MmaLab. A^PIO, DFPT,

6

.

[Reprinted from THE JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL- K[O&TIOULTWH*,L .SOCIETY^
Vol. XL. Part III.]'

V «*»*•*•
AGWC. DEPT.

A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE OF POMOLOGY.
By E. A. BUNYARD, F.L.S., F.R.H.S.

A REVIEW of the literature of pomology within the scope of this paper
necessitates certain limitations. Anything in the nature of a detailed
survey will obviously be impossible, and the treatment of the subject
must therefore be confined to a description of those books which stand
out as landmarks in pomological history, either by reason of their
originality or by their value as a focus of the knowledge of their time.
It is also necessary to fix a starting-point for this survey, and the
question, " At what time did pomological literature commence ? " is
difficult to answer.

The Greek and Roman agricultural writers, to go no further back,
wrote much that is of great interest in the history of fruit culture, and
indeed it is impossible to appreciate the works of later writers without
some knowledge of this literature. Their influence continued for many
hundreds of years, and it was long before experiment enabled men to
question their magistral authority.

It was not until the Renaissance that a real literature of pomology
arose, a literature which was critical and founded upon personal
experience. I will therefore take this period, which has the advantage
of being conveniently vague, as my starting-point.

The first writer who deserves mention is PIETRO DE CRESCENZI, or
CRESCENTIIS, who, though not strictly a pomological author, had a
remarkable influence upon the horticulture of his time. Born at
Bologna in 1230, he spent much of his life in travel and at an advanced
age returned to Italy, where he wrote his " Opus Ruralium Commo-
dorum " at the invitation of CHARLES II., King of Sicily. This work was
circulated in manuscript, and after the art of printing had become
known in Europe it was printed at many different towns. It is said
that a copy of this work was the first product of the presses of Louvain
in 1474. Though written in the thirteenth century, it was not until the
fifteenth century that its greatest influence was felt, and the numerous
editions published all over Europe bear evidence of its great popularity.
The chapters dealing with fruit cultivation are of much interest
and show evidence of observation, only a few examples of which can
be mentioned here. That strong-growing varieties of apples should
be pruned in the summer is probably the first mention of summer
pruning, and modern investigation is recalled by the advice to keep
fresh-planted trees free from weeds until they are well rooted, after which
it is not of such great importance. The storing of fruit in a dark place
is recommended, and it is interesting to note the definite statement that
no apples ripen in June or July.

320920

415 ICLPiNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

After CRESCENTIIS the next book of pomological interest is the
very scarce work of ANTONINI VENUTI "De Notensis Agricultura
Opusculorum," which was published at Naples in 1516. Nearly
every kind of fruit has a chapter devoted to its cultivation and uses,
very largely culled from PALLADIUS and other Roman authors.
It is, however, of the greatest interest, as being probably the first
book published which deals exclusively with fruits.

About this time France became the leading country in the production
of garden literature.

The sixteenth century was a happy period for the industrious
compiler, and such men as CHARLES ESTIENNE, brother of the famous
printer, prepared many books based on the writings of the ancients,
mingled occasionally with original observations. His " Praedium
Rusticum " was such a work, and deserves notice as the foundation of
the more famous " Maison Rustique." Nothing of first-rate impor-
tance, however, appeared until 1600, when OLIVIER DE SERRES published
his remarkable " Le Theatre d' Agriculture," a work which may truly be
said to mark the departure from tradition and authority to the wider
field of experiment and observation.

DE SERRES possessed in a large degree the " divine curiosity "
which was so much a mark of the seventeenth century. At his home
at Pradel, near Villeneuve, he founded what was probably the first
experimental farm, and after a life spent in questioning Nature he
employed his old age in setting down his experiences in garden and
farm. His book is written in a charming style, and even nowadays
is well worth reading, as its instructions in many garden operations
can hardly be improved upon. The success of his book was instan-
taneous, and at the date of his death in 1619 it had already reached
its eighth edition. His life has been written by HENRY VASCHALDE,*
and his name is still honoured in France as the Father of French
Agriculture. For pomologists his memory is kept alive by the late
pear named after him by its raiser, M. BOISBUNEL, of Rouen. The
value of the " Theatre " is mainly cultural ; some lists of fruits are
given, but with few descriptions. We find, however, several fruits
which are still grown, such as ' Bon Chretien d'Hiver,' ' Caillot Rosat/
among pears, and ' Court Pendu/ ' Passe pomme,' ' Blanc doux/
' Chataignier,' among apples, all of which may be found in French
gardens to-day.

To gain any real idea of the fruits cultivated at this time it is
necessary to turn to the remarkable catalogue prepared by LE LECTIER.
This industrious man was Procureur Royal at Orleans, and in his
leisure moments a keen pomologist. In his garden he collected all
the fruits of his time, and they numbered some 260 pears, 35 apples,
and 27 peaches. By good fortune a unique copy of this catalogue
has been preserved and is now at the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris.
This list of fruits has been reprinted by LEROY in his " Dictionnaire

* Olivier de Serves, by Henry Vaschalde, Paris, 1886.

A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE OF POMOLOGY. 416

de Pomologie," and is most valuable as a witness of the great interest
which must have been taken in fruit cultivation at this date.

The closing years of the sixteenth century mark the first appearance
of a pomological literature in England. The earliest works were all
translations or adaptations of French works. LEONARD MASCALL
and BARNABE GOOGE were both translators, and it was not until
WILLIAM LAWSON published his " A New Orchard and Garden " that we
had a really English work. Authorities are not in agreement as to
the date of the first edition, but the dates 1597 and 1615, given by
JOHNSON in his " History of Gardening," are probably erroneous.
The earliest edition I have seen is in the British Museum, dated 1617.
Another edition is dated 1618, and is probably a reprint of the first
edition, and the second and third editions are respectively 1623 and
1626. Many other editions followed, and it was reprinted with
MARKHAM'S " Way to get Wealth " in 1648.

The book is quite original and contains very practical directions
for laying down orchards, and it is of great historical importance
as the first really English work upon fruit trees.

No work of outstanding merit, from the point of view of this
paper, was published in England till the translation of QUINTINYE'S
great work was undertaken by EVELYN. There are, however, two
books which demand notice for the evidence they give of originality
and research. The first of these is " The History of the Propagation
and Improvement of Vegetables " by ROBERT SHARROCK. The
author was born at Adstock, in Buckinghamshire, and took the degree
of D.L. at Oxford and afterwards entered the Church. He was led
to write his book by his distrust of the fantastic tales of graftings
and buddings described in many books of the time, tales which he not
unfairly considers worthy of the great Sir JOHN MANDEVILLE. Finding
by experiment how impossible it was to graft an apple on a cabbage
or an elm, he thought well to describe the methods and limits of this
practice. The work is not wholly confined to the propagation of
fruits, but it cannot be omitted in the consideration of pomological
literature. The first edition is dated 1660 and has 150 pages. The
second edition was enlarged to 255 pages and was published in 1672.
The additions are general throughout, and do not consist of the adding
of fresh chapters. The third edition (1694) was called " An Improve-
ment to the Art of Gardening," but is identical with the second.

Somewhat similar in scope was the work of FRANCIS DROPE,
entitled "A Short and Sure Guide in the Practice of Raising and
Ordering Fruit Trees/' published at Oxford in 1672. A fellow of
Magdalen College and a divine by profession, he took " an inoffensive
delight " in planting, and this delight is evident on every page of this
little book. The fullest directions for raising stocks and grafting
trees are given in a style which is full of charm and quaint ness. The
grafting and budding of trees entirely occupy the writer, and the
instructions throughout are of a very sound and practical order.

The next book which had a real influence upon English fruit garden-

417 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ing was EVELYN'S translation of DE LA QUINTINYE'S great classic,
but before we consider this it will be well to return to French literature
and its progress from the days of DE SERRES.

The seventeenth century marks the separation of horticultural
from agricultural literature. With a few exceptions, such as the work
of VENUTI above mentioned, nearly all the works published before
1600 were of the " Maison Rustique " type, dealing with all the occupa-
tions of the country. After OLIVIER DE SERRES a real gardening
literature began to spring up and give ample evidence of the interest
which was being felt in the art. It was the age of formalism, and in
the "Theatre des Plans et Jardinages " of CLAUDE MOLLET (1652)
we see the beginning of the style which was developed by LE NOTRE
in later years, and which still remains the dominant influence in
French gardens. The influence of such formalism was not without
its effect in the fruit garden, and it was at this time that the espalier
method of training came into great vogue. The author usually quoted
as the first to deal with this form of training is JACQUES BOYCEAU,
author of " Traite de Jardinage selon les raisons de la Nature et de
1'Art." This is, however, a mistake, as OLIVIER DE SERRES devotes a
whole chapter to this subject, and speaks of it as an ancient practice,
and its existence in the fifteenth century can be proved. There is
no doubt, however, that at this time fruit trees were subjected to the
most severe pruning in the rage for formal shapes, and they were often
trimmed into the devices now associated with the yew and box.

But it was not long before a voice was raised against this unnatural
practice, and the importance of this movement in fruit culture makes
it necessary to give some prominence to LE GENDRE, whose little work,
" La Maniere de Cultiver les Arbres Frui tiers," was published at Paris
in 1652. Much has been written on the subject of the authorship
of this work. Some authorities consider the name of LE GENDRE to
be a pseudonym. Others allow LE GENDRE the credit of writing rough
notes which were worked up by others. Against these suggestions
there are certain facts. That such a person as LE GENDRE did exist
is undoubted, and it is on record that he was born at Vaudreuil, in
Evreux, in 1612. He occupied the joint post of almoner and super-
intendent of the Royal Gardens under Louis XIII. His cure was
at Henonville, in Normandy, and there he gathered together a collection
of rare fruits, flowers, and animals. That he was a man of education
seems evident from his friendship with CORNEILLE, and this great
poet has left verses commemorating the charm of the pastoral garden
and its owner, one verse of which may be quoted here : —

" Des arbres si beaux, 1'epaisse chevelure
Conserve la fralcheur d'unemolle verdure,
Ou divers animaux que je ne connais pas
Trouvent a se cacher et prendre leurs ebats. "

CORNEILLE, however, discloses himself as no gardener, for the
" e"paisse chevelure " was the very thing that LE GENDRE set out to
combat. It is his special merit that he realized that the pruning of

A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE OF POMOLOGY. 418

fruit trees must aim at a natural and not an artificial form. The
" chevelure " system of priming with shears receives his special con-
demnation, and he will have only the knife. Furthermore, he realized
that different varieties, by their natural habit, demand different
treatment in pruning.

This little book can hardly be valued too highly. Greatly superior
to many works of numerous editions, it bears the imprint of the
worker and observer, and conveys to the reader the real love of
gardening more than any fruit book I can recall. His final counsels
are admirable. " It would be useless to have examined with so much
care the nature of fruit trees, to have given so many instructions for
their right culture, if I did not finish by advice which I esteem the
principal and most important of all : that one cannot have beautiful
trees without loving them. Neither goodness of soil, nor rich manure,
nor favourable situations will alone make them thrive, but it is the
gardener's affection which makes them strong and vigorous."

A work which had a great popularity at this time was " Le Jardinier
Francois." The author, NICHOLAS DE BONNEFONDS, was, it is said,
valet de chambre to the French King, but little more is known of him.
The first edition of his work was published in Paris in 1651, and
contains some very interesting early copper plates. The work covers
all the operations of the fruit garden, and includes some interesting
lists of fruits. Several editions rapidly followed, and in 1658 it was
translated into English as " The French Gardener, Instructing how
to Cultivate all sorts of Fruit Trees and Herbs for the Garden." The
translation was stated in the first edition to be by " Philokepos,"
but EVELYN'S name appeared in the second. Bound with this is
generally found " Les Delices de la Campagne," which follows the
fruits into the kitchen and deals with their treatment there.

But the day for such homely works as these was passing, and the
literature of fruit culture was coming to a stage when copious and
magnificent volumes were published, works fully in keeping with the
age whose King " had enough in him to make four kings and one
honest man." Happily some part of this multiple personality was
devoted to the development of the garden, and the final result,
Versailles, has had a deep and lasting effect upon horticulture.

Almost equal in fame to the great LE NOTRE in the formal
garden was LA QUINTINYE in the " potager." Under his auspices
this domestic quarter of the garden reached an importance hitherto
unknown.

LA QUINTINYE was born in Angoumois in 1626, and died in 1688.
He studied at first for a legal career, but a journey to Italy turned his
thoughts to gardening, and he was called on his return by Louis XIV.
to create the fruit and vegetable' gardens at Chantilly, Rambouillet,
and Versailles. For the royal table at Versailles every kind of fruit
was wanted in perfection, and QUINTINYE supplied this both in and
out of season, as forcing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers was largely
carried on. His great work " Instruction pour les Jardins potagers

A 3

419 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

et fruitiers " was published in 1690, two years after his death, and
was the most detailed work at that time upon fruit trees and their
culture. Every aspect was treated with great minuteness, and in
fact some five hundred pages are occupied with fruits. Cultural
information occupies the greater part of the work, and there are a few
points upon which he shows evidence of originality. His disregard
of the influence of the moon, so long an important factor in all garden
operations, was remarkable ; but a zealous and conservative editor,
fearing that this innovation might not be well received, added a
chapter which reinstated the moon to its hegemonic position. In
the pruning of the roots when transplanting, QUINTINYE anticipated
the moderns by insisting that all fibres and roots smaller than a quill
are valueless and should be entirely removed, as new fibres must be
produced before the plant could absorb water from the soil.

The descriptions of fruits given are not very full, but more so than
those given by his predecessors, and a new feature was added by the
very full notes of the cultural needs and special preferences of the
various fruits. Another useful item is a definition of various gardening
terms. In pruning QUINTINYE was a firm believer in the maxim, " First
make your tree, then fruit it " ; and his counsel, " Retarder vos jouis-
sances pour en jouir plus longtemps," was applied both to pruning and
in his strong recommendation as to the need of thinning fruit. This
latter point was probably somewhat new in his day.

The fame of QUINTINYE and his work at Versailles was soon spread
far, and he visited England, where he met JOHN EVELYN, who later
translated his book. It is not difficult to imagine the enthusiasm
with which EVELYN would have welcomed the great French gardener,
and the " Treatise on the Culture of Melons " which is added to the
English translation was written at EVELYN'S request. The success
of the work was great ; many French editions have been published,
and it was also translated into Italian and Dutch.

EVELYN'S translation was published in 1693 and entitled " The
Compleat Gard'ner, or directions for cultivating and right ordering of
Fruit Gardens and Kitchen Gardens, with divers Reflections on several
parts of Husbandry " (folio, London, 1693). It is a complete and
literal translation. The great length of the work and the tedious
repetition of some parts made an abridgment obviously desirable.
This was provided by the famous nurserymen LONDON and WISE,
but was probably EVELYN'S own work, and was entitled " The
Complete Gardener, or Directions for Cultivating and right Ordering
of Fruit Gardens and Kitchen Gardens. Now compendiously abridged
and made of more use, with very considerable improvements, by George
London and Henry Wise." (London, 1699.)

This work had an instant success and passed through many editions
with great rapidity, the seventh being dated 1719. It was through
this work that the precepts of QUINTINYE became generally known
in this country, and their influence was very great for many years.

The opening years of the eighteenth century in England were

A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE OF POMOLOGY. 420

remarkable for an output of books on fruit trees, and there are many
names from which it is difficult to select the most prominent. The
dependence upon French authors had now ceased, a native
literature was in full swing, and a certain revulsion from French
influences may be noted.

The first author who claims notice is the Rev. JOHN LAURENCE,
who was born at St. Martin's, Stamford Baron, Northamptonshire,
where his father was incumbent. After taking his degree at Cambridge
he was presented with the living of Yelvertoft, Northampton. Sub-
sequently he was appointed vicar of Bishopwearmouth, Durham,
and finally he was a prebendary of Salisbury. These changes gave
him a wider experience of soils and climates than falls to the lot of
many writers, and he made full use of this experience in his books.
His first publication was " The Clergy-man's Recreation, Shewing the
Pleasure and Profit of the Art of Gardening," an octavo published at
London in 1714. This passed rapidly into many editions, and was
followed by " The Gentleman's Recreation," London, 1716 ; " The
Fruit Garden Kalendar," London, 1718 ; and " The Art of Gardening
Improved," London, 1718 ; this last being a combination of previous
works. A work called " A New System of Agriculture " (folio, London,
1727) contains some very useful chapters on fruit culture, and is of
interest as presenting his matured opinions.

LAURENCE was no mere theorist, and many of his practices were
decidedly original. He was a great advocate of the bush system of
cultivation, and his recommendations on planting are interesting.
In planting a young tree all the roots were to be cut back to 6 inches
and all fibres removed. Three main roots were considered sufficient.
In planting no hole was dug ; the root was just pressed into the soil and
then covered with a fine mould. This method was said to prevent
the production of coarse roots and to be very successful. His remarks
on diseases are very interesting, and he says : " Had I but elbow-
room, I have a great inclination to turn Quack in Vegetables." His
counsels to nurserymen of the day were very sound, and doubtless
much needed if we may judge by a letter sent to a disappointed
purchaser by a " merry fellow " whose trees had not turned out all
that might have been expected. It is impossible to refrain from
quoting this ingenious epistle :

"It is true you gentlemen charge us (and often very justly) with
sending you down bad trees and wrong sorts ; but though you may
think us Knaves, you must not say we are Fools, for we have three
hits for it. First, if the trees I send you down be a wrong sort or on a
bad stock, the tree may die before it comes to bear, and then the fault
is laid on the planter or other accidents and outward injuries, and so I
hear no more of that, but another is sent for in its room, perhaps the
same kind. Secondly, the Gentleman who sends for the tree may chance
to die before it wins to bear, and then the next heir blames the choice
and sends for another. Or, lastly, I die myself, and then the Proverb
takes place, De mortuis nil nisi bonum ! "

421 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The works of LAURENCE had a great popularity, but they were
overshadowed by the excellent book of STEPHEN SWITZER, whose
" Practical Fruit Gardener " was published in 1724. In this the whole
range of fruit culture is treated in a terse and clear style, and on every
page it bears witness to a practical knowledge which was not too
common in writers of those days. That SWITZER had no great opinion
of QUINTINYE'S work is evident, and he speaks of his " round-about
way " of conveying his opinions, but he is occasionally " oblidged "
to admit that QUINTINYE was at tunes in the right.

SWITZER was a nurseryman ; his advice on stocks was therefore
from first-hand experience, and it is curious to note in this matter how
little things have changed since his day. His book must be given a
very important place in British fruit literature, and some writers have
even gone so far as to consider it the first book on fruit culture of any
value.

The next work of importance is the " Pomona " of BATTY L ANGLE Y.
This is a folio volume ; it was published in 1729, and is of interest as
the first work in the English language which attempts to illustrate the
different varieties of fruits. These illustrations are line drawings, but
they certainly show a real appreciation of the characters of the fruits.
The remarks on cultivation and descriptions of varieties do not present
any special features, but the work was evidently popular, as it is
frequently met with despite the adjective " rare," so often used in
booksellers' catalogues. The author was born in 1696 ; he was an
architect and garden designer, and published several books on this
subject.

The remaining authors of the eighteenth century, such as HITT,
the prolific ABERCROMBIE, and the voluble FORSYTH, need not for our
present purpose detain us. The details of culture had been well
thrashed out by previous authors, and little room for innovations was
left. The development of pomology henceforward was mainly in the
systematic description, and in the raising of new varieties.

There is, however, one author, L'ABBE SCHABOL, whose work is at
first a seeming contradiction to this statement, though in fact it is not
so. His contribution consists in placing on record the remarkable
system of peach training which had for long been practised by the
gardeners of Montreuil. In the " Journal ficonomique " of 1755 this
method was explained to the great confusion of the scientific, who
found untutored peasants training their trees on scientifically correct
principles. It was SCHABOL'S good fortune to publish this method to the
world, at first in the publication above-mentioned and afterwards in his
" Dictionnaire des Jardiniers," 1767, and his " La Pratique du Jardin-
age," 1772. The latter work well repays study, as the instructions for
pruning and the systems of training are described and figured with
much detail, and several novel practices are there to be found.

It is necessary to return now to Continental writers to see the dawn
of that greater exactitude in description which was to raise pomology
to a branch of applied botany.

A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE OF POMOLOGY. 422

The introduction of a scientific method into pomological descrip-
tions commences with DUHAMEL'S famous " Traite des Arbres
Fruitiers," which was published in 1768. This versatile writer, an ana-
logue of our own JOHN EVELYN, published an enormous number of
practical books on commercial processes, from clay pipes to Turkey
carpets. He was, however, a trained botanist, and with the help of
some keen fruit-growers, DENAINVILLIERS, LE BERRIAYS, and others,
he produced a book which set a new standard of accuracy. The
discussion in the preface of the characters which are sufficiently con-
stant to be available as recognition marks is extremely good. He also
realized that all the tree characters must be included in any accurate
description. His illustrator was happily well supervised, and we
therefore have fruits with their own leaves in true character, a feature
rare in illustrations of fruits, where, for example, one leaf often serves
for all the pears.

In the history of pomological literature, therefore, DUHAMEL
stands prominent between the old and the new, and his influence
may be traced in many of the books which followed. It will
be convenient here to mention the many editions of his work, or
rather of works to which his name was affixed. The first edition
was the "Traite des Arbres Fruitiers," as mentioned above, 2 vols.,
Paris, 1768. A new edition in 3 vols. 8vo. was published in Paris
in 1782, and a pirated edition at Brussels in the same year. A
coloured edition, extracted from the great " Traite des Arbres et
Arbustes," was then prepared by MIRBEL, POIRET, and other famous
botanists. This also bears the old title, but is described as a " nouvelle
edition " and is without date. It contains 150 plates from the designs
of REDOUTE and BESSA. This may be called the first coloured edition.
The second coloured edition was entitled " Nouveau Traite des Arbres
Fruitiers " ; it has 154 plates, and is edited by the same authors.
As, however, neither of these editions is dated, it may be that
their order should be reversed. The next edition (third coloured)
was a sumptuous series of six volumes, containing 418 plates of great
excellence. This was published by the house of Levrault, of Paris
and Strasbourg, 1807-1835. It should be stated that the plates are
numbered up to 329, but the total is made up by duplicated numbers.
The last edition was practically a new work and is entitled " Pomologie
Frangaise," edited by A. POITEAU, 4 vols. in folio, Paris, 1838-1846,
433 coloured plates.

These various editions of DUHAMEL'S work have been dealt with
at some length, as they are somewhat confusing at first, and further-
more they represent in the later editions the finest and most complete
works that can be found upon this subject.

Among the remarkable French works of the eighteenth century,
it is impossible to overlook the " Histoire Naturelle des Fraisiers "
of ANTOINE DUCHESNE, which was published in 1766. As a monograph
treating garden varieties of fruits with botanical exactitude, this
little work stands alone for its period. On the historical and cultural

423 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sides it is of no less interest, and in the history of strawberry literature
it forms a starting-point of the utmost value.

In the nineteenth century the pomological literature of different
countries entered upon more independent courses, and it will therefore
be more convenient now to deal with each country separately, from
1800 to the present day.

LITERATURE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
GERMAN, AUSTRIAN, AND HUNGARIAN WORKS.

As the contributions of German authors have not yet been
mentioned, it will be well to recall first the earlier works, i.e. those
produced before 1800. In the Middle Ages, Germany was too much
occupied in the rivalries of churches militant to give time for developing
the peaceful arts. It is not surprising, therefore, that the pomo-
logical literature of those days is scanty, and it is not until the
nineteenth century that such a literature really began. Rare books,
of course, appeared from time to time, such as the " Oenographia "
of FR. HELBACH, which was published in 1604, but the literature even of
the eighteenth century was very largely based upon foreign authors.
Such were, for instance, the " Neue Gartenlust " of HESSE, published
in 1714, which was largely based on MERLET'S " Abrege des Bons
Fruits/' and the " Baumgartnerei " of 1763, adapted from LE GENDRE.

The first native work of real importance is the " Pomona Fran-
conica " of J. MAYER, published in three quarto volumes at Niirnberg,
1776-1801. The 253 coloured illustrations, though rather crude, are
nevertheless very useful, and a French translation of the text is given
in parallel columns. This work was doubtless published in a limited
edition only, and is now extremely scarce in a complete state.

The year 1780 saw the publication of the first serious attempt
at a classification of fruits. The author was H. L. MANGER, Inspector
of Buildings to the Queen of Prussia. The book, " Vollstandige
Anleitung zu einer systematischen Pomologie," is a folio of 192 pages,
and contains two plates illustrating his classification by form. In the
tabular arrangement, resembling that adopted later by THOMPSON
in his R.H.S. Catalogue of Fruits, and in the historical notes, there is
much of great interest. MANGER was the first of the great school of
systematic pomologists which gave Germany so prominent a place in
the early part of the nineteenth century.

An Austrian pomology of importance was the " Pomona Austriaca "
of JOHANN KRAFT, published at Vienna in 1790-1796, 2 vols., with
200 fine coloured plates. This is a work of great value, especially for
the South European varieties of fruits.

The opening years of the nineteenth century saw a remarkable
expansion of a native literature, and the interest in fruit culture was
greatly stimulated by the works of CHRIST, DIEL, and DITTRICH. The
first named, CHRIST, was a country parson, and his works were mostly
of a popular nature and did much to encourage the farmer and small

A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE OF POMOLOGY. 424

gardener to take up the cultivation of fruit. It may be said here that,
though such works are not of importance in this survey of pomological
literature, they are of the greatest value, and no reproach is intended in
the use of the word popular in this connexion. It is the small books
which have done most to create an interest in fruit culture, as they have
reached the gardener directly. CHRIST'S two works which bring him
into the scope of this article are the " Pomologisch-praktisches Hand-
worterbuch " and the " Vollstandige Pomologie." The first is a stout
quarto of 431 pages and is arranged in dictionary form, giving descrip-
tions of fruits and explanations of all the terms used in fruit culture.
It was translated into Flemish by SERRURIER. The " Vollstandige
Pomologie " was published in two volumes at Frankfort in 1809-13,
the first dealing with pomaceous fruits, the second with stone and bush
fruits. This was a systematic work, giving full descriptions of varieties,
and is still of great value.

FRIEDRICH A. A. DIEL was a fashionable physician at Ems, but his
spare time and his years of retirement were devoted to pomology. His
publications were almost entirely systematic, and they form a most
valuable record of the varieties of the day. DIEL was fortunately also
a grower of fruits on a large scale, and his nursery was of considerable
extent. His most important book was entitled " Versuch einer
systematischen Beschreibung in Deutschland vorhandener Kern-
obstsorten," 24 8vo. volumes, Frankfort, 1799-1825. It consists
entirely of descriptions of fruits. Synonyms and references to literature
are given, and tree characters are noted. This work is one of the classics
of pomological literature, and occupies a place therein almost of equal
importance to the " Species Plantarum " in botanical literature. A
useful index was published by H. MEYER in 1834. The famous
classification of fruits was published in the first volume, and it is upon
this that LUCAS built the system used in Germany at the present time.

DIEL'S work had only three coloured illustrations, and the need was
felt for a book which should illustrate the varieties he had described.
This was supplied by Baron VON AEHRENTHAL,who published about. 1837
the first volume of " Deutschlands Kernobstsorten." (Three quarto
volumes, Leitmeritz, 1833-1842 ?) This contains ninety-eight coloured
plates, each illustrating four fruits. He describes the fruit and the tree
in a concise manner. Publication was discontinued after the death of
the editor. This is a scarce work, rarely found in libraries, but a copy
exists in the British Museum.

The year 1819 was notable for the remarkable monograph on the
cherry by TRUCHSESS, entitled " Systematische Classification und Be-
schreibung der Kirschensorten, von Christian Freiherr von Truchsess."
This stout octavo volume of some 700 pages describes with great detail
some hundreds of varieties.

The " Systematisches Handbuch der Obstkunde " of DITTRICH was
published in 1837, and consists of three octavo volumes, each over 600
pages. This is a purely descriptive work and is of some importance,
though not equal to that of DIEL.

A 4

425 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A finely illustrated work based on DITTRICH'S book was published
later, entitled " Deutsches Obstcabinet in naturgetreuen fein-colorirten
Abbildungen . . . zu Dittrichs systematischem Handbuch. . ." (4to.,
Jena, 1855-6-7-8). This is a very valuable book. The plates are a
little rough, but are all well drawn. Apples are shown in section as
well as the whole fruit. The core is generally drawn separately, as
are the seeds. In the section dealing with peaches, leaves and flowers
are added. A notable feature is the excellent series of cherries and
nuts, the latter having nowhere — as far as I have found — been so well
illustrated in colour. The text is occupied only with references to
the plates, and does not supplant DITTRICH'S own descriptions.

There is some difficulty as to the different editions of this work.
The first is probably dated 1853-60, but as I have never seen this I
quote above from the edition in my possession, which is probably
the second.

There are two other systematic pomologists whose works were
published about this time who deserve mention. The first is F. W.
HINKERT, Principal of the Pomological School of Weyhenstephan. His
work consists of three octavo volumes and was entitled " Systematisch-
geordnetes Handbuch der Pomologie " (Munich, 1836). It describes
all hardy fruits in a clear manner, and is a work which, if not
indispensable, is a desirable occupant of a pomologist's library.

DOCHNAHL'S work, " Der sichere Fiihrer in der Obstkunde," was
published in four small octavo volumes. The first (1855) describes
1263 apples ; the second (1856) 1050 pears ; the third (1858) is devoted
to stone fruits, and the last (1860) to nuts and small fruits. By a
careful system of abbreviation an enormous amount of information
was compressed into these small volumes, each of which can be put
into the pocket. A great feature is the careful synonymy, which forms
a valuable guide to other literature. All fruits are classified, and in some
cases the system is original. The descriptions are of necessity somewhat
brief, but the work as a whole is invaluable for reference.

In 1859 the publication of the classical " Illustriertes Handbuch der
Obstkunde " was begun under the joint editorship of JAHN, LUCAS,
and OBERDIECK. This work contains without doubt more descriptions
of fruits than can be found in any other publication. It consists of
eight volumes. A general index was published with the eighth
volume in 1875. The plan of the work is to give an outline
drawing of each fruit with a full description ; and while the earlier
volumes deal with one kind of fruit only, e.g. vol. i., apples, vol. ii.,
pears, later issues take all fruits so as to bring it up to date. It would
be difficult to overrate the importance of this work in the history
of German fruit culture, both for its value as the standard work of
reference for the old varieties and for the publication of accurate
descriptions of the new ones. Three supplementary volumes must be
added to the nine mentioned above : a list of additions and corrections,
" Zusatze und Berichtigungen zu Bandeni.undiv.," by J. OBERDIECK,
1868, a supplementary volume on pears by LUCAS and OBERDIECK,

A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE OF POMOLOGY. 426

published in 1879, and one edited by LAUCHE, published in 1883
including the more modern varieties.

Of quite recent works there are a few well worthy of inclusion,
and among the most important stands " Deutschlands Apfelsorten,"
by Dr. TH. ENGELBRECHT (Braunschweig, 1889, 8vo.). This work,
as the title indicates, is entirely devoted to apples, and no fewer than
688 varieties are described, each being illustrated by an outline figure,
The arrangement follows the DiEL-LucAS system of classification.
The fruit alone is described, but very fully, and certain details, such as
the pistil characters, are not to be found in other works. References
to literature are also given. The varieties described are naturally
mostly of German origin, but a large number of the fruits are those
of other countries.

A good work, with coloured plates, is the " Aepfel und Birnen " of
GOETHE, DEGENKOLB, and MERTENS, an octavo volume published at
Berlin in 1894. This describes briefly a selected list of 53 apples and
51 pears. A coloured plate of moderate merit is given of each sort.
The work is useful for certain of the newer German varieties not figured
elsewhere.

Of modern German works none better can be selected than
" Deutsche Pomologie " by W. LAUCHE. This consists of six volumes, of
which two are devoted to the apple, two to the pear, one to cherries
and plums, and one to apricots, peaches, and grapes. The litho-
graphed figures are very well produced, the colours being exact. A
leaf and a flower are generally included. The whole plant is described,
and references are given to history and literature.

MAURER'S " Stachelbeerbuch, iiber die besten und verbreitetsten
Stachelbeersorten " (zusammengestellt von Louis Maurer, Stuttgart,
1913) is without doubt the finest monograph on the gooseberry that has
yet appeared. One hundred and fifty-eight varieties are described and
photographed, and fourteen coloured plates are added. The descrip-
tions are the most detailed, and the name of MAURER is enough to ensure
that they are the result of long and careful study. Very valuable are
the preliminary notes on the constant characters used in description.

It will be noticed that all the works so far mentioned are systematic,
and not cultural. Of the latter so many are produced that it is
difficult to select any one as a typical example. In Germany, however,
the works of GAUCHER have long been accorded a premier place for
instructions on pruning, training, &c., and it will therefore be necessary
only to refer to these.

The most elaborate is the " Handbuch der Obstkultur," by
NICHOLAS GAUCHER, one portrait, 625 woodcuts, and 16 tables. This
colossal work has already run into four editions, and for detailed
instructions as to training trees it is probably unique.

A smaller work dealing with less detail on cultural matters is the
" Obstbaukunde " by the same author, with 211 woodcuts (Berlin,
1912, 2nd edition). It provides ample information for the average
gardener, and can be thoroughly recommended.

AS

427 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A recent work of CARL MATHIEU, entitled " Nomenclator Porno
logicus, Verzeichnis der im Handel und in Kultur befindlichen Obst-
arten, mit ihren Synonymen oder Doppelnamen " (Berlin, 1889),
gives, as the title indicates, a list of names and synonyms with refer-
ences to literature, and serves therefore as an index to pomological
literature. It is of the greatest value in hunting up varieties, or as
a record of names already applied, and is the most complete work of
its sort yet attempted.

There are a few periodical publications which cannot be over
looked, and the most important of these are the " Pomologische Monats-
hefte." This valuable work was first published in 1855, under the
editorship of OBERDIECK and EDUARD LUCAS, as the " Monatsschrift
fur Pomologie und praktischen Obstbau." It is continued at the
present day as the " Deutsche Obstbauzeitung," and is the organ of
the Deutsche Pomologen Verein at Eisenach. This is an extremely
valuable publication, and represents a complete history of German
pomology for 57 years. The coloured plates are of moderate ex-
cellence, and the articles are written by the best experts of the time.
It is at present, as far as I know, the only real pomological journal
published where new varieties are described and figured.

An older work of value is " Der Deutsche Obstgartner " of J. V.
SICKLER. This consists of 22 octavo volumes, and was first published
in 1794. The illustrations are rather crude, but valuable for their
date, and some interesting historical articles by SICKLER himself
give the work a special value. The portraits of contemporary
pomologists are another interesting feature.

Another publication worthy of mention is the " Zeitschrift fur
Obst- und Gartenbau," published by the Pomological Society of Saxony
at Dresden, 1875-1908. This was called for the first three years the
" Sachsische Obstbauzeitung."

The most important Pomology now being published is the
" Deutschlands Obstsorten " edited by MULLER, GRAU, and BISSMANN.
This was begun in 1905, and three fascicles are published each
year (except in 1912 and 1913, when six parts were issued
in each year). Each part describes four varieties of fruits, with a
special full-sized coloured plate. A very important and new feature
is a photograph of each variety in the winter state, showing very
clearly the different types of growth. The fruit only is described
in detail, but full particulars are given as to the habit and preferences
of the tree, and a useful summary of bad characters. This work,
when complete, will form a most valuable addition, and worthily ends
this review of German literature.

FRENCH WORKS.

The nineteenth century in France was remarkable for an output
of works on fruits of a variety and excellence which have never been
surpassed. The works of DUHAMEL have been mentioned above and
need not be referred to further. There were, however, many other

A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE OF POMOLOGY. 428

authors in the last half of the century producing works of great
excellence, if not of so elaborate a character.

The first of them was " Le Jardin Fruitier " of NOISETTE (3 vols.
4to., Paris, 1821). NOISETTE was a well-known nurseryman, and his
name is still commemorated by a class of rose named after him. The
first volume deals with cultivation ; the second describes the fruits ;
and the third is composed of coloured plates. These, though not of
first-class merit, are nevertheless quite good and are evidently drawn
by a pomologist. A second edition of this popular work was published
in 1839, 2 vols. 8vo. The plates in this edition are by P. BESSA, artist
at the Museum of Natural History at Paris, and are coloured litho-
graphs of merit. The second edition is therefore preferable for the
plates and figures of many additional varieties.

The lavish expenditure of the Second Empire was not without its
benefits to fruit literature, as to Imperial generosity we owe the magni-
ficent "Jardin Fruitier du Museum." The author, JOSEPH DECAISNE,
was Director of the Museum, now the Jardin des Plantes, and was a
student under ADRIEN DE JUSSIEU. His training as a botanist was of
great value, and his first works were all of descriptive and economic
botany. The first volume of his work was published in 1858, and it was
completed by the eighth volume, published in 1873. Of the colouring
of the plates it is impossible to speak too highly ; the lithographs are
magnificent, and no pomological work has ever approached them for
correctness of colouring. The drawing is of equal merit, and the wood
and leaves of each fruit shown are indicated in outline with the greatest
exactitude. The work deals mainly with pears, and vol. i. contains an
elaborate monograph on the species from which the garden varieties
have been derived. Peaches, a few plums and strawberries are figured,
the last being described by Madame Vilmorin. It is a matter for
regret that this splendid work had to be discontinued before the
apples were undertaken, as, if complete, it would stand without a
rival.

The next important work was the " Pomologie Generate de la
France," published at Lyon by the Congres Pomologique de France.
This excellent work consists of 8 vols. large 8vo. (1863-1871), with
coloured plates of each fruit. Only such fruits as were admitted by
the Congress as of merit were included. The question of synonyms
was fully dealt with, and the descriptions are most full and reliable.
The fruits, leaves, shoots, and fruit buds are illustrated, and all kinds of
fruits are included. The work as a whole forms a most valuable guide
to French fruits, and is quite indispensable.

In 1865 a useful descriptive work was published by M. P. DE
MORTILLET, a nurseryman of Grenoble, the first volume dealing with
peaches. The second appeared in 1866 and describes cherries, and the
third in 1868 is upon pears. The title is " Les Meilleurs Fruits par
Ordre de Maturite et par Serie de Merite " (Grenoble, 1865-68). A
curious feature is that much of the information is given in the question
and answer form, a young man, " Leon," providing the questions

429 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and the author the answers. This work is valuable, and the descrip-
tions and outline drawings of fruits by the author alike give evidence
of first-hand observation. Of special note is the treatment of the
cherries, for which Grenoble has long been famous. The volume on
pears is occupied largely with cultural matter, those described being a
selected list.

Good as this work was, it was overshadowed by the masterly
" Dictionnaire de Pomologie " of ANDR£ LEROY, of which the publication
was begun in 1867 and continued until 1879. Up to this time no such
work had been published, and its treatment of certain points, such as,
for example, historical references, make it even to-day a mine of in-
formation not to be found elsewhere. The descriptions of the fruits
are not quite so full as those of the " Pomologie de la France " above
referred to, but they are precise and generally sufficient. Outline
drawings are given of each fruit, and often, where the variety
is variable, two typical forms. Some idea of the extent of the work
will be given by the following figures of fruits described : Pears, 915 ;
apples, 525 ; peaches, 124 ; apricots, 43 ; cherries, 127. A volume
on plums was in preparation, but the author's death prevented its
publication. A very valuable feature is a reference under each variety
to the authors who have previously described it. It is therefore
possible to see at once the history of the fruit and to refer to the first
record of the name. Another feature of great value is the addition of
an historical sketch of each kind of fruit, showing in a most interesting
manner the development, for instance, of the pear from Roman times
to the present day. We may perhaps demur to a tendency to identify
certain of our oldest fruits with those of Roman authors, as this, owing
to the vague descriptions of those days, must be largely a matter of
guesswork. These details and the elaborate and critical histories of
each variety are the remarkable features of this invaluable work. A
useful bibliography is to be found in the last volume.

The last of the great French systematic school was ALPHONSE MAS,
who was born at Lyon in 1817. His life was entirely devoted to the
study of fruit, and his garden at Bourg contained probably one of the
finest collections of fruits ever gathered together in one place. His
first book was " Le Verger, ou Histoire, Culture et Description des
Varietes de Fruits le plus generalement connus " (8 vols. 8vo., Paris,
Masson, no date, probably 1865-1874). It is entirely descriptive,
and coloured plates are given of each fruit. These plates are of fair
merit, the fruit alone being depicted. The great value of this work,
however, lies in the remarkable descriptions. Wood, flowers, and
leaves are all described with the greatest precision. MAS had a skill
approaching genius for finding the happy word in this matter, and his
remarks on the character of the tree as a whole are wonderfully
suggestive. References are given to previous descriptions and to
synonyms, but the historical notes are few and curt. A combina-
tion of this work and of the " Dictionnaire " of LEROY would make an
ideal pomology. All hardy fruits are described except bush fruits,

A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE OF POMOLOGY. 430

raspberries, and strawberries. This work was, however, a selection of
the best fruits, and the records of other fruits of less importance were
published in his " Pomologie Generale " (1872-1883, 12 vols. Svo.).
In these volumes the fruits are discussed in the same detail as in
" Le Verger," but the illustrations are outline drawings. As an indica-
tion of the extent of the work it may be stated that 581 pears, 253
apples, 147 plums, 71 cherries, and 22 peaches are all fully described.
These two works of MAS are quite indispensable in any pomological
library.

The last two descriptive works of importance which it is necessary
to notice are published by the National Horticultural Society of
France and by the Pomological Society, whose headquarters are at
Lyon. The first-named published its work under the following title : —
" Les Meilleurs Fruits au Debut du XXrae Siecle ; Histoire, Descrip-
tion, Origine et Synonymes de 250 Varietes Fraitieres recommandees "
(Paris, large 8vo., no date — about 1907). Each fruit is shortly de-
scribed and illustrated with line drawings of great excellence. All
hardy fruits are described, and cultural notes are included for each kind.
This work is especially useful as a selection of the most worthy fruits.
It is not sold, but presented to members of the Society.

The work of the Lyon Society is on similar lines and is entitled
" Catalogue Descriptif des Fruits adoptes par le Congres Pomologique,"
Lyon, Svo. 1887, Suppl. 1896. It is entirely descriptive, and each
fruit is illustrated by an outline drawing. The descriptions are not
very full, and tree characters are scantily described. This work is
useful for its records of some of the newer fruits, but it is not so
good as the production of the Paris Society.

A useful work was published in 1876 by the well-known nurserymen
SiMON-Louis Freres, of Metz, entitled " Guide Pratique de 1' Amateur
de Fruits." A very large number of fruits are briefly described, and
while these descriptions consist only of a few lines, they are useful for
the amateur. At the end of the work is an index, with an extensive
list of synonyms, and this part is the most valuable feature of the work.
A second and enlarged edition appeared in 1895.

It is necessary now to mention a few works on cultivation which
have not been included in the above list. The French gardeners
have always been famous for the refinements of training and grafting,
and very many works have appeared on this subject. An author
who had a great vogue in the middle of the last century was A. Du
BREUIL. His best known works, " Instruction elementaire sur la
Conduite des Arbres Fruitiers " (1854) and " Cours elementaire
Theorique et Pratique d' Arboriculture " (5th edition, 1865), represent
in an able manner the knowledge and opinions of his time upon all
cultural matters.

A very interesting little work on grafting was published about
1868 by A. THOUIN, then Professor at the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle
at Paris. The title is " Monographic des Greffes, ou Description
technique des diverses sortes des Greffes employees pour la Multiplica-

431 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tion des Vegetaux " (Paris, 8vo., 8 plates). There are a remarkable
number of different methods here described and figured.

A very practical work, less detailed than that of Du BREUIL, was
written by GRESSENT and entitled " L' Arboriculture Fruitiere "
(Paris, 1862). It is a very good general treatise, which does not
enter too fully into the more elaborate details of training and
grafting.

In more recent times CHARLES BALTET'S books have had a large
circulation. His " L'Art de Greffer " still stands as the best exposition
of grafting in all its branches ; an English translation was published
in 1873, and other editions have since appeared. His other most
successful work, " Traite de la Culture Fruitiere commerciale et
bourgeoise," indicates its scope sufficiently by its title, and has reached
many editions.

Of quite modern works there is nothing, for clearness and brevity,
to equal " L' Arboriculture Fruitiere en Images " by J. VERCIER
(Paris, 8vo., 101 plates). This work stands quite alone in giving
a complete pictorial guide to the pruning and training of trees,
an excellent feature being a drawing showing the pruning to be
made and the result on the same page. This book can be highly
recommended to all who wish to increase their knowledge of pruning
and training iruit trees.

Periodical Literature. — There is not much to be recorded under
this heading, though the proceedings of the many horticultural societies
in France contain many interesting papers and first records of new
varieties. The only important periodical entirely devoted to pomology
is the Journal of the Societe* Pomologique de France, entitled
" Pomologie Francaise." This was first published in 1872, and
appears monthly. The " Revue Horticole," begun in 1829, still
continues a flourishing course, and contains many excellent articles
and coloured plates of fruits.

The Journal of the Societe Nationale d' Horticulture de France
contains some good articles in its earlier issues, but in recent years
original contributions have become less frequent.

[NOTE. — No attempt has been made to refer in the above to the literature of
the Vine, both on account of its extent and for its lack of interest to British
gardeners.]

ENGLISH WORKS.

The opening years of the nineteenth century were the Golden Age
of pomology in this country. The extraordinary expansion of com-
merce and the great prosperity it brought had an enormous influence
upon horticulture and upon its literature. The remarkable output
of books, many illustrated in an elaborate and costly manner, is
evidence not only of a great gardening interest, but also of the means
to encourage it. By a happy chance this period coincided with the
appearance of several men whose names will always be prominent in
pomological history. THOMAS ANDREW KNIGHT, THOMPSON, LINDLEY,

A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE OF POMOLOGY. 432

RONALDS, HOOKER, and BROOKSHAW, all produced their best work
between 1800 and 1837, and during that period systematic pomology
was established in this country.

The first of the group is THOMAS ANDREW KNIGHT. This gifted
man, whose connexion with our Society is too well known to need
repetition, was happy in possessing an enthusiasm for horticulture
together with the leisure to indulge it. His work shows, unfortunately,
the defects of his qualities. His descriptions of fruits are very
slight, and some of his theories did not long survive him. Never-
theless, as a fruit breeder and fancier, his work was of the greatest
importance. His principal book is the " Pomona Herefordiensis "
(London, 4to., 1811). This was designed to depict the old cider
and perry fruits of Herefordshire, and the plates are extremely good,
being prepared by that great fruit -painter WILLIAM HOOKER. In the
preface the author describes his method of cross-fertilizing, which
seemed to be unknown in England at that time in so far as fruit -breeding
was concerned. The work of MILLER had evidently been forgotten
or overlooked. The remarks accompanying the plates have reference
chiefly to the cider or perry qualities of the fruits. A smaller cultural
work was published by KNIGHT in 1797, " A Treatise on the Culture
of the Apple and Pear," a second edition in 1802, a third in 1808 and
1809, and the fourth in 1813. In this work the author states his
famous theory of degeneration or " running out " of fruit, which is
now disproved. A number of very valuable papers were contributed
by him to the early volumes of the " Transactions " of this Society,
and these are well worthy of study.

The next author who merits attention is GEORGE BROOKSHAW,
who has the distinction of having published the largest work in size
and the heaviest (on the scales) in English pomological literature.
This is the " Pomona Britannica " (London, 1812), atlas folio, plates.
It is an entirely descriptive work, and the text, though not giving
the information needed by modern standards, is nevertheless good,
and the plates are for the most part quite excellent. Especially may
be noted the cherries and pine-apples. It is of great value as a record
of the varieties of the day, many of which were grown at the Royal
Palace of Kensington. BROOKSHAW'S second work bore the same
title, but was a quarto in two volumes, with ninety plates, and is a
popular edition of the larger work. The plates are also very well
prepared, and the date of publication is 1817. His last work was
called " The Horticultural Repository, containing the best Varieties
of the different Species of English Fruits." (London, 1823, 8vo.) The
coloured plates in this work are extremely coarse, and the work is
quite a worthless production. Copies were also issued with plain
plates.

In the year 1818 was published the " Pomona Londinensis " of
WILLIAM HOOKER. The title-page runs: "Pomona Londinensis,
containing the coloured Representations of the best Fruit cultivated
in British Gardens. With Descriptions, in which the author is assisted

433 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

by the President and Members of the Horticultural Society " (London,
4to., I vol., 49 plates, 1818). This work contains some of the best
coloured plates that have been published. The skill of HOOKER as
a painter of fruits has never been equalled in this country, and here
he is at his best. The descriptions of the fruits are good, and contain
some interesting historical matter. It is to be regretted that this
valuable publication was discontinued after seven parts only had been
issued.

In 1826 the first edition of the " Catalogue of the Fruits cultivated
in the Garden of the Horticultural Society of London " was issued.
This was largely the work of ROBERT THOMPSON, fruit expert to the
Society, and, I venture to think, the greatest English pomologist.
The book was prepared to revise nomenclature and to settle the
question of synonyms. That it was no mere desk work is evidenced
by the volumes of notes and drawings in the Society's possession, in
which the names and varieties are discussed by TURNER, LINDLEY,
and above all THOMPSON, with the greatest detail. The arrangement
of this catalogue is tabular, and the descriptions are of the vaguest,
and in no way represent the enormous work which had been done
before the true name of the variety had been settled. A second
edition was published in 1831, and a third in 1842.

An important work with coloured plates was " The Pomological
Magazine, or Figures and Descriptions of the most important Varieties
of Fruits cultivated in Great Britain," by JOHN LINDLEY (3 vols.
8vo., 1827-30). This was afterwards reprinted as " Pomologia
Britannica " in 3 vols. (1841). Though ostensibly by LINDLEY,
the work was mainly due to ROBERT THOMPSON. The descriptions
are not all of equal value, but most of them are very full, the wood
and leaf being described as well as the fruit. The plates are good, and
usually show a young shoot and leaf. The whole book gives evidence
of careful observation and testing of varieties.

The year 1831 was notable for two works of importance in British
pomological literature. The first of these is " A Guide to the Orchard
and Kitchen Garden," by GEORGE LINDLEY, edited by JOHN LINDLEY,
London, 1831, 8vo. The author was a nurseryman near Norwich,
and the father of JOHN LINDLEY, Secretary to the Horticultural
Society. He had been collecting material for this work for some
forty years, and the result is a book of the greatest value. The
descriptions of the fruit are fairly detailed, and the general notes upon
each variety are most useful. A special feature is the record of many
East Anglian varieties which are here described for the first time.
The historical notes are a mine of information as to English varieties,
and the dates of introduction of foreign sorts. LINDLEY'S work has
never been valued quite at its full worth, though it is without doubt
one of the really important English books on pomology.

The next publication which rendered the year 1831 specially
notable was the work of HUGH RONALDS entitled " Pyrus Malus Brent-
fordiensis, or a Concise Description of Selected Apples " (London,

A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE OF POMOLOGY. 434

1831, I vol., 90 pp., 42 coloured plates). The great importance of
this work lies in its magnificent coloured plates of English apples.
There is no work which has depicted so well and fully the native
varieties of this country. The descriptions are short, and not very
systematic, but too high praise cannot be given to the coloured draw-
ings. These were done by Miss RONALDS under her father's direction,
and I know of no work where the essential points of difference have
so well been brought out, or the colours and textures better suggested.
RONALDS was a nurseryman at Brentford ; his knowledge of apples
was gained from a lifelong experience, and his book is a worthy
memorial to his labours.

After this book there was a long period in which no works of the
first importance were issued, and it was not until the publication
of the " Herefordshire Pomona " of HOGG and BULL that a really
comprehensive work on fruits appeared.

There is one author whose work, though not of great importance,
still merits mention, and this is JOHN ROGERS, the author of " The
Fruit Cultivator," the first edition of which was published in 1834,
and the second and third editions in 1835 and 1837. This little work
bears all the marks of originality, and the author's racy personality
is frequently in evidence. Both cultural and descriptive matter
are included, and many interesting scraps of history are here to be
found. It is an entirely human book, which even the most hardened
systematist will benefit by including on his shelves. ROGERS was
in his eighty-fourth year when he wrote this, and his opinions and
counsels may therefore be considered mature.

In the year 1851 was published the first book by ROBERT HOGG,
the pomologist, who for so many years stood high above his contem-
poraries in this country. This was entitled " The Apple and its
Varieties, being a History and Description of the Varieties of Apples
cultivated in the Gardens and Orchards of Great Britain " (London,
8vo., 1851 ; second edition, 1859). This was the first volume
of a projected British pomology, a work which was not completed
on the lines of this volume, but on the more restricted scale of the
" Fruit Manual." This work is arranged alphabetically, describes
all the more worthy varieties, and gives outline drawings of seventy
fruits. A good feature is the reference to a first authority for the
name of each fruit, and also to previous literature and coloured plates.
A classification based on the season is introduced, but this was dropped
by HOGG in later works for his later system of eye and core characters.
This work is extremely useful, and one can only regret that it was not
followed by further volumes dealing with other fruits in the same
manner. In 1860 the first edition of the famous " Fruit Manual "
appeared, a small 8vo. volume of very different appearance from the
stout fifth edition. The descriptions are very short, but all hardy
fruits are treated. Other editions rapidly followed, the second in
1862, the third in 1866, and the fourth in 1875, which was in size a near
approach to the fifth and last edition of 1884. This work is so well

435 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

known that any detailed description is unnecessary. Judged by the
highest standards, however, it cannot be considered a completely
satisfactory production. Such descriptive works should belong to
one of two categories : the popular work in simple language for the
amateur or the detailed technical work for the expert. " The Fruit
Manual " falls between these two. Too detailed and technical for the
average amateur, it is not systematic enough to pass into the highest
standard. HOGG was too much inclined to treat his fruits as museum
specimens. His references to the tree are few indeed, and many
things go to show that his study of the fruit commenced with its arrival
in the fruit-room rather than with its development on the tree. A
small point in confirmation may be quoted. In describing the stems
of apples he often refers to a " knobbed " stem or to an " extraordinarily
thick and fleshy " one. This character is constant in certain apples,
but by no means in all the varieties in which he describes it. A closer
acquaintance with the tree itself would have shown that, when the
central or " king " blossom of a truss is set, the stem is always much
more stout and fleshy and the basin shallower than in those cases
where a flower from the side of a truss is set, in which case the stem
is always longer. Another fatal error was that HOGG sometimes made
his descriptions from a single fruit sent him by a correspondent. This,
it is hardly necessary to say, is against all the rules of accurate descrip-
tion, and the fact that he did not realize it throws a doubt on all
his work. Another criticism must be passed on his lack of system in
description. A character will be mentioned in one fruit and omitted
in the next. It is evident also that some of the fruits he included
had never been seen by him, as certain descriptions are borrowed
without acknowledgment from other writers. Notwithstanding these
faults, there is much to be thankful for in the " Fruit Manual," and
an especially good feature is the careful historical notes after each
variety. HOGG gathered together a huge amount of information, and
stands out as the greatest pomologist of his time. One can only
regret that a little more care and system were not applied, for they
would have made the " Fruit Manual " worthy to stand by the best
systematic works of any country.

The most recent pomological work of any extent is the " Hereford-
shire Pomona." This was edited by Dr. HOGG and Dr. HENRY GRAVES
BULL, and published in 1876-1885 (3 vols. 410.). The text is by Dr.
HOGG, and is taken practically word for word from the " Fruit Manual."
The introductory chapters upon the history and lore of the apple are
by Dr. BULL and are of much interest, especially such parts as relate
to the West Country. The coloured plates are very good. A con-
siderable number of fruits is shown on each plate, generally without
foliage. This book is valuable for its records of more modern fruits
which are not elsewhere figured.

This list comprises all the most important descriptive works
published in this country. Of cultural works there has never been
so great an output as, for instance, in France. Of the older writers

A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE OF POMOLOGY. 436

no one put matters more clearly than ROBERT THOMPSON in his
" Gardener's Assistant," and even to-day his directions in the first
edition (1859) can hardly be improved. Modern cultural works will
be found in the Appendix to this paper.

Periodical Literature. — The most important item in this division is
the " Transactions of the Royal Horticultural Society," which were
started in 1815. The fine quarto volumes have many articles of
great value, and many excellent coloured plates of fruits. The earlier
volumes were largely devoted to vegetables and fruits, and in these are
many papers from T. A. KNIGHT.

Any detailed reference to important papers is, of course, not possible
here, but the work of GEORGE LINDLEY on Peaches, vol. 5, and the
valuable monographs by JAMES BARNET on the Strawberry, vol. 6,
and of ROBERT THOMPSON upon Apricots, Cherries, and Gooseberries
in vol. i, second series, are well worthy of study.

There has been no strictly pomological publication in this country,
and of the general gardening papers the best for illustrations and
descriptions is the " Florist and Pomologist " (1862-1884), which
contains valuable figures of fruits of fairly recent times not else-
where to be found. It is not necessary to refer to the many excellent
gardening papers which exist at the present day, as they are well
known.

AMERICAN WORKS.

The history of American Pomology can be traced back to the early
days after the arrival of the " Mayflower," and there is plenty of evidence
that one of the first occupations of the settlers was the production of
fruits. It was, however, many years before a native literature appeared,
and the first work which comes within the scope of this paper was
not published until the nineteenth century. This is the well-known
work of WILLIAM COXE : "A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees
and the Management of Orchards and Cider. . ." (Philadelphia,
8vo., 1817). This book is of great importance in many ways, but
most of all for its early records of native varieties. The custom of
raising fruits from seed, owing to the difficulties of distribution, has
resulted in an enormous number of local varieties which, as communi-
cation improved, began to spread their fame. The uncertainties of
nomenclature may be imagined, and it was COXE who first tackled
this very difficult question. The work is largely descriptive, and
many of the fruits are illustrated by coarse woodcuts. His descriptions
are fairly complete, and the historical notes which are sometimes
appended are most valuable. COXE was an observer, and his work gives
evidence of original work in many directions and may be considered
the foundation of American pomological literature.

The next published work was " The American Orchardist " of Dr.
JAMES THACHER, Boston, 1822. It is mainly cultural and largely
adopted from other authors, and need not therefore be described in
detail.

437 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

From this date onwards many books were published, and some,
such as " The New American Orchardist " of WILLIAM KENRICK,
and the " Pomological Manual " of WILLIAM PRINCE, had much
success.

In 1833 a reprint of LINDLEY'S " Guide to the Orchard " was edited
by MICHAEL FLOY and adapted for American readers. In 1845 was
published the famous work of A. J. DOWNING, which has taken from that
time until the present day a most important position in America. The
title will indicate its scope : " The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America,
or the Culture, Propagation, and Management, in the Garden and
Orchard, of Fruit Trees generally, with Descriptions of all the finest
Varieties of Fruits, Native and Foreign, cultivated in this Country,"
roy. 8vo., I vol., New York, 1845) . DOWNING was a nurseryman and was
brought up among fruits, and while his book cannot compare with
the systematic works which were being published at this time in Europe,
he had an enormous influence in the encouragement of fruit-growing in
America. A second edition, published in 1847, has several coloured
plates, the first edition having only outline drawings. Space will not
permit an enumeration of the many editions which have been issued
of this work, the last being in 1886.

Another work of very similar character was " The American Fruit
Culturalist " of J. J. THOMAS, first published in 1846. This is cultural
and descriptive and of the popular handbook order, and had achieved
twenty-one editions by 1905.

In 1852 the first American Pomology on an extensive scale, with
coloured plates, was published. This was " The Fruits of America/' by
C. M. 'HovEY. Fairly good descriptions are given, and the plates,
lithographs of a rather crude order, show the young wood, spurs, and
leaves. It is a useful work, but not comparable with more recent works
published in the same country.

Useful as were such works, there was no originality of treat-
ment nor any really scientific description of fruits in them. The first
author who can claim to have made a real contribution to pomology
is Dr. JOHN A. WARDER, who, in his " American Pomology," brought
forward an original system of classification of apples. This work
was published in 1867, and is occupied with the cultivation and de-
scription of apples only. This classification, like many others, was
based first of all upon shape, and then subdivided into sections as
to sweetness, colour, &c. He then proceeds to describe the fruits so
classified, and these descriptions (of the fruit only) are a great advance
on any previous work of the kind in his country. Very good outline
drawings are given of many varieties.

The day of the nurseryman and amateur as pomological authors
is now fast disappearing in America, and their place is filled by a
benevolent Government which provides unlimited funds and expert
specialists to write the books. The result of this combination is a
happy one, and it is no exaggeration to say that never has pomology
been so well supported as it is to-day in America. In no country are

A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE OF POMOLOGY. 438

so many really fine systematic books now being produced, and recent
publications have set a standard of exactness which cannot but benefit
the study of fruits all over the world.

The first of these works is " The Apples of New York," by S. A.
BEACH (2 vols. 8vo., Albany, 1905). This is a purely descriptive
work, with coloured plates or photographs of most of the varieties
described. The descriptions are remarkably detailed, and deal with
the tree as well as the fruit. References to literature are given very
fully, and the commercial value and climatic preferences of the fruits
are fully described. Of particular value is an introductory chapter deal-
ing with characters which are of value in describing apples. This work
is the best book on American apples, and is quite indispensable.

The next work of the same series is " The Grapes of New York,"
by U. P. HEDRICK (Albany, 1908). This is a large quarto volume
with full-sized coloured plates. An extremely interesting chapter
prefaces the descriptions dealing with the various attempts to
acclimatize the European vine in America. The descriptions them-
selves are a model of what such things should be, and no feature is
overlooked. A very valuable point in all these works is that the
fruits are described on a regular and definite system.

The next volume of this series is " The Plums of New York," also
by Professor HEDRICK, uniform with the last named and published in
Albany in 1911. This is exactly on the same lines as that on the
grapes, and the introductory chapters, one historical, and another
discussing the species from which have been developed the plums of
the present day, are most valuable. Though dealing primarily with
American varieties, European sorts which do well in the State of
New York are included. There is no finer work on plums at the
present time, and it is good to hear that further volumes on peaches
and cherries are in course of preparation.

Two works of reference which are quite indispensable are those
compiled by W. H. RAGAN. The first is entitled " Nomenclature of
the Apple, a Catalogue of the known Varieties referred to in American
Publications from 1804 to 1904 " (Washington, 1905). This is a useful
work for establishing the priority of any name, and a short description
of the fruit is given by a system of abbreviations which generally
suffice to separate one fruit from another bearing the same name.

A similar work, entitled " Nomenclature of the Pear," was pub-
lished by the same author in 1908, and is on the same lines as the
above, with the addition of a reference to literature in many cases.

Several excellent monographs have been published under State
auspices in recent years, such as that on " The Fig," by GUSTAV
EISEN (Washington, 1901), and other works which are referred to
under their separate headings in the Appendix.

Of the many excellent cultural works there is not space to treat
here. A special feature of recent years is the large number of very
practical works on commercial fruit-growing, some of which will be
found under the heading " Fruit Farming " in the Appendix.

439 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Periodical Literature. — Of the first importance under this heading
is the valuable " Report of the American Pomological Society," issued
biennially from 1852 to the present time. Many very interesting papers
and reports will be found in it.

The only periodical works, I believe, devoted entirely to pomology
are the " North American Pomologist " of HOFFEY (only vol. i, 1860,
published), and " The Orchardist's Companion," by the same author
(Philadelphia, 1841-3). This is a quarto, with full-sized coloured
lithographs by the author, and is an interesting work historically,
being the first American work with coloured plates of fruits. Un-
fortunately, public support did not suffice to permit its continued
publication.

The reports of the U.S.A. Department of Agriculture (1862-1894),
and the " Year-Book " published annually since that date, contain
many good plates and descriptions of new and interesting fruits.

DUTCH WORKS.

A comparison of the literature of Holland with the interest and
excellence in gardening of the Dutch is somewhat surprising. The
Dutch evidently did not suffer from the Cacoethes scribendi, and it is
not until the middle of the eighteenth century that we find any really
important work. The culture of oranges and other citrous fruits was
in great favour in the seventeenth century, and a few works were
published upon their treatment, such as the " Citricultura " of
FR. VAN STERBEECK, 1682, and the " Nederlantze Hesperides " of
COMMELYN in 1676. Other gardening books, such as the
" Nederlandsen Hof " of VAN OOSTEN and the " Pomona " of J. C.
DOOR (1663), touch briefly upon fruits, but these need not be
considered here.

The first great work of real importance was the " Pomologia "
of J. H. KNOOP, which was published at Leeuwarden in 1758. It is
of special interest as the first pomological work which was fully illus-
trated with coloured plates. As may be expected, the colouring is
somewhat crude, but nevertheless a very good idea of the various
fruits is given. This work had great popularity and many editions
were published, also a translation into French. A German translation,
published at Niirnberg in 1760, should be noted, as the second volume
is an entirely new production, the author being, on the authority of
MAYER, Pastor ZINK, of Meiningen. KNOOP'S work is wholly descriptive,
as he had treated cultural matters in an earlier volume, namely,
" Beschouwende en Werkdagige Hoveniers-Konst " (Leeuwarden,

1753).

From this date until recent times there is a remarkable gap in
Dutch pomological literature, and I can find no work of real import-
ance until the work of VAN NOORT, " Pomologia Batava, of Avbeelding
en Beschryving van ondersheidene soorten van Appelen en Peeren "
(Leiden, 1830-1840 ; 20 apples and 20 pears illustrated), which I have
not yet seen.

A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE OF POMOLOGY. 440

A modern work of great value on account of its record of Dutch
varieties not figured elsewhere is the " Nederlandsche Boomgard," which
was published at Boskoop in 1868. The editors were OTTOLANDER-
KOSTER, HOOFTMAN, and OVEREIJNDER, and the coloured plates were
by BERGHUIS. These plates are excellent, and the descriptions given
full and exact.

PORTUGUESE WORKS.

I have been able to find only one book of strictly pomological
interest in Portuguese — the " Diccionario das Peras Portuguezas " by
OLIVIERIA (Oporto, 1879, large 8vo.). There is doubtless much to be
added to this list.

SPANISH WORKS.

The pomological literature of Spain seems to be very scanty. In
the elaborate " Diccionario de Bibliografia Agronomica " by ANTON
RAMIREZ, no work of importance is recorded. The only books I have
seen are those of D. F. SALA Y ARNELLA, entitled " Frutales " (Barcelona,
1860, 8vo.), a small cultural work upon the origin and cultiva-
tion of fruit trees, dealing with them from the nursery stage
upwards, and the " Pomona de la Provincia de Murcia " of DON
Jos£ Y PEREZ (Madrid, 1884, 4to.), with short cultural notes and
fairly full descriptions of various fruits.

A few interesting papers may be found in certain journals, such
as the " Agricultura Espanola " (1858-61) (vol. I contains a list
of Pears and Almonds), and in the " Boletin d'Agricultura " (Madrid,
1857).

RUSSIAN WTORKS.

Russian works on pomology are not many, and I believe the
following names include the most important: — " Kratkaya Pomologia,"
by USSIKOV (Petrograd, 1900), an octavo volume with plain lithographs
of apples and pears. Plums and peaches, &c., are described, but not
figured. " Pomologie," by LEON SIMIRENKO (8vo., 1901), contains
photographs of nearly all fruits, with special reference to Crimean
varieties. A new and enlarged edition appeared later.

The finest work is probably the " Atlas Plodov " (Petrograd,
1903-7, 4 vols. large 8vo.), with 100 coloured plates. This is a magni-
ficent work which equals the best done in France or England. The
plates for the most part are original and of great merit, both pomo-
logical and artistic. Some few of the illustrations, however, are
borrowed, from the " Aepfel und Birnen " of GOETHE and others, and
these are markedly inferior. So far as I can ascertain, this book is
the best and most complete Russian work yet published.

An index of names in roman type renders it useful to those who
do not read Russian.

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BELGIAN WORKS.

The pomological literature of Belgium will naturally only date
from the early nineteenth century, though certain small works, such
as " Essai sur la Greffe/' by CABANIS (Liege, 1784), antedate that
period. The independent and important horticultural history of
Belgium, however, reached its highest point in the middle of the last
century, and its literature naturally reflects this period.

The first work which claimed readers beyond the national
boundaries was the work of VAN MONS, " Arbres Fruitiers. Leur
Culture en Belgique et leur Propagation par Graine " (Louvain, 1835).
This work contains the fullest statement of the famous theory of
VAN MONS on raising seedling fruits. It must be confessed that the
student will have to search carefully therein to find this theory, so
overlaid is it with repetition and contradictions. The work, however,
provided material for many lengthy disputations, and so served a
useful purpose as a stimulant if not as an exposition.

Of greater interest for our present purpose is the catalogue
of his nursery, " Catalogue Descriptif Abrege, contenant urie
Partie des Arbres Fruitiers qui depuis 1798 jusqu'en 1823 ont
forme* la Collection de J. B. Van Mons . . ." (Louvain, 1823, 8vo.).
The historical value of this little work is very great, and it is now
exceedingly scarce.

The successor to VAN MONS was ALEXANDRE BIVORT, and in
1847-51 he published his " Album de Pomologie," an oblong folio in
four volumes. This book is of great value as it contains coloured
plates and accurate descriptions of many of Van Mons' seedlings, and
forms a wonderful record of the great number of new fruits which
were at this time being raised in Belgium. The coloured plates are
fairly good, better in the later volumes, and the descriptions are
excellent.

The next important work was the result of royal munificence, and
was entitled " Annales de Pomologie Beige et £trangere." This was
edited by L. DE BAVAY, AUGUSTE ROYER, AUGUSTE HENNAU, and
BIVORT. Eight large folio volumes were published, the first in 1853
and the last in 1860. The descriptions of many fruits are taken from
BIVORT'S " Album/' but the greater number are original. The plates
are well produced, but are not quite of the highest excellence. This
work had a great success and remains the classical work of reference,
with BIVORT'S " Album," for varieties of Belgian origin. Since 1860
no important pomology has been published in Belgium, but there
are two works of historical interest which may be mentioned here.
The first is the " Pomone Tournaisienne " of J. B. C. DU MORTIER,
Tournay, 1869. It is an attempt to record the gains of the Belgian
pear-raisers ; the author's historical remarks are interesting, and are
followed by a list of fruits under their raisers' names ; and finally outline
drawings and short descriptions are given of ninety-one selected pears.

A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE OF POMOLOGY. 442

It must be said, however, that the lists are in several cases incomplete,
and the book cannot therefore be entirely relied upon.

A better and more accurate attempt at the same object is the paper
on Belgian fruits by CHARLES GILBERT, published in the " Journal
of the Royal Linnean Society of Belgium " in 1874. This gives the
names of all Belgian raisers and their gains, and includes some very
excellent critical notes upon the re-namings that so many of these
fruits have undergone.

The cultural works published towards the end of the nineteenth
century are very numerous, but they need not be detailed here. Refer-
ence cannot, however, be omitted to the excellent work of PIJNAERT,
" Les Serres Vergers," which was published about 1880 and contains
the fullest directions for the forcing of all fruits under glass with a
wealth of detail not met with in any other work I am aware of.

Periodical Literature. — Belgium has been fortunate in her periodical
literature, and the skill of her native gardeners and lithographers
has made much of it of permanent value. Especially useful is the
" Bulletin d' Arboriculture," which was started in 1865. The articles
and coloured plates of fruits are numerous and good, and an excellent
index added in 1883 renders these readily available.

Another valuable publication is the " Belgique Horticole."
This is especially good in historical information, and the complete
series runs from 1850 to 1885.

The " Flore des Serres," though generally devoted to flowering
plants, has some good plates of fruits, especially in volume 19
(1871-3).

ITALIAN WORKS.

In the earlier part of this paper mention was made of the interesting
volume of VENUTI as probably the first book dealing exclusively with
fruit. There are also a few other Italian authors who merit attention
before the more modern works are considered.

It is natural that early Italian literature should deal very largely
with the Vine, but this is rather outside our scope. The authors of
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were mostly adapters or
compilers from the ancients, and such books as that of GIOVANNI
TATTI, " Delia Agricoltura " (Venice, 1560), with its short notices
of fruits, are of interest only historically. A more useful book was
that of G. SODERINI, " Trattato della Coltivazione delle Vite e del
frutto che se ne pu6 cavare. . ." (Firenze, 1600). The well-known
"Vinti giornate d' Agricoltura " of AGOSTINO GALLO (Torino, 1519)
is a type of country book which was fairly common at this time.

No really important work, however, was published until 1633,
when GIOVANNI BATTISTA FERRARI, a Jesuit monk of Siena, published
his " Hesperides, sive de Malorum aureorum cultura et usu." This
is a folio, with elaborate plates of oranges and lemons, and of gardens
and garden tools. The fruits are very fully described and some

443 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

unusual types depicted, which may also be seen in the Dutch works
on oranges which followed in the later years of the seventeenth century.
It is entirely in Latin, and is a remarkable example of an early
treatise upon citrous fruits.

In the eighteenth century I have found little of note ; a translation
of " Le Jardinier Francois " was published in 1723, and an interesting
book upon the peach, entitled " Trattato di Coltura di Persici e di
Alberi di frutto " (Venice, 1792). This is an elaborate cultural work
of some 240 pages.

The finest Italian pomology was, without doubt, the work of
GALLESIO entitled " Pomona Italiana ossia Trattato degli Alberi
Fruttiferi " (3 vols., 172 coloured plates, Pisa, 1817-39, folio).
The plates are of varying merit, some being of great excellence
and others very poor. A very special feature is the large number of
figs which are illustrated and described. This work is now extremely
scarce, but a copy is in the Lindley Library.

A few years later a useful work was prepared by A. PICCIOLO,
entitled " Pomona Toscana, che contiene una breve descrizione di tutti
i frutti che si coltivano nel suolo Toscano per servire alia collezione
in gesso medesimi " (Firenze, 1820).

The only recent pomology which has come to my notice is
the recent work entitled " Pomologia : descrizioni delle migliori
varieta di Albicocchi, Ciliegi, Meli, Peri, Peschi," by GIROLAMO
MOLON (Milan, 1901). This is a small octavo of some 700 pages,
entirely descriptive, and with a few coloured plates and some photo-
graphic illustrations. A useful feature is the very full reference to
literature given for each variety, and the discussions on the species
should also be mentioned.

SCANDINAVIAN WORKS.

The pomological literature of Scandinavian countries is rarely met
with in the libraries of Central Europe, and this list cannot be put
forward as including all important works, but is as complete as my
present opportunities can make it.

The earlier works were mainly of the cultural order, and the first
I have found dealing with fruit trees alone is the " Konsten at Skara
Frukt Trad " (The Art of Nursing Fruit Trees), by J. J. FRAGROEUS.

The great botanist PETER KALM did not disdain to write of the
fruit and kitchen garden, and several pamphlets were published by
him on fruit trees about the year 1757.

Of the works of the nineteenth century the following are probably
the most important : — " Svensk Pomona," by OLAF ENEROTH (1864-
1866), descriptions and plates of fruits, but the drawing and colouring
are coarse ; " Den Danske Frugthave. Et Billedvaerk for Udbredelse
af Kjendskab til Landets Frugter udgivet af et Selskab " (Svendborg,
1869-70-71), 120 plates ; " Svenska Tradgardsforeningens Tidskrift

A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE OF POMOLOGY. 444

redigerad af AXEL PIHL och JAKOB ERIKSSON " (1878 and foil.), contains
many coloured plates of fruits ; " Svenska Fruktsorter i farglagda
Afbildningar utgifna af Svenska Tradgardsforeningen, under redaktion
af AXEL PIHL och JAKOB ERIKSSON," Stockholm (1899 and foil.) ; and
" Haandbog i dansk Pomologi, af H. C. BREDSTED," 3 vols., Odense
(1890-1896), with descriptions and outline drawings.

APPENDIX.
A SELECTION OF IMPORTANT POMOLOGICAL WORKS.

I. GENERAL POMOLOGIES.

This section includes the more important descriptive works.

1. ENGUSH.

KNIGHT, T. A. " Pomona Herefordiensis." (Cider Fruits.) i vol. 4to.
col. pis. London, 1811.

BROOKSHAW, G. " Pomona Britannica." i vol. atlas folio, 1812.

" Pomona Britannica." 2 vols. 4to. col. pis. London, 1817.

HOOKER, W. /' Pomona Londinensis." vol. i (all pub.) fol. col. pi.

London, 1818.

LINDLEY, JOHN. " Pomological Magazine, or Pomologia Britannica." 3 vols.
roy. 8vo. col. pis. 1828-30.

GEORGE. "/A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden." i vol. large

8vo. London, 1831.

RONALDS, HUGH. " Pyrus Malus Brentfordiensis ; or a Concise Description
of selected Apples." I vol. 4to. pis. London, 1831.

HOGG and BULL. " The Herefordshire Pomona." 2 vols. fol. col. pis.
London and Hereford, 1876-1885.

HOGG, ROBERT. "The Apple and its Varieties." i vol. 8vo. Illus. London,
1851.

" The Fruit Manual : A Guide to the Fruits and Fruit Trees of Great

Britain." i vol. 8vo. ist ed., London, 1860; 2nd ed. 1862; 3rd ed. 1866;
4th ed. 1875; 5th ed. 1884.

SCOTT, JOHN. " The Orchardist, or Catalogue of Fruits Cultivated at Merriott,
Somerset." i vol. 8vo. ist ed. 1868, 2nd ed. 1873.

2. AMERICAN.

COXE, WM. " A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees and the Management
of Orchards and Cider." i vol. 8vo. Illus. Philadelphia, 1817.

EMMONS, EBENEZER. " The Natural History of New York." Vol. in.
" Fruits." 2 parts, col. pis. Albany, 1851.

DOWNING, A. J. " The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America." i vol. roy. 8vo.
col. pis. New York, 1845. Revised 1857, 1869. Appendices, 1872-76-81.

THOMAS, JOHN J. " The American Fruit Culturalist." i vol. roy. 8vo. Illus.
New York, ist ed. 1846, to 2 ist ed. 1903.

HOVEY, C. M. " The Fruits of America." 2 vols. 8vo. col. pi. Boston, 1852-56.

WARDER, JOHN A. " American Pomology: Apples." i vol. cr. 8vo. Illus.
New York, 1867.

3. FRENCH.

DUHAMEL DU MoNCEAU. " Traite des Arbres Fruitiers, contenant leur
figure, leur description, leur culture, etc." Paris, 2 vols. 4to., 1768.

MIRBEL, POIRET, ET LOISELEUR DES LoNGCHAMPS. " Trait6 des Arbres
Fruitiers." Nouvelle edition. 150 col. pis. by Redoute and Bessa. 2 vols.
folio. Paris (1820 ?).

J. ST. HILAIRE, MIRBEL, POIRET, ET LOISELEUR DES LONGCHAMPS. " Nouveau
Traite des Arbres Fruitiers ..." 2 vols. folio. Paris (1850 ?).

POITEAU ET TURPIN. " Traite des Arbres Fruitiers . . . " 418 col. and 2 plain
pis. Paris and Strasbourg, 1807-35. 6 vols. folio.

POITEAU, A. " Pomologie Fran9aise. ..." 4 vols. folio. 433 col. pis.
Paris and Strasbourg, 1846.

445 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

NOISETTE, Louis. " Le Jardin Fruitier : histoire et culture des arbres
fruitiers. ..." 3 vols. 4to. Paris, 1821. 2nd ed. 2 vols. 8vo. 1839.

DECAISNE, JOSEPH. " Le Jardin Fruitier du Museum ..." 9 vols. 4to.
Paris, 1858-75.

- " Pomologie Generale de la France." 8 vols. 8vo. Lyon, 1863-1871.

DE MORTILLET, P. " Les Meilleurs Fruits par ordre de Maturite et par Serie
de Merite." 3 vols. 8vo. Grenoble, 1865-68.

LEROY, ANDR£. " Dictionnaire de Pomologie." 6 vols. 8vo. Paris 1867-
1879.

MAS, ALPHONSE. " Le Verger ..." 8 vols. col. pis. Paris (1865-1874 ?).
" Pomologie Generale." 12 vols. 4to. Paris, 1872-1883.

ANON. " Les Meilleurs Fruits au Debut du XXiae Siecle." 8vo: i vol.
[1907 ?].

- " Catalogue descriptif des Fruits adoptes par le Congres Pomologique."
i vol. 8vo. Lyon, 1887 ; Suppl. 1896.

4. GERMAN.

MAYER, J. " Pomona Franconica." 3 vols. 4to. 253 col. pis. Nurnberg,
1776-1801.

MANGER, H. L. " Vollstandige Anleitung zu einer systematischen Pomologie."
I vol. folio. Leipzig, 1780.

KRAFT, JOHANN. " Pomona Austriaca." 2 vols. folio. 200 col. pis.
Vienna, 1790-96.

CHRIST, J. L. " Vollstandige Pomologie." 2 vols. 50 col. pis. Frankfurt,
1809-13.

DIEL, A. F. A. " Versuch einer systematischen Beschreibung . . . Kernobst-
sorten." 24 vols. 8vo. Frankfurt, 1799-1825.

BARON VON AEHRENTHAL. " Deutschlands Kernobstsorten." 3 vols. 4to.
98 col. pis. Leitmeritz, 1833-42.

DITTRICH, J. G. " Systematisches Handbuch der Obstkunde." 2 vols. 8vo.
Jena, 1837.

LANGETHAL, L. E. " Deutsches Obstcabinet in naturgetreuen fein colorirten
Abbildungen." 4to. Jena, 1855-6-7-8 (? 1853-60).

HINKERT, J. W. " Systematisch-geordnetes Handbuch der Pomologie."
3 vols. 8vo. Munich, 1836.

DOCHNAHL, F. J. " Der sichere Fuhrer in der Obstkunde." 4 vols. 8vo.
Nurnberg, 1855-60.

JAHN, LUCAS, UND OBERDIECK. " Illustriertes Handbuch der Obstkunde."
8 vols. 1859-75, and three extra vols. " Zusatze und Berichtungen zu Bander
I. und IV.," by J. Oberdieck, i vol. 8vo. 1868 ; Supplement " Birnen," Lucas and
Oberdieck, Stuttgart, 1879. i vol. 8vo. ; and Lauche's Erster Erganzungsband,
Berlin, 1883. i vol. 8vo.

LAUCHE, W. " Deutsche Pomologie." 6 vols. 8vo. 300 col. pis. Berlin,
1882-3.

5. BELGIAN.

BIVORT, A. " Album de Pomologie." 4 vols. folio. Bruxelles, 1847-51.
BAVAY, L., ROYER, A., AND OTHERS. " Annales de Pomologie Beige et fitran-
gere." 8 vols. folio. Brussels, 1853-60,

6. ITALIAN.

GALLESIO, G. " Pomona Italiana." 3 vols. folio. 172 col. pis. Pisa, 1817-39,
MOLON, G. " Pomologia." i vol. i2mo. Milan, 1901,

7. RUSSIAN.

USSIKOV. " Kratkaya Pomologia." i vol. 8vo. Petrograd, 1900,
SIMIRENKO, LEON. " Pomologie." i vol. 8vo. 1901.

GREBNITZKY. " Atlas Plodov." 4 vols. large 8vo. 100 col. pis, Petrograd,
1903-7-

8. PORTUGUESE.

OLIVIERA. " Diccionario das Peras Portuguezas." 8vo. Oporto, 1879.

9. SPANISH.

PEREZ, JOSE, " Pomona de la Provincia de Murcia," i vol. 4 to,
Madrid, 1884,

10. DUTCH,

KNOOP, J. H. " Pomologia." 2 vols. folio, col. pis. Leeuwarden, 1758.
VAN NOORT. " Pomologia Batava." i vol. Leiden, 1830-40.
OTTOLANDER AND OTHERS, " Nederlandsche Boomgard," 2 vols, 4 to,
Boskoop, 1868-

A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE OF POMOLOGY. 446

ii. Swiss.

ANON. " Schweitzerische Obstsorten." 2 vols. oblong folio, col, pis, St. Gallen,
1866, 1872. Vol. i. Apples ; vol. ii. Pears.

II. SPECIAL MONOGRAPHS ON VARIOUS HARDY FRUITS.

1. THE APPLE.

RONALDS. " Pyrus Malus Brentfordiensis." See p. 433.

HOGG AND BULL. " The Herefordshire Pomona." See p. 435.

HOGG, R. " The Apple and its Varieties." i vol. 8vo. 3 illus. London,
1851. See p. 434.

ENGELBRECHT, TH. " Deutschlands Apfelsorten." See p« 426.

BARRON, A. F. " British Apples." Report of the Committee of the National
Apple Congress* 5 pis. 8vo. London, 1884;

BEACH, S. A. " The Apples of New York." 2 vols. 8vo., col. pis, Albany,
1905. See p. 438.

RAGAN, W. H. " Nomenclature of the Apple." Washington, 1905.

ANON. " Unsere besten Deutschen Obstsorten," Vol. i, " Apples." 4to«
41 col. pis, Wiesbaden (1914 ?),

2. THE APRICOT.

THOMPSON, R, " Apricot. A report upon the Varieties of the, cultivated
in the Gardens of the Horticultural Society." See R.H.S. Transactions, Series II,
vol. i. p. 56-74.

LAUCHE, W. " Deutsche Pomologie." See p. 426.

MAS, A. " Le Verger." See p. 430.

3. BUSH FRUITS.

DOCHNAHL, F. J, " Der sichere Fiihrer in der Obstkunde," vol. iv. 1860,
See p. 425.

Pucci, A. " Frutti Minori, Fragole, Poponi, Ribes, Uva spina, e Lamponi."
i8mo. 96 figs. Milano, 1895,

LEBL, M. " Anzucht und Kultur der Johannisbeere, Stachelbeere, Him-
beere &c. . „ , und der Bereitung der Beerenweine." Illus. No date. (Modern.)

VERCIER, J. " Le Cassis, son Histoire, sa Culture, etc." Brochure, 76 pp,
12 figs. (Modern.)

CARD, F. W. " Bush-Fruits A Horticultural Monograph of Raspberries,
Blackberries, Dewberries, Currants, Gooseberries, and other shrub-like Fruits,"
New York, 1907 (4th ed.). i vol. 8vo. Many illus.

JUNGE, E. " Unser Beerenobst in Feld und Garten." Roy. 8vo, 27 col. pis.
66 figs, Wiesbaden (1913 ?).

4. THE CHERRY,

TRUCHSESS, C. F. " Systematische Classification und Beschreibung der
Kirschensorten." i vol. 8vo. Stuttgart, 1819.

THOMPSON, R. " A Report upon the principal Varieties of the Cherry culti-
vated in the Gardens of the Society." H.S, Transactions, Series II. vol. i.
pp. 248-294.

DE MORTILLET, " Les Meilleurs Fruits." Vol. ii. See p, 428.

5. THE FIG.

GALLESIO, G. " Pomona Italiana. Parte scientifica," First fascicle on the
Fig. i vol. 8vo. Pisa, 1820.

EISEN, G. " The Fig, its History, Culture, and Curing, with a Descriptive
Catalogue of the Known Varieties of Fig." Washington, 1901.

RAVASINI, R. " Die Feigenbaume Italiens und ihre Beziehungen zu einander."
i table, 61 illus, Bern, 1911. (Historical, caprification, and marketing.)

6. THE MULBERRY.

PANIAGNA, D. Josjs. " Del Cultivo especial de la Morera y de sus Variedades,"
8vo, Logrono, 1841.

447 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

SERINGE, N. C. " Description, Culture, et Taille des Muriers, leurs especes et
leurs varietes." a vols. 8vo. Paris, 1855.

GUILLAUD, EUGENE. " L'Olivier et le Murier, Histoire, Culture, Parasites."
8vo. Paris, 1899.

7. NUTS — COBNUTS AND FILBERTS (Corylus Avellana).

DOCHNAHL, F. J« " Der sichere Fiihrer in der Obstkunde," vol. iv. 1860.
See p. 425.

GOESCHKE, FRANZ. " Die Haselnuss, ihre Arten und ihre Kultur." i vol.
4to. Berlin, 1887. 76 plain pis.

" Deutsches Obstkabinet," See p, 425.

8. NUTS, WALNUTS,

HENRY, L., AND GIFFEY, C. " Le Noyer." Brochure, i8mo. Modern,

FALLOT, B. " Le Noyer et ses Produits, Noix, Huile, Torteaux." Paris,
i vol. 8vo. (1900 ?)

SMITH, R, E. " Walnut Culture in California." University of California
Bull. No. 231. i vol. 8vo. 1912.

LAKE, E. R, " The Persian Walnut Industry of the United States." U.S.
Dept. Agriculture Bull. No. 250. Washington, 1913.

(This and the work of R. E. Smith contain good descriptions and photographs
of the different varieties of walnuts, both European and American.)

9. THE PEACH.

LINDLEY, G. " A Classification of Peaches and Nectarines." H.S. Transac-
tions, vol. v. pp. 525-560. v

CARRIERS, E. A. " Description et Classification des Varietes de Pdchers et
de Brugnonniers." i vol. 8vo. Paris. (No date ; about 1885 ?)

STOLL, R. " Die Amerikanischen Fruhpfirsiche, mit Beriicksichtigung der
Fruhpfirsiche uberhaupt." i vol. 8vo. 14 col. pis. Klosterneuberg, 1889
(Good plates and descriptions of the American early peaches.)

10. THE PEAR.

CRAIG, J. " Oriental Pears (Pyrus sinensis) and their Hybrids." Cornell
University Bull. No. 332.

DECAISNE, J. " Le Jardin Fruitier." See p. 428.

Du MORTIER, J. B. C. " Pomone Tournaisienne." I vol. 8vo. Tournay, 1869.
(History of Belgian Pears and their raisers.)

GILBERT, CH. " Les Fruits Beiges " (in Journal of the Royal Linnean Society
of Belgium), 1874. (Largely occupied with Belgian pears.)

BARRON, A. F. " Report of the Committee of the National Pear Conference,"
R.H.S. Journal, vol. ix. 1887.

RAGAN, W. H. " Nomenclature of the Pear. A Catalogue Index of the
known Varieties referred to in American publications from 1804 to 1907." i vol.
8vo. Washington, 1908. >

11. THE PLUM.

GUENDERRODE UND BORKHAUSEN. " Die Pflaumen." 8vo. Darmstadt,
1804-08. (Describes 36 plums, with col. pis.)

LIEGEL, G. " Systematische Anleitung zur Kenntniss der Pfiaumen." 2 vols.
1838-44.

BAILEY, L. H. " Reports upon Japanese Plums." Cornell University
Reports, Bull. Nos. 13, 62, 106, and 175.

WAUGH, W. " Plums and Plum Culture. A Monograph of the Plums
cultivated and indigenous in North America." 8vo. New York, 1910.

HEDRICK, U. P. " The Plums of New York." i vol. 4to. col. pis. Albany,
1911. See p. 438.

12. THE STRAWBERRY.

DUCHESNE FILS. " Histoire Naturellg des Fraisiers." 8vo. Paris, 1766.

BARNET, JAMES. " An Account and Description of the different Varieties
of Strawberries which have been cultivated and examined in the Garden of the
Horticultural Society." H.S. Transactions, vol. vi. 1824.

VILMORIN, MADAME ELISA. " Le Jardin Fruitier du Museum." 1857.

A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE 'OF POMOLOGY, 448

LAMBERT YE, COMTE LEONCE DE. " Le Fraisier, sa Botanique, son Histoire
sa Culture." 8vo. Paris, 1863.

GLOEDE, FERDINAND. " Les Bonnes Praises." I2mo. Paris, 1865.

REGEL, DR. E. " Die Himbeere und Erdbeere." 1866.

GOESCHKE, FRANZ. " Das Buch der Erdbeeren." 8vo. Berlin, 1874.

MILLET, A. " Le Fraisiers." 8vo. Paris, 1898.

LAXTON, BROTHERS. " The Strawberry Manual." (No date; recent.)

13. THE VINE.

BARRON, A. F. " Vines and Vine Culture, being a Treatise on the Cultivation
of the Grape-vine, with Descriptions of the principal Varieties." 8vo. illus.
London, 1883.

HEDRICK, U. P. " The Grapes of New York." i vol. 4to. col. pis. Albany,
1908. See p. 438.

14. GENERAL CATALOGUES AND REFERENCE WORKS.

" Catalogue of Fruits cultivated in the Garden of the Horticultural Society."
8vo. London, 1826. 2nd ed. 1831 ; 3rd ed. 1842; suppl. 1853.

" Catalogo Speciale della Collezione di Alberi fruttiferi della Society Toscana
d'Orticultura." 8vo. 1862.

SIMON-LOUIS FRERES. " Guide Pratique de 1'Amateur de Fruits." 8vo.
Paris, 1876. See p. 430.

MATHIEU, CARL. " Nomenclator Pomologicus." 8vo. Berlin, 1889. See p. 427.

BUNYARD, E. A. " An Index to Illustrations of Apples." Journal of the
Royal Horticultural Society, vol. xxxvii. pp. 152-174. (References to coloured
plates of the principal pomologies.)

BUNYARD, E. A. " An Index to Illustrations of Pears." Journal R.H.S.,
vol. xxxvii. pp. 321-349.

15. GRAFTING AND BUDDING.

WARDLE, WILLIAM. " The Scientific and Profitable Culture of Fruit Trees,
including choice of Trees, Planting, Grafting, Training, Restoration of unfruitful
Trees, &c." Illustrated. From the French of M. Du Breuil, adapted by William
Wardle. 8vo. London, 1862. 2nd ed. 1872; 5th ed. (recent) revised by
George Glenny, 8vo.

BALTET, CHARLES. " The Art of Grafting and Budding." Translated from
the French of Charles Baltet. 8vo. London, 1873. 5th ed. London, 1903.

THOUIN, A. " Monographic des Greffes, ou Description technique des diverses
sortes de Greffes employees pour la Multiplication des Vegetaux." 8vo. Paris,
ca. 1821.

BALTET, CHARLES. " L'Art de Greffer." 8vo. Paris, 1869. Recent editions
in 1892 and 1898.

NOISETTE, Louis. " Traite Complet de la Greffe (suivi de 1'essai sur la greffc
(1'herbe, des plantes et des arbres, par le Baron Tschudy)." I2mo. Paris, 1852.
2nd ed.)

CARRIERS, E. A. " Guide Pratique du Jardinier multiph'cateur, ou Art de
propager les Veg6taux par semis, boutures, greffes, etc." I2mo. Paris, 1856.

MOTTET, S. " Guide Elementaire de Multiplication des Vegetaux." X2mo.
Paris, 1895.

1 6. PRUNING AND TRAINING.

FORNEY, E. "La Taille des Arbres fruitiers." 2 vols. i8mo. 680 pages,
349 figs. Paris, 1889.

LUCAS, EDWARD. " Die Lehre vom Baumschnitt." 4 tables, 256 illustra-
tions. 8th ed. Stuttgart, 1909.

VERCIER, J. " L'Arboriculture fruitiereen images." i vol. 8vo. 101 plates.
Paris. (No date ; recent.)

UDALE, J. " Handy Book of Pruning." 8vo. Evesham, 1909. Illustrated.

ANON. " Pruning : a Series of Articles for Commercial Fruit-growers.'
(Lockwood Press.) London (1912 ?).

17. CULTURE UNDER GLASS.

RIVERS, THOMAS. " The Orchard House ; or the Cultivation of Fruit Trees
under Glass." 8vo. i vol. 1851, and numerous later editions.

THOMSON, D. " Handy Book of Fruit Culture under Glass." i vol. 8vo.
Edinburgh and London, 1873. (Treats of Pine-apples, Vines, Peaches, Nec-
tarines, Figs, &c.)

-.449 JOURNAL -C'F THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PYNAERT, ED. " Les Serres Vergers." i vol. 8vo. 134 figs, and 3 plates.
(4th edition.) Gand, 1888.

LECOLIER, P. " Culture Rationnelle des Arbres frui tiers en Pots." Brochure,
illus. (Modern.)

BRACE, J. " The Culture of Fruit Trees in Pots." 8vo. illus. London,
1904.

1 8. FRUIT FARMING.

BUNYARD, GEORGE. " Fruit Farming for Profit." i vol. 8vo. illus.

GOETHE, R. " Deutscher Obstbau." i vol. 8vo. illus. Berlin, 1909.

HOOPER, C. H., AND OTHERS. " Fruit Farming, Practical and Scientific."
i vol. 8vo. illus. London, 1913.

DURAND, E. " La Culture fruitiere moderne : Production, Commerce, et
Utilisation des Fruits." i vol. i6mo. 28 figs. (Modern.)

WAUGH, F. A. " The American Apple Orchard." i vol. 8vo. Illus.
New York, 1908.

SEARS, F. C. " Productive Orcharding." i vol. 8vo. illus. Philadelphia,
1914.

PASSY, PIERRE. " Trait6 d' Arboriculture fruitiere." 3 vols. -illus. 300 figs.

19; GENERAL CULTURAL WORKS

BUNYARD, GEORGE, AND THOMAS, OWEN. " The Fruit Garden." i vol. 8vo.
London, 1904.

SANDERS, T. W. " Fruit and its Cultivation." i vol. 8vo. London, 1913.

GAUCHER, N. " Handbuch der Obstkultur." See p. 426.

" Obstbaukunde." i vol. Berlin, 1912.

WRIGHT, J. "The Fruit Grower's Guide." 3 vols. 4to. 46 col. pis.
London, 1892.

WRIGHT, W. P. " Pictorial Practical Fruit Growing." 8vo. London, 1903.

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