very similar to either of the other two genera in this tribe. Its immediate relationships may become more apparent when it is better known. Tropical eastern Pacific. Upper continental slope; early stages have been caught in midwater trawls. A single species: *C. emmelas (Gilbert 1890) (*Cherublemma lelepris Trotter 1926 is a synonym). Genypterus Philippi (Fig. 19) Xiphiurus Smith (1847 in 1838-47:110; type-species by monotypy Xiphirurs capensis Smith). Robins and Lea (1976) have appealed to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to suppress this little used name. Genypterus Philippi (1857:268; type-species by monotypy Genypterus nigricans Philippi 1857). Hoplophycis Kaup (1858:92; type-species by monotypy Hoplophycis lalandi Kaup 1858). No well-developed spine on snout. Basibranchial tooth patches present or absent. Peritoneum pale. The osteology of three Chilean species has been described by Toro and Dazarola (1969). 13 Abundant fishes of the continental shelf and slope in temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere. Several species are fished commercially. The nomenclature is tangled, and the literature is apparently filled with misidentifications. A much-needed revision of these important fishes is being carried on by C.R. Robins. At least five species: *G. blacodes (Schneider in Bloch and Schneider 1801). G. capensis (Smith 1847 in 1838-47), G. chilensis (Guichenot 1848), G. maculatus (Tschudi 1846 in 1844-46), and G. microstomias Regan 1903. Lepophidium Gill (Fig. 20) Leptophidium Gill (1863b:210; type-species by monotypy Leptophidium profundorum Gill). Preoccupied by Lepto- phidium Hallowell 1860 in snakes. Lppophidium Gill (1895:167; replacement name for Leptophidium Gill 1863b, taking the same type species). Well-developed spine on snout. No median basibranchial tooth patch. Peritoneum pale. Tropical American continental shelf, although taken as far north as Georges Bank off New England in the western At- lantic and off southern California in the eastern Pacific. A single specimen of L. ceruinum has been reported from the Mediterranean (Nielsen and Bini 1972). There are 15 valid described species and at least five undescribed ones (see Robins 1958, 1962). Additional studies are in progress by Robins and name changes will be made. The species are: L. aporrhox Robins 1961, *L. brevibarbe (Cuvier 1829), *L. cervinum (Goode and Bean 1885), L. graellsi (Poey 1861), L. jeannae Fowler 1941, *L. kallion Robbins 1959. L. marmoratum (Goode and Bean 1885), L. microlepis (Gilbert 1890), *L. negropinna Hildebrand and Burton 1949. L. pardale (Gilbert 1890), *L. pheromystax Robins 1960, *L. profundorum (Gill 1863b), L. prorates (Jordan and Bollman 1890), *L. staurophor Robins 1958, and L. stigmatistium (Gilbert 1890). Ophidiini Rafinesque 1810 At least some body scales at oblique angles to each other and elliptical to elongate in shape. The species of cusk eels with a basket-weave pattern of squamation are not at this time easily separated into genera. Norman (1966) placed them in two genera; we follow C. R. Robins and R. Lea (pers. commun.) in allocating the species among five. As the species become better known and numerous unnamed ones are described, a classification will emerge that is likely to differ considerably from the one presented below. Many species are known to show a high degree of sexual dimorphism in the form of the swim bladder (Harry 1951). Ad- ditionally, some species have a prominent rocker bone at the anterior end of the swim bladder, which is controlled by a complex of muscles and ligaments (Svetovidov 1961; Rose 1961; Courtenay 1971). Although the swim bladder and associated structures have been used as taxonomic characters, there is not yet any clear phyletic pattern discernible in the distribution of various character states. Key to Genera of Ophidiini la. Scales absent on head (except in one species of Ophidion which has a small patch in front of the eye) 3 lb. Scales present on the top and sides of the head 2 14 2a. Rays of each pelvic fin equal in length or nearly so. Spine on snout weak or absent Parophidion 2b. Rays of each pelvic fin unequal in length. Spine on upper part of snout short and strong, emer- gent or not Raneya 3a. Dorsal fin rays about 200. Anal fin rays 150 or more. Precaudal vertebrae 19 Chilara 3b. Dorsal fin rays rarely if ever more than 150. Anal fin rays rarely more than 125. Precaudal verte- brae 18 or fewer 4 4a. Snout spine absent, or if present slender and anteriorly directed at its tip. Precaudal vertebrae 15-18 Ophidion 4b. Snout spine present, stout, with a blunt, anterodorsally directed tip. Precaudal vertebrae 13- 15 Otophidium Chilara Jordan and Evermann (Fig. 21) Chilara Jordan and Evermann (1896:482; type-species by monotypy Ophidium taylori Girard). Scales absent from head. Rays of each pelvic fin unequal in length. Spine on snout absent. This genus, which is close to Ophidion, is apparently characterized by its high fin ray and vertebral counts. Dorsal fin rays about 200; anal fin rays about 150 or more; developed gill rakers on first arch 5 to 9; precaudal vertebrae 19. Continental shelf of the temperate eastern North Pacific from Oregon to Baja California. A single species, *C. taylori (Girard 1858). Ophidion Linnaeus (Fig. 22) 15 Ophidian Linnaeus (1758:259; type-species by subsequent designation of Jordan and Evermann 1896, Ophidion bar- batum Linnaeus). Rittola Jordan and Evermann (1896:483; type-species by monotypy Ophidium marginatum DeKay). Scales absent from top of head and from sides as well, except in a single, presently unnamed species, which has a small patch in front of the eye (0. R. Robins, pers. commun.). Rays of each ventral fin unequal in length. Developed rakers on first gill arch 4 to 7. Precaudal vertebrae 15 to 18. Snout spine absent or, if present, slender and directed anteriorly at its tip. Tropical and warm temperate waters around the world. Continental shelf, including reefs. The taxonomy of Ophidion requires clarification. R. Lea and C. R. Robins, who are studying the genus, mentioned4 10 species in the western Atlantic alone. Tentatively assigned to Ophidion are the following 18 described species: 0. asiro (Jordan and Fowler 1902), 0. barbatum Linnaeus 1758, *0. beani Jordan and Gilbert 1883, *0. fulvum (Hildebrand and Barton 1949). *0. galeoides (Gilbert 1890), 0. genyopus Ogilby 1897, *0. grayi (Fowler 1948), *0. holbrooki (Putnam 1874). 0. iris Breder 1936 (0. nigricauda Breder 1936 is a synonym), *0. lagochila (Bohlke and Robins 1959), *0. mar- ginatum (DeKay 1842), *0. muraenolepis (Gunther 1880), *0. nocomis Robins and Bohlke 1959, *0. rochei Midler 1845, O. scrippsac (Hubbs 1916), *0. selenops Robins and Bohlke 1959, *0. smithi (Fowler 1934), and *0. welshi (Nichols and Breder 1922). Otophidium Gill (Fig. 23) Otophidium Gill in Jordan (1887:126; type-species by original designation Genypterus omostigma Jordan and Gil- bert). Scales absent from head. Rays of each ventral fin unequal in length. Developed rakers on each gill arch 4 to 7. Precaudal vertebrae 13 to 15. Snout spine blunt, anterodorsally directed at its tip. Warm temperate and tropical waters of the Americas. Found on the continental shelf, including reefs. Four described species are tentatively assigned to this genus, which is being studied by C. R. Robins: *0. chickchar- npy Bohlke and Robins 1959, O. dormitator Bohlke and Robins 1959, *0. indefatigabile Jordan and Bollman 1890, and *0. omostigmum (Jordan and Gilbert 1882). Parophidion Tortonese (Fig. 24) 'Lea. R. N'.. and C. R. Robins. 1975. Systematics of cusk eels (Family Ophidiidne) of the genus Ophidion from the western North Atlantic. American f Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Abstracts, Fifty-fifth Annu. Meet., p. 100. L6 Parophidion Tortonese (1954:5; type-species by original designation Ophidion vassali Risso). Scales present on top and sides of head. Rays of each ventral fin equal in length or nearly so. Spine on snout weak or absent. Precaudal vertebrae 15 or 16. Developed rakers on first arch 4. Tropical western North Atlantic and Mediterranean in shallow water. At least two species: P. schmidti (Woods and Kanazawa 1951), and *P. vassali (Risso 1810). Raneya Robins (Fig. 25) Raneya Robins (1961:212; type-species by original designation Lepophidium fluminense Ribeiro). Scales present on top and sides of head. Rays of each ventral fin unequal in length. Spine on upper part of snout short and strong, sometimes buried. Precaudal vertebrae 15. Developed gill rakers on first arch 4. Continental shelf of Brazil and Argentina (Menni and Lopez 1974). A single species, * Raneya fluminensis (Ribeiro 1903). NEOBYTHITINAE RADCLIFFE 1913 No barbels on snout and chin. Body covered with small cycloid scales. Ventral arm of cleithrum meeting its mate and terminating at about level of preopercle or farther forward, but no slender elongate anteriorly extending filament of bone. Ventral fin present in most genera, at about the level of the preopercle or farther forward, with 1 or 2 rays in each fin. Median basibranchial tooth patches 1 or more (except absent in some species of Lamprogrammus and Bassozetus); paired basibranchial tooth patches 0 or 1. Caudal fin rays 6 to 12. Developed gill rakers 0 to 27. Branchiostegal rays 7 to 9. A large and diverse group found around the world from the littoral to the greatest depth at which a fish has been caught. Mostly benthopelagic in habit. Two tribes. Key to Tribes of Neobythitinae la. Ventral fins at about the level of the orbital region in position, or if more posterior, then the fins are widely separated on the isthmus (Fig. 26B) Sirembini lb. Ventral fins at about the level of the preopercle in position and close together (Fig. 26A), or absent Neobythitini Figure 26. — Ventral fin insertions in two genera of Sirembini. A. Xyelacyba, close together; B. Tauredophidium, widely separate. Sirembini Gill 1863a Symphysis of the cleithra and the pelvic girdle at about the level of the orbital region (except in Tauredophidium , which has them at about the level of the preopercle but which may be distinguished from all other ophidiiform fishes by its widely separated ventral fins; see below). 17 Sirerabini as here constituted is most likely a heterogeneous assemblage, which probably will be reclassified. Within the tribe. Hoplobrotula and Dannevigia resemble each other; Xyelacyba, Tauredophidium, and possibly A canthonus constitute another cluster; Sirembo is not very similar to any of the others. Key to Genera of Sirembini la. Each ventral fin with a single ray. No spines on preopercle Sirembo lb. Each ventral fin with 2 rays. Spines variously developed on preopercle 2 2a. Spine on opercle long, extending well beyond rear margin of head. Deepest part offish usually at rear of head 4 2b. Spine on opercle short, extending barely if at all beyond rear margin of head. Deepest part of fish usually posterior to rear part of head 3 oa. Several weak, skin-covered, or barely emergent spines at angle of preopercle. Pelvic fins inserted near the level of the rear margin of the eye Dannevigia 3b. Three strong emergent spines at angle of preopercle. Pelvic fins inserted beneath eye Hoplobrotula 4a. Prominent, protruding, bifid spine on snout Acanthonus 4b. No spine on snout 5 5a. Pelvic fins close to each other (Fig. 26a). Small but well-developed eyes at surface of head Xyelacyba 5b. Pelvic fins widely separated from each other (Fig. 26b). Eyes not visible at the surface of the head Tauredophidium Acanthonus Giinther (Fig. 27 ) Acanthonus Giinther (1878:22; type-species by monotypy Acanthonus armatus Giinther). Prominent protruding bifid spine on snout. Ventral fins close together, each with 2 rays, inserted slightly posterior to the orbit. Spine on opercle long and slender, extending well beyond the rear margin of the head. Well-developed spines at lower angle of preopercle. Eyes at surface of head, small. Deepest part of fish at rear of head . Developed gill rakers on first arch 16 to 22. Median basibranchial tooth patches 1 to 4. No dark spots on dorsal fin. A revision of the genus was presented by Nielsen (1965). Circumtropical at abyssal depths. A single species, *A. armatus Giinther 1878 (M. spinifer Garman 1899 is a synonym). 18 Dannevigia Whitley (Fig. 28) Dannevigia Whitley (1941:42; type-species by original designation Dannevigia tusca Whitley). Ventral fins with 2 rays in each, fins closely adjacent, inserted close to the level of the rear margin of the eye. Several short weak concealed spines at angle of preopercle. Spine on opercle barely, if at all, reaching beyond rear margin of head. Eyes well-developed. Deepest part of fish well posterior to head. Developed gill rakers on first arch 4. Median basi- branchial tooth patches 2. No dark spots on dorsal fins. Apparently restricted to the Great Australian Bight. A single species. *D. tusca Whitley 1941. Hoplobrotula Gill (Fig. 29) Hoplobrotula Gill (1863a:253; type-species by original designation Brotula armata Temminck and Schlegel). Ventral fins with 2 rays in each, fins closely adjacent, inserted beneath the eye. Three strong emergent spines at angle of preopercle. Spine on opercle reaching barely if at all beyond rear margin of head. Eyes well-developed. Deepest part of fish generally posterior to head. Developed gill rakers on first arch 4 or 5. Basibranchial with 1 median and 1 pair of tooth patches. Deeper part of continental shelf. Japan and Indian Ocean. Two nominal species: *H. armata (Temminck and Schlegel 1846), and *H. gnathopus Regan 1921. Sirembo Bleeker (Fig. 30) Sirembo Bleeker (1858:22; type-species by subsequent designation of Vaillant 1888, "Sirembo imberbis Schleg." = Brotula imberbis Temminck and Schlegel). Rrotella Kaup (1858:92; type-species by subsequent designation of Jordan 1919, Brotula imberbis Temminck and Schlegel). Umalius Herre and Herald (1951:310; type-species by original designation Umalius philippinus Herre and Herald). Ventral fins immediately adjacent to each other, each with a single ray, inserted beneath or immediately behind the eye. No spines on preopercle. Spine on opercle short, not reaching rear margin of opercle. Eyes well-developed. Deepest part of fish well posterior to head. Developed gil! rakers on first arch 4. A single median basibranchial tooth patch. Several prominent dark spots on dorsal fin. 19 Continental shelf from the Red Sea to Japan, the Philippines, and Australia. The genus has never been revised, Indian Ocean specimens are discussed by Menon and Rama Rao (1970) and Rao (1972). There are four nominal species: S. euerriculi Whitley 1936, *S. imberbis (Temminck and Schlegel 1846), S. jerdoni (Day 1888), *S. philippinus (Herre and Herald 1951). Tauredophidium Alcock (Fig. 31) Tauredophidium Alcock (1890a:212; type-species by monotypy Tauredophidium hextii Alcock). No spine on snout. Ventral fins inserted at about the level of the preopercle and widely separated from each other, on opposite sides of the isthmus (Fig. 26b). Spines on opercle and preopercle long, extending well beyond the rear margin of the head. Basibranchial with 1 median and 1 pair of tooth patches. Eyes not visible at the surface of the head. Deepest part of fish near rear of head. Developed gill rakers on first arch 8 or 9. No dark spots on dorsal fin. Tauredophidium is unique among ophidiiform fishes in the wide separation of its ventral fins. Except for this separa- tion, the more posterior placement of the ventral, and the regression of the eyes, the genus is very similar to Xyelacyba. Abyssal depths in the Indian Ocean. A single species. *T. hextii Alcock 1890a. Xyelacyba Cohen (Fig. 32) Xvelacyba Cohen (1961:288; type-species by original designation Xyelacyba myersi Cohen). No spine on snout. Ventral fins relatively close together, each with 2 rays (Fig. 26a); position variable, inserted between the level of the orbit and the rear of the maxillary. Spine on opercle long, extending beyond the rear margin of the head. Well-developed spines at lower angle of preopercle. Eyes at surface of head, small. Deepest part of fish near rear of head. Developed rakers on first gill arch about 16. Median basibranchial tooth patches 2 or 3. No dark spots on dorsal fin. Athntir- and Pacific at abyssal depths. 20 Possibly two or more species; only one of which is described, *X. myersi Cohen 1961. Neobythitini Radcliffe 1913 Symphysis of the cleithra and the pelvic girdle at about the level of the preopercle, well behind the eye. Ventral fins usually present, close together. Further study will allow the partitioning of this tribe into groups of related genera. For the present, we note under those genera for which we have information their apparent relationships. Key to Genera of Neobythitini5 la. Ventral fins present, each with 1 or 2 well-developed rays 3 lb. Ventral fins absent or rudimentary, the rays represented by tiny stubs 2 2a. Opercular spine absent or weak, flattened and flexible Lamprogrammus 2b. Opercular spine strong, somewhat rounded in cross section Bassobythites 3a. Orbit large but eye lens rudimentary or lacking Leucicorus 3b. Orbit large to small; developed lens present or eyes buried and not externally visible 4 4a. Head massively inflated. Eyes not externally developed or very small Typhlonus 4b. Head variously developed but not massively inflated. Eyes large to small, present externally 5 5a. Head about one-half or more than preanal length 8 Tib. Head much less than one-half preanal length 6 6a. Developed gill rakers 3 or fewer. Vomerine teeth in a narrow row Enchelybrotula 6b. Developed gill rakers 5 or more. Vomerine teeth in a diamond-shaped patch 7 "•Parabassogigas is entered twice in this key after couplet number 5. Porogadus is entered twice after couplet number 12. Dicrolene is entered twice after couplet number 20. 21 fa. Median basibranchial tooth patch 1. Branchiostegal rays 7 Barathrites fb. Median basibranchial tooth patches 2. Branchiostegal rays 8 Parabassogigas (ISpectrunculus) 8a. Developed gill rakers 7 or more 12 8b. Developed gill rakers 4 or fewer 9 9a. Median basibranchial tooth patches 2. Preopercle with 2 or 3 spines at lower angle Pycnocraspedum 9b. Median basibranchial tooth patches 1. Preopercle with 0 or 1 spine at lower angle 10 10a. Opercular spine present Luciobrotula 10b. Opercular spine absent 11 11a. Mouth inferior. Snout with numerous small papillae Petrotyx lib. Mouth terminal or lower jaw slightly longer. Snout without numerous small papillae Hypopleuron 12a. Opercular spine sometimes hidden but strong, narrow, usually rounded in cross section 20 12b. Opercular spine absent or weak; if present rather broad, flattened, and flaplike or incorporated in opercular bone 13 13a. Pectoral fin narrow and constricted proximally, originating on only part of pectoral peduncle; some of the rays greatly elongated, equaling one-half or more the standard length Mastigopterus 13b. Pectoral fin not constricted proximally, originating on the entire pectoral peduncle; fin short or only lower rays greatly prolonged 14 14a. Pectoral fin rays 10-11 Abyssobrotula 14b. Pectoral fin rays 15 or more 15 15a. Eye diameter equal to or greater than snout length Glyptophidium 15b. Eye diameter less than snout length 16 16a. Maxillary sheathed posterodorsally 18 16b. Maxillary free posterodorsally 17 17a. All pectoral fin rays joined. Median basibranchial tooth patch 1. Body depth at vent 10 or more times in standard length Porogadus 17b. Lower rays of pectoral fin free. Median basibranchial tooth patches 2. Body depth at vent 9.5 or fewer times in standard length Bathyonus 22 18a. Rear margin of maxillary at the level of or anterior to rear margin of eye Alcockia 18b. Rear margin of maxillary well posterior to rear margin of eye 19 19a. Pectoral fin extending a short distance if at all beyond anus, not divided Bassozetus 19b. Lower part of pectoral fin extending well beyond anus, or if rays not prolonged the fin is divided . Eretmichthys 20a. Opercular spine straight 22 20b. Opercular spine curved 21 21a. Snout long, broad, and strongly depressed. Eye diameter one-third or less than snout length Penopus 21b. Snout short and blunt. Eye diameter equal to one-half or more than snout length Dicrolene 22a. Pectoral fin entire; ventral fins with 1 or 2 rays in each 24 22b. Lower rays of pectoral fin free; ventral fins with 2 rays in each 23 23a. Eye diameter much less than one-half of snout length. Lower rays of pectoral fins shorter than upper rays. Pelvic fin rays flattened Holcomycteronus 23b. Eye diameter equal to one-half or more of snout length. Lower rays of pectoral fin longer than upper rays. Pelvic fin rays filamentous Dicrolene 24a. Caudal fin with 5 or 6 rays. Body depth at vent 10 times or more in standard length Porogadus 24b. Caudal fin with 8 or more rays. Body depth at vent 8.5 times or less in standard length 25 25a. Median basibranchial tooth patches 2 29 25b. Median basibranchial tooth patch 1 26 26a. Ventral fin longer than head. Pectoral fin placed low on body, closer to belly than to midline . . . Homostolus 26b. Ventral fin equal to or shorter than head. Pectoral fin inserted higher on body, closer to midline than to belly 27 27a. Teeth along rear of jaws enlarged. Opercular spines 2 Benthocometes 27b. Jaw teeth granular, small, and close-set. Opercular spine 1 28 28a. Ventral fin fleshy, reaching nearly to vent. Prominent dark spots on side of body and fins .... Spottobrotula 28b. Ventral fin filamentous, falling far short of vent. No spots on body and fins Monomitopus 29a. Teeth larger, needlelike, separate from each other Epetriodus 29b. Teeth small, granular, close set 30 23 30a. Ventral rays 1 in each fin Selachophidium 30b. Ventral rays 2 in each fin 31 Eye diameter about equal to or greater than snout length. Many species with prominent spots, blotches, or bands Neobythites 31b. Eye diameter less than snout length. No spots, blotches, or bands 32 32a. Anterior nostril with a thick, fleshy raised rim (Fig. 33) Parabassogigas 32b. Anterior nostril a simple pore or with a thin tube, but not as above 33 Figure 3.'!.— Parabassogigas head. Note the thick, fleshy, raised rim of the anterior nostril. 33a. Snout notably inflated. Maxillary sheathed. Developed gill rakers 12 or more Barathrodemus 33b. Snout not inflated. Maxillary free. Developed gill rakers 7 Bassogigas Abyssobrotula Nielsen (Fig. 34) Abyssobrotula Nielsen (1977:41; type-species by original designation Abyssobrotula galatheae Nielsen). Snout swollen. Mouth slightly inferior. Eyes small. Opercular spine poorly developed. Basibranchial with 2 median and 1 pair of tooth patches. Vomer with a V-shaped tooth patch. Anterior gill arch with 8 to 11 long rakers. Pectoral fin with 10 or 11 rays; extending beyond anus. Ventral fins with 2 rays in each. Precaudal vertebrae 18 to 21. Branchiostegal rays 7 or 8. Probably related to Enchelybrotula and Barathrites. Circumglobal at abyssal and hadal depths. A specimen trawled from the Puerto Rico trench at 8,370 m (Staiger 1972) is the deepest recorded fish (as Bassogigas profundissimus). A single species, *A. galatheae Nielsen 1977. 24 Alcockia Goode and Bean 'Vie. 35) Alcockia Goode and Bean (1896:329; type-species by original designation Porogadus rostratus Giinther). Head depressed. Eye diameter about 2 times in snout length. Opercular spine flat and weak. Spines on head sharp and well-developed, particularly behind posterior nostril, above eye, and above cheek. Suborbital bones membranous. Max- illary strongly sheathed posterodorsally. Median basibranchial tooth patches 2. Developed rakers on anterior arch 7. Rranchiostegal rays 8. Ventral fins with 2 rays in each. Precaudal vertebrae 15 or 16. Possibly related to Porogadus, some species of which it resembles in having similar armature on the head. There are, however, numerous differences between the two genera. Known from 7 specimens caught at abyssal depths between the Celebes and Madagascar. A single species, M. rostrata (Giinther 1878). Barathrites Zugmayer (Fig. 36) Barathrites Zugmayer (1911:11; type-species by monotypy Barathrites iris Zugmayer). Ventral fins with 2 rays in each. Caudal fin rays 8. Abdomen long; head short, about 3 times in preanal distance. Tips of pectorals falling well short of vent. Eyes small. Median basibranchial tooth patch 1, small. Vomerine teeth in a diamond-shaped patch. Branchiostegal rays 7. Developed gill rakers on first arch 5 to 7. Opercular spine short, sharp, rounded in cross section. Precaudal vertebrae 18. Possibly related to Abyssobrotula and Enchelybrotula, which also have 7 branchiostegal rays and to Parabassogigas, with which it shares a high number of precaudal vertebrae. Abyssal from the tropical Atlantic and Pacific. This genus is being studied by D. M. Cohen. Three described species, of which probably only two are valid: *B. iris Zugmayer 1911 (*B. abyssorum Roule 1916 is probably a synonym), and *B. parri Nybelin 1957. Barathrodemus Goode and Bean (Fig. 37) Barathrodemus Goode and Bean (1883:200; type-species by monotypy Barathrodemus manatinus Goode and Bean). Ventral fins with 2 rays in each. Caudal fin rays 8. Abdomen short, pectoral fin reaching nearly to vent or beyond. Snout inflated. Maxillary strongly sheathed. Median basibranchial tooth patches 2. Vomerine tooth patch triangular. Branchiostegal rays 8. Developed gill rakers on first arch 12 to 15. Opercular spine short, sharp. Precaudal vertebrae 12 to 14. Pectoral fin rays 19 to 25. Possibly related to Parabassogigas. Continental slopes of the tropical Atlantic and western Pacific. 3 Three nominal species may be assigned to this genus, which is being studied by D. M. Cohen: *B. manatinus Goode and Bean 1883, *B. microps Parr 1933, and *B. nasutus Smith and Radciiffe in Radcliffe 1913. Bassobythites Brauer (Fig. 38) Bassobythites Brauer (1906:307; type-species by monotypy Bassobythites brunswigi Brauer). Ventral fins absent. Median basibranchial tooth patch 1. Branchiostegal rays 8. Caudal fin rays 8. Mouth terminal. Teeth granular. Precaudal vertebrae 13. Opercular spine somewhat rounded in cross section, sharp pointed. Head bones relatively well ossified. Lateral line similar to that of Lamprogrammus but outer covering of scales more strongly ad- herent: marked externally in several specimens by a single series of pores with fleshy raised rims, extending along the body a short distance beneath the dorsal profile. Scales on body large and small. Closelv related to and possibly identical with Lamprogrammus. Indian Ocean, western Pacific, and eastern Atlantic. Two nominal species: *B. brunswigi Brauer 1906, and *B. macropterus (Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913). Bas80giga8 Goode and Bean (Fig. 39) Bassogigas Goode and Bean (1896:328; type-species by subsequent designation of Jordan and Evermann 1896, Bassogigas gillii Goode and Bean). Snout much longer than eye. Opercular spine strong. Median basibranchial tooth patches 2. Vomerine tooth patch V- 26 shaped. Developed rakers on first gill arch 7 to 9. Pectoral fin short and rounded, with 27 to 31 rays. Ventral fins with 2 rays in each. Branchiostegal rays 8. Precaudal vertebrae 15 or 16. A distinct dorsal lateral line. Related to Holcomycteronus. Tropical Atlantic at bathyal and abyssal depths. Although a number of species have been referred to Bassogigas, Neilsen (manuscr. in prep.) has restricted the genus to •the type-species, *B. gillii Goode and Bean 1896. Ba88ozetus Gill (Fig. 40) Bassozetus Gill (1884:259; type-species by monotypy Bassozetus normalis Gill). Pterodicramita Fowler (1925:5; type-species by original designation Sirembo oncerocephalus Vaillant). Mouth terminal. Snout somewhat inflated. Eye diameter 2.5 or more times in snout. Opercular spine weak or absent. Preoperculum unarmed and posteriorly expanded, in most species reaching almost to the posterior margin of oper- culum. Median basibranchial tooth patch 1 (except 0 in B. zenkevitchi). Developed rakers on anterior gill arch 12 to 16. Pseudobranchial filaments 2. Pectoral fin short, not reaching far beyond anus, with 23 to 31 rays. Ventral fins with 1 ray in each. Precaudal vertebrae 11 to 16. Lateral line indistinct. Very closely related to Eretmichthys. A rather common circumtropical genus at deep-bathyal and abyssal depths. The genus requires revision. Nine nominal species and at least one undescribed: *B. compressus (Giinther 1878), *B. ehngatus Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913, *B. glutinosus (Alcock 1890a), B. nasus Garman 1899, *B. normalis Gill 1884, *B. oncerocephalus (Vaillant 1888), *B. robustus Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913, *B. taenia (Giinther 1887), and *B. zenkevitchi Rass 1955. Bathyonus Goode and Bean (Fig. 41) Bathynectes Giinther (1878:20; type-species by subsequent designation of Jordan 1919, Bathynectes laticeps Giinther6; preoccupied by Bathynectes Stimpson 1870 in Crustacea). Bathyonus Goode and Bean (1886:603; replacement name for Bathynectes Giinther, takes the same type-species). Mixonus Giinther (1887:108; type-species by monotypy Bathynectes laticeps Giinther). Nematonus Giinther (1887:114; type-species by monotypy Bathyonus pectoralis Goode and Bean 1886). Body depth 9.5 or fewer times in standard length. Head length equal to approximately one-half preanal length. No prominent spines on top or side of head. Median basibranchial tooth patches 2. Developed rakers on first gill arch 10 or more. Caudal fin rays 6. Pectoral fin with lower rays free and stronger and longer than those above. Ventral fins with 2 rays in each. Branchiostegal rays 8. Precaudal vertebrae 17 to 19. For possible relationships see Porogadus. Circumtropical at abyssal depths. fiThe name compressus is given by Jordan and Evermann (1898:2507) in parenthesis after the name and citation for Bathynectes Gunther (which they list in the synonymy of Bassozetus). We do not accept Jordan and Evermann 's action as constituting designation of a type species for Bathynectes for rea- sons discussed by Follett and Cohen (1958) and China (1962). 27 Three nominal species may be assigned to this genus, which is being studied by D. M. Cohen: 1S99). *B. laticeps (Giinther 1878), and *B. pectoralis (Goode and Bean 1886). *B. caudalis (Garman Benthocometes Goode and Bean (Fig. 42) Benthocnmetes Goode and Bean (1896:327; type-species by subsequent designation of Jordan and Evermann 1896, Neobvthites robustus Goode and Bean). Body rather short and stubby; depth at vent 4 or 5 times in standard length. Mouth terminal. Eye diameter about equal to or greater than snout length. Opercle with 2 posteriorly directed spines. Median basibranchial tooth patch single. Teeth along rear of jaws somewhat enlarged. Vomerine tooth patch without arms. Developed rakers on first gill arch 8 to 11. Pseudobranchial filaments about 5. Pectoral fin rays 27 to 30. Caudal fin rays 10 or 11. Ventral fins with 2 rays in each. Branchiostegal rays 8. Precaudal vertebrae 11 or 12. Lateral line distinct. Perhaps related to Neobythites. Tropical Atlantic and Mediterranean at depths of 500 to 1,000 m. A single species was recognized by Bougis and Ruivo (1954) in their study of the genus, *B. robustus (Goode and Bean 1886) (synonyms are Pteridium armatum Doderlein 1886 and Sirembo muraenolepis Vaillant 1888). Dicrolene Goode and Bean (Fig. 43) Dicrolene Goode and Bean ( 1883:202; type-species by monotypy Dicrolene intronigra Goode and Bean). Pteroidonus Giinther (1887:106; type-species by monotypy Pteroidonus quinquarius Giinther). Paradicrolene Alcock (1889:387; type-species by monotypy Paradicrolene multifilis Alcock). Br achy dicrolene Norman (1939:86; type-species by original designation Paradicrolene nigricaudis Alcock). Snout rather blunt. Eyes large, equal to one-half or more than snout length; 4 to 8.3 times in head length. Opercular spine strong and straight (except curved in D. kanazawai). Margin of preoperculum usually with 3 sharp spines. Median basibranchial tooth patches 1 or 2; a single paired set of tooth patches (except 0 in D. kanazawai). Developed gill rakers on anterior arch 7 to 15. Pectoral fin rays 22 to 33; the lower 5 to 11 rays free and longer than the upper rays. Ventral fins with 2 rays in each. Precaudal vertebrae 13 to 16. Apparently related to Mastigopterus. Common fishes found in tropical and temperate seas at bathyal and upper abyssal depths (about 500-3,200 m). Dicrolene as presently characterized is highly variable. A much needed revision may show that more than one genus should be recognized. Thirteen described species may be ascribed to this genus; an undescribed one is known (Nielsen et 2H al., manuscr.): *D. filamentosa Garman 1899, *D. gregoryi Trotter 1926, *D. hubrechti Weber 1913, *D. intronigra Goode and Bean 1883, *D. kanazawai Grey 1958, *D. longimana Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913, *D. multifilis (Alcock 1889), *D. nigra Garman 1899, *D. nigricaudis (Wood-Mason and Alcock 1891), *D. pullata Garman 1899, *D. quinquarius (Gunther 1887), *D. tristis Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913, and *D. vaillanti (Alcock 1890b). Enchelybrotula Smith and Radcliffe (Fig. 44) Enchelybrotula Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe (1913:154; type-species by original designation Enchelybrotula paucidens Smith and Radcliffe). Ventral fins with 2 rays in each. Caudal fin rays 8. Body long and compressed. Abdomen long, head 3 times or more in preanal distance. Eyes small. Jaw teeth sharp-pointed, compressed, in a single row. Median basibranchial tooth patches 2. Vomerine teeth in a narrow row. Branchiostegal rays 7. Gill rakers on the first arch short, spiny tubercles. Opercular spine short, sharp, rounded in cross section. Precaudal vertebrae 22. Possibly related to Barathrites, which also has 7 branchiostegal rays and to Parabassogigas, with which it shares a high number of precaudal vertebrae. Although Barathrodemus has a shorter body it is similar in appearance. Abyssal from the Bay of Bengal to the Gulf of Panama. A single described species, *E. paucidens Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913, and possibly an unnamed one. This genus is being studied by D. M. Cohen. Epetriodus New Genus Type species Epetriodus freddyi new species. Body relatively short, depth at vent between 5 and 6 times in standard length; preanal length about 2.3 times in stan- dard length. Head somewhat longer than one-half of preanal distance, about 4 times in standard length. Lower jaw slightly included. Body completely covered with small cycloid scales in regular rows; head completely scale covered. Eye diameter about one-half of snout length, 7 to 8 times in head length. Anterior nostril a prominent round pore in mid- snout, posterior nostril larger, crescent-shaped, in front of eye. Opercle bearing a short, sharp spine, which does not reach the rear margin of the head. Preopercle lacking spines. Branchiostegal rays 8. Developed rakers on first arch at least 20, grading into tubercles at the anterior end of the lower arm of the first arch. Pseudobranch with 2 filaments. Maxillary extending far beyond the rear margin of the eye, dorsal margin free posteriorly. Jaw teeth sharp-pointed and needlelike, not close set and granular; in two series on the premaxillary, the outer teeth larger, and on the dentary, the inner teeth larger. Teeth present also on vomer and palatines. Median basibranchial tooth patches 2; no paired basi- branchial tooth patches. Lateralis system on head with obvious pores. Lateral line on body deciduous but apparently in three series. Pectoral rays 25 to 29; the fin is naked, broad, and rounded, extending to about the level of the vent. Ventral fins with 2 rays in each, inserted behind the symphysis of the cleithra by a distance about equal to the horizontal diameter of the eye; the rays are bound together proximally and covered with thick skin, free and filamentous distally. Median fins covered with translucent, naked skin. Caudal fin rays 8. Precaudal vertebrae 12 or 13. Neural spine on first centrum shorter than those following. Neural spines pointed, those on middle precaudal centra depressed. The posterior face of centrum 4 and the anterior face of centrum 5 are expanded. Centra 1 and 2 appear to lack ribs (based on X-ray photographs); ribs originate directly on centra 3 to 7 and on para- pophyses from subsequent precaudal centra. Epipleural ribs are present. Epetriodus appears similar to Holcomycteronus in body and head shape. Other resemblances are in having 2 median basibranchial tooth patches, 8 branchiostegal rays, 8 caudal fin rays, the apparent absence of ribs on the first 2 centra, a short, sharp opercular spine, and small eyes. Epetriodus is more specialized in its dentition and modified fourth and fifth centra (a condition we have noted on X-ray photographs of all 3 specimens and which in our experience is unique in the order); Holcomycteronus is more specialized in its modified paired fins and its very deepwater habitat. Tropical and subtropical southwest Indian Ocean at depths ranging from about 1,000 to 1,750 m. 29 The name Epetriodus is derived from the Greek epetrion = needle and odous = tooth, and refers to the distinctive teeth of this genus. A single species, described below. Epetriodus freddyi New Species (Fig. 45) ^-^ ©> % ^^,955^^5^^^^^^^^ ^^"^"^^ ^"^^ Figure 45. — Epetriodus freddyi; holytype, U.S. National Museum 206942. Upper right, tooth bearing surfaces of vomer palatines; lower right, details of dorsal lateral line from South African Museum 27745. Drawn by Keiko Hiratsuka Moore. Table 2.— Counts and measurements in millimeters for Epetriodus freddyi n.sp. Numbers in parenthesis are percent of standard length. USNM SAM MNHM 206942 27745 1977-303 Holotype Paratype Paratype Dorsal fin rays 95 96 97 Anal fin rays 76 74 76 Pectoral fin rays 25 29 25 Vertebrae 12+42=54 13+40=53 13+40=53 Lateral scale rows ? 140 ? 146 — Gill rakers on 1st arch Upper arm 5 short + 6 short + 5 short + 2 long 2 long 2 long Angle 1 long 1 long 1 long Lower arm 19 long + 19 long + 18 long + 4 short 4 short 7 short Standard length 215 176 170 Preanal 94.3 (43.9) 76.8 (43.6) 77.0 (45.3) Predorsal 56.1 (26.1) 44.1 (25.1) 45.5 (26.8) Body depth at vent 42.5 (19.8) 31.8(18.1) 31.6 (18.6) Head length 55.0 (25.6) 42.1 (23.9) 43.9 (25.8) Snout length 16.4 (7.6) 10.9 (6.2) 12.2(7.2) Upper jaw length 36.0 (16.7) 27.0(15.3) 28.4 (16.7) Maxillary depth at end 8.5 (3.9) 6.2 (3.5) 6.5 (3.8) Eye diameter, horizontal 6.9 (3.2) 5.8 (3.3) 5.8 (3.4) Interorbital, pigmented 18.7 (8.7) 14.8 (8.4) 13.7 (8.1) Pectoral fin length 31.5 (14.6) 26.7 (15.2) 24.7 (14.5) Pectoral peduncle depth 14.2 (6.6) 10.9 (6.2) 11.4 (6.7) Ventral fin length 29.0(13.5) 21.2(12.0) — — Symphysis of cleithra to ventral fin origin 7.0 (3.3) 5.7 (3.2) 6.0 (3.5) Counts and measurements are presented in Table 2. A single, rayless pterygiophore precedes the dorsal fin. Developed (long) gill rakers close-set and compressed, the longest about equal in length to the eye diameter; longest filaments on first arch notably shorter. 30 Lateralis canals on head with the following pore counts: lateral 1, supraorbital 1, infraorbital 5, and preoperculoman- dibular 8. All three lateral lines on the body are present (in part) only on SAM 27745. The dorsalmost lateral line paral- lels the base of the dorsal fin for about three-fourths the length of the body and consists of a narrow, naked tube with a series of about 30 pores, which are at the ends of short, ventrally directed tubes anteriorly and on the main canal pos- teriorly. Remnants are present of a second, naked, pore-bearing lateral line beginning at about the tip of the pectoral fin and extending posteriorly in the midline at least as far as does the dorsal line. The presence of a third line is suggested by the presence of several naked pores on the side over the anal fin base near the anus. The body is pale brown; in the holotype the pectoral fins are slightly darker, as are the tips of the ventrals and the me- dian fins; the paratypes have all fins notably darker, as are the lateral lines; the head of SAM 27745 is dusky. Observations were made of the body cavities and associated areas of the holotype and of SAM 27745. The lining of the peritoneal cavity is black, as is the intestinal tract anterior to the pyloric region. The guts are pale posteriorly. Pyloric caeca are absent. A prominent liver is present and reaches to or beyond the posterior curve of the stomach. The rear part of the intestine is narrow, thin-walled, and highly convoluted. The swim bladder is relatively thick walled and large, ex- tending to nearly the end of the body cavity. The kidney is a prominent bulky mass of tissue located dorsal to the rear end of the peritoneal cavity and posterior to the swim bladder; it is soft and rather glandular in appearance and has a pair of lobes, each of which extends anteriorly lateral to the posterior end of the swim bladder. In both specimens ex- amined the gonads are paired, scarcely developed strands of light colored tissue, perhaps ovaries. Holotype: U.S. National Museum 206942; lat. 21°18'S, long. 36°18'E, 1,510-1,600 m; Anton Brunn cruise 8, stn. 399C, shrimp trawl; 2 Oct. 1964. Paratypes: Museum National d'Histoire Natural 1977-303; lat. 18°00'S, long. 43°00'E, 1,715-1,750 m; A. Crosnier coll., Madagascar Channel 127; trawl; 16 Jan. 1975. South African Museum 27745; lat. 28°37.8'S, long. 32°38.4'E, 1,000-1,200 m; Meiring Naude SM107; 25 May 1976. This species is named for Professor N. B. (Freddy) Marshall in recognition of his contributions to knowledge of the biology of deepsea fishes. Eretmichthy8 Garman (Fig. 46) Eretmichthys Garman (1899:164; type-species by subsequent designation of Jordan (1920), Eretmichthys pinnatus Garman). Mouth terminal. Eye diameter 1.5 or more times in snout. Preoperculum and operculum lacking spines. Preoper- culum posteriorly expanded, reaching almost to the posterior margin of operculum. A single median basibranchial tooth patch. Developed rakers on anterior arch 15 to 19. Pseudobranchial filaments 2. Pectoral fin divided, with the rays of the lower part extending well behind anus; a total of 25 to 29 rays. Ventral fins with 1 ray in each. Precaudal vertebrae 14 or 15. Lateral line indistinct. Closely related to Bassozetus. The only difference seems to be the presence in Eretmichthys of oarlike, prolonged lower pectoral fin rays. In specimens with damaged pectorals it is hardly possible to distinguish between the two genera. Each of the two syntypes of E. ocella has damaged pectoral fin rays and therefore may be specimens of Bassozetus. Rarely caught fishes, taken at bathyal and upper abyssal depths in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Three nominal species: *E. ocella Garman 1899, *E. pinnata Garman 1899, and *E. remifer Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913. 31 Glyptophidium Alcock (Fig. 47) Glyptophidium Alcock (1889:390; type-species by monotypy Glyptophidium argenteum. Alcock). Head large, equal to or greater than one-half preanal distance. Eye diameter equal to or greater than length of snout. Opercular spine broad, flat, and weak (except in an undescribed species in which it is narrow and pointed). Head bones thin with crests. Basibranchial with 1 or 2 median and 1 pair of tooth patches. Vomer with a V-shaped tooth patch. Developed rakers on anterior gill arch 15 to 35. Pectoral fin rays 23 to 27. Ventral fins with 1 or 2 rays in each. Precaudal verrebrae 11 to 13. Bathyal depths from the western Indian Ocean to Hawaii. Five valid described Recent species are listed below. In addition, G. litheus has been described from the Miocene of Japan (Sato 1962). Another Recent species is being described by J. G. Nielsen, who is studying the genus. The five species are: *G. argenteum Alcock 1889, *G. longipes Norman 1939, *G. lucidum Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913, *G. macropus Alcock 1894, and *G. oceanicum Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913 (G. japonicum Kamohara 1936 is a synonym). Holcomycteronus Carman (Fig. 48) Holcomycteronus (Garman 1899:162; type-species by monotypy Holcomycteronus digittatus Garman). Grimaldichthys (Roule 1913:2; type-species by monotypy Grimaldichthys profundissimus Roule). Snout longer than eye. Opercular spine strong. Mucous cavities on head not prominent. Basibranchial with 2 median and 1 pair of tooth patches. Vomer with a V-shaped tooth patch. Developed rakers on first gill arch 7 to 10. Pectoral fin rays 15 to 21, the ventral ones more or less free. Ventral fins with 2 rays in each, flattened distally, somewhat thicker in males. Branchiostegal rays 8. Precaudal vertebrae 18 to 21. Possibly related to Bassogigas, also see Epetriodus. Circumglobal at bathyal, abyssal, and hadal depths. Holcomycteronus brucei is known from a single specimen caught in the Weddell Sea (lat. 68°S, long. 37°W), an extraordinary locality for an ophidioid fish. The genus is being revised by J. G. Nielsen. Six species are recognized: *H. aequatoris (Smith and Radcliffe in Rad- cliffe 1913), *H. brucei (Dollo 1906), *H. digittatus Garman 1899, *H. profundissimus (Roule 1913), *H. pterotus (Al- cock 1890a), and *H. r,quamosus (Roule 1916) (Bassogigas (Holcomycteronus) koefoedi Nybelin 1954 is a synonym). Homo8tolus Smith and Radcliffe (Fig. 49) Homostolus Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe (1913:146; type-species by original designation Homostolus acer Smith and Radcliffe). 32 Lower jaw ending in a rather blunt point. Eye diameter equal to or larger than snout length. One or more short sharp spines at lower angle of preopercle. Jaw teeth granular, in narrow bands. Median basibranchial tooth patch one. Developed rakers on first gill arch 27 to 42. Pectoral fin placed low on the body, with 21 to 23 rays. Ventral fins with 1 ray in each, longer than head. Branchiostegal rays 8. Precaudal vertebrae 13. Apparently related to Monomitopus and Selachophidium. Taken off the Philippines and Japan from depths of 380 to 1,000 m. Two species have been described: *H. acer Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913, and H. japonicus Matsubara 1943. Hypopleuron Smith and Radcliffe (Fig. 50) Hypopleuron Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe (1913:164; type-species by original designation Hypopleuron caninum. Smith and Radcliffe). Jaws equal in length or lower jaw slightly longer. Some teeth enlarged, a small canine at the front of each upper jaw. No spines on opercle and preopercle. Lateral line with small scales overlying an inner series of larger scales. Developed gill rakers 3. Median basibranchial tooth patch single. Ventral fins with 1 ray in each. Pectoral fin rays 26. Branchio- stegal rays 8. Precaudal centra 22. Parapophyses of precaudal centra broad and inflated, enclosing the thick-walled swim bladder. For possible relationships see Lamprogrammus. Taken from Philippine waters and the Arabian Sea at depths ranging from 300 to 485 m. A single species, *H. caninum Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913. Lamprogrammus Alcock (Fig. 51) Lamprogrammus Alcock in Wood-Mason and Alcock (1891:32; type-species by monotypy Lamprogrammus niger Al- cock). 33 Ventral fins absent in adults, apparently present as stublike rudiments in juveniles of at least L. niger. Median basi- branchial tooth patches absent in L. niger and L. illustris, 1 in other species. Branchiostegal rays 8. Caudal fin rays 8. Mouth terminal. Teeth granular. Precaudal vertebrae 12 to 14. Opercular spine absent or flattened, weak, and flexible. Swim bladder small and thick-walled, supported by broad, strong parapophyses. Ribs on anterior several centra en- larged. Head cavernous, bones delicate, poorly ossified. The lateral line of L. niger and probably most other species is highly distinctive and consists of a single series covered with small scales and placed high on the body, of vertically oriented, spindle-shaped neuromasts, each of which is mounted on a large, vertically elongate scale (see Garman 1899, pi. 34 for an illustration of this character in L. illustris). The lateral line system and its skin and scale cover are deciduous in some species and are often entirely or partly absent in preserved specimens. These structures have not been found on all described species, and the extent to which they con- stitute a common generic character is not known. Similar lateral lines in Lam program mus and Hypopleuron have been noted by Smith and Radcliffe (in Radcliffe 1913K The latter also has enlarged parapophyses and anterior ribs. Eolamprogrammus from the Paleocene of Turk- menia has been suggested as a relative of Lamprogrammus (Danil'chenko 1968) on the basis of body shape and absence of pelvic fins. It also has enlarged anterior ribs but small parapophyses. Lamprogrammus has been grouped with Glyp- tophidium in several keys, chiefly on the basis of the frail crested head bones and thin skin in both. It seems unlikely, though, that the two genera are very closely related. Circumtropical, probably meso- and bathypelagic, although large individuals are caught in bottom trawls as well as midwater nets. It may be necessary to recognize two genera for the four species listed below and one or more undescribed ones: *L. exutus Nybelin and Poll 1958, *L. fragilis Alcock 1892, *L. illustris Garman 1899, and *L. niger Alcock in Wood-Mason and Alcock 1891. (We transfer L. macropterus to Bassobythites.) Leucicorus Garman (Fig. 52) Leucicorus Garman (1899:146; type-species by monotypy Leucicorus lusciosus Garman). Orbit large, but eye lens rudimentary or lacking. Head with prominent mucous cavities and distinctive rows of pores. Mouth terminal, with granular teeth. Anterior gill arch with 8 to 12 long rakers. Median basibranchial tooth patch single. Opercular spine weak. Branchiostegal rays 8. Ventral fins with 2 rays in each. Caudal fin rays 8. Precaudal verte- brae 13 or 14. Swim bladder single-chambered and thin walled. Apparently related to Bathyonus. Leucicorus has been revised by Nielsen (1975a). Abyssal in the eastern Pacific and abyssal-hadal in the Caribbean. Two species: *L. atlanticus Nielsen 1975a, and *L. lusciosus Garman 1899. Luciobrotula Smith and Radcliffe (Fig. 53) 34 Luciobrotula Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe (1913:170; type-species by original designation Luciobrotula bartschi Smith and Radcliffe). Volcanus Gosline (1954:78; type-species by original designation Volcanus lineatus Gosline). Snout depressed, naked, bearing fleshy flaps and ridges at the tip. Head large, equal to about one-half preanal length. Rear margin of preopercle free, lacking spines. Opercle with a spine at the upper angle. Developed gill rakers 3. Teeth granular. Median basibranchial tooth patch single. Branchiostegal rays 8. Caudal fin rays 10 to 12. Ventral fins with 2 rays in each. Pectoral fin rays 25 to 29. Precaudal vertebrae 14 to 16. For possible relationships see Spottobrotula. Circumtropical at continental slope depths. For additional information see Cohen (1964a, 1974b). Three described species and possibly two undescribed: *L. bartschi Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913, *L. corethromycter Cohen 1964a, and *L. lineata (Gosline 1954). Mastigopterus Smith and Radcliffe (Fig. 54) Mastigopterus Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe (1913:158; type-species by original designation Mastigopterus impera- tor Smith and Radcliffe). Head large; mouth subterminal. Eye diameter less than snout length. Opercular spine broad and flattened, weak. Prominent mucous cavities and pores below eyes and on rear margin of preoperculum. Median basibranchial tooth patches 2. Vomer with V-shaped tooth patch. Anterior gill arch with 10 long rakers. Pectoral fin with 12 to 14 rays, the longest of which are about one-half or more of the standard length. Ventral fins with 2 joined rays in each. Caudal fin rays 6. Branchiostegal rays 8. Precaudal vertebrae 15. Possibly related to Dicrolene and Bathyonus. Known from 3 specimens fished from the bottom between 1,500 and about 2,350 m off Madagascar and in Philippine waters. Two described species: *M. imperator Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913, and *M. praetor Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913. Monomitopus Alcock (Fig. 55) Monomitopus Alcock (1890b:297; type-species by monotypy Sirembo nigripinnis Alcock). Dicromita Goode and Bean (1896:319; type-species by subsequent designation of Jordan and Evermann (1896), Di- cromita agassizii Goode and Bean). Monomeropus Garman (1899:158; type-species by original designation Monomeropus malispinosus Garman). 35 Mouth terminal or subterminal. Eye diameter equal to or slightly shorter than snout length. Opercular spine strong. Preoperculum with 2 or 3 more or less distinct spines at the lower angle. Median basibranchial tooth patch single. Developed rakers on anterior gill arch 17 to 27. Pectoral fin rays 26 to 33. Ventral fins with 1 or ?2 rays in each. Pre- caudal vertebrae 12 to 14. Monomeropus is here considered a junior synonym of Monomitopus. The characters used for separating it from ^fonomitopus. degree of head armature, cavernous structure of the head, distinctness of lateral line, length of ventral fins, etc.. are all variable within Monomitopus (sensu stricto). Selachophidium and probably Homostolus appear to be derivatives of Monomitopus. Found around the world beneath tropical and subtropical seas at depths ranging from about 200 to 1,870 m. We tentatively refer 13 described species to this genus, which is much in need of revision. An unnamed species from the Blake Plateau will be described by D. M. Cohen. The species are: *M. agassizii (Goode and Bean 1896), *M. americanum (Nielsen 1971). *M. conjugator (Alcock 1896), *M. garmani (Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913), *M. kumoe Jordan and Hubbs 1925, M. longiceps Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913, *M. malispinosus (Garman 1899), *M. metriostoma (Vaillant 1888), *M. microlepis Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913, *M. nigripinnis (Alcock 1889), *M. pallidus Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913, M. torvus Garman 1899, and *M. vitiazi (Nielsen 1971). Neobythites Goode and Bean (Fig. 56) Neobythites Goode and Bean (1886:600; type-species by monotypy Neobythites gillii Goode and Bean). Tetranematopus Giinther ? (1887:100; nomen nudum). Watasea Jordan and Snyder (1901:765; type-species by original designation Watasea sivicola Jordan and Snyder). Mouth terminal or subterminal. Body relatively short, tail not long and tapering. Eye diameter equal to or slightly shorter than snout length. Opercular spine strong. Median basibranchial tooth patches 2. Developed rakers on first gill arch 7 to 20. Pseudobranchial filaments 3 to 7. Pectoral fin rays 22 to 28. Ventral fins with 2 rays in each. Precaudal vertebrae 11 to 14. Lateral line distinct. Most species with spots or bands on the sides and/or median fins. Possibly related to Benthoeometes among shallow-water genera and to Bassogigas among the deeper water forms. Circumtropical at bathyal depths. Common. Many species now referred to other genera were originally described in Neobythites. We tentatively recognize 14 species of Neobythites, but a much needed revision undoubtedly will show that some of these are conspecific: *N. analis Barnard 1927, *N. fasciatus Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913, *N. gillii Goode and Bean 1886, *N. longipes Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913, *N. macrops Giinther 1887, *A^. malayanus Weber 1913, *N. marginatus Goode and Bean 1886, *N. nigromaculatus Kamohara 1938, *N. ocellatus Giinther 1887, *N. purus Smith and Radcliffe in Rad- cliffe 1913, *N. sivicola (Jordan and Snyder 1901), *N. steatiticus Alcock 1893, *N. stelliferoides Gilbert 1890, and *N. unimaculatus Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913. Parabassogigas Nybelin (Fig. 57) faro bassogigas Nybelin (1957:298; type-species by original designation Sirembo grandis Giinther). Head more than 2 times in preanal length in adults, less in juveniles. Snout longer than eye. Opercular spine strong. Median basibranchial tooth patches 2. Vomer with a diamond-shaped tooth patch. Developed rakers on first arch 7 or 8. Pectoral fin rays 21 to 27; fin short, not reaching vent. Ventral fins with 2 rays in each. Branchiostegal rays 8. Precaudal vertebrae 19 to 24. Lateral line short. 36 Probably related to Barathrites and Barathrodemus. For comments on the possible larval form see the following nominal genus, Spectrunculus. Abyssal and bathyal in the Pacific and Atlantic. Three nominal species are assigned to this genus, which is being revised by J. G. Nielsen: *P. coheni (Mayer and Nalbant 1972), *P. crassus (Vaillant 1888), and *P. grandis (Gunther 1877). Penopus Goode and Bean (Fig. 58) Penopus Goode and Bean (1896:335; type-species by monotypy Penopus macdonaldi Goode and Bean). Head depressed anteriorly. Snout long; projecting over mouth. Body long and slender, depth at vent about 11 times in standard length. Eyes minute. Preoperculum with 4 or 5 spines at the lower angle. Operculum with a strong, curved spine dorsally and 2 or 3 weak, flattened projections at the lower angle. Median basibranchial tooth patches 2, the pos- terior one small. Lateral line represented by 3 rows of circular organs. Developed rakers on first arch 8 to 10. Pectoral fin with 18 or 19 rays. Ventral fins with 2 rays in each, bound together for the length of rays. Branchiostegal rays 8. Pre- caudal vertebrae 18 or 19. Related to Porogadus. Tropical Atlantic Ocean at bathyal and abyssal depths. Two nominal species, of which only one may be valid: *P. macdonaldi Goode and Bean 1896, and *P. microphthal- mus (Vaillant 1888). Petrotyx Heller and Snodgrass (Fig. 59) Petrotyx Heller and Snodgrass (1903:222; type-species by monotypy Petrotyx hopkinsi Heller and Snodgrass). 37 Pscudobythites Meek and Hildebrand (1928:968; type-species by original designation Pseudobythites sanguineus Meek and Hildebrand). Snout naked, densely covered with small, fleshy papillae. Rear margin of preopercle overgrown with skin. No spines on preopercle or opercle. Upper margin of maxillary sheathed. Developed gill rakers 3. Median basibranchial tooth patch single: paired patches 1. Branchiostegal rays 8. Pectoral fin rays 24 to 27. Caudal fin rays 10. Ventral fins with 2 rays in each. Precaudal vertebrae 12. Shallow-water, reef-dwelling fishes of tropical American seas. The genus has been reviewed by Bohlke (1955), who recognized two species: *P. hopkinsi Heller and Snodgrass 1903, and 'P. sanguineus (Meek and Hildebrand 1928). Porogadus Goode and Bean (Fig. 60) Porogadus Goode and Bean (1886:602; type-species by monotypy Porogadus miles Goode and Bean). Dermatorus Alcock (1890b:298; type-species by monotypy Dermatorus trichiurus Alcock). Celema Goode and Bean (1896:329; type-species by subsequent designation of Jordan 1920, Porogadus nudus Vail- lant). Moebia Goode and Bean (1896:331; type-species by original designation Bathynectes gracilis Gunther 1878). Body long and slender, depth at vent 10 times or more in standard length. Head length equal to approximately one- half preanal length. Prominent mucous cavities beneath orbital region and on posterior margin of preopercle. Lateral line represented by 3 rows of circular organs, large and prominent in some species, less so in others (sometimes missing from trawled specimens), and by a row of modified scales, deciduous in most specimens. Spines on top and sides of head variously developed in different species. Median basibranchial tooth patch single. Vomer with a V-shaped tooth patch. Developed rakers on first gill arch 13 to 20. Caudal fin rays 6. Pectoral fin rays 17 to 20. Ventral fin with ?1 or 2 rays in each. Branchiostegal rays 8. Precaudal vertebrae 16 to 18. Porogadus is apparently related to Bathyonus, differing chiefly in having a longer tail, larger eyes, and normal pec- toral fins. It is similar to Penopus in its lateral line and may be related also to Alcockia. Circumglobal beneath tropical and temperate seas at bathyal and abyssal depths. Fourteen described species may be referred to Porogadus, which is much in need of revision. Species groups have been discussed by Nybelin (1957). The species are: *P. abyssalis Nybelin 1957, P. atripectus Garman 1899, P. breviceps Garman 1899, *P. catena (Goode and Bean 1886), *P. gracilis (Gunther 1878), P. guentheri Jordan and Fowler 1902, P. longiceps Garman 1899, *P. melampeplus (Alcock 1896), *P. melanocephalus (Wood-Mason and Alcock 1891), *P. miles Goode and Bean 1886, *P. nudus Vaillant 1888, *P. promelas Gilbert 1891, *P. subarmatus Vaillant 1888, *P. trichiurus (Alcock 1890b). Pycnocraspedum Alcock (Fig. 61) Pycnocraspedum Alcock (1889:386; type-species by monotypy Pycnocraspedum squamipinne Alcock). Itatius Matsubara (1943:40; type-species by original designation Itatius microlepis Matsubara). Rear margin of preopercle free, lower angle with 3 spines. A single strong spine on opercle. Eye relatively large, equal to or slightly smaller than snout. Head large, longer than one-half preanal length. Developed gill rakers 4. Teeth granular. Median basibranchial tooth patches 2. Branchiostegal rays 8. Pectoral fin rays 24 to 28. Caudal fin rays 10. Ventral fins with 2 rays in each. Precaudal vertebrae 12. 38 For possible relationships see Spottobrotula. Juvenile a deep-bodied pelagic form; adults benthic at moderate depths. Tropical western Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Japan, and Hawaii. The genus is being studied by D. M. Cohen. There are four nominal species, of which possibly only one or two are valid: *P. armatum Gosline 1954, *P. microlepis (Matsubara 1943), *P. phyllosoma (Parr 1933), and *P. squamipinne Alcock 1889. Selachophidium Gilchrist (Fig. 62) Selachophidium Gilchrist (1903:209; type-species by monotypy Selachophidium guentheri Gilchrist). Snout inflated; mouth inferior. Eye large, diameter greater than length of snout. Opercular spine distinct, although not very strong. Median basibranchial tooth patches 2. Vomer with a rather triangular tooth patch. Developed rakers on first arch 15 to 21. Pseudobranchial filaments 3 to 6. Pectoral fin rays 26 to 29. Ventral fins with 1 ray in each. Branchio- stegal rays 8 or 9. Precaudal vertebrae 17 or 18. Lateral line distinct. Related to Monomitopus. Taken at bathyal depths off South Africa. A single species, *S. guentheri Gilchrist 1903. Nielsen (1971) described two new species in this genus, which we trans- fer to Monomitopus. Spectrunculus Jordan and Thompson (Fig. 63) Spectrunculus Jordan and Thompson (1914:301; type-species by monotypy Spectrunculus radcliffei Jordan and Thompson). Head short, 2 to 3 times in preanal length. Mouth almost vertical. Eye diameter much less than snout length. Oper- cular spine strong. Teeth developed on dentaries, few elsewhere. Developed rakers on first gill arch 7 to 9. Pectoral fin rays 27 to 29. Ventral fins with 2 thick rays in each. Branchiostegal rays 8. Precaudal vertebrae 21 to 23. Vertebral centra rectangular in lateral view. Epipelagic in the Pacific and Atlantic. The four known specimens range from 52 to 59 mm in standard length. Gonads are not recognizable in any. Teeth are poorly developed. Vertebral centra appear typically larval in shape. These and other features lend substance to Nor- man's (1939:91) remark, "This genus is perhaps based upon a post-larval fish." Meristic characters and distribution :^9 agree well with Parabassogigaa. The proper identity of Spectrunculus is being studied by J. G. Nielsen and will be fur- ther discussed and documented in a separate paper. A single nominal species. *S. radcliffei Jordan and Thompson 1914. Spottobrotula New Genus Type species Spottobrotula mahodadi new species. Body relatively short, depth at vent about 5 times in standard length; preanal length about 2.3 times in standard length. Head compressed, about 2 times in preanal length and 4.4 times in standard length. Body completely covered with small, cycloid scales in regular rows. Head with similar scales, but anterior parts of snout and throat naked. Eve diameter about equal to snout length, 4.6 times in head length. Anterior nostril with a thick, raised, rim about midway between tip of snout and anterior margin of eye; posterior nostril a simple pore immediately before eye. Opercle bearing a strong, pointed spine, which does not reach the rear margin of the head. Preopercle lacking spines. Branchio- stegal rays 8. Developed rakers on first gill arch 10. Pseudobranch well-developed, nearly as long as upper arm of first arch, bearing 25 to 30 filaments. Maxillary extending slightly beyond the rear margin of the eye (when mouth is closed), dorsal margin sheathed by subocular bones for most of its length, but free at the rear. Lower lips covered with tiny, densely distributed papillae. Teeth small and granular, in broad bands on the premaxillary, dentary, palatine, and vomer; a single, elongate, basibranchial tooth patch; no paired basibranchial tooth patches. Lateralis system on head with very small pores, canals deeply buried. Lateral line on body a narrow naked tube ex- tending along the side to nearly the end of the tail. About 50, short, ventrally directed branches, each with a tiny flap at its end. originating along the lateral line. Pectoral rays 30, the fin rounded and ending considerably short of vent, scale-covered proximally, a prominent flap of skin above its base. Ventral fins with 2 rays in each, inserted behind the symphysis of the cleithra by a distance about equal to the vertical diameter of the eye; rays bound together for the length of the fin by tough white skin and bearing many small papillae on the rather flattened distal half. Median fins covered with thick skin, scale-covered basally. Caudal fin rays 10. Precaudal vertebrae 15. Neural spine on first centrum slightly shorter than those following; neural spines on precaudal centra rather blunt. Precaudal centra square in side view; caudal centra progressively more elongate. Ribs originating directly on centra 1 to 7 and on parapophyses from centra 8 to 15. Ribs on first three centra appear to be expanded and longer than those following. Epipleural ribs present. Color of head and body light brown; dark spots on dorsal part of body and dorsal fin. Ventral fin pale. Other fins darker than body. Spottobrotula does not appear very similar to any known ophidiid genus; however, its closest affinities may lie with Petrotyx, Luciobrotula, and Pycnocraspedum, a cluster of apparently related genera discussed by Cohen (1964a). It most resembles the first two in having a single, median basibranchial tooth patch and resembles all three in the form of its lateral line and in having at least 10 caudal fin rays. It differs from all in its higher number of developed gill rakers, its fleshy ventral fin rays, bound together for the entire length of the fin, its large pseudobranch, and its spotted color pat- tern. It may be further distinguished from Petrotyx, which has no opercular spine; from Luciobrotula, which has a more elongate head and body; and from Pycnocraspedum, which has 2 median basibranchial tooth patches and a spiny pre- opercle. Spottobrotula appears at least superficially similar to Brotula in several respects, particularly its compressed head, general body shape, and fin configuration, and in having a large pseudobranch. Also, juveniles of some species of Brotula have spots. Notable differences between the two genera are the presence in Brotula of barbels and the absence of a median basibranchial tooth patch. Also, Brotula has quite a different kind of lateral line, a series of small organs along the side of the body, which are connected by an imbedded, scale-covered canal. Andaman Sea. The name is taken from the Middle English word spotte, in reference to the color pattern. A single species, described below. 40 Spottobrotula mahodadi New Species (Fig. 64) Figure t>4. -Spottobrotula mahodadi; holotype, Kasetsart University 02842. Upper right, tooth bearing surfaces of vomer and palatines. Drawn by Keihn Hiratsuka Moore. Dorsal fin rays 101, not including a single, rayless, predorsal pterygiophore; anal fin rays 77; pectoral fin rays 30, in- cluding a small dorsal and a small ventral splint; developed gill rakers on first arch 3 + 1 + 6, rakers strong with a spiny inner margin, the longest raker equal to about one-half the horizontal diameter of the eye; longest gill filaments on first arch about equal in length to longest rakers. Vertebrae 15 + 39 = 54. Lateral scale rows about 165. Lateralis system on head marked by small pores, difficult to see; canals deeply buried. Supraorbital pores at least 2, suborbital at least 6, lateral at least 2, supratemporal at least 2, mandibular 5, preopercular an undetermined number. The following measurements are in millimeters, followed by percent of standard length in parentheses. Standard length 216, predorsal 52.0 (24.1), preanal 94.4 (43.7), preventral 37.9 (17.5), depth at vent 42.8 (19.8), head length 49.5 (22.9), horizontal diameter eye 10.8 (5.0), least pigmented interorbital width 13.1 (6.1), snout 10.4 (4.8), jaw length 23.8 (11.0), maxillary width 8.8 (4.1), pectoral length 29.1 (13.5), pectoral peduncle width 9.4 (4.3), and ventral fin length 48.8 (22.6). The lining of the peritoneal cavity is dusky; the stomach and intestines are pale. Pyloric caecae numerous, about 85. The liver is elongate, extending beyond the level of the posterior curve of the stomach on the left side of the body only. The swim bladder has a notably thick, tough wall, and an oval-shaped opening posteriorly. The unripe gonads are a pair of short, bean-shaped structures, joined together in the midline. Holotype and only known specimen, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, College of Fisheries no. 02842. Andaman Sea, Andaman Islands, near Baren Island. Taken with hook and line at a depth of about 40 m. ? 14-15 April 1970. The name mahodadi is an ancient Indian name for the Bay of Bengal. Typhlonus Gunther (Fig. 65) Typhlonus Gunther (1878:21; type-species by monotypy Typhlonus nasus Gunther). II Head massively inflated. Head and body soft. Mouth inferior, with protrusible jaws. Teeth granular. Developed rakers on first gill arch 10 to 13. Median basibranchial tooth patch single or absent. Eyes small or not at all visible at surface of head. Opercular spine absent. Branchiostegal rays 7 or 8. Ventral fins with 1 ray each. Pectoral fin rays 24 to 28. Caudal fin rays 8. Precaudal vertebrae 13 or 14. Swim bladder single-chambered and thin-walled. Abyssal depths in the Indo-Australian area and the tropical Atlantic. The single described species, *T. nasus Giinther 1878, has been redescribed by Nielsen (1965). A second species, from the Atlantic, is being described by J. Staiger, J. C. Hureau, and J. G. Nielsen. Suborder Bythitoidei We include in this suborder (which is defined in the Key to Suborders) the following viviparous fishes. In the subfamily Bythitinae of Bythitidae are placed those genera with confluent vertical fins, which formerly were referred to Brotulidae. Many were considered to be close relatives of genera that we include in the ophidiid subfamily Xeobythitinae. The subfamily Brosmophycinae of Bythitidae contains genera with a free caudal fin. These also were placed in Brotulidae. The aphyonid genera, here treated as a distinct family, are characterized chiefly, but not entirely, by many neotenic characters. Aphyonids have been considered by most authors as members of Brotulidae. Various aspects of the reproductive biology of a number of species of bythitoid fishes have been discussed by Nielsen et al. (1968). Key to Families of Bythitoidei la. Most species with scales. Precaudal vertebrae 9-22. Swim bladder present Bythitidae lb. Scales absent. Precaudal vertebrae 26-48. Swim bladder absent Aphyonidae Bythitidae Gill 1861a Precaudal vertebrae 9 to 22. Swim bladder present. Anterior neural spine shorter than those following. Scales present in all but a few species. Developed rakers on first gill arch 6 or fewer. Key to Families of Bythitidae la. Caudal fin joined to dorsal and anal fins Bythitinae lb. Caudal fin free from dorsal and anal fins Brosmophycinae Bythitinae Gill 1861a Caudal fin joined to dorsal and anal fins, although strongly exserted in some species. Male intromittent organ with no ossified parts. Squamation on head and body variable, a few species completely naked. Ventral fins absent or with a single ray in each (except 2 in Thalassobathia and the fossil Propteridium) , closely adjacent (except in Thalassobathia, see below). An account is presented of the fossil genus Propteridium, although it is not included in the following key. A diverse group found from freshwaters to abyssal depths. Most species live at moderate depths. Key to Genera of Bythitinae la. Ventral fins with 2, short, fleshy rays in each (Fig. 66) Thalassobathia lb. Ventral fins absent or with a single filamentous ray in each 2 2a. Palatine teeth present 5 2b. Palatine teeth absent 3 42 Figure 66.— Short, fleshy ventral fins of Thalassobathia. 3a. Rear of maxillary rounded, not expanded (Fig. 67a) Stygnobrotula 3b. Rear of maxillary expanded (Fig. 67b) 4 Figure 67.— Maxillary bone in two bythitine gen- era. A. Stygnobrotula, note the slender, rounded posterior end; B. Oligopus, note the expanded, truneate posterior end. A B 4a. Neural spines on precaudal centra truncate Oligopus 4b. Neural spines on precaudal centra pointed Grammonoides 5a. Scales present on head 9 5b. Scales absent on head 6 6a. Ventral fins absent Hephthocara 6b. Ventral fins present 7 7a. Squamation on body absent or incomplete. Pectoral radials elongate Saccogaster 7b. Squamation on body complete. Pectoral radials normal 8 43 Ra. law teeth close-set and granular. A prominent skin flap with a pore at its end above opercle (Fig. 68) Diplacanthopoma Sh. Jaw teeth somewhat separate from each other and needlelike. No prominent skin flap above opercle Bythites Figure liK. Prominent skin flap on the head of Diplacanthopoma. &i Pectoral fin on an elongate peduncle Calamopteryx c'h Pectoral fin peduncle not elongate 10 I On Oircumorbital head pores large, a prominent median interorbital pore (Fig. 69) Pseudonus I Ob Cinumorbital head pores variously developed. No prominent median interorbital pore 11 Figure tilt. Large pores on the head of Pseudonus. I la Ventral fins absent. Preopercle with several sharp-pointed spines at lower angle Bellottia lib. Ventral fins present. Preopercle without spines at lower angle 12 12a Vomerine teeth in a triangular patch or a V-shaped or U-shaped band. Branchiostegal rays 8 13 1 2b. Vomerine teeth completely or nearly divided into two separate patches. Branchiostegal rays 7 . .Microbrotula 44 13a. Eye relatively large, 4 to 5 times in head length Abythites 13b. Eye relatively small, 7 or more times in head length Cataetyx Abythites Nielsen and Cohen (Fig. 70) Abythites Nielsen and Cohen (1973:82; type-species by original designation Bythites lepidogenys Smith and Rad- cliffe). Body short and robust, depth at vent 4 to 5 times in standard length. Eye large, 4 to 5 times in head length, slightly shorter than snout. Scales present on head. Opercular spine strong. Teeth granular. Palatine teeth present. Developed rakers on anterior gill arch 3. Ventral fins with 1 ray in each. Pectoral fin rays 22 to 24. Caudal fin rays 10. Branchio- stegal ravs 8. Precaudal vertebrae 13 or 14. Male with a stalked intromittent organ. Close to Cataetyx. See Propteridium for further discussion. Western Pacific and off Madagascar at depths ranging from 100 to 400 m. A single species, most recently treated by Nielsen and Cohen (1973), *A. lepidogenys (Smith and Radcliffe in Rad- cliffe 1913) (*Bvthites matsubarai Arai 1969 is a synonym). Bellottia Giglioli (Fig. 71) Bellottia Giglioli (1883:399; type-species by monotypy Bellottia apoda Giglioli). Xenobythites Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe (1913:173; type-species by original designation Xenobythites armiger Smith and Radcliffe). Ventral fins absent. .Several sharp spines at lower angle of preopercle. Scales present on head. Palatine teeth present. Developed rakers on anterior gill arch 3 to 6. Pectoral fin rays 22 or 23. Precaudal vertebrae 10 to 12. Perhaps related to Abythites. North Atlantic, Mediterranean, and western Pacific at depths ranging from 30 to 527 m. Two nominal species: *B. apoda Giglioli 1883, *B. armiger (Smith and Radcliffe in Radciiffe 1913), and perhaps another, undescribed one. Recent descriptions have been presented by Nielsen and Cohen (1968) and Maul (1976). The genus is being further studied bv D. Cohen and R. G. Gilmore. 4f, Bythites Reinhardt (Fig. 72) Bythites Reinhardt (1835:7; type-species by monotypy Bythites fuscus Reinhardt). Rodv short, depth at vent 5 to 6 times in standard length. Preanal long, anal fin originating on posterior half of body. Opercular spine strong. Teeth somewhat separate, needlelike. Palatine teeth present. Head naked. Developed rakers on anterior gill arch 0 or 1. Ventral fins with 1 ray in each. Pectoral fin rays 24 to 30. Caudal fin rays 10 to 12. Branchio- stegal rays 7 or 8. Precaudal vertebrae 14 or 15. Male with a stalked intromittent organ. Perhaps related to Diplacanthopoma. Taken off Iceland and in the western Atlantic from west Greenland to Florida at depths ranging from 200 to 800 m. A recent revision by Neilsen and Cohen (1973) recognized three species: *B. fuscus Reinhardt 1837, *B. gerdae Niel- sen and Cohen 1973. and *R. islnndicus Nielsen and Cohen 1973. Calamopteryx Bohlke and Cohen (Fig. 73) Calamopteryx Bohlke and Cohen (1966:2; type-species by original designation Calamopteryx goslinei). Pectoral fin supported by an elongate peduncle. Preanal distance long, anal fin origin on posterior half of body. Preopercle with a curved, anteriorly directed spine at the lower angle. Opercular spine flattened and flaplike. Palatine teeth present. Scales present on head. Developed rakers on first gill arch 2 or 3. Ventral fins with 1 ray in each. Pectoral fin rays 13 to 19. Caudal fin rays 8 to 10. Branchiostegal rays 7. Precaudal vertebrae 10 or 11. Tropical western North Atlantic and Galapagos Islands from the intertidal to 220 m. Three species: *C. goslinei Bohlke and Cohen 1966, *C. jeb Cohen 1973, and *C. robinsorum Cohen 1973. Cataetyx Gunther (Fig. 74) Cataetyx Gunther (1887:104; type-species by monotypy Sirembo messieri Gunther). Oculnspinus Koefoed (1927:137; type-species by monotypy Oculospinus brevis Koefoed). Scales present fin head. Opercular spine strong. Most species with a sharp spine on cleithrurn above upper pectoral rav. Lateral ethmoid variously developed in front of or below eye, ranging from a sharp, retrorse emergent spine to a bur- ried cartilaginous knob. Palatine teeth present. Developed rakers on first arch 3. Ventral fins with 1 ray in each. Pec- toral fin ravs 25 to 32. Caudal fin rays 8 to 11. Branchiostegal rays 8 or 9. Precaudal vertebrae 13 to 16. 46 Found around the world in tropical and temperate seas at depths ranging from the continental shelf to the abyss. Cataetyx is much in need of revision and is being studied by D. M. Cohen. In a recent paper, Meyer-Rochow (1970) presented a key to the species, taken mostly from the literature and containing many inaccuracies. He included two species that we refer to Pseudonus and omitted two species that were previously included in a distinct genus Oculo- spinus. We consider Oculospinus to be a junior synonym of Cataetyx, as specimens of the latter genus also have the retrorse spine on the lateral ethmoid that is the chief diagnostic character of Oculospinus. As here characterized, Cataetyx is highly diverse and further study may give reason to recognize more than one genus. For the present we in- clude the following 8 nominal species (there is at least one other, undescribed one): *C. alleni (Byrne 1906) (which has as synonyms IGrammonus leucos Osorio 1917 and *Oculospinus brevis Koefoed 1927), *C. bruuni (Nielsen and Nybelin 1963). *C. hawaiiensis Gosline 1954, *C. laticeps Koefoed 1927, *C. memoriabilis Meyer-Rochow 1970, *C. messieri (Gunther 1887), *C. rubrirostris Gilbert 1890, and *C. simus Garman 1899. Diplacanthopoma Gunther (Fig. 75) Diplacanthopoma Gunther (1887:115; type-species by monotypy Diplacanthopoma brachysoma Gunther). Myxocephalus Steindachner and Doderlein (1887:281; type-species by monotypy Myxocephalus japonicus Stein- dachner and Doderlein). Sarcocara Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe (1913:167; type-species by original designation Diplacanthopoma (Sar- cocara) brunnea Smith and Radcliffe). Scales absent from head and bases of dorsal and anal fins. Opercular spine strong. A prominent, pore-bearing skin flap over the opercle (Fig. 68). Jaw teeth granular. Palatine teeth present. Developed rakers on first arch 3 or 4. Ventral fins with 1 ray in each. Pectoral fin rays 21 to 28. Branchiostegal rays 8. Precaudal vertebrae 14 to 19. Found around the world in temperate and tropical seas ranging from the continental shelf to the abyss. This genus, which is much in need of revision, is being studied by D. M. Cohen. The following 8 nominal species are tentatively referred to the genus (there appear to be one or more undescribed ones): D. alcockii Goode and Bean 1896, *D. brachysoma Gunther 1887, *D. brunnea Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913, *D. japonicus (Steindachner and Doderlein 1887), *D. jordani Garman 1899, D. nigripinnis Gilchrist and von Bonde 1924, *D. raniceps Alcock 1898, and *D. rivers-andersoni Alcock 1895. Grammonoides Smith (Fig. 76) Grammonoides Smith (1947:343; type-species by original designation Grammonus opisthodon Smith). Opercular spine strong. Palatine teeth absent. Jaw teeth separate, pointed, conical in an irregular row. Developed 47 rakers on first gill arch 3. Pectoral fin rays 23. Branchiostegal rays 8. Precaudal vertebrae 13. Neural spines on pre- caudal centra bluntly pointed. Apparently close to Oligopus. Indian Ocean. Port Alfred, South Africa. A single species, *Grammonoides opisthodon (Smith 1934), based on one specimen in poor condition. Hephthocara Alcock (Fig. 77) Hephthocara Alcock (1892:349; type-species by monotypy Hephthocara simum Alcock). Ventral fins absent. Scales absent from head, which is very deep, and from fin bases. Head bones, including opercular spine, weak and soft; skin diaphanous. A very large pore-bearing flap over the opercle. Jaw teeth granular, in narrow bands on the vomer and palatines. Developed rakers on first arch 3 or 4. Pectoral fin rays 16 to 19. Caudal fin rays 6 or 7. Branchiostegal rays 8. Precaudal vertebrae 18 to 21. Derived from Diplacanthopoma. Indo-Pacific from Bay of Bengal to South America on the continental slope. This genus is being studied by J. G. Nielsen. Two described species and another undescribed: *H. crassiceps Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913, and *H. simum Alcock 1892. Microbrotula Gosline (Fig. 78) 48 Microbrotula Gosline (1953:218; type-species by original designation Microbrotula rubra Gosline). Scales present on head. Spine on opercle sharp and needlelike. Palatine teeth present. Developed rakers on first gill arch 3 or 4. Ventral fins with 1 ray in each. Pectoral fin rays 11 to 14. Branchiostegal rays 7. Precaudal vertebrae 11 or 12. Tiny fishes, reaching only about 45 mm in standard length. Possibly a shallow-water derivative of Cataetyx. Red Sea to Hawaii in reef areas at depths of 1 to 55 m. The genus is being studied by D. M. Cohen. Two described species (and possibly one or two others): *M. randalli Cohen and Wourms 1976, and *M. rubra Gosline 1953. Oligopus Risso (Fig. 79) Oligopus Risso (1810:142; type-species by monotypy Oligopus ater Risso). Gadopsis (not Agassiz 1845; not Richardson 1848) Filippi and Kolliker (1856:170; type-species by monotypy Oligopus ater Risso). Grammonus Gill in Goode and Bean (1896:317; type-species by monotypy Oligopus ater Risso). Verater Jordan (1919:343; type-species by original designation Oligopus ater Risso). Eutyx Heller and Snodgrass (1903:224; type-species by monotypy Eutyx diagrammus Heller and Snodgrass). Rathystorreus Howell Rivero (1934:69; type-species by original designation Benthocometes claudei Torre). Scales present on head. Palatine teeth absent. Developed rakers on first arch 2 or 3. Ventral fins with 1 ray in each. Pectoral fin rays 19 to 29. Branchiostegal rays 8. Precaudal vertebrae about 12, with most neural spines truncate. Maxil- lary expanded posteriorly. Oligopus may have been derived from a fish similar to Abythites, which it resembles in general body shape and in hav- ing truncate neural spines. The most notable difference is the absence of palatine teeth in Oligopus. Circumtropical at depths ranging from the intertidal to 346 m. The reproductive biology of O. longhursti has been dis- cussed by Wourms and Cohen (1975). The genus was revised by Cohen (1964b) who recognized the following 6 species: *0. ater Risso 1810 (0. niger Risso 1826 is a synonym), *0. claudei (Torre 1930) (*Grammonus mowbrayi Grey 1951 is a synonym), *0. diagrammus (Heller and Snodgrass 1903), *0. longhursti Cohen 1964b, *0. robustus (Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913), and *0. waikiki Cohen 1964b (* Microbrotula nigra Gosline 1953 is a synonym). Propteridium Arambourg Propteridium Arambourg (1967:130; type-species by monotypy Urenchelys douvillei Priem). Scales present on body. Opercular spine present. Palatine teeth present. Jaw teeth somewhat enlarged, relatively widely spaced, not granular. Developed rakers on first arch 3. Ventral fins with 2 rays in each. Branchiostegal rays 8. Pre- caudal vertebrae about 12, with neural spines rather pointed. Caudal fin rays 9 to 10. Dorsal fin rays about 80. Anal fin rays 63 or 64. This genus, from the middle Oligocene of Persia, is represented by very good material that we have been able to ex- amine and thereby supplement the generally excellent account given by Arambourg (1967). In most of the characters listed above, Propteridium appears to be a relatively generalized fish for the subfamily and must surely be close to the stock from which Recent Bythitinae evolved. Of Recent genera it is probably as close to Abythites as to any, differing most notably in having 2 ventral rays in each fin rather than 1 and in having widely spaced needlelike jaw teeth rather than granular ones. 49 A sin.de species. *P. douvillei (Priem 1908). Pseudonus Garman (Fig. 80) Pseudonus Garman (1899:169; type-species by monotypy Pseudonus acutus Garman). Head pores prominent; a large elliptical median, interorbital pore. Head depressed. Scales present on head. Oper- cular spine strong. Cleithrum with a sharp spine projecting above the upper pectoral ray. Lateral ethmoid with a blunt cartilaginous knob in front of eye. Jaw teeth granular. Palatine teeth present. Developed rakers on first arch 3. Ventral fins absent or with 1 ray in each. Pectoral fin rays 18 to 22. Caudal fin rays 7 to 9. Branchiostegal rays 8. Precaudal verte- brae 16. Derived from Cataetyx, some species of which it resembles, being separated chiefly by the development of the lateralis system on the head. Further work may show that species presently placed in Cataetyx should be transferred to this genus or that Pseudonus should be considered a subgenus of Cataetyx. Arabian Sea to Panama on the continental slope. This genus is being studied by D. M. Cohen. Known from fewer than a dozen specimens that are placed in 3 nominal species: *P. acutus Garman 1899, *P. platycephalus (Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe 1913), and *P. squamiceps (Llovd 1909). Saccogaster Alcock (Fig. 81) Saccogaster Alcock (1889:389; type-species by monotypy Saccogaster maculatus Alcock). Rarbuliceps Chan (1966:4; type-species by original designation Barbuliceps tubercularis Chan, error for tuber- culatus). Scales absent from head, reduced or absent on body. Pectoral fin supported by elongate radials. Opercular spine pres- ent. Jaw teeth granular. Palatine teeth present. Developed rakers on first gill arch 0 to 6. Ventral fins with 1 ray in each. Pectoral fin rays 14 to 23. Branchiostegal rays 8. Precaudal vertebrae 12 to 16. Males with a stalked intromittent organ. Perhaps derived from Diplacanthopoma. Rarely taken circumtropical fishes caught at depths ranging from about 100 to 800 m. The genus has been revised by Cohen and Nielsen (1972) who recognized the following six species: *S. hawaii Cohen and Nielsen 1972, *S. maculata Alcock 1889, *S. normae Cohen and Nielsen 1972, *S. parva Cohen and Nielsen 19727, *S. staigeri Cohen and Nielsen 1972, and *S. tuberculata (Chan 1966). TCorrected type-locality for this species: lat. 24°21'S, long. 43'54'W, 500 m. 50 Stygnobrotula Bohlke (Fig. 82) Stygnobrotula Bohlke (1957:1; type-species by original designation Stygnobrotula latebricola Bohlke). Head and body notably compressed. Anterior profile of head quite blunt. Maxillary narrow posteriorly. Scales present on head. Anterior nostril slightly above upper lip. Some enlarged jaw teeth. Palatine teeth absent. Developed rakers on first gill arch 3 or 4. Ventral fins with 1 ray in each. Pectoral fin rays 21 to 23. Caudal fin rays 6. Branchiostegal rays 7. Precaudal vertebrae 14, with pointed neural spines. Apparently derived from Oligopus. Found in tropical western North Atlantic reefs. A single species. *S. latebricola Bohlke 1957 (*Eutyx tumidirostris Boeseman 1960 is a synonym). Thalassobathia Cohen (Fig. 83) Thalassobathia Cohen (1963:1; type-species by original designation Thalassobathia pelagica) . Ventral fins with 2 rays in each, the fins diverging from each other and covered with thick, fleshy skin. Head and body compressed. Anterior profile of head blunt. Scales absent from head and reduced or absent on body. Anterior nostril lacking a tube and placed high on snout. Maxillary narrow posteriorly. Bones poorly ossified. Skin thick. Jaw teeth nee- dlelike. Palatine teeth present, but patch short. Pectoral fin rays 19 to 27. Caudal fin rays 10. Branchiostegal rays 7. Pre- caudal vertebrae 12, with pointed neural spines. Although the pelagic Thalassobathia and the tiny reef-dwelling Stygnobrotula are distinct in several important respects, they bear an astonishing resemblance to each other. We cannot say whether they are in fact closely related. Thalassobathia is one of the few bythitoids with an elevated anterior nostril. A low-placed nostril would not appear to have functional significance for a pelagic fish. :.l Caught in the tropical and North Atlantic and the southeast Pacific. Possibly living in association with a large scy- phoznan jellyfish (Harbison et al. 1973). Two species: *T. nelsnni Lee 1974, and *T. pelagica Cohen 1963. BROSMOPHYCINAE G&LL 1862 Caudal tin free from dorsal and anal fins, although the anal fin may be basally connected in some species (Lucifuga is particularly variable with respect to this character, having at most a very short caudal peduncle). Male intromittent organ with or without ossified parts. Squamation on head and body complete or not. Ventral fins closely adjacent, with a single ray in each. Mostly small, shallow-water, reef-dwelling fishes, some living in fresh waters. Key to Tribes of Brosmophycinae la. Male intromittent organ without ossified parts Brosmophycini Male intromittent organ with one or more pairs of ossified pseudoclaspers (Fig. 84) Dinematichthyini Figure SI. — Male intromittent organ (ventral view) in Ogilbia, a genus of Dinematichthyini; note the two pairs of ossified pseudoclaspers. Brosmophycini Gill 1862 Male intromittent organ with no ossified parts. Body completely covered with imbricate scales. Developed rakers on first gill arch 3 or 4. Possibly an artificial group. Key to Genera of Brosmophycini la. Scales present on head Lucifuga lb. Scales absent from head 2 2a. Anal fin origin well posterior to midlength of fish. Branchiostegal rays 8 Bidenichthys 2b. Anal fin origin at about midlength of fish. Branchiostegal rays 7 3 3a. Eye diameter equal to or greater than snout length. Maxillary strongly sheathed posteriorly . Brosmophyciops 3b. Eye diameter less than snout length. Maxillary free posteriorly Brosmophycis 52 Bidenichthy8 Barnard (Fig. 85) Bidenichthys Barnard (1934:234; type-species by monotypy Bidenichthys capensis Barnard). Anal fin origin far posterior to midlength of fish. Eye diameter less than snout length. Maxillary expanded and free posteriorly. Pectoral radials elongated, fin on a prominent peduncle. Jaw teeth needlelike, separate from each other. Branchiostegal rays 8. Pectoral fin rays 21. Caudal fin rays 14 to 16. Precaudal vertebrae 15. Cape of Good Hope to East London in tide pools. A single species, *B. capensis Barnard 1934. Brosmophyciops Schultz (Fig. 86) Brosmophyciops Schultz (1960:384; type-species by original designation Brosmophyciops pautzkei Schultz). Anal fin origin at about midlength of fish. Eye diameter equal to or greater than snout length. Snout rounded, jaws in- ferior. Maxillary strongly sheathed. Pectoral fin on a broad peduncle, radials not elongated. Jaws with some teeth nee- dlelike and elongated. Branchiostegal rays 7. Pectoral fin rays 25 to 29. Caudal fin rays 12. Precaudal vertebrae 12 or 13. Tropical reefs from the Red Sea to the Marshall Islands and Samoa. A single described species, *B. pautzkei Schultz 1960, another unnamed. This genus is being studied by D. M. Cohen. Brosmophycis Gill (Fig. 87) Brosmophycis Gill (1861b: 168; type-species by original designation Brosmius marginatus Ayres). Halias Ayres (1863:52; type-species by original designation Brosmius marginatus Ayres). Anal fin origin at about midlength of fish. Thick skin over head, body, and fins. Eye diameter less than snout length. Pectoral fin on a broad peduncle, radials not elongated. Jaw teeth mostly needlelike and discrete. Branchiostegal rays 7. Pectoral fin rays 26. Caudal fin rays 16. Precaudal vertebrae 16 or 17. 53 Temperate eastern North Pacific at depths of 3 to 256 m. Recent records and meristics have been presented by Follett 1970). A single described species, *B. marginata (Ayres 1854), perhaps another, undescribed. Lucifuga Poey (Fig. 88) Lucifuga Poey (1858:95; type-species by subsequent designation of Jordan and Evermann 1896, Lucifuga subter- raneus). Stygicola Gill (1863a:252; type-species by monotypy Lucifuga dentatus Poey). Scales present on head. Opercular spine flattened and weak. Palatine teeth present or absent. Jaw teeth granular. Pectoral fin rays 12 to 20. Caudal fin connected basally with dorsal and anal fins in some specimens, with 8 to 11 rays. Branchiostegal rays 7. Precaudal vertebrae 11 to 13. Eyes poorly developed, often not externally visible. Caves and sinkholes in limestone formations of Cuba and the Bahamas, where they are found in waters of various salinities ranging from fresh to highly saline. The biology of Lucifuga in Cuba has been studied by Eigenmann (1909). The taxonomy of the genus has been treated most recently by Cohen and Robins (1970). Three species in two subgenera are known; reports persist of other species in the Bahamas and Jamaica: *L. (Lucifuga) subterraneus Poey 1858, *L. (Stygicola) dentatus Poey 1858, and *L. (S.) spelaeotes Cohen and Robins 1970. Dinematichthyini Whitley 1928 Male intromittent organ with one or more pairs of ossified pseudoclaspers (Fig. 84). Head scales present or absent. Body squamation complete, partial, or absent. Scales when present imbricate or not. Jaw teeth at least in part needle- like, not granular. The distinguishing characteristics of Brotulina (including Calcarbrotula), Dinematichthys, Monothrix, and Ogilbia (including Caecogilbia and Typhliasina) are not at all clear. There are many undescribed species that can be assigned to these nominal genera and consequently scant knowledge is available of the range in variation of characters with poten- tial diagnostic value in defining genera. When additional data are available it may be necessary to realign the genera. 54 Key to Genera of Dinematichthyini la. Ciill membranes free from isthmus. Maxillary more or less expanded vertically at its posterior end 5 lh. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus anteriorly. Maxillary not greatly expanded vertically at its posterior end 2 2a. Opercle lacking spines Dermatopsoides 2b. Opercle with sharp-pointed spine, sometimes skin covered 3 3a. Ventral fins reaching vent Diancistrus 3b. Ventral fins falling short of vent 4 4a. Branchiostegal rays 6. Scales absent from body. Head about 6.5 or more times in standard length Dipulus 4b. Branchiostegal rays 7. Scales present on body, sometimes imbedded. Head less than about 6.5 times in standard length Dermatopsis 5a. Anterior nostril rather high above upper lip, about midway between lip and posterior nostril (Fig. 89) Dinematichthys 5b. Anterior nostril closer to upper lip 6 Figure H9. — Head of Dinematichthys showing the anterior nostril placed high above the upper lip. 6a. Branchiostegal rays 8. Scales on body scarcely imbricate Gunterichthys 6b. Branchiostegal rays 7 (rarely 8 on one side). Scales on body imbricate in most species 7 7a. Male intromittent organ with one pair of pseudoclaspers. Head naked Monothrix 7b. Male intromittent organ with two or more pairs of pseudoclaspers. Head usually with scales, naked in a few species 8 55 8a. Largest pseudoclasper a compressed lobe (Fig. 84) Ogilbia 8b. Largest pseudoclasper a rather rounded prong (Fig. 90) Brotulina Figure 9(1. — Male intromittent organ (ventral view) in Brotulina; note that the largest pseudoclaspers are rounded prongs. Brotulina Fowler (Fig. 91) Rmtulina Fowler (1946:195; type-species by original designation Brotulina fusca Fowler). Calcarbmtula Fowler (1946:193; type-species by original designation Calcarbrotula erythrea Fowler). Body scales imbricate. Head scales present on cheeks, absent from opercle. Gill membranes free from isthmus. A sharp spine present on opercle. Anterior nostril low, close to upper lip. Maxillary expanded posteriorly, its rear margin rounded. Intromittent organ of male with 2 pairs of pseudoclaspers, the largest rather rounded and pronglike (Fig. 90). Developed rakers on first gill arch 3. Branchiostegal rays 7. Caudal fin rays 12. Precaudal vertebrae 10 or 11, some neural spines bluntly rounded to truncate. Probably widespread on Indo-Pacific reefs. The holotypes representing the first two names listed below are different sexes (fusca is a male) from the same locality and may belong to the same species (there is an unknown number of undescribed species): *B. erythrea (Fowler 1946), *B. fusca Fowler 1946, and 9 B. piger (Alcock 1890c). Dermatopsis Ogilby (Fig. 92) Dermatopsis Ogilby (1896:138; type-species by monotypy Dermatopsis macrodon Ogilby). Scales on body nonimbricate, absent from head. Gill membranes joined to isthmus anteriorly. Ventral fins falling far short of vent. Opercle with a sharp spine. Anterior nostril low, close to upper lip. Maxillary relatively narrow pos- 56 teriorly, not greatly expanded. Intromittent organ of male with one pair of flattened, pronglike pseudoclaspers, directed laterally at their distal ends. Developed rakers on first gill arch 2 to 4. Branchiostegal rays 7 (incorrectly given as 6 by Cohen 1966). Caudal fin rays 16 or more. Pectoral fin rays 17 to 24. Temperate and subtropical shallow waters of Australia and New Zealand. Two species were recognized by Cohen (1966), who reviewed the genus: *D. macrodon Ogilby 1896, and *D. multi- radiatus McCulloch and Waite 1918. Dermatopsoides Smith (Fig. 93) Dermatopsoides Smith (1947:361; type-species by original designation Dermatopsis kasougae Smith). Scales absent or nonimbricate on body, absent or widely scattered on head. Eye minute, 11 or more times in head length. Gill membranes attached anteriorly to isthmus. Ventral fins falling short of anus. Opercular spine absent. An- terior nostril low, directly above upper lip. Maxillary narrow posteriorly, not expanded. Intromittent organ of male with a single pair of rounded, recurved pseudoclaspers, directed dorsally at their distal ends. Developed rakers on first arch 3. Branchiostegal rays 6. Pectoral fin rays 17 to 24. Caudal fin rays 16 or more. Precaudal vertebrae 11 to 14. Apparently related to Dermatopsis. Shallow waters of South Africa. Distribution is discussed by Smith (1966). Two species were recognized by Cohen (1966): *D. kasougae (Smith 1943), and *D. talboti Cohen 1966. Diancistrus Ogilby Diancistrus Ogilby (1898:743; type-species by monotypy Diancistrus longifilis Ogilby). Body scales present. Head naked. Ventral fins reaching vent. Opercle with a small spine. Maxillary spatulate. Intro- mittent organ of male with a single pair of curved pseudoclaspers. Branchiostegal rays 6. Pectoral fin rays 20. Apparently related to Dermatopsis. Lord Howe Island. A single species, D. longifilis Ogilby 1898. Dinematichthys Bleeker (Fig. 94) Dinematichthys Bleeker (1855:295; type-species by monotypy Dinematichthys iluocoeteoides Bleeker). 57 Body scales imbricate. Head squamation variable, ranging from the cheeks only to nearly the entire head. Some species with densely distributed papillae on the snout. A sharp spine present on opercle, sometimes buried. Anterior nos- tril relatively high, about midway between posterior nostril and upper lip. Maxillary expanded vertically at its posterior end. Tntromittent organ of male with two or more pairs of pseudoclaspers, the largest a compressed ear-shaped lobe. Branchiostegal rays 7. Some precaudal neural spines truncate. Dinematichthys is the earliest named genus of its tribe; hence, its definition is essential to achieving nomenclatural stability. Dinematichthys iluocneteoides was described from a single specimen that apparently is no longer extant. A dozen of Bleeker's specimens identified as D. iluocoeteoides were present at the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie in Leiden but deteriorated and were discarded (M. Boeseman, pers. coramun.). A Bleeker specimen identified as D. il- uocoeteoides was mentioned by Gunther (1862) and is present in the British Museum (Natural History). We have ex- amined the specimen, no. 1868.2.28.65, and find that considering its shriveled condition it agrees reasonably well with Bleeker's description with regard to squamation and size. Bleeker gave a length of 70 mm; BMNH 1868.2.28.65 standard length = 62 mm. Counts also are in close agreement; Bleeker: D = 83, A=69, pectoral = 22 or 23; BMNH: D = 84, A = 68, pectoral = 22. There is, however, one important difference between the original description and the BMNH specimen. Bleeker noted a rather large eye, slightly more than 5 times in head length and slightly more than once in the interor- bital width. The BMNH specimen has a small eye that enters the head 7.2 times and the interorbital 1.8 times. Further- more, the BMNH specimen is a male with a prominent intromittent organ (2 pairs of ossified claspers, the larger a com- pressed lobe): no mention is made of this structure in Bleeker's original description. It seems unlikely that the British Museum specimen is the holotype. Among a series of unpublished Bleeker plates in Leiden is a picture of a fish labeled Dinematichthys iluocoeteoides (Tab. CCCCXL. VI, fig. 9; a copy of this drawing has been published by DeBeaufort and Chapman 1951, fig. 79). The il- lustrated fish has a very small eye that enters the head 7.8 times; perhaps it shows a species that is conspecific with the British Museum specimen but different from the species originally described by Bleeker from a single specimen as D. il- uocoeteoides. How then should the name Dinematichthys be assigned? Among the dinematichthyine genera with imbricate body scales and an expanded maxillary are a number of species that have the anterior nostril placed high on the snout. Bleeker mentioned in his description of D. iluocoeteoides that the nostrils were close before the eye. He noted also the presence of head scales on the nape, preopercle, and opercle. Al- though some species with a high anterior nostril have scales only on the cheek, others have scales covering nearly the en- tire head, or coverage intermediate between the two extremes. Furthermore all males that we have seen, which have a high placed anterior nostril and head scales, have 2 or more ossified pseudoclaspers, the largest of which is a com- pressed, ear-shaped lobe. It seems reasonable therefore, to restrict usage of the name Dinematichthys to fishes that fall within the definition given above. The possibility should be investigated that a high anterior nostril has evolved in- dependently in Old and New world Dinematichthys. Low placement of the nostril is typical of the Bythitidae. One exception is Thalassobathia, for which we have sug- gested an explanation. In the present instance we can offer no explanation related to function but note that the occur- rence of this character state is highly serendipitous for the taxonomist. Indo-Pacific and tropical western Atlantic reefs. Probably numerous species, of which apparently only one has been described. Dinematichthys iluocoeteoides Bleeker 1855 has been widely recorded in the literature; however, most occurrences are probably other species or genera. Reproductive biology has been discussed by Wourms and Bayne (1973). The genus is being studied by B. Walker. 58 Dipulus Waite (Fig. 95) Dipulus Waite (1905:78; type-species by monotypy Dipulus caecus Waite). Body elongate, head 6.5 or more times in standard length. Head and body without scales. Gill membranes joined to each other and to isthmus anteriorly. Ventral fins falling far short of vent. Opercle with a sharp spine. Anterior nostril low. close to upper lip. Maxillary relatively narrow posteriorly. Intromittent organ of male with a single pair of broad, convoluted pseudoclaspers. Branchiostegal rays 6. Pectoral fin rays about 20. Caudal fin rays 16. Precaudal vertebrae 22. Probably derived from Dermatopsis. Temperate and subtropical Western Australia in shallow water. A single species, *D. caecus Waite 1905, discussed by Cohen (1966). Gunterichthys Dawson (Fig. 96) Gunterichthys Dawson (1966:205; type-species by original designation Gunterichthys longipenis Dawson). Scales on body barely overlapping, absent from head. Eyes minute. Gill membranes free from isthmus. Opercular .spine slender and weak. Anterior nostril low, directly above upper lip. Maxillary somewhat expanded posteriorly. Male intromittent organ with one pair of broad pseudoclaspers, each of which contains two ossified supports. Ventral fin rays falling short of vent. Developed rakers on first gill arch 5 to 7. Branchiostegal rays 8. Pectoral fin rays 17 to 22. Caudal fin rays 12 to 15. Precaudal vertebrae 11 or 12. Northeastern Gulf of Mexico in shallow-water mud. The ecology of Gunterichthys has been discussed bv Dawson (1971). A single species. *G. longipenis Dawson 1966. Monothrix Ogilby (Fig. 97) 59 Monothrix Ogilby 1 1897:87; type-species by monotypy Monothrix polylepis Ogilby). Body scales imbricate. Head scales absent. Gill membranes free. Opercular spine present. Anterior nostril low, im- mediately above upper lip. Maxillary vertically expanded posteriorly. Male intromittent organ with a single pair of broad, compressed pseudoclaspers. Branchiostegal rays 7. Pectoral fin rays 22. Caudal fin rays 14. Precaudal vertebrae 13 or 14. with pointed neural spines. Australia and ? New Zealand; possibly more widely distributed. Possibly 3 described species: ? M. consobrinus (Hutton 1875), ? *M. mizolepis (Giinther 1867), and *M. polylepis Ogilby 1897. Ogilbia Jordan and Evermann (Fig. 98) Ogilbia Jordan and Evermann in Evermann and Kendall (1898:132; type-species by original designation Ogilbia cayorum Evermann and Kendall). Typhlias Hubbs (1938:132; type-species by original designation Typhlias pearsei Hubbs; preoccupied by Typhlias Bryce 1910 in rotifers). Typhliasina Whitley (1951:67; replacement name for Typhlias Hubbs, takes the same type-species). Caecogilbia Poll and Leleup (1965:466; type-species by monotypy Caecogilbia galapagosensis Poll and Leleup). Body scales imbricate. Head scales present or absent on cheek, absent from opercle. A sharp spine present on opercle, sometimes buried. Anterior nostril generally placed low on snout. Maxillary expanded vertically at its posterior end. In- tromittent organ of male with 2 pseudoclaspers, the largest a compressed, ear-shaped lobe. Branchiostegal rays 7. Pre- caudal neural spines pointed. Found in tropical American reefs, in freshwater Yucatan caves, and in brackish water in the Galapagos. Probably oc- curring in the Indo-Pacific as well. Six described species may be ascribed to this genus. There are numerous undescribed ones. Reproductive biology has been described by Suarez (1975) and the comparative ecology of 2 Galapagos species has been discussed by van Mol (1967). The genus is being studied by B. Walker. The species are: *0. cayorum Evermann and Kendall 1898, *0. deroyi (Poll and van Mol 1966), *0. galapagosensis (Poll and Leleup 1965), *0. pearsei (Hubbs 1938), *0. ventralis (Gill 1863a). and 0. uerrillii (Garman 1900). Aphyonidae Jordan and Evermann 1898 Precaudal vertebrae 26 to 48. Swim bladder absent. Anterior neural spine equal in length to those following. Scales absent, body in freshly caught specimens enveloped in a thick, gelatinous layer. Vertical fins confluent. Eyes poorly developed. Palatine lacking teeth (except in Barathronus). Basibranchial tooth patches absent. Opercular spine weak or absent. Ventral fins with a single ray in each or absent. Musculus infracarinalis medialis distinct. Pyloric caeca absent. The aphyonid genera are notable for a number of neotenic characters, and convergence has been suggested. The prob- lem of how best to classify these curious fishes has been discussed by Nielsen (1969) in a revision of the family. Two genera among the aphyonids, Aphyonus and Barathronus, have the anterior nostril rather high above the upper lip, a character state that is typical of most oviparous rather than viviparous ophidiiform fishes. It is probable that the early stages of these two genera are pelagic, and although adults are caught in bottom trawls, they also are probably pelagic, although living close to the bottom. Either they never developed low placed nostrils, which would be a neotenic condition for a typical bythitoid, or the nostrils have moved up secondarily, which is a possibility, as the other genera in the family, apparently all of which are deep pelagic, have low placed nostrils. 60 Key to Genera of Aphyonidae la. I >ng rakers on anterior gill arch 24-38. Caudal fin rays 9 or 10. Palatine teeth present Barathronus lb. Long rakers on anterior gill arch 0-14. Caudal fin rays 6-8. Palatine teeth absent 2 2a. Pectoral fin rays 23-27. Anterior gill arch with a total of 23-26 gill rakers, 6 or 7 relatively long . . Nybelinetla 2b. Pectoral fin rays 9-19. Anterior gill arch with a total of 8-18 gill rakers, 0-14 relatively long 3 3a. Long gill rakers 3-14. Precaudal vertebrae 26-33 Aphyonus 3b. Long gill rakers 0. Precaudal vertebrae 39-48 4 4a. Pectoral peduncle normal. Caudal fin rays 8. Dorsal fin rays 48-50. Gill rakers 8 or 9 Meteoria 4b. Pectoral peduncle elongate. Caudal fin rays 6 or 7. Dorsal fin rays 68-104. Gill rakers 11-15 Sciadonus Aphyonus Gunther (Fig. 99) 99 Aphyonus Gunther (1878:22; type-species by monotypy Aphyonus gelatinosus Gunther). Mouth almost horizontal. Eyes small or not externally visible. Palatines lacking teeth. Long rakers on anterior gill arch 3 to 14. Vertebral centra in adults rectangular or nearly so. Ventral fins present. Caudal fin rays 7 or 8. Pectoral peduncle as long as broad, bearing 13 to 19 rays. Peritoneum dark blue, visible through body wall. Worldwide at depths ranging from about 900 to 4,360 m on or near the bottom. Four species: *A. bolini Nielsen 1974, *A. breuidorsalis Nielsen 1969, M. gelatinosus Gunther 1878 (M. mollis Goode and Bean 1886 is a synonym), and *A. rassi Nielsen 1975b. Barathronus Goode and Bean (Fig. 100) Barathronus Goode and Bean (1886:164; type-species by monotypy Barathronus bicolor Goode and Bean). 61 Ahxetcri^n Vaillant (1888:282; type-species by monotypy Alexeterion parfaiti Vaillant). Mouth oblique. Eyes deep-set. Palatine teeth present. Long rakers on anterior gill arch 24 to 33. Vertebral centra spindle-shaped in adults. Caudal fin rays 9 to 10. Ventral fins present. Pectoral peduncle as long as broad, with 21 to 26 rays. Worldwide at depths ranging from 500 to 3,500 m. Seven species have been described (another, from the northwest Atlantic, is being described by J. G. Nielsen): *B. (finis Brauer 1906. *B. bicolor Goode and Bean 1886, *B. bruuni Nielsen 1969, *B. diaphanus Brauer 1906, *B. maculatus Shcherbachev 1976, *B. pacificus Nielsen and Eagle 1974, and *B. parfaiti (Vaillant 1888). Meteoria Nielsen (Fig. 101) Xfrtporia Nielsen (1969:69; type-species by monotypy Meteoria erythrops Nielsen). Mouth oblique. Caudal part of body less than one-third of standard length. Eyes minute. Palatines lacking teeth. An- terior gill arch with only 8 or 9 vestigial rakers. Vertebral centra rectangular in adults. Dorsal fin rays 48 to 50. Anal fin rays 34 to 40. Caudal fin rays 8. Ventral fins absent. Pectoral peduncle as long as broad, with 13 to 15 rays. Taken in the eastern North Atlantic at bathypelagic or abyssopelagic depths. A single species, *M. erythrops Nielsen 1969. Nybelinella Nielsen (Fig. 102) Nybelinia Nielsen (1969:22; type-species by original designation Barathronus erikssoni Nybelin; preoccupied by Ny- belinia Poche 1926 in tapeworms). Nybelinella Nielsen (1972:53; replacement name for Nybelinia Nielsen 1969, taking the same type-species). Mouth oblique. Eyes indistinct. Palatines lacking teeth. Anterior gill arch with 6 or 7 somewhat enlarged rakers, and about 18 short rakers. Vertebral centra rectangular in adults. Ventral fins present. Caudal fin rays 8. Pectoral peduncle as long as broad, with 23 to 27 rays. Eastern Atlantic and western Indian Oceans, probably deep pelagic. Two species: *N. brevidorsalis Shcherbachev 1976, and *N. erikssoni (Nybelin 1957). Sciadonus Garman (Fig. 103) ?< iadonus Garman (1899:171; type-species by monotypy Sciadonus pedicellaris Garman). Leucochlamys Zugmayer (1911:11; type-species by monotypy Leucochlamys cryptophthalmus Zugmayer). Mouth almost horizontal. Eyes small, sometimes not externally visible. Palatines lacking teeth. Anterior gill arch with only 1 1 to 15 short rakers. Vertebral centra rectangular in adults. Caudal fin rays 6 or 7. Ventral fin present or absent. Pectoral peduncle considerably longer than broad, with 9 to 14 rays. 62 Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, probably deep pelagic. Sciadonus and Leucochlamys have been considered separate genera based on differences in 3 characters: ventral fins small or absent; anterior nostril tubular or with a low rim; 0 or 2 fangs on vomer. However, a recently examined speci- men is intermediate between the two nominal genera. The differences between them are now so insignificant that they cannot be maintained as distinct. Four valid species: *S. cryptophthalmus (Zugmayer 1911), *S. galatheae (Nielsen 1969), *S. jonassoni (Nybelin 1957), and *S. pedicellaris Garman 1899 (*S. kullenbergi Nybelin 1957 is a synonym). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We have received much help from our colleagues in Washington, D.C., and Copenhagen, for which we are very grateful. Additionally, we have benefited from as- sistance freely given from every corner of the globe, without which it would have been impossible to com- plete this study. We thank also the custodians of collec- tions in Ann Arbor, Cambridge, Chicago, Gloucester Point, La Jolla, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Ocean Springs, Palisades, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Woods Hole, Lima, San Jose, Amsterdam, Bergen, Berlin, Edin- burgh, Florence, Funchal, Goteborg, Hamburg, Leiden, Leningrad, Lisbon, London, Monaco, Moscow, Paris, Reykjavik, Tervuren, Vienna, Wormley, Cape Town, Grahamstown, Bangkok, Calcutta, Hong Kong, Kochi, Tel Aviv, .Tokyo, Perth, and Sydney. Special thanks are due C. Richard Robins, who shared with us his knowledge of cusk eels and read the entire manuscript and James E. Bohlke, Bruce B. Collette, and C. E. Dawson, who also read and criticized the entire manuscript. Various sections have been read by M. Boeseman, G. Nelson, C. Patterson, and B. Walker all of whom we thank. We note that we have not accepted all of the readers' suggestions and that full responsibility for this paper rests with us alone. We acknowledge the efforts of Keiko Hiratsuka Moore, who prepared nearly all of the illustrations; George Clip- per, who made X-ray photographs of innumerable speci- mens; Joseph Russo, who prepared many alizarin speci- mens; Arleen McClain and Virginia Tucker, who typed several drafts of the manuscript; and Gregg Small, who helped compile the index. LITERATURE CITED ALCOCK, A. 1889. Natural history notes from H.M. Indian Marine Survey Steamer 'Investigator,' Commander Alfred Carpenter, R.N., D.S.O., commanding.— No. 13. On the bathybial fishes of the Bay of Bengal and neighboring waters, obtained during the seasons 1885-1889. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, 4:376-399. 1890a. Natural history notes from H.M. Indian Marine Survey Steamer 'Investigator,' Commander R. F. Hoskyn, R.N., com- manding.— No. 16. 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Monaco 193, 14 p. 68 INDEX TO GENUS AND SPECIES NAMES abyssalis 38 Abyssobrotula 22, 24, 25 abyssorum 25 Abythites 45, 49 Acanthonus 5, 18 acer 32, 33 acus 8 acutus 50 aequatoris 32 affinis 62 agassizii 35, 36 Alcockia 23, 25, 38 alcockii 47 Alexeterion 62 alleni 47 americanum 36 analis 36 Aphyonus 60, 61 apoda 45 aporrhox 14 argenteum 32 armata 19 armatum 28, 39 armatus 18 armiger 45 asiro 16 ater 49 atianticus 33, 34 atripectus 38 Barathrites 22, 25, 29, 37 Barathrodemus 24, 25, 29, 37 Barathronus 60, 61, 62 barbata 11 barbatum 16 barbatus 11 Barbuliceps 50 bartschi 35 Bassobythites 21, 26, 34 Bassogigas 24, 26, 32, 36 Bassozetus 10, 12, 17, 23, 27, 31 Bathynectes 27, 38 Bathyonus 22, 27, 34, 35, 38 Bathystorreus 49 beani 16 Bellottia 44, 45 Benthocometes 23, 28, 36, 49 bermudensis 8 bicolor 61, 62 Bidenichthys 52, 53 birpex 8 blacodes 14 bolini 61 boraborensis 8 bothrops 7 Brachydicrolene 28 brachysoma 47 brevibarbe 14 brevicauda 12 breviceps 8 breuidorsalis 61 , 62 brevis 46, 47 Brosmius 53 Brosmophyciops 52, 53 Brosmophycis 52, 53 Brotella 19 Brotula 3, 6, 11, 19, 40 Brotulotaenia 6, 10, 12 Brotulina 54, 56 Brotuloides 13 brucei 32 brunnea 47 brunswigi 26 bruuni 47, 62 Bythites 44, 45, 46 Caecogilbia 54, 60 caecus 59 Calamopteryx 44, 46 Calcarbrotula 54, 56 canina 7 caninum 33 caninus 8 capensis 13, 14, 53 Carapus 7, 8, 9, 10 Cataetyx 45, 46, 47, 49, 50 catena 38 caudalis 28 cayorum 3, 60 Celema 38 cervinum 14 Cherublemma 13 chickcharney 16 Chilara 15 chilensis 14 cinereus 9 clarkae 11 claudei 49 coheni 37 compressus 27 conjugator 36 consobrinus 60 corethromycter 35 crassa 12 crassiceps 48 crassus 37 cryptophthalmus 62, 63 cuspis 8 Cynophidium 6 Dannevigia 18, 19 dentatus 9, 54 Dermatopsis 55, 56, 57, 59 Dermatopsoides 55, 57 Dermatorus 38 deroyi 60 diagrammus 49 Diancistrus 55, 57 diaphanus 62 69 Dibrolene 23, 28, 35 Dieromita 35 digittatus 32 Dinematichthys 5, 54, 55, 57, 58 Diplacanthopoma 44, 46, 47, 48, 50 Dipulus 55, 59 dormitator 16 douvillei 49, 50 drummondii 9 dubius 8 Echiodon 8, 9, 10 elongatus 27 em me las 13 Encheliophiops 9 Encheliophis 3, 7, 9 Enchelybrotula 21, 25, 29 Enchelyopus 11 ensiformis 11 Eolamprogrammus 34 Epetriodus 1, 22, 29, 30, 31 Eretmichthys 23, 27, 31 erikssoni 62 erythrea 56 erythrops 62 Eutyx 49, 51 everriculi 20 exsilium 9 exutus 34 fasciatus 36 ferruginosus 11 Fierasfer 9 filamentosa 29 fluminense 17 fluminensls 17 fragilis 34 freddyi 29, 30 fulvum 16 fusca 56 fuscus 46 Gadopsis 5, 49 galapagosensis 60 galatheae 24, 63 galeoides 16 garmani 36 gelatinosus 61 Geneiates 11 genyopus 16 Genypterus 13, 16 gerdae 46 gillii 26, 27, 36 glutinosus 27 Glyptophidium 22, 32, 34 gnathopus 19 goslinei 46 gracilis 9, 38 graellsi 14 Grammonu.s 47, 49 Grammonoides 43, 47, 48 grandis 36, 37 grayi 16 gregoryi 29 Grimaldichthys 32 guentheri 38, 39 Gunterichthys 53, 59 Gymnotus 8 Halias 53 hancocki 9 hawaii 50 hawaiiensis 47 Hephthocara 43, 48 hextii 20 holbrooki 16 Holcomycteronus 4, 23, 27, 29, 32 homei 8 Homostolus 23, 32, 36 hopkinsi 37, 38 Hoplobrotula 18, 19 Hoplophycis 13 houlti 8 hubrechti 29 hyotis 10 Hypopleuron 22, 23, 34 illustris 34 iluocoeteoides 57, 58 im berbis 19, 20 imperator 35 indefatigabile 16 intronigra 28, 29 iris 16, 25 islandicus 46 Itatius 38 japonicum 32 japonicus 33, 47 jeannae 14 jeb 46 jerdoni 20 jonassoni 66 jordani 9, 47 Jordanicus 9 kagoshimanus 8 kallion 14 kanazawai 28, 29 kasougae 57 koefoedi 32 kullenbergi 63 kumae 36 lagochila 16 lalandi 13 Lamprogrammus 10, 12, 17, 21, 26, 33, 34 latebricola 51 laticeps 27, 28, 47 lelepris 13 lepidogenys 45 Lepophidium 14, 17 Leptophidium 13, 14 Leucicorus 3, 21, 34 Leucochlamys 62, 63 leucos 47 lineatus 35 litheus 32 70 longhursti 49 longiceps 36, 38 longifilis 57 longimana 29 longipenis 59 longipes 32, 36 lucidum 32 Lucifuga 52, 54 Luciobrotula 22, 34, 35, 40 luciosus 34 macdonaldi 37 macrodon 56, 57 macrops 36 macropterus 26, 34 macropus 32 maculata 50 maculatus 14, 50, 62 mahodadi 40, 41 malayanus 36 malispinosus 35, 36 manatinus 25, 26 margaritiferae 10 marginata 54 marginatum 16 marginatum 36, 53 marmoratum 14 Mastigopterus 22, 28, 35 matsubarai 45 melampeplus 38 melanocephalus 38 memoriabilis 47 messieri 46, 47 Meteoria 61, 62 metriostoma 36 Microbrotula 44, 48, 49 microlepis 14, 36, 38, 39 mircophthalmus 37 microps 26 microstomus 14 miles 38 Mixonus 27 mizolepis 60 Moebia 38 mollis 61 Monomeropus 35, 36 Monomitopus 23, 33, 35, 36, 39 Monothrix 54, 55, 59, 60 mourlani 8 mowbrayi 49 multibarbata 11 multifilis 28, 29 multiradiatus 57 muraenolepis 16, 26 myersi 21 Myxocephalus 47 nasus 27, 41, 42 nasutus 26 negropinna 14 nelsoni 52 Nematobrotula 11 Nematonus 27 Neobythites 24, 28, 36 nielseni 12 niger 33, 34, 49 nigra 12, 29, 49 nigricans 13 nigricauda 16 nigricaudis 28, 29 nigripinnis 35, 36, 47 nigromaculatus 36 nocomis 16 normae 50 normalis 27 nudus 38 Nybelinella 61, 62 Nybelinia 62 oceanicum 32 ocella 31 ocellatus 36 Oculospinus 46, 47 Ogilbia 3, 52, 54, 56, 60 Oligopus 43, 48, 49, 51 omostigma 16 omostigmum 16 oncerocephalus 27 Onuxodon 8, 9, 10 opisthodon 47, 48 Ophidion 14, 15, 16, 17 Ophidium 15, 16 ordwayi 11 Otophidium 15, 16 owasianus 8 pacificus 62 pallidus 36 Parabassogigas 21, 22, 24, 25, 29, 36, 40 Paradicrolene 28 pardale 14 parfaiti 62 Parophidion 15, 16, 17 parri 25 parua 50 parvibrachium 10 paruipinnis 8 paucidens 29 pautzkei 53 pearsei 60 pectoralis 27, 28 pedicellaris 62, 63 pelagica 51, 52 Penopus 23, 37, 38 Petrotyx 22, 37, 40 pheromystax 14 philippinus 19, 20 phyllosoma 39 piger 56 pindae 8 pinnata 31 pinnatus 31 platycephalus 50 polylepis 60 71 Porogadus 23, 25, 27, 37, 38 praetor 35 profundissimus 24, 32 profundorum 14 promelas 38 Propteridium 42, 45, 49 prorates 14 Pseudobythites 38 Pseudonus 44, 47, 50 Ptendium 28 Pterodicromita 27 Pteroidonus 28 pterotus 32 pullala 29 punctatum 6 purus 36 Pycnocraspedum 22, 38, 40 Pyramodon 6 quinquarius 28, 29 radcliffei 39, 40 randalli 49 Raneya 15, 17 ranieeps 47 rassi 61 reedi 10 remifer 31 rendahli 9 Rissola 16 rivers-andersoni 47 robinsorum 46 robustus 27, 28, 49 rochei 16 rostrata 25 rostratus 25 rubra 49 rubrirostris 47 Saccogaster 3, 43, 50 sagamianus 9 sanguineus 38 Sarcocara 47 schmidti 17 Sciadonus 61, 62, 63 scrippsae 16 Selachophidium 24, 33, 36, 39 selenops 16 simum 48 simus 47 Sirembo 18, 19, 27, 28, 35, 36, 46 siuicola 36 smithi 16 Snydendia 6, 7 Spectrunculus 22, 37, 39, 40 spelaeotes 54 spinifer 18 Spottobrotula 1, 23, 35, 39, 40, 41 squamiceps 50 squamipinne 38, 39 squamosus 32 staigeri 50 staurophor 14 steatiticus 36 stelliferoides 36 stigmatistium 14 Stygicola 54 Stygnobrotula 5, 43, 51 subarmatus 38 subterraneus 54 taenia 27 talboti 57 Tauredophidium 4, 5, 17, 18, 20 taylori 15 Tetranematopus 36 Thalassobathia 5, 42, 43, 51, 58 torvus 36 townsendi 11 trichiurus 38 tristis 29 tubercularis 50 tuberculata 3, 50 tuberculatus 50 tumidirostris 51 tusca 19 Typhlias 60 Typhliasina 54, 60 Typhlonus 21, 41 Umalius 19 umbratilis 9 unimaculatus 36 Urenchelys 49 vaillanti 29 variegatus 8 vassali 17 ventralis 6, 7, 60 Verater 49 ve. micularis 9 uerrillii 60 vitaizi 36 Volcanus ; 35 waikiki 49 Watasea 36 welshi 16 Xenobythites 45 Xiphiurus 13 Xyelacyba 5, 17, 18, 20 zenkevitchi 27 TA .'!88. Proceedings of the first U.S. -Japan meeting on aquaculture at Tok; '. Japan, October 18-19, 1971. William N. Shaw (editor). (18 papers, 14 authors.) February 1974, iii + 133 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 392. Fishery publications, calendar year 1974: Lists and indexes. By Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Kngett. June 1975, iv + 27 p.. 1 fig. 389. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Crustacea: Decapoda. By Austin B. Williams. April 1974, iii + 50 p.. Ill figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 390. Fishery publications, calendar year 1973: Lists and indexes. By Mary Ellen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. September 1974, iv + 14 p., 1 fig. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 391. Calanoid copepods of the genera Spinocalanus and Mimocalanus from the central Arctic Ocean, with a review of the Spinocalanidae. By David M. Damkaer. June 1975, x + 88 p., 225 figs., 4 tables. For sale 393. Cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory and study — Texas: Area description. By Richard A. Diener. September 1975. vi + 129 p.. 55 figs.. 26 tables. 394. Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States. Tar- digrada. Kv [.eland W. Pollock. May 1976, iii + 25 p.. figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 395. Report of a colloquium on larval fish mortality studies and their relation to fishery research, January 1975. By John R. Hunter. May 1976, iii + 5 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. 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