A. A. A. S. FIFTIETH ANNIVERSAKY MEETING. Boston, August, 1898. GTJIDK TO Localities Illustrating the Geology, Marine Zoology, and Botany OF THE vicinity OF BOSTON. EDITED BY a. W. Grabau and J. E. Woodman. CONTRIBUTOHS. Prof. W. O. Crosby .... Geology ; South Shore W. M. Davis . Phystottraphy B. K. Kmekson . . Geology; Turner's F.ills Region W.(j. Farlow M.^^lne Alga' J. E. Wolff Pctrograpliy A.W. Gbabau Marine Invertebrates " " Palji'ontology J. E. Woodman Geology; North Shore " " ... Photograplilng and Collecting A. A.. A.. S. 1898. Copyright, 1898. By F. W. PuTMAN, Cambridge, Mass. Salem Vrege : The Salem Press Co., Salem, Mass. ^ 1898. ^0«019 CONTENTS. Introduction. J. E. Woodman PAGE V Fhtsiography. Pkof. W. M. Davis . Uplands of southern New England Boston harbor .... Provincetown, Cape Cod Coastal plain of Maine . Connecticut valley : Meriden district Gkology: north shore. J. E. Woodman Plum island dunes .... Beach Bluflf and Marblehead Necli Nabant Pine hill, Medtord : " 300-foot dike " Gloucester moraine Arlington moraine .... Mystic river quarries, SomervlUe . Corey hill, Brighton Newtonville esker and sand-plateau Auburndale GEtiLOGY : south shorr. Prof. W. O. Crosby The outer islands of Boston harbor Nantasket and Cohasset Nantasket beach to Green hill The Nantasket ledges west of Hull The Cohasset shore . Northern Hingham Mill cove, North Weymouth . The Monatiquot valley. Hay ward creek quarry), and Ruggles creek Blue Hills of Milton Quincy granite quarries . Lake Bouv6 Martha's Vineyard and Gay Head . street (Paradox ides 20 1-7 1 2 3 4 6 It 9 9 10 14 16 16 16 17 18 19 21-31 21 21-25 21 23 24 26 26 27 28 28 29 30 (Hi) OONTKNTS. eek Gkoi.ooy: Tuunkk's Falls rkgion. Two Excursions in CONNKCriCUT VAI.LKY. I'UOF. B. K. KmERSON Surface deposits PaL/EOntology. a. W. Gkaiiau Naliant .... .Mill cove, North Weymouth Nortli Attleborough Braintree quarry, Hayward cr Beruardston (Vlaustield) (Worcester) Rockdale Canton Junction (Brockton) Connecticut valley ('I'urner's Falls, Gay Head Indian hill Iligliland light Sankaty Head, Nantucket Winthrop Great Head and other harbor Gloucester Boston .... Brookline district North bank of Charles river (Cambridge) City point. South Boston Literature PHTROGItAPlIIC NOTES. PrOK. J. K. WOLp-p Photographing and collecting. J. E. Woooman etc drumlins I'AGE 84 37-62 38 39 39 ■10 41 42 42 42 43 43 43 44-47 47 48 49 51 52 53-54 53 53 54 ,i4-f)2 (i3 G5-6G II. Zoology: Marine iNVEUTEitUATES. A. W. Grahau Kevere beacli . Swampscott beach . Nahant neck Beverly .... Castle rocks, Nahant East point, Nahant f.7-9fi r,7 76 77 78 85 87 III. Botany: Marine Alo.k. Prof. W. G. Farlow . 97-100 INTRODUCTION. It is the aim of this guide to reaeh especially members of the Association present at the Boston meeting, who may desire to visit localities not included in the general excuisions offered by the hosts of the occasion. It is not intended, therefore, to be complete for the region ; but gives as it were sample eases which are likely lo be of interest to visitors. Tiie literature appended, with one excep- tion, contains only papers which arc recent and easily accessible. In the case of Pateontology, however, the list is probably fairly complete. Geologists from the interior cannot fail to be struck with the marine action exhibited ; and those acquainted nuiinly with fossiliferous rocks of simple structure will appreciate the change to a district composed largely of igneous types, with sediments of complex history. Biologists also will appreciate the opportunity for studying the local marine fauna and flora in their various phases. Mo.st of the localities listed are within a short distance of Boston, and may be visited in a portion of a day. A few others have been noted, because their interest entitles them to recognition, and because some may desire to see them. To all those who have aided in making the guide we offer our thanks, appreciating the fact that the time has been short in which to write Ihe notes presented here, and that it had to be taken from other important duties. In some instances, small fragments of material have been contributed by others than the authors of the ' articles, and these are acknowledged in each case. The illustrations have been selected, not so much to illustrate the text as to call (V) VI INTRODUCTION. additional attention to the localities ; and we thank the owners of the plates for their kindness in allowing their use. Each illustra- tion is credited to its source. It was intended originally to insert in the paper a section upon land plants; but it has been deemed unnecessary, because the New England Botanical club has made arrangements to conduct excursions and to furnish guides for visitors. J. Edmund Woodman. Geological Laboratories, Miis. Comp. Zoi/l., Cambridge, Mass. August, 1898. I. PHYSIOGRAPHY. Prof. W. 'SI. Davis. UPLANDS OK SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND. The view from any of the hills near Boston, preferably from Arlington Heights (reached by electric cars, passing through Cam- bridge), discloses the moderate relief of the skyline, little in ac- cord with the great disorder of the rocii structures. This has given rise to the opinion that the skyline represents the general level to which denudation reduced the deformed structures, when the whole region stood lower than now ; and that the valleys by which the uplands now are so freely dissected result from a later cycle of denudation, which was introduced by the uplift of the region to an altitude somewhat greater than that of to-day. A slight depression after the valleys had been eroded was the chief cause of the existing irregularity of the shore line, subject to modification by slight oscillations of level, and by plentiful deposits of drift in connec- tion with the glacial period. In the neighborhood of Boston, the area occupied by rocks of moderate resistance is so great that an extensive lowland has been worn down, known as the "'Boston Basin" in its topographical (not strictly in its geological) sense. Here the overlapping sea enters farthest into the coast line by reason of the lowland, and this has given Boston an advantage over the neighboring early settlements of Plymouth and Salem. The harbor would enter still farther into the land, but for the drift that floors much of the basin. The uplands in eastern Massachusetts are so extensively inter- rupted by valleys that it would be difficult to convince anyone 6f the reality and continuity of the ancient peneplain whicli the uplands are thought to represent. An excursion farther into the (1) 2 GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. interior is needed to emphasize the contrast between the compara- tively even and extensive uplands and the relatively narrow and steep-sided valleys that interrupt them. Gardner, on the Fitch- burg railroad, is agood point to illustrate these features. A drumlin crowned by a reservoir just north of the village offers an exten- sive view, including Wachusett in the southeast and Monadnock in the northwest. A walk over Hoosac mountain in western Massachusetts is a still more instructive excursion in this regard : Deerfield valley, 1,000 feet or more deep, being almost eaSon- like in contrast to the Berkshire highlands in which it is incised. The view from West Peak, near Meriden, Conn., is perhaps more satisfactory than any other. By considering all of these features together, it ia believed that the explanation of the uplands and valleys of southern New England in the manner above suggested gives a reasonable account of them ; but it should be understood that the peneplain of the uplands was never very smooth, and that in many parts of the district it is dissected so thoroughly to- day as to be recognizable with difficulty. Literature. Davis, W. M. — The geological dates of origin of certain topo- graphic forms on the Atlantic slope of the United States. (Geol. Soc. Am., Bull., vol. 2, pp. 541-542, 545-586.) Davis, W. M. — The physical geography of southern New England. (Nat. Geog. Monographs, vol. 1, No. 9.) Davis, W. M. — Geographical illustrations. Harvard University, 1893. BOSTON HARBOR. The most notable features of Boston harbor are the drumlins which stand forth as numerous islands, and the extensive beaches which tie many of the islands to each other and to the mainland. The bed-rock borders of the coastal reentrant are found at Lynn and Nahant on the north, and at Nantasket and Cohasset on the south ; but the harbor proper is much restricted from these limits, by the group of drumlins extending from East Boston to Winthrop. An afternoon excursion by boat to Pemberton landing (Hull), thence by rail to Nantasket and back to Boston by boat, forms a pleasant and instructive outing. On the way down the harbor, many drumlins are passed in various stages of destruction. One of the outermost islands, bearing " Boston light, " exhibits the PBTSIOGRAPHY. O remains of a very large drumliii, from which more than half the original volume has been swept away on the exposed eastern side, and about a sixth on the less exposed western side. A long double- curved spit, bare at low tide, trails into the harbor from this island. It will be noticed that the vigor of attack of the sea at various points is shown by grassed and bare erosion slopes. In a few cases, however, the turf is laid artificially over fortifications. Pember- ton landing is on the western end of a shorter spit farmed by waste from the drumlins of Hull. The railroad thence follows the shore for a mile eastward. Leaving the train at Allerton, the axis of a long drumlin may be followed eastward to the fine bluff of Point Allerton ; thence a walk of a mile southward along the beach leads to Strawberry hill (bearing a reservoir), once cliffed by the sea, but now protected by several hundred feet of beach built in front of it. Faint lines of former beaches may be traced north and south from the abandoned sea cliffs of this hill. (Take train from Waveland station to Nantasket.) Other abandoned cliffs are found on drumlins just north of Nantasket, beyond which the ragged rocky coast extends southeast towards Cohasset, with the ledges of Minot's light off shore. The irregularity of the rocky shore line suggests that little detritus has been brought to Nan- tasket beach from the southeast ; and hence that the materials of the beach have been supplied largely from destroyed drumlins, whose bases now remain in the shoals marked by beacons east of the beach. (See also Geology, p. 21 ; Palaeontology, p. 61.) Literature. See map In Crosby's Geology of the Boston Basin, Part I, Nantasket and Cohasset (obtainable at Museum of Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist.). PaOVINCETOWN, CAPE COD. " The bended arm of Massachusetts," as Thoreau called Cape Cod, consists of (Tertiary?) bedded sands and clays on which a greater or less amount of glacial drift has been deposited, some- times in strong morainic form, sometimes as broad washes of gravel and sand. The outline of the forearm of the cape when the present attitude of the laud was assumed has been modified greatly by wave action. A long, smooth, slightly convex cliff has been cut fronting the ocean and along the eastern side of the cape, and ex- tensive sand reefs and spits have been built northward to the 4 GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. Provincelands and southward beyond Chatham to Monomoy. A two-day trip from Boston, across Massachusetts bay and back by steamer, with two half -days about Provincetown, will repay richly any geologist from the interior, to whom the features of a strongly- worked shore line are a novelty. By driving at once to Highland light, on the arrival of the boat in Provincetown, several afternoon hours may be enjoyed on the bold bluff and the superb beach below it. Facetted or wind-carved pebbles may be gathered in abundance just north of the signal station on the bluff. While returning to Provincetown, a walk over the upland leads to High Head, the northernmost point of the mainland of the cape, whence tlie long curved spit of the Provincelands stretches to the noithwest, bear- ing extensive sand dunes, old and new, tree-covered and bare. From the same point a good view is gained of the abandoned sea cliffs of High Head, now enclosed by the sand reefs and marsh of the Provincelands. Near by, the cliffs cut by the waves of Cape Cod bay make an obtuse angle with the abandoned cliffs. The following morning, a pleasant walk leads out to the great dunes that are invading the forest northwest of the village. The action of the wind in building may be studied here to great advantage. (See also Palseontology, p. 48.) Literature. Davis, W. M. — Facetted pebbles on Cape Cod, Mass. (Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist, Procvol. 26, pp. 166-175.) Davis, W. M. — The outline of Cape Cod. (Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., Proc, vol. 31, pp. 303-323.) Grabau, A. W. — The sand plains of Truro, Wellfleet and Eastham. (Science, n«w ser., vol. 5, pp. 334-835.) Upham, W.— The formation of Cape Cod. (Am. Nat., vol. 13, pp. 489-502, 552-565.) COASTAL PLAIN OF MAINE. The composite topography of the coastal district of Maine is shown well from the summit of Blackstrap hill, a large drumlin six or eight miles northwest of Portland. The general evenness of the skyline can be seen to the east and west ; a number of monad- nock-like mountains rise above it in the north, Mount Washington being one of the farther summits. The uplands, generally com- posed of crystalline schists, are dissected thoroughly into rocky ridges, separated by wide-open valleys that have been worn to a depth of several hundred feet. It is believed that these valleys . aMTltvW so 4otyAifAv'is ^a II .-i/iiii If, « (d M.., ( i.iiO 111 iniUiili" 'Jill (iif .t))h«'i«ri>q vl'i')iirifi1 lin'") 'iiiiirt ifirif// tmlr EXPLANATION Qf. PMTKS. From thp "Outllnf nf Ca)ic- Cod," hy W. M. Davis, In Am. Aca&.''!4it(i iliid^^l., Pro«0^yol.Jl, ■■: 1 : Fio. I. Stages in the development of the outline of the north end of Cape Cod. Fif>. 2. Ideal section showing development of shore profiles on Cape Cod. ; • ,:.. -. Fio. 3. Map of stages in the gradation of an irregular shore-line, like that which Cape Cod formerly possessed. KvtHtd iiisfipAsdnB ha» dJwoiji adJ jiiiMjiileoIli naoiia^H .h .nxH snail o'toiif, 1)11* iiba||Ib«sdc}otn9i8(n9 \o ee-rriniq -idj ^niwoile qaM .5 .ni"? /tinfoiv hail hu'iH ilailr lo eiiilino ■■ .i() nit To ((iiM ;i ;)!'< EXPLANATION OF PLATES— CONTINUED. Fm. 4. Sections illustrating the growth and subsequent history of off- shore bars. Fig. 5. Map showing the progress of erosion of headlands and the mi- gration of flying spits. Fio. 6. Map of the changes in the outline of High Head and vicinity. MAINLAND PHTSIOOHAPHT. 0 represent the Tertiary dissection of the uplifted Cretaceous pene- plain, whose upland remnants constitute so important a share of the topography of the Atlantic slope. Submergence of the valleys produced the ragged coast of Maine, the depression being associated with the glacial epoch ; but since then there has been an emergence of at least 300 feet, as may be proved readily on this excursion. During the period of subsidence, postglacial marine clays were deposited in tiie arms of the sea and are to be seen now in the valleys, where they form flat fields dis- sected by a young drainage system, with narrow valleys and fre- quent landslides. The shore line of the 300-foot level may be rec- ognized in a bench aud bluff at the southeast base of Blackstrap hill, and again at Poplar hill, another drumlin three miles farther north, as well as on certain beach-like gravel flats, north and south of the latter. The present ragged shore line of Maine is therefore not the direct result of the submergence of a rugged land, but of the emergence of an uneven sea bottom — uneven because the ma- rine clays that were spread upon it had not been deposited in suf- ficient quantity to smooth over its previous inequality. The farmers of the coastal district make a division of their land on a strictly physiographic basis. The ledgy ridges are left to forest, wood lots, and rough pastures. Ridges of this kind ad- vance between the clay-filled valleys toward or to the coast line ; outlying ridges or hills form the island fringe off shore. Tlll-cov- ered uplands are generally cleared and farmed, as north of Black- strap hill ; here stone walls often divide the fields. The clay-filled valleys are cleared aiid cultivated ; the roads are very bad in wet weather, unless improved with gravel. Farmhouses are located frequently close to the line between ledgy hills and clay fields. Often streams are superposed locally on ledges once buried by the clays ; hence waterfalls are ccjmmon near the shore line, and this feature gives reason for the occurrence of paired cities, like Lew- iston and Auburn on the Androscoggin, and Saeo and Biddeford on the Saco. A comfortable trip from Boston to Portland and back may be made l)y boat at night ; and the day between will suffice to give a good view of the coastal district, especially if a bicycle is taken along, and the roads are not rough and muddy from recent rain. Literatrtrf. There is no literature upon this subject, from tlie standpoint pre- sented here. 6 SCIDE TO LOCALITIES. CONNECTICCT VALLEY : MERIDEN DISTRICT. A sijigle day's visit to the immediate neighborhood of Meriden, Conn., will give a good view of the general features of the Triassic formation, between the crystalline uplands on the east and west. Reaching Meriden by evening train from Boston, the following early morning may be given to the ascent of West Peak, the highest of the Hanging hills, about three miles northwest of the city. These hills are formed on tlie main extrusive trap sheet^of the valley. The summit commands a fine view of the western uplands and valley lowlands ; the former being a peneplain of Jura-Cre- taceous denudation, now uplifted aud dissected by relatively nar- row valleys ; the latter being a rough local peneplain, the product of denudation in some part of Teitiary time, surmounted by re- sidual trap ridges, ornamented with drumlins, and veneered with washed drift. lu clear weather, Long island is seen distinctly beyond the Sound. Lane's quarry in the main trap sheet, a mile north of the city, may be visited next. It exposes the upper vesicular surface of one lava flow, buried under the dense basal portion of a second flow ; the compound mass being faulted. The fragmental deposits of the anterior lava sheet, locally known as the Ash Bed, are ex- posed about three miles northeast of Meriden on the road to Berlin. An active walker might cross the fields from the last point and ascend Chauncey Peak, from whose southern- bluff an excellent view may be obtained of the several blocks into which the district is divided by faults. A characteristic contact of the overlying sandstones with the vesicular upper surface of the main trap sheet is found in Spruce brook, at the northeast end of Lamentation mountain, a few hundred feet south of a cross-road and about five miles from Meriden ; but this extension of the trip would require a horse and carriage. By the use of a team, a second day in this locality might include a visit to the basal contact of the Triassic sandstones and conglom- erates on their crystalline foundation, displayed well in the ravine of Roaring brook, three miles west of Southington ; and the upper contact of the overlying sandstones and shales with the intrusive trap of Gaylord's mountain (the northern extension of the West Rock ridge series) in another Roaring brook, three miles southwest of Cheshire. A third day would allow an excursion to Middletown and the great sandstone quarries of Portland, where the Connecti- ":^. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. rrnui '■ (Juaiiies in the lar:i beds at Meriden, Conn.," by ^V M. Davis, in .\m. .Tourn. Sci.. 4tb series, vol. 1. Krii I Map of the iieiiernl relation.*! of trap ami faults in the Meriden district. The Meriden quarries are located nt fb.^ "oint marked Q. ,ii>sit> Ft<; ■-' Diaa:rainniatic map and section of the locai iHianotlg ef^-the ■ luarry ridge at Meriden. i.iiin. ,Ki(i, 3. Diagrammatic map and section showing the location of the quarries and surrounding country at Meriden. WESrCR/V H/GH1_/NND ~^5 ^^^ --^A- H- - R 7d o^^-^'x'vf^rr- '. ' ^,-«._.-f^'' -^c^'''' ,.^^^5k.-,:;: PHYSIOGRAPHY. 7 cut leaves the broad Triassic lowland and enters the narrow gorge-like valley that it has cut in the eastern uplands on the way to the sea at Saybrook. A beautiful view of this district may be obtained from Great hill north of Cobalt station, Air Line railroad, a few miles east from Middletown. As an illustration of a narrow valley worn in uplands of resistant rocks, draining a broad valley lowland underlain by weak rocks, this view has few equals. Literature. The literature of the Connecticut .?alley is abundant, but usually views the subject from the geologic standpoint. Among physiographic papers is the following: — Davis, W. M. — Topographic development of the Triassic formation of the Connecticut valley. (Am. Jouru. Sci., 3d series, vol. 37, pp. 423-434.) Of geologic papers, there are many by Dana, Davis, Emerson and others, including the final report upon the Connecticut Trias, by Davis, which is in press as this is written. Routes. — The routes to the main points mentioned are as follows : — Boston harbor, any of the excursion boats plying between tlie city and resorts on the south shore. Provincetown, by rail, Old Colony system from Kneeland street sta- tion. By boat, each morning from Commercial wharf, Boston ; excursion stop-over tickets, $1.50. Coastal plain of Maine, by train, East«rn division, Boston and Maine road from North Union station, for Portland. By boat, from India wharf, Boston, for Portland; single fare $1.00. Meriden, Boston and Albany railroad to Springfield, Mass. ; New York, New Haven and Hartford road thence to Meriden. GEOLOGY: NORTH SHORE. J. Edmund Woodman. PLUM ISLAND DUNES. Eoute. — (1) From North Union station by Eastern division, Boston and Maine railroad, to Newburyport ; electrics eastward from station to near Merrimac square: liorse cars from Meriiraac square to Plum Island, nortli end. Single fare $1.00. (2) By same rail route to Ipswich; walk to boat ; take boat for Plum island, south end. Fine dune action, constructive and destructive, can be seen here — in operation if tliere be a wind. The formation of eolian ripples, structure of dune-sections, encroachment of wind-blown sand westward, swamping up of protected shallow-water areas between the mainland and the off-shore bar forming the island, protection by beach grass, and filling of lagoons by eolian sand, are among the phenomena visible. Marine action itself is not so varied in its effects as elsewhere. BEACH BLUFF AND MARBLEHEAD NECK. lioKte. — By rail, Eastern division Boston and Maine road, Marblehead branch, from North Union station, tickets for Beach Bluff; fare $.30. By wheel, to Lynn by way of Broadway, Chelsea; thence along line of Swarapscott electrics to within one block of Beach Bluff station. Turn to right in either case, to water front. Marine action is powerful all along this part of the coast. A pretty continuous bench can lie followed north to the wall beach and in places elsewhere. Between Marblehead Neck and the mainland to the south is a magnificent boulder beach, on which all the phenomena characteristic of such a form occur. The rocks composing it represent all the phases to be found between Mar- blehead and Swampscott. A great variety of erosion forms occur (9) 10 GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. in the rocky portion of the coast, due to primary or secondary structures, dikes, etc. The protective effects of barnacles and seaweeds can be studied successfully. On the east side of the shore road, a few hundred yards north of Clifton station, is a striated ledge of granite, with its lee side toward the east. This side presents the typical curves of marine erosion, accomplished apparently after most of the glaciation. The whole was buried in stratified drift, and has been exposed only recently through road building. The surface of the ledge is about fifty feet above the sea. The region possesses great petrographic interest. From about the middle of Swampscott northeast the rocks have the same gen- eral characters almost to Marblehead Neck. The odest is diorite, into vrhich at an early stage a granitite has intruded. The relations between the two are various. In general, the contacts are dim and intricate. At one place the older rock prevails, at another the younger; and in many ledges, the mass is a breccia of granitite carrying irregular horses of diorite. Into these rocks a lighter granitite and an eleolite syenite have penetrated, and lastly a black trap. This is largely in dikes which run roughly parallel to the coast, and have well defined walls, often separated from the country rock. Since the last intrusions, which are probably Mesozoic, a great amount of faulting has occurred, much of it in a southeast direction. The " Lincoln dike," off Clifton, is the largest and best- known case. In the trap basaltic structure is roughly developed in some cases, and many dikes have porphyritic centers. Farther north, including the southern part of Marblehead Neck, the main rock is porphyrite. Beyond here it is a coarse granitite for the most part, on the ocean side. The ■ well-known Bostonite occurs on the west side of the neck, but can be found only at low tide, and by diligent search. Literature. Sears, J. H. — Various articles on the geology of Essex county, in Essex Inst. Bull. NAHANT. Route. — By rail. Eastern division Boston and Maine road, from North Union station, to Lynn; fare, 8.20. By electrics, Lynn and Boston road, Scollay square to Lynn ; round trip fare, $.25. geology: north shore. 11 By wheel, over Charlestown bridge, through City square, Charlestown ; over elevated bridge to Chelsea, through Broadway, Chelsea, to Lynn. From Lynn, by barge, wheel, electric, or afoot, to Lynn beach, walking thence southeast to Eastern point on Great Nahant, malting observations en route. Return to Lynn may be all the way by barge if desired, for most of the trains; barge fare, single, $.15, round trip, $.25. Lynn beach, from Lynn to Little Nahant, offers an excellent opportunity for tlie study of marine constructive action. The bouldery character of Marblehead Neck is absent except at the ends. The variations in texture along its course and upward from tide-line to crest can be seen plainly. The remnants of a few dunes stand by the roadside. Ripple-marks, wave-marks, rill- marks, trails, impressions of organic forms, etc., are abundant at low tide. Rafting in of pebbles and shells attached to Lami- naria is a common sight, especially after easterly storms. The spit-building has progressed from both ends ; but there is such a preponderance of southward motion, that, as can be seen in the field, the union of the two spits was close to Little Nahant. The beach is very recent, and growing rapidly. (See also Zoology, p. 77 ; Botany, p. 97.) Little Nahant consists of syenite, and a small amount of sed- imentary rock on its northwest side ; the latter quartzite and meta- morphosed green slates, with a strike N. 50° E., and a dip 70° S. E. The whole is intruded by trap dikes of diabase or basalt, probably of the same late series as those at Clifton and in Somer- ville. The glaciation offers little of interest. In what appear to be sheltered spots on the northwest slope, some eolian action is in progress. Marine effects are shown here and at Great Nahant as well as anywhere on the coast, especially with reference to lines of weakness. The cliffs of Little Nahant give indication on the north side of a twenty-five foot marine bench, possibly postglacial. The appearance is clearer on the east end of the land. Numerous dike chasms, especially on the south side, give effective exhibitions of the wearing action of the waves at high tide, by their ceaseless pounding and reflow. Joint chasms present the same appearance ; and in one instance — "Irene's grotto," on the southeast side of the peninsula — a large section of rock has disappeared below, leav- ing a solid roof above. The place hardly can be dignified by the name of cave, but is only an arch ten or fifteen feet long. Pro- 12 ■ 6UIDB TO LOCALITIES. tective effects of algse and barnacles are displayed to great advan- tage on the broad rock shelf which extends from the eastern end at tide level. Between Little and Great Nahant is a fine wall beach, high and coarse at each end. The gradatioD from angular blocks to well- worn pebbles can be followed in all its stages. At the north end is a partial dead-water, wherein great masses of kelp lodge. On the back side of the beach many angular pieces may be found, thrown up chiefly during the storms of winter. At times in this season the road is impassable. It is probable that the " pocketing " of the material is due, not to currents from either end, but to the greater blow and transporting power of long waves on the two horns, and the rapid loss of this power as the wave moves toward the apex of the angle. Great Nahant is composed of two islands, and the lines of union which have made them one can be seen clearly. The swampy area running south between the main hills and Bear pond marks the position of the old strait. The main igneous rock is a coarse diabase. On the south and southeast are lower Cambrian sedi- ments. They consist chiefly of indurated pelite and white limestone ; the former containing calcareous concretions, which are repre- sented largely by cavities filled with epidote crystals. They are more strongly mafrked below the sheets of diabase, and become less frequent farther away. The liinestone is fossiliferous, bearing indistinct outlines chiefly of Hyolithes communis var. emmonsi. The strike of the series is N. 50° E., its dip about 45° N. W. Trap dikes intersect both sediments and diabase. Just beyond the outcrop of the white limestone beds a transverse fault may be seen. The beds on the north have been thrown down thirty or more feet, bringing the white limestone near sea level. The main trap sheet, which on the south of the fault is exposed in the field south of the stone building, north of the fault outcrops along the cliff walk. Below it is the best place to observe the altered calcareous concretions. The fault line is marked by a fine chusm east of the cliff walk. The difference in effect of the marine action upon the igneous rocks and elastics is brought out clearly here. The former have the rounded outlines seen elsewhere on the coast. The latter are angular, bold, rugged. Several systems of joints intersect the GEOLOGT : NORTH SHORE. ' 18 strata, which dip landward ; hence the irregularity of the projec- tions, the presence of stacks, joint chasms of great length, etc. Dike chasms are abundant. The best is the "Devil's bridge," a little north of Pulpit rock (the best-formed stack). Here a part of the dike remains and forms a natnral bridge. The action of the waves at high tide is worthy of close attention. On the north side of Great Nahant, a fair bench has been formed by the sea. Follow the cliff walk southward, crossing a coarse pebble beach to the next rocky headland, to where the north-south road ends. From here, in front of a dwelling house, a path leads down to Swallow's cave, perhaps the finest cave on the coast. It can be explored only at low tide, and will be found to extend through the cliff from end to end, and to terminate up- ward in an arched roof, broken only by one circular window. Near the outer end the tunnel is divided by a projecting piece of the country rock, wher6 the eroded dike itself formerly was divided. The tunnel is long and high and narrow, and on its bot- tom are several tidal basins filled with water. For this portion of the trip, arrangements can be made with the barge driver to call at the cave at any hour, thus saving further walking. The spouting horn, a miniature dike cave, can be visited by leaving the barge on the north shore (the main road to East point) just east of Castle rocks, where a path leads northward to the horn, whose location is marked by a bench on the summit of the cliff. The visit should be made at half-tide, and the view gained from below. Here, as so often on this coast, care is necessary to prevent a rep- etition of the too frequent accidents. A satisfactory trip can be made by asking the barge driver to stop first at the spouting born at the ebb tide. He will drive to a point west of the horn, whence a path leads eastward. Follow the path east and south beyond the horn, striking the road near Casstle rocks. A short walk will bring one to the entrance to the Lodge estate. Walk from here by the foot-path to East point, going later to the cave as already directed. (See also I'ateoutology, p. 38; Zoology, pp. 85, 87; Botany, p. 97.) Literalure. Foerste, A. V. — The palcoiitolo!»ical liorizoii 'of the limestone at JJahant, Mass. (Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 24, pp. 261-l'Ga ) Lane, A. C. — The <;eolo}ry of Nahant. (Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 24, pp. 91-9.-).) 14 GUIDH TO LOCALITIES. PINE HILL, MEDFORD. Koute.— By rail, Boston and Maine road from North Union station to Medford, five miles. Single fare $.10. By electrics, Medford and Maiden cars from ScoUay square to Medford square. By wheel, cross Cliarlestown bridge east of North Union station, through City square and Sullivan square, Charlestown; Winter Hill avenue and Mystic avenue to Medford square. Continue through Medford square by all routes, north for one-half mile to point where sign " Middlesex Fells Keservation " appears on left. Turn oft' along driveway, Iceeping to right at junction of roads. Dike appears here underfoot and for uearly a mile north. A dike of diabase, commonly known as the " 300-foot dike," lies in the main between two hills of country rock. Along the road, diabase soil can be contrasted with glacial soil. The age of the erosion can be noted, and the contact on either side followed quite closely. On the west, at the south or nearer end, it is very involved ; and at various places along the margin on both sides other dikes having an east-west strike can be found. The country rock in the southern portion of the field is porphyrite ; in the northern, grauitite. The relations of the two are not shown. The former varies considerably in the size and abundance of the ortho- clase crystals. The diabase also varies much in texture from center to sides, becoming in some places a fine-grained trap. It is probable that parts show the microstructure of basalt rather than of diabase. At the north end of the walk, where the dike is lost to sight for some distance, a small section of the east contact in- dicates a slight dip to the westward away from the vertical. What is probably the same dike appears also at the old Powder house in Somerville, and in a quarry on Granite street in the same city. The former shows inclusions of' rocks which lie beneath the sedi- ments of the Boston Basin. Perhaps the most interesting feature of the dike is the weather- ing. The southernmost quarry exhibits the concentric arrange- ment well, and all stages fi'om compact rock to fine gravel can be seen. In any case, however, slight changes have taken place, and the powvdered rock effervesces freely with hydrochloric acid. To the south near Medford square, along Governor's avenue, road-cuts also show residual boulders and concentric peeling. Good photo- graphs can be obtained. geology: north shore. 15 Literature. Jagger, T. A., Jr.— An occurrence of acid pegmatite in diabase. (Am. Geol., vol. 21, pp. 203-213.) Merrill, G. P.— Rocks, rock-weathering and soils. 1897, pp. 218-222. GLOUCESTER MORAINE. Route.— By boat, from Central wharf, Boston, to Gloucestsr; single fare, .§.50 ; round trip, §.75. By rail, Eastern division Boston and Maine road, to Gloucester ; fare $.72. From Gloucester, take electrics for Rockport, alighting wlieii most convenient; or better, walk eastward along electric track, turning south at any desired point. The excessively rocky portion lies chiefly on that side. Again, take electrics for Lanesville, alighting at Riverdale, and walking up to the morainic field. Visit Rail Cut liill. A good view can be obtained from near the signal staft", and a heavy moraine lies west of the hill. All the central part of the island of Cape Ann is occupied by morainal material ; but the portions most interesting are the "dog- town commons," formed of excessively bouldery drift, and so stony as to be worthless for cultivation. These form some of the roughly parallel ridges running northeast. They lie mainly in two or three lines, on both sides of the railroad to Rockport. The electric line is nearer the outermost or southern ones. Their posi- tion can be found best from the map opposite page 608 in the paper noted below. Among other interesting problems connected with the region are differential postglacial weathering, postglacial and preglacial stream erosion, and the composition of the moraine. Literature. Shaler, N. S.— Geology of Cape Ann, Mass. (U. S. Geol. Surv., 9th An. rep., pp. 529-611.) ARLINGTON MORAINE. Route.— By electrics (Harvard square car) to Harvard square; change to Arlington car, stopping at Highland avenue, Arlington. Follow this street to the end, where a road leads nortli to water tower. Strike into the fields on the southwest where, on the hillside, the moraine will be seen. This is an excessively rocky moraine, composed of medium-sized granite boulders, all of which are well rounded by weathering. The moraine trends generally northeast and southwest, and its northern margin is very strengly defined. It can be traced south- 16 6DIDE TO LOCALITIES. westward for some distance in the Belmont woods. Its appear- ance suggests a frontal moraine from which the fine material has been washed out, leaving only the coarse blocks. MrSTIC KIVER QDAREIIES, SOMERVILLE.* Haute. — By electrics, Winter Hill car from Scollay square; stop at Temple street, Soraerville; three miles. Quarries on right, near Mystic river, tlie largest at eastern end of a low hill, which has been largely removed. By wheel, same as to Medford, stopping on cre«t of Winter hill at Temple street, and turning to right. These rocks strictly speaking are not slates, but flue-grained pel- ites, devoid of good cleavage. They are intersected by numerous sets of joints, large and small, which divide the strata into polygonal blocks of various sizes, often with the regularity of art. It was largely upon speciinens from here that Woodworth based his clas- sification of joint-fractures. The beds are cut by at least two series of dikes — an earlier gray set, now deeply altered, and a later dark group of the basaltic type. The former usually extend in a direction nearly east and west, or parallel. with the strike of the strata, and send out several sills. One of these, about four feet thick, may be seen in the southwest corner of the easternmost quarry, where it is cut off by the later black dikes. In the north- ern part of the opening one of the latter shows a remarkable series of included fragments of rocks occurring beneath the Boston Basin. A few annelid or crustacean trails of undeterminable age have been found in the rocks of the quarries facing the Mystic river. Farther west in the 0|)en field south of Tufts college this group of pelites is overlain by a small patch of felspathie quartz- ite, which in turn is capped by a few feet of red shale, the whole being compressed closely into an unsymmetrical syncline, with the steeper side on the east. Literature. Woodvvorth, J. B.— On traces of a fauna in tlie Cambridge slates. (Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc. vol. 26, pp. 125-126.) Woodworth, J. B. — On the fracture system of joints. (Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 27, pp. 163-183.) 1 Tlie notes for this locality were furiiislieil by Mr. .1. B. Woodworth. GEOLOGY : NORTH SHORE. 17 COREY HILL, BRIGHTON. Route. — By electrics, Allston and Newton cars from Park street by Suljway, alighting at Allston street, Allston. Turn to left up Allston street to Commonwealth avenue extension at foot of Corey hill; to right, up the avenue. The rocks in question extend from the foot of the hill on the north, to the road quarry on the summit. By wheel, along Commonwealth avenue and its "extension," from Boston to the point mentioned above. Corey hill is a drumlin, the outline of which has been changed somewhat through artificial terracing. The main hill is sheltered, as it were, on the east of a large projection of sediments over which the extension of Commonwealth avenue runs. The appear- ance is as though the drift had migrated eastward under the influ- ence of the ice-movement, coming to rest finally in the lea of the great roche moutonnee. The structure of the bed-rock is that of a crushed and faulted anticline, whose axis crosses the road northwestward on the north side of the crest of the hill. The strikes and dips of various out- crops are somewhat obscure. Sandstone, conglomerate, and sandy shale compose the mass, apparently with several repetitions. This appearance may be due, however, to isoclinal folding, and this is known to account for one case. On the east side of the road, the last ledge before the open field on the summit shows sandstone, conglomerate and shale, the whole apparently at least fifty feet thick. Examination of contacts will show that pinched folds are present, giving probably less than six feet total thickness for the mass. In many places cleavage obscures the bedding, lying at a small angle with it. On the west side of the road for some distance it is almost parallel with the stratification, and the two together form the slab-shaped outcrops of the cliff. Other secondary structures are abundant, and the joint systems are worthy of special notice. The east side of the road, opposite the quarry, gives a face of conglomerate with six or seven systems finely developed, the fracture passing through pebbles and cement with equal ease. .On the west of the road and north of the quarry, opposite the large open field, sandstone whose bedding and cleav- age coincide shows several good systems, and occasional curious local interruptions to them. 2 I 18 GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. HEWTONVILLE ESKEK AND SAND-PLATEAU. Soute. — By rail, Boston and Albany road, Kneeland street station, to Newton ville ; turn to south, following electric track to Cabot street ; fare 8.15. By electrics. Cambridge and Newton cars to Newton, change to New- tonvlUe and Newton Center cars; alight at Cabot street, Newtonville. By toheel, along Commonwealth avenue and extension from Boston to Newtonville at the electric transfer station ; turn to right, to Cabot street. Distance from Boston eight miles. Turn down Cabot street, following it till a gravel ridge crosses it, and the head of the eslier lies 200 yards to the left. The esker can be followed readily southward from its sudden rise from a sand-plain. At one point, however, where it takes a broad sweep eastward, it has been cut entirely away. The relations of cross-section, direction and height of crest-line do not follow very closely the lines recorded by Woodwortb for the Auburndale esker. No good cross-section of the esker is visible ; unless the gravel pit near Cabot street is in operation. Here at times a very fine anticlinal structure is visible, the core being of cobbles up to five inches in diameter, overlain by an arch of fine assorted sand, with a clean contact between the two. Above this the anticline is unsymmetrical, broadening on the outside of the curve. The esker ends one hundred yards north of the third cross-road met in fol- lowing it southward, branching into three termini. On the east is swampy land. To the west, the normal topography has been superseded by a secondary sand-plain and two subsidiary eskers starting from near the north end of the first. Kettle holes and kames are abundant in the neighborhood of the esker, especially toward its foot. South of the terminus of the ridge is a fosse extending east and west, beyond which the concave scallops of the head of the sand-plain rise steeply. The material here is coarse, like that of the south end of the esker. At times fresh cuts show the strati- fication, without, however, rendering visible the "back-set beds" noted by Davis. Walking south to Commonwealth avenue, fine sections can be had near the electric transfer-station, showing fore- set and top-set beds, the latter coarse and separated from the former by an erosion contact. Eolian action often brings out the more resistant laminae in portions which may be untouched for a geology: north shore. 19 few days. To the north, along the electric line, sections of the western lobes are exposed by excavations for a reservoir, and the till beneath the plain laid bare. South of Commonwealth avenue the convex terminal lobes of the plain are developed finely. Still farther south and southwest lies the remnant of a swamp with clay bottom, now largely filled in by human agency. Three hills project above the general level of the plain. They are a drumlin and two kames, older than the plain and partly blanketed by it. The illustration of Gulliver's model shows them well. Literature. Davis, W. M. — The subglacial origin of certain eskers. (Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc.vol. 2,5, pp. 477-499.) Davis, W. M.— Structure and origin of glacial sand-plains. (Geol. Soc. Am., Bull., vol. 1, pp. 195-212). Gulliver. F. P. — Tlie Newtonville sand-plain. (Journ.of Geol., vol. 1, pp. 803-812.) AUBURNDALR. Route. — By rail, Boston & Albany road, Kneeland street station, to Au- burudale. It is best not to go by wiieel on acconnt of tlie cross-country wallcing. From the station turn to left along the main street, to right up Grove street (first turn;, to left along Woodland avenue, past grounds of Lasell seminary, to right up Seminary avenue, to left up Oak Ridge 100 feet. The beginning of the esker near the Seminary grounds cannot be seen well. The coarseness of the material in the excavation near the house at Oak Ridge is noteworthy, the presence of two large boulders particularly. The variation in texture from here to the terminus at Woodland is much greater than in the Newton- ville case. The cross-section profiles of the ridge at various points are very different, and the changes in this correspond in a general! way to changes in height and direction of crest-line as noted by Woodworth, who drew some of his conclusions as to the origin of certain eskers in subglacial tunnels from a study of this ridge. Davis also used the region between Auburndale and Waban in reaching the same results. The topography of the neighboring surface is normal, the land being swampy, with the exception of some kame and kettl« por- tions in Auburndale. A branch esker a few hundred feet long runs off from the west side of the main ridge between Auburndale and the railroad crossing, evidently the cast of a side tunnel. The cut 20' GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. at the Boston and Albany railroad track gives a cross-section profile unexcelled in symmetry. Farther on, the sudden rise and fall of the crest just before Beacon street is reached are independent of the surrounding topography. The esker ends about here, which is near the station of Wood- land ; but its original limits have been effaced by the construction of new roads. Two sand-plateaus are near. On the right, one extends westward to the Charles river, and holds at its south- eastern edge the village of Newton Lower Falls. The ice-contact slope has been cut partly away, but ran from north to northwest, on the west side of Beacon street. The frontal lobes extend to the Charles river. The delta is chiefly of interest in having three distinct levels. On the left, and coalescing with the former for a short distance directly along the street, is the Waban plain, which stretches eastward from Beacon street past the Waban station. On its surface, near this station and north of the road between the two points just mentioned, is an interesting kettle hole. The detritus around it grows steadily coarser up to its edge, showing feeding from the melting of a block of ice which was never completely covered. If the railroad track be followed from Waban to Woodland, a large borrow-out shows one or two features, and once showed many more. At its nearer (east) end, on the south side , the faint outline of an esker can be seen, buried by the Waban plain. Talus has nearly obliterated the view of it. At the far- ther end of the cut, near Beacon street, is the section of a kettle hole whose ice was buried, as was shown by the inclination of the strata on its sides when the cut was fresh. The ice-contact ran nearly parallel with Beacon street, and the character of the bed- ding which could be seen in former years showed that no retreat of the ice took place during the formation of the plain. Literature. Davis, W. M. — The subglacial origin of certain esliers. (Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 25, pp. 477-499.) Woodworth, J. B. — Some typical eskers of southern New England. (Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 26, pp. 197-220.) •ITAl'K t(i ilOTTAHAJIZa I Ht'^. iiiuiljuos 111 Hiaina 'I . J'f ft^.*«/ .•ml', noH 'Uik -Jill to -jiiilawsTa ^o qBm = a-A • >ri» -irTtt-T^oT) ^o Mgiail at iioiiohity ■il Imsns- ^anji owJaiU nfaagnada 7TJBII03 ^nJ ■I Jnsesiq Ijiii; i .9Wj9(f tIoiJ«l9l IjUfworfe IIO(J3t>8 (I) asloif 9l3j9i i(, aR.jie 7.qmBw« The ice EXPLANATION OF PLATE. ■ S(in)t' typical eekerti of southern New Englaufl," b.\ Bos. Soc. Nat. Hiyt., Pfoc, vol. -26. 'dwortli. ill Fig. 1 .\-B=map of crest-line of the .Anbiirndale esker.-^ G^^D = variation in height of creat-liiie. showing relations between changes In the two lines. E - F =geneial level of the'.»^urr;ininrt ingcouutfy. ,. ,),, , ,,,, ,,. ,, ^i ui-. far-' Fig,. ;2. Diagrams showing relation between probable cijoss-sectipn o!' ice-tunnel (.4 BCD) and present cross-section of esker (E P G). Fig; ^^' Section showing lelatlon between esker and esker-tnnnel (C), swampy areas or kettle holes (D), hillside kames (E); anrtresid- nal ice blocks (B) beside tlie.)eslier. !uer yeai formati' GEOLOGY: SOUTH SHORE. Prof. W. O. Crosby. THE ODTER ISLANDS OF BOSTON HARBOR. Lovell's, Gallop's, George's and Great Brewster islands are drift-covered. The rest have little or no glacial detritus, and form part of a great synclinal fold of slate, with intrusions of diabase, in part sills. Calf island lies on the north side of the fold, and the Brewsters on the south. The south side of Middle Brewster island gives the best exposures of alternating diabase and slate. The former possesses a very perfect flow-structure, and shows concentric weathering on a large scale. NANTASKET AND COHASSET. Contemporaneous flows, dikes, faults, plutonic rocks, etc. lioute. — By Nantasket steamers from Rowe's wharf, Boston, to Nantas- ket direct, fare, 8.25 ; or to Pemberton by same steamers and thence by the Nantasket Beach railroad to Nantasket station, or by all rail from the Old Colony station (Kneeland street) to Nantasket station, fare f.36. The district in the southern part of Hull known as Nantasket, and the adjacent shore of Cohasset, embrace in a limited area many interesting and instructive outcrops, and aflford an abundance of material for two excursions. The rocks, above the granitic series, are cliiefly conglomerate of probable Carboniferous age interstiati- fied with many contemporaneous flows of basic and neutral lavas (melaphyr and porphyrite) and beds of tuff; and the whole is intersected by several systems of dikes. 1. Nantasket beach to Green hill. This coastal area of Nantasket can be studied to the best advan- tage when the tide is out. C21) 22 GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. Commencing at the southern end of Nantasket beach we find in Long Beach rock, which projects into the sea from the base of Atlantic hill, a bed of conglomerate overlain by (1) a thin layer of finely laminated greenish tuff of jaspery hardness ; and (2) a very complete and typical flow of melaphyr some sixty feet in thickness. This flow is dense and crystalline in the lower and cen- tral portions, while the upper part is highly scoriaceous and shows fluidal lines ; the wiiole recording a quiet submarine or littoral erup- tion which was preceded by explosive action projecting into the water a limited amount of impalpably fine dust. Ascending At- lantic hill from the beach we find that this eruption was followed by a series of eruptions which were alternately quiet and explosive, forming flows of melaphyr and beds of tuff and agglomerate ; the whole being capped by a flow (possibly composite) three or four hundred feet in thickness, which became very generally brecciated by continuing to flow after it began to harden. The west side of the small beach between Atlantic and Central hills presents a good section of this volcanic series. One of the flows exposed in this section has preserved very perfectly its orig- inal wavy or undulating surface ; while another, which expands rapidly eastward, encloses many bomb-like masses of amygdaloidal melaphyr. The great bed of melaphyr of Atlantic and Central hills is continued southward in Willow Ledge hill, where it en- closes a very typical bed of tuff ; and eastward in Gun Rock, sev- eral half-tide ledges, and the northernmost of the Black Rock islets. The principal Black Rock islet and several neighboring ledges con- sist of porphyrite of decidedly felsitic character, and probably mark approximately one of the ancient volcanic vents of the Nantasket region. The diabase dikes of this shore present some points of special interest. They belong chiefly to two approximately east-west sys- tems, those trending north of east being the older, as proved by a very clear intersection on the shore east of Gun Rock ; and dikes of both these systems are cut by a north-south dike in the conglom- erate at the northern base of Green hill. The largest of the three dikes on Long Beach Rock outcrops again on the shore near Gun Eock as a composite dike, consisting of six parallel branches. Sev- eral dikes are well exposed on Gun Rock. One of these cuts with- out faulting a remarkably regular quartz veinlet ; and encloses in porphyritic fashion minute fragments and single crystals derived m Ki. KXPLANATION OF PLATE. Pioii (ieoioi;. i>l tlic Boston Basin " liy W. i^. Crosliv , in Bus. s<)<;. Sat. Hist., Opf,■^>iike 157 cnttinsr a ledge of granite^'' fv^'^Wltite Head, on Hominy point. Cohasset. ivi wi Ariaiitif .-ui.i < Vu;. 3. A highly brecciate Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 17, 1875, p. 414. 44 aCIDE TO LOCALITIES. remains ia these rocks are the footprints, fishes and plants. The footprints are found in many places. The first described by Hitchcock came from Montague, Gill, Northampton (east side of Mount Tom), and from South Hadley. Numerous localities have been discovered since, Hitchcock giving thirty-eight in his great memoir. The most prolific as well as most important is probably Turner's Falls, and the vicinity of Lily pond. Fossil fishes occur plentifully at Turner's Falls, and they have been found also at Chicopee Falls, Amherst, Hadley Falls, Sun- derland, Deerfield and West Springfield, Mass. The Massachu- setts cases belong to the genera Catopteris and Ischypterus, with the exception of the Chicopee Falls specimens, which have been described under the name of Acentrophorus chicopensis Newb. The plants found all seem, according to Newberry, to be floated fragments which sunk and were buried. In Massachusetts they have been found at Turner's Falls, Sunderland and East Hamp- ton, Montague and Mount Holyoke. The following species have been described by Newberry : Schizoneura planicostata Rogers, Pachyphyllum simile Newb., Clathropiteris jdatyphylla Brong. (=C. rectiusculus Hitch.). From Mount Holyoke Hitchcock de- scribed Tceniopteris sp., and from Montague several remains of Voltzia? The black fish beds of Turner's Falls and Sunderland lie just above the Deerfield trap sheet and the black plant beds of the Holyoke area lie above the Holyoke traps (Emerson). JURASSIC (?), CRETACIC, EOCEXE, NEOCENE. 1. GAY HEAD. Jtoute. — By rail, N. Y., N. H. & H. railroad, Taunton div. (Tark square station) to New Bedford; thence by steamer to Cottage city, Martha's Vineyard. (Steamer touches at Wood's Holl and may be tal^en there.) Drive to Gay Head (roads not good for bicycle). Use topographic map as guide. At least three days should be allowed for this excursion. The most recent section of the Gay Head strata is that given by Mr. J. B. Woodwortb.* In descending order the following beds occur : ' J. B. Woodworth. Unconformity of Martha's Vineyard, etc. Geol. Soc. Anier., Bull., vol. 8, pp. 187-212, pi. 16. PALEONTOLOGY : EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 45 Pleistocene : Moraine of Martha's Vineyard and Block island. Unconformity. Tisbury beds (not well exposed). Unconformity. Sankaty sands and gravels. Lower boulder bed. Unconformity. Pliocene : Pliocene sands. Unconformity (inferred). Miocene : Foraminiferal or Greensand beds. Unconformity. Osseous conglomerate. Unconformity. Cretacic: Marine upper Cretacean. Unconformity (inferred). Non-marine plant-bearing beds (regarded by Marsh as Ju- rassic). Jurassic (?) or lower Cretacean. These are the lowest beds exposed at Gay Head. White in 1889 collected Cretacic plants in large numbers. The best were obtained " (1) from argillaceous concretions in the lignites and carbonaceous clays, (2) from the clay and clay-ironstone con- cretions in the reddish and gray clays, and (3) rarely from the concretions and the limonite matrix of the ferruginous conglom- erates on the western escarpment. "^ The plants include cryp- togams, conifers, monocotyledons, dicotyledons, and numerous fruits. The most important species are : Sphenopteris grevillioides Hr. Sequoia ambigua Hr. Andromeda parlatorii Hr. Myrsine borealis Hr. Liriodendrnn simplex Newb. Eucalyptus geinitzi Hr. Sapindus cf. morrisoni Lx. > White, toe. cit., p. 97. 46 GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. These species (with, the exception of the first) and a number of others from Gay Head are found in the middle Cretacean of other districts ; to which, and more particularly to the horizon of the Amboy clays, these beds are referred. Professor Marsh, how- ever, considers these beds to be the equivalent of the Potomac formation of Maryland; which he regards, from its vertebrate re- mains, as of Jurassic age. Total thickness probably less than one hundred and fifty feet (Woodworth). Marine upper Cretacean. These beds, exposed in the Indian hill district (described be- low), are probably represented at Gay Head, appearing strati- graphically beneath the Miocene beds (Woodworth). No fossils have been reported from the Gay Head section. Shaler consid- ered the Indian hill beds as of middle Cretacean age. Eocene (absent). Neocene. Miocene. From collectionsmadeby Woodworth and others, Dall identified the Greensand beds and underlying Osseous conglomer- ate as of Miocene age. In his paper will be found a list of spe- cies, which include eight vertebrates in addition to numerous unidentified remains of osseous fishes, and three crustaceans, Archwoplax signifera, A. ? sp. aud Balanus (? 2^'>'oteus). Fourteen species of mollusca are reported from Gay Head, and three addi- tional ones from Chilmark. The genera include Pecten, Yoldia, Nucula, Astarte, Crassatella, Cardium, Venus, Cytherea, Tellina, Macoma, Mya and others. The shells are represented mainly by internal, or in a few cases by external, casts. The Osseous conglomerate, twelve to eighteen inches thick, is seen just north of the Devil's Den. It contains black chert peb- bles bearing corals, crinoid stems, graptolites and shells ; which indicate, according to Walcott,that they are derived from Silurian (Ordovician ?) strata. The principal fossils of the conglomerate are the vertebrse, jaw -fragments, ribs, paddles, and head bones of cetaceans, and masses of lignite derived from the erosion of the Potomac series (Woodworth). The overlying Greensand varies up to ten feet in thickness. The lower beds are green, the upper rusty brown. The cast of Macoma lyellii are in the attitude of palaeontology: eastern Massachusetts. 47 growth. " The crab Archceoplax signifera is mainly found in the lower portion of this stratum ..." (Wood worth). The Miocene is nowhere more than ten feet thick ; and usually, by reason of erosion, it is much less. It rests unconformably on the Cretacic, the Eocene being absent. Pliocene. From a series of fossils collected by Wood worth from the sands overlying the Greensand beds, Dall identified the fol- lowing species : Venericardia borealis Conr. Astarte caslanea Say. Spirula polynyma Stm. Corbicula densata Conr. Macoma lyeUii Dall ? Nucula shaleri Dall var. ? Purpura laplllus L. Dall holds that " on the whole these specimens indicate a more recent fauna than the Miocene . . . and may perhaps be regarded as representing the Pliocene.'" 2. INDIAN HILL. (Cretacic.) Professor Shaler has described fossiliferous Cretacic rocks from the north shore of Martha's Vineyard. ^ The locality is nearly south of Indian hill, in immediate proximity to the Martha's Vineyard esker, and a few hundred feet east of a ruined building known as Wood's schoolhouse. " The schoolhouse of the name has disappeared, for its foundations only remain ; but the explorer can readily find his way to the spot by passing from the new schoolhouse on the Cedar Tree Neck road westwardly along the serpent kame, the only deposit of this nature on the island, until he passes a stone wall, a little to the west of which, in the road- way and on the bare ground thereabout, he may find an abun- dance of fragments of this peculiar sandstone. "^ The sandstone is of a reddish color, coarse, and abounds in quartz pebbles, and the fragments are angular. They are mingled with the till, and ' Dan, Joe. c«., p. 300. ' ' N. S. Shaler. Cretaceous fossils on Martha's Vineyard. Mus. Comp. Zoiil., Bull., vol. 16, no.S. 'Shaler, loc. cit., p. 90. 48 GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. SO numerous that many tons could be collected. These fragments are found over an area of less than an acre. Professor Shaler holds that the beds from which the fragments were derived " are in place at some little depth beneath the surface ; within a few hundred feet of the locality where the Cretaceous waste now lies."' The most abundant fossil in this rock is an Exogyra, different from any of the previously described species. Shaler holds that this form and the Camptonectes indicate that the deposits are of middle Cretacean or earlier age. The following list is taken from Shaler's paper ; 1. New genus ? Cf. Myoconcha. 2. Plicatula or Ostrea. Cf. P. instabile Stol. and 0. lugiu bris Conrad. 3. Tellina (linearia)? 4. Cardium ? 5. Pteria. 6. Lucina ? 7. Turritelld (nerina) ? 8. Camptonectes hurlingtonensis Gabb. 9. Camptonectes parvus (?) Whitfield. 10. Chemnitzia. 11. Lucina. 12. Corithiura. 13. Anomya ? 14. Turritella. 16. Nuculana. 16. Ostrea or Exogyra ? 17. Modiola. 18. Modiola ? 19. Exogyra. Cf. E. ostracina Lam. Another less prolific locality occurs, according to Professor Shaler, on the western shore of Lagoon pond, immediately west of Cottage city. 3. HIGHLAND LIGHT. (Eocene erratics.) Route. — By rail, N. Y., N. H. & H. railroad, Cape Coddiv.,Kn«eland ctreet station, to North Truro, 114 miles ; fare $2.60. Thence walk or ride > Shaler, Geol. Martha's Vineyard. U. S. Geol. Surv., 7th Ann. rep., p. 8S6; 1888. PALEONTOLOGY : EASTERK MASSACHUSETTS. 49 to Highland light, two miles. Fair bicycle roads. By boat, from Commer- cial wharf, Atlantic avenue, to Provincetown ; fare, round trip, $1.50 (see daily papers). Thence drive to Highland light, seven miles. Roads sandy and hilly. Arrangements can be made for a carriage or barge for the whole trip. Aboat half a mile south of Highland light the cliff has a height of about one hundred and fifty feet, and consists of sand and gravel, the pebbles being of all sizes up to a foot in diame- ter, mostly rounded, but a part of them angular. Among the pebbles and boulders fallen on the beach are found frequently pieces of rock containing shells and fragments of shells, as well as vestiges of lignite and other organic remains. Professor Crosby has identified the following Eocene species from col- lections made by Mr. Upham : Venericardia planicosla, V. parva ?, V. alticosta ?, Ostrea, three species, including 0. divaricata (?) or young of 0. sellceformis , and 0. virginiana, Amonia tellinoides?, PUcatula Jilamentosa, Camptonectes calvatus, Axinoma staminea, Striarca centenaria, Cardium sp., Yoldia sp., Corbula sp., Natica, sp., other gastro- pods, spines of Cidaris, and a coral resembling Galaxea. Crosby thinks that these fossilifeuous pebbles indicate that Eocene beds are somewhere in place under Massachusetts bay. Similar frag- ments were obtained by Verrill from the Grand Bank and George's Bank. POST-PLIOCENE FOSSILS. 1. SANKATY HEAD, NANTUCKET. Eoiite. — By steamer, from New Bedford, Wood's HoU or Cottage city (see Gay Head) to Nantucket, thence by Nantucket railway to Siasconsett. Short drive or walk to Sankaty Head. Four different sections of the beds at Sankaty Head have been published. These are : in 1847 by Messrs. Desor and Cabot, in 1874 by Mr. S. H. Scudder, in 1889 by Prof. N. S. Shaler, and in 1895 by Mr. Frederick J. H. Merrill. These sections differ some- what among themselves, due probably in a large degree to the erosional changes which have occurred during the intervals be- tween successive observations.^ • A complete rtsum^ of the earlier papers Is given by Shaler In his Geology of Nantucket, Bull. 53, V. S. Geol. Survey, which should be taken Into the field. 4 50 GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. The section, according to Merrill, is as follows :> 1. Fine dark drifted sand, 2. Yellow sandy drift ferruginous at the bottom, and containing pebbles, 3. Coarse gray stratified sand, with particles of green sand, .... 4. Fine white clayey sand, with ferruginous streaks, and very minute particles of green sand, 5. Fragment bed, 6. Upper shell bed, 7. Clayey ferruginous sand, 8. Serpula sand, 9. Lower shell bed, 10. Red sand, with fragments of blue clay, 11. White sand of varying quality and size. Concealed by turf and beach sand. Total, .... ft. 3 40 10 1 1 4 24 in. 8 4 3 9 90 According to Scudder, below the bed of white sand (No. 11) occur four feet of coarse gravel and sand, and below that the basal beds of light brown sandy clay. In the oyster bed (lower shell bed) the shells commonly lie in their natural position, with both valves together (Desor), but Merrill states that they often lie in all positions, with valves separated. The most abundant species are Ostrea virginiana, Venus mercenaria, Modiola hamatus, Ctimmingia tellinoides, Area transversa and Urosalpinx cinerea. " The assemblage of species is similar to that now living in the protected bays of southern New England, at a depth of three to five fathoms " (Verrill). The Serpula bed consists mainly of convoluted masses of S. diantJms, which still occurs in abundance on the southern coast of New England, in sheltered bays and harbors. At the bottom, according to Merrill, the bed consists of detached masses of the Serpula, closely packed together ; while at the top the tubes are very much comminuted. The earlier observers had found scarcely any other species than Serpula dianthus in the Serpula bed ; but Merrill gives a list > MerriU, loc. cit., p. 11. PAL^ONTOLOOT : EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 51 of sixteen species, in addition to the bryozoan Hippothoa variab- ilis Wihich encrusts the worm tubes. The layer of clayey ferrugi- nous sand overlying the Serpula bed contains Ostrea virginiana and small specimens of Argina pexota. " The upper shell bed consists of coarse beach sand, with pebbles, slightly intermixed with clayey matter " (Merrill). The " fragment bed " of Mer- rill, or the uppermost fossiliferous stratum (included by Scudder in the upper shell bed), " consists of white quartz sand and peb- bles, with a great abundance of comminuted shells." It differs from the upper shell bed proper in the condition of the fossils and the entire absence of ferruginous matter. The strata above the Serpula bed are especially rich in northern species, such as Buccinum undatum, Ceronia arctata, Astarte castanea, Cydocardia borealis, Mya trmicata, Balanus porcatiis, etc., which are common. Many of these are now found on the outer shores of Cape Cod. The total number of species from the three beds, as given by Verrill, is sixty, —most of them mollusca. Thirty-seven species are found in the lower and thirty-six in the upper bed. Only thirteen species are common to the two. Merrill has made some additions to this list, and also has shown a greater vertical distribution for some of the species. He regards these deposits as transported material, thus differing from Verrill; who, deducing from the observations of others, re- garded the oyster and Serpula beds as deposited in a shallow bay protected from the outer waters by a barrier, and considered that the upper bed was deposited after the breaking of the bar and the ingress of the Atlantic waves. 2. WINTHROP GREAT HEAD. Route. — By train, Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn railroad (narrow gauge), Atlantic avenue station, to Winthrop beach, then walli to cliff. By electrics, from Scollay square, Beachmont car to Beachmont, then follow shore past Grover's cliff, to Winthrop Great Head cliff. Or take East Boston car via ferry, changing to Winthrop car in East Boston. This is the original locality from which Stimpson obtained his recent fossils in 1854. His list included: Balanus ruyosus (= B. crenatus),Mya arenaria, Solen ensis {^ Ensatellaamericaua) Mactra solidissima, Venus mercenaria, Astarte sulcata (= A. undata), A. castanea, Cardita borealis ( -^ Cyclocirdia borealis), 52 GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. Mytilus edulis, Modiola modiolus, Ostrea borealis {0. Virginiana), Fusus decetneostatus {=z Chiysodomus decemcostatus) , Buccinum plicosum (^ Urosalpinx cinerea), B. trivittatum {:=zTritia trivitta- tum). All these were found alive by dredging within a mile of the locality. The outcrop of the shell beds is fifty or sixty feet above the sea level, and the shells are mostly broken and often finely comminuted. Numerous specimens have been collected since from this and other drift sections in Boston harbor by Upham, Dodge, Herman, Crosby and others, who brought the number of species up to thirty-four previous to 1894. In that year, Prof. W. 0. Crosby and Miss Hetty 0. Ballard published a joint paper on the drift fossils, in which were embodied the results of a careful study of collections made by them with the assistance of several students of the Institute of Technology As a result of these studies, the number of species was brought up to fifty-five, and the number of localities to twenty-four. The most important of these localities, with the number of species found in each are as follows : Great Head 32 Grover's cliff 32 East End Peddock's island 29 West " " " 27 Deer island 21 Moon island 16 Telegraph hill 19 Point Allerton 9 Great Brewster island 8 3. GLOUCESTER. Boute. — By rail, Boston and Malne^railroad, North Union station, to Gloucester (see p. 15). About three hundred yards south of the Pavilion hotel (Gloucester), and between that building and a small earthwork bat- tery known as Stage Fort, is an exposure in a cliflf about twenty-five feet high, in which the fossils were found. Professor Shaler states that tills exposure is again accessible. This section was studied by Shaler in 1868, who reported the cliff as consisting at the base of " close grained, much indurated sands, which have acquired compactness by their own weight without the influence of other metamorphic action." About ten feet above high-water mark are some thin layers of a more PAL^ONTOLOQT : EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 53 clayey texture than is the main mass ; and iu this, and a little distance above and below, all the fossils were found. The same sands as below succeed this bed, capped by ordinary semi-strati- fied pebbly drift. The following partial list of fossils is given by Shaler : Leda. Two specimens. Modiola discrepans Say. Several. Mya truncata, Linn.? " Mesodesma arctata ? Very doubtful. Nucula sapotilla ? Panopeo. arctica Gould.? Saxicava distorta Say. Five or six specimens of lamellibranchiates, not identified. Crustacean remains plentiful but very fragmentary. / 4. BOSTON. (Undisturbed Recent fossiliferous beds.) Post-Pliocene fossils of very recent date have been obtained at three localities in Boston ; at each of which they were, unlike the drift shells, taken from the beds in which they were originally de- posited. The fossils were brought to light by excavating ; and the localities are now covered over so that at present no more spec- imens can be obtained. The fossils were listed in several papers by Upham, and the specimens may be seen now in the collec- tions of the Boston Society of Natural History, or the Institute of Technology. Some of the rarer species are in the possession of one of the collectors, Mr. Warren Herman. A. Valley of Muddy river, Brookline district. — Here an ex- cavation for a sewer exposed a fossiliferous clayey stratum, near the present level of low tide. It is underlain by stratified clays, and overlain by about one foot of peat, succeeded by five to twelve feet of muddy alluvium. Thirteen species were found, most of them molluscs now inhabiting this coast. B. North bank of Charles river at Cambridge end of Harvard bridge. — Here all the land lying between the river and the rail- road was built up from the dredgings taken from the bottom of the river. Below the river mud, sands were met contain- ing twelve species of fossils. These were brought up by the dredge in vast numbers. The most abundant species were Ostrea 54 GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. virginiana, Mya arenaria, Venus mereenaria and Pecten irra- dians ; of these 3Iya arenaria is the only species now occurring in abundance north of Cape Cod, the others being found only in isolated " colonies." The size of the Mya and oyster shells was found to be enormous — a valve of the latter, recorded by Upham, having a thickness of one and one-half inches. A length of ten inches is not uncommon among these shells. They are buried again by the thousands just beneath the surface of this new-made land, where any future digging will expose them. C. City point, South Boston (reached by electric cars from Park square). — In the dredgings made to fill up the land for the Marine park, many shells were brought up in the mud in which they had been buried recently. Twenty-one specie s were identified and recorded by Upham. The total number of species found in these three localities was originally made twenty-five by Upham. The collections chiefly from South Boston, of Mr. Warren Herman, have furnished twenty-six more species, making a total of fifty-one species so far recorded. Twenty-four of these are distinctly southern at the present time, reaching their northward limit at Cape Cod or Massachusetts bay, though some extend in isolated colonies farther north. This indicates a period of warmer waters prece- ding the present and succeeding the glacial episode. (For a com- plete discussion see Upham '93.) LlTERATUHE. (Palaeontology of eastern Massachusetts.) (Note : — While this bibllograpliy aims to take account of all the impor- tant contribulions to the TalKontology of eastern Massachusetts, it must necessarily be imperfect, on account of the very scattered distribu- tion of the articles. Several minor papers, not dealing directly with the palaeontological side of Massachusetts geology, purposely have been omitted.) Consult also Hitchcock's Geology of Massachusetts. The most important papers are starred. 1. Cambric. 1834. Oreen, Jacob. Descriptions of some new North American Trilo- bltes. (Am. Journ. Sci., vol. 25, pp. 334-337.) Describes Para- doxides harlani. PAL^ONTOLOGT : EASTERN M ASSACBUSETTS. 55 1856. liogera, W. B. Notes on Paradoxides from Braintreo. (Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 6, pp. 27-29, 40-44.) Announcement of first discovery of tribolites in situ in Braintree, and history of first specimen. 1856. Stodder, Charles. Note on a specimen of Paradoxides harlani trom Braintree. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 6, p. 369.) De- scribes a well-preserved specimen. 1856. Bogers, If. B. Discovery of Palaeozoic fossils in eastern Massa- cliusetts. (Am. Journ. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 22, p. 296-298.) Announces discovery of Paradoxides at Braintree. 1856. Rogers, W. B. Proof s of tlie Protozoic age of some of the altered roclcs of eastern Massachusetts, from fossils recently discovered. (Am. Acad. Sci., Proc, vol. 3, pp. 315-318.) Announcement of discovery of Paradoxides at Braintree, and discussion of its Ijearing on the classification of our rocks. 1858. Lea, Isaac. On tlie Trilobite formation at Braintree, Mass. (Phil. Acad. Sci., Proc, vol. 9, p. 205.) Description of quarry and occurrence of fossils. 1859. Jackson, C. T. Note on Paradoxides harlani and related species. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 7, p. 54.) Compares P. harlani with a species from St. Mary's bay, N. F. (p. 75) and gives meas- urements of two specimens. 1859. Rogers, W. B. Note on Paradoxides. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 7, p. 86. Compare P. harlani and P. noviaperius. 1860. Barrande, .7. Note sur la faune primordiale. (Bull, de la Soc. Geol. de France, tome 17, pp. 542-554.) Comparison of P. ben- netti and P. spinosus (P. harlani). 1860. Barrande, ./. On the Primordial fauna and the Taconic system. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 7, p. 369.) P. harlani identi- cal witli P. spinosus of Bohemia. 1860. Ordway, Alhert. Notes on Paradoxides harlani. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 7, p. 427.) Comparison of P. harlani and P. spinosus proves identity of each. 1861. Ordway, Alhert. On the supposed identity of Paradoxides harlani Green, with the Paradoxides spinosus Boeck. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 8, pp. 1-5, figs. 1, 2.) Compares the two spe- cies and gives figures of each. The species are distinct. 1861. .Jackson, C. T. Note on Paradoxides. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 8, p. 58.) P. harlani, P.bennetti fLn6 P. spi/io.«Ms closely re- lated. 1861. Rogers, W. B. On fossiliferous pebbles of Potsdam rocks in Car- boniferous conglomerate north of Fall River, Mass. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 7, pp. 389-391.) Quartzlte pebbles contain Lingula, resembling L. prima and L. aiUiqua. (Speci- mens now in Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, collection.) 1861. Mareou, .Jules. On the l)lack slate from Braintree, Mass., contain- ing P.iradoxides, etc. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 7, pp. 357, 358.) Compares Braintree beds to those of Newfoundland 56 GLIDE TO LOCALITIES. 1884. Whttfiehl, B. P. Notice of some new species of Primordial fossils, etc. (Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 1, p. 147.) Describes Arionellus {=A(/raulus) quadrangularis, from Braintree. 1884. *WalcoU, C. D. Ou the Cambrian faunas of North America. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 10, " Fauna of the Braintree argillites," pp. 43-49, pis. 7-9.) Describes locality and Hyolithes shaleri, Par- adoxides harlani, Ptychoparia roi/ersi, and Agraulus quadrangu- laris. 1888. *Shaler, JV. S. and Foerstc, A. F. Preliminary description of North Attleborough fossils. (JIus. Corap. Zool., Bull., vol. IG, pp. 77- 91, pis. 1 and 2.) Describes twenty-one species from lower Cambrian. 1889. Foerste, Aug. F. Palaeontological horizon of the limestone at Nahant. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 24, pp. 2G1-263.) Announces discovery of Hyolithes iruequilateralis Foerste (= H. communis var. emmonsi Walcott) in limestone of Nahant, which is Olenellus Cambrian. 1890. Sears, J. H. The stratified roclis of Essex county. (Essex Inst., Bull., vol. 22, pp. 31-47.) Fossiliferous strata at Nahant, Row- ley, Topsfleld and JeflVey's ledge. All are lower Cambrian. 1893. Woodworth, J. B. Note on the occurrence of erratic Cambrian fossils in the Neocene gravels of the island of Martha's Vineyard. (Am. Geol., vol. 9, pp. 243-247.) Olenellus Cambrian fossils in pebbles derived from a conglomerate bed. 1893. Walcott, C. D. Note on lower Cambrian fossils from Cohasset, Mass. (Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc, vol. 7, p. 155.) Mentions oc- currence of Hyolithes communis and Straparollina remota in boulder from Cohasset. 1894. Woodicorth, J. B. On traces of a fauna in the Cambridge slates. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 26, pp. 125-12G.) Trails similar to those made by modern isopods, obtained from Maiden, Jlystic river. Clarendon hills. Monocraterlon and pits like the borings known as Arenicolites occur. Age not known. 2. Devojjic. 1851. Hitchcock, E. On the geological age of the clay slates of the Connecticut valley in Massachusetts and Vermont. (Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc, vol. 6, pp. 299-300.) A fossiliferous limestone discovered at Bernardston, Mass., containing crinoid stems which by Hall are referred to the lower Devonian (originally described in 1835 in 2d edit. Geol. Mass.). 1861. Hitchcock, C. E. (Rep. Geol. Vermont, p. 447.) Detailed descrip- tion of the locality with correlation. 1873. Dana, J. D. On rocks of the Helderberg era, in the valley of the Connecticut, etc (Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 6, pp. 339-352). Discusses age of rocks and gives map of locality. PALEONTOLOGY : EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 67 1877. Dana, J. D. Note on the Helderberg formation of Bernardston, Mass., etc. (Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 14, pp. 379-387.) Discusses superposition and age of beds. 1877. Hitchcock, C. H. Note upon the Connecticut valley Helderberg. (Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 13, p. 313.) 1883. Whitfield, R. P. Observations on the fossils of the metamorphic rocks of Bernardston, Mass. (Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 25, pp. 368-369) with a note by Dana on the fossiliferous shale. Mentions occurrence of over seven recognizable fossils in the shaly quartzite and several species in the limestone below. Regards limestone as middle Silurian and quartzite beds as middle Devonian. 1890. *Emerson, li. K. A description of the Bernardston series of meta- morphic upper Devonian rocks. (Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 40, pp. 263-275, 363-374.) Note by J. D. Dana. Elaborate dis- cussion of the beds and their relations. Most abundant and characteristic fossils are Chemung with Hamilton forms. 3. Carbonic. 1844. Teschemacher. Ferns from coal of Mansfield, Mass. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 1, p. 62.) Mentions occurrence of seven species of ferns in fine state of preservation. Note by C. T. Jackson. 1861. Jackson, C. T. Note on a fossil Calamite from Bridgewater, Mass. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 3, p. 223.) Brief de- scription of specimen. 1880. * Crosby, W. O. and Barton, (t. H. Extension of Carboniferous formation in Massachusetts. (Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 20, pp. 416-420.) Fossil Calami tes and Sigillaria (?) found at Rock- dale, Mass. Represented by hollow moulds in rock. 1881. Barton, O. H. Norfolk County basin, Mass. (Science Observer, vol. 3, pp. 41-42.) 1885. Perry, Joseph. Note on a fossil coal plant found at the graphite deposit in mica-schist at Worcester, Mass. (Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 29, pp. 157-158.) Two specimens of Lepidodendron acuminatum from mica-schist surrounding granite knoll. 1887. Kemp, J. F. Fossil plants and rock specimens from Worcester, Mass. (N. Y. Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 4, pp. 75-76.) Notice of Perry's plants from Worcester. 1894. *Woodworth, J. B. Carboniferous fossils in the Norfolk County basin. (Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 48, pp. 145-148.) At Can- ton Junction occur Calamites, Sigillaria and fern stems. 1896. Fuller, Mijron L. A new occurrence of Carboniferous fossils in the Narragansett basin. (Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 27, pp. 195-199.) Occurrence of Calamites and Sigillaria (?) at Brockton, Mass. 68 GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. 4. TRIA88IC. 1836. Hitchcock, E. Ornithichnology. Description of the footmarks of birds (Ornithiclinites) on New Red sandstone In Massacliu- setts. (Am. Journ. Sci., vol. 29, pp. 307-340, 2 plates.) De- scribes seven species of " Ornitliichnites " considered bird tracks. 1843. Lyell, Charles. On the fossil footprints of birds and impressions of raindrops In the valley of the Connecticut. (Am. Journ. Scl., vol. 45, pp. 394-397.) Account of visit to principal quar- ries showing impressions. 1843. Hitchcock, E. Description of several species of fossil plants from the New Red sandstone formation of Connecticut and Mas- sachusetts. (Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Trans., pp. 294-296, pp. 12-13.) Found Tasniopteris in boulder at Mount Holyoke and several small plant remains of Voltzia (?) at Montague, Mass. 1844. Deane, James. On the fossil footmarks at Turner's Falls, Mass. (Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 46, pp. 73-77, 2 plates). Describes Turner's Falls, and tracks occurring there. Regards them as bird tracks. 1847. Deane, James. Illustrations of fossil footmarks. (Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, pp. 277-284.) Discusses footmarks, which could be made only by birds. Discusses distribution and char- acter of the birds. 1854. Hitchcock, E. On the fossil footmarks, sandstones, and traps of the Connecticut valley. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 4, pp. 378-379.) Gives localities for footprints. Discusses age of rocks. 1855. Hitchcock, E. jr. Description of a new species of Clathopteris in the Connecticut valley sandstone. (Am. Journ. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 20, pp. 22-25.) Describes C. rectiuscul us Hitch, from Mount Tom, Easthampton, Mass. Genus a Jurassic one. 1858. * Hitchcock, E. Ichnology of New England. A report on the sand- stones of the Connecticut valley, especially its fossil footmajks, vii -f- 220 pages, 60 plates, 4to. Elaborate discussion, descrip- tion and illustration of specimens. Refers beds bearing foot- prints, fishes and ferns to lower Jurassic. Gives thirty-eight localities for footprints. 1861. Deane, James. Ichnographs from the sandstone of the Con- necticut river. Boston 1861. (Not seen.) 1865. *Hitchcock, E. Supplement to the Ichnology of New England. Boston 1865. Describes thirty-seven new species. Appendix with description of bones of Mef/adactylns pohjzelus Hitch, and catalogue of specimens in Amherst college. 1867. Shepard, Charles. On the supposed tadpole nests or imprints made by the Batrachoides nidijicans Hitch, in the red shale of the New Red sandstone of South Hadley, Mass. (Am. Journ. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 43, pp. 99-104.) Describes slates with peculiar PALAEONTOLOGY : EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 69 impressions regarded formerly as of organic origin, and holds tliem to be tlie results of cross-ripples. 1888. *Newherr>j, J. S. Fossil flslies and fossil plants of the Triassic roclcs of New Jersey and tlie Connecticut valley. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Mon. 14.) Description of species. 1891. DaHs, W. M. Two belts of fossiliferous black shale in the Trias- sic formation in Connecticut. Discussion. (Geol. Soc. Am., Bull., vol. 2 [pp. 415-424,] p. 430.) The fish and plant beds of the Massachusetts Triassic should be found on the back of Mount Tom-Holyoke range, confirmed by Bear's Hole locality, a mile or two north of Westfield river. 1891. Emerson, B. K. Stratigraphic position of fossil-bearing beds in the Newark formation in Massachusetts. (Geol. Soc. Am., Bull., vol. 2, p. 430 (4 lines). Band of Black Shale occupies horizon above Holyoke traps. Furnishedoniy plant remains. Sunderland and Turner's Falls fish beds just above Deerfield trap sheet. 1892. Mitlivns, M. M. Footprints from Connecticut valley. (Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc, vol. 40, p. 286, abstract.) 6. Jurassic. 1896. * Marsh, 0. C. The Jurassic formation on the Atlantic coast. (Am. Journ. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 2, pp. 433-447.) Gives evidence for the belief that the plant-bearing beds of Martha's Vineyard are Jurassic. 6. Crktacic. 1860. Stimpson, William. Cretaceous strata at Gay Head, Mass. (Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 29, p. 145 (i p.). ) Gives list of fossils collected, and regards them as Cretacic. Many of these were from the Miocene beds — bones, vertebra;, shark's teeth, Crusta- cea, twelve species bivalves, one univalve, leaves, seeds, etc. 1890. *miite, D. Cretaceous plants from Martha's Vineyard. (Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 39, pp. 93-101, pi. ii.) Occurrence of plants with descriptions. 1890. ]mte, D., Newberry, J. S., Ward, L. F., Merrill, F.J. H. Creta- ceous plants from Martha's Vineyard. (Geol. Soc. Am., Bull., vol. 1, pp. 554-556.) Discussion of White's paper. General consensus of opinion as to Cretacic age of plant beds. 1890. *Shaler, N. 8. On the occurrence of fossils of the Cretaceous age on the island of Martha's Vineyard. (Mus. Comp. Zool., Bull., vol. 16, pp. 89-97, pis. 1, 2.) Describes nineteen species from sandy beds near Indian hill. Regards deposits as middle Creta- cean, 1893. Uliler, P. B. Gay Head. (Science, vol. 20, pp. 176, 177.) De- scription of Gay Head beds. 1893. White, David. The Cretaceous at Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard. (Science, vol. 20. pp. 332,333.) Criticism of Uhler's succession and correlation of strata. 60 GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. 1893. Uhler, P. H. Observations ou the Cretaceous at Gay Head. (Sci- ence, vol. 20, pp. 373, 374.) Reply to David White. 1896. *Hollick, Arthur. Martha's Vineyard Cretaceous plants. (Geol. Soc. Am., Bull., vol. 7, pp. 12-U. Abstract.) Gives list of prominent species, correlates plant-bearing beds with Amboy clays of New Jersey. 7. Eocene. 1881. *Crosbii, W. 0. On tlie occurrence of fossiliferous boulders in the drift of Truro, Cape Cod. (Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 20, pp. 136-140.) Boulders found by Upham south of Highland light contain Eocene fossils. Probably derived from Eocene deposit in Boston harbor. 8 Nkockne. 1844. Lyell, Charles. Tertiary of Martha's Vineyard. (Am. Jouru. Scl., 1st ser., vol. 46, pp. 318-320.) Collected canine tooth of seal, slcuU of walrus, vertebrse of cetacea, shark's teeth, two species of Crustacea, two Tellinas, a Cytherea and three species of Mya. Concludes that strata are Miocene. 1894. *Dall, William II. Notes on the Miocene and Pliocene of Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard, Mass. etc. (Am. Journ. Sei., 3d ser., vol. 48, pp. 29C-301.) Gives a list of Miocene fossils (see text"). Describes Xucula shaleri and Macoma lyellii. Gives list of Pliocene fossils. 9. Post-Pliocene. A. Nantucket. 1849. Desor, E. and Cabot, Edward C. On the Tertiary and more recent deposits in the island of Nantucket.^ (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. 5, pp. 340-342.) Section and list of fossils from Sankaty Head. 1849. Desor, E. On a deposit of drift shells in the clitTs of Sancati, Isl- and of Nantucket. (Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc, vol. 1, pp. 100- 101.) List of species with discussion of beds. 1851. Desor, E. Drift fossils from Nantucket. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 3, pp. 79-80.) General account. 1875. Scudder, Sam'l H. Note on the post-Pliocene strata of Sankoty Head. (Am. Journ. Sci., Sd ser., vol. 10, pp. 365-368.) Gives detailed section. 1875. * Verrill, A. E. On the post-Pliocene fossils of Sankoty Head, Nan- tucket Island, etc. (Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 10, pp. 364- 375.) Discusses deposits and fossils and gives complete list, sixty species in all. Gives present habitat of each species. Discusses origin of deposit. paljeontologt : eastern Massachusetts. 61 1877. Scudder, Sam'l H. Post-Pliocene fossils near Sankoty Head, Nan- tucket. (Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 18, pp. 182-185.) Gives rfesumC- of two preceding papers. 1889. *Shaler, .V. S. The geology of Nantucket. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 53.) Complete discussion with r6sum6 of previous papers. 1895. Rollick, Arthur. Geological notes. Long island and Nantucket. (N. Y. Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 15, pp. 6-10.1 Present condition of cliff very unsatisfactory for collecting fossils, seventeen spe- cies collected. Two species are new. Panopea sp. and Meso- (lesma jauresi. Also a specimen of silicifled palm wood. 1895. * Merrill, Frederick ,T. H. Post-Pliocene deposits of Sankoty Head. (N. Y. Acad. Sci., Trans., vol.15, pp. 10-16.) Gives section and lists of species found, adding to Verrill's list, and extending vertical range of species. ' B. Drift fossils. 1854. Stimpson, William. A list of fossils found in the post-Pliocene deposits in Chelsea, Mass. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 4, pp. 9-10.) List of species from Great Head, Winthrop. 1868. *Shaler, N. S. Notes on the position and character of some gla- cial beds containing fossils at Gloucester, Mass. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 11, pp. 27-30.) Gives list of species found in section of glacial clays at Gloucester. 1869. Niles, W. H. Recent shells at great depth below fort Warren. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 12, pp. 244-364.) Recent find- ing of shells of Lunatia heros, Venus mercenaria and Cardita borealis one hundred feet below surface at fort Warren. 1888. Dodije, II'. ir. Some localities of post-Tertiary and Tertiary fossils in Massachusetts. (Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 36, pp. 56-57.) Found several fossils in section at Winthrop Great Head. 1889. *Upham, Warren. Marine shells and fragments of shells in the till near Boston. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 24, pp. 127-141, and Am. Journ. Sci., vol. 37, pp. 359-372.) Gives list of twenty- one species and detailed discussion of origin. 1893. Crosby, W. O. Geology of the Boston Basin, vol. 1, pt. 1. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Occ. Papers, vol. 4.) Eleven species of fossils collected from Telegraph hill, Pqint Allerton, Great hill and Strawberry hill, Nantasket. 1894. Dodije, R. E. Additional species of Pleistocene fossils from Wintlirop, Mass. (Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 47, pp. 100-104.) Makes addition of a few species to list from Winthrop Head. 1894. Upham, Warren. Marine shell fragments in drumlins near Bos- ton, Mass. (Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 47, pp. 238-239.) Remarks on papers by Dodge and Crosby and gives additional notes. 62 GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. 1894. * Crosby, W. 0. and Ballard, H. 0. Distribution and probable age of the fossil shells in the drumlins of the Boston Basin. (Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 48, pp. 486-49G.) Fifty-live species of fossils, from twenty-four localities. Detailed discussion of occurrence and source of fossils. C. Undisturbed deposits. 1865. Hitchcock, C. H. Impressions (chiefly tracks) on alluvial clay in Hadley, Mass. (Am. Journ. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 19, pp. 391-393.) Impressions of thirteen Icinds of animals (man, four birds, two quadrupeds, one batrachian, snails, annelids, two or three of doubtful character) on clay beneath twenty feet of alluvial sand with ferruginous concretions. Compares with Triassic tracks. 1868. Stodder, Charles. On a recent gathering of diatomaceous mud from Pleasant beach, Cohasset. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 11, p. 132-134.) Many species of diatoms collected from mud of marsh directly in the rear of the Minot house. 1893. *Upham, Warren. Recent fossils of the harbor and Back bay, Boston. (Am. Journ. Sci., 3d se<'., vol. 43, pp. 201-209, and Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 25, pp. 305-316, this latter with additional note.) List of twenty-tive species from Brook- line, Charles river and South Boston; to which are added from South Boston twenty-six species, making total of flfty-one, twenty-four of which are southern. PETROGRAPHY. Prof. J. E. Wolff. Among the petrogvapliical features in the vicinity of Boston may be mentioned the Quiuey granite area on the south, with numerous quarries in the darlv gray hornblende granitite. The> contact with the slates is well shown in those on the northeast. The Blue Hills are a complex of eruptive rocks comprising various forms of gran- ite-porphyry and quartz-porphyry (aporhyolite), collected between Rattlesnake hil! and Wampatuck. The Middlesex Fells to the north of Boston include granite, granite-porphyry, quartz-porphyry, tuffs and trap dikes. The com- plex of igneous rocks of Essex county from Cape Ann to Lynn is of great interest. Beginning with the granitites quarried at Cape Ann, syenite, elaeolite syenite, diorite, essexite and numerous trap dikes are met along the coast. At Marblehead Neck is the original locality for Bostonite, and fine felsite-breccias are found and granite intrusive into schist. Along the Clifton shore granite diorite, pegmatite and trap dikes exist in very interesting relations The famous Medford-Somerville coarse diabase, so often de scribed for its weathering, Is well shown at Granite street, Somer ville, and in the old quarry in the west side of Pine hill, Medford The dikes of the Cambridge-Somerville slates (Kidder avenue etc.) are of interest. The various amygdaloids (Brighton, Hough's Neck, etc-.) have been the subject of several papers. (63) PHOTOGRAPHING AND COLLECTING. J. Edmund Woodman. Thibe are few regions in wliich such opportunities are offered for collecting representative specimens in variety, and for photograph- ing forms, as in the vicinity of Boston. We are especially rich in petrographic material illustrating rare rocks or structural varieties and development, interesting to the petrographer more than to the general geologist. It is impossible without undue expansion of space to enumerate these opportunities, with the localities where they are offered. The following list, however, made for the use of one of the classes of the Summer School of Harvard University, will give some idea of the richness of the region. The excursions upon the basis of which this list was made are most of those in- cluded in this guide. Objects unmarked can be both photographed and collected ; those marked *can only be photographed. *Monadnocks ; veins ; *roches moutonnees ; *marine-benche8 ; •eroded igneous sea-cliffs, with characteristic outlines ; flow struc- ture in lavas ; aporhyolites ; *swinging sand-spits ; "partially sub- merged and eroded drumlins ; *swamping in quiet areas ; marine pebbles ; marine sand of different varieties ^ breccias ; weathered diabase in all stages ; concentric weathering of diabase ; *talu8 cones of weathered material ; 'glacial striation ; *river gorge ; •pot-holes ; 'glacial interference with drainage ; *cro8s-section and outline of drumlins ; glacial till ; *dike chasms ; *till and sedi- mentary rocks in process of erosion by waves ; "stacks ; "natural bridges ; "complicated faulting and intersections of dikes ; igneous rocks — granite, diabase, diorite, quartz porphyry, etc. ; "pocket beaches ; "wall beaches ; algae protecting rocks ; barnacles pro- tecting rocks ; "ripple-marks ; "rill-marks, often with deltas ; "wave-marks ; "trails of organisms ; porphyritic structure ; "spout- ing horn ; "cross- section of eskers ; esker gravel of various sizes ; 6 (66) 66 GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. *cross-bedding in sand-plains ; *fore-8et and top-set beds ; *lobes of sand-plains ; glacial sand ; *ice-contact slopes ; *kettle holes ; *kames ; kame gravel ; *dunes ; eolian sand ; *off-8hore bars ; metamorphic rocks and minerals ; joint-blocks of many varieties ; *sills ; *folds; *joint chasms (marine) ; "joints in igneous rocks; •boulder moraines ; sedimentary rocks — slate, shale, sandstone, quartzite, arkose, compound conglomerate ; *waves in their action against the shore ; relation of cleavage to bedding ; amygdaloids ; ♦moraine over stratified drift; *glacial cone (moraine); small faults ; *intraglacial swamps ; fossil rain-prints ; "cross-bedding in old sediments ; "comparison of lines of wave-wear and ice-wear. II. ZOOLOGY: MARINE INVERTEBRATES. Amadeds W. Geabau. The seashore is reached readily from Boston by train, electric cars, or bicycle. Most of the places described can be visited in half a day, although a whole day will be found none too long for those who wish to see the varied marine fauna, characteristic of the different localities. All of the localities should be visited at low tide, the time of wiiich can be figured out from the times of the morning and evening high tide given in the daily papers. Extreme low tide (announced in the Old Farmer's and other almanacs) is best for all the localities, though the beaches furnish interesting material even at high water. The Littoral and Laminarian zones are the only ones readily ac- cessible, unless one is equipped with a dredge for obtaining deep- water forms. Of the Littoral zone, i. e., the zone between high and low water, several facies may be recognized. The following are well marked on this coast: (1), the sand-beach facies; (2), the mud-flat facies; (3), the stony-beach facies; (4), the rocky-cliff facies ; and (5) , the bridge-pile facies. Each has its characteristic fauna, and minor subdivisions may be recognized in each. The Laminarian zone, 0 to 15 fathoms, can be explored only in its tide- pool facies or at extreme low water. The beaches, however, are often strewn with animals from this zone, brought thither by the waves during storms. Account will be taken of these zones in the descriptions which follow. A. Sand-beach, stony-beach and mud-flat facies of the Littoral zone, with cast-up representatives of the Laminarian zone. REVERB BEACH. Route. — By rail, Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn railroad (narrow gauge) ; Atlantic avenue station, to Bath House station ; fare, $.10. (67) 68 GUIDE TO LOCALITIEi. B{/ electrics, from ScoUay square by Lynn and Boston railroad, Revere Beach car. By bicycle, from ScoUay square to Chelsea ferry, foot of Hancock street, via ferry to Chelsea, thence out Broadway to Beach street, which latter leads to the beach. Walk along beach and return from Point of Pines station, near the northern end of the beach. Along the upper beach line, reached only by the storm waves, may be found usually an association of deep-water animals brought there during northeasterly storms. Among the molluscs, Lunatia heros may be mentioned as the commonest gastropod, the large white subglobose shell of tliis species usually being a conspicuous object. This shell by no means is confined to the upper part of the beach, but occurs all over it, and frequently is very abundant. Not uncommonly the living animal will be found in the shell, having been left on the strand by the retreating tide. The "egg collars " of this species are plentiful on the beach in mid-summer. Each consists of " a mass of sand glued together into the shape of a broad bowl, open at the bottom and broken at one side. Its thick- ness is about that of an orange-peel, easily bent without breaking when damp, and when held up to the light will be found to be filled with cells arranged in quincunx order. Each of these cells contains a gelatinous egg, having a yellow nucleus, which is the embryo shell."' The larger empty shells of Lunatia heros are often reposito- ries of a variety of more or less sedentary animals. Hydractinia polycUna not infrequently encrusts them, although the majority of specimens of the hydroids thus obtained are worthless. Crepi- dula plana and C. fornicata are to be found usually on such shells, the former on the inside. Young specimens often may be obtained. Our common limpet, Acmcea testudinaUs, ie found also clinging to these large gastropod shells. In addition, various spe- cies of encrusting bryozoans may be found on these shells. Shells of L. heros of all sizes may be obtained readily during a short walk on the beach, at almost any time. The small checkered variety L. triseriata is not uncommon on the lower portion of the strand. A species which may be mistaken for L. heros, and which is found occasionally on this beacii, is Neverita duplicata. This is distin- giished by its more depressed spire, and by the strong callus ■which partially or entirely covers the umbilicus. 1 Blnney and GouM, pp. 8J9, S40. zoology: marine ikvertebrates. 69 Of other large gastropods, Bticcinum, undatum and Chrysodomus decemcostutus should be mentioned. These may be found commonly in the "storm zone," among the debris of the upper beach. Perfect specimens seldom are thrown up. Almost always they are much dis- solved, and riddled by the boring sponge Cliona sulphurea. Calca- reous algae frequently cover them with an encrusting deposit. Hy- dractiuia usually is found on those shells which have served as the home of the hermit crab. Perfect specimens are common on the coast of Maine, but seldom are seen on the Massachusetts beaches. The egg cases are found occasionally on our shores. With the two preceding species may be noted at times the smooth fusiform shell of Neptunea curta {Fusus islandicus), but this is rare on Revere beach. Purpura lapillus is found on the beach, but belongs prop- erly to the rocky shores. Two species of Crepidula are common on the strand. These are C. fornicata and C. plana, the latter usually attached to other gastropod shells. C. fornicata is the more common, and specJimens of considerable size and of all degrees of convexity may be ob- tained. The coloration varies to some extent, as do also the thick- ness and curvature. Frequently a series of shells may be found attached to one another, making a solid pile ; but this is more fre- quently met with on mud flats. The young of this species and of C. plana show a beautifully coiled embryonic shell or protoconeh. Among the smaller gastropods always found abundantly on the lower part of the beach, the commonest is Tritia trivittata. This shell is recognized easily by its turreted spire and the strong vertical varices cancellated by revolving lines which ornament its surface. It occurs by the thousand, sometimes heaped up into ridges parallel to the wave front, sometimes spread out over large areas of the beach. Many of the shells will he found with a round hole bored through them ; and this condition has been attributed to Lunatia heros, one of the most voracious gastropods of our shores (Gould). A somewhat larger, less delicate, and less strongly ornamented shell, Ilyanassa obsoleta, may be found commonly associated with Tritia trivittata, although it is more at home on the muddy shores of estuaries and bays. With these occurs the small smooth Lacuna vincta, usually in great numbers. It is seldom found alive on the beaches, but living animals may be taken from the roots of the Laminaria and other seaweeds, as well as from stones dragged 70 OCIDE TO LOCALITIES. up by storm waves. The shell is recognizable by the general smoothness of its surface, and by the peculiar crescentic groove which leads downward from the umbilicus, parallel to the inner lip. One of the best methods of collecting these small species, as well as the small pelecypods associated with them, is to sliim off the surface layer of sand and shells, to be sorted at leisure. In this way much valuable time will be saved. Littorina Uttorea is common on the more stony portion of the beach south of the Bath house, but is found frequently on the sandy part of the beach. This species, as is well known, is not a native ; but has been introduced from the west European coast, coming to Massachusetts probably by way of Halifax, N. S. Of pulmonate gastropods, the little Melampus bidentatus is the only one commonly associated with the molluscs on the beach. The shells of this species are more abundant near high- water mark than on the strand. The animal always may be found in the marsh lands behind the beach, where the tide occasionally overflows. In the marshy lands about Oak island, near the centre of the beach, it is a common form. It may be recognized by its resemblance to Oliva, by the two folds on the inner enameled lip, and by its thin translucent character and brownish horn color. Of the polyplacophora. Chiton (Trachydermon) rwier is the only one likely to be found. This must be looked for among the roots of the cast-up Laminaria. Pelecypods occur more numerously and in greater variety. Along the upper part of the beach Cyprina islandica almost always may be found, brought up from deep water during storms. When fresh the shells are covered by chestnut-brown epidermis, but after a period of exposure this is worn off. In addition to the epidermis, the subcircular outline of the valves, strongly forward-pointing beaks, dark, nearly black, external ligament, and absence of pal- Hal sinus are distinctive marks. Mactra solicUssima is another large pelecypod, common along the upper part of the beach. The animal lives in the sand below low water and can be dug at very low tide. This is the giant, beach, or dipper clam of the fisher- men, and is esteemed as an article of food. Its large size, trans- versely ovate, somewhat triangular form, and peculiar spoon-shaped ligamental area separate it from all shells except 3f. ovcdis, which is frequently, though more rarely, found in similar situa- tions. This species may be distinguished by its smaller size, zoology: marine invertebrates. 71' coarser surface, thick coarse epidermis of a dusky brown color, and less convexity of valves. Another large and handsome shell, found occasionally on Re- vere beach, is Thracia conrcuU, distinguished by its peculiarly con- stricted posterior end, toothless hinge, and disparity in size and convexity of the two valves. It is found only after violent north- east storms, but probably lives buried in the sand a little below low water (Gould). Zirphcea crispata also is found occasionally after storms. This is one of the most striking shells of our shore, dis- tinguished by the highly ornamented anterior and smooth posterior portion of each valve. The most abundant shell on this beach after a northeasterly storm^ is the razor shell, Ensatella americana. The animal lives in the sand and mud above and below low water, and may be obtained alive by digging at low tide. The shells may be found by the thousand in spring, or after autumn storms, on the beach near Oak island station, where they are present in all sizes. Associated with this species usually occurs Siliqua costata, although this is commonly less abundant. It looks somewhat like a short Ensa- tella, and is recognized by the color of its epidermis, which is yellowish green blended with livid violaceous (Gould) ; and by the two whitish rays, one passing backward, the other nearly straight downward. The strong rib on the interior of the valve is also a distinctive mark. One of the most beautiful species found on this beach is the little Solemya velum, the epidermis of which projects beyond the edge of the shell like a curtain, with a scalloped margin. It is especially abundant early in the year, and is to be sought among the seaweed and shells near the water's edge at low tide. The larger and less convex ecies of Littorina, L. rudig and L. pal- liata, are always abundant on the rocks or seaweed, both show- ing considerable variation in form and color. Both species are vegetarians living upon the seaweed (Verrill). The first of these is of special interest from being viviparous (VeiTill). Around the st€ms of the rockweed, on the more exposed ledges, where the cool clear water bathes them the fgreater part of the time, our common furry bryozoan Alcyonidium hispidum usually may be found. When the polyps are withdrawn the bryozoarium is not very attractive ; but when the sjjecimen is placed in a jar of clear cool water the pale purple polyps soon expand and the colony becomes an object of great beauty. In the fissures left by worn-out dikes, as well as under the over- hanging portions of the ledges, various sponges of the genus Haly- chondria (?) may be found. The most abundant of these have a light greenish tint, and occur also in the tide-pools. With them lives a bright red species. Numerous small hollows or diminutive tide-pools may be found on these ledges, and they furnish the best opportunity for observ- ing the barnacles in the operation of feeding. In order to see this, one must get down close to the jkh)!, in such a position as not to obstruct the sunlight. Unless the water has become too warm, the little creatures almost always wiU be found active. In these small pools, various isopods and amphipods are common. The larger tide-pools, always fringed with rockweed and lined with Corallina, Chondrus criapus, Ulva, and the long-streamers of the smaller laminarians, are the ideal collecting grounds for the student of marine invertebrates. A few interesting ones occur at Castle rocks, but there is probably no place on the Atlantic coast where tide-pools are so abundant and so rich in life as at East point, Nahant. The larger tide-pools of Castle rocks always are well stocked with Modiola modiolus, star-fish, and sponges ; and in addition to these a number of the more delicate invertebrates oc- cur. Among the rock masses, where protected from the force of the waves, the common sea-anemone, Metridium marginatum, lives in abundance. When the tide is out these animals can be observed zooloot: marihe intertebrates. 87 readily in their native habitat where, in the shadow of the cas- tellated cliffs, they seem not to be affected by the drawing off of most of the water, but remain with tentacles spread and bodies fully expanded, to the delight of the obser\-er. When the water is warmed by the sun, the animals contract. This species is quite hardy, and can be kept in an aquarium for weeks, provided the water is kept cool and is changed every few days. It may be fed on bits of meat, snails, etc. The frondose bryozoan Bugula turrita occars abundantly in these tide-pools, and can be distinguished readily from the hydroids associated with it, by tiie flat character of its branches. This spe- cies shows the avicularia well ; and under the microscope these maybe seen acti%-e in a living specimen, if kept in salt water. Mem- hranipora pilosii and other species of encrusting bryozoans are found on the branches of the rockweed, as well as the Chondrxis crisptis; and with these on the latter alga, may be found commonly the spiral shell of the sedentary worm Spirorbis horealis. Hydroids are abundant, but they are mainly campanularians. Campanularia Jlexuosa is not an uncommon species on the rocky walls of the tide- pools, but is more frequent under the rockweed about the rims of the pools. Sertularia pumila, most at home on the rockweed, nevertheless occurs in the pools, although much less commonly than on the rockweed. The two delicate species of campanulate hy- droids, Clytia bicophora and C. (Orthopyxis) poterium, are also com- mon in these pools ; and with them occur numerous other animals, which are found likewise in the tide-pools of East point. EAST POINT, SAHANT. Route. — From Lynn by barge or bicycle, across Nabant neck to the Lodge estate. Follow foot-path to cliff. At East point, Nahant, the cliffs are composed of metamorphosed slates and limestones with several intrusive beds (see pp. 10-13), the whole dipping inland at a high and practically uniform angle. Owing to the varying hardness of the beds, and the erosion of the softer in preference to the harder, a number of more or less completely enclosed tide-pools are formed at various levels, all of them containing an abundance and variety of marine organ- isms. The best of these are in the viciuity of Pulpit rock, and are accessible at low water. The margins of these crystal pools 88 GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. are lined with the drooping rockweed, and in their depths may be seen a luxuriant growth of the more delicate algae, especially Ulva and C/iondrus crispus, the latter reflecting beautiful blue and purplish colors from their oily surfaces wherever the sunlight strikes thera. Coralline seaweeds are also very common, and among them the deep and clear-water mussel Modiola modiolus. Its sur- face commonly is covered with the pinkish encrusting Corallina, and Hvbocodon. Coriine mirahtUs. (After Fen-kes, by courtesy of the Essex Institute.) rough with projecting epidermal spines ; features which serve ad- mirably to disguise the presence of the mollusc. Attached to these mussels we find not infrequently the more delicate species of hy- droids, which are unable to withstand the exposure to which the more hardy littoral species are subjected. Among tubularians, Endendrium, dispar and Coryne mirahilis are most abundant. The medusae of the latter species and of Bougainvillia superciliaris may be found commonly in considerable numbers in the water off the zoology: marine invertebrates. 89 Nahant headland as well as other parts of Massachusetts bay, dur- ing the spring and summer months. Glava leptostyla occurs on the rockweed in a number of places along the Nahant shore, and Bou- gainvillia superciliaris is a not uncommon inhabitant of the deeper tide-pools. Agassiz mentions the occurrence of Hydractinia poly- cUna on the rocks in these tide-pools — a rather unusual habitat for that species, which most commonly is to be found on shells inhab- ited b}' hermit crabs. The following tubularians are also mentioned by A. Agassiz' as having been found at Nahant : Eudendrium tenue ; Rhizogeton fusiformis ; Syndictyon reticxdatum; Gemmaria dadophora ; Pennaria tiarella ; Hyhocodon prolifer, and Tliamnoc- nidia tenella. Among the campanularians, the genus Clytia is represented in these tide-pools by C. intermedia, C. bicophora, G. {Platypyxis) eylindrica, and C. {Orthopyxis) poterintn. The last three of these species are common, the first has been recorded only by A. Agassiz. According to him, the following species also have been found : Eucope diaphana {=OheUa diaphana, Verrill) ; E. attenuata (^0. geniculata, Hincks ; often on Laminaria in tide-pools); E. polygona {:=0. polygona, Verriil) ; E . p>arasitica ; E. pyriformis ; E. alternata ; E. {?) fusiformis; Obelia com- missnralis ; Diphasia rosacea; Sertularia cupressina and Amphi- trocJin cincta. As in most places along our shore, so here the two hardy species, Sertularia ptcmila and Campanularia Jlexnosa {Lcwmedea am- phora Ag.), are abundant on and under the rockweed which fringes the pools. Various medusae often may be found in the pools ; but the real fishing ground for these creatures is off East point, where they always may be found in number. " At this spot the sea actually swarms with life ; one cannot dip the net into the water without bringing up Pleurobrachia, Bolina, Idyia, Melicertum, etc., while the larger Zygodactyla and Aurelia float about the boat in numbers."^ The attached medusa Lucernaria (Haliclystus) auricula is found sometimes on the seaweed of the pools ; but its more normal habi- tat seems to be among the eel-grass, to which it may be found attached in many places along our shore. Sea anemones are abundant in most of the pools, where they are shaded from the sunlight and sheltered from the strong waves. * North American Acalephs. » Agassiz, Elizabeth C. and Alexander. — Seaside studies In natural history, p. 86. 90 GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. The sides of some of the pools not infrequently are found covered with small individuals. McJicertum campanula. (After Fewkes, by courtesy of the Essex Institute.) Liriope. Staurophora. Clytia. (After Fewkes, by courtesy of the Essex Institute.) Sponges are common in all the pools, the most abundant being a large smooth species of a delicate greenish hue. Bryozoa always zoologt: marine invertebrates. 91 may be obtained on this shore, the encrusting species Membrani- pora pilosa occurring on various seaweeds, while Crysia eburnea and Cellepora ramulosa occur most commonly on the Chondrus. Bugula turrita — often mistaken for a hydroid — is also a common species attached to the rocks or seaweed. Membranipora 2)ilosa is recognized readily by the single layer of closely approximating oblique cells which are arranged in alternating order ; and the rim of each is furnished with one long hair and several spinous denticles. Crysia eburnea is attached only basally and grows in the form of little white bushy tufts, much branched and often forming a round cluster. The cells are cylindrical in two rows, nearly opposite, and bend outwards with a gentle cui-ve, terminating in a circular aperture. Cellepora ramulosa is a white calcareous dichotoinously branched species, with irregularly clustered cells, each with a mu- crouate point on the margin of the aperture. It grows to a height of two or three inches (Johnston). Alcyonidimn hispidiim, always abundant on the open rocky shore, encrusts the stems of the Fu- cus ; and with it occurs not infrequently the more delicate and smaller species ^1. hirsutum. These two are perhaps our most beautiful bryozoans when the polyps are fully expanded ; although, when the polyps are contracted and the rough brown polypary alone is seen at low tide, it is one of the least attractive objects. Spirorbis boreidis, the common sedentary worm of this coast, always may be found in the tide-pools, attached to Chondrus cris- pus and other seaweeds. Many chaitopods, nemerteans, and pla- narians occur also. The nudibranchs are represented by the common and beautiful Dendronotus arborescens, which is abundant in all the tide-pools, ^olis papillosa and yE. rujibranchiata are found likewise among the seaweeds in these pools. Their egg- masses occur under small stones in the pools. Another gastro- pod abundant in these pools is our northern limpet, Acmcea testu- dinalis, which is found everywhere clinging to stones or shells. Chiton {Trachidei-mon) ruber, although more common in the deep water, from which it is brought up by the dredge, not infrequent- ly occurs in these tide-pools. Clinging to rocks, and simulating in color the rose-tinted encrusting corallines so common on the stones and shells of these shores, it is distinguished with difficulty. Around the margins of the tide-pools and on the seaweeds and rocks exposed at low water, as well as crawling over the barnacle beds, is the most abundant coiled gastropod of these exposed 92 GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. shores, Purpura lapillus, of which the variations in color and form have been noted above. The varieties are nowhere so abundant as at Nahant, where brilliantly colored and variegated individuals are not uncommon. The three species of Littorina Sea urchins In excavations. (After Fewkes, by courtesy of the Essex Institute.) with their numerous varieties also are abundant. L. palliata and L. rudis are common on the seaweed and rocks near low water, while L. Uttorea may be met everywhere. The only pelecypods zoology: marine invertebrates. 93 at all abundant on the rocky shores of this region are the mussels. Mytilus edulis is found in sheltered places, behind rocks and under seaweeds, growing between tides ; while Modiola modiolus may always be found in the pools, where at first it is distinguished with Asterias. (After Fewkes, by courtesy of the Essex Institute.) I \ ; \ J \ I U 7 0 \ / / \ \ Crlbrella. (After Fewkes, by courtesy of the Essex Institute.) difficulty because of the coralline growth upon it. Under stones in the tide-pools may be found also the small Saxicava arctica, a species much more abundant on the Maine coast. The Echinoderms are well represented in the tide-pools. Asterias 94 GOIDE TO LOCALITIES. Ophlopholls. Strongylocentrotus (frobnchieiisia. (After Fewkes, by courtesy of the Essex Institute.) ZOOLOGY : MARINE INVERTEBRATES. 95 forhesii is abundant and varies greatly in color. A. vulgaris is also common. The smooth star-fish, Cribrella sanguineolenta, with only two rows of ambulacra in each ray, not infrequently is found, although on the whole it is a rare species on our coast. The brittle star, Ophiopholis acideata, is common in the pools, hiding away under stones and in crevices or clinging to the rocks under the seaweed. This species is much more common in the deeper waters off shore, where the dredge brings it up by the hundred. The common sea urchin of the north Atlantic coast, Strongylocentrotus drohachiensis, is very abundant in the Nahant tide-pools. It may be found always in the deeper pools, hiding away in the corners and covering itself with shells, seaweeds, and other available protective coverings. This species is exceedingly abundant on some parts of the Maine coast, where it is uncovered by the thousand at low tide. It rests then among the stones, and is always more or less covered by dead shells, pebbles, etc. Crustacea are not uncommon in the tide-pools, where several species of decapods always may be met. After these and the bar- nacles, the most prominent forms are the isopods Idotea irrorata and /. pJiosphorea. The latter is found not infrequently swim- ming in numbers in these pools. Both species appear to be more abundant farther north, on the coast of Maine, where they are among the principal inhabitants of the tide-pools on exposed shores. The two species are distinguished readily by the form of the pleon, which in /. irrorata has a tridentate termination, while in /. phnsphorea, it is pointed. Both forms are large, an inch or more in length, and both vary much in color, the chief tints being greenish and brownish. /. irrorata is commonly striped, while I. phosphorea is more often banded. In addition to the animals mentioned from these tide-pools, a large number of otliers occur, including probably many unde- scribed species ; thus furnishing an ideal spot for the student of marine invertebrates. 6EKERAL BErERENCE WORKS. 1851. Stimpson, William. Shells of New England. 1853. Stimpson, M'illiam. Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan. (Smithsonian contributions to linowled^e.) 1862. Verrill, A. E. Revision of the Polypi of the eastern coast of the United States. (Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., Mem., vol. 1, pp. 1-45, pi. 1.) 96 GCIDE TO LOCALITIES. 1862. Agassiz, Louis. Contributious to the natural history of the United States. Vols. 3 and 4. 1866. Agassiz, Alexander. North American Acalephee. (Mus. Comp. Zool., Mem., vol. 1, No. 2.) 1866. Agassiz, Elizabeth C. and Alexander. Seaside studies in natural history. Marine animals of Massachusetts bay. 1866. Verrill, A. E. On the Polyps and Echinoderms of New Knglaiid, with descriptions of new species. (Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc, vol. 10, pp. 333-357.) 1870. OouldaxiA Binney. Invertebrates of Massachusetts (Mollusca"). 1873. Verrill, A. E. Invertebrate animals of Vineyard sound. (U. S. Fish commission report, vol. 1.) 1880. Hargar, Oscar. Marine Isopoda of New England, etc. (U. S. Fish commission report for 1878, pp. 297-4G2, plates 1-13.) 1891. Fewkes, J. Walter. An aid to a collector of the Coelenterata and Echlnodermata of New England. (Essex Inst., Bull., vol. 23, Nos. 1, 2, 3.) 1892. Verrill, A. E. The marine nemerteaus of New England and adjacent waters. (Conn. Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 8, pp. 382- 456, plates 33-39.) 1892. Verrill, A. E. Marine planarians of New England. (Conn. Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 8, pp. 459-520, plates 40-44.) III. BOTANY : MARINE ALG.S:. Prof. W. G. Faklow. MARINE ALG^. To those persons interested in botany who attend the sessions of the American Association, the coast of Massachusetts bay offers much that is attractive. Cape Cod forms the dividing line between the northern and the southern marine floras of our Atlantic coast. North of Cape Cod, if we except a few warm, sheltered coves, the species of marine algae are those characteristic of arctic and sub-arctic seas and practically all the more striking forms found from Nahant northward extend to the coast of Greenland. The points most accessible and most likely to afford a good bird's-eye view of the marine vegetation are Nahant and Magnolia, the for- mer easily reached by boat or by train from Lynn, the latter by trains on the Gloucester branch. The botanist who is not in the habit of collecting on coasts which have a marked tide should not allow himself to suppose that ihe beaches in which our coast abounds are good places for obtaining a knowledge of the marine flora at short notice. After the storms of spring and autumn the beaches are often covered with algae, some of which may be rare ; but es- pecially in the summer months they are often quite bare, and it is only on rocky shores that one can always be sure of finding something of interest. The inland botanist should also bear in mind that even on the rocky shores of this coast he will find little or nothing unless the tide be at least half-way out. Whether the visitor goes to Nahant or Magnolia or other rocky points the species he finds will be the same. The littoral region, or the space between high- and low-water marks, is very character- 7 (97) 98 GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. istic, the rocks and stones being covered with large olive brown rockweeds, or Fuci. At the upper tide-limit is the small F. di.i- tichus growing in pools, followed lower down by immense masses of F. vesicuIosHs and F. evanescens and at dead low tide by F. edentatus with long, flat receptacles. Aacophyllum nodosum, the largest of our Fuci, with massive, nodose bladders in the stems, is abundant near low-water mark but is not in good fruit in August. Teachers in search of Fucus in fruit should select F. i^esiodosus, the other Fuci in fruit in this month not having separate male and female conceplacles. In deep tide-pools at low water are to be found the different kelps of which representatives of the groups of Lamiiiaria saccharina and L. digitata are always to be found, and often with them Alaria esculenta in which the fruit is borne in small basal pinnae. During August the kelps are not seen at their best and usually they do not fruit until autumn. The larger specimens of kelp grow in deep water, but even in mid-summer one maj' find them washed ashore in sheltered places in the rocks or on the beaches. Laminaria lowjicrimn, with long hollow stipes and Agarum Tiir- neri, well named the sea-colander from the numerous perforations of the frond, are characteristic of our coast, although the latter reaches perfection only in higher latitudes. The Fuci, as far as the eye can see, form the mass of the littoral vegetation, but they are covered with other epiphytic algse of which the two most com- mon brown species are PifiaielJa Uttoralis and the shorter and denser Elachista fucicola. In the tide-pools other filamentous brown algae abound as well as Bcdfsia verrucosa which forms ir- regular, warty crusts on the rocks. The Florideae, or red seaweeds, as a rule are more abundant below low-water mark and, like the larger kelps, are to be sought washed ashore in sheltered pools where they have been left by the tide or on beaches. One cannot alwaj's count on finding the more beautiful deep-water forms ; but one may expect at any time Delesseria sinuosa, looking like a red oak leaf, the finely cut Ptilota serrata, and Euthora cristata. Probably the best place in the world for collecting the beautiful Euthora is the beach at Mag- nolia after a storm. Certain red seaweeds will be found growing in pools near low-water mark such as Cliondrus crispus, Irish moss, which covers the rocks at dead low water and is collected for the markets at Hingham and other places, and the digitate, membra- nous Rhodymenia palmata, or dulse, which is sold to some extent BOTANY : MARINE ALQJE. 99 in the Boston market. Smaller filamentous species such as Ceram- ium riibrum and several Polysi}>honice also are found in pools. A very abundant red alga is Polysiphonia fastigiata, which forms dense, rather rigid tufts on Axcophyllum nodosum which do not ■collapse when left exposed by the tide. The color of this species is, however, almost blacli, and at first sight it would hardly pass for one of the red seaweeds. The calcareous red seaweeds are represented on our coast by CoralUna officinal is and several species of Melobesia and Lithothamnion. The Corallina is common in deep pools and is at once recognized by its calcareous structure and pinnate, jointed fronds. Most of the Melobesiae form small crusts on other algae and the more solid Lithothamnia form pink- ish, stony crusts on rocks and shells, often of considerable extent, and either smooth or rough with solid tubercles. The green algtt belonging to the Chlorophyceoe reach perfection in mid-summer, whereas most brown and red seaweeds mature at other seasons. The green algie are most common in the higher pools, even in those where the water is merely brackish or almost fresh. Those of any size may be classed in two groups : the Ulvaceae or sea lettuces, found everywhere on wharves, exposed flats, and high pools, forming large flat expansions or inflated intestine-like fronds ; and the filamentous species belonging to the genera, Cladophora, Chsetomorpha and Rhizoclonium. It is hardly possible to specify any of the common forms of this group since the distinctions depend largely on microscopical characters. The algae are not the only plants of interest to the visitor to our rocky coast. The maritime saxicolous lichens are very strik- ing to the naked eye but the species are not especially character- istic of the coast. There is one very abundant lichen, however, Verritcaria mucosa, which grows on rocks at low tide. It is only necessarj- to lift up the hanging masses of Fuci to find the rocks beneath covered with the large, dark green patches of the Verru- caria in company with the crustaceous red algae, Hildenbrandtia and Petrocelis. On the exposed cliffs of the shore will be found fine specimens of the orange colored Placodium elegans with other species of the genus, Lecanora rubina, Rinodina oreina and other crustaceous forms. The branches of the stunted trees and shrubs near the shore are brilliantly colored with quantities of Thelo- schistes chrysophthalmtis and T. parietinns, common species to be 100 GUIDE TO LOCALITIES. sure, but especially common and beautiful near the sea. The maritime mosses and hepatics are not .especially striking on our coast. Griininia maritima is found in small quantities at Nahant as well as Cephalozia divaricaia, the latter not a common species in eastern New England. Farloio, W. G. The marine algae of New England. (Ann. Rep't U. S. Fish Commission, 1879, pp. 1-210. Pis. i-xv.) o IF.^ ^ ^'=:CT. OCT 1 9 1965 QH Grabau, Amadeus William (ed.) 105 Guide to localities M4G7 illustrating the geology, marine zoology, and botany of the vicinity of Boston Biological & Medical PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY