Agriculture Canada Guide to the identification of plant macrofossils in Canadian peatlands m Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada - Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada http://www.archive.org/details/guidetoidentificOOIves Guide to the identification of plant macrofossils in Canadian peatlands P.E.M. Levesque H. Dinel A. Larouche1 Land Resource Research Centre Ottawa, Ontario Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication No. 1817 1988 ^aleobiogeography and Palynology Laboratory Department of Geography University of Montreal Montreal, P.Q. ®Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1988 Available in Canada through Authorized Bookstore Agents and other bookstores or by mail from Canadian Government Publishing Centre Supply and Services Canada Ottawa, Canada K 1 A 0S9 Catalogue No. A15-1817/1988E ISBN 0-660-92289-4 Price subject to change without notice. Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Levesque, P. E. M. Guide to the identification of plant macrofossils in Canadian peatlands (Publication ; 1817E) Issued also in French under title: Guide illustre des macrofossiles vegetaux des tourbieres du Canada. 1. Bryophytes, Fossil--Identification. 2. Paleobotany-Canada. 3. Peatlands--Canada. I. Dinel, H. (Henri, 1950 II. Larouche, A. III. Title. IV. Series: Publication (Canada. Agriculture Canada). English; 1817E. QE959.L4 1987 56r.8,0971 C87 099205 8 Staff editor: Sheilah V. Balchin CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v INTRODUCTION 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3 Choice of materials 3 Preparation of reference materials 3 Macrofossil inventory procedure 4 Qualitative analysis of macrofossils 4 Quantitative analysis of macrofossils and definition of assemblages 4 GLOSSARY 9 REFERENCES 15 IDENTIFICATION KEYS TO PLANT MACROFOSSILS IN PEATS 17 General key to plant macrofossils 17 Key to elongate structures 17 Key to leaves 21 Key to seeds 24 Complementary key 28 MACROPHOTOGRAPHS 31 Reference materials 31 Macrofossil assemblages 43 LIST OFTAXA ILLUSTRATED IN THE GUIDE 63 in ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors acknowledge Dr. MA. Geurts of University of Ottawa and Dr. F. Comtois of University of Montreal for their helpful comments and suggestions, and Dr. P.J.H. Richard of University of Montreal for his support and encouragement. INTRODUCTION In 1974, when the Land Resource Research Centre (Centre de recherche sur les terres) initiated its study of peats and peat soils, the level of knowledge in this field was sparse. There was no basic reference work and no identification guide to support any efforts at characterization of peat soils or to permit the identification of macrofossils or peat materials. Then, as now, except for the publications bv Grosse- Brauckmann (1972, 1974, and 1976) there was a scarcity of work devoted to the identification of plant macrofossils in peat. The elements of the present report were compiled over the years as our own paleo- botanical, ecological, and pedological research on peatlands progressed. We are pleased to share the fruits of our labors with others associated, whether closely or remotely, with peat exploita- tion who feel the need for reference work for use in identifying and differentiating peat materials. The objective behind the preparation and publication of this guide was to assist prospectors, pedologists, and other potential users in identi- fying the plant remains and peat materials commonly encountered in Canadian peatlands The guide lists the most representative peat materials found during the exploration of more than 50 organic deposits in Canada, particularly in eastern Canada, as well as macrofossil analyses for some 30 deposits. In order to facilitate the identification and the registration of differen- tiating features, the macrofossil assemblages are grouped in terms of their initial association. The elements of fresh plant materials have also been added in order to ensure an improved botanical coverage and a more precise identification of the macroremains. The macrofossils are treated individually for identification purposes. They are then replaced in their respective natural assemblages in order to maintain the botanical and ecological relation- ships useful in the establishment of the principal types of peat and peat materials. The photographs of the macrofossils and the reference elements, accompanied by their identi- fication, form the essential features of the guide. The glossary ensures a better understanding of the terminology used, as well as a precise and more appropriate utilization of the descriptions and distinctive characteristics of the plant macroremains. The identification keys are intended to facili- tate the identification procedure. They are based on the nature and morphology of the fragments encountered and, when used in the context of our work, should prove to be very effective tools. We hope that the users of the keys will be able to contribute to their further improvement. The plants whose remains make up peat have been subjected to the effects of time and environ- mental factors while undergoing the process of fossilization. Thus, the peaty mass we see today is composed of elements that are more or less decomposed, modified, or transformed. A certain amount of segregation has taken place, and as a result, the elements encountered today represent the most resistant. The distinctive properties used to identify the plant macrofossils should, therefore, have sufficient resistance to persist for long periods of time. Although segregation of the materials introduces a slight deformation to the botanical component, this does not affect the exer- cise because the stated objectives are to identify and differentiate the different types of peat materials It would be another matter if our aim was to reconstruct the "parent" vegetation and its evolution in a particular ecological context. The level of identification of plant macro- fossils remains dependent on the conditions im- posed by the type of analysis possible in the field and on the means available to the prospector. The equipment generally used by a prospector consists of an ordinary hand lens (4 - 20X), and the work is usually done in unfavorable lighting conditions. Water-washing of the materials on a 150-pm sieve results in a more revealing examination. It is still possible to confirm or reject an initial identifica- tion by conducting a laboratory verification, using a binocular microscope at higher magnification. The guide lists 390 plant specimens, that is, 240 macrofossil elements and 150 reference elements. These elements are grouped under 22 families (40 genera), and are subdivided into the following four groups: Lignosae — four families (13 genera) Herbacae — five families (12 genera) Muscinae — nine families (nine genera) Pteridophytae — four families (six genera) MATERIAL AND METHODS Choice of materials The macrofossils inventoried or used here are linked to 15 types of assemblages. The under- standing we have acquired concerning peat materials, their principal composition, their distribution, and their relative contribution to the overall peat mass is the result of investigations conducted on more than 50 deposits located in the temperate zone of Canada, and of macrofossil analyses of materials taken from approximately 30 of these deposits. The materials sampled, which enabled us to identify 15 typical macrofossil assemblages, were taken from seven different deposits (Table 1) and covered six different types of peat landform. The desire to avoid repetition of the same types of macrofossils and to keep them within their natural assemblages was the prime motive behind our choice. Due to the insights we acquired in the field, and from the investigations of other authors, the 22 families (40 genera) of plants listed in this guide are in accordance with the botanical profile of the vast majority of the peatlands of the temperate zone of Canada. The peat material was wet-sieved in order to separate macrofossils larger than 0.450 mm that could be identified at a magnification of less than 20X, according to the procedure described by Dinel and Levesque (1976). This sieving step permitted us to remove the very fine particulates, as well as the decomposition products encrusting the surface of the macrofossils. It also enabled us to inventory the macrofossils in terms of their size, which greatly improved the quantitative information obtained. Organs of living plants were added to the macrofossil collection to expand the botanical coverage of this report. The additions comprise species which could be or have been found at one time or another in peat materials sampled by us. Preparation of reference materials The reference materials were collected during visits to various peat deposits in eastern Canada. The specimens were washed in water and cleaned of all materials that might obscure the distinctive morphological elements. They were then pre- served in a solution of formaldehyde, acetic acid, and ethanol (Johansen 1968). The specimens were lightly stained with a solution of methyl blue in order to give contrast to morphological ele- ments that would otherwise have been difficult to see. The treatment with methyl blue also proved useful in the identification of certain fossilized Muscinae leaves. Table 1. Provenance of typical macrofossil assemblages Typical macrofossil assemblages Peat landform Site Coordinates Lignosae-Herbacae Lignosae-Herbacae-Pteridophytae Herbacae-Muscinae(SH 4- DP) Herbacae-Lignosae (LA) Deltaic marsh Keswick, Ont. 79031'long W 44°12'lat. N Herbacae-Muscinae Pteridophytae-Lignosae-Herbacae Herbacae-Muscinae-Lignosae Muscinae-Herbacae Basin swamp Basin swamp Alfred, Ont. Albion Road, Ont. 74°49'long. W 45°28' lat. N 75°37'long. W 45°18*lat. N Muscinae Dome bog St. Charles, N.B. 64°57'long. W 46°38'lat. N Herbacae Herbacae-Lignosae Lignosae-Herbacae-Muscinae Lignosae-Muscinae-Herbacae Muscinae-Lignosae Muscinae-Herbacae-Lignosae Coastal high marsh St. Andrew, P.E.I. 62°50' long. W 46°22' lat. N Basin bog Raised bog Gable Head, P.E.I. Black Banks, P.E I. 63°33' long. W 46°26' lat. N 64°00'long. W 46°44' lat. N Macrofossil inventory procedure The methodology used in the inventory of the macrofossils may be divided into two steps. First, the botanical identification of the fragment was made, followed by the quantitative evaluation of the different botanical components that defined the macrofossil assemblage. In our study, how- ever, identification and the quantitative evaluation were done at the same time. the Lignosae, Herbacae, Muscinae, or Pterido- phytae group. The other levels of differentiation, however, assign to a macrofossil an identification that is progressively more refined and exclusive, and they demand a highei degree of expertise regarding the organs and tissues of peatland plants. Table 2. Levels of differentiation of the botanical origin of macrofossils Qualitative analysis of macrofossils The foregoing system enabled us to identify macrofossils specimen by specimen. It also made it possible to take into account the origin and the botanical nature of the macroremains as well as the degree of expertise of the analyst. All the macroremains inventoried are identified by an alphabetic code composed of two letters to indicate the origin and the botanical nature of each fossil; the code is used to identify the botanical components (B.C.) during the counting (Fig. 1). Lists I, II, III, and IV were established for this purpose. They are not exhaustive, and their contents can be shortened, added to, or adjusted, according to usage. Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Site: Depth: Granulometric fractions: Magnification: Date: Analyst: Comments: Field of vision component (B.C.) 1 n 3 4 c fi ■7 8 9 10 11 12 Total Lignosae Herbacae Muscinae Pteridophytae ALTER Fig. 1. Tally sheet The four levels of differentiation used in this system (Table 2) have the advantage of providing an identification of the macrofossils. In this way, the first level, being of an inclusive nature, allows the identification of a macrofossil as belonging to Groups Lignosae (LI) Herbacae (I IF) Pteridophytae (FT) Muscinae (MU) ALTFR(AL) Families Genera Species This way of differentiating the botanical ori- gin of the plant macrofossils and the macrofossil assemblages has led to the creation of several terms that allow the systematic grouping of cer- tain families within the context of contemporary plants. The first level of differentiation is divided into four groups (Lignosae, Herbacae, Pterido- phytae, and Muscinae) that correspond to the dominant plant groups encountered in the various peat materials. Next, the assignment is pro- gressively made to families, then to genera, and then to species. As a result of this process, the Lignosae group contains all the arborescent and shrubby vegetation; the Herbacae group encom- passes all the herbaceous families (Cyperaceae, Gramineae, Joncaceae); the Pteridophytae group is used in instances where the macrofossils to be identified may belong to the Fquisetaceae, the Osmondaceae, or the Polypodiaceae; and the Muscinae group is used for macrofossils that may belong to all the vegetal families contained in the Bryophyta division. Quantitative analysis of macrofossils and definition of assemblages The counting of a minimum of 500 macro- fossils is done on each of the three granulometric fractions retained after the wet-sieving of 30 g of peat material. The counting of all the material in these fractions is virtually impossible, so a sub- sample is taken containing a minimum of 500 specimen fragments, which are then spread out on a microscopic slide provided with a grid. Parti- cular attention is given to the proper spreading of the specimens on the slide in order to avoid overlapping. Fach of the fields of vision were counted, using a binocular microscope, until the minimum number of individual specimens is obtained In general, 10 or 12 fields of vision are necessary in order to obtain a count of 500 specimens (Dinel et al. 1983). After the counting of each of the three granu- lometric fractions is completed, this information is grouped in a summary data sheet (Fig. 2), which allows us to define the macrofossil assemblage being studied. According to the objectives of the study, it is possible to obtain more or less detailed information on the origin and botanical nature of the macrofossils, and on the relative frequency of occurrence of each of these fossils, in accordance with the degree of expertise of the analyst. This method is very effective for differen- tiating peat materials in terms of their botanical origin while keeping the dimensions of the macro- fossil in mind. In practice, the analyst would have a tendency to overestimate the importance of the larger specimens at the expense of the smaller ones. However, in paleoecological studies, this method allows us to collect more information on the total population of macrofossils, and makes it possible to obtain an improved interpretation (Dinel 1984). Site Depth: Comments: Magnification: Date Analyst: Macrofossil assemblage: Botanical component (B.C I Lignosae 1 1 < ■ 1 1 Muscinae 1'leridophytae ALTKR Granulometric fractions 2.(10 mm 1.00-2.0(1 mm 0.45 1.00 mm Sub- total Proportion (%) of the assemblage Fig. 2. Summary sheet List I. List of organs, tissues, and their codes English PVench Latin Code branch branchlet bract bud bud scale capsule collenchyma cone scale cortex crown epidermis fruit leaf leafy stem mesoblast needle node residual tissues rhizome rhizome scale root runner sclerenchyma seed sporangium stem strobile vascular bundle xylem branche rameau bractee bourgeon ecaille de bourgeon capsule collenchyme ecaille de cones ecorce collet epiderme fruit feuille tige feuillee mesoblaste aiguille noeud reste tissulaire rhizome ecaille de rhizome racine stolon sclerenchyme graine sporange tige strobile nervure xyleme ramus Urn ra me 11 us Re — Br gemma Ge — Eb — Ca collenchyma CI — Ec cortex Co — Cf liber Li fructus Fr folium Fo stipes-folium Sf — Me acus Ac nodus No — Rt rhiza Rh — Er radix Ra — Sn sclerenchyma Sc granum Gr sporangium Sp stripes St strobilus Sr nervus Ne — Xy List II. List of families and their codes Aceraceae AC Amblvstegiaceae AM Aquifoliaceae AQ Araliaceae AR Aulacomniaceae AU Betulaceae BE Brachvtheciaceae BR Bryaceae BY Capriofoliaceae CA Climaciaceae CL * Conifer CO Cupressaceae cu Cyperaceae CY Dicranaceae 1)1 Empetraceae EM Equisetaceae EQ P>icaceae ER Gentianaceae GN Grimmiaceae Gramineae Hypnaceae Hypericaceae Joncaceae Joncaginaceae Labiateae Lycopodiaceae Myricaceae Osmondaeeae Pinaceae Polypodiaceae Polytrichaceae Primulaceae Salicaceae Selaginellaceae Sphagnaceae Umbelliferaceae GI GR HY HE JN JO LB LY MY OS PI PO PL PM SA SE SH UM * Other taxonomic unit List III. List of genera and their codes Abies Acer Alnus Arnblystegium Andromeda Aralia Aroma Aulaeomnium Betula Calamagrostis Calliergon Car ex Chamaedaphne Cladium Climacium Dicranum Drepanoeladus Dryopteris Dulichium Elocharis Empetrum Equisetum Eriophorum Gaylussacia Glyceria Hylocomium Hypericum Hypnum J uncus Kalmia Larix Ledum Lycopodium AB AC AL AY AN AA AR AO BT CM CG CR CS CD CI DC DP DR DU EL EP EV EI GA GL HL HA HP JU KA LA LE LC Lycopus Lysimachia Menyanthes Myrica Mnium Nemopanthus Onoclea Osmunda Phragmites Picea Pinus Pleurozium Pohlia Populus Potentilla Poly podium Polytrichum Pteridium PtUium Rhacomitrium Rhododendron Rhynchospora Salix Scheuchzeria Scirpus Spartina Sphagnum Thuja Triglochin Typha Vaccinium Viburnum Viola LO LS ME MR MN NE ON OM PH PE PN PR PB PP PJ PY PC PT PU RO RH RY SL SZ SC SP SH TH TR TP VA VI VO List IV. List of secondary components (ALTER) Acarians ACAR Aggregate of fine roots of Herbacae AGHE Aggregate of fine materials AGAM Calcarius (calcareous) CALC Cenococcum CENO Charcoal CHAR Faeeis (fecal pellets) FEPE Gastropoda (one valve) GAST Helicoids HELI Mvcorhizae MUCO Mvcorhizae ectotrophic MYEC GLOSSARY aculeate Having very small prickles. Jv'Vr> g acuminate Tapering to the apex; sides more or less pinched in before the tip. alar cell Differentiated cell at the base of the leaf. alveolate Having the appearance of a honeycomb. 7&7?&Zfr .** ■-s* anasomosis Ornamentation on the surface of the bark or the tegument of seeds, composed of elongate rope-like ridges, many of which cross or touch one another (e.g., the bark surface of Chamaedaphne calyculata older than 2 years). areolate Having small spaces between the leaf veins. i Y >-< /V\' > T Y i i i i asymmetric Not symmetrical. barbellate Having short, stiff, hooked hairs or bristles. liiii canescent Having a fine, grayish white pubescence. . .... .i.^.^-. catenate Longitudinal protrusion, or keel, along the back of an organ (e.g., a leaf). collenchyma (pi collenchymata) A support tissue composed of living cells more or less elongate, equipped with an irregularly lignified primary wall (PI. 31-9). colliculate Having small elevations --< condu plicate The V-shaped cross section common to certain linear leaves (needles), e.g., the leaf of Juniper communis. cordate Heart-shaped. costa (pi. costae) Leaf vascular bundle associated with the Muscinae. cucullate Hood-shaped; having basal edges rolled inward. cuneate Narrowly triangular with acute angle toward base; wedge-shaped. cuspidate Abrupt, short, sharp, fir point at the apex. m cymbifoliate Having the form of a gondola or boat. deltoid Triangular. dentate Toothed, directed outward. elliptic Shaped like an ellipse; widest in centre and two ends equal. emarginate Having a shallow marginal notch. entire Having the margin continuous, or not divided by teeth or serrations. ephippium (pi ephippia) Protective capsule covering the fertilized ovum of Cladocera (crustaceans) (PI. 31-3). falcate Scythe- or sickle-shaped. fasicle Bundle of leafy branches joined at a point on the stem of Sphagnum sp. (PI. 30-12). flabelliform P'labellate, shaped like a fan. flexuous Bent or curved in varying directions. foveate Pitted. glochidiate Having barbed tips. granulate Granulated. o o ° ° O Q ° 0 O O O o o ° o „ o o o o Ml/ *-0Coc°o0-:-: hilum Scar left on the tegument of the seed after the detachment of the funiculus. hirsute Having moderately coarse, stiff hairs. Wt 11 10 hydathode Structure, modified from leaf conductive tissue, that allows the exudation of water through a pore (Scheuchzeria palustris) (PI. 9-9). hydrocyte A cell that covers the stem of Sphagnum sp. and which permits the retention of a large amount of water (PI. 31-1). insect elytra Chitinous, leathery outer wing parts that cover and protect the flight wings of Colcoptera (beetles) (Pis. 14-10 and 17-9). lanceolate Tapering to a point at apex; several times longer than wide. linear Leaf narrow and flat with sides parallel. lineate Marked with lines or stripes. Mil:! ! i 1(h) H lineolate Marked with fine lines. ■ . . ' • i , : i / J- i:i mesoblast A short stem from which emerge the needles in Larix laricina (Pis. 16-11 and 20-12). mu cremate A short, small, abrupt tooth-like tip at the apex. mycorrhiza (pi. mycorrhizae) Fungi living in association with roots of certain plant species. ohovate More or less ovate with basal end narrower. obtuse Blunt at the apex. oogonium (pi oogoniums) Organ where the female cells are formed in the Thallophytes (PI. 31-4), e.g., Characeae. operculum (pi opercula) Lid covering the mouth of a moss capsule. oval Broadly elliptic. ovate Having an outline similar to longitudinal section of an egg; oval-shaped. 11 peltate Having the stem or support attached to the lower surface instead of at the margin or base; umbrellalike. pX^ #%%#&% • « perigynium (pi. perigynia) Fruit envelope of the Carex group (PI. 19-9). pubescent Covered with fine, soft hairs, or downy. punctate Dotted with depressions or minute spots. pustulate Covered with pustules; pimple-like elevated area covering surface tissues. rachis Part of a plant bearing the folicles (leaflets) in the fern group (Pis. 31-1 and 30-3). ramate Related to branch leaf. reticulate Having veins or lines that form a network. JUUU retuse Having the apex rounded or obtuse with a slight notch. revolute Property of leaves whereby the edges are partially curled downward, e.g., leaf of Ledum groenlandicum . ribbed Having marks like a rib; ridged. rounded-obtuse Circular; not pointed or acute. rugose Wrinkled. scabrous Rough to the touch; prickly. scalariform Having transverse bars. s\ mm i_i i * ■ ■ ' ■ ■ -' 5» r ■lj, :. JLJ *Z sclerotium (pi. sclerotia) Asexual mass of fungal mycelia. scrobiculate Having numerous shallow grooves. semicircular Half- mooned outline of the transverse cross section of leaves, e.g., leaf of Pinus banksiana. serrate Saw-toothed, directed forward. 12 spatulate Broad and rounded at apex and tapering at base; shaped like a flattened spoon. sporangium (pi sporangia) Spore sac of a capsule. statoblast Discoid capsule covered by a chitinous membrane, used for asexual reproduction in bryozoans (PI. 31-7). stipitate Having or borne on a support, or short stalk. striate Marked with parallel lines. iHfcy*!^' . ^| I -- w ^ . «* • style Upper elongation of the ovary within which the pollenic tube develops. sulcate Furrowed, or grooved. nui.i tegument Seed case, or envelope. tomentose Covered with densely matted hairs. truncate Base or apex transversely straight or nearly so, as if cut. tuberculate Having small nodules. uncinate Bent at the apex like a hook. undulate Having a wavy surface. verrucose Warty. nflMteflteMaaaatoi (XC 13 REFERENCES Berggren.C. 1969. Atlas of seeds. Part 2: Cyperaceae. Swed. Nat. Sci. Res. Counc. Stockholm. 68 p. Conrad, H.S.; Redfearn, PL. 1979. How to know the mosses and liverworts. Dubuque, la.: Wm.C. Brown Co. 320 p. Crum, H. 1976. Mosses of the Great Lake region. Michigan: University herbarium, Univ. Michigan. 404 p. Crum, H.A.; Anderson, L.E. 1981 Mosses of eastern North America. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. Vols. 1-2. 576 p. Dinel,H. 1984. Aspects paleo-ecologiques et pedologiques du marais tourbeux de Keswick, Ontario. Montreal, P.Q.: Univ. Montreal. Thesis. 218 p. Dinel, H.; Larouche A.; Levesque, M 1983. Evaluation de deux methodes de quantification des macrofossiles dans les materiaux tourbeux. Nat. Can. 110:429-434. Dinel, H; Levesque, M. 1976. line technique simple pour 1'analyse granulometrique de la tourbe en milieu aqueux. Can. J. Soil Sci. 56:119-120. Fernald, ML. 1950. Gray's Manual of botany. 5th ed. New York: American Book Co. 1632 p. Gleason, H. 1952. The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. New York: NY. Bot. Gard. 3 vol. Grosse-Brauckmann, G. 1972 Uber pflanzliche Makrofossilien mitteleuropaischer Torfe. 1. Gewebereste Krautiger Pflanzen und ihre Merkmale. Telma 2:19-55. Grosse-Brauckmann, G. 1974. Uber pflanzliche Makrofossilien mitteleuropaischer Torfe. 2. Weitere Reste (PViichte und Samen, Moose u.a.) und ihre Bestimmungsmoglichkeiten. Telma 4:51-1 17 Grosse-Brauckmann, G. 1976 Ablagerungen der Moore. Pages 91-133 in K H Gottlich, ed. Moore — und Torfkunde Stuttgart. Grout, A.J. 1903. Mosses with hand-lens and microscope. Ashton, Md .: Eric Lundberg. 416 p. Harrington, H.D.; Durrell, L.W. 1957. How to identify plants. Chicago, 111.: The Swallow Press Inc. 203 p. Johansen, D.A. 1968. Plant microtechnique. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. 523 p. Katz, N.J.;Katz,S.W.;Kipiani,M.G. 1965. Atlas and keys of fruits and seeds occurring in the quaternary deposits of the USSR. Moscow. 366 p. Larouche, A. 1979. Histoire post-glaciaire comparee de la vegetation a Sainte-Foy et au Mont des Eboulements, Quebec, par l'analyse macrofossile et l'analyse pollinique. Sainte-Foy, P.Q.: Univ. Laval. These. 117 p. Levesque, M. 1981. Characterization and differentiation of peat materials in the context of peat soils classification. Proceedings of the organic soils mapping and interpretation workshop. Fredericton, N.B.: Agriculture Canada, pp. 76-104. Levesque, M.; Dinel, H. 1977. Fiber content, particle-size distribution and some related properties of four peat materials in eastern Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci 57:187-195. Levesque, M; Dinel, H 1982. Some morphological and chemical aspects of peats applied to the characterization of H istosols. Soil Sci. 133:324-332. Levesque, M.; Dinel, H.; Marcoux, R. 1980. Evaluation des criteres de differenciation pour la classification de 92 materiaux tourbeux du Quebec et de l'Ontario Can J. Soil Sci. 60:479-486. Levesque, M.; Millette, J. A. 1977. Description morphologique et aspects chimiques de la tourbiere a laiches de Farnham, Quebec. Nat. Can. 104:511-526. Levesque, M.; Morita, H.; Schnitzer, M.; Mathur, S.P. 1980. The physical, chemical and morphological features of some Quebec and Ontario peats. Agriculture Canada. LRRI Contrib. 62. 70 p. Marie-Victorin(FrereE.C) 1964. Flore Laurentienne. Montreal, P.Q.: Univ. Montreal. Press. 925 p. Murley, M.M. 1951. Seeds of the Cruciferae of north eastern America. Am. Midi. Nat. 46(1):1-81 Nilsson,T. 1968. Notes de coursde paleoecologie; Textes et illustrations (suedois). Sweden: Univ. Lunds. 63 plates, 238 p Watts, W. A.; Winter, T.C 1966 Plant macrofossils from Kirchner Marsh, Minnesota; A paleoecological study. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 77 1339-1360 15 IDENTIFICATION KEYS TO PLANT MACROFOSSILS IN PEATS The following identification keys have been developed on the basis of the morphology and nature of specimens encountered in the various peatlands studied. More than 100 taxa divided among 26 specimen types have been listed The purpose of the keys is to describe briefly the botanical nature and origin of a specimen. Starting from a general key, the user can deter- mine the specific key corresponding to the organic nature of the specimen to be identified. After- ward, within each key, it is then possible to establish a code composed of numbers which refer to the persistent descriptive elements of the macrofossil. Under this code, additional morphological elements can be found To identify a given specimen the following steps should be taken: 1. Using the general key, establish the specific key corresponding to the nature of the specimen. 2. Determine the code corresponding to the per- sistent morphological elements (classification criteria) appearing in the specific key. 3. Using the code obtained, refer to the key specific to the code obtained in (2) and follow the key indicators to determine the origin of the specimen. 4. Compare the morphological elements of the specimen to those of the key, making use of the macrophotographs. 5. When the foregoing steps are completed, it is possible that the identification obtained might not be satisfactory or that the user might come to an impasse. It will then be necessary to verify the choice of classification criteria (how the code was obtained). If the same result is obtained a second time, it could indicate that the specimen falls outside our classification criteria. The following is an example of the steps to follow in identifying a specimen. We wish to iden- tify a specimen that has the following morpho- logical properties: elongate, opaque, original form, dull, cylindrical, and nodulose (PI. 27-3): 1. General key: Go to (1) because specimen is cylindrical, subelongate; surface is glossy or dull; and nodes are present. 2. Specific key: Obtain a code composed of three numbers. First number: Tissue type = 2 for ligneous Second number: Node type = 2 for dot-like Third number: Surface type = 2 for dull The code is therefore 222. 3. In the specific key 1.0, go to 222; examine the following additional morphological properties: foliar scar, tri-verticillate, and longitudinal groove below the foliar scar. Our specimen is therefore most likely a stem of Kalmia angustifolia (StKAan). 1. General key to plant macrofossils 1. Specimen cylindrical, subelongate, having no bilateral symmetry, and more or less trun- cated at extremities; surface glossy to dull. Specimens subcircular, with loose tissues, and having one or more nodes. Stems and branches exhibiting foliar nodes or scars. (If they do not, go to 4.) Structure with leaves. (Go to 2.) (Structure includes stems, branches, roots, rachis, and rhizomes.) Key to elongate structures (p. 17) 2. Specimen flattened, often translucent, having several or no vascular bundles. (If specimen shows bilateral symmetry, it is a leaf; other- wise it is a piece of thin bark.) This definition includes leaves associated or not associated with branches and thin barks. Key to leaves (p. 21) 3. Specimen with outline more or less spherical to cylindrical; surface glossy to dull; usually having bilateral symmetry whose plane passes through the major axis. Length less than 15 mm (includes seeds, terminal buds of mosses, and unopened cones of conifers. ) Key to seeds (p. 24) 4. Specimens having other shapes. (These in- clude wood, bud scales, opaque bark, ephippia, epiderma, fruits, hydathodes, mesoblasts, root nodules, oogoniums, opercula, sporangia, and statoblasts.) Complementary key (p. 28) 1. Key to elongate structures This key was developed according to the type of tissue, node, and surface of the specimen. 1 . 1 Definition of classification criteria 1.1.1 Tissue type (1) Herbaceous: Soft tissue, includes herbaceous plants and mosses, generally flattened in the peat matrix; dark stems of Sphagnum sp. fall into this category; for example, fossil stems of Typha sp. (2) Ligneous: Rigid tissue, generally covered with bark, and retaining its original form in the peat matrix; for example, branchlets of Picea sp. 1.1.2 Node type The definition of node here corresponds to all external structures that give rise to a branch or root. According to the particular specimen, the node can take several forms: 17 (1) Annular-circular: Node corresponds to a ring-like feature, more or less broad, circling the elongate structure; for example, rhizome of Menyanthes trifoliata. (2) Dot-like: Node corresponds to an external mark: aerial buds and foliar scars; for example, branches of Ledum groenlandicum. (3) Absent: Without node. 1.1.3 Surface type Surface type refers to the surficial character of the specimen. (1) Glossy: There is no surface sculpture and light is reflected by the surface, for example epidermis of the stem of the Cyperaceae. (2) Dull: The rugose surface prevents the reflec- tion of light, for example stem of Kalmia sp. (3) Verrucose-tuberculate: Surface projections of more or less high relief are visible to the naked eye or by using a hand lens. The projections of the nodes, if they are sufficiently closely spaced, result in a tuberculate surface, for example branchlets oiPicea sp. (4) Striate-anastomotic: Small-scale tissue strands cover the surface. These might anastomose one another, for example stem of Chamaedaphne calyculata older than 2 years. (5) Other. 1.2 Key to specific identification of elongate structures 111 (a) Structure pale whitish beige. Internodal length rather constant (approximately 2 cm); root insertion points few, adjacent to nodes, and all on the same side. Remains of sheath-forming leaves over the nodes present Scheuchzeria palustris (Pis. 32-3,7-11) (aa) Rhizomes of other types Cyperaceae 112 (a) Diameter, approximately 1 cm; internodal length 1-4 cm; root insertion points scat- tered over internodal space. Nodes continuous, annular, thin, and well- delineated. Internodal surface generally dull Menyanthes trifoliata (PI. 8-9) Diameter < 0.5 cm b Absence of roots in internodal space. Stem pale or dark c Presence of at least one root insertion point d Stem dark. Insertion points corresponding to base of leaves. Stem partially scaly Polytnehum sp. (PI. 25-4) (cc) Stem pale. Node forming a thick and swollen ring. Surface distinctly striate (collen- chyma fibers) Calamagrostis canadensis Internodal surface nonstriated. Node clearly delineated and narrow Gramineae (stem) (Pis. 17-8, 19-2) Rhizome short, up to 4 cm. Presence of dot-like and annular nodes, closely spaced (approximately 5 mm). Roots, if present, black Eriophorum spissum (Pis. 8-7, 23-2) Rhizome small (diameter 3-5 mm), short or long; internodal spacing small ( < 1 cm). Nodes well-defined. Absence of hgnified strand-like tissues. If one or more of these characteristics do not apply to the specimen, record "Rhizome of the Herbacae";ifnot * Cypercaceae (Pis. 18-10, 18-11,21-6) (aa) (b) (bb) (c) iccc) (d) (dd) 122 (a) (aa) (b) (bb) 131 Structure pale, beige. Roots of the order N + 1 grouped and perpendicular to the roots of the order N (rhizome) Typha sp. (Pis. 9-5, 8-1) Structure pale, beige. Roots of variable types. Presence of hairs or projections on surface; if not, record "Herbacae" Cyperaceae (Pis. 17-11, 17 12,29-8) Stem dark, more or less reddish, spongy appearance. Foliar scars alternate, perpen- dicular, or nearly so, to the stem axis Sphagnum sp. (Pis. 14-8, 24-11) Stem dark, variable appearance. Foliar scars often formed of basal remains of leaves. If leaves present, refer to key to leaves; if absent Bryale(Pls. 15-11,24-1,24-3,24-6) Absence of root or foliar nodes or scars. Surface smooth Herbacae (stem) (PI. 14-11) 18 132 (a) Structure dark to black b (aa) Structure pale, contains at least two central ligneous axes c (b) Root network nondendritic, that is, roots of the order N + 1 attached in perpendicu- lar fashion to roots of the order N; roots of the order N + 2 rare or nonexistent; root diameter > 1 mm Osmunda sp (bb) Roots of the order N < 1 mm Filicinae (PI. 17-2) (c) Root network dendritic; no hairs on roots Herbacae (Pis. 13-7,9-3) (cc) Specimen clearly elongate and smooth Nodes, if present, point-type, opposed, more or less spaced, and usually circular, single vascular scar .' Filicinae (rachis) (Pis. 29-5, 30-1,30-3, 30-6) 212 Nodes annular, discontinuous, formed of several root-insertion points, internodal spacing approximately 10 cm; rhizome ligneous Potentllla palustris ( PI. 5-4) 222 (a) Foliar scars often tri-verticillate; longitudinal grooves below each scar Kalmia angustifoiia (aa) Other types of scars b (b) Structure black, more or less rectilinear, often intermixed with peaty sediments . . Filicinae (roots) (PI. 28-12) (bb) Presence of foliar scars c (c) Twig with small diameter (approximately 3 mm), rectilinear; alternating foliar scars Vaceinium oxycoccos/V. macrocarpon(P\. 2-5) (cc) Other different types of twigs d (d) Foliar scar clearly raised with respect to plane of branch Andromeda glaucophylla (PI. 1-9) (dd) Other types of (scars) e (e) Vascular scar, single, linked to bud by miniscule ramp; glabrous branch Rhododendron canadense (ee) Other types of scars f (f) Annual branchlet, pubescent. Plane of foliar scar at same level as that of branchlet Ledum groenlandicum (PI. 2-4) (ff) (1) Foliar scars only Lignosae (stem) (PI. 13-2) (2) Root scars only (axis often sinuous and with an asymmetric cross section .... * Lignosae (root) (PI. 18-12) (3) Root and foliar scars Lignosae (underground stem) (PI. 1-3) 223 (a) Branchlet, if bark present, verrucose; bud, if present, ornamented on each side by a guard scale, acuminate .... Vaceinium angustifoliumlV . myrtilloides (PI. 2-1) (aa) Other types of branchlets b (b) Branchlets, clearly tuberculate, each tubercule representing the support site of a needle Pieea mariana (PI. 19-11) (bb) Branchlet having a few lenticels, and with bud being carried on a projection larger than the bud itself Nemopanthus mucronata 224 (a) Branchlet longitudinally sulcate (sulciform) Larix laricina (aa) Other types of branchlets b (b) Annual branchlet finely pubescent; branchlets > 2 years, striated, anastomotic . . . Chamaedaphne ealyculata (PI. 1 -8) (bb) Branchlet marked otherwise c (c) Branchlet with opposing foliar scars Kalmia polifolia (cc) Annual branchlet with oval lenticels. Vascular scar: three bundles (fascicules), al- ternating foliar scars Myrica gale (PI. 2-2) 232 (a) Specimen black on surface, with a pale central axis . Filicinae (rhizome) (PI. 29-4) (aa) Specimen not black on surface, more or less elongate Lignosae (Pis. 29-6, 29-1 1) 19 233 Branchlet flattened, covered with leaves of two sorts Thuja oecidentalis (Fls. 4-5, 4-6) 235 Black specimen (diameter 5-10 cm) Osmunda sp. (rhizome) 20 2. Kev to leaves This key is based on the identification of outline type and margin type, the form of the apex and base, and the cross section transverse to the major axis of the leaf. 2.1 Description of the classification criteria 2.1.1 Outline type ( 1 ) Lanceolate-elliptic: Sphagnum sp. (2) Oblanceolate: Myrica gale (3) Linear: Larix laricina (4) Other 2.1.2 Margin type ( 1 ) Entire: Kalmia angustifolia (2) Dentate over entire margin of leaf blade: Vaccinium angustifolium (3) Dentate onlv near tip: Myrica gale (4) Other 2.1.3 Type of apex (1) Pointed: Picea sp (2) Blunt: Kalmia sp. (3) Lmarginate: Abies balsamea (4) Acuminate: Aulaeomnium sp. (5) Cuspidate: Plagiomnium sp. 2.1.4 Type of base (1) Cuneiform-attenuate: Myrica gale (2) Rounded: Kalmia sp., Chamaedaphne calyculata (3) Truncate: Dicranum sp. (4) Other 2.1.5 Cross section shape (1) Elliptic: Polytrichum sp. (2) Spatulate-linear: Osmunda sp. (3) Conduplicate-semicircular: Pinus banksiana (4) Revolute: Andromeda glaueophylla (5) Triangular: Pinus strobus (6) Rectangular: Picea sp. 2.2 Key to specific identification of leaves 11114 (a) Petiole and underside of leaf tomentose-woolly; upper leaf surface colliculate Ledum groenlandicum (PI. 3-3) (aa) Tip pointed-acuminate. Abaxial cover composed of straight, short hairs Andromeda glaueophylla (PI. 2-9) 11124 Petiole curved and offset with respect to the major axis of leaf; length < 1 cm Vaccinium oxycoccos (PI. 3-5) 11133 (a) Leaf opaque (coniferous), with scale-like form e (aa) Leaf translucent (Bryophyte) b (b) Costa single, up to two-thirds length of leaf; cell broadly hexagonal Amblystegium sp.(Pl. 22-11) (bb) Costa of a different type c (c) Costa double, terminating before first quarter of leaf; alar cells subcircular, well- differentiated. Leaves strongly cucullate at tip. Stem dark, red; junctions, if present, pinnate Pleurozium schreberi (Pis. 15-7, 12-11) (cc) Costa absent d (d) Branch leaf complex dark brown. Leaves glossy, with cells elongate and sinuous; alar cells showing slight differentiation Scorpidium sp. (PI. 26-1) (dd) Leaf cucullate, dull and whitish, detaching easily from the stem; leaf-blade com- posed of a network of complex cells Sphagnum sp. (PI. 15-1) (e) Leaves of two types on branchlet; presence of resiniferous vesicle on underside of leaf; branchlet flattened with an elliptic cross section Thuja occidentalis (Pis. 4-5, 4-6) (ee) Leaves all the same, possessing dorsal resiniferous vesicle toward base; branch with a circular cross section Juniperus horisontalis (PI. 4-2) 11212 (a) Leaf length < 6 cm Kalmia angustifolia (PI. 14-3) 11222 Leaf length < 1.8 cm Vaccinium macrocarpon (PI. 3-7) 21 11433 (a) Leaf plane, wrinkled or not, uncarenate, with costa extending beyond the upper half of leaf; branchlet, if present, hooked at tip; leaves more or less falciform Drepanocladus sp. (Pis. 21-12, 22-7) (aa) Leaf more or less revolute. Costa single, well visible, disappearing before reaching the apex. Foliar cells subcircular Aulacomnium sp. (Pis. 31-8, 32-5) 12112 (a) Leaf veins not reaching margin; petiole pubescent; resembling Vaccinium myrtil- loides Vaccinium anjustifolium (PI. 3-1) (aa) Veins obscure, petiole glabrous, presence of small dots (peltate), more or less glossy, on the whole leaf surface Chamaedaphne calyculata (Pis. 2-7, 4-1 1) 12222 Veins parallel and pinnate, terminating at leaf margin; margin crenelate Osmunda regalis 13133 Costa terminating slightly before leaf tip; paraphyllia and propagula present at leaf axes Climacium sp. (Pis 1 1-9, 1 1-12) 13232 Costa complete; margin doubly denticulate Mnium sp. 13431 Leaf often attached to stem. When unattached, base of leaf broadened and corre- sponding to sheath connected to stem. In the fossil state, denticulated portion at tip may be obscure Polytrichum sp. (Pis. 25-3, 12-7) 13432 Costa double and obscure at base of leaf. Several paraphyllia present at base of each branch. Branch leaves wrinkled and falciform; stem leaves larger than those of branch leaves. Branches pinnate Ptilium crista-castensis (PI. 12-4) 13433 (a) Leaves gently acuminate from base to tip Dicranum sp. (Pis. 12-2, 12-3) (aa) Leaves different from above b (b) Leaves cucullate and strikingly dentate at tip. Paraphyllia numerous; costa double. Branches 2-3 times pinnate in one plane Hylocomium splendens (Pis. 12-5, 12-6) (bb) Leaves falciform, smooth to weakly wrinkled. Costa absent * Hypnum sp. (PI. 12-8) 13532 Costa complete; foliar cells polygonal; margin simply denticulate Plagiomnium sp. (PI. 12-1) 23212 Presence of tiny glandular hairs (white in fossil state) on both sides of leaf Myrica gale (P\s. 5-3,5-1,3-2, 30-11) 31114 (a) Leaf outline spatulate-linear; width approximately 2 mm; surface glossy in fossil state Taxus canadensis (PI. 5-7) (aa) Leaf outline different from above b (b) Apex pointed-acuminate. Abaxial surface composed of straight hairs Andromeda glaucophylla (PI. 2-9) (bb) Apex pointed-blunt. Abaxial surface composed of curved hairs (in the fossil state, there is a possibility of confusion with (b)) Kalmia polifolia (PI. 15-5) 22 31136 (a) Resiniferous canals intermittent. Some canal-associated swelling apparent on sur- face Picea glauca (PI. 5-10) (aa) Resiniferous canals continuous. Two continuous lines sometimes visible on surface Picea mariana (Pis. 15-2, 5-6, 5-12) 31245 Leaves attenuate in long direction from base toward tip. Leaf base often curved. Petiole included within overall length of leaf. Resiniferous canals laterally exiting (12X) Larix laricina (PI. 17-3) 31341 Leaf base flattened, pad-like Abies balsamea 31433 Leaf opaque, with a whitish row of stomata underneath Juniperus communis (PI. 6-1) 32135 (a) Resiniferous canals visible on smooth face of leaf Pinus resinosa (aa) Resiniferous canals not visible Pinus banksiana (PI. 5-8) 32145 Leaves usually denticulate on the three corners at apex; base often decomposed and polymorphic in peat matrix Cyperaceae 33212 Leaf glossy in fossil state. Petiole generally straight and offset with respect to leaf axis Tsuga canadensis 41133 (a) Leaf spiny, without resiniferous vesicle Lycopodium sp. (PI. 31-10) (aa) Leaf spiny, with resiniferous vesicle on dorsal face Thuja occidentalis 23 3. Kev to seeds This key is based on identification of the out- line characteristics, shape of cross section per- pendicular to the major axis of the specimen, and type of surface relief. It is used for the identi- fication of seeds and of plant structures that might resemble seeds. In determining the character- istics that follow, no consideration has been given to appendices or projections. 3.1 Description of the classification criteria 3.1.1 Outline characteristics (1) Circular: Menyanthes trifoliata (2) Angular: Chamaedaphne calyculata (3) Elliptic: Andromeda glaucophylla (4) Lanceolate: Picea sp. (5) Elongate-linear: Ledum groenlandicum 3.1.2 Shape of cross section perpendicular to the major axis of the specimen (1) Circular: Cenococcum sp. (2) Triangular: Carex oligosperma (3) Elongate-elliptic: Abies balsamea 3.1.3 Type of surface relief The characteristics of the seed surface are important. They should be examined on the flattened surfaces (if possible), far from the hilum, if present, and at a magnification of 10X (hand lens). The illustrated glossary contains examples of the types of relief. Five alternatives are proposed: (1) Glossy: An absence of any structure capable of defracting the illumination light must be noted. A luminous point must be apparent on the surface of the seed At higher magnifi- cation, there might be a network of some kind visible, but this detail is not taken into account, for example Menyanthes trifoliata (2) Dull: The tegument surface reflects little or no light. The outline of the luminous point defined in (1) is either scarcely visible or absent; type example: Scirpus americanus (3) Reticulate, colliculate, scalariform An apparent relief prevents the surface from being regular, for example Chamaedaphne calculata. (4) Sulcate: For example, Pinus banksiana (5) Others. 3.2 112 (a) (aa) 131 (a) (aa) 132 (a) (aa) (b) (bb) (c) (cc) 212 Key to specific identification of seeds Seed wrinkled close to hilum; hilum covering almost one quarter of surface. Tegu- ment sometimes corrugate Taxus canadensis (PI. 7-2) Specimen black, subspherical, having no visible features on the surface. Diameter 0.3-5 mm. Belongs to a lower fungus order Cenococcum geophilum (PI. 31-12) Seed having hilum at edge, with a thick tegument. In the fossil state seed often broken in half Menyanthes trifoliata (PI. 9-11) Seed usually black, with slightly concave surface. In the fossil state seed often with a few spiked bristles at one of extremities Polygonum lapathifolium (PI. 1 1-8) Seed having an appendage at each end b Other types of seeds c Seed having a narrowing trend toward base, forming an appendix; turgid appear- ance near tip Carex stipata (PI. 10-6, 13-6) Other types of seeds, with blunt tip and base more or less stipitate Carex stricta Seed, usually brown-beige; hilum located on one more or less Hat surface '. Potentilla palustris (PI. 6-9) Seed with a "trap-door" at side Potamogeton sp. (PI. 31-5) Structure more or less cylindrical, composed of several rows of scales Larix laricina (mesoblast) (PI. 16-11) 24 222 (a) Small seed (approximately 1 mm); at higher magnification, tegument is reticulate Vaecinium myrtilloides (PI. 6-4) (aa) Seed (approximately 3 mm) with flattened base and bent style Carex oligosperma (PI. 10-10) 223 Seed having a scalariform network over at least one face, often resembling the shape of a piece of pie Chamaedaphne calyculata (PI. 6-2) 232 (a) Seed having elongated resiniferous pockets up to and beyond half the seed length - Abies balsamea (aa) Seed shriveled lengthwise, with a noticeable fold or crease in the middle; style per- sistent Carex crinita (PI. 1 1-4) 312 (a) Specimen composed of less than 10 scales; tip of at least the first two scales upturned slightly (opposed) Thuja oeeidentalis (cone) (aa) Specimen composed of more than 12 scales b (b) Specimen elongate and cylindrical, in excess of 2.5 cm; outline of tip of wing at least 1.5 mm from tip of scale Piceaglauca (cone) (PI. 7-3) (bb) Specimen more or less globular c (c) Scales thicker at tip, nondenticulate and subelliptic; top side of scale more or less smooth d (cc) Scales thin, subcircular, with a denticulate tip; top side of scale rugose Picea mariana (d) Traces of seed wings on concave face of scale parallel; bracteal subtending scale, emarginate and flabelliform Tsuga canadensis (dd) Traces of seed wings on concave face of scale divergent; bracteal clearly mucronate; cone well-preserved, embossed at base . . . Larix laricina (cone scale) (PI. 16-4) 322 (a) Seed truncate at base; style long and straight Carex limosa (PI. 11-3) (aa) Other seed types b (b) Seed approximately 5 mm; dorsal surface sulcate Nemopanthus mucronata (PI. 6-10) (bb) Other seed types, style persistent c (c) Seed corners paler than sides, approximately 1.5 mm Carex paupercula (PI. 10-5) (cc) Corners same color as sides; approximately 3 mm; perigynium pubescent Carex lasiocarpa (PI. 11-6) 331 Seed small (approximately 2 mm), with hilum on the edges at tip Andromeda glaueophylla (PI. 6-6) 332 (a) Specimen dark or pale, composed of an assemblage of leaves. (Partial desiccation is an aid in verification refer to Key to leaves) (aa) Unadorned specimen (seeds) b (Carex spp.) (b) Seed with angular outline; tip blunt; base more or less cuneiform; sides converging toward tip c (bb) Other types of seed d (c) Seed small; sides converging progressively toward tip; line joining tip to base, recti- linear from one side of seed Carex eephalantha (PI. 10-8) (cc) Seed with sides converging abruptly toward tip. Line joining tip to base, not recti- linear Carex exilis (PI. 10-9) (d) Seed with sides subparallel, having a subspatulate outline; style dehiscent, tip trun- cate, base angle < 90° Carex trisperma (PI. 10-12) (dd) Seed nonspatulate e (e) Seed with imperfect bilateral symmetry; style persistent, base angle < 90° Carex aquatilis (PI. 10-7) 25 (ee) Other types of seed f Tip blunt, base angle approximately 90° Carex canescens (PI. 10-11) (ff) Tip truncate, base more or less stipitate Carex chordorrhiza 412 (a) Seed speckled overall (length 3.8-7.5 mm), shaped like an elongated disk f (aa) Other types of seed b (b) Specimen pale, elastic when squeezed, composed of several leaves intimately imbri- cated and resembling a seed Sphagnum sp. (apical bud) (PI. 22-6) (bb) Other types of seed c (c) Seed truncate, pale at one end, cuneiform-apiculate at the other; length approxi- mately 3 mm Cladium mariscoides (PI. 26-6) (cc) Other types of seed d (d) Seed appendiculate at one end; sometimes partially covered by a membrane Larix laricina (PI. 16-10) (dd) Other types of seed e (e) Seed pale, with longitudinally arranged resiniferous pockets Juniper us communis (f) Seed length 3.8-4.9 mm Pinus resinosa(P\. 7-4) (ff) Seed length 6.0-7.5 mm Pinus strobus(P\. 6-11 ) 422 (a) Seed with triangular outline; length variable ( 1-2 mm to 2-3 mm) b (aa) Seed somewhat elongate in appearance c (b) Seed small ( 1-2 mm) f (bb) Seed somewhat larger, blackish, planoconvex g (c) Seed with blunt tip, without appendix; base slightly tapered and more or less stipi- tate Eriophorum spissum (Pis. 10-3, 15-6) (cc) Seed with pointed tip, with appendix d (d) Seed with blunt corners Eriophorum uirginicum (PI. 10-4) (dd) Seed with sharp corners e (e) Length < 2.1 mm Eriophorum gracile (ee) Length > 2.35 mm Eriophorum angustifolium (f) Seed corners paler than faces; tip of perigynium straight and clearly bidentate .... Carex rostrata (ff) Corners same color as faces; tip of perigynium curved; seed tip truncate and mucron- ate Carex flava (PI. 11-1) (g) Seed blackish; basal angle approaching 90° Scirpus heterochaetus (gg) Seed with basal angle approaching 45° Scirpus acutus I S. validus (PI. 24-4) 431 Seed glossy, with a more-or-less globular projection at tip . . . . 1 Eleocharis palustris (PI. 19-8) 432 (a) Seed dark b (aa) Seed pale c (b) Seed having some traces of resiniferous pockets; pockets small, length not exceeding half seed length Tsuga canadensis (PI. 6-12) (bb) Other types of seed; easily confused with Picea mariana Picea glauca I P. mariana (c) Seed tapered at both ends; clear demarcation between style and body of seed Rhynchospora alba{P\. 9-12) (cc) Seed truncate at one end. At higher magnification (30X), traces of the two fleshy wings of the fruit noticeable at base of seed Myrica gale (fruit without wings) (PI. 6-7) 434 Seed black, with a few longitudinal grooves on one of the faces Pinus hanksiana (PI. 7-5) 26 512 (a) Seed clearly elongate, cylindrical b (aa) Seed small ( < 2 mm), brownish c (b) Seed reticulate at one vnd and striate at the other Calla palustris (bb) Seed with triangular cross section at one end Carex pauciflora{P\. 11-2) (c) Seed with a very visible ridge (cord) traversing length of seed Vaccinum oxycoccos (PI. 6-3) (cc) Other types of seed, with a small black spot at each end Vaccinium uliginosum (PI. 6-5) 522 Seed pale, approximately 5 mm; dorsal surface sulcate (refer also to 322) Nemopanthus mucronata (PI. 6-10) 531 Seed tapered at both ends Carex sp. (Ovales) (Carex sp. two-sided) (PI. 18-3) 532 (a) Seed winged, with a few traces of elongated resiniferous vesicle Thuja occidentalis (PI. 7-6) (aa) Seed often with a few barbed bristles at base, extending beyond tip, or nearly so Dulichium arundinaceum 27 4. Complementary key This key includes the following objects: fruit, bud scales, opaque bark bits, wood fragments, mesoblasts, oogoniums, hydathodes, sporangia, opercula, ephippia, statoblasts, sclerotia, and mycorrhizae. The key is based on the outline type, form of the cross section perpendicular to the major axis, and type of structures noted on the specimen. 4. 1 Description of the classification criteria 4.1.1 Outline type (1) Circular: Fruit of Chamaedaphne calyculata (2) Hemicyclic: Case (ocrea) of Equisetum sp. (3) Elliptic: Cone of Larix laricina (4) Lanceolate: Nodule of Alnus rugosa (5) Spatulate-linear: Bark of conifers 4.1.2 Form of the cross section perpendicular to the major axis (1) Circular: Mesoblast of Larix laricina (2) Semicircular: Operculum of Sphagnum spp. (3) Elliptic: Fruit of Myrica gale (4) Lanceolate: (5) Spatulate-lanceolate: Rachis of the Filicinae 4. 1 .3 Type of structures (1) Unadorned: Wood fragment (2) Composed of several elements: Mesoblast of Larix laricina 4.2 Specific identification key of the "VARIA" 112 Structure composed of a verrucose pedicel, scales (sepals), a globular part half en- closed by scales, and an appendix at the tip. The two first scales are opposed. Presence of microplates, especially on the scales and the pedicel Chamaedaphne calyculata (fruit) (PI. 28-7) 121 132 152 251 Specimen cupola- or dome-shaped. It covers and encloses the capsule of the Sphag- nales Sphagnum sp. (operculum) (PI. 30-7) Specimen triradiate, composed of two lateral wings and central seed. Possibly pre- sence of whitish glands on fossilized specimen, if well preserved Myrica gale (fruit) (PI. 6-7) Specimen small, discoidal (approximately 1 mm), with multiple glochidiate rays on periphery Cristatella mucedo (statoblast) (PI 31-7) (a) Structure small (approximately 0.5 mm), thin, hemilanceolate Daphnia sp. (ephippium) (PI 31-3) (aa) Structure encasing and dentate-digitate b (b) Sheath (or fragment) pale at base, with blackish teeth. Central cavity covering half, or more, of stem or rhizome, if present. Lateral cavity invisible, or barely visible, to the naked eye Equisetum fluviatile (bb) Sheath of other type, but digitate Equisetum sp. (PI. 17-4) 311 312 Specimen small (approximately 0.5 mm), ellipsoidal, surface covered with helicoidal ridges (more than eight) Chara sp. (oogonium) (PI. 31-4) (a) Specimen (approximately 1 mm), composed of more than 10 scales; if well-preserved, embossed at the base (refer also to 312, Key to seeds) Larix laricina (cone) (PI. 16-4) (aa) Specimen cylindrical, composed of several rows of scales intimately imbricated (refer also to 212, Key to seeds) Larix laricina (mesoblast) (PI. 16-11) 28 412 33 i (a) Structure thin and elongate (approximately 1 cm), resembling exactly the "finger and nail" Scheuchzeria palustris (hydathode) (PI. 9-9) (aa) Structure dull, finely lined, with corners somewhat rounded (mechanical erosion), composed of tubular microfibers wood fragment (PI. 13-3) NOTE: The absence of "pores" in the annual rings is a diagnostic criterion for "conifer wood." The presence of "pores," visible by hand lens or by the naked eye, indicates "deciduous wood." 332 Specimen subglobular, small (approximately 0.2 mm), composed of dark-colored axis and dehiscent vesicle Polypodiaceae (sporangium) (PI. 17-6) Structure dark-colored, pyriform (approximately 5 mm), mucronate at tip. A num- ber of these structures may collect to form a dendritic assemblage Alnus rugvsa (nodule) 521 (refer to 331 (aa)) 551 (a) Structure lamellar b (aa) Structure elongate, more or less cylindrical; foliar scars, if present, opposed; vascular scar unique and irregular Filicinae (rachis) (b) Structure opaque, with subregular network of cells Conifer (bark) (PI. 13-5) (bb) Structure of another type c (c) Structure translucent, outline elongate or circular Herbaceae (epidermis) (cc) Structure opaque, blackish, same outline as above Filicinae (epidermis) (PI. 29-10) 29 CO K Pu, < « O o en H cs O 0) w — C3 PL, s o 0) tt c CJ - < a 2 03 w < a. 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CO d co g ai co < 3 — a. c a cu >, So c CO CD > CO q O 6t g a. c 3 < H w a. 72 c*« o H 4-> CO — c CO '- V 5 Q, a 3 C o o a, C|_ O cu 4-3 a- o — 1 3 u c_ o cu ; — 72 X aJ C 7, tt3 a. o rt n n rf « to n « n n to w o o M n) e*-. o »-^ en X C '« en £ ■ — • cS 0> .c 01 c a - 0) 00 -2 X N O IS 1m en cL -— c8 en O >, ~ 0) _Q C 3 bo o> C C > o *J o a to 3 JB o <; en o , „ L4 '— I -c o a> , — , ~ us C .2 N pH 'g a JZ X 5 S* ■~ QQ eo c— vs 0) ir c ^~ ~z -*** >> '•0 3 ca — ' 3 — i _2 0) a rj a C3 ^. Q3 a. C a w c en C ca it a> 73 eu 3 M £ u ■ — O b 3 c 3 O S» '** -r. cfl CO J CO •*t "? cn CN V -c — C c D D ~- CN CN CN co CO 62 LIST OF TAXA ILLUSTRATED IN THE GUIDE (The figures in lightface refer to the macrofossils; those in boldface refer to the reference elements.) E Ion gated structures Leaves Seeds Others Abies balsamea A In us rugosa Amblystegium (cf.) C. stipata C. stricta C. trisperma Carex cf. trisperma Cenococcum geophilum Chamaedaphne ealyeulata Chamaedaphne sp. Chara sp. Cladium mariseoides Climaeium amerieanum Conifer Cristatella mucedo 4-1 3-11 26-2 23-7 Andromeda glauc ophylla 1-2, 1-9 2-9,2-10, 25-10 A. glaucophylla 15 5 Kalmia poli folia Aulaeomnium sp. 31-8 32-5 Bryales 15-11,24-1 Calamagrostis canadensis Calla palustris 8-2, 9-6 Carex aquatilis C. canescens C. cephalantha C. crinita C. exilis C. flava C. gynocrates C. interior C. lasiocarpa 8-4, 9-7 C. limosa 9-8 C. oligosperma C. pauci flora C. paupercula Carex sp. 8-3, 18-10 18-11, 19-1 29-7 8-5 1-1, 1-8 3-9 2-7,2-8, 14-1, 14-7,27-1 27-2 7-7, 8-8 8-11 11-9 13-3,16-7 11-12 6-6 13-6 10-1 10-7 10-11 10-8 11-4, 10-9 11-1 11-5 11-7 11-6 11-3 10-10 11-2 10-5 18-3, 18-8 10-6, 13-6 19-9 10-12, 22-3 22-4 6-2 17-5 26-6 22-11,22-12 23-5 24-3,24-6, 26-11 9-10 23-10 31-12 4-11,5-2 27-8, 28-7, 28-9 14-2 31-4 13-5,20-11 31-7 63 LIST OF TAXA ILLUSTRATED IN THE GUIDE (continued) Elongated structures Leaves Seeds Others Cyperaceae 17-12,18-1 20-1,22-10 21-6,21-7 23-9,23-10 21-8,23-1 23-11,25-12 23-3,25-11 26-3,29-8 Daphnia sp. 31-3 Deciduous 21-2 Dicranum polysetum 12-2 D. undulatum 11-10 12-3 Drepanocladus sp. 21-11,21-12 22-7 31-2 Eleocharis elliptica 7-8,8-12 E. palustris 19-8 Eleocharis sp. 18-4, 18-7 Equisetum sp. 17-4 Ericaceae 14-5,20-6,24-7, 24-9,32-1 Eriophorum gracile 7-12,9-4 Eriophorum sp. 23-2 E. spissum 8-7,8-10 10-3, 15-6 E. virginicum 8-6 10-4 Gramineae 19-2 31-9 Herbacae 13-7, 13-8, 14-11, 17-8, 17-10, 17-11,21-9 19-3,27-12, 28-1 Hylocomium splendens 12-5, 12-6 Hypnum linbergii 12-8 J uncus effusus 7-10,9-2 10-2 Juniperus communis 6-1 J. horizontalis 4-2 7-1 Kalmia angustifolia 1-3,27-3 2-11,2-12, 4-12 Kalmia cf. 23-12 Kalmia poli folia 4-10 Kalmia sp. 30-8 14-3 Larix laricina 4-3,4-4 17-3 16-10 16-4, 16-5 16-6, 16-11 20-12,21-4 Ledum groenlandicum 1-6,2-4, 3-12,30-9 3-3, 3-4 Lignosae 13-2, 16-8, 14-9,19-6 19-5,20-3, 18-12, 19-7 28-8 20-8,24-7, 25-9,29-6 Lignosae, shrubby 20-4, 20-5, 20-7,20-9 21-1,25-1, 29-4, 30-4, 28-2,28-3, 28-4, 32-2 Lycopodium sp. 31-10,31-11 Menyanthes trifoliata 8-9 9-11 Mnium a f fine 12-1 Myrica gale 1-5,2-2, 2-3 3-2,5-1, 5-3,30-11 6-7 3-10 64 LIST OF TAXA ILLUSTRATED IN THE GUIDE (concluded) Elongated structures Leaves Seeds Others Nemopanthus mucronata 2-6, 4-7 6-10 Osmunda sp. 28-12 Picea glauca 5-9,5-10 7-3 P. mariana 19 11 5-6,5-12, 15-2 6-8 Pin us banksiana 7-5 P. divaricata 5-8 P. resinosa 7-4 P. strobus 5-11 6-11 Pleurozium sehreberi 11-11 12-11,15 7, 15-8,22-8, 26-8 Polygonum lapathifolium 11-8 Polypodiaceae 17-6 Polytrichum sp. 25-4 12-7,25-6 25-3 Potamogeton sp. 31-5 Potentilla palustris 5-4, 5-5 6-9 Pteridophytae 29-1,29-12, 30-3, 30-6 24-12,29-2, 29-3,29-5, 29-10,29-11, 30-1,30-2, 31-6 Pteridophytae/ Equisetum sp. Pt ilium crista-castensis Rhododendron canadensis Rhynchospora alba Salix sp. Scheuchzeria palustris Seirpus acutus/S. validus Seorpidium sp. Sphagnum sp. Taxus canadensis Thuja occidentalis Tomenthypnum nitens Tsuga canadensis Typha sp. Vaccinium angustifolium V. macrocarpon V. myrtilloides V. oxycoccos Vaccinium sp. 17-2 V. uliginosum 12-4 4-8,4-9 9-12 16-12 7-11,9-3, 9-9 32-3,32-4 7-9,9-1 24-4 26-1 12-9, 14-8, 15-1,25-7 22-2, 22-6, 15-3, 15-9, 24-10,27-4, 15-10, 15-12, 27-6,27-7, 30-12,31-1 27-9,28-5, 30-7 5-7 7-2 4-5, 4-6 12-10 7-6 6-12 8-1,9-5 1-4, 1-10, 3-1 1-11, 1-12, 2-1 2-5 3-7, 3-8 6-4 1-7,2-5 3-5, 3-6 6-3 13-11, 13-12, 30-10 6-5 65