(AQ55- £Atf. cZj.G^ UMASS/AMHERSf t sisobboitflj'iass GUIDE TO .»~«*4D VEGETATED WETLANDS IN MASSACHUSETTS ^fc? M %? ■»&f* Inland Wetland Boundary Delineation and Plant Identification under the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act March 1988 Department of Environmental Quality Engineering Division of Wetlands and Waterways ^X/rSy GUIDE TO INLAND VEGETATED WETLANDS IN MASSACHUSETTS Compiled by: Mary Ann DiPinto and Robert McCollum DEQE Western Regional Office Edited by: Jane Steven, Intern Managing Editor: Christy Foote-Smith, Deputy Director Illustrations by Abigail Rorer from Freshwater Wetlands by Dennis W. Magee, Courtesy of U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Department of Environmental Quality Engineering Division of Wetlands and Waterways Michael Dukakis. Governor Commonwealth of Massachusetts Russell Sylva, Commissioner Department of Environmental Quality Engineering James Hoyte, Secretary Executive Office of Environmental Affairs Gary Clayton, Director Division of Wetlands & Waterways Regulation, DEQE Publication #15,1 90-84- 1 ,000-2-88-C. R. Approved by Ric Murphy, State Purchasing Agent Printed by: Central Reproduction Services CONTENTS Introduction 1 Inland Wetland Boundary Delineation Bordering Vegetated Wetlands Defined 5 The Wetland Boundary Defined 7 DEQE Wetland Program Policy 85-1: Interpretation of 310 CMR 10.55 (2)(c), Vegetation "Identified in the Act" 9 Process for Delineating Boundaries of Vegetated Wetlands 11 Inland Wetland Indicator Species How to Use the Plant List 21 Key to Abbreviations and Symbols 23 Genera in this Guide Which Are Listed in MGL C.131, s.40 by Family Name Only 25 Plants Listed in MGL C.131, s.40 26 Field Guides Used for Plant Listings; Other Useful Field Guides 27 Plant List 31 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many thanks go to those who contributed their time and expertise to reviewing this guide, including: Betsy Colburn, Massachusetts Audubon Society Mario DiGregorio, Plymouth County Wildlands Trust Garrett Hollands, IEP Joseph Larsen, Environmental Institute, UMass, Amherst Paula Levin, Intern, DEQE Norton Nickerson, Biology Department, Tufts University. Matt Schweisberg, EPA Region I. Ralph Tiner, US Fish and Wildlife Service Peter L. M. Veneman, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, UMass, Amherst INTRODUCTION As scientific knowledge about functions and values of wetlands has increased, so has recognition of the need to protect them. Massachusetts led the nation by enacting the first wetlands protection laws in the mid 1960s for coastal and inland areas. In 1972 the Massachusetts Legislature passed the Wetlands Protection Act, MGL C.131, s.40 (the Act), a comprehensive program for inland and coastal areas, and established local conservation commissions as the primary permitting authority for activities impacting wetlands. The state Department of Environmental Quality Engineering (DEQE) acts on appeals of local decisions. In 1983 DEQE promulgated state-of-the-art wetlands regulations (310 CMR 10.00) to guide wetland permit decisions. Additional regulations protecting wildlife habitat in wetlands became effective November 1, 1987. The Act acknowledges that wetlands are significant to public or private water supply . ground water supply . flood control, storm damage prevention. prevention of pollution, protection of land containing shellfish . protection of fisheries . and protection of wildlife habitat . Poorly planned development in wetlands can result in costly flooding and contamination of water supplies as well as reduction in the diversity and stability of plant and animal life. To properly administer the Act, commissions must be able to identify wetlands and apply the appropriate performance standards to activities proposed in these areas. Identification of the boundary between wetland and upland is critical to this process. The purpose of this guide is to aid commissioners in determining vegetated inland wetland boundaries. Included in the guide is a step-by- step description of the boundary delineation process for bordering vegetated wetlands (BVWs) and an extensive list of inland wetland indicator plant species compiled from the following field guides:* Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast Inland Wetland Plants of Connecticut Massassachusetts Wetlands Protection Act (MGL C.131, s.40) Massassachusetts Field Guide to Inland Wetland Plants US EPA New England Plant Identification and Protection Laws Wetland Plants of the State of Massachusetts Wetlands * For purposes of identifying wetland plants in coastal wetland resource areas commissioners may refer to A Field Guide to Coastal Wetland Plants of the Northeastern United States, Ralph W. Tiner, Jr., University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, MA 1987 INLAND WETLAND BOUNDARY DELINEATION BORDERING VEGETATED WETLANDS DEFINED The freshwater inland wetland areas that the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act protects include banks, land subject to flooding, land under water bodies and waterways, and vegetated wetlands that border water bodies (bordering vegetated wetlands or BVW) . The Act lists four BVW types (bogs, swamps, wet meadows and marshes) and specifies typical indicator plant species for each. The following definitions excerpted from the Act and the regulations should be used to apply the law to field observation. Freshwater wetlands: (C.131, s.40) "The term 'freshwater wetlands', as used in this section; shall mean wet meadows, marshes, swamps, bogs, areas where groundwater, flowing or standing surface water or ice provides a significant part of the supporting substrate for a plant community for at least five months of the year; emergent and submergent plant communities in inland waters; that portion of any bank which touches any inland waters . " Bordering Vegetated Wetlands: [310 CMR 10.55(2)(a)] "Bordering Vegetated Wetlands are freshwater wetlands which border on creeks, rivers, streams, ponds and lakes. The types of freshwater wetlands are wet meadows , marshes , swamps and bogs . They are areas where topography is low and flat, and where the soils are annually saturated. The ground and surface water regime and the vegetational community which occur in each type of freshwater wetland are specified in the Act." • Bogs: (C.131, s.40) "... areas where standing or slowly running water is near or at the surface during a normal growing season and where a vegetational community has a significant portion of the ground or water surface covered with sphagnum moss (Sphagnum) ..." • Swamps: (C.131, s.40) "... areas where ground water is at or near the surface of the ground for a significant part of the growing season or where runoff water from surface drainage frequently collects above the soil surface..." • Wet Meadows: (C.131, s.40) "... where ground water is at the surface for a significant part of the growing season and near the surface throughout the year and where a significant part of the vegetated community is composed of various grasses, sedges and rushes; ..." • Marshes: (C.131, s.40) "... areas where a vegetational community exists in standing or running water during the growing season..." Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from Boston Library Consortium Member Libraries http://archive.org/details/guidetoinlandvegOOdipi THE WETLAND BOUNDARY DEFINED The boundary of a bordering vegetated wetland is the line within which 50% or more of the vegetational community consists of wetland plant species, including but not limited to those listed in the Act.* Before the 50% line establishing jurisdiction can be determined, it is necessary to establish what distinguishes wetland plants from upland plants. The scientific community recognizes plant species that are considered common wetland plants or wetland "indicator" plant species; that is, those species which are adapted to or tolerant of saturated soil conditions. The US Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) further subdivides wetland indicator plant species or "hydrophytes" into the following categories: Obligate Always found in wetlands 99% Facultative Wetlands Usually found in wetlands 67-99% Facultative Sometimes found in wetlands 34-66% Facultative Uplands Seldom found in wetlands 1-33% Drawdown Typically associated with the drier stages of wetlands "Hydrophyte" is defined by USFWS as any plant growing in water or on a substrate that is at least periodically deficient in oxygen as a result of excessive water content. The scientific literature should be consulted to confirm that a given plant species is common to or indicative of wetland systems. The USFWS listing of hydrophytes is only one of many creditable references which may be used to identify wetland plants. In any circumstance, a bona fide wetland plant or indicator must only be considered in the context of a vegetational community. Therefore, an analysis of the vegetational community in question must be conducted to determine the extent of jurisdiction under 310 CMR 10.55 (Wetlands Protection Act Regulations) . There are several acceptable methods or techniques recognized by the scientific community for sampling and analyzing a vegetational community. For this reason, it is not the intent, nor should it be, of the wetlands regulations to identify or recommend specific methods for analyzing a vegetational community to determine the boundary for BVWs under 310 CMR 10.55 (2)(c). While some methods may be applicable to one vegetational community, they may not be appropriate for another. Simple methods commonly used in identifying wetland boundaries include stem count and relative abundance of wetland to upland species. More sophisticated methods are also available. For example, the Point-Quarter method is useful where vegetational communities are dominated by shrubs and * See DEQE Wetland Program Policy 85-1 on page for DEQE interpretation of vegetation "identified in the Act." trees. The Line -Intercept method is useful for sampling shrub stands and understory. Other techniques utilize Quadrats (random sample plots) and some utilize Canopy- Strata Cover. The latter methods or techniques can be applied to a variety of vegetational communities. A description of these techniques may be found in Ecology & Field Biology by Robert Leo Smith (Second Edition, Harper & Row Publishers, 1974, p. 692-702). Most importantly, sound judgement must be used to determine whether or not the method selected for sampling a vegetational community and establishing its boundary is appropriate for a particular wetland community. An experienced conservation commissioner or qualified botanist can make reasonably accurate boundary decisions to determine the 50% line for a BVW without performing sophisticated quantitative procedures. Such determinations are often surprisingly consistent with BVW lines determined using complex measurements and calculations, probably because other factors (i.e., soils) have been taken into consideration. However, where such non- quantitative methods are used, a detailed written explanation should be prepared for the record. 8 S. RUSSELL SYLVA Commissioner waxcuCive Ouooe of wnwivoitmeirUd/ S&ffcu&& QDeStcurfment of w-nv€*€vrvme>n6al z2ualitu fongi>nee>r*no €ne H/ln6* Jfaet, ^W>*t 02108 MEMORANDUM TO: Regional Environmental Engineers Wetland Program Staff Legal Office FROM: Roderick Gaskell. Director /f ^/^V DATE: January 24. 1985 SUBJECT: WETLAND PROGRAM POLICY 85-1 INTERPRETATION OF 310 CMR 10.55(2)(c) VEGETATION "IDENTIFIED IN THE ACT" The definition of Bordering Vegetated Wetlands is found at 310 CMR 10.55(2). In part, that definition provides that "[t]he boundary of Bordering Vegetated Wetlands is the line within which 50 percent or more of the vegetational community consists of the wetland plant species identified in the Act". The reference is to the plant species identified in numerous paragraphs of M.G.L. c. 131 S40 in which various types of bordering vegetated wetlands (e.g. bogs, swamps, wet meadows, marshes) are defined by vegetational communities. In each of the statutory definitions, a list of plant species and genuses is preceeded by a phrase that is essentially equivalent to the following: "a significant part of the vegetational community is made up of, but not limited to nor necessarily including all, of the following plants or groups of plants." Difficulty in intrerpreting this compounded by the fact that the list plants are not exhaustive. The list are generally recognized as excellen is, plants that grow exclusively (or The lists also include some species than seme of the species omitted. P §10.55, this issue was not crucial b not contain a numerical interpretati significant part of the vegetational where indicator species that were no present, species that were specifica to. be present, and jurisdiction over established. language has been s of plants and groups of s omit some species that t wetlands indicators, that nearly so) in wetlands, that are poorer indicators rior to the adoption of ecause the regulations did on of the phrase, "a community" . In locations t listed by name were lly listed were also likely the area was often 9 Because gl0.55(2)(c) establishes a numerical limitation, it has become essential to interpret the statutory language defining wetlands areas. The Department therefore interprets the statutory phrase "not limited to" as incorporating plant species or groups similar to those listed by name, insofar as such non-listed species or groups are at least as likely as those specifically named to indicate wetlands. Such plants serve essentially the same wetland functions as those listed by name, and thereby serve the interests of the Act in essentially the same manner. The Department believes that the legislature did not intend to limit the definition of wetlands to the technical knowledge then available, that the legislature intended that plants exhibiting similar characteristics to those identified should be considered, and that the legislature employed the words "not limited to ... the following plants or groups of plants" to indicate this intention. Accordingly, plants generally accepted as indicative of wetlands, and identified as such in generally accepted scientific or technical publications, may be considered to be wetland plant species "identified in the Act" in determining the boundary of bordering vegetated wetlands. It is important to recognize that the hydrologic and topographical elements of the definition of bordering vegetated wetlands, set forth in the Act and in §10.55(2)(a) and (b), must still be satisfied. These requirements are unaffected by this interpretation. Document 0048W 10 PROCESS FOR DELINEATING BOUNDARIES OF BORDERING VEGETATED WETLANDS INTRODUCTION The methodology presented here applies only to bordering vegetated wetlands and does not pertain to other areas protected under Massachusetts wetlands law such as f loodplains , banks and land under water bodies . Verifying wetland boundaries is one of the most important responsibilities of conservation commissions in administering the Wetlands Protection Act (the Act) . The boundary of a wetland must be established in order to issue a Determination of Applicability (DOA) . Commissions commonly must perform delineations at other times as well, such as when a Notice of Intent (NOI) is filed without first filing a Request For Determination, or when an Enforcement Order is issued. After the 1983 regulations took effect, wetland delineations were more frequently contested. Both positive and negative DOAs may be appealed, requiring commissions to routinely defend their boundary delineations. The 1983 regulations also set strict standards for activities in bordering vegetated wetlands. To a developer, the location of the wetland boundary may make the difference between a "build" or "no-build" decision. Thus, the boundary is taken very seriously and is often disputed. From the conservation commission's viewpoint, overly conservative boundary determinations may result in more wetlands filling than the current regulations allow. For example, if a 500 -foot -long wetland boundary is underestimated by an average of only 12 feet, 6,000 square feet of bordering vegetated wetland may be inadvertently filled. (Just multiply 500 feet by 12 feet!) Some communities have hired consultants (others have used local experts, volunteers or students) to map all wetlands within the town and to transfer the wetland boundaries onto local assessor's maps. This practice is highly recommended for a number of reasons. Potential property owners are warned of development constraints before they purchase a particular parcel. Other town departments are made aware of wetland conditions when considering the issuance of building and other permits and can refer the applicant to the conservation commission for review under the Act. Town-wide wetland mapping insures that wetland boundaries are established consistently throughout the community by a qualified scientist, which reduces time-consuming case-by-case delineation and results in a scientifically valid and more legally defensible boundary. Illegal filling activities, especially if they result in the destruction of wetland, can be more easily documented and prosecuted. A town-wide wetlands map also is necessary for the adoption of a local wetlands zoning bylaw. Wetland boundaries may be shown on an applicant's plan submitted with a 11 Request For Determination or NOI . However, conservation commissions should always check the boundary provided to them. Some towns refer applicants to trusted wetlands mapping experts to ensure the most accurate mapping possible. Reasonable people, including wetlands experts, often disagree about the exact location of a wetland boundary, especially in areas where there is a wide or discontinuous transition zone between upland and wetland vegetation. While the boundary of a wetland is relatively constant, wetland areas do respond to long-term climatic variations (such as drought) and to drainage alterations either downstream or upstream. Thus, it is important for all conservation commissions to become familiar with and practice wetlands mapping techniques in the field and to remember that, though the advice of others may be helpful, the legal responsibility for determining the wetland boundary rests with the conservation commission. The following outline provides a step-by-step description of the procedure for delineating the boundaries of bordering vegetated wetlands. USEFUL MAPS AND ESSENTIAL TOOLS Listed below are sources of information on wetlands and specific tools needed to delineate wetland boundaries in the field. Wetland maps : Maps listed below can be helpful to determine general wetlands locations. Precise boundaries need to be determined in the field. US Fish & Wildlife Service National Wetlands Inventory Maps (scales of 1:24,000 and 1:25,000); available from the University of Massachusetts/Amherst, Cartographic Information Research Services. DEQE Wetlands Restriction Maps (scales usually 1:1,000); about 15% of the state has been mapped; contact the Division of Wetlands and Waterways to request maps for your town. US Soil Conservation Service Maps (scales vary) ; available for most communities; note muck and peat soils. US Geological Survey Topographic Maps (scale of 1:25,000); shows major wetland areas; older maps useful for locating small streams; historical flood records also available. McConnell Land-Use Maps, available from the University of Massachusetts/Amherst, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management; delineates wetlands using aerial photos (scale 1:25,000) and quantifies wetland acreage for years 1951, 1971, and, for part of the state, as recently as 1981. (Caution: some forested swamps not included in wetland classification.) 12 Regional Planning Agencies' 208 Water Quality Survey wetlands maps (scales vary); not all planning agencies have copies. US Army Corps of Engineers wetlands maps (scales vary) ; usually done for a specific program such as Natural Valley Flood Storage Project; historical flood elevation records also available. Federal Emergency Management Agency (formerly under the US Department of Housing and Urban Development) has delineated 100-year and 500-year floodplain elevations for most of the communities in the Commonwealth (scale 1" = 400'); small streams often omitted; towns should request more detailed mapping if many flood-prone areas are excluded or if no map is yet available. Although the 100-year floodplain boundary rarely coincides with the vegetated wetland boundaries, these wetlands frequently occur within the 100-year floodplain. Floodplain maps are since the since the Wetlands Protection Act jurisdiction extends to 100-year flood elevation. All available wetlands maps can be obtained, reduced or enlarged to a common scale and superimposed to form a single, composite map that includes all of the areas mapped as wetlands by all sources. (Separate lines should be drawn for wetlands and f loodplains . ) Note that a wetland boundary is less accurate (in terms of translating it to a specific point on the ground) as the scale of the map increases (e.g. a scale of 1:25,000 is less accurate than 1:1,000). Even the smaller scale maps often omit small (less than one acre) wetlands; and the boundary line from large-scale maps is usually more than 10 feet wide when translated onto the ground or onto a smaller scale map. These maps should be used for basic guidance only; field checking is essential to verify precise boundary locations . After checking the above reference materials, bring the following tools into the field with you. 100 -foot measuring tape Surveyor's flagging tape Plant identification guide (s) Field note pad Compass Soil auger, spade or other soil boring device Project plan and other information submitted by applicant 13 • All applicable wetlands, floodplain or soil maps. • Stakes to mark boundary when no branches or twigs are available on which to place flagging tape. • Waterproof boots! WHAT TO LOOK FOR AT THE SITE After consulting existing wetland maps, the plan of land (plot plan), subdivision plan, or appropriately marked assessor's map), go to the site and: 1. Identify the property boundaries (at least in a general manner). Follow property boundaries on the plot plan; look for stone walls, fences and other field markers . 2. Establish general wetland boundaries. Do not rely on the occurrence of standing water to indicate wetlands. Wetlands are characterized by a fluctuating water table, so the water level is expected to drop below the surface during a portion of the growing season, especially in mid-summer. Do look for four major indicators that are used to identify wetlands: vegetation, topography . soils and hydrology. A. Vegetation: Described in more detail below, wetlands vegetation is used to determine bordering wetland boundaries according to the Wetlands Protection Act and Regulations. B. Soils : Soils are helpful to verify wetland boundaries, but under the Act soils should not be used as the determining factor in typical situations. Because vegetation can respond more quickly to changes in hydrology, plants are more likely to indicate newly forming or recolonizing wetlands, or wetlands that are in the process of becoming enlarged because of recent changes in local drainage conditions. Soils, on the other hand, are useful as indicators of long-term hydrologic conditions. They are especially useful for disturbed sites and drier wetlands lacking more typical wetland plants. Soils rich in organic material (dark, mucky or peaty soils) indicate well-established wetlands. In wetlands with till or sandy soils or perched water table conditions, the organic soil layer may not be well developed. In these cases, wetland conditions can be verified by the presence of dull, often grayish-colored soils within a foot or two of the surface. In many instances, a thick, dark surface horizon due to organic accumulation is present. In mineral wetland soils, mottling, 14 which often appears as orange or reddish spots in a grayish soil, is caused by a fluctuating water table in conjunction with periods of prolonged soil saturation. The soil turns a dull grayish color under anaerobic (lack of oxygen) conditions. When the water table is low part of the soil is aerated and some of the iron is oxidized, turning a reddish-brown or orange color. Remember, soils can be a useful aid in the field for verifying the presence of wetland, but are not a legal criterion for boundary delineation according to the Act.* C. Topography: Wetlands are usually formed in topographic depressions where water collects or where the water table is close to the surface. The boundary of a wetland in a low, flat area surrounded by more hilly terrain often corresponds to the "break" in the slope, or the point at which the landscape begins to flatten. Since such distinctive landscape is obvious at many sites, topography, especially for beginners, is often an easily discernible feature for delineating wetlands. It is not, however, always the most reliable feature upon which to base a delineation, especially where topography is irregular or more gradual in slope. For example, a wooded swamp, bordering a stream, may grow beyond the break in slope and along the base of a hillside. These wetlands, which extend into upland areas along a gradually rising slope, often occur in till and shallow-to-bedrock soils . D. Hydrology: The presence of water at or near the ground surface during a significant portion of the year gives rise to wetland vegetation. During the middle of the growing season, and often extending into early fall, the water table commonly drops a few feet below the surface of a wetland. It generally occurs within 2 1/2 feet of the surface except in late summer and during drought conditions. As with soils, the water table elevation can be used to verify wetland boundaries but should not be used as the determining factor. During an extended period of drought, the water table can drop several feet (the most dramatic decline occurs furthest upland) . * For more information on soils see: Tiner, R. W. , Jr. and P. L. M. Veneman. 1987. Hvdric Soils of New England. University of Massachusetts, Cooperative Extension Service Bulletin C-183, Amherst, MA. 15 DELINEATING THE WETLAND BOUNDARY The bordering vegetated wetland boundary is delineated where 50% or more of the vegetational community consists of wetland plant species, including but not limited to those listed in the Act. The Act lists plant species according to four major bordering vegetated wetland types: swamp, marsh, wet meadow and bog. Many wetland plant species commonly occur in more than one type of wetland. Less concern about the type of wetland and more observation of the change in plant community (from upland to wetland) as well as the relative abundance of indicator species is advised. In Massachusetts, oak, beech and pine forests are common upland communities, while red maple swamps are by far the most common wetland community. Learn how to identify the most common wetland indicators first (red maple, highbush blueberry, swamp azalea, sensitive fern, etc.), and the botanical task will be easier. The following is a simple methodology for delineating wetland boundaries in the field. 1. Form transects at appropriate (not more than 30-foot) intervals across the subject parcel. A transect is an imaginary line that bisects a parcel of land at intervals in a particular study area. Begin at an easily defined property line, and walk across the entire width of the parcel along the first transect, noting the vegetation within 5 feet of your path. (Square meter quadrats also can be used, but this author recommends the transect method.) ■pLAiM s»-reeeT t 16 2. When approaching what appears to be a wetland (based on spongy or moist soil, major change in vegetation, or break in slope), examine the vegetational community more closely. Positive identification of upland plants is not necessary, as long as they are, through process of elimination, determined not to be wetland indicators. Note the first point at which 50% or more of the plant species are wetland indicators. (Remember that the list of wetland indicator species in the Act is not all-inclusive.) 3. Continue to walk towards the center of the wetland until wetland conditions are obvious; then walk back towards the upland area, along the same transect, and check your boundary on the way out. Adjust as necessary. Tie a strip of surveyor's tape around the branch of a tree or shrub or to a stake to indicate the boundary location. 4. On your field note pad write down wetland species identified both at the wetland boundary and within the wetland as well as their relative abundance. If some plants cannot be identified in the field, take a small cutting back to the office to identify using field guides. If identification is still not possible, there are people that can help. Call the Massachusetts Association of Conservation Commissions at (617) 381-3457 for more information. 5. Repeat the above procedure along all of the transects, placing flags along the boundary. 6. The applicant's surveyor should then transfer the wetland flags onto the plot plan to show the location of the wetland boundary on the proposed development plan. 7. Prepare an official site- inspection report for your records, noting date and time of visit, methodology used, plants identified, etc. If possible, take photographs of the wetland to document the boundary location. PERFECTING YOUR TECHNIQUE Much can be learned about wetland plant identification by attending seminars, workshops, visiting botanical gardens like the Arnold Arboretum and browsing through wetland plant books. It is important to be comfortable identifying plants in winter as well as summer. Familiarize yourself with twig and bud morphology. Winter identification is sometimes easier! You do not need to have a degree in botany to be confident about wetland plant identification and boundary delineation. Anyone can do it with practice; it doesn't take an expert. The best way of becoming good at determining wetland boundaries is to 17 get your feet wet! This skill cannot be learned by sitting indoors. It is best to conduct a site visit with all commissioners present in order to learn from each other. It is also helpful to attend on-site inspections conducted by DEQE staff when cases are appealed. Arleen O'Donnell, Director of Environmental Affairs, Mass. Audubon Society Member, Board of Directors, Mass. Assoc, of Conservation Commissions 18 INLAND WETLAND INDICATOR SPECIES HOW TO USE THE PLANT LIST IN THIS GUIDE The Wetlands Protection Act lists common indicator plant species of bordering vegetated wetlands, and allows the use of other acknowledged wetland species to determine wetland boundaries. There are a number of useful wetland plant guides to which conservation commissioners can refer. Although it is important to base boundary decisions on the best available information, it is not practical to carry numerous guides into the field. In order to address this problem, DEQE Wetlands Staff members MaryAnn DiPinto and Bob McCollum compiled information from seven plant guides into a single reference which became the basis for this guide. The plants included in this guide, however, do not necessarily represent all wetland indicator species which may be used for delineation of wetland boundaries under the Act. Wetlands can be classified in many ways. Some of the field guides from which information was drawn use different names for wetland types than those in the Act. Others use the same or similar terminology. The Act identifies typical plant species found in four types of vegetated wetlands. Information in field guides that list and describe wetland plant species as common indicators for bogs, swamps, marshes and wet meadows is most useful to conservation commissioners. Therefore, wetland types are indicated for plants found in the three guides that use the same terminology as in the Act. Commissioners may use the information from these three guides to verify that a plant is an indicator species of bogs, swamps, marshes and wet meadows. (It should be noted, however, that the Act and regulations require only that an area be identified as vegetated wetland. The exact wetland type need not be specified as long as the plants are wetland plants.) Information from the other guides may be used to demonstrate the frequency at which a plant is found in wetlands or to simply substantiate that a plant is considered by experts to be a wetland indicator species. Conservation commissioners may need to refer to a reliable field guide for initial identification of a wetland plant. This guide can then be used to support the wetland indicator status of the plant species in question. Later, commissioners may wish to review the field guides which list the plant for additional information about the plant's range, habitat, general characteristics and related species. 21 KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS CT Inland Wetland Plants of the Northeast MASS. AUDUBON Massachusetts Field Guide to Inland Wetland Plants NAT. AUDUBON Wetlands EPA US EPA New England Plant Idendtif ication and Protection Laws FWS Wetland Plants of the State of Massachusetts COX Common Flowering Plants of the Northeast MAGEE Freshwater Wetlands : A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast b MGL C.131, s.40 or plant guide indicates that plant grows in bogs . * s MGL C.131, s.40 or plant guide indicates that plant grows in swamps . * m MGL C.131, s.40 or plant guide indicates that plant grows in marshes . * w MGL C.131, s.40 or plant guide indicates that plant grows in wet meadows . * x Plant guide indicates that plant grows in wetlands . Note that the Massassachusetts Audubon guide occassionally lists plants under wetland types other than those above (such as lakes or streams) and therefore only an x is placed in the column. * If wetland type (b,s,m,w) is in parentheses, the plant is listed in MGL C.131, s.40 or EPA wetland guide by its family name only. In such instances, family names, which are also in parentheses, appear beneath the scientific name. See also "Genera In This Guide Which Are Listed in MGL C.131, s.40 By Family Only," p. . 23 KEY TO SYMBOLS (CONTINUED) EPA WETLAND PLANT CLASSIFICATION: The following definitions are from US EPA New England Plant Identification and Protection Laws: h Hydrophilic - Plants of the littoral (shoreline) habitat which include border grasses, emergents , floating-leaf plants and submerged plants, all of which require permanent standing or slow- flowing water. All are herbaceous plants (die back to the ground annually) . p Phreatophytic - Plants with root systems extending into the water table or in the semi -saturated layer just above the water table. In natural conditions, the availability of this "free" water is a requirement for normal growth . t Tolerant species - Trees, shrubs and herbs which will tolerate saturated conditions for a limited period of time during the growing season, but saturated soils are not a requirement for growth. These species are just as much "at home" in dry upland conditions. USFWS WETLAND PLANT CLASSIFICATION: The following definitions are from the US Fish and Wildlife Service Wetland Plant List: Frequency of Occurrence in Wetlands:* o obligate Always found in wetlands fw facultative wetland Usually found in wetlands Greater than 99% 67 - 99% facultative Sometimes found in wetlands 34 - 66% fu facultative upland Seldom found in wetlands 33% drawdown Typically associated with the drier stages of wetlands * The frequency of occurrence of plants in wetlands is reflective of their requirement of (obligate) or tolerance of (facultative) saturated soil conditions. In some instances the compiler of the USFWS list was unsure of the indicators (o, fw, f, fu, d) shown. In order to determine which indicators are uncertain, one may look up plants in the USFWS list and find which plant indicators have question marks following them 24 GENERA IN THIS GUIDE WHICH ARE LISTED IN MGL C.131 S.40 BY FAMILY NAME ONLY ARACEAE, the Arum Family Acorus Arisaema Calla Orontium Peltandra Symplocarpus CALLITRICHACEAE, the Water Starwort Family Callitriche CYPERACEAE, the Sedge Family Carex Cladium Cyperus Dulichium Eleocharis Fimbristylis Rhynchospora Scirpus DROSERACEAE, the Sundew Family Drosera EQUISETACEAE, the Horsetail Family Equisetum GRAMINEAE, the Grass Family Alopecurus Calamagrostis Cinna Echinochloa Glyceria Leersia Panicum Phragmites Zizania Zizaniopsis HYDROCHARITACEAE Elodea Vallisneria JUNCACEAE, the Rush Family Juncus HALORAGACEAE Myriophylum Proserpinaca LEMNACEAE, the Duckweed Family Lemna Wolffia NYMPHAEACEAE , the Water Lily Family Brasenia Cabomba Nymphaea Nymphar PONTEDERIACEAE , the Pickerelweed Family Pontederia SALICACEAE, the Willow Family Salix SPARGANIACEAE, the Bur-reed Family Sparganium 25 PLANTS LISTED IN MGL C.131, s.40 Key to Symbols of Wetland Types b Indicator species for bogs under MGL C.131, s.40. s Indicator species for swamps under MGL C.131, s.40. w m Indicator species for wet meadows under MGL C.131, s.40, Indicator species for marshes under MGL C.131, s.40. Scientific Name Wetland Type(s) Acer rub rum s Alnus s Araceae m Arethusa b Aster nemoralis b Calopogon b Callitrichaceae m Caltha palustris s Cephalanthus occidentalis s, m Chamaecyparis thyoides b, s Chamedaphne calyculata b, m Clethra alnifolia s Cyperaceae b, m, w Decodon verticillatus m Droseraceae b Dryopteris thelypteris w Equisetaceae m Eriocaulon m Eriophorum b Eupatorium w Fraxinus s Gramineae m, w Halcragaceae m Hydrocharitaceae m Ilex verticillata s Iris w Juncaceae m, w Kalmia angustifolia b Kalmia polifolia b Larix larcina b, s Lemnaceae m Lindera benzoin s Ludwigia w Lythrum w Myrica gale b, m Nymphaeaceae m Nyssa sylvatica s Onoclea sensibilis w Scientific Name Wetland Tvpe(s) Picea mariana b,s Pogonia b Polygonum m,w Pontederiaceae m Potamogeton m Rhododendron canadense b,s Rhododendron viscosum b, s Rumex w Salicaceae s Sarracenia purpurea b Sparganiaceae m Sphagnum b, s Symplocarpus foetidus s Toxicodendron vernix s Tsuga canadensis s Typha m Ulmus americana s Utricularia m Vaccinium corymbosum b,s Vallisneria m Veratum viride s Verbena w 26 FIELD GUIDES USED FOR PLANT LISTINGS Common Flowering Plants of the Northeast. Donald D. Cox (SUNY-Albany, NY 1985). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Dennis W. Magee , Drawings by Abigail Rorer (University of Mass. Press, Amherst, MA 1981). (Illustrations from this book are used in DEQE Guide.) Inland Wetland Plants of Connecticut. William A. Niering and Richard Goodwin, Connecticut Arboretum, May 1973. Massachusetts Field Guide to Inland Wetland Plants. Bruce Lund et. al . , Mass Audubon Society and Mass. Div. of Water Resources, 1979 (Being reprinted). US EPA New England Plant Identification and Protection Laws (US Govt. Printing Office, Washington D.C. 1985). Wetland Plants of the State of Massachusetts. US Fish and Wildlife Service, St. Petersburg, FL, May, 1986. Wetlands . William A. Niering, National Audubon Society (Knopf, 1985). OTHER USEFUL FIELD GUIDES A Guide to the Genera of the Plants of Eastern North America. Wade T. Batson (The University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC 1984). Grasses: An Identification Guide. Lauren Brown, Peterson Nature Library (Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA 1979). (includes rushes and sedges) Newcomb's Wildf lower Guide. Lawrence Newcomb (Little, Brown and Co. Boston, MA 1977). (herbs and shrubs) Trees and Shrubs of New England. Marilyn Dwelley (Down East Books, Camden, ME 1980). Weeds in Winter. Lauren Brown (W.W. Norton and Co. NY, NY 1976). Winter Botany: An Identification Guide to Native Trees and Shrubs. William Trelease (Dover Publications Inc. NY, NY 1967). 27 PLANT LIST SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) H.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGE1 Abies balsamea Balsam Fir Acorns calamus L. Sweetflag, Flagroot, or Calamus Acer rub rum s s Red-Maple Soft-Maple Swamp -Maple Acer sac char inum Silver Maple Acorus calamus (m) m (Araceae) Calamus Flagroot Sweetflag Alder see Alnus Alder Buckthorn see Rhamnus frangula Alexanders see Alexanders atropurpurea Alexanders atropurpurea Alexanders Purplestem Angelica Alisma graminium Grass -like Water -plantain Alisma subcordatum m,w Common Water-plantain Mud- plantain Subcordate Water-plantain White -plantain Alnus rugosa s s Speckled Alder Alnus serrulata s s Common Alder Hazel Alder Alopecurus aequalis (m,w) (Graraineae) Shortawn Foxtail s ,m (P) fw fw (h) X X X X Alopecurus geniculatus (Gramineae) Marsh Foxtail (m,w) (h) 31 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common namefs) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Amelanchier canadensis Canadian Serviceberry Shadbush American Bulrush see Scirpus americanus American Elm see Ulmus Americana American Globeflower see Trollius laxus American Hornbeam see Salix nigra Andromeda glaucophvlla Bog-Rosemary Downy Bog Rosemary Angelica atropurpurea Purplestem angelica Annual Wild Rice see Zizania aquatica (Araceae) see p . Arethusa bulbosa Dragon's Mouth Swamp -pink Arisaema dracontium (Araceae) Green Dragon Indian- turnip Aronia melanocarpa Black Chokecherry Arrow-Arum see Peltandra virginica b p o o X X (m) b , s ,w p o x x s,m (p) fw x x ARACEAE Arum Family Ansaema stewardsomi Bntt. Jack-in-the-Pulpit, Indian-tumip, or Bog-onion Arrowhead see Sagittaria Arrow- leaved Tear thumb see Polygonum spp . Arrow-wood see Viburnum dendatum or recognitum 32 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s') M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Arums see (Araceae) Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed Asclepias lanceolata Coast Milkweed Asclepias rubra Red Milkweed Ash see Fraxinus Aster iunciformus Juncus Aster Aster nemoralis Bog-Aster Aster radula Rough Aster Atlantic White Cedar see Chamaecvparis thvoides Autumn Ladies' Tresses see Spiranthes cernua Autumn Willow see Salix serissma Azalea see Rhododendron m,w s , m fw Azalea viscosum (or Rhododendron viscosum') Clammy Azalea Swamp Azalea Swamp Honeysuckle b,s b,s Rhododendron viscosum (L.) Ton. Swamp Azalea, Swamp-Honeysuckle, or Clammy Azalea 33 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Bidens connata Muhl. Beggar's-ticks or Stick-tigh* Balsam Fir see Abies balsamea Balsam- leaved Willow see Salix pyrifolia Barnyard grass see Echinochloa crusgalli Beak- rush see Rhvnchospora spp . Beard- flower see Pogonia ophioglossoides Bedstraw see Galium Bedstraw Bellflower see Campanula aparinoides Beggar's Tick see Biddens Be tula nigra River Birch Be tula pumila Low Birch Swamp Birch Bidens cernua Bur Marigold Nodding Beggar's-ticks Stick-tight Bidens coronata Tickseed Sunflower Bidens discoidea Discoid Beggar ' s-tick? Stick-tight Bidens frondosa Devil's Beggar's-ticks Bidens ^aevis Brook Sunflower Birch see Betula Bishop's Cap see Mitella diphvlla fw 0 X X fw fw 34 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name ( s ) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Bittercress see Cardamine Bittersweet Nightshade see Solanum dulcamara Black Alder see Ilex verticillata Black Ash see Fraxinus nigra Black Chokeberry see Pvrus melanocarpa Black Chokecherry see Pvrus floribunda Black Gum Tupelo see Nvssa svlvatica Black Spruce see Picea mar i ana Black Willow see Salix nigra Bladderwort see Utricularia spp. Blue Cardinal Flower see Lobelia siphilitica Blue Flag Iris see Iris versicolor Blue Skullcap see Scutellaria lateriflora Boehmeria cylindrica |L.) Sw. Bog-Hemp or False Nettle Bluebell see Campanula Blueberry see Vaccinium caesariense or corvmbosum Bluejoint Reedgrass see Calamagrostis canadensis Bluntleaf Bedstraw see Galium obtusum Boehmeria cylindrica Smallspike False Nettle fw 35 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name (si M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Bog-Aster see Aster nemoralis Bog Bean see Menvanthes trifoliata Bog Candle see Habenaria dilatata Bog-cotton see Eriophorum Bog Goldenrod see Solidaeo ulignosa Bog Laurel see Kalmia polifolia Bog Moss see Sphagnum spp . Bog Mrytle see Menvanthes trifoliata Bog Rein Orchid see Habenaria dilata Bog-Rosemary see Andromeda glaucophvlla Bog- Spruce see Picea mariana Boneset see Eupatorium perfoliatum Brasenia schreberia (Nymphaeaceae) Water Shield (m) (h) Brasenia schreben Gmel. Water-shield 36 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common uame(s) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE BUTOMACEAE Flowenng Rush Family Butomus umbellatus L. Flowering Rush Broadleaf Arrowhead see Sagittaria latifolia Broadleaf Meadowsweet Spiraea see Spiraea latifolia Brook Pimpernal see Veronica anagallis-aquatica Brook Sunflower see Bidens laevis Brown Cyperus see Cyperus fuscus Buckbean see Menvanthes trifoliata Buckhorn see Rhamnus frangula Bugleweed see Lvcopus virginicus Bulb Bittercress see Cardamine bulbosa Bulrushes see Scirpus Bur Marigold see Bidens cernua Bur-reed see Sparganium spp. Bushy Pondweed see Na^as flexilis Butomus umbellatus Flowering Rush Butterwort see Pinguicula vulgaris Buttonbush see Cephalanthus occidentalis Button Snakeroot see Ervngium aquaticum Buttonweed see Diodia 37 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Cabomba caroliniana ( Nymphae ac e ae ) Fanwort (m) (h) o x x b,s Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx I Nutt. Blue-ioint or Reed-Bentgrass Calamagrostis canadensis (m,w) (Gramineae) Bluejoint Reedgrass Reed-Bentgrass Calamagrostis cinnoides (m,w) (Gramineae) Hairyseed Reedgrass Calamus see Acorus calamus Calla palustris (m) (Araceae) Water-Arum Wild Calla (Callitrichaceae) see p . Callitriche spp . (m) (Callitrichaceae) Water Chickweeds Water Starworts Calopogon pulchellus b b Grass -pink Swamp -pink Caltha palustris s s Cowslip Marsh Marigold Campanula aparinoides Bedstraw Bellflower Marsh Bluebell Campanula uliginosa Southern Harebell fw h o b p o x x h o,d b p X X s p o X X O X X X X Canada Serviceberry see Amelanchier canadensis Canadian Rhodendron see Rhodendron canadense Canker Root see Coptis groenlandica or trif olia 38 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Cardamine bulbosa Bulb Bittercress Spring Cress Cardamine pratensis Cuckoo Bittercress Cardamine rotundifolia Mt. Watercress Cardinal Flower see Lobelia cardinalis Carex stricta (Cyperaceae) Tussock Sedge Carolina Yellow-eyed Grass see Xvris caroliniana Carpinas caroliniana American Hornbeam Ironwood Cassandra see Chamaedaphne calvculata Catchfly Grass see Leersia lenticularis Cat-tails see Typha spp . Cedar see Chamaecyparis thvoides Centella erecta Coinwort (m,w) m,w m,w (P) fw Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis Common Buttonbush s ,m Ceratophvllum demersum Coontail Hornwort Chair Maker's Rush see Scirpus americanus Chamaecyparis thvoides Atlantic White Cedar Southern White Cedar b,s b,s b,s 39 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Chamaedaphne calvculata Cassandra Leatherleaf b ,m b ,m Chelone glabra White Turtlehead m,w Chocolate Root see Geum rivale Cicuta bulbifera Poison Water-Hemlock Spotted Cowbane Cicuta maculata Common Water-Hemlock Spotted Cowbane Cinna arundinacea (Gramineae) Stout Woodreed Wood- reedgrass Cinnamon Fern see Osmunda cinnamomea Cinquefoil see Potentilla Cladium mariscoides (Cyperaceae) Twig Rush (m,w) s X X X X (b ,m,w) (P) Clammy Azalea see Azalea viscosum or Rhodendron viscosum Cicuta maculata L. Water-Hemlock, Spotted Cowbane or Musquash-root Clasping False Pimpernal see Lindernia anagallidea Cleavers see Galium palustre Clethra alnifolia Summersweet Clethra Sweet Pepperbush x x Climbing Hempweed see Mikania scandens Club -spur Orchid see Habenaria clavellata Coast Milkweed see Ascleoias lanceolata 40 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name ( s ) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Coinwort see Centella erecta Coltsfoot see Tussilago farfara Common Alder see Alnus serrulata Common Buttonbush see Cephalanthus occidentalis Common Butterwort see Pinguicula vulgaris Common Duckweed see Lenin a minor Common Elder see Sambucus canadensis Common Ladies' Tresses see Spiranthes cernua Common Mountain-Holly see Nemopanthus mucronata Common Skullcap see Scutellaria galericulata Common Skunk Cabbage see Svmplocarpus foetidus Common Water -Hemlock see Cicuta maculata Common Water Parsnip see Sium suave Svmplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt. Skunk-cabbage 41 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Common Water-plantain see Alisma subcordatum Coolwort see Mitella diphvlla Coontail see Ceratophylum demersurn Coptis groenlandica or trifolia Goldthread Canker Root b,s fw X X Cornus amomum Red Willow Silky Dogwood Cornus stolonifera Red Osier Dogwood Cotton-grass/sedge see Eriophorum Cowslip see Caltha palustris Cranberry see Vaccinium macrocarpon Crested Wood-Fern see Drvopteris cristata Cuckoo Bittercress see Cardamine pratensis fw fw Cuscuta gronovii Love -vine Strangle-weed Swamp Dodder Cutleaf Mermaid-weed see Proserpinaca pectinata Coptis groenlandica (Oederl Fern. Canker-root or Goldthread 42 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name ( s ) M.G.L. CT MASS. NAT. EPA FWS COX MACEE 131/40 AUDUBON AUDUBON (Cyperaceae) see p. Cyperus dentatus (Cyperaceae) Toothleaf Flatsedge Cyperus ervthrorhizos (Cyperaceae) Redroot Cyperus Cyperus fuscus (Cyperaceae) Brown Cyperus Cyperus odoratus (Cyperaceae) Fragrant Flatsedge Cyperus rivularis (Cyperaceae) Shining Cyperus Cyperus strigosus (Cyperaceae) Straw-colored Cyperus Umbrella Sedge Cypripedium reginae Showy Lady's Slipper Decodon verticillatus Swamp Loosestrife Water Oleander Water Willow Deer Grass see Rhexia virginica Devil's Beggar's- ticks see Bidens frondosa Diodia virginiana Rough Buttonweed (b,m,w) (b ,m,w) (b ,m,w) (b ,m,w) (b ,m,w) (b ,m,w) (P) fw (p) fw (p) fu (P) fw (p) fw i,w m (p) fw fw x x m b,s p o x x fw X CYPERACEAE Sedge Family Cyperus diandrus Ton. Umbrella-Sedge or Galingale Dirca palustris Leatherwood Rope -bark Discoid Beggar 's- ticks see Bidens discoidea Ditch-moss see Elodea spp. 43 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) M.G.L. CT MASS. NAT. EPA FWS COX MAGEE 131/40 AUDUBON AUDUBON Ditch -Stonecrop see Penthorum sedoides Dock see Rumex spp. DROSERACEAE Sundew Family Dioseia rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Sundew Dogwood see Cornus Dortmann's Lobelia see Lobelia dortmanna Downy Bog-Rosemary see Andromeda glaucophvlla Dragon's Mouth see Are thus a bulbosa Drosera rotundifolia (b) b (Droseraceae) Round- leaved Sundew (Droseraceae) see Drosera or p. Dryopteris cristata Crested Wood-Fern Dryopteris simulata Massachusetts Fern Dryopteris spinulosa Spinulose Wood-Fern Dryopteris thelypteris w w Marsh Fern Meadow Fern Duck-potato see Sagittaria latifolia Dulichium arundinaceum (b,m,w) (Cyperaceae) Three-way Sedge b b p fw (P) o Dwarf Scouring- rush see Equisetum scirpoides Dwarf Willowweed see Epilobium palustre Dye Beds tr aw see Galium tinctorium 44 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) M.G.L. CT MASS. NAT. EPA FWS COX MAGEE 131/40 AUDUBON AUDUBON Earth Loosestrife see Lvsimachia terrestris Eastern Hemlock see Tsuga canadensis Eastern Hophornbeam see Salix nigra Echinochloa crusgalli (m,w) (Gramineae) Barnyard Grass Echinochloa walteri m,w (Gramineae) Walter Millet Eel Grass see Vallisneria americana Elderberry see Sambucus canadensis Eleocharis spp . (b,m,w)m (Cyperaceae) Spike -Rush Elm see Ulmus Elodea spp. (m) (Hydrocharitaceae) Ditch-moss Waterweed Epilobium ciliatum Hairy Willowweed Epilobium coloratum Purpleleaf Willowweed (h) fu x x (h) fw (p) o,fw h o x x Echinochloa crvsgalli (L.l Beauv, Bamyard-Grass Epilobium palustre Dwarf Willowweed (Equisetaceae) see p . Equisetum fluviatile (Equisetaceae) Water Horsetail (m) Equisetum palustre (Equisetaceae) Marsh Horsetail (m) fw 45 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Equisetum scirpoides (Equisetaceae) Dwarf Scouring- rush (m) f.fu Enophonun virginicum L. Cotton-grass, Bog-cotton ot Tawny Cotton-grass Equisetum variegatum (Equisetaceae) Variegated Horsetail Eriocaulon spp . Pipewort White Buttons Eriophorum angustifolium Narrowleaf Cotton- sedge Eriophorum gracile Slender Cotton- sedge Eriophorum spissum Hare's-Tail Cotton-grass Eriophorum virginicum Bog-cotton Cotton-grass Tawny Cotton-grass Eriophorum viridicarinatum Thinleaf Cotton-sedge Ervngium aquaticum Button Snakeroot Eupatorium perfoliatum Boneset Thoroughwort Eupatorium purpureum Gravel Root Joe -Pye -weed Queen of the Meadows Evening- Primrose see Ludwigia hirtella (m) (m) fw w w,m w w,m fw False Loosestrife see Ludwigia palustris Fanwort see Cabomba caroliniana Featherfoil see Hottenia inflata 46 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name (si M.G.L. CT MASS. NAT. EPA 131/40 AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Fern see Drvopteris . Onoclea. Osmunda . or Woodwardia Fetter-bush see Leucothoe racemosa Field Mint see Mentha arvensis Fimbristylis spp. (Cyperaceae) Slender Fimbristylis (b ,m,w) Flagroot see Acorus calamus Flowering Fern see Osmunda regalis Flowering Rush see Butomus umbellatus Fowl Manna-Grass see Glvceria striata Fowl -meadow Grass see Glvceria striata Foxtail see Alopecurus Fragrant Flatsedge see Cyperus odoratus Fraxinus nigra Black Ash b,s fw OLEACEAE Olive Family Fraxinus americana L. White Ash 47 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Fraxinus pensvlvanica Green Ash Red Ash fw RUB1ACEAE Madder Family Galium palustre L. Bedscraw or Cleavers Fringed Loosestrife see Lvsimacha ciliata Frog's-bits see (Hydrocharitaceae) Galium asprellum Rough Bedstraw Galium obtusum Bluntleaf Bedstraw Galium palustre Marsh Bedstraw Cleavers Galium tinctorium Dye Bedstraw Galium trif idum Small Bedstraw Geum rivale Chocolate Root Purple Avens Water Avens Giant Chickweed see Mvosoton aquaticum Glossy Buckthorn see Rhamnus franeula Glvceria canadensis (Gramineae) Manna-Grass Rattlesnake Grass Glvceria striata (Gramineae) Fowl Manna-Grass Fowl -meadow Grass Golden Club see Orontium aquaticum fw fw (m,w) (m,w) w (h) o (h) o Golden Groundsel see Senecio aureus Golden Mexican see Rumex spp . 48 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Golden Ragwort see Senecio aureus Goldenrod see Solidago Goldthread see Coptis eroenlandica or trlfolia (Gramineae) see p . Grass-like Water-plantain see Alisma graminium Grass -of- Parnassus see Parnassia glauca Grass-pink see Calopogon pulchellus Grassy Arrowhead see Sagittaria graminea Gratiola aurea Hedge-hyssop Gratiola neglecta Neglected Hedge-hyssop Gratiola virginiana Virginia Hedge -hyssop Gravel Root see Eupatorium purpureum Green Ash see Fraxinus pensvlvanica Green Bulrush see Scirpus atrovirens Green Woodland Orchid see Habenaria clavellata o.d x x Gratiola aurea TorT. Hedge-hyssop or Golden-pen Green Dragon see Arisaema dracontium Habenaria clavellata Club-spur Orchid Green Woodland Orchid 49 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common nane(s) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Habenaria dilatata Bog Candle Bog Rein Orchid Scent-bottle Tall White Orchid x x Habenaria psvcodes Small Purple -Fringed Orchid Soldier's Plume Hackmatack see Larix larcina Hairy Willoweed see Epilobium ciliatum Hairyseed Reedgrass see Calamaprostis cinnoides (Haloragaceae) see p . Hardhack see Spiraea tomentosa Hare's-Tail Cotton-grass see Eriophorum spissum Hazel Alder see Alnus serrulata Heart- leaved Willow see Salix rigida Hedge Nettle see Stachys tenuifolia Hedge -hyssop see Gratiola Highbush Blueberry see Vaccinium corvmbosum X X ORCHIDACEAE Orchid Family Habenaria psvcodes IL.) Spreng. Small Purple Fnnged Orchis or Soldier's-plume Hoary Willow see Salix Candida Hornwort see Ceratophvllum demersum Horsetail see Equisetum Hottonia inflata Featherfoil 50 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Huntsman ' s - cup see Sarrancenia pupurea (Hydrocharitaceae) see p. Hydrocotyle verticillata Water Pennywort Hydrocotyle umbrellata Umbrella Pennywort Hydrophvlic Grasses see (Gramineae) Hypericum spp. St. John's Wort Marsh St. John's Wort Swamp St. John's Wort Hyssop Ly thrum see Lv thrum hyssopifolia Ilex glabra Inkberry Ilex laevigata Smooth Winterberry Ilex verticillata Black Alder Winterberry Impatiens capensis Spotted Touch-me-not Impatiens pallida Pale Touch-me-not m,w b,s ,m o , f , f w x x fu,u fw fw fw Indian- cup see Sarrancenia purpurea AQUIFOLIACEAE Holly Family Ilex verticillata |L.| Gray Black Alder or Winterberry 51 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Indian Poke see Veratrum viride Indian Turnip see Arisaema dracontium IRIDACEAE Iris Family Ins versicolor L. Blue Flag, Poison Flag, or Fleui-de-lis Inkberry see Ilex glabra Interrupted Fern see Osmunda clavtoniana Iris see Iris Iris prismatica Iris Iris pseudacarus Yellow Flag Yellow Iris Iris versicolor Blue Flag Iris Ironwood see Carpinus caroliniana Joe-Pye-weed see Eupatorium purpureum (Juncaceae) see J uncus or p . Rushes Juncus Aster see Aster junciformis Juncus ef fusus (Juncaceae) Soft Rush Kalmia aneustifolia Lambkill Shouthern Sheep Laurel Kalmia polifolia Bog Laurel Pale Laurel w w w,m w,m s ,m p 0 X X (m,w) s,m h b t fw b b Kalm's Lobelia see Lobelia kalmii Labrador False Solomenseal see Smilacina trifoli 52 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) M.G.L. CT MASS. NAT. EPA FWS 131/40 AUDUBON AUDUBON COX MAGEE Larix laricina DuRoi Larch, Tamarack or Hackmatack Labrador Tea see Ledum groenlandicum Lambkill see Kalmia angustifolia Larch see Larix laricina Large Cranberry see Vaccinum macrocaroon Large Pussy Willow see Salix discolor Larix laricina b,s b , s b , s p f w Hackmatack Larch Tamarack Laurel see Kalmia Laurel -magnolia see Magnolia virginiana Leatherleaf see Chamaedaphne calyculata Leatherwood see Dirca palustris Ledum groenlandicum Labrador Tea Leersia lenticularis (Gramineae) Catchfly Grass Leersia orvzoides (Gramineae) Rice Cutgrass Leersia virginica (Gramineae) White Grass (Lemnaceae) see p . Lemna minor (Lemnaceae) Common Duckweed Water Flaxseed (m,w) (m,w) (m,w) b p o (h) o (h) o (h) fw (m) m x h x x 53 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Leucothoe racemosa Fetter-bush Swamp Leucothoe Lilium canadense Turk's-Cap Lily Lily see Lilium or Nymphaea Lindera anagallidea Clasping False Pimpernal fw Lindera benzoin Spicebush fw Lindernia dubia Yellowseed False Pimpernal Listera australis Southern Twayblade fw Little Floating Heart see Nvmphoides cordata Lizard's Tail see Saururus cernuus Lobelia cardinalis Cardinal Flower fw x x Lobelia dortmanna Dortmann's Lobelia Water-Lobelia Lobelia kalmii Kalm's Lobelia LILIACEAE Lily Family Lilium superbum L. Turk's-cap-Lily 54 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name (si M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGE Lobelia siphilitica Blue Cardinal Flower fw x Long-beaked Willow see Salix bebbiana ONAGRACEAE Evening-Primiose Family Ludwigia altemifoha L. Seedbox Loosestrife see Ludwigia, Lvsimachia. or Ly thrum Love -vine see Cuscuta gronovii Low birch see Be tula pumila Ludwigia alternifolia w Seedbox Ludwigia hirtella w Evening- Primrose Spindle Root Ludwigia linearis w Narrowleaf Seedbox Ludwigia palustris w False Loosestrife Water Purslane Ludwigia polvcarpa w Many- fruited Ludwigia Ludwigia sphaerocarpa w Spindle -fruited Seedbox Lvcopus uniflorus One -flower Bugleweed Lvcopus virginicus Bugleweed Water Horehound Lyonia ligustrina Male Blueberry Maleberry fw fw fw Lvsimachia ciliata Fringed Loosestrife fw Lvsimachia terrestris Earth Loosestrife Swamp Candles Lythrum alatum Winged Alatum fw 55 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common namefs) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Lv thrum hvssopifolia Hyssop Ly thrum Lvthrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife Mad-Dog Skullcap see Scutellaria lateriflora Magnolia virginiana Laurel -magnolia Sweetbay Male Blueberry see Lvonia ligustrina Maleberry see Lvonia ligustrina Manna-Grass see Glvceria canadensis Many- fruited Ludwigia see Ludwigia polycarpa Maple see Acer Marsh Bedstraw see Galium palustre Marsh Bluebell see Campanula aparinoides Marsh Cinquefoil see Potentilla palustris Marsh Cress see Rorippa islandica w,m fw Lythrum salicana L. Purple Loosestrife or Spiked Loosestnie Marsh Fern see Drvopteris thelypteris Marsh Foxtail see Alopecurus geniculatus Marsh Goldenrod see Solidago ulginosa Marsh Horsetail see Equisetum palustre Marsh Marigold see Caltha palustris 56 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common, namefs) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Mimulus nngens L. Monkey-flower Marsh Mermaid Weed see Proserpinaca palustris Marsh St. John's Wort see Hypericum spp . Marsh Skullcap see Scutellaria galericulata Massachusetts Fern see Drvopteris simulata Meadow Beauty see Rhexia virginica Meadow Fern see Drvopteris thelvpteris Meadow -Rue see Thalictrum spp. Megalodonta beckii Water Marigold Mentha arvensis Field Mint Menvanthes trifoliata Bog Bean Bog Mrytle Buckbean Mermaid-weed see Proserpinaca intermedia Mikania scandens Climbing Hempweed Mimulus alatus Sharp -winged Monkey Flower Mimulus moschatus Muskflower fw fw Mimulus ringens Monkey Flower Mint see Mentha arvensis Mitella diphvlla Bishop's Cap Coolwort Miterwort 57 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) M.G.L. CT MASS. NAT. EPA FUS COX MAGEE 131/40 AUDUBON AUDUBON BORAGINACEAE Borage Family Myosotis scorpioides L. Forget-me-not Miterwort see Mitella diphylla Monkey Flower see Mimulus Mt. Watercress see Cardamine rotundifolia Mud-plantain see Alisma subcordatum Muskf lower see Mimulus' moschatus Mvsotis laxa Smaller Forget-me-not Myosotis scorpioides True Forget-me-not Myosoton aquaticum Giant Chickweed Mvrica gale Sweet Gale Myriophvllum spp . (Haloragaceae) Water-Milfoil Naiad see Najas flexilis Naias flexilis Bushy Pondweed Naiad Narrowleaf Cotton- sedge see Eriophorum angustifolium Narrowleaf Seedbox see Ludwigia linearis Nasturtium off icianale Watercress Neglected Hedge-hyssop see Gratiola neglecta Nemopanthus mucronata Common Mountain-Holly Netted Chain-Fern see Woodwardia areolata b ,m (m) b ,m f.fw x 58 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE NYMPHAEACEAE Water-Lily Family Nuphar variegatum Engelm. Cow-lily, Yellow Pond-lily or Spatter-dock New Jersey Blueberry see Vaccinum caesariense New York Ironweed see Veronia novebor ac ens i s Nodding Beggar 's-ticks see Bidens cernua Nodding Ladies' Tresses see Spiranthes cernua Northern False Hellebore see Veratrum viride Northern White Cedar see Thuja occidentalis Northern White Violet see Viola pallens Northern Yellow-eyed Grass see Xvris montana Nuphar spp . (Nymphaeceae) Spatter-dock Yellow Pond Lily Nvmphaea spp. (Nymphaeaceae) Pond Lily Water Lily (Nymphaceae) see p. Nvmphoides cordata Little Floating Heart Nvssa svlvatica Black Gum Tupelo Peperidge One -flower Bugleweed see Lvcopus uniflorus (m) (m) b ,m b ,m Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive Fern fw Orchid see Habenaria spp . or Pogonia ophioglossoides 59 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) M.G.L. CT MASS. NAT. EPA FWS 131/40 AUDUBON AUDUBON COX MAGEE Orontium aquaticum (Araceae) Golden Club (■•) s,m (p) Osmunda cinnamomea Cinnamon Fern fw Peltandra virginica (L.) Schon & Endl. Anow-Anim or Tuckahoe Osmunda clavtoniana Interrupted Fern Osmunda regalis Flowering Fern Royal Fern Ostrich Fern see Pteretis pensylvanica Oxvpolis rigidior Stiff Cowbane Pale Laurel see Kalmia polifolia Pale Touch-me-not see Impatiens pallida Panic Grass see Panicum agrostoides Panicum agrostoides (Gramineae) Panic Grass Parnassia glauca Grass -of- Parnassus Peach-leaved Willow see Salix amygdaloides Peat Moss see Sphagnum spp. Peltandra virginica (Araceae) Arrow-Arum Tuckahoe Penthorum sedoides Ditch- Stonecrop b,s,m p (m,w) 00 (m) m s,m (p) o x x X X X X Peperidge see Nvssa svlvatica or Picea mariana 60 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common namefs) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Peperidge see Picea mariana Petasites palmatus Sweet Coltsfoot fw Phragmites australis & communis(nO m (Gramineae) Phragmites Reed Phragmites Reed see Phragmites australis & communis Picea mariana b b Black Spruce Bog-Spruce Peperidge Pickerelweed see Pontederia spp. Pin Oak see Que reus palustris Pinguicula vulgaris Common Butterwort Pipewort see Eriocaulon spp. Pitcher-plant see Sarracenia purpurea Plantain see Alisma w,m fw fw Platanus occidentalis Sycamore fw Picea mariana Mill. Black Spruce or Bog-Spruce 'A 61 SPECIES scientific name (family name) coismon namejs) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FVS COX MAGEE Pogonia ophioglossoides Beard- flower Orchid Rose Pogonia Snake Mouth b,s ,w p Proserpmaca palustns L Mermaid-weed Poison Sumac see Toxicodendron vernix or Rhus vernix Poison Water-Hemlock see Cicuta bulbifera Polygonum spp. Arrow- leaved Tearthumb Water Smartweed Pond Lily see Nvmphaea spp. Pondweed see Potamogeton spp . Pontederia spp. (Pontederiaceae) Pickerelweed (Pontederiaceae) see p. Possumhaw see Viburnum nudum Potamogeton spp. Pondweed Potentilla fruiticosa Shrubby Cinquefoil Potentilla palustris Marsh Cinquefoil Purple Cinquefoil Proserpinaca intermedia (Haloragaceae) Mermaid-weed w,m w,m w x (m) m m m h b , s ,ra (m) o , f w , X f.fu fw o,d Proserpinaca palustris (Haloragaceae) Marsh Mermaid-weed (m) Proserpinaca pectinata (Haloragaceae) Cutleaf Mermaid-weed (m) 62 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common r.ameCs) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAG Pteretis pensvlvanica Ostrich Fern Purple Avens see Geum rivale Purple Chokecherry see Pvrus f loribunda Purple Cinquefoil see Potentilla palustris Purple Loosestrife see Lythrum salicaria Purpleleaf Willoweed see Epilobium coloratum Purplestem Angelica see Angelica atropurpurea Pussy Willow see Salix discolor Pyrus f loribunda Purple Chokecherry fw Pvrus melanocarpa Black Chokeberry Queen of the Meadows see Eupatorium purpureum Que reus bicolar Swamp White Oak fw Quercus palustris Pin Oak Swamp Oak Water -Oak fw FAGACEAE Beech Family Quercus bicolor Willd. Swamp- White Oak 63 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s') M.G.L. CT MASS. NAT. EPA FWS COX MAGEE 131/40 AUDUBON AUDUBON Ranunculus flabellaris Water Crowfoot Yellow-water Crowfoot Ranunculus septentrional is Swamp Buttercup RANUNCULACEAE Crowfoot Family Ranunculus flabellans Raf. Yellow Crowfoot or Water-Crowfoot Rattlesnake Grass see Glyceria canadensis Red Ash see Fraxinus pensvlvanica Red-Maple see Acer rub rum Red Milkweed see Asclepias rubra Red Osier Dogwood see Cornus stolonifera Red Willow see Cornus amomum Redroot Cyperus see Cyperus ervthrorhizos Reed-Bentgrass see Calamagrostis canadensis Rhamnus frangula Alder Buckthorn Glossy Buckthorn Rhexia virginica Deer Grass Meadow Beauty Virginia Meadow Beauty Rhodendron canadense Azalea Canadian Rhododendron Rhododendron viscosum (or Azalea viscosum') Clammy Azalea Swamp Azalea Swamp Honeysuckle fu, fw o X X b,s b , s s p o Rhus vernix (or Toxicodendron vernix) Poison Sumac s s 64 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common naaeCs') M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGE Rhynchospora spp . (Cyperacese) Beak- rush (b ,m,w)w (P) o . f w , f Rice Cutgrass see Leersia orvzoides Rosa palustns Marsh. Swamp Rose River Birch see Be tula nigra Rope -bark see Dirca palustris Rorippa islandica Marsh Cress Yellow Cress Rosa nitida Shining Rose Rosa palustris Swamp Rose Rose Pogonia see Pogonia ophioglossoides Round- leaved Sundew see Drosera rotundifolia Rough Aster see Aster radula Rough Bedstraw see Galium asprellum Rough Buttonweed see Diodia virginiana Rough Hedge Nettle see Stachvs hispida Roughleaf Goldenrod see Solidago patula Round- leaved Sundew Drosera rotundifolia x x fw 0 X X Royal Fern see Osmunda regalis Rub us hispidus Swamp Dewberry Trailing Swamp Blackberry 65 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE POLYGONACEAE Buckwheat Family Rumex oibiculatus Gray Water-Dock Rumex spp. Dock Golden Mexican Swamp Dock Rumex verticillatus Swamp Dock Rushes see (Juncaceae) Sagittaria graminea Grassy Arrowhead Sagittaria latifolia Broadleaf Arrowhead Duck-potato Wapato St. John's Wort see Hypericum spp. (Salicaceae) see p. Salix amy gdalo ides (Salicaceae) Peach-leaved Willow Salix bebbiana (Salicaceae) Long-beaked Willow Salix Candida (Salicaceae) Hoary Willow Salix discolor (Salicaceae) Large Pussy Willow Pussy Willow Salix lucida (Salicaceae) Shining Willow Salix nigra (Salicaceae) American Hornbeam Black Willow Eastern Hophornbeam Salix pyrifolia (Salicaceae) Balsam-leaved Willow o , f w , x fu s ,m (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) s fw fw s s fw fw fw fw (s) fw 66 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name ( s ) M.G.L. CT MASS. NAT. EPA FWS COX MAGE 131/40 AUDUBON AUDUBON Salix ripida (Salicaceae) Heart-leaved Willow (s) Salix sericea (Salicaeae) Silky Willow (s) s s Salix serissma (Salicaceae) Autumn Willow (s) Sambucus canadensis Common Elder Elderberry s p fw Sarracenia purpurea Huntsman ' s - cup Indian-cup Pitcher-plant Sidesaddle -flower bbbbpoxx Saururus cernuus Lizard's Tail Swamp -lily Water Dragon Scent-bottle see Habenaria dilata Scirpus americanus (Cyperaceae) American Bulrush Chair Maker's Rush Three -Square Bulrush (b ,m,w)m Scirpus atrovirens (Cyperaceae) Green Bulrush (b ,m,w) (p) o SALICACEAE Willow Family Salix nigra Marsh Black Willow 67 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common najgefs) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Scirpus cyperinus (Cyperaceae) Wool-grass Wooly Sedge (b,m,w)w,m w,m s,w,m (p) f w LABIATAE Mint Family Scutellaria lateriflora L. Mad-dog Skullcap Scirpus validus (Cyperaceae) Softstem Bulrush Scutellaria galericulata Common Skullcap Marsh Skullcap Scutellaria lateriflora Blue Skullcap Mad-Dog Skullcap Sedges see (Cyperaceae) Seedbox see Ludwigia alternifolia Senecio aureus Golden Groundsel Golden Ragwort Squaw-weed Sensitive Fern see Onoclea sensibilis Shadbush see Amelanchier canadensis Sharp -winged Monkey Flower see Mimulus alatus Shining Cyperus see Cyperus rivularis Shining Rose see Rosa nitida Shining Willow see Salix lucida Shortawn Foxtail see Alopecurus aequalis Showy Lady's Slipper see Cypripedium reeinea Shrubby Cinquefoil see Potentilla fruiticosa (b ,m,w)m (P) fw X X s ,w fw X X 68 SPECIES scientific name (family name) comaon nameCs) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE S ide saddle - flower see Sarracenia purpurea Silky Dogwood see Cornus amomum Silky Willow see Salix sericea Sium suave Walt. Water-parsnip Sium suave Common Water Parsnip Water Parsnip Skullcap see Scutellaria Skunk Cabbage see Symplocarpus foetidus Slender Cottonsedge see Eriophorum gracile Slender Fimbristylis see Fimbristylis spp . Slippery Elm see Ulmus rubra Small Bedstraw see Galium trifidum Small Purple -Fringed Orchid see Habernaria psvcodes Smaller Forget-me-not see Mvosotis laxa Smallspike False Nettle see Boehmeria cvlindrica Smaller Forget-me-not see Mvosotis laxa Smilacina trifoli Labrador False Solomenseal Smooth Winterberry see Ilex laevigata Smooth Witherod see Viburnum nudum Snake Mouth see Pogonia ophioglossoides 69 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name^s'i M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Soft-Maple see Acer rub rum Soft Rush see J uncus ef fusus Softstem Bulrush see Scirpus validus Sol anum dulcamara Bittersweet Nightshade Soldier's Plume see Habernaria psvcodes Solidago patula Roughleaf Goldenrod Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Marsh or Bog Goldenrod Solidago purshii Goldenrod Solidago uliginosa Bog Goldenrod Marsh Goldenrod Southern Harebell see Campanula uliginosa Southern Sheep Laurel see Kalmia angustifolia Southern Twayblade see Listera australis Southern White Cedar see Chamaecyparis thvoides Southern Wild Rice see Zizaniopsis miliacea (Sparganiaceae) see p . Sparganium spp . ( Sparganiaceae ) Bur-reed (m) Spatter-dock see Nuphar spp. Speckled Alder see Alnus rugosa Sphagnum Moss see Sphagnum spp. 70 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common namefs) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Sphagnum spp . Bog Moss Peat Moss Sphagnum Moss Spicebush see Lindera benzoin Spike -Rush see Eleocharis spp . Spindle Root see Ludwigia hirtella Spindle-fruited Seedbox see Ludwigia sphaerocarpa Spinulose Wood-Fern see Drvopteris spinulosa Spiraea latifolia Broadleaf Meadowsweet Spiraea fw Spiraea tomentosa Hardhack Steeple Bush Spiranthes cernua Common Ladies' Tresses Nodding Ladies ' Tresses fw Spotted Cowbane see Cicuta maculata Spruce see Picea Spotted Touch-me-not see Impatiens capensis SPHAGNACEAE Sphagnum Moss Family Sphagnum palustie Boat-leaved Sphagnum 71 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common namei's) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Spring Cress see Cardamine bulbosa Squaw-weed see Senecio aureus Stachvs hispida see Rough Hedge Nettle Stachvs palustris Woundwort Stachvs tenuiflora Hedge Nettle Steeple Bush see Spiraea tomentosa Stick-tight see Bidens cernua or discoidea Stiff Cowbane see Oxvpolis rigidior Stout Woodreed see Cinna arundinacea Strangle -weed see Cuscuta gronovii Straw-colored Cyperus see Cvperus strigosus Subcordate Water-plantain see Alisma subcordatum Summersweet Clethra see Clethra alnifolia Swamp Azalea see Azalea viscosum or Rhododendron viscosum Swamp Birch see Be tula pumila fw Senecio aureus L. Golden Ragwort or Squaw-weed Swamp Buttercup see Ranunculus septentrional is Swamp Candles see Lysimachia terrestris Swamp Dewberry see Rub us hispidus Swamp Dock see Rumex spp. 72 SPECIES scientific name (family name) c ommon name ( s ) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FwS COX MAGEE ASCLEPIADACEAE Milkweed family Asclepias incarnate L. Swamp-Milkweed Swamp Dodder see Cuscuta Eronovii Swamp Honeysuckle see Azalea viscosum or Rhodendron viscosum Swamp Leucothoe see Leucothoe racemosa Swamp Loosestrife see Decodon verticillatus Swamp -Maple see Acer rubrum Swamp Milkweed see Asclepias incarnata Swamp Oak see Quercus palustris Swamp Rose see Rosa palustris Swamp St. John's Wort see Hypericum spp . Swamp White Oak see Quercus bicolor Swamp- lily see Saururus cernuus Swamp - p ink see Arethusa bulbosa or Calopogon pulchellus Sweet Coltsfoot see Petasites palmatus Sweet Gale see Mvrica pale Sweet Pepperbush see Clethra alnifolia Sweetbay see Maenolia virginiana Sweetflag see Acorus calamus Sycamore see Plantanus occidentalis 73 SPECIES scientific nar^e (family name) common name^s) M.G.L. CT MASS. NAT. EPA FWS 131/40 AUDUBON AUDUBON COX MAGEE Symplocarpus foetidus (Araceae) Common Skunk Cabbage s,m (p) Tall White Orchid see Habenaria dilatata Tamarack see Larix laricina Tawny Cotton-grass see Eriophorum viginicum Thalictrum spp . Meadow -Rue s ,w,m f , f w x x Thinleaf Cotton-sedge see Eriophorum viridicarinatum Thoroughwort see Eupatorium perfoliatum Three -Square Bulrush see Scirpus americanus Three-way Sedge see Dulichium arundinaceum Thuja occidentalis Northern White Cedar b,s Tickseed Sunflower see Bidens coronata Toothleaf Flatsedge see Cyperus dentatus Toxicodendron vernix (or rhus vernix) Poison Sumac s s p o Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt. Skunk -cabbage 74 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common nameCs^ M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Trailing Swamp Blackberry see Rubus hispidus Trollius laxus American Globeflower True Forget-me-not see Mvosotis scorpioides Tsuga canadensis Eastern Hemlock fu Tuckahoe see Peltandra virginica Turk's Cap Lily see Lilium canadense Tussilago farfara Coltsfoot fu x Tussock Sedge see Carex stricta Twig Rush see Cladium mariscoides Twisted Yellow-eyed Grass see Xvris torta Typha spp. Cat-tails Ulmus americana American Elm White Elm fw Ulmus rubra Slippery Elm ULMACEAE Elm Family Ulmus amencana L. American Elm or White Elm 75 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common namefs) M.G.L. CT MASS. NAT. EPA 131/40 AUDUBON AUDUBON Fw7S COX MAGEE Umbrella Pennywort see Hvdrocotvle umbrellata Umbrella Sedge see Cyperus strigosus Utricularia spp . Bladderwort Vaccinium caesariense New Jersey Blueberry Vaccinium corvmbosum Highbush Blueberry Vaccinium macrocarpon Large Cranberry Vallisneria americana (Hydrocharitaceae) Eel Grass Wild Celery Variegated Horsetail see Equisetum variegatum Veratrum viride Indian Poke Northern False Hellebore White Hellebore b,s p h s,w p fw fw X X Verbena spp . Verbena f , f U , X X fw,o Verbena see Verbena spp. Veronia noveboracensis New York Ironweed Vaccinium corymbosum L. Highbush-Blueberry fw X X 76 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common name(s) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Veronica angall is -aquatics Brook Pimpernal Water Speedwell o x x Vervain see Verbena spp. Viburnum cassinoides White-rod Wild-raisin Witherod Viburnum dendatum or recognitum Arrow-wood Viburnum nudum Possumhaw Smooth Witherod Viola pallens Northern White Violet Wild White Violet Virginia Chain Fern see Woodwardia virginica Virginia Hedge -hyssop see Gratiola virginiana Virginia Meadow Beauty see Rhexia virginica Wapato see Sagittaria latifolia Water-Arum see Calla palustris fw f.fw X CAPRIFOLIACEAE Honeysuckle Family Viburnum cassinoides L Witherod or Wild-raisin Water Avens see Geum rivale Water Chickweeds see Callitriche spp. Water Crowfoot see Ranunculus flabellaris Water Dragon see Saururus cernuus Water Flaxseed see Lemna minor 77 SPECIES scientific name (family name) common nameCs) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE Water Hemlock see Cicuta Water Horehound see Lvcopus virginicus Water Horsetail see Equisetum fluviatile Water Lily see Nvmphaea spp . Water-Lobelia see Lobelia dortmanna Water Marigold see Megalodonta beckii Water-Milfoil see Mvriophvllum spp. Water Millet see Echinochloa walteri Water Oak see Quercus palustris Water Oats see Zizania aquatica Water Oleander see Decodon verticillatus Water Parsnip see Sium suave Water Purslane see Ludwigia palustris Nymphaea odorata Ajt. Fragrant Water-Uly or Pond-lily 78 SPECIES scientific r.air.e (family name) coror.ori nasgXs) M.G.L. CI 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE LYTHRACEAE Loosestrife Family Decodon vemcillatus (L.I Ell. Swamp-Loosestrife or Water-willow Water Shield see Brasenia schreberi Water Smartweed see Polygonum spp . Water Speedwell see Veronica anagallis-aquatica Water Stargrass see Zosterella dubia Water Starworts see Callitriche spp. Water Willow see Decodon verticillatus Water-meal see Wolff ia spp. Water -plantain see Alisma Watercress see Nasturtium off icianale Waterweed see Elodea spp. White Buttons see Eriocaulon spp. White Camass see Zigadenus glaucus White Cedar see Chamaecy-paris thvoides White Elm see Ulmus americana White Grass see Leersia virginica White Hellebore see Veratrum viride White-plantain see Alisma subcordatum White-rod see Virburnum cassinoides 79 SPECIES scientific name (family name) c o nun on name < s ) M.G.L. CT 131/40 MASS. NAT. EPA AUDUBON AUDUBON FWS COX MAGEE White Turtlehead see Chelone glabra Whorled Pennywort see Hvdrocotvle verticillata Wild Calla see Calla palustris Wild Celery see Vallisneria americana Wild Rice see Zizania aquatica Wild White Violet see Viola pallens Wild-raisin see Virburaum cassinoides Willow see Salix Willowweed see Epilobium Winged Alatum see Lythrum alatum Winterberry see Ilex Wiropy see Impatiens capensis Wood- reedgr ass see Cinna arundinacea Witherod see Viburnum cassinoides Woodwardia virgimca |L.) Sm. Virginian Chain-Fern Wolf f ia spp . (Lemnaceae) Water-meal (b,s) Woodwardia areolata Netted Chain Fern fw Woodwardia virginica Virginia Chain Fern Wool-grass see Scirpus cyperinus 80 SPECIES scientific name (family name) convmon namefs'i M.G.L. CT MASS. NAT. EPA FWS 131/40 AUDUBON AUDUBON COX MAGEE Wooly Sedge see Scirpus cyperinus XYRIDACEAE Yellow-eyed Grass Family Xyris carolmiana Walt. Yellow-eyed Crass Woundwort see Stachys palustris Xyris caroliniana Carolina Yellow-eyed Grass Xyris montana Northern Yellow-eyed Grass Xyris torta Twisted Yellow-eyed Grass Yellow Cress see Rorippa islandica Yellow Flag see Iris pseudacorus Yellow Iris see Iris pseudacorus Yellow Pond Lily see Nuphar spp. Yellow- eyed Grass see Xvris Yellow-water Crowfoot see Ranunculus flabellaris Yellowseed False Pimpernal see Lindernia dubia Zigadenus glaucus White Camass Zizania aouatica (Gramineae) Annual Wild Rice Water Oats Zizaniopsis miliacea (Gramineae) Southern Wild Rice fw (m,w) m (w,m) m h (h) o Zosterella dubia Water Stargrass 81