U^-r^^, iqoq. LIBRARY OF 1885- IQ56 A GUIDE TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT. A series of contributions by specialists relating to the various branches of Natural History and kindred subjects. EDITED BY FKANK MOEEY, F.L.S. THE COUNTY PEESS, NEWPOKT. i^oniion: WILLIAM WESLEY & SON, 28 Essex Street, Steand. 1909. CONTENTS. Page LIST OP ILLUSTKATIONS V DESCRIPTION OF THE TWO PLATES ILLUSTEATING MR. R. ^\ POULTON'S ARTICLE ON PALAEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS ... vii INTRODUCTION ix An OUTLINE OF THE GEOLOGY 1 EARTHQUAKES 35 An ACCOUNT OF DISCOVERIES OF PALAEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS 37 FUNGI 42 Freshwater Algae 65 MARINE Algae 73 Lichens 89 Hepatics 103 Mosses ... 108 Flowering Plants AND Ferns... 126 Protozoa (introductory) ... 200 Rhizopoda and Heliozoa 201 FORAMINIFERA 203 Infusoria 204 PoRiFERA (Sponges) 214 Coelenterata 215 Echinodermata... 220 Worms and their allies 223 Rotifera 225 Polychaeta ... 233 POLYZOA 235 MOLLUSCA ... 240 Arachnida 270 Crustacea ... 282 Myriapoda 290 Insects (introductory) 292 Orthoptera 294 Neuroptera 298 (iii) iv CONTENTS Page Hymenopteea 302 COLEOPTERA ... 322 COLEOPTERA (SUPPLEMENTARY LIST) ... 387 LEProOPTERA 394- DIPTERA 439 Hemiptera ... 452 TUNICATA 474 FISHES 47& Amphibians 492 Reptiles 494 Birds ... 497 Mammals 529 Summary 54a Meteorology (Totland) 542 Meteorology (ventnor) ... 55& meteorology (general) 55& LIST OF ILLUSTKATIONS. The Culver Cliffs Cliff Section— Afton down to Sedmore point ,, ,, — Whitecliff to the Foreland ,, ,, — Hamstead ,, ,, — Headon Hill and Alum Bay.. Palaeolithic Flint Implements, plate I , ,, II Henbane, with captured Flies Wood Calamint ... Marsh Helleborine ... Squid (Loligo forbesi) Sea Slugs (Ancula cristata) ... Larvae of Glanville Fritillary Glanville Fritillaries on Kidney Vetch A Lump-sucker ... Common Grass Snake ... Lizards and Egg Slow-worm ... Adder preparing to strike Nest of Robin containing Cuckoo's Eggs Young Cuckoo ... Rough-legged Buzzard striking Leveret Peregrine stooping on a Pheasant White Stork Nest and Eggs of Wild Duck Nests and Eggs of Herring Gulls Young Serotine Bat Varieties of the Common Mole The last op the Island Badgers ... Dormouse and Nest ... White-sided Dolphin Map op the Island ... (v) Page Frontispiece 9 17 25 29 40 40a 164 168 184 266 268 396 398 480 492 494 496 496 500 510 512 514 516 518 524 530 532 534 536 538 560 DESCEIPTION OF THE TWO PLATES ILLUS- TEATING ME. E. W. POULTON'S AETICLE ON PALAEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS. Plate I. 1. — The largest implement found in this locality — Ti inches. It is ovate in form, and the side shown is rather flatter and more finely worked than the other. It is brown in colour, and, though slightly worn, is of very fine workmanship and regular form. 2. — An implement of the "perch-backed" form, one edge being much less curved than the other. It is coloured white, and its surface is much worn. 3. — A fine specimen of the "ovate-lanceolate" or "almond-shaped" form of implement. It is short, and beautifully symmetrical, and its angles are sharp. The butt end is somewhat blunt. Plate II. 1. — Perhaps the finest implement found in this locality. Its edge is beautifully curved, and its surface finely chipped. In colour it is white, with a trace of blue on one side. It is ovate in form, quite unworn, and has apparently been slightly broken at its narrow end. 2. — A most beautifully worked implement. In form a perfect oval : the side opposite to the one shown in the plate is flatter and more finely worked. In edge of slightly narrower end there is a beak or cavity, worn by use in scraping. It is white and slightly ochreous. The chipping round the edge is very delicate, and it is absolutely unworn. 3. — An example of what have been called in this paper "triangular implements." The notches in the sides can be plainly seen. The plain edge in this example is somewhat blunt, wdiile the whole implement has been manufactured from a large flat flake. 4. — Another example of this form. Here a large amount of chipping has been necessary to get the flint into the proper shape. The two notches in the sides can be seen, and the plain edge in this case is sharpened. The notches show fewer signs of wear than in the specimen above. (vii) h2 COEEIGENDA. Page 58 — bottom line : for "Shankin" write " Shanklin." 60 — 8th line: for "Dowx" write "Down." ,, 109 — 7tli line from bottom : for "carbonic" write "carbon." ,, 118 — 21st line: for "Weissia" write "Weisia." ,, 151 — 19th line : for " Emsworth" write " Elmsworth." ,, 173 — 12th line from bottom : for " See" write " Sea." „ 218— 3rd „ „ : for "Alba" write "alba." „ „ — 2nd ,, ,, : substitute a comma for the hyphen between ce7-eus and alahastrina. „ 220 — 9th line from bottom : for "af " write "of." „ 228— 15th „ „ : after "this year" add " 1908." ,, 252 — 21st ,, „ : for "aricularia" write "auricu- laria." ,, 287 — 17th line from bottom : for "occuring" write "occurring." „ 803— top line : for " 1897 " write " 1907." ,, 329 — 3rd line from bottom: for " Sandown" write "King's Quay." ,, 335 — 15th line : for "Champion" write " Newbery." ,, 339 — 20th line : after "beach" write " Sandown." ,, 375 — top line: for "acetocella" write "acetosella." ,, 393 — 16th line : for ''Liniaria" write ''Linaria." „ 394— 10th line from bottom : for "964" write "972." ,, 531 — 7th line : for "chaffer" write "chafer." ,, 560a — The date at the top of the map should be altered to 1909. (vlii) INTEODUCTION. " Happy is he who hves to understand, Not human nature only, but explores All natures, — to the end that he may find The law that governs each ; and where begins The union, the partition where, that makes Kind and degree, among all visible beings ; The constitutions, powers, and faculties Which they inherit — cannot step beyond — And cannot fall beneath ; that do assign To every class its station and its office. Through all the mighty commonwealth of things ; Up from the creeping plant to sovereign Man." Wordsivorth. MoEE than forty years ago, when a very small boy indeed, the idea came to me that it would be an excellent plan to write a list of all the animals that existed in the World. Having made known my intention to do this, a disused ledger, containing a few blank pages, was given me for the purpose, and I solemnly sat down with full intent to carry my project into efTect. Things went very well for a time, and I was getting together a respectable list : elephant, lion, tiger, bear, crocodile, deer, antelope — but here a difiiculty arose. My sister, who was older than I, told me she was quite sure there was more than one kind of deer, and she thought there was more than one sort of antelope, and that such general names as these were too indefinite to be of much use. This was disconcerting, but I might have recovered from the shock had not I received another blow immediately after — I was told that a bat was not a bird but some sort of animal ! Now for a comparatively large creature which had wings, and flew about and caught moths and beetles, not to be a bird seemed to me to be unreasonable and altogether anomalous, and I felt so annoyed at this discovery that (ix) X INTKODUCTION I decided to postpone my project until I knew more about Natural History. Some twenty years rolled by, and having during this period devoted a good bit of my leisure to the study of Entomology and kindred subjects, the idea which I entertained as a child, and which had lain dormant in my mind in a modified form ever since, mani- fested itself in an attempt to form some lists of the species constitu- ting our local fauna. These were very imperfect, but they formed at least a nucleus for future and more definite work. During these two decades, and in the twenty years which followed, I employed much of my leisure — which for several years was very scanty indeed — in the amassing of collections of local Natural History objects, including between 2000 and 3000 species of insects, shells, and plants, with, in most cases, data as to habitats and localities. The records in the Hsts of species of the various groups of organisms dealt with in the following pages will show that these collections have been of considerable service in their compilation. During the forty years which have elapsed since I sat down as a child with such confidence to an impossible task, I have learned, amongst other things — humility, and when, nearly three years ago, after a consultation with my friend Mr. Frederic Stratton, I decided to attempt to bring out a work which would fairly illustrate the Fauna and Flora and Natural History generally of the Isle of Wight, I did so, almost literally, in fear and trembling, fully realizing the difficult task that I was undertaking. I knew that success must depend upon the extent to which specialists in the various departments of Nature Study to be treated of would respond to my requests for assistance. I was new to editorial work, and was not in a position to gauge the probable willingness of a number of men who had the necessary information to co-operate with me in an undertaking which would entail much labour, and in which there was absolutely no prospect of pecuniary reward. My misgivings in this respect, as the result shows, were quite unnecessary. No set of workers in any branch of learning, or in any department of life, could have responded more willingly, and in some eases even enthusiastically, to an appeal for help, than have the gentlemen whose names appear at the heads of the various articles throughout the following pages. Though Nature Study is becoming popular, is being taught in most of the schools, and is encouraged in high places, many are still without the fold, failing to appreciate or understand the intense interest which those within feel in every living thing, in the stars above and the rocks below. To some extent the true Naturalist is born, not made. Yet every sympathetic mind is capable of appreciating Nature in at least some of her moods : it needs, perhaps, the philosophic mind to appreciate all. INTRODUCTION XI I think one of the most tremendous and impressive facts in the Universe is the effort that Nature makes to maintain equihbrium and repose : on the other hand there is that restless and purposeful energy which keeps everything on the move ; there is no standing still. The movements of the heavenly bodies illustrate this ; and on our own planet the constant changes in the atmospheric conditions, resulting in storms, are only an effort on the part of Nature to equalize pressure, to restore equilibrium. Modern research in physics and chemistry also shows us how unstable everything is, for even the primary elements of which all things are composed can no longer be regarded as fixed and permanent. The attempts of the old alchemists to transmute the baser metals into gold were founded upon scientific fact, for modern investigations into the nature and properties of radium have resulted in discoveries scarcely less remarkable than if these old chemists had succeeded in their efforts. Two things, amongst others, impress me greatly in Nature : the infinite variety which is displayed in objects both animate and inanimate, and the constant change which is taking place in every- thing around us, whether it be apparent or not. It may I think be safely assumed that no two objects are precisely the same in every respect, and that no single object remains precisely the same for two minutes together. Eecent researches into the nature of electricity and the constitution of the atom lead one to believe that this is so. I have referred especially to inorganic things, but every organism has to justify its fitness to live by a constant struggle with its rivals, and the marvellous thing about it is the delicate adjustment of conflicting interests which seems to have been evolved by the count- less generations that have led up to the present scheme of life. As a consequence of this continuous adjustment we find that, speaking generally, each species of animal and plant just holds its own, but no more. It is not often, in recent times, that species become extinct, except through the destroying hand of man — and these cases are but few. We all know that great changes have taken place in the animal and plant life of the remote past : thousands of species have died out, and thousands more of different form have come on ; but if we take a period of, say, 200,000 years, as nearly as we can reckon geological time, we find from the numerous fossil forms that have been collected that nearly all of these are of the same species as exist to-day. So that the interest lies in the fact that all these organisms have held their ground throughout many thousands of generations, and I think we may fairly assume, in most cases, without materially increasing or decreasing in numbers as individuals. Two concrete examples will illustrate my meaning. Let us suppose that 100,000 years ago thrushes showed a tendency to slightly increase and succeeded in maintaining that increase, with compound xii INTRODUCTION multiplication, to the present time, we should now be simply overrun with thrushes. Yet a very slight increase in any species, if persistent throughout many thousands of years, would assume gigantic propor- tions eventually. If in a given district 10,000 thrushes were able under normal circumstances to find a living, and these on an average had 20,000 young each year, it follows that out of the 30,000 birds ■20,000 must perish each year — though naturally fluctuating some- what— to maintain the average 10,000, and this in spite of the fact that a thrush in confinement may live for several years ; but if there should be a persistent tendency to increase or decrease, no matter how slight the difference may be, the aggregate result in a thousand centuries would be most important if not overwhelming. A more striking example is that of certain cryptogamic plants which repro- duce their kind by means of a vast number of spores. Some one has calculated that a single "puff-ball" sometimes produces as many as 10,000,000 spores ; but if we make a more moderate estimate, and assume that a certain species of puff-ball produces and disseminates, on an average, 1,000,000 spores each season, we arrive at the astonishing fact that only one of that vast number is enabled to germinate, develop, mature, and scatter its spores the next season so as to continue the race — the remaining 999,999 perish ! If, on the contrary, we assume it possible that conditions becoming rather more favourable for the growth of puff-balls, two out of each million spores survived, it would naturally follow that these familiar objects would double in number every year, until after a few centuries the whole land would be covered with puff-balls, and there would be room for nothing else. The influences at work all around us which enable the majority of animals and plants to maintain their numbers unimpaired, year after year and century after century, must be marvellously subtle and worthy in the highest degree of careful study and inquiry. Bound- less fields for investigation are open to the Naturalist of the present day — fields which for the most part were undreamed of by the observers of a century ago ; and it is partly my object in issuing the present volume to show to the residents of, and visitors to, the Isle of Wight how vast a field there is for study in our very midst. The number of species of animals and plants living in a state of nature in the Island must run into many thousands, and the various lists in this "Guide" will show" that a large number of these have been collected and identified ; but much yet remains to be done before wo attain to anything approaching a complete knowledge of our local fauna and flora, especially in certain neglected groups. More collecting must be done, and a mass of material must be got together as regards the habits as well as the actual occurrence of the various species, before we can arrive at even a fair knowledge of the Natural History of the district. Many people who are interested in Nature appear to think that we INTRODUCTION xiii are not justified in taking life for the sake of making scientific collections of insects, shells, and similar things, but though I sympa- thise with these views I cannot agree with them. All of us take life inadvertently, and often unconsciously, in the course of our every- day lives, to an extent that few realize, yet it makes no apparent difference to the numbers that are left — it simply makes room for more. Nature is wondrously prolific, and quickly fills up the gaps that are made in the ranks of her progeny. A collector of insects, too, if he is an all-round entomologist takes a number of species which are predaceous, and which would in the course of their lives have destroyed hundreds of others whose lives are thus spared for a longer time. The entomologist in this case becomes a saviour rather than a destroyer of insects in proportion to the attention he pays to the carnivorous species, and a collection is made without his reducing the number of living insects at all. An instance of the extent to which we unintentionally destroy life came to my notice a year or two ago, when a large heap of garden refuse which had been accumulating for several months in my garden was about to be burnt. As I was studying beetles at the time, I collected about a bucketful of the most promising of this half-decayed vegetable matter and overhauled it carefully on sheets of paper, picking out the specimens I wanted and letting the others go. I found there were several hundred insects, spiders, 'woodlice, centipedes, worms, and other small fry in this insignificant quantity of refuse, so that in the whole heap there could scarcely have been less than 30,000 or 40,000, which, excepting the few that might escape, were about to be destroyed in the fire. Now if we are justified in destroying so many lives for the trifling convenience of ridding ourselves expeditiously of a heap of garden refuse, how much more justified should we be in filling our cabinets with a well-selected series of specimens, at our leisure and convenience, which would entail no greater sacrifice of hfe than did the bonfire, yet would afford material for study for a lifetime, and would be enough to illustrate very fairly the insect fauna of a whole county. The tender-hearted entomologist may console himself with the fact that with such small creatures as insects — " When the w^orst comes it comes unfeared ; one stroke begins and ends their woe." Possibly some persons on looking through this volume may question the utility of all the lists of species which they will find, with but brief notes as to where they were found and with dates of occurrence, and I admit that to those who have not studied Natural History much these lists will appear somewhat "dry" and uninterest- ing, but to others who are forming collections of particular groups I anticipate that they will be very acceptable indeed ; and, quite apart from the making of collections, one of the chief interests in studying Zoology and Botany in the present day is to trace the distribution of the various species throughout the countries in which Xiv INTRODUCTION they are found, which can only be done by making these local lists. There is much material for' thought in the study of distribution. One is inclined to ask of an animal or plant in any given district, in Charles Kingsley's words, " How did you get here? By what road did you come ? What was your last place of abode ? And now you are here, how do you get your living ? Are you and your children thriving, or growing pauperised and degraded and dying out ? " The writers of handbooks on special branches of Natural History, too, depend greatly on such lists for their knowledge as to the distri- bution and comparative frequency of occurrence of the species of which they treat. Before passing on to other subjects it may be well to call attention to the consistent beauty which prevails throughout Nature. When it does not appeal to the eye through the aesthetic sense it is usually apparent to the intellect from its fitness of design and adaptation to environment. Some one has said that all living things are the visible expressions of a Master Artist — materialized and animated ideas of a Master Mind. It may seem to some readers superfluous to make these statements, but I do so because I have found from experience that many people who fully realize and appreciate the beauty of a landscape or seascape may be almost blind to the beauty of form and design which exists in a beetle or a fly, or in a lowly flower. To these I would plead to pay more attention to detail in Nature, for these small objects also are the work of the same Master Artist, and are equally worthy of our regard and careful study. As to the variety of form, as well as beauty of design, that we observe in the animal and plant life which surrounds us, it is simply amazing ; and a facetious friend has remarked that the multiplicity of species of organic beings suggests the idea that a beneficent providence has arranged things thus for the gratification of the studious ; but perhaps the multiplicity of closely related species, which exercises to the full the critical faculties of the studious to differentiate between them, is less a matter of surprize from an evolutionary point of view than that so many species appear to have no close allies. It will be noticed that the various sections or chapters into which this " Guide" is divided are on the progressive or ascending scale. We begin with Geology as the basis of all things, and then come two chapters, on Earthquakes and Stone Implements, respectively, which are associated with Geology ; after which follows the whole organic series, beginning with Fungi as the simplest group of Cryptogamic plants, and ending with the Flowering plants and Ferns. Then come all the animal groups, starting with the Protozoa and rising to the Mammals, each group throughout the whole series being regarded as a step higher in the scale of development than the one which precedes it — with, perhaps, one or two exceptions. The main groups or classes of Animals follow in the order in which they INTRODUCTION XV are arranged in the " Cambridge Natural History," but in detail the arrangement or classification adopted is in each group that of the various handbooks most approved of by the authors, or in some cases according to the handbook most used by the public. This has entailed, in several cases, a reversal within the group of the ascend- ing order which is adopted for the groups as a whole. The same remark applies to the Botanical section as to the Zoological — the ferns and their allies coming at the end of the Flowering plants instead of at the beginning, and the simpler Fungi after the higher forms instead of before them. After the Mammals comes a general Summary, in which the totals are given of the species which have been recorded thus far for the Island in every group of the organic series dealt with in the "Guide." Following the Summary are some Meteorological tables and other information relating to the weather conditions which prevail in the Island, and after these are a few statistics in which it is shown that the superficial area of the I. of W. — small as it is — is sufficiently great to accommodate temporarily the whole population of the World. It is possible that some readers may criticize what they may regard, not unnaturally, as inconsistences and irregularities in the method adopted in the book, such as in the spelling of place-names which is not always the same ; but it should be remembered that the articles emanate from many pens, and in cases where more than one form of spelling is in vogue for a place, it seemed unfair to alter the form adopted by one writer because it happened to clash with the views of another. For instance, there is Centurion's or St. Urian's Copse at Bembridge, both spellings being used in this work according to the opinions held by the writers as to the origin of the name. There is Hamstead, Hemstead, Hampstead, and Hempstead, all forms being used in recent books and maps, whilst the ancient spelling as given in Domesday Book appears to have been Hamestede. As Hamstead is the form of the word usually adopted by geologists to designate the most recent of the Oligocene formations it may be best to adhere to that spelling. There is also Brixton, Brightstone, and Brighstone — the latter name being most in favour at the present time. Merston, Merstone ; Brook, Brooke ; Dodnor, Dodner ; Bouldnor, Bouldner ; are examj^les of slight variation. In each of these cases I should personally give preference to the name first mentioned. Near Sandown is a wooded district known as Bordwood, Broadwood, or Berth wood — the latter spelling being given on the map which accompanies this volume. Bordewede seems to have been the ancient form of the word. A few other variations, such as Appley and Apley, will be found in the course of the book. The Pan Common referred to several times in the article on birds, and in some of the insect lists, is the place of that name near Sandown and not the Pan Common near Newport. XVI INTRODUCTION It is now my pleasing duty to refer to the work of the various gentlemen — and in one case lady — who have helped in a direct way in the bringing out of this Natural History Guide by writing articles and lists of species in the many departments treated of. To those who have helped indirectly by furnishing records, collecting speci- mens, and in many other ways, I can only say that their work has been invaluable and will ask them to accept my heartiest thanks. x\s seemed fitting Geology is dealt with first. Mr. G. W. Colenutt, of Eyde, has written an admirable account of the main geological features of the Island, which can scarcely fail to interest all those whose proclivities tend that way, and I hope others besides. Mr. Colenutt, in addition to acquiring a general knowledge of the structure of the Island, has paid special attention to the Tertiary beds as exposed along the north coast. A short article follows by Professor Milne on Earthquakes, and it is consoling to hear that we, who live in the Island, have little to fear from these dreaded phenomena. As is well known. Prof. Milne has been a pioneer in the systematic study of seismic disturbances, and has invented apparatus and organized stations for the recording of earthquakes in various parts of the world. Mr. Eonald W. Poulton gives an interesting account of the dis- covery of Palaeolithic Implements in the Island recently, and photo- grapic illustrations are given of several of these. Hitherto scarcely any of these older stone implements have.been found; and of Neoliths but very few well-worked specimens seem to occur, though at San- down, Newport, and elsewhere, large numbers of slightly- worked flints may be picked up on ploughed land. The organic series is commenced by Mr. J. F. Eayner, who writes on the Fungi and gives a considerable list. I feared at one time that I should find no one who would undertake to write a list of this difficult and somewhat neglected group of plants, but fortunately Mr. Eayner came to the rescue and most efficiently filled the gap. The prospect of gathering any definite information i-egarding the Freshwater Algae also was most uncertain, but here again willing workers came forward in the person of Mr. G. S. West, the distin- guished algologist, who offered to name specimens that might be sent him, and who wrote an introduction to the group, and Mr. S. W. Pring and others who searched the ponds and streams for material, with the result that over 100 species w^ere recorded — including a Cosviarium new to Britain. Eespecting the Lichens, another gi-oup of plants which has hitherto received but scant attention in the Island, Mr. J. k. Wheldon, of Liverpool, has kindly written a most useful introduction to the class, and the Eev. H. M. Livens — in collaboration with Mr. Wheldon — has compiled a considerable list of species, a large proportion of which are of his own collecting. I believe no attempt has previously been made to write a list of INTRODUCTION XVll our Hepatics or Liverworts, but with the kind assistance of Mr. W. Ingham, who wrote an outHne of the group and named specimens sent him, and of Mr. Livens, who collected most of the plants, a short list has been compiled.'' The excellent Moss list, too, with the helpful introductory matter, is the work of my friend, Mr. Livens, to whom I am indebted for much assistance and encouragement throughout what has proved to be a more arduous undertaking than I at first anticipated. The list of Flowering Plants and Ferns is compiled by Mr. F. Stratton, whose long experience as an Island botanist rendered him peculiarly fitted for this task. As might be expected this list may be regarded as practically complete, as it is doubtful if any really indigenous species have escaped observation. In regard to the localities given, it must be understood that many of these refer to observations made by Dr. Bromfield and others more than half a century ago, and though, in most cases, the plants are still to be found in these localities, in others they have disappeared. Mr. S. W. Pring, who has written on the Ehizopoda and Infusoria, and given a considerable list of the latter, has devoted much time to the study of "pond life" and is an enthusiastic student of the microscope. In addition to direct service rendered to the Guide" in this connection, Mr. Pring has helped indirectly in many ways, such as by searching journals for records, and in reading the printed sheets of the "Guide" in search of material for the errata page. Messrs. S. W. Pring and F. M. Walker have searched the ponds of the Island for Eotifers wnth excellent results, the list of species discovered being surprizingly large considering the short time in which the work has been done. Mr. E. W. Pollard gives a short list of marine worms, which were mostly noticed in the neighbourhood of Eyde. I hope that Mr. Pollard will find the necessary leisure to continue his researches amongst this neglected group. Mr. Douglas Leighton has recently spent a portion of two summer holidays in searching our shores for Polyzoa, with very considerable success as the list of species given will testify. The list of Spiders and other Arachnida has been compiled by Mr, F. P. Smith from specimens collected by himself and others. The list of spiders will I think be considered a good one ; and the Mites have been neglected solely through want of time to collect them, for they are undoubtedly an interesting group. The first order of insects to be dealt with is the Orthoptera, and Mr. Malcolm Burr kindly acceded to my request to write a list of the Island species as far as his information would allow him. * Several fresh species of Island Hepatics have been discovered by Mr. H. H. Knight since the list in the "Guide" was printed, one of these being new to Britain. xviii INTRODUCTION The second order, Neuroptera, seems to have been much neglected here, and it was with difficulty that a list could be formed. Mr. W. J. Lucas, of dragonfly fame, was good enough to name, or get named, the specimens sent him, and to piece together the scattered records, adding useful notes as to the different groups. Mr. Claude Morley, who has visited the Island several times, including a week of energetic collecting in the summer of 1907, compiled the list of Hymenoptera, not only from his own collecting but from all available sources. As might have been expected the Aculeata have hitherto received the most attention, the non-aculeate species having never been systematically collected. Mr. Morley has rendered service by supplying records of many species of Coleoptera, Diptera, and other insects, in addition to his more direct work of writing the Hymenoptera list. Mr. E. A. Newbery has the distinction of having compiled the most extensive list in the "Guide" — the Coleoptera or beetles. Only those who have done similar work will realize the labour that such a compilation must have entailed. I am indebted to Mr. Newbery in the past for identifying the many species of beetles of my own collecting which figure largely in the list, and also for advice and suggestions in connection with the gathering of information for the present work. The "Guide" is also indebted to Mr. Donisthorpe for his Supple- mentary list of Coleoptera which has made the section much more complete. Two species which should have appeared in Mr. Donis- thorpe's list may be mentioned here: Lathrobium rufipenne, Gyll., Niton, July, 1906 ; and Cis dentatus, Nellie, a specimen taken near Sandown, July, 1906. Mr. H. F. Poole, of Shanklin, has been most industrious in collecting information in regard to the Lepidoptera, with the result that a very considerable list has been compiled. Of the larger species it is improbable that many more will be added, but amongst the host of small forms there are doubtless many yet to be discovered. Mr. Poole has done valuable work for the "Guide" in the photo- graphic way, for it will be noticed that the majority of the illustrations bear his name. No one has taken a more active interest in the progress of the undertaking than he has; not only in his own department of the Lepidoptera but in several other sections of the work his assistance has been invaluable. The order Hemiptera has been ably dealt with by Mr. E. A. Butler, who spent a fortnight in the Island in the summer' of 1907 and collected these insects assiduously during that time. With the species then observed, added to the records of others; a highly satisfactory list has been written. Mr. Butler is also responsible for the records of various insects which appear in the. other lists. Mr. Percy Wadham, of Newport, has written on the Fishes, both marine and fresh-water. As regards the latter, he has for many INTRODUCTION XIX years devoted much time to pisciculture in the Island, so is able to write from intimate personal knowledge of this group. Mr. Wadham has also given us an account of our few Amphibians and Eeptiles, including some introduced species and a rare and most interesting visitor — a Loggerhead Turtle. The next contribution is by Mr. R, H. Fox, who writes on the Birds. The list is an excellent one, and so far as the resident species and regular migrants are concerned it may be regarded as practically complete, though, doubtless, accidental and occasional visitors wall be observed now and again that will be new to the list. Mr. Fox has, in addition to a remarkably close acquiaintance with our birds, a felicitous way of telling us what he knows about them, which I feel sure will appeal to those who read or refer to this volume.'' The final chapter of the organic series deals with the Mammals, and here again Mr. Wadham has done useful work in compiling a list of all the known species which have occurred in, or oiJ, the Island. This list may be regarded as almost complete so far as the land is concerned, though very probably one or two additional bats may eventually be found ; as regards the Cetaceans it is likely that several other species will visit our coasts sooner or later. The "Guide" is also indebted to Mr. Wadham for several very interesting photographs. The one of the badgers entailed much labour, as to secure it the animals had to be re-stuffed in character- istic attitudes to represent a family party at the entrance to their burrow. The peregrine which appears in the picture as though attacking a pheasant was shot at a time when it had just killed one of these birds. Mr. John Dover, of Totland Bay, who is devoted to the study of Meteorology, has very kindly, at the cost of much personal labour, compiled a number of tables to illustrate the weather conditions of the western end of the Island. Those who appreciate work of this kind will study these columns of figures and explanatory text with the keenest interest. It will be noticed that the amount of sunshine at Totland for the year greatly exceeds that experienced at several of the other health resorts. Miss Gibson, of St. Lawrence, also supplies facts and figures of great interest in regard to the weather of the Ventnor district. These tables are of value, too, for comparison with those of Totland. It would have been a matter of public interest if statistics con- cerning the Meteorology of the Newport district could have been added, as, being an inland station, the readings of the thermometer at any rate would have shown considerable variation from those of Totland and St. Lawrence — the hot days of summer being hotter and * Since the bird-list was printed Mr. Fox has obtained information as to a second example of the Spoonbill, which was taken at St. Helens in April, 1895. XX INTRODUCTION the cold days of winter colder than at these two stations, but, unfortunately, I was unable to obtain the necessary information. It only remains to me to express my earnest desire that this volume may be useful. A witty American writer has recently expressed the opinion that the wicked lead useful lives as well as the righteous, inasmuch as they offer themselves to the rest of mankind as horrible examples to be avoided ; and if it be found that in the course of this work I have done those things that I ought not to have done, and have left undone those things which I ought to have done, I am content to serve as the "horrible example" if by doing so those coming after me are enabled to profit by my mistakes. I shall esteem it a favour if any readers of this volume who have done any natural history work in the Island wiU communicate to me the results of their observations, in as far as they apply to a work of this kind, and especially in regard to the increasing of the various lists by the addition of fresh names, and of fresh information con- cerning the species already recorded. I shall welcome, equally, criticism, and the correction of any errors that may inadvertently have crept into the book, with a view to eliminating the same in any future publication that may be issued in respect to the Fauna and Flora of the Island. Frank Morey. Newport, I. of W., February, 1909. AN OUTLINE OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT. By G. W. COLENUTT, F.G.S. The great majority of people who have no fondness for scientific pursuits regard the Isle of Wight as being a very charming place, noted for its beautiful scenery and equable climate, and quite desirable from the point of view either of residents or visitors. To the Geologist, however, the name of the Isle of Wight conveys a different idea, since he rightly regards the Island as being classical ground for the pursuit of his studies ; for he knows that its strata have yielded in great numbers specimens which may be seen in many of the more important museums in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. Should the Geologist have done any practical work along its coasts, the mention of the Island may perchance conjure up in his mind the memory of happy days, when, with hammer in hand and a collecting bag slung on his back, he wandered along the coast and examined some of our many fine cliff sections, and from their strata collected his share of greatly-piized fossils. His thoughts may again turn to our favoured Island with a determination to continue his investigations at the earliest possible opportunity. It is hoped that these few pages may be of assistance to the Geologist who is visiting the Isle of Wight for the first time, or, per- haps, desirous of renewing his acquaintance with its strata ; for it has been suggested that a Naturalists' Guide to the district would be incomplete without some account of its Geology, since among NaturaHsts the Geologist may fairly claim to take a leading place. The great difficulty, however, is to condense such an account within reasonable limits and yet to retain its completeness in a sufficient degree, for there is much to describe and many inferences to be drawn ; moreover, the outline should be of a practical nature, other- wise its usefulness may be called in question. To demonstrate that it is no easy task to give a concise epitome of the subject, it is only necessary to remind the reader that the coast-line of the Island measures (excluding tidal inlets) nearly 60 miles in length, and that for about 40 miles of the distance the cliffs and coast sections are accessible and afford opportunities for study and research. (1) GEOLOGY Before going further, however, it is expedient that a plan should be arranged for dealing with our subject, and it would seem desirable that in the first instance a general survey of the district should be taken, so that the reader may be able to gather some idea of the physiographical features of the Island and their relation to its Geology. After this, it may be well that the succession of the Island strata should be described (as some of these are quite unique), and that a few remarks be made on the schemes of life prevailing in the epochs during which the different beds were deposited; the work of describing the beautiful sections to be found in the cliffs and along the stretches of coast-line may thereafter be undertaken. In the task of writing these pages, however, one essential object shall be kept constantly in view, namely, to make the work of the student more easy by directing him to the most interesting and instructive sections, and by indicating the several localities to which it is advisable that special attention should be devoted. Of an irregular, rhomboidal, or lozenge shape— as will appear by a reference to the map in this Guide— the Isle of Wight lies adjacent to the County of Southampton, and its longest axis runs east and west ; it is separated from the mainland by the Solent valley, through which the sea now flows — the width of the tidal waters being from about three to six miles. At a comparatively recent period the Isle of Wight formed part and parcel of the mainland, and there is good reason for assuming that the last link was a neck of land running westward from Alum, or Totland Bay, to Studland Bay on the east coast of Dorsetshire. In order to bear out this statement, we must make an attempt to mentally reconstruct those parts of the district which have been eroded by the sea and denuded by the other natural agencies. When this has been done, the reader will be able to form an opinion as to the probable situation of the last dry land connecting the Island with the mainland, and also to understand how the hand of Nature has moulded and shaped the Island into its present form. It is not necessary to place any limit on the time which Nature has taken in this work, for "how many years ago" never finds any place in the computations of the Geologist. Man's day is but as an hour, while the slow and majestic work of Nature is unending; and the physical forces seen in continuous operation now, are quite sufficient to account for all the geological phenomena which we have to investigate. Be it remembered, that there is no more reason for assuming that the operation of the forces of Nature suddenly became slower as soon as Hovw scipicns was evolved from some lower type of Homo, than there is for suggesting that wondrous results arose from the evolution of the many other beings which have from time to time occupied their places in the scheme of life. What we have to do in order to enable us to understand the physiographical history of the Island is, by the exercise of the best faculties of inductive reasoning, to reconstitute and reconstruct GEOLOGY 3 those parts of the land which in more recent times have been denuded by the action of rain, wind, frost, and sun, and eroded by those agencies and by the beating surges of the sea. But before doing this, we must call to mind the great disturbance which once spent itself along the south part of England, at a time when tlie coast was very different from the one which we see before us now. It was a seismic upheaval or squeezing, which, coming from tlie south, raised the crust of the earth into gigantic billows, with crests and hollows, just such as one may see any day, on a small scale, on the surface of the troubled sea. The pressure must have been inconceivably vast, for the lines of the billows of the earth's crust extended for very many miles and affected the whole of the south- east of England — the lines running fairly parallel in an east and west direction. The crest of the billow is called an anticline, and the hollow a syncline. It may reasonably be assumed that in the hollow the strata would be compi-essed, while at the summit of the arching or crest of the billow the strata would be pulled asunder, cracked and dismembered. Now one of these billow crests (or, more correctly speaking, two duplicate crests) extended through the Isle of Wight, and as all our strata are conformable — having been laid dow^n in regular succession one over the other — it squeezed up those strata into the form of an immense arch, with a gradual slope to the south and a much steeper slope to the north. The southern hollow, or syncline, was away in the land now removed by the sea — the crest of the arching following a line approximately from Sandown to Brook — while the northern hollow will be found to have its line from Foreland Point right through the Island to Totland Bay. The area subjected at this time to the greatest amount of violent disturbance, appears to have been the land away to the south of Dorsetshire, as the strata along the coast of that county clearly show how far-reaching was the upheaving and crumpling effect produced. Upon our old land surface the erosive forces of Nature must have exerted their full disintegrating effects during that pei'iod commonly known as the "Great Ice Age"; and, although the evidence of the presence of glaciers in the South of England is lacking, a great erosion and denudation at that time undoubtedly took place. The long arctic winters probably produced a glaciated land-surface, and the short hot summers, with their accompanying torrential falls of rain, together, led to the disintegration and planing down of the central arch of the anticline, and the deepening of the hollow of the syncline ; our present river systems had their origin at that peiiod, and the gravel deposits were then probably laid down. The Solent Valley is simplj^ an old river-bed, and the Geologist, standing on the summit of Bowcombe Down and looking northwards across to the mainland, can reconstruct in his mind the state of affairs which prevailed in those days of long ago. The ancient Solent Eiver flowed eastward, and its tributaries, on its northern b2 bank, wei'e rivers at Poole, Christchurch, Lymiugton, and Beaulieu, with ' the Test, Itchen, and Southampton Water ; while on its southern bank it drained the Western Yar, Newtown Eiver, Medina, Wootton Eiver, and the Eastern Yar, in addition to other and smaller streams. The gravel deposits along the present coast lead one to assume that the Solent Eiver flowed into the sea somewhere south of Littlehampton. During the long time which has elapsed since the last great crumpling of the land-surface took place, the erosive forces of Nature have been in full and constant operation ; and to the long-continued action of those agencies we owe the contours of our present coast- lines, and the configuration of the landscape as we now see it. The softer and yielding strata have been denuded and shaped into depressions, hollows, or valleys, leaving the more resisting beds and rocks standing up in the form of hills and ridges. The land away to the south-east, south, and south-west of the Island was gradually eroded — the old Eastern Yar and the land it drained, alike dis- appearing (for it must be remembered that the present Yar was only a tributary of the larger river which cut out the Sandown level and the big gap between Brading and Bembridge Downs) — while a similar fate also befel the Western Yar and that portion of the old land through which the river took its winding course. During this period the extension westward of our central range of Chalk hills (doubtless connected by similar hills with Ballard Down in Dorsetshire) offered a greater resistance to the disintegrating forces which were in constant action; but at some point — probably at about the middle of that long line of Chalk which is now known to mariners as the " Needles Bridge" — a breach was made by the sea, and once through this gap the surges of the Channel would find an easy prey in the softer strata above the Chalk. Eeconstructing the district on these lines one is led to assume and believe, that the last junction between the Island and the mainland was a neck of land forming the southern bank of the old Solent Eiver, and that the final severing of the link was effected somewhere in the space which is now covered by the sea in Chx'istchurch Bay. When once that last link was cut, the tides would have no difficulty in doing the rest. The sea enlarged its gap into the old river-banks and the erosion went on until Christchurch Bay was formed, and that process has been continued without cessation to this day. The tidal constant tells us how much the ebb and flow has assisted in the work of enlarging and widening the waters which isolate the Island from the mainland, for the action of the tide is a most important factor in assisting erosion and in sweeping away the debris from the coast-line. It is to the varied nature of its strata, and the unequal effects of the denudation and disintegration during long lapses of time, that the Isle of Wight owes its charming features of hill and dale, and the great picturesqueness of its beautiful scenery. The Succession of Strata Exposed in the Isle of Wight. — That the Island is a deeply interesting place to the Geologist will be apparent when we consider the great variety of deposits and the splendid cliff sections of strata to w^hich, in our somewhat restricted area, the observer has access. The arching of the anticlines and the depressing of the syncline, of which we have already spoken, have resulted in tilting a portion of the beds up from a horizontal to a sloping or vertical position, and thus, within a short distance, the student can examine a number of different deposits and trace with accuracy the succession of the different strata. The range of Island strata, in descending order, is as follows : — Blown Sand, Alluvium, and Peat RECENT Valley Gravels, Angular Flint Gravels ] of the Chalk Downs [PLEISTOCENE Plateau Gravels J Hamstead Beds Bembridge Marls Bembridge Limestone Osborne Beds ■• Headon Beds ■ Headon Hill Sands Barton Beds Bracklesham Beds Lower Bagshot Beds London Clay Woolwich and Reading Beds Chalk with Flints Chalk Rock Middle and Lower Chalk Chloritic Marl Chert Beds Sands Gault Carstone Sandrock Series Ferruginous Sands Atherfield Clay Wealden Shales Variegated and Purple Marls Sandstone Beds of Brook Point OLIGOCENE EOCENE CHALK 1 UPPER J GREENSAND LOWER GREENSAND ) WEALDEN J BEDS O IT UJ UJ o a. \- OC O O t- -I UJ u Should the Geologist desire to work in the upper portion of the Oligocene strata (that is to say the Hamstead — or Hempstead — Beds, Bembridge Marls and Limestone, and the Osborne Beds) he must of necessity come to the Isle of Wight, as in no other place in the world are the exact equivalents of these beds to be met with, although, of course, deposits of a somewhat similar age occur, but not in the United Kingdom. The unique character of some of our more important beds is therefore a feature of great interest and importance. Tlie Oligocene Beds have a further claim to the attention of the student of Geology ; for they give us a clearer insight into the life- history of the periods during which they were deposited than most strata do. Having been laid down chiefly in the confined spaces of lakes, rivers, or estuaries, and therefore in close proximity to the ancient land surfaces, we may reasonably look for the remains of many of the higher forms of life among the fossils which patient research may discover in these deposits. Three great alternations from estuarine to salt-water conditions took place during the deposition of the Oligocene Beds, and the evidences of these changes are seen in the Marine Beds of the Middle Headon series, the Marine Band above the Bembridge Lime- stone, and the Marine Clays at the upper part of the Hamstead series — all most interesting features which will be certain to attract the attention of the student. As a general rule, a characteristic of the organic remains found in fossiliferous strata of marine origin is the large number of the species represented, although of each species there may be only a few fossils found. A different average prevails in the estuarine deposits of the Oligocene series, for in these we find countless myriads of fossils, but the number of separate species is comparatively very small. In other words, in marine beds we have many species and few individuals ; and in estuarine deposits very many individuals and few species. All the Oligocene strata possess another noticeable feature in their frequent variations, both as to thickness and compo- sition-'—a reasonable consequence, incident to estuarine conditions where the rate of deposition must of necessity vary from time to time. The different beds at several localities may appear to the student to bear little resemblance to each other, and their correlation is oftentimes difficult, but this only adds zest to the pursuit of our science. Some of the Eocene Beds of the Island are continued into the mainland north of the Solent, and cover a considerable area in the south part of the County of Southampton ; they bear a marked resemblance to, and doubtless were deposited contemporaneously with, some of the beds of the London Basin. In the Island the deposits follow each other with regularity, and, through the tilting up of the strata to a vertical position, their sequence can easily be followed in our splendid cliff-sections. With the exception of certain lignite and pipe-clay bands the whole of the Eocene Beds are of marine origin, although it seems probable that they were deposited at no great distance from the land. In descending order, we have the Upper and Lower Cretaceous deposits — the sub-divisions of which are shown in the table of strata — all of marine origin excepting the lowest or Wealden Beds. These latter are of surpassing interest to the Geologist, representing as they do the detritus washed down by a great river draining some old-world continent, and forming the equivalent of the vast accumu- lations of silt which some of the larger rivers are at the present day depositing in the shape of deltas. The strata teem with organic remains, and the Wealden Beds, being well exposed in some of our cliffs, will doubtless claim the close attention of the student. The reader should bear in mind the remarks which have already been made as to the tilting up of the strata by compression into the form of two anticlines with their accompanying syncline, for we find the Island divided in an east and west direction by the highly- inclined beds of Chalk, which form the chain of hills extending from Bembridge Down to the Needles. To the north of this range the Tertiary (Eocene and Ohgocene) Beds occur ; while south of the Downs the older or Secondary strata are to be found. For some distance north of the Chalk Downs the Tertiary Beds are vertical, or very highly inclined, and it is not until we reach the Bembridge Limestone that we find the actual curve of the synchne making itself apparent. On the southern slope of the anticlines we have the present range of hills from St. Catherines to St. Boniface Down — representing all that now remains of a higher and more extensive series of eminences. The great earth-movement came from the south, and consequently the lines of tilting run about east and west — the focus where the disturbance was most violently felt having apparently been centred somewhere in the land, now eroded away by the sea, lying to the south-west of the Isle of Wight. When we come to examine the details of the strata exposed along the north shores of the Island we shall, however, have reason to notice that some subsidiary undulations took place, so that the beds are gently raised or depressed in a direction at about right angles to the true course of the main lines of disturbance. It is well also to remember that the contours of our coast-line, and the points of view from which the sections are examined, sometimes make the true dip of the strata rather difficult to recognise, but a solution of such problems becomes comparatively easy when the student has thoroughly grasped the main features of the way in which our strata are arranged, and the manner in which they have been affected. In the space afforded by these few pages it is neither possible to give a detailed description of the whole of the rocks of which the Island is composed, nor to do more than throw out a few hints as to the best mode of pursuing the most profitable investigations in our chief sections. To the pages of the " Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the Isle of Wight " the student must resort for further information b GEOLOGY in regard to details necessarily omitted here, and a copy of the " Survey Map of the Island" will be of great assistance to anyone who desires to undertake practical work along our coast-lines. Coast Sections fkom the Needles to Culver Cliff, via the Undercliff. — The sections exposed in the cliffs along that part of the coast with which it is proposed now to deal are sure to be visited by anyone who wishes to study the Geology of the Island. The Brixton (or Brighstone) anticline is the dominant feature of the south-western coast, and its influence is most clearly shown ; it brought up to the sea-level the lowest beds which are to be found at the surface anywhere in the Island, and the curving or arching of the strata is plainly visible in the cliffs at Brook. The Chalk (Chalk with Flints) at Scratchells Bay may be worthy of a visit, though access is difficult and can only be effected by rowing-boat and in fine weather.''' The Chalk at that horizon is, however, rich in fossils. Between Scratchells Bay and Freshwater Gate, and thence on to Compton Bay, the student can do little work in the Upper, Middle, and Lower Chalk, as in most places the cliffs are nearly vertical and descend sheer into the waters of the Channel. At Freshwater Gate one may notice the site of the valley of the old Western Yar, the floor of the foreshore consisting of Alluvium, and on each side of the ancient channel the rubbly chalk seen in the cliffs is capped by Valley Gravels. It is to the coast at Compton Bay that most attention will probably be given, and on Plate I. is given a I'ough sketch enabling the reader to form an idea as to the way in which the different strata are disposed in the cliffs from Afton Down to Sedmore Point. At the extreme western end of the Bay the Upper Greensand will be seen underlying the beds of Lower Chalk, and the grey or pale-buff strata (of which a diagonal section only is seen) rise up nearly verti- cally in the cliff-face at the foot of Afton Down — the thickness of the Upper Greensand series being here about 90 feet. It is not worth while for the student to attempt collecting fossils from these beds in Compton Bay, as much better and more accessible exposures will be found in the Undercliff distiict. Below the Upper Greensand is the Gault Clay, here of about 140 feet in thickness, and, although at many places in the South of England this marine deposit is exceedingly rich in fossils, in the Island the strata yield very few organic remains, and these are mostly in an indifferent state of preservation. The dark-green, brown, and deep-red cliffs in Compton Bay show a section of the beds of Lower Greensand, and form an imposing feature in the coast scenery. Tiiis is not, however, an exposure meriting more than a hasty examination, as these strata * For a detailed description of the Chalk of the Island vide " The Zones of the White Chalk of the English Coast, Part V. The Isle of Wight." By Dr. Arthur Rowe, F.G.S., Proc. Geologists' Association, Vol. XX., Part 4. rLATE L , h Z o Cl u o t a y CO o h Z o Q z o h z O o t/) u. u. u o 0 z h < C) u O ■a c a tA jH ' ^ 5: '-•^ t 0 0 .0.0 0 ^ Qj U QJ ^ t ^ a: 1 C j_ a 0 ? 5n 5 V — ^_-»v ^ ; _c!_ QC O o GEOLOGY 11 at Athertield are much more accessible and fossiliferous. A bed of hard, sandy, ferruginous rock, crowded with shells of marine Molhisca, forms the basement of the Lower Greensand and underlies the Atherfield Clay, but in Compton Bay this bed is mostly hidden by the landslips at the eastern end of the red cliff. The upper portions of the Wealden Beds next claim attention, and they consist of dark-blue, laminated clays known as "paper shales"; evidently these shales were deposited in the quiet, brackish waters of an estuaiy, and are in many places crowded with shells of Cyrena, Cypris, Paludina and similar forms. There is some evidence that the great stratigraphical disturbance produced a fault in Compton Bay, as a duplication of the Upper Wealden Beds occurs, and the line of faulting is immediately to the westward of a piece of cliff at about the middle of the Bay, showing a portion of the paper shales contorted in a highly interesting way. The result of this disturbance is seen in the two sections of a portion of the Lower Wealden Beds, known as the Purple or Variegated Marls, to be noticed in the cliffs here and also in the two sections of the paper shales. The greater part of the latter series may be viewed to the eastward of the line of fault, and many fossils may be collected. The slabs of laminated limestone crowded with estuarine Mollusca lie in profusion on the beach, and in the clays there is a good deal of fossil wood, much charged with iron pyrites. The passage from the shales to the marls is at about 200 yards west of Shippard's or Compton Grange Chine. While at Shippard's Chine the student is recommended to examine the beds of Alluvium at the top of the sides of the cutting, as these contain a great deal of wood in the form of sticks and branches and also quantities of hazel nuts. This Alluvium, of a sandy nature, appears to have been laid down by the little stream, which, then a triloutary of the old Western Yar, at one time flowed at a higher level than it does now, and the origin of the chine is, of course, to be traced to the erosion caused by this little flow of water. It will be observed that the Wealden Beds are subject to great variations and that their characteristics are not constant — beds of sandstone will be noticed to thin out and become quite changed even within short distances. This is well shown in the beds of limestone and sandstone forming the cliff just to the west of Brook Point, or Hanover Point as it is sometimes called. At the Point the student will find much to interest him, for here can be seen the well-known fossil "pine-raft" stretching out from the base of the cliff towards low-water mark. The recumbent trunks of the fossil trees are of considerable size, and they represent, no doubt, the remains of a raft of logs, floated down and deposited in the sand-banks of its delta by the ancient Wealden river. The wood is of a black or dark-grey colour, and, unfortunately, is highly charged with iron pyrites which renders the fossil wood somewhat difficult to preserve. From the Point to Brook Chine are exposed the lowest visible beds of the Wealden series, and eastward of the Chine, the strata, instead of 12 GEOLOGY dipping sharply to the north-west, slope gradually to the south-east — in fact, we are here at about the central line of the Brixton anticline, and the arching of the strata is plainly visible in the cliff; it being, of course, understood that the trend of the coast is such that a diagonal section is shown, and not one cut at right angles to the direction of the anticlinal fold. From Sedmore Point eastwards, along the coast nearly as far as Cowleaze Chine, we have cliif sections of the purple and variegated marls of the Lower Wealden age. The strata along this part of the coast have yielded some of the most splendid reptilian remains which have ever been found in England, and this district has long been a classical one in the annals of our science. The Wealden age was a time when reptiles flourished — the huge, terrestrial Iguanodon, with its Kangaroo-like form, the Plesiosaurus and Ichthyosaurus (both aquatic in their habits), the Goniopholis (an ancestor of our present Alligators) and many other reptiles, had their day when the sediment in the delta of the Wealden river was being deposited, and in the clays, marls, and sandstones then formed their bones may be discovered. It is not suggested that the student may, by simply going to Brighstone Bay, find a fossil Iguanodon waiting to be collected — on the contrary, these reptilian remains require much patience to dis- cover. The foundering of the cliffs after winter storms and the scouring of the beach and foreshore by a heavy " ground sea," are necessary before one can reasonably expect to make a "find"; though it is quite possible that amongst the shingle of the beach, portions of water-worn reptilian bones may be found, while careful search ma}^, of course, lead to the discovery of bones in situ in the clays* marls, and sandstones of the coast. Between the cliff called Barnes High and Shepherd's Chine (not to be confused with Shippard's Chine in Compton Bay) the Wealden Shales gradually descend to the beach, and near the bottom of the Chine the shales yield plenty of leaves of the fern Lonchoptcris Mantelli, besides an abundance of shells of fluviatile Mollusca. It is possible here to trace in these higher beds a transition from estuarine to more marine conditions, and the characteristics of the fauna change as we make our way along to Atherfield Point, where the junction of the Wealden Beds with the Lower Greensand may be examined at sea level. Blocks of coarse-grained, gritty sandstone, much coloured by iron oxide, lie in profusion on the beach and are crowded with fossils. This band of sandy ironstone, forming the basement bed of the Lower Greensand, is a marked feature in the cliff and is known as the Perna Bed ; beyond Atherfield Point it stretches away to sea and forms one of the dangerous ledges on which many a fine ship has been wrecked. The student will probably devote some time to working in the Perna Bed, but a good hammer and chisel, and much care in handling the tools, are needed before the fossils can be extracted with success. The large oyster {Exogyra sinuata) and GEOLOGY 13 the big Corhula are very numerous in this bed, while the fossil shell most difficult to extract in a perfect state is the Perna Mulleti with its elongated hinge. On our way eastward we now pass the Lower Greensand Beds in ascending order, and the Lobster Bed of the Atherfield Clay will be noticed in the cliff beneath the lifeboat slipway. The crustaceans are to be found in small nodules of hard, sandy clay of about the size and shape of the fossils they contain. Above these beds are the sandy, argillaceous deposits in which large, spherical, concretionary nodules of great hardness occur — known as the " Cracker Eocks." They require smashing with a sledge-hammer, and in their sandy centres some beautiful fossil Gasteropoda are frequently found. Passing along the coast, blocks of sandstone lying on the beach may often be found to be crowded with shells of Terebratula and Bkynconella, and the student may pass many profitable hours in collecting fossils from the rich sec- tions of Lower Greensand in this locality. Space does not permit of a detailed description of the many features of interest, and one must leave unwritten a full account of this classical district. The cliffs eastward to Blackgang Chine continue to show the fine series of Lower Greensand Beds, and in the Chine itself a splendid section is visible, as is also the case in nearly all the chines on the south- west coast of the Island. All the cliffs are capped by the extensive deposits of Valley Gravels, and there are also considerable recent accumulations of sand, which, dislodged by wind erosion, has been blown up over the face of the cliffs. To the scouring action of the fierce winds, which blow from the south-west, the enlargement of most of the chines is due, and many instructive examples of wind erosion may be seen. The highest beds of the Lower Greensand (the Carstone) — coarse and highly-ferruginous grits — may be noticed in the top part of Blackgang Chine, and these are overlaid by the dark-blue, unctuous clay of the Gault. We have now progressed so far away from the axis of the Brixton anticline that its influence is partially lost, and we find that the slope of the strata towards the south is a very gradual one. Attention must now be directed to the geological features of the district between Blackgang and Ventnor — the famous Undercliff. The effects produced by the denudation of the more yielding parts of our strata have already been spoken of as producing the present configuration of our hills and valleys, and along this portion of the Island these results are very apparent. The range of Downs from St. Catherines to Shanklin Down have a capping of Lower Chalk, resting on the thick and hard beds of Upper Greensand ; these over- lie the soft, slippery Gault Clay, which, in its turn, is resting on the Carstone Beds of the Lower Greensand. The exact junction between the Carstone and Gault along the Undercliff is difficult to determine, as there has been so much slipping and foundering of the land surface. The Gault is of a dense and saponaceous nature, and. 14 GEOLOGY being impervious to the soaking of rain-water, it has caused, and still causes, the foundering and gradual slipping of all this land abutting on the coast-line. The whole district of the Undercliff — some 7 miles in length — has been fashioned by rain-water per- colating through and disintegrating porous strata, until, meeting the dense Gault Clay, it is thrown out in the form of many springs and runnels of water, which only serve to lubricate the surface of the clay and lead to the sinking and sliding of the land. The whole of the middle and lower part of the district really consists of a talus of masses of rock and collections of debris fallen from the face of the inner line of cliffs of Upper Greensand. The section along the face of these higher cliffs is, of course, on a line at about right angles to the dip slope, and the strata appear therefore to be horizontal. On the north side of these Downs we find that the Gault has led to a good deal of slipping of the land, and to much soil-creep down towards the valley ; it has also caused the breaking away of the edges of the Upper Greensand escarpment, and in several places in- land cliffs have thus been formed. The student may pass many profitable hours in collecting fossils from the fallen masses of strata along the coast between Kocken End and Ventnor, but it must be remembered that few sections of strata in situ can be met with, and that in this confused mass of slipped material quite a mixture of strata has taken place. The higher beds of the Upper Greensand may be well seen in situ at the Cripple Path, near Niton ; also in the quarries at Ventnor, where considerable sections may be seen, and again in the quarry near Luccombe. The whole of these deposits are purely marine, and contain the remains of an oceanic fauna. The bands of chert form a conspicuous feature along the Undercliff and appear as ledges in the face of the inner cliffs — each band of chert projecting, while the softer stratum between has been eroded by the action of wind and rain. These beds of chert abound with the spicules of sponges, and are the silicious remains of these organisms. At Ventnor the thickness of the Upper Greensand is about 105 feet. As Ventnor is reached we find that the Carstone has again become visible along the lower cliffs, and is resting on the Sandrock series of the Lower Greensand. The sea cliffs from Bonchurch round the shore to Luccombe show sections of Sandrock corresponding to that seen in the upper part of Blackgang Chine. The coast, of course, is now trending northward, and we are passing the beds in descending order on the southern slope of the Sandown anticline. Between Luccombe Chine and Shanklin the student should have no difficulty in collecting plenty of fossils characteristic of the Lower Greensand, although the series here is not so rich in organic remains as it is at Chale Bay. Many nodules of fossil wood and plenty of shells of Exocjyra may be found on the beach to the south of Shanklin. From Shanklin to Sandown we continue to pass the beds of Lower Greensand, until, somewhere near Sandown Pier, the Atherfield GEOLOGY 15 Clay and the Perna Bed rise up from below sea level, but are not visible, being concealed by buildings. Northward for a little over a mile we have a section of the Wealden Beds, arched by the Sandown anticline, the line of which runs inland a little to the north of west. We do not see the southern slope of the Wealden Beds, as any possible section is obscured by the sea-walls. Just beyond the end of the sea-w^all we get our first section of the Variegated Marls, and these are duly followed by the Paper Shales of the upper part of the Wealden series— the strata now dipping quickly to the north. Plenty of fossils may here be collected, and the cliffs have yielded many important reptilian remains, but the section is not so rich in organic remains as those on the south-west coast of the Island. The Wealden Beds terminate at the base of Eedcliff, and, unless obscured by the shingle of the beach, the Perna Bed may be easily located. We pass in turn the Lower Greensand Beds of Eedcliff (here very much less fossiliferous) and then the Gault appears ; it is almost vertical, and is seen at the place where the footpath leads up from the shore to the summit of the cliff. The Upper Greensand may easily be examined in the fine sections at Culver Cliff and many fossils may there be collected, although the strata are neither so thick (only about 80 feet) nor so rich in organic remains as they are in the southern range of Downs. The Lower Chalk can conveniently be worked in the section in front of Culver Cliff, but it does not yield a very abundant return in the way of fossils, nor does the Middle Chalk to be seen in the Cliff further round the point. It might be advisable here to caution the student against attempting the passage along the shore towards Whitecliff Bay —this cannot be accomplished without wading for a part of the way, and it is somewhat dangerous to do much work in front of these cliffs excepting on a falling tide. The Coast-line fkom Whitecliff Bay to East Cowes. — In the foregoing portions of this sketch of the Geology of the Island the older or Secondary rocks have been somewhat roughly described. Along that portion of the coast which it is now proposed to investi- gate quite different kinds of strata will be dealt with, representing newer phases of development and embodying marked advances along that path of evolution which has led up to the scheme of life pre- vailing at the present time. The strata above the Chalk, it has already been remarked, are splendidly represented in the Isle of Wight and afford ample opportunities to the Geologist for investiga- tion and research. The sharp, northerly dip of the strata, on the northern side of the anticlines, has already been mentioned, and we shall find that the Eocene Beds have been materially affected, having been tilted up into a perfectly vertical position. At Whitecliff Bay — from which place our examination of the north-east coast of the Island is to 16 GEOLOGY commence — the cliffs present a most desirable field for the investiga- tion of the strata of the Eocene age, and the accompanying diagram (Plate II.) will enable the reader not only to follow the succession of the various beds, but also, on the spot, to locate the junctions between the several deposits. It will be advisable for the student, while at Whitecliff, to take the opportunity of examining the Upper Chalk, of which a good section is to be seen in the imposing cliff at the south end of the Bay. The Chalk here is, however, not particularly rich in fossils, and many of those that are to be found have been much crushed and damaged by the great forces which tilted up the strata to a vertical position. Many of the flints are also smashed, and they may be found in situ completely shattered — an eloquent proof of the stupendous nature of the jerk to which our Island rocks were once subjected. The junction between the Chalk and the first of the Tertiaries — the "Woolwich and Eeading Beds — is obscured by landslips on the sloping and grass-covered cliff, but these beds are easily distinguished by the deep-red colour of the soft clay, which is practically un- fossiliferous and is about 163 feet in thickness. Above this series, in ascending order and in our passage northward along the foreshore, we find the London Clay forming the first of the low, undulating cliffs, the junction being marked by a band of pebbles. The thickness of the London Clay is 320 feet ; it is a ferruginous or dark, bluish-brown, sandy clay of purely marine origin. The fossils are not well preserved, the most abundant being a Pholadomya and PanojJea, with a Pinna and Ditrui^a j;/a?ia. There is a band of concretionary ironstone, occasionally exposed on the foreshore, crowded with fossils which, in this matrix, are fairly well preserved. Higher up in the series there is a layer of septaria, which may possibly be found to contain the shells of the Pinna. At a line in the cliff 37 feet before reaching the band of hard, ferruginous sandstone (easily identified on the beach) the junction occurs between the London Clay and the overlying series of grey and pale-yellow, sandy strata known as the Bagshot Sands. There is a singular absence of organic remains — except those of plants — in these beds, but the student will find plenty to interest him in the layers of sandy clay crowded with leaves, &c., which, unfortunately, are not well preserved. The thickness of the Sands is 100 feet, and they are succeeded by the important marine sands and clays of the Bracklesham Beds — the junction being usually placed at the band of black, flint pebbles forming an easily recognised feature in the cliff. The Bracklesham Beds are here of 650 feet thickness, and consist of sandy clays of a dark, greenish-blue or brown colour ; there are several bands of marine fossils and also a bed of lignite (some three feet in thickness) at about the middle of the series. A prominent bed of brown, sandy clay will be noticed to be crowded with small Plax^IL, I .■ i o cr C /o- S 0 ^ 00 bO d Z 5! 1 • ^ o 2 < -J J? uJ 'J a: o ,? . ' U- It at uJ Z « X S 0 H S 2f o -» O / $ bj O /• . . If. ... ^ u- *««••• ... tu T5 ««. /'"^ >^al li') GEOLOGY 19 shells of Cardita planicosta, while larger shells of this species occur higher in the series. Just north of a founder in the cliff is the seam of dark-green, sandy clay full of Nummulites laevigata. If the student visits Whitecliff Bay at low water, and after the prevalence of favouring winds, he may find that most of the sand on the fore- shore has been swept away, and then, out towards low- water mark, the succession of the beds may be s^jlendidly seen and an abundance of fossils may be easily collected. Much could be written as to the details of the strata but space forbids, and we pass on to glance at the overlying and still vertical beds of the richly-fossiliferous, marine Barton series. The small Nummulites variolarius will be found in abundance, and also the shells of Mollusca, but the section of the beds is at present partly obscured in the cliffs by landslips and growths of bushes and grass, &c. The yellow and buff Headon Hill Sands, forming a prominent cliff, are next in order and have a thickness of 184 feet, but are practically devoid of organic remains. These sands constitute the highest division of Eocene strata, and in the overlying beds we find a marked change in the characteristics of the fossils, thus enabling us to recognise that in the Oligocene age great advances took place along the path of evolution. The Lower, Middle, and Upper Headon Beds at Whitecliff Bay form a series of sandy clays and marls 212 feet in thickness, and of these the Middle Beds are of marine origin — a complete change from the purely freshwater strata on each side of this band which is richly fossiliferous, but is, at the present time, not well exposed on account of a foundering of the cliff some years ago. Plenty of fossils may be collected here from the Headon series, but any detailed description of the organic remains must be omitted. The pathway to the top of the cliff marks the Osborne Beds of red and pale-green, mottled clays — here almost unfossiliferous, and of much less thickness than is the case with this formation at other places in the Island. Above these Osborne Clays we have the prominent beds of Bembridge Limestone coming down to the shore in a quick curve, and, assuming within a short distance a nearly horizontal position, stretching away towards the Foreland to form the well- known Bembridge Ledge. In the curve of this Limestone one can see an excellent example of the synclinal fold of the strata, contem- porary with, and forming a natural sequence to, the anticlines of which mention has already been made. The Limestone at Whitecliff is about 12 feet thick, and consists of two beds of rock with an inter- vening layer of clay and marl ; it is an entirely freshwater deposit, and a portion of it is crowded with casts of the shells of Limnca and Planorhis ; having a well-defined, transverse jointing the limestone readily separates into rough blocks, and many of these lie strewn on the beach. Just round the point towards the north we have an opportunity of examining the beds above the limestone — these show a complete reversion from freshwater to marine conditions of c2 "20 GEOLOGY deposition. A band of hard, sandy rock, seen as a ledge or shelf at about high-water mark, is crowded with oyster-shells and other fossils of which good specimens may be collected. Above this deposit the marls show a recurrence of fluviatile conditions, as evidenced by the series of laminated clays, &c. (often rich in organic remains), known as the Bembridge Marls, These beds, at this place, have been subjected to much denudation and only show a total thickness of 91 feet. They may be examined in the low cliffs until they disappear beneath the capping of Valley Gravels which form the cliff face from near the Foreland round as far as the entrance to Brading Harbour. In our passage along the eastern coast from Ventnor to the Foreland we shall have followed a direction transversely across the lines of the Sandown anticline and the syncline, the southern lip of which is plainly seen at the north end of Whitecliff Bay. In the journey along the north-east coast we shall be following a line nearly parallel with the axis of the syncline, but at some distance therefrom according to the contours of the coast-line ; it will also be noticed that the strata are subject to certain undulations in directions at about right-angles to the main lines of the disturbance. It is necessary here to call attention to these features, as otherwise the student may have difficulty in following the succession of the beds. These remarks also apply to that part of the coast which will be described in the succeeding division of this paper. Just beyond the end of the sea-wall at St. Helens old church the lower part of the Bembridge Marls may be seen in the rough cliff, and fossils characteristic of this horizon may be collected. The bands of Bembridge Limestone will be noticed on the foreshore, and they quickly rise up into the cliff near Nodes Point. Beneath the Limestone the Osborne Beds in this neighbourhood attain their greatest thickness, and continue at sea level along the coast as far as Osborne. In Priory Bay the sections are much hidden by the sea- wall, but slabs of ripple-marked, flaggy limestones may sometimes be seen on the foreshore, while at Horestone Point massive blocks of limestone from the middle of the Osborne series will be noticed. The cliif section at the Point is much confused by landslips, and the correct correlation of the different beds is difficult. Just to the east of Sea View pier the clays on the foreshore (when not hidden by sand and shingle) will be found to be rich in organic remains, but better sections at this horizon are to be found further along the coast. The Osborne Beds were divided by Professor Forbes into two divisions— the Upper or St. Helens Sands, and the Lower or Nettlestone Grits — and the masses of hard, concx'etionary limestone, forming so striking a feature on the shore at Sea View, are the beds at the top of the Nettlestone Grits. This limestone is of freshwater origin, and contains a few rolled fragments of turtle bones and also shells of Limnea, &c. The Osborne Beds east of Sea View form an elongated arch, but no sections are visible. The marly limestone may be seen m situ on the foreshore in front of the grounds of GEOLOGY 21 Appley Towers ; and at Players Copse, west of Ryde, a similar band of stone will be noticed descending to sea level, and extending from the base of the wood-covered cliff out on to the shore in a ledge of w^eed-covei-ed rocks. The fossiliferous clays above the limestone were, many years ago, exposed a short distance to the westward of this ledge, but the section is not now visible. Some of the flaggy, ripple-marked masses of limestone from a little higher up in this series may be noticed in the Copse and on the beach before Binstead Brook is reached. From here to Wootton Creek it is not possible to do any geological work, as the woods come down to high-water mark, but the strata underlying the foreshore are the red and mottled clays at the top of the Osborne series. Some blocks of Bembridge Limestone lie on the beach at Fishbourne. At the Creek the strata make rather a sudden rise, and on the west side of the estuary the Bembridge Limestone is found at the top of the broken and slipping cliff. This rise of strata brings up the Osborne Beds, and the fossiliferous band is well exposed along the width of the foreshore as far as the cause- way at Woodside House. The rocks out towards low-water mark are masses of the yellow Osborne Limestone. For work in the Osborne Beds the student is recommended to visit this section, as many of the seams of laminated clay will be found to be very fossiliferous. Fui'ther west no good sections of strata are visible as the foreshore is covered by recent accumulations of mud, and any possible exposures in the land abutting on the beach are hidden by the woods and sea walls until we reach Old Castle Point. On the eastern side of Cowes Harbour there is an interesting section at the lower part of the broken ground covered by the copse. The higher parts of the Upper Headon Beds are seen at the base of the cliff, and fossils may be found in the laminated, estuarine clays and marl. The presence of the Osborne Beds, with the Bembridge Limestone, can be seen in the confused accumulation of debris which landslips have brought down to the beach, but the upper portion of the cliff is covered by the copse and no section is visible. The Coast from Cowes to the Needles.— There are evidences that the estuary of the Eiver Medina marks the line of a fault, for the differences in the levels of the strata on the two sides ot the Harbour can only be explained by some disturbance of this kind. At Cowes the Headon Beds do not appear at the surface at all, and it is the lower part of the upper division (St. Helens Sands) of the Osborne Beds which is found at sea level, while the Bembridge Limestone and Marls occupy the higher parts of the sloping land on which the town of Cowes is built. Passing westward by Egypt Point, no sections are visible until Gurnard is reached ; we there find that in a lateral undulation the beds are descending, and that the foreshore and low cliff's show the red and mottled clays at 22 GEOLOGY the top of the Osborne Beds, with the Bembridge Limestone in broken masses in the sloping cliff and as fallen blocks lying on the shore. Beyond the marsh the first cliffs are found showing sections workable by the Geologist, and the two seams of Bembridge Lime- stone form a marked feature ; they descend with a gradual slope and pass out to sea at Sticelett Ledge. It has already been remarked that the top clays of the Osborne Beds have as yet yielded no fossils, but the Bembridge Marls, over- lying the Limestone, are rich in organic remains and here attain their full development. About 6 feet above the higher band of Limestone is a peculiar layer of hard, finely-grained, grey, septarian rock, of a texture resembling lithographic stone and "ringing" under the hammer ; it is transversely jointed and breaks with a conchoidal fracture, and from the number of beautiful insect remains which have been discovered in this deposit, at Gurnard and Thorness Bay, it is usually called the Insect Bed. It is of a thickness varying from two inches to a foot or more ; continuously throughout the Island it overlies the marine band just above the top seam of Lime- stone. Unfortunately, it is now very difficult to find any portions of the Insect Bed which yield any fossils, for the most important of these were found where the bed thickened out on the foreshore of Thorness Bay, but this extension of the deposit has in recent years been entirely washed away by the sea. Should the student come across any masses of the Insect Limestone thicker than usual and showing traces of fossil shells, it is possible that insect remains may be contained in the block of stone — it should be broken in pieces with a hammer and the fractured surfaces carefully examined with a lens. A good section of Bembridge Marls is seen in the cliff on the east side of Thorness Bay, the entire extent of the Marls being exposed from the Marine Band upwards to the base of the Hamstead series, although in places the strata are obscured by vegetation and land- slips. Beds of soft limestone and laminated marls and clays crowded with shells of estuarine Mollusca are seen along the shore, while higher up on the sloping cliff plenty of shells of Faludina lenta, Cyrena semistriata, and C. ohovata, &c., may be found weathered out and hardened by exposure to the air. At the summit of the cliff, and just beneath the capping of Plateau Gravel, a dark band of carbonaceous clay may be found — this is the Black Band at the base of the Hamstead Beds, the remainder of which formation has, of course, been removed from here by denudation in past ages. At this place the Bembridge Marls have a thickness of about 70 feet, and are exposed in a way very convenient for investigation. We pass on across the alluvial flats in Thorness Bay, and in doing so the student may keep a sharp look-out on the shore for the harder fossils — shells of Gerithium, and bones and plates of Turtles, Alligators, &c., washed out from the clays, are often to be found amongst the shingle on the beach. The Bembridge Limestone, GEOLOGY 23 having passed beneath the sea at Sticelett Ledge, does not rise to the shore-level again until Saltmead Ledge is reached, and in the cliffs on the western side of the Bay — below Burnt Wood and Thorness Wood — excellent sections of the Bembridge Marls may again be seen. Some of the beds in the lower parts of the cliff will be found to contain myriads of shells of Mollusca of estuarine origin, many of them being perfect, but also comminuted to form bands of white shell -marl. Fish remains, in the form of bones and vertebrae, are numei'ous on one or two horizons, and from one bed in particular ■ — a band of grey, shelly marl on the foreshore below Thorness Wood — some splendid remains of Trionyx and other Clielonians have been obtained. The beds rise up slowly to the westward, and we notice, in due time, deposits of dark clay on the shore crowded with fossils — this stratum represents the marine band of the series. Proceeding to the westward, the upper seam of Bembridge Lime- stone appears in the low cliff — it is here a dark-grey, soft, earthy stone and the shells of Limnea longiscata are perfectly preserved ; in all other localities the shells appear in the Limestone in the form of casts. Further along we lose all traces of the Marls, and the lower beds of Limestone gradually rise up in a gentle slope, bringing up beneath them the red and mottled clays of the Osborne series. Passing across the entrance to Newtown Eiver, we enter on an examination of the classical sections exposed in the cliffs at Ham- stead, and the diagram shown in Plate III. will probably assist the reader to understand the geology of this world-renowned locality. At the western end of Hamstead Duvver (or Dover) the low cliff reveals three bands of Bembridge Limestone inclining sharply to the west, and shows the influence of a strong undulation at right angles to the main syncline. The Limestone stretches away to sea in the form of the Hamstead Ledge, and does not come to the surface again until Yarmouth is reached. Thus, undulation brought the upper beds down to a lower level, and the denudation into the valleys of the Newtown Eiver and Western Yar on either hand has preserved for us the splendid series of strata overlying the Bembridge Marls, and known as the Hamstead Beds — the highest Oligocene formation to be met with in the United Kingdom. In order to make a thorough examination of the entire extent of the Bembridge Marls the student should, on a falling tide, work westward along the shore below the eastern part of Hamstead Cliff. The beds of marl and laminated clay teem with fossils and plenty of beautiful specimens may be secured. The fauna is of a fiuviatile character, and in the shingle on the beach turtle plates, reptilian, and mammalian bones may often be found. At low water it should not be difficult for the student to locate the Black Band at the base of the Hamstead Series ; it is a bed of very dark-brown, or black, carbonaceous clay, somewhat less than two feet in thickness, which crosses the foreshore some distance along the coast. There are several beds of Clay crowded with Paludina 24 GEOLOGY lenta underljdng the Black Band, and these should assist the student to identify this horizon. Above the Black Band the Hamstead Beds here measure about 255 feet, and are divided into the Lower (lacus- trine and estuarine) and Upper (marine) Beds^the latter being about 32 feet in thickness. Having located the Black Band we pursue our way westward, and with reasonable luck we shall be finding, en ro2cte, fossil bones of various kinds among the shingle of the beach ; the clays in the low cliff bordering high-water mark, and out on the foreshore, will also be examined. As the erosion of the clay clilf by wind and rain is so much more rapid than erosion by the sea, the cliff is seen to slope back at a low angle and the sti-ata are much obscured by landslips and by growths of brushwood. After a period of wet weather the student must be cautious in attempting to ascend the cliff, as the clays are treacherous, and the careless wayfarer may become unpleasantly " bogged " in the slimy and adhesive talus. We pass on until we reach a mass of clay projecting below high- water mark ; this is the foot of a mud glacier, formed by the converging of several streams of liquid mud and rainwash, which, in winter time, descend gradually towards the sea, and showing a pecuhar and somewhat rare example of erosion of the land. Here, if the weather has been dry, we may work our way up the cliff and examine the sections where the strata are exposed. The freshwater beds extend for some distance upwards, and are succeeded by the marine deposits. The latter will be found to consist of hard clays crowded with fossils, and an abundance of specimens in a perfect state of preservation may be collected. Corbula jnsiwi and C. elegans are beautiful little bivalves, and two of the seams of shelly clay contain plenty of Cerithiuni iMcatum, Melania inflata, &c. Quite at the top of the chff is a bed of hard, bluish clay containing some seams of oysters — Ostrca calUfera — having the distinction of being the highest of our Oligocene fossils. Good specimens may easily be collected, and when walking about on the talus the student should search for fossils washed out of the clays and hardened by exposure to the air — plenty of such can be found. We proceed along the foreshore to the westward and soon come to a series of most interest- ing beds of hard, shelly clay and marl— the White Band. Some time may here be spent as this horizon should well repay careful research. The beds will be found to be tilted at a high angle, due to the weight of the slipping and foundering cliff. Some lenticular masses of marl occur in the White Band and contain many seeds of Charae and CarpolitJics, &c. We have here the central curve of the undulation, and passing along to the westward we cross the beds in ascending order and again see the marls, &c., of the lower part of the series. Beyond Bouldnor there is not much work to be done, as' the Black Band and its accompanying seams of shells, which one could formerly see on the foreshore near Yarmouth Common, has in recent years either been eroded away or covered up by accumulations Puat-eBI. 1 y / /. «5J ' / 0 -31 O D < 1 ^ 1 Ul o \ i ^ c CO 2: s" \ ^' . ^ «ft w u. 73 ^ a 3 -J ■; Cs) 0 ■ o 0 >j fey a. \<'/ ^^-.^ vi. -x ' ^v-^ ll" ul z ul V 0 u h \ O (0 \ A (C < \ a'// ul uJ ■% J (25) GEOLOGY 27 of shore deposits. The Bembridge Marls are obscured here by sea- walls and by the buildings of the town of Yarmouth, and we cross the estuary of the Western Yar before any workable sections can be seen. The Black Eock, only visible at low water, lying oif Norton, is a x-emnant of a ledge of Bembridge Limestone; this deposit rises sharply up into the cliffs, which soon attain an elevation at Sconce Point of nearly 100 feet. The section is, however, much obscured by slipping and by vegetation, and many places, where geological work might formerly have been done, are now enclosed and are not accessible. The Osborne Beds occupy the greater portion of the cliff at Sconce, and, being influenced by the nearer proximity to the area where the great upheaving forces were most violently expended, we find these beds, and the other Oligocene strata, occupying relatively more elevated positions than they occur in at the eastern end of the Island. The Bembridge Limestone, for instance, is at sea-level at Bembridge Ledge, while it is at the top of the cliff at Sconce Point, and on the summit of Headon Hill it attains an elevation of about 200 feet. The Upper, Middle, and Lower Headon Beds are thus found to occupy convenient positions in the cliffs in Colwell and Totland Bays, where it may be noticed that all the higher strata have been removed by denudation. It will, of course, be seen that the coast is now trending southward, so that, until we reach the Chalk, we shall be passing along a line giving a true section of the strata at about right angles to the axis of elevation, but it is necessary to allow for the contoui'S of the coast-line in estimating the true dip of the strata. It will be noticed that the Headon Beds (in common with the rest of the Oligocene deposits) are liable to great variations, and it is often difficult, even for the Geologist who is accustomed to work in these sections, to correctly correlate the strata at their different outcrops. Here, at the western end of the Island, the Headon series is much more extensive and is richer in fossils than at Whitecliff" Bay, and we find several thick beds of freshwater limestone, crowded with fossils, at horizons where, at the other end of the Island, only thin seams of marl occur. At the northern end of Colwell Bay the upper portion of the Headon Beds is hidden by the sea-wall and by landslips, but along the cliff's we have a splendid section of the Middle Headon Beds, and here the student will doubtless linger to collect the beautifully-preserved fossils — partly marine and estuarine — contained in the sandy clays. Blocks of the How Ledge Limestone lie on the beach, and at low- water the beds can generally be examined in situ and traced to Warden Ledge. They are full of fossils, and there should be no difficulty in obtaining plenty of excellent specimens. In Totland Bay this Limestone rises up into the cliff and passes inland, but is correlated with a conspicuous bed occurring further south at Headon Hill. The cliffs in Totland Bay are a good deal obscured by land- slips and are much overgrown, but they show a section of the Lower Headon Beds of estuarine origin, and, if time should permit, they may be examined, although better sections are seen at Headon Hill. At the south end of Totland Bay the coast runs almost east and west, so that the true dip of the strata is not so clearly seen, but, we have here a fine exposure of the entire Headon Series. The whole cliff at Headon Hill is much affected by the slipping of the different beds, and the foreshore round Heatherwood Point is encumbered by masses of limestone, from several horizons, fallen to the beach. In the higher part of the Upper Headon Beds there is a thick seam of cream-coloured Limnean Limestone, and it forms a conspicuous feature in the face of the cliff. Two other bands of Limestone, of less thickness, occur in the Lower Beds and the marine clays occupy the intermediate position. Towards the top of Headon Hill are the Osborne Beds, and above these an outlier of Bembridge Limestone — the latter being here of a very hard, tufaceous nature. The exposures of these last two deposits are partly obscured by slipping, and by the Plateau Gravels which cap the Hill. The entire sections at Headon Hill have long attracted the attention of Geologists, and enjdy a world-wide reputation for the beauty and abundance of the fossils they yield, and for the interesting light they throw on the life-history of a remote past. We pass on towards Alum Bay, and there notice the sudden rising up of the strata ; by referring to the diagram shown on Plate IV. the reader will be able, by comparing it with the illustra- tion of the section at Whitechff, to understand how differently the various deposits are developed at the western end of the Island, and will also be enabled to identify the several beds as seen in this most favoured locality. The Headon Hill Sands (formerly largely ex- ported for use in glass works) occur in the lower part of the cliff to the north of the pier, and are followed by the Barton Beds of about 250 feet in thickness. Some of the marine fossils may be collected from the cliff just to the south of Alum Chine. Following these strata (which have now assumed quite a vertical position in the cliff) are the Bracklesham Beds, the base of which is usually regarded as being the band of pebbles seen in the cliff about 150 feet from the bottom of the Barton Series. The Bracklesham Beds here (as at Whitecliff Bay where, however, they are a much thicker deposit) yield a marine fauna, and at two or three places the fossils are fairly numerous. For 662 feet the Lower Bagshot Beds are seen — here assuming the form of many-coloured sands, for which Alum Bay has long been justly famous. At about the middle of the Sands occurs a band of pipe-clay (not, however, always exposed) which has yielded an extensive series of fossil leaves and plant- remains of great beauty. Below the Sands is the London Clay, resting— as at Whitecliff Bay— on the deep-red clay of the Woolwich and Eeading Beds, and these in their turn overlie the Upper Chalk at the south end of Alum Bay. Here the surface of the Chalk at its LATE is:. 0 ^ S 4" tn •0 ° T5 cu i^-Ci (u u cu Q J- -^ci lO -* vi ^ NQ3 01 d zfsi 2 l« 31 1 12 1^ Q^^^, 1 V- w ';/ -.' A= S J — >i >i ?.' V/Z. o GEOLOGY 31 junction with the oldest of the Eocene Beds will be found to be very irregulai', and to bear clear evidence of having been subjected either to erosion by the waves of the sea in which the red clay was deposited or to denudation as an ancient land surface. Geology of the Inland Parts of the Island. — We have now completed the circuit of the coast-line, and it will be advisable to take a hasty glance at the chief features of geological interest in the interior of the Island. Dealing first with the land lying to the north of the central range of Chalk Downs, it will be found that the vertical Eocene Beds follow a line in close proximity to the Downs ; and that the hills in the northern area are chiefly composed of deposits of Oligocene age. The Hamstead Beds extend over a great part of the district, and, having been cut through by denudation, the underlying beds of the older Oligocene periods crop out along the sides and floors of the valleys. These clays and marls form, as a rule, a subsoil of a poorly-fertile character, and the visitor, standing on one of the Chalk Downs and looking northward across the land- scape, cannot fail to notice that an extensive acreage is devoted to woodlands and the growing of copses. On the southern part of the Island the soil of the Lower Greensand is far more fertile, and much of the land is arable — the ferruginous nature of the subsoil being clearly shown in the deep-red and brown colour of the fields when newly ploughed. The Wealden Beds only occupy two narrow strips of surface, extending but a short distance inland from their two outcrops along the south-west coast and in Sandown Bay, so that nearly the whole of the central valley has the benefit of the light and rich subsoil to be found over the Lower Greensand. Ascending the southern slopes of the central range of Chalk Downs, one, of course, passes across the outcrop of the Gault — generally much slipped — and then the Upper Greensand. The Chert beds, at their high angle of dip, and from their greater hardness, are, in places, formed into a subsidiary range of elevations running parallel to the Downs — this is well seen at Bembridge, Ashey, and Mersley Downs. All the hills in the northern half of the Island are capped by extensive sheets of Plateau-Gravels — chips on the floor of Nature's workshop — bearing eloquent testimony to the immense extent of the denudation which removed the great arch of the anticlines. The gravels are simply the accumulations of the harder particles which were contained in the strata — three thousand feet thick — forming at one time the continuations of the beds as we now see them, and extending over all the middle part of the Island. The Plateau- Gravels have, in many cases, been cut through and redeposited in the form of later Valley-Gravels by the action of rivers and streams, past and present. Brick-earths, too, owe their origin to the effects of denudation, and they form extensive deposits in many parts. Sa geology In the Valley-Gravels palaeolithic implements have been found, and Brick-earths, &c., yield neolithic implements both chipped and polished. The gravels occur at elevations varying from 350 feet at St. George's Down to sea level at the Foreland, so that it is almost impossible, in some cases, to determine whether re-deposition has taken place or not, especially as palaeolithic worked flints have hitherto been singularly scarce. It has been recently reported, however, that the gravel at Nodes Point has yielded many implements of palaeolithic types, so that it may be assumed that here, at all events, we have a valley-gravel, and, on the same reasoning, the gravels at the Foreland were also probably re- deposited. With such splendid sections open to him along our coast-lines it is probable that the student will not attempt much work in the inland parts of the Island. Space does not permit any detailed descriptions of the inland sections to be given, and it may be sufficient to mention that the numerous Chalk-pits on our Downs enable work to be done in several of the fossiliferous zones of the Chalk ; while north of the Downs some interesting sections are available in brick- yards where clay is dug in Eocene or Oligocene beds for brick manufacture. The finest of these latter sections is that at the large works at Gunville, where Barton and Bracklesham clays are worked, and also the mottled clay of the Osborne Beds. From an industrial point of view the strata of the Island are interesting. The Bembridge Limestone, in Norman times and in the Middle Ages, was in much request as building stone, and extensive quarries existed at Quarr and Binstead, whence the stone was shipped across to the mainland and was much used in the construction of the various religious edifices in the southern part of England. For several centuries it formed the chief building stone used for all local purposes, and was obtained also at Dodpits, Wellow, &c., in the western part of the Island. All the quarries are now practically abandoned, and the stone is replaced by the cheaper and more easily handled, though less picturesque, common red brick. For the making of this latter object the Tertiary clays and the various brick-earths are well suited, and a successful industry is carried on. Combined with Chalk from Pan Down the Tertiary clays are manufactured into cement of excellent quality at the Medina Mills, and the product is thence shipped to all parts of the world. Building stone is extensively quarried from the beds of rock in the Upper Greensand along their outcrops on the sides of the southern range of hills, and the building material thus obtained is of a first- rate and durable character. It is sufficient to note in passing that most of the towns in the Island enjoy abundant water-supplies of excellent quality, chiefly obtained from deep borings carried down into some of the many water-bearing strata. The purity of the water so obtained is a GEOLOGY , 33 benefit of inestimable advantage to the public, and it is due to the varied character of the strata that difticulties in obtaining these supplies are much less serious than in many less favoured localities. Synopsis of Available Sections. — Before passing to the final stage of our subject it may be useful to classify, from a stratigraphical point of view, the several cliff sections, &c., where the student may be afforded the best opportunity of studying the various deposits. The following may be selected as being the most instructive, and as areas where the most profitable work may be done : — SECONDARY STRATA. WEALDEN BEDS: Compton Bay, Brook, and the coast to Atherfield Point ; cliffs north of Sandown. LOWER GREENSAND: Compton Bay ; the coast from Ather- field Point to Ladder Chine ; cliffs from Luccombe to Shanklin. GAULT : Compton Bay and near Culver Cliff. UPPER GREENSAND: The Undercliff ; Cripple Path; sections among the fallen masses of rock along the lower cliff' between Niton and Ventnor ; the quarries at Ventnor and near Luccombe ; Culver Cliff. CHALK : Scratchells Bay ; Alum Bay ; Culver Cliff and White- cliff. Inland Chalk-pit sections at Pan and near Nunnery, Newport; Down End and Brading Down. TERTIARY STRATA. EOCENE : Whitecliff Bay and Alum Bay. OLIGOCENE: Headon Beds— at Wlfitecliff Bay, Colwell and Totland Bays, and at Headon Hill. Osborne Beds — on the foreshore just west of Wootton Creek, and at Headon Hill. Bembridge Limestone — at Whitecliff Bay, St. Helens, and Sticelett Ledge, Thorness Bay, and summit of Headon Hill. Bembkidge Marls — at Whitechff Bay, St. Helens, Thorness Bay, and Hamstead Cliff. Hamstead Beds — at Hamstead and Bouldnor Cliffs. PLEISTOCENE. Plateau Gravels : Pits on St. George's Down, and at the Chff" sections on the north-west coast of the Island. Valley Gravels : Foreland and Nodes Point ; cappings on cliff's from Compton Bay to Blackgang, and at Freshwater Gate. A Few Practical Hints. — Before concluding this paper a few suggestions of a pi'actical nature may be of assistance. For work in the Secondary Rocks a good pick-hammer is required, and a chisel D '34 GEOLOGY is also of service. For dealing with all the clays and marls a stout knife of some kind is very useful, and it is hardly necessary to point out that for carrying the Eocene and Oligocene fossils (many of them are frail and delicate) a supply of cardboard or chip boxes with cotton wool is needed. The kind of bag, or basket, cai'ried by the student must be a matter of choice for each individual. Many of the small Oligocene shells are difficult to extract in the field; portions of the clay can be taken home, dried, scalded, and washed; the shells, &c., can then be dried and easily assorted. It is most necessary that a tide-table should be obtained, and that work should be undertaken on a falling tide. At many places the cliffs cannot be passed at high water, and on the north coast of the Island some of the more important beds are best seen on the foreshore between tide-marks. Given the time of high water at Portsmouth, the student can work out a " tidal constant" — by deducting the times given for the following places : Eyde 021, Bembridge 0-21, Cowes 1-26, Yarmouth 1-41, Needles 1-55, Eocken End 1-0. On the outside of the Island the durations of the ebb and How are nearly equal — being about six and a quarter hours each ; inside the Solent the duration of the ebb is about five and a quarter hours, and of the flow about seven and a quarter hours. General Conclusions. — From these few pages much matter of interest to the Geologist has necessarily been omitted, but it is to be hoped that those omissions do not detract entirely from the value of this outhne of the Geology of the Isle of Wight. One may trust that the student will find this sketch of some use to him when pursuing his work along the coast of our fair Island ; he, at all events, will admit, from what has already been written, that here he may find a range of strata placed ready for his examination in a way which cannot fail to deeply impress him. At no other locality in the world, of equal size to the Isle of Wight, can a finer or more varied series of fossiliferous deposits be found, and, after he has spent some profitable days pursuing his work among our cliff sections, the student will readily understand why the Island is to the Geologist a classical field for research. Should these few pages induce some of those, whose acquaintance with the science has been small, to enter upon a pursuit of this most engrossing study, then this rough outline of the subject will indeed have performed a useful service. Nature's book lies open ready for us all to see and peruse, but few pause to listen to her marvellous teachings. To turn over the pages of Nature's luminous manuscript, and to decipher the words of her beautiful and poetical truths — set high above all human controversies — is indeed to obtain some insight into the history of the wondrous past, and to learn therefrom to correctly appreciate the beauties of the equally wondrous present. EAETHQUAKES. By PROFESSOR JOHN MILNE, D.Sc, F.R.S. About 1840, in Central Perthshire, earthquake shocks were fairly common occurrences, but at the present time we cannot say that in Great Britain earthquakes are frequent. The gx'eatest number seem to have been recorded in the Lowlands of Scotland, along the line of the Caledonian Canal, in the hills which divide Lancashire from Yorkshire, the Severn Valley, and in Cornwall and Devon. To this list we may add the County of Sussex. Certain of the earthquakes which have shaken this latter county reached the Isle of Wight. At the present time the Island itself does not produce earthquakes. As is well known, seismic disturbances occur when rocky strata are suddenly fractured, or when a line of fracture is extended. Practically all British earthquakes can be traced to adjustments on well-known faults, and although the Secondary strata in the Isle of Wight are considerably folded, faults are scarce — that is to say, the strata have been bent without suffering fracture. There has been a plastic-like yielding, and to this we may attribute the absence of earthquakes. The faults v.'hich have been observed in the Chalk in the Isle of Wight, and in the overlying Tertiary up to the Hampstead beds which have shared its movements, are in all probability the natural records of earthquakes of considerable magnitude. They took place in past geological time. In the pages of history, however, we find that although the Island is, at present, so exceptionally stable, it has, nevertheless, on one or two occasions been roughly shaken. In a volume entitled " A General Chronological History of the Air, &c.," published in 1749, we read that in A.D. 68, the Isle of Wight was shaken, and this was accompanied by an inundation. The next shaking of which we have record took place on November 5, 1734. In the "Philosophical Transactions of the Eoyal Society," Vol. 46, and in other works, we find an account of the earthquakes of February 19 and 29, 1750. These were experienced over a wide (35) D 2 36 EAETHQUAKES extent of the south of England. In London several chimneys fell, and the movement was felt in the Isle of Wight. On November 1, 1755, the terrible earthquake of Lisbon took place. The movement from this caused the watei- in every lake and pond in Britain to oscillate to and fro, and we may assume that similar phenomena were observed in the Isle of Wight. Following this world-shaking disturbance, earthquakes seem to have been felt in the Isle of Wight on Nov. 30, 1811, Dec. 6, 1814, Dec. 6, 1824, Jan. 23 and Aug. 27, 1834, and again on the 1st April, 1853. This latter shock extended from England to Prance and shook an area of 20,000 miles. On Oct. 6, 1863, at 3.22 a.m., the Isle of Wight, together with the South of England, was again shaken. The Deputy Governor of the Island, Mr. T. B. H. Cochrane, who at the time was at Quarr Abbey, tells me the motion was sufficiently strong to ring all the bells in the house. We have also notes of earthquakes which were felt on April 22, 1884, and May 29, 1889. The first of these was the well-known earthquake which was felt very severely in Essex. In 24 parishes near Colchester 1213 buildings were injured, besides 20 churches and 11 chapels. The latter shock apparently had its origin in the Channel Islands. Although a few of the earthquakes which have shaken this Island originated in or near the Channel Islands, the greater number, apparently, came from the vicinity of Chichester. The number recorded for Chichester for a period of 240 years has been 18. Between the 11th and 19th centuries, for the whole of Great Britain, Mallett gives us a list of 234. The greater number of these took place during the winter months. All the earthquakes we have here referred to are those which have been felt, and in many instances caused sti'uctural damage. It is now a well-known fact that a very large earthquake occurring in any one part of the world may be recorded in any other portion of the same. At the village of Shide there is a small observatory at which such records are made. Every year about 130 earthquakes are noted, and 60 of these have disturbed the whole surface of our world. AN ACCOUNT OF DISCOVERIES OF PALAEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS IN THE ISLE OF WIGHT. By RONALD W. POULTON, Balliol College, Oxford. It is only during the past few years that important discoveries of Palaeolithic implements have been made in the Island. In the "Geological Survey of the Isle of Wight," published in 1889, mention is made of an implement found at Howgate Farm, near the Foreland, by Mr. Codrington, "as the only one yet found in the Isle of Wight." As a matter of fact, Prof. B. B. Poulton, F.R.S., found two worn specimens, in 1886 and 1888, on the beach in Seaview and Priory Bays. During the last few years, however, Palaeolithic finds have been fairly numerous. Three definite locahties are known, and it is possible to ascribe the source of every implement as yet found to one of these. These three localities are the stratified gravels w^hich cap the cliffs at the Foreland, on the West High Down at Freshwater, and in Priory Bay on the north-east coast. At the Foreland the deposit of gravel is of great interest. The main mass consists of rounded chalk flints imbedded in sand, and distinctly stratified. This shingly gravel thins suddenly towards the south, and is overlain by 36 feet of brick-earth, containing a few seams of small angular flints ; among some flints derived from it, at a height of about 80 feet above the mean sea level, Mr. Codrington found a neatly-chipped ovate implement. Its surface is lustrous and partly whitened and its angles and edges are sharp and unabraded.'" Two ovate water- worn specimens have been found * For further details see T. Codrington, "Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc," Vol. xxvi. (1870), p. 542; and Sir John Evans' "Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain," 2nd ed. (1897), p. 626 (also containing reference to Prof. Poulton'a original discovery), and fig. 467, p. 627. (37) 38 PALAEOLITHIC DISCOVERIES on the shore at Bembridge, and a thick, pointed implement was picked up on the beach between the flagstaff at Bembridge Point and the Ferry. Of late years the under-cliff at the Foreland has been largely covered by brambles and bushes, and it is extremely difficult to penetrate to the face itself. The locality has often been searched, but wath no further success. It is, however, such a suggestive- looking bed of gravel that I am quite convinced that further finds will be made. The three water-worn specimens mentioned above almost certainly came from this place, though, owing to the drift of the tide, they had been carried some distance along the shore. The second locality mentioned above is the gravel deposit capping the "West High Down at Freshwater. Mr. S. Hazzledine Warren, F.G.S., while taking a walk over the down near Freshwater Bay in May, 1899, picked up a small Palaeo- lithic implement on some ground which had recently been ploughed up by a traction engine. It was ovate in foi'm, about three inches long, thin, and well-made, though not elaborately finished. The same gentleman, being convinced that this specimen had been turned up on the spot, obtained permission to dig further. Three sections were taken, the first of which I will give as described. Feet. Inches. "4. — Surface soil ... ... ... 1 0 3. — Loam, with stones, similar to those in layer below ... ... ... 0 6-9 2. — Layer of stones, composed of flint nodules fractured ; unabraded, whitened flints ; fractured, red- stained, scratched, abraded flints ; Tertiary flint pebbles and iron- stone ; and Palaeolithic implements ... 0 3 (1a. — In places, over an area of 1 to 3 square feet, the stained and scratched flints were found in the yellow clay below the layer of stones. Here implements were most abundant, the flakes sometimes almost touching one another.) 1. — Yellow clay, with yellowish- white, fractured flints and some Tertiary flint pebbles and ironstone ... ... Seen to 1 9 In the layer marked No. 2, Mr. Warren found a great number of implements, cores, and flakes. The implements are generally abraded, sometimes only very slightly, but often to a considerable extent. Many of them are PALAEOLITHIC DISCOVERIES 39 much altered and coiToded, and rough and unpleasant to the touch. They are stained either a dirty reddish-brown or yellow colour, and are often very blotchy in appearance. The corroded examples nearly always bear evidence of having been twice abraded : once before, and again after, they received their ochreous patina. Tlie majority of the specimens were found about 2 feet below the surface, but several were dug out at a depth of 3 feet, and one at 3 feet 6 inches. Mr. Warren has also found implements in the gravels of the Western Yar and in a patch of gravel on the other side of Freshwater Gate. There appear to be numerous terraces of river gravels in this part, which would probably repay investigation.* The locality, however, which has yielded the most plentiful traces of Palaeolithic man, is a large gravel section, close to the sea, at the south end of Priory Bay, on the north-east coast of the Isle of Wight. The gravel face is about 12 feet high (including overlying earth) and 120 yards long. It rests on the Bembridge Clays. On both sides trees and shrubs effectively limit the field of search. The gravel is clearly stratified, and includes several bands of gravelly clay. Many of the implements must have been buried in these bands, and it is to this cause that we owe the almost perfect preser- vation of so many of the specimens. The top of the cliff is 120 feet above sea-level (by aneroid), and the ground slopes rapidly, and in some places precipitously, down to a sea-wall, which stands 12 feet above the shore. The coast in this part of the Island is gradually slipping into the sea, and, yearly, tons of the blue clay, in which stones and sometimes precious implements are embedded, find their way over the sea-wall on to the sands. Within the last five years, however, a fort has been built above the gravel face, and strenuous efforts have been made to stop the gradual wasting of the clay. The most successful method adopted is to plant young trees and grass over the slopes ; and this, though it may prevent the land from slipping, will very soon hide the surface of the gravel and prevent all future search. Implements are found in this section, and on the surface of the clay beneath. They are also found, scattered, on the shore in the north of Priory Bay and even in Seaview Bay. The first implement found in this locality was picked up by Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.E.S., on the shore in Seaview Bay in 1886. A small, less worn specimen was also found by him in 1888 in Priory Bay to the east of Horestone Point. No further discoveries were made for many years, and it was not till 1897 that the next specimen was found in Seaview Bay by Miss Moseley. In April, most interesting paper, ," Decade iv., Vol. vii.. * For further details see Mr. S. H. Warren's "Palaeolithic Implements, I. of W.,' ' "Geol. Mag. No. 435, p. 406. 40 PALAEOLITHIC DISCOVEKIES 1902, several implements were found by her in the gravel falls below the cliff face in Priory Bay, and in June, 1902, the same observer found a roughish type in situ in the cliff face. Thus, step by step, ■tlie implements were traced to their source. At a later period a line, unworn implement was found in situ, and :also many interesting flakes and worked flints were picked out of the .gravel face. With a view to determining whether there were any implements to be found on the beach below the sea-wall, many visits were made in April and August, 1904. These visits were entirely successful, and the finds were so plentiful that in August of that year sometimes as many as seven were collected in one day. The search has continued during many months up to the present time, and a large collection has been made. The fact that the implements on the shore become very scattered is due to the prevalent set of the tides, which tends to wash the shingle to the north of Priory Bay, and even round the point into Seaview Bay. So far, about 150 implements have been found, of which 106 were sufficiently interesting to be described. They are mostly of the oval and ovate types, a few of the ovate- lanceolate and perch-backed series, and several of irregular shapes. Those found at the section are mostly quite unworn, sharp, and unabraded. A few, however, are very much abraded, as if they had been worn in some former river bed. There are two or three specimens which are so perfectly chipped that they may not have been intended for everyday use, but perhaps for some ceremonial or official purpose. Those found on the shore are usually more or less worn, some very slightly, but others so much so as to be almost unrecognisable. The largest implement is 7i inches long, 4i broad, and li thick. The smallest is only 2j inches long, li broad, and 2 thick. It is, however, an undoubted specimen, and is only slightly worn. A great many have large pieces of the original crust still upon them. It was an advantage to the maker to find flints which needed the smallest amount of chipping to produce a cutting edge, for that was all that was required. In several, these patches of original skin obviously served as a smooth place, so that the flint might be comfortably used in the hand as a knife. One implement has a large piece of original crust upon it, and this is still coloured perfectly white, through contact with the chalk. The nearest existing natural exposure of chalk is at Whitecliff Bay, some four miles distant, and it is very probable that flint was obtained in the neighbourhood for the manufacture of implements. Again, sevei-al large blocks of flint have been picked up at the section, which appear to be too large to have formed part of a river gravel, and which have more probably been brought from the chalk. Alfred Robinson, photo. All figures are about Italf natural size. PALAEOLITHIC FLINT IMPLEMENTS FROM PKIORY BAY, N.E. COAST OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT. (For detailed description see page following List of Illustrations. 40 IT. t 2 INC H ES X~.~r d Alfred Robinson, photo. All figures are about half natural size. Palaeolithic Flint Implements from Pkiory Bay, n.e. coast of the isle of wight. (For detailed description see page following List of Illustrations.) 40a PALAEOLITHIC DISCOVEllIES 41 A few of the implements show signs of secondary chipping, aiid one or two have been ahnost entirely re-chipped from an older specimen. In some cases, too, circular cavities have been worn in the edge, as if by scraping some hard substance. At the same time a very large collection of flakes has been made. Most of them are large flints, worn and abraded, and broadly flaked with a few rough blows ; but several which have been found in the gravel bed are quite sharp and unworn. Two or three are thin, twisted, translucent plates of flint. Among the mass of flints gathered at different times from the Bay are several triangular specimens which resemble one another in many particulars. They are, as a class, somewhat thin fiat flakes, one side being usually struck off at a single blow. One edge of the triangle shows signs of having been sharpened, while in each of the other two edges there is a large notch. The notches, as a rule, show a distinct amount of wear over and above the rest of the surface of the flint. It is very probable that the two notches were used for fastening the instrument to some handle, while the sharpened edge was used for cutting. They seem to be quite a new form of implement. A number of flints have been found which were obviously used in the hand as knives. In every case one end, or one side only, has been sharpened, the other end being left for use as a handle. Usually the implement is just a natural flint, with a few flakes struck off one end to form the sharpened edge. x\t the same time, a great number of cores, wasters, hammer- stones, and roughly worked flints have been collected, perhaps indicating that there was a regular settlement or manufactory in this locality. I have not been able to give more than a brief summary of the numerous interesting types of flints found in this bay, but the whole collection will be open for inspection in the Pitt Rivers Museum at Oxford at no distant date. FUNGI. By JOHN FREDERICK RAYNER, Member of the British Mycological Society. Among the various branches of botany, the study of the great sub-kingdom of Fungi is of singular interest, not only on account of the large size, fleshy substance, great diversity of shape and colour, and remarkable beauty of many of its members, but also for the unique character of their nature and life-history. Fungi are crypto- gamic or flowerless plants, but they are distinguished as a class from all other plants, whether flowerless or flowering, by the absence of chloro2)hyll — essential to green vegetation's grand function of bridging over the inorganic and the organic, of forming out of the air the substances of which their living tissues are composed. Fungi cannot do this. Like animals, they can only live on material previously organised, whether living or dead ; if the former, they are termed parasitic Fungi ; if the latter, saprophytic. Another special feature appertaining to Fungi is their edibility. On the Continent the wholesome qualities and palatable flavours of the edible Fungi are universally recognised, but in this country they are generally shunned or neglected, except by a comparatively small body of experts, for whose opinion, however, based as it is on experience, we would claim attention. Of course, the known fact that there is a number of more or less poisonous kinds excites repugnance or distrust of the whole class, when it should only suggest caution. It is a question of knowing what kinds to gather and what to avoid. This is not so great a task as may be supposed. It is true that one enthusiastic mycophagist has eaten upwards of 200 kinds, but if we eliminate those that are too scarce, or small, or tough, or tasteless, to be w^orthy our regard from a culinary stand- point, there remain some 30 or 40 edible Fungi to make the aquaintance of — surely not an insuperable undertaking. Moreover, there would probably be barely half this number available in any one district. They must, however, be studied individually ; there is no (42) FUNGI 43 infallible sign by which an edible Fungus may be distinguished from a poisonous one. Taste and smell are some indication — if mild or mealy, good ; if acrid or nauseous, bad. But their featm-es generally must be distinguished, as we distinguish a rabbit's from a cat's. The text-books must be our guide. The structure of Fungi, like that of higher plants, is divisible into their vegetative sj^stem, technically termed 7)iijceUimi, and by gardeners called "spawn," (analogous to root, stem, and leaves), and their reproductive system, generally known as the s2)oro'ph.ore (equivalent to the flower and floral organs). The mycelium, being concerned with obtaining and assimilating food, is usually hidden in the ground or other substratum where its nourishment is found, whereas the sporophore — wdiich bears the spores, the minute, dust-like bodies from which Fungi originate, as flowering plants originate from seeds — appears in the air, and is in most cases the only visible part of the Fungus. Thus, when we gather a mushroom, we take only the fruiting apparatus of Agaricus campestris ; the plant itself, a mass of thin, whitish, intermingled threads, is left behind, to produce, in due course, succeeding crops of mushrooms. Fungi vary in the form and arrangement of their different parts pei'haps more than any of the other great classes into which the Vegetable Kingdom is divided. According to the latest census, 5200 species have been found in this country, or nearly three times as many as our flowering plants, about half being microscopic : "smuts," moulds, mildews, &c.; and these are being added to almost daily. To give anything like an adequate idea, even in outline, of the classification of this vast assemblage, would greatly exceed our limits of space, but the chief points of distinction are indicated in their proper places in the subjoined list ; we must again refer the student to the text-books. Foremost in the mycologist's library must come the four volumes of Massee's "British Fungus-Flora." It is, unfortunately, incomplete, but includes very nearly all the larger kinds. Dr. Cooke's "Handbook" is the only mycological work in English professing to cover the whole ground, but it is now 40 years old. The little "Microscopic Fungi " of the same author gives a readable account of the minute parasitic "leaf fungi," but its nomenclature and classification are now obsolete ; it has, however, Sowerby's useful figures, k companion volume, Cooke's "British Fungi," is still acceptable to those who approach the subject from the esculent point of view. A brief but suggestive outline of the study may be gleaned from a fourpenny brochure published at the South Kensington Natural History Museum, entitled "A Guide to Sowerby's Models of Fungi." Uniform with this is Lister's "Guide to British Mycetozoa," indispensable for the study of this group. Costantin & Dufour's "Nouvelle Flore des Champignons" is a pocket volume giving descriptions and figures of all the larger species. It is a remarkable feat of condensation, but 44 FUNGI in practice perhaps only a partial success. The "Flore Mycologique" of Qu6let is a more extensive work in the same language, much appreciated by some English mycologists ; and the " Hymenomycetes Europei" of the illustrious Fries is still a standard work of reference. The latest word in our language on structure, life-history, and classification is Massee's "Text-book of Fungi," but it does not describe species. If access can be had to Cooke's magnificent "Illustrations," with its 1198 coloured plates of life-size figures, it will prove an immense help, but even the recently reduced price of twelve guineas is prohibitive to most of us. It is a matter for regret that the Isle of Wight List, now presented (though incorporating the few names given in Venables' "Guide to the Isle of Wight," published in 1860, the only previous attempt in this direction, so far as can be ascertained) should be so meagre. There can be no doubt that it might have been largely amplified, had circumstances permitted. The Eev. W. L. W. Eyre, in his long and interesting "List of the Fungi of the Grange Park and Neighbourhood, Hampshire," says very truly, " A fair knowledge of the Cryptogamic Flora of any county or district is a work involving time and con- siderable experience. A long residence has afforded this opportunity. The various growths are so casual and short-lived in their appearance, very difficult to preserve, and exceptionally numerous, that no individual can do more, perhaps, than approximate to a full know- ledge of so large a subject." We are not all so fortunately situated as the Eector of Swarraton, or pretend to rival his scientific acumen and experience. Our list must be regarded as preliminary merely, the publication of which, though premature in itself, will, it is hoped, be the means of evoking further research among Island naturalists, and of amassing large additions to the Island Fungus Flora, for the projected supplement to this Guide. In concluding these prefatory remarks, I must echo Mr. Eyre's acknowledgment, that " this List owes vei'y much to the kind assistance of the leading authorities," among whom I would especially name Miss A. Lorrain Smith, F.L.S. ; Mr.Carleton Eea, B.C.L., M.A.; and Mr. Charles Crossland, F.L.S. To my colleagues, the Eev. H. M. Livens and Mr. Frank Morey, F.L.S., I am indebted for much help in collecting ; indeed, but for the indefatigable zeal of the Editor of this volume, our list could not possibly have attained its present degree of amplitude. List of Fungi found in the Isle of Wight. [The arrangement and nomenclature are mainly according to Massee's " British Fungus Flora," as far as that work extends ; for the remaining families, the system adopted in Massee & Crossland's " Fungus Flora of Yorkshire" — by far the most extensive and complete work of its kind — is largely followed. The roman figures after localities indicate the month in which the species was noticed, but this is not to be taken as its sole time of appearing ; only actual finds are recorded ; the same remark applies, of course, to the localities themselves.] BA SIDIOMYCE TES. Spores borne on supports termed Basidia. GASTEEOMYCETES. Spores enclosed till mature. Scleroderma Yulgare, Fr. Under trees, &c. Frequent. Lycoperdon saccatum, Vahl. Edible. Amongst grass. Bow- combe, X. L. gemmatum, Batsch. Edible. In grass on down near Godshill, X. L. pyriforme, Schaeff. (Common Puff-ball). Edible. On the. ground and on rotten wood in fields and woods. Frequent. L. perlatum, Pers. Edible. In g^^ass and on the ground in woods. Marvel Copse, x ; Godshill, x ; Pan Down, x ; Sullens. Copse, X ; Apes Down, x. Sec. L. caelatum, Bull. Edible. In grass, on down near Godshill, x. L. bOYista, L. (Giant Puff-ball). Edible. On the ground in fields, &c. Nine Acres Meadow, Newport, viii; St. George's Down, ix. L. depressum, Bon. In grass in onen places. Frequent. (45) ^ 46 FUNGI L. plumbeum, Pers. In grass, gravel pit, St. George's Down, x. L. nigrescens, Vitt. In grass, Week Down, ix. L. cepaeforme, Bull. In grass, Brighstone Down, vii. L. pusillum, Fr. In moss. Apes Copse, x. Geaster rufescens, Pers. (Earth-star). In grass near trees, Bowcombe, x. G. mammosus, Chev. On hedge-bank, Burnt-house Lane, near Newport, i. Ityphallus impudicus, Fisch. (Stink-horn). Edible. On the ground in woods, &c. Sandy bank, Dark Lane, Whitcombe, vi, x ; Marvel Copse, vi, x ; Luccombe. Mutinus caninus, Fr. At base of mossy stump, Marvel Copse, x. Clathrus cancellatus, Toumef. Discovered by Mr. Kippist in a copse at Appley, near Eyde ; and occurs also in a wood near Shanklin (Venables). Occasionally found in damp pasture grounds at Old Park, in Pelham Woods, and at Steephill. It has also occurred near Eyde ("The Undercliff," by Dr. Martin, 1849). PILACBEAE. A small and anomalous group, partaking somewhat of the characters of both the Gasteeomycetes and the Hymenomycetes. Pilacre Petersii, B. d C. On dead but standing trunk of Ash, Tolt Down, x. HYMENOMYCETES. Spores exposed before maturity. TREMELLINEAE (Jelly Fungi). Spore-surface even, covering the whole of the gelatinous sporophore. Auricularia mesenterica, Fr. On ti-unks and stumps. Land- slip, ii ; Burnt-house Lane, vi ; Knighton, vi ; Brighstone, vii ; Marvel Copse, x ; Newport, x. A. lobata, Sommerf. On stumps. St. Catherine's Down, ii ; Bleak Down, vii ; Brighstone Down, xi. Hirneola auricula- judae, Berk. (Jew's Ear). On Elder and Elm. Gatcombe, iii ; Newport, iii ; St. Catherine's Down, v ; Ashey Down, vi ; Ventnor, vi ; Foreland, vii ; Garstons Farm, x ; Landslip (Venables = Exidia). Exidia glandulosa, Fr. On dead branches of Oak. Blackwater, X ; Garstons Farm, x. E. albida, Brefeld. On dead branches. Apes Copse, x ; copse, Tolt Down, X ; Dark Lane, Whitcombe, x. FUNGI 47 Tremella frondosa, Fr. On decayed Oak trunks. Marvel Copse, iii ; St George's Down, iii. T. lutescens, Pers. On fallen branches. Apes Copse, x. T. mesenterica, Betz. On dead branches, especially Furze. Parkhurst Forest, iii ; Landslip, v ; St. George's Down, v, x ; Pan Down, vi ; BlacKwater, vi ; wood, north of Shanklin, x ; Newport, iii, X ; roadside. Pan, iii. T. intumescens, Eng. Bot. On dead branch of Oak, Parkhurst Forest, iii. T. atrOYirens, Fr. On dead branch of Furze, Pan Down, vi. T. sarcoides, Sm. Conidial form of Coryne sarcoides. On old felled trunK, timber yard, Newport. Naematelia nucleata, Fr. On decaying log, near Bleak Down, vii. Tremellodon gelatinosum, Pers. Edible. On Pine stumps, Parkhurst Forest, iii, xi. Dacryomyces deliquescens, Duby. On Pine w^ood. Frequent. D. stillatus, Nees. On Pine and other wood. Frequent. Calocera viscosa, Fr. On stumps. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; pine wood, Bowcombe, x ; St. George's Down, x ; Beech Copse, Godshill, X ; timber yard, Newport. C. stricta, Fr. On dead branch, Parkhurst Forest, ix. CLAVARIEAE (Club and Coral Fungi). Spore-surface even, covering the whole of the erect sporophore. Sparassis crispa, Fr. Edible. Near stump, pine wood, Bowcombe, x. ClaYaria fastigiata, L. Edible. Amongst grass, near Shankhn. C. muscoides, L. Edible. Amongst grass. Apes Dow^n, x ; Combley Wood, x ; Sullens Copse, x ; Dark Lane, Whitcombe, x ; Garstons, x. C. coralloides, L. Edible. On the ground, Sullens Copse, x. C. cinerea, Bull. Edible. On the ground in woods. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Marvel Copse, x ; Apes Copse, x ; Dark Lane, Whit- combe, X. C. cristata, iloZms^. Edible. On the ground. Marvel Copse, x; Sullens Copse, x. C. abietina, Schwn. Under Pines, Marvel Copse. C. rufa, Fl. Dan. In grass, near Shanklin. C. dissipabilis, Britz. Edible. Amongst short grass. Pine wood, Bowcombe, x ; Apes Down, x ; Combley Wood, x ; near Shanklin, x ; St. Boniface Dowm, x. C. luteoalba, Bea. In grass, near Newport, x. C. Yermicularis, Scop. Amongst short grass. Meadow near Marvel Copse ; Apes Down, x. 48 FUNGI Typhula erythropus, Fr. On petioles of dead Oak leaves, Combley Wood, x. THELEPHOREAE (Leathery Fungi). Spore-surface even, confined to one side of the horizontal sporophore. Soppittiella sebacea, Mass. On foot of decayed post, Sullens Farm. Peniophora quercina, Cke. On branches of Oak. Pan Down, vi ; Apes Copse, x ; Beech Copse, Godshill, x ; wood, north of Shank- lin, X ; Merston, xi. P. gigantea, Mass. On decaying stumps, &c. Marvel Copse, x ; copse, Tolt Dow^n, x ; timber yard, Newport, x. P. ochracea, Mass. On Oak stump, Arreton, i ; on fallen branches, Tolt Down, x ; on dead branch. Marvel Copse, iii. P. cinerea, Cke. On bark and wood, especially Ash. Pan Down, vi ; Apes Copse, x ; Beech Copse, Godshill, x ; wood, north of Shanklin, x. P. Yelutina, Cke. On fallen branch, America Woods, x. Hymenochaete rubiginosa, Lev. On post, Arreton Down, ii. Corticium caeruleum, Fr. On gate-post, Sullens Farm, x. Stereum hirsutum, Fr. On stumps, trunks, and branches. Common. S. ochroleucum, Fr. On dead branches of Oak, Firestone Copse, viii. S. purpureum, Pers. On wood, especially Furze and Birch. St. George's Down, iii ; Sullens Copse, v ; Blackwater, vi ; Apes Copse, X. S. rugosum, Fr. On trunks, &c. Combley Wood, vi ; Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Apes Copse, x; Godshill, x; wood, north of Shanklin, x. Craterellus cornucopioides, Pers. Edible. On the ground, Combley Wood, x. HYDNEAE (Hedgehog Fungi). Spore-surface on spines or projections. Hydnum repandum, L. Edible. On the ground under trees. Parkhurst Forest, ix, xi ; pine wood, Bowcombe, x ; Combley Wood, X. Irpex obliquus, Fr. On dead branches. Combley Wood, x; America Woods, x. Radulum orbiculare, Fr. On dead bark. America Woods, x ; copse, Tolt Down, x. Grandinia granulosa, Fr. On old trunk, timber yard, Newport. FUNGI 4:9 POLYPOREAE (Pore Fungi). Spore-surface lining tubes or depressions. Merulius lacrymans, Fr. On decorticated Pine stump, sand pit, Marvel Copse, x ; inside of cask, Shanklin, x ; on trunk, timber yard, Newport, x. Daedalea quercina, Pers. On stump, Parkhurst Forest, ix. Trametes gibbosa, Fr. On stump of Beech, Carisbrooke, x. Poria Yaporaria, Fr. On dead branches. Combley Wood, vi, x ; Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Marvel Copse, x ; SuUens Copse, x. P. mollusca, Fr. On rotten branch, Parkhurst Forest, ix. P. Yulgaris, Fr. On old trunk, timber yard, Newport, x. P. umbrina, Fr. On stump, Pan Down, x. Polystictus perennis, Fr. On the ground, copse near Wootton Bridge, x. P. versicolor, Fr. On trunks, stumps, branches, &c. Very common. P. abietinus, Fr. On Pine stumps. Marvel Copse, vi ; Parkhurst Forest, vi ; Sainham Copse, Godshill, x. Fomes ulmarius, Fr. On Elm stumps. Marvel Copse, iii, x, &c.; Froglands, Carisbrooke, x ; Gatcombe, x. F. fomentarius, Fr. On trunks. Appuldurcombe, ii ; copse near Wootton Bridge, x. F. igniarius, Fr. On trunk of Plum-tree, Newport, v, &c. ; on stump of Cherry, St. Catherine's Down, viii. F. Yegetus, Fr. On Turkey Oak, garden, Newport, x. F. applanatus, Wallr. On fallen Ash, wood, north of Shanklin. F. annosus, Fr. On dead Birch at ground level, Marvel Copse, vi; on rotten Pine stump, Parkhurst, vi, ix. Polyporus rufescens, Fr. In grass path, Parkhurst Forest, ix ; side of footpath, Gatcombe, x. P. squamosus, i^;-. On stumps. Marvel Copse, iv, x; Gatcombe, vi. P. hispidus, Fr. On Pine stump, Parkhurst Forest, iii. P. betulinus, Fr. On Birch trees. Marvel Copse, iv, vi, &c. P. adustus, Fr. On stumps of various trees. Sullens Copse, vi ; Bowcombe Down, x ; on Beech stump, Carisbrooke, x. P. amorphus, Fr. Running over fallen Pine needles, Parkhurst Forest, iii. P. caesius, Fr. On fallen branches, Combley Wood, vi. Fistulina Hepatica, Fr. (Vegetable Beefsteak). Edible. On trunks of Oaks, &g. America Woods (Venables). Boletus luteus, L. Edible. On the ground. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; near Shanklin, x. B. flaYUS, WitJi. Edible. Under trees. Pine wood, Bowcombe, vi, X ; Parkhurst Forest, ix. B. duriusculus, Schulz. Edible. In open places, Parkhurst Forest, ix. 50 FUNGI B. badius, L. Sand-pit, Marvel Copse, x. B. piperatus, Bull. On the ground, Combley Wood, x. B. boYinus, L. Edible. On the ground, near Pines. Parkhurst Forest, vi ; Bowcombe, vi. B. granulatus, L. Edible. Amongst grass under Pines, &c. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Bowcombe, x ; Combley Wood, x ; Sainham Copse, Godshill, x ; near Shanklin, x. B. pachypus, Fr. America Woods (Venables). B. edulis, Bull. Edible. Near trees. Combley Wood, vi ; Parkhurst Forest, ix ; America Woods, x. B. luridus, Sc/iae#. Poisonous. Under trees. Haven Street, vi ; Parkhurst Forest, ix ; near Shanklin, x. B. scaber, Fr. Edible. Near trees. Firestone Copse, viii ; Combley Wood, x. B. Yersipellis, Fr. Edible. Near trees. Firestone Copse, viii. AGARIGINEAE (Gill Fungi). Spore-surface folded in radiating gills. Melanosporae (Spores black). Coprinus comatus, Fr. (Lawyer's- Wig Mushroom). Edible. In grass and on refuse. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Carisbrooke, x. C. atramentarius, Fr. Edible. On moist ground near stumps. Firestone Copse, viii ; Newport, xi. C. extinctorius, Fr. On trunk of Ash, Newport, x. C. fimetarius, Fr. On rich soil near Tolt Down, x. C. niveus, Fr. On dung. Parkhurst, ix ; Haven Street, x ; Burnt-house Lane, Newport, x ; Tolt Down, x ; Ashey, x, &c. C. micaceus, Fr. About old stumps, posts, &c. Common. C. deliquescens, Fr. On moist ground. Parkhurst, ix ; Combley Wood, X ; Brighstone, xi. C. plicatilis, Fr. In rich pastures, &c. Common. Anellaria fimiputris, Karst. On ground in garden, Newport, x. Panaeolus papilionaceus, Fr. On rich ground. Godshill, x ; near Shanklin, x ; Dark Lane, Whitcombe, x. P. campanulatus, L. On manured ground, &c. Sullens Farm, vi ; St. George's Down, x ; Apes Down, x. Psathyrella gracilis, Fr. Amongst grass on waysides, &c. Carisbrooke, x ; Newport, x ; Marvel Copse, x ; Apes Down, x ; Godshill, X, &c. P. atomata, Fr. Amongst grass on waysides, &c. Marvel Copse, X ; St. George's Down, x ; Combley Wood, x ; Shanklin, x ; Dark Lane, Whitcombe, x. P. disseminata, Pers. In moss at foot of trees, &c. Tolt Copse, vi ; Burnt-house Lane, x ; near Gatcombe, x. FUNGI 51 Gomphidius viscidus, Fr. Edible. Under Fir trees, &c. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; pine copse, Bowcombe, x ; Marvel Copse, x ; Wootton, x. POEPHYEOSPORAE (Spores purple or purple-lDrown). Psathyra corrugis, Pers. In ditches, pastures, &c. Bowcombe Down, X ; Godsliill, x ; Sullens Farm, x ; near Shanklin, x. Psilocybe sub-ericaea, Fr. In a pit, Parkhurst Forest, ix. P. semilanceata, Fr. (Liberty-cap Fungus). Poisonous. In grass. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; near ShankHn, x. P. spadicea, Fr. Side of ditch, Parkhurst Forest, ix. P. foenisecii, Pers. Amongst grass. In meadow, Staplers, New- port, iv ; Eookley Wilderness, vii ; lawn, Newport, vi, x ; Combley Wood, vi ; Bowcombe Down, vi, x, &c. Hypholoma sublateritium, Schaeff. Near old stumps, &c. Marvel Copse, v, xi. H. capnoides, Fr. On decaying wood, America Woods, x. H. epixanthum, Fr. On old stumps. Copse, near Wootton Bridge, x ; St. George's Down, x ; Combley Wood, x ; America Woods, x. H. fasciculare, Huds. Poisonous. On old stumps, trunks, rails, &c. Very common. Nearly all the year round. H. Yelutinum, Pers. Amongst grass in moist place, Parkhurst Forest, vi. H. appendiculatum, Bull. Edible. On the ground near wood. Blackwater, v ; Marvel Copse, vi ; Parkhurst Forest, vi, ix ; Fire- stone Copse, viii. H. hydrophilum, Bull. At foot of trunks, &c. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Apes Down, x ; Marvel Copse, x ; Godshill, x. Stropharia aeruginosa, Curt. Poisonous. On ground, especially where rich and moist. Newport, x ; Marvel Copse, x ; Apes Copse, x ; America Woods, x ; Gatcombe, x, &c. S. albo-cyanea, Desm. On the ground. Marvel Copse, x ; Garstons Farm, x ; Newport, x ; near Shanklin, x. S. inuncta, Fr. In grass, near Shanklin. S. coronilla, B2tll. In grass. America Woods, x ; Pan Down, x. S. semiglobata, Batsch. On dung. Eookley Wilderness, vii ; Parkhurst Forest, ix, xi ; Sullens Copse, vi ; Combley Wood, vi ; St. George's Down, x ; near Shanklin, x, &c. Agaricus campestris, L. (Common Mushroom). Edible. In meadows and downs. Abundant. April to November. A. arvensis, Schaeff. (Horse Mushroom). Edible. In grass. Tolt Down, V ; near Shanklin, x. A. silvaticus, Schaeff. Edible. Under Pines, north of Shankhn, x. E 2 52 FUNGI A. haemorrhoidarius, Schulz. (Blood Mushroom). Edible. In grass. Ashey, x ; Godshill, x ; Haven Street, x. A. comptulus, Fr. In grassy places. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Apes Down, ix ; Ashey, x ; Carisbrooke, x ; America Woods, x. OCHEOSPOEAE (Spores light brown or rust-colour). Paxillus inYolutus, Fr. On the ground. Edible. Parkhurst Eorest, ix ; Marvel Copse, x ; St. George's Down, x ; wood, north of Shanklin, x. Cortinarius (Hygro.) castaneus, Bull. On the ground under trees. Combley Wood, x ; wood, north of Shanklin, x. C. decipiens, Fr. Under trees. Tolt Down, x ; near ShankHn, x. C. (Tela.) hinnuleus, Fr. Under trees. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Combley Wood, x ; wood, north of Shanklin, x. C. brunneus, Fr. On the ground. Apes Copse, x ; Haven Street, x. C. hemitrichus, Fr. On the ground in wood north of Shanklin, x. C. rigidus, Fr. On the ground, Combley Wood, x. C. (Dermo.) tabularis, Fr. On the ground, America Woods. C. caninus, Fr. On the ground. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Apes Copse, X. C. anomalus, Fr. On the ground, America Woods, x. C. cinnabarinus, Fr. On the ground, Combley Wood, x. C. (Myx.) elatior, Fr. On the ground, Combley Wood, x. C. (Phleg.) purpurascens, Fr. On the ground. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Sullens Copse, x. Crepidotus mollis, Fr. On rotten wood. Apes Copse, x ; Beech Copse, Godshill, x. Tubaria furfuracea, Pers. On fallen twigs, &c. Marvel Copse, x; Apes Copse, x; Haven Street, x; Sullens Copse, x; Carisbrooke, x; near Shanklin, &c. Flammula carbonaria, Fr. On burnt ground. St. George's Dowm, iii, x ; Pan Down, x ; copse, near Wootton Bridge, x. F. inopoda, Fr. On stump. Beech Copse, Godshill, x. F. ochrochlora, Fr. On buried wood. Parkhurst Forest, ix; Combley Wood, x ; America Woods, x. Galera tenera, Schaeff. Amongst grass. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Combley Wood, x ; Pan Down, x. G. OYalis, Fr. Amongst grass in moist places. St. George's Down, X ; America Woods, x. G. hypnorum, Batsch. Amongst moss. Widely distributed. Naucoria cucumis, Pers. On the ground. Apes Down. N. melinoides, Fr. In grass. Apes Copse, x ; America Woods, x. N. semiorbicularis, BiUl. In grass, &c. St. George's Down, x ; Carisbrooke, x ; near Shanklin, x. FUNGI 53 Hebeloma fastibile, Fr. Poisonous. On the ground. Marvel Copse, X ; Combley Wood, x ; wood, north of Shanklin, x. H. testaceum, Batsch. On the ground, copse near Wootton Bridge. H. mesophaeum, Fr. Under trees. Marvel Copse, x ; Combley Wood, X ; Godshill, x ; Sullens Copse, x. H. crustuliniforme, Bull. Poisonous. In woods, &c. Ashey, x ; Tolt Down, X ; Dai-k Lane, near Whitcombe, x. H. crustuliniforme, var. minor, Cke. In woods, &c. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Marvel Copse, x ; America Woods, x. H. elatum, Fr. Under trees. Apes Copse, x. Inocybe pyriodora, Pers. Under trees. Apes Copse, x. I. rimosa. Bull. On the ground. Marvel Copse, x ; copse, near Wootton Bridge, x. I. asterospora. Quel. On the ground. Combley wood, x ; Dark Lane, near Whitcombe, x. I. geophylla, Fr. On the ground, under trees. Apes Copse, x ; Combley Wood, x ; Godshill, x ; Sullens Copse, x ; wood, near Shanklin, x ; Dark Lane, Whitcombe, x. I. scabella, Fr. On the ground, under trees. Combley Wood, x ; Froglands, x ; near Shanklin, x. Bolbitius fragilis, Fr. Amongst grass in rich soil. Apes Copse, X ; near Whitcombe, x. B. tener. Berk. Amongst grass. Pan Down, x. Pholiota praecox, Pers. Amongst grass. Eoadside, Haven Street, vi ; Bowcombe Down, vi. P. spectabilis, Fr. On stumps and roots. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; pine copse, Bowcombe, x. P. marginata, Batsch. Under trees, Parkhurst Forest, xi. P. mycenoides, Fr. In moss, Parkhurst Forest, ix. Ehodospoeae (Spores pink or salmon-colour). Claudopus variabilis, Pers. On decaying twigs. Apes Copse, x; Marvel Copse, xi. Clitopilus prunulus. Scop. (Plum Mushroom). Edible. In grass in woods, &c. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Apes Down, x ; Ashey, x; Godshill, X ; Sullens Farm, x ; Tolt Down, x. Leptonia lampropoda, Fr. In pasture, near Shanklin. L. chalybea, Pers. In short grass, down near Godshill. L. lazulina, Fr. In short grass, near Shanklin. L. incana, Fr. Amongst grass, &c., roadside ditch, Newbridge. Nolanea pascua, Pers. In woods and pastures. Common. Entoloma sinuatum, Fr. Poisonous. On the ground. America Woods, X. E. jubatum, Fr. In grass. GodshiU, x ; near Shanklin, x. 54 FUNGI E. sericellum, Fr. In grass, Apes Down, x ; America Woods, x. E. rhodopolium, Fr. Poisonous. Under trees. St. George's Down, X ; near Slianklin, x. E. costatum, Fr. In grass, Apes Down, x. E. sericeum, jPr. In grass. Pan Down, x; St. George's Down, x; Godshill, x ; near Shanklin, x ; Tolt Down, x, &c. Pluteus cervinus, Schaeff. On wood. Parkhurst Forest, vi ; pine copse, Bowcombe, x ; America Woods, x ; copse, Tolt Down, x. P. nanus, var. lutescens, Fr. On twig, Combley Wood, x. Leucospoeae (Spores white or whitish). Lenzites betulina, Fr. On stumps, &c. Wood, St. George's Down, ii ; copse, near Wootton Bridge, x ; Apes Down, x ; timber yard, Newport, x. Panus stypticus, Fr. Poisonous. On decaying wood. Gurnard, V ; Apes Copse, x. Cantharellus cibarius, Fr. (Chanterelle). Edible. On the ground. Combley Wood, vi ; Firestone Copse, viii ; Beech Copse, Godshill, X. C. aurantiacus, Fr. (False Chanterelle). Poisonous [?] . Pine wood, Bowcombe, x. C. infundibuliformis, Fr. Edible. On the ground, Combley Wood, X. C. cinereus, Fr. On the ground, Combley Wood, x. Nyctalis parasitica, Fr. On decaying Russula foetens. Comb- ley Wood, X. N. asterophora, i^r. On decaying i?wsswZa m'gncaws. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Combley Wood, x ; Godshill, x ; America Woods, x. Hygrophorus coccineus, Schaeff. Edible. In grass. Meadow near Marvel Copse, ix ; Pan Down, x. H. miniatus, Fr. Edible. In grass. Apes Down, x ; Sullens Copse, X. H. puniceus, Fr. Edible. In grass, Apes Down, x. H. obrusseus, Fr. In grass. Apes Down, x. H. conicus, Fr. Poisonous. In grass. Meadow, Newport, vi ; Apes Down, x. H. chlorophanus, Fr. In grass. Meadow near Marvel Copse, x; Apes Down, x. H. pratensis, Fr. Edible. In grass. Haven Street, x ; down near Godshill, x; Sullens Copse, x. H. Yirgineus, Wulf. Edible. In grass. Apes Down, x ; down near Godshill, x ; Tolt Down, x. H. niveus, Fr. Edible. In grass. Haven Street. H. OYinus, Bull. In grass. Apes Down, x ; down near Gods- hill, x. FUNGI 55 H. hypothejus, Fr. Under trees, Apes Copse, x. Pleurotus ostreatus, var. Columbinus, Quel. (Tree Oyster). Edible. On base of Oak post, Bowcombe Down, ii. P. acerosus, Fr. On the ground, in cart track, Combley Wood, x. P. septicus, Fr. On Oak log, Ashey, x ; on twig. Dark Lane, near Whitcombe, x. Omphalia hydrogramma, Fr. Amongst leaves, Apes Copse, x. 0. pyxidata, Bull. In grass, down, near Godshill, x. 0. onisca, Fr. On the ground, Combley Wood, x. 0. umbellifera, L. On the ground, Marvel Copse, x. 0. grisea, Fr. On the ground, Sullens Copse, x. Clitocybe odora, Soiv. Edible. Under trees. Marvel Copse, x ; near Shanklin, x. C. rivulosa, Pers. Edible. Amongst grass in open places. Pan Down, x ; St. George's Down, x ; Haven Street, x ; Carisbrooke, x ; near Shanklin, x. C. phyllophila, Fr. Amongst leaves, &c. Garstons Farm, x ; St. George's Down, x ; near Shanklin, x. C. dealbata, Soio. In grass, Pan Down, x. C. dealbata, var. minor, Cke. In grass, Bowcombe Down, x. C. infundibuliformis, Schaeff. Edible. On the ground. Marvel Copse, X ; x\merica Woods, x ; Tolt Down, x. C. geotropa, Bull. Edible. Under trees, Marvel Copse, x. C. inversa, Scoj). Edible. Under trees, copse, near Bowcombe Down, X. C. flaccida, Sow. Edible. Under trees. Marvel Copse, x. C. brumalis, Fr. Under trees. Apes Copse, x ; America Woods, x. C. metachroa, Fr. Under trees. Marvel Copse, x. C. ditopa, Fr. Under trees, America Woods, x. C. fragrans, Soiv. Amongst grass in open places, and near trees. Copse, near Sullens Farm, vi ; Marvel Copse, x ; Apes Copse, x ; Godshill, x ; Carisbrooke, x ; Parkhurst Forest, xi. Laccaria lacoata, Sco2). Edible. In woods. Common. Lactarius turpis, Fr. Under trees. Marvel Copse, x ; America Woods, X. L. insulsus, Fr. In grass, Parkhurst Forest, ix. L. pyrogalus, Bull. Poisonous. On the ground, Parkhurst Forest, ix. L. Yellereus, Fr. On the ground, under trees. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Combley Wood, x ; Godshill, x. L. deliciosus, Fr. (Orange Milk Agaric). Edible. On the ground, Parkhurst Forest, ix, xi. L. quietus, Fr. Edible. On the ground. Marvel Copse, x ; near Shanklin, x ; America Woods, x. L. rufus, Scop. Poisonous. Under Pines. Near Blackwater, vi ; Combley Wood, x. 56 FUNGI L. fuliginosus, Fr. On the ground. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Apes Copse, X. L. serifluus, Fr. Under trees. Parkhui'st Forest, ix, xi ; Combley Wood, X ; near Shanklin, x. L. mitissimus, Fr. Edible. Under trees, Parkhurst Forest, vi. L. subdulcis, Fr. Under trees. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Dark Lane, near Whitcombe, x. Russula Integra, Fr. On the ground, near trees. Firestone Copse, viii ; Parkhurst Forest, ix ; America Woods (Venables = Agaricus integer). R. caerulea, Fr. On the ground near Pines. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; pine copse, near Bowcombe, x. R. nitida, var. cuprea, Che. On the ground, America Woods, x. R. puellaris, Fr. On the ground, near trees. Pine copse, Bow- combe, X ; Beech Copse, Godshill, x ; America Woods, x. R. nigricans, Fr. Poisonous. On the ground. Pine copse, Bowcombe, x ; Combley Wood, x ; Parkhurst Forest, x ; Beech Copse, Godshill, x ; America Woods, x. R. adusta, Fr. On the ground, near trees. Pine copse, Bow- combe, X ; Godshill, x. R. oliYascens, Fr. On the ground, under trees. Parkhurst Forest, vi ; Beech Copse, Godshill, x. R. azurea, Bres. On the ground under trees. Wood, north of Shanklin, x ; America Woods, x. R. Yirescens, Fr. Edible. On the ground, Parkhurst Forest, ix. R. furcata, Fr. On the ground. Parkhurst Forest, vi, ix ; Combley Wood, vi ; Sainham Copse, Godshill, x. R. lepida, Fr. Edible. On the ground, Parkhurst Forest, ix. R. xerampelina, Fr. On the ground. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Combley Wood, x. R. Yesca, Fr. Edible. On the ground. Parkhurst Forest, vi, ix ; Combley Wood, vi ; Sainham Copse, Godshill. R. depallens, Fr. Edible. On the ground, Parkhurst Forest, vi, ix. R. cyanoxantha, Schaeff. Edible. On the ground. Combley Wood, vi ; Godshill, x ; America Woods, x ; Parkhurst Forest, xi. R. fellea, Fr. Poisonous. Under Beeches, near Godshill. R. drimeia, Cke. Under Pines, &c. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; pine copse, Bowcombe, x. R. ochroleuca, Fr. On the ground. Parkhurst Forest, ix; Beech Copse, Godshill, x. R. foetens, Fr. On the ground. Sullens Copse, vi ; Parkhurst Forest, ix, xi ; Combley Wood, x. R. fragilis, Fr. On the ground. Combley Wood, vi, x ; Fire- stone Copse, viii. R. fragilis, var. niYea, Cke. On the ground, Combley Wood, x. R. fragilis, var. Yiolacea, Qiiel. On the ground. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Godshill, x ; America Woods, x. FUNGI 57 Mycena corticola, Fr. On bark of trees. Beech Copse, Gods- hill, X ; Sullens Copse, x. M. vulgaris, Pers. Under trees, Combley Wood, x. M. epipterygia, Scop. Amongst moss, &c. Bowcombe, x j Combley Wood, x ; Sullens Copse, x ; America Woods, x. M. leucogala, Che. On rotten wood. Combley Wood, x ; Beech Copse, Godshill, x. M. galopoda, Fr. Amongst grass, &c. Marvel Copse, x ; copse near Wootton Bridge, x ; Pan Down, x ; Apes Copse, x ; near Shanklin, &c. M. sanguinolenta, A. d S. Amongst damp leaves, &c. Park- hurst Forest, vi ; Combley Wood, vi, x ; Marvel Copse, x ; Gods- hill, X ; Sullens Copse, x. M. amicta, Fr. Amongst moss. Apes Copse, x. M. iris, Berk. On stumps. Marvel Copse, x ; wood north of Shanklin, x. M. filopes, Bull. Under trees. Carisbrooke, x; Marvel Copse, x; copse near Wootton, x ; Godshill, x ; Shanklin, x, &c. M. pullata, Berk. & Cke. Amongst leaves. Apes Copse, x. M. alcalina, Fr. On stumps. Pan Down, x ; Carisbrooke, x. M. ammoniaca, Fr. On the ground under trees, especially Fir. Common. M. metata, Fr. On the ground. Combley Wood, x ; Sullens Copse, X. M. stannea, Fr. On the ground. Pan Down, x ; Sullens Copse, X ; near Shanklin, x. M. Fugosa, Fr. On stumps, &c. Copse near Wootton Bridge, x ; Apes Copse, x ; Combley Wood, x ; Beech Copse, Godshill, x. M. galericulata, Scop. On stumps, &c. Common. M. polygramma. Bull. On stump. Marvel Copse, x. M. lactea, Pers. Under trees, Gatcombe, x. M. luteoalba, Bolton. Amongst grass. Pan Down, x. M. flavoalba, Fr. On the ground. Apes Copse, x ; Godshill, x ; Sullens Copse, x. M. pura, Pers. Under trees. Parkhurst Forest, vi ; Marvel Copse, X ; Apse Copse, x ; Godshill, x, &c. M. pelianthina, Bolton. Amongst leaves. Marvel Copse, x. Gollybia radicata, Relh. Amongst grass, Carisbrooke, x. C. fusipes. Bull. Edible. At foot of Oaks. Firestone Copse, viii ; Godshill, x. C. butyracea. Bull. On the ground under trees. St. George's. Down, X ; America Woods, x. C. velutipes, Fr. On furze stump, St. George's Down, iii. C. confluens, Pers. Amongst leaves. Apes Copse, x. C. conigena, Pers. On chip of decaying pine-bark, Parkhurst Forest, ix ; on cones, pine copse, Bowcombe, x. C. dryophila, £?(ZZ. On the ground under or near trees. Common. Autumn. 58 FUNCxI C. atrata, Fr. On burnt ground, St. George's Down, x. C. ambusta, Fr. On burnt ground, copse near Wootton Bridge. Marasmius peronatus, Fr. Poisonous. Amongst dead leaves. Marvel Copse, x ; St. George's Down, x ; Beech Copse, Godshill, x. M. oreades, Fr. (Fairy-Eing Champignon). Edible. Amongst short grass in open places. Common. Summer and Autumn. M. erythropus, Fr. Amongst leaves. Bowcombe, x ; near Shanklin, x ; America Woods, x. M. calopus, Fr. On the ground, Sullens Copse, x. M. ramealis, Fr. On twigs. Apes Copse, x ; Steephill, x. M. rotula, Fr. On rotten wood. Sullens Copse, vi ; Caris- brooke, x ; Newport, x. M. graminum, Berk. In short grass. Pan Down, x ; near Shanklin, x. Tricholoma portentosum, Fr. Edible. On the ground. Park- hurst Forest, ix ; Combley Wood, x. T. albobrunneum, Fr. On the ground. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Beech Copse, Godshill, x. T. Futilans, Schaeff. Poisonous. On or near stumps, roots, &c. Parkhurst Forest, vi, ix ; pine copse, Bowcombe, x ; Marvel Copse, x; Sainham Copse, Godshill, x. T. saponaceum, Fr. Poisonous. On the ground. Sullens Copse, X ; Parkhurst Forest, xi. T. sulphureum, Fr. Poisonous. On the ground, Sullens Copse, x. T. carneum, Bull. Amongst grass, &c. Pan Down, x; near Godshill, X ; Sullens Copse, x ; Tolt Down, x. T. gambosum, Fr. (St. George's Mushroom). Edible. In hedge- bank, near Whitcombe, v ; in turf by roadside, Wootton, vi. T. personatum, Fr. (Blewits). Edible. Amongst grass. Pasture near Shanklin, x ; Tolt Down, x. T. nudum, Bull. (Blue-caps). Edible. Amongst dead leaves, &c. Marvel Copse, x ; Newport, x ; wood north of Shanklin, x ; Dark Lane, near W^hitcombe, x ; Parkhurst Forest, xi, &c. T. glaucocanum, Bres. In turf by roadside, Shanklin. T. panaeolum, Fr. Edible. On the ground, Ashey, x ; _ Tolt Down, X. T. grammopodium, Bull. Edible. Amongst grass in open places. Apes Down, x ; Ashey, x ; Godshill, x ; Tolt Down, x. T. subpulyerentulum, Pers. Amongst grass. Pasture near Shanklin, x ; Tolt Down, x. Armillaria mellea, Vahl. Edible. At foot of or near trees. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Apes Copse, x ; Haven Street, x ; Sullens Copse, X. A. mucida, Schrad. On decaying branch of Beech, Godshill. Lepiota procera, Scoj}. (Parasol Mushroom). Edible. Amongst grass in open places, &c. Widely distributed. Autumn. L. gracilenta, Kromh. In pasture near Shankin, x. FUNGI 59 L. cristata, A. d- S. Amongst grass, &c. Apes Down, x; Comb- ley Wood, X ; Tolt Down, x ; Gatcombe, x. L. holosericea, Fr. Edible. Amongst grass. St. George's Down, X ; Tolt Down, x. L. granulosa, Batsch. Edible. On the ground, Sainham Copse, Godshill, X. L. amianthina, Scoj). Amongst grass, Godshill, x ; near Shank- lin, X. Amanitopsis vaginata, Roze. Edible. On the ground under trees. Combley Wood, vi, vii ; Northcourt Down, Shorwell, vi ; Parkhurst Forest, ix ; America Woods, x. Amanita phalloides, Fr. Poisonous. On the ground under trees. Marvel Copse, x ; wood noi'th of Shanklin, x. A. mappa, Fr. Poisonous. On the ground under trees. Marvel Copse, X. A. muscaria, Fr. (Fly Agaric). Poisonous. Under Birches. Marvel Copse, ix, x ; Apes Down, x ; Parkhurst Forest, xi ; America Woods (Venables = Agaricus viuscarius). A. strobiliformis, Vitt. Edible. Amongst grass. Apes Down, x. A. rubescens, Fr. Edible. On the ground. Combley Wood, vi ; Parkhurst Forest, ix ; Godshill, x. A. spissa, Fr. On the ground. Parkhurst Forest, vi, ix ; Combley Wood, vi. A8C0MYCETES. Spores in mother-cells termed Asci. HYSTEEIACEAE. Ascophore elongate, splitting. Hypoderma hederae, De Not. In the Landslip (Venables = Hysterium hederae). Dichaena quercina, Fr. On living Oak branches. Near Black- water, vi ; Firestone Copse, viii. DISCOMYCETES (Disk Fungi). Ascophore flat or cup-shaped. Ascomyces turgidus, Phil. (Witches' brooms). On Birch, Marvel Copse, x. Phacidium multivalYe, Kze. & Schmidt. On dead leaves of Holly. Near Lynn Farm, Haven Street, vi ; America Woods, x ; St. George's Down, iii. Trochila ilicis, Croiian. On dead leaves of HoUy. St. George's Down, iii ; near Lynn Farm, Haven Street, vi ; near Bowcombe Down, vi ; America Woods, x. 60 FUNGI Bulgaria polymorpha, Wettstein. On trunks of old felled trees, Newport, x. Coryne atrovirens, Sacc. On decaying wood, Parkhurst Forest, ix. Mollisia melaleuca, Sacc. On decaying wood, America Woods, x. M. cinerea, Karst. On decaying wood. Pan Down, vi ; Combley Wood, x ; America Woods, x. Helotium claroflaYum, Berk. On dead stem of Briar, Apes Dowx, X. H. flaYUm, Phil. On decorticated branch, America Woods, x, H. Yirgultorum, Karst. On rotten twigs. Sullens Copse, x ; America Woods, x ; copse near Wootton Bi-idge, x. H. Yirgultorum var. fructigenum, Behm. On decaying acorns. Apes Down, x ; Combley Wood, x. H. herbarum, Fr. On dead stem, Carisbrooke, x. H. phyllogenon, Behm. On dead leaf, Combley Wood, x. Giboria pseudotuberosa, Sacc. On decaying wood, America Woods, X. Ghlorosplenium aeruginosum, De Not. On rotten wood. Parkhurst Forest, iii ; Combley Wood, vi ; Firestone Copse, viii ; America Woods, x. Sphaerospora trechispora, Sacc. On bare ground, cliff. Black- gang, iii. Tapesia sanguinea, Fckl. On rotten wood, Combley Wood, x. Lachnea SCUtellata, Gillet. On damp ground, Totland Bay, viii. Dasyscypha Yirginea, Fckl. On decaying twigs. Marvel Copse, vi ; Combley Wood, vi ; Pan Down, vi ; Shanklin (Venables = Peziza). D. niYea, Mass. On rotten twigs, Parkhurst Forest, vi ; on decayed Bramble stem. Marvel Copse, iii. Geopyxis coccinea, Mass. (Scarlet Cup-moss). On decaying twigs among leaves, &c. Apes Copse, ii ; Burnt-House Lane, nea»* Newport, i, ii ; Dark Lane, near Whitcombe, i, ii ; Marvel Copse, i ; Garstons, iii ; in a wood near Shanklin (Venables = Peziza). Barlaea Crouani, Mass. Amongst moss on wall, Newport, xii. Humaria rutilans, Sacc. On down near Shanklin (Venables = Peziza). Peziza Yesiculosa, Bull. Among sand in greenhouse, Newport, v. P. Yesiculosa, var. cerea, Behm. In cucumber frame, Shanklin (Venables = P. cerea). P. badia, Pers. On bare ground, sand-pit. Marvel Copse, vi. P. pustulata, Pers. On the ground, Combley Wood, x. Otidea aurantia, Mass. Edible. On bare ground. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; sand-pit. Marvel Copse, x. Rhizina inflata, Quil. On burnt ground, St. George's Down, x. HelYella crispa, Fr. Edible. On the ground. Marvel Copse, x. Morchella crassipes, var. Smithiana, Cke. On sandy bank near Marvel Copse, v ; Gatcombe, v. Mitrula phalloides, Chev. In wet ditch, Parkhurst Forest, v. FUNGI 61 PYEENOMYCETES (Capsular Fungi). Ascophore enclosed in a flask-shaped Perithecium. Nectria cinnabarina {Tode). On dead branch, copse, Tolt Down, X. Hypomyces rosellus {A. & S). On Fomes amiosus, Marvel Copse, vi ; on Laccaria laccata and Cortinarius purjmrascens, Park- hurst Forest, ix. Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. On Elm stumps. Water- gate Road, near Newport, iv, vi, x, &c. ; Gatcombe, x. X. hypoxylon {L). (Candle-snuff Fungus). On stumps, chips, &c. Common. Ustulina vulgaris, Tul. On old trunk, Newport, x. Daldinia concentrica {Bolt.). On dead trunks, &c. Apes Farm, ii ; Tolt Down, v ; Marvel Copse, iii, vi ; Combley Wood, vi ; Westridge Copse, viii ; common on trees in Luccombe Chine (Venables = Sphaeria). Hypoxylon coccineum, Bull. On dead wood. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; copse, Bowcombe Down, x. H. fuscum (Pers.) Fr. On dead branches, especially Hazel. Combley Wood, vi ; Parkhurst Forest, ix ; copse, Tolt Down, x ; Godshill, X ; Marvel Copse, iii. ' H. multiforme (Fr.). On dead branches, &c. Godshill, x; Westover, x. Phyllochora ulmi (Dur.). On Elm leaves. Common. Rhopographus pteridis, JVurt. On dead stems of Bracken. Blackwater, vi ; Marvel Copse, vi. Dothidea sambuci, Fr. On dead branch of Sycamore, Pan Down, vi. Rhytisma acerinum {Pers.). On living leaves of Sycamore. Common. R. salicinum {Pers.). On leaves of Willow, Tolt Down, x. Diatrype quercina {Pers.). On fallen branches of Oak. Comb-* ley Wood, ii, vi ; Marvel Copse, vi ; Parkhurst Forest, vi ; Firestone Copse, viii. Cucurbitaria rhamni, var. Yiburni, Sacc. On dead branches of Wayfaring Tree, Pan Dow^n, vi. Lasiosphaeria ovina, C. & Be N. On decaying wood, Combley Wood, vi. Clypeosphaeria notarisii, Fckl. On dead stems of Bramble, Marvel Copse, vi. Anthostoma gastrinum, Sacc. Bonchurch (Venables = S%)haeria irregularis). Pleospora ulmicola, Allesch. On living leaves of Wych Elm, Parkhurst Forest, ix. Uncinula aceris, Sacc. On living leaves of Hedge Maple. Burnt-House Lane, near Newport, vi ; Combley Wood, viii. 62 FUNGI Erysiphe tortilis (Wallr). On living leaves of Dog- wood, Gurnard, viii ; Firestone Copse, viii. E. communis (Wallr). On Enchanter's Nightshade, copse near Wootton station, viii. E. galeopsidis, D.C. On Hedge Woundwort, Parkhurst Forest, ix. Lasiobotrys lonicerae, Kze. On species of Lonicera (Eng. Flora). PHYCOMYCETES (Moulds). Alga-like Fungi, with sexual reproduction. Mucor mucedo, L. (Common White Mould). On vinegar, &c., Newport, x. Spinellus fusiger, Va7i Teigh. On decaying Mycena, Sullens Copse, X. Cystopus candidus, Lev. On living plants of Shepherd's Purse, Newport, x. Phytophthora infestans, De By. (Potato disease). On Potato leaves. Common. Newport, viii, &c. Saprolegnia ferox, Nees. (Salmon disease). On Water-bug, Newport, ix. Pythium De-Baryanum, Hesse. Causes "damping off." On cultivated Cress seedlings, Newport, &c. Empusa muscae, Colin. On dead Hoase-flies, Newport, viii, ix. UBEDINACEAE (Bust Fungi). Parasitic on higher plants. Heteroecious. Melampsora helioscopiae, Wint. On Petty Spurge, garden, Newport, x. M. farinosa (Pers.). On leaves of Sallow, Firestone Copse, viii. M. larici-tremulae, Kleb. Uredospores on leaves of Aspen, Firestone Copse, viii. Coleosporium sonchi (Pers.). On Butterbur, near Wootton station, viii ; Gurnard, viii, &c. Uromyces fabae (Pers.). On leaves of Broad Bean, Newport, vii. Puccinia thesii [Desv.). Aecidiospores on Bastard Toadflax, Bowcombe Down, vi. P. Yiolae {ScJnmi.). On leaves of Dog Violet, copse near Wootton station, viii. P. albescens (Grev.). On Moschatel, Staplers Copse, iv. P. primulae (D.C). On leaves of Primroses. Common. FUNGI 63 P. Yincae, Berk. On Vinca major (Eng. Flora). P. graminis {Pers.). On leaves of Oats, Totland Bay, viii. P. rubigo-vera {D.C.). Uredospores on sheaths of Wood False- brome, Conibley Wood, vii ; on leaves of Barley, Yarmouth, viii. P. poarum, Niels, Aecidiospores on leaves of Butterbur, near Wootton station, viii. P. caricis {Schum.). Aecidiospores on Stinging Nettle, hedge- bank, near Gatconibe, v. P. suaYeolens {Pers.). On Creeping Plume-Thistle. Gatcombe, vi ; Parkhurst Forest, ix. P. hieracii, Mart. On Marsh Plume-Thistle, Parkhurst Forest, ix. P. iridis (D.C). On Gladdon, near Eyde (Venables = P. truncata). P. Baryi {B. d Br). On leaves of Wood False-brome, near Totland, viii. P. smyrnii, Corda. Aecidiospores. To the west of Ventnor (Venables = Aecidium smyrnii). P. cardui, Plow. On leaves of Marsh Plume-Thistle, copse near Wootton Station, viii. Phragmidium tormentillae, Fckl. Aecidiospores on Barren Strawberry, Pan Down, vi. P. Yiolaceum {Sckultz.). On leaves of Bramble. Gurnard, viii ; near Totland, viii ; Wootton, viii ; Tolt Down, x ; Newport, x. P. rubi {Pers). On leaves of Bramble. Marvel Copse, vi ; Haven Street, vii. Triphragmidium ulmariae {Schum). On Meadow-Sweet, Haven Street, vi. Uredo plantaginis, B. ci; Br. On Broad-leaved Plantain, gar- den, Newport, x. Aecidium euphorbiae {Gmel). On Dwarf Spurge, cornfield, Foreland, vii. USTILAGINACEAE (Smut Fungi). Ustilago aYenae, Jensen. On ears of Oats. Foreland, vii bank of the Medina, near Newport, viii. SPHAEBOPSIDEAE (Imperfect capsular Fungi). With Perithecia but without Asci. Phyllosticta bellunensis, Mart. On living leaves of Wych Elm, Parkhurst Forest, ix. P. brassicae, Westend. On living leaves of Cauliflower, Park- hurst, ix ; on dead leaves of Broccoli, Newport, iii. 64 FUNGI HYPHOMYCETES (Moulds). Reproduction by naked conidia. Monilia fructigena, Pers. On decaying apples, Newport, ix. Trichoderma lignorum, Harz. Conidial form of Hyjjocrea rufa. On dead branches, &c. Combley Wood, vi ; Firestone Copse, viii ; copse near Wootton Bridge, x ; Sullens Copse, x. Aspergillus glaucus, Linh. Conidial form of Eurotium herba- riorarum. On various decaying substances. Common. Penicillium glaucum, Link. (Blue Mould). On decaying cheese, jam, fruit, &c. Common. Sepedonium chrysospermum, Fr. Conidial form of Hypo- myces chrysosperimis. On decaying Boleti. Parkhurst Forest, ix ; St. George's Down, x. Bispora monilioides, Corda. On Beech stump, Godshill, x. Macrosporium tomato, Cke. (Tomato disease). On ripe Toma- toes, Newport, ix. Isaria farinosa, Fr. Conidial form of Cordyceps viilitaris. On dead chrysalis, Newclose, near Newport, iv. Tubercularia vulgaris, Tode. Conidial form of Nectria cinna- barina. On dead branch, wood north of Shanklin, x. Aegerita Candida, Pers. On rotten branch, Parkhurst Forest, ix. MYCETOZOA. Singular organisms, often included among Fungi, but rather to be placed midway between the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms. Physarum nutans, Pers. On rotten wood. Marvel Copse, viii. P. Yirescens, Ditm. On Pine needles, Parkhurst Forest, vi ; on dead Oak leaves, Combley Wood, vi; on trunk of Alder, Shanklin, x. Craterium leucocephalum, Ditm. On dead Oak leaf. Marvel Oopse, iii. Leocarpus vernicosus. Link. On vegetable debris, Newport, x. Diachaea subsessilis, Peck. (A. Lister). Didymium effusum. Link. On dead Ivy leaves, lane near Caris- brooke, ii ; on dead and living leaves, moat, Carisbrooke Castle, iii. Spumaria alba, B.C. On grass, &c. Lane near Bowcombe Down, x ; ditch, Pan Down, x ; St. George's Down, x. Stemonitis fusca, Pioth. On decaying wood, Combley Wood, vi. Trichia affinis, De By. On rotten wood, Gatcombe, iii. Perichaena populina, Fr. ShanMin (Venables). Lycogala miniatum, Pers. On dead wood, Blackwater Marsh, iii ; on Hazel stump, Sullens Copse, vi ; on decaying trunK:, New- port, X ; on Pine stump, St. George's Down, xi. Note. — With reference to the definition of the order Tremellineae, page 46, exception should be made in the case of certain genera, in which the spore- surface is confined to one side ; moreover, in Tremellodon it ia spinous. FEESHWATEE ALGAE. By G. S. WEST, M.A., A.R.C.S., F.L.S., Lecturer on Botany at the University of Birmingham. Algae are plants of a simple or complex structure belonging to the great group of the Thallophyta. Most of them live in the sea, fringing the coasts of all countries, and are known as sea-weeds. Large numbers of them, however, are fresh- water or subaerial in habit, occurring in all moist and wet situations. Many only thrive when exposed for prolonged periods to a damp atmosphere, w^iereas others succumb very rapidly if not completely submerged, and some can only exist in waterfalls and torrents. The majority of Algae can only attain their full development when completely submerged. They may be free-floating or attached, and many of the fresh- water species occur in gelatinous masses adherent to stones or to the submerged portions of more highly organised aquatic plants. Algae are distinguished from Fungi principally by the presence of chlorophyll, and therefore by their holophytic existence. Although all Algae possess chlorophyll they are not always of a green colour ; they may be yellow-green, blue-green, red, or brown, in which case the chlorophyll is masked by some other pigment. A great many different types of structure occur throughout the group, from simple unicells to complex multicellular plants. The thallus of the higher types increases in size either by apical or intercalary growth. The Algae are divided into classes according to the dominant colouring matter present in the cells. It so happens that the large groups of these plants, which are characterized by definite pigments, also agree in other particulars, but more especially in their repro- ductive processes. The Green Algae (Chlorophyceae), the Diatoms (Bacillarieae), and Blue-green Algae (Myxophyceae) are the three largest fresh-water groups. (65) P 66 FKESHWATER ALGAE Yegetative multiplication occui-s in the unicellular Algae by simple cell-division, and sometimes in the filamentous species by fragmentation of the filaments. Asexual reproduction may occur by special non-motile " cysts," by non-motile resting-spores, or by motile cells known as zoogonidia (zoospores). The latter are the most frequent of the asexual reproductive bodies of freshwater Algae, but are strangely absent from the large group of the Conjugatae. Each zoogonidium on coming to rest, secretes for itself a cell-wall, and begins to develop into a new plant. Sexual reproduction is fairly general, but in some cases the sexual differences are scarcely evident. It may take place by a fusion (1) of precisely similar sexual cells (isogametes), or (2) of clearly differentiated sexual cells (heterogametes). In the first case the process is known as conjugation, in the second the process is one of fertilization. The sexual cells may each be non-motile, or one or both motile. In some of the Algae the sexual organs are of a very high type. The following list of Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae has been compiled by Mr. S. W. Pring from material collected by himself, the Eev. H. M. Livens, and Mr. P. Wadham, and forwarded to Mr. G. S. West for identification — excepting the few species marked with an asterisk, which have been named by Mr. Pring (Editor). CLASS: PHAEOPHYCEAE. OEDEE: SYNGENETICAE. Family : Chrysomonadinaceae. Synura uvella, Ehrenb. Niton ; Westminster millpond, New- port. Family : Dinobryaceae. 'Dinobryon sertularia, Ehrenb. Bowcombe. FEESHWATER ALGAE 67 CLASS : CHLOROPHYCEAE, OEDER: CHAETOPHORALES. Family : Ulotrichaceae. Ulothrix subtilis, Kiiiz. Ditch, Blackwater; .the Underdiff. U. aequalis, Kiltz. In stream, Carisbrooke. U. sp. (? U. zonata (Web. et Mohr.) Kiltz). On stones in fast- running water, Westmill, Newport. Stichococcus bacillaris, Nag. On chalk, Carisbrooke ; on ground, Bleak Down. Family : Microthamniaceae. Microthamnion strictissimum, Eabenh. Ditch, Blackwater. ORDER: SCHIZOGONIALES. Family : Peasiolaceae. Schizogonium crispum (L.) Gay. On ground. Bleak Down ; Carisbrooke. ORDER: MICROSPORALES. Family : Miceospokaceae. Microspora floccosa (Vauch.) Tlmr. The Undercliff. ORDER : CLADOPHORALES. Family : Cladophoeaceae. Cladophora crispata {Both) Kiltz. On damp shady banks and at the sides of streams, Whitwell and Newport. ORDER: SIPHONEAE. Family : Vaucheriaceae. Yaucheria terrestris, Lyngh. On bank near Chillerton (in fruit). Y. sp. (sterile). In stream, Carisbrooke. F 2 68 FEE SH WATER ALGAE ORDER: CONJUGATAE. Family : Zygnemaceae. Mougeotia sp. (sterile). Ladder Chine, Cbale. Spirogyra sp. (sterile). Bowcombe ; Niton. Family : Desmidiaceae. Cylindrocystis crassa, De Bary. On ground, Newport. Closterium Leibleinii, Kiits. Pond, Heytesbury Farm, near Newport. C. moniliferum (Bory) Ehrcnb. Westminster millpond. C. Ehrenbergii, Menegh. Bowcombe marsh. C. acerosum (Schrank) Ehrenb. Niton. "C. setaceum, Ehroih. Pond near Fleetlands, Newtown. ^•Tleurotaenium truncatum (Breb.) Nag. Pond near Fleet- lands. Cosmarium obtusatum, ScJnnidlc. Pond, Heytesbury Farm (S. W. Pring). A very rare species. This is a new record for the British Isles. C. Botrytis (Bory) Menegh. Pond, Heytesbury Farm. C. contractum, Kirchn., var. ellipsoideum {Elfv.) W. & G. S. West. Ditch, Blackwater. C. Meneghinii, Breb. Bowcombe marsh. "C. pyramidatum, Breb. Pond near Fleetlands. ORDER : PROTOCOCCOIDEAE. Family: Chaetopeltideae. ■ Chaetosphaeridium globosum (Nordst.) Klebahn. Pond, Fairlee, near Newport. Family : Volvocaceae. Carteria multifilis (Fresen.) Dill. Westminster millpond. Chlamydomonas pulvisculus, Ehrenb. Ditch, Blackwater. "Pandorina morum (Mull.) Bory. Magazine Pond, Parkhurst. Eudorina elegans, Ehrenb. Bowcombe marsh. --i^YoIyox globator (L.) Elirenb. Magazine Pond. Family : Chaeacieae. 'Characium Pringsheimii, A. Br. Pond, Fairlee. FRESHWATER ALGAE 69 Family : Pleurococcaceae. Pleurococcus vulgaris, Menegh. Cavisbrooke ; amongst moss, Chillerton ; on stone, Gatconibe mill; on ground, Bleak Down. P. sp. ? On chalk, Cavisbrooke. Family : Hydeodictyaceae. '''Pediastrum sp. ? Westminster millpond. Family: Protococcaceae (or Autosporaceae). ^■'Scenedesmus quadricauda {Turp.) Breh. Pond, Heytesbury Farm. S. obliquus {Turp.) Klitz. In trough, Blackgang. Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Balfs. Ditch, Blackwater. A. conYolutus {Corda) Balfs. In trough, Blackgang. CLA SS : HETEBOKONTAE. ORDEE: CONFEEVALES. Family : Teibonemaceae. Tribonema bombycinum, forma minor [Willc) G. S. West. Ditch, Blackwater. T. afflne {Kiltz.) G. S. West. The Undercliff. CLA SS : BA CILLABIEAE. ORDER: CENTRICAE. Family : Melosiraceae. Melosira varians, Ag. Bowcombe marsh ; Carisbrooke ; West- mill pond. ORDER: PENNATAE. Family : Meridionaceae. Meridion circulare, Ag. Carisbrooke ; Westmill pond. 70 FRESHWATEE ALGAE Family : Diatomaceae. Diatoma vulgare, Bory. Pond, Fairlee ; Carisbrooke ; West- mill pond. Family : Fragilaeiaceae. Fragilaria yirescens, Balfs. Carisbrooke. F. capucina, Desmaz. Bowcombe marsh. Synedra Ulna iNitzsch.) Ehrenb. Pond, Fairlee ; Bowcombe marsh ; Carisbrooke ; Westmill pond. S. Ulna, var. splendens {Ktitz.) Brun. Ponds, Heytesbmy Farm. S. pulchella, Kiitz. Bowcombe marsh. S. Acus (Kiitz.) Grun. Ponds at Heytesbury Farm and Fairlee. S. Vaucheriae, Kiitz. Westmill pond. Family : Eunotiaceae. Eunotia pectinalis {Kiitz.) Babcnh. Bowcombe marsh. E. lunaris {Ehrcnh.) Grun. Ditch, Blackwater. Family : Achnanthaceae. Achnanthes linearis, W. Sm. Ponds, Heytesbmy Farm. A. microcephala, Kiitz. Pond, Fairlee. A. Hungarica, Grun. Pond, Fairlee. Family : Cocconeidaceae. Cocconeis Placentula, Ehrenb. Pond, Fairlee; Bowcombe marsh. C. Pediculus, i?/ircn&. Pond, Fairlee ; Westmill pond ; ponds, Heytesbury Farm. Family : Naviculaceae. Navicula gracilis, Kiitz. Westminster millpond ; Westmill pond ; Bowcombe marsh. N. serians (Breb.) Kiitz. Bowcombe marsh. N. mesolepta, Elircnb. Westminster millpond. N. viridis, Kiitz. Westminster millpond. N. exilis, Grun. Westminster millpond. N. producta, W. Sm. Westminster millpond ; pond, Fairlee. N. Amphisbaena, Bory. Westminster millpond. N. sphaerophora, Kiitz. Ditch, Blackwater. FRESHWATEE ALGAE 71 N. radiosa, Kiltz. Ponds, Heytesbury Farm. N. elliptica, Kiiiz. In bog, Whale Chine, Chale. N. Brebissonii, Kiitz. Westminster millpond ; in bog, Undercliff. N. cryptocephala, Kiitz. In bog, Whale Chine ; Undercliff. N. dicephala, Ehrenb. In pond, Carisbrooke. N. aflBnis, Ehrcnh. Westmill pond. N. cuspidata, Kiltz. Westmill pond. Stauroneis anceps, Ehrenb. Westminster millpond. Gyrosigma acuminatum {Kiitz.) Cleve. Ponds, Heytesbury Farm. G. Spencerii (Queck.) O.K. Ponds, Heytesbury Farm ; Westmill pond. Family : Gomphonemaceae. Gomphonema constrictum, Ehrenb. Bowcombe marsh ; Caris- brooke. G. constrictum, var. capitatum {Ehrenb.) Van Heurck. Ditch, Blackwater. G. oliYaceum {Lyugb.) Kiltz. Ponds, Heytesbury Farm. G. intricatum, Kiitz. Pond, Fairlee. Rhoicosphenia curvata {Kiitz.) Gnin. Pond, Fairlee. Family : Cocconemaceae. Cocconema lanceolatum, Ehrenb. Ditch, Blackwater. C. turgida {Greg.) G. S. IVcst. Pond, Fairlee. Amphora ovalis, Kiitz. Bowcombe marsh. Epithemia turgida {Ehrenb.) Kiitz. Pond, Fairlee; ponds, Heytesbury Farm ; Whale Chine. E. Argus {Ehrenb.) Ktltz. In bog, Undercliff. E. gibberula, Kiltz. In bog, Undercliff. Family : Nitzschiaceae. Nitzschia Palea {Kiltz.) W. Sm. Fairlee ; Bowcombe marsh ; Undercliff; Carisbrooke; Westmill pond. N. linearis {-^g-) ^U- Sm- Westminster millpond ; Westmill pond. N. constricta (Kiitz.) Pritch. Westminster millpond. N. acicularis, W. Sm. Westminster millpond ; Westmill pond. N.Sigma {Kiitz.) W. Sm. Westminster millpond; Westmill pond. N. sigmoidea {Ehrenb.) W. Sm. Ponds, Heytesbury Farm. N. Tryblionella, Hantzsch. Pond, Fairlee. Hantzschia Amphioxys {Ehrenb.) Grun. Ponds, Heytesbury Farm ; on ground, Newport. 72 FRESHWATER ALGAE Family : Subirellaceae. Cymatopleura Solea iBreh.) W. Sm. Westminster millpond ; Bowcombe marsh ; Westmill pond. Surirella ovalis, Breb. Pond, Fairlee ; ponds, Heytesbury Farm ; Carisbrooke. S. ovalis, var. minuta, Breb. Westmill pond. CLASS: MYXOPHYCEAE. OEDER: HORMOGONEAE. Family : Nostocaceae. Nostoc commune, Vauch. On ground, Bowcombe Down. N. muscorum, Ag. (Young colonies). On ground, Newport. Family : Oscillatoriaceae. Lyngbya Martensiana, Mcnegli. Carisbrooke. L. sp. ? In trough, Blackgang. Phormidium autumnale (Ag.) Govt. Carisbrooke ; on ground, Newport. P. Retzii [Ag.) Goni. In trough, Blackgang. P. molle [Kiitz.) Gom. In bog below Ladder Chine. Oscillatoria limosa, Ag. Westminster millpond ; Carisbrooke ; on stones in fast-running water, Westmill. 0. irrigua, Kutz. On stones in fast-running water, Westmill. Note. — Students thinking of taking up the study of the Freshwater Algae would do well to consult "A Treatise on the British Freshwater Algae," by G. S. West, 1904, pub. at Cambridge by the University Press : price 10/6. In this work a comprehensive review is given of all the sub-divisions of this extensive group of plants down to the genera (Editor). MARINE ALGAE. COMPILED BY THE EDITOR. The arrangement adopted in the following list of " Seaweeds" is mainly that of the late Mr. E. A. L. Batters, B.A., in his " Cata- logue of the British Marine Algae," issued as a supplement to the "Journal of Botany," in 1902, with a few alterations suggested by Mr. E. M. Holmes, F.L.S. I am indebted to this " Catalogue" for a large number of records of Isle of Wight species. My other chief sources of information have been the hst prepared by Mr. A. Hambrough, F.L.S., and published in Venables' " Guide to the I. of W.," 1860 ; a little book on the " Seaweeds of the I. of W.," by Mr. C. Parkinson, published at Ventnor at a later date ; and some records supplied to me by Mr. P. H. Millidge, of Newport. I have to thank Mr. E. M. Holmes for kind advice and information in reference to the compilation of this list. The number of species here recorded for the Isle of Wight is 216, out of about 750 to be found in the whole of Bi'itain ; but as is pointed out by Mr. Holmes in the " Victoria History of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight," 1900, the number thus far recorded for the whole of the county (there given as 214 species) does not compare very favourably with the much more extensive collections made from the coasts of the adjoining counties. There is thus plenty of scope yet for algological workers on the favoured shores of the Isle of Wight. [The species marked with an asterisk have been discovered as British since the publication of Harvey's " Phycologia Britannica."] OKDER: CYANOPHYCEAE, SACHS. Fam. Oscillariaceae, Stiz. Lyngbya majuscula, Harv. Gurnard Bay (Miss Kirkpatrick, in Venables' Guide). (73) 74 MARINE ALGAE Calothrix confervicola, Ag. West Cowes, on Laurencia ohtusa (Miss K., in Yen. Guide). Isactis plana, Thur. (= Bivularia 2^^<^na, Harv). Ventnor (Batt. Cat.). OEDEE: CHLOEOPHYCEAE, HAEV. Eam. Ulvaceae, Eke. Monostroma Grevillei, Wittr. {=Ulva Lactuca, Grev). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Steephill Bay (Yen. Guide). Enteromorpha paradoxa, Kiltz. (= E. erecta, Harv. and E. pulcherrima, Holm, d Batt). The var. erecta, Batt., I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Niton, as erecta (Ven. Guide) ; grows in deep water at Niton (Parkinson). E. clathrata, J. Ag. In tide-pools (Ven. Guide). E. ramulosa, Hook. Medina estuary (P. H. Millidge). E. compressa, Grev. A common species. I. of W. (Park.) ; Steepliill and Ventnor (Ven. Guide). E. Linza, /. Ag. St. Lawrence (Ven. Guide). E. intestinalis, Link. West Cowes (Park, and Ven. Guide) ; Brighstone, and tlie Medina and Newtown estuaries (Millidge) ; the var. ventricosa, Le Jol. at Bembi'idge (Batt. Cat.). " Venables Guide" records E. Cornucopia, Kiltz. from Ventnor — presumably the variety of this species of that name. '■'E. usneoides, /. Ag. West Cowes (Batt. Cat.). Ulva Lactuca, L. Eecorded in " Venables' Guide" from Steephill Bay ; the var. latissima, DC. on stones in almost every pool (Park.) ; Medina and Newtown estuaries (Millidge) ; Niton (Miss K.). Fam. Cladophoeaceae, Witte. Chaetomorpha Linum, Kutz. ( = Conferva sutoria, Berk). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; West Cowes (Miss K., in Ven. Guide). C. aerea, Kiltz. (= Conferva aerea, Dillw. and Chaetomorpha baltica, Kiltz). I. of W. (I3att. Cat.) ; on rocks at Niton (Miss K., in Ven. Guide). C. Melagonium, Kiltz. (= Conferva Melagonium, Web. cf Mohr). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on rocks at Niton, uncommon (Miss K., in Ven. Guide). Rhizoclonium implexum, Batt. non Kiltz. ( = Conferva implexa, Dillw). Shanklin Ledge (Ven. Guide). Cladophora pellucida, Kiltz. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Niton coast (Miss K., in Ven. Guide) ; an uncommon species, Niton and Shankhn (Park.). MARINE ALGAE 75 C. Hutchinsiae, Harv. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on rocks at Wool- verton (Ven. Guide). C. rectangularis, Harv. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Niton coast (Miss K.. in Ven. Guide) ; at low water, Niton, rare (Park.). C. rupestris, Kiltz. I. of W., a common species (Batt. Cat.) ; on stones, Steephill (Ven. Guide) ; in half-tide pools, Steephill (Park.) ; Brighstone and Freshwater (Millidge) ; Totland (F. Morey). C. utriculosa, Kiltz. {= C. laetevirens, Harv. jiartwi). Ventnor (Batt. Cat.) ; Brook (Millidge) ; as laetevirens in " Venables' Guide." C. gracilis, Kiitz. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; at low-water mark, Bonchurch (Park.). C. sericea, Kiltz. (= Conferva laetevirens, Dilliv. and Cladopliora crystallina, Kiltz.). Ventnor (Batt. Cat.). '■'C. corymbifera, Kiltz. Cowes, rare (Batt. Cat.). C. albida, Kiltz. Cowes (Batt. Cat.) ; on rocks and Algae (Ven. Guide). C. refracta, Aresch. Niton coast (Miss K., in Ven. Guide). C. Magdalenae, Hai-v. Freshwater, rare (Batt. Cat.). C. arcta, Kiltz. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on rocks at half-tide (Ven. Guide) ; very common, especially in summer (Park.). C. uncialis, Kiltz. On the Niton coast (Miss K., in Ven. Guide). C. lanosa, Kiitz. On rocks, or parasitic on Algae, Niton and Ventnor (Park.) ; Niton coast (Miss K., in Ven. Guide). Fam. Bryopsidaceae, Thur. Bryopsis plumosa, Ag. Ventnor (Batt. Cat.) ; in tide-pools, south coast of the Island (Ven. Guide) ; a rare species found at the lowest tides only, lietween Steephill and Ventnor (Park.). Fam. Spongodiaceae, Lamour. Codium tomentosum, Stackh. Steephill and West Cowes (Batt. Cat.). OEDEE: PHAEOPHYCEAE. Fam. Desmarestiaceae, Thur. Desmarestia aculeata, Lamour. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; deep pools, Steephill (Park.) ; Shanklin and Brighstone (Millidge) ; Sandown (Moi'ey). D. ligulata, Lamoiir. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; deep water off Steephill (Ven. Guide). 76 marine algae Fam. Punctariaceae, Thur. Phloeospora brachiata, Bom. (= Ectocanms bracMatus, Harv., et Stictijosiphon Giiffithsianus, Holm. & Bait). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.). Striaria attenuata, Grev. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Priory Bay, rare (Miss K., in Yen. Guide). Punctaria plantaginea, Grev. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; in sandy pools at low water, Steephill (Ven. Guide) ; in the muddy stream of Steephill Bay, rare (Park.). P. latifolia, Grev. I. of W., including the var. lanceolata, Batt.. (Batt. Cat.) ; in sandy pools at low water, Steephill (Ven. Guide). Fam. Scytosiphonaceae, Thur. -Phyllitis filiformis, Batt. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.). P. Fascia, Kiltz. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.); in tide-pools. Culver CHffs. (Ven. Guide) ; at very low water, Ventnor (Park.). Scytosiphon lomentarius, J. Ag. {= Chorda lomentaria, Ltjngb.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Niton coast (Miss K., in Ven. Guide) ; Fresh- water (Millidge). Fam. Asperococcaceae, Farlow. Asperococcus echinatus, Grev. I. of W., including the var. vermicular is (Batt. Cat.) ; on stones in tide-pools, Steephill Bay (Ven. Guide). A. bullosus, Lamour (= A. Turneri, Hook.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on stones in tide-pools, Steephill Bay (Ven. Guide). Fam. Ectocarpaceae, Kutz. '■'Streblonema aequale, Oltm. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.). This minute parasitic species was recently detected growing at Totland Bay on Chorda Filum, by Mrs. E. M. Holmes (Vic. Hist.). "S. Zanardinii (= Ectocarpus Zanardinii, Cm). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.). "Ectocarpus luteolus, Saiiv. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.). E. siliculosus, Kiltz. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.); upon Algae, Steephill Cove (Ven. Guide); found on Cladophora, Steephill (Park.). E. fasciculatus, Haw. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.). E. tomentosus, Lyngh. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; upon Algae, Luccombe Ledge (Ven. Guide) ; on Fuci, common, Luccombe (Park.). MAEINE ALGAE 77 E. granulosus, Ag. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; upon Algae, Luccombe Ledge (Ven. Guide). Pylaiella litoralis, Kjelbn. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Eyde and Niton coast (Miss K., in Ven. Guide) ; Bonchurch and Steephill (Park.). Fam. Arthrocladiaceae, Thur. Arthrocladia villosa, Diiby. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on Zostera at extreme low tides, Bonchurch (Park.). Fam. Elachistaceae, Eke. Elachistea stellaris, Aresch. The var. Chordae, epiphytic on several Algae (Batt. Cat.). E. fucicola, Fries. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; parasitic on Fucus vesiculosus, Steephill Bay (Ven. Guide) ; parasitic on F. serratus (Park.). E. scutulata, Dubij. (Miss K., in Ven. Guide). •■'Giraudia sphacelarioides, Derb. et Sol. Shanklin, rare (Batt. Cat.). Fam. Sphacelaeiaceae, J. Ag. Sphacelaria cirrhosa, Ag. The vars. iminata, irregularis, aegagropila, nana, I. of W. (Batt. Cat.); West Cowes, on Desmarestia aculeata (Miss K., in Ven. Guide) ; Ventnor (Mrs. J. E. Gray) ; the var. aegagropila, at Niton (Miss K.). S. plumigera, Holmes (= S. plumosa, Harv. pro parte). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; West Cowes (Miss K., in Ven. Guide) ; Steewhill Bay (Park.). Cladostephus spongiosus, Ag. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on sandy rocks, Steephill Bay (Ven. Guide). C. Yerticillatus, Ag. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on rocks at low water, St. Lawrence (Ven. Guide). Halopteris filicina, Kiitz. (= Sphacelaria filicina, Ag.). I. of AY. (Batt. Cat.) ; upon Corallina officinalis in tide-pools, St. Lawrence (Ven. Guide) ; on rocks at low water, near Ventnor (Park.) ; the var. sertularia, I. of W., very rare (Batt. Cat.) ; West Cowes (Miss K., in Ven. Guide) ; a rare "species" parasitic on Laminaria, &c. (Park.). Stypocaulon scoparium, Kiltz. (= Sphacelaria scopiaria, Ag.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on rocks, St. Lawrence (Ven. Guide) ; Brighstone and Brook (Millidge). 78 marine algae Fam. Myeionemaceae, Thur. Myrionema strangulans, Grev. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.). Ralfsia yerrucosa, Aresch. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Ventnor (Mrs. J. E. Gray). Fam. Chordariaceae, Eke. Chordaria flagelliformis, Ag. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on stones in tide-pools, Ventnor (Ven. Guide). Mesogloia Yermiculata, Le Jol. (= M. vermicularis, Acj), I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on sand in tide-pools, Steephill (Ven. Guide). Castagnea GriflBthsiana, /. Ag. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.); is on Mr. Hambrough's list in "Venables' Guide." Leathesia difFormis, Aresch. (= L. tuheriformis, S. F. Gray). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Niton (Miss K., in Ven. Guide). Fam. Sporochnaceae, Grev. Sporochnus pedunculatus, Ag. I. of W., rare (Batt. Cat.). Fam. Chord ace ae, Eke. Chorda Filum, Stackh. I. of W., including the vars. thrix and subtomentosa (Batt. Cat.) ; on stones in tide-pools, St. Lawrence (Ven. Guide) ; Bembridge (Park.). Fam. Laminariaceae, Thur. Laminaria saccharina, Lamour. I. of W., including the vars. Phyllitis and linearis (Batt. Cat.) ; on stones and rocks at low water, Steephill, also the var. Phyllitis in tide-pools, Steephill (Ven. Guide). L. digitata, Lamour. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on rocks at low water, Steephill (Ven. Guide) ; common after a storm, Ventnor (Park.). L. Cloustoni, Edm. (= L. hyx>erhorea, Foslie). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.). Saccorhiza bulbosa, De laPyl. (= Laminaria hulhosa, Lamour). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; growing profusely 200 yards to the west of Ventnor esplanade at extreme low water (Park.). Alaria esculenta, Grev. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; reported to be found at Freshwater Gate (Ven. Guide). MARINE ALGAE 79 Fam. Fucaceae, J. Ag. Fucus ceranoides, L. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Medina river, Miss K., and Brading Harbour, A. G. More (Yen. Guide). "-■T. platy carpus, Thur. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.). F. Yesiculosus, L. On rocks, Steephill, &c. (Yen. Guide) ; a common species in tidal pools (Park.) ; everywhere on seashores and in estuaries (Millidge). F. serratus, L. On rocks, Steephill, &c. (Yen. Guide) ; common (Park.) ; Sandown and Yentnor (Morey) ; everywhere on seashores and in estuaries (Millidge). Ascophyllum nodosum, Le Jol. (= Fucus nodosus). On rocks, Yentnor, &c. (Yen. Guide) ; Steephill (Park.) ; everywhere common (Millidge) ; Sandown and Totland (Morey). PelYetia canaliculata. Dene, d- Thur. (= Fucus canaliculatus, L.). Niton coast (Miss K., in Yen. Guide) ; mill-pond at St. Helens (A. G. Moi'e, in Yen. Guide) ; at high-water mark, Niton and Steep- hill (Park.).^ Bifurcaria tuberculata, Stackh. (= Pycnophycus UcberculatuSy Kiltz). I. of W. (Batt, Cat.) ; Niton coast, in Watershoot Bay (Miss K., in Yen. Guide). Himanthalia lorea, Lymjh. On rocks below low-water mark, Steephill Cove ; often cast ashore at Bembridge (More, in Yen. Guide) ; Brighstone (Millidge). Halidrys siliquosa, Lyngh. On sandy rocks, Luccombe ; also at Bembridge (More, in Yen. Guide) ; grows profusely from high to low w^ater (Park.) ; Brighstone, Brook, Freshwater, Shanklin, &c. — a very common species (Millidge) ; Totland and Sandown (Morey). Cystoseira ericoides, Aq. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on rocks at low water at spring tides, St. Lawrence, &c. (Yen. Guide). C. granulata, Ag. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; in tide-pools, Steephill Bay (Yen. Guide) ; Brook (MiUidge). C. discors, Ag. (= C . foeniculacea, Grev). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.); in tide-pools, Steephill Bay (Yen. Guide) ; Brighstone and Shanklin (Millidge). C. fibrosa, Ag. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; in three or four-fathom water off Mirables (Yen. Guide). Fam. Dictyotaceae, J. Ag. Dictyota dichotoma, Lamour. I of W., including the var. implexa (Batt. Cat.) ; on rocks at low water, St. Lawrence (Yen. Guide) ; Shanklin and Freshwater, the var. implexa {intricata) at Shanklin (Millidge) ; Bonchurch (Morey). Taonia atomaria, J. Ag. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Sea Yiew (Miss K., in Yen. Guide). 80 MAEINE ALGAE Padina pavonia, Gaillon. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on sandy rocks, Luccombe Ledge, and at Bembridge (Ven. Guide) ; Luccombe and Steephill (Park.) ; Shanklin (Millidge). Haliseris polypodioides, Ag. Puckaster (Batt. Cat.) ; Puckaster Cove (Miss K., in Ven. Guide). ORDEE: EHODOPHYCEAE, RUPE. Fam. Porphyraceae, Thur. '•Torphyra leucosticta, Thur. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.). Wildemannia linearis, De Tour (= P. vulgaris, Haw. lyro jmrte). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; St. Lawrence (Ven. Guide). Mr. Hambrough, in his list in " Venables' Guide," records P. vulgaris as a distinct species from Shanklin, as also does Mr. Millidge from Brook. W. laciniata, De Tour. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.); Steephill Cove (Ven. Guide) ; Niton (Miss K.). Fam. Helminthocladiaceae, Schm. Acrocliaetium Daviesii, Ncig. (= CalUthavimon Daviesii, Harv.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on small Algae (Ven. Guide). Fam. Chaetangiaceae, Schm. Scinaia furcellata, Bivona (= Ginnania furceUata, Mont.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; drawn up on ropes attached to crab-pots (Miss K., in Ven. Guide). Fam. Gelidiaceae, Schm. ■'■'HarYeyella mirabilis, Schm. d- Bke. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.). Parasitic on fronds of Bhodomela siihfusca. Naccaria Wigghii, Endl. Shanklin, rare (Batt. Cat.) ; recorded by Mrs. Lane Clarke from Shanklin in " Common Seaweeds," where she describes it as "a most charming plant, and very rare." Pterocladia capillacea, Bom. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.). Gelidium crinale, /. Ag. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on rocks, Bon- church (Ven. Guide). G. corneum, Lamour. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; West Cowes and Luccombe, on rocks at half tide (Ven. Guide). G. latifolium, Bom. Shanklin (Millidge). MAEINE ALGAE 81 G. cartilagineum, /. Ag. A species abundant at the Cape of Good Hope, which is recorded by Dr. Withering as having been thrown up on the shore at Freshwater Bay (E. M. Holmes, in Vic. Hist.). Fam. Gigartinaceae, Schm. Chondrus crispus, Stackh. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on rocky shore below waterfalls at Steephill and St. Lawrence (Ven. Guide) ; Bonchurch, Sandown, and Totland (Morey) ; plentiful everywhere (MiUidge). Gigartina acicularis, Lamour. I. of W., very rare (Batt. Cat.) ; Brook Ledge (Ven. Guide). G. pistillata, Stackh. This rare species is found at low tide growing on exposed rocks at Steephill (Park.). G. mamillosa, J. Ag. On rocks, Steephill (Ven. Guide). Phyllophora rubens, Grev. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Luccombe Ledge (Ven. Guide). P. Brodiaei, /. Ag. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Shanklin Ledge (Ven. Guide). P. membranifolia, /. Ag. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Luccombe and Atherfield Ledges (Ven. Guide) ; Brighstone (Millidge) ; Totland (Morey). Gymnogongrus GriflBthsiae, Martins. I. of W., rather rare (Batt. Cat.) ; at low tides, Steephill Cove (Ven. Guide). G. Norvegicus, /. Ag. {= Gho7idrus Norvegicus). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Shanklin Ledge (Ven. Guide) ; Steephill (Park.). Ahnfeltia plicata, Fries (— Gymnogongrus plicatus, Kiltz.). In tide-pools, Steephill (Ven. Guide). "Actinococcus aggregatus, Schm. Parasitic on Gymnogongrus Griffithsiae. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.). '■'A. peltaeformis, Schm. Parasitic on Gymnogongrus Norvegiciis. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.). Callophyllis laciniata, Kiltz. (= Rhodymenia laciniata, Grev.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Ventnor (Mrs. J. B. Gray) ; parasitic on Laminaria at extreme low water, Ventnor (Park.). Callymenia reniformis, /. Ag. I. of W., rare (Batt. Cat.) ; Ventnor (Miss K., in Ven. Guide). Meredithia microphylla, /. Ag. (= Callojjhyllis microphylla, J. Ag). I. of W., very rare (Batt. Cat.) ; Mrs. Gatty says, in " British Seaweeds," that this species is frequently cast ashore in winter-time in Niton Bay. Fam. Ehodophyllidaceae, Schm. Cystoclonium purpureum, Batt. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; rocky pools, Bonchurch (Ven. Guide — as Hypnea purpiirascens) ; Shanklin, Brighstone, Brook, Freshwater — a common species (Millidge). G 82 MARINE ALGAE Catenella Opuntia, Grev. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on rocks at Luccombe and Puckaster (Ven. Guide) ; near high-water mark, St. Lawrence (Park.)- Rhodophyllis bifida, Kiitz. (= Bhodymenia bifida, Grev.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Ventnor and near Cowes (Miss K., in Ven. Guide) ; in deep water, Cowes, &c. (Park.). Fam. Sphaerococcaceae, Schm. Sphaerococcus coronopifolius, Grev. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Steephill Bay (Ven. Guide) ; Shankhn and Brook (MiUidge) ; San- down (Morey) ; abundant at Niton (Mrs. Gatty). Gracilaria confervoides, Grev. (= G. dura, Tellam). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on sandy shore, Bonchurch (Ven. Guide). G. compressa, Grev. I. of W., very rare (Batt. Cat.) ; Sea View (Miss K., in Ven. Guide). Calliblepharis ciliata, Kiltz. (= Bhodymenia ciliata, Grev.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; West Cowes (Ven. Guide) ; Ventnor (Mrs. J. E. Gray) ; at low tide, or after a gale (Park.) ; Brighstone, Fresh- water, Shanklin (MiUidge) ; Totland and Bonchurch (Morey). C. jubata, Grev. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; dredged in four or five-fathoms water off Shanklin (Ven. Guide). Fam. Ehodymeniaceae, Schm. Rhodymenia Palmetta, Grev. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Sandown (Miss K., in Ven. Guide) ; Bonchurch (Morey). R. palmata, Grev. Steephill Bay (Ven. Guide) ; plentiful every- where (MiUidge). This species is known by the name of Dulse. Cordylecladia erecta, J. Ag. (= Gracilaria erecta, Grev). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on sandy rocks at extreme low tides, Steephill Cove (Ven. Guide). Lomentaria articulata, Lyngh. (= Chylocladia articulata, Grev.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on rocks, Bonchurch (Ven. Guide). Chylocladia clavellosa, Grev. (= Chrysymenia clavellosa, Harv). Blackgang (Batt. Cat.) ; recorded by Miss Kirkpatrick in " Venables' Guide." Champia parvula, Harv. (= Chylocladia parvula, Hook.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Watershoot Bay, Niton (Miss K., in Ven. Guide); parasitic on other Algae ; found at low water ; rare (Park.). Gastroclonium kaliforme, And. Shankhn Ledge (Ven. Guide)- Niton (Miss K.). G. ovale, Kiitz. Luccombe Ledge (Ven. Guide). Plocamium coccineum, Lyngh. In tide-pools, St. Lawrence (Ven. Guide) ; plentiful everywhere (MiUidge) ; the var. uncinatum, Ag. West Cowes (Batt. Cat.). marine algae 83 Fam. Delesseriaceae, Schm. Nitophyllum punctatum, Grev. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Shank- lin (Miss K., in Yen. Guide). N. Gmelini, Grev. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.). N. laceratum, Grev. West Cowes and Niton (Miss K., in Ven. Guide) ; grows close to rocks at low water (Park.). The var. uncinatu7n, J. Ag. West Cowes, very rare (Batt. Cat.) ; recorded by Miss Kirkpatrick in " Venables' Guide." N. Hilliae, Grev. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Bonchurch, rare (Park.). Delesseria sinuosa, Lamour. Steephill Bay (Ven. Guide) ; Gurnard (Millidge). Delesseria sanguinea, Larnour (= Hydrolapatkum sanguineum, Stackh.). In deep water, Niton and Shanklin (Ven. Guide) ; Steephill (Park.) ; Freshwater, Brighstone (Millidge) ; Sandown (Morey). Pteridium alatum, J.Ag. (= Delesseria alata, Lam.). On rocks and x^lgae, St. Lawrence (Ven. Guide) ; Shanklin (Park.) ; Brigh- stone, Freshwater (Millidge). Apoglossum ruscifolium, /. Ag. (= Delesseria ruscifolia, Lam.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Ventnor (Mrs. J. E. Gray) ; West Cowes (Miss K.). Hypoglossum Woodwardii, Kiltz. {= Delesseria Hypoglossum, Lam.). Shanklin Ledge (Ven. Guide). Fam. Bonnemaisoniaceae, Schm. Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Ag. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; found occasionally at low water between Shanklin and Luccombe (Park.). '■'B. hamifera, Hariot. Shanklin, rare (Batt. Cat.) ; found grow- ing on rocks at low water at Shanklin, by Mr. E. George, in 1897 ; the species, which is a native of Japan, had been noticed a few months previously at Falmouth, and seems now to have become naturalized at both of these localities. (E. M. Holmes, in Vic. Hist.). Fam. Ehodomelaceae, Schm. Rhodomela subfusca, Ag. Wlaitecliff Bay (Ven. Guide) ; Brighstone (MiUidge). Laurencia obtusa, Lamour. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on Lami- naria, at Luccombe (Ven. Guide). L. caespitosa, Lamour. On sandy rocks, Luccombe Ledge (Ven. Guide). g2 84 MARINE ALGAE L. pinnatifida, Lamour. On rocks, Ventnor (Ven. Guide) ; a common species (Park.) ; Freshwater and Brook (Millidge). Halopitys pinastroides, Kiltz. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on rocka in tide-pools, Steephill Bay (Ven. Guide) ; Brighstone, Brook, Freshwater, Shankhn (Milhdge) ; Totland and Sandown (Morey). Chondria tenuissima, Ag. (= Laurencia tenuissima, Harv.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; in tide-pools on sandy rocks, Steephill Bay (Ven. Guide). C. dasyphylla, Ag. (= Laurencia dasijphylla, Grev). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on the Niton coast (Miss K., in Ven. Guide) ; at low- water mark, Niton (Park.). Polysiphonia macrocarpa, Harv. (= P. imlvinata cO P. sertu- larioides). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on rocks, Steephill Cove (Ven. Guide). P. Hbrata, Harv. On Laminaria, Steephill Bay (Ven. Guide). P. urceolata, Grev. Sea View (Miss K., in Ven. Guide) ; grows on Laminaria in hair-like tufts (Park.) ; Brighstone (Millidge) ; Bonchurch (Morey) ; the var. formosa, J. Ag., sandy rocks in tide- pools, St. Lawrence (Ven. Guide). P. elongella, Harv. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Luccombe, on stems of Laminaria (Ven. Guide) ; at low water, uncommon (Park.). P. elongata, Grev. Shanklin (Ven. Guide). ^^ P. fibrillosa, Grev. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.); recorded in " Venables' Guide." P. Yariegata, Zan. I. of W., very rare (Batt. Cat.) ; grows on Zostera at low tide only, Steephill Bay (Park.). P. fastigiata, Grev. Very common whei-ever its host-plant — • AscophyUum nodosum — grows (Batt. Cat.) ; on Algae and rocks (Miss K., in Ven. Guide) ; on rocks, Steephill Bay (Park.) ; Shanklin, Brighstone, Freshwater (Millidge) ; Totland, Bonchurch, &c. (Morey). P. atro-rubescens, Grev. On the Niton coast (Miss K., in Ven, Guide) ; at low tide only ; common at Steephill and Niton (Park.) ; the var. Agardhiana on sand at extreme low tides, Steephill Cove (Ven. Guide). P. nigrescens, Grev. Steephill Bay (Ven. Guide) ; parasitic on Fuci and other Algae (Park.) ; Brighstone and Brook (Milhdge). P. Brodiaei, Grev. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on the Niton coast (Miss K., in Ven. Guide). P. fruticulosa, Spreng. (= Rytiphloea fruticulosa, Harv), I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Steephill Bay (Ven. Guide). P. thuyoides, Schm. (= BytipJiloea thuyoides, Harv.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Watershoot Bay, Niton (Miss K., in Ven. Guide). Pterosiphonia parasitica, Schm. (= Polysiphonia parasitica, Grev.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Puckaster Cove (Miss K., in Ven. Guide). Brongniartella byssoides, Lory (= Polysipjhonia hyssoides, Grev.). On stems of Laminaria, Steephill (Ven. Guide) ; Shanklin (Millidge). MARINE ALGAE 85 Dasya arbuscula, Ag. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; at low water, Bhanklin and Ventnor (Park.). Heterosiphonia plumosa, Batt. (= Dasya coccinea, Ag.). In tide-pools, St. Lawrence (Yen. Guide) ; Sandown (Morey) ; Brigh- stone. Brook, Freshwater, Shanklin— very common (Millidge) ; Niton (Miss K.). Miss K. also records Dasya tenuior from Niton and West Cowes : presumably this was what is now regarded as a variety of this species. Fam. Ceramiaceae, Schm. Sphondylothamnion multifidum, Nag. (= Wrangelia multifida, J. Ag.). Dredged off Luccombe (Ven. Guide). Spermothamnion Turneri, Aresch. (= Callithamnion Turneri, Ag.). Upon Algae, Luccombe Ledge (Ven. Guide). S. barbatum, Bom. (= Callithamnion barbatum, Ag.). The Var. mesocarpum, Batt. {Callithamnion mesocarjnwi, Carm) is re- corded from Ventnor by Mi's. J. E. Gray. ^'^Trailliella intricata, Batt. (= Callithamnion intricatum, J.Ag.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.)._ Griffithsia corallina, Ag. Sandy pools, Luccombe Ledge (Ven. Guide) ; Freshwater (Millidge). G. setacea, Ag. On rocks, Bonchurch (Ven. Guide) ; Shanklin and Brook (Millidge). Halurus equisetifolius, Kiltz. (= Griffithsia equisetifolia, Ag.). Niton, in tide-pools (Ven. Guide) ; Steephill Bay (Park.) ; Brigh- stone, Shanklin, Freshwater (Millidge) ; Sandown (Morey) ; the var, simplicifilum, J. Ag., at Freshwater, very rare (Batt. Cat.). Monospora pedicellata, Sol. (= Callithamnion pedicellatiim, Ag.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Bonchurch (Morey). Pleonosporium Borreri, iVag. (= Callithavmion Borreri, Harv.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on the Niton coast (Miss K., in Ven. Guide). Rhodochorton Rothii, Nag. (= Callithamnion Bothii, Lijngb.). On rocks, St. Lawrence (Ven. Guide) ; very plentiful at half tide in muddy spots, St. Lawrence (Park.). R. floridulum, iV«(y. (= Callithamnion fiorichduvi, Ag.). Shanklin (Millidge). Callithamnion byssoides, Am. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; parasitic on Algae, Steephill Bay (Park.) ; Shanklin (Morey). C. polyspermum, Ag. Luccombe Ledge (Ven. Guide) ; common on Fuci, often choking the growth (Park.). C. roseum, Harv. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; upon i\.lgae, St. Law- rence (Ven. Guide) ; in muddy pools (Park.). C. Hookeri, Ag. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on rocks, St. Lawrence (Park.). C. Brodiaei, Harv. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; upon Algae, Steep- hill (Ven. Guide). . r6 marine algae C. arbuscula, Lyngb. Shanklin (Batt. Cat.) ; dredged off Shanklin, and on rocks in Watershoot Bay, Niton (Miss K., in Ven. Guide) ; on rocks at low water, Shanklin (Park.). Mr. Holmes regards this record as a mistake, and thinks that anotlier kind has been confused with this — arbuscula being a northern species. Mr. Batters, however, in his catalogue, gives the Channel Islands also as a locality, though all the other records are from the north. Probably an error in identification has been made in both cases. C. tetragonum, Ag. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; upon Algae, St, Lawrence (Ven. Guide) ; very common (Park.) ; Freshwater (Mil- lidge) ; Bonchurch (Morey). The var. brachiatum, J. Ag. {C. brach- iatum, Harv.) on Algae (Ven. Guide). C. tetricum, Ag. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on rocks, Steephill Bay (Ven. Guide) ; at low water in exposed situations, common (Park.). C. corymbosum, Lyngb. Gurnard Bay and Niton (Miss K., in Ven. Guide) ; found at low water. Niton (Park.). C. granulatum, Ag. {= C. s^mngiosum, Harv.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; upon Algae, Steephill (Ven. Guide). Plumaria elegans, Schm. (= Ptilota sericea, Harv.). On rocks and Laminaria, Steephill, Niton, and Bonchurch (Ven. Guide) ; Freshwater (Millidge). Antithamnion cruciatum, Nag. (= Callithamnion cruciatum, Ag). I. of AV. (Batt. Cat.) ; Luccombe Ledge (Ven. Guide) ; on muddy rocks at low tide (Park.). A. Plumula, Tkur. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.); West Cowes and Niton (Miss K., in Ven. Guide). Spyridia filamentosa, Harv. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; in sandy pools, Steephill (Ven. Guide) ; ShankHn (Millidge) ; Blackgang (Mrs. Gatty). Ceramium tenuissimum, /. Ag. (= C. nodosum, Harv). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on small Algae and sandy rocks, Ventnor (Ven. Guide) ; on Zostera, or in sandy pools at low tide, Ventnor (Park.). C. diaphanum, Roth. Sandy tide-pools, St. Lawrence (Ven. Guide). C. botryocarpum, Griff. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on small Algae, Steephill Bay (Ven. Guide). C. rubrum, Ag. Steephill and Bonchurch, on Algae (Ven. Guide); in tidal pools (Park.) ; Sandown and Totland (Morey) ; very com- mon everywhere (Millidge). C. flabelligerum, /. Ag. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Ventnor (Mrs. J. E. Gray). C. echionotum, /. Ag. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on the smaller Algae, Bonchurch (Ven. Guide). C. ciliatum, Ducluz. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; sandy pools, Bon- church (Ven. Guide). C. acanthonotum, Garm. Sandy pools, St. Lawrence (Ven. Guide). marine algae 87 Fam. Dumontiaceae, Schm. Dumontia filiformis, Grev. On stones, St. Lawrence (Ven. Guide) ; Brook (Millidge). Dilsea edulis, Stackh. (= Iridaea eduUs, Haw). In tide-pools, St. Lawrence (Ven. Guide). Fam. Nemastomaceae, Schm. Halarachnion ligulatum, Kiltz. (= Halymemia ligulata, Ag). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; Reeth Bay, Niton (Miss K., in Ven. Guide). Furcellaria fastigiata, Lamour. On rocks at edge of low water, Steephill and Ventnor (Ven. Guide) ; plentiful everywhere (Millidge) ; Totland and Sandown (Morey). Fam. Rhizophillidaceae, Schm. Polyides rotundus, Grev. In tide-pools, St. Lawrence (Ven. Guide). Fam. Squamariaceae, Schm. Petrocelis cruenta, /. ^g. (= Cruoria pelUta,Harv.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.). Fam. Corallinaceae, Schm. ■'•'Choreonema Thureti, ScJim. (= Melohesia Thureti, Born.). I. of W. (Batt. Cat.). Lithothamnion lichenoides, Fosl. { = Melohesia lichenoides^, Harv.). On stones, Brook Ledge (Ven. Guide). Phymatolithon polymorphum, i^osZ. (= Melobesia polymorpha, , Harv.). On stones and rocks, Steephill Bay (Ven. Guide). Corallina oflBcinalis, L. Steephill and St. Lawrence, on sandy rocks, &c. (Ven. Guide) ; common at Ventnor (Park.) ; Shanklin, Brook, Freshwater (Millidge) ; Sandown (Morey). C. squamata, Ellis. I. of W. (Batt. Cat.) ; on the Niton coast . (Miss K., in Ven. Guide). C. ruhens, Ellis and Sola7i. (= Janiarube7is, Lam.). Luccombe Ledge, &c. (Ven. Guide) ; St. Lawrence (Park.) ; Shanklin and Brook (Millidge) ; the var. corniculata, at Steephill Bay (Ven. Guide) ^ 68 MAEINE ALGAE The most important works on British Seaweeds are " Phycologia Britannica," by W. H. Harvey, 1851, which describes and figures all the species then known as British : the cost is about four pounds. A more popular book is " British Seaweeds," by Mrs. Gatty, 1872, which may be purchased, second hand, for about a pound. It is based on Harvey's great work, and is fully illustrated. Other popu- lar works are Miss Giffard's " Marine Botanist," and Landsborough's '" British Seaweeds." There is also Gray's " British Seaweeds," which can be bought for about 3/6. Mr. Holmes writes me that he would recommend anyone search- ing our northern coasts for Algae to consult Kjellman's " Algae of the Arctic Sea"; and those working our southern shores, Crouan's " Florule du Finisterre." Both of these works have illustrations of species recently discovered on the British coasts. There is no modern book which gives descriptions of all the British species ; those which have been discovered during the last half century having been recorded in the botanical journals, especially in " Grevillea" and the "Journal of Botany." The latest complete catalogue of British Seaweeds has already been referred to in the preface to the foregoing list. LICHENS. By J. A. WHELDON, F.L.S., Vice-President of the Liverpool Botanical Society. In the majority of our local Floras the Lichen lists are usually- less complete and exhaustive than those of other groups of plants, and the one now presented is probably no exception, embracing as it does only about 240 forms out of the 1700 or so believed to occur in Britain. A careful survey of the rocky parts of the coast, and of tree trunks inland, should lead to the discovery of many other species in a district so favourably situated as the Isle of Wight. The Island possesses a pure air, and this and a fair supply of atmospheric moisture appear to be the prime requisites of these humble plants. We consequently find them in the greatest abun- dance in maritime or mountainous districts, and in greatly diminished numbers or nearly totally absent in the vicinity of large cities or manufacturing districts. But there is much work to be done before we can accurately gauge the distribution of the British species, and it will probably be many years before students of the Lichens are as fortunately situated in this respect as are those of flowering plants, mosses, and liverworts. Whilst other groups of Cryptogams have many investigators, the Lichens are generally neglected, and they are usually crowded out in manuals of botany and local floras as severely as they are in nature, where they are driven to thrive in the barest and most barren situations. Yet to the contemplative nature-student these singular plants are very attractive. A feeling akin to veneration arises when we regard their slow rate of growth and the probable antiquity of some of the hoary fronds which lend softness to the rugged rocks. What, indeed, could be more pleasing to the artistic eye than their delicate tracery, enshrouding the mouldering tombstones of some old church- yard, or fringing the ancient trunk of some patriarchal tree of the (89) 90 LICHENS park or forest ? In such situations their beauty is admitted, and the artist fully avails himself of the softening influence of their delicate shades in his landscapes. Unlike many things of purely artistic value, Lichens are not without their uses. Mosses and hepatics — much more attractive to students — must yield the first place to them for utility to man. Apart from their indirect usefulness, according to oecologists, in preparing the way for higher plants (as to the importance of which one may be excused for assuming a somewhat sceptical attitude), they are in many ways of direct benefit to man. Cetraria islandica is used medicinally as a tonic and demulcent, and in Iceland it is boiled in milk as a food. In Africa, Lecanora esculenta is collected from the desert plains and used as food for man and horses, either boiled or ground into flour from which a kind of bread is made. There can be but little doubt that this Lichen represents the manna of the Scriptures. In more Arctic regions, Gladonia rangifcrina and allied species are invaluable as food for reindeer and cattle, and an alcoholic beverage is also prepared from them. Several kinds of Boccella, Lecanora, and Parmelia are used in the preparation of dyes. These Lichen colours were formerly of greater importance than they now are, but even in these days of synthetic chemistry, cudbear, archil, and litnms. (obtained from Roccella tinctoria) have their value. The species of Gyrojjhora known as i?-ipe de roche possess nutritive properties, and it is said that Franklin and his companions, when in the Arctic regions in 1821, owed their preservation largely to them. Several Lichens were used in ancient times as medicine ; thus Gladonia pyxidata was employed as a remedy in whooping cough, Parmelia perlata as a diuretic, Sticta puhnonaria or Lungwort in cases of phthisis, and Peltigera canina as a specific in cases of hydrophobia. A still greater incitement to the study of Lichens than their officinal or artistic properties is the mystery surrounding their nature and position in the scheme of botanical classification. De Bary, in 1866, first threw out the suggestion that Lichens were not autono- mous plants. His pupil Schwendener followed up the idea and endeavoured to prove experimentally their dual nature. He con- tended that Lichens consist of certain species of algae, living in close communion with fungi, the result of this " commensalism" or "symbiosis" being the formation of a "consortium" or Lichen thallus. As is well known, a chief characteristic of fungi is the absence of the green granules known as chlorophyll from their tissues. The green gonidial layer of the Lichens serves to readily distinguish them from the fungi. Schwendener, as also Bornet, Stahl, and others following him, holds that these gonidia are merely imprisoned algae, and have no organic connection with the fungus hyphae. Their conclusions, although as yet hardly quite convin- cingly proved, are very widely accepted by certain schools of botanists. Systematists, on the other hand, especially writers on the Lichens, do not yet appear willing to relegate them to the Algae and Fungi, LICHENS 91 and continue to treat them as a separate class. Nor do any of our leading fungologists include them in their handbooks. This is the most satisfactory course. Even if ultimately relegated to the fungi, they will always remain abundantly distinct from the true fungi in their structure, properties, and attributes. Apart from their claims to notice already discussed, we may plead for more workers in the field from another standpoint. It is alleged that they are a disappearing race in the British Isles, and to some extent this is true. The draining of the land ; the disappear- ance of woods and forests ; the cultivation of wastes and commons ; the paring of peat-lands for commercial purposes ; the pollution of air and streams by smoke and other effluents in manufacturing centres ; the surrounding of our coasts by a line of golf-links and asphalte promenades ; and the gradual alteration in the climatic conditions of the country are rapidly diminishing the numbers of these and other plants. But Lichens are perhaps more than any other tribe of plants sensitive to these influences, and especially to smoke — first becoming sterile, then stunted, and ultimately dis- appearing. Before it is too late it is desirable that neglected areas should be fully investigated, and the species they yield put on record. One or two zealous students, after a few years application, should succeed in greatly extending the list of species given below. As the microscope is now a comparatively cheap instrument, and an increasing number of people are able to use it intelligently, it is not too much to hope that some may be induced to abandon the collect- ing of pretty slides of assorted objects and seriously enter upon the study of these interesting plants. They may have the sure and certain hope of being able to add to the sum of human knowledge, and to leave behind them records and specimens which will be of service to future generations of botanists, and which are now in imminent danger of being lost for ever. A brief epitome of the broad features of Lichen structure may be of interest to the reader. The vegetative portion is called the thallus. It is exceedingly variable in external shape and appearance, but may be regarded as consisting essentially of two strata of interlacing slender tubes, resembling the hypliae of fungi, with a layer of coloured cells sandwiched between them. This latter layer usually consists of small green cells called gonidia, and lies nearer to the upper surface than the lower in order to receive as much light as possible. These alga-like cells were once thought to lie free amongst the network of hyphal filaments, but Dr. Salter has shown that all parts of the Lichen structure are intimately connected in a true anatomical union. One of the principal exceptions to this general type of thallus is found in the members of the GoUemacei, curious nostoc-like plants, in which the hyphae and gonidia are not stratified, but scattered throughout the gelatinous substance of the thallus. A few groups exhibit a distinctly membranous thallus, showing in section a regular cellular appearance, which is said. 92 LICHENS however, to consist of the usual anastomosing fungal filaments. Characters of great service in classifying the species into groups are derived from the variability of the thallus in texture and appearance. In addition to the gelatinous and cellular forms already referred to, may be mentioned the commoner states in which the thallus is crustaceojis, foliaceous, filavicntous, ov frutimdose. Sometimes it is evanescent, when the fruit is the most conspicuous part of the plant; or hy-popliloeodal — in the latter case spreading under the cuticle of trees, the fruit alone appearing on the surface. Some species of Lecidea, Arthonia, and Verrucaria appear to have no proper thallus, but grow parasitically upon that of other Lichens, or on their apothecia. The reproduction of Lichens takes place by both asexual and sexual methods. In the former case, small folioles or scales become detached from the parent thallus, and if carried by wind or animals to a suitable habitat, they continue to grow and start a fresh colony. A still more prolific method of reproduction is by means of soredia. These occur on the thallus as small heaps of greyish or yellowish powder, and consist of a mixture of broken-down filaments and gonidia. Many species which rarely or never fruit with us, multiply freely by these two asexual methods. It is possible that others are propagated by bodies termed 2^ycn'ides, and the yellowish powder found in the ])seudocyi:)hellae of the Stictei may also serve a similar purpose, although this does not seem to have been demonstrated. The sexual processes of Lichens are not so well understood as those of the mosses and hepatics. Small blackish dots may be seen scattered over the thallus of most species, much smaller in size than the shields or apothecia. These are believed to be the male organs and are called spermogones. They consist of clusters of simple (sterigmata) or jointed {arthrosterigmata) filaments, which are mostly embedded in the thallus, from which are developed myriads of minute, granular or rod-shaped bodies (sper7natia) . These latter vary much in size, and may be straight or curved. On crushing a spermogone in a drop of water between two glass slides, they may be seen under the microscope to issue in a dense cloud. They have not been proved to possess any motile filaments, but it is supposed that during showers they are able to reach and enter the tricogyne and fuse with its egg-cell. The latter commences to develop and fructify, and, with the surrounding tissues, which also appear to be stimulated, forms the well known shield or apothecucvi. l)r. Darbi- shire has traced some of the earlier stages which result in the production of fruit, and has discovered that the development of the tricogyne resembles that of the similar organ of the Eed Algae, from which cystocarps are developed. A typical apotJiecium consists of many sacs or asci mingled with p)araphyses, which are arranged perpendicularly on an expanded receptacle or hypothccium, the whole being surrounded by an excipulum, the edges of which frequently form a margin (called a proper margin) to the disc of the LICHENS 93 shields. An additional ihalline margin is sometimes supplied by a raised fold of the thallus, and this is often, as in Lecanora, the only- one evident. The apothecia usually rest on, or are slightly immersed in, the thallus, but sometimes they appear to be almost completely immersed, only communicating with the surface by a small ostiole. In a few genera stalked apothecia occur, the stalk being called a 'podetuivi. Each ascua usually contains eight spores, termed ascosjjores. Occasionally only two, four, or six are developed, and a few species are polysporous. The spores vary much in size and shape, and are either simple or variously septate. They are coloured or colourless, and not only form pretty and interesting objects, but are of great value in the determination of the species. Intending students of the Lichens would do well to familiarise themselves with the peculiar terms used by lichenographers in describing the species. Leighton and others have been accused of pedantry in employing so many special terms ; but the necessary accuracy combined with brevity was thus secured, sometimes enabling an idea to be expressed in a single word which would have required a whole sentence of ordinary English. Leighton's "Lichen Flora of Great Britain," 3rd edition, 1879, is recommended as a good handbook ; it contains a useful glossary. An older, but very admirable, work is Mudd's " Manual of British Lichens," 1861, in which many figures of spores are given. Crombie's " British Lichens " is perhaps our most valuable work ; the second part, which has long been wanted, is announced for publication shortly. Lindsay's " Popular History of British Lichens," 1856, may still be picked up for a few shillings. It con- tains excellent plates. A useful book in French is Boistel'a " Nouvelle Flore des Lichens," 1896. Part L, 1178 illustrations, 5/-. Part II., 1900, 6/- (Dulau & Co.). [The following list of Island Lichens has been compiled by the Rev. H. M. Livens, with the kind assistance of Mr. Wheldon, from specimens collected by himself and others, and from published records. — EDITOR.] COLLEMACEI. Lichina pygmaea, Nyl. Frequent on the tide-washed rocks about A^entnor (Rev. A. Bloxam) ; I. of W. (British Museum Cata- logue, compiled by Rev. J. M. Crombie). CoUema furvum, Acli. I. of W. (Dr. HoU) ; Shankhn (Rev. T, Salwey) . 94 LICHENS C. flaccidum, Ach. On rocics. St. John's (B.M.Cat.) ; the Landslip (Bloxam). C. pulposum, Ach. On rocks, chalk, and trees. Common. Carisbrooke Castle, Underclifi', Shanklin, Garstons and Brighstone Downs, &c. (Eev. H. M. Livens). C. tenax, Ach. On earth. Luccombe (B.M.Cat.). C. crispum, Ach. On rocks. Not micommon. St. Lawrence, Sandown (B.M.Cat.) ; the Landslip (Bloxam). C. cheileum, Ach. Shanklin (Dr. Holl) ; among moss on stone wall, Northwood Park, and at Newport (J. F. Eayner). C. cheileum, forma nudum, Ach. On walls and calcareous rocks. Shankhn (B.M.Cat.). C. granuliferum, Nyl. Shanklin (B.M.Cat.) ; Carisbrooke Castle (H.M.L.). C. melaenum, Ach. f. jacobaeifolium, Ach. I. of W. (B.M.Cat.). C. polycarpon, Koerb. On rock, Landslip (H.M.L.). C. nigrescens, Ach. On trees. Common. Ryde, Carisbrooke Castle, Shanklin (H.M.L.) ; on old railing, Combley Wood (J.F.R.). Collemodium turgidum, Nyl. Shanklin (B.M.Cat.). C. Schraderi, Nyl. Among mosses on calcareous soil. Shanklin (B.M.Cat.). Leptogium tenuissimum, Koerb. On mossy earth. Sandown (B.M.Cat.) ; Shanklin (Dr. Holl). L. subtile, Nyl. Shanklin (Salwey) ; Luccombe, Bonchurch (B.M.Cat.). L. cretaceum, Nyl. On chalk and flint. I. of W. (B.M.Cat.). L. lacerum, Nyl. On mossy rocks and walls. Ventnor (B.M.Cat.) ; on moss, Landslip (H.M.L.) ; near Shanklin (Dr. Holl). L. lacerum, /. fimbriatum, Nyl. On mossy rocks and walls. Luccombe (B.M.Cat.). L. pulvinatum, Nyl. On mossy rocks. Bonchurch, Luccombe (B.M.Cat.). L. sinuatum, Gray. On old mossy walls. St. Lawrence (B.M. Cat.). L. tremelloides, Gray. On sub-alpine and maritime rocks. St. Lawrence (B.M.Cat.). "=- Myriangium Durioei, Mnt. d Berk. On ash and elm. I. of W. (Salwey) ; near Shanklin (Dr. Holl). LICHENACEI. Epiconiodei. Sphinctrina turbinata, Fr. On Pertusaria communis, D.C. Ventnor (B.M.Cat.). LICHENS 95 Calicium curtum, Turn. On wood, pales, &c. On old gable- post, America Woods (Salwey). Coniocybe furfuracea, Ach. On roots of trees and sandy ground. Shanklin (Borrer). Cladodei. Baeomyces rufus, D.C. On earth and stones. I. of W. (B.M. Cat.). Cladonia alcicornis, Flrh. Dry heaths. I. of W. (B.M.Cat.). C. pyxidata, Fr. On the ground, walls, base of trees. Common. St. George's Down, Parkhurst, Landslip (H.M.L.). C. pyxidata, var. chlorophoea, Fldrke, f. lepidophora, Fldrke. On bank and pine stump, Parkhurst Forest (H.M.L.). C. fimbriata, Fr. On ground, Blackwater (H.M.L.) ; on banks, (Bloxam). C. fimbriata, var. subcornuta, Nyl. Bleak Down (H.M.L.) . C. cornuta, Fr. On banks (Bloxam). C. furcata. On the ground. Common. Firestone (J.F.K.) ; Ashey Down, &c. (H.M.L.). C. furcata, /. corymbosa, Nyl. St. George's Down (H.M.L.). C. pungens, Fldrke. Hilly slopes. I. of W. (B.M.Cat.). C. squamosa, Hoffm., suh-species C. adspersa, Nijl. Shanklin Downs (B.M.Cat.). C. subsquamosa, Nyl. In woods and on rocks. Shanklin (B.M. Cat.). C. coccifera, Schaer. On banks. ShankHn (B.M.Cat.) ; I. of W. (Bloxam). C. macilenta, Hoffm. On turfy heaths. St. George's Down (H.M.L.). Cladina sylYatica, iVi/Z. Shanklin Down (B.M.Cat.); St. George's Down (H.M.L.). Eamalodei. Roccella phycopsis, Ach. On rock and stonework. Frequent. St. Helens and Godshill Churches, Shanklin and Bembridge (A. G. More) ; Godshill Church (H.M.L.). Ro. tinctoria, D.C. On rock and stonework. Frequent. On old church, St. Helens, and on Godshill Church (A. G. More). Ro. fuciformis, Ach. Eocks. I. of W. (Victoria Hist, of Hants). Ramalina calicaris, Nyl. On trees. Frequent. Marvel Copse (H.M.L.) ; Freshwater (Vic. Hist. Hants). R. farinacea, Ach. On trees. Common. Carisbrooke (B.M.Cat.) ; Carisbrooke (H.M.L.). 96 LICHENS R. fraxinea, Ach. On trees and hedges. Very common. The Underdiff, Arreton Down, Sheat, &c. (H.M.L.). R. fraxinea, var. ampliata, Ach. On trees. On elm, Gatcombe (H.M.L.). R. fastigiata, ^c/?. On trees. Common. Near Eyde (B.M. Cat.); Firestone Copse (J.F.R.). R. polymorpha, Ach. On rocks, Niton (Bloxam). R. polymorpha, var. ligulata, Ach. Shanklin Church (Salwey) ; on stone wall, Niton (H.M.L.). R. poUinaria, Ach. On trees. Common. Near Ryde (B.M. Cat.) ; Carisbrooke (Reader). R. evernioides, Nyl. On trees, palings, &c. Bembridge (B.M. Cat.) ; I. of W. (Salwey). R. scopulorum, Ach. On rocks near the coast (Bloxam) ; Caris- brooke (Rev. H. P. Reader). R. subfarinacea, Nyl. On sub-alpine and maritime rocks. Niton (Reader). R. cuspidata, Ach. Rocks. I. of W. (Vic. Hist. Hants). Usnea hirta, Hoffm. On trees, especially oaks. Frequent. Westover Plantation, Newbarn Down, Gatcombe (H.M.L.). U. ceratina, Ach. On trees. I. of W. (B.M.Cat.). U. ceratina, /. ferruginascens, Cromh. On oak, Combley Wood (H.M.L.). U. articulata, Hoffm. On trees. Appuldurcombe, Ventnor (B.M.Cat.). Cetraria aculeata, Fr. I. of W. (H.M.L.). Platysma glaucum, Nijl. I. of W. (H.M.L.). Evernia prunastri, Ach. On trees, especially oaks. Frequent. Westover Plantation (H.M.L.). Parmelia perlata, Ach. On trees. Common. I. of W. (B.M. Cat.); Appuldurcombe, St. George's Down, Parkhurst (H.M.L.). P. ciliata, Nyl. On trees and rocks. I. of W. (B.M.Cat.). P. cetrarioides, Nyl. On trees and stones. I. of W. (B.M.Cat.). P. perforata, Ach. On rocks and trees. Carisbrooke, Ryde (B.M.Cat.). P. revoluta, Nyl. On trees. I. of W. (B.M.Cat.) ; copse, New- barn Down (H.M.L.). P. tiliacea, Ach. On trees. Near Ryde (B.M.Cat.). P. scortea, Ach. On trees, not common (Bloxam) ; Shanklin (B.M.Cat.). P. Borreri, Twn. On trees. Ryde (Dr. HoU) ; Shankhn (B.M. Cat.) ; Newbarn Down (H.M.L.). P. saxatilis, Ach. On trees. Luccombe Chine (Bloxam). P. sulcata, Tayl. On trees and walls. Common. Westover Plantation, Combley Wood, Steephill (H.M.L.). P. sulcata, var. laevis, Nyl. On trees, I. of W. (H.M.L.). P. caperata, Ach. On trees, especially oak and beech. Very LICHENS 97 common. Appuldurcombe, Westover Plantation, Carisbrooke, &c. (H.M.L.). P. Delisei, Nyl. On rocks. Near Shanklin (B.M.Cat.) ; on roof of shed, Blackwater (H.M.L.). P. fuliginosa, Nijl. var. laetevirens, Nyl. On trees. Marvel Copse (H.M.L.). P. physodes, Ach. On trees. Common. Steephill, Westover Plantation, copse on Newbarn Down (H.M.L.). P. physodes, /. platyphylla, Ach. On rocks. Brading (B.M. Cat.). P. physodes, vaj-. labrosa, Ach. On trees. Westover Plantation (H.M.L.). Stictina fuliginosa, Nyl. On rocks and trees. I. of W. (B.M.Cat.). Sticta sylvatica, Nyl. On trees. Common. Appuldmxombe, Shanklin (Bloxam). S. limbata, Nyl. On trees. Common. Eyde, Shanklin, Appuldurcombe, and Quarr Wood (Bloxam). S. aurata, Ach. On trees. Eare. Eyde, Shanklin (Bloxam) ; Ventnor (B.M.Cat.). Lobarina scrobiculata, Nyl. On trees. Not common. Quarr Wood (Bloxam) ; on oak. Apes Down (F. Morey). Lobaria pulmonaria, Hoffm. Not common. " I. of W. (Dr. Holl) ; Appuldurcombe, Eyde (B.M.Cat.) ; Shanklin (Bloxam). Ricasola laetevirens, Leight. I. of W. (Bloxam) ; Shanklin (Dr. Holl) ; Appuldurcombe (B.M.Cat.). Peltigera spuria, Leight. On ground amongst grass. Near Eyde (B.M.Cat.); Shanklin Downs (Dr. Holl) ; Newbarn Down (H.M.L.). P. canina, Hoffvi. On rock, ground, trees, &c. Common. Landslip, Westover, St. George's Down (H.M.L.). P. canina,/. membranacea, Ntjl. On rock, Landshp (H.M.L.). P. polydactyla, Hoffm. Mossy earth. Combley Wood (J.F.E.). P. polydactyla, var. hymenia, Nyl. On ground. St. George's Down (H.M.L.). P. rufescens, Hoffm. On mossy earth. Common. (Bloxam). P. rufescens, var. praetextata, Fries. On rock, Landslip (H.M.L.) ; Apes Down (J.F.E.). P. scutata, Leight. On mossy earth and trees. Shanklin (Salwey). P. horizontalis, L. Among moss at base of tree, Apes Down (J.F.E.) ; Westover and Newbarn Down (H.M.L.). Physcia flavicans, B.C. Trees, rocks, &c. I. of W. (Dr. Holl) ; Ventnor, Eyde, Shanklin (B.M.Cat.). Ph. chrysophthalma, D.C. On trees. Near Eyde (B.M.Cat.). Ph. parietina, De Not. On rocks, tiles, posts, &c. Very common. Appuldurcombe, Carisbrooke (H.M.L.) . Ph. parietina,/. congranulata, Cromb. Eyde (B.M.Cat.). 98 LICHENS Ph. parietina, /. cinerascens, Leight. On rocks, trees, &c. Common. Appuldurcombe (H.M.L.)- Ph. parietina, var. ectanea, Nyl. Eocks. Niton (Eeader) ; St. Catherines (H.M.L.) . Ph. ciliaris, D.C. Trees and rocks. Eyde (B.M.Cat.); Shorwell (Eeader); I. of W. (Bloxam). Ph. pulverulenta, Nijl- On trees. Eyde (B.M.Cat.). Ph. pulYerulenta, /. argyphaea, Nyl. I. of W. (B.M.Cat.). Ph. pulverulenta, /. diminuta, Cromb. Shanklin, Appuldur- combe (B.M.Cat.). Ph. pulverulenta, var. angustata, NijL On moss. Appuldur- combe (B.M.Cat.). Ph. tenella, Nyl. On rocks, trees, gates, &c. Frequent. Arreton, Garstons, Carisbrooke (H.M.L.). Ph. obscura, Nyl. On trees (Bloxam) ; on oak, Steephill (H.M.L.). Ph. aquila, Nyl. On rocks, Old Park, Ventnor (Bloxam). Ph. stellaris, Nyl. On trees. Shanklin (Salwey). Ph. stellaris, var. leptalea, Nyl. On trees and stones. Brading (B.M.Cat.). Ph. pityrea, Nyl. Trees and walls. Eyde, Appuldurcombe (B.M.Cat.). Ph. aipolia, Nyl. Shanklin (B.M.Cat.). Ph. aipolia, var. anthelina, Cromb. Eyde (B.M.Cat.). Ph. aipolia, var. cercidia, Nyl. Eyde (B.M.Cat.). Ph. tribacoides, Nyl. On young trees. Near Eyde, the only British locality recorded (Eev. J. M. Crombie). Ph. astroidea, Nyl. On trees. Eyde (B.M.Cat.). Ph. ulothrix, var. virella, Cromb. On trees. Eyde (B.M.Cat.). Placodei. Pannaria rubiginosa, Del. On mossy rocks and trees. Appuldur- combe (Bloxam). P. pezizoides, Web. On earth amongst moss and rocks, Bon- church (Bloxam). P. pezizoides, var. coronata, Ach. On moss-covered rocks, the Landslip (Bloxam). Pannularia nigra, Nyl. On calcareous rocks. Shanklin (B.M.Cat.) ; on pieces of chalk, Brighstone Down (H.M.L.). Coccocarpia plumbea, Nyl. On trees. Appuldurcombe (Bloxam). Lecanora lentigera, Ach. I. of W. (B.M.Cat.). L. saxicola, Ach. On trees and rocks. Eyde (B.M.Cat.). L. fulgens, .4c/;. Freshwater Bay (Turner and Borrer). L. sympagea, Nyl. Eyde (B.M.Cat.). L. murorum, Ach. On rocks (Bloxam). LICHENS 99 L. teicholyta, Ach. I. of W. (B.M.Cat.) ; Shanklin (Hyndman). L. Lallavei, Nyl. On calcareous rocks. I. of W. (B.M.Cat.). L. Yitellina, Ach. Eocks (Bloxam). L. citrina, Ach. Bonchurch and St. Lawrence (B.M.Cat.). L. aurantiaca, Nijl. On trees, Appuldurcombe and Luccombe (Bloxam) : St. Helens, Bembridge (B.M.Cat.) ; Gatcombe (Header). L. ferruginea, Ni/l. On trees and rocks. I. of W. (B.M.Cat. and Salwey) ; Godshill Church (J.F.E.). L. ferruginea, var. festiYa, Nyl. On stone wall, Blackgang (H.M.L.). L. atroflava, Nyl. Ryde (B.M.Cat.). L. cerina, Ach. On trees. Shanklin (B.M.Cat.). L. cerina, f. cyanolepra, A^^^. On smooth-barked trees. Shankhn (B.M.Cat.). L. pyracea, Nyl. On trees and walls. Eyde (B.M.Cat.). L. luteoalba, Nyl. On beech trees. Ventnor (B.M.Cat.) ; Shanklin (Salwey). L. phlogina, Nyl. On trees. Eyde (B.M.Cat.). L. phlogina, var. lutea, Nyl. Luccombe Cove (B.M.Cat.). L. irrubata, Nyl. On rocks (Bloxam). L. calva, Nyl. On calcareous rocks. I. of W. (B.M.Cat. and Bloxam). L. sophodes, Ach. f. metabolica, Ach. On trees and stone walls. Shanklin (Dr. Holl). L. exigua, Nyl. Shankhn (B.M.Cat.) ; Landguard (Salwey). L. exigua,/. demissa, Stiz. Shanklin, Luccombe (B.M.Cat.). L. dispersa, Nyl. On limestone rocks. Eyde beach (B.M.Cat.). L. subfusca, Nyl. On trees, rocks, walls, &g. Common. The TJndercliif, Newport, &c. (H.M.L.). L. subfusca, var. campestris, Nyl. Shankhn (B.M.Cat.). L. Parisiensis, Nyl. On trees. I. of W. (B.M.Cat.) ; Shanklin (Dr. Holl). L. rugosa, Nyl. On trees. Carisbrooke, and on bark of beech, Godshill (J.F.E.). L. atrynea, Nyl. On rocks and posts. Shanklin (B.M.Cat.). L. angulosa, Ach. var. chondrotypa, Stiz. Bembridge (B.M. Cat.). L. glaucoma, Ach. Eocks. I. of W. (Bloxam). L. albella, Pers. On bark, Combley Wood (J.F.E.). L. Hageni, Ach. On trees and old wood. Eyde (B.M.Cat.). L. sulphurea, Ach. On rocks (Bloxam). L. symmictera, Nyl. var. aitema, N>jl. On trees. Shanklin (B.M.Cat.). L. metabolioides, Nyl. Shanklin (B.M.Cat.). L. polytropa, Ehrh. On flints, Bowcombe Down (J.F.E.). L. albariella, Nyl. On maritime chalky rocks. I. of W. (B.M.Cat.). h2 100 LICHENS L. syringea, Ach. Brading (B.M.Cat.)- L. syringea, /. metabolica, Nyl. Brading (B.M.Cat.). L. atra, Ach. I. of W. (H.M.L.). L. Turneri, Sm. On trees. Carisbrooke, Bembridge (B.M.Cat.); on tree, Appuldurcombe (H.M.L.). L. parella, Ach. Trees and rocks (Bloxam) ; on gravestones and beech tree, Godshill (J.F.E.) ; Hoy's monument, St. Catherine's Down (H.M.L.). L. pallescens, Nyl. On rocks and trees. Shanklin (B.M.Cat.). L. gibbosa, Nyl. On granitic and hard rocks. Eyde (B.M.Cat.) ; on flint, Westover Down (H.M.L.). L. calcarea, Somm. On calcareous rocks. The Landshp (Bloxam) . L. pruinosa, Nyl. On mortar and limestone rocks. Shanklin (Dr. HoU). Pertusaria multipuncta, Nyl. On trees. I. of W. (B.M.Cat.). P. velata, Nyl. On trees and rocks. Quarr Wood (B.M.Cat.) ; Shanklin (Salwey). P. communis, D.C. On trees. Common. Appuldurcombe (B.M.Cat.) ; I. of W. (Bloxam). P. pustulata, Ach. On trees. Shankhn (Dr. Holl). P. leioplaca, Schaer. On trees. Shanklin (B.M.Cat.) ; on bark, Marvel Copse (J.F.E.) . P. leioplaca, /. hexaspora, Nyl. Shanklin (B.M.Cat.). P. amara, Nyl. On bark of ti-ees. Frequent. Firestone Copse (J.F.E.) ; Appuldurcombe, Combley (H.M.L.). P. COCCOdes, Nyl. Shankhn (Salwey). P. incarnata, Leight. This lichen is very rare. It grows on flints, forming a zonal thallus closely appressed, with little circular cups containing the spores. A specimen was found by Mr. W. H. Wilkinson in Freshwater Bay, and with the exception of one record from the Irish coast this is the only place where it has been seen in the British Isles (H. N. Dixon, Vic. Hist. Hants). P. globulifera, Turn. On bark, Parkhurst (J.F.E.). P. fallax, Pers. On trees (Bloxam). Phlyctis agelaea, Koerh. On trees. Carisbrooke (B.M.Cat.). Ph. argena, Ach. On trees. On bark of beech, Godshill (J.F.E.). Urceolaria scruposa, Ach. On rocks. Shanklin (B.M.Cat.) ; the Landslip (Bloxam). Lecidea canescens, Dicks. On trees, walls, and rocks. Very common. Bembridge (J.F.E.) ; Ventnor (Eeader) ; Appuldurcombe, Carisbrooke, &c. (H.M.L.). Lecid. calcarea, Weis. On rocks, the Landslip (Bloxam). Lecid. anomala, Fries. On ash and holly. Shanklin (Salwey). Lecid. carneo-lutea, Turn. On elm and ash. Brading and St. Lawrence (E. M. Holmes) ; Ventnor (Dr. Holl). Lecid. myriocarpa, D.C. On oak gate, Blackwater (H.M.L.), LICHENS 101 Lecid. premnea, Fr. On old trees. Shanklin (Salwey). Lecid. petraea, Wulf. On rocks. Frequent. On pebbles, St. Bonifcace Down (Recader) ; Freshwater Bay (W. H. Wilkinson) ; on stones, near Combley Wood (J.F.R.). Lecid. confluens, JVebr. On rocks. Common (J.F.R.). Lecid. muscorum, Sw. Common. On bank near Carisbrooke ; on moss on wall, Blackgang (H.M.L.) ; on moss, the Landslip (Bloxam). Lecid. Yernalis, L. On trees. I. of W. (Bloxam). Lecid. erysiboides, Nijl. f. sordidescens, Nyl. On old trees. I. of W. (Crombie). Lecid. parasema, Ach. On trees, rocks, &c. Common. On tree, Carisbrooke, and on the wall of the Castle ; also on wall at Niton, &c. (H.M.L.). Lecid. parasema, sith-s}). elaeochroma, Ach. On trees. Com- mon (J.F.R.). Lecid. platycarpa, Fr. On stones, Combley Wood (J.F.R.) ; Ventnor (Reader). Lecid. caeruleonigricans, Light/. On the earth among rocks. Ventnor (Dr. Holl). Lecid. effusa, Sic. On trees. I. of W. (H.M.L.). Lecid. effusa, var. caesio-pruinosa, Mudd. Niton (Reader). Lecid. minuta, Schacr. On trees. I. of W. (Crombie). Lecid. conglomerata, Fr. On trees. Shanklin (Salwey). Lecid. neglecta, Nyl. On moss, Whitcombe (H.M.L.). Lecid. lenticularis, Ach. f. nigro-clavata, Nyl. On trees. Shanklin (Dr. Holl). Lecid. aromatica, S.M. On wall, Northwood Park (J.F.R.) . Lecid. tricolor. With. On various trees. I. of W. (Dr. Holl). Lecid. fallax, Hepp. On elms. Near Shanklin (Dr. Holl). Lecid. metaboloides, Nyl. I. of W. (B.M.Cat.). Lecid. leucoclinella, Nyl. On rocks. Shanklin (Salwey). Lecid. marginata, Schaer. On rocks. I. of W. (Dr. Holl). Lecid. stellulata, Tayl. On rocks and stones. Ventnor (Dr. Holl). Lecid. grossa, Pers. On trees. Shanklin (Dr. Holl). Lithographa dendrographa, Nyl. On trees. Whitefield (E. M. Holmes). Opegrapha yaria, Pers. On trees and rocks. Frequent. On bark of elm, Newport, and on walls of Carisbrooke Castle (H.M.L.) . 0. saxicola, Ac]i. On rocks. The Landslip (Bloxam). 0. saxicola, var. Chevallieri, height. Rocks, I. of W. (Vic. Hist. Hants). 0. saxicola, /. gyrocarpa, Z^v. Shanklin (Dr. Holl). 0. atra, Pers. On trees. Common. On stones at Wootton, Brook, Cowes, &c. (J.F.R.). Stigmatidium crassum, Duh. On trees. I. of W. (Bloxam). 102 LICHENS S. Yenosum, Ach. On old trees. Quarr Wood (Bloxam). Arthonia cinnabarina, Wallr. On old trees. America Woods (Salwey) ; Bonchurch (Eeader). A. spadicea, Leight. On hazel stump, Marvel Copse (J.F.E.). Graphis dendritica, Ach. On trees, Appuldurcombe (Bloxam). G. inusta, Ach. On trees : oak, hazel, thorn, beech, sycamore. Bonchurch (Reader). G. scripta, Ach. On young oak, Parkhurst (J.F.R.). G. elegans, Sm. On young oak, Parkhurst (J.F.R.). Pyrenodei. Normandina pulchella, Bon: On mossy trees. Appuldurcombe (Bloxam). Yerrucaria margacea, var. aethiobola, Whlnh. On wet rocks. I. of W. (Sahvey). Y. mauroides, Schaer. On flints, Bowcombe and Sullens Copse (J.F.R.). Y. nigrescens, Pers. I. of W. (Salwey) ; on stone, Westover Down (H.M.L.). Y. polysticta, Borr. On vv'alls, kc. I. of W. (Salwey). Y. Yiridula, Schnid. On old walls, rocks, &c. Shanklin Church (Salwey). ^ Y. murina, Leight. On calcareous rocks. Shanklin (Salwey). Y. rupestris, Schmd. On stones near Sullens Copse (J.F.R.). Y. Integra, Nyl. On sandstone. Shanklin (Dr. Holl) ; on chalk, Brighstone Down (H.M.L.). Y. calciseda, B.C. On flints, Bowcombe (J.F.R.). Y. gemmata, Ach. On trees. Common. Y. biformis, Borr. On trees : ash, gorse, elm, oak, willow. Shanklin (Salwey). Y. Salweii, Leight. On calcareous rocks, mortar, &c. Shanklin Church and Sandown (Salwey). Y. chlorotica, Ach. var. codonoidea, Leight. On rocks. I. of W. (Salwey). Y. nitida, Weig. On trees. Common. Bonchurch (Eeader). In the foregoing list the term "I. of W.", which precedes the names of several of the authorities quoted, signifies that with the particular species in question no more precise locality was given than the Island as a whole. HEPATICS. By W. INGHAM, B.A., Hon. Sec. Moss Exchange Club. The Hepaticae (Liverworts or Scale Mosses) are cryptogams, or, as they are sometimes called, " Flowerless Plants," because the organs which answer the purposes of flowers are, in their case, either concealed in the substance of the plant, or, if exposed, are not obvious to the unaided eye. The Hepatics rank in the Vegetable Kingdom next below the Mosses, and are distinct from them in many points, some of which are given below. Of the 262 species recorded by Lett for the British Isles, 37 only have, up to the present, been found in the Isle of Wight. These beautiful little plants are of great interest to botanists, and in many cases have been the subject of their favourite study. They may be readily distinguished fi'om the mosses by the brittle character of their tissue, and by the capsule (usually round and black, re- sembling the black head of a pin) generally dividing into four valves to scatter the spores. The seta, too, which supports the capsule, is much weaker than in the mosses, and is generally whitish or silvery. Mixed with the spores in the capsule are the so-called elaters, resembling minute, golden springs or corkscrews, which by their energetic recoil aid in scattering the spores. The Hepatics may be divided into two natural classes. The first class includes those plants which are without distinct stem and leaves, both these being fused into a flat leaf-like body, which may be termed a frond or tliallus. This class links the Hepatics to the-- Lichens. The other class includes plants with a distinct stem bearing leaves, which are always attached to the stem, and never have nerves like mosses. This class most resembles the true mosses, and contains some of the most beautiful and interesting plants, known. The favourite home of these plants is where there is abundance of moisture and shade, and where the air is pure. They luxuriate near waterfalls, at the sources of rivers, and in romantic dells. The Isle (103) 104 HEPATICS of Wight can scarcely be regarded as an ideal locality for them. The following table gives some of the most evident differences between Hepatics and Mosses. 3. HEPATICS. Protonema generally a short-lived, inconspicu- oiis, flattened expansion. Adult shoot generally dorsi- ventral, thaUoid in many forms. Unicellular root-hairs. 4. No trace of vascular tissue. 5. Leaves (when present) destitute of mid-rib. 6. Capsule remains within the calyptra until the spores are ripe. 7. Ruptured calyptra remains as a vaginula, no p)ortion being raised as a cap on the capsule. 8. Elongation of seta (when present) is sudden. 9. Growth of capsule is not effected by a two-sided apical cell. 10. The spore-part fills up the lohole capsule. 11. In all cases (except Riccia), some of the spore cells are sterile (being fre- quently developed into elaters). 12. No columella, (except in Anthoceros) . 13. No stomata on capsule (except Anthoceros). MOSSES. 1. Protonema frequently per- sistent, loell - developed, generally thread-like. 2. Adult shoot radial or isobi- latcral, always differen- tiated into stem and leaf. 3. No root-hairs, but branched multicellular rhizoids. 4. Stem frequently wdth a cen- tral strand of rudimen- tary vascular tissue. 5. Leaves generally with a mid-rib. 6. Capsule escapes from the calyptra ata,n early stage. 7. Portion of calyptra (with certain exceptions) is carried up on the capsule. 8. Elongation of seta is gra- dual. 9. Growth of capsule (except Sphagna) is effected by a two-sided apical cell. 10. The spore part forms only a layer of cells in the capsule. 11. All the spore cells become spores. 12. A well-developed columella in capsule. 13. Capsule generally wiY/i sto- mata. Many Hepatics have what are called conduplicate leaves. In these cases the leaf is folded, one part lying against the other. Sometimes the two parts are equal or neai'ly equal to each other, as in the genus Scayania. In other cases, as in the genus Frullania, HEPATICS 105 one of the parts or lobules is very much smaller than the other, and often of a peculiar shape. In the two species quite common in the Island, viz., Fndlania dilatata and Frullania Taviarisci, the small lobe, instead of being flat like the large lobe, is in the form of a pouch (larger in the former than in the latter Frullania). The rain in trickling dow)i fills these little pouches or pitchers, and is retained in them when other parts of the plant are dry. Tiny rotifers inhabit the pitchers and live on the minute dust brought in by the rain- water. In return for their shelter in the pitchers, as it were, the rotifers supply the plant with nitrogen, which they obtain from the minute organisms washed in by the rain. Thus the Frullania and the rotifer mutually help each other, the former supplying oxygen to the rotifers, and the latter supplying carbonic acid and nitrogen to the plant. Collection and Preservation of Hepatics. — When gathered, each separate tuft should be wrapped in a piece of paper, with a note on the kind of place where it was growing. The plants thus wrapped up and put in the vasculum or bag will last several weeks without any ill-effects, so the collecting can go on throughout a long holiday. On reaching home, the papers should be unwrapped and the plants washed in water to get rid of sand, clay, &c. They may then be exposed on papers in a shady place and allowed to dry. No pressure is necessary to preserve them, although some ai'e rendered more beautiful to the eye by a very slight pressure. When thoroughly dry they may be placed in packets labelled with name of place, kind of habitat, and time of gathering. In this dry state they will remain an indefinite time, as far as we know, without any decay setting in —certainly for over 100 years. At any time they may be placed in water and they will open out and look as they did when gathered in the damp state. They may then be placed in a shady place to dry again, and this drying and wetting may be repeated an indefinite number of times. The thalloid or frondose Hepatics are much slower in recovering after being dried than the foliose species. Soinetimes several hours' soaking in water is necessary to see a frondose Hepatic as it was when gathered in a damp place. Books on Hepatics. — Lett, "Hepatics of the British Islands," 1902, 7/6 net : to be obtained from the Author, the Eev. H. W. Lett, M.A., Aghaderg, Co. Down, Ireland. Pearson's standard work, " The Hepaticae of the Brit. Isles," 2 vols., with 228 coloured plates, pub. at £11 2s 6d., but obtainable second-hand for five or six guineas. Cooke's " Hepatics," pub. at 6/-, is useful for its woodcuts, but is rather out of date. " A Key to Hepatics of the Brit. Islands," by S. M. Macvicar, 9d. ; and "Catalogue of British Hepatics," by H. W. Lett, M.A., 6d. : both to be obtained from V. T. Sumfield, Eastbourne. The " Census Catalogue of British Hepatics," to be obtained from W. Ingham, York, lOd. post free. Also T. H. Russell's " Mosses and Liverworts," 4/6. 106 HEPATICS The following species were found by the Rev. H. M. Livens and others, and named by Mr. W. Ingham, B.A. I. Thalloid or Frondose Hepatics (Without stem or leaves). Reboulia hemisphaerica, Raddi. Shady places on ground and rocks, especially on limestone. Not common. Ashey Down. Gonocephalus conicus, Dum. Damp shady places. Abundant in favourable localities. Blackwater, Gatcombe, Shanklin Chine. Lunularia cruciata, Dum. Damp shady banks, paths, &c. Common. The Landslip, Newport, Chillerton, Westover, &c. Aneura pinguis, Bum. On moist rocks and clay. Eare. The Landslip, Priory Bay. A. multifida, Dum. On sides of ditches. Not common. The Wilderness. A. sinuata, Limpr. Not common. On bank of ditch, Black- water ; and in bog below Ladder Chine, Chale. A. latifrons, Lindb. On turfy banks. Eare. Ashey Down, Priory Bay. Metzgeria furcata, Lindb. On trees. Very common. x\pes Down Wood, Parkhurst, &c. M. pubescens, Raddi. Shaded rocks. Eare. The Landslip. Pellia epiphylla, Dum. On moist clay banks and wet rocks. Common. Shanklin Chine, Brighstone Chine, Whale Chine, Steep- hill, Blackwater, Chillerton, Blackgang, &c. P. calycina, Tayl. Not uncommon. On wet shady bank, Marvel, and at Shanklin Chine. Blasia pusilla, L. On wet sand of cliffs. Eare. Shanklin. Fossombronia, sp. (barren). In wet peaty ground on bank of ditch in the Wilderness. II. FoLiosE Hepatics (provided with stem and leaves). Lophozia turbinata, Steph. On damp shady ground. Eather common. The Landslip, Ashey Down, Shanklin, Garstons Down, Tolt Copse. Plagiochila asplenioides, Du^n. On moist ground in woods. Fairly frequent. The Landslip, Carisbrooke, Shanklin Chine. P. asplenioides, rar. major, Nccs. About stump in damp copse. Eare. Westridge Plantation. P. asplenioides, var. Dillenii, Tayl. On moist rock. Locally abundant. The Landslip, x\ppuldurcombe. Lepidozia setacea, Web. In sandy hollows. Very rare. Ventnor Down (Eev. H. P. Eeader), The usual habitat is in mountain bogs. Lophocolea bidentata, Dum. Shady places on ground, base of trees, rocks. Common. Apes Down, Parkhurst, Wootton, &c. HEPATICS 107 L. cuspidata, Limpr. Damp mossy banks. Frequent. Appuldur- combe, the Landslip, Parkhurst, Combley Wood, Hampstead, Borthwood, Whale Chine, &c. L. alata, Miti. On shady rock. Kara. The Landslip, Park- hurst Forest. L. heterophylla, Duvi. On damp banks and rotten stumps. Frequent. The Wilderness, Carisbrooke, Westover, Shanklin Chine, &c. Cephalozia bicuspidata, Duvi. On damp shady ground and rotten wood. Not common. Blackwater, Whale Chine, Apse. Cephaloziella byssacea, TFar?i5^. Uncommon. Bleak Down ; St. George's Down (F. Morey). Kantia Trichomanis, Gray. On damp ground amongst mosses. Uncommon. Parkhurst. K. Sprengelii, Pears. Damp ground in copses, &c. Eather common. Parkhurst, Whale Chine, the Wilderness ; St. George's Down (F. Morey). K. arguta, Lindb. On damp peaty ground. Not common. Parkhurst. Diplophyllum albicans, Duvi. Banks, rather dry and shady. Not common. Parkhurst and Westover. Scapania compacta, BotJi. On rocks and boulders; also on heaths and dry exposed ground. Not common. On the broken cliff at Headon Hill ; I. of W. (Pearson). Radula complanata, L. On ash trees at Newbarn Down and Hampstead. Madotheca laeYigata, Schrad. On rocks. The Landslip and Luccombe Chine (Eev. A. Bloxam, 1864). M. platyphylla, Dum. On trees, mossy banks and rocks. Frequent. Carisbrooke. Frullania Tamarisci, L. On bark of trees, rocks and ground. Westover ; abundant amongst the heather on Headon Hill. F. dilatata, Btun. On trees, rarely on i-ocks. Common and abundant. Combley, Westover Plantation, Hampstead, &c. Jungermania ventricosa, Dicks. xAmongst moss in bog. The Wilderness. J. exsecta, ScJrmid. Pvare. In sandv hollow on the downs, Ventnor (Rev. H. P. Reader). Aplozia crenulata, S»i. In boggy places. Locally abundant, absent elsewhere. The Undercliff at Blackgang, Whale Chine, and bog below Ladder Chine. MOSSES. By the REV. H. M. LIVENS. There are few orders of plants, if any, which contribute more to the beauty of nature and to the joy of man than the Mosses. After other plants have bloomed and cast their seeds the Mosses exhibit their greatest vigour and beauty of fruition ; while species may be found at all times of the year holding aloft their small finely-wrought urns or capsules charged with the spores which are the promise of the next generation. In all kinds of places, as at all times and seasons, they are the companions of our way, on rock and wall, on bank and path and tree. They are before us on the tops of the mountains, in reeking swamps, in every copse and forest, and on the wind-blown moors ; and, in general, it may be relied on that where the Moss grows green there the air is pure and sweet. Moss in the form of peat gives the glimmer of warmtli to the poor Irish cabin. Moss is the abomination of the conventional gardener who pi'efers paths of dead red gravel to paths of living green velvet. And when at length man in his weariness has gone to his rest, the Moss creeps unperceived to the sacred spot and writes his name in letters of living emerald upon the stone. The Mosses are spread widely over the face of the earth. One, not unfamiliar on the bark of trees in our English woods, Ulota phyllantha, has been found growing at the utmost limit of plant life on the shoulders of Chimborazo. Another, the familiar little Silver Moss (Bryum argenteu7n) which lends its metallic lustre to our ash- paths, was one of the five discovered by Sir Joseph Hooker at the furthest boundary of Antarctic vegetation on Cockbui'n Island. No less than one-fifth of the Mosses of New Zealand are also found in Europe. This, together with the preceding facts, is proof of the vast distance to which, like the dust of Krakatoa, the minute volatile spores of the Mosses may be carried by the wind. Mosses are not only widely distributed over the surface of the earth, but also date fi'om a great antiquity. To this both peat-bogs and coal-fields testify. Fossilized remains of Mosses have been (108) MOSSES 109 found in Pleistocene strata at Crofthead in Eenfrewshire, where an inter-glacial deposit contained eleven species, which are still extant. Fourteen more species have been discovered in a deposit in the valley of the Clyde. Carboniferous strata in France have also yielded traces of Moss. The British species and named varieties number between 800 and 900. Of these, some 215 have, up to the present, been found in the Isle of Wight. Distribution in the Island. — Moss is peculiarly sensitive to variations of soil and r-ock, of aspect and atmosphere. The greatest variety is found in mountainous districts where, like the lichens, these hardy cryptogams are not repelled by situations which are too bleak for the flowering plants. The absence from the Isle of Wight of the older and loftier rock formations thus deprives it entirely of certain orders which, like the Audreaceae, grow only on rocks at a fairly high altitude. Geologically, the Isle of Wight is made up of Secondary and Tertiary deposits with characteristic Moss flora. The distribution therefore falls into the following natural divisions : — 1. — The Mosses of the sands and clays of the northern part of the Island and of the central vallev. 2.— The Mosses of the Chalk Downs." 3. — The rupestral Mosses of the Greensand and associated strata of the Undercliff and the Landslip. 4.^ — The Mosses peculiar to the marshy districts, especially the Wilderness, the only genuine bog in the Island. 5. — The arboreal Mosses found on and among the trees of Park- hurst Forest, Appuldurcombe, Combley and other woods. Life History. — The life of a Moss may be said to begin with the germination of a spore. ■•'• This, under proper conditions of warmth and moisture, throws out a green thread which grows rapidly by cell-division and branches freely. It is called the protonema and corresponds to the mycelimn or "spawn" of a mushroom. This thread-like protonema being supplied with the elements for the creation of chlorophyll granules is vegetative ; in other words, it is able to supply itself with nutriment from the carbonic dioxide in the air, while at the same time it absorbs moisture from the surface of the ground, tree, or rock on which it is growing. It is a familiar object on old flower-pots. Here and there in the texture of this delicate fibrous mat cells are formed by angular instead of by vertical division. Whenever this occurs a bud begins to form, from which there presently develops a rosette of very small leaves. These are * In the case of the Cryptogams the term "spore " is used in place of "seed," there being a noteworthy difference of structure. A spore is a simple body consisting of but a single cell, while a seed is multicellular and of more elaborate construction. Flowering plants are reproduced by means of seeds. 110 MOSSES in turn succeeded by larger leaves, enclosing in their midst certain organs destined to play important parts in the reproduction of the plant. It is at this early stage that a sexual divergence takes place ; certain plants, or it may be dilTerent parts of the same plant, pro- ducing the anthcridia or male organs, while others produce the archegonia or female organs. The antheridia usually appear in the axil of a branch, or at the extremity of branch or stem, in the form of a cluster of elongated sacs, interspersed among which are a number of reddish, translucent processes which, when seen under the microscope, remind one strongly of the turned and stained legs of a table. 1'hese are the yaraphyscs, and their function is probably to assist in the development of the antheridia by ensuring them a regular supply of moisture. As the antheridia ripen, their cellular substance breaks up into a number of globular bodies known as mother-cells, each one of which contains a single cell of curiously serpentine form. The minute body is at first coiled up within its protective envelope like an embryo snake in the egg ; but as soon as an antheridium is ripe it bursts, through the absorption of water, discharges its contents which consist of a host of mother-cells which in their turn are ruptured, thus allowing the highly active anthero- zoids to escape. This sequence of events can only occur when the parts are amply supplied with moisture, and a fijm at least of water is absolutely necessary to provide a medium in which the antbero- zoids can exercise their mobility. Wriggling through the waters of a microscopic sea by the aid of their cloven tails, some of them have the good fortune to make their way into the neighbourhood of the arcliegonia, which we must now briefly describe. The archegonia, or female organs of reproduction, are borne, like the antheridia, on different parts of the plant ; sometimes in the same bud as the antheridia, sometimes in a different bud, or on a different plant. They are minute flask-like bodies with an enlarged base and a long neck. The base contains the ovule which awaits fertilization by the antherozoids. The latter we have traced from the organs that produced them. A few of them, let us assume, have, assisted by their own movements, reached the mouth of an archegonium. The presence of sugar has been detected in the mucous column in the neck of the archegonium, and this seems to act as an attraction to the free antherozoid, which, guided thus to its proper haven, enters the tube and makes its way down to the ovule with which it becomes blended and thus fertilization is effected. Eapid and extensive changes now take place in the ovule, which, together with its envelope, increases to a considerable size, where its contents become much elaborated. During this time also its short pedestal is lengthening into a tall stalk or seta, which thus carries aloft the capsule of fertilized spore-cells. Covering the capsule is the ruptured envelope of the ovule, which remains as long as it is required as a protective hood or calyptra, which is either of MOSSES 111 a silky or membranous texture. When mature the capsule consists of the following parts : — The outer integument which may possess stomata, or breathing- pores, about its base. The stomata remain active as long as the capsule is green, but their function ceases as it ripens to a yellow, tawny, brown, or crimson colour. Within is a layer of loose cellular tissue with ample air-spaces {lacunae) surrounding the spore-sac, the contents of which, consisting of a compact green mass attached to the columella, or central support, divides up as the fruit ripens into a large number of free spores, for the distribution of which a most delicate machinery is called into play. First of all, the calyptra, now dry and loose, is blown away by the wind or brushed off by a passing foot. Its removal discloses the top of the capsule, which is seen to be provided with a symmetrical lid or operculum. This lid is held in its place by a band of cells attached to its rim, called the aunulus, which, when the fruit is ripe, bursts by contraction and liberates the lid which falls off. In some Mosses, e.g., the Sphagnaccae, the spores are now exposed to wind and weather in the open capsule and will readily get blown or shaken out. In most cases, however, the rim of the cup is seen to be ornamented with a golden or crimson fringe of finely-shaped teeth. Frequently the fringe is double, as in the case of many species of Bryum, the processes of the inner circle being the more fragile. With the exception of Tetraphis, in W'hich the teeth are only four in number, they are always found in multiples of 8, namely, 16, 32, or 64. This beautiful structure is called the p)ei'isto7ne. The teeth are hygroscopic : in other words, in the presence of moisture they close inwards, their tips meeting in the centre and forming an effective roof over the casket of spores ; but if the atmosphere is dry, and therefore conducive to the scattering of the spores, the teeth open outwards in the style of a corona and there is no further impediment to their dissemination. Owing to the striking variety exhibited by the peristomes of different species of Moss, the description just given, while offered as typical, is subject to many specific modifications. Thus, while some Mosses have a double peristome, with teeth long enough to meet in the centre, in other cases the teeth are short, and the measure of protection w^hich they can offer to the spores is that rather of a fence or hedge than of a roof. In the Polytrichujns the teeth are extremely small, and curve over on to the surface of a tympanum or membrane to the edge of which their tips are attached. The membrane is stretched across the mouth of the capsule, the spores escaping through the narrow apertures caused when it is lifted by the erection of the teeth. Some Mosses again have no lid, the top of the capsule breaking off irregularly. In the case of the Andrcaceac, as before mentioned, an order of mountain Mosses not represented in the Isle of Wight, there is no lid, but the capsule splits down the sides in four equal 112 MOSSES quarters, the segments remaining attached at the top and bottom. Should the atmosphere happen to be moist the edges of the segments are drawn close together so as to enclose the spores. As soon as the air is dry again the sides bulge out, and the wind blowing through the four clefts disperses the spores. Moss has, however, other means of propagation beside that which has just been described, and which may be regarded as the normal method. Some, for instance, throw out from the leaf-tips or from the stem secondary protonema from which spring fresh plants as in the case of the primary protonema proceeding from the germinating spores. There is also the method adopted by certain species that are shy of fruiting, namely by gemmae, small vegetative bodies borne in a cluster on the head of a column as in Aulacomnium androgynuin ; or in a pretty leafy cup, as in Tetraphis pellucida ; or on the surface of the leaves, as in Orthotrichum Lyellii, in which case they pro- trude in great numbers from the leaf in the form of minute brown staves. Bryum erythrocarpum bears numerous globular crimson gemmae at the base of the stem. The gemmae when mature fall to the ground, to which they attach themselves by means of root-hairs. A new plant then starts growing. The following methods of propagation tvitJiout protonema have been enumerated : By leaf-buds on rhizoids ; leaf-buds on aerial rhizoids or hair-like appendages from the stem ; bulbs on stem ; young plants at the ends of the branches ; leafy branches becoming detached ; rooting of the main axis ; single leaves breaking off from the plant, which when blown away by the wind will start growing, as in the case of Campylopus pyriformis. These various methods of reproduction serve to show how well the preservation of the race of Mosses is ensured, and their wide distribution over the earth accounted for. For further information the following books are recommended : Bagnall, "Handbook of Mosses" (for beginners), 1/. Dixon and Jameson, "The Student's Handbook of British Mosses," 18/6, Dixon, " Handbook Catalogue of British Mosses," 6d. (Sumfield, Eastbourne). The " Census Catalogue of British Mosses," 1/6 and 2/-, of the Editor, W. Ingham, B.A., 52 Haxby Eoad, York. Braithwaite, "British Moss Flora": the standard work, with numerous illustrations ; may be purchased in unbound numbers at about 35/-, bound copies being proportionately more expensive. "Wilson's " Bryologia Britannica," with its fine plates, though some- what out of date, will always be invaluable ; second-hand copies may be bought at from £2 to £3. Just pubUshed, is T. H. Eussell's " Mosses and Liverworts," 4/6, being a popular introduction to their study, with excellent illustrations. MOSSES 113 For hints as to preserving Mosses, see the section on Hepatics, hy Mr. W. Ingham. In the following list of species found in the Isle of Wight, wherever the name of a collector is not stated that of the writer of this article is to be understood. The nomenclature throughout is Dixon and Jameson's. The services of Mr. W. Ingham in naming specimens and revising the complete list are cordially acknowledged. The late Prof. Barker also gave ready assistance until his health broke down. Sphagnum cymbifolium. Bogs, sides of streams and pools. Abundant in the Wilderness, Eookley. S. subsecundum, var. contortum. Boggy ground. Eare. Apse, and the marshes at Newchurch. S. subsecundum, var. turgidum. Has been found only in the Newchurch marshes. S. squarrosum. Bogs. Abundant in the Wilderness. S. squarrosum, var. imbricatum. Has been found only in a ditch in the Newchurch marshes. S. acutifolium. Bogs. Very rare in the Island. The Wilderness (Venables, 1860). S. fimbriatum. Bogs. Local. The Wilderness (Miss F. M. Minns and H.M.L.). S. intermedium. Bogs. Local. The Wilderness. Sphagnum is happy in possessing the well-established English name Peat Moss, which embraces all its species. It is also known as Bog-moss. Gatharinea undulata. Fruit, late autumn and winter. On clay or sand, in woods, on shady banks, &c. Very common. Caris- brooke, Combley Woods, Shanklin Chine, Apes Down, Borthwood, the Landslip, &c. C. undulata, var. minor. Fr. late autumn and winter. On sandy soil and on clay. Eare. Combley Woods (F. Morey). Polytrichum nanum. Fr. variable, usually winter and spring. On sand and on clayey soil. Not common in the I. of W. Hamp- stead and Alverstone. P. aloides. Fr. usually winter and spring. On sandy soil. Fairly common. Parkhurst, Arreton, Shanklin Chine, Brighstone Down. P. piliferum. Fr. summer. On dry heaths and downs. Common. St. George's Down, Idlecombe, Luccombe and Shanklin Downs, Headon Hill. P. juniperinum. Fr. summer. Heaths. Common. Brighstone Down. 114 MOSSES P. gracile. Fr. summer. Peaty woods and dry heaths. Not common. Marvel Copse. P. formosum. Fr. summer. Dry woods. Common. Parkhurst Forest. P. commune. Bogs. Locally abundant. The Wilderness. The Polytrichums are popularly known as " Uni Mosses" from their large capsules. P. commune is sometimes called Great Golden Maiden-hair Moss on account of the long golden seta. It is "one of the most highly developed and perhaps the finest of our mosses ' ' (Dixon) . In Lapland it is used for pillows and beds by the inhabitants, and also, it is said, by the bears. Pleuridium axillare. Fr. winter. Boggy bank of ditch. Not common. The Wilderness. PL subulatum. Fr. April to June. On clayey soil. Not com- mon. Parkhurst and Appuldurcombe. Ditrichum flexicaule. Fr. summer, very rare. In turf on downs. Abundant. Ashey and Westover Downs. D. flexicaule, var. densum. On grassy downs. Not common. The downs above the Needles (Rev. H. P. Eeader). Seligeria calcarea. Fruits in winter very freely. Chalk cliffs and pits. Abundant locally. Newport. This moss, though minute in size, grows in such multitudes on the face of the chalk in the Mount Joy quarry, Newport, as to impart to it a distinct greenish- grey tone. S. recurvata. Fr. winter. Sandstone rocks in shady places. I. of W. (Moss Census Cat., 1907). Ceratodon purpureus (Purple Fork-moss). Fr. spring and early summer. Sandy and peaty soil in woods, &c. Common. Brigh- stone Down, Parkhurst, St. Catherine's Down, &c. The peristome repays examination under the microscope ; the teeth resembling bamboos, or, as others think, goats' horns — whence the name, which means " horn-tooth." C. purpureus, var. breYifolius. Peaty soil. St. George's Down. Dichodontium pellucidum. Fr. autumn to spring. Wet rocks or sand near streams. Rare. I. of W. (Moss Census Cat.). Dicranella heteromalla. Fr. winter. Banks in woods, road- sides, &c. Common and abundant. Parkhurst, Combley Wood, America Woods, Marvel Copse, &c. D. heteromalla, var. interrupta. On sandy chff. Rare. Sandown. D. cerviculata. Fr. summer, rarely winter. Usual habitat, peaty banks and sides of ditches. Not common in the Island. On rotten vegetable matter in the Wilderness. D. secunda. Fr. late summer. Stony ground on hillside. Rare. Staplers, Newport ; I. of W. (Moss Census Cat.). D. Yaria. Fr. autumn and winter. Damp clay fields, woods, and cliffs. Fairly common. Shanklin, Garstons, Mt. Joy chalk- pit, Blackwater, Headon Hill. MOSSES 115 D. Yaria, var. tenuifolia. Habitat same as the type. Rare. I. of W. (Moss Census Cat.). D. Yaria, var. callistoma. Rare. In chalk-pit, Newport. Dicranoweisia cirrata. Fr. winter. On trees, fences, and thatch. Common and abundant. Godshill, Blackwatei', Ningwood, &c. This moss is a noteworthy feature on some of the old thatched cottages in the Island. Campylopus flexuosus (Rusty Swan-neck Moss). Fr. winter and spring. On high peaty soil. Not common. Headon Hill. C. pyriformis. Fr. spring and summer. On heaths and peaty ground. Not common, St. George's Down, Parkhurst, Headon Hill. Propagated from leaves broken off and scattered by the wind. C. fragilis. Fr. rare, spring. On sandy and peaty ground. Uncommon in the Island. Near the Longstone, Mottistone Down. Dicranum Bonjeani. Fr. rare, late summer. In marshes and on heaths. Common. The Wilderness, Brighstone Down. D. scoparium (Broom Fork-moss). Fr. late summer. Woods, heaths, &c. Common. Parkhurst, Garstons Down, Westover, Shanklin and Luccombe Downs, &c. D. scoparium, var. orthophyllum. On heaths. Not common. Hampstead, Headon Hill. Dicranum, Eng. name : Fork-moss. Leucobryum glaucum (White-leaved Fork-moss). Fruit rare, winter, but persistent throughout the year, though not known in the Island. Heaths and woods on peaty ground. Not common in the Isle of Wight. Headon Hill. Fissidens exilis. Fr. winter. Woods and shady banks. Rare. Apse Heath, Hampstead. F. Yiridulus. Fr. winter. Clay banks and shady rocks. Not common. Combley Wood. F. Yiridulus, var. Lylei. Rare. On calcareous clay bank. Apes Down. F. incurYUS. Fr. winter. Clay banks. Fairly common. Down- end, the Landslip, Hampstead, Bowcombe Down. F. incurYUS, var. tamarindifolius. Habitat the same as the type. Rare. The Landslip. F. bryoides. Fr. winter. Clay banks, woods, &c. Common. Newport, Yarmouth, the Landslip, Arreton, Carisbrooke, &c. This small moss is very abundant ; the bright red peristome of its cap- sules may often be detected in the winter. They are a fine object for the microscope. F. adiantoides. Fr. winter. Amongst moss and on heavy soil. Rare. Ashey Down, Hampstead. F. decipiens. Fr. winter and spring. Amongst grass of downs and on wet rocks. Not common. The Landslip. F. taxifolius. Fr. winter. Clay banks, roadsides, &c. Very l2 116 MOSSES common. Haven Street, Yarmouth, Shanklin Chine, Hampstead, America Woods, Newport, &c. Fissidens, Eng. name : Flat Fork-moss. Grimmia apocarpa. Fr. spring and summer. Eocks and walls. Not common. Blackgang, Combley Farm. The deep red teeth of the peristome spreading outwards as a crown when dry are a handsome feature. G. pulvinata. Fr. spring. Walls and rocks. Common. Black- gang, Carisbrooke, Shalfleet, &c. The long hyaline points of the leaves give to this moss, which grows in neat cushions on the wall-tops and elsewhere, its fine hoary appearance. Until the fruit is ripe, when the seta becomes erect, the capsule is inverted and hidden, as for protection, among the leaves. Phascum cuspidatum. Fr. early spring. On clay banks, fields, and w^aste places. Not common in the Island. Hampstead ; Mt. Joy chalk-pit, Newport. Ph. Floerkeanum. Fr. winter. Clay and chalk fields. Un- common. On chalk pebbles. Culver Cliff (Rev. H. P. Eeader). Phascum, Eng. name : Earth-moss. Pottia recta. Fr. winter. Bare places and fallow fields, chalk and clay. Not common. Garstons. P. truncatula (Common Pottia). Fr. autumn and winter. Banks, fallow fields, especially clay. Common. Parkhurst, Wootton, near Whitcombe, &c. P. intermedia. Fr. winter. Walls, fallow fields, &c. Not common. P. intermedia, var. littoralis. Sandy hollow. Very rare. Brighstone Down. P. minutula (Dwarf Pottia). Fr. winter. On clay cliffs and fallow ground. Not common. Shanklin Down, Luccombe Chine, Bowcombe Down. P. Starkeana. Fr. winter and early spring. Fallow fields and bare ground. Rare. The Undercliff, Garstons Down. P. lanceolata. Fr. spring. Dry banks, wall-tops, &c. Not common. The Landslip. The Pottias and Phascums are amongst the smallest of our mosses. Tortula rigida. Fr. winter. Usually on mud-caps of walls. Very rare. On banks (Bloxam). The dark, reddish-brown leaves are a distinct characteristic of this and the two following species. T. ambigua. Fr. winter. Banks of calcareous clay, and mud- capped walls. Not common. Ashey ; and at the foot of Garstons Down. T. aloides. Fr. winter. On calcareous clay. Frequent. The Landslip; the cliff, Headon Hill; the Underclifif. T. marginata. Fr. spring, but not confined to one season. Brick walls and sandstone rock. Common. Carisbrooke, Steephill. T. muralis (Wall Screw-moss). Fr. spring. Walls, stones, paths, &c. Very common in all parts. MOSSES 117 T. subulata. Fr. summer. Sandy banks. Fairly common. Whale Chine, the Landslip, Carisbrooke, &c. This moss has very long, light-brown capsules, and the teeth, which are pink, are united into a tube for more than half their length. T. laevipila. Fr. summer. Trunks of trees, especially elm and oak. Common. The Undercliff, Parkhurst, Appuldurcombe. T. intermedia. Fr. early summer. On roof-tiles and calcareous rocks and soil. Frequent. On the cliff at Headon Hill, and on roof-tiles at Gunville, Gatcoml^e, Freshwater, and Shalfleet. T. ruralis (Great Hairy Screw-moss). Fr. early summer. On thatched and tiled roofs and on walls. Frequent and abundant. Growing in large, thick patches on roof of shed at Arreton Manor ; on tiles of old farm-house (since pulled down). Freshwater ; and on sandflat, Hampstead. T. ruraliformis. Fr. early summer. In sand on the coast. Rare. I. of W. (Moss Census Cat.). Barbula lurida. Fr. very rare, winter. On rocks and stumps. Rather common. The Landslip, Newbridge, Whale Chine, Westover. B. lurida., forma obtusifolia (Ingham). This moss, new to the British Flora, has only once been found in the Island, at the Landslip, on clayey soil. B. rubella. Fr. autumn. Rocks, walls, and banks. Rare. Cridmore. B. tophacea. Fr. winter. On wet calcareous clay, walls, &c. Common. Shankhn, Alverstone, Headon Hill, Whale Chine, Luccombe Chine. B. fallax. Fr. winter. Clay banks, paths, walls, &c. Very common in all parts, its thick vivid-green patches forming one of the chief adornments of our stone walls, especially during the winter. B. fallax, var. brevifolia. Fr. rare, winter. On clayey ground. Not common. The Landslip, Rowborough Down, Hampstead. B. rigidula. Fr. late summer and autumn. Walls, rocks, and dry hill-sides. Frequent. Ashey Down, the Landslip, Appuldur- combe, Chale, &c. B. cylindrica. Fr.- rare, spring and summer. Walls, banks of roads and streams. Rather common. Whitwell, Shalfleet, Haven Street. B. Yinealis. Fr. rare, spring. On walls, rocks, roots of trees, &c. Frequent. Carisbrooke Castle, Sandown CHffs, the Landslip, &c. B. sinuosa. Fr. unknown. Walls and stones in calcareous districts. Very rare. On rock, Brighstone Chine ; I. of W. (Moss Census Cat.). B. Hornschuchiana. Fr. spring. On the ground in fields, old quarries, and on walls. Rare. I. of W. (Moss Census Cat.). B. rSYoluta. Fr. spring and summer. Limestone walls and mortar. Rare. On churchyard w^all, Mottistone ; I. of W. (Moss Census Cat.). 118 MOSSES B. convoluta. Fr. spring. On the ground and on wall-tops, Eare in the Island. On the railway bank, Godshill. B. unguiculata. Fr. winter or spring. On banks, walls, and bare ground. Common and widely distributed. Newport, the Undercliff, Chillerton, Chale, Hampstead, &c. B. unguiculata, var. cuspidata. On banks and walls. Not common. Newport. The Barbulas and Tortulas are known as "Screw Mosses," on account of the twisted teeth of the peristome, a feature particularly noticeable in B. unguicu- lata and B. fallax. Weisia crispa. Fr. spring. On the ground and chalky banks. Not common. The Castle hill, Carisbrooke ; Garstons Down. W. tortilis. Fr. spring. Calcareous rocks, banks, and walls. Eare. Eowborough Down, the Landslip. W. crispata. Fr. spring. In similar situations to the last. Eare. Ashey Down. W. Yiridula. Fr. spring. Banks and sandy ground. Very common. Newport, the Landslip, Chillerton. W. tenuis. Fr. summer and autumn. On inclined faces of sandstone or calcareous rocks. Eare. I. of W, (Moss Census Cat.), Weissia, Eng. name : Beardless-moss. Encalypta streptocarpa (Extinguisher-moss). Fr. very rare, late summer. Calcareous banks and mortar of walls. Not common. Apes Down. Zygodon viridissimus. Fr. rare, early summer. On trees, and occasionally rocks. Frequent. Westover, Parkhurst, Yarmouth, Steephill, Hampstead, ShankHn. Z. Stirtoni. Fr. spring, but rare. On rocks and walls ; rarely on trees. Not common. Carisbrooke Castle, Westover Plantation; I. of W. (Moss Census Cat.). Zygodon, Eng. name : Yoke-moss. Ulota Bruchii. Fr. late summer and autumn. On trees, rarely rocks. Not uncommon. Parkhurst. U. crispa. On trees. Uncommon. Near Ventnor (Bloxam). U. phyllantha. Fr. spring or summer, very rare. Distinguished by the numerous brown gemmae on the tips of the upper leaves. On trees and rocks. Eather frequent in I.W. Arreton Down, Eowborough Down. Widely distributed throughout the world, it is found on Chimborazo up to the highest limit of vegetation. Orthotrichum anomalum, var. saxatile. Fr. early summer. On walls and calcareous rocks. Uncommon. Hampstead and Newchurch ; I. of W. (Moss Census Cat.). 0. Lyellii. Fr. rare, summer. On trees. Eather cominon. Parkhurst, the LandsHp. This moss is distinguished by the numerous brown rod-like gemmae on the surface of the leaves. 0. afQne. Fr. summer. On trees, sometimes on stones and walls. Fairly common. Parkhurst, the Wilderness, Hampstead. MOSSES 119 '■'0. afflne, var. approaching fasti^iatum. On elder, Brighstone Chine. 0. diaphanum. Fr. spring. Trunks of trees and fences. Frequent. Gatcombe, Combley Farm, Gai'stons Down. Large form, on post, Ashey Down. Orthotrichum, Eng. name : Bristle-moss. Ephemerum sessile, yrt?-. breYifolium. Eare. Newbarn Down. The Ephemera are amongst the smallest of British mosses. The protonema of the above species forms a persistent network which helps to retain moisture and to protect the rhizoids from other plants. Physcomitrium pyriforme (Bladder-moss). Fr. spring. On wet banks and mud from ditches. Not common. The Wilderness, Blackwater. Funaria ericetorum. Fr. spring. Shady banks. Eare. West- over. F. hygrometrica. Fr. all the summer. Heaths, banks, &c., especially where the ground has been burnt. Common and abun- dant. Parkhurst, Week's Dow^n, Colwell Bay, St. George's Down. During the present summer, 1908, several acres of land, previously burnt, on St. George's Dow^n, have been densely covered, in extensive patches, with the innumerable tawny-brown capsules of this moss in fruit. It has presented quite a striking sight, noticeable at a consider- able distance. Funaria, Eng. name : Cord-moss. Aulacomnium palustre (Marsh Thread-moss). Fr. early sum- mer. Bogs. Local. Sullens, St. George's Down (Miss Minns) ; the Wilderness ; the Undercliff at Blackgang. A. palustre, var. imbricatum. Bogs. Eare. The Undercliff, Blackgang. Bartramia pomiformis (Apple-moss). Fr. spring. Sandy banks. Not common. Lynn Common (Miss F. M. Minns) ; Borth- wood ; Bleak Down. Eeceives its name '' 2)oviiformis" from the globular, apple-shaped fruit. Philonotis rigida. Fr. early summer. Sandy banks and rocks, in w^arm or sheltered situations. Eare. Shanklin. P. capillaris. Fr. very rare, summer. In clefts of rocks and beside springs. Eare. I. of W. (Moss Census Cat.). Leptobryum pyriforme (Golden Thread-moss). Fr. spring or early summer. On sandstone rocks, cinders, &c. ; frequently in green-houses. In I. of W., only found in green-houses. Newport. Webera nutans. Fr. early summer. Peaty and sandy soil in woods, &c. Common. Ladder Chine, Parkhurst, Headon Hill, &c. W. annotina. Eare. Damp shady bank near Bleak Down. * Mr. W. E. Nicholson points out that this specimen, while agreeing with the description of the var. fastigiatiim in " Bryologia Europaea," does not satisfy the characteristics indicated by Limpricht. 120 MOSSES W. carnea. Fr. early spring. Clay banks and ditches. Rather local. Shanklin ; Ladder Chine and Whale Chine, Chale. W. albicans. Fr. rare, spring or early summer. Roadside ditches and clay banks. Fairly frequent. Ningwood, "Wootton, Bleak Down, Whale Chine, Shanklin, Carisbrooke, Arreton. Webera, Eng. name : Thread-moss. Epipterygium Tozeri. Fr. rare, spring. On sandstone. Rare. Apse. Bryum inclinatum. Fr. summer. On dry heaths, banks, and walls. Has been found only on the railway bank, Godshill. B. pallens. Fr. summer. On wet clay or sand. Not common. At the foot of the cliffs near Shanklin ; by the roadside. Bleak Down ; also on the cliffs at Headon Hill. B. bimum. Fr. summer. In boggy places. Not common. Whale Chine, below Ladder Chine, the Undercliff. B. pallescens. Rocks, walls, &c. Rare. I. of W. (Moss Census Cat.)._ B. intermedium. Fr. summer and autumn. Wet ground and damp shady walls. Not common. I. of W. (Moss Census Cat.) ; Bonchurch (Venables, 1860). B. caespiticium. Fr. summer. Dry banks, rocks, and walls. Common. Whitcombe, St. George's Down. B. capillare. Fr. summer. On walls, rocks, tree trunks, &c. Abundant and frequent. Tlie Landslip, Steephill, Rowborough Down, Shanklin, the cliffs at Headon Hill, &c. B. obconicum. Fr. summer. Dry heaths and rocks. Rare. Shanklin (Herb. Hunt). B. Donianum. Fr. summer. Gravelly banks. Rather common. Black water, Calbourne, Atherfield. B. erythrocarpum. Fr. summer. Sandy and peaty heaths. Common. St. George's Down, Colwell Bay, the Landslip, Stenbury Down, Parkhurst. The crimson capsules of this moss when fruiting abundantly in wide patches produce a brilliant and beautiful effect. The red gemmae, borne at the base of the stem of this and the following species, should be observed with the microscope. B. rubens. Fr. summer. Sandy ground. Very rare. Brighstone Down. B. atropurpureum. Fr. early summer. Clay banks, roadsides, &c. Common. Parkhurst, the Landslip, &c. B. atropurpureum, var. gracilentum. Fr. early summer. On clay banks. Not common. The Landslip ; Heytesbury (J. H. AVilliams). B. murale. Fr. early summer. On mortar of walls. Fairly common. Gatcombe, Whitwell. B. argenteum (Silver Moss). Fr. late autumn. Waste ground, cinders, paths, walls, &c. Frequent in all parts. B. argenteum, var. lanatum. On dry warm rocks and walls. MOSSES 121 Not common. Carisbrooke Castle, the Undercliff, Froglands. Hoary with the hyaline leaf -points. B. roseum. Fr. very rare, late autumn. Woods, and moist or shady places on hills. Not common. Combley Wood, Brighstone Down, Upper Appleford. Grows in fine dark-green rosettes. Mnium affine. Fr. rare, in spring. Damp ground in woods, &c. Frequent. The Undercliff, Carisbrooke, Arreton, &c. Also a variety with very decurrent leaves, Newbridge marsh. Mn. affine, var. elatum. Damp shady banks, bogs, and marshes. Uncommon. Arreton. Mn. rostratum. Fr. spring. Eocks and shady banks in woods. Frequent. Combley, Apes Down, the Undercliff. Mn. undulatum (Palm Moss). Fr. rare, spring. Shady woods. Frequent ; locally abundant. Westover, the Landslip, Tolt Copse, Parkhurst, &c. A tall graceful plant with wavy leaves. Mn. hornum. Fr. spring. Sandy banks in woods, &c. Fairly common. The Wilderness ; Hampstead ; Dark Lane, Whitcombe. Mn. stellare. Fr. very rare, summer. Shady woods and rocks. Not common. The Landslip, Shanklin Down. Mn. punctatum. Fr. spring. Damp, sandy, rocky places. Eather common. The Landslip, Hampstead, Steephill, Shanklin Chine. Mn. subglobosum. Fr. spring. Marshes and sides of wet ditches. Uncommon. Whitwell, the Wilderness. Mnium, Eng. name : Thyme Thread-moss. Fontinalis antipyretica (Water-moss). Fr. summer. Streams, submerged. Very local. Carisbrooke. Cryphaea heteromalla. Fr. early summer. Trunks of trees, frequent ; rarely on stones. Dark Lane, Whitcombe ; the Under- cliff; Tolt Copse; Steephill. Bears numerous capsules close to the stem and on one side of it only. Neckera crispa. Fr. rare, early summer. Shady banks and copses on the chalk downs. Fairly abundant. Tolt, Carisbrooke Castle, Garstons, Brighstone Down. A handsome robust moss with large undulate leaves. N. pumila. Fr. rare, early summer. Trunks of trees, rarely rocks. Frequent. Apes Down, Whitcombe, &c. N. complanata. Fr. rare, spring. Trunks of trees, banks and rocks. Very abundant. Combley and other woods, the Landslip, the Undercliff, Hampstead, Shanklin, &c. Homalia trichomanoides. Fr. early spring. Trunks of trees, and rocks in shady places. Eare. Dark Lane, Whitcombe. Leucodon sciuroides. Fr. very rare, spring. Trunks of trees, especially ash. Eather i-are. Blackwater, Shanklin Down. Antitrichia curtipendula (Wing-moss). Fr. rare, spring. On rocks and trees. Eare. I. of W. (Moss Census Cat.). The curved teeth on the leaf-points should be observed with the micro- scope. 122 MOSSES Porotrichum alopecurum (Tree Moss). Fr. rare, autumn. Shady woods and banks, and rocks by streams. Frequent and abundant. Steephill, the Landslip, Carisbrooke, Tolt, Westover, &c. Anomodon Yiticulosus. Fr. rare, spring. On roots of trees and on rocks. Frequent. Carisbrooke Castle ; the Landslip ; Tolt, Dark Lane, Whitcombe ; Niton; Westover; Plaish ; &c. Leptodon Smithii (Curled Wing-moss). Fr. rare, spring. On trunks of trees and on rocks. Frequent. Appuldurcombe; Gatcombe ; Horringford ; Yarmouth ; Westover ; Newclose, near Newport. A curious moss, very graceful in form when the branches are moistened and pressed flat, but usually seen curled up in balls, which have been compared to the head of a crozier. Thuidium tamariscinum (Feather Moss). Fr. not common, autumn and winter. Shady woods. Common. Parkhurst Forest and other woods. Th. delicatulum. Fr. winter. On calcareous soil, amongst turf. Rare in most parts, but abundant on lawn at Westover ; Steephill ; Carisbrooke Castle. Camptothecium sericeum. Fr. spring. Trunks of trees, and on stone walls. Common and abundant. The Landslip, Godshill, Appuldurcombe, Carisbrooke, &c. This very handsome moss is abundant on old gravestones and church walls. C. lutescens. The downs, old quarries, and dry hedgebanks. Common. Ashey, St. Lawrence, Arreton, Westover, Luccombe Down, &c. Brachythecium glareosum. Fr. very rare, winter. Calcareous banks and quarries. Eare. Ashey Down. B. albicans. Fr. rare, winter and early spring. Stony places on siliceous soil. Not common. Headon Hill, St. George's Down, Hampstead. Also a robust form found on gravelly soil, St. George's Down. B. salebrosum. Fr. autumn. Eoots of trees, and on rocks. Rare. Hampstead. B. salebrosum, var. palustre. Fr. autumn. On damp clay. Rare. Below Ladder Chine ; Hampstead. B. rutabulum (Common Rough-stalked Feather-moss). Fr. winter. On earth, Avails, trees, &c. Abundant everywhere. This fine vigorous moss, though very variable, may commonly be distinguished by the silvery tips of its branches. It flourishes amongst the grass of meadows and lawns and on almost every roadside bank. B. rutabulum, var. robustum. Marshy ground. Not common. The Wilderness, the Undercliff. B. Yelutinum (Velvet Feather-moss). On stumps and roots of trees, and on rocks and stones. Fairly common. Steephill, America Woods, Bowcombe, Newport, Parkhurst. B. purum. Fr. in spring, but rare. Woods, banks, &c. Com- mon and abundant. Parkhurst, the downs, &c. Eurhynchium piliferum. Fr. very rare, winter. In woods, on grassy banks. Uncommon. I. of W. (Moss Census Cat.). MOSSES 123 E. crassinerYium. Fr. rare, autumn. On rocks and stony ground in shady places. Fairly common. Westover, Shanklia, Stenbury Down, Whitcombe, Appuldurcombe, Chale. E. crassinerYium, var. tenue. Eare. On rock, Steephill Castle. E. speciosum. Fr. winter. Stones and tree roots, usually near water, and on marshy ground. Uncommon. The Wilderness. E. praelongum. Fr. winter. Hedgerows, banks, stumps, &c., especially on clay soil. Very common in all parts of the Island. E. praelongum, var. Stokesii. Fr. winter. Similar habitat. Eather common. Westover, Steephill, Bembridge. E. Swartzii. Fr. rare, winter. Hedgerows and stumps of trees, especially on chalk. Frequent. Westover, Shorwell, Carisbrooke, Sandown, the Landslip, Eowborough Dowai, &c. E. Swartzii, var. rigidum. In exposed situations on sandy or chalky soil. Not uncommon in the Isle of Wight, but rare else- where. Eowborough Down ; Westover Plantation. It is recorded for Yorkshire, Northumberland, and Sutherland. E. abbrcYiatum. Fr. autumn to spring. Shady woods. Eare. I. of W. (Moss Census Cat.). E. pumilum. Fr. rare, winter. Stony gi-ound, rocks, &c., in shady places. Fairly common. Shanklin, the Landslip, Westover, Steephill, Shorwell. This is the most slender of the trailing mosses; exceedingly delicate and filmy. E. Teesdalei. Fr. winter. Eocks and stones by streams. Eare. Gatcombe Mill. E. tenellum. Fr. spring. Eocks and stones. Frequent. Caris- brooke Castle, the Undercliff, W^estover, Steephill, the Landslip, &c. E. myosuroides. Fr. autumn and winter. Eocks, stumps, and base of trees. Frequent. Hampstead, Carisbrooke, the Landslip, Westover, Steephill, Appuldurcombe. E. myurum. Fr. spring. Tree-stumps, rocks, flints, or earth. Fairly common. Swainstone, Apes Down, Wootton, Combley Wood. E. circinatum. Fr. spring, but not found in Great Britain. On chalk soil ; also on rock. Plentiful in a few localities. Steephill, Carisbrooke Castle, the Undercliff at Blackgang, Newchurch. E. striatum. Fr. late autumn. On the ground and on rocks in woods. Frequent. Apes Down, Steephill, W^estover. E. striatulum. Fr. rare, winter. Shady rocks, &c. Very rare. Near Ventnor (Bloxam). E. rusciforme. Fr. autumn. Eocks and stones in and near streams ; usually submerged. Not uncommon. Carisbrooke — on stones submerged in the river Lukely ; Alverstone Mill, Westover, Blackgang, Gatcombe Mill. E. murale. Fr. late winter. On rocks and walls in shady places. Not uncommon. Whitwell, the Landslip, Carisbrooke Castle, Steephill, Bleak Down, Appuldurcombe. E. confertum. Fr. winter. Stones and stone walls, stumps of trees in shady places. Common. Niton, Newport, Blackwater, Combley Wood, the Landslip, &c. 124 MOSSES E. megapolitanum. Fr. winter. Usually on stony and sandy ground. Very rare. Shady bank, Bleak Down. Plagiothecium depressum. Fr. very rare, winter. Foot of trees and shaded rocks in calcareous districts. Very rare. The Undercliff (Dixon, Vic. Hist. Hants). P. elegans. Fr. very rare, spring. On the ground in woods, and on rocks. Uncommon. Apse; copse in the Wilderness. P. denticulatum. Fr. summer. On the ground under hedges, roots of trees, rocks, &c. ; chiefly in woods. Frequent. Arreton ; Brighstone Chine ; copse in the Wilderness. P. silYaticum. Fr. rare, summer. Peaty or sandy soil, rocks, in woody places. Not common. Dark Lane, Whitcombe; Arreton, GatcomJbe, Shanklin Chine. P. undulatum. Fr. summer. On the ground in woods. Not common. Marvel Copse. A large robust plant with whitish-green undulate leaves, growing in soft extended mats. Amblystegium serpens. Fr. spring. On the ground, dead wood, &c. Frequent. Arreton, Whitcombe, Steephill, the Landslip, Parkhurst, the Undercliff, &c. Slender and prostrate with very small leaves. A. Juratzkanum. Fr. spring. Damp shady walls, damp meadows, roots of trees. Eare. Whitcombe. A. Yarium. Fr. spring. On the ground, stumps of trees, &c., in moist situations. Not common. Whitecroft, Hampstead. A. filicinum. Fr. in spring, but rare. Damp ground, stones and rocks by streams chiefly in chalk districts. Common. Shanklin, Carisbrooke, Whitwell, Westover, Alverstone Mill, Blackgang, Whale Chine, Luccombe Chine, &c. A. filicinum, var. Yallisclausae. On damp shady rocks by streams. Very rare. Blackgang. Hypnum riparium. Eoots of trees, stones, &c., in or near water. Not common. Carisbrooke — submerged in stream ; Steephill, Hampstead. H. chrysophyllum. Fr. very rare, summer. On chalky soil. Uncommon. Ashey Down. H. hispidulum, var. Sommerfeltii. Fr. summer. About the roots of trees, on stones, &c., principally on chalky soil. Eare. I. of W. (Moss Census Cat.). H. commutatum. Fr. early summer. Bogs and streams. Fairly common. Yarmouth, the Landslip, the Undercliff, the Wilderness. H. cupressiforme. Fr. winter and spring. Trunks and stumps of trees, on walls, earth, &c. Very common. Parkhurst, Steephill, Eowborough Down, Appuldurcombe, &c. H. cupressiforme, var. filiforme. On trunks of trees in woods. Frequent. Parkhurst. H. cupressiforme, var. breYisetum. Uncommon. Gatcombe. H. cupressiforme, var. ericetorum. On heaths and in dry woods. Frequent. Parkhurst, Westover. MOSSES 125 H. cupressiforme, var. tectorum. On rocks, walls, and roofs. Frequent. Ashey, Swainstone, Godshill, Westover. H. cupressiforme, var. elatum. On the ground on chalk soil. Fairly common. Ashey, Westover, Headon Hill, Hampstead, Steephill. H. cupressiforme, var. resupinatum. On trees, walls, &c. Common. Parkhurst, Marvel Copse, Westover, Steephill, Combley. H. molluscum. Fr. summer. On chalk, less often on sand. Plentiful on north side of Garstons ; Ashey, and other downs ; Marvel Copse. A beautiful moss growing in close curly tufts, golden green. H. cordifolium. Fr. rare, summer. In marsh. Locally abun- dant. The Wilderness. H. cuspidatum. Fr. summer. Wet meadows, marshes, &c. Common and abundant. The Wilderness, Parkhurst, Newtown, Gatcombe, the Undercliff, Hampstead, Shanklin, Westover, &c. H. Schreberi. Fr. very rare, autumn. Woods and heaths. Local. Headon Hill ; I. of W. (Moss Census Cat.). Hylocomium splendens. Fr. rare, spring. Woods and downs. Frequent. Appuldurcombe, Parkhurst, Headon Hill, Brighstone, Bowcombe, Luccombe, and other downs. Hyl. loreum. Fr. spring. On ground and rocks in woods, Eare (Venables). Hyl. squarrosum. Fr. rare, winter and spring. Grassy banks, hedgerows, and woods. Frequent and abundant. Parkhurst, Carisbrooke Castle moat, Westover, Shanklin Down, Steephill. Hyl. triquetrum (Stag's-horn Moss). Fr. rare, winter. In and around woods, and at the foot of downs. Frequent and abundant. Garstons and other downs, Tolt, Westover, Hampstead, &c. The term ' ' Feather Moss ' ' is applied indiscriminately to several of the more common Hypnaceae with pinnate foliage, such as Eurhynchium praelongum. Also to Thuidmm tamariscmutn, &c. FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. By FREDERIC STRATTON, F.L.S. Probably there is no place in the British Isles in which the study of Natural History could be more readily pursued than the Isle of Wight. Certainly there are few if any areas of the size of the Island which contain so large a number of wild plants. With an area of only about 93,000 acres, the number of plants hitherto found and recorded is no less than 1032, and this enumeration does not include sub-species nor varieties nor, of course, Mosses, Liver- worts, Lichens, Fungi, or Algae. In the whole of Britain the number of wild plants calculated in a similar manner appears to be 1958. The causes which have contributed to the existence of so large a Flora are not far to seek. We have, first, numerous geological strata. Eunning through the Island from East to West there is the Chalk range of hills, which, very narrow at the East and until about a mile beyond Newport westward, widens there southward, extend- ing beyond Gatcombe and Chillerton, returning northwards by Shorwell and Brighstone, and then becoming very narrow again until their termination at the Needles. This range and the outliex'S behind Shankhn, Bonchurch, Ventnor, St. Lawrence, and Niton, have a special Chalk flora, though probably the caps of flint gravel affect the character of this flora very considerably. To the North of the central Chalk range the strata consist chiefly of Tertiary clays, with limestone cropping up to the surface occasionally, revealing itself usually by plants which are lime-loving, or, at least, lovers of a dry soil. There is also a narrow band of sands running parallel to the Chalk and not far from it, the sections of which are well seen in Whitecliff Bay and Alum Bay. On the South side of the central Chalk downs the strata are the Upper Greensand and Gault, neither of which is very broad, and the (126) FLOWERING PLANTS 127 Lower Greensand, which forms the largest extent of surface, reach- ing in most cases to the cliffs and shores, and the Wealden, which has a very limited area of exposure at Sandown and Brighstone. Though it would not probably be found that each separate stratum has a special flora of its own, we may certainly recognize the charac- teristic plants of the clays, the chalk, and the sands. The Chalk range is broken through in three places : at Brading by the Eastern Yar, at Freshwater by the Western Yar, and at Newport by the Medina, these three rivers, and the smaller streams at Newtown and Kings Quay, running into the Solent and forming estuaries for a considerable portion of their length, and these and the shores of the Island towards the Solent afford favourite ground for many salt-loving and mud-loving plants. In two places, St. Helens and Yarmouth, there is some consider- able extent, especially at St. Helens, of blown sand, which provides habitats for a number of plants which love the deep soil into which their roots can run. The cliffs and shores on the South side of the Island maintain an entirely different lot of plants. The general character of the Flora does not differ much from that of the mainland of Hampshire ; but according to a recent computa- tion there are 148 species absent from the Island which occur on mainland Hants, whilst we have 21 species which are not found there. The total number of species found in Hampshire, including the Island, is 1180. The Island has for many years past been divided for the purposes of botanical investigation into six districts, formed by taking as boundaries the water-partings which divide the watersheds, and these are as follows : — The whole area is divided into two main districts, the dividing boundary of which is the summit of the Chalk downs, varied by the boundary of the Medina watershed. These are numbered, in relation to the rest of Hampshire, IV and V. No. IV is again divided into four sub-districts : No. 1 being comprised within the lines of the water-partings from the Chalk down near Shalcombe to Freshwater Bay, and from the same point to the Hampstead cliff's ; No. 3 is the watershed of the Medina ; and No. 2 the parts between Nos. 1 and 3, and No. 4 the parts East of No. 3. The Southern District No. V is divided into two sub-districts by the highest ridge between the down above Chale and Rocken End. "We have, therefore, two main districts and six sub-districts, and in any future separate Flora of the Island it will be desirable as far as possible to indicate the distribution of the plants in the Island as occurring in or absent from the several sub-districts. The expressions "common," "frequent," &c., must be read in rela- tion to the various kinds of habitat, such as " marshes," " downs," " arable land," &c. Plants may be quite abundant in restricted 128 FLOWERING PLANTS localities, or, on the other hand, may occur sparingly over wide There are scattered records of plants growing in the Isle of Wight in books written before the beginning of the 19th century, but the first collection of records into an orderly " Flora" was made by Mr. W. D. Snooke, whose "Flora Vectiana" was published in 1823. Dr. William Arnold Bromfield, who was a contemporary of Mr. Snooke, and corresponded with him, and who resided at Kyde, wrote many articles on " Plants growing wild in Hampshire," which were published in the early volumes of the " Phytologist," in the years 1849 and 1850. Dr. Bromfield had made considerable progress with his " Flora Vectensis" before his death, which occurred whilst he was travelling in Syria in 1851. This work, as issued from the press in 1856, was edited by Sir William Jackson Hooker and Dr. Bell Salter, and though naturally not as good a book as it might have been had Dr. Bromfield lived to complete it, it has remained to the present time the latest separate Flora of the Island. A her- barium of plants collected in the Island by Dr. Bromfield is at the School of Art at Eyde, and a duplicate collection is in the Eoyal Herbarium at Kew, together with some of his MSS. The volumes of the "Journal of Botany" from the year 1863 downwards, and especially volume IX (1871), which contained the late Mr. A. G. More's " Supplement to the Flora Vectensis," have many records of Isle of Wight Botany. In 1883 the late Mr. Frederick Townsend published his " Flora of Hampshire including the Isle of Wight," a second edition of w^hich appeared in 1904, little more than a year before his death. It may be useful to mention a few of the principal British descriptive Floras which a student of Botany will find helpful, and one, at least, of which he will find it absolutely necessary to possess. The edition of " EngHsh Botany" edited by the late Dr. Bos well Syme stands first, both as regards his very able descriptions and (though in a much lower degree) for the coloured figures of the plants. But this fine work, which fills, with its supplement, 13 volumes, will not be, from its cost, within the means of many students. Bentham and Hooker's " Flora of the British Isles," which gives a small woodcut of each plant in addition to the descriptions, is an excellent book, and in some ways better for beginners than Professor Babington's "Manual," which, however, will almost certainly be for some years to come, as it has been for very many years in the past, the British botanist's "Vade mecum." There are other books of a somewhat different character, such as John's "Flowers of the Field," which can be recommended, but which will hardly, for students, take the place of those in the first rank. In the following list, where a second Latin name within brackets occurs, it is taken from the List of British plants issued by the British Museum Department of Botany in January, 1907, as amended FLOWERING PLANTS 129 in December, 1907 (see "Journal of Botany" of that date), which was compiled by Dr. A. B. Eendle, F.L.S., and Mr. James Britten, F.L.S., in accordance with the International Eules of Botanical Nomenclatm-e adopted by the Botanical Congress at Vienna in 1905. DIC0TYLED0NE8 EANUNCULACEAE Clematis Yitalba, L. Traveller's Joy. Old Man's Beard. (Pethwine, Wight.) June to September. Abundant on chalk and. limestone. Carisbrooke and similar localities on the Chalk. Thalictrum flavum, L. Meadow Eue. June to August. Formerly found on the north shore of Wootton Creek, and in Lee meadows. It is believed now to be extinct. Anemone nemorosa, L. Wood Anemone. April and May. Common in woods : Alvington ; Staplers ; Standen ; Quarr ; Bord- wood ; &c. Adonis autumnalis, L. (A. annua, L.). Pheasant's-eye. July. Arable lands on the south of the Island ; not common : Shorwell ; Brighstone ; Luccombe ; Bonchurch ; St. Lawrence ; Parkhurst. Myosurus minimus, L. Mouse-tail. June and July. Arable lands ; not common : Whippingham ; Preston, near Eyde ; Shorwell ; Godshill ; and the south of the Island. Ranunculus peltatus, Fries. Water Crowfoot. April to June. Ponds and streams. This plant, and its variety E. florihundus, Bah., are the commonest of the Water Crowfoots in the Island. R. heterophyllus, Fries. Various-leaved Water Crowfoot. April to June. In similar localities, but less common. R. Drouetii, F. ScJmltz. May and June. Marsh ditches : Freshwater Gate, and at Brading. R. trichophyllus, Chaix. Water-fennel. May and June. Ponds : Carisbrooke ; Eyde ; Brading Harbour ; and Sandown. R. Baudotii, Godr. May to July. Similar localities, but preferring brackish water : Springvale ; St. Helens ; Brading Harbour. The var. confusus (E. confusus, Godr.) is also found in Brading Harbour, and near Sandown. R. Lenormandi, ScJmltz. April to August. Pools and ditches : Pan Common ; Eookley Wilderness ; Alver- stone. 130 FLOWEEING PLANTS R. hederaceus, L. Ivy-leaved Water Crowfoot. April to Sept. Similar localities, and more common. R. sceleratus, L. Celery-leaved Crowfoot. June to September. Ditches and wet places ; not common : Freshwater and Yarmouth ; Thorley ; both sides of the Medina below Newport ; Hardingshute ; St. Helens ; Bembridge ; Brading ; Sandown ; Newchurch. R. Flammula, L. Lesser Spearwort. June to August. Wet places ; common. R. Lingua, L. Greater Spearwort. June to August. Streams and ditches; rare: Freshwater; Fernhill, Wootton. R. auricomus, L. Wood Crowfoot. Goldilocks. Apr. and May. Woods and hedges ; not common : Calbourne ; Sluccombe Copse, Shorwell ; Kingston ; Kerne ; Lordeii Copse, near Shorwell ; Westridge Copse ; near Carisbrooke Castle ; Quarr ; Apley ; Nun- well. R. acris, L. Upright Crowfoot. Buttercup. June to August. Meadows ; common. R. repens, L. Creeping Buttercup. May to August. Meadow^s and waste places ; common. R. bulbosus, L. Bulbous Crow^foot. May and June. Similar localities, and equally common. R. hirsutus, Curt. (R. sardous, Crantz). Hairy Buttercup. June to September. Waste ground ; not very common : Freshwater ; Newtown ; Ningwood ; Gurnard ; Newport ; East Cowes ; Wootton ; Brigh stone ; Blackgang ; Sandown ; St. Helens ; Nettlestone ; Bembridge. R. parYiflorus, L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. April to June. Dry banks and cornfields ; not very common : Freshwater; New- port ; and other places, both north and south of the Chalk. R. arvensis, L. Corn Crowfoot. June to August. Arable fields ; not very common : Freshwater ; Shalfleet ; New- port ; Cowes ; Ryde ; Brighstone ; Shanklin ; Niton ; Newchurch. R. Ficaria, L. Lesser Celandine. Pilewort. March to May. Damp ground ; very common. Caltha palustris, L. Marsh Marigold. Kingcups. March to June. Marshes ; common. Helleborus viridis, L. Green Hellebore. March and April. Woods ; rare : Woodhouse Copse, Whippingham ; near Black- bridge, Haven Street. H. foetidus, L. Stinking Hellebore. Setterwort. Feb. to April. Bushy places. Doubtfully wild at Apes Down Farm. Well estab- lished, if not indigenous, in the neighbourhood pf St. Lawrence. Aquilegia vulgaris, L. Columbine. May to July. Copses and bushy places : Freshwater ; Apes Down ; Alvington ; Pan Down ; East Standen ; Tolt ; Quarr ; Shorwell ; Appuldur- combe ; Lake. Delphinium Ajacis, Beich. Larkspur. June and July. FLOWEEING PLANTS 131 A casual occasionally in cornfields : Westbrook ; Chale ; Under- cliff. Aconitum Napellus, L. Monkshood. June and July. Rare, and possibly only naturalized. Recorded by Dr. Bromfield, 11th June, 1840, as growing in some plenty by the brook near Upper Calbourne Mill ; it was still growing there in 1898 ; also by the side of the stream near Pan Mill, Newport, 1840—1908. BERBERIDACEAE Berberis vulgaris, L. Barberry. May and June. Sparingly at Goldens, Freshwater ; near Thorley ; Carisbrooke Castle ; Monkham, near Eowridge ; near Sheat. Probably either planted, or an escape, in all the localities. NYMPHAEACEAE Nymphaea alba, L. (Castalia alba, Greene). White Water-lily. June and July. Naturalized in a few ponds. PAPAVERACEAE Papaver somniferum, L. Opium Poppy. Occasionally in waste ground as an escape from gardens. P. Rhoeas, L. Red Poppy. Corn Rose. May to August. Common in cultivated land. A variety, strigosmn, with hairs adpressed to the stem, has been found at Ashey, Nunwell, Kerne, and Bembridge. P. Lamottei, Bor. (P. dubium, L.). Smooth long-headed P. May to July. Cultivated and w^aste ground : Carisbrooke ; Niton ; Redcliff ; Newchurch ; Brading. P. Lecoqii, Lam. Yellow-juiced P. May to July. Similar localities ; rare : Wellow ; Carisbrooke ; Gatcombe ; Black- gang ; Undercliff ; Bembridge. P. Argemone, L. Prickly Long-headed P. May to July. Cornfields ; not very common : Yarmouth ; Wellow ; Newport ; Calbourne ; Brighstone ; Undercliff ; Yaverland ; Brook. P. hybridum, L. Prickly Round-headed P. May to July. Similar localities, but rare : Freshw^ater ; Yarmouth ; Wellow ; Calbourne ; Carisbrooke ; Shorwell ; &c. Glaucium luteum. Scop. (G. flavum, Crantz). Yellow-horned P. May to August. Cliffs and shores all round the Island. Chelidonium majus, L. Greater Celandine. May to August. Hedges and waste places near dwellings ; frequent : Freshwater ; k2 132 FLOWERING PLANTS Carisbrooke ; Shorwell ; Niton ; Goclshill ; Nettlestone ; Newchurch ; Bordwood ; Sandown ; Ventnor. FUMARIACEAE Corydalis claviculata, DC. Climbing Fumitory- June to Aug. Woods and hedges ; rare : near Sandown ; Bordwood ; Newchurch. Fumaria pallidiflora, Jord. Pale-flowered F. May to Nov. Hedges and waste ground ; not common : Brighstone ; Steephill ; St. Lawrence ; Bonchurch. F. Boraei, Jord. Boreau's Fumitory. May to October. Similar situations ; rare : near Gurnard. F. confusa, Joixl. (F. Bastardi, Bor.). Rampant F. June to Sept. Cultivated ground ; not uncommon : Carisbrooke ; shore west of Eyde. F. muralis, Sond. Wall Fumitory. June to September. Hedges ; rare : Freshwater Gate ; Eyde ; Alverstone. F. officinalis, L. Common Fumitory. June to September. Cultivated ground ; common. F. Yaillantii, Lois. Vaillant's Fumitory. June to September, Cultivated ground. Once found near Eyde (1855). F. densiflora, DC. Close-flowered F. June to September. Cultivated ground ; rare : Yarmouth. CEUCIFEEAE Cakile maritima, Scop. Purple Sea Eocket. June to September. Shores : Norton ; Totland ; Gurnard ; Osborne ; Sea View ; Sandown. Crambe maritima, L. Sea-kale. June to September. Seashores ; sparingly : Totland ; Norton ; Newtown ; Osborne ; Steephill. Raphanus Raphanistrum, L. Wild Eadish. April to Nov. Cultivated ground ; not very common : Carisbrooke ; East Cowes ; Gurnard ; Quarr ; Nettlestone ; Sandown ; Niton ; Godshill. R. maritimus, Sm. Sea Eadish. June to September. Clifi's ; rare : Freshwater Gate to the Needles ; Afton Down ; Steephill Cove ; and shores between Bonchurch and Sandown. Brassica sinapis. Vis. (Sinapis arvensis, L.). Charlock. May to September. Cultivated ground ; very common. B. alba, Boiss. (S. alba, L.). White Mustard. May to July. Cultivated and waste ground ; not uncommon ; chiefly on chalk ; from Freshw^ater to Yaverland. B. nigra, Koch (S. nigra, L.). Black Mustard. May to Sept. FLOWEEING PLANTS 133 Waste ground ; not uncommon: Freshwater; Yarmouth; Newport; Binstead ; Niton ; Ventnor ; Sandown ; &c. B. oleracea, L. Sea Cabbage. May and June. CHffs. Eecorded 250 years ago, by Lobel ; but only seen occasion- ally of late years, at Brook, Ventnor, Sandown, and Culver. B. Napus, L. Eape. Navew. Arable and waste ground. Escape from cultivation. B. campestris, L. Swede Turnip. Arable ground. An occasional escape. B. rapa, L. Turnip. Arable ground. An occasional escape. Diplotaxis tenuifolia, DC. Wall Eocket. June to September. Walls and cliffs ; rare : Cliff'-end Fort ; cliff's, Ventnor and Bonchurch. D. muralis, DC. Wall Mustard. August and September. Waste ground : Ventnor. Probably introduced. Sisymbrium oflBcinale, Scop. Hedge Mustard. May to July. Hedges and waste ground. Common. S. Sophia, L. Flixweed. June to August. Waste ground : Alverstone, near Sandown. S. Alliaria, Scoji. (AlHaria alliacea). Jack-by-the-hedge. Sauce- alone. April to June. Hedges and damj) places ; common. S. Thalianum, /. Gay. Thale Cress. April to September. Dry waste places, and walls ; not uncommon : near Eyde ; Cowes ; Whippingham ; Shorwell ; Chale ; Sandown. Erysimum cheiranthoides, L. Treacle Hedge Mustard. June to August. Once found near Cowes, but probably planted. Hesperis matronalis, L. Dame's Violet. May to July. Scarcely naturalized in 1806 at Bonchurch. Matthiola incana, Br. Sea Stock. April to October. Cliffs : Compton to Freshwater Gate, abundant, but not easily accessible. Abundant in 1823, and still so in this, the only British locality. Formerly at Steephill. Cheiranthus Cheiri, L. Wallflower. April to June. Walls and cliffs : Yarmouth ; Carisbrooke ; Brading ; Heasley ; Bonchurch ; Sandown. Pi'obably naturalized only. Gardamine pratensis, L. Lady's Smock. Cuckoo Flower. April to June. Wet meadows ; common. C. hirsuta, L. Hairy Bitter-cress. March to August. Banks and walls, and moist waste places ; fairly common. C. sylvatica, Link (C. flexuosa, With.). Wood Cr. Mar. to Aug. In similar situations, and moist shady places. Arabis hirsuta, Scop. Hairy Eock Cress. June to August. Dry banks and walls : High Down, Freshwater ; Carisbrooke Castle ; Whitepit Lane, Newport. Barbarea Yulgaris, B.Br. (B. lyrata, Asch). Yellow Eocket. May to August. Moist hedge-banks, and borders of streams ; not very common : near Newport ; and other localities. 134 FLOWEEING PLANTS B. praecox, B.Br. (B. verna, Asch). Winter or Land Cress. March to October. Cultivated fields, and waste places ; not uncommon. Nasturtium o£9cinale, B.Br. (Eadicula Nasturtium-aquaticum). Water Cress. May to October. Streams and ditches ; abundant. N. terrestre, B.Br. (E. palustris, Moench). Marsh Yellow Cress. August to October. Margins of ponds ; not common : Ninham ; Hardingshute ; Whitefield ; the Grove, Adgestone ; Langbridge ; Godshill Park ; Shide. Cochlearia oflBcinalis, L. Com. Scurvy-grass. April to August. Clifi's ; rare : Watcombe Bay ; Scratchells Bay. C. danica, L. Danish Scurvy-grass. April to June. Sea coast ; rare : Freshwater ; King's Quay ; Bembridge. C. an^lica, L. English Scurvy-grass. April to July. Estuaries and muddy shores ; rare: Yarmouth; Newtown; Medina below Newport ; Wootton ; Brading. C. Armoracia, L. (x\i'moracia rusticana, Gaertn). Horse-radish. Occasionally found as an escape. Draba verna, L. Whitlow Grass. March to May. Dry banks and walls ; common. Alyssum calycinum, L. (A. alyssoides, L.). Alyssum. June to August. Cultivated grounds; rare: St. George's Down, 1871 (only one plant) ; Sandown ; Shanklin. A. maritimum, L. Seaside Alyssum. August and September. Waste ground near the sea ; naturalized only : Cowes ; Morton ; Bembridge ; cliff west of Sandown ; Ventnor. Thlaspi arYense, L. Penny-cress. May to July. Cultivated land ; rare : St. George's Down ; Shide ; Whitcombe ; Newchurch ; Sandford ; St. Helens. Iberis amara, L. Bitter Candytuft. June and July. Waste ground on chalk chiefly ; rare : cliffs above Alum Bay ; Grange Chine, Brighstone. Always an escape. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, DC. Shepherd's Purse. Mar. to Nov. Waste ground ; very common. Lepidium campestre, B.Br. Mithridate Pepperwort. May to Aug. Cultivated and waste ground ; not common : Totland ; Shalfleet ; Newtown; Cowes; Gunville; Ryde; Apse; Hardingshute; Brading. L. Smithii, Hook. (L. heterophyllum, Benth.). Smootli Pep. April to August. Waste ground; not common: Thorley; Debbourne and other places between Cowes and Newport; Wootton; Bembridge; Seagrove. L. Draba, L. Whitlow Pepperwort. May to July. Waste ground ; probably introduced : St. Helens Mill ; Yarmouth Mill. L. sativum, L. Garden Cress. Occasionally found as an escape. Senebiera Coronopus, Poiret (Coronopus procumbens, Gilih.). Common Swine Cress. May to September. Waste ground ; common. FLOWERING PLANTS 135 S. didyma, Sm. (C. didymus, Sm.). Lesser Swine Cress. June to October. Waste ground ; less common than S. Coronopus, and rare south of the Chalk : Dodner ; East Cowes ; Whippingham ; Niton (one plant). Camelina foetida, Fries. Once observed (1870) in a field of oats and vetches at Pan, near Newport. Isatis tinctoria, L. Dyer's Weed. Observed in 1858 and 1859 in a field of sown grass at Bembridge. EESEDACEAE Reseda lutea, L. Base Kocket. Wild Mignonette. June to Aug. Fields and waste ground ; frequent on the chalk downs ; less com- mon on clays or sand. R. Luteola, L. Dyer's Eocket. Weld. June to September, Similar localities ; frequent. CISTACEAE Helianthemum vulgare, Gaert. (H. Chamaecistus, Miller). Eock Eose. June to September. Dry waste places, mostly on the Chalk ; common. VIOLACEAE Yiola palustris, L. Marsh Violet. April to June, Wet pastures and thickets ; uncommon : The Wilderness ; Horring- ford ; Newchurch ; Alverstone ; Apse. Y. odorata, L. Sweet Violet. March to May, Hedges and copses ; common. The white-flowered variety is the most abundant, but plants with reddish-purple flowers are occasion- ally found, and less commonly bluish-purple. Y. hirta, L. Hairy Violet. March to June. Chalk downs and dry places ; common. Y. Riviniana, Beich. Gerard's Dog Violet. April to June. Woods and hedges ; common in all the districts. Y. Reichenbachiana, Bor. (V. sylvestris, Bam.). Eeichenbach's Dog Violet. April to June. Copses ; not common : by the Medina above West Cowes ; Ashey ; Shorwell ; Bembridge ; Puckpool ;, Luccombe ; Gatcombe ; Little Pan, near Newport, Y. canina, B. Dog Violet. April to July. Heaths ; not common : Bleak Down ; St. Helens ; Ninham i Shanklin Down. Y. lactea, Sju. Smith's Dog Violet. April to June, 136 FLOWEEING PLANTS Wet heaths ; rare : Staplers ; Mount Misery ; Parkhurst Forest ; Beckett's Copse, Freshwater. Y. tricolor, L. Pansy. Heartsease. June to September. Cultivated ground. The variety arvensis, vyhich has small yellow flowers, is common ; the plant with purple and yellow flowers is rarely met with in the Island. DEOSEEACEAE Drosera rotundifolia, L. Sundew. July to September. Moors ; not common : Freshwater ; Eookley Wilderness ; Munsley ; Lake ; St. Helens ; Sandown. POLYGALACEAE Polygala vulgaris, L. Common Milkwort. May to August. Pastures on chalk, and dry soil ; common. P. oxyptera, Reich. Eeichenbach's Milkwort. Dry banks ; not common : St. Catherine's ; Chale ; St. Helens. P. depressa. Wend. (P. serpyllacea, Weihe). June to September. Sandy and heathy ground ; common. FEANKENIACEAE Frankenia laevis, L. Sea Heath. July to September. Seaside banks ; rare : Scratchells Bay ; salterns at Newtown St. Helens. CAEYOPHYLLACEAE Dianthus Armeria, L. Deptford Pink. June to August. Dry banks ; rare : it has occurred very sparingly near Binstead ; Alverstone, near Brading ; Ventnor. D. prolifer, L. ProHferous Pink. June to October. Sandy ground by the sea ; rare ; probably extinct : formerly on the Dover at Eyde. D. deltoides, L. Once observed growing in ground which had been cultivated at the Hermitage. Saponaria officinalis, L. Soapwort. June to August. An escape from gardens in a few places. Silene Cucubalis, Wibel. Bladder Campion. June to August. Dry banks, and borders of fields ; not uncommon. FLOWERING PLANTS 137 S. maritima, With. White Sea Campion. June to September. Seaside banks ; not very common : Alum Bay ; Newtown ; near Cowes ; King's Quay ; St. Helens ; Brading Harbour ; Niton. S. anglica, L. English Catchfly. June to October. Sandy and gravelly fields ; not uncommon : Freshwater ; Gurnard ; Newport ; Quarr ; Atherfield ; Shanklin ; Sandown. S. gallica, L. French Catchfly. June to August. Similar localities, but rarely : Colwell ; Kite Hill, Wootton ; New- church ; Shanklin ; Newport. S. nutans, L. Nottingham Catchfly. May to August. Banks by the sea ; rare : St. Lawrence ; Sandowm. S. noctiflora, L. Night-flowering Catchfly. June to September. Cultivated fields ; very rare : near Arreton Manor, but only once found there. Lychnis vespertina, Sibth. (L. alba, Mil.). White Campion. May to September. Cultivated and waste ground ; common. L. diurna, Sibth. (L. dioica, L.). Eed Campion. April to Sept. Shady banks ; common. L. Flos-cuculi, L. Ragged Robin. May to September. Wet meadows ; not uncommon. L. Githago, Scoj). Corn Cockle. June to September. Cultivated fields ; not uncommon. Cerastium quaternellum, Fenzl. (Moenchia erecta, Gaertn.). Upright Chickweed. May to July. Dry waste ground ; not com- mon : St. George's Down ; Bleak Down ; Afton Down ; St. Helens ; Sandown. C. tetrandrum, Curt. Dark-green Mouse-ear Ch. April to July. Dry waste ground ; not uncommon : Freshwater ; Arreton Down ; Bembridge ; &c. C. pumilum, Ciirt. Curtis's Mouse-ear Ch. April to July. Chalk downs ; rare : Afton Down ; Blackgang ; Arreton Down ; Brading ; Bembridge. C. semi-decandrum, L. Little Mouse-ear Ch. April to June. Dry ground ; not very common : Totland ; St. Helens ; Red Cliff. Probably overlooked in other localities. C. glomeratum, Thuil. (C. viscosum, L.). Broad-leaved Mouse- ear Ch. April to September. Waste ground ; common. C. triYiale, Link (C. vulgatum, L.). Narrow-leaved Mouse-ear Ch. May to September. Pastures and waste ground ; common. Vai-. holosteoides, Fries : Shanklin Down ; Bembi'idge Down. Stellaria aquatica, Scop. (Myosoton aquaticum, Moench). Water Chickweed. July to October. Wet meadows ; not common : between Shide and Blackwater ; Godshill ; Bagwich ; between Stickworth and Sandown ; Whitwell. S. media, With. Common Chickweed. All the year. Cultivated and waste ground ; very common. Var. Boraeana : Alum Bay ; Niton ; St. Helens ; Sandown. 138 FLOWERING PLANTS Var. neglecta : Common. S. umbrosa, Opiz. (S. neglecta, Weihe). Large-flowered Ch. May to x\ugust. Damp and shady places : Marvel Copse ; Apse ; Shanklin ; Combley. S. Holostea, L. Greater Stitchwort. Milkmaids. April to July. Hedges ; very common. S. graminea, L. Lesser Stitchwort. May to July. Pastures and bushy places ; common. S. uliginosa, Murr. Bog Stitchwort. May to August. Wet pastures ; common : Eookley Moors, &c. Arenaria trineryia, L. Three-ribbed Sandwort. April to July. Moist sandy banks ; common. A. serpyllifolia, L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. June to October. Cultivated and waste ground ; common. Var. sphaerocarpa, Tenore : Frequent on walls. Var. glutinosa, Koch : St. Helens Spit. Var. Lloydii, lord. : St. Helens Spit. A. leptoclados, Guss. Gussone's Sandwort. June to October. Cultivated ground, and walls ; common. A. peploides, L. (Honkenya peploides, Ehrh.). Sea Chickweed. June to September. Sandy shores ; not very common : Yarmouth ; Newtown ; Eyde ; St. Helens ; Sandown ; Niton. Sagina maritima, G. Don. Sea Pearlwort. May to August. Seaside waste ground ; not very common : Freshwater ; Newtown ; Gurnard ; Cowes ; Fishbourne ; St. Helens. S. apetala, Ard. Small-flowered Pearlwort. May to August. Dry waste ground ; common. S. ciliata, Fries. Fries's Pearlwort. April to July. Similar localities ; not uncommon. S. procumbens, L. Procumbent Pearlwort. April to September. Waste ground ; common. S. subulata, Presl. Awl-leaved Pearlwort. May to August. Heaths and dry pastures ; not common : Headon Hill ; St. George's Down ; Bleak Down ; Shanklin. S. nodosa, Fenzl. Knotted Pearlwort. June to August. Damp sandy or gravelly wastes ; not common : Freshwater ; Norton ; Compton ; St. Helens. Spergula arvensis, L. Corn Spurrey. May to August. Cultivated and waste ground ; common. Spergularia rubra, Fenzl. (Alsine rubra, Grantz). Field Sand Spurrey. May to September. Dry sandy or gravelly ground ; not uncommon : Freshwater ; Brighstone ; Bleak Down ; Bonchurch ; Sandown ; St. Helens. S. neglecta, Syme. Lesser Sea Sand Spurrey. May to August. Seaside wastes ; common. S. marginata, Syjue. Greater Sea S.S. May to August. Salt marshes ; common. FLOWEBING PLANTS 139 S. rupestris, Sy7ne (Alsine rupicola, Hiern). Rock Sea Spurrey. May to August. Seaside cliffs and wastes ; common : cliffs from Freshwater to Bembridge, &c. PARONYCHIACEAE Scleranthus annuus, L. Knawel. June to September. Cultivated and waste ground ; common. PORTULACEAE Montia fontana, L. Water Blinks. April to September. Ditches and wet places ; not very common : near Newport ; San- down, &c. HYPERICACEAE Hypericum Androsaemum, L. Tutsan. June to August. Woods and bushy ground ; not very common : Shalfieet ; Wootton ; Ryde ; Long Lane ; and other places. H. calycinum, L. Rose of Sharon. June to August. Naturalized in shady places : Binstead ; Bembridge ; Yaverland. H. perforatum, L. Dotted-leaved St. John's Wort. June to Sept. Hedges and bushy wastes ; common. H. tetrapterum, Fries (H. quadrangulum, L). Square-stemmed St. John's Wort. June to September. Wet meadows and wastes ; common : Freshwater ; Whitcombe ; &c. H. humifusum, L. Trailing St. John's Wort. May to August. Heaths and dry banks ; not common : Colwell ; Cowes ; Park- hurst ; Staplers; Bleak Down ; Wootton. H. pulchrum, L. Upright St. John's Wort. June to August. Heaths and bushy places ; common. H. hirsutum, L. Hairy St. John's Wort. June to August. Hedges and thickets, mostly on the Chalk ; abundant. H. montanum, L. Mountain St. John's Wort. June to August. Bushy places ; rare : sparingly about Steephill. H. elodes, L. Marsh St. John's Wort. June to August. Boggy ground and ditches ; not common : Rookley Wilderness ; Godshill ; Lake Common ; St. Helens. MALVACEAE Althaea oflBcinalis, L. Marsh Mallow. June to September. 140 FLOWERING PLANTS Salt marshes and banks of estuaries ; not common : Freshwater ; Yarmouth ; Newtown ; Gurnard ; Medina between Cowes and Newport ; King's Quay ; Fishbourne ; Brading Harbour ; St, Helens. Malva moschata, L. Musk Mallow. May to August. Borders of fields ; sparingly in many places : Eookley Moors ; near Newport ; &c. M. sylvestris, L. Common Mallow. May to September. Waste places ; common. M. rotundifolia, L. Dwarf Mallow. May to October. Similar localities, but less common : Freshwater ; Arreton ; &c. TILIACEAE Tilia intermedia, DC. Common Lime. June to August. Hedges and thickets ; not common, and probably planted. T. parvifolia, Ehrh. (T. cordata, Mil). Small-leaved Lime. June to August. Woods ; rare, and doubtfully wild : Tapnel. LINACEAE Radiola Millegrana, Sm. (Millegrana Eadiola, Druce). Allseed. June to August. Heaths ; rare : Colwell ; Bleak Down ; Blackpan. Linum catharticum, L. Purging Flax. May to September. Dry pastures ; common, especially on chalk. L. angustifolium, Hiids. Narrow-leaved Flax. May to Sept. Dry pastures ; frequent : west bank of Medina below Newport ; &c. L. usitatissimum, L. Common Flax. June to September. Cultivated ground as a casual only ; not frequent : Pan, near New- port ; Shanklin ; Kennerley ; Bembridge. 1 GEEANL\CEAE Geranium pratense, L. Blue Meadow Crane's-bill. May to August. Meadows ; rare and scarcely naturalized : between Alver- stone and Knighton ; Sandown. G. striatum, L. (G. versicolor, L.). Veined Geranium. May to July. Naturalized in King's Quay Copse ; hedge near Wootton Bridge ; St. Lawrence. G. pyrenaicum, Burm. Mountain Geranium. May to July. Naturalized in hedge-bank near Merston ; on the railway between Newport and Cowes ; Bembridge. G. molle, L. Dove's-foot Crane's-bill. May to August. Banks and wastes ; common. FLOWERING PLANTS 141 G. pusillum, L. Small-flowered Crane's-bill. May to August. Sandy banks and wastes ; not common : Freshwater ; Bridgecourt ; Shanklin ; Alverstone and Newchurch ; Sandown ; Yaverland ; Steephill. G. rotundifolium, L. Round-leaved Geranium. May to July. Dry thickets ; rare : St. Lawrence ; Steephill. G. dissectum, L. Cut-leaved Geranium. May to September. Borders of fields and wastes ; common. G. columbinum, L. Long- stalked Geranium. May to September. Borders of fields and wastes ; not common : Apes Down valley ; dow^ns near St. George's Down ; Ashey Down and Nunwell ; St. Lawrence ; Shanklin ; Bembridge. G. lucidum, L. Shining Geranium. April to July. Dry banks ; rare : between Calbourne and Newbarn ; between Shorwell and Rowborough ; Undercliff from Blackgang to Luccombe; Niton. G. Robertianum, L. Herb Robert. April to September. Hedges : very common. Erodium cicutarium, UHcrit. Com. Stork's-bill. May to Sept, Dry banks ; common. E. moschatum, L'Herit. Musk Stork's-bill. May to July. Wastes : Yarmouth (1846), but not seen of late years ; St. Helens Green (i860) ; probably an escape. E. maritimum, L'Herit. Sea Stork's-bill. May to September. Banks and wastes near the sea ; rare : Alum Bay ; Brook. Oxalis Acetosella, L. Wood-sorrel. April to June. Woods and shady places; not common: Pan, near Newport; East Standen ; Apse ; Quarr ; Shanklin. AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex Aquifolium, L. Holly. (Christmas, Wight.) April to July. Woods ; common. CELASTRACEAE Euonymus europaeus, L. Spindle-tree. April to July, Woods and bushy places ; not uncommon. RHAMNACEAE Rhamnus catharticus, L. Purging Buckthorn. April to July. Woods: Yarmouth; Thorley; Calbourne; Rowborough; Gatcombe; Arreton ; Ashey, 142 FLOWEKING PLANTS R. Frangula, L. Alder Buckthorn. April to September. Damp woods ; not common : Marvel Copse ; King's Quay ; in copses north of the Chalk ; Bordwood ; &c. R. Alaternus. One bush of many years' growth in a hedge on Pan Down. ACEEACEAE Acer Pseudo-platanus, L. Sycamore. April to July. Woods ; common ; naturalized and self-sown. A. campestre, L. Maple. April to July. Hedges and woods ; common. LEGUMINOSAE Ulex europaeus, L. Furze. Gorse. March to June. Downs and lieaths ; very common. U. Gallii, Planch. Planchon's Furze. July to October. Similar situations ; not uncommon. U. nanus, Forst. (U. minor, Both). Dwarf Furze. iVug. to Oct. Similar situations ; common. Genista anglica, L. Petty Whin. April to August. Heaths and rough pastures ; not uncommon : Freshwater ; Park- hurst ; Eookley ; Godshill ; &c. G. tinctoria, L. Dyer's Greenweed. June to September. Eough pastures, and lieaths : frequent near Newport ; &c. Cytisus scoparius, Link (Sarothamnus scoparius, Wimm). Broom. April to July. Copses and bushy pastures ; not uncommon: near Newport ; Shanklin ; &c. Ononis repens, L. Eest-harrow. May to September. Borders of fields ; common. Anthyllis Yulneraria, L. Kidney Vetch. May to September. Pastures ; mostly on chalk ; common. Medicago sativa, L. Lucerne. May to August. Cultivated ground ; hardly naturalized. M. lupulina, L. Black Medick. April to September. Pastures and wastes ; common. M. denticulata, Willd. Eeticulated Medick. April to July. Sandy wastes by the sea ; not common : Quarr ; Eeeth Bay ; Sandown ; Brading ; St. Helens. M. maculata, Sihth. (M. arabica, Huds.). Spotted M. Apr. to Sept. Pastures and wastes ; not uncommon. Melilotus officinalis, Lam. (M. altissima, Thuill.). Common Melilot. May to September. Borders of fields ; not common : Yarmouth ; Shalfleet ; Gurnard ; Ventnor ; Bembridge ; &c. FLOWERING PLANTS 143 M. alba, Lam. White Melilot. May to September. Sandy ground ; rare : Eowborough ; Whippingham ; Kingston ; Yentnor ; Luccombe. M. arvensis, Wallr. Field Melilot. June to September. Borders of cultivated fields ; not common : Freshwater ; St. Lawrence ; Bembridge. Trigonella ornithopodioides, DC. Birds-foot Trefoil. May to August. Gravelly and sandy wastes ; rare : Totland ; Sandown ; St. Helens ; Bembridge. Trifolium subterraneum, L. Subterraneous Trefoil. April to July. Heaths ; not common : Gurnard ; Sea View ; Chale ; Newchurch ; Sandown ; Steephill ; St. Helens ; Whii)pingham. T. pratense, L. Red Clover. April to September. Pastures and wastes ; very common. T. medium, L. Zigzag Clover. May to September. Dry pastures ; not unfrequent : Parkhurst ; &c. T. maritimum, Huds. (T. squamosum, L). Teasel-headed Trefoil. May to September. Waste ground near the sea ; rare : between Thorley and Yarmouth ; near Newtown Bridge. T. incarnatum, L. Trifohum. May to August. Borders of fields ; an escape only. T. arvense, L. Hare's-foot Trefoil. May to August. Sandy wastes ; not common : East Cowes ; Knighton ; St. Helens ; Sandown. T. striatum, L. Soft-knotted Trefoil. April to July. Sandy wastes ; not common : Totland ; King's Quay ; Shorwell ; Niton ; Horringford ; Sandown ; St. Helens. T. scabrum, L. Eough Trefoil. May to July. Sandy wastes ; rare : Freshwater ; Norton ; and other places near the sea. T. glomeratum, L. Eound-headed Trefoil. May to July. Sandy wastes ; not common : Freshwater ; Shorwell ; Blackgang ; XJndercliff ; Horringford ; Sandown ; St. Helens. T. suffocatum, L. Dense-flowered Trefoil. May to July. Sandy wastes ; rare : St. Helens Spit. T. hybridum, L. Alsike Clover. June to September. Naturalized from cultivation. T. repens, L. White or Dutch Clover. April to September. Meadows and wastes ; very common. T. fragiferum, L. Strawberry-headed Trefoil. May to Sept. Damp meadows and wastes ; common. T. procumbens, L. Hop Trefoil. May to August. Dry pastures and wastes ; common. T. minus, Svi. (T. dubium, Sibth). Lesser Trefoil. May to July. Dry pastures and wastes ; common. T. filiforme, L. Least Trefoil. April to July. Sandy wastes ; frequent : Col well ; Wilderness ; St. Helens ; &c. 144 FLOWERING PLANTS T. patens, Schreb. A casual : has been twice noticed in clover fields near Thorley. Lotus corniculatus, L. Bird's-foot Lotus. May to September. Pastures and wastes ; vei-y common. Var. Yillosus, Seringe : wood between Yarmouth and Thorley ; Thorness ; Quarr. L. tenuis, Kit. Slender Lotus. May to September. Damp pastures and wastes ; not common : Yarmouth ; Thorley ; Thorness ; Apes Down ; Brighstone ; below cliifs between Sandown and Shanklin ; Bembridge ; near Whitefield wood. L. major, ScoiJ. (L. uliginosus, Schk.). Marsh Lotus. June to Sept. Wet pastures and woods ; common. Astragalus glycyphyllos, L. Sweet Milk Vetch. May to Sept. Eough bushy places ; rare : The Undercliff from St. Catherine's Point to Steephill. Ornithopus perpusillus, L. Bird's-foot. May to August. Sandy and gravelly wastes ; frequent : Freshwater ; St George's Down ; St. Helens ; &c. Hippocrepis comosa, L. Horseshoe Vetch. May to August. Dry pastures and wastes ; frequent, especially on the Chalk : Pan Down, &c. Onobrychis sativa, Lam. (0. viciaefolia, Sco2J.). Sainfoin. May to Septeml^er. Chalk downs and dry ground ; often the remains of cultivation. Yicia hirsuta, Koch. Hairy Tare. May to September. Borders of arable fields ; not very common : near Newport ; Wootton ; Undercliff ; &c. Y. tetrasperma, Moench. Smooth Tare. May to September. Borders of fields ; frequent : near Newport ; Wootton ; St Helens ; &c. Y. gracilis, Lois. Slender Tare. May to September. Borders of fields ; not unfrequent : Thorley ; Cowes ; Staplers ; Bembridge ; &c. Y. Cracca, L. Tufted Vetch. June to September. Woods and rough meadows ; common. Y. bithynica, L. July and August. Eough ground ; very rare : Gurnard (found by Mr. J. F. Eayner in 1907). Y. sylvatica, L. Wood Vetch. May to August. Woods ; rare : Luccombe Copse ; Yaverland. Y. sepium, L. Bush Vetch. April to July. Hedges and woods ; common. Y. sativa, L. (V. angustifoHa, L.). Cultivated Vetch. May to August. Borders of fields and wastes ; common. Y. angustifolia, Both. Com. Wild Vetch. April to July. Grassy banks ; common. Var. Bobartii, Forst. : Newchurch ; Ventnor ; St. Helens. FLOWEEING PLANTS 145 Y. lathyroides, L. Spring Vetch. April to June. Dry grassy wastes ; very rare : Eed Cliif, Sandown. Y. lutea, L. Was once (1860) gathered on waste ground near Sandown. Y. hybrida, L. Was observed in 1888 in a field of sainfoin in the Undercliff. Lathyrus Nissolia, L. Grass Vetch. April to July. Banks and waste places ; not very common : Thorley ; near New- port ; Sandown ; Gurnard ; Bembridge ; &c. L. pratensis, L. Meadov/ Vetchhng. May to August. Hedges and pastures ; common. L. sylvestris, L. Everlasting Pea. June to September. Woods ; rare : Kerne ; Puckaster ; Appuldurcombe ; Luccombe ; Shanklin ; Sandown ; East Cowes. L. palustris, L. Marsh Vetchling. May to August. Boggy places ; very rare : Golden Hill, Freshv/ater. L. maritimus, Bigel. Sea Pea. Jvine to September. Sea beaches ; very rare : Norris Castle ; Sandown ; but not noticed for many years. L. hirsutus, L. Was once gathered in a cornfield near Brighstone many years ago and has not since been recorded. L. macrorrhizus, Wim. (L. montanus, Bernh). Tuberous Vetch. April to June. Woods ; not uncommon : Thorness ; Cowes ; betw^een Whippingham and Wootton ; Briddlesf ord ; Quarr ; Apley ; Bordwood ; Niton. Var. tenuifolius, Bah. : Nunw^ood, near Shalfleet ; Bordwood. Astragalus hypoglottis, L. Eecorded as having been found on " Carisbrooke Castle Hill," and on "Dover Spit" (Eyde). Possibly an error. EOSACEAE Prunus spinosa, L. Sloe. Blackthorn. April to June. Hedges and thickets ; very common. P. insititia, L. Bullace. April to June. Hedges and thickets ; not uncommon : near Newport, and else- where. P. Avium, L. Wild Cherry. Merry. April to June. Woods ; frequent. P. Cerasus, L. Morello Cherry. April to June. Woods and hedges ; not uncommon. Spiraea Ulmaria, L. Meadow Sweet. May to September. Wet meadows ; common. S. Filipendula, L. Dropwort. May to August. Pastures and thickets on chalk ; rare : Freshwater ; W^estover ; Steephill. 146 FLOWEEING PLANTS Agrimonia Eupatoria, L. Common Agrimony. May to August. Borders of fields and on waste ground ; common. A. odorata, Mill. Fragrant Agrimony. May to September. Thickets and wastes ; not common : Briddlesford ; Merston ; Bag- wich ; Niton ; Bordwood ; Merry Gardens ; Yaverland. Poterium Sanguisorba, L. Salad Burnet. May to iVugust. Dry banks, mostly on chalk ; common. P. muricatum, Spach (P. polygamum, Waldst. & K). June to August. Cultivated fields, mostly on chalk ; rare : south of Ning- w^ood ; Bowcombe Down ; Ashey Down ; Niton ; Steephill ; ShanJi' lin ; Bembridge. Alchemilla arvensis, Scop. Parsley Piert. May to October. Cultivated and waste ground ; common. A. vulgaris, L. Lady's Mantle. June to September. A single patch in the grounds of Tyne Hall, Bembridge ; doubtless introduced. Potentilla Fragariastrum, Ehrh. (P. sterilis, Garcke). Barren Strawberry. March to June. Hedges and banks ; common. P. Tormentilla, Scop. (P. sylvestris, Nee). Tormentil. May to September. Dry banks ; common. P. procumbens, Sihth. May to September. Woods and banks ; frequent : Parkhurst Forest ; x^ldermoor, near Eyde. P. reptans, L. Creeping Cinquefoil. May to September. Banks ; common. P. Anserina, L. Silverweed. May to September. Moist wastes ; common. P. Comarum, Nestl. (Comarum palustre, L.). Marsh Cinquefoil. May to July. Boggy ground ; not common : Freshwater ; Wilder- ness ; Moortown ; Sainham ; Sandown Level. Fragaria vesca, L. Strawberry. May to July. Woods and banks ; common. Out of the 170 Brambles (species, sub-species, and varieties) described in his "Handbook of British Eubi" by the Eev. William Moyle Rogers, published in 1900, 70 species are enumerated by Mr. Townsend as occurring in Hampshire ; and of these 70, the Isle of Wight appears to possess 39, though probably others will be found to occur. Rubus Idaeus, L. Easpberry. May to July. Damp woods and thickets ; not uncommon : Blackwater Moor ; Wilderness, &c. R. suberectus, Anders. Bramble. May to July. Wet w^oods : Freshwater ; Ningwood ; Parkhurst ; Wilderness ; Apse ; America Wood. R. Rogersii, Linton. June and July. Heaths : Hide, near Shanklin. FLOWEEING PLANTS 147 R. plicatus, Wh. d- N. June to August. "Wet heaths: Freshwater; Ningwood; Wilderness; Niton; Shanklin. R. nitidus, Wh. d- N., var. hamulosus, P. J. Muell. July to Sept. The Wilderness. R. aflBnis, Wh. d N. June to September. Freshwater ; Colwell ; Yarmouth ; Parkhurst ; Bleakdown ; Niton, R. Lindleianus, Lees. July and August. Hedges and thickets ; frequent. R. rhamnifolius, Wh. d N. July and August. Hedges and thickets ; common. R. Scheutzii, Lindeh. July and August. Parkhurst Forest. R. dumnoniensis, Bah. July and August. Freshwater; Headon. R. pulcherrimus, Neuman. Ju.ly and August. Totland ; Colwell ; Parkhurst Forest ; Bonchurch ; Sandown ; Bleak Down. R. Yillicaulis, Koehl., sub-sp. Selmeri, Lindeh. July and August. Colwell ; Brighstone ; Kingston ; Horringford ; Newchurch ; Apse ; Shanklin. R. leucandrus, Focke. July to September. Parkhurst Forest. R. thyrsoideus, Wimm. June to September. Totland; Colwell. R. argentatus, P. J. Muell. July and August. Bushy places : Freshwater ; Shanklin ; Sandown. Var. robustus, P. J. Muell. : Apse Castle Wood. R. rusticanus, Merc July and August. Hedges and bushy places ; very common. R. lentiginosus, Lees. June to August. Bushy places : Parkhurst Forest. R. macrophyllus, Wh. d N. July and August. Hedges and bushy places : Westover; Idlecombe; Parkhurst Forest; Wilderness ; Apse ; LandsHp. Suh-sp. Schlechtendalii, Weihe : Apse ; Marvel Copse. R. Salteri, Bah. July and August. Apse Castle Wood. R. Sprengelii, Weihe. July and August. Woods, heaths, and bushy places : Parkhurst Forest ; Newport ; Bleak Down ; Apse Castle Wood ; Niton. R. micans, Gre7i. d Godr. July and August. Colwell Heath. R. hirtifolius, Muell. d Wirt. (The type does not appear to occur.) July and August. Var. danicus, Focke : Apse Castle Wood. Var. mollissimus, Rogers : Bleak Down ; Parkhurst Forest. R. leucostachys, Schleich. July and August. l2 148 FLOWEEING PLANTS Hedges and bushy places ; very common. R. lasioclados, Focke, var. angustifolius, Bogers. July and August. Hedges and bushy places: Bleak Down; Parkhurst Forest. R. mucronatus, Blox., var. nudicaulis, Bogers. July and August. Bushy places : Marvel Copse. R. Borreri, Bell Salter. June to August. Hedges and commons : Wilderness ; Niton ; Shanklin ; Apse Castle Wood. R. radula, Weihe, suh-sx). anglicanus, Heaths and thickets : Parkhurst Forest; St. John' R. echinatus, Lindl. July and August. Hedges and thickets ; common. R. Babingtonii, Bell Salter. July and August. Bushy places : Wootton. R. Lejeunii, Weihe, sub-sj). ericetorum, Lefv. Tliickets : between Guildford and Lynn. R. Bloxamii, Lees. July and August. Thickets : Colwell ; Parkhurst Forest. R. fuscus, Wh. d- N., var. nutans, Bogers. Parkhurst Forest. July and August. Parkhurst Forest ; Marvel Copse ; Bleak July and August. Eyde. July and August. July and August. July and August. Beckett's Copse, Freshwater; hedge west Quarr Wood ; St. John's, east of Eyde. R. foliosus, Wh. & N. Woods and bushy places : Down. R. rosaceus, Wli. & N. Woods and bushy places: of Newport ; Guildford. Var. hystrix, Wli. £ N. Sub-s]}. infecundus, Bogers : Staplers. R. Koehleri, Wh. & N. July and August. Hedges and thickets : Quarr Wood ; Culver cliffs. R. dumetorum, Wh. & N. July and August. Hedges ; common. Var. ferox, Weihe : Colwell ; Newport ; Bleak Down ; Quarr ; Apse Castle. Var. diYcrsifolius, Lindl. : Beckett's Copse ; Newport ; Wilder- ness ; Cockleton ; Whitwell ; Brading Down. Var. tuberculatus, Bab. : Colwell ; Shalfleet ; hurst ; Shanklin Down ; Niton ; Undercliff. Var. pilosus, WJi. & N. : Freshwater. Var. concinnus, Warren : Freshwater. Var. fasciculatus, P. J. MuelL: Niton Undercliff. R. corylifolius, S771. June to August. Hedges and thickets ; not uncommon. Var. cyclophyllus, Lindeb. : not uncommon. R. Balfourianus, Blox. July and August. Hedges : Undercliff west of Ventnor ; Brading. R. caesius, L. Dewberry. June to September. Westover ; Park- FLOWERING PLANTS 14&" Woods and bushy places ; not uncommon : Apes Down ; Bow- combe ; Brading ; &c. Geum urbanum, L. Wood Avens. May to August. Damp hedges ; common. The number of British Roses enumerated as species by the 10th edition of the " London Catalogue of British Plants (1908) " is 25, but the named sub-species or var"ieties run up to 103. Mr. Townsend gives 12 species as occurring in Hants and 10 of these are found in the Isle of Wight. Of the sub-species and varieties no census can be given. Rosa pimpinellifolia, L. (R. spinosissima, L). Burnet Eose. May to July. Heaths and downs ; common. R. coronata, Crepin. A hybrid : B. spinosissima X tomentosa, has been found in the Island, but the locality is not known. R. mollis, Svi. June and July. Hedges : copse near Ryde ; between Newport and Niton. R. tomentosa, Sm. Hedges ; frequent. R. rubiginosa, L. Sweetbriar. May and June. Hedges and bushy places : Freshwater ; Westover ; St. George's Down ; St. Lawrence ; Bonchurch ; Bembridge. R. micrantha, Sm. June to August. Bushy places : Westover plantation ; Hampstead ; ShorweU ; Under- cliff ; Shanklin ; Bembridge. R. obtusifolia, Desv. June to August. Bushy places : Landslip, Luccombe. R. tomentella, Leman. (? a vai-iety of Bosa Borreri, Woods.) June to August. Hedges, Freshwater. R. canina, L. Dog Rose. June to August. Hedges and thickets ; very common. Var. lutetiana : Little Pan ; Blackgang ; Underchff ; Brading. Var. dumalis : common. Var. biserrata : Undercliff . Var. urbica : Niton ; Brading. Var. arvatica : Niton ; Whitw^ell. Var. andegavensis : Freshwater ; Calbourne ; Little Pan. Var. yerticillacantha : Thorness ; Niton. R. systyla. Bast. ('? a variety of B. stylosa, Desv.) June and July. Hedges and thickets : Newtown ; Carisbrooke ; Rookley ; Oakfield, near Ryde ; Niton ; Undercliff ; Haven Street ; Bembridge. R. arvensis, Hnds. June and July. Hedges and thickets ; common. Crataegus Oxyacantha, L. Hawthorn. May and June. Hedges and bushy places ; very common. The var. C. iiionogijna, Jacq. is the only form found in the Island. Pyrus torminalis, Ehrh. Service-tree. May and June. Woods : Ningwood ; Fairlee ; woods between Whippingham and Ryde ; Bordwood. 150 FLOWEEING PLANTS P. Aria, Ehrh. White-beam. Whip-crop. May and June. Woods ; rather common : Eookley ; Shanklin ; &c. P. scandica, Sijme. May and June. Carisbrooke Castle ; probably planted. P. semipinnata, Both. May and June. Carisbrooke Castle ; probably planted. P. Aucuparia, Ehrh. Mountain Ash. May and June. Woods ; naturalized : Parkhurst ; Fernhill ; Luccombe ; America Wood ; Apse Castle. P. communis, L. Pear. April and May. Woods and hedges ; rare ; doubtfully wild : Heathfields ; Whipping- ham ; near East Medina Mill ; &c. Var. Achras : one tree by roadside between Eyde and Ashey. P. Malus, L. Crab-apple. May. Hedges and copses ; not uncommon : near Newport ; King's Quay ; &c. Var. acerba, is the true crab-apple. Var. mitis, is the cultivated apple escaped. LYTHEACEAE Lythrum Salicaria, L. Purple Loosestrife. July to September. Wet places and margins of streams ; not uncommon : Medina Valley; &c. L. Hyssopifolium, L. Once gathered many years ago in Pan Moor, Newport. Peplis Portula, L. Water Purslane. July to September. Wet places ; fi'equent : Freshwater ; Eookley ; St. George's Down ; Ninham ; Godshill ; Sandown. ONAGEACEAE Epilobium angustifolium, L. Eose-bay. July to September, Wet thickets ; frequent : Blackwater ; Eookley ; between Eyde and Brading ; Niton ; Landslip ; Lake ; Perreton ; Alverstone ; Lynch. E. hirsutum, L. Great Hairy Willow-herb. Codlings and Cream. June to September. Sides of ditches and streams ; common. E. parviflorum, Schreb. Small-flowered H. W.-h. June to Sept. Similar localities ; common. E. montanum, L. Broad-leaved W.-h. June to August. Hedges and woods ; common. E. tetragonum, L. Long-podded Square- stalked W.-h. June to August. Damp places ; common. FLOWEEING PLANTS 151 E. obscurum, Schreb. Short-podded Square- stalked W.-h. June to August. Wet ground ; frequent : Yarmouth ; Wilderness ; Pan Common ; Chale ; Niton ; Newchurch ; Shanklin. E. palustre, L. Marsh W.-h. June to August. Wet ground ; frequent : Freshwater ; Shalfieet ; Wilderness ; Bartlett's Gi'een, near Barnsley Farm ; Brighstone ; Blackpan ; Apse ; St. Helens. Oenothera biennis, L. Evening Primrose. July to September. Waste ground ; as an escape occasionally. Oe. odorata, Jacq. June. St. Helens Spit ; sown there in 1858 by Mr. A. G. More. Circaea lutetiana, L. Enchanter's Nightshade. June to Aug. Woods and shady places ; rather common. HALOEAGACEAE Myriophyllum spicatum, L. Spiked Water Milfoil. May to September. Streams ; rather rare : Colwell ; Sandown ; Alver- stone ; Brading Harbour ; Yarbridge. M. alterniflorum, DC. Alternate-flowered W.M. May to Aug. Similar localities ; rather rare : Freshwater ; near Emsworth ; Bowledge ; Lashmere pond ; Lake Common ; Sandown ; St. Helens. Hippuris Yulgaris, L. Mare's-tail. May to July. Streams ; very rare : Brading Marshes. Callitriche Yerna, L. Com. Water Starwort. April to Sept. Pools and streams ; common. C. obtusangula, Le Gall. Blunt-fruited W.S. May to Sept. Pools and streams ; rather rare : Freshwater ; Medina below the Wilderness ; Yafford ; Brading ; Sandown. C. stagnalis, Sco2). Large-fruited W.S. May to September. Ponds and ditches : common. C. hamulata, Kuetz. Hooked W.S. June to September. Ponds ; not common : Staplers ; Knighton ; Kew Street ; Bleak Down ; Carisbrooke ; Godshill. CUCURBITACEAE Bryonia dioica, Jacq. Bryony. May to September. Hedges and woods ; common : near Newport ; &c. CRASSULACEAE Sedum Telephium, L. Orpine. July to September. Hedges and waste land ; not common : Freshwater ; Ashey Godshill. 152 FLOWERING PLANTS S. album, L. "White Stone-crop. July to September, Walls and I'oofs ; rare : Yarmouth ; Carisbrooke. S. dasyphyllum, L. Thick-leaved Stone-crop. June to Aug. Walls and roofs ; rare : Brading ; Alverstone ; Lake. S. anglicum, Hnds. Enghsh Stone-crop. June to August. Walls and dry banks ; not common : Alum Bay ; Shorwell St. Catherine's ; Brighstone Down ; Sandown ; St. Helens Spit. S. acre, L. Wall-pepper. June to August. Walls, roofs, and dry banks ; rather common : Newport ; &c. S. reflexum, L. Sengreen. Yellow Stone-crop. July to Sept. Similar localities ; rare ; but probably not native. SemperYiYum tectorum, L. House-leek. July to September. Walls and roofs ; frequent ; not native. Cotyledon Umbilicus, L. Navelwort. June to September. Dry banks ; rare : Bohemia, and thence towards Bleak Down Kennerley. SAXIFEAGACEAE Saxifraga tridactylites, L. Eue-leaved Saxifrage. Apr. to June, Walls, roofs, and dry banks ; rare : Shorwell ; Gatcombe ; Caris- brooke ; Newport ; Pan Down ; Godshill ; Gurnard ; Quarr, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, L. Golden S. Mar. to June. Sides of streams : Spring Lane, Carisbrooke (the only locality N. of the Chalk range) ; not unfrequent on the S. of the Chalk. Parnassia palustris, L. Grass of Parnassus. Boggy ground. Formerly (more than 70 years ago) noted as growing near Eyde ; also near Arreton ; but not seen for very many years. Ribes Grossularia, L. Gooseberry. April to June. Hedges and w^oods ; frequent ; in some localities apparently wild, but probably always introduced by birds. R. rubrum, L. Eed Currant. April to June. Similar localities ; frequent ; doubtfully wild. R. nigrum, L. Black Currant. April to June. Wet thickets ; less frequent and more probably wild : Symington Copse, near Cowes ; Horringford ; Sheat. UMBELLIFEEAE Hydrocotyle Yulgaris, L. Marsh Pennywort. May to August. Boggy land ; not uncommon : Yarmouth ; Medina Valley ; San- down ; &c. Sanicula europaea, L. Wood Sanicle. May to August. Woods and hedges ; common. Eryngium maritimum, L. Sea Holly, July and August. FLOWERING PLANTS 153 Seashores ; not unfrequent on the north, but ahnost absent from the south shores. Apium graveolens, L. Celery. June to August. Salt marshes and sides of streams ; frequent. • Helosciadium nodiflorum, Beich. fil. (Apium nodifiorum, Reich, fil.). Procumbent Marshwort. July to October. Streams and wet places ; common. Var. ochreatum, DC. : Colwell Heath ; St. Helens Green. H. inundatum, Reich. (Apium inundatum, Reich, fil). Least Marshwort. June to August. Streams and pools ; not common : Goldens, Freshwater ; Thorness ; near Newtown ; Wilderness ; and Lashmere pond. Carum Petroselinum, Benth. Garden Parsley. July to Sept. Walls and banks ; naturalized. C. segetum, Benth. Corn Parsley. July to September. Borders of fields and on waste ground ; common. Bunium flexuosum, With. (C. majus). Earth-nut. May to July. Woods and pastures : frequent : Marvel Copse ; &c. Sison Amomum, L. Stone Parsley. July to September. Hedge-banks ; frequent : Yarmouth ; Ningwood ; Newtown ; Shor- well ; Newport; Ryde ; Blackgang; Undercliff ; Brading ; Sandown. Aegopodium Podagraria, L. Gout-weed. June to August. Shady banks ; not very common : Freshwater ; Marvel Copse ; Newchurch ; Ventnor ; &c. Pimpinella Saxifraga, L. Burnet Saxifrage. July to September. Downs and pastures ; common : Pan Down ; &c. Slum angustifolium, L. (S. erectum, Huds). Narrow-leaved Water Parsnip. July and August. Ditches and pools : Fresh- water ; Moortown ; Landslip : Apes Down ; Ventnor ; &c. Bupleurum rotundifolium, L. Hares-ear. June to August. Cornfields; rare: Colwell (1838); Thorley ; Wellow (1840); Tapnell ; Calbourne (1845) ; Yarmouth ; Sandowm (1848) ; but not noted as occurring for many years past. B. tenuissimum, L. Slender Hare's-ear. June to September. Grassy banks by the sea or estuaries ; not common : Goldens, Freshwater ; Yarmouth ; Newtown ; Gurnard ; banks of Medina between Cowes and Newport ; Sandown ; St. Helens ; Brading Harbour; salterns near Sea View. Oenanthe fistulosa, L. Com. Water Dropwort. June to Sept. Ditches ; rare : Freshwater ; Sandown. Oe. pimpinelloides, L. Parsley W.D. June to September. Meadows ; rather common : Yarmouth ; Newport ; Brading ; St. Helens ; kc. Oe. Lachenalii, Gmel. Parsley Waterwort. June to September. Brackish marshes ; not common : Freshwater ; Medina below Newport ; Wootton Creek ; St. Helens Spit ; Brading. 164 FLOWEKING PLANTS Oe. crocata, L. Hemlock Water Dropwort. June to August. Ditches and wet thickets ; common. Aethusa Gynapium, L. Fool's Parsley. July to September. Cultivated and waste ground ; common. Foeniculum vulgare, Miller. Fennel. Waste ground ; probably not native in Wight. Silaus pratensis, Bess. (S. flavescens, Bernh). Pepper Saxifrage. June to September. Meadows ; common, except south of the Chalk. Crithmum maritimum, L. Samphire. June to September. Cliffs and shores ; not uncommon : from the Needles to Bembridge ; and in many places abundant. Angelica sylYestris, L. Angelica. July to September. Wet woods ; not uncommon : between Westmill and Carisbrooke ; Blackwater ; &c. Pastinaca sativa, L. Wild Parsnip. June to September. Hedges and borders of fields, especially on the Chalk ; common. Heracleum Sphondylium, L. Hogweed. June to September. Hedges and borders of fields ; common. Daucus Carota, L. Wild Carrot. June to September. Hedges and borders of fields, especially on the Chalk ; common. Var. maritimus : it is doubtful if the seaside thick-leaved Daucus which grows on the Freshwater cliffs and elsewhere by the sea is D. gummifer, Allioni. Caucalis daucoides, L. Bur-Parsley. June and July. A casual in June, 1879, under the walls of St. Helens Mill. Torilis arvensis, Link. Field Hedge-Parsley. June to August. Cultivated fields and waysides ; common. T. Anthriscus, Gmel. Upright Hedge-Parsley. July to Sept. Hedges and wastes ; common. T. nodosa, Gaertn. Knotted Hedge-Parsley. May to August. Hedges and waysides ; less common : Freshwater ; Newport ; Sandown ; &c. Chaerophyllum Anthriscus, Lam. Chervil. Beaked Parsley. May to July. Sandy banks and wastes ; not very common : Fresh- water ; Shorwell ; Ventnor ; Nettlestone. C. sylYestre, L. Cow-Parsley. April to July. Hedges and shady places ; common. C. temulum, L. Eough Chervil. May to September. Hedges and borders of fields ; common. Scandix Pecten-Yeneris, L. Shepherd's Needle. May to Sept. Cultivated fields ; common. Conium maculatum, L. Hemlock. June to September. Hedges and wastes ; not very common ; but it occurs in all the districts. Smyrnium Olusatrum, L. Alexanders. May and June. Hedges, wastes, and cliffs ; not common : Yarmouth ; Carisbrooke ; Ventnor ; Gurnard ; &c. FLOWERING PLANTS 155 ARALIACEAE Hedera Helix, L. Ivy. September to November. Walls, rocks, and woods ; common. CORNACEAE Gornus sanguinea, L. Dogwood. Cornel. May and June. Hedges and woods ; common. LORANTHACEAE Yiscum album, L. Mistletoe. March to May. Parasitical on trees, generally on apple-trees in the Island, and possibly introduced. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Adoxa Moschatellina, L. Moschatel. Gloryless. March to June. Shady banks ; frequent : Marvel Copse ; Great Pan ; &c. Sambucus nigra, L. Common Elder. June and July. Hedges and woods ; common. A variety with yellow-green fruit, corner of Spring Lane, Carisbrooke, and at Newchurch. S. Ebulus, L. Banewort. Ground Elder. July and August. Eields and wastes ; rare : Whippingham ; Kerne ; Redhill ; St. Catherine's Point ; Luccombe. Yiburnum Opulus, L. Guelder Rose. May and June. Woods ; frequent : Freshwater ; Parkhurst ; Tolt ; Niton ; &c. Y. Lantana, L. Wayfaring Tree. Mealy Guelder Rose. April to June. Hedges and woods ; common. Lonicera Periclymenum, L. Honeysuckle. June to October. Hedges and woods ; common. RUBIACEAE Rubia peregrina, L. Madder. June and July. Hedges and woods ; frequent : Yarmouth ; near Gurnard ; Luc- combe ; East Cowes ; the Undercliff. Galium Cruciatum, Scop. Crosswort. Mugwort. April to July. Hedges and wastes ; common. G. Yerum, L. Yellow Bedstraw. June to September. Dry pastures and hedges ; common. 156 FLOWERING PLANTS G. erectum, Huds. Narrow-leaved Great B. June to Sept. Hedges and pastures on the Chalk ; rare : recorded somewhat doubtfully as occurring at Freshwater and Bembridge. G. Mollugo, L. Com. Great Bedstraw. July and August. Hedges and thickets ; common. G. saxatile, L. Heath Bedstraw. June to August. Heaths and banks ; common. G. palustre, L. Marsh Bedstraw. June to August. Marshes ; common. Var. elongatum : Freshwater and Sandown. Var. Witheringii : Freshwater ; Coppid Hall ; Blackpan. G. uliginosum, L. Eough Marsh Bedstraw. July and August. Marshes ; frequent : Freshwater ; Staplers ; Newchurch ; &c. G. Aparine, L. Goosegrass. Cleavers. May to September. Hedges and cultivated ground ; common. G. tricorne, Stokes. Corn Bedstraw. June to September. Arable fields ; not common : Thorley and Wellow ; Westover ; Apes Dow^n ; Carisbrooke ; near Cowes ; near Kerne ; Moortown, Brighstone ; Niton ; Bonchurch ; Sandown, near the Culvers. Asperula odorata, L. Woodruff. April to June. Woods and shady hedges ; not common : Thorness ; Cowes ; woods between Binstead and Fishbourne ; East Standen ; Sullens Copse ; Alvington ; Long Lane Copse. A. cynanchica, L. Squinancy-wort. June to August. Chalk downs ; common. Sherardia arvensis, L. Sherardia. April to September. Cultivated and waste ground ; common. Crucianella stylosa, DC. No doubt an escape from a garden : lane near Carisbrooke, and in the Undercliff. VALEEIANACEAE Kentranthus ruber, DC. Eed Valerian. June to September. Naturalized on walls and cliffs : Yarmouth ; Carisbrooke ; Brading ; Ventnor ; Sandown. Valeriana dioica, L. Marsh Valerian. May and June. Boggy marshes ; rare : Freshwater ; Thorley ; Clatterford ; Caris- brooke ; Briddlesford. Y. officinalis, L. Great Valerian. June and July. Wet woods and pastures. The var. sainbucifolia, Mik. is the only one observed in the Island ; this is not uncommon. Yalerianella olitoria, Poll. Lamb's Lettuce. April to June. Cultivated and waste ground ; common. Y. Auricula, DC. (V. rimosa, Bast.). Sharp-fruited L.L. June and July. Similar localities, but more rarely : Freshwater ; Cowes ; Haven Street ; Bembridge ; &c. FLOWEEING PLANTS 157 Y. dentata, Poll. NaiTow-fruited L.L. June to August. Similar localities ; frequent. Far. mixta: Ningwood ; Medham. DIPSACEAE Dipsacus sylvestris, Huds. Teasel. July and August. Hedges and woods ; common. Scabiosa succisa, L. Devil's-bit Scabious. August to October. Heatbs and moist pastures ; frequent : Freshwater ; Apes Down ; "Wilderness ; Newport ; &c. S. Columbaria, L. Small Scabious. June to September. Dry banks, chiefly on the Chalk ; common. S. arvensis, L. (Knautia arvensis, Coul.). Field S. June to Sept. Arable fields and waste ground ; common. COMPOSITAE Onopordum Acanthium, L. Scotch Thistle. July to September. Waste ground : formerly on the Dover at Eyde ; a single plant found in clover at Thorley many years ago. Silybum Marianum, Gaertn. Milk Thistle. May to July. Dry banks and wastes ; naturalized in the Undercliff. Carduus tenuiflorus, Curt. (C. pycnocephalus, L). Slender- flowered Thistle. May to August. Dry wastes, mostly on the Chalk ; rather common. C. nutans, L. Musk Thistle. May to September. Dry wastes ; common. C. crispus, L. Welted Thistle. June to October. Woods, banks, and wastes : frequent : High Wood, Swainston ; and by the road towards Apes Down ; Carisbrooke Castle ; near Cowes ; Arreton ; Ashey ; Knighton ; Shanklin. C. lanceolatus, L. Spear Thistle. June to November. Woods, wastes, and borders of fields ; common. C. eriophorus, L. Woolly-headed Thistle. July and August. Pastures and wastes, mostly on the Chalk ; rare : Apes Down Valley ; Bowcombe Down ; Landslip. C. palustris, L. Marsh Thistle. July and August. Marshy meadows ; common. C. pratensis, Huds. Meadow Thistle. May to August. Wet meadows ; frequent : Freshwater ; Northwood ; Staplers ; Wilderness ; &c. C. acaulis, L. Dwarf Thistle. June to September. Dry pastures, mostly on the Chalk ; common. 158 FLOWERING PLANTS C. arYensis, Bobson. Creeping-rooted Thistle. July and Aug. Pastures and cultivated ground ; common. Carlina vulgaris, L. Carline Thistle. June to August. Dry, hilly pastures ; common. Arctium Lappa, L. Great Burdock. August. Copses and borders of fields ; frequent : Shalfleet ; Rookley ; Appuldurcombe ; Yarbridge ; Yaverland ; Brading ; Whitefield Wood ; Sea View. A. minus, Benih. Lesser Burdock. August. Copses and wastes ; common. A. intermedium, Lange. Intermediate Burdock. August. Copses and wastes ; frequent : Freshwater ; Idlecombe ; Ashey ; Shanklin ; &c. A. Newbouldii, A. Bennett. Narrow-leaved Burdock. August. Similar localities, but less frequent than intermedium : between Cowes and Newport ; Blackgang ; Bembridge ; shore west of Ryde. Serratula tinctoria, -L. Saw-wort. July and August! Woods and bushy places ; common. Centaurea nigra, L. Black Knapweed. June to September. Meadows, borders of fields and hedges ; common. Var. decipiens, Thuill. : abundant on our chalk downs, and in dry pastures. C. Scabiosa, L. Greater Knapweed. July to September. Similar localities ; common. C. Cyanus, L. Blue Cornflower. June to August. Cornfields ; not common : Ningwood ; Calbourne ; Shorwell ; Kingstoii. C. solstitialis, L. Has been found growing in the Island, but has not been seen for many years, and probably was only a casual. C. Calcitrapa, L. The same i-emark applies to this as to the preceding species. Chrysanthemum segetum, L. Corn Marigold. June to Oct. Cultivated fields ; not common, but abundant in some localities, as at Kingston, Rookley, and Godshill. C. Leucanthemum, L. Ox-eye Daisy. July and August. Pastures and wastes ; common. C. Parthenium, Pers. Feverfew. July to September. Cultivated and waste ground ; frequent, but probably escapes in all cases. Matricaria inodora, L. Scentless Mayweed. June to Nov. Cultivated and waste ground ; common. M. discoidea, DC. (M. suaveolens, Buck.). June to October. Roadside wastes ; rare : between Shide Mill and Pan Down ; Apes Down Farm ; by the river and on the quay at Newport. Tanacetum Yulgare, L. Tansy. July to September. Roadside hedges and waste ground ; not common, but widely distributed ; often, perhaps always, an escape from cultivation : Newbridge ; Wilderness ; Chale ; Brighstone ; Newchurch ; &c. FLOWERING PLANTS 159 Anthemis Cotula, L. Stinking Chamomile. June to September. Cultivated and waste ground ; common. Var. maritima, Bromf. : Norton. A. arvensis, L. Com Chamomile. May to August. Cultivated and v^'aste ground ; frequent : Colwell ; Idlecombe ; Shanklin ; &c. A. nobilis, L. Common Chamomile. June to September. Heaths and commons ; frequent : Freshwater ; Chale ; St. Helens ; &c. Diotis maritima, Cass. Cotton-weed. July to September. This rare plant was found by Mr. Snooke (1823) growing on the shore near Sconce Point, Freshwater, but it has not been observed since. Achillea Millefolium, L. Yarrow. June to September. Pastures and w^aysides ; common. A. Ptarmica, L. Sneeze-wort. July to September. Damp meadows and waysides; frequent: Cranmore; Wilmingham; Parkhurst ; Alvington ; near East Medina Mill ; Staplers ; Mount Misery. Artemisia Absinthium, L. Common Wormwood. Aug. to Sept. Cliffs, waste ground, and roadsides ; frequent in the Undercliff from Bonchurch to Blackgang. A. vulgaris, L. Mugwort. July to September. Hedges and waste ground ; common. A. maritima, L. Seaside Wormwood. August and September. Salt marshes and seaside wastes ; frequent : Yarmouth ; Newtown ; Thorness ; Gurnard; Cowes; betw^een Cowes and Newport ; King's Quay; Brading; St. Helens. Va7: tallica, Willd. : Newtown, and probably in the other localities. Filago germanica, L. Common Cudweed. June to September. Dry cultivated and waste ground ; common. F. apiculata, G. E. Svi. Eed-tipped Cudweed. July and August. Sandy or gravelly cultivated fields ; rare : Brighstone. F. spathulata, Presl. July and August. Dry cultivated fields ; frequent: Freshwater; Yarmouth; Wellow; Arreton ; Brook ; Brighstone ; Hulverstone to Kingston ; Becksfield Barn ; Newchurch. F. minima. Fries. Least Cudweed. June to September. Sandy and gravelly ground ; not common : Bleak Down ; St, George's Down ; Buck's Heath, Niton ; Queenbower. Gnaphalium uliginosum, L. Marsh Cudweed. July to Sept. Damp roadside wastes ; common. G. sylvaticum, L. Upright Cudweed. July to September. Pastures, commons, and woods ; recorded many years ago as "frequent in the S.E. parts of the I. of W.," but not observed during the last fifty years at the least. 160 FLOWERING PLANTS Senecio vulgaris, L. Common Groundsel. January to December. Cultivated ground ; very common. S. sylvaticus, L. Mountain Groundsel. July to September. Sandy and gravelly ground ; frequent : St. George's Down ; &c. S. erucifolius, L. Hoary Eagwort. July to September. Hedges, pastures, and wastes ; common. S. Jacobaea, L. Common Eagwort. July to September. Similar localities ; common. S. aquaticus, Huds. Marsh Eagwort. July to September. Wet pastures and wastes ; common. S. campestris, -DC. (S. spathulifolius, -DC). Field Fleawort. May to July. Chalk downs ; rare : Westover ; Afton. Bidens cernua, L. Nodding Bur Marigold. July to September. Ponds and marshy ground ; frequent in the Medina and E. Yar valleys. B. tripartita, L. Trifid-leaved B.M. July to September. Similar localities ; perhaps not quite as common as B. cernua. Inula Helenium, L. Elecampane. July and August. Pastures, woods, and hedges ; not common : Freshwater, formerly frequent ; between Freshwater and Cowes in several places ; Quarr ; Binstead ; Haven Street ; Blackbridge ; Eowlands ; Whippingham ; Gurnard ; Ashey ; Landslip. I. Conyza, DC. (I. squarrosa, Bernh). Ploughman's Spikenard. August to October. Hedges and waste ground on the Chalk ; rather common : Carisbrooke ; &c. I. crithmoides, L. Golden Samphire. July to October. Salt marshes ; rare : Newtown ; Werrar, below Newport on the west bank of tlie Medina. Pulicaria dysenterica, S. F. Gray. Greater Fleabane. July to September. Damp meadows and waste places ; common. P. vulgaris, Gaertn. Lesser Fleabane. July to September. Damp wastes ; rare : west side of the Wilderness ; Hardingshute ; Walpen ; Sandown ; St. Helens Green. Bellis perennis, L. Common Daisy. April to June. Meadows and wayside banks, and wastes ; very common. Erigeron acris, L. Blue Fleabane. July to October. Dry pastures and wastes ; frequent : Freshwater ; Staplers ; &c. Aster Tripolium, L. Michaelmas Daisy. August and September. Salt marshes and shores ; common. Var. discoideus : Yarmouth ; Newtown ; Brading. Solidago Yirgaurea, L. Golden-rod. July to September. Heaths and woods ; not common : Thorness ; Parkhurst Forest ; Staplers ; Quarr. Tussilago Farfara, L. Coltsfoot. March and April. Fields and wastes, on clay soils chiefly ; common. Petasites fragrans, Presl. Sweet-scented Butter-bur. Dec. AVastes ; frequent, but probably always naturalized : Blackwater ; Ventnor ; &c. FLOWERING PLANTS 161 Eupatorium cannabinum, L. Hemp Agrimony. July to Sept. Sides of streams, and damp woods and hedges ; common. Cichorium Intybus, L. Chicory. Endive. July to October. Borders of fields and roads ; not common : near Ningwood ; Hampstead ; Bowcombe Valley ; St. Lawrence. Lapsana communis, L. Nipplewort. June to November. Hedges and wastes ; common. Hypochaeris glabra, L. Smooth Cat's-ear. June to August. Dry sandy or gravelly heaths and w^astes ; rare : field near Cliff Farm ; near Alverstone Mill ; St. Helens Spit. H. radicata, L. Long-rooted Cat's-ear. June to October. Meadows and wastes ; common. Leontodon hirtus, L. (Thrincia nudicaulis, Britten). Hairy Hawkbit. June to August. Sandy and gravelly fields and wastes ; common. L. hispidus, L. Rough Hawkbit. June to September. Dry meadows and waysides ; common. L. autumnalis, L. Autumnal Hawkbit. August and September. Similar localities ; common. Picris hieracioides, L. Hawkweed Ox-tongue. June to Oct. Banks and wastes, especially on the Chalk; frequent : Freshwater; Arreton ; &c. Far. gracilis, /ore/. : Apes Down ; St. Lawrence. Helminthia echioides, Gaertn. Bristly Ox-tongue. June to Oct. Hedge-banks and wastes ; frequent : Yarmouth ; Newport ; Chale ; Ashey ; &c. Tragopogon pratensis, L. Yellow Goat's-beard. June and July. Meadows and hedge-banks ; frequent : Totland Bay ; Freshwater ; Apes DowTi ; East Standen ; Bembridge Down ; &c. Var. minor. Mill.: more frequent than the type. T. porrifolius, L. Purple Goat's-beard. Salsify. May and June. Waste ground ; not common : by the Medina below Newport ; railway embankment north of Brading; Sea View ; Sandown; Niton. Taraxacum oflBcinale, Web. Dandehon. March to October. Fields and wastes ; common. Var. erythrospermum, Andrz. : Standen Elms, and other localities near Newport ; Ashey Down ; St. Helens Spit. 7ar. palustre, DC: Thorness Wood ; Sandown; Bembridge; St. Helens. Lactuca Yirosa, L. Strong-scented Lettuce. July and August. Hedge-banks ; very rare : by the roadside near Winford Firs. L. muralis, Gaertn. Ivy-leaved Lettuce. June to August. Walls, rocks, and shady banks, especially on or near the Chalk ; not common : Westover ; Knighton ; Cowpit Cliff", Shanklin ; &c. Sonchus oleraceus, L. Common Sow Thistle. June to October. Cultivated and waste ground ; common. S. asper. Hill. Rough Sow Thistle. June to October. Similar localities, and as common as the last. M 162 FLOWEKING PLANTS S. arvensis, L. Corn Sow Thistle. June to September. Cultivated fields ; common. Grepis taraxacifolia, Thuill. Small Eough Hawk's-beard. June and July. Cultivated ground ; rare : Niton ; Shanklin ; Freshwater. C. setosa, Hall fil. Bristly Hawk's-beard. July and August. Cultivated ground ; rare : Totland ; Compton ; Bouldner ; Thorley ; Gurnard ; Wootton. C. virens, L. (C. capillaris, Wallr). Smooth H.-b. June to Sept. Meadows and waste ground ; common. C. biennis, L. Large Eough H.-b. July to September. Cultivated fields ; rare : Totland ; Whippingham. Hieracium Pilosella, L. Mouse-ear Hawkweed. May to July. Dry pastures and banks ; common. Var. pilosissimum, Fries : chffs, Freshwater. H. Yulgatum, Fries. June and July. Woods and banks ; rare : Bordwood ; Morton Lane, Brading. H. tridentatum, Fries. Three-toothed H. July to September. Woods and banks ; frequent : Nunwood Copse, Ningwood ; East Standen ; Moortown ; Shorwell ; Atherfield ; Luccombe ; Bem- bridge. H. umbellatum, L. TJmbelled H. August and September. Heaths and bushy places ; frequent : Alum Bay ; Eookley ; Brading ; &c. H. boreale, Fries. July to September. Woods and hedge-banks ; not common : Alum Bay ; Parkhurst Forest ; Firestone Copse ; Staplers ; Guildford Lane ; Alverstone Lynch. CAMPANULACEAE Jasione montana, L. Sheep's-bit Scabious. June to August. Sandy pastures and wastes ; not common : Bleak Down ; Black- gang ; Kingston ; Blackpan ; Apse ; Shanklin ; Sandown ; Alver- stone. Campanula glomerata, L. Clustered Bell-flower. May to Oct. Pastures and banks on the Chalk ; common from Needles to Bern- bridge. C. Trachelium, L. Nettle-leaved Bell-flower. July to Sept. Woods and hedges, principally on the Chalk : Swainston ; Eow- ledge ; Lorden Copse ; Westridge ; and other copses west of Newport ; apparently less frequent (if it occurs at all) to the east of the Medina. C. rotundifolia, L. Hair-bell. June to October. Heaths and dry pastures ; common. Specularia hybrida, A.DG. (Legousia hybrida, Delarbre). FLOWEEING PLANTS 163 Venus's Looking-glass. June to September. Cultivated fields ; frequent : Alum Bay ; Westover ; Sandown ; &c. Wahlenbergia hederacea, Bchh. Ivy-leaved Campanula. July and August. Wet heaths ; rare : Bleak Down, and the Wilderness ; Budbridge Moor ; Kingston ; Pyle ; Gladdice. EEICACEAE Yaccinium Oxycoccos, L. Cranberry. June and July. Boggy moors ; very rare : Wilderness. y. Myrtillus, L. Common Bilberry. April and May. Dry woods and heaths ; not common : Kingston ; Marvel Copse ; St. George's Down ; Shanklin ; Blackpan ; Whitwell. Erica Tetralix, L. Cross-leaved Heath. June to August. Wet heaths ; frequent : Freshwater ; Bleak Down and Wilderness ; Parkhurst Forest, and other places near Newport ; Sandown. E. cinerea, L. Fine-leaved Heath. June to September. Heaths ; common. Calluna Yulgaris, Hull. Ling. June to August. Heaths ; common. Monotropa Hypopithys, L. Bird's-nest. June to September. Under beeches, having every appearance of a parasite, but not yet proved to be so ; rare : Calbourne Hummet ; Westover Wood ; Carisbrooke Castle ; between Luccombe and Bonchurch. JASMINACEAE Fraxinus excelsior, L. Ash. April and May. Woods and hedges and on the open downs ; common. Ligustrum vulgare, L. Privet. June and July. Woods and hedges ; common. APOCYNACEAE Yinca major, L. Greater Periwinkle. July and August. Hedges ; an escape from gardens. Y. minor, L. Lesser Periwinkle. March to October. Woods ; rare : Bottom Ground Copse, Idlecombe ; Centurion' Copse, Bembridge. GENTIANACEAE Erythraea Centaurium, Pcrs. (Centaurium umbellatum, Gilih.). m2 164 FLOWEEING PLANTS Common Centaury. June to August. Pastures, hedge-banks, and wastes; common. Var. capitata, Koch : downs, Freshwater. E. pulchella, Fries. Dwarf Centaury. July to September. Rough pastures and wastes ; common. VoJ\ tenuiflora, Link : estuary marshy ground : west bank of Medina below Newport ; King's Quay. E. capitata, Willd. Tufted Centaury. June to August. Downs; rare: Freshwater; Afton Down ; Compton. Chlora perfoliata, L. (Blackstonia perfoliata, Huds.). Yellow Centaury. June to September. Rough pastures and banks ; frequent : downs, Freshwater ; Carisbrooke ; Ventnor ; shores, Gurnard ; Wootton ; Quarr ; Bembridge ; &c. Gentiana Amarella, L. Autumnal Gentian. July to October. Downs and dry pastures on the Chalk; frequent: Freshwater; Pan Down ; &c. G. lingulata, G. A. Agardh. May and June. Similar localities ; rare : Afton ; Brighstone ; Steephill ; Bon- church ; Bembridge. G. campestris, L. Field Gentian. August and September. Heaths and downs ; rare : Colwell ; Afton Down. Menyanthes trifoliata, L. Bog-bean. May to August. Boggy marshes ; frequent : Freshwater ; Wilderness ; &c. CONVOLVULACEAE ConYolvulus aryensis, L. Small Bindweed. June to Sept. Cultivated fields and wastes ; common. C. sepium, L. Great Bindweed. June to October. Hedges and woods ; common. C. Soldanella, L. Sea Bindweed. July to August. Sandy shores ; not common : Norton ; Sandown ; Brading Har- hour ; St. Helens Spit. Cuscuta europaea, L. Greater Dodder. July to September. Parasitic on herbaceous plants ; rare : Bouldnor (1848) ; between Kerne and Alverstone Mill (1841) ; near Lake. Not recorded for some years. C. Epithymum, Murray. Lesser Dodder. July to October. Parasitic on shrubby plants — gorse, heather, &c. ; rather common. C. Trifolii, Bah. Clover Dodder. July to September. Parasitic on clover ; frequent : Thorley ; Whippingham ; &c. SOLANACEAE Solanum Dulcamara, L. Bitter-sweet. Woody Nightshade. June to August. Woods, hedges, and wastes ; common. H. F. Poole, pholo. This specimen of HENBANE was found j^rowing at the moutlj of the Newtown River. The interest attaching to this particular plant is that, owing to the viscid saj) which has exuded from its leaves, it has " captured " 455 small flies and 2 beetles. 164 FLOWERING PLANTS 165 S. nigrum, L. Black Nightshade. June to October. Cultivated and waste ground ; frequent : Freshwater ; Newport ; Sandown ; Ryde ; &c. Atropa Belladonna, L. Deadly Nightshade. June to August. Waste ground ; very rare : chalk-pit, Westover ; formerly at Knighton. Hyoscyamus niger, L. Henbane. May to August. Cultivated and waste ground, and shores ; not common : Gur- nard, &c. Datura Stramonium, L. Thorn-apple. July to August. Waste ground occasionally. SCROPHULAEIACEAE Yerbascum Thapsus, L. Great Mullein. High Taper. June to August. Waste ground, especially on chalk; common. Y. nigrum, L. Dark Mullein. June to August. Dry wastes, especially on the Chalk ; not common : Merston ; Arreton ; Alverstone ; near Ryde. Y. Blattaria, L. Moth Mullein. July to September. Occurs occasionally as an escape. Scrophularia aquatica, L. Water Figwort. June to August. Sides of streams and other wet places ; common. S. nodosa, L. Knotty-rooted Figwort. June to August. Dry hedge-banks and wastes ; common. Digitalis purpurea, L. Foxglove. June to August. Sandy or gravelly wastes ; common. Antirrhinum majus, L. Great Snapdragon. June to August. Walls ; naturalized occasionally. A. Orontium, L. Corn Snapdragon. July to September. Sandy or gravelly cultivated fields ; rather common. Linaria Cymbalaria, Mill. Ivy-leaved Toadflax. Roving Sailor. April to November. Old walls ; frequent : Newport ; Chale ; &c. L. Elatine, Mill. Sharp-leaved Toadflax. June to November. Cultivated ground, especially on the Chalk; frequent: Totland; near Newport ; &c. L. spuria. Mill. Round-leaved Toadflax. June to November. Similar locahties, but less common : Yarmouth ; Carisbrooke. L. repens, Mill. Striped Toadflax. June to September. Hedges and wastes ; rather rare : near Yarmouth, Thorley, and Bouldnor; between Newport and Cowes ; Staplers. L. yulgaris, Mill. Yellow Toadflax. July to September. Hedge-banks and borders of fields ; common. L. minor, Desf. Least Toadflax. May to August. Cornfields and wastes ; common. Mimulus luteus, L. (M. Langsdortii, Bonn.). Monkey-plant. 166 FLOWEEING PLANTS June to August. Naturalized by sides of streams : Gatcombe ; Peartree ; Alverstone. Veronica hederaefolia, L. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. Apr. to July. Hedge-banks and wastes ; common in some localities, as about Carisbrooke and Newport ; Niton ; Sandown ; and often in culti- vated fields on the Chalk. Y. polita, Fries (V. didyma, Ten.). Grey Procumbent Speedwell. January to December. Cultivated and waste ground ; common. Y. agrestis, L. Green Procumbent Speedwell. April to Sept. Cultivated fields and wastes ; common. Y. Buxbaumii, Ten. Buxbaum Speedwell. March to September. Cultivated fields and wastes ; very common. This is an instance of rapid and persistent inci-ease of distribution, as the plant seems only to have been first noticed as an introduction in 1820. Y. arvensis, L. Wall Speedwell. April to July. Dry wastes, walls, and banks ; common. Y. serpyllifolia, L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. May to July. Cultivated ground and wastes ; common. Y. spicata, L. Spiked Speedwell. Once recorded as found on St. George's Down, but probably a mistake. Y. ofQcinalis, L. Com. Speedwell. May to August. Heaths, pastures, and woods ; common. Y. Chamaedrys, L. Germander Bird's-eye. May to July. Hedges and woods ; common. Y. montana, L. Hill Speedwell. April to July. Woods and shady places ; frequent : Staplers ; copses at Shanklin ; &c. Y. scutellata, L. Marsh Speedwell. June to August. Bogs and marshy ground ; not common : Freshwater ; Wilderness ; Lower Knighton Mill. Y. Anagallis, L. Water Speedwell. June to August. Margins of ponds and ditches ; frequent : Carisbrooke ; &c. Y. Beccabunga, L. Brooklime. May to August. Similar localities ; common. Euphrasia officinalis, L. Eyebright. May to September. Dry heaths and pastures ; common. Mr. Townsend in his " Hants Flora" gives five species of Euphrasia as found in the Isle of Wight, namely: E. stricta, Host.: Freshwater; E. brevipila, Burn, and Greni. : Ventnor ; E. nemorosa, H. Mart. : common ; E. curta, Fries : Afton Down ; E. occidentalis , Wcttst. : Freshwater Downs, St. Catherine's Cliff. Bartsia Odontites, Huds. (Odontites rubra, Gil.). Red Eyebright. June to August. Pastures and wastes ; common. B. viscosa, L. (Lasiopera viscosa, Hoffm.). Marsh Eyebright. July to September. Borders of damp fields ; very rare : Foreland, Bembridge. Pedicularis palustris, L. Marsh Lousewort. Eed Eattle. FLOWEEING PLANTS 16? May to Aug. Marshes ; rather common : Freshwater ; Newbridge ; Westcourt ; Carisbrooke ; Wilderness ; Apse ; Sandown. P. sylvatica, L. Small Lousewort. April to July. Wet heaths and pastures ; common. Rhinanthus Crista-galli, L. Yellow Eattle. May to July. Meadows ; common. Melampyrum arYense, L. Purple Cow-wheat. June to i\.ug. Cornfields and borders of fields ; rare : Whitwell ; St. Lawrence. M. pratense, L. Yellow Cow-wheat. May to August. Woods and bushy places ; common. OEOBANCHACEAE Lathraea Squamaria, L. Toothwort. April and May. Parasitic on Hazel ; not uncommon : copses at Bowcombe, Stan- den, &c. Orobanche coerulea, Vill. (0. purpurea, Jacq.). Purple Broom- rape. June to August. Parasitic on Yarrow {Achillea Millefoliuvi) in sandy soil ; rare : cliffs, Sandown ; Bordwood ; Landguax'd. 0. major, L. Greater Broomrape. May to July. Parasitic on roots of furze ; rare : Lynn Common ; Briddlesford ; Quarr. 0. Picridis, F. W. Schultz. June and July. Parasitic on Picris hieracioides ; very rare : Eosehall Green, Fresh- water Cliffs. (Noted as late as August, 1883.) 0. Hederae, Duby. Ivy Broomrape. June to October. Parasitic on Ivy ; rare : Brighstone ; Whitwell ; UndercHff. 0. minor, Smith. Lesser Broomrape. June to October. Parasitic on clover and other plants ; common. 0. amethystea, Thuill. Sea Holly Broomrape. June to October. Parasitic on Sea Holly, Eyrngium viaritivium ; very rare : St. Helens Spit. VEEBENACEAE Yerbena oflScinalis, L. Vervain. July and August. Hedge-banks and waste ground ; frequent : near Newport ; &c. LABIATAE Lycopus europaeus, L. Gipsyw^ort. June to August. Borders of ponds and streams ; frequent : Freshwater ; Gurnard ; Newport ; Ninham ; Kingston ; Sandown ; Godshill ; Hardingshute. Mentha rotundifolia, Hiuls. Eound-leaved Mint. Aug. and Sept. Hedge-banks and wastes ; frequent : near Blackwater ; Undercliff, &c. 168 FLOWERING PLANTS M. piperita, L. Pepper-mint. August and September. Wet ground ; very rare : Freshwater ; near Kyde ; by the side of the Medina below Shide. Both the last localities need recent records. M. aquatica, L. Capitate Mint. August and September. Borders of streams, and wet ground ; common. M. sativa, L. (M. gentilis, L.). Common Mint. Aug. and Sept. Wet waste ground. Var. genuina : near Haven Street ; Brighstone ; Yarbridge. Var. paludosa, Syme : Freshwater. M. rubra, Svi. Eed Mint. July and August. Wet ground ; rare : Colwell ; Shalfleet ; Niton ; Whitwell ; Shanklin. M. arYensis, L. Corn Mint. July to September. Cultivated fields ; common. M. Pulegium, L. Pennyroyal. July to September. Wet heaths ; rare : Apse ; St. Helens. Thymus Serpyllum, L. Creeping Wild Thyme. July to Sept. Dry banks ; common. T. Chamaedrys, Fries. Larger Wild Thyme. July to Sept. Similar localities, but less common : Freshwater ; Bleak Down ; &c. Origanum Yulgare, L. Marjoram. July and August. Dry banks, especially on the Chalk ; common. Calamintha Clinopodium, Spenn. (Clinopodium Calamintha, 0. Kuntze). Basil. June to August. Dry banks, especially on the Chalk ; common. C. Kcmo^, Glair V. (Clinopodium Acinos, 0. Kitntze). Basil Thyme. June to August. Dry banks, especially on the Chalk ; common. C. oflBcinalis, Moench (Clinopodium Calamintha, 0. Kuntze). Calamint. July to September. Dry banks ; not very common : Thorley ; Shalfleet ; Swainston ; Carisbrooke ; Quarr ; Apse ; Bon- church ; Yaverland. Var. Briggsii, Syme : Carislwooke. C. sylvatica, Bromf. (Clinopodium grandiflorum, 0. Kuntze). Wood Calamint. August to October. Copse on the Chalk ; very rare : Apes Down Valley. Melissa officinalis, L. Balm. Occasionally found naturalized near houses. Nepeta Cataria, L. Cat-mint. July to September. Hedge-banks, mostly on the Chalk ; not common : Freshwater ; Calbourne ; Apes Down ; Bowcombe Down ; Moortown ; Duxmoor ; Undercliff. N. Glechoma, Benth. (N. hederacea, Trev). Ground Ivy. March to June. Hedges and woods ; common. Salvia Yerbenaca, L. Wild Sage. May to October. Banks and pastures, generally on the Chalk ; rather common : Freshwater ; Carisbrooke ; E. Cowes ; &c. S. pratensis, L. Has occurred at Appuldurcombe, Puckaster, and Niton ; but there is no record since 1854. Percy WadJiaiii, photo. Wood Calamint (Calamintha sylvatica). A very local plant. 168 FLOWEBING PLANTS 169 Prunella vulgaris, L. Self-heal. July and August. Hedges and pastures ; common. Scutellaria galericulata, L. Com. Skull-cap. July and August. Banks of streams and wet places ; frequent : by the Western Yar ; near Newport ; kc. S. minor, Huds. Lesser Skull-cap. July to September. Similar localities, but perhaps less common : Freshwater ; Wilder- ness ; Sandown ; &c. Marrubium vulgare, L. White Horehound. June to Sept. Chalk downs ; not very common, but found in various localities from Freshwater to Bembridge. Ballota nigra, L. Black Horehound. June to August. Hedges and wastes ; very common. Stachys Betonica, Benth. (S. officinalis, Trev). Wood Betony. June to August. Woods and hedges ; frequent : Bohemia ; between Sandown and Shanklin ; &c. S. palustris, L. Marsh Woundwort. July and August. Wet thickets and ditch banks ; frequent : Brook ; Blackwater ; kc. S. sylvatica, L. Hedge Woundwort. July and August. Hedges and ditch banks ; common. S. arYensis, L. Corn Woundwort. April to November. Cultivated fields ; frequent : Colwell ; Newport ; Bembridge ; &c. Galeopsis angustifolia, Ehrh. Ked Hemp-nettle. July to Sept. Dry cultivated fields ; frequent : Apes Down ; Newport ; kc. Var. canescens : between Newtown and Calbourne. G. Tetrahit, L. Common Hemp-nettle. July to September. Cultivated fields and wastes ; common. G. versicolor, Curt. (G. speciosa, Mill). Occurred on St. George's Down in 1895. Lamium amplexicaule, L. Henbit Dead-nettle. May to Aug. Cultivated and waste ground ; frequent : near Newport ; New- chui'ch ; &c. L. hybridum, Vill. Cut-leaved Dead-nettle. April to July. Hedge-banks and waste ground ; not common : between Marvel Wood and Whitecroft ; Kingston ; Nettlestone ; Shanklin ; Bem- bridge. L. purpureum, L. Eed Dead-nettle. All the year. Hedges and wastes ; very common. L. album, L. White Dead-nettle. All the year. Hedges and wastes ; very common. L. Galeobdolon, Crantz. Yellow Archangel. April to June. Woods and thickets ; frequent : Apes Down ; Shanklin ; &c. Ajuga reptans, L. Bugle. May and June. Wet pastures and thickets ; common. A. Chamaepitys, Schreb. Ground Pine. May and June. Dry fields ; reported as found near Week Farm, Niton, but not during the last fifty or sixty years. 170 FLOWEBING PLANTS Teucrium Scorodonia, L. Wood Sage. July and August. Dry banks and bushy places ; common. T. Chamaedrys, L. Wall Germander. Recorded as occurring at Carisbrooke Castle, but there is no record for the past 100 years. BORAGINACEAE Echium Yulgare, L. Viper's Bugloss. June to September. Dry wastes, and on walls ; frequent : Freshwater ; Apes Down ; &c. Pulmonaria angustifolia, L. Lungwort. March to June. Woods and thickets on clay soil, north of the Chalk ; abundant : Parkhurst ; Combley ; &c. Llthospermum oflficinale, L. Com. Gromwell. May and June. Dry wastes ; frequent : Totland ; Apes Down ; Rew ; Quarr ; Pan Down ; Brighstone ; Gurnard ; &c. L. arvense, L. Corn Gromwell. April to July. Cultivated fields and on waste ground ; local : Bowcombe ; Bern- bridge ; &c. Myosotis caespitosa, F. Sckultz. Tufted Water Forget-me-not. May to August. Ditches, marshes, and other watery places ; not uncommon : Freshwater Marshes ; Rookley ; Sandown Marshes ; &c. M. palustris, Belhan (M. scorpioides, L.). Great W.F. May to August. Sides of streams and ditches and in marshes ; rare : Yar Marshes ; Calbourne ; Sandown to Horringford ; Yarbridge ; Alver- stone. M. repens, G. Don. Creeping W.F. June to August. Boggy meadows, and ditches in boggy places ; more frequent than M. palustris : Wilderness ; between Debbourne and Gurnard ; St. Helens Green ; Newchurch Marsh. M. arvensis, Hill. Field Forget-me-not. June to August. Cultivated and waste grounds, and hedge-banks ; very common. Var. umbrosa : Niton Undercliff. M. collina, Hoffm. Dwarf Forget-me-not. April and May. Dry banks ; common. M. versicolor, Sm. Yellow and Blue Forget-me-not. Apr. to June. Pastures and banks ; common. Lycopsis arvensis, L. Small Bugloss. May and June. Cultivated ground, and waste places on sand ; rare and local : fields east of Burnt Wood ; between Shorwell and Blackgang ; Luccombe ; Lake ; Sandown ; Shanklin ; Newchurch ; Arreton ; between Brading and Newport. Borago officinalis, L. Common Borage. May and June. Waste ground ; naturalized occasionally : Yarmouth ; Sandown ; Bonchurch ; Arreton ; St. Lawrence ; Godshill ; near Brading ; &c. FLOWERING PLANTS 171 Symphytum officinale, L. Common Comfrey. May to August. Stream sides and wet places ; common. Var. patens, Sihth. : common. Gynoglossum officinale, L. Common Hound's-tongue. May to July. Dry waste ground, shores, &c. ; local : Yarmouth ; Niton ; Undercliff ; Bonchurch ; St. Lawrence ; Steephill ; &c. Var. subglabrum, Sijme : Bonchurch ; St. Lawrence ; Bank End ; Dodpits ; Puckaster ; Berry Lane ; Afton Down ; Totland. LENTIBULARIACEAE Pinguicula lusitanica, L. Pale Butterwort. June to Sept. Turfy bogs ; very rare : Cockleton Little Moor, near West Cowes ; Colwell Heath (? extinct) ; near Bohemia (1908). Utricularia Yulgaris, L. Greater Bladderwort. June to Aug. Ponds and ditches ; very rare : Easton Marsh. U. minor, L. Lesser Bladderwort. July to September. Pools, and streams in bogs ; very rare : Langbridge Farm, by Newchurch ; between Horringford and Newchurch. PRIMULACEAE Primula vulgaris, Hitds. Primrose. March to June. Woods, banks, &c. ; common. Var. variabilis, Goiip. = P. officinali-vulgaris, Syme. False Oxlip. These names represent hybrids between P. vulgaris and P. veris.'''' Symington Copse ; copse at North Fairlee ; about Ryde ; Whitefield Wood ; Quarr ; near Landguard Farm ; between Steep- hill and St. Lawrence ; field by Morton House ; St. Helens. P. veris, L. Cowslip. April and May. Old pastures, hedge-banks, &c.; common on calcareous soil. Lysimachia vulgaris, L. Com. Loosestrife. July and August. Wet meadows and thickets, and borders of streams ; only locally common : Freshwater Marshes ; Wilderness, and other parts of Medina Valley ; Pan Moor ; between Wootton and Palmer's Brook ; Sandown Level ; Horringfoi-d ; Godshill ; Stone ; Budbridge ; between Mersley and Langbridge ; Kingston. L. Nummularia, L. Creeping Loosestiife. June and July. Damp woods, banks, and stream-sides ; very rare and doubtfully W'ild : near West Cowes ; near Newport ; field opposite Lord Spencer's house, Ryde. L. nemorum, L. Yellow Pimjiernel. May to August. • The true Oxlip, Primula elatior, Jacq., does not occur in the Isle of Wight, and is indeed only found in the counties of Cambridge, Essex, and Suffolk. 172 FLOWEEING PLANTS Moist woods and thickets ; not common : Whitefield Wood ; *Apse Castle ; Newchurch ; St. Clare, near Eyde ; Osborne ; New Copse, Wootton ; Staplers Copse. Ana|allis arYensis, Z/. Common Pimpernel. May to November, Cultivated and waste ground ; common. Var. coerulea, Sm. : rather uncommon : Quarr Copse ; West- ridge ; Sandown ; Bonchurch ; Alverstone ; Luccombe ; Brading. A. tenella, Murray. Bog Pimpernel. July and August. Boggy and moist heaths ; not common : Colwell ; Medina Valley ; Blackpan ; &c. Centunculus minimus, L. Small Chaffweed. June to October. Damp places on sandy or gravelly soil ; not common : Freshwater Marsh ; Colwell Heath ; the Warren at Alum Bay ; Headon Hill ; Heath Farm ; Fishbourne and Eyde roads ; Wootton ; Bleak Down ; St. Geox'ge's Down. Glaux maritima, L. Sea Milkwort. June and July. Salt marshes and seaside wastes ; common. Samolus Yalerandi, L. Common Brookweed. June to August. Wet places in meadows near the sea ; not common : Yar Marshes ; Freshwater Marshes ; Colwell ; Alum Bay ; Thorley Marsh ; Wootton Eiver ; Blackgang ; St. Lawrence ; Steephill. PLUMBAGINACEAE Armeria vulgaris, Willd. (A. maritima, Willd). Thrift. Sea Pink. April to September. Banks and cliffs by the sea ; common. Statice Limonium, L. (Limonium vulgare, Miller). Sea Laven- der. July to September. Salt marshes and mud flats by the sea ; common. S. rariflora, Drejer (L. humile, Miller). Eemote-flowered Sea Lavender. August and September. Same places as S. Limonium, but less common : Yar, near Freshwater ; Newtown ; Wootton Eiver. S. Neumani = L. Neumani, Salmon. Supposed to be a hybrid : Yar, Freshwater ; and probably in similar localities. S. occidentalis, Lloyd (L. binervosum, Salmon). Eocky seashore ; very rare : Freshwater cliffs. Probably extinct, if the original record was not a mistake. PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago major, L. Greater Plantain. June to August. Meadows, waysides, &c. ; very common. , P. media, L. Hoary Plantain. May to October. Meadows, principally on calcareous soil ; common. FLOWERING PLANTS 173 P. lanceolata, L. Eibwort. Com. Eib-grass. June and July. Pastures and wastes ; very common. Var. Timbali, Beich. fil. : clover fields and new pastures ; intro- duced : downs near Idlecombe ; Shanklin. P. maritima, L. Sea Plantain. June and July. Salt marshes, and banks by the sea ; common. P. coronopus, L. Buck's-horn Plantain. June and July, Heaths, pastures, and waste ground ; common. CHENOPODIACEAE Suaeda maritima, Dumort. Annual Sea Elite. Aug. and Sept. Salt marshes, and shores of tidal rivers ; common. Salsola Kali, L. Prickly Saltwort. July and August. Sandy seashores ; local : Yarmouth ; between Newtown and Cowes ; Totland ; Compton Bay ; Shanklin ; Sandown ; St. Helens Spit. Salicornia herbacea, L. (S. europaea, L). Common Glasswort. Marsh Samphire. August and September. Muddy salt-marshes ; abundant : Yar ; Newtown ; Medina ; Wootton ; Brading ; St. Helens. The following sub-species, or varieties, occur : — Salicornia procumbens, Sm. Procumbent Glasswort. August and September. Muddy salt-marshes, &c. ; frequent : Yarmouth ; Newtown Marshes ; west bank of Medina. S. ramosissima. Woods. Many-branched Glasswort. Salt marshes ; rather rare : Newtown. S. pusilla, Woods. Small Glasswort. Var. gracillima, M.S. : near Yarmouth. S. radicans, Sm. Eooting Glasswort. August and September. Muddy shores ; not unfrequent : Yarmouth ; West Yar ; Newtown ; Medina ; Wootton Creek ; Brading Harbour. S. lignosa. Woods. Woody Glasswort. September and October. Gravelly shores, and dry mud flats on seashore ; not unfrequent : Brading Harbour. Beta maritima, L. See Beet. July and August. Seashores, sea cliffs, and seaside wastes ; common. Chenopodium flcifolium, Sm. (C. serotinum, L). Fig-leaved Goosefoot. August and September. Waste places ; rare. Has been recorded for the Island without any definite locality. C. polyspermum, L. Allseed Goosefoot. July to September. Damp waste ground. Var. genuinum = C. cymosum, Cheval : very rare : near Shanklin. Var. acutifolium : rather rare : Yarmouth ; Shalfleet ; Ning- wood ; Calbourne ; Parkhurst Forest ; east bank of Medina ; North- wood ; near Eyde ; Sandown ; Godshill ; Newchurch ; Shanklin ; Merston ; Bembridge. 174 FLOWEEING PLANTS C. Yulyaria, L. Stinking Goosefoot. July and August. Waste places, particularly on the coast ; rare : East Cowes. C. album, L. White Goosefoot. July and August. Waste and cultivated grounds ; common. Var. candicans, Lam. : common. Var. Yiride, L. : Luccombe ; Bembridge ; Shanklin ; Sandown ; &c. Var. paganum, Beich. : Bembridge ; &c. C. murale, L. Nettle-leaved Goosefoot. July and x\ugust. Waste ground and roadsides ; rare : Freshwater ; Yarmouth ; Ningwood ; East Cowes ; Newport ; Newchurch ; Sandown ; St. Lawrence. C. urbicum, L. Upright Goosefoot. August. Eich waste ground and village greens ; rare. Far. intermedium: Chillerton; Troublefields ; Ninham; Palmers; Yaiford Mill ; Brighstone ; Compton Farm ; Brook Farm ; St. Helens Green ; Sandown ; Shanklin ; Niton ; Ventnor ; Brading ; Adgestone ; Arreton ; &c. Var. ? C. deltoideum, Lam. : Yafford Mill ; Yaverland Farm ; Hide Farm ; Sheepwash ; Appuldurcombe. C. rubrum, L. Eed Goosefoot. July to October. Waste ground : Freshwater Gate ; Ningwood Green ; Gatehouse Farm ; Hardingshute Farm ; Alverstone Mill ; Bembridge. Not observed in any of these localities of late years. Var. pseudobotryoides, Wats. : Hardingshute Farm. C. glaucum, L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. September. Waste ground ; very rare: Thorley (1837, 1868) ; Swainston (1839). C. Bonus-Henricus, L. Good King Henry. May to August. Waste ground ; rather rare and local : Wellow ; Gottens ; Ninham ; Quarr ; Apse ; Eew Farm ; Arreton ; near Bembridge. Atriplex littoralis, L. Grass-leaved Sea Orache. July to Sept. Waste land by the sea ; common. Var. marina = A. serrata, Huds.: Bouldnor; Newtown; banks of Medina ; between Eyde and Wootton ; Shanklin ; Bembridge ; Brading. A. patula, L. Narrow-leaved Orache. July to October. Waste ground ; very common. Var. an^ustifolia = A. angustifolia, Sm.: waste ground; common. Var. erecta = Var. serrata, Syme = A. erecta, Huds. Mostly in arable ground : near Freshwater ; Calbourne ; Parkhurst ; between Cowes and Newport ; Nunwell ; St. Lawrence ; Sandown ; Shankhn ; St. Helens ; &c. A. deltoidea, Bah. Triangular-leaved Orache. June to October. Waste ground and seashores ; not uncommon : Yarmouth ; Calbourne ; between Cowes and Newport ; Steephill ; Luccombe ; Bonchurch ; Brading ; Bembridge. A. hastata, L. = A. Smithii, Syme. Smith's Orache. Aug. to Oct. Waste ground and seashores ; common. FLOWEEING PLANTS 175 A. Babin^tonii, Woods. Babington's Orache. August and Sept. Seashores ; common. A. laciniata, L. Frosted Sea Orache. July to September. Sandy seashores ; rather rare : Norton Spit ; Totland Bay ; Ventnor ; between Shankhn and Sandown ; between Sea View and Brading ; Bembridge ; Foreland ; St. Helens Spit. A. portulacoides, L. (Obione portulacoides, Moq). Sea Purslane. August to October. Banks and hedges near the sea ; common. POLYGONACEAE Rumex conglomeratus, Murr. Sharp Dock. June to August. Wet waste places ; common. R. sanguineus, L. Bloody-veined Dock. June to August. Poadsides and waste ground ; very common. R. pulcher, L. Fiddle Dock. July to September. Eoadsides and waste places ; rather frequent : Freshwater ; Yarmouth ; Idlecombe ; Heasley ; &c. R. obtusifolius, L. Broad-leaved Dock. July to September. Eoadsides and waste places ; common. R. crispus, L. Curled Dock. June to August. Roadsides and waste ground ; very common. R. Hydrolapathum, Huds. Great Water Dock. July and Aug. Banks of rivers and ditches ; local : Easton Marsh ; Freshwater Gate ; Yar banks ; Sandown ; Yarb ridge ; Newchurch. R. maximus, Schreb. Schreber's Water Dock. July and August. Banks of rivers, and ditches in water meadows ; rare ; between Horringford and Alverstone. R. Acetosa, L. Common Sorrel. May and June. Meadows and waysides ; very common. R. Acetosella, L. Sheep's Sorrel. May and June. Meadows and roadsides ; very common. Polygonum ConvolYulus, L. Black Bindweed. July to Sept. Cultivated and waste ground ; common. Var. pseudo-dumetorum, Wats. = var. sublatum, V. Hall : East Cowes ; Stonesteps, Calbourne ; Niton ; St. Lawrence ; Luccombe ; Shanklin Hotel garden. P. aYiculare, L. Common Knotgrass. June to September. Cultivated and waste ground ; very common. A most variable species. Var. vulgatum: waste ground, paths, newly-made roads and footpaths, roadsides, &c. ; very common. Var. agrestinum : cornfields and cultivated ground ; frequent. Var. arenastrum: waste ground, especially by the sea: St. Helens Spit. 176 FLOWERING PLANTS Var. microspermum : waysides in sandy ground : Sea View ; St. Helens Spit. Var. ruriyagum : cornfields and tilled grounds : Culvers. Var. littorale : seashores ; not common : Totland Bay ; St. Helens Spit. P. Raii, Bab. (P. Eoberti, Loisel). Eay's Knotgrass. Aug. to Sept. Sandy seashores ; not common : Yarmouth ; Norton Spit ; Totland Bay ; Colwell Bay ; Freshwater Gate ; Newtown Creek ; Newtown to Gurnard ; Brook ; Sea View ; St. Helens Spit. P. Hydropiper, L. Water Pepper. August and September. Wet places, ditches, &c. ; common. P. minus, Huds. Small Persicaria. August and September. Wet meadows ; very rare : Sandown Marshes. P. mite, Schra7ik. Lax-flowered Persicaria. June to September. Ditches and wet places ; very rare : Apley (1838) ; Pan Common (1858). P. Persicaria, L. Spotted Persicaria. July to October. Cultivated ground and damp meadows ; common. Var. elatum, Gren. d' Godr. : Blackwater Marshes ; Sandown Marshes. P. lapathifolium, L. Pale-flowered Persicaria. July to Sept. Cultivated and waste ground ; common. P. maculatum, Bab. Glandular Persicaria. July to September. Waste and cultivated ground ; frequent : Newtown ; Parkhurst ; Wilderness ; &c. P. amphibium, L. Amphibious Persicaria. July to September. Ponds and ditches ; frequent : Freshwater ; Kingston ; Chale ; Sandown. Var. terrestre, Leers : Freshwater ; Yarmouth ; Quarr ; San- down Marshes. P. Bistorta, L. Great Bistort. Snakeweed. May to August. Damp meadows and pastures ; rare : kitchen garden at Westridge, Eyde (introduced) ; meadow at Old Park, in 1838 (naturalized). P. Fagopyrum, L. Buckwheat. Cultivated fields ; not naturalized. P. tataricum, L. Waste ground : Shide. A casual. THYMELAEACEAE Daphne Mezereum, L. Mezereon. March. Dry hilly and chalky woods ; very rare : probably an alien, nob even naturalized : near Wacklands ; Apse Castle. D. Laureola, L. Spurge Laurel. January to April. Woods and hedges ; frequent: Yarmouth; Carisbrooke ; Quarr; &c. FLOWERING PLANTS 177 ELEAGNACEAE Hippophae Rhamnoides, L. Sea Buckthorn. May. Sandhills and waste ground by the sea ; very rare, and doubtfully native : St. Helens Spit. SANTALACEAE Thesium humifusum, DC. Bastard Toadflax. June to August. Downs and chalky banks ; frequent : Freshwater ; Carisbrooke ; St. Helens Spit ; Bowcombe Down ; &c. EUPHOEBIACEAE Euphorbia Peplis, L. Purple Spurge. July to September. Sandy seashores ; very rare. Found by Mr. J. G. Mill about 70 years ago at Sandown Bay ; St. Helens Spit (1872), Dr. Daydon Jackson. E. Helioscopia, L. Sun Spurge. Wartwort. June to September. Waste and cultivated ground ; common. E. platyphyllos, L. Broad-leaved Warted Spurge. June to Aug. Cultivated fields and wastes ; uncommon : Colwell ; Yarmouth to Ningwood ; Shalfleet ; Shalcombe ; East Cowes ; Garstons ; West Cowes ; Whippingham ; Gunville ; Eyde ; Brading ; Bembridge ; St. Helens ; Steephill. E. amygdaloides, L. Wood Spurge. April to June. Woods and hedges ; common. E. Paralias, L. Sea Spurge. August and September. Sandy sea-coasts ; very rare : Norton Spit (sown by Dr. Bromfield, 1848) ; Gurnard Bay (one plant, 1868) ; St. Helens Spit (sown by Dr. Bromfield, 1848). E. portlandica, L. Portland Spurge. May to August. Banks and cliffs near the sea ; rare : Culver Cliffs ; St. Helens Spit. E. Peplus, L. Petty Spurge. July to November. Cultivated and waste ground ; common. E. exigua, L. Dwarf Spurge. July to November. Cultivated and waste ground ; common. E. Lathyris, L. Caper Spurge. June and July. Occurs in cultivated and waste ground occasionally. Mercurialis perennis, L. Perennial or Dog's Mercury. March to May. Woods and hedge-banks ; common. M. annua, L. Annual Mercury. French Mercury. August and September. Cultivated and waste ground ; not common : Gurnard ; N 178 FLOWEEING PLANTS Northwood ; Ryde ; Godshill ; Steephill ; Ventnor ; Bembridge ; Wootton. Var. ambigua, L.: with the common form, but rarely : St. John's garden, Ryde (now built over). CERATOPHYLLACEAE Ceratophyllum demersum, L. Common Horn wort. June and July. Ponds and ditches ; rare : two ponds near Newport ; San- down Level. URTICACEAE Parietaria oflBcinalis, L. (P. ramiflora, Moench). Common Wall Pellitory. June to September. Old walls, rocks, sea-cliffs, and hedge-banks ; rather common. Urtica dioica, L. Great Nettle. July and August. Cultivated and waste ground, and hedge-banks ; very common. Var. angustifolia, A. Bhjtt : occasionally: near Shanklin. U. urens, L. Small Nettle. June to September. "Waste ground ; not very common : Carisbrooke ; &c. Humulus Lupulus, L. Hop. July and August. Hedges and thickets ; common. Ulmus campestris, Smith. Common Elm. March and April. Hedges and woods ; very abundant, but pi-obably not indigenous. U. montana, Sm. (U. glabra, ilwJs.). Wych Elm. Mar. and Apr. Woods and hedges ; local : Yarmouth ; Northwood ; Newport ; Quarr ; Westridge ; Cowpit Cliff', Shanklin ; East End, Bonchurch, AMENTACEAE Quercus Robur, L. Oak. April and May. Woods and hedges ; common. Of this species there are three forms. Var. pedunculata, Ehrh. Common Oak. Common in all parts of the Island. Var. intermedia, D. Don. : near Shalfleet. Var. sessiliflora, Salisb. Durmast Oak. Near Shalfleet ; Elm Copse ; East Standen Copse ; Bordwood Forest ; Wootton District. Castanea vulgaris, Lam. Sweet or Spanish Chestnut. May. Woods ; not indigenous : Westover ; Parkhurst ; Lorden Copse, Fagus sylvatica, L. Beech. March and April. Upland woods, principally on the Chalk; common. Corylus Avellana, L. Hazel. March and April. Woods, copses, hedges, &c. ; common. FLOWEEING PLANTS 179 Carpinus Betulus, L. Hornbeam. May. Woods and thickets ; rare : Shorwell (planted ?). Alnus glutinosa, Gaertn. (A. rotundifolia, Mill.). Alder. March. Wet pastures and lianks of streams ; common. Betula alba, L. (aggreg.). Birch. April and May. Woods and heaths. There are two forms of this species. Suh-species : B. verrucosa, Ehrh. (B. pendula, Both). White Birch. Eare : S.E. of Eyde ; Apse Castle. Sub-species : B. glutinosa, Fries. Common Birch. Frequent : Marvel Copse ; Quarr ; &c. Myrica Gale, L. Sweet Gale. Dutch Myrtle. April. Wet turfy bogs ; not common : Wilderness ; Alverstone ; &c. Populus alba, L. White Poplar. Abele. March and April. Woods and stream banks ; probably introduced : Freshwater Gate ; Calbourne. P. canescens, Svi. Gray Poplar. March and April. Damp woods, and hedges ; not common ; possibly introduced : Great Park ; Wilderness ; Briddlesford Heath ; Barton Copse, Osborne ; Pagham Farm ; Landguard Farm. P. tremula, L. Aspen. February and March. Woods and thickets ; common. P. nigra, L. Black Poplar. March. Damp ground ; probably an alien : Medham ; near Cowes ; Watch- house Point, Bembridge ; Sea View ; near Steephill ; Ninham Farm ; near Cliff Farm. Salix fragilis, L. Crack Willow. April and May. Wet meadows, banks of streams, and osier beds ; frequent ; probably introduced : Nun well ; Yaverland ; near Yarbridge ; near Kerne Farm ; Lower Knighton. S. alba, L. White Willow. May. Eiver banks and osier beds ; not common ; probably introduced : Freshwater ; Whitefield ; Westridge. Var. caerulea, Sm. Blue Willow. Shalfleet ; Bembridge Willow Beds (cultivated). Var. vitellina, L. Golden Willow. Ningwood ; near Ashey Farm ; Langbridge ; Yaverland ; Bembridge (cultivated). S. triandra, L. Almond-leaved Willow. April and May. Wet woods, and osier grounds ; probably introduced : Eedhill Farm ; betw^een Wootton and Newport ; hedge near Ventnor ; Bembridge (cultivated) ; Lower Knighton. S. viminalis, L. Common Osier. April and May. Wet places, &c. ; not uncommon ; probably introduced : Calbourne District ; Shalfleet ; Northwood Park ; America, near Shanklin. Hyhrid : S. rugosa, Leefe = S. Caprea X S. viminalis. Northwood Park ; Marshcombe Copse ; Yaverland. Hybrid : S. acuminata, Sm. = S. cinerea x S. viminahs. n2 180 FLOWERING PLANTS Damp woods and hedges ; introduced : Eedhill Farm ; Appuldur- combe. S. cinerea, L. Common Sallow. March and April. Wet woods, &c.; very common. S. aurita, L. Eound-eared Willow. April and May. Damp heaths and thickets ; common. S. caprea, L. Great Eound-leaved Sallow. March and April. Woods and hedges ; common. S. repens, L. Dwarf Willow. March and April. Sandy, moist, or dry heaths ; frequent : Freshwater ; Parkhurst ; Wootton ; Sandown. CONIFEEAE Pinus sylvestris, L. Scotch Pine. April and May. Plentiful as planted ti-ees. It is uncertain as to whether many of those occurring are self-sown, or if it be a true native. P. Pinaster, Ait. = P. maritima, La7n. Cluster Pine. Naturalized at Alum Chine. Juniperus communis, L. Juniper. March and April. Downs ; very rare : down above Nunwell ; St. Boniface Down. Taxus baccata, L. Yew. March and April. Chalk downs ; very rare, except as planted : the down above Nunwell. M0N0C0TYLED0NE8 TYPHACEAE Typha latifolia, L. Great Eeed-Mace. Bubush. (Baccobolts, Wight.) Ponds and ditches ; common. T. angustifolia, L. Lesser Eeed-Mace. June and July. In similar places as T. latifolia ; frequent. It would be of interest to observe whether or not T. angustifolia ousts (as it is thought) T. latifolia, when they have been growing together. Sparganium ramosum, Huds. (S. erectum, L.). Branched Bur- Eeed. June and July. Streams and brooks ; common. S. neglectum, Beeby. Beeby's Bur-Eeed. June to August. Similar localities ; rare : stream above Shalfieet and southwards ; stream, Landguard Manor. FLOWERING PLANTS 181 S. simplex, Huds. Unbranched Bur-Eeed. July. Similar localities ; frequent: Freshwater; Medina Valley; Eastern Yar Valley. S. minimum, Fries. Small Bur-Eeed. July and August. Ditches and pools ; very rare : in old clay pits east of Cranmore Farm, near Ningwood. (? now extinct.) AEOIDEAE Arum maculatum, L. Cuckoo-pint. Lords and Ladies. March to May. Woods, thickets, and hedges ; very common. The leavea appear in February. A. italicum, Miller. Italian Cuckoo-pint. June and July. Woods, thickets, and open ground among bushes ; rare : between Steephill and Niton. The leaves appear in September. LEMNACEAE Lemna trisulca, L. Ivy-leaved Duckweed. June. Ponds and ditches, chiefly near the sea ; local : Easton Marsh ; Sandown Level ; Bembridge. L. minor, L. Lesser Duckweed. June and July. Ponds and slow streams ; common. L. gibba, L. Gibbous Duckweed. July and August. Still ponds ; rare : near Yafford Farm ; Brading Harbour. L. polyrrhiza, L. Greater Duckweed. Clear stagnant pools and ditches ; rare : Freshwater Gate ; San- down Level. NAIADACEAE Potamogeton natans, L. Floating Pond weed. June and July. Ponds and streams ; not uncommon : Freshwater ; Medina Valley ; Newchurch ; kc. P. polygonifolius, Pourr. Oblong-leaved Pondweed. July. Ponds and streams ; common. P. crispus, L. Curled Pondweed. June and July. Ponds and slow streams ; frequent : Freshwater ; Carisbrooke ; Brigh stone ; Sandown ; Bembridge. P. densus, L. Close-leaved Pondweed. June and July. Streams and pools ; common. P. pusillus, L. Small Pondweed. June and July. Ponds and ditches ; not common : Easton Marshes ; Brading Marshes. 182 FLOWERING PLANTS P. pectinatus, L. Fennel-leaved Pondweed. June and July. Ponds and streams ; not common : Easton Marshes ; Barnfield ; Brading Marshes ; Sandown Fort. P. flabellatus, Bah. (P. interruptus, Kit). June and July. Slow streams ; rare : Easton Marshes ; Yarmouth Marshes ; Bra- ding Marshes. Zannichellia palustris, L. Common Horned Pondweed. May to August. Pools and ditches ; common. Ruppia maritima, L. Greater Tassel-grass. July and August. Brackish pools and ditches ; rare : ditches at Newtown. R. rostellata, Koch. Smaller Tassel-grass. June to August. Brackish pools and ditches ; rare : Yarmouth ; Freshwater ; Brading. Zostera marina, L. Common Grass-wrack. July and August. Sandy and muddy shores and creeks ; common. Var. an^ustifolia, Hornem : common. Z. nana, Roth. Dwarf Grass-wrack. July and August. Same situations as Z. marina : Freshwater District ; Wootton Bridge ; Eyde sand-head ; Brading Harbour. ALISMACEAB Triglochin palustre, L. Marsh Arrow-grass. June and July. Wet meadows ; common. T. maritimum, L. Seaside Arrow-grass. July and August. Salt-marsh meadows ; very common. Alisma Plantago, L. Great Water Plantain. June to August. Ponds and streams ; common. A. ranunculoides, L. Lesser Water Plantain. June to August. Pools and ditches ; not uncommon : Freshwater Gate ; Yarmouth ; Goldens Common ; Hamstead Brickfield ; Lashmere Pond ; Chil- lerton ; Godshill ; above Sheat ; Sandown Level. Butomus umbellatus, L. Flowering Push. June and July. Slow streams ; very rare : Freshwater Gate ; near Pan Common (formerly). HYDEOCHAEIDACEAE Hydrocharis Morsus-ranae, L. Frog's-bit. July and August. Pools ; very rare : between Freshwater and Norton. Not native. Stratiotes Aloides, L. Water Soldier. July. Very rare : near Sandown Waterworks. Not even naturalized. The last two plants, together with Villarsia, were planted by Dr. Bell Salter in a pool at Barrett's, between Eyde and Brading. Anacharis Alsinastrum, Bab. (Blodea canadensis, Michx.). FLOWERING PLANTS 183 Water Thyme. July to September. Streams and pools ; generally distributed. The variation through a series of years in the abun- dance of this plant, which was probably introduced to this country about 1840, is remarkable. In 1864, and for some years after, it choked mill-ponds and streams near Newport, but gradually it decreased, and by 1880 had ceased to be the prevailing plant in the ponds in this locality, and almost disappeared in succeeding years. It is now (1908) making some progress again. ORCHIDACEAE Aceras anthropophora, B.Br. Green Man Orchis. June. Dry chalky pasture ; very rare : Shanklin Down (1905, E. H. White). Orchis pyramidalis, L. Pyramidal Orchis. June and July. Dry pastures and downs ; local : Freshwater ; Yarmouth ; Cal- bourne ; Carisbrooke ; Egypt ; West Cow^es ; East Cowes ; Pan Down ; Arreton Down ; Binstead ; Blackgang to Bonchurch ; Ventnor ; Bembridge Down. 0. ustulata, L. Dwarf Orchis. June. Chalky pastures ; rare : Freshwater ; Apes Down ; Carisbrooke Castle ; Ashey Down ; Brighstone ; St. Boniface Down ; Tolt ; Gatcombe. 0. Morio, L. Green-winged Meadow Orchis. May and June. Meadows ; not uncommon : Yarmouth ; Apes Down ; Cowes ; Newport ; Rookley ; Ryde ; Wootton ; Niton ; Whit well ; St. Helens. 0. mascula, L. Early Purple Orchis. May and June. Thickets, meadows, and shady places ; common. 0. incarnata, L. Marsh Orchis. May and June. Wet peaty meadows ; frequent : Easton Marsh ; Totland Bay ; Wilderness ; Steephill ; near Bonchurch. 0. latifolia, L. Broad-leaved Marsh Orchis. May and June. Wet meadows and bogs ; not uncommon : Freshwater ; Calboume ; Luccombe ; Sandown ; &c. 0. maculata, L. Spotted Palmate Orchis. May and June. Meadows, thickets, and heaths : common. Gymnadenia conopsea, B.Br. Fragrant Orchis. June and July. Chalky pastures and heaths ; not common : Freshwater ; Apes Down ; Steephill ; Rocken End ; Pan Down ; Carisbrooke Castle. Habenaria viridis, B.Br. Green Habenaria. Frog Orchis. June and July. Pastures ; very rare : Swainston ; Long Lane. H. bifolia, B.Br., Bab. Lesser Butterfly Orchis. June and July. Woods and wet turfy bogs ; rather rare : Colwell Heath ; Stroud Wood ; Luccombe Down ; near Shanklin. H. chlorantha, Bab. (H. virescens, Druce). Great Butterfly 184 PLOWEEING PLANTS Orchis. May and June. Woods and thickets ; frequent : Thorley ; Swainston ; Quarr ; &c. Ophrys apifera, Huds. Bee Orchis. June and July. Pastures on chalk ; frequent, and in some years abundant : Fresh- water ; Carisbrooke ; St. Lawrence ; &c. 0. aranifera, Huds. (O. sphegodes, Mill.). Spider Orchis. May and June. Chalk or limestone pastures ; very rare : Bon- church ; Luccombe Landslip ; Cowleaze. 0. muscifera, Huds. Fly Orchis. May and June. Chalky pastures ; frequent : Swainston ; Westover ; Gurnard ; Carisbrooke ; Tolt ; Combley ; Quarr ; &c. Spiranthes autumnalis, Bich. (S. spiralis. C. Koch). Fragrant Lady's Tresses. August and September. Do"wns and pastures ; not common : Freshwater ; Colwell ; St. George's Down ; Mount Joy ; Carisbrooke Castle ; Chale ; St. Lawrence. Listera ovata, B.Br. Tway-blade. May and June. Copses and shady places ; rather common : Calbourne ; Tolt ; Gatcombe ; Cowes ; Quarr ; &c. Neottia Nidus-avis, Bich. Bird's-nest Orchis. May and June. Shady woods ; not common : Swainston ; Great Whitcombe ; Quarr ; Barton Wood ; Bordwood Copse ; Westridge Copse ; &c. Epipactis latifolia, All., Benth. (Helleborine latifolia, Dmce). Broad-leaved Helleborine. July and August. Moist woods ; not uncommon : Swainston ; Westover ; Sluccombe Copse ; Tolt ; Quarr Copse ; Alverstone (Whippingham) ; Kingston ; Luccombe. E. media, Fries (H. media, Druce). Narrow-leaved Helleborine. July and August. Woods ; rather I'are : copses between Binstead and Wootton ; Cowpit- cliff Wood, near Shanklin ; Landslip. E. palustris, Crantz (H. longifolia. All.). Marsh H. July and Aug. Boggy meadows and wet ground ; not common : Colwell ; Easton ; Totland Bay ; Cranmore Farm ; near Compton Farm ; between Shanklin and Godshill ; Luccombe ; Landslip. Cephalanthera grandiflora, S. F. Gray. Large White H. June. Woods on chalk ; very rare : Westover ; Newbarn ; Carisbrooke Castle ; St. Lawrence. IRIDACEAE Gladiolus illyricus, Koch. Lesser Gladiolus. July. Heathy gi'ound ; very rare : Apse Farm ; Lake Common ; Black Pan Common. Iris foetidissima, L. Foetid Iris. Gladdon. June and July. Dry hedge-banks and woods ; common. Var. citrina, Syme : near Yarmouth ; near Steephill. I. Pseudacorus, L. Yellow or Water Flag. June and July. Marshy meadows ; common. l^^^^^^l^^^H ^^^x jij^j^fP^^^B^MB ^^^^10"" Jfl ■kmHWB bP!S kK^ ^^v^^EV^^^PV fllij^i H. F. Poole, photo. MARSH HELLEBORINE (EPIPACTIS PALUSTRIS) photographed in situ, Luccombe. 184 FLOWERING PLANTS 185 AMAKYLLIDACEAE Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, L. Daffodil. Lent Lily. March and April. Damp copses and meadows ; local, but abundant where found : Freshwater ; Swainston ; Whitecroft ; Chillerton ; between Godshill and Newport ; Quarr ; &c. Fc/;-. Bromfieldii, (S'(/?;ie : naturalized: Apse Farm. N. biflorus, Curt. Primrose Peerless. April and May. Copses and meadows ; rare ; naturalized : Freshwater ; Thorley Copse ; Gurnard Bay ; Hornhill Copse ; Place Farm ; Wilmingham ; Debbourne ; Priory Farm ; Wootton District ; Alverstone ; Steephill. Galanthus niYalis, L. Snowdrop. February and March. Hedge-banks and thickets ; possibly introduced in some of the localities ; not common : Freshwater ; Snowdrop Lane, Gatcombe ; Chillerton ; near Champion ; King's Quay ; Shorwell ; Blackgang ; Brading ; Nunwell. DIOSCOEEACEAE Tamus communis, L. Black Bryony. May to July. Hedges and thickets ; common. LILIACEAE Asparagus oflBcinalis, L. (A. maritimus, L). Asparagus. June to August. Waste places and seashores ; doubtless always escapes : Norton Spit ; Freshwater ; Wootton River ; beach between Ryde and Binstead ; St. Helens. Ruscus aculeatus, L. Butcher's Broom. March and April. Woods and bushy places; rather common. Tulipa sylvestris, L. Tuhp. April and May. Damp pastures ; very rare ; doubtless introduced : Hardingshute Farm (1846). Ornithogalum umbellatum, L. Star of Bethlehem. May. Meadows and orchards ; rare ; probal:)ly introduced : Afton ; New- barn Hummit; Shaltleet ; Northwood Park; Steephill; Newchurch; Bembridge. Scilla autumnalis, L. Autumnal Squill. August and Sept. Dry gravelly and sandy ground near the sea ; very rare : St. Helens Spit. S. Yerna, Huds. Vernal Squill. April and May. Pastures ; very rare : near Newport ; Brading. Has not been found for many years. S. nutans, Sm. (Endymion non-scriptum, Garcke). Wild Hya- cinth. Bluebell. May. Woods and hedge-banks ; common. 186 FLOWERING PLANTS Allium Yineale, L. Crow Garlick. June and July. Meadows and waste ground ; not common : Freshwater ; east side Medina, between Newport and East Medina Mill ; IJndercliff ; &c. A. oleraceum, L. Streaked Field Garlick. July and August. Dry grassy borders of fields ; very rai-e : Steephill ; St. Lawrence. A. ursinum, L. Broad-leaved Garlick. Eamsons. May & June. Damp copses and hedge-banks ; not uncommon : Gatcombe ; Long Lane ; &c. Narthecium ossifragum, Huds. Bog Asphodel. July and Aug. Bogs and heaths ; not uncommon : Freshwater ; Wilderness ; Munsley Moors ; Bleak Down ; Alverstone Lynch ; Lake Common ; Blackpan ; Black water Marsh ; Marvel Marsh. Colchicum autumnale, L. Meadow Saffron. Sept. and Oct. Damp meadows ; rare : field by the Medina above Shide Bridge (many years ago) ; garden of Blackwater House (abundantly without cultivation). JUNCACEAE Luzula Forsteri, DC. Narrow-leaved Hairy Wood Eush. April and May. Woods and hedge-banks ; common. L. pilosa, Willd. Broad-leaved Hairy Wood Eush. Apr. k May. Woods and hedge-banks ; less common : Quarr ; Firestone Copse ; &c. Hybrid : L. Borreri, Bromf. = L. Forsteri x L. vernaHs : Quarr Copse ; Apse Castle ; Brading. L. sylvatica, Gaudin. Great Wood Eush. April and June. Woods ; rather rare : Little Standen Wood ; Shanklin and Cook's Castle Woods ; Cowpit-cliff Wood ; Hungerbury Copse ; Apse ; Parsonage Lynch, Newchurch. L. campestris, DC. Field Wood Eush. April and May. Meadows and waste ground ; very common. L. multiflora, Lej. Many-headed Wood Eush. May and June. Heaths and woods ; common. The form congesta is recorded for Colwell Common ; Calbourne District ; Wootton District ; Moor- town, Shorwell ; &c. The form umbellata is recorded for all the districts. Juncus maritimus, Lam. Lesser Sharp Sea Eush. July & Aug. Salt marshes ; common. J. conglomeratus, L. Common Eush. June and July. Wet meadows and bogs ; common. J. effusus, L. Soft Eush. July and August. Same situations as conglovieratus ; very common. Hybrid : J. diffusus, Hoppe. = J. effusus X J. glaucus. Diffuse Eush. Same situations as conglomeratus ; rare : Newport and Yarmouth road ; Alum Bay ; hedge corner (Parkhurst Forest). FLOWERING PLANTS 187 J. glaucus, Ehrh. (J. inflexus, L.). Hard Eush. July. Wet pastures and waste ground ; common. J. obtusifloPUS, Ehrh. (J. subnodulosus, Schrank). Blunt- flowered Eush. July to September. Wet meadows and bogs ; rare : Freshwater ; Blackgang ; Niton ; Sandown Bay. J. acutiflorus, Ehrh. Sharp-flowered Eush. July and August. Wet meadows and heaths ; very common. J. lamprocarpus, Ehrh. Shining-fruited Eush. July and Aug. Wet meadows and margins of pools ; very common. The floating form subverticillatus is common. J. supinus, Moench. Lesser Jointed Eush. July and August. Wet wastes ; common. J. bufonius, L. Toad Eush. July and August. Wet sandy and muddy places ; very common. J. Gerardi, Lois. Mud Eush. June to August. Salt marshes and wastes ; common. J. compressus, Jacq. Eound-fruited Eush. June to August. Wet places ; rare : Freshwater salt marsh. J. squarrosus, L. Moss Eush. Heath Eush. June and July. Wet heaths, especially on sandy soil ; locally common : Bleak Down ; the Wilderness ; Eookley ; Blackgang. CYPEEACEAE Cyperus longus, L. Sweet Cyperus. August and September. Wet meadows, and marshes ; very rare : Apes Down (1894) ; meadow west of Carisbrooke Castle (1839) (? extinct in both these localities) ; Niton. Cladium Mariscus, R. Br. Prickly Twig Eush. July. Wet bogs ; very rare : Easton Bog (recorded in 1841 ; probably now extinct). Rynchospora alba, Vahl. White Beak Eush. July and August. Spongy bogs ; very rare : Lake Common. Eleocharis palustris, Roem. Marsh Club Eush. June. Wet meadows and other wet places ; common. E. uniglumis, SchuUes. Link's Club Eush. June and July. Marshes near the sea ; very rare : Freshwater. E. multicaulis, Sm. Many-stemmed Club Eush. June and July. Boggy ground ; not uncommon : Freshwater ; North wood District ; Wootton District ; Lake Common ; Bleak Down ; Blackpan ; Lynn Pits ; St. Helens Green. Scirpus pauciflorus,Zi{//t depressa ; pond at Blackwater Mill, &c. POMATIIDAE Pomatias elegans, Milller (Cyclostoma elegans). Generally distributed ; the var. pallida somewhat rare in the Island (A.L.) ; common near Bembridge, and especially abundant on the Chalk (A.G.M.) ; Pelham Wood, the Landslip, &c. (G.G.) ; crawling on grassy banks, &c., after rain, Steephill (A.J.H.); common on Shanklin Down (H.F.P.) ; very abundant at Yaverland (G.T.W.) ; Ventnor, Thorley, and Norton (C.A.) ; Carisbrooke (L.W.W.). Also about Newport, East Standen, Gatcombe, Bowcombe Down, Long Lane, Tolt Down, Totland Bay, Garstons Down, and Apes Down. It seems to avoid pine woods and marshes. ACICULIDAE Acicula lineata, Drapamaud. There are some examples in the Ventnor Museum labelled " Ventnor." PELECYPODA Unionidae Anodonta cygnaea, Lmn&. Common in Sandown Marshes, both in the Yar and in the ditches which drain the marshes (A.G.M.). The foregoing statement refers to var. anatina which is still plentiful in tbe Eastern Yar. mollusca 255 Cyrenidae Sphaerium corneum, Linnd. Abundant in many of the ditches in Sandown Level, also in a pond near Eyde (A.G.M.) ; Alverstone (J.T.) ; pond at Staplers (Miss Hearn). Very common in the ponds at Heytesbury Farm, in the large ponds at Carisbrooke, and in Westminster Pond. S. lacustre, Mailer. Sandown, by the causeway (A.G.M.) ; Bonchurch Pond (G.G.) ; between Sandown Fort and Yar Bridge (A.J.H.) ; Sandown Marshes near the Fort (J.T.). On caddis-cases, in pond, Heytesbury Farm ; var. ryckholti in considerable numbers in dry bed of pond, St. George's Down. Pisidium amnicum, Mailer. In the Medina near Blackwater Mill, and in the East Yar by the causeway across Sandown Marshes (A.G.M.) ; one valve on Shanklin beach (H.F.P.). P. subtruncatum, il/a/;/i (= fontinale, Je/re^/.s). Occurs in the large ponds at Carisbrooke and in Westminster Pond. P. pulchellum, Jenyn^ (Jeffreys includes this species amongst the vars. of P. fontinale). Steephill (A.J.H.) ; stream at Bonchurch (G.G.) ; the Medina near Blackwater, the East Yar and Sandown Marshes (A.G.M.) ; pond, Yarmouth (C.A.) ; Sandown (Vent. Mus.). P. pusillum, Gmelin. Abundant in the East Yar, and in ditches in Sandown Marshes, also in the Medina (A.G.M.) ; stream near Woolverton (G.G.) ; in small stream below the cliffs, Shanklin (H.F.P.). The var. cinerea also occurs, according to Mr. More, in a pond near the Priory. The species is plentiful in Carisbrooke Pond and Westminster Pond. P. nitidum, Jenyns. Pond near Fivens, St. Helens (A.G.M.). P. gassiesianum, Dtipuy (= roseum, Jeffreys). Sandown Marshes (J.T.). Common in Westminster Pond, also in Carisbrooke Pond; a number of specimens on caddis-cases, in pond, Heytesbury Farm. Census of Mollusca found in my own garden. As supplementary to the foregoing list, I give here an actual census of the snails and slugs destroyed as the result of a series of "snail hunts" instituted in my own garden at Newport, on several occasions during the summers of 1907-8. All sorts and conditions were collected, named, counted, and consigned to the brine-pot ; partly for economic reasons, and partly for the interest of ascertaining how many species, and individuals of each kind, might be found living and feeding together in the small area chosen for investigation — the portion of the garden dealt with measuring about 24 yards by 12 yards. It is almost enclosed by walls and buildings, and in many ways may be regarded as a favourable and happy hunting ground for MoUuscs. The subsoil is London Clay, and the elevation above sea- level about 80 feet. 256 MOLLUSCA The following list gives the numbers of each of the eighteen species found during these several " hunts," but allowance should be made in comparing these figures for the probability, or even certainty, that tlie larger and more conspicuous species would have been (uninten- tionally) collected more closely than the smaller and more obscure forms. There is good reason to believe, too, that a more prolonged and careful search would add several additional species to this list even within this confined area. Helix aspersa ... 936 Arion hortensis ... ... 402 Hygromia rufescens ... 264 Arion subfuscus ... 161 Pyramidula rotundata ... 84 Vitrea cellaria ... 84 Jaminia cylindracea ... 23 Milax sowerbyi ... 23 Helix hortensis ... 19 Agriolimax agrestis ... 18 Limax maximus ... 7 Limax flavus 3 Arion fasciatus 3 Helicella cantiana 2 Vitrea nitidula 1 Clausiha bidentata 1 Arion intermedius 1 Balea perversa 1 Total ... 2033 List of I. of W. Maeine Mollusca. [The nomenclature is that of the Conchological Society's List, 1902.] AMPHINEUBA Chitonidae Craspedochilus cinevens, Liime (Chiton marginatus). Common on stones and clay boulders, St. Helens (Vic. Hist.) ; on rocks at the base of the Culvers (H.F.P.) ; attached to oyster shell, Hamp- stead (D. Leighton). Adhering to the under part of stones in rock pools. Freshwater Bay ; Brighstone ; adhering to rocks between tides, Gurnard and Thorness Bays ; beneath stones in the backwater, St. Helens. MOLLUSCA 257 Acanthochites fascicularis, Linne (Chiton fasciculaiis). Adher- ing to stones hetween tides, Gurnard and Thorness Bays. A. discrepans, Broivn (C. discrepans). Zostera bed, St. Helens (Vic. Hist.). This species, according to Jeffreys, is extremely local in Britain. PELECYPODA NUCULIDAE Nucula nucleus, Li7ine. Ventnor (J.C.E.). Frequent on the beach at Gurnard ; a few amongst shell-sand at Shanklin ; sometimes common on tlie sandy beach at Brook. Nuculana minuta, Mailer (Leda minuta). Ventnor (J.C.E.). Anomiidae Anomia ephippium, Linne. On Zostera bed, St. Helens (Vic. Hist.) ; Eyde (L.W.W.) ; Sandown and Shankhn, but not very common (H.F.P.). Very plentiful between Thorness and Newtown, some of these at low water being alive and attached to stones and shells ; attached to the roots of Laminaria washed ashore at Brook ; single valves are common on the north shores of the Island, but less frequent on the south. Mytilidae Mytilus edulis, Linne. The common Mussel. Plentiful in many places : attached to rocks between tides ; in the crevices of sea walls ; on the timber structure of piers ; and frequently at the roots of Lavimaria and other seaweeds. Yolsella modiolus, Linne (Mytilus modiolus). Uncommon on the shore : one specimen at Brook. Y. barbata, Linni, (Mytilus barbatus). The Bearded Mussel. Zostera bed, St. Helens (Vic. Hist.) ; occasionally at Shanklin (H.F.P.). At roots of Laminaria washed ashore at Sandown. Modiolaria marmorata, Forbes. Ventnor (J.C.E.) ; one speci- men at Shankhn (H.F.P.). M. costulata, Bisso. One washed up alive in roots of tangle, Shanklin (H.F.P.). M. discors, Linne. One washed up alive in roots of tangle, Shanklin (H.F.P.). Amongst shell-sand between Shanklin and Horseledge, also at Brook ; attached to roots of Laminaria washed ashore at Brook. 258 MOLLUSCA OSTREIDAE Ostrea edulis, Liyme. The Oyster. Empty shells are washed ashore on most parts of the coast, but principally on the shores of the Solent. Oyster culture is carried on in the Island — both in the Medina Estuary and at Newtown. Pectinidae Pecten maximus, Limit. The sands, Eyde (L.W.W.). Also washed ashore at St. Helens. P. (Hinnites) pusio, Linni. Several washed up at Brook. P. (Chlamys) varius, Linne. Single valves are frequent on most of our shores ; a number of very young specimens in shell- sand. Brook ; a live example in roots of Laminaria washed ashore at Sandown. P. (Aequipecten) opercularis, Linn&. The sands, Eyde (L.W.W.) ; single valves occasionally washed up at Shanklin (H.E.P.). Also at Thorness, Compton Bay, and Brook. ASTARTIDAE Goodallia triangularis, Montagu (Astarte triangularis). Ventnor (J.C.E.). LUCINIDAE Loripes lacteus, Limit. Eyde (J.C.E.). Leptonidae Kellia suborbicularis, Montagu. WhitecHff Bay (H.F.P.). Three examples washed up at Brook. Lasaea rubra, Montagu. Single valves in shell-sand, Horseledge, near Shanklin ; two specimens of the white variety, also examples of the type, at Brook. SCROBICULARIIDAE Syndosmya alba. Wood (Scrobicularia alba). "Washed up every winter at Shanklin (H.E.P.). Also at Gurnard, Newtown, and Brook. S. tenuis, Montagu (Scrobicularia tenuis). The empty shells of this species may sometimes be found in thousands at high-water mark in the Medina Estuary a mile or two below Newport ; plentiful on the mud in the backwater, St. Helens. Scrobicularia plana, Da Costa (S. piperata). Common on muddy shores : Medina Estuary, Eyde, Woodside, Gurnard, Thorness, and especially plentiful at Hampstead. mollusca 259 Tellinidae Tellina fabula, Gronovius. Brook, one specimen. Macoma balthica, Linnd (Tellina balthica). The sands, Eyde (L.W.W.) ; Cowes (H.F.P.). Common on the shores of the Medina Estuary ; also at Gurnard, Thorness, St. Helens, Woodside, Hamp- stead, and Yarmouth. DONACIDAE Donax vittatus, Da Costa. Two examples at Eyde (J.C.E.). Also one at Brook. Mactridae Mactra stultorum, Linne. The sands, Eyde (L.W.W.) ; washed up occasionally in stormy weather at Shanklin (H.F.P.). Also at Brook. Spisula solida, Linn6 (Mactra soHda). The sands, Eyde (L.W.W.). Young shells in sand at Horseledge and Brook. S. elliptica, Broton (Mactra elliptica). Two single valves at Brook. S. subtruncata, Da Costa (Mactra subtruncata). Occurs com- monly at most places on the north shore of the Island, but is less frequent in the south. Veneeidae Lucinopsis undata, Pennant. The sands, Eyde, common (L.W.W.^). Dosinia exoleta, LmnS (Venus exoleta). Fairly common : Yar- mouth, Hampstead, Woodside, Eyde, St. Helens, Shanklin, Compton Bay. Yenus (Yentricola) verrucosa, Linni. In sandy gravel, St. Helens (Vic. Hist.) ; the sands, Eyde (L.W.W.). Also at Yarmouth, Woodside, Newtown, and Brook, but not very common. Tapes aureus, Gmelin. In sandy gravel, St. Helens, common (Vic. Hist.) ; the sands, Eyde (L.W.W.) ; one at Shanklin (H.F.P.). Several at Woodside ; frequent all along the shore between Thorness and Newtown ; also at Hampstead and Yarmouth. T. Yirgineus, Linne. The sands, Eyde (L.W.W.). Also a young shell at Brook : the species is apparently rare in the Island. T. puUastra, Montagu. In muddy gravel or sand, St. Helens, common (Vic. Hist.) ; in the deserted holes of Saxicava rngosa, Whitecliff Bay (G.T.W.) ; the var. i^erforans was formerly common on the rocks at Small Hope, Shanklin (H.F.P.) ; the sands, Eyde (L.W.W.). Plentiful all along the shore between Gurnard and New- town ; the rugose var. perforans common at Brook and Thorness ; a living example of perforans in roots of Laminaria at Brook. S2 260 MOLLUSCA T. decussatus, Linne. The sands, Eyde (L.W.W.) ; Hampstead (H.F.P.). Also at Yarmouth, Thorness, Gurnard, Woodside, St. Helens, and Medina Estuary. Cardiidae Cardium aculeatum, Lirni^. One valve drifted up at Ryde (L.W.W.). C. exiguum, Gmelin. Common at various places on the north shore of the Island : less frequent on the south side. A thinner form with a good bit of colour, probably a brackish-v^ater variety, occurs on the mud in the backwater, St. Helens. C. edule, Linne. Common Cockle. Very plentiful in many places on the north shore, also in the Medina Estuary, but less com- mon on the southern shores of the Island ; the brackish-water var. rustica, Jeff., occurs in profusion on the mud in the backwater at St. Helens. C. (LaeYicardium) norYegicum, Spemjler. Drifted up at Eyde (L.W.W.). Also a single valve on Shanklin beach. MYIDAE Mya arenaria, Limie. One washed up at Shanklin (H.F.P.). Dead shells are frequent on the shores of the Medina Estuary, and occasionally live specimens are waslied up. M. truncata, Linne. The sands, Ryde (L.W.W.) ; one washed up at Shankhn (H.F.P.). Several single valves on the shore between Thorness and Newtown. Sphenia binghami, Turton (Mya binghami). Ventnor (Vent. Mus.) ; at roots of Laminaria, Sandowni, also at Shanklin (H.E.P.). Fairly common amongst shell-sand at Horseledge and Brook ; at roots of Lam. digitalis, Brook. Gorbula gibba, Olivi. Single specimens at Yarmouth, Gurnard, and Brook. SOLENIDAE Ensis ensis, Linn^ (Solen ensis). Sandown Bay (G.T.W.) ; Bembridge (Vic. Hist.) ; the sands, Ryde (L.W.W.) ; washed up at Shanklin during rough weather (H.F.P.). Also at Brook and St. Helens. E. siliqua, Linne (S. siliqua). Priory Bay, St. Helens (Vic. Hist.) ; may be dug out of the sand at low water, Sandown Bay (G.T.W.) ; the sands, Ryde (L.W.W.) ; washed up at Shanklin during rough weather (H.F.P.). Solen Yagina, Linne. Sandown (G.T.W.) ; washed up at Shank- lin during rough weather (H.F.P.). Also at Compton Bay, Gurnard, Thorness, St. Helens, Ryde, Woodside, and Newtown. MOLLUSCA 261 Saxicavidae SaxicaYella plicata, Montagu (Panopea plicata). Jeffreys men- tions that Mr. Hanley found single valves near the pier at Eyde (Brit. Con.). Saxicava rugosa, Linne. Dead specimens in lumps of chalk washed up at Whitecliff" Bay (H.F.P.). Young specimens in shell- sand at Horseledge and Brook. Gastrochaenidae Gastrochaena dubia, Pennant. One specimen at Whitecliff Bay (H.F.P.). Pholadidae Pholas dactylus, Linne. The Piddock-shell. Eyde (J.C.E.) ; St. Helens (G.T.W.) ; Bonchurch (Mrs. Peck). Also at Gurnard, Thorness, Newtown, Hampstead, Yarmouth, Woodside, and Brook. A common species. Barnea Candida, Linn^ (Pholas Candida). Plentiful between Thorness and Newtown, imbedded in stiff clay and marl towards low water ; great numbers are sometimes thrown up on to the sandy beach at Brook ; also at Gurnard, Woodside, Yarmouth, Hampstead, and Sandown. The species is gregarious. B. parva, Pennant (Pholas parva). Sparingly at Thorness and Brook, Teeedinidae Teredo navalis, Linne. One specimen on the beach at Gurnard. Pandoridae Pandora inaequivalvis, Linne. Occasionally at Shanklin (H.F.P.) ; Eyde (J.C.E.). Also at Woodside, Gurnard, Thorness, and Yarmouth, but usually only single specimens. SCAPHOPODA Dentaliidae Dentalium Yulgare, Da Costa (D. tarentinum). Tusk-shell. One specimen from a crab-pot, Sandown (G.T.W.) . Occasional specimens washed up at Brook, Brighstone, St. Helens, Gurnard, and Thorness. 262 MOLLUSCA GASTBOPODA Patellidae Patella Yulgata, Linne. Common Limpet. Abundant all round the coast wherever there are rocks ; and living in some numbers on the iron sewer-pipes which run into the sea near Totland Bay. Helcion pellucida, Linne. At the roots of Laminaria thrown up on the beach, Sandown (G.T.W.); plentiful on Laminaria a little below low water, off the Culvers (J.T.). Young shells occur in abundance in shell- sand at Horseledge and Brook : at the latter place I noticed a number of living specimens at the roots of Lam. digitalis which had been washed ashore. Shells are occasionally washed up at Freshwater, Yarmouth, Gurnard, and Brighstone. ACMAEIDAE Acmaea virginea, Milller (Tectura virginea). St. Helens (Vic. Hist.) ; Yentnor (J.C.E.). Several specimens in shell-sand at Horse- ledge and Brook. FiSSURELLIDAE Emarginula fissura, Linne. Occasionally at Shankhn (H.F.P.) ; Yentnor (J.C.E.). Single specimens at Brook and Horseledge. E. conica, Schumacher (E. rosea). Yentnor (J.C.E.). Fissurella graeca, Linne. Key-hole Limpet. A few washed up at Shanklin after a storm (H.F.P.). Several shells on the beach, Brook, and one at Gurnard. TROCHIDAE Gibbula magus, Linne (Trochus magus). Painted Top-shell. St. Helens, empty shells only, but common (Yic. Hist.) ; several live specimens on the sand near low water, St. Helens (G.T.W.) ; in crab-pots, Sandown (G.T.W.) ; Eyde (J.C.E.) ; drifted up from the Solent (L.W.W.) ; Compton Bay (Miss Hearn). Empty shells are common along the beach from Thomess to Newtown : amongst these was one living specimen. Shells are washed up also at Wood- side, Gurnard, Cowes, Yarmouth, Shanklin, and Brook. G. tumida, Montagu (T. tumidus). Several examples at Ryde (J.C.E.). G. cineraria, Linne (T. cinerarius). Grey Top-shell. Plentiful everywhere in the Littoral zone on rocks, in pools, and on Fucus. At Thorness I have noticed green seaweed growing from the shells of living specimens. G. umbilicata, Montagu (T. umbilicatus). Occasional specimens at Shanklin, and on rocks at low water off the Culvers (H.F.P.) ; one at St. Helens (Miss Hearn). Common on stones and seaweed MOLLUSCA 263 in rock pools, Freshwater Bay ; dead shells on the sands at Eyde ; one shell near Newtown. Calliostoma exasperatum, Pennant (T. exasperatus). Sandown (J.C.E.) ; one at Shankhn (H.F.P.). Two shells washed up at Brook. C. zizyphinus, Linne (T. zizyphinus). Large numhers of this handsome shell are brought ashore by fishermen in their lobster- pots, as this species, like many others, has a liking for the bait which these pots contain ; though many of these shells are old ones occupied by hermit-crabs. Living specimens may be found occa- sionally on rocks towards low water. Empty shells, washed up, are not infrequent on all parts of the coast. CYCLOSTREMATIDAE Delphinoidea nitens, PhiUppi (Cyclostrema nitens). Ventnor (J.C.E.). TUEBINIDAE Phasianella pullus, Linne. Pheasant-shell. Living specimens at low water, Shanklin (H.F.P.) ; Ventnor (J.C.E. ). Common in shell-sand at Horseledge, Brighstone, and Brook ; sparingly at Gur- nard ; one of these shells at Brook was tenanted by a tiny hermit- crab. LITTORINIDAE Lacuna crassior, Montagu. I. of W. (J.C.E.) ; one at Horse- ledge (H.F.P.). Two at Freshwater, and three at Brook. L. divaricata, Fahricius. Common on Zostera at St. Helens (Vic. Hist.) ; I. of W. (J.C.E.). AHve on seaweeds at low water, Shanklin ; plentiful amongst shell-sand between Shanklin and Horseledge ; also in shell-sand at Brook. L. parva, Da Costa (L. puteolus). I. of W. (J.C.E.). Common amongst shell-sand at Brook, also between Shanklin and Horse- ledge. L. pallidula, Da Costa. I. of W. (J.C.E.) ; St. Helens (G.T.W.). On rocks and seaweed at low water, near Shanklin ; fairly common in shell-sand at Brook and Horseledge. Littorina obtusata, Linne. The var. ornata abounds in the I. of W. (Brit. Con.). Vei-y abundant on rocks and Fiicus in the Littoral zone all round the Island, and on shingle and weeds in the Medina Estuary. Very variable as regards colour and markings, L. rudis, Maton. The small Winkle. St. Helens, in millpond, with Paludestrina stagnalis (Vic. Hist.) ; King's Quay (J.T.), Plentiful on stones and mud in the Medina Estuary ; on stones and mud in profusion, between tides, in the backwater, St. Helens : in this locality the variety of colour and markings is very great amongst these shells ; on the mud in Newtown creek ; on rocks and Fucus all round the coast, from low water to the upper limit of the tide. 264 MOLLUSCA L. littorea, Linne. CommoD Winkle. Plentiful on rocks, Fucus, &c. all round the coast ; empty shells are cast up in vast numbers at the upper limit of the tide near the Newtown river. A fisher- boy, on the shore at Hampstead, told me that from May to August winkles were breeding and were not fit for food : I understand, how- ever, that large numbers are sold at Billingsgate during the summer. RISSOIDAE Rissoa parYa, Da Costa. At the base of the Culvers, and at Horseledge, Shanklin (H.F.P.) ; Ventnor, including the var. inter- rupta (J.C.E.). This species may sometimes be found in thousands amongst shell-sand between Shanklin and Horseledge : out of about a quart of this sand obtained thei'e, I picked out more than 2000 small shells (comprising 50 species), and of these fully three-quarters consisted of E. imrva in great variety of form and colour. It is plentiful in shell-sand at Brook — amongst these being var. inter- rupta ; occurs also at Brighstone. R. inconspicua, Alder. One specimen in shell-sand. Brook. R. violacea, Desmarest. Ventnor, several specimens (J.C.E.). Three in shell-sand, near Horseledge. R. guerini, Recluz (E. costulata). The var. costulata, Alder — the type, according to the C.S. list, appear-s not to occur in Britain — is mentioned by Hanley as having been found at Eyde. Some worn shells found at Horseledge appear to be of this species. Manzonia costata, /. Adams (E. costata). Ventnor (J.C.E.). Amongst shell-sand between Shankhn and Horseledge, and at Brook. Zippora membranacea, /. Adams (E. membranacea). Common beneath stones and on the mud in the backwater, St. Helens ; a few washed up at Yarmouth, Thorness, and Brook. Onoba striata, /. Ada7ns (E. striata). Ventnor (J.C.E.). Plenti- ful in shell-sand at Brook and Horseledge. Cingula semistriata, Montagu (E. semistriata). Amongst shell- sand between Shanklin and Horseledge ; plentiful in shell-sand, Brook, including a few of var. pura. Galeodina carinata, Da Costa (E. striatula). Ventnor (J.C.E.). A few in shell-sand at Horseledge and Brook. ASSIMINEIDAE Paludinella littorina, Delle Chiaje (Assiminea littorina). White- cliff Bay (Forbes). Adeorbidae Adeorbis subcarinatus, Montagu. Sandown (J.C.E.). Several in shell-sand at Horseledge and Brook. MOLLUSCA 265 Skeneidae Skenea planorbis, Fahricius. The var. hyalina at Ventnor (J.C.E.). In shell-sand, Horseledge and Brook. HOMALOGYRIDAE Homalogyra rota, Forbes d- Hanley. Jeffreys, in " Brit. Con.," mentions this species as occurring in the I. of W. It is to he found in rock pools amongst seaweeds, and is the smallest known species of British shells. Truncatellidae Truncatella truncata, Montagu (= truncatula). In considerable numbers at King's Quay (G.T.W. & J.T.). Capulidae Capulus hungaricus, Linne. One specimen from a crab-pot, Sandown (G.T.W.) . Cypraeidae Trivia europaea, Montagu (Cypraea europaea). Cowry. Cast up on the shore at Shanklin, Brook, Brighstone, Compton, Yar- mouth, and Gurnard. Frequent, but not very common. Naticidae Natica (Lunatia) sordida, Philippi. One at Sandown (G.T.W.) ; several at Shanklin (H.F.P.). I, also, have found one or two at Shanklin at the spot where the fishermen empty their crab and lobster-pots : they get brought ashore mixed with N. catena. N. (Lunatia) catena, Da Costa. Necklace Natica. Sandown (G.T.W.) ; Shanklin (H.F.P.) ; a large living specimen taken at Eyde when shrimping (G. W. Colenutt). These shells are brought ashore in crab-pots in considerable numbers at Sandown, Shanklin, Freshwater, and elsewhere. This species, being an animal feeder, is believed to be greatly responsible for the small round holes often found in the shells of bivalves, the Natica adopting this plan so as to devour the inmates. N. (Lunatia) alderi, Forbes. Several specimens turned out of a crab-pot at Freshwater. Lamellariidae Lamellaria perspioua, Linne. St. Helens, extremely abundant on compound Ascidians in Zostera bed, the various colours of which it mimics (Vic. Hist.); occasionally cast ashore at Shanklin (H.F.P. ). Yelutina laevigata. Pennant. One specimen in shell-sand, Brook. 266 mollusca Ceeithiidae Bittium reticulatum, Da Costa (Cerithium reticulatum). Vent- nor (J.C.E.) ; Shanklin (H.F.P.). Cerithiopsis tubercularis, Montagu. Ventnor (J.C.E.). SCALIDAE Cioniscus albidus, G. Adams (Aclis unica). One specimen of this minute but beautiful species occurred in shell-sand, Horseledge. Pyramidellidae Odostomia plicata, Montagu. One example in shell-sand, Brook. Brachystomia rissoides, Hanley (Odostomia rissoides). Ventnor (J.C.E.). Pyrgulina interstincta, Montagu (0. interstincta).' Ventnor (J.C.E.). Spiralinella spiralis, Montagu (0. spiralis). One specimen in shell-sand at Horseledge. Turboiiilla lactea, Linne (0. lactea). Two in shell-sand, Horse- ledge, and one at Brook. T. pusilla, Philipin (O. pusilla). Ventnor (J.C.E.). EULIMIDAE Eulima polita, Linnc. One in shell-sand at Horseledge. TUREITELLIDAE Turritella communis, Lamarck (T. terebra). Two specimens brought up in a prawn-pot by fishermen off Shanklin (H.F.P.). BuccmiDAE Buccinum undatum, LinnS. Common Whelk. A plentiful species : empty shells get washed up on all parts of the coast ; in March have seen live specimens cast up at Shanklin ; between Yar- mouth and Hampstead boys w^alk along the flat, muddy shore towards low water, and collect the living molluscs for food ; living whelks get into the crab-pots for the bait and are brought ashore by the fishermen, but many of those turned out of the pots at the fishers' huts were taken in by their occupants — the hermit-crabs ; the bunches of egg-capsules of this species are one of the commonest objects of our shores. Neptunea antiqua, Linne (Fusus antiquus). Common at Hampstead ci-awling on the mud at low water, the shells looking almost as worn as the dead specimens cast up on the beach, most of them having broken mouths, and some with seaweeds growing from them (H.F.P.) ; Eyde (J.C.E.) ; St. Helens (E. J. Steeple) ; Brook (Miss Hearn). The species seems most common on the line of shore between Thorness and Yarmouth. n. F. Poole, photo. SQUID (LOLIGO FORBESi). Captured in herring-net off Shanklin. Length from tip of shortest tentacle to end of body, 13J inches. MOLLUSCA 267 MUEICIDAE Ocinebra erinacea, Linne (Murex erinaceus). A very common species : empty shells may be found washed up on all parts of the coast ; large numbers are turned out of the crab and lobster-pots at all the fishing stations, and many of these are found to be tenanted by young hermit-crabs which had entered the pots for the sake of the bait. Purpura lapillus, Linne. This shell is found commonly all round the coast, between tide-marks, on rocks, Fucus, in rock pools, etc., and is sometimes brouglit ashore in crab-pots. Nassidae Nassa reticulata, Linne. Very common, as dead shells, on all our shores — it seems to live mostly in the Laminarian zone ; thousands are brought ashore in the crab, lobster, and prawn-pots, into which they swarm for the sake of the bait ; frequently young hermit-crabs take possession of these shells ; the egg-capsules of this mollusc are interesting objects, and may often be picked up on the beach. N. incrassata, Strom. Shanklin, but not common — sometimes brought ashore in prawn-pots (H.F.P.). Common on the sandy beach at Brook and Compton Bay ; only occasionally noticed on the north shores of the Island. Pleurotomidae Bela turricula, Montagu (Pleurotoma turricula). One specimen on the beach at Sandown (J.T.). B. rufa, Montagu (P. rufa). Not very common: Yarmouth, Thorness, Gurnard, St. Helens, Freshwater, Brook, and Shanklin. TORNATINIDAE Tornatina obtusa, Montagu (Utriculus obtusus). The Solent (Brit. Con.). There are specimens in the Ventnor Museum labelled " Ventnor," and I have taken several in shell-sand at Horseledge. SCAPHANDRIDAE Scaphander lignarius, Linne. One turned out of a crab-pot at Sandown (G.T.W.). BULLIDAE Haminea hydatis, Linni (Bulla hydatis). Cast up alive on the beach at Shanklin (H.F.P.). Occasionally in the Medina Estuary, and at Gurnard and Thorness. Acera buUata, Miiller. Bembridge Harbour, on mud flats (Vic. Hist.). In abundance on the mud amongst Zostera in the back- water, St. Helens. 268 mollusc a Philinidae Philine aperta, Linne. Several cast up alive on the beach at Shanklin (H.F.P.) ; Spithead (Vic. Hist.). Single specimens in shell-sand at Horseledge and Brook. Aplysiidae Aplysia punctata, Cuvier. The Sea-hare. One specimen of a pale-purplish colour in rock pool, Brook, in July (D. Leighton). Pleukobranchidae Pleurobranchus plumula, Montagu. St. Helens (Vic. Hist.). Elysiidae Elysia viridis, Montagu. One beneath Fucus on a rock at Horseledge, near Shanklin ; and another found by Mr. Poole in the same place. DORIDIDAE Archidoris tuberculata, Cuvier (Doris tuberculata). On the sponge, Halichondria panicea, the Solent (Vic. Hist.). POLYCERIDAE Palio lessoni, D'Orbigny (Polycera lessoni). St. Helens, on green weeds (Vic. Hist.) ; a specimen of the var. ocellata (Polycera ocellata, A. & H.) amongst the corallines in a rock pool at Shanklin (H.F.P.) . Acanthodoris pilosa, Milller (Doris pilosa). St. Helens, on Fucus and other weeds (Vic. Hist.). Ancula cristata, Alder. St. Helens (Vic. Hist.) ; several on the rocks at the base of the Culvers (H.F.P.). Otinidae Otina otis, Turton. Several specimens amongst shell-sand, Bi'ook. AURICULIDAE Leuconia bidentata, Montagu (Melampus bidentatus). Under stones between tide-marks, Whitecliff Bay : appears to feed on decaying seaweeds (W. Garstang). In June, 1883, 1 found a number of this species adhering to rocks just above high-water mark in this same bay. Alexia denticulata, Montagu (Melampus myosotis, v. ringens). Several examples of the type were found by me in shell-sand at Brook, as also one of the var. myosotis, Drap. Several of the var. myosotis were noticed by Mr. E. A. Butler at roots of plants in the salt marshes near the beach, Yarmouth ; others were found at King's Quay by Mr. J. Taylor. H. F. Paok, phoU,. H. F. Poiih-, photo. Egg-Ribbon of Ancula cristata. Ancula cristata, crawling. Nat. size : pliotographed through the water. H.F.Poole, photo. SEA-SLUGS (ANCULA CRISTATA), nat. size : as exposed on rock at low tide. MOLLUSCA 269 CEPHALOPODA LOLIGINIDAE Loligo forbesi, Steenstrup. Taken off Shanklin by fishermen in their herring nets. The species occurs not infrequently during the herring season, and the men say it is not unusual to find several of these squids in their net at the same time, though weeks may pass without them taking any. They are highly valued as bait (H.F.P.). L. media, Linne. A specimen mentioned in the " Vic. Hist." as having been taken off Netley in trawl, must have passed the Island on its way to Southampton Water, so must be included in this list. Sepiidae Sepia officinalis, Linne. Common Cuttle. This species is common off the Island, and the conspicuous white "shells" ai*e one of the familiar sights of the seashore. Mr. Poole tells me that in August, 1899, he noticed hundreds of tiny Sepia shells — they were a quarter of an inch, or less, in length — at the edge of the water between Shanklin and Horseledge, and Mr. Cooper, having seen specimens, believes them to be the young of S. officinalis : it would seem that some sudden fatality had overtaken a shoal of these little creatures. S. elegans, D'Orbigny (= biserialis & ruppellaria) . Found four shells of this species cast up on the beach at Brook amongst a number of S. officinalis. Sepiolidae Sepiola atlantica, D'Orbigny. Spithead, in trawl (Vic. Hist.). Rossia macrosoma, Delle Chiaje. I. of W. (Brit. Con.). INTEODUCTION A specimen of Ostrea angulata, Lam., a species which has been introduced and cultivated on our oyster beds, was picked up on Ryde beach by Mr. G. W. Colenutt. ERRATICS The following four species of West Indian shells were found on the sands at Compton Bay by Miss Hearn, of Staplers : Columbella tnercatoria, Gmel. ; Polinices porcellanea, D'Orb. ; Bulla striata, Brng. ; Olivella nivea, Gmel. As this is an unfrequented part of the coast I can only surmise that they were washed ashore from some shipwreck. I remember well, how, many years ago, a quantity of mother-of-pearl shell, which had foi-med part of the cargo of a wrecked ship, was w^ashed ashore in the neighbourhood of Black- gang, and got distributed for a mile or two along the shore, and how, many months afterwards, some of these pearly pieces could still be found. Another shell from the West Indies, Littorina trochiformis, Dillw., was picked up on Shanklin beach by Mr. Poole. AKACHNIDA. BY FRANK P. SMITH. The large and important class Arachnida comprising the Spiders, Harvestmen, Scorpions, Pseudo-scorpions, Mites, and a few less familiar creatures, has never really been a favourite one with natura- lists, as may be gathered from the fact that, at the present time, it would be difficult to find, in the whole of the British Isles, a score of individuals seriously engaged upon the study of one or more of its component orders. It follows, therefore, that only a comparatively few areas in Britain have been at all systematically searched by experts, the greater part being still terra incognita as far as x4rachnids are concerned. The Isle of Wight must be included in this latter category. The present list has been compiled from collections made by Mr. Morey and forwarded to me from time to time ; from a list kindly communicated by the Eev. John E. Hull, the author of some valuable papers on North Country spiders ; the Hst in the "Victoria County History (Hampshire)," by Mr. F. 0. Pickard-Cambridge ; and from a collection made by myself during a few days' stay in the Island in September, 1907. The number of species recorded is 153, and although this is a fairly creditable total, I am convinced, even from my own very slight acquaintance with the Island, that this list could be enormously increased, probably to twice its present size, by a few seasons of diligent work, I have made no attempt to give a list of the Acaridea (mites), as very few have been collected. The order, however, is a very large and widely distributed one, and the Island would no doubt furnish a long list if carefully worked. A few words as to the distinguishing characteristics of the orders represented in the present list may, perhaps, be of interest. The Spiders (Araneidea) form a large and well-known group, and can be easily recognised. The body is sharply divided into two parts : the anterior, known as the cephalo-thorax, consisting of the head (270) AEACHNIDA 271 and thorax welded together ; and the posterior, known as the abdo- men, being devoid of segments, but bearing, at or near its posterior extremity, the spinning organs, and beneath, towards its fore part, the chief breathing apertures, two or four in number. The eyes are simple, and, in all British species, either six or eight in number. The falces, attached to the front of the cephalo-thorax, are a pair of prominent and highly modified organs, each furnished with a movable fang which is pierced with a duct through which poison can be forced into the body of a victim. The legs are eight in number, a fact which will readily distinguish a spider from any insect. The palpi are five-jointed organs, somewhat resembling an additional pair of short legs, and are placed one on each side of the head. In the male, the last joint of each palpus is furnished with curious, often highly complicated, organs which are employed in the process of reproduction. A harvestman (Order, Phalangidea) can be easily distinguished from a true spider by the fact that its body is all in one piece — head, thorax, and abdomen being welded together. The eyes are two in number, placed one upon each side of a small protuberance on the upper part of the head. The legs are long and slender, usually excessively so, and the last joint is often composed of a great number of " false joints," somewhat resembling a string of cylindrical beads. The harvestmen are devoid of spinners, their falces are simple pincers without a poison gland, and the palpus of the male is devoid of any special reproductive organ. The true Scorpions (Scorpionidea) are not represented in Britain. The Pseudo- scorpions (Chernetidea) are creatures of small size bearing a striking resemblance to miniature tailless scorpions. Their real affinities are, however, rather with the mites than with the true scorpions. There is no time of the year at which adult specimens of Arachnids may not be found, but certain seasons are far more productive than others. Immature specimens are, in many cases, quite unrecognis- able. The method of collecting Arachnids of all kinds is simple in the extreme ; they should be merely dropped, as caught, into a small phial of methylated spirit, in which the specimens may be kept until they are required for examination, or for transmission to an authority for identification. On no account should they be allowed to become dry. It is advisable to carry several tubes of spirit, keeping one especially for very small specimens, which are liable to be injured by the struggles of the larger and more powerful ones if only a single tube be used. When sending a tube of spiders through the post, a plug of cotton-wool should be placed in it and pushed right down into the spirit so as to just touch the mass of specimens at the bottom. This prevents the spiders from shaking about and from thus losing the leg-spines, these being most important characters for identification. Spiders may be obtained in plenty at all seasons. During the spring and summer they abound amongst low herbage, running and 272 AEACHNIDA leaping in the sunshine. In the autumn the species which construct orb-webs are greatly in evidence, whilst during the winter months large numbers of very small but extremely interesting species may be found amongst dead leaves in woods, under debris in ditches, amongst the accumulations at the base of hay-stacks, beneath loose bark, and in many similar situations. These small spiders are generally of a dark brown or blackish colour, and are very numerous in species. They should be particularly searched for by anyone desirous of adding to a local list, for, by reason of their small size, obscure habits, and season of matuiity they are usually overlooked by casual collectors. The harvestmen are rather rare during the greater part of the year, but appear in profusion during the autumn, hence their popular name in this country and its French equivalent of " Faucheur " (reaper). Most of the species may be at once recognised by their excessively long and slender legs, which seem in some instances to be attenuated to an almost absurd degree, the genus Liohunum being a case in point. It will be admitted, however, by anyone who has collected these creatures that they are able to make good use of their limbs, especially when running on herbage. I once dropped a phalangid into a case containing a captive wolf-spider — Trochosa ruricola — a creature which would have weighed quite three times as much as the intended prey. Tlie harvestman, when attacked, raised its body out of the spider's reach, lifting any leg which was in danger of a bite. I was much interested in this performance, but regarded it merely as a very novel method of self-defence. I was the more surprised, therefore, upon seeing the phalangid drop suddenly upon the unprotected back of the spider and with its pair of pincer-like falces literally shear its way into the vitals of its massive opponent, who speedily expired. The normal food of the phalangids consists of small insects of many kinds, and for this reason they should be encouraged, together with the spiders, in our gardens. The pseudo-scorpions or chelifers are not as a rule very abundant and require a good deal of close search to reveal their whereabouts. They occur beneath stones and loose bark, under old boards, amongst debris of all kinds, and are not infrequently found attached to the legs of flies. In conclusion I might perhaps advocate one or more of the orders of the Arachnida as a subject for anyone desirous of making a systematic study of some branch of Natural History. I will not deny the fact that there are difiiculties to be faced, not the least being the lack of encouragement which one meets with when working upon an unpopular subject. The beginner has, however, the con- solation of knowing that he may be sure to find the advanced workers in a field where mercenary gain is out of the question and popular encouragement is at a minimum, really enthusiastic naturalists who are ever willing to assist him in his early struggles with the puzzling problems of identification. ARACHNIDA 273 The following three books on British Spiders can be recommended : "A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland," by John Blackwall, 1861; "British Spiders," by E. F. Staveley, 1866; "Spiders of Dorset, with appendix describing other Brit, species," by Eev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879. OKDER. ARANEIDEA. SUB-OBDEB. MYGALOMOBPHAE. Family. Atypidae. Atypus aflBnis, Eichw. Found by Mr. Hull. On the mainland this is a southern form. Probably it is not nearly so rare as the difficulty of discovering it has led many writers to suppose. S UB-OBDEB. ABA CHNOMOBPHAE. Section I. The spiders in this section are all provided with a special spinning organ, known as the cribellum, from which a peculiar flocculent web is produced. Family. Dictynidae. Ciniflo similis, Bl. (= Amaurobius similis, auct). Common everywhere in holes in walls, fences, &c., also under boards in out- houses. The opening is surrounded by a small sheet of flocculent web, which, when fresh, is often of a bluish tint. The spider generally seizes its victim by one leg and drags it into its den. C. ferox, Walch. Newport. This atrocious-looking spider is found under boards and stones, usually in outhouses and cellars. Dictyna uncinata, Thor. Adult in Parkhurst Forest in Septem- ber. It spins a small shapeless snare on the tops of gorse and other similar plants. D. latens, Fahr. Adults in Parkhurst Forest, September. D. pusilla, Thor. Recorded by Mr. Hull. D. flaYescens, Walch. Recorded by Mr. Hull. Protadia subniger, Camh. Recorded by Mr. Hull. Section II. This section, in which the cribellum is absent, includes the majority of the spiders. Family. Dysderidae. Dysdera crocota, C. L. Koch. A female in a garden, Newport, in June. T 274 AEACHNIDA D. cambridgii, TJior. A male in Parkhurst Forest, September. Harpactes hombergii, Scoj). Both sexes at Carisbrooke in April. Segestria senoculata, Liirn. Eecorded by Mr. Hull. Family. Drassidae. Gnaphosa lapidosa, Walck. (= Drassus lapidosus, auct). Adult females in September, garden, Newport. Scotophaeus sericeus, -BL (= Drassus blackwallii, auct). Adult females running in house at night, Newport. Prosthesima latreillei, Sim. Both sexes adult in Parkhurst Forest, amongst coarse grass, September. P. subterranea, C. L. Koch. Recorded by Mr. Hull. Micaria pulicaria, Sund. Adult males, Parkhurst Forest, September. Family. Clubionidae. Clubiona terrestris, Westr. Adults in October. Marvel Copse. C. holosericea, Linn. (= C. pallidula, Clk.). Recorded by Mr. Hull. C. reclusa, Camb. Near Newport. C. trivialis, C. L. Koch. Parkhurst Forest, September. C. comta, C. L. Koch. Amongst debris in garden, Newport, September. C. brevipes, Bl. Recorded by Mr. Hull. Chiracanthium lapidicolens, Sim. Immature specimens, apparently of this species, were not uncommon in Parkhurst Forest in September. Ch. carnifex, Fahr. Recorded from Arreton Down by Mr. Hull. Agroeca brunnea, Bl. Adult females, Parkhurst Forest, Septem^ ber. A. proxima, Camb. Adult females, Parkhurst Forest, September. A. inopina, Camb. A rare species of which an adult female was taken by Mr Morey at Marvel Copse in July. Zora spinimana, Simd. {— Zora maculata, auct.). Immature specimens plentiful in Parkhurst Forest during September. Phrurolithus festivus, C. L. Koch {— Micariosoma festivum, auct.). Adults in Parkhurst Forest, in September. Family. Micrommatidae. Micrommata accentuata, Walck. (= Anyphaena accentuata, auct.). Recorded by Mr. Hull. Family. Philodromidae. Thanatus striatus, C. L. Koch. Immature specimens very plentiful in Parkhurst Forest, September. ARACHNIDA 275 Tibellus oblongus, Walck. Plentiful in several districts. Adult females in x\ugust. Philodromus aureolus typ., Oliv. Abundant in various localities. P. aureolus cespiticolis, Walck. Eecorded by Mr. Hull. P. dispar, Walck. Several localities near Newport. Family. Thomisidae. Oxyptila blackwallii, Sim. This curious little crab-spider, easily recognised by its adornment with numerous club-shaped spines, occurred at Marvel Copse, but no adults were taken. 0. sanctuaria, Camh. This small but well-marked spider is rare, although not quite as much so as is generally supposed. A male occurred in Marvel Copse in September. 0. praticola, C. L. Koch. Eecorded by Mr. Hull. 0. trux, Bl. Eecorded by Mr. Hull. Xysticus viaticus, Linn. {=■ X. cristatus, Clk). Common on all parts of the Island. X. lanio, G. L. Koch. Eecorded by Mr. Hull. X. erraticus, Bl. An adult male of this fine species occurred in Parkhurst Forest in September. The dissimilarity of the two sexes is extremely pronounced in this, and several allied species. X. kochii, Thor. Immature specimens which I feel pretty con- fident should be placed under this species occurred in Parkhurst Forest during September. Throughout this genus, however, it is impossible to be quite sure of the identity of a species until mature examples are obtained. Misumena calycina, Linn. (= M. vatia, Clk). This spider was abundantly represented by immature specimens in Parkhurst Forest and other localities during September. It hides in various flowers, such as those of the Guelder Eose, many of the Umbelliferae, and some of the orchids. Luckless insects which arrive in quest of honey fall a prey to the waiting spider, whose pale tints render it almost invisible. Thomisus onustus, Walck. Immature specimens of this strikingly beautiful spider have been recorded by Mr. Hull. Family. Salticidae. This family includes the Jumping Spiders, easily recognized by their habits, and by the four enormous eyes which are placed upon the front of the head. They are exceedingly abundant in the tropics, and are far commoner in the South than in the North of England. The Isle of Wight, when carefully worked, should produce a long list of these interesting spiders, of which over thirty species are already recorded as British. t2 276 ARACHNIDA Salticus scenicus, Linn. This common and well-known "Zebra spider" occurs plentifully upon garden walls and fences. Adult in summer and autumn. Heliophanus flaYipes, Hahn. Females occurred at Pan Down and Parkhurst Forest during September. H. cupreus, Walck. Eecorded by Mr. Hull. Marpessa melano^natha, Lucas. Eecorded in " Victoria His- tory." Enophrys frontalis, Walck. Females occurred in Parkhurst Forest during September. Neon reticulatis, Bl. Eecorded by Mr. Hull. Ballus depressus, Walck. Eecorded by Mr. Hull. Hasarius blancardi, Scoi). (= H. falcatus, Clk.). Parkhurst Forest. Myrmarachne formicarius (= Salticus formicarius, Blackivall d Cambridge ; Toxeus formicarius, F. P. Smith). Tliis is by far the most striking spider which the Island has produced, and must be looked uponasoneof the greatest prizes with which thediligent collector may hope to l)e rewarded. During the last half-century only four specimens have been recorded as captured in Britain, and in widely distant localities — Southend, Eastbourne, Hampshire, and Scotland. On the 9th of September, 1907, I was fortunate enough to discover this species in Parkhurst Forest, where, low down in the grass and protected by the gorse, it constructs a delicate silken tube, from the shelter of which it sallies out in search of prey. The immature spider bears a striking resemblance to an ant {Formica rufa) which occurs commonly in the same locality, but the adult male is rather too large and richly coloured to pose as a really good ant-mimic.'' Family. Agelenidae. Tegenaria ferruginea, Panz. (= T. derhamii & T. domestica, mict.). Common in houses everywhere. T. atrica, C. L. Koch. Under overhanging roots, near Newport. T. sylvestris, L. Koch. Adult females at Marvel Copse in September. Agelena labyrinthica, Linn. This spider, whose huge funnel- shaped snares upon bushes and low herbage are familiar objects to every naturalist, is quite common in the Island. Adult in autumn. Family. Hahnidae. Antistea elegans, Bl. Eecorded by Mr. Hull. * Since this list was written, I have received a letter from Mr. H. Donisthorpe who tells me that he has taken hoth males and females of this rare species at Sandown during August of this year. They were very ant-like in appearance and were running about in the company of Myrmica scabrinodis (Editor). aeachnida -277 Family. Argyeonetidae. Argyroneta aquatica, Linn. This, the sole representative of the family, and well known as the "water spider," has occurred near Carisbrooke. It constructs a silken tent under water and fills it with air which is carried down, a bubble at a time, by the spider. The male is considerably larger than the female, this being an unusual state of affairs amongst the spiders. For this reason, probably, the sexes live together in harmony. In the genus Aranea, where the female is much the larger, the male usually ends his days in the maw of his spouse. Family. Pisaueidae. Pisaura rufofasciata, De Geer (= P. mirabilis, Clk). Appar- ently as common in the Island as on the mainland. This interesting species constructs a protective cage of silk several inches in diameter around its cocoon, and spends most of its time upon this cage ready to protect its eggs and young should occasion require. Family. Lycosidae. This family includes the species popularly known as "Wolf- spiders," which may be recognised, roughly speaking, by the arrange- ment of the eyes, of which four large ones form a quadrilateral figure on the upper part of the head, and four much smaller ones are arranged in a transverse row lower down on the face. They spin no snare, l^ut hunt their prey in the open. Pirata palustris, Fahr. (= P. piratica, Clk). This common species is aptly named " The Pirate," as it frequently runs upon the surface of the water, either to escape danger or in pursuit of prey. Adults occurred at Heytesbury Farm in May. Trochosa leopardus, Sund. Females witli egg-sacs abundant in July, Eookley Wilderness. T. picta, Halin. Eecorded by Mr. Hull. T. robusta, Sim. Eecorded by Mr. Hull. T. ruricola, De Geer. Heytesbury Farm, x\ugust. T. terricola, TJwr. Parkhurst Forest, September. Tarentula accentuata, Latr. Pan Down gravel pit. T. carinata, OUv. (= T. pulverulenta, Clk). Pan Down, in September. Females only. Lycosa agrestis, Westr. A very rare species of which only two or three other specimens have been obtained in Britain. A single female occurred at Pan Down on 8th September, 1907. L. monticola, Sund. Adult females on Pan Down in September. L. palustris, Linn. Eecorded by Mr. Hull. L. prativaga, L. Koch. Pan Down. Adult females in September. L. saccata, Linn. Common in many parts of the Island. Adults in May. L. annulata, Thar. Very common in potato field at Newport. 278 ARACHNIDA L. lugubris, Walck. Adult females with egg-sacs in August. Combley Wood. L. nigriceps, TJwr. Pan Down and Parkhurst Forest. Adult females in September. L. fumigata, Linn. (= L. paludicola, Clk). Captured by Mr. Hull and recorded by the Eev. O. Pickard-Cambridge. An exceed- ingly rare species. Family. Pachygnathidae. Pachygnatha degeerii, Sund. Extremely common in moist places amongst grass, &c. Adults can be found at all times of the year. Family. Tetragnathidae. Tetragnatha extensa, Linn. Specimens are recorded under this name as occurring in the Island in the "Victoria History." It is a fairly common species. T. solandrii, Scop. An adult male was taken amongst plants near a pond, Heytesbury Farm, in May. This is a common species usually found near to w^ater. T. obtusa, C. L. Koch. Rookley Wilderness. A single female in August. Family. Argiopidae. Meta reticulata, Linn. (= M. segmentata, Clk). Common everywhere. The individuals of the spring brood are generally far smaller tlian those of th^ autumn brood, having, in fact, been erroneously described as a separate species. Zygiella litterata, Oliv. (= Zilla x-notata, auct). Common in the Island, generally on or near houses. Adults taken from August to December. Aranea diadema, Linn. (= Epeira diademata, auct.). Abundant everywhere. Adult in autumn. A. reaumuri, Scop. (= A. quadrata, Clk). Newport. A. foliata, Fourc. (= Epeira cornuta, auct). Rookley Wilderness. This spider is usually found by the side of streams and in marshy places. A. sex-punctata, Liiin. (= Epeira umbratica, auct). Pan Down. An adult male in September. A. cucurbitina, Lijm. This beautiful and common species is plentiful in Parkhurst Forest, Eookley Wilderness, and other localities on oak trees. A. gibbosa, JValck. Recorded in "Victoria History." A. triguttata, Fabr. Recorded by Mr. Hull. arachnida 279 Family. Pholcidae. Pholcus phalangioides, Fuess. Very plentiful in barns and out- buildings, and even in inhabited rooms. This species is probably an importation, although a very long-established one. Family. Mimetidae. Ero thoracica, Wid. Kecorded in "Victoria History." Family. Theridiidae. Steatoda denticulata, Walck. (= Theridion denticulatum, auct). Recorded by Mr. Hull. S. Yarians, Hahn (= Theridion varians, auct). Recorded in " Victoria History." S. similis, C. L. Koch (= Theridion simile, auct.). Recorded by Mr. Hull. S. pallens, Bl. (= Theridion pallens, auct). Recorded by Mr. Hull. S. Yittata, C. L. Koch (= Theridion pulchellum, anct). Recorded by Mr. Hull. S. lunata, Oliv. (= Theridion formosum, auct). In garden, Newport — an immature specimen. Theridium redimitum, Limi. (= Phyllonethis lineatus, Clk- Cambr). A lovely little spider and common everywhere during the autumn. The female may be found enclosed with her bluish-white globular egg-sac in a rolled leaf. Three well-marked varieties occur in which the abdomen may be marked with either a central or two lateral crimson stripes, or may be entirely devoid of red markings. Episinus truncatus, Latr. Recorded by Mr. Hull. Neottiura bimaculata, Linn. Newport, amongst plants in garden. This delicate little spider is rather local, usually occurring upon heaths. The female carries her egg-sac about with her, unlike most of her aUies. Stearodea bipunctata, Linn. (= Steatoda bipunctata, ajict). Common in the angles of barns and outbuildings, in the crevices of badly-fitting wdndow frames, and many similar localities. Both sexes taken adult in September. Pholcomma gibbum, Westr. A male of this curious little spider was taken at Marvel Copse in September. Asagena phalerata, Panz. A striking and very rare species. Taken by Mr. Hull. Robertus liYidus, Bl. (= Pedanostethus lividus, cmct). Marvel Copse, April. Family. Linyphiidae. Stemonyphantes lineatus, Linn. Common amongst grass, low herbage, and debris. Adult females in December. 280 AEACHNIDA Labulla thoracica, Wul. Both sexes in the adult condition were taken in a summer-house at Newport in September. Linyphia peltata, Wid. Marvel Copse. Adults in May. L. hortensis, Sund. Carisbrooke Castle. Adults in April. L. montana, Linn. (= L. triangularis, Clk.). Parkhurst Forest. Adult in September. L. clathrata, Sund. Marvel Copse. Adult in July. Lephthyphantes nebulosus, Sund. Newport. In outbuildings, &c. Adults in September and Deceml^er. L. leprosus, OJilert. In a conservatory, Newport, in December. L. pallidus, Camb. An adult male at Marvel Copse, in November. L. blackwallii, Kulcz. Marvel Copse and Parkhurst Forest. Both sexes adult in September. L. tenuis, Bl. In a garden, Newport. A very common species in most localities. L. ericaeus, Bl. An adult female in a conservatory at Newport in December. Bathyphantes gracilis, Bl. Adults at Marvel Copse in September. B. concolor, Wid. Adult females at Shanklin in August. Micryphantes rurestris, C. L. Koch. Common in several locahties in the Island. Adults in August and September. Sintula diluta, Camh. Males at Marvel Copse in September. Porrhomma egeria, Sim. A very rare species, recorded by Mr. Hull. Macrargus rufus, Wid. An adult male at Marvel Copse in March. Oedothorax fuscus, Bl. Marvel Copse. Adult males in September. Stylothorax apicatus, Bl. Pan Down. Adult males in Sep- tember. Trachygnatha dentata, Wid. Eecorded in "Victoria History." Erigonidium graminicolum, Sund. Recorded in " Victoria History." Erigone dentipalpis, Wid. Adults in a garden, Newport, in September. E. atra, Bl. Adults in July, Luccombe. Gonatium rubens, Bl. Adult females common at Marvel in October. G. rubellum, Bl. Adult males at Marvel in September. Enidia bituberculata, Wid. Adult males at margin of pond, Heytesbury Farm, in April. Dicymbium nigrum, Bl. Adult males at margin of pond, Heytesbury Farm, in April. Diplocephalus cristatus, Bl. Females in a garden, Newport, in September. Araeoncus humilis, Bl. Males at Newport in September. Ceratinodes scabrosa, Camh. Marvel sand-pit. Adult males in June. AEACHNIDA 281 Maso sundevallii, Wcstr. Females at Marvel Copse in September. Jacksonia acuminata, Bl. Females in a garden, Newport, in December. ORDER. PHALANGIDEA. Liobunum rotundum, Latr. Abundant in several localities in the Island in autumn. Phalangium opilio, Lmn. In a garden, Newport, in September. A very common species. Platybunus triangularis, Herbst. Garden, Newport, in winter. Megabunus insignis, Meade. Marvel Copse. Adults in Sep- tember. Oligolophus morio, Fabr. Common in several localities. 0. agrestis, Meade. Common, in company with the preceding species. Nemastoma lugubre, 0. F. Muller. In garden, Newport. N. chrysomelas, Henn. In a garden at Newport. Anelasmocephalus cambridgii, Westw. This rare and very curious species is recorded in the "Victoria History." ORDER. CHERNETIDEA. Chelifer nodosus, Schrank. Newport. Ideobisium cambridgii, L. Koch. Several specimens of this very rare species have l)een taken near Newport and at Marvel Copse. Obisium muscorum, Leach. A common and widely distributed species. Found amongst garden refuse at Newport. Chthonius rayi, L. Koch. Under boards in garden, Newport. ORDER. TARDIGRADA ( Water-be aes). Macrobiotus hufelandii. Has been noticed by Mr. Pring in the sediment of water from various ponds about Newport and elsewhere. CKUSTACEA. BY THE EDITOR. This great class is well represented in and about the Isle of Wight, though, unfortunately, little seems to have been done in the way of systematic study of any of the numerous groups which comprise the class. Crustaceans, including as they do such familiar creatures as crabs, shrimps, and woodlice, and a host of microscopic forms, may be found in great numbers off our coast, between tides upon our shores, in our streams, ponds, and ditches, and in vast multitudes as indi- viduals— though few in species — upon the dry land itself. The four sub-classes and some of the minor divisions into which the various species belonging to the Crustacea have been grouped, will be referred to in their proper order, though only in a few cases can an attempt be made to give anything approaching a complete list of the local species. SUB-CLASS I. EFIZOA OR HAUSTELLATA. A division which comprises a considerable number of species which are external parasites upon fishes and other marine animals. I have no local records for this group. SUB-CLASS IL CIBBIPEDIA OB THYBOSTBACA. Lepas anatifera (Ship-barnacle). When timber which has been floating in the sea for some time gets cast ashore it is frequently (282) CEUSTACEA 283 covered by these familiar crustaceans, about which such weird stories were told by the early " naturalists." Mr. Poole, of Shanklin, has in his collection a small group of barnacles which had afifixed themselves to a floating wine-bottle cork. There are other species in this genus which may at any time be thrown up on our shores on drifted wood, &c. Balanus balanoides (Common Acorn-barnacle). Very abundant between tides on rocks and timber structures, also on the shells of molluscs, the backs of crabs, &c. There are several other species in this and alHed genera which may be expected to occur in the Island. SUB-GLASS III. ENTOMOSTBACA. This group, comprising as it does a host of minute species inhabit- ing our ponds and ditches, and also the sea, appears to have been but little studied in the Island. Such few records as have come to my notice are given below. OEDEE 1. OSTEACODA. Herpetocypris reptans. Appears to be frequent in the large ponds at Carisbrooke, and in Westminster Pond, Newport. Cypris virens. Westminster Pond (S. W. Pring). C. Yidua. Westminster Pond (S. W. Pring). OEDEE 2. COPEPODA. Centropages hamatus. Taken by Mr. Garstang, in June, off Spithead (Vic. Hist.). Temora longicornis. Off Spithead in June, W. Garstang (Vic. Hist.). Acartia clausi. Off Spithead in June, common, W. Garstang (Vic. Hist.). Cyclops strenuus. In pond, Heytesbury Farm, near Newport (S. W. Pring). OEDEE 3. CLADOCEEA. Daphnia obtusa. Taken in a pond at Totland Bay by Mr. D. J. Scourfield (Vic. Hist.). D. pulex. W^estminster Pond, and other ponds near Newport (S. W. Pring). Simocephalus vetulus, var. exspinosus. In pond, Heytesburv Farm (S. W. Pring). 284 CRUSTACEA Moina rectirostris. Taken in the Island by Mr. Scourtielcl (Vic. Hist.). Chydorus sphericus. In pond, Heytesbury Farm, near New- port, also in Westminster Pond (S. W. Pring). OEDEE 4. PHYLLOPODA. Nebalia bipes. St. Helens, under stones in muddy sand^ W. Garstang (Vic. Hist.). SUB-GLASS IV. MALACOSTRAGA. DIVISION 1. EDRIOPHTHALMATA {SESSILE-EYED CBUSTACEANS). Of the order Isopoda (equal-footed) a fair number of species have been collected. Included in this group are the terrestrial Isopods, commonly known as woodlice, and of these twenty-five species have been ascertained to occur in the British Isles. Ten at least are found in the Island, and in all probability several more will be discovered by further search. Ligia oceanica (Quay-louse). Common on the seashore beneath stones and seaweed, in the crevices of rocks, &c.; also on the banks of the Medina Estuary below Newport. Trichoniscus pusillus. Amongst moss, Parkhurst Forest, in January; also in Marvel Copse. Probably common. Oniscus asellus (Common Slater). An abundant species in gardens, beneath stones, under bark, &c. Philoscia muscorum (Moss Slater). Common and generally distrilnited ; very active in its movements ; may be found beneath stones, amongst moss, and at the roots of grass and herbage. Platyarthrus Hoffmannseggii. I have found this curious spe- cies on several occasions in its customary habitat — the nests of ants, usually beneath stones, at Totland Bay, St. George's Down, and Arreton ; Mr. Stebbing records it from Ventnor, and Mr. Woods from Bembridge Down. These little creatures are white, and have no eyes. Porcellio scaber. Abundant in gardens and elsewhere beneath stones, amongst vegetable refuse, and under the bark of fallen trees. P. pictus (?) One specimen in outhouse, Newport. Dr. Caiman, of the British Museum, who has kindly identified the species of woodlice given in this list, believes the specimen submitted to him (an immature one) to be of this species. P. dilatatus. Mr. Stebbing, in the " Vic. Hist.," records this species, which he terms "rather uncommon," from Ventnor. CRUSTACEA 285 Metoponorthus pruinosus. Beneath heap of garden refuse, in September, Newport. Armadillidium Yulgare (Common Armadillo). Very frequent beneath stones and at the roots of plants in the open country, on the chalk downs, and near the sea. Asellus aquaticus (Water Woodlouse). Common in ponds near Newport, and doubtless elsewhere. Sphaeroma serratum. On muddy shore between tides at Gur- nard ; on rocks at Steephill. Whitecliff Bay (G. T. Woods). This little creature when alarmed rolls itself into a ball. S. rugicauda. King's Quay (G. T. Woods). Idotea balthica. Occurs in the sea, and on sandy shores. Eyde (C. Morley). OEDER. AMPHIPODA. The large number of species comprised in this order are charac- terized by having legs adapted both for swimming and for walking. The majority are of small size, varying from a quarter of an inch to an inch in length. Some are marine ; others are almost terrestrial; whilst many live in wells, or in streams and rivulets. The sand- hopper of our seashores is a familiar example. But few species seem as yet to have been recorded from the Island. Talitrus locusta (Sand-hopper). Plentiful on our shores at about the upper limit of the tide ; usually taking shelter beneath heaps of decaying seaweed on which the species feeds. Though abounding in the summer time they are not always to be found in winter, Orchestia littorea (Shore-hopper). St. Helens, and doubtless elsewhere (G. T. Woods). Niphargus aquilex. Occurs in wells. Mr. Stebbing, in the *' Vic. Hist.," refers to having received specimens from the Island. Amathilla homari (Grayia homari). This species is referred to in "British Sessile-eyed Crustacea," under the n&me of Aiuathilla sahini, as having been found in the Isle of Wight. Gammarus marinus. Whitecliff Bay, in March (G. T. Woods). G. pulex. The common freshwater "shrimp." May usually be found in numbers in our shallow streams and rivulets. Corophium longicorne. According to Mr. Garstang this species occurs off the Island and burrows in mud (Vic. Hist.). DIVISION 11. PODOPHTEALMATA (STALK-EYED CBUSTACEANS). ORDER 1. STOMATOPODA OR STOMAPODA. Squilla Desmarestii. The late A. G. More informed Bell that this species had been taken repeatedly off Bembridge by fishermen on a muddy bottom grown over with Zostera. Stebbing speaks of 286 CRUSTACEA this shrimp as being one of the rarest of Crustaceans, but J. Sinel, in his admirable little book, " An Outline of the Natural History of our Shores," states that he believes the species to be less rare than is supposed, and that it is due to its habit of burrowing at the roots of Zostera that it is so seldom seen. On one occasion during a storm squillas were washed ashore on the coast of Jersey by thousands ; and Mr. Woods, of Sandown, tells me that in 1904, during a storm, a good many were washed up on the beach near Yaverland in Sandown Bay. These latter were mixed up with seaweed and were mostly alive. Specimens are not infrequently taken between Eyde and St. Helens. ORDEE 2. DECAPODA. Tribe I. — Macroura (Big-tails). Palaemon (Leander) serratus (Common Prawn). Very plenti- ful in Island waters. Bell speaks of the London market in his time (about 50 years ago) being mainly supplied by prawns caught off the Hampshire and I. of W. coasts, and this trade still continues. P. (Palaemonetes) Yarians. Mr. Garstang records this species from a brackish ditch between Sea View and Eyde. Hippolyte (Yirbius) varians. Mr. Garstang, in the "Vic. Hist.," refers to this species as occurring in the district ; it is noted for its chameleon-like changes in colour. Athanas nitescens. In crevices under clay boulders, or on Zostera beds, St. Helens (Vic. Hist.) ; Cowes (C. Morley). Crangon vulgaris (Common Shrimp). Very plentiful, especially in sandy places. C. sculptus (Sculptured Shrimp). Occurs off the Island where there is sand, according to W. Garstang (Vic. Hist.). Homarus vulgaris (Common Lobster). Common off most parts of the Island, but far less plentiful than the edible crabs. The num- ber of lobster-pots to be seen by the fishing huts indicates that a considerable local trade is done with these delicacies. ^ Palinurus (vulgaris) quadricornis (Craw-fish). This, the com- mon spiny lobster of Bell, appears to be a rare species in the Island. Specimens are very occasionally taken by fishermen in Sandown Bay (G. T. Woods). Tribe 2. — Anomoura (Queer-tails). Galathea strigosa (Spinous Galathea). Occasionally in Sandown Bay (G. T. Woods) ; one only in prawn-pot at Shanklin (H. F. Poole). G. squamifera (Scaly Galathea). Frequently brought ashore at Sandown in lobster-pots (G. T. Woods) ; occasionally washed up dead at Shanklin, and is found commonly in the prawn-pots (H. F. Poole) ; occurs also on other shores. CRUSTACEA 287 Porcellana longicornis (Minute Porcelain Crab). Sometimes washed up in considerable numbers at Shanklin, but not always so common (H. F. Poole) ; Cowes (C. Morley). P. platycheles (Hairy Porcelain Crab). Frequently to be found alive at low water at Horseledge, Shanklin ; also at the base of the Culvers (H. F. Poole) ; Cowes (C. Morley). Pagurus (Eupagurus) Bernhardus (Common Hermit). Brought ashore in great numbers by fishermen in lobster-pots. It is very probable that some of the smaller and rarer species of "hermits" may be found if search is made for them. This species begins to breed when of very small size, so that it must not be supposed if a small specimen be found with eggs that it necessarily belongs to one of the scarcer species. Tribe 3. — Brachyura (Little -tails). Corystes CassiYelaunus (Masked Crab). Frequently thrown up on to the shore at Shanklin during storms from the East (H. F. Poole). Polybius Henslowii (Henslow's Swimming-crab). Mr. Couch speaks of this species as being more of a swimming crab than either of the other kinds. Occasionally washed up on to the beach at Shanklin, and fairly common in the prawn-pots (H. F. Poole) ; Sandowm Bay, not common (G. T. Woods). Portunus depurator (Cleanser Swimming-crab). Mentioned by W. Garstang in the "Vic. Hist." as occuring off the Island where there is mud ; very common in lobster-pots in Sandown Bay (G. T. Woods) ; common in prawn-pots at Shanklin (H. F. Poole). P. arcuatus (Arched-fronted Swimming-crab). One specimen in Sandown Bay (G. T. Woods) ; brought ashore commonly in prawn- pots at Shanklin, and also found at low water amongst the rocks at the base of the Culvers (H. F. Poole). P. puber (Velvet Swimming-crab). Frequent in lobster-pots, Sandown Bay (G. T. Woods) ; Eyde (G. W. Colenutt) ; commonly washed up after storms at Shanklin (H. F. Poole). Portumnus Yariegatus. Occurs commonly at Shanklin at low water on, or rather in, the sand which, owing to its colouration and spotted carapace, it closely resembles. Notwithstanding this pro- tective device it sometimes falls a prey to the gulls, in common with other crustaceans and sea creatures, as they are in the habit of following the retreating waves and snapping up every edible thing they come across (H. F. Poole)." * Mr. Poole writes me on reading the proof of this article : "This habit is more particularly a winter proceeding with the gulls, and the crabs they snap up, or spoil, before the collector can get them are mostly dead specimens. I should think the wonderful protective colouration of P. variegatus when alive would deceive even a gull. When they are dead and rolled over by the waves showing the whitish under-surface it would be a different matter." 288 CRUSTACEA Carcinus maenas (Common Shore Crab). Plentiful on all our shores wherever there are rocks and seaweed to afford it shelter. Pirimela denticulata. Bell states, in "British Stalk-eyed Crustacea," that W. Thompson found three specimens washed ashore at Compton; and W. Garstang, in the "Vic. Hist.," mentions the occurrence of this species off the Island in shell-sand. Pilumnus hirtellus (Bristly Crab). Frequent at Shanklin, alive at low water, and dead specimens are often washed up (H. F. Poole) ; Sandown (G. T. Woods). Bell says this species frequents the coasts of Hampshire and the adjoining counties, and occurs in deep water as well as in shallow. Cancer pagurus (Edible Crab). Very common, especially off the south side of the Island. Large numbers are taken annually by the fishermen, and many are sent to the London market. So well- established is the trade in crabs at Niton that the village has for many years been known locally as Crab-Niton. This, doubtless, is to distinguish it from Knighton, at Newchurch, w^iich is called K-nighton. Maia squinado (Spinous Spider-crab). Occurs not infrequently off Sandown and Shanklin in deep water, and is sometimes brought ashore in crab-pots (H. F. Poole). This species attains to a great size. Hyas araneus. Plentiful in lobster-pots, Sandown Bay ; fisher- men say they are commoner since dredgers from Portsmouth have tipped mud just outside the Bay (G. T. Woods) ; Cowes (C. Morley) ; common in prawn-pots, Shanklin (H. F. Poole). H. coarctatus. Two specimens from Sandown Bay (G. T. Woods) ; common in prawn-pots, Shanklin (H. F. Poole). Pisa (Blastus) tetraodon (Four-horned Spider-crab). I. of W. (Dr. Leach & Eev. T. Stebbing) ; very common at Eyde (C. Morley) ; fairly common in lobster-pots at Shanklin, and occasionally found alive at low water (H. F. Poole) ; Sandown Bay (G. T. Woods). Inachus dorynchus. Washed up in some numbers at Shanklin during rough weather in the winter of 1895, and fairly common since in the prawn-pots (H. F. Poole). I. Dorsetensis (Scorpion Spider-crab). In lobster-pots, Sandown (G. T. Woods) ; several specimens in lobster-pots at Ventnor. Stenorynchus phalangium = Macropodia rostrata. One speci- men in lobster-pot, Sandown (G. T. Woods) ; common at Eyde (C. Morley) ; one taken in prawn-pot off Shanklin (H. F. Poole). The foregoing list enumerates but 67 species, which can scarcely be regarded as representative of the Crustacea of the Island, excepting as regards the crabs and the woodHce. I trust, however, that it will form a useful nucleus of a more extended list to be published at some future date. CRUSTACEA 289 As examples of what may be done in faunal work may be mentioned the "Crustacea of Devon and Cornwall," by Canon Norman & Dr. Scott, 1906, in which an enumeration is made of 808 species which have been found in these two counties ; and that of the Clyde District, from which Dr. Scott records 855 species. The following are a few works deahng partly or wholly with British Crustacea: "British Stalk-eyed Crustacea," Bell, 1853; " British Sessile-eyed Crustacea," Bate & Westwood, 1861-69 ; " A History of Crustacea (Malacostraca)," Stebbing, 1893; "British Entomostraca," Baird, 1850; " Monograph of Copepoda," Brady, 1878-1880; "British Eecent Ostracoda," Brady, in "Trans. Linn. Soc.,"1868; " Crustacea of Norway," Sars ; " British Woodlice," Webb & Sillem, 1906 ; " An Outline of the Nat. Hist, of our Shores " (chapter on Crustacea), Sinel, 1906. MYKIAPODA. BY THE EDITOR. This class contains the Millipedes and Centipedes of which there are 50 or 60 species which inhabit Great Britain. They are allied to the spiders, and to the insects, and in certain respects to some of the worms. Centipedes devour living animals, such as insects and worms, whereas Millipedes are vegetable feeders. Millipedes may be distinguished from Centipedes by the fact that they possess two pairs of legs to each segment of the body, whilst the latter have but one pair to each segment. These familiar and many-legged little animals may be found in various situations. I have noticed them, of one species or another, amongst garden refuse, turned up with the soil when digging, in moss and amongst dead leaves, beneath the bark of trees, in decayed wood, under logs and stones, in hedge-banks, beneath seaweed on the seashore, in old decayed potatoes, and in many other places ; and I am told of a species that may be shaken from ivy blossoms, and of another that lives in pine trees. I know of no hand-book of the British species, but a monograph is being prepared for the Eay Society by Mr. Wilfred Mark Webb, who at the present time is accumulating material for this purpose. I may say in this connection that I collected a number of specimens, of about a dozen species, and forwarded them to Mr. Webb — partly as a contribution towards the Eay Society publication, and partly with a view to increasing our knowledge as to the local species for the present work. Mr. Webb undertook to send me the names of these as soon as he could get them worked out, but he writes me that he has been so much engaged in a fresh undertaking that he has had to put aside his Centipede work for the present ; so that, as the printers are now ready for this section of the " Guide," I can only give here the names of the several species which were collected in the Island by Mr. Oldfield Thomas, and recorded by Mr. R. I. Pocock in his article on the Myriapoda in the " Victoria History (Hants)." (290) MYEIAPODA 291 CENTIPEDES. Lithobius forficatus, Linne. Common in gardens, &c. L. variegatus, Leach. Osborne. L. melanops, Neiuport. Freshwater. Cryptops hortensis, Leach. Freshwater. Geophilus longicornis, Leach. Freshwater. Linotaenia crassipes, C. Koch. Freshwater. MILLIPEDES. Glomeris marginata, Villers. Yarmouth. Atractosoma polydesmoides, Leach. Osborne. Julus britannicus, Verhoeff. Osborne. J. punctatus, Leach. Shanklin. J. niger, Leach. Osborne and St. Lawrence. Note. — If I receive the necessary information as to my own captures from Mr. Webb before the last pages of this work are in the press, I propose adding at the end of the book a supplementary list. U2 INSECTS (INTEODUCTOEY). BY THE EDITOR. The term " Insect " conveys different impressions to the minds of different persons, according to whether they have ever given serious attention to the host of small animals ^Yhich are now grouped together in the class Insecta. The non-entomological public have, as a rule, a somewhat vague idea as to the limits of this class, and, not unnaturally, associate with the true Insects such small fry as spiders, mites, woodlice, centipedes, and the like. I have known even of slugs being spoken of as "Insects," and we have all heard of " Cora] Insects." On the other hand there is a popular tendency to exclude butterflies and moths, and to look upon them as a separate class, though all naturalists regard them as true Insects. Entomologists are not agreed as to how many orders should be constituted to contain the vast army of Insects which exist in the World : the number adopted by Dr. David Sharp, in the " Cambridge Natural History," is nine, and these are as follows : — Aptera. — An obscure order of wingless Insects resembling larvae, and undergoing but little metamorphosis ; they are of simple organization, of small size, and few in species, but often numerous as individuals ; the silvery-looking little creature found in buildings and known as the " fish-insect " is an example ; other very common species found about rocks, &c., have a spring which enables them to jump. No list of species can be given of this order. Oethoptera. — Contains the grasshoppers, crickets, locusts, ear- wigs, cockroaches, mantises, walking-leaf and stick Insects. Neuroptera. — Dragon-flies, may-flies, caddis-flies, lacewinged- flies, scorpion-flies, termites, ant-lions, &c. Hymenopteea. — Bees, wasps, ants, ichneumon-flies, saw-flies, gall-flies, &c. Coleoptera. — Beetles. (Cockroaches are often spoken of as " black beetles," though they are neither " black " nor " beetles.") (292) INSECTS (introductory) 293 Lepidoptera. — Butterflies and moths. DiPTERA. — Two-winged flies — such as blow-flies, house-flies, crane-flies, and gnats ; also a few wingless forms such as fleas. Thysanoptera. — A very small order consisting of a few species of Thrips — tiny insects which may often be found in profusion in flowers. No list of species can be given of these. Hemiptera. — Bugs, aphis-flies, cicadas, lantern-flies, &c. : an extensive order of Insects very varied in character, often beautiful in colour and quaint in design, and living for the most part on the juices of vai-ious plants. As to the number of species of Insects now living on our planet, they can truthfully be termed a mighty host. About 250,000 different kinds have been collected, described, and named, but some entomologists believe that even this large number may only represent about one-tenth of the species that may eventually be discovered. Other estimates are on a somew^hat more moderate scale, and vary from 800,000 to 2,000,000. In Britain alone some 14,000 or 15,000 species are known,''' and these are constantly being added to, so that if we assume, by w^ay of comparison, that the World's Insects run to about 1,500,000 it would seem that we in Britain possess about one in a hundred of the grand total. If these figures are approximately correct, it shows that Insects are more local in their distribution than many other organisms, especially such groups as the Infusoria, Eotifera, and the spore- bearing plants ; also than the higher forms, as mammals, birds, and In the following pages lists of the species belonging to the seven principal orders which have been observed or collected in the Island will be given, with data, when available, as to their comparative frequency and distribution. The present total certified from Britain is about Coleoptera Hemiptera Orthoptera Neuroptera Lepidoptera Hymenoptera ... Diptera 3264 1233 53 443 2100 4830 2577 Total 14,500 Claude Morley. OETHOPTEEA. BY MALCOLM BURR, B.A., F.E.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.G.S. The Isle of Wight offers a very favoured collecting-ground to the Orthoptei'ist : a good proportion of our rarer forms occur in the Island, and the fact that two or three scarce species which almost certainly occur have not yet been recorded, is an incentive to further search. The system followed in this list is that of Brunner, with the modifications proposed by Bolivar and the inevitable modernisation of the nomenclature. Our British Orthoptera offer no difficulty to the student, for all the species are easily recognisable. They may be determined by the help of my own little book (British Orthoptera, Huddersfield, 1897), and hints may be found in numerous notes scattered through the pages of the "Entomologists' Eecord " for the past ten years. We have been promised a complete and well-illustrated work on the subject from the capable pen of Mr. W. J. Lucas : let us hope that it will soon appear. The material for the following list has been afforded by various records in the entomological magazines, by captures and notes furnished me by various friends and correspondents, and by captures made by myself in the Island in 1903, recorded in the " Ent. Record," Vol. XV., p. 294 (1903). The following are the initials of the various authorities for captures and localities : — F.M : Mr. Frank Morey (specimens sent to me for identifi- cation). CM : Mr. Claude Morley (1907). H.F.P : Mr. H. F. Poole, of Shanklin. H.S.K.D : Mr. H. S. K. Donisthorpe, who has taken a number of specimens in the Island on various occasions. M.B : The writer (1903). (294) ORTHOPTERA 295 OEDEE. OETHOPTEEA. Sub-order I. Dermaptera (Earwigs). Labidura riparia, Pall. (Great Earwig). Has been taken at Bonchurch. Labia minor, Liym. (Lesser Earwig). Newport, in a cucumber frame, in May (F.M.) ; also beneath heaps of garden refuse in Sept. (P.M.). Probably common thi'oughout the Island. It may be taken on the wing with Staphylinidae in warm summer evenings. Forficula auricularia, Linn. (Common Earwig). Abundant everywhere. A male with one branch of forceps abortive from Eyde (H.S.K.D., 1903) ; two females with wings abortive, per- haps referable to the South-European F. decipiens, in horse-dung at Compton Bay (M.B., 1903). This is an exceedingly interesting capture, as apterous specimens of the common earwig are practi- cally unknown. It is highly desirable that the question be cleared up by the capture of a male : any earwig with abortive wings should be promptly submitted to a competent specialist for examination. F. lesnei, Finot (Lesne's Earwig). Fairly common. Numerous at Freshwater Bay, Blackgang, and the Undercliff (M.B.) ; also at Niton and St. Catherine's Point (H.S.K.D.). May be taken by sweeping among flowering shrubs and nettles in the afternoon and evening in the late summer. Sub-order II. Dictyoptera. Section I. Blattodea (Cockroaches). Ectobia lapponica, Linn. Parkhurst Forest (H.S.K.D., 1903) ; also by F.M. in August, 1907. Probably elsewhere : may be taken by sweeping in grass, and under rubbish and dead leaves. E. panzeri, Steph. Common among dry grass along the coast : Yarmouth, Alum Bay, Totland Bay, Compton Bay, Blackgang, St. Catherine's Point (M.B.) ; Parkhurst Forest (CM.). There is a female with ootheca from Blackgang in the Hope Museum, Oxford. E. livida, Fabr. Very likely occurs. It should be looked for in Parkhurst Forest. Phyllodromia germanica, Linn. Shanklin : one specimen in a house and another in a grocery store (H.F.P.). Probably estab- lished in restaurants, &c., in other parts of the Island. Blatta orientalis, Linn. (Common Cockroach). Plentiful at Newport and elsewhere (F.M.). Sub-order III. Eugrthoptera. Section I. Acridiodea (True Grasshoppers). Stenobothrus lineatus, Panzer. No record found : a local species that probably occurs in the Island. 296 ORTHOPTERA Omocestus viridulus, Linn. Parkhurst Forest (M.B.) ; Haven Street woods (CM.) ; Newport (F.M.). A common species. 0. rufipes, Zett. No record found, but probably occurs in the Island. Stauroderus bicolor, Gharp. Our commonest British grasshopper. Chorthippus elegans, Charp. A local species. Freshwater; Freshwater Bay, in dry grass near the front ; Parkhurst Forest (M.B.) ; Ventnor (CM.). C. parallelus, Zett. A very common grasshopper. Gomphocerus maculatus, Thunb. Afton Down, Undercliff, Blackgang, St. Catherine's Point (M.B.). G. rufus, Linn. Should be sought for on grassy hillsides. Tettix bipunctatus, Liim. Parkhurst Forest (CM., M.B.) ; Marvel, in May (F.M.) ; XJndercliff (M.B.). Probahly everywhere. T. subulatus, Linn. Should also be looked for. These two species may be taken by sweeping — the former on dry ground, the latter in humid situations. Section II. Locustodea (Long-horned Grasshoppers). Letophyes punctatissima, Bosc. Common : Freshwater, Freshwater Bay, Compton Bay, Blackgang, and XJndercliff (M.B.) ; Parkhurst Forest (CM., F.M.) ; Yarmouth (CM.). Meconema Yarium, Fabr. Found commonly when beating for larvae, in August and September, at Bordwood, near Sandown ; also on street lamps in Shanklin (H.F.P.). In house at Newport in August, also in Marvel Copse (P.M.). In October and late into November they may often be found straggling into houses through the windows : they seem commonest after high wind, which blows them down from their trees. They occur chiefly on limes and oaks. Xiphidium dorsale, Latr. Numerous in the marsh extending from Yarmouth to Freshwater (M.B.) ; Eookley Wilderness (CM.). Locusta Yiridissima, Linn. Abundant in the Island. On August evenings its harsh stridulation resounds from hedges and thickets — more rarely in trees ; in Parkhurst Forest (M.B.). Platycleis grisea, Fabr. Numerous at Compton Bay, Black- gang, and the XJndercliff (M.B.). PI. brachyptera, Linn. Should be looked for on heath land, and the rare PI. roeselii, Hagenb. on grassy fields. Olynthoscelis griseo-aptera, Dc Geer (= Thamnotrizon cine- reus, Linn.). Abundant : its characteristic chirp may be heard" on summer and autumn evenings, as late as the end of October, in hedges and thickets : abundant at Freshwater, Compton Farm, Blackgang, XJnderchff (M.B.) ; Sandown (W. Holland) ; and pro- bably everywhere. Section III. Gryllodea (Crickets). Nemobius sylvestris, Fabr. (Wood Cricket). This species has occurred commonly for the last ten years or more at Bordwood, near * " So chirps the grasshopper one good-night carol more ; He is an evening reveller, who makes His life an infancy, and sings his fill." — Childe Harold. ORTHOPTERA 297 Sandown ; and has also been noticed in Parkhurst Forest (H.F.P.) ; swept in Parkhurst Forest, August, 1907 ; also on previous occasions (F.M.). These are the first authentic records of the Wood Cricket from any British locality outside the New Forest. Gryllus domesticus, -Lm«i. (House Cricket). Frequent in bake- houses, but less common than formerly, owing to the improved ovens which have been introduced (H.F.P.) ; occasionally in houses at Newport, and probably throughout the Island (F.M.). G. campestris, Linn. (Field Cricket). Should be looked for in May. Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, Linn. (Mole Cricket). Dr. Welsford has informed me that the Mole Cricket occurs in the Island ; and Mr. Morey writes me that he has seen specimens which were dug up in a garden at Newport many years ago. Mr. P. Wadham, of Newport, found nine of these insects about six years since when turning over a heap of damp sandy soil in his garden through which flows the stream known as the Lukely. He has also dug out specimens on the banks of the Medina at Shide. This is, perhaps, our most striking British insect, and well worth special search. It is far from common, being very locally distributed. NEUEOPTEEA (LiNNAEAN Sense.) BY W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. When Linnaeus placed together the very heterogeneous groups of insects that comprise his natural order Neuroptera, he little thought of the heritage of difficulties he was bequeathing to succeeding entomologists. That they do not form a homogeneous order such as the Coleoptera is at once evident, but when the attempt is made to subdivide them we are beset with difficulties. It is, perhaps, the antiquity of tlie Neuroptera as a whole that prevents our splitting them into well-defined groups as may with greater ease be done with the later-developed and more specialised assemblages of insects. For our present purpose we will take six groups, or sub-orders, as follow, though perhaps the first and fifth should be divided again : — i. Corrodentia (Mallophaga or Bird-lice, White Ants, Psocids, and Embiids). ii. Perlidia (Stone-flies), iii. Odonata (Dragonflies). iv. Ephemeridia (Mayflies). V. Planipennia (Alder-flies, Snake-flies, Lace-wings, Scorpion- flies, &c.). vi. Trichoptera (Caddis-flies). 1. COKRODENTIA. Of this sub-order the White Ants and Embiids are quite un- represented in Britain, and at present none of the Mallophaga apparently have been recorded for the Isle of Wight. So far as at present known the British Psocids number 43, but there are no doubt more, for those interested in them are few. The list for the Island contains : — Elipsocus cruciatus. In garden, Newport, two specimens, June 1907 (C. Morley) ; one specimen in house, Newport, in October 1907 (F. Moreyj. 2. Peelidia. In the Stone-flies we have an ancient and somewhat difficult sub- order, containing 29 British species. Some are well knovm to (298) NEUEOPTERA 299 fishermen, but so far I have not a single record for the Isle of Wight, though some species, especially of the genus Nemoura, must be common. 3. Odonata. No doubt it is natural that a group of insects so large and brilliant as the Dragonflies should have received more attention than any other division of the Neuroptera. Of the 42 British species 16 have thus far been recorded. Nine others are almost certainly present — Libellula quadrimaculata, Orthetrum caernlescens, Cordulia aenea, Brachytron pratense, Aeschna juncea, Ae. grandis, Calopteryx virgo, Lestes sponsa, and Pyrrhosoma tenellum. Quite likely to occur are the following eight — Sympetrum mdgatum, Libellula fulva, Gomphus vidgatissimus, Lestes dryas, Erythromma naias, Ischnura pumilio, Agrion pulchellum, A. mercuriale; and possibly Oxijgastra curtisii. Eight others are quite unlikely and may be left out of consider- ation. The following are those thus far known : — Sympetrum striolatum. Eyde, Sept. 1900 (C. Morley) ; Park- hurst Forest (F. Morey) ; Borthwood (H. F. Poole) ; Shanklin and Ventnor (W. H. Bath) ; margin of ponds, Totland Bay, 12 Aug. 1907 (F. Morey) ; margin of Yar, Brading marshes, 16 Aug. 1907 (F. Morey). S. flaYeolum. One female in very much damaged condition — probably from Parkhurst Forest (F. Morey). Of females taken in Britain extremely few are known. S. sanguineum. Near Yarmouth (J. W. Cardew). S. SCOticum. Bembridge (J. W. Cardew). Libellula depressa. Parkhurst Forest (F. Morey) ; America Woods, 1906 (H. F. Poole). Orthetrum cancellatum. Parkhurst, 1906, a female (H. F. Poole). Tliis is a rather local species. Cordulegaster annulatus. Parkhurst Forest (F. Morey). Anax imperator. This, the largest and one of the handsomest of European dragonflies, has been met with at Parkhurst Forest (F. Morey) ; and at Hyde, near Shanklin (H. F. Poole). Aeschna mixta. In general scarce as a British dragonfly, but we have four I'ecords for the Island — ShankHn, 1903, a female, and in 1904 a male (H. F. Poole); Bembridge, 1905 (J. W. Cardew); Borthwood, 1907, a male (H. F. Poole). Ae. cyanea. For this common species there are several records — Eyde, Sept. 1900 (C. Morley) ; near Eyde (S. A. Blenkarn) ; St. Catherine's Point, 13 Aug. 1903 (M. Burr) ; Parkhurst Forest (F. Morey) ; Shanklin, and Hyde near Shanklin (H. F. Poole). Calopteryx splendens. Black Pan, near Sandown, 1905 (H. F. Poole). Platycnemis pennipes. Two males — probably from Parkhurst (F. Morey). 300 NEUEOPTERA Pyrrhosoma nymphula. Sandown Marshes, 22 May 1907, and Alverstone (H. F. Poole) ; Parkhurst (F. Morey). Ischnura ele^ans. Evidently common. It has been noticed at — Alverstone (H. F. Poole) ; Sandown (S. A. Blencarn) ; Park- hurst (F. Morey) ; at margin of Yar, Brading marshes, 16 Aug. 1907 (F. Morey) ; Ryde salt marshes, 17 July 1902 (A. H. Hamm) ; St. Helens, 22 July 1902 (A. H. Hamm) ; JBrading (A. H. Hamm). At the last named locality Mr. Hamm took a female with orange thorax, belonging to the variety rufescens. Agrion puella. Parkhurst (F, Morey) ; at margin of pond, Heytesbury Farm, Newport, 25 May 1907 (F. Morey) ; Alverstone (H. F. Poole) ; Ryde salt marshes, 17 July 1902 (A. H. Hamm). Enallagma cyathigerum. In field, NewiDort (F. Morey). 4. Ephemeridia. Here again we have a group still awaiting an Isle of Wight historian. But one small Mayfly, and that in its subimaginal condition, has so far come to hand out of 39 British species. They are interesting creatures for various reasons, one being that they fly as subimagines, having one more skin to cast before becoming perfect insects. Ephemerella ignita. A subimago taken near stream, Caris- brooke, 13 June 1889 (F. Morey). 5. Planipennia. In the Planipennia we have an interesting sub-order consisting of 56 species. As these are grouped in seven families, it is not sur- prising that we meet with much diversity in appearance, habits, and life-histories in this sub-order. Quite a considerable number of them (the 15 Chrysopas at least) are aphis-feeders, and therefore most useful insects. The list at present is — Sialis lutaria. The common Alder-fly of the fisherman. Park- hurst (F. Morey). Micromus variegatus. In garden, Newport, 21 May 1886 (F. Morey). A specimen of Micromus paganus is probably from the Isle of Wight. Chrysopa vittata. In garden, Newport (F. Morey). C. flava. In garden, St. Helens, 14 July 1902 (A. H. Hamm). C. flavifrons. Ryde, Aug. 1902 (C. Morley). C. vulgaris. In garden, Shanklin, 14 Oct. 1906 (F. Morey) ; The Dover, St. Helens, 14 July 1902 (A. H. Hamm) ; beaten from oak tree, Rookley Wilderness, 22 Sept. 1906 (F. Morey). Panorpa communis. Mr. Morey has frequently seen this Snake- fly in Parkhurst Forest. Quite possibly some of the specimens may have been P. germanica, which is equally common. NEUROPTERA 301 6. Trichoptera. At present the Trichoptera of Britain total up to 174 species, and additions are continually being made to the list. It is therefore somewhat of a reproach to the naturalists of the Isle of Wight that 4 species only can be set down definitely as inhabiting the Island. It is not that the group is inconspicuous or obscure, for everyone is acquainted with the caddis-cases which the larvae construct as a protective covering. There is further one point in connection with the Trichoptera which is of great interest scientifically. There are some small species of this group, which appear to be at the point where the comparatively modern order of Lepidoptera took its rise. The four species noticed are : — Limnophilus lunatus. Parkhurst (F. Morey). L. Yittatus. At margin of pond, Heytesbury Farm, near Newport, 25 May 1907 (F. Morey). Stenophylax Yibex. In house, near millpond, Newport, 6 May 1907 (F. Morey). Rhyacophila dorsalis. Near stream, Carisbrooke, 7 April 1889 (F. Morey). Bibliography. 1. " Cambridge Natural History," VoL V. Insects, by Dr. D. Sharp, M.A., F.E.S. (General). 2. "Catalogue of British Orthoptera, Neuroptera, and Trichoptera," pubd. by W. H. Harwood & Son, 94 Station Ed., Colchester. (A most useful list, 9d. post free.) 3. "A Monograph of the British Psocidae " (Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, Vol. III. 1867) by R. McLachlan, F.L.S. (needs bringing up to date). 4. " Palaearctic Nemourae " (Trans. Entom. Society of London, 1894) by K. J. Morton, F.E.S. 5. "Palaearctic Perlidae " (Trans. Entom. Society of London, 1896) by K. J. Morton, F.E.S. 6. "A Monograph of the British Dragonflies," by W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., 1900 (coloured plates of 39 species). 7. "A Monograph of the Ephemeridae" (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend., 1871) by Eev. A. E. Eaton. 8. "Synopsis of British Ephemeridae" (Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 1888) by Eev. A. E. Eaton. 9. "A Monograph of the British Neuroptera-Planipennia " (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868) by E. McLachlan, F.L.S. (The genus Hevierohius needs bringing up to date). 10. " Monographic Eevision of the European Trichoptera," 1874- 1880, by E. McLachlan, F.E.S. 11. " Trichoptera Britannica : a Monograph of the British species of Caddis-flies " (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1865) by E. McLachlan, F.L.S. (needs bringing up to HYMENOPTERA. BY CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., Ac. One of our greatest authorities on the British Bees, the late Fred. Smith of the British Museum, once said (Entomologists' Annual, 1857, p. 32) that he believed "the Isle of Wight to surpass all other localities in this country for its richness in Hymenopterous treasures" ; and, as regards the Aculeata, this may very well be true, though it cannot yet be practically demonstrated, since collectors have recently been much fewer in the Island than they were in the sixties, when the same author thought (Venables' Guide, p. 447) "probably four- fifths of the British Aculeata had been found " there. This is a very high percentage, to attain which three hundred species are necessary nowadays ; and, although we cannot pretend to record so many, yet our list is a very representative one, when the short time given to its compilation is considered. Far otherwise, unfortunately, is it in the other groups of the Hymenoptera, which must be considered as little more than a foundation upon which to build up a more typical fauna in a future edition of this work, or in the Proceedings of tlie local Natural History societies. In the compilation of the following list, I have drawn freely upon the information supplied by brother entomologists, whose names will be found suffixed in brackets to their captures of the rarer species ; as well as upon many standard works dealing with the subject in general. My own acquaintance with the Island dates from 1877, when I caught some form of typhus — not Hymenoptera ! — investi- gating the curiosities of the Eyde seashore. ACULEATA. Ants. Formica rufa, L. Abundant in woods at Parkhurst, Firestone Copse, Ventnor, Norton, &c. (302) HYMENOPTERA 303 F. exsecta, Nyl. One ^ in Parkhurst Forest in August, 1897 (E. A. Butler) ; previously only known in Britain from about Bournemouth. F. fusca, Latr. Common : Niton, Parkhurst, Sandown, &c., in sandy places. Lasius fuliginosus, Latr. Luccombe, Marvel, Firestone, and Newport, on tree-trunks. L. umbratus, Nyl. Probably common : Shide (Frank Morey). L. flaYUS, De G. Common throughout the Island. L. niger, L. Niton, Newport, Ryde, &c. ; abundant. Tapinoma erraticum, Latr. Several ^ ? taken in Parkhurst Forest, Aug., 1907 (Butler). Ponera contracta, Latr. Ventnor (Saunders' Aculeata of Brit. Isles). Myrmecina Latreillei, Curt. " This is one of the rarest ants that occur in this country ; the 3' was first discovered by Mr. Curtis, in 1829, near Blackgang Chine, where it has been subsequently taken by other entomologists ; it is not unlikely to be found in most parts at the back of the Island, having myself found it both at Luccombe and Shanklin " (Smith). Tetramorium caespitum, L. Abounds along the Underchff (Smith) ; Sandown (G. E. Frisby). Stenamma Westwoodi, West. Freshwater (Saunders). Leptothorax tuberum, F. Ventnor, March, 1880 (Saunders). Myrmica rubra, L. Races laevinodis, ruqinodis and scabrinodis common. Solenopsis fugax, Latr. Taken at Sandown by Canon Fowler (Saunders) ; in some numbers at Blackgang, at roots of Arenaria maritima, Aug., 1908 (Donisthorpe). Solitary Wasps. Mutilla rufipes, Latr. Luccombe, St. Helens, and common at Sandown. Mr. Donisthorpe has taken c? c? at Luccombe and Chale and ? $ at Blackgang in August of this year — 1908. Myrmosa melanocephala, F. Sandown, Luccombe, St. Helens, and Marvel Copse. Methoca ichneumonides, Latr. A very rare species, first found in Britain by Curtis at Blackgang Chine in August ; a J taken near Ventnor by Pascoe in 1867 ; four ? ? by Rothney in 1871 at Sandown; a ? at Blackgang Chine, Aug., 1908 (Donisthorpe). • Tiphia femorata, F. Freshwater Bay (Saunders). Pompilus unicolor, Sjnn. Rare, and only found at Steephill Cove, near Ventnor, in July. P. bicolor, Lej}. Three ? ? and the first British 3' $ were taken near Ventnor by Rothney in 1871. P. rufipes, L. Not uncommon at St. Helens and Sandown in Julv and August. 304 HYMENOPTERA P. plumbaeus, F. On coast along whole back of Island ; also at St. Helens. P. chalybeatus, Sch. St. Helens and Bembridge (A. H. Hamm). P. gibbus, F. Eyde (Frisby) ; Blackgang Chine, 22nd June, 1907 (Elhott). P. pectinipes, Lind. St. Helens (Hamm). P. pusillus, Schiodte. The Undercliff, in August, 1876 (Butler). Salius fuscus, L. Eyde and Ventnor (Frisby) ; a ? in Marvel Copse in May (Morey). S. exaltatus, F. Bembridge, St. Helens, &c., common. S. obtusiYentris, Sch. Eare : taken by Eothney in 1871 (Ent. Ann. 1872, p. 98) ; St. Helens, July, 1899 (Hamm) ; Steephill, near Ventnor (Frisby). Calicurgus hyalinatus, F. Sandown (Saunders). Pseudagenia carbonaria, Scoj:). I took the only specimen of this very rare species yet found in the Island — a (Oxynoptilus clypeahs, Sharp). Pond, Sandown (Beare, Donisthorpe, & Ellis). Hyphydrus ovatus, L. Common in pond at Heytesbury Farm (Morey) ; St. Helens (Holland) ; Sandown (Taylor). Coelambus inaequalis, F. (Hygrotus inaequalis, F.). Common and gen. dist. COLEOPTEEA 335 C. parallelogrammus, Ahr. Sandown (Holland). Hydroporus pictus, F. In profusion in pond, Heytesbury Farm, Oct. (Newbery) ; the Yar, Brading, Aug. (Butler). H. lineatus, De G. Near Yarbridge (Holland). H. tristis, Payk. Pond, Heytesbury Farm (Morey). H. angustatus, Sturm. Pond, Heytesbuiy Farm, Oct. (Morey & Newbery). H. palustris, L. Very common. H. erythrocephalus, L. The Yar, Brading, Aug. (Butler) ; marshes near Sandown Fort (Taylor). H. obscurus, Sturm. Sandown (Holland). H. memnonius, Nic. One specimen, marshes near Sandown Fort, May (Taylor). H. nigrita, F. Rather common at Luccombe Chine, July (Champion). H. discretus, Fair. The Yar, Brading, Aug. (Butler). H. pubescens, Gyll. Sandown (Holland). H. planus, F. Common and gen. dist.: Shanklin, Nettlestone, Ryde, Sandown, &c. H. lituratus, Bridle (tessellatus, Drap.). Pond, Heytesbury Farm, Oct. (Newbery) ; Nettlestone (Morley) ; St. Helens (Holland). Agabus guttatus, Paijk. Pond near Brading (Taylor). A. paludosus, F. Ditches by the Yar, Aug. (Butler) ; small stream, Rookley Wilderness, Sept. (Morey). A. didymus, 01. Pond, Heytesbury Farm (Morey). A. nebulosus, Forst. In pi-ofusion under an old sack, dried-up pond, Shide, Oct. (Newbery) ; pond, Heytesbury Farm (Morey). A. conspersus, Marsh. Sandown (Holland). A. bipustulatus, L. Very common. Copelatus agilis, F. Marshes near Sandown Fort, May (Taylor). Rhantus pulverosus, Steph. (punctatus, Geofr.). Newport (Morey). Colymbetes fuscus, L. One specimen in pond, Heytesbury Farm (Morey) ; Bembridge (Holland) ; Sandown (Taylor). Dytiscus marginalis, L. Pond, Heytesbury Farm; also in sluggish stream near Newport (Morey). D. punctulatus, F. Pond, Heytesbury Farm, April (Morey). Acilius sulcatus, L. Pond, Heytesbury Farm (Morey). Gyrinidae Gyrinus urinator, III. Pond at St. Lawrence, not uncommon (Guyon). G. natator, Scoiy. Pond at Brading ; also in stream near Newport (Morey) ; Brading, Aug. (Butler). G. opacus, Sahl. (marinus, Gyll. var. opacus, Sahl.). Eyde (Holland). 336 COLEOPTERA CLAVICOENIA Hydrophilidae Hydrobius fuscipes, L. Pond, Heytesbury Farm, Oct. (Morey). H. fuscipes far. picicrus, Thorns, {var. subrotundatus, Steph.). Taken with the type form. Philhydrus maritimus, Thorns, (bicolor, F.). Brackish ditches, Bembridge (EUis) ; St. Helens (HoUand). P. nigricans, Zett. One specimen in pond near waterworks, Sando^vn (Taylor). P. coarctatus, Grcdl. Pond, Heytesbury Farm, April (Morey) ; pond near Station, Sandown, May (Taylor). Cymbiodyta OYalis, Thovis. (marginella, F.). Pond, Heytesbury Farm, Oct. (Newbery). Anacaena globulus, Payk. Small stream, Luccombe Chine, Oct. (Morey) ; Sandown (Donisthorpe & Taylor). A. limbata, F. Very common : Parkhurst, Brading, Sandown, &c. A. bipustulata, Steph. One specimen, marshes near Sandown Fort (Taylor). Helochares lividus, Foist. Common : pond, Heytesbury Farm (Morey A Newbery) ; Nettlestone (Morley) ; Yarmouth (Butler) ; St. Helens (Holland) ; Sandown (Taylor). Laccobius nigriceps, Thorns. Plentiful in pond at Heytesbury Farm (Morey) ; pond, Totland, Aug. (Butler). L. alutaceus, Thorns. Pond, Heytesbui-y Farm, Oct. (Newbery) ; the Yar, Brading, Aug. (Butler) ; Sandown (Taylor). L. minutus, L. The Yar, Brading, Aug. (Butler). L. bipunctatus, F. (bigiittatus, Gerh.). Pond, Heytesbury Farm, April (Morey) ; Nettlestone (Morley). Berosus luridiis, L. Sandown (Holland). Limnebius truncatellus, Thun. Common and gen. dist. L. nitidus, Marsh. The Yar, Brading, Aug. (Butler). Chetarthria seminulum, Herhst. Recorded by Guyon without locality ; Sandown (Donisthorpe). Helophorus rugosus, 01. (rufipes, Bosc). Sandown (Sharp). H. nubilus, F. Chale (Sharp). H. aquaticus, L. Common and gen. dist. H. aquaticus var. aequalis, Thorns. Pond, Heytesbury Farm, Oct. (Morey & Newbery) ; Sandown (Taylor). H. aeneipennis. Thorns, (viridicollis, Steph). Pond, Heytesbury Farm, April (Morey) ; Nettlestone (Morley) ; St. Helens (Holland). H. Mulsanti, Bye. St. Helens (Holland). H. affinis, Marsh. The Yar, Brading, Aug. (Butler) ; Nettlestone (Morley) ; Sandown (Taylor). H. brevipalpis. Bed. Very common and gen. dist. Ochthebius Yiridis, Peyr. One specimen in pond at Heytesbury COLEOPTERA 337 Farm, Oct. (Newbery) ; one specimen in ditch in marshes near the sea, Spring Vale, March (Morley). 0. margipallens, Lat. Bembridge (Donisthorpe). This should possibly be referred to 0. viridis, Peyr. 0. marinus, Payk. Bembridge (Donisthorpe). 0. aeneus, Stei)'h. I. of Wight (Blatch). 0. pygmaeus, F. (impressus, Marsh.). Pond, Heytesbury Farm, April and Oct. (Morey & Newbery). 0. ruAmarginatus, Steph. (bicolon, Germ.). Earely, at Luccombe, July (Champion) ; dried watercourse, Combley Wood, Aug. (Butler). 0. auriculatus, Bey. Salt marsh, Yarmouth (Donisthorpe). 0. nanus, Stej^h. Ditches by the Yar, Brading, Aug. (Butler) ; Bembridge (Donisthorpe). 0. punctatus, Stejm. Bembridge (Donisthorpe). Hydraena testacea, Curt. Pond, Heytesbury Farm, May (Morey). H. riparia, Kvg. Pond, Heytesbury Farm, Oct. (Newbery). H. nigrita, Germ. Luccombe (Champion). Sphaeridium scarabaeoides, L. In cow-dung, the Landslip, July; also on Pan Down, May (Morey). S. bipustulatum, F. On a road, June ; also in timber yard, April and July (Morey). S. bipustulatum var. marginatum, F. Bembridge (Holland). Cercyon littoralis, Gyll. Under seaweed, common and gen. dist. Varies extremely in colour and marking. C. depressus, Steph. Under seaweed, common and gen. dist. C. haemorrhoidalis, Herbst (impressus, Sturm). Sandown (Holland). C. obsoletus, Gyll. (lugubris, 01). Freshwater and Sandown (Holland) ; I. of Wight, locahty not noted (Morey). C. ilaYipes, F. (haemorrhoidahs, F.). In horse-dung, St. George's Dowm, June (Morey) ; St. Helens and Eyde (Holland) ; Niton (Donisthorpe). C. lateralis. Marsh. Sandown (Holland). C. melanocephalus, L. In dung, Pan Down (Morey) ; near Sandown (Taylor). C. unipunctatus, L. In cucumber frame, May ; also in house, Newport (Morey). C. nigriceps, Marsh. By sweeping in field, Newport, July (Morey). C. pygmaeus, III. By grubbing at roots, foot of cliffs, Sandown, Aug. (Newbery). C. analis, Payk. (flavipes, Thun.). Common amongst garden refuse, Newport, Aug. (Morey) ; Sandown, April (Taylor). Megasternum boletophagum, Marsh. In fungus, Marvel Copse (Morey) ; Newport (Butler) ; Sandown (Holland). Cryptopleurum atomarium, 01. (minutum, F.). In horse-dung, 338 COLEOPTERA Pan Down, June ; also by sweeping, Brading, June (Morey) ; near Sandown (Taylor). Staphylinidae Aleochara fuscipes, F. (curtula, Goeze). Under carrion, rather common : Newport, Blackgang, Yarmouth, Gurnard, &c. A. lata, Gr. In and under dead animals, rather common ; Cowes, Chale, Brook, Niton, Sandown, Parkhurst, &c. A. tristis, Gr. Heytesbury Farm, Aug. (Butler). A. bipunctata, 01. (intricata, Mann.). Ventnor, July (Morey) ; Barnes, near Brighstone, June (Taylor). A. lanuginosa, Gr. In dung. Pan Down, April ; also in timber yard, June (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor). A. moesta, Gr. Ventnor, April (Fowler). This record probably refers to A. succicola, Thorns, (simrsa, Heer) with which A. moesta was formerly mixed in British collections. A. succicola. Thorns, (sparsa, Heer). In dead fowl, Newport, July (Morey). A. nitida, Gr. (bipustulata, L.). By sweeping. Marvel Copse, June (Morey). A. morion, Gr. (Exaleochara morion, Gr.). Heytesbury Farm, Aug. (Butler). A. grisea, Kr. Eather common under seaweed. A. algarum, Fauv. Common under seaweed. A. obscurella, Gr. Under dead fish, Sandown beach. May (Taylor). Microglossa suturalis, Mann. (Crataraea suturalis, Mann). Near Shankhn (Poole). M. puUa, Gyll. I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). M. nidicola, Fair. Freshwater (Holland). Oxypoda opaca, Gr. Garden refuse, Oct. (Morey). 0. alternans, Gr. In fungus, Marvel Copse, Oct. and Nov. (Morey) ; Ventnor (Fowler). 0. nigrina, Wat. (sericea, Heer). In garden refuse, Oct. (Morey). 0. haemorrhoa, Mann. Eather common in tree fungus. Marvel Copse, Oct. (Morey & Newbery) ; Sandown (Taylor). Ilyobates nigricoUis, Payk. One specimen on the beach, San- down (Champion) ; Parkhurst Forest (Fowler, B.C.). Chilopora longitarsis, Stejih. Whale Chine, near Atherfield, June (Taylor). Atemeles emarginatus, Payk. One specimen by sweeping Ewpatorium, Luccombe, Aug. (Butler) ; one specimen, Bonchurch, July (Champion) ; Parkhurst Forest, April (Morey). A. paradoxus, Gr. On cliffs between Sandown and Brading (Fowler) ; ants' nest, Bonchurch (Martin). Myrmedonia limbata, Payk. (Zyras hmbatus, Payk.). In nests of Formica, Sandown and Ventnor (Champion). COLEOPTERA 339 M. laticoUis, Mark. (Zyras laticollis, Mark). In some numbers by placing grass in a tree inhabited by Formica, fuliginosa, top of Luccombe Chine (Fowler, B.C.)- Astilbus canaliculatus, F. In dung, the Landslip, July ; also in sand-pit, Marvel Copse, June (Morey) ; Eyde (Morley). Callicerus obscurus, Gr. On stones, near running water, Luccombe Chine, May (Morey). Alianta plumbea, Wat. (Heterota plumbea, Wat.). Under sea- weed in numbers, Ventnor, April (Fowler) ; Luccombe (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor). A. incana, Er. In some numbers in stems of Eeed-mace, pond in brickfield near Sandown waterworks, June (Taylor). Homalota languida, Er. One specimen, Luccombe, July (Champion). H. gregaria, Er. By grubbing at foot of cliffs, Sandown, Aug. ; also on muddy deposit at base of cliffs, Shanklin, Aug. (Newbery) ; Sandown (Donisthorpe). H. luridipennis, Mann. Under plants on beach, Sandown, and on muddy deposit at foot of cliffs, Shanklin, Aug. (Newbery). H. hygrotopora, Er. Under plants on beach, Aug. (Newbery). H. elongatula, Gr. On muddy deposit at foot of cliffs, Shanklin, Aug. (Newbery) ; salt marsh, Yarmouth, Aug. (Butler). H. Yolans, Scriba. Adgestone, May (Taylor) ; Newport, Aug. (Butler). H. Yestita, Gr. Common under seaweed all round the coast. H. sylYiCola, Fuss, (hypnorum, Eies.). In sand-pit, Marvel Copse (Morey). H. halobrectha, Sharp (flavipes. Thorns.). Common under sea- weed, coast near Quarr Abbey, Aug. (Newbery). H. puncticeps, Thorns. Common under seaweed, coast near Quarr Abbey, Aug. (Newbery). H. princeps, Sharp. Under seaweed, Ventnor, April, 1881 (Fowler). Thi8 insect is considered synonymous with halobrectha, Sharp (see above) in the European Catalogue of 1906. H. anguBtula, Gyll. I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). H. oircellaris, Gr. In garden, Newport (Morey) ; near Sandown (Taylor). H. analis, Gr. Very common and gen. dist. H. decipiens, Sharp (analis, Gr. ? ). By sweeping. Gurnard, June (Morey) ; in numbers in stack refuse near Sandown Fort and also near Brading, April (Taylor). H. xanthoptera, Steph. (castanoptera, Mann.). By sweeping, Pan Down, Shide, Oct. (Newbery). H. trinotata, Kr. On dead snail, Newport (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor) ._ H. triangulnm, Kr. Ditch refuse, Bordwood near Sandown (Taylor). Z2 340 COLEOPTEEA H. fungicola, Thorns. (nitidicoUis, Fair?). Common and gen. dist H. palustris, Kies. On muddy deposit, foot of cliffs near Shanklin Aug. (Newbery). H. sericea, Muls. (amicula, Staph.). Marvel Copse, Aug. (Butler) in tree fungus, same place, Oct. (Newbery). H. inquinula, Gr. In tree fungus. Marvel Copse, Oct. (Newbery) in dung, Sandown, Aug. (Donisthorpe). H. nigra, Kr. (zosterae, Thorns). In garden refuse, Newport, Oct. (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor). H. cauta, Er. (parvula, Mann.). In dung, Pan Down, April ; also by sweeping in meadow, Newport, June (Morey). H. atramentaria, Gyll. Eather common : by sweeping in meadow, Newport, June (Morey) ; in dung, Carisbrooke (Newbery) ; Sandown (Taylor). H. longicornis, Gr. Sandown (Donisthorpe & Taylor). H. sordida, Marsh. Under stones at sides of stream, Luccombe Chine, Aug. (Newbery). H. pygmaea, Gr. Amongst garden refuse, Newport, Sept. (Morey). H. muscorum, Bris. (parva, Sahl. var. muscorum, Bris.). In grass at roots of decaying tree, Quarr Abbey, Aug. (Newbery). H. laticollis, Steph. Eubbish-heap in garden, Newport, Oct. (Morey) ; Sandown (Donisthorpe). H. fungi, Gr. Very common everywhere. Tachyusa scitula, Er. In damp sand, Luccombe (Champion). Myrmecopora UYida, Er. Common under seaweed on coast near Quarr Abl^ey and elsewhere. M. sulcata, Kies. Common under seaweed with the last species. Falagria sulcata, Payk. Common in garden refuse, Newport (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor). F. thoracica. Curt. By grubbing, roots of plants at foot of cliffs, Sandown, Aug. (Newbery & Taylor). F. obscura, Gr. Very common in garden refuse and at roots of plants : Newport, Sandown, &c. Autalia impressa, 01. In decayed fungi, Mai-vel Copse, Oct. & Nov. (Morey). A. riYularis, Gr. By sweeping, Newport, Oct. (Morey) ; Brading, Aug. (Butler) ; Sandown (Taylor). Agaricochara laevicollis, Er. In plenty in fungus, Newport, Oct. (Morey). Sipalia testacea, Bi-is. In numbers under stones, &c., below higli- water mark, Sandown, July (Champion) ; Ventnor (Donisthorpe). Bolitochara lucida, Gr. In tree fungus, Marvel Copse, Oct. (Newbery). B. belia, Mark. In tree fungus, Marvel Copse, Oct. (Morey). Phytosus balticus, Kr. Eather common and gen. dist. on coast. P. spinifer, Curt. Eather common and gen. dist. on coast. COLEOPTERA 341 Diglossa mersa, Hal. Not uncommon under shingle, &c., below high-water mark : Ventnor, Bembridge, Sandown, &c. It is quite possible that some of the records refer to D. subjnarina, Fair. Oligota inilata, Mann. By sweeping near haystack, Marvel Copse, Oct. (Newbery). 0. atomaria, Er. Taken with the last species in profusion (Newbery) ; manure heap, Newport, Aug. (Butler) ; Sandown (Taylor). 0. punctulata, Heer. By sweeping grass, Newport, May (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor). 0. apicata, Er. In tree fungus, Marvel Copse (Morey). Myllaena intermedia, Er. Dried watercourse, Combley Wood, Aug. (Butler). M. gracilicornis, Fair. A single specimen of this insect — believed to be unique as British — taken under stones at foot of small waterfall on coast a little west of Ventnor (Fowler). M. infuscata, Matth. Two specimens under seaweed, Sandown, April (Taylor). M. brevicornis, Matth. On muddy deposit, foot of clitl's near Shanklin, Aug. (Newbery). Habrocerus capillaricornis, Gr. Sedge refuse, Yaverland, April (Taylor). Hypocyptus longicornis, Payk. By sweeping, and in garden refuse, &c., Newport (Morey). H. seminulum, Er. One specimen on a window in barn, Newport, May (Morey). Gonosoma pubescens, Gr. In tree fungus, Marvel Copse, Oct. (Newbery) ; Sandown (Donisthorpe & Taylor). C. immaculatum, Steph. In haystack refuse, Northlands Copse, Yaverland, April (Taylor). C. pedicularium, Gr. Several specimens in small stack of rough grass, in marshes a mile inland from Sandown (Taylor). C. liYidum, Er. (pedicularium, Gr. var. lividum, Er.). A single specimen by grubbing, roots of grass, Carisbrooke Castle, Oct. (Morey) ; several specimens in haystack refuse, Sandown, April (Taylor). Tachyporus formosus, Matth. Moss, &c., Luccombe, April (Fowler) ; in reed refuse, Sandown (Blatch) ; Blackgang, Chale, &c. (Donisthorpe) ; Sandown, April (Taylor). T. chrysomelinus, L. Common at roots of grass. T. pallidas, Sharp (scutellaris. Bye). A single specimen with pale head near Sandown (Taylor). T. hypnorum, F. Common at roots of grass. T. brunneus, F. (nitidulus, F.). Common at roots of grass. Cilea silphoides, L. In garden refuse, Newport (Morey) ; Barnes, near Brighstone, June (Taylor). Tachinus humeralis, Gr. Dead mole, Marvel Copse, May (Morey) . 342 COLEOPTERA T. pufipes, De G. Common and gen dist. T. subterraneus, Zy. In dung on cliff, Ventnor, Dec; also in timber yard, Newport, Dec. (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor). T. subterraneus, L. var. bicolor, Gr. Near Sandown (Taylor). Megacronus analis, PA;. (Bryocharis analis, Pk.). Sand-pit, Marvel Copse, March (Morey) ; Blackgang and Sandown (Donisthorpe). Bolitobius trinotatus, Er. In sand-pit. Marvel Copse, March (Morey). B. pygmaeus, F. (thoracicus, F.). In fungus. Marvel Copse, Oct.; also in fungus, Newtown, Aug. (Morey). Mycetoporus splendens, Marsh. Sandown (Donisthorpe). M. longulus, Mann. One specimen on wall of Coastguard Station, near Sandown, April (Taylor). M. claYicornis, Steph. Moss in waterfall, Luccombe ; also in Parkhurst Forest (Donisthorpe). M. splendidus, Gr. On mud and sand in damp places, Luccombe Chine, April (Fowler). Heterothops binotata, Steph. Common under seaweed near Quarr Abbey (Newbery) ; Bembridge (Ellis). Quedius ventralis, Arag. In damp wood mould, Freshwater (Donisthorpe). Q. mesomelinus, Marsh, {fulgidus of Martin's list). Undercliff (Martin). Q. fulgidus, F. In timber yard, Newport, June (Morey). Q. cruentus, 01. In manure heap, Newport, Oct. (Morey). Q. cinctus, PA;. Beneath stone. Marvel Copse, June (Morey). Q. fuliginosus, Gr. Not uncommon near Newport ; also at Ventnor, July (Morey). Q. tristis, Gr. Sand-pit, Marvel Copse, June (Morey) ; St. Helens (Holland) ; near Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor). Q. molochinus, Gr. Ventnor, July (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; ShankHn (Poole) ; St. Helens (Holland). Q. fumatus, Steph. One specimen in sedge refuse, Sandown, April (Taylor). Q. picipes, Mann. Under hedge trimmings, Carisbrooke, Oct. (Newbery) ; near Sandown (Beare & Taylor) ; Niton (Sharp). Q. nigriceps, Kr. Bordwood Copse, May (Taylor). Q. maurorufus, Gr. On muddy deposit at foot of cliffs near Shanklin, Aug. (Newbery) ; Ventnor, July (Champion) ; Sandown (Taylor). Q. obliteratus, Er. Under hedge trimmings, Carisbrooke, Oct. (Newbery). Q. semiaeneus, Steph. By sweeping. Marvel Copse, June ; also at Brading, June (Morey). Creophilus maxillosus, L. In numbers in dead dog on shore, Cowes ; also in street, Newport, June (Morey). Leistotrophus nebulosus, F. (Ontholestes tessellatus, Geoff.). Eather common and gen. dist. COLEOPTERA 343 L. murinus, L. (Ontholestes murinus, L). Rather common and gen. dist. Staphylinus caesarius, Ceder. I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). S. stercorarius, 01. Running in roadway, Sandown, Sept. (Beare) ; on ant-hill, Chale ; under stones, Sandown ; and also near Freshwater (Donisthorpe). Ocypus olens, Milll. Common and gen. dist. 0. brunnipes, F. On floor of outhouse, Newport, Sept. (Morey). 0. cupreus, Ross, (aeneocephalus, De Geer). In cow-dung, the Landslip, July (Morey) ; roots of grass on cliffs, Alum Bay, Aug. (Newbery). 0. pedator, Gr. Under stones, Bembridge Dowm ; also on chalk downs. Freshwater, July (Champion) ; roots of grass on cliffs, Sandown (Donisthorpe). 0. ater, Gr. Rather common : St. Helens, Freshwater, New- port, Yarmouth, Bembridge, &c. 0. morio, Gr. (globulifer, Geoffr). Common and gen. dist. 0. compressus, 7l/«r.s/t. Rather common: SandowTi, Ventnor, Newport, &c. Philonthus splendens, F. In dung near Sandown (Taylor). P. intermedius, Lac. Rare, Undercliff (Martin). P. laminatus, Creutz. Ryde (Morley) ; near Shanklin (Poole). P. aeneus, Ross. On dead fowl, Newport, July (Morey) ; Sea View (Holland). P. decorus, Gr. Shankhn (Poole). P. politus, F. (fuscipennis, Mann.). Moss, Parkhurst Forest, Jan. ; under stone, Pan Down, April ; Newport, Aug. (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor). P. lucens, Er. (Mannerheimi, Fauv.). Bogs, Alverstone (Ellis). P. Yarius, Gyll. Garden refuse, Newport, Aug. (Morey) ; St. Helens (Holland). P. albipes, Gr. By sweeping near stream, Rookley Wilderness, Sept. (Morey). P. umbratilis, Gr. Cut reeds, &c., Luccombe Chine, April (Fowler). P. cephalotes, Gr. Timber yard, Newport, May (Morey). P. fimetarius, Gr. Dead fowl, Newport, July ; also in house, Newport, and by sweeping, Brading, June (Morey). P. sordidus, Gr. Blackgang (Sharp) ; near Sandown (Taylor). P. concinnus, Gr. Sea View (Holland). P. corruscus, Gr. A single specimen near Sandown (Taylor). P. fumigatus, Er. (immundus, Gyll.). Amongst garden refuse, Newport, Sept. (Morey). P. debilis, Gr. Garden refuse, Newport, Sept. (Morey). P. sanguinolentus, Gr. Garden refuse, Newport, Aug. (Morey). P. Yarians, Payk. In dung, Pan Down, April ; Ventnor, July ; also under stones, Luccombe, May (Morey) ; at roots of plants, Sandown, Aug. (Newbery & Taylor). 344 COLEOPTERA P. yentralis, Gr. Garden refuse, Newport, Aug. (Morey). P. discoideus, Gr. Timber yard, Newport, June (Morey). P. fumarius, Gr. In plenty in marshy place, Sandown (Beare & Donisthorpe) ; Bembridge (Ellis). P. nigritulus, Gr. Common and gen. dist. Cafius fucicola, Curt. Common under seaweed. C. xantholoma, Gr. Very common under seaweed. C. xantholoma var. variegatus, Er. Under seaweed, Sandown, May (Taylor). C. sericeus, Holme. Common under seaweed. Actobius signaticornis, Rey. On mud in damp places, Luccombe (Fowler) ; muddy deposits, Sandown (Champion, Newbei-y, &c.) ; Chale (Sharp). A. Yillosulus, Steph. (Neobisnius villosulus, Steph.). Luccombe (Champion). Xantholinus glabratus, Gr. Not uncommon in roadways, &c. : Niton, Newport, Pan Down, St. Helens. X. punctulatus, Payk. Common. X. tricolor, F. Under stones on coast, gen. dist. : Alum Bay, Totland Bay, Niton, St. Helens, &c. X. linearis, 01. Common and gen. dist. X. longiventris, Heer. In timber yard, Newport, March (Morey) ; near Sandown (Taylor). Leptacinus linearis, Gr. (batychrus, Gyll. var. linearis, Gr.). Common in garden refuse, Newport (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor). Othius fulYipennis, F. (punctulatus, Goeze). Newport, Aug. (Butler) ; in fungus. Marvel Copse, Oct. (Newbery). 0. melanocephalus, Gr. One specimen, Sandown (Taylor). 0. myrmecophilus, Kies. Sand-pit, Marvel Copse, June (Morey). Lathrobium elongatum, L. Sandown (Holland & Taylor). L. boreale. Hock, (ripicola, Gzwal.). St. Helens (Holland). L. fulYipenne, Gr. Near Shankhn (Poole). L. angustatum, Lac. Not rare on muddy deposits at foot of cliS's : Luccombe, Sandown, Ventnor, &c. L. brunnipes, F. Marvel Copse, April (Morey) ; at roots of plants, Totland, Aug. (Newbery) ; Sandown (Taylor). L. longulum, Gr. Sandown (Taylor). L. terminatum, Gr. Nettlestone (Morley). L. terminatum var. immaculatum. Fowl. Near Yarmouth, April (Gorham). L. pallidum, Nord. I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). L. multipunctum, Gr. Eather common and gen. dist. Achenium depressum, Gr. Under stones in a dry ditch, Freshwater, Aug. (Newbery). Stilicus rufipes, Germ. Niton (Sharp). S. affinis, Er. (orbiculatus, Payk.). By sweeping, Bowcombe Down, June (Morey) ; near Sandown (Taylor). COLEOPTEEA 345 Scopaeus sulcicollis, Staph. Eoots of grass near Sandown (Donisthorpe) ; Bembridge (Ellis). Medon castaneus, Gr. In shingle, Steephill Cove (Guy on). This record probably refers to pocofer, Peyr. M. pocofer, Peyr. (pocoferus, Peyr.). Waterfall west of Ventnor (Beare, Donisthorpe, Fowler, &c.). M. ripicola, Kr. Ryde, in some numbers (Ford) ; Bembridge (Ellis). M. fusculus, Mann. Roots of grass near Sandown (Donisthorpe). M. propinquus, Bris. Garden refuse, Newport, Sept. (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor). M. melanocephalus, F. Newport in June and Sept. (Morey). Lithocharis ochracea, Gr. Very common in garden refuse, Newport (Morey) ; Sandown (Donisthorpe). Sunius angustatus, Payk. (Astenus angustatus, Payk.). Common and gen. dist. : Shide, Newport, Sandown, Niton, &c. S. diversus, Anb6 (pulchellus, Heer.). A single specimen in manure heap, Newport, Oct. (Morey). S. intermedius, Er. (immaculatus, Steph). On mud and sand in damp places, Luccombe Chine, April (Fowler). Paederus littoralis, Gr. Very common and gen. dist.: hedge- banks, dead leaves, &c. P. riparius, L. St. Helens (Holland). P. fuscipes, Ciirt. Luccombe Chine (Fowler) ; Ryde (Guy on). Dianous caerulescens, Gyll. Rather common in moss in water- falls : Ventnor, Luccombe, &c. Stenus guttula, Mull. On wet cliffs on coast ; rather common and gen. dist. : Alum Bay, Totland, Sandown, Luccombe, &c. S. bimaculatus, Gijll. Sandown (Taylor). S. speculator, Lac (clavicornis. Scop.). Parkhurst Forest (Sharp); near Sandown (Taylor) ; near Shanklin (Poole). S. proYidus, Er. var. Rogeri, Kr. (Stenus Rogeri, Kr.). Beneath stones on shore, Luccombe Chine, June (Morey) ; muddy deposit at base of cliffs, Shanklin, Aug. (Newbery) ; Ventnor, July (Champion); Sandown (Taylor). S. lustrator, Er. Parkhurst Forest (Fowler, B.C.). S. buphthalmus, Gr. Precise locality not noted (Butler). S. melanopus. Marsh. Sand-pit, Marvel Copse, April (Morey). S. crassus, Steph. Haystack near Blackpan Common, April (Taylor). S. brunnipes, Steph. Sand-pit, Marvel Copse, April (Morey) ; Totland, Aug. (Butler). S. impressus, Germ. By sweeping, Newport, May ; also Marvel Copse, April (Morey) ; Niton (Sharp) ; Sandown (Taylor). S. aerosus, Er. (aceris, Steph). I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). S. flavipes, Steph. By sweeping, Parkhurst Forest, June (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor). 346 COLEOPTERA S. pubescens, Steph. By sweeping, margin of stream, Carisbrooke, June (Morey). S. binotatus, Ljim. Amongst water plants in pond, Heytesbury Farm, Parkhurst, June (Morey) ; Sandown (Donisthorpe). S. nitidiusculus, Steph. Near dung, Ventnor, Dec. (Morey); Marvel Copse, Aug. (Butler). S. picipennis, Er. By sweeping, Brading, Jvme (Morey) ; Park- hurst Forest, Aug. (Butler) ; Ventnor, July (Champion). S. picipes, Steph. By sweeping in field, New^port, May, also at Brading in June; in sand-pit, Marvel Copse, March (Morey). S. similis, Hbst. Common and gen. dist. S. solutus, Er. One specimen swept off Equisetmn near Sandown Station, Sept. (Beare). S. tarsalis, Ljun. Brading, x\ug. (Butler) ; Sandown (Donisthorpe) . S. paganus, Er. (fulvicornis, Stej^h.). Heytesbury Farm, Aug. (Butler) ; near Sandown (Taylor). S. fornicatus, Stepih. One specimen at margin of pond, Heytes- bury Farm, Oct. (Morey). Oxyporus rufus, L. In fungus. Marvel Copse, Aug. (Morey). Bledius spectabilis, Kr. In marshy places, SandovvTi, July (Champion) ; St. Helens (Holland) ; Luccombe Chine (Taylor). B. tricornis, Hbst. Sandown, July (Champion) ; Yarmouth (Donisthorpe). B. bicornis, Germ. Sandown (Champion) ; Luccombe (Ellis) ; Bembridge (Donisthorpe). B. arenarius, Payk. Luccombe (Guyon). B. subterraneus, Er. Sandown, July (Champion). B. longulus, Er. In damp soil, Luccombe, not rare (Champion) ; side of the cliff, Luccombe, April (Fowler). B. opacus, Block. Sides of the cliff and sandy places below Luccombe Chine, April (Fowler) ; abundant at Sandown, July (Champion). B. atricapillus, Germ. Luccombe in plenty, also at Blackgang (Donisthorpe) ; Luccombe and Ventnor, April (Fowler) ; one specimen under seaweed, Sandown (Champion). Platystethus arenarius, Fourc. On herbage. Gurnard Bay, June (Morey). P. nodifrons, Sahl. On mud and sand in damp places, Luccombe Chine, April (Fowler). P. nitens, Sahl. Near Sandown (Donisthorpe & Taylor). Oxytelus rugosus, F. Very common. 0. insecatus, Gr. I. of Wight (Fowler). 0. sculptus, Gr. Common in garden refuse, Ne\\i)ort (Morey). 0. laqueatus, Marsh. In garden refuse, Newport ; also at Ventnor, July (Morey) ; Sandown (Donisthorpe). 0. inustus, Gr. In dung on cUtf , Ventnor, Dec. (Morey) ; under seaweed, Yarmouth, Aug. (Newbery). COLEOPTERA 347 0. sculpturatus, Gr. Rather common and gen. dist. 0. maritimus, Thorns. (Perrisi, Fauv). Under seaweed, Ventnor (Champion). 0. nitidulus, Gr. Eather common and gen. dist. 0. complanatus, Er. Common and gen. dist. 0. clypeonitens, Pand. Rather common in stream under stones, Luccombe Chine (Champion). 0. tetracarinatus, Block. Common and gen. dist. Haploderus caelatus, Gr. By sweeping herbage on rough land, Gurnard Bay, June (Morey). Ancyrophorus aureus, Fauv. Beneath stones in stream, Luc- combe Chine (Champion) ; I. of Wight (Wollaston, in E.M.M. 1873-4 p. 112). Trogophloeus bilineatus, Steph. Margin of pond, Heytesbury Farm, Parkhurst, May (Morey) ; under stones on clay cliffs, Alum Bay, Aug. (Newbery) ; under stone in watercourse, Combley Wood, Aug. (Butler) ; Ventnor (Donisthorpe). T. elongatulus, Er. Sandown (Taylor). T. corticinus, Gr. By sweeping at Gurnard, June (Morey). Thinobius breyipennis, Kies. Rather common, Sandown (Champion) ; Totland Bay (Dr. Sharp) . Syntomium aeneum, Milll. Sand-pit, Marvel Copse, April (Morey) ; Sandown (Champion). LesteYa longelytrata, Goeze. Sand-pit, Marvel Copse, April ; also near running water, Luccombe Chine, May (Morey) ; Luccombe (Taylor). L. pubescens, Mann. Moss in waterfalls at Luccombe and Ventnor (Donisthorpe). L. sicula — of Fowler and Brit, colls, nee Er. (Heeri, Fauv.). Ventnor and Luccombe (Donisthorpe) ; in moss on side of cliff, Sandown (Taylor). Acidota cruentata, Mann. Attributed to the I. of Wight by Guyon, probably the A. rufa, from Ventnor, of Martin's list. Lathrimaeum unicolor, Marsh. Beneath dead leaves. Marvel Copse, April; also in decayed fungi, same place, Dec. (Morey). Micralymma brevipenne, Gijll. (marinum, Stroem). Boulders below high-water mark, Sandown (Champion) ; Ventnor (Donisthorpe & Fowler). Philorhinum humile, Er. (sordidum, Steph.). On Ulex, common and gen. dist. Homalium riYulare, Paijk. By sweeping, Newport, June ; also in decayed fungi. Marvel Copse, Nov. (Morey). H. laeviusculum, Gyll. Not uncommon under seaweed near Quarr Abbey, Aug. (Newbery) ; shore, Luccombe Chine, May (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor). H. riparium, Thorns. With the last species, Quarr Abbey, Aug. (Morley & Newbery) ; Sandown (Taylor). 348 COLEOPTERA H. oxyacanthae, Gr. By sweeping in meadow, Newport, June (Morey). H. excayatum, Steph. In garden refuse, Newport (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; near Shanklin (Poole). H. caesum, Gr. In garden, Newport, May (Morey). H. rufipes, Fauv. (Phyllodrepa floralis, Payk.). On flowers of Syringa in garden, Newpoi't (Morey) ; Niton (Sharp) ; near Shanklin (Poole) ; Bordwood Copse (Taylor). H. gracilicorne, Fair. (Phyllodrepa gracilicornis, Fair). A single specimen — confirmed by Capt. St. C. Deville — swept from herbage, Marvel Copse, June 1884 (Morey). H. deplanatum, Gyll. (Xylodromus depressus, Gr). Niton (Sharp). Eusphalerum primulae, Stex)h. (Anthobium primulae, Steph). I. of Wight, no locality given (Donisthorpe's list). Anthobium ophthalmicum, Payk. In profusion on flowers of Umbelliferae in copse, Godshill, July (Morey). Proteinus ovalis, Steph. In decayed fungus. Marvel Copse in autumn (Morey & Newbery) ; Sandown, April (Taylor). P. brachypterus, F. Marvel Copse, with the last species. Megarthrus depressus, Payk. By sweeping, Newport, June and Oct. (Morey) ; Niton (Sharp) ; in a dead cat, Sandown (Taylor). M. sinuatocollis, Lac. In tree fungus. Marvel Copse, Oct. (Morey) ; under hedge trimmings, Carisbrooke, Oct. (Newbery). M. hemipterus, III. In putrid fungi, Parkhurst Forest (Donisthoi'pe). Phloeobium clypeatum, Mull. Under hedge trimmings, Caris- brooke, Oct. (Newbery). Pseudopsis sulcata, Newm. I. of Wight ("1834, F. Walker," in Donisthor-pe's list). Clambidae Calyptomerus dubius, Marsh. On wooden fence in garden, Newport, July (Morey) ; in debris of rushes, Luccombe (Guy on). Clambus armadillo, De G. Sandown (Guyon). SiLPHIDAE Agathidium atrum, Payk. St. Helens (Holland). A. seminulum, L. In tree fungus, Marvel Copse, Oct. (Morey) ; in nests of Formica rufa, Parkhurst Forest (J. J. Walker) ; moss, Shanklin (Guyon). A. laevigatum, Er. In sand-pit, Marvel Copse, April and July (Morey) ; under plants on beach, Sandown, Aug. (Newbery) ; Luc- combe Chine, April (Fowler). A. nigrinum, Sturm. In fungus. Marvel Copse, Nov. (Morey). Amphicyllis globus, F. Moss, Shanklin (Guyon). Liodes orbicularis, Hh^t. (Anisotoma orbicularis, Hbst). I. of Wight (Wollaston, in E.M.M. 1873-4, p. 112). COLEOPTERA 349 Cyrtusa pauxilla, Schmidt. Face of the cliff, Sandown, Aug. (Newbery) ; Ashey Down, by evening sweeping, July (Champion) ; Chale Chine (Donisthorpe). Anisotoma dubia, Kug. (Liodes dubia, Kucj). Luccombe, July (Champion) ; Chale Chine (Donisthorpe). A. badia, Sturm (Liodes badia, Sturm). At roots, top of cliffs, Totland Bay, Aug. (Newbery). A. similata, Bye (Liodes similata. Bye). Blackgang and Chale (Donisthorpe). A. brunnea, Sturm. A single specimen at Chale Chine, July (Donisthorpe, E.M.M. xliv. 60). A. calcarata, Er. (Liodes calcarata, Er). Eedcliff, Sandown (Morley) ; moss. Niton (Guyon). Colenis dentipes, Gyll. (immunda, Sturm). Recorded without locality in Guyon's list. Hydnobius punctatissimus, Steph. (punctatus, Sturm, var. punctatissimus, Steph.). Moss, no locality given (Guyon). Necrophorus humator, Goeze. In dead cat in plantation at Freshwater, April ; also under dead fowl in garden, Newport, July (Morey). N. mortuorum, F. (vespilloides, Hbst.). In carcases, no locahty given (Guyon) ; in dead lamb, Alverstone (Taylor). N. Yestigator, Hersch. In dead hedgehog. Marvel Copse, June ; also in dead rook, same place (Morey) ; near Sandown (Taylor). N. ruspator, Er. (investigator, Zett). Several specimens under dead mole. Marvel Copse, June ; also in dead bird, Newport, Aug. (Morey); Sandown (Taylor). N. interruptus, Steph. Under dead rabbits, Blackgang and Chale Chine (Donisthorpe) ; Newport, Oct. (Morey) ; near Sandown (Taylor). N. Yespillo, L. In garden, Newport, April (Morey). Necrodes littoralis, L. Under dead dog on shore, Cowes (Morey). Silpha tristis, III. Rather common, and widely distributed. S. nigrita, Creuz. (tyrolensis, Laich., var. nigrita, Creuz.). Carcases, Ryde (Guyon). S. obscura, L. In carcases, I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). S. opaca, L. In timber yard, April (Morey) ; " carcases," no locality given (Guyon). S. rugosa, L. In dead rook. Gurnard Bay, June ; also beneath dead hare, Freshwater, April (Morey) ; St. Helens (Holland). S. sinuata, F. Several specimens in dead rook, Gurnard Bay, June (Morey) ; St. Helens (Holland) ; Sandovra (Taylor). S. laevigata, F. In garden, Ventnor, May ; also on Bowcombe Down, June (Morey) ; Ryde (Holland) ; Sandown (Taylor). S. atrata, L. Amongst loose bark in timber yard, Newport, July (Morey) ; Cowes (Morley) ; Bembridge (Holland). Choleva angustata, F. (Sturmi, Bris.). Sandown (Taylor). 350 COLEOPTBRA C. cisteloides, Frol. On a window, Newport, June (Morey). C. Yelox, Spence (Nargus velox, Spence). In fungus, Froglands, Oct. (Morey) ; under hedge trimmings, Carisbrooke, Oct. (Newbery) ; sand-pit. Marvel Copse, March (Morey). C. Wilkini, Spence (Nargus Williini, Spence). In fungus, Marvel Copse, Nov. (Morey). C. nigricans, Spence (Catops nigricans, Spence). Under dead mole, Marvel Copse, June (Morey) ; under hedge trimmings, Caris- brooke, Oct. (Newbery). C. grandicoUis, Er. (Catops grandicollis, Er.). Many specimens in dead bird near Sandown Fort (Taylor). C. tristis, Panz. (Catops tristis, Panz.). Near Sandown (Taylor). C. Kirbyi, Spence (Catops Kirbyi, Spence). In fungus, Pan Down, Oct. (Morey). C. chrysomeloides, Panz. (Catops chrysomeloides, Panz). "Limpet Eun," Sandown (Taylor). C. Watsoni, Spence (Catops Watsoni, Spence). In dead fowl, Newport, Aug. ; also beneath dead mole, Marvel Copse, June (Morey). Ptomaphagus sericeus, Panz. (subvillosus, Goeze). Common and gen. dist. P. sericatus, Chaud. On ground in garden, Newport, Sept. (Morey). P. Yaricornis, Bosh. Recorded (in error?) as a "local species" (Guy on). Colon brunneum, Lat. Recorded without locality in Guyon's Hst. SCYDMENIDAE Neuraphes carinatus, Muls. One specimen by sweeping, Newport (Morey). N. longicollis, Mots. I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). Scydmaenus exilis, Er. (Stenichnus exilis, Er.). Parkhurst Forest (Fowler, B.C.). Euconnus denticornis, Miill. Alverstone (Ellis). E. fimetarius, Chaud. By sweeping in meadow, Newport, May (Morey). Eumicrus tarsatus, Miill. (Scydmaenus tarsatus, Miill.). In garden refuse, Newport, Oct. (Morey). Euthia scymenoides, Steph. A single specimen on the sand,. Sandown, July (Champion). Cephennium thoracicum, Miill. Moss, Shanklin (Guy on). Clavigeridae Claviger testaceus, Preys. With ants, Blackgang (Donisthorpe) ; rarely on the chalk downs, near Sandown, July (Champion) ; nest& of Lasius flavusy Freshwater (Fowler, B.C.). COLEOPTERA 351 PSELAPHIDAE Pselaphus Heisei, Hbst. Moss, Shanklin and Ventnor (Guyon). Tychus niger, Payk. By sweeping grass in meadow, Newport. May; also on Bowcombe Down, June (Morey). Machaerites glabratus, Bye (Bythinus glabratus, Bye). One specimen under a stone in company with Triclionyx Mcirkeli, San- down, April (Fowler). Bythinus puncticoUis, Den. Moss, I. of Wight— no locality given (Guyon). B. bulbifer, Beich. Moss, I. of Wight — -no locality given (Guyon). B. Gurtisi, Leach. Under cut reeds, &c., Luccombe Chine, April (Fowler) ; moss, Shanklin Copse (Guyon). B. securiger, Beich. Moss, Shanklin Copse (Guyon) ; I. of Wight (Fowler). Rybaxis sanguinea, L. (longicomis, Leach). Luccombe Chine (Fowler, B.C.). Bryaxis Waterhousei, Bye (Brachygluta Waterhousei, Bye). Under stones near shore, tidal refuse, &c., Ventnor, Luccombe and Cowes (Fowler, B.C.). B. fossulata, Beich. (Brachygluta fossulata, Beich.). In garden refuse, Newport (Morey). B. Helferi, Schmidt (Brachygluta Helferi, Schvi.). By sweeping, Gurnard Bay, June (MoreyJ ; Bembridge (Donisthorpe). B. juncorum, Leach (Eeichenbachia juncorum. Leach). By sweeping herbage near stream, Eookley Wilderness, Sept. (Morey) ; near Sandown (Taylor) ; near Shanklin (Poole). B. impressa, Pavz. (Eeichenbachia impressa, Panz.). Spring Vale, near Eyde, March (Morley). Trichonyx Maerkeli, ^7<6e (Amauronyx Maerkeh, ^;i6e). Three specimens under a stone in company with ants, Sandown, April (Fowler). Euplectus sanguineus, Auh&. On window in barn, Newport, May (Morey). E. signatus, Beich. In garden refuse, Newport, Sept. (Morey). Trichopterygidae Actinopteryx fucicola, All. Earely under seaweed on the beach, Sandown (Champion) ; under seaweed near Quarr Abbey, Aug. (Newbery). Trichopteryx grandicollis, Mann. By sweeping in meadow, Newport, June ; also in timber yard, Newport, Oct. (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor). T. lata, il/ai^/i. (intermedia. Gill.). Common in garden refuse, &c., and gen. dist. Ptenidium punctatum, Gyll. Common under seaweed near Quarr Abbey, Aug. (Newbery) ; in profusion, Ventnor (Fowler, B.C.) ; Sandown (Taylor). 352 COLEOPTERA P. fuscicorne, Er. In nests of Formica rufa, Parkhurst Forest (J. J. Walker). P. nitidum, Heer. In fungus, Marvel Copse, Aug. (Butler). P. evanescens, Marsh, (pusillum, Gyll). Eather common and gen. dist. COEYLOPHIDAE Orthoperus atomarius, Heer. Recorded as "0. punchim" without locality by Guyon. Corylophus cassidoides, Marsh. Ventnor, April (Fowler) ; Furzebrake, Ventnor (Guyon). C. sublaevipennis, Duv. Under cut reeds and rubbish, Luccombe Chine, April (Fowler). Sericoderus lateralis, Gyll. Rather common in fungus, by sweeping, &c., Newport and vicinity. Phalaceidae Phalacrus corruscus, Panz. (fimetarius, F.). Rather common by sweeping flower-heads of Compositae. — Newport, Sandown, St. Helens, &c. P. caricis, Sturm. On flowers of Carex, St. Helens (Holland). Olibrus corticalis, Panz. By beating hedges, Carisbrooke, Oct. (New^bery) ; by sweeping, Parkhurst Forest, Aug. (Morey). 0. aeneus, F. On flowers, common and gen. dist. 0. particeps, Muls. By sweeping herbage, the Underclifl', Ventnor, June (Morey) ; Niton (Sharp). Stilbus testaceus, Panz. By sweeping in meadow, Newport, June (Morey). Coccinellidae Subcocclnella 24-punctata, L. On ground in copse near Yarmouth, April (Morey). Adalia bipunctata, L. Very common and gen. dist. A. obliterata, L. (Aphidecta obliterata, L.). Marvel Copse, May (Morey). Coccinella 10-punctata, L. Frequent in gardens, Newport, (Morey) ; St. Helens (Holland) ; near Shanklin (Poole). C. 11-punctata, L. Rather common and gen. dist. C. 7-punctata, L. Very common. Halyzia 16-guttata, L. Recorded without locality by Guyon. H. 18-guttata, L. (Myrrha 18-guttata, L.). By sweeping under firs, Marvel Copse, June (Morey). H. conglobata, L. (Coccinella conglobata, L.). By sweeping, Parkhurst Forest, Sept. (Morey). H. 22-punctata, L. (Thea 22-punctata, L.). Common on nettles, &c. — Newport, Shanklin, Marvel Copse, St. Helens, &c. Micraspis 12-punctata, L. (Micraspis sedecimpunctata, L.). Common and gen. dist. COLEOPTERA 353 Hyperaspis reppensis, Hbst. Blackgang (Guyon). Scymnus frontalis, F. Newport, Aug. (Morey) ; Niton (Sharp) ; Yarmouth (Morley). S. frontalis var. 5-pustulatus, Hhst. Yarmouth (Elliott) ; Shanklin Copse (Guyon). S. suturalis, Thunh. (Pullus suturalis, Thunh). On firs, Totland (Butler) ; Freshwater (Holland). S. testaceus, Mots. (Pullus testaceus, Mots). Near Shanklin (Poole). S. haemorrhoidalis, Hhst. (Pullus haemorrhoidalis, Hbst.). In moss : no locality given (Guyon). S. limonii, Bonis. (Pullus limonii, Bonis). First described from two specimens taken at the roots of Statice livionium by Mr. Donisthorpe at Yarmouth. S. capitatus, B\ On tree stump, Marvel Copse, Sept. (Morey) ; Shalfleet (Morley). Rhizobius litura, F. Very common at roots of grass, &c. Coccidula rufa, Hbst. Common : pond sides, kc. HiSTERIDAE Hister 4-maculatus, L. Formerly abundant in sandy places near Ryde (Guyon, Fox, &c.). H. unicolor, L. In cow^-dung, the Landslip, Ventnor, July (Morey) ; near Sandown (Taylor). H. cadaYerinus, Hoff. In dead fowl in garden, Newport, July ; also flying at Newport, June (Morey). H. succicola, Thorns, (striola. Said). Beneath dead fowl in garden, Newport, July (Morey) ; Sea View (Holland). H. carbonarius, Hoff. In horse-dung. Pan Down, June (Morey). H. 12-striatus, Schr. Under stones, Bembridge (Donisthorpe) ; Ventnor (Martin). H. bimaculatus, L. In cucumber frame in garden, Newport, April (Morey) ; on the wing, Sandown (Donisthorpe) ; Ventnor (Guyon). Carcinops minima, Aube. Under stones, Sandown (Donisthorpe). Gnathoncus rotundatus, Kug. Under dead rabbit, Chale (Donisthorpe). Saprinus nitidulus, Paijk. Newport (Morey) ; near Shanklin (Taylor) ; St. Helens (Holland). S. aeneus, F. St. Helens and Bembridge (Holland). S. virescens, Pmjk. St. Helens (Holland). S. maritimus, Staph. (Pachylopus maritimus, Steph). Under Sonchus, &c., in clean sand on beach, Sandown, July and Aug. (Champion & Newbery) ; St. Helens (Holland) ; Ryde (Guyon) ; Sandown (Donisthorpe). Onthophilus striatus, Forst. In garden refuse, Newport, Sept. (Morey). AA 354 COLEOPTEEA MiCROPEPLIDAE Micropeplus staphylinoides, Marsh. St. Lawrence (Martin) ; Newport (Morey). NiTIDULIDAE Brachypterus pubescens, Er. (glaber, Steph). On nettles: com- mon and gen. dist. B. urticae, F. On nettles : common and gen. dist. Cercus pedicularius, L. (Cateretes pedicularius, L). On flowers of Sjnraea, &c., in great abundance near Brading, April (Fowler). C. rufilabris, Latr. On rushes : common and gen. dist. Epuraea aestiva, L. (depressa, Gyll). Common on flowers in spring and gen. dist. E. melina, Er. On flowers, Bordwood Copse, May (Taylor). E. longula, Er. In fungus on a tree trunk near Quarr Abbey, Aug. (Newbery). E. florea, Er. By sweeping in meadow, Newport, May (Morey). E. obsoleta, F. Parkhurst Forest, Aug. (Butler). Nitidula bipustulata, L. (bipunctata, L.). In dead animals, bones, &c. : near Shanklin (Poole). N. 4-pustulata, F. (carnaria, Schall.). Under a bone, Bem- bx-idge Down (Champion) ; on old bones, Sandown and Blackgang (Donisthorpe). N. rufipes, L, Under a bone, Bembridge Down (Champion) ; on old bones, Blackgang (Donisthorpe). Soronia punctatissima, III. In fungus on tree trunk near Quarr Abbey, Eyde, Aug. (Newbery). Omosita colon, L. In garden refuse, Newport (Morey). 0. discoidea, F. By sweeping in meadow, also in timber yard. May (Morey) ; Sandown, April (Taylor). Pria dulcamarae, Scoj). Common and gen. dist., on Solanum Dtilcamara. Meligethes rufipes, Gyll. By sweeping, Bembridge, June (Morey). M. lumbaris, Sturm. By sweeping herbage, Bembridge, June (Morey). M. aeneus, F. Very common everywhere. M. Yiridescens, F. Marvel Copse, June (Morey). M. brunnicornis, Sturm. On charlock, Ventnor, June (Morey). M. OYatus, Sturm. Sand-pit, Marvel Copse, April (Morey) ; Shide, Aug. (Butler). M. flavipes, Sturm. Ventnor, June (Morey). M. picipes, Sturm. Common and gen. dist. M. lugubris, Sturm. On Melilotus, Totland Bay, Aug. (Newbery). M. obscurus, Er. Marvel Copse, June (Morey) ; near Yarmouth, Aug. (Newbery). M. erythropus, Gyll. Common and gen. dist. COLEOPTERA 355 Cychramus luteus, F. By sweeping, Marvel Copse, June (Morey) . Cryptarcha strigata, F. Underclifi' (Martin). Rhizophagus cribratus, Gyll. In tree fungus. Marvel Copse, Oct. (Morey). R. depressus, F. Beneath bark of fallen fir. Marvel Copse, April (Morey). R. perforatus, Er. Beneath board in garden, Newport, March (Morey). R. bipustulatus, F. Beneath bark, Marvel Copse, April (Morey). Trogositidae Tenebrioides mauritanicus, L. In a corn shop, Newport (Morey). A cosmopolitan species. MONOTOMIDAE Monotonia conicicollis, AiM. Usually associated with ants: Parkhurst Forest (Fowler, B.C.). M. formicetorum, Thorns, (angusticollis, Gyll). Usually with ants : Parkhurst Forest (Fowler, B.C.). M. spinicoUis, Aube. In garden refuse, Newport (Morey), M. picipes, Payk. In garden refuse, Newport (Morey). M. quadricoUis, Aitbe. In manure heap, Newport, Aug. (Butler) ; on window in barn, Newport, May (Morey). Lathridiidae Lathridius angulatus, Mann. By beating hedges, Carisbrooke, Oct. (Newbery) ; hedges, Newport, Aug. (Butler) ; Sandown (Donisthorpe). L. nodifer, West. Common in dead hedges, fagots, &c. Enicmus minutus, L. Very common. E. transYersus, 01. Very common. Cartodere ruficoUis, Marsh. Newport, Aug. (Butler) ; near Sandown (Taylor). C. elongata, Curt. Moss, Newchurch (Guyon). Corticaria pubescens, Gyll. By sweeping in meadow, Newport, May (Morey). C. crenulata, Gyll. Niton (Sharp) ; Sandown (Donisthorpe). C. elongata, Gyll. Not uncommon by sweeping : Gurnard Bay, June ; Eookley "Wilderness, Aug. (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor). Melanophalma gibbosa, Payk. Common and gen. dist. M. fuscula, Gyll. Sand-pit, Marvel Copse, April (Morey) ; in haystack refuse, Sandown, April (Taylor). M. fulvipes, Com. At roots, foot of chffs, Sandown, Aug. (New- bery) ; by sweeping dead grass on the downs. Freshwater, Aug. (Butler) ; Ventnor, April (Fowler). AA 2 356 COLEOPTERA CUCUJIDAE Laemophloeus duplicatus, Waltl. Under bark, Newchurch (Ellis). Psammoechus bipunctatus, F. In sedge refuse, pond, Hey- tesbury Farm, Aug. (Butler). Nausibius dentatus, Marsh. In house, Newport, Dec. (Morey). A cosmopolitan species. Sylvanus surinamensis, L. In a date, Newport, May (Morey). A cosmopolitan species. S. unidentatus, 01. Parkhurst Forest (Sharp). Byturidae Byturus sambuci, Scop, (fumatus, F.). On Ruhus. — By sweeping, Marvel Copse, Juue (Morey). B. tormentosus, F. On buttercups. Marvel Copse, June (Morey). Cryptophagidae Diphyllus lunatus, F. In the black fungus, Sphaeria concentrica, on old ash trees near the town, Eyde (Beare & Donisthorpe). Telmatophilus typhae, Fall. On Eeed-mace in brickfield near Sandown, May (Taylor). T. caricis, 01. Sandown (Taylor). Antherophagus nigricornis, F. On flowers, Blackgang (Donis- thorpe). Cryptophagus iycoperdi, Hbst. Usually found in Lycoperdon. — In decayed fungus. Marvel Copse, July ; also in barn, Newport, May (Morey). C. setulosus, Sturm. Under plants on beach, Sandown, Aug. (Newbery). C. ruficornis, Steph. In company with Dijjliyllus [see above] Eyde (Donisthorpe) ; in timber yard, Newport, June (Morey). C. scanicus, L. On window in barn, Newport, May (Morey). C. badius, Sturm. 1. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). C. dentatus, Hbst. In decayed fungus. Marvel Copse, July (Morey). C. acutangulus, Gyll. On window in bam, Newport, May (Moray). C. affinis, Sturm. In a dead fowl, Newport (Morey) ; Marvel Copse, Aug. (Butler). C. pubescens, Sturm. Brading, Aug. (Butler). Micrambe vini, Panz. Common on JJlex. Atomaria fumata, Er. (umbrina, Gyll.). Underclifl', Ventnor, April (Fowler). A. linearis, Steph. Eather common by sweeping : Newport, Luccombe, &c. COLEOPTERA 357 A. fuscata, Schdn. Sand-pit, Marvel Copse, and also by sweeping in same place, April (Morey). A. pusilla, Payk. By sweeping, Carisbrooke, Oct. (Newbery) ; Sandown (Donisthorpe). A. atricapilla, Steph. Common and gen. dist. A. berolinensis, Kr. (bicolor, Er.). Under cut reeds and rubbish, Luccombe Chine, April (Fowler). A. mesomelas, Hbst. (mesomelaena, Herbst). Bordwood near Sandow^n, May (Taylor). A. apicalis, Er. By sweeping in meadow, Newport, June (Morey) ; Newport, Aug. (Butler). A. analis, Ei-. By sweeping in meadow, Newport, June (Morey) ; Newport, Aug. (Butler) ; Sandown (Taylor). A. ruficornis, Marsh. Common by sweeping, &c. Ephistemus gyrinoides, Marsh. Common and gen. dist. SCAPHIDIIDAE Scaphisoma agaricinum, L. In fungi. Niton, Aug. (Sharp). S. boleti, Panz. On fungus, Bembridge, June (Morey) ; Park- hurst Forest, Aug. (Butler). Scaphidium 4-maculatum, 01. Near Sandown (Beare). Mycetophagidae Typhaea fumata, L. Eather common and gen. dist., in hay- stack refuse, by sweeping, &c. Dermestidae Dermestes murinus, L. In a dead rook in some numbers. Marvel Copse, May ; feigned death when disturbed (Morey). D. undulatus, Brahm. In dead bird near Sandown (Taylor) ; Sandown, April (Fowler). D. lardarius, L. In sack of grass seed, Newport, March ; also in a corn-shop. May (Morey) ; St. Helens (Holland). Attagenus pellio, L. In house, Newport, Feb. and May (Morey). Anthrenus muscorum, L. On flowers in garden, New^Dort, June ; also in house, June (Morey). A. claviger, Er. (fuscus, 01). By sweeping, Parkhurst Forest, Aug. (Butler). Byeehidae Syncalypta hirsuta, Sharp (striatopunctata, Steff.). Eoots of grass, &c., Freshwater, July (Champion & Donisthorpe). Byrrhus pilula, L. Eather common in roads and paths about Newport and elsewhere (Morey) ; in road, Newport, Aug. (Butler). Cytilus Yarius, F. (sericeus, Forst). St. Helens (Holland). Simplocaria semistriata, F. " Sandy places " — no locality given (Guyon) ; St. Helens (Holland). 358 COLEOPTEEA Limnichus pygmaeus, Sturm. In moss, banks of streams and ditches, Luccombe Chine (Fowler) ; on wet sand, Sandown, June (Champion); running on mud in damp places, Totland Bay, Aug. (Butler). Aspidiphorus orbiculatus, Gijll. I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). Geoeyssidae Georyssus pygmaeus, F. On wet sand, Luccombe and San- down, June (Champion) ; Luccombe (Guyon). Paenidae (Deyopidae) Elmis aeneus, Mali. (Helmis Maugei, Bedel). Luccombe (Hol- land) ; Sandown (Taylor). E. subYiolaceus, Mull. (Eiolus subviolaceus, Miill.). Under stones at foot of small waterfall west of town, Ventnor (Fowler, B.C.) ; same place (Sharp) ; Freshwater (Holland). E. nitens, Micll. (Eiolus nitens, Mull). " In stream, under stones, Steephill" (Guyon). Possibly in error for E. subviolaceus. Limnius tuberculatus, Miill. In streams, Brading, Aug. (Butler). Parnus prolifericornis, F. (Dry ops auriculatus, Geoff.). Totland Bay, Aug. (Butler). Heteeoceeidae Heterocerus flexuosus, Ste2)h. St. Helens (Holland). H. laevigatus, Panz. St. Helens (Holland) ; Sandown (Taylor). H. fusculus, Kies. On wet mud beneath the cliffs, Blackgang and Chale Chines, by '"sluicing" (Donisthorpe) ; under similar circum- stinces, Ventnor and Luccombe Chines (Fowler, B.C.) ; Sandown (A. Ford) ; Bembridge (Holland). H. sericans, Kies. (Britannicus, Kuio). Cowes (Fowler, B.C.). LAMELLICOENIA LUCANIDAE Lucanus cervus, L. Not common : seen occasionally just out- side Newport and also near Yarmouth ; a single specimen picked up on the sea front, Cowes (Morey). Dorcus parallelopipedus, L. In decayed wood ; also in roads, &c. about Newport, and at Merston (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor). SCAEABAEIDAE Onthophagus ovatus, L. In dung : rather common and gen. dist. 0. coenobita, Hbst. In dung near Sandown and Carisbrooke, also in carrion (Taylor) ; paths, Pelham Wood (Guyon). COLEOPTEKA 359 0. fracticornis, Preys. One specimen in timber yard, Newport, April (Morey) ; St. Helens (Holland). 0. nuchicornis, L. I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). Aphodius erraticus, L. In dung, as are all the species of the genus except j^lacjiahis, L. St. Helens (Holland) ; Sandown (Taylor). A. subterraneus, L. Near Sandown (Taylor). A. fossor, L. In dung : Pan Down and St. Boniface Down, June (Morey); St. Helens (Holland) ; Sandown (Taylor). A. haemorrhoidalis, L. In dung: Gurnard, May; also the Landslip, Ventnor, July (Morey) ; St. Helens (Holland) ; Sandown (Taylor). A. foetens, F. St. Helens (Holland). A. fimetarius, L. Common and gen. dist. A. ater, De G. Sandown (Taylor) ; the Landslip, Ventnor, July ; also on the wdng, Newport, May (Morey). A curious var. with bright-red elytra at Newport, May (Morey). A. constsms, D lift. Rather common and gen. dist.: Parkhurst, Ventnor, Sandown, Shanklin, &c. A. granarius, L. On the wing, Newport, May (Morey) ; near Sandown (Taylor). A. nitidulus, F. In plenty on High Down, Freshw^ater, Aug. (Newbery); St. Helens (Holland). A. rufescens, F. St. Helens (Holland) ; Blackgang (Donis- thorpe). A. plagiatus, L. A coast species which is very rarely found in dung. Tlie black form in great abundance under tidal refuse, Bem- bridge (Beare & Donisthorpe) ; St. Helens (HoUand). A. porous, F. Blackgang (Donisthorpe) ; near Sandown (Taylor) ; Ventnor (Fowler, B.C.). A. merdarius, F. Pan Down, June ; also on the wing, Fairlee, Newport, July (Morey). A. inquinatus, Herbst. Near Sandown (Taylor). A. sticticus, Panz. In dung, Bordwood Copse, May (Taylor). A. punctatosuloatus, Sturm. Very common and gen. dist. Ventnor, Cowes, St. Helens, Newport, &c. A. prodromus, Brahm. Ryde (Morley) ; St. Helens (Holland) Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor). A. oontaminatus, Hbst. Rookley Wilderness, Sept. (Morey) Marvel Copse, Oct. (Newbery) ; Sandown, Oct. (Taylor). A. obliteratus, Panz. I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). A. luridus, F. On road, Calbourne ; also on shore. Gurnard (Morey) ; near Shanklin (Poole) ; in sheep's-dung, Sandown (Taylor). A. rufipes, L. Flying to light, Newport, Aug. and Sept. (Morey) ; Shanklin (Holland) ; Sandown (Taylor). Heptaulacus villosus, Gyll. In numbers under lumps of chalk at foot of cliffs, Freshwater Bay (E. A. Waterhouse) ; Sandown, June (Elliott) ; chalk downs, Freshwater, July, rare (Champion). 360 COLEOPTERA Ae^ialia arenaria, F. St. Helens (Holland) ; near Sandown (Taylor). Geotrupes typhoeus, L. (Ceratophyus typhoeus, L.). Marvel Copse, June (Morey) ; near Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor). G. spiniger, Marsh. Flying, Newport, Sept. (Morey) ; common at Sandown (Taylor). G. stercorarius, L. Common and gen. dist. : Eyde, Parkhurst, Newport, Bonchurch, Yarmouth, &c. G. mutator, Marsh. In roadway, Newport, March and May ; also on the wing. Marvel Copse, April (Morey) ; Sandown (Donisthorpe & Taylor). G. sylYaticus, Panz. (stercorosus, Scriba). On road, Merston, Aug. ; also in dead hedgehog, Marvel Copse, June (Morey) ; near Shanklin (Poole) ; Bordwood Copse, May (Taylor). G. Yernalis, L. One specimen on St. George's Down (Morey). Trox scaber, L. Usually under dry carcases, bones, &c. : one specimen, locality not noted (Morey) ; cliffs, Ventnor (Sharp) ; foot of the cliff', Chale Chine (Donisthorpe). Hoplia philanthus, Filss. Swept off' herbage, Chale Chine (Donisthorpe) ; one on a flower. Priory fields, Newport (Morey). Serica brunnea, L. A male and female by gi-ubbing at roots of herbage at foot of cliff's, Sandown, Aug. (Newbery). Rhizotrogus solstitialis, L. (Amphimallus solstitiahs, L.). Very plentiful in early summer flying about hedges at dusk (Morey) ; Pan Down, Aug. (Butler) ; Freshwater (Holland) ; &c. Melolontha vulgaris, F. Common in May and gen. dist. Phyllopertha horticola, L. On Herb Gerarde, &c., Marvel Copse, June and July (Morey). Cetonia aurata, L. St. Helens (Holland) ; one specimen, Bon- church (Mrs. Steeple). SEERICOENIA BUPRESTIDAE Agrilus laticornis, III. One female in Haven Street woods (Morley). Aphanisticus pusillus, 01. Carisbrooke Castle (Fowler, B.C.). This record possibly refers to A. emarginatiis. A. emarginatus, 01. First taken in Britain by sweeping rushes in flower in Parkhurst Forest, in August, 1903, more than 200 specimens being then captured (Donisthorpe) ; subsequently in numbers by other collectors. EUCNEMIDAE Throscus dermestoides, L. Marvel Copse, near Newport (Morley) ; Chale (Donisthorpe). T. carinifrons, Bonv. Newport, Aug. (Butler). COLEOPTERA 361 T. obtusus, Curt. One specimen by sweeping, Gurnard Bay, June (Morey) ; not uncommon in dead hedge, Sandown, Aug. (Donisthorpe). Elateridae Lacon murinus, L. Eather common by sweeping herbage : Sandown, Newport, St. Helens, ShankHn, &c. Melanotus rufipes, Hbst. One specimen in rotten tree, Marvel Copse, Dec. (Morey) ; St. Helens (Holland). Athous longicollis, 01. By sweeping herbage, Gurnard Bay, June ; also St. Boniface Down, July (Morey) ; both sexes by sweep- ing, Blackgang, July (Donisthorpe). A. haemorrhoidalis, F. On brambles, &c.. Marvel Copse, June (Morey) ; near Shanklin (Poole). Adrastus limbatus, F. By sweeping. Marvel Copse, June ; also at Bembridge, June (Morey). Agriotes sputator, L. By sweeping, Gurnard Bay and Sandown, June ; also at Newport, May (Morey). A. lineatus, L. St. Helens (Holland). A. sordidus, III. A salt-marsh species : under stones, Cowes (J. J. Walker). A. pallidulus, III. By sweeping. Marvel Copse, June ; also at St. Boniface Down, June (Morey) ; Shanklin (Poole) ; Bordwood Copse, May (Taylor). Dolopius marginatus, L. One specimen on buttercup, Marvel Copse, June (Morey) ; Shanklin (Poole) ; Bordwood Copse, May (Taylor). Corymbites castaneus, L. Very rare in Britain : one dead specimen picked up on shore, Sandown (Ellis) ; one specimen taken near Shanklin (Poole). C. bipustulatus, L. (Selatosomus bipustulatus, L.). One specimen, exact locality not noted (Morey). Dascillidae Dascillus cervinus, L. One specimen among nettles, Ventnor, June (Morey). Helodidae Helodes minuta, L. Eather common by sweeping hedge-banks: Luccombe, Totland, Bembridge, Ventnor, &g. Cyphon nitldulus. Thorns. (Paykulh, Guer.). Eather common by sweeping hedge-banks : Brading, Brighstone, Merston, &c. C. variabilis, Tlmnh. Eookley Wilderness, Aug. (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor). C. pallidulus, Boh. (ochraceus, Steph). Near Shanklin (Poole). Scirtes hemisphaericus, L. Common on rushes in swamp near Freshwater Station, also at Sandown (Donisthorpe) ; Luccombe, Aug. (Butler), 362 coleopteea Cantharidae Lampyris noctiluca, Zr. Eather common: Ventnor, Blackgang, Parkhurst, Carisbrooke, Gurnard, &c. July and Aug. Telephorus fuscus, L. (Genus Cantharis in Eur. Cat.). St. Helens (Holland). T. rusticus, Fall. Common in hedges about Newport, Sandown, &c., in June (Morey). T. pellucidus, F. One specimen by sweeping, Newport, June (Morey). T. nigricans, 3full. Marvel Copse, June (Morey). T. nigricans var. discoideus, Steph., nee Ahr. Near Shanklin (Poole). T. lituratus, Fall, (rufa, L. var. liturata. Fall.). Common and gen. dist. : Brading, Carisbrooke, Luccombe, Gurnard Bay, &c. June. T. bicolor, F. Eather common : Marvel Copse, Gurnard, Niton, Shanklin, Godshill, &c. June and July. T. haemorrhoidalis, F. One specimen by sweeping, Sandown, June (Morey) ; Bordwood Copse, May (Taylor). T. oralis, Germ, (lateralis, L.). Brook, June (Donisthorpe) ; Eedcliff, Sandown (Morley) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; St. Helens (Holland). T. flavilabris. Fall, (fulvicollis, F. var. flavilabris, Fall.). Eather common : Gurnard, Yarmouth, Newport, Parkhurst, Bembridge, &c. June. Rhagonycha fulva, Scop. Abundant everywhere. R. pallida, F. (lignosa, Mull.). Marvel Copse and Ventnor in June (Morey) ; near Shanklin (Poole) ; Bordwood Copse, May (Taylor). Malthinus punctatus. Four, (flaveolus, Payk.). By sweeping and beating : Bembridge, June ; also Marvel Copse, June (Morey) Blackgang (Donisthorpe). M. fasciatus, 01. Beaten off tree. Marvel Copse, June (Morey) Blackgang (Donisthorpe). M. balteatus, Suf. Marvel Copse and Luccombe, Aug. (Butler) Blackgang (Donisthorpe). Malthodes marginatus, Lat. By beating and sweeping : New- port, Parkhurst, Marvel Copse, June (Morey). M. mysticus, Kies ? By sweeping in meadow ; also in garden, Newport, July (Morey). M. minimus, L. Common about Newport in July; also at Ventnor, June (Morey) ; St. Helens (Holland). Drilus flaYescens, Geoff. The male common by sw^eeping, &c., and gen. dist. Malachius aeneus, L. One specimen by sweeping in a field, Newport (Morey). M. bipustulatus, L, Not uncommon near Shanklin (Poole). COLEOPTERA 363 M. Yiridis, F. By sweeping, Brading, June (Morey) ; St. Helens (Holland). M. marginellus, 01. Abundant at Steephill Cove (Guyon). Anthocomus fasciatus, L. On flowers of Syringa in garden, Newport, June ; also in meadow, Newport, May (Moi-ey). Dasytes aerosus, Ktes. One specimen by sweeping. Marvel Copse, June (Morey); Parkhurst (Elliott). Psilothrix nobilis, III. (cyaneus, 01). Common and gen. dist. on flowers on the coast, especially in the south of the Island. Cleridae Opilio mollis, L. In field, Newport, July ; also in timber yard, Newport, July, and in office, Aug. (Morey). Necrobia Yiolacea, L. Beaten from oak in Eookley Wilderness, Sept. (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor). Ptinidae Ptinus fur, L. On wall in house, Newport, Jan. (Morey) ; St. Helens (Holland) ; Sandown (Taylor). Niptus hololeucus, Fald. Several specimens in office, Newport, Oct. (Morey) ; Freshwater (Holland) ; Sandown, in shops (Taylor). Anobiidae Hedobia imperialis, L. Flying in field in the evening, Newport, May (Morey) ; Freshwater (Donisthorpe). Priobium castaneum, F. (excavatum, Kugel.). In old hedges and on the wing : Newport, Carisbrooke, the Undercliff, Sea View, &c. Anobium domesticum, Foiir. (striatum, 01.). Common and gen. dist. A. fulYicorne, Stunn. By sweeping, Newport, June (Morey). Ernobius mollis, L. One specimen in timber yard, Newport, July (Morey) ; beaten from hedge, Newport, Aug. (Butler). Ptilinus pectinicornis, L. Several specimens mining an oak post in timber yard, Newport, July (Morey). Ochina hederae, Mull, (ptinoides, Marsh.). In old ivy. — Merston (Morley) ; Newpoi't (Morey) ; Blackgang (Donisthorpe) ; Pelham Wood and Eyde (Guyon) ; beaten from hedge, Newport, Aug. (Butler). Lyctidae Lyctus canaliculatus, F. (linearis, Goeze). One specimen in timber yard, Newport, June (Morey). L. brunneus, Steph. One specimen on a deal in timber yard, Sept. (Morey). 364 COLEOPTERA CiSIDAE Cis boleti, Scoj). Common and gen. dist. C. Yillosulus, Marsh, (setiger, Mell). In rotten posts, Ventnor (Sharp). C. alni, Gijll. Calbourne (Morley). C. nitidus, Hhst. In numbers in tree fungus, Marvel Copse, Oct. (Morey) . C. Yestitus, Mell. Plentiful in dry fungus growing on an old oak post, Newport, June (Morey). Ennearthron cornutum, Gyll. In numbers in large fungus on decayed tree, Yarmouth, Aug. (Newbery). Octotemnus glabriculus, Gyll. I. of Wight ; precise locahty not noted (Butler). PHYTOPHAGA Cerambycidae Aromia moschata, L. On trunks of wallows, Newport (Morey). Hylotrupes bajulus, L. A single specimen in a shop window, Sandown (Taylor). Callidium variabile, L. (Phymatodes testaceus, L.). Freshwater (Holland). C. alni, L. (Phymatodes alni, L.). Found in hurdles, fagots, &c. : one specimen, locality not noted (Morey). C. sanguineum, L. (Pyrrhidium sanguineum, L). One specimen (probably introduced) on oak in timber yard, Newport, April 1885 (Morey). Clytus arietis, L. Frequent in summer on flowers or flying in gardens, Newport ; also in timber yard, Newport, in May and June (Morey). Gracilia minuta, F. In dead hedges ; also breeds in old hampers and the like : Sea View (Holland). Bhagium inquisitor, F. (mordax, De G). In timber yard, Newport, March to June (Morey). R. bifasciatum, F. In plenty on fir stumps, Parkhurst Forest (Donistliorpe) ; in decayed trunk, Marvel Copse ; also in timber yard, Newport (Morey). Toxotus meridianus, Panz. (Stenochorus meridianus, L). One specimen on a tree trunk, Stenbury Farm (Morey) ; one specimen, Yarmouth (Elliott). Leptura fulva, De G. Flying in timber yard, Newport, July (Morey). L. livida, F. Common and gen. dist. Strangalia quadrifasciata, L. ParKhurst (Fowler, B.C.). S. armata, Hhst. (maculata, Poda). Not uncommon on flowers in garden, Newport, July (Morey) ; near Shanklin (Poole) ; Sea View (Holland). COLEOPTEKA 365 Grammoptera ruficornis, F. On hawthorn blossom, Newport, May (Morey) ; near Shanklin (Poole) ; Sea View (Holland) ; Borcl- wood Copse, May (Taylor). Liopus nebulosus, L. On dead branches, &c. : Luccombe Chine (Fowler, B.C.). Pogonochaerus bidentatus, Thorns, (hispidulus, Pill). Usually in fagots and dead hedges : shaken from apple tree, Shide, Oct. (Morey) ; Yaverland (Taylor) ; near Shanklin (Poole). P. dentatus, Four, (hispidus, L). Ventnor, May (Fowler). Monochamus sartor, F. Two specimens on a stack of deals in timber yard, Newport, Aug. 1884 (Morey). Beuchidae (Lariidae) Bruchus cisti, F. (Bruchidius unicolor, 01). In plenty on Howers of Helianthemum, downs near Freshwater (Donisthorpe) ; Sandown (Elliott). B. rufimanus, Boh. (Laria rufimanus. Boh). Among Egyptian beans in a corn shop, Newport, in great numbers (Morey). B. loti, Payk. (Laria loti, Payk). Very common by sweeping and gen. dist. B. Yillosus, F. (Bruchidius cisti, F). I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). Chrysomelidae Donacia Yersicolorea, Brahm. On Potamogeton, pond near Heytesbury Farm, Aug. (Butler). N.B. All the species of Donacia are found on aquatic plants about mid- summer. D. limbata, Panz. (marginata, Hoppe). Near Sandown Water- works, June (Taylor). D. bicolora, Zsch. In plenty near Sandown Waterworks, June (Taylor, and Fowler, B.C.). D. thalassina, Germ. On rushes near pond, Heytesbury Farm, Parkhurst (Morey). D. simplex, F. Margins of pond, Heytesbury Farm, May (Morey) ; near Sandown (Taylor). D. vulgaris, Zsch. Plentiful in marshes near St. Urian's Copse and near Sandown, June (Taylor). D. discolor, Panz. (Plateumaris discolor, Panz). Swamp in Eookley Wilderness, Aug. (Morey) ; on reeds, Chale Chine (Donis- thorpe) . Lema cyanella, L. (puncticoUis, Curt). On various thistles in clamp places. — By sweeping herbage near copse, Bembridge, June (Morey) ; Niton (Sharp). L. lichenis, Voet. (cyanella, L). On Dactylis glomerata and other grasses. — -Eather common : Brading, Gurnard, Newport, Sandown, &G. 366 COLEOPTERA L. melanopa, L. On various grasses. — Chale (Sharp). Clythra quadripunctata, L. Near Shanklin (Poole). Cryptocephalus bipunctatus, L. On sallow, birch, oak, &c. — In some numbers, Niton, July (Donisthorpe). C. bipunctatus var. lineola, F. On a shrub, the Underclift, St. Lawrence, June (Morey). C. aureolus, Suff. Dry places on flowers of Thrincia and other Compositae. — Frequent on flowers of Hieracium on chalk downs in the south of the Island (Morey) ; common near Shanklin (Poole). C. moraei, L. On various species of Hypericum. — Chalk downs, Bembridge, July (Champion) ; Eyde (Guyon) ; Whitecliff (Holland). C. bilineatus, L. On flowers of Leucantheinum, &c. — Common and gen. dist. on coast. C. bilineatus var. armeniacus, Fald. With the above, Niton (Sharp). C. fulYUS, Goeze. On and under Thymus. — Common and gen. dist. C. pusillus, F. On young birches in woods ; also by sweeping heather. — Bembridge, June (Morey) ; Parkhurst Forest (Donis- thorpe). C. labiatus, L. On birch and other trees and bushes. — Haven Street woods (Morley). Lamprosoma concolor, Sturm. By sweeping herbage, Luccombe Chine, Aug. (Newbery) ; Bowcombe Down, June ; also Ventnor, July, and Newport, July (Morey). Timarcha tenebricosa, F. On Galiuvi mollugo and aparine. — Common on chalk downs and hedge-banks (Morey). T. Yiolacea-nigra, De G. (coriaria, Laich.). On Galium^ especially G. verurn. — Common : Pan Down, Niton, St. Boniface Down, Freshwater, &c. Chrysomela marginalis, Duft. On Hypericum. — I. of Wight, but no locality given (Guyon). C. Banksi, F. On Labiatae. — Common and gen. dist. C. staphylaea, L. Food plant unknown. Marvel Copse, June ; also Luccombe Chine, June (Morey) ; near Shanklin (Poole). C. polita, L. On Lychnis, Marvel Copse, June ; also on Mentha, Eowborough Down, July ; and at Loverstone in May (Morey) ; San- down (Taylor). C. orichalcea, Milll. Several specimens on flowers of Umbelli- ferae in copse near Godshill, July (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor). C. haemoptera, L. On grass. Pan Down, Sept. (Morey) ; Black- gang, Chale, Yarmouth (Donisthorpe). C. goettingensis, L. Two specimens on grass, St. George's Down, Oct. (Morey) ; Niton (Sharp) ; near St. Lawrence (Guyon). Phytodecta olivacea, Forst. On Ulex. — Bordwood Copse, May (Taylor). Gastroidea viridula, De G. On docks. — St. Helens (Holland). COLEOPTERA 367 G. poly^oni, L. On Polygonum aviculare. — Common and gen. dist. Phaedon tumiduliilus, Germ. On flowers of Heracleum.— By sweeping herbage, Undercliff, June (Morey) ; at roots of plants, San- down, Aug. (Butler) ; Niton (Sharp) ; Yaverland (Taylor). P. armoraciae, L. On Veronica heccahunga, &c.- — By sweeping on banks of Yar, Brading, Aug. (Butler) ; pond near waterworks, Sandown, May (Taylor). P. cochleariae, F. On Nasturtium officinale and other Cruciferae. — On water-cress, Newport, May (Morey) ; near Sandown (Taylor) ; Bern bridge (Holland). Phytodecta Yulgatissima, L. (Phyllodecta vulgatissima, L). On various sallows. — Eedcliff, Sandown (Morley). P. cavifrons, Th. Abundant on White Poplars near Sandown, Aug. (Donisthorpe). Hydrothassa marginella, L. On Banunculus. — By sweeping herbage, Brading, June (Morey). Prasocuris junci, Brahm. On Veronica heccahunga. — By sweep- ing herbage near stream, Carisbrooke, June (Morey) ; Ventnor (Guyon). P. phellandrii, L. On UmbeUiferae in ditches. — Sides of pond, Heytesbury Farm, Aug. (Butler) ; Sandown (Taylor). Luperus nigrofasciatus, Geoze (circumfusus, Marsh.). On Ulex and Genista. — Eedcliff, Sandown (Taylor) ; on furze, Pan Down, Aug. (Butler) ; Chale Chine (Donisthorpe) ; Sandown, July (Champion). L. rufipes, Scop, (longicornis, F). On birch, alder, and other trees and bushes. — Sandown (Taylor). Lochmea crataegi, Forst. On Hawthorn flowers. — Ventnor, May (Fowler). Galerucella teneila, L. On flowers of Spiraea, &c., at sides of ditches. — By sweeping herbage, Eookley Wilderness, Sept. (Morey). Adimonia tanaceti, L. On Achillea, &c. — Two specimens in timber yard, Newport, July and Sept. ; also on the turf. Apes Down, Sept. (Morey) ; common in autumn at " Limpet Eun," near San- down (Taylor). Sermyla halensis, L. On Galium mollugo and verum. — On hedge-banks, Carisbrooke, Shide, Pan Down, &c., in autumn (Morey) ; St. Helens (Holland). Longitarsus pulex, Schrank (obhteratus, Rosh.). Eoots of Thymus on chalky soil. — High Down, Freshwater, Aug. (Newberv & Butler). L. dorsalis, F. On Senecio vulgaris and other species of Senecio. —Sandown (Blatch) ; common on Eew Down, Ventnor, April (Fowler, B.C.). L. luridus, Scop. Common and gen. dist. L. suturellus, Duft. On Senecio jacobaea, &c. — Niton (Sharp) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; abundant in the I. of Wight (Gorham). 368 COLEOPTEEA L. suturellus var. fuscicollis, Steph. On Senecio. — By sweep- ing at Sandown and Gurnard Bay in June (Morey). L. atricillus, L. Very common by beating hedges : Newport, Carisbrooke, Freshwater, &c. L. melanocephalus, All. {De Geer ?). On various species of Plcmtago. — Common and gen. dist. L. membranaceus, Foud. On Teucrium scorodonia. — By sweep- ing, Parkhurst Forest, Sept. (Morey & Holland). L. exoletus, L. On Echium vulgare, &c. — By sweeping in field, Newport, July (Morey) ; Arreton Down (Morley) ; Niton (Donis- thorpe). L. pusillus, Gyll. (pratensis, Panz). On various species of Plcmtago. — Common and gen. dist. L. Waterhousei, Kuts. Near Brading (Fowler). L. jacobaeae, Wat. On Senecio jacobaea. — Common and gen. dist. L. ochroleucus, Marsh. Food plant unknown. By sweeping, Bembridge, June (Morey) ; Pan Down, Aug. (Butler). L. gracilis, Kuts. On Senecio jacobaea. — By sweeping in field, Newport, July (Morey) ; Niton (Sharp). L. laevis, Dt(ft. Luccombe, Aug. (Butler) ; Sandown (Newbery) ; Parkhurst (Holland). It is uncertain whether some of these records do not apply to L. aeruginosus, Foud. L. pellucidus, Foud. I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). Haltica lythri, Aicbe. On Lijthrum salicaria. — Eyde (Fowler, B.C.). H. coryli, All. (brevicollis. Fond.). On Corylus. — On flower in garden, June (Morey). H. oleracea, L. Found on a great variety of plants including Erica. — Common and gen. dist. Hermeophaga mercurialis, F. On Mercurialis jjerennis. — Pel- ham Wood and Luccombe Copse (Guyon) ; I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). Phyllotreta nodicornis, Marsh. On Eeseda lutea and luteola. — Yentnor, April (Fowler & Guyon). P. nigripes, F. On many species of Cruciferae. — Eather com- mon, Newport (Butler & Morey) ; Sandown (Elliott & Taylor). P. consobrina, Curt. On Cruciferae, especially the cultivated species. — Common : Newport, St. Helens, Sandown, Yarmouth, &c. P. atra, F. On Cruciferae.— Very common and gen. dist. P. cruciferae, Goeze. On Brassica and other Cruciferae. — On cabbages, Newport, Aug. (Morey) ; Sandown (Elliott) ; common on Arreton Down (Morley). P. Yittula, Bedt. On various Cruciferae. — By sweeping. Marvel Copse, April; also at Newport, May (Morey). P. undulata, Kuts. On Cruciferae. — Common and gen. dist. COLEOPTERA 369 Aphthona lutescens, Gyll. On Spiraea nlmaria, kc. — Near Brading (Fowler, B.C.). A. nonstriata, Goe^c (caerulea, Geoff.). On Iris x> send acor us. — By- sweeping herbage near stream, Eookley Wilderness, Sept. (Moray) ; meadows, Ryde (Guyon). A. Yenustula, Kuts. On Euphorhia sylvatica. — Plentiful on Euphorbia on the Undercliff, Ventnor, April (Fowler). A. atrocaerulea, Steph. (cyanella, Bedt.). On Eupliorhia. — Not uncommon : Shalfleet, Pelham Wood, Ventnor, Newport, &c. A. herbigrada, Curt. On Helianthevium, &c. — Very abundant on High Down, Freshwater, Aug. (Newbery) ; cliffs and downs, Ventnor (Guyon). Batophila rubi, Payk. On Bnbus.— Amongst grass. Pan Down, Dec. (Morey). B. aerata, Marsh. On Rnhus. — Very common by beating hedges : abundant at Carisbrooke, Oct. (Newbery) ; Ventnor, April (Fowler & A. Ford) ; Sandown and Bembridge, May (Donisthorpe). Sphaeroderma testaceum, F. (rubidum, Graells). On various Carduaceae. — Luccombe Chine, Aug. (Newbery) ; one specimen by sweeping. Pan Down, June (Morey). S. cardui, Gyll. (testaceum, F.). On Carduaceae. — One specimen, locality not noted (Morey). Mniophila muscorum, Koch. Abundant in moss, ShankHn Copse (Guyon). Podagrica fuscipes, L. On Malvaceae.^ — Plentiful on leaves of mallow, Ventnor, May ; also in garden, Ventnor, June (Morey) ; Ventnor (Guyon). Mantura rustica, L. On Buviex. — Sand-pit, Marvel Copse, April, and by sweeping near same place, June (Morey) ; Luccombe, Aug. (Butler) ; Ventnor (Guyon). M. obtusata, Gyll. On Bumex. — On the downs, Ventnor (Guyon). M. Matthews!, Curt. On Helianthemum vulgare. — Common on High Down, Freshwater, Aug. (Newbery). Ochrosis salicariae, Payk. (Lythraria salicariae, Payk). On Ly thrum salicaria. — Wet spot near Sandown (Ellis). Crepidodera transversa, Marsh. On Cirsium. — By sweeping herbage, Brading, June ('Morey). C. ferruginea. Scop. On Cirsiuvi. — By sweeping herbage, Under- cliff, June ; also at Newport, July (Morey). C. ruflpes, L. (Derocrepis rufipes, L.). On Vicia sepium and other Leguminosae. — Near Shanklin (Poole). C. Yentralis, III. (Ochrosis ventralis, III). On Solanum Dulcamara.- — St. Helens (Holland) ; on Matricaria, Sandown (Fowler, B.C.). C. helxines, L. (Chalcoides aurea, Geoff'.). On Populus nigra and other Salicaceae. — In swampy place, Eookley Wilderness, Aug. (Morey). 370 COLEOPTEEA C. aurata, Marsh. On Salicaceae. — In numbers on willows on the shore, Luccombe, May ; also at Bembridge, June (Morey) ; on sallows, Luccombe, Aug. (Butler) ; near Shanklin (Poole). Hippuriphila Modeeri, L. On various species of Equisetum. — Totlancl Bay, Aug. (Butler). Chaetocnema subcoerulea, Kuts. On rushes. — In marshy hollow near Brading, May (Fowler) ; Parkhurst (Holland) ; Luc- combe, Aug. (Butler). C. hortensis, Geoff. Very common on various grasses, and gen. dist. C. Sahlbergi, Gyll. Newchurch (Guyon). Probably in error for siibcoerulea, Kuts. Plectroscelis concinna, Marsh. (Chaetocnema concinna. Marsh.). On various species of Polygonum. — Common and gen. dist. Psylliodes napi, Koch. On Nasturtium officinale. — By sweeping herbage, Marvel Copse, June (Morey). P. cuprea, Koch. On Sisymhrium officinale.— One specimen on wall of Coastguard Station, Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater, San- down, &c. (Donisthorpe). P. affinis, Payk. On various species of Solammi. — Near Sandown, Sept. (Beare). P. dulcamarae, Koch. On Solanum Dulcamara. — Ventnor (Ellis & Guyon). P. chalcomera, III. (hyoscyami, L. var. chalcomera, EL). On Carchms nutans and Cirskim. — Freshwater, July (Champion) ; on thistles, near Blackgang (Donisthorpe) ; Pan Dowm and Parkhurst Forest, Aug. (Butler). P. picina, Marsh. In marshy places on Cirsium palustre. — ■ Eecorded by Guyon without locality. Cassida sanguinolenta, F. On Achillea millefolium. — Near Sandown (Taylor). C. Yittata, Vill. On Atriiilex, Salicornia, &c. — St. Helens (Holland). C. nobilis, L. On Silene injiata. — Common at roots of plants on shore, Bembridge (Ellis). C. flaveola, Tkun. On Stellaria, &c. — Newport, May (Morey) ; Niton (Sharp) ; Shalfieet (Morley) ; Brook (Donisthorpe). C. Yiridis, F. (rubiginosa, Milll). On Carduaceae. — Pan Down, Aug. (Butler) ; Ventnor, June (Morey) ; near Shanklin (Poole). C. hemisphaerica, Hhst. On Silene injiata, &c. — A single example, Sandown, July (Champion). HETEEOMEEA Tenebeionidae Blaps mucronata, Lat. In a corn shop, Newport, May and Aug. (Morey) ; under stones in a yard, Sandown (Taylor). COLEOPTERA 371 Heliopathes gibbus, F. (Phylan gibbus, F). Under plants on coast: Redcliff, San down (Taylor) ; St. Helens (Holland). Hopatrum sabulosum, Gyll. Sandy places on coast: not uncommon near Culver (Ellis) ; near Sandown (Holland & Taylor). Microzoum tibiale, F. (Melanimon tibiale, F). At roots of plants on coast. — St. Helens (Holland). Phaleria cadaverina, F. Sandy places on coast, at roots of low plants: in profusion on Sandown beach, July and Aug. (Champion, Newbery, &c.) ; St. Helens (Holland). Scaphidema metallicum, F. By beating a dead hedge, Sandown, Aug. (Donisthorpe). Tenebrio molitor, L. In com shop, Newport, Sept. ; also flying in garden, Aug. (Morey). T. obscurus, F. In corn shop, Newport, Aug. (Morey) ; in street, Newport, Aug. (Butler) ; in bakehouse, Sandown (Taylor). Palorus depressus, Bbst. Under bark, locality not recorded (Guyon). It is uncertain to which species this record refers. Helops coeruleus, L. Frequent in timber yard, hiding in stacks of scantling or amongst loose bark, June and July (Morey) ; under bark of palings, Yarmouth (Beare) ; common at sugar near Sandown (Taylor) .^ H. striatus, Four, (laevioctostriatus, Goeze). At roots of trees and under bark : beneath bark of fir trees and under dead leaves. Marvel Copse, April (Morey) ; near Shanklin (Poole) ; very common at Sandown (Taylor). Lageiidae Lagria hirta, L. On leaves of brambles. Marvel Copse, Aug. ; also on herbage near shore, Bembridge, June (Morey) ; Redcliff, Sandown (Morley). CiSTELIDAE Cistela murina, L. By sweeping hedge-banks in June : Caris- brooke, Brading, Undercliff, Shanklin, Sandown, &c. Cteniopus sulphureus, L. On flowers on coast : common on chalk downs at Freshwater, July and Aug. (Champion, Donisthorpe, Holland, Newbery, &c.). Melandryidae Conopalpus testaceus, 01. One specimen on a flower in a copse, Godshill, July (Morey). Melandrya caraboides, L. Frequent on various felled trees in timber yard, Newport, May and June (Morey). Anisoxya fuscula, III. In a puddle near hedge, one specimen, Freshwater, also by beating dead hedge, Sandown, Aug. (Donisthorpe). Bb2 372 COLEOPTERA Abdera bifasciata, Marsh. Beaten from stumps of broken-ofi' boughs of young oaks, Sandown, July (Champion). Phloeotrya rufipes, Gyll. One spechnen in timber yard, New- port, July (Morey). Pythidae Salpin^us aeratus, M^ils. (aeneus, Stepli). Beaten from hedge, Newport, Aug. (Butler). S. ater, Payk. {teste Donisthorpe) . Dead hedges, by beating, Blackgang (Donisthorpe). Lissodema quadripustulata, Marsh. Usually in dead hedges : one specimen by sweeping grass, Ventnor, Sept. (Beare). Rhinosimus viridipennis, Steph. Under bark, Steephill (Guyon) ; dead hedges, Sandown (Donisthorpe). R. planirostris, F. Beaten from hedges, Newport, Aug. (Butler) ; dead hedges, Sandown (Donisthorpe). Oedemeeidae Oedemera nobilis, Scop. On flowers : common and gen. dist., especially on the southern downs. Oe. lurida, Marsh. St. Helens (Holland). Oncomera femorata, F. Common at sugar near Sandown (Taylor) ; flying near ivy, Ventnor (Guyon) ; several specimens near Shanklin on ivy blossom in late autumn (Poole). Nascerdes melanura, Schmidt. On posts and timber on the coast : Totland Bay (Donisthorpe) ; St. Helens (Holland). Ischnomera coerulea, L. St. Helens (Holland). Pyrochroidae Pyrochroa serraticornis, Scop. Very frequent in timber yard, Newport, especially amongst refuse timber that was beginning to decay, June ; also one specimen in lane. Marvel, June (Morey) ; Shanklin (Poole). MORDELLIDAE Mordellistena pumila, Gyll. By sweeping herbage and flowers : Steephill, Ventnor (Morey) ; by sweeping, Parkhurst Forest, Aug. (Butler). M. parYula, Gyll. var. inaequalis, Mtds. By sweeping, rare, Sandown, July (Champion) ; Chale Chine, also at Niton, July (Donisthorpe). Anaspis frontalis, L. On hawthorn, Newport, May ; also on Syringa in garden, Newport, June ('Morey) ; Niton (Sharp) ; Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor). A. pulicaria, Costa. On hawthorn blossom, Newport, May ; also swept at Ventnor, June (Morey) ; near Shanklin (Poole). COLEOPTERA 373 A. ruflcollis, F. On hawthorn, Sijringa, &c., at Newport, May and June (Morey). A. subtestacea, Steph. By sweeping in field, Newport, June (Morey) ; hedges, Newport, Aug. (Butler). A. maculata, Geoff. Eather common and gen. dist. : Marvel Copse, Newport, Shanklin, Sandown, &c. x\NTHICIDAE Notoxus monoceros, L. Sandy places, Eyde and Sandown (Guyon) ; St. Helens (Holland & Taylor). Anthicus humilis, Germ. In salt marshes, running on the mud, rather common : Eyde, Yarmouth, Bembridge, St. Helens, kc A. salinus, Crotch. Salt marshes, St. Helens (Holland). A. floralis, L. By sweeping in field, Newport, May and June ; also in timber yard (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Newport, Aug. (Butler). A. floralis var. quisquilius, Thorns, {var. formicarius, Goeze). By sweeping in garden, Newport (Morey). A. instabilis, Schmidt. In salt marshes and under tidal refuse : salt marsh, Yarmouth, Aug. (Butler) ; Bembridge, Sept. (Beare) ; Steephill Cove (Guyon). A. angustatus, Curt. Salt marshes under seaweed : on the beach, Ventnor (Fowler, B.C.) ; in shingle at waterfall, Steephill (Guyon). A. tristis, Schmidt var. Schaumi, Woll. Bembridge (Donisthorpe) ; near Ventnor (Guyon). A. antherlnus, L. On ground in garden, Newport, Sept. (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor). Xylophilidae Xylophilus oculatus, Gyll. (pygmaeus, De G. var. oculatus, Panz.). Beaten from hedge, Newport, Aug. (Butler). Meloidae Meloe proscarabaeus, L. Frequent on paths and hedge-banks about Newport, April and May (Morey) ; Shanklin (Poole). M. proscarabaeus var. cyaneus, Muls. On a grassy spot at Alverstone (Ellis). Lytta vesicatoria, L. One male in a lane, Whitwell, July, 1906 (Bryant) ; one male on Cicuta virosa flowers, near an ash, Shalfleet, June, 1907 (Morley) ; one specimen on ground near railway station, Sandown (Taylor). It appears to have been a common insect in the Island formerly : " sometimes abundant on privet in July, New- church" (Guyon) ; " numerous specimens taken (in 1837-8) by myself at Eyde, and by others at Yarmouth" ("Flora Vectensis," by Dr. Bromfield, 1856). 374 COLEOPTERA EHYNCHOPHOEA Platteehinidae Brachy tarsus fasciatus, Forst. {Genus Anthribus). Haven Street woods, l)y sweeping (jMoiiey). CUECULIONIDAE Apoderus coryli, L. On Corylus. — Haven Street woods, June (Morley) ; Bordwood Copse, May (Taylor). Bytiscus betuleti, i^. (betulae, L.). On hazel, Shambler's Copse, Eyde (Guyon). This record probably refers to Dei:ioraeus betulae, L. Rhynchites aequatus, L. On Crataegus, &c. — Near Sandown (Taylor). R. coeruleus, De G. On various Pomaceae. — Pelham Wood (Guyon). R. minutus, Hbst. In woods on oak. — By sweeping. Marvel Copse ; also at Gurnard, June (Morey). R. pubescens, F. (cavifrons, GylL). On oak, birch, &c. — St. Helens (Holland). Deporaeus betulae, L. On birch, &c. — Bordwood Copse (Taylor). See also Bytiscus hetideti, F. ante. D. me^acephalus, Germ. (Ehynchites Mannerheimi, Hum). On Bttula. — Beaten off tree, Marvel Copse, June (Morey). Apion pomonae, F. On Leguminosae. — One specimen by sweep- ing herbage, the Undercliff', June (Morey). A. craccae, L. On various Viciae. — I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). A. subulatum, Kirb. On Lathyrus pratensis. — Common and gen. dist. A. ulicis, Forst. On Ulex europaexts. — St. Helens (Holland) ; in plenty, Shide, Oct. (Newbery) ; Sandown (Taylor). A. genistae, Kirh. On Genista anglica and tinctoria. — Not rare, Shallleet, and Haven Street woods, June (Morley). A. Kiesenwetteri, Desh. Very rare : hitherto only taken in Britain at Sandown on the 4th Aug. 1906 (Holland) ; and at Chattenden, Kent ; it occurs on Genista tinctoria (E.M.M. xliii, 52). A. malvae, F. On mallows. — Freshwater, Aug. (Butler & Newbery) ; St. Helens (Holland). A. urticarium, Hbst. On Urtica dioica, &c. — I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). A. miniatum, Germ. On various species of Bumex. — Very common and gen. dist. A. haematodes, Kirb. (frumentarium, Payh). On Bumex acetosella. — Beaten from hedge, Eookley Wilderness, Aug. (Morey) ; near Sandown (Taylor). COLEOPTEEA 375 A. rubens, Steph. On Bumex acetocella. — x\t roots of grass near Sandown (Donisthorpe). A. rufirostre, F. On mallows. — Eather common and gen. dist., June to Aug. : Freshwater, Ventnor, Shanklin, St. Helens, &c. A. viciae, Payk. On Vicia cracca. — By sweeping, Bembridge, June (Morey) ; St. Helens (Holland) ; Thorness Bay (Fowler, B.C.). A. difforme, Germ. On Polygonum hydrojnper. — Newport, Aug. (Butler) ; Culver Cliffs, Sandown, Sept. (Beare). A. dissimile, Germ. On Trifolium arvense. — Cliffs below battery, Eedcliff, Sandown (Beare). A. Yaripes, Germ. On Trifolium. — St. Helens (Holland) ; Niton (Sharp) ; near Alverstone (Beare) ; Newport (Morey) ; Sandown (Donisthorpe). A. laevicolle, Kirh. Sandy places on coast : Kyde, Freshwater, Totland (Fowler, B.C.). A. Schonherri, Boh. Sand-hills, etc., on coast : Brading (S. Stevens). A. apricans, Hhst. A single specimen at Carisbrooke, Oct. (Newbery). A. Bohemanni, Thorns, (ononicola. Bach). On Ononis spinosa and reclinata. — Ventnor, Sept. (Beare) ; Sandown (Donisthorpe) ; St. Helens (Holland) ; Freshwater, Aug. (Newbery). A. assimile, Kirb. On Trifolitim. — Very common and gen. dist. A. trifolii, L. (aestivum. Germ). On Trifolium pratense, &c. — In plenty at i^lverstone, Sept. (Beare) ; Luccombe, Aug. (Newbery) ; Newport, Aug. (Butler) ; Bembridge (Holland). A. dichroum, Bedel (tiavipes, Payk). Culver Cliffs, Sandown, Sept. (Beare). A. nigritarse, Kirb. On various species of Trifolium. — Common and gen. dist. A. confluens, Kirb. On Matricaria. — St. Helens (Holland) ; in profusion, Sandown (Fowler) ; Luccombe and Sandown, Aug. (Butler). A. stolidum, Germ. On Leucanthevmvi vulgare. — I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). A. sorbi, F. (laevigatum, Payk). On Matricaria and other Corymbiferae. — Very rare : I. of Wight (Gorham) ; one male by sweeping near the Eedoubt, Freshwater, Aug. (Donisthorpe) ; Tot- land Bay (S. Stevens) ; Pelham Wood (Guy on). A. Hookeri, Kirb. On Matricaria, &c. — Common and gen. dist. A. aeneum, F. On mallows. — Ventnor, May (Morey) ; Fresh- water, Aug. (Butler) ; St. Helens (Holland). A. radiolus, Kirb. On mallows. — Ventnor, May and June (Morey) ; St. Helens (Holland). A. onopordi, Kirb. On Onopordon and other thistles. — Sandown, Aug. (Butler) ; Shide, Oct. (Newbery) ; near Shanklin (Poole). A. carduorum, Kirb. On various Carduaceae. — Common and gen. dist. Brighstone, Blackgang, Yarmouth, Sandown, &c. 376 COLEOPTERA A. annulipes, Wench. Very rare : one male and two females under thyme, top of the cliffs, Totland Bay, Aug. (Newbery) ; by sweeping, Parkhurst Forest (Power). A. virens, Hhst. On Trifolium. — Common and gen. dist. A. pisi, F. On Vicia sepium and other Leguminosae. — By sweeping, Brading, June ; also at Newport, July (Morey) ; St. Helens (Holland). A. aethiops, Hhst. On Vicia sepium. — Yarmouth (Elliott) ; Culver Cliffs, Sandown, Sept. (Beare) ; Arreton Down (Morley). A. ebeninum, Kirh. On Lotus, &c. — I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.); Sandown (DoUman). A. filirostre, Kirh. On Medicago lupulina. — By sweeping lucerne, Ventnor, July (Donisthorpe). A. striatum, Kirh. On Ulex e^irojxieus. — Exact locality not noted (Morey) ; in profusion, Blackgang (Fowler). A. immune, Kirh. On Ulex nanus and Sarothamnus. — I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). A. ononis, Kirh. On Ononis reclinata, &c. — Culver Cliffs, Sept. (Holland & Beare) ; Marvel Copse, Aug. (Butler). A. Spencei, Kirh. On Vicia sepium and cracca.- — Thorness Bay (Fowler, B.C.). A. ervi, Kirh. On Lathyrus jpratensis, &c. — Common and gen. dist. : Marvel Copse, Sandown, Shanklin, Luccombe, Yarmouth, &c. A. Yorax, Hhst. On Vicia cracca, &c.— Parkhurst Forest, Aug. (Butler). A. unicolor, Kirh. (platalea. Germ.). On Vicia cracca, Lotus corniculatus, &c. — Chale, July (Donisthorpe). A. meliloti, Kirh. On species of Melilotus. — Cowes, Eyde, and Thorness Bay (Fowler, B.C.). A. loti, Kirh. On Lotus corniculatus, &c. — Very common and gen. dist. A. seniculum, Kirh. On Trifolium pratense, &c. — Common and gen. dist. A. tenue, Kirh. On Melilotus. — Sandown, Totland Bay, and Luccombe, Aug. (Newbery) ; Niton (Sharp) ; St. Helens (Holland) ; on red clover, Alverstone (Beare). A. simile, Kirh. On Betula alha. — Spring Vale (Morley). A. pubescens, Kirh. On willows, &c. — By sweeping dry grass, edge of the cliffs, Ventnor, Sept. (Beare) ; by grubbing at roots of plants, foot of the cliff's, Sandown, Aug. (Newbery). A. limonii, Kirh. On and under Statice livioniiim in salt marshes, Yarmouth, Aug. (Butler & Holland) ; salt marsh, Yarmouth, in plenty (Donisthorpe). A. Yiolaceum, Kirh. On Rumex. — Very common and gen. dist. A. hydrolapathi. Marsh. On Bmnex hydrolapathum.- — St. Helens (Holland). A. humile, Germ, (curtirostre. Germ.). On Rumex. — Rather common : Luccombe, Brighstone, Marvel Copse, Freshwater, &c. COLEOPTERA 377 Otiorhynchus fuscipes, Walton. I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). 0. atroapterus, De G. By grubbing at roots of plants, foot of cliffs, Sandown, Aug. (Newbery) ; St. Helens (Holland). 0. raucus, F. Under plants, &c.: Sandown (Guyon). 0. scabrosus, Marsh. At roots of Daucus and other plants on coast. — Newport (Sharp) ; Ventnor (Fowler) ; by sweeping herbage, Luccombe Chine, also at Eyde, Aug. (Newbery). 0. ligneus, 01. Under plants at top of High Down, Freshwater, Aug. (Newbery) ; by grubbing. Culver Cliff's (Beare) ; by sweeping, Ventnor, June (Morey). 0. picipes, F. (singularis, L.). On Crataegiis, &c. — Eather com- mon and gen. dist.: Sandown, Shanklin, St. Helens, Marvel Copse, &c. 0. sulcatus, F. In gardens and by grubbing at roots of plants on coast ; common : Newport, St. Helens, Shanklin, Sandown, &c. 0. ligustici, L. Very rare : at roots of Anthyllis, sides of cliff, Ventnor (S. Stevens) ; where the chalk joins the red sandstone, about a mile and a half east of Sandown, at roots of Anthyllis (Blatch & Fowler) ; among grass and by sweeping, Luccombe (Guyon). 0. rugifrons, Gyll. Eoots of plants on cHffs, Totland Bay, Aug. (Newbery) ; Sandown, July (Champion). 0. rugifrons var. ambiguus, Schon. {var. Dillwyni, Steph.). Eather common, Sandown, April (Fowler). 0. OYatus, L. By grubbing, foot of cliff's, Sandown, Aug. (Newbery) ; St. Helens (Holland). Peritelus griseus, 01. (sphaeroides, Germ.). Extremely rare in Britain : Ventnor and Sandown (Wainwright and Sidebotham — doubtful records — see Fowler, B.C.). Trachyphloeus myrmecophilus, Seidl. " Mr. Gorham records it doubtfully from Freshwater" (Fowler, B.C.). T. squamulatus, 01. (Oliveri, Bedel). Not uncommon at roots of plantains and other low plants. — Sandown (Donisthorpe, Champion, Newbery, Beare, &c.) ; Ventnor, Sept. (Beare). T. scaber, L. (bifoveolatus, Beck). Eather common under low plants on the sand : Sandown, Aug. (Butler, Champion, Donisthorpe, Newberv, &c.) ; cliff's, Ventnor (Sharp) ; Parkhurst Forest, Aug. (Butler)". T. scabriculus, L. Eather common at Sandown with the last species (Champion, Newbery, Taylor, &c.) ; Newport, Aug. (Butler). T. spinimanus, Germ. Chalky places on cliff's, Ventnor (Guyon). T. alternans, Gyll. Not very common, but gen. dist. under plants on the coast, June to Aug. : Sandown, Ventnor, Freshwater, Totland Bay, &c. Cathormiocerus socius, Boh. Only found in Britain in the I. of Wight. Seventeen examples at roots of isolated plants {Sonchus, &c.) in clean sand at foot of cliffs near Sandown, July (Champion) ; also 378 COLEOPTERA taken by Donisthorpe and Fowler at the same place ; Ventnor (Beare) ; roots of grass on sea cliffs, Sandown (Sharp) ; Whitecliff Bay, Aug. (Donisthorpe). Caenopsis fissirostris, Walt. Newchurch (Guyon). C. Waltoni, Schon. In company with Cathormiocerus socius, rare, Sandown, July (Champion) ; not uncommon in moss, Newchurch (Guyon). Strophosomus coryli, F. On herbage. Marvel Copse, Aug. ; also at Eookley Wilderness, Aug. (Morey) ; Bordwood Copse (Taylor). S. capitatus, De G. On oaks, &c. — Shanklin (Holland) ; Bord- wood Copse, May (Taylor). S. retusus, Pmjk. On Genista anglica, &c. — One specimen, St. Boniface Down, June (Morey). S. faber, Hhst. Under flints, top of High Down, Freshwater, Aug. (Newbery) ; in sand pockets on cliff, Blackgang and Chale (Donisthorpe) ; Niton (Sharp). S. lateralis, Payk. On Erica. — Parkhurst Forest, Aug. (Butler). Exomias araneiformis, Schrank (Barypeithes araneiformis, Schrank). In gai'den, Newport, on several occasions ; also in timber yard, May (Morey) ; Nettlestone (Morley). Sciapliilus muricatus, F. (asperatus, Bons). On herbage, Marvel Copse, May (Morey). Liophloeus nubilus, F. (tessellatus, Miill). By sweeping, Bembridge and Ventnor, June (Morey) ; Sandown, July (Champion) ; near Shanklin (Poole). Polydrosus cervinus, L. On birch. — By sweeping herbage. Marvel Copse, June (Morey) ; Bordwood Copse, May (Taylor). P. confluens, Steph. On furze, Sandown, Aug. (Butler). Phyllobius oblongus, L. On Lychnis in lane. Marvel, June (Morey). P. pyri, L. On hawthorn, &c. — One specimen near Newport, June (Morey). P. argentatus, L. On hawthorn, birch, &c. — By sweeping, Marvel Copse, June (Morey) ; Bordwood Copse, May (Taylor). P. maculicornis, Germ. On Salix, &c. — By beating hawthorn, sweeping, &c.. May (Morey). P. pomonae, 01. On Salix ca2:ireae, &c. — Very common in May and June on various flowers (Morey) ; near Shanklin (Poole) ; Blackgang (Donisthorpe). P. Yiridiaeris, Laich. " Limpet Eun," Sandown (Taylor). Tanymecus palliatus, i^. OnCarduaceae. — Whitechfl' (Holland). Phyllopedon geminatus, F. Very common at roots of marram grass on sand-hills. — St. Helens (Holland & Taylor). Barynotus obscurus, F. Chffs, Ventnor (Sharp) ; one specimen, exact locality not noted (Morey) ; Chale and Sandown (Donisthorpe). Alophus triguttatus, F. On a road, Bonchurch, May ; also by sweeping, Newport, June (Morey) ; Chale and Freshw^ater (Donis- thorpe). COLEOPTEEA 379 Sitones griseus, F. Under Genista, &c. — St. Helens (Holland). S. cambricus, Stepli. Plentiful in moist sandy places, especially by beating towards evening, Sandown, July (Champion) ; near Shanklin, Aug. (Newbery). S. regensteinensis, Hhst. On Ulex, Sarothamnus, &c. — Sandown, Aug. (Butler) ; Shide, Oct. (Newbery). S. Waterhousei, Walt. At roots of Lotus, Plantago, &c. — I. of Wight (Blatch) ; Niton (Sharp) ; Luccombeand Whiteclitf Bay, Aug. (Donisthorpe). S. tibialis, Hbst. On Ulex. — St. Helens (Holland) ; fields near waterworks, Sandown, June (Taylor). S. hispidulus, F. On Trifolium, &c. — By sweeping, Sandown and Newport in May and June ; also in timber yard, Aug. and Sept. (Morey). S. humeralis, Steph. Eoots of plants on cliffs, Totland Bay, Aug. (Newbery) ; Sandown, Aug. (Butler). S. meliloti, Walt. On Melilotus officinalis, &c. — Fairly common on melilot, Luccombe, Aug. (Butler) ; rarely at Luccombe, July (Champion) ; Yarmouth (Donisthorpe) ; Eyde (Fowler, B.C.). S. flavescens, Marsh. On various Leguminosae. — By sweeping, Newport, May ; also on herbage. Marvel Copse, Aug. (Morey) ; under flints, top of High Down, Freshwater, Aug. (Newbery). S. puncticollis, Staph. On Trifolium piratense, &c. — By sweeping, Parkhurst Forest, Sept. ; also in sand-pit. Marvel Copse, Oct. (Morey). S. suturalis, Steph. On Lathyrus pratensis. — Totland Bay and Luccombe, Aug. (Newbery) ; one specimen by sweeping, Sandown, June (Morey) ; Sandown (Elliott). S. ononidis, Sharp. On Ononis spinosa and repens. — One specimen in early spring, St. Lawrence (Fowler, B.C.). This is now (Eur. Cat. 1906) considered a var. of S. suturalis, Steph. S. lineatus, L. On various Leguminosae. — Very common. S. sulcifrons, Thunh. On Trifoliiim, Medicago, &c. — Common and gen. dist. : Newport, Shanklin, Luccombe, &c. Gronops lunatus, F. Sandy places at roots of plants : Pan Down, Aug. (Butler). Hypera punctata, F. {Genus, Phytonomus — as are the succeeding species). On sea-wall, Shanklin, Sept. ; also in timber yard, Aug. (Morey) ; Niton (Sharp) ; St. Helens (Holland); Sandown (Taylor). H. rumicis, L. On Bumex and Polygonum aviculare. — Banks of pond near Heytesbury Farm, Parkhurst, Aug. (Butler) ; St. Helens (Holland) ; Shalfleet (Morley) ; Newport, July (Morey) ; Adgestone, May (Taylor). H. pollux, F. (adspersa, F.). On Umbelliferae in marshes. — Niton (Sharp). H. polygoni, L. (arator, L.). On various Caryophyllaceae. — By sweeping, Sandown, June ; also on door-step and in timber yard, Newport, May (Morey). 380 COLEOPTERA H. suspiciosa, Hhst. (pedestris, Payk.). On Lotus and Lathyrus. — Near Brading (Fowler). H. variabilis, Hbst. On various Leguminosae. — By sweeping, Sandown, June (Morey) ; Sandown, April (Taylor) ; St. Helens (Holland). H. plantaginis, De G. On Plantago. — By grubbing at foot of cliffs, Sandown, Aug. (Newbery) ; near Shanklin (Poole). H. trilineata, Marsh. On Lotus and other Leguminosae. — Common and gen. dist. H. nigrirostris, F. On various Leguminosae.- — Common and gen. dist. Rhinocyllus latirostris, Latr. (conicus, Froel). On various Carduaceae. — In numbers, St. Catherine's Point, July, 1906 (Donis- thorpe) ; same place, Aug. (Sharp) ; Pan Down, Aug. (Butler). Cleonus sulcirostris, L. (piger, Scop). On various Carduaceae. — One specimen on St. George's Down, April (Morey) ; Luccombe (Guy on). Liosoma OYatulum, Clair, (deflexum, Panz.). On Anemone nemorosa, &c. — In sand-pit, Ventnor, July ; also by sweeping, Newport, May (Morey). Liparus coronatus, Goeze. On Anthriscus sylvestris, &c. — In lanes, Newport, April to July (Morey) ; on a path near Ventnor (Elhs) ; Brading (Fowler, B.C.). Curculio abietis, L. (Hylobius abietis, L.). On pines in woods. — Sand-pit, Marvel Copse, June (Morey & Morley) ; beaten from tree, same place, Aug. ; also in timber yard, Newport, June (Morey). Orchestes quercus, L. On oaks. — One specimen, Eookley Wilderness, Aug. (Morey) ; Eyde (Morley). 0. scutellaris, Gyll. (testaceus, Milll.). Eather common on alders, Sandown, July (Champion). 0. alni, L. On elm. — Common and gen. dist. : Brading, Bow- combe, Parkhurst, Newport, &c. 0. alni var. ferruginous, Marsh. Niton (Sharp) ; Brading, Aug. (Butler). 0. ilicis, F. (pilosus, F.). On oaks. — One specimen by sweeping herbage. Marvel Copse, June (Morey) ; Bordwood Copse, May (Taylor). 0. avellanae, Don. On oaks, &c. — Shalfieet (Morley). 0. rusci, Ilb.'it. On birch. — Eookley Wilderness, Aug. (Morey). 0. iota, F. On Myrica gale. — Newchurch (Guyon). Rhamphus flavicornis, Clair, (pulicarius, Hbst.). On Salix, &G.- — Luccombe, Aug. (Butler) ; on whitethorn, Pelham Wood (Guyon). Orthochaetes setiger, Beck. At roots of plants in sandy places: Ventnor, April (Fowler) ; Culver (Ellis) ; Steephill Cove and St. Lawrence (Guyon). Grypidius equiseti, F. On Eqidsetum arvense. — Luccombe (Fowler, B.C.) ; Shankhn (Guyon). COLEOPTERA 381 Erirhinus scirpi, F. (Notaris scirpi, F). Pond in brickfield near station, Sandown (Taylor). E. acridulus, L. (Notaris acridulus, L). Eoots of rushes in marshes. ^ — Freshwater and St. Helens (Holland). Thryogenes nereis, Payk. On Cyperaceae. — Sandown (Fowler, B.C.). Dorytomus maculatus, Marsh, (taeniatus, F.). On Salix caprea. — Eookley Wilderness, June (Morley) ; near Shanklin (Poole). D. pectoralis, Gyll. (rufulus, Bedel). On Salix caprea. — Niton (Sharp). Smicronyx jungermanniae, Beich. On Cuscuta europaea. — Blackgang Chine (S. Stevens). Tanysphyrus lemnae, F. On Lemna in stagnant water. — Brading, Aug. (Butler). Bagous alismatis, 71fa?-s/i. (Hydronomus alismatis, Marsh.). On Alisma plantago. — In pond, Parkhurst, April (Morey) ; marshes near Sandown Fort, May (Taylor). B. limosus, Gyll. On aquatic plants in ditches. — Near Newchurch (Elhs) ; Newchurch Marshes (Guyon). B. tempestivus, Hbst. Aquatic plants, Newchurch Marshes (Guyon). B. lutulosus, Gyll. Very rare, on aquatic plants.— One specimen at Newchurch Marshes (Guyon). B. claudicans, Boh. Newchurch Marshes (Guyon). Recorded as B. frit. B. glabrirostris, Hbst. Marshy places, by sweeping aquatic plants, Sandown, July (Champion). B. glabrirostris var. nigritarsis, Thorns. Not rare in moist places, Luccombe (Champion) ; Brading, Aug. (Butler). Tychius squamulatus, Gyll. (flavicollis, Steph). On Lotns co7-niculatns. —luxiccomhe, Aug. (Butler) ; I. of Wight, no locality given (Guyon). T. Schneideri, Hbst. On Anthyllis vulneraria. — Common and gen. dist. on the south coast. T. meliloti, Steph. On Melilotus. — Common and gen. dist. on the coast. T. lineatulus, Steph. On Trifolium medium, &c. — Eoots of plantains near Sandown (Donisthorpe) ; St. Helens (Holland) ; one specimen by sweeping in a field, Newport, May (Morey). T, tormentosus, Hbst. On various Legmninosae. — By grubbing. Culver Cliffs, Sept. (Beare) ; one specimen near Newport (Morey). T. tibialis, Boh. Eoots of Lotus, &c. — At roots of plantains near Sandown (Donisthorpe) ; St. Helens (Holland). Sibinia arenariae, Steph. (signata, Gyll). On Caryophyllaceae. — Common and gen. dist. on the coast : Blackgang, Alum Bay, Yentnor, &c. S. primita, Hbst. (signata, Gyll.). At roots of Anthyllis vulneraria, Culver Cliffs, Sept. (Beare). 382 COLEOPTERA Miarus campanulae, L. On flowers of Camp, rotundifolia. — Parkhurst Forest, Aug. (Butler). M. graminis, G^jll. On flowers of Gamp, glomerata. — In abun- dance on cliff near the Eedoubt, Freshwater, July (Donisthorpe) ; Freshwater (Gore, Stephens, Holland, &c.). M. plantarum, Germ. On Linaria vulgaris. — Pelham Wood (Guyon). Gymnetron rostellum, Hhst. By sweeping Matricaria and Achillea. — Eedcliff', Sandown, June (Morley) ; Ventnor (Guyon). G. pascuorum, Gyll. On Plantago. — Common and gen. dist. G. labile, Hhst. On Plantago lanceolata. — Yarmouth (Morley) ; grassy places, Ventnor (Guyon). Mecinus pyraster, Hbst. On Plantago. — Common and gen. dist. M. circulatus, Marsh. On Plantago lanceolata. — A fine series at roots of plantain, cliffs near Sandown, April (Bears & Donisthorpe) ; about the cliffs, Ventnor (Guyon). M. collaris, Germ. On Plantago. — In some numbers, salt marsh» Yarmouth, Aug. (Donisthorpe & HoUand). Anthonomus pedicularius, L. On flowers of hawthorn. — Two specimens, Parkhurst (Morey) ; Sandown, June (Taylor). A. rubi, Hhst. On bramble. — By sweeping, Parkhurst Forest» Sept. (Morey) ; Yarmouth (Elliott). Clonus scrophularlae, L. On Scrophularia aquatica. — Near Sandown (Taylor). C. blattariae, F. (alauda, Hhst.). On several species of Scrophularia. — Shalfleet (Morley) ; Sandown (Taylor). C. pulchellus, Hhst. On ScropMdaria. — By sweeping herbage near ditch, Brading, June (Morey). Orobitis cyaneus, L. On several species of Viola. — One speci- men, sand-pit. Marvel Copse, June (Morey) ; Pelham Wood and Blackgang (Guyon). Acalles ptinoides, Marsh. In woods : The Furzebrake, Ventnor (Guyon). Mononychus pseudacori, F. (punctum-album, Hbst). On Iris foetidissimus. — Bred from pods taken in field near Ventnor (Prout) ; in plenty at Niton, Oct. (Donisthorpe) ; abundant in autumn near Ventnor (Guyon). Coeliodes rubicundus, Hhst. On birch. — Newchurch (Guyon). C. ruber, Marsh. On oak. — Newchurch (Guyon). C. erythroleucus, Gmel. On oak. — Newchurch (Guyon). C. fuliginosus, Marsh. Niton (Sharp). C. quadrimaculatus, L. {Genus, Cidnorrhinus). On Urtica dioica. — Very common and gen. dist. C. exiguus, 01. {Genus, AUodactylus). On various species of Geranium. — Luccombe, Aug. (Butler). Poophagus sisymbrii, F. On Pioripa amx)hihia. — On aquatic plants, Ventnor (Guyon). COLEOPTERA 383 Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, Payh. On various Cruciferae.— By sweeping, Newport, May (Morey). C. erysimi, F. On Alliaria, &c. — Yarmouth, Aug. (Newbery). C. contractus, Marsh. On various Cruciferae. — In sand-pit, Marvel Copse, and various other locaHties, March (Morey) ; near Heytesbury Farm, Aug. (Butler) ; Sandown (Taylor). C. cyanipennis, Genu, (sulcicollis, Payk). On Alliaria officinalis^ &c. — Not uncommon on the clift's w^est of the town, Ventnor (Fowler, B.C.) ;_ Sandown (Sharp). C. hirtulus, Germ. On Draba and other Cruciferae. — I. of Wight (Blatch). C. quadridens, Panz. On various Cruciferae. — Newport, Aug. (Butler) ; Freshwater (Holland). C. pollinarius, Forst. On nettles. — Common and gen. dist. C. pleurostigma, Marsh. On many species of Cruciferae. — St. Helens (Holland). C. resedae, Marsh. At roots of Reseda luteola, chalk downs, Freshwater, July (Champion). C. punctiger, Gyll. On Taraxacum officinale.— Blsbckgsing (Donisthorpe). C. marginatus, Payk. On Hypochaeris, &c. — St. Helens (Holland). C. rugulosus, Hhst. On Matricaria. — By sweeping Matricaria^ Bembridge (Donisthorpe & Beare) ; Sandown (Fowler). C. melanostictus, Marsh. On Lycopios, &c. — Sandown, Aug. (Beare) ; Niton (Sharp). C. asperifoliarum, Gyll. On various Boraginaceae. — Near Newport (Sharp) ; Pelham Wood (Guyon). C. chrysanthemi, Germ. On Corymbiferae, notably Chrysanthe- mum leucantliemum: — -Eailway bank near a wood. Haven Street, June (Morley) ; Pelham Wood (Guyon). C. litura, F. On various species of Carduus. — Near Heytesbury Farm, Parkhurst, Aug. (Butler) ; one specimen, Freshwater, April (Morey) ; near Shanklin (Poole). C. trimaculatus, F. On Carduaceae. — Freshwater (Champion) ; near Heytesbury Farm, Aug. (Butler). Ceuthorrhynchidius floralis, Payk. On various Cruciferae. — By sweeping, Newport, May (Morey). C. pyrrhorhynchus, Marsh. On Sisymbrium officinale. — Niton (Sharp) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Holland). C. melanarius, Steph. On Nasturtium officinale. — Margins of pond, Heytesbury Farm, May (Morey) ; Parkhurst (Elliott). C. tePminatus, Hbst. On Daucus maritimus. — On sides of cliffs on Daucus, Ventnor and Sandown (Fowler) ; at roots of Daucus, Sandown, also by sweeping, Chale (Donisthorpe) ; Sandown, Aug. (Butler). C. horridus, F. In plenty by sweeping thistles, Underclilif near Blackgang (Donisthorpe) ; Thorness Bay (Fowler, B.C.). 384 COLEOPTERA C. quercicola, Payk. By sweeping herbage, Marvel Copse, April (Morey). C. troglodytes, F. On Plantago. — Very common and gen. dist. C. Dawsoni, Bris. On Plantago coronopus and maritima. — Very common on coast. Near Sandown (Donisthorpe & Beare) ; Ventnor and Sandown (Fowler) ; roots of P. maritivui, sea cliffs, Nitou (Sharp). Amalus haemorrhous, Hbst. At roots of plants, Culver Cliffs, Sept. (Beare) ; Newchurch (Guy on). Rhinoncus pericarpius, L. On various species of Polygonum. — By sweeping, Luccombe, May ; also on herbage, Ventnor, June (Morey) ; Newport, Aug. (Butler). R. perpendicularis, Beich. On Polygonum. — One specimen by sweeping, Marvel Copse, June (Morey). R. bruchoides, Hhst. On Polygonum. — By sweeping at side of the river Yar, Sept. (Beare). Litodactylus leucogaster, Marsh. {Genus, Phytobius). I. of Wight (Fowler, B.C.). A semi-aquatic species. Phytobius Waltoni, Boh. On Pohjgonum hydropiper. — By sweeping near stream, Eookley Wilderness, Sept. (Morey). P. quadrituberculatus, F. On Polygonum persicaria, &c.— In sand-pit, April, and by sweeping, June, Marvel Copse (Morey). P. quadrinodosus, Gyll. On Polygonum amphihium. — By sweeping, Parkhurst Forest (Donisthorpe) ; in moss, Newchurch (Guy on). Limnobaris T-album, L. On rushes in marshy places. — Eyde (Guyon). This record possibly refers to L. pilistriata, Steph. Baris laticoUis, Marsh. At the roots of Sisymbrium officinale, in galls. — One specimen at roots of above plant, Sandown, Aug. (Newbery) ; one specimen on herbage, Ventnor ; also one specimen on a wall in the town, Ventnor, April (Morey). B. lepidii, Germ. At roots of Lepidium latifolium. — St. Helens (HoUand). B. analis, 01. On Inula dysenterica. — Near Eyde (Eevd. G. J. Eudd), also by Crotch and Matthews. One specimen crawling on the sand in a moist place at the foot of the cliffs near Sandown, June, 1887 (Champion). This rare species has only occurred in Britain at the I. of Wight. Balaninus venosus, Gr. On oaks. — One specimen by sweeping herbage. Marvel Copse, June (Morey) ; one specimen on wood pile of breakwater, Yarmouth, Aug. (Newbery). B. turbatus, Gyll. (glandium. Marsh.). On oaks. — Parkhurst (Elliott). B. Yillosus, F. On oaks. — Haven Street woods (Morley) ; Sandown, June (Elliott). B. saliciYorus, Payk. {Genus, Balanobius). On willows. — One specimen by sweeping, Luccombe, May (Morey). COLEOPTERA 385 B. pyrrhoceras, Marsh. (Genus, Balanobius). On willow, oak, &c. — Beaten from oak, Parkhurst Forest, June ; also by sweeping herbage. Marvel Copse, June (Morey) ; Borclwood Copse (Taylor). Calandria granaria, L. In granaries, &c. : amongst corn in a shop, Newport, June to Avig. ; abundant and very destructive (Morey) . Caulotrypis aeneopiceus, Boh. Earely, at foot of cliffs, Sandown, July (Champion) ; in stumps of elder, Ventnor (Guy on). Codiosoma spadix, Hbst. In old posts, salt marsh, Yarmouth, Aug. (Butler) ; Sandown, Aug. (Donisthorpe). Magdalis armigera, Fourc. In the dead branches of elm. — Yarmouth (Elliott) ; Spring Vale near Eyde (Morley). SCOLYTIDAE (IpIDAE) Scolytus destructor, 01. (Eccoptogaster scolytus, F). Some- times abundant in timber yard, Newport, especially on elms (Morey). S. intricatus, Batz. (Genus, Eccoptogaster). Under bark of fencing. Marvel Copse, Oct. (Newbery). S. rugulosus, Batz. (Genus, Eccoptogaster). Luccombe, Aug. (Butler). Hylastes palliatus, Gyll. Three specimens near Shanklin (Poole). Hylastinus obscurus, Marsh. In stems of broom and furze. — Beaten off furze, Sandown, July (Champion). Hylesinus crenatus, F. On elm planks in timber yard, Sept. and Oct. (Morey). H. oleiperda, F. One specimen— exact locality not noted (Morey). H. fraxini, Panz. In numbers on ash planks in timber yard, May and December (Morey). Myelophilus piniperda, L. Mining bark of fallen fir, Mai-vel Copse, April and Aug. (Morey). Pityophthorus pubescens, Marsh, (ramulorum, Perr). In dead branches of Pinus sylvestris. — By sweeping, Parkhurst Forest (Donis- thorpe). Xylocleptes bispinus, Duft. In dead stems of Clematis vitalha. — By sweeping, Marvel Copse, Sept. (Morey). 386 COLEOPTERA SUMMARY In the following comparative table the totals of the British species must be regarded as a mere approximation, much depending on the views taken by the compiler as to what should be admitted as species or excluded as varieties ; it takes note of all additions and deletions up to the date of publication. Adephaga Clavicornia ( Geodephaga [ Hydradephaga ... Palpicornia Brachyelytra Clavicornia Lamellicornia ... ( Sternoxi ... Serricornia i Malacodermata ... ( Ptinoidea Longicornia Phytophaga (Including Bruchidae) Heteromera (Including Stylopidae) Ehynchophora (Including Anthribidae) Total British I. of W. species species 323 169 133 47 106 51 801 274 715 231 87 43 78 17 92 34 57 18 58 19 255 113 129 48 504 245 3338 1309 The following totals of county lists, &c.,are given for comparison Suffolk , corrected to July 1908 Norfolk, „ March 1905 Essex, ,, ,, ,, Kent Surrey... Lancashire and Cheshire, to 1908 ... The whole of Ireland, to June 1901 Isle of Man, to 1908 (Probable total estimated by Dr. J. Harold Bailey at about 850 species) Scilly Islands, to Aug. 1908.. Lundy Island, ,, ,, 1945 1803 1649 2350 2346 1486 1630 680 269 464 SUPPLEMENTAEY LIST OF COLEOPTERA. BY HORACE ST J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S., 4c. The editor having asked me to prepare a supplement to the foi-e- going list, to bring it up to date and make it as complete as possible, I have compiled the following. If I had had the time to apply to Professor Beare, Mr. Champion, and others, who have done the most collecting in the Island, for a full list of all their captures, it would no doubt have been larger. I have, however, referred to all the records I know, and have added all such species as I have taken myself, which are not mentioned in Mr. Newbery's list. Carabidae Carabus catenulatus, 5'co^. Newport (C. J. C. Pool) ; Sandown (Taylor). Leistus rufescens, F. Sandown (Ellis). Stenolophus Yespertinus, Pz. Borders of pond, Sandown (Ford) ; under stones in ditch, Sandown (Taylor & Donisthorpe). *Harpalus discoideus, F. vh\ iiJijjtu. Group of larvae (nat. size) skin changing : photographed in situ. 396 LEPIDOPTERA 397 and decreasing in numbers. The Sandown locality, so well described in Newman's " Butterflies," is completely wiped out, and many other spots where it was formerly abundant now fail to yield specimens. At present it is only found in one or two restricted spots in the Underclifi'. The imago of this species is illustrated from a photo- graph of living specimens, and groups of larvae are shown among their natural surroundings. The larvae were photographed in situ exactly as found ; the upper picture is of a winter web taken in the early spring, with larvae sunning themselves on the outside ; the lower picture shows a group undergoing the process of skin chang- ing. The larva on the left has just cast its old skin and the tuber- cles show white ; these regain their normal blackness in a few hours. Vanessa C-album (Comma). Very scaxce : Freshwater and Sandown (More). Y. polychloros (Large Tortoiseshell). Not common, but distri- buted over the Island : Parkhurst (Morey) ; Ventnor (Snow) ; San- down, Brading, Sec, very occasionally (Prout). I have also seen it at Shanklin and in the Underchff. Y. urticae (Small Tortoiseshell). Our commonest Vanessa. Y. io (Peacock). Common : more so in some seasons than others. Y. antiopa (Camberwell Beauty). Very rare : I have the following records : Ventnor and Seaview, 1846 (Zoologist, p. 1506) ; one captured at Bembridge, April 13, 1856 (Wall. Diary) ; fourteen taken in Isle of Wight — at Wroxall, Shanklin, Ventnor, and Fresh- water, by Mr. J. Venables, in August, 1872 (Entom., vol. vi, p. 216); also taken at Freshwater, August 23, 1872 ; Shanklin, one taken by a fisherman in October, 1876 (T. K. Crossfield, in Entom., vol. ix, p. 256) ; one-at Totland Bay, August 14, 1888 (Entom., 1888, p. 229); one September 26, 1903, is recorded in the "Field," by W.T. ; Quarr Abbey, one on September 27, 1904 (H. P. Tarrant, in Entom., 1904, p. 323). Y. atalanta (Eed Admiral). Common. Mr. F. Draper tells me that hundreds were attracted to the light at St. Catherine's Light- house on the night of October 20, 1908 ; so many that they partially obscured the light and were swept up in heaps for removal. Y. cardui (Painted Lady). Plentiful during most seasons, though sometimes quite scarce. Limenitis sibylla (White Admiral). Common at Parkhurst, and may also be taken at Quarr Copse, Whitefield Woods, &c. ' Apatura iris (Purple Emperor). Very scarce : a female was taken in Parkhurst Forest on August 2, 1890, by Mr. P. Wadham ; and about three or four years after he saw another, but could not get within striking distance. Other localities are Freshwater and Whitefield Woods (More) ; Brading (J. Pristo) ; and Yarmouth (F. Bond), in Newman's "Butterflies." Anosia erippus (The Milkweed). Has been taken in the Isle of 398 LEPIDOPTEEA Wight on several occasions. One was seen at Ventnor by Mr. Lester Arnold in September, 1885 (Entom., vol. xviii, p. 305) ; at Ventnor a specimen was secured about 1884 or 1885, and two have appeared at Shanklin. Of these one was captured by Mr. J. Billings, in 1887, and sent by him to the British Museum for identification, afterwards passing into the collection of Mr. Furneaux. About the year 1895, I saw a remarkably large butterfly on the wing at Shanklin, and a few days afterwards a specimen of eripp^is fell to the straw hat of a visitor — no doubt the same insect. One was picked up on the Culvers by Mr. G. H. Heath on September 13, 1908. Melanargia galatea (Marbled White). Common in open spaces on the Chalk, and not quite so common in woods : Freshwater (Hodges) ; Haven Street (Nobbs) ; Sandown (J. Taylor). I have also taken it at Parkhurst, Shanklin — near the downs, St. Lawrence, and Blackgang. Pararge egeria (Speckled Wood). Common in woods and lanes : Steyne Wood, near Bembridge (Prout) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Whippingham and Freshwater (Nobbs) ; Parkhurst, Hampstead, Ningwood, &c. (Poole). P. megaera (Wall Brown). Common throughout the Island. Satyrus semele (Grayling). Common on most of the downs and heaths, and sometimes in woods. Epinephele ianira (Meadow Brown). Most abundant : bleached varieties are occasionally found. E. tithonus (Large Heath). Common, especially about hedges. E. hyperanthes (Einglet). Common in woods : the var. arete has been twice taken at Bordwood. Coenonympha pamphilus (Small Heath). Abundant, especially on the downs and heaths. Thecla betulae (Brown Hair streak). Bare : has recently been taken near Haven Street (Long & Nobbs) ; the older records give Eyde, Quarr, and Whippingham as localities. In 1896 I saw a fresh specimen that had been captured in the Undercliff'. T. quercus (Purple Hairstreak). May be found in all the oak woods. T. rubi (Green Hairstreak). Local, but fairly plentiful : I have records from all parts of the Island. Polyommatus phloeas (Small Copper). Plentiful : South, in his book on the British Butterflies, records a curious variety of this species taken in the Isle of Wight. Lycaena baetica (Long-tailed Blue). One at Freshwater, August 23, 1878 (Entom., vol. xii, p. 83). Some doubt has been thrown upon this record: see Tutt's "Nat. Hist. Brit. Butt.", vol. ii, p. 375. L. aegon (Silver-studded Blue). Uncommon : the only recent record is made by Mr. C. J. C. Pool, who reports them as " settled in numbers on grass and sedge in damp meadows on the west side of LEPIDOPTEEA 399 Parkhurst Forest, in 1902." Hampstead (F. Bond), Newport (A. Owen) — Newman's " Bvitterflies." L. astrarche (Brown Argus). Common, but local: St. Boniface Down, Yaverland, Whitecliff Bay, Bembridge and Brading Downs (Poole) ; Haven Street (Nobbs). L. icarus (Common Blue). Abundant. The following extract is from South's " Butterflies of the British Isles " — " Scotch and Irish specimens (males) often have some black spots on the outer margin of the hind wings (upper side)," and one of this variety is figured in that work from Ventnor. I have taken one of the same variety at Shanklin, where also the ab. arcua has turned up several times. L. bellargus (Adonis Blue). Local, on the Chalk : Bowcombe Down (Morey) ; round Carisbrooke Castle, abundant (Prideaux) ; Mottistone and Freshwater (Prideaux, in Entom., 1896, p. 91) ; also St. Boniface Down and Bembridge Down (Poole). L. corydon (Chalk-hill Blue). Common on the Chalk and Upper Greensand : Pan Down (Morey) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Caris- brooke Castle (Nobbs) ; St. Boniface Down, Limpet Eun, Brading and Bembridge Downs (Poole). L. argiolus (Holly Blue). Fairly common : Shanklin, the Land- shp, Bordwood (Poole) ; near Niton, and other parts of the Undercliff (Vic. Hist.) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Carisbrooke (Prideaux, in Entom., 1896, p. 91) ; Newport (Morey). L. minima (Small, or Bedford Blue). Common, but local : Shanklin, Ventnor, Carisbrooke, Totland, Freshwater, Bonchurch, Sandown. Nemeobius lucina (Duke of Burgundy). A local species and uncommon : Bordwood and Combley (Poole) ; Quarr Copse (More) ; wood on Apes Down, Totland Bay, and Parkhurst Forest (Morey) ; Haven Street (Nobbs). Syrichthus malYae (Grizzled Skipper). Fairly plentiful : Bordwood and Parkhurst (Poole) ; Quarr Copse and Bembridge (More) ; Ningwood Common, near Sandown, Bembridge Down (Taylor) ; Ventnor (Prout) ; Bonchurch (Wall. Diary) ; Yarmouth (E. R. Bankes). Nisoniades tages (Dingy Skipper). Abundant in certain localities, particularly on the east side of the Island. Hesperia thaumas (Small Skipper). Plentiful where it occurs, but somewhat local : Apse Heath, Parkhurst, Whitecliff Bay (Poole) ; Pan Down, Shide, Bowcombe Down (Morey) ; Eew Down (Peckj ; Sandown (Prout) ; Bembridge (Stainton) ; Whippingham Woods (Nobbs). H. sylvanus (Large Skipper). Common and generally distributed. 400 LEPIDOPTERA HETEBOCERA— MOTHS SPHINGES (22 species are recorded). Acherontia atropos (Death's-head Hawk). Not uncommon, but mostly found in the larval stage. Sphinx convolYuli (Convolvulus Hawk). Common during some seasons, hovering over Petunias, &c., at dusk. It is recorded from all parts of the Island. S. ligustri (Privet Hawk). Common throughout the Island. Deilephila ^alii (Bedstraw Hawk). Very rare : four larvae and two imagines at Freshwater, 1859 (More). D. liYOrnica (Striped Hawk). This rare hawk-moth has been taken sparingly in most parts of the Island. The following localities are given in Tutt's "Brit. Lep.": Ryde, Osborne, Freshwater, Ventnor, Brighstone, near Newport, Winford, and Niton. There are occasional records in the old periodicals, e.g. " Zool.," pp. 803, 1444, 7107, &c.; "Entom.," vol. iii, pp. 288-9, vol. iv., p. 149, vol. v, pp. 129-30 ; and Maitland records two taken in the Undereliff. More recently, two were taken at Shanklin, May 26 and 28, 1904 ; a larva near Sandown in July of the same year ; and three imagines at Shanklin in 1906 on June 7 and 9, and September 21. Choerocampa celerio (Silver- striped Hawk). Very rare: one at Sandown in 1834, and one at Freshwater (More) ; one "at light," at Ryde (J. Ingram) ; Nettlestone (Entom., vol. iii, p. 42) ; two specimens — a larva and an imago^ — ^were obtained from a greenhouse on the Watergate Road, Newport, about 1879 — probably introduced (Morey) ; Tutt's " Brit. Lep." also gives Shanklin (Leech). C. porcellus (Small Elephant-Hawk). Fairly plentiful : Shanklin (Poole) ; several at Ventnor (Draper) ; Bembridge, St. Helens Spit, and the Undereliff (More) ; Newport (Morey) ; above Limpet Run, Sandown (H. H. May) ; Freshwater, freely in one or two spots (Hodges) ; &c. C. elpenor (Large Elephant- Hawk) . Moderately common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Newport (Wadham) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Bem- bridge and Freshwater (More) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; &c. C. nerii (Oleander Hawk). Very rare : one at Sandown in 1834, and one at Freshwater (More). Smerinthus ocellatus (Eyed Hawk), Uncommon : Shanklin (Poole) ; Bembridge and Ryde (More) ; one at Newport (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor). S. populi (Poplar Hawk). Common. S. tiliae (Lime Hawk). Scarce : has been taken at Bembridge (More), and near Ryde (Ingram). Macroglossa stellatarum (Humming-Bird Hawk). Common LEPIDOPTEEA 401 everywhere, hovering up and down walls facing the sun, and over blossoms of valerian, &c. M. fuciformis (Broad-bordered Bee Hawk). Isle of Wight (Grant, in Tutt's Brit. Lep.). M. bombyliformis = tityus (Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk). Near Osborne (More). Both of the bee hawks must be very rare. Trochilium crabroniforme (Hornet Clearwing of the Osier). Fairly common at Shanklin, the larvae feeding in the trunks of poplars (Poole) ; Sandown (J. Taylor) ; Freshwater, 1903 (J. P. Mutch). Sesia sphegiformis (White-barred Clearwing). One specimen recorded amongst Mr. Morey's notes as " taken by a friend," but without further data. S. tipuliformis (Currant Clearwing). Common at Shanklin in gardens (Poole) ; Newport (Morey) ; Sandown (G. T. Woods). S. asiliformis (Yellow-legged Clearwing). One specimen captured at rest on the trunk of a chestnut tree in Sandown, July 29, 1906 (J. Taylor). S. ichneumoniformis (Six-belted Clearwing). Common on the coast of the Isle of Wight (Vic. Hist.) ; Sandown Bay and Freshwater (More) ; rare in the Undercliff (Maitland). Zygaena trifolii (Five-spot Burnet). Common: Shanklin (Poole) ; Rookley Wildei-ness (Morey) ; near Sandown (Taylor). Z. filipendulae (Six-spot Burnet). Common: Yaverland, Shanklin, Blackgang, Limpet Run (Poole) ; Pan Down (Morey) ; &c. BOMBYCES (79 species are recorded). Sarothripus undulanus. Centurion's Copse, one only (Prout). Earias chlorana. Sandown, sparingly (Prout). Hylophila prasinana. Local : Bordwood, and America Woods near Shanklin (Poole) ; Whippingham (Nobbs). Nola cucullatella. Sandown (Prout) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). N. strigula. Rare (More) ; Steyne Wood, Bembridge, at sugar and light, July, 1856 (Wall. Diary). N. confusalis. Bembridge, May 7, 1857 (Wall. Diary). N. albulalis. Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher caught a specimen of Nola albulalis near Freshwater (Vic. Hist.). N. centonalis. Very rare (More). A single specimen of this pretty little insect came to light on July 1, 1858, at Bembridge in the Isle of Wight (Newman's " Moths "). Nudaria mundana. Rare in the Undercliff (Maitland) ; Brading Down and vicinity, not rare (Prout) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; East Cowes (Nobbs). Setina irrorella. Common at Freshwater Cliff (Newman's DD 402 LEPIDOPTERA "Moths"); the rare IVI aberration {— ab. signata) has been occasionally taken at the same place (see Entom., vol. xxxvii, p. 297, &c.). Calligenia miniata. Fairly common : Shanklin and Parkhurst (Poole) ; Pelham Woods (Snow) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Newport and Nettlestone (Morey) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs) ; Yarmouth (E. E. Bankes). Lithosia mesomella. Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Parkhurst Forest (A. Be vis). L. sororcula. Eare (More) ; one specimen at Shanklin on June 2, 1908 (Poole). L. ^riseola. Sandown, the type freely, the var. stramineola apparently rare (Prout) ; near Yarmouth (Tutt, in Entom., 1889, p. 236) ; Bordwood (Poole). L. lurideola. Common at Bordwood, and at Greatwoods Copse, Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown, at light (Taylor) ; near Yarmouth (Tutt, in Entom., 1889, p. 236); Freshwater (P. W. Abbott); E. Cowes (Nobbs). L. complana. Bembridge, July 22, 1857 ; and a larva, June 12, 1857 (Wall. Diary) ; a single specimen ab Blackpan Common, near Sandown (Poole). Gnophria quadra. Eare (More) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). G. rubricollis. Mr. Crump, of Shanklin, tells me that during one season it swarmed in America Woods. It has also been taken at Parkhurst. East Cowes (Nobbs). Emydia cribrum. Eare : taken at Freshwater, in 1859, by Mr. H. Eogers (Ent. Intel., 1859, p. 35). Deiopeia pulchella. Mr. Bevis, of Eyde, has a specimen taken in 1878, in marshes near Eyde — now the Eecreation Ground. I have also heard of a specimen taken near Shanklin. " Isle of Wight, 1871," is given in South's " Moths." Euchelia jacobaeae. More calls it rare, but I have found it decidedly common, particularly round Sandown. Other localities are Bembridge, Shanklin, Newchurch (Poole) ; Ventnor, common (Draper) ; Newport (Morey) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs). Callimorpha hera. One was captured in the Isle of Wight in 1877 (Soutli's "Moths"). Nemeophila russula. Eare : Mr. G. Masters, of Cowes, took a single specimen at light near Osborne in 1907 ; Parkhurst Forest (Bevis). Arctia caia. Plentiful. A. Yillica. Common throughout the Island. Spilosoma fuliginosa. Fairly common : Bembridge (Poole) ; Parkhurst (Morey) ; Ventnor (Draper) ; Sandown, at light (Taylor). S. mendica. Not very common : Pelham Woods (Draper) ; Newport (Wadham) ; Sandown (Prout) ; Shanklin (Poole). S. lubricipeda. Abundant. LEPIDOPTERA 403 S. menthastri. Abundant. S. urticae. One specimen only has been taken near Sandown in 1902, now in coll. J. Taylor, this being the only record for Hants. Hepialus humuli. Common : meadows at Shanklin (Poole) ; Newport (Morey) ; Sandown, Atherfield, and Bembridge (Taylor). H. sylvinus. Common round Shanklin (Poole) ; the Culvers and Hillyards (Taylor) ; Niton (Bloomfield) ; Gurnard, scarce (Nobbs). H. velleda. Eare : Bembridge, September, 1855, and August 21, 1857 (Wall. Diary) ; one specimen at Shanklin in a field near the downs (Poole). H. lupulinus. Common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Newport (Morey). H. hectus. Very common near Shanklin — Greatwoods Copse, America Woods, &c. (Poole); Sandown (Taylor); Parkhurst (Morey). Cossus ligniperda. Plentiful: Shanklin, Sandowm, Newport, Cowes, &c. Zeuzera pyrina. Fairly common : Shankhn, Cowes, Parkhurst, and the Undercliff. Porthesia chrysorrhoea. Sometimes common near Shanklin, and has also been taken at Apse Heath, Sandown, Niton, Bembridge, &c. At Sandown, in 1908, there were hundreds of webs within a restricted area, the bushes soon being reduced to bare twigs by the hungry larvae. P. similis. Common. Leucoma salicis. Fairly frequent at Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor). Ocneria dispar. A single specimen was taken some years ago in Parkhurst Forest by Mr. A. Bevis. Psilura monacha. Bordwood (Prout) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Whippingham (Nobbs). Dasychira fascelina. Is given on More's Hst as rare. D. pudibunda. Common : Bordwood, Shanklin, Newport, Whippingham. Orgyia antiqua. Abundant. Trichiura crataegi. Bare : the Underchff (Maitland). Poecilocampa populi. Fairly common : Shanklin, Sandowm, Whippingham. Eriogaster lanestris. Is found sparingly : Whippingham (Nobbs). " Nettlestone (Ingram) ; Yarmouth (Kaye) " — Tutt's " Brit. Lep." Bombyx neustria. Common. B. rubi. Plentiful : Shankhn Downs (Poole) ; Pan Down (Morey) ; Whippingham (Nobbs). B. quercus. Generally distributed and common. B. trifolii. Eare: Nettlestone (Ingram, in Tutt's Brit. Lep.). Professor E. B. Poulton has sent me the following note on its occurrence : — " I first heard, on the authority of Mr. H. Grose-Smith, DD2 404 LEPIDOPTERA of the occurrence of L. trifoUi on the Dover at St. Helens (the site of the Bembridge links), on July 6, 1899. Mr. W. Holland, when staying with me, found a larva on the Dover which spun up, and a small trifolii emerged from the cocoon on August 15, 1899. Next year my friend, Mrs. F. Gotch, captured a male moth on the beach of the Dover, August 31, 1900. This last specimen is much worn." Odonestis potatoria. Common throughout the Island. Lasiocampa quercifolia. Fairly common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Parkhurst (Morey) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Culver Down (Prout) ; Wliippingham (Nobbs). Mr. Draper has a number taken from the lantern of St. Catherine's Lighthouse. Saturnia pavonia. May be obtained occasionally on the do\^ms between Slianklin and Ventnor. Drepana lacertinaria. Bembridge (Wall. Diary). D. falcataria. Sandown (Taylor) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Wliippiugliam (Nobbs). D. binaria. Fairly common : Shanklin (Poole) ; one at Ning- wood (Taylor) ; Sandown, on two or three occasions at lamps in the town (Prout) ; Werrar Wood (Prideaux) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Whippingham (Nobbs). Cilix glaucata. Common : Shanklin, Sandown, Newport, Whippingham. Dicranura furcula. Eare : Ventnor (Maitland) ; Sandown, larvae occasionally (Prout) ; Parkhurst (Nobbs). D. bifida. Rare : Ventnor (Maitland) ; Newport (Wadham) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs). D. vinula. Plentiful. Stauropus fagi. Very rare : has been taken by Mr. Masters at West Cowes. Pterostoma palpina. Uncommon : Ventnor (Maitland) ; Sandown and St. Helens (Prout) ; at lamps, E. Cowes (Nobbs). Lophopteryx camelina. Uncommon : Centurion's Copse (Prout) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Shanklin, one only (Baker) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs). Notodonta dictaea. Fairly common at Shanklin (Poole) ; San- down (Crump) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs). N. dictaeoides. Apparently rare : one at Sandown (Taylor). N. dromedarius. Rare : near Freshwater (Hodges) ; Sandown, a few larvae (Prout). N. ziczac. Fairly plentiful : Landslip (Poole) ; Sandown (Prout) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs). N. trepida. Has been taken at East Cowes on several occasions by Mr. G. Nobbs. N. chaonia. A few every year at light, Shanklin (Poole) ; San- down, larvae once or twice (Prout) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs). Phalera bucephala. Most abundant. Pygaera curtula. Is on More's list. LEPIDOPTEBA 405 Thyatira derasa. Common : Shanklin, Sandown, Steyne Wood, Freshwater, &c. T. batis. Common : its distribution the same as derasa. Cymatophora duplaris. Fairly common : Freshwater (Hodges) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Greatwoods Copse, Shanklin (Poole). Asphalia diluta. Fairly common : Sandown (Taylor) ; Park- hm-st, at sugar (Prideaux) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs) ; Yarmouth (Bankes) ; Whitefield Woods (Fox & Taylor) ; Shankhn (Baker). A. flaYicornis. Rare : at lamps, E. Cowes (Nobbs). A. ridens. Is on More's list. NOCTUAE (233 species are recorded). Bryophila muralis. Fairly common throughout the Island. B. perla. Common : resting on walls, and at light. Moma orion. Rare : Parkhurst, at sugar (Prideaux) ; near Freshwater (Hodges) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). Acronycta tridens. Sandown, fairly common (Taylor) ; Fresh- water (Douglas, in Entom., 1904, p. 297) ; Newport (Morey) ; Freshwater (E. R. Bankes). A. psi. Common : Shanklin and Sandown (Poole) ; Ventnor (Snow) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs). A. leporina. Uncommon : one at sugar, near Sandown, July 23, 1892, also one or two larvae (Prout) ; Bembridge, "on shore fir trees," July 24, 1856 ; at light, July 31, 1857 (Wall. Diary) ; one at x\lverstone (Taylor) ; Sandown (Fox) ; Whippingham and Palmers Brook (Nobbs). A. aceris. Common : Shanklin, Sandown, E. Cowes, &c. A. megacephala. Common. A. alni. Is on More's list, where it is given as "very rare": I know of no recent record. A. ligustri. Freshwater (Hodges) ; near Sandown and at St. Helens (Taylor). A. rumicis. Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Newport (Morey) ; Yarmouth (E. R. Bankes). Diloba caeruleocephala. Taken at street lamps, Shanklin (Poole); Sandown (Fox) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs). Leucania conigera. Common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Niton (Bloomfield) ; Freshwater (Hodges). L. Yitellina. Near Sandown, very occasionally (Prout) ; Fresh- water (Hodges, Hanbury, in Entom., 1893, p. 303, &c.) ; Freshwater, one in September, 1906 (Newman, in Entom., 1906, p. 233) ; Bem- bridge, one on September 25, 1858 (Wall. Diary) ; two at Sandown, 1908. L. lithargyria. Common : Shanklin, Niton, Sandown, Freshwater, &c. 406 LEPIDOPTERA L. albipuncta. Has been taken in some numbers by the late Mr. J. G. Eoss and others, in woods near Freshwater, at sugar (Vic. Hist.). Sandown, almost every year since 1893, when one was taken on July 27 — ? an immigrant. It has never since appeared before August, usually quite the end of the month. Some seasons only one or two are seen, but in 1896, 1897, and 1902 it was much commoner (Prout). Commenting on Mr. Front's remarks, Mr. Bankes points out that 1893 was the earHest season ever known, Lepidoptera appearing, as a rule, a month or more before their usual dates. L. extranea. Very rare : Mr. Bond captured one specimen at sugar at Freshwater, on September 6, 1859 (Newman's "Moths"). Mr. Taylor took a specimen on September 10, 1907, near Sandown, recorded in the " Ent. Eec," 1907, p. 303. L. obsoleta. A few in the marshes near Sandown (Taylor). L. littoralis. A coast species, and rather uncommon : St. Helens Spit, larvae not rare (Prout). L. comma. Common : Freshwater, Sandown, Shanklin, &c. L. straminea. Sparingly in marshes near Sandown (Taylor) ; occurred in fair numbers in the reed-beds, near Freshwater (Eussell E. James, in Ent. Eec, vol. xix, p. 205). L. impura. Common. L. pallens. Common. L. 1-album. Sandown, "one taken at sugar by my friend, Mr. S. J. Bell, recorded in the ' Ent. Eec' for 1901, p. 332" (Prout). I found a second specimen amongst some insects taken near Newport by Mr. P. Wadham, but he could give me no more definite data. L. favicolor. Near Sandown, one on September 19, 1895, at sugar ; one was also taken near Freshwater some years ago by my friend, Mr. F. J. Hanbury (Prout). Senta maritima. In fair numbers, and with considerable varia- tion, in marshes near Sandown (J. Taylor). Coenobia rufa. Sandown, very local (Prout). Tapinostola fulva. Sandown (Prout). T. hellmanni. Sandown district, two in very widely separated localities, and in different years ; its head-quarters still undiscovered (Prout). Nonagria arundinis. Brading Marshes (Prout) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Sandown (Taylor). N. geminipuncta. Eeed-beds near Sandown (Taylor) ; Sandown, Brading Marshes, and near Freshwater, common (Prout) ; Mr. E. E. Bankes has bred it from larvae and pupae found commonly in reed- beds near Freshwater. Calamia lutosa. One stray specimen at sugar on the Culvers, September 8, 1897 (Prout) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; one at light, Shanklin, October 3, 1908 (Baker). Gortyna ochracea. Shanklin Downs (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; LEPIDOPTERA 407 near Blackpan Common (Prout) ; Parkhurst (Prideaux). The pupae may sometimes be found plentifully in stems of thistles. Hydroecia nictitans. Common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown Marshes (Prout) ; Niton (Bloomfield) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs). H. paludis. Brading, rather common (Prout) ; Freshwater (Bankes) ; Sandown (Taylor). H. micacea. Fairly common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor). Axylia putris. Common : Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Douglas, in Entom., 1904, p. 298) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs) ; Luccombe Common (Poole). Xylophasia rurea. Common : Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Shanklin (Poole). X. lithoxylea. Common : Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Douglas, in Entom., 1904, p. 297) ; Parkhurst (Nobbs) ; Shanklin (Poole). X. sublustris. Common during some seasons : Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Shanklin (Poole). X. monoglypha. Most abundant. X. hepatica. Fairly common, and distributed throughout the Island. Dipterygia scabriuscula. Freshwater (Douglas, in Entom., 1904, p. 298). Aporophyla australis. A fairly plentiful species on the downs, &c. Sandown, Shanklin, Freshwater, and Ventnor are localities in which this insect has been captured. A few of the melanic var. ingenua have been taken at different times. Laphygma exigua. This very rare little Noctua was first taken at sugar, at Ventnor, by Mr. A. Maitland ; then three or four specimens at Bembridge ; three by Mr. Bond at Freshwater ; and one or two by Mr. Eogers in the same locality (Newman's "Moths "). One was taken at Sandown, on August 26, 1884 (F. W. Hawes, in Entom., vol. xvii, p. 273). During the autumn of 1906 it was taken in numbers at Sandown by Mr. Taylor and others. A larva was also shaken from wild beet by Mr. Taylor, and emerged on October 16, this being the first larva known to have been taken in Britain (see Ent. Eec, 1907, p. 46). During the same year it was also taken at Shanklin and Freshwater (Entom., 1906, p. 233). The species did not appear in 1907 or 1908. Neuria reticulata. A few every year at Sandown (Taylor) ; Newport (Morey) ; Shanklin (Poole). Neuronia popularis. Common at light, and resting on grass : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Hodges). Heliophobus hispidus. Scarce : Freshwater (Wall. Diary and Hodges). Charaeas graminis. Rare : single specimens at Sandown and Ventnor (Taylor). 408 LEPIDOPTERA Cerigo matura. Common at Sandown (Taylor). Luperina testacea. Very common : a dark variety at Sandown (Taylor). L. dumerilii. Very rare : three at Freshwater (H. Eogers, in Ent. Intel., 1859, p. 35). L. cespitis. Taken sparingly : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Hodges). Mamestra abjecta. Eare: Sandown, three or four only (Prout) ; near Yarmouth (Tutt, in Entom., 1889, p. 236) ; St. Helens (Fox). M. sordida. Common : Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Hodges). M. brassicae. Very abundant. M. persicariae. Common: Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Prout). Apamea basilinea. Abundant : Shanklin, Ventnor, Sandown, &c. A. gemina. Plentiful : Sandown, Shanklin, Freshwater, Brading. A. unanimis. One only, near Sandown (Taylor) ; St. Helens (Fox). A. leucostigma. One only, at sugar, Sandown, August 25, 1906 (Prout). A. didyma. Sw^arms at Sandown (Taylor) ; also Shanklin, Freshwater, Newport, &c. Miana strigilis. Most abundant. M. fasciuncula. Plentiful: Sandown, Shanklin, Freshwater, &c. M. literosa. Common. M. bicoloria. Common and variable. M. arcuosa. Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Sandown, one at light (Fox). Celaena haworthii. One uncommonly large specimen, taken by Mr. Taylor near Sandown, September 16, 1907 (see Ent. Eec, 1907, p. 303). Grammesia trigrammica. So abundant as to be a nuisance at sugar near Shanklin in 1907, and common throughout the Island. One of the var. bilinea was taken at Sandown by Mr. Taylor. Stilbia anomala. Is given as an Isle of Wight species by More : I have no further information. Caradrina morpheus. Not common : Shanklin (Poole) ; San- down (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Douglas, in Entom., 1904, p. 298). C. alsines. Not common : Sandown (Taylor) ; Luccombe Common, and Greatwoods Copse near Shanklin (Poole). C. taraxaci. Plentiful at Sandown (Taylor) ; Niton (Bloomfield) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Shankhn (Poole). C. ambigua. Sandown, almost every year since 1893, though generally quite sparingly (Prout) ; Freshwater (Hodges). C. quadripunctata. Common : Sandown (Taylor) ; Newport (Wadham) ; Shanklin (Poole). LEPIDOPTERA 409 Acosmetia caliginosa. Eecorded from the Isle of Wight . . . in the past (South's " Moths ")• Rusina tenebrosa. A few at Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Douglas, in Entom., 1904, p. 298) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs) ; Shanklin (Poole) ; Ventnor (Fox & Peck). Agrotis Yestigialis. Very rare. It is given on More's list, and the Isle of Wight is mentioned as a locality in Newman's " Moths." A. puta. Common : Shanklin, Sandown, Freshwater, &c. A. suffusa. Common. A. saucia. Plentiful throughout the Island during some seasons, almost absent at other times. A. segetum. Very common. A. lunigera. Taken sparingly at Sandown, commoner during some seasons (Taylor) ; Freshwater, common (Hodges). Mr. Eussell E. James has recorded it as abundant at Freshwater (Ent. Eec, vol. xix, p. 204). A. exclamationis. Very common. A. corticea. Common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Hodges). A. cinerea. Very uncommon : one only, at Ventnor (Maitland) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Bembindge, at light, June, 1857 (Wall. Diary) ; Shanklin (Poole) ; six at Freshwater, July, 1907 (Eussell E. James, in Ent. Eec, vol. xix, p. 205) ; Ventnor (Fox). _ A. ripae. Larvae very common at St. Helens Spit (Prout) ; larvae near Freshwater (Hodges). Some years ago larvae were very abundant at Yarmouth, but are now scarce there owing to the dis- appearance of their food-plants (E. E. Bankes). A. nigricans. Taken sparingly as a rule : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown, was very common in the early nineties (Prout) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs) ; Freshwater (James, in Ent. Eec, vol. xix, p. 205). A. tritici. Sandown, not very common (Prout & Taylor). The var. aquilina at Shanklin (Poole) ; and Sandown (Prout). A. obelisca. Fairly frequent : Ventnor (Maitland) ; Newport (Morey) ; Niton (Bloomfiekl, teste Prout) ; Freshwater (Hodges). A. Strigula. Near Sandown (Taylor). A. simulans. Very rare : is on More's hst. A. lucernea. Eecorded from Freshwater by Hodges and others. Barrett states that "the Isle of Wight produces deep slate-coloured specimens." Noctua glareosa. Fairly plentiful : Sandown (Taylor) ; Fresh- water (Hodges). N. plecta. Common at light, &c. : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Hodges). N. flammatra. Very rare : of the three known British examples of this species, two were captured in the Isle of Wight — one at 410 LEPIDOPTERA Freshwater in 1859 (Ent. Intel., vol. vi, p. 164, & vol. vii, p. 35), and one in 1876 (South's " Moths ")• The specimen recorded from Freshwater in " Ent. Mo. Mag.," vol. xvii, p. 135, was certainly not British. — E. R. Bankes. N. c-nigrum. Abundant : Sandown, Yarmouth, Shanklin, New- port, Freshwater, Cowes, &c. N. ditrapezium. The Isle of Wight is given as a locality in Newman's " Moths," but the record wants confirmation. N. triangulum. Shanklin and Luccombe Common (Poole) ; Sandown (Prout) ; Freshwater (Douglas, in Entom., 1904, p. 297). N. stigmatica. Bembridge, August 21, 1857 (Wall. Diary)— wants confirmation. N. brunnea. Freshwater (Hodges). N. festiva. Abundant. N. dahlii. Is given as an I. of W. species in Newman's " Moths." N. rubi. Common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Yarmouth (Bankes) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Hodges). N. umbrosa. Sandown, in some of the damper spots (Prout). N. baia. Sandown, &c., rather common (Prout) ; Shanklin (Poole). N. castanea. Uncommon : Bembridge (Wall. Diary). Yar- mouth, taken rather sparingly, September to October, 1905. There being no Galluna or Erica anywhere near, the larvae presumably feed there on Salix. All the moths seen were referable to var. neglecta (E. E. Bankes). N. xanthographa. Very common : Shanklin, Sandown, Fresh- water, Cowes, Yarmouth, &c. Triphaena ianthina. Common. T. fimbria. Pretty frequent : Ventnor, Sandown, ShankHn, Cowes, Freshwater. T. inter jecta. Fairly common : Ventnor, Shanklin Down, San- down, Freshwater. T. orbona. Cowes (C. Morley) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Parkhurst, one at sugar (Prideaux) ; Ventnor (Maitland). T. comes. Common. T. pronuba. Exceedingly common. Amphipyra pyramidea. Plentiful. A. tragopogonis. Plentiful. Mania typica. Common at Hght, &c. : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs). M. maura. Fairly common : Shanklin, Sandown, Newport, Whippingham, &c. Panolis piniperda. Parkhurst Forest, at sallows (Prideaux) ; Sandown, one only, at flowers of blackthorn on the west cliff (Prout) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs) ; one at light, Shanklin (Poole). Pachnobia leucographa. Eare and local : Isle of Wight (Newman's " Moths "). P. rubricosa. Sandown (Prout) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs) ; Shanklin at sallow bloom (Poole). LEPIDOPTEBA 411 Taeniocampa ^othioa. Common at sallows : Shanklin, Sando%vn, Parkhurst, E. Cowes. T. incerta. At sallow bloom, not so common as the last : Shanklin (Poole) ; near Sandown (Prout). T. populeti. Not common : at sallows near Shanklin (Poole). T. stabilis. Abundant. T. gracilis. Fairly common : Sandown (Taylor) ; Parkhurst (Prideaux) ; Shanklin (Poole). T. miniosa. Uncommon : Parkhurst (Prideaux, teste Prout) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs). T. munda. Infrequent : Sandown (E. H. Fox) ; pupae at E. Cowes (Nobbs) ; the var. immaculata at Cowes (Nobbs, teste Prout). T. pulverulenta. Common : Shanklin, Sandown, Brading, E. Cowes. Orthosia suspecta. Sandown, one at sugar, July 19, 1897 (Prout). 0. upsilon. Cowes (Nobbs, teste Prout). 0. lota. Common : Shanklin, Sandow^n, Freshwater, E. Cowes. 0. macilenta. Common : Shanklin, Sandown, E. Cowes, Bembridge. Anchocelis rufina. Sandown, a few (Taylor) ; Yarmouth, not uncommon (E. R. Bankes). A. pistacina. Common at ivy blossom, &c. A. lunosa. Sandown, Newport, Yarmouth, Fresliwater, Ventnor, E. Cowes, &c. A. litura. Freshwater (Hodges). Cerastis vaccinii. Swarms at ivy blossom. C. spadicea. Swarms at ivy blossom. Scopelosoma satellitia. Abundant. Dasycampa rubiginea. Rare : Bembridge, a few (Wall. Diary) ; eight at ivy liere, October 23 and 26, 1866 (James Ingram, Nettle- stone, in Entom., vol. iii, p. 43) ; one near Sandown, October 25, 1906 (Taylor). Oporina croceago. Parkhurst Forest, at sallows (Prideaux, teste Prout). Xanthia citrago. One, flying at dusk by the side of the Black- gang road, close to Niton High Street, September 7, 1897 (W. Bloomfield). X. fulvago. Infrequent : four specimens at Sandown (Taylor) ; Centurion's Copse (Prout); E. Cowes (Nobbs); Yarmouth (Bankes); Shanklin (Poole). X. flavago. Sandown, Alverstone, Brading, &c. Larvae common in sallow catkins (Prout) ; Yarmouth (Bankes). X. aurago. Isle of Wight (Newman's " Moths"). X. gilvago. Rare : Sandown, one at sugar, September 22, 1904 (Prout). Mr. Taylor also took one at Sandown in 1907. X. circellaris. Common : Sandown, Yarmouth, Shanklin, Freshwater, Ventnor, E. Cowes. 412 LEPIDOPTERA Tethea subtusa. Is on More's list. T. retusa. Isle of Wight (Newman's " Moths")- Calymnia trapezina. Common : Shanklin, Sandown, E. Cowes. C. pyralina. Rare : Bembridge (Wall. Diary). C. diflSnis. Parkhurst (Prideaux, teste Prout) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; B. Cowes (Nobbs). C. affinis. Sandown, not rare (Prout) ; St. Lawrence (Bloom- field) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs). Eremobia ochroleuca. Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Sandown, at valerian (R. H. Fox). Dianthoecia capsincola. Common ; mostly fomid in the larval stage : Sandown, Shanklin, &c. D. cucubali. Sandown, occasionally, at sugar ; young larvae in seed-pods of Silene inflata — believed to feed on the leaves later (Prout) ; Freshwater (Hodges). D. carpophaga. Rare : Sandown, larvae in Silene inflata (Prout). Hecatera serena. Occasionally : Sandown, larvae on Crejns (Prout) ; Shanklin (Poole) ; Cowes (Nobbs). Polia flayicincta. Is on More's hst ; one only at Shanklin, Oct. 1, 1908 (Poole). Dasy polia templi. Very rare (More). Epunda lichenea. St. Helens Spit, two or three larvae found under sand by day ; a fi'iend bred a specimen from one taken feeding on nettles at night, near Yaverland (Prout). E. lutulenta. Not common : Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Ventnor (R. H. Fox) ; Yar- mouth, not uncommon, at any rate in 1905 (Bankes). E. ni^ra. Taken in some numbers : Sandown (Taylor) ; Caris- brooke (Prideaux) ; golf links, Ventnor (Taylor) ; Yarmouth (Bankes) ; Shanklin Downs (Poole). Cleoceris Yiminalis. Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; one at St. Helens (Fox). Miselia oxyacanthae. Common at ivy blossom : Shanklin, Sandown, Yarmouth, Freshw^ater, Bembridge, Whippingham. Agriopis aprilina. Common. Euplexia lucipara. Fairly common : Shankhn, Sandown, Freshwater, Whippingham. Phlogophora meticulosa. Abundant. Aplecta prasina. Fairly plentiful : Shanklin (Poole) ; Fresh- water (Hodges) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; E. Cowes (Nobbs). A. occulta. Bembridge, August 21, 1857 (Wall. Diary). A. nebulosa. Common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Parkhurst (Nobbs). A. adYena. Freshwater, sparingly (Hodges) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). Also recorded in a short list of species observed at Bon- church and Ventnor (Edw. Smith, in Ent. W^eekly Intel., vol. ii, pp. 27-28). LEPIDOPTERA 413 Hadena adusta. Infrequent : Sandown, at sugar (Taylor) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). H. protea. Sparingly as a rule, sometimes more common : Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Parkhurst (Nobbs) ; Yarmouth, plentiful and very variable in 1905 (Bankes). H. dentina. Abundant. A magnificent dark, almost black, form, recorded from Freshwater in " Ent. Eec," vol. iv, p. 337. H. trifolii. Fairly common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor). H. dissimilis. Common in the marshes near Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Eogers & Hodges). H. oleracea. Common. H. pisi. A few larvae at Lake (Taylor). H. thalassina. Freshwater (Hodges). H. contigua. Eare (More). H. genistae. Common some years at Sandown (Taylor) ; Bem- bridge (Wall. Diary) ; Freshwater (H. Eogers, in Ent. Intel., 1859, p. 35); Ventnor (Peck). H. peregrina. Three specimens have been recorded, all from Freshwater: the first in 1857 (see Ent. Ann., 1859, p. 147); the second in 1859 ; and the third about 1876. Mr. Bankes has drawn my attention to the record of a specimen at Lewes in Sussex (Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. V, p. 150), so that the Isle of Wight cannot claim to be the only British locality. Xylocampa areola. Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Prout) ; Whippingham (Nobbs). Galocampa vetusta. Common : Sandown, Ventnor, Whipping- ham. C. exoleta. In fair numbers : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Tayloi') ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). Xylina ornithopus. Sandown, sparingly most years, common in 1906 (Taylor) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Yarmouth, uncommon (Bankes). X. semibrunnea. Bembridge (Wall. Diary). X. socia. Is mentioned by More. Asteroscopus sphinx. At lamps, Whippingham (Nobbs). Cucullia Yerbasci. Larvae sometimes plentiful at Alverstone (Taylor) ; Brading Down, Freshwater, &c., in larval state (Prout) ; Whippingham (Nobbs). C. scrophulariae. Is on More's list, but most probably in error. C. absinthii. Bembridge, larvae in September, 1858 (Wall. Diary).' Maitland states that larvae were common near Ventnor, but recent search year after year has been in vain. C. chamomillae. On the authority of More. C. umbratica. Common : Shanklin and Parkhurst (Poole) ; a few at Sandown (Taylor) ; Whippingham (Nobbs) ; Yarmouth (Bankes). 414 LEPIDOPTEEA Gonoptera libatrix. Common : Shanklin, Sandown, Whipping- ham, Newport. Habrostola tripartita. Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Prout). H. triplasia. Is recorded by More. Plusia chrysitis. Common, at flowers of dead-nettle, &c. : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown and Brading (Prout) ; "Whippingham (Nobbs). P. festucae. Eare : one at Brading (Taylor) ; Culver, tw^o at sugar (Prout) ; Freshwater (Hodges). P. iota. Uncommon : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Fox and Prout) ; Newport (Morey) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). P. pulchrina. Is given by More. P. gamma. Most abundant. Heliaca tenebrata. St. Boniface Down (Draper) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). ^ Heliothis dipsacea. One specimen at Whippingham (Nobbs). H. peltigera. Sandown, larvae and imagines in 1897 (Prout) ; Sandown, a few in 1906 (Taylor, &c.) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; and Freshwater (Entom., 1906, p. 233). H. armigera. Eare : Sandown, latter part of September, 1863 (Zool., p. 8408) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Freshwater (H. Eogers, in Ent. Intel., 1859, p. 35) ; Bembridge, a few in 1855, 1856, and 1858 (Wall. Diary) ; Sandown, one at Arbiitus blossom (E. H. Fox). Chariclea umbra. Sparingly : Sandown (Taylor) ; Ventnor (Prout) ; Niton (Bloomfield) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Gurnard (Nobbs) ; Shankhn (Poole). Acontia luctuosa. Fairly frequent : Pelham Woods (Snow) ; Sandown and Brading (Prout) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; &c. Erastria fasciana. Freshwater (Douglas, in Entom., 1904, p. 298) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). Thalpochares ostrina. Very rare: near Bembridge, June 14, August 11, and August 24, 1858 (WaU. Diary). T. paula. Very rare: Freshwater (Vic. Hist.). One was taken at Freshwater by Mr. E.G. Moore, and recorded by Mr. C. G. Barrett in the " Ent. Mo. Mag.," vol. x, p. 19 (1873). The entry in the " Vic. Hist." was probably founded on this record. — E. R. Bankes. Phytometra Yiridaria. Sandown and Parkhurst Forest (Prout) ; Ventnor (Peck) ; Parkhurst (C. Morley) ; at lamps, E. Cowes (Nobbs). Euclidia mi. Abundant throughout the Island. E. glyphica. Local : I only know it from Gurnard Bay, and the rough slopes of the cliffs near by. Gatephia alchymista. Very rare : a single specimen at sugar, Bembridge, September 13, 1858 (WaU. Diary). Catocala fraxini. Eare : single specimens have been captured at irregular intervals ; the most recent are — two taken at Cowes, September, 1900, by H. Harpur Crewe (Entom., 1900, p. 308) ; and LEPIDOPTERA 415 a very fresh specimen captured by F. Draper at Ventnor, on August 13, 1906. C. nupta. Common : Shanklin, Yarmouth, Sandown, Newport, C. promissa. Eare : has been taken at Hampstead by Mr. P. Wadham. C. sponsa. Sandown, one at sugar — much battered — July 22, 1893 (Prout). Aventia flexula. Sandown (Taylor) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). Toxocampa pastinum. Not common : near Yarmouth (Hodges) ; north of Parkhurst Forest (Prideaux) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Haven Street (Nobbs) ; Freshwater (H. Rogers, in Bnt. Intel., 1859, p. 35). RiYula sericealis. Sandown (Prout) ; Yarmouth (W. Bloom- field, teste Prout) ; Shankhn (Poole). Zanclognatha grisealis. Fairly common near Shankhn — Great- woods Copse, &c. (Poole). Z. tarsipennalis. Sandown (Prout) ; Shankhn (Poole). Pechypogon barbalis. Parkhurst Forest (Poole). Hypena rostralis. Brading, Culver, &c. (Prout) ; Newport (Morey). H. proboscidalis. Common : Shankhn, Sandown, Brading Down, &c. Hypenodes albistrigalis. Parkhurst Forest (Prout) ; Bembridge (Wah. Diary) ; Sandown (Rev. A. C. Hervey, M.A., in Proc. Hants F.C., 1888). H. costaestrigalis. Sandown, very occasionally (Prout) ; Bem- bridge (Wall. Diary). Brephos parthenias. Taken at E. Cowes by Mr. G. Nobbs. B. notha. Taken by Mr. Nobbs in the same locality a,s parthenias. GEOMETRAE (190 species are recorded). Urapteryx sambucaria. Abundant. Epione apiciaria. Not rare under cliffs between Sandown and Shanklin, and occasionally elsewhere (Prout) ; Niton (Bloomfield) ; near Yarmouth (Tutt, in Entom., 1889, p. 236). E. advenaria. One specimen in Parkhurst Forest, June 9, 1907 (Poole). Rumia luteolata. Most abundant. Yenilia macularia. Common in most of the woods : Parkhurst, Bordwood, America Woods, &c. Angerona prunaria. Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; near Freshwater (Hodges). Metrocampa margaritaria. Common : Shankhn, Bordwood, &c. (Poole) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Cowes (Nobbs). 416 LEPIDOPTERA Ellopia prosapiaria. Near Freshwater, and in Parkhurst Forest (Hodges). Eurymene dolabraria. Ninham, apparently uncommon (Poole); Sandown (Fox) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Co was (Nobbs). Pericallia syringaria. Not common : Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Newport (Morey) ; Sandown (Fox) ; Cowes (Nobbs). Selenia bilunaria. Common : Shanklin at light (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Cowes (Nobbs). S. tetralunaria. Shanklin, at light, not very common (Poole) ; Cowes (Nobbs). Odontopera bidentata. Common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Cowes (Nobbs). Crocallis elinguaria. Common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandowni (Prout) ; Newport (Morey) ; Cowes (Nobbs). Eugonia alniaria, L. = tiharia, Bork. Fairly common at light : Shankhn (Poole) ; Sandown, at light, larvae on alder (Prout) ; Cowes (Nobbs). E. fuscantaria. Cowes (Nobbs) ; Shankhn (Poole). E. erosaria. Rare (More) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). E. quercinaria. Uncommon: Shanklin, at light (Poole); San- down and Centurion's Copse (Prout) ; Cowes (Nobbs). Himera pennaria. Common at Shankhn, at hght (Poole) ; Cowes (Nobbs) ; Sandown (Taylor). Phigalia pedaria. Shankhn, a few only, at light (Poole) ; Cowes (Nobbs) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). Amphidasys strataria. Not common : Sandown, one on a lamp, April 14, 1891 (Prout) ; Sandown (Fox) ; Cowes (Nobbs) ; Shanklin, one taken by Mr. Long. A. betularia. Fairly common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Pelham Woods (Snow) ; Sandown (Taylor). Hemerophila abruptaria. Common : Shanklin, Sandown, Brading Down, Newport, Cowes, &c. Cleora lichenaria. Common : St. George's Down, Sandown, Alverstone, Bordwood, Freshwater, Cowes, Shanklin, Luccombe, &c. Boarmia repandata. Common : Totland, Shanklin, Sandown, Cowes, &c. B. gemmaria. Common : Shanklin, Sandown, Cowes, &c. B. abietaria. Rare (More). B. roboraria. Taken at Cowes (Nobbs). B. consortaria. Cowes (Nobbs). Tephrosia consonaria. Local at Cowes (Nobbs, teste Prout) ; Freshwater (Hodges, teste Prout). T. crepuscularia. Has been taken near Newport by Mr. P. Wadham ; at Cowes by Mr. Nobbs ; and I have taken one at Shanklin. T. bistortata, Goeze = laricaria, Doubleday = biundularia, Bork., Esp., on South's list. Bembridge, April and July, 1856, and one on October 2, 1856 (Wall. Diary) ; between Ventnor and Niton (Prout) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Cowes (Nobbs). LEPIDOPTEEA 417 Gnophos obscuparia. Common: Undercliff, Sandown, St. Boniface Down, Niton, Freshwater, Ventnor. Pseudoterpna pruinata. Fairly common: Shanklin and St. Boniface Down (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor). Geometra papilionaria. Freshwater, rare (Hodges) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; near Sandown (E. H. Fox). G. Yernaria. Common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Brading Down, &c. (Prout) ; Freshwater (Douglas, in Entom., 1904, p. 298). Phorodesma pustulata. Parkhurst Forest (Prout) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Cowes (Nobbs). Nemoria viridata. Ventnor (Peck). lodis lactearia. Common : Sandown (Taylor) ; near Fresh- water (Hodges) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Ventnor (Peck). Hemithea strigata. Common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Cowes (Nobbs). Zonosoma porata. Eare (More) ; Sandown, &c., occasionally (Prout) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). Z. punctaria. Eare (More) ; Centurion's Copse (Prout) ; near Sandown (Fox). Z. linearia. Calbourne : I have also certainly taken it elsewhere, but have made no notes (Poole). Z. annulata. Near Whitefield Woods, Brading ; one at Sandown on a wall (Prout) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Yaverland (Fox). Z. orbicularia. Bembridge, July 7, 1858 (Wall. Diary). Asthene luteata. Not common : Newport (Wadham) ; Bem- bridge (Wall. Diary) ; Brading Down (Poole). A. candidata. Common : Freshwater (Bankes) ; Carisbrooke, Bordwood, Centurion's Copse, Shanklin, &c. (Poole). Eupisteria obliterata. I have taken one specimen only at Shanklin, at light, August 7, 1908. Blackpan Common (Prout). Yenusia cambrica. Eecorded from Ventnor — but this example may have been an escape (E. South). Acidalia dimidiata. Common at Sandown (Taylor). A. bisetata. Sandown, very common (Prout) ; Pelham Wood (Poole). A. trigeminata. Is on More's list. A. interjectaria {dilutaria of South's list). Sandown, common (Prout). A. humiliata. This species, known as the " Isle of Wight Wave," has its only ascertained British locality at Freshwater, where it was discovered by Mr. A. J. Hodges, and occurs in some numbers. A. Yirgularia. Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor). A. ornata. A chalk species not uncommon in the Isle of Wight (Vic. Hist.). A. marginepunctata. Common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Niton and Yarmouth (W. Bloomfield) ; Ventnor (Peck). A. straminata. Is on More's Hst. This is probably an error. — E. K. BANKES. EE 418 LEPIDOPTERA A. subsericeata. Limpet Eun, near Sandown, not uncommon (Prout) ; Carisbrooke (Prideaux). A. immutata. One only under the cliff between Sandown and Shanklin (Prout) ; Bembridge, June 11, 1858 (Wall. Diary)— this last in error for remutaria ? A. remutaria. Sandown (Taylor). A. strigilaria. Is on More's list. Most probably in error. — E. R. BANKES. A. imitaria. Sandown, not uncommon (Prout). A. emutaria. Taken at Yarmouth by Mr. Hodges and others ; St. Helens (Fox). A. aversata. With the var. sjjoliata, is common : Shanklin, Sandown, Freshwater, Cowes, &c. A. inornata. Blackpan Common, one only (Prout). A. degeneraria. Sandown, one at sugar, September 5, 1902, recorded in " Ent. Eec," vol. xiv, p. 274 (Prout). A. emarginata. Sandown, rare ; Horringford, one only (Prout). Timandra amataria. Common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Cowes (Nobbs). Cabera pusaria. Common : Bordwood, Parkhurst, Shanklin, Sandown, Centurion's Copse, &c. C. exanthemata. Common at Sandown (Taylor). Bapta temerata. Taken at Ventnor in 1879 (Entom., vol. xiii, p. 39, E. South) ; Shanklin, locally common (Poole). B. bimaculata. Eare (More) ; one at Bordwood, 1908 (G. T. "SVoods). Macaria alternata. Eare (More). M. notata. Sandown (E. H. Fox). M. liturata. Not common : Parkhurst. Halia vauaria. Common : Shanklin, Cowes, Sandown, &c. Strenia clathrata. Near Sandown, one only (Prout) ; Totland, swarming in early July, 1904 (Douglas, in Entom., 1904, p. 298) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Yarmouth, 1884 (Bankes). Panagra petraria. Common : Shanklin, Sandown, Park- hurst, &c. Numeria pulveraria. Eare (More) ; Apes Down (Prideaux, teste Prout). Selidosema ericetaria. Is on More's list. Barrett in " Lep. Brit.," vol. vii, p. 34, says that it is " abundant in the New Forest, and also in the Isle of Wight." Ematurga atomaria. Abundant. Bupalus piniaria. Common at Parkhurst, and I have taken a few in Shanklin. Minoa murinata. Eare (More). Sterrha sacraria. Nearly opposite Hurst Castle, one beaten from furze and grass by J. C. Dale (Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 133). One taken at St. Helens, September 9, 1865, and another seen in the LEPIDOPTERA 419 same locality (J. Ingram, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 134). A fresh specimen was taken in the Isle of Wight by Mr. J. Pristo, on May 7, 1867 (Entom., vol. iii, p. 289); and another by him on September 3, 1867 (Entom., vol. iii, p. 348). One taken at Ventnor in 1859, and another taken " in the east of the Island " — presumably in 1865 (A. Owen, in Entom., vol. ii, pp. 342-3). Two taken in the Isle of Wight in August, 1867, by Mr. H. Eogers (Entom., vol. iii, pp. 347-8). Aspilates ochrearia. Common: St. Boniface and Shanklin Downs, Sandown, Niton, Ventnor, Cowes, Freshwater. A. gilvaria. Cowes (Nobbs). Abraxas grossulariata. Very abundant: in the towns it seems to have almost entirely deserted its old food plants for the Japanese Euonymus. A. sylvata. Fairly common at Pelham Woods (Draper) ; Park- hui'st (Poole). Ligdia adustata. Brading and Bembridge Downs and vicinity (Prout) ; Cowes (Nobbs). Lomaspilis marginata. Common : Bordwood, Sandown, New- port, Shanklin, etc. Hybernia rupicapraria. Common : Sandown, Cowes, &c. H. leucophaearia. Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Cowes (Nobbs). H. aurantiaria. Is on More's hst. H. marginaria. Abundant : Shanklin, Sandown, Cowes, &c. H. defoliaria. x\bundant : the males at light ; they vary to a remarkable degree. Anisopteryx aescularia. Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Prout) ; Cowes (Nobbs). Cheimatobia brumata. Very common : Shanklin, Sandown, Cowes, &c. Oporabia dilutata. Common at light, and resting on tree trunks : Shanklin, Sandown, Cowes, Centurion's Copse, &c. Larentia didymata. Sandown, common (Prout) ; common at Shanklin and Bordwood (Poole). L. multistrigaria. One at Sandown (Taylor). L. olivata. Pelham Woods, Ventnor, one on August 26, 1903 (Prout). L. Yiridaria. Common : Shanklin, Sandown, Ventnor. Emmelesia affinitata. Common : Newport, Sandown, Bem- bridge, Shanklin, Ventnor, Centurion's Copse. E. alchemillata. Sandown, larvae sometimes abundant on Galeopsis tetrahit (Prout). E. albulata. Common : Shanklin Down (Poole) ; Bonchurch (Wall. Diary). E. decolorata. Near Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Prout). E. unifasciata. Sandown, larvae usually abundant (Prout). E. adaequata. Isle of Wight (Meyrick's Handbook), but Mr. Prout suggests that this is probably an error. EE 2 420 LEPIDOPTERA Eupithecia venosata. Sandown, &c., larvae in Silene inflata (Prout). E. oblongata. Common at Sandown (Taylor) ; Cowes (Nobbs) ; Yarmouth, bred from larvae on Aster tri])oUum (Bankes). E. succenturiata. Sandown, apparently rather local (Prout) ; Bordwood (Poole). E. subfulYata. Sandown (Prout) ; Shanklin (Poole). E. plumbeolata. Bordwood, larvae in Melampyrum (Prout). E. isogrammaria. Sandown (Taylor) ; Brading Down (Poole). E. egenaria. Has occurred in the I. of W. (Stainton's Manual). It is, however, uncertain to which of our British species Stainton appUed the name. Meyrick (HB. Brit. Lep., p. 196) enters egcnaria, H.S., as synonymous with lielveticaria, Bdv., but Staudinger and Rebel (Cat., p. 311) treat it as quite distinct from the latter, and as unknown in Britain. — E. R. BANKES. E. castigata. Sandown (Prout) ; Yarmouth, bred from larvae on Althaea officinalis (Bankes). E. pimpinellata. Culver, Brading Down, &c. (Prout) ; Bern- bridge (Wall. Diary). E. pusillata. Is on More's list. E. campanulata. Isle of Wight, local (Meyrick's Handbook). E. innotata. Sandown, one bred, recorded in " Ent. Eec." for 1904, p. 336 (Prout). E. indigata. Pare (More). E. subnotata. Sandown, larvae common (Prout) ; Shanklin, at light (Poole). E.Yulgata. Common: Sandown (Taylor) ; Appley (C. Morley) ; Shanklin (Poole). E. albipunctata. Sandown, local (Prout) ; Shanklin (Poole). E. expallidata. Bembridge (Wall. Diary) — requires confirmation. E. absinthiata. Common at Sandown (Taylor) ; Yarmouth, bred from larvae on Aster tripoliiim (Bankes). E. minutata. Is on More's list. " Possibly in error for absin- thiata" (Prout). E. assimilata. Sandown (Prout). E. abbreYiata. Sandown (Prout). E. dodoneata. Cowes (Wall. Diary) ; Shanklin, 1908 (Poole). E. exiguata. Sandown (Prout). E. pumilata. Sandown (Taylor) ; Shanklin (Poole). E. coronata. Sandown (Taylor). E. rectangulata. Is on More's list. E. anglicata, H.-S. = ultimaria. South, nee. Bdv. — stevensata, Webb. (? sobrinata var.). Freshwater, one in September, 1904 (Mutch, in Entom., 1905, p. 161). Lobophora sexalisata. Sandown (Prout). L. halterata. Bembridge, April 7, 1856 (Wall. Diary) — " requires confirmation " (Prout). L. Yiretata. Shanklin (Poole) ; Freshwater, one on September LEPIDOPTEEA 421 8, 1904 (Prout) ; Carisbrooke, larvae from ivy, October, 1894 (Prideaux, teste Prout). Thera variata. Sandown, &c. (Prout) ; Parkhurst and Shanklin (Poole). T. firmata. Bembridge, August 20, 1856 (Wall. Diary). Hypsipetes trifasciata. Sandown (Taylor). H. sordidata. Shanklin (Poole) ; Cowes (Nobbs) ; Sandown (Taylor). Melanthia bicolorata. Sandown (Taylor) ; Brading Down (Prout). M. ocellata. Common: Shanklin, Sandown, Luccombe, Ventnor, Cowes. M. albicillata. Eare (More) ; Sandown (Fox). Melanippe procellata. Common : Brading Down, St. Boniface Down, just above Ventnor Station, Shanklin (Poole) ; Cowes (Nobbs). M. unangulata. Sandown, locally common (Prout). M. rivata. Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Luccombe (Poole). M. sociata. Common : Sandown (Taylor) ; Cowes (Nobbs) ; Shanklin (Poole). M. montanata. Common : Bordwood, Shanklin, Hampstead, Parkhurst, the Landslip, &c. M. galiata. Common at Sandown (Taylor) ; Ventnor (Peck). M. fluctuata. Abundant: Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor). Anticlea rubidata. Common : Shanklin, Sandown, Caris- brooke, Freshwater, Ventnor. A. badiata. Common : Sandown (Taylor) ; Newport (Morey) ; Shanklin (Baker). A. nigrofasciaria. Brading, one on a fence (Prout). Goremia designata. Near Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Prout). C. ferrugata. Common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor). C. unidentaria. Common at Sandown (Taylor) ; Shanklin (Poole). C. quadrifasciaria. Bare (More). Camptogramma bilineata. Abundant. C. fluYiata. Pare : Sandown, one on August 5, 1892 (Prout) ; Bembridge, one on August 30, 1856, recorded by Dr. Wallace (Ent. Weekly Int., vol. i, p. 158); several in 1858 (Wall. Diary); Shanklin, one on November 3, 1907, three in 1908 (Poole). Phibalapteryx tersata. Shanklin and Brading Down (Poole) ; Brading, rather common (Prout). P. Yittata. Near Freshwater (Hodges) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Brading (Heath). P. Yitalbata. Brading, &c. (Prout) ; Ventnor (Peck) ; near Sandown (Poole). Triphosa dubitata. One at Sandown (Taylor) ; one at sugar, Culver Down, September 8, 1897 (Prout). Eucosmia certata. Is on More's list. 422 LEPIDOPTEEA E. undulata. Eare : Sandown, one on July 21, 1891 (Prout) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). Mr. Bevis has taken it in the Island — ■ he thinks at Marvel. Cidaria siterata. Bembridge (Wall. Diary). C. miata. Bembridge (Wall. Diary). C. picata. Sandown (Prout) ; Shanklin, and lane at base of Brading Down (Poole). C. corylata. Eare (More). C. truncata. Common : Sandown, Yarmouth, Shanklin, Niton, Freshwater, Cowes. C. immanata. Parkhurst (Prout) ; Cowes, at light (C. Morley) ; Shanklin (Poole). C. sufPumata. Is on More's hst. C. silaceata. Near Shanklin (Poole) ; near Yarmouth (Tutt, in Entom., 1889, p. 236) ; Cowes (Nobbs). C. prunata. Eare : Newport (Morey) ; Niton, two on Aug. 3, 1898 (Bloomfield, teste Prout). C. testata. Sandown (Prout) ; Niton (Bloomfield) ; St. Boniface Down (Poole). C. fulvata. Common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). C. dotata. Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Niton (Bloom- field). C. associata. Sandown (Prout) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Shanklin (Poole). Pelurga comitata. Sandown, common (Prout) ; Shanklin (Poole). Eubolia cervinata. Sandown (Taylor) ; Cowes (Nobbs) ; Shanklin (Poole). E. limitata. Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor). E. plumbaria. Common: Blackpan and Shanklin Down (Poole) ; Limpet Eun (Prout); Freshwater (Douglas, in Entom., 1904, p. 298). E. bipunctaria. Common : Blackgang, Yaverland, and Shanklin (Poole) ; Totland and Freshwater (Douglas, in Entom., 1904, p. 298). Mesotype yirgata. Bembridge Down, one on July 31, 1891 ; and at Freshwater (Prout) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Freshwater, July, 1882, and July, 1884 (Bankes). Anaitis plagiata. Common : Horringford, and Shanklin at light (Poole) ; Sandown (Taylor) ; Ventnor (Peck) ; Cowes (Nobbs). Chesias spartiata. Shankhn (Baker & Poole) ; Cowes (Nobbs). Tanagra atrata. Parkhurst (Bevis). PYEALIDES (49 species are recorded). Cledeobia angustalis. Brading Down, common (Prout) ; San- down (Taylor). Aglossa pinguinalis. Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Prout). LEPIDOPTERA 423'- Pyralis costalis. Common: Sahdown (Prout) ; Shanklin (Poole). P. farinalis. Sandown (Prout) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary) ; Shanklin (Poole). Scoparia ambi^ualis. Is on More's list, and I have taken one specimen at Shanklin (Poole). S. cembrae. Sandown (Prout) ; near Yarmouth (Tutt, in Entom., 1889, p. 236). S. dubitalis. Brading, &c. (Poole) ; var. ingratella, abundant at Sandown and Freshwater (Vic. Hist.). The pale form iu question should not be called *' ingratella,'' being only ingratella, Knaggs, nee Z.— E. R. Bankes. S. lineolea. Sandown (Prout). S. mercurella. Sandown (Prout). S. crataegella. Is on More's hst. S. resinea. Ventnor (Stainton's Manual). S. angustea. Sandown, not rare (Prout) ; Yarmouth (Bankes). S. pallida. Is on More's list. Nomophila noctuella. Shanklin (Poole) ; Yarmouth (Bankes). Sandown, often abundant. This species is well known to be a. migrant, and occasionally multiplies prodigiously. I shall never forget two nights in which it thus suddenly appeared at my sugar, the first night in very large numbers, and the next in countless myriads, on most of the patches in layers three or four deep, struggling to get a sip of the sweets (Prout). Pyrausta aurata. Common : Shanklin (Vic. Hist.) ; Brading Down and Ventnor (Prout) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). P. purpuralis. Shanklin (Vic. Hist.). P. ostrinalis. Abundant : Afton Down (Vic. Hist.) ; Brading and Bembridge Down (Prout) ; Freshwater (Hodges). Herbula cespitalis. Abundant : Brading and Bembridge Downs, &c. (Prout). Ennychia cingulata. Abundant : Afton Down (Vic. Hist.) ; Freshwater (Hodges) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). E. nigrata. One seen near Ventnor, recorded under the name anguinalis (South, in Entom., vol. xiii (1880), p. 39). This is merely recorded as seen, which justifies the suggestion that the individual was cingulata, and not nigrata. — E. R. BANKES. Endotricha flammealis. Sandown (Prout) ; Eyde (C. Morley). Eurrhypara urticata. Common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Cowes (Nobbs) ; Sandown (Prout). Scopula lutealis. Pare (More). S. olivalis. Sandown, abundant (Prout). S. prunalis. Sandown, a perfect pest in July (Prout). S. ferrugalis. Sandown, abundant in certain seasons only (Prout) ; Yarmouth (Bankes) ; Ventnor (Stainton's Manual). Botys nubilalis. Bembridge, June 8 & 11, 1858 (Wall. Diary) ; Sandown (Stainton's Manual) ; apparently now extinct (Prout). B. pandalis. Eare (More). 424 LEPIDOPTEEA B. flavalis. Swarms on Freshwater Down (Vic. Hist.) ; Brading Down, very common (Prout). B. ruralis. Sandown (Prout) ; Yarmouth (Bankes) ; Brading Down (Poole). B. fuscalis. Common : Shanklin (Poole) ; Yarmouth (Bloom- field & Bankes) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). B. asinalis. Near Freshwater, among Ruhia peregrina (Vic. Hist.) ; near Bembridge (Prout) ; Ventnor (Stainton's Manual). Ebulea crocealis. Sandown (Prout). E. yerbascalis. Bembridge (Wall. Diary). E. sambucalis. Sandown (Prout) ; Shanklin (Poole). E. stachydalis. Sandown (Prout). Spilodes sticticalis. Eare : Sandown, twice only (Prout) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). S. palealis. Near Sandown, very local (Prout) ; Freshwater, July 20, 1858, and Bembridge, several in 1858 (Wall. Diary) ; near Shankhn (Poole). S. Yerticalis. St. Helens, not common (Vic. Hist.) ; Sandown (Prout). Psammotis pulveralis. Isle of Wight, one taken in 1869 by Mr. E. G. Meek (Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. vi, p. 141). Pionea forficalis. Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Prout). Orobena extimalis. Eare (More) ; Bembridge, June 11, 1858 (Wall. Diary) ; at wild mustard, Sandown (Eev. A. C. Hervey, in Proc. Hants F. C, 1888). 0. straminalis. Formerly in one restricted spot near Sandown, not seen for many years (Prout) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). Perinephele lancealis. Eare (More) ; Parkhurst Forest (Prout) ; Bembridge, June 8, 1858 (Wall. Diary). Stenia punctalis. Freshwater (Vic. Hist. & Bankes) ; Sandown (Prout) ; Ventnor (Eev. A. C. Hervey, Proc. Hants F. C, 1888). Cataclysta lemnata. Sandown (Prout). Paraponyx stratiotata. Sandown, near the Waterworks (Prout & Poole). Hydrocampa nymphaeata. Sandown, abundant (Prout) ; Brading Harbour (Poole). H. stagnata. Sandown (Prout) ; Brading Harbour (Poole). PTEEOPHOEI (19 species are recorded). Agdistis bennetii. Abundant in salt marshes, I. of W. (Vic. Hist.) ; Yarmouth, common (Bankes) ; Bembridge (Wall. Diary). Platyptilia bertrami. Ventnor (South, in Tutt's Brit. Lep.). P. ^onodactyla. Sandown (Prout) ; Ventnor, not common (South, in Tutt's Brit. Lep.). P. zetterstedtii. Is on More's list. LEPIDOPTEKA 425 Amblyptilia acanthodactyla. Ventnor (South, in Tutt's Brit. Lep., under the name of '' cosmodactyla"); Eyde, August, 1902 (C. Morley) ; near Sandown (Poole). Oxyptilus parvidactylus. Isle of Wight, abundant on the coast (W. H. B. Fletcher) ; Ventnor (South, in Tutt's Brit. Lep.) ; near Sandown (Poole). Mimaeseoptilus phaeodactylus. Ventnor (South, in Tutt's Brit. Lep.) ; I. of W., abundant on the coast (W. H. B. Fletcher). M. bipunctidactyla. Generally distributed in the Isle of Wight (W. H. B. Fletcher) ; Ventnor (South) ; Yarmouth and Freshwater (Tutt) ; St. Boniface (Poole). The var. pZagioc^ac^ Swammerdammia pyrella. Sandown (Prout). Hyponomeuta plumbellus. Near Brading Down (Prout). H. padellus. Sando%vn (Prout) ; Shanklin (Poole). H. cagnagellus. Sandown and district (Prout). Prays curtisellus. Sandown (Prout). Plutella cruciferarum. Sandown (Prout). Cerostoma radiatella. Sandown (Prout) ; Yarmouth (Bankes). C. costella. Landslip (Blackburn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). C. sylvella. LandsHp (Blackburn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68) ; Youngwood Copse (Prout). Harpipteryx nemorella. Is on More's list. LEPIDOPTERA 433 H. xylostella. Sandown (Prout) ; Eyde (C. Morley). Phibalocera quercana. Sandown (Prout). Depressaria costosa. Sandown (Prout) ; Yai-moutb, common (Bankes) ; St. Boniface and Appuldurcombe (Blackl:)urn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). D. flaYella. Freshwater (Stainton's Manual) ; generally common (Prout) ; Freshwater, larvae not uncommon (Bankes) ; Ventnor (Blackburn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). D. bipunctosa. Eecorded from Freshwater in Stainton's Manual, and I have bred it sparingly from there. Certainly distinct from all its allies, though some authors, from lack of acquaintance with it, have erroneously sunk it as a variety of D. flavella (Bankes). D. pallorella. Sandown, scarce (Prout). D. umbellana. Sandown (Prout) ; St. Boniface (Blackburn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). D. nanatella. Bembridge Down (Vic. Hist.) ; Shanklin (Black- burn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). D. arenella. Shanklin (Poole) ; Sandown (Prout) ; Yarmouth (Bankes) ; Ventnor (Blackburn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). D. propinquella. Sandown (Prout) ; Appuldurcombe (Black- burn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). D. subppopinquella. Sandown (Prout) ; Ventnor and Appuldur- combe (Blackburn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). D. alstroemeriana. Sandown (Prout) ; Ventnor (Blackburn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). D. purpurea. Sandown (Prout) ; Niton, St. Boniface Down, Appuldurcombe (Blackburn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). D. capreolella. Ventnor (Blackburn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). D. ocellana. Sandown (Prout). D. yeatiana. Sandown (Prout) ; Appuldurcombe (Blackburn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). D. applana. Freshwater (W. H. B. Fletcher) ; Sandown, com- mon (Prout). D. ciliella. Niton (Blackburn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). D. rotundella. Freshwater and St. Catherine's Downs (Vic. Hist.) ; Sandown (Prout). D. albipunctella. Niton (Blackburn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). D. discipunctella. Sandown (Prout). D. pulcherrimella. Sandown (Prout — also Vic. Hist.). D. douglasella. Freshwater (Vic. Hist.) ; Sandown (Prout). D. weirella. Sandown (Prout). D. chaerophylli. Niton (Blackburn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). D. nervosa. Near Yarmouth, abundant (Vic. Hist.) ; between Sandown and Shanklin, abundant, the melanic aberration very FP 434 LEPIDOPTEEA sparingly (Prout) ; Niton and Appuldurcombe (Blackburn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). D. badiella. Abundant, Freshwater Down (Vic. Hist.) ; Yar- mouth (Bankes) ; Sandown, common (Prout) ; Appuldurcombe (Blackburn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). D. heracleana. Isle of Wight, common (Vic. Hist.) ; SandowTi, abundant (Prout) ; Niton and Appuldurcombe (Blackburn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). Gelechia Yilella. Isle of Wight, common (Stainton's Manual). G. malYella. Yarmouth, locally common (Vic. Hist.) ; larvae plentiful at Yarmouth on Althaea officinalis (Bankes). G. mulinella. Sandown (Prout). Bryotropha terrella. Sandown (Prout). B. desertella. Abundant on sand-hills, St. Helens (Vic. Hist.). B. senectella. Abundant on sand-hills, St. Helens (Vic. Hist.). B. mundella. St. Helens (W. H. B. Fletcher). B. domestica. Sandown (Prout). Lita costella. Freshwater (Vic. Hist.) ; Sandown (Prout). L. maculea. Sandown (Prout). L. marmorea. St. Helens (W. H. B. Fletcher). L. obsoletella. St. Helens and Sandown (Vic. Hist.) ; Yarmouth (Bankes). L. atriplicella. Freshwater and Yarmouth, abundant (Bankes). L. instabilella. Yarmouth (Bankes). L. planta^inella. Common near Ventnor and Freshwater among Plantaqo coronopiis, and near Yarmouth among P. maritima (Vic. Hist.). L. salicorniae. Isle of Wight (Vic. Hist.) ; St. Helens (W. H. B. Fletcher) ; Yarmouth salt marshes, not uncommon locally (Bankes). Teleia luculella. Yarmouth (Bankes). T. sequax. Freshwater (Vic. Hist.). Argyritis pictella. Very abundant on the coast near St. Helens (Vic. Hist.). Nannodia stipella, var. naeYiferella. Yarmouth (Vic. Hist.). Apodia bifractella. Coast near Ventnor (Vic. Hist.) ; near Sandown (Prout). Ptocheuusa inopella. Abundant in the Isle of Wight among Imda dysenterica (Vic. Hist.) ; Sandown (Prout). P. littorella. Near Ventnor : originally found by S. Stevens, recently rediscovered there by Lord Walsingham (Vic. Hist.) ; common very locally (Bankes). Ergatis brizella. Not uncommon amongst Statice limonium at Yarmouth (Bankes). Lamprotes atrella. Is on More's list. Anacampsis ligulella. Near Luccombe Chine, a very local species (Vic. Hist.). LEPIDOPTERA 435 A. taeniolella. Abundant on the chalk downs (Vic. Hist.). A. anthyllidella. Limpet Eun (Prout) ; Freshwater (Tutt, teste Bankes). Tachyptilia populella. Sandown (Prout). Parasia metzneriella. Is on More's list. P. carlinella. On the Chalk (Vic. Hist.). Chelaria hubnerella. Centurion's Copse (Prout). Harpella geoffrella. Near Sandown (Taylor) ; Yarmouth (Bankes) ; Brading Down (Poole). Dasycera sulphurella. Sandown (Taylor) ; Freshwater (Bankes); Bordwood (Poole). Oecophora lambdella. Sandown (Prout). Oe. unitella. Yarmouth, not uncommon (Digby, teste Bankes). Oe. pseudospretella. Sandown (Prout). Oecogenia quadripunctata. Sandown (Prout). Endrosis fenestrella. Yarmouth (Bankes). Acrolepia granitella. Sandown (Prout). Glyphipteryx fuscoviridella. Shanklin (Vic. Hist.). G. schoenicolella. Mr. Fletcher has a specimen which he took in the Y^armouth marshes. The capture is noteworthy, as the only known food-plant of the species, Schoemis nigricans, does not seem to have been recorded from the Island (Vic. Hist.). G. forsterella. Yarmouth salt-marshes (Vic. Hist.). Perittia obscurepunctella. Freshwater (Vic. Hist.). Argyresthia goedartella. Sandown (Prout). Gracillaria stigmatella. Isle of Wight (Vic. Hist.). G. semifascia. Isle of Wight (Vic. Hist.) ; Landshp (Blackburn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). G. tringipennella. Freshwater (Bankes). G. syringella. Sandown (Prout). G. omissella. Freshwater (Vic. Hist.). G. phasianipennella. Isle of Wight (Stainton's Manual) ; Land- slip (Blackburn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). G. ononidis. Freshwater (Vic. Hist.). Goniodoma limoniella. Yarmouth salt-marshes (Vic. Hist.). Plentiful at Yarmouth. Eecorded from there in Stainton's Manual, and elsewhere, under the name auroguttella, but the true aurogutteUa has never been found in Britain (Bankes). Coleophora fabriciella. Is on More's list. C. deauratella. Near Ventnor (Vic. Hist.). C. frischella (melilotella). Near Bembridge and Ventnor (Vic. Hist.). C. WOCkeella. On chalk downs (Vic. Hist.) ; Freshwater, locally common (Bankes). C. binotapennella. Yarmouth salt-marshes, common among Salicornia herbacea (Vic. Hist.). C. currucipennella. Hampstead (Vic. Hist.). ff2 436 LEPIDOPTEEA C. discordella. Freshwater (Bankes) ; abundant in the Isle of Wight (Vic. Hist.). C. conyzae. Sandown (Vic. Hist.). C. therinella. Near Ventnor (Vic. Hist.). C. troglodytella. Near Ventnor (Vic. Hist.). C. caespititiella. Isle of Wight, among Juncus articulatns (Vic. Hist.) ; Yarmouth, common (Bankes). C. glaucicolella. Abundant near Ventnor (Vic. Hist.) ; Yar- mouth, abundant (Bankes). C. obtusella. Yarmouth Marshes, among Juncus maritimus (Vic. Hist.) ; Yarmouth, common (Bankes). C. alticolella. Yarmouth, not uncommon locally (Bankes). C. laripennella. Yarmouth (Vic. Hist.). C. flavaginella. Yarmouth, uncommon (Bankes). C. maeniacella. Yarmouth, larvae locally plentiful on both Atriplex 23ortulacoicles and Suaeda maritima (Bankes). C. salinella. Yarmouth, rather uncommon (Bankes). C. argentula. Yarmouth (Bankes). C. nigricella. Freshwater, larvae locally common on hawthorn (Vic. Hist.). C. fuscedinella. Freshwater, larvae common on elm (Vie. Hist.). C. adjunctella. Yarmouth salt-marshes, not uncommon among Juncus gerardi (Vic. Hist.). Chauliodus dancellus. Near Sandown and Freshwater (Vic. Hist.) ; occasionally abundant very locally, but fond of changing its locality (Bankes). C. insecurellus. Near Sandown, among Thesmm hiomifusum (Vic. Hist.) ; Freshwater, apparently scarce (Bankes). C. chaerophyllellus. Near Ventnor, abundant (Vic. Hist.). Laverna miscella. Freshwater Down, abundant (Vic. Hist.). L. epilobiella. Isle of Wight (Vic. Hist.) ; Yarmouth, not uncommon (Bankes) ; near Ventnor (Blackburn, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 68). Chrysoclysta aurifrontella. One at Shanklin, at rest on a wall (Poole). Asychna profugella. Isle of Wight (Meyrick's Handbook). A. aeratella. Eedclitf, Sandown, June 29, 1907 (C. Morley). Elachista albifrontella. Yarmouth (Bankes). E. stabilella. Freshwater (Bankes). E. bedellella. Abundant on the Chalk (Vic. Hist.) ; Freshwater (Bankes). E. obscurella. Freshwater (Vic. Hist.). E. megerlella. Freshwater (Vic. Hist.). E. scirpi. Yarmouth salt-marshes (Vic. Hist.) ; locally common at Yarmouth (Bankes). E. biatomella. Freshwater and Bembridge Down (Vic. Hist.). E. rufocinerea. Yarmouth (Bankes). LEPIDOPTERA 437 E. argentella. Limpet Eun, near Sandown (Poole). Lithocolletis blancardella. Isle of Wight (Vic. Hist.). L. concomitella. Isle of Wight (Vic. Hist.). Lyonetia clerckella. Isle of Wight (Vic. Hist.). Cemiostoma lathyrifoliella. Isle of Wight (Vic. Hist.). Bucculatrix maritima. Yarmouth salt-marshes (Vic. Hist.) ; common at Yarmouth (Bankes). B. cristatella. Near Sandown, and Freshwater (Vic. Hist.). Nepticula ignobilella. Isle of Wight (Stainton's Nat. Hist. Tin.). N. acetosae. Found by Mr. Wing between Niton and Blackgang (Vic. Hist.). N. marginicolella. Isle of Wight (Stainton's Nat. Hist. Tin.). Note. — A few new records having turned up since the first part of this paper was printed, the total of the species on the list, as there given, is not quite correct. It should be 972 instead of 964. — H. F. POOLE. APPENDIX. The following species have been recorded for the Isle of Wight, but most of the records are of too doubtful a character to warrant their inclusion in the foregoing list at present : — Lycaena semiargus. It has been reported as taken lately at Ventnor, Isle of Wight (Coleman's Butterflies, 1863). — The italics are the author's. Hesperia comma. Is given by the late Mr. H. Goss, in the "Victoria History," as occurring on the Chalk in the Isle of Wight. I have never seen a specimen, nor can I find it in the many collec- tions of local insects I have examined, or in the numerous lists I have received. Zygaena lonicerae. Is recorded for Sandown in the " Proc. Hants F. C." for 1887, by the Eev. A. C. Hervey, who tells me that he has also taken it in the Undercliff. As no other collector seems to have met with the species here, and as trifolii is common at each of these localities, I have included it amongst the doubtful records for the present. Caradrina superstes. This was erroneously recorded as taken at Freshwater and Sandown in the " Ent. Eec," vol. iv, p. 337 (1893) ; but it was shown in the "Ent. Eec," vol. vi, p. 203 (1895), that these records belonged to C. ainhigua. Thalpochares parva. Has been recorded from Freshwater (Vic. Hist.). Mr. E. E. Bankes tells me that the specimen recorded from Freshwater in the "Ent. Mo. Mag.," vol. xvii, p. 135, upon which the " Vic. Hist." entry was probably based, was certainly not British. 438 LEPIDOPTERA Acidalia ochrata. Is given as an I. of W. species by Barrett (Brit. Lep., vol. viii, p. 9) ; and also by South (Moths of the Brit. Is., series 2, p. 132) on Barrett's authority. Fidonia carbonaria. Is recorded in the "Proc. Hants F. C." for 1887. The Eev. A. C. Hervey — who makes the record — tells me that he captured one specimen only, on Afton Down, thirty or more years ago, and remembers his surprise at finding it in the Isle of Wight. The identification he is certain is correct, as he was well acquainted with Scotch examples. Unfortunately, his collection was sold at Stevens' Eooms some fifteen years ago. I can only suggest that the specimen may have been an escape. Crambus contaminellus. Is given by More — probably a mis- take, Mr. Prout suggests, for G. inquinatellus. Mr. Bankes, however, writes : ' If More's insect occurred in the salt marshes, it was doubtless C. salinellus, which was only separated from the true C. contaminellus in 1887, and has been found in Hants (Hayling I.) by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher." Ceratophora inornatella. Is on More's list, but is most probably in error for G. rufescens. In any case it awaits confirma- tion. INTEODUCTIONS. Mr. Masters has liberated Eugonia autumnaria in some numbers at Cowes ; and I have planted out a quantity of young larvae of TrocJdlmm apiforme on poplars in Shanklin this season (1908). Books on British Lepidoptera. The following works can be recommended : — Newman's "Illustrated History of British Butterflies and Moths" — useful on account of the good recognizable woodcuts, though the text is out of date. South's work on the Butterflies and Moths of the British Isles (three volumes issued as yet) — with coloured plates. Meyrick's "Handbook of British Lepidoptera" — contains brief descriptions, &c., and includes most of the species, though opinions are divided as to its utility. Stainton's "Manual of British Butterflies & Moths," though out of date, is still useful. Two higher-priced and recent works are Barrett's "Lepidoptera of the British Islands," 11 vols., 1892 — 1907, excluding Tineina; and Tutt's " Natural History of the British Lepidoptera," now in course of publication— 7 vols, of this great work are ready. Stainton's "Natural History of the Tineina" (13 vols., 1855-73) is still a classic in that group. DIPTERA. BY THE EDITOR. I WAS not able to hear of any entomologist who would undertake to write a list of our local Diptera, or two-winged Flies. It has therefore fallen upon me to collect whatever information I could on the subject from various sources, with the result that I am able to record about 280 species. Some of these are of my own collecting ; other names, w'ith data as to capture, were sent me by Messrs. C. Morley, E. A. Butler, F. C. Adams, H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, and H. F. Poole ; whilst Mr. J. E. Collin kindly sent me a list of species taken by Mr. Verrall in the Island — mainly at Freshwater and Bonchurch. I am not aware that any list of I. of W. Diptera has ever been published, and I have not had time to search the entomological magazines to see if they contain any records. A good Hst of the Flies of Hampshire, by Mr. F. C. Adams, is published in the Victoria History of the county, but Mr. Adams informs me that none of these came from the Island, and that the great majority of them w^ere collected in the New Forest. A very large proportion of these would doubtless occur in the I. of W. As regards the names of the Flies collected by myself, I am greatly indebted to the Eev. W. J. Wingate who has named the majority of my captures, and also to the Eev. E. N. Bloomfield who has rendered me valuable service in the same way. Mr. Lyle of Brockenhurst, too, gave me the names of several of the gall-forming Flies from some vegetable galls in my collection. The arrangement adopted in the following list is that of Mr. G. H. Yerrall's "List of British Diptera," 2nd edition, 1901. In reference to the first family treated of by Mr. Verrall in his list — Pulicidae, containing the Fleas, I need only say that Pulex irritans is as frequent in the Island as elsewhere ; and, no doubt, the various species usually attached to certain of our domestic and wild animals and birds occur here also, but no attempt has been made to identify any of these. (439) 440 DIPTERA To those who are not entomologists, I may say that Fleas are sometimes placed in an order by themselves — Aphaniptera ; but others regard them as aberrant, apterous Diptera. Dr. Sharp states that the species of Diptera already collected number about 40,000, and he suggests that this may not be more than a tithe of those which exist throughout the World. In Britain we have more than 2,500 species. The following are some of the principal books and papers relating to this order: "British Flies {Platyijezidae, Pijnmculidae, & Syr- 2)hidae)," by G. H. Verrall, 1901, Gurney & Jackson. " British Flies {Stratiomyidae to Cyrtidae)," by G. H. Verrall, 1908, Gurney and Jackson. " A List of British Diptera," by G. H. Verrall, 2nd edition, 1901, Mr. Verrall has also published a paper on British Tipulidae, "Ent. Mo. Mag.," 1886—1888; and on British Dolichopodidae, "Ent. Mo. Mag.," 1904—1905, both obtainable from the author. Durham Diptera (with analytical tables), by Eev. W. J. Wingate, with seven plates, price 9s., Williams & Norgate. " Manual of North American Diptera," by S. W. Williston, 3rd edition, 1908, Hathaway — obtainable from Wesley & Sons. The chapter on Diptera in the " Cambridge Natural History," vol. vi. Cecidomyidae Asphondylia pimpinellae, F. Liv. Galls on the flowers of wild carrot, Pan Down, &c. (Morey). Cecidomyia saliciperda, Duf. Galls on sallows, common (Moray). C. ulmariae, Brevii. Galls on leaves of meadow-sweet (Morey). C. urticae, Perris. Galls on the stinging-nettle, frequent (Morey). Hormomyia annulipes, Hart. (= piligera, Liv.). Galls on leaves of beech, Carisbrooke, &c. (Morey). H. capreae, IVmu. Galls on sallows (Morey). Mycetophilidae Sciara Thomae, L. Specimens seen at Calbourne, also on flowers of CiciUa virosa at Shanklin, and in garden at Newport, in June, 1907 (Morley). Glaphyroptera fascipennis, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall). Sciophila marginata, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall) ; in house at Eyde, March (Morley). S. ornata, Mg. On window in house, Newport, in February (Morey). Macrocera fasciata, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall). DIPTERA 441 M. centralis, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall). M. stigma, Curt. I. of W. (Verrall). M. phalerata, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall). Plesiastina annulata, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall). BiBIONIDAE Scatopse notata, L. In garden, Shanklin, October; also at Ventnor (Morey). S. breyicornis, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall). Dilophus febrilis, L. Eyde, in May (Morley) ; swept from grass in garden, also in field, at Newport, in May (Morey). D. femoratus, Mg. Swept from herbage, Newport, in May (Morey). Bibio Marci, L. In garden, Newport, in April — a slow-flying insect (Morey). B. varipes, Mg. Swept from herbage, Marvel Copse, May (Morey). SiMULIDAE Simulium reptans, L. On window in house, Newport, Nov. (Morey). Chieonomidae Ghironomus plumosus, L. On water, at Binstead, in March (Morley). Camptocladius aterrimus, Mg. In house, Newport, Feb. (Morey). Metriocnemus fuscipes, Mg. On window in house, Newport, April (Morey). Tanypus nebulosus, Mg. On ceiling of outhouse, Newport, April (Morey). T. culiciformis, L. Same as the last. T. nervosus, Mg. (?) Same as the last. Ceratopogon Yexans, Ztt. I. of W. (Verrall). C. femoratus, Mg. Shalfleet, in June (Morley). CULICIDAE Culex pipiens, L. Eyde, in Oct. (Morley) ; in outhouse, New- port, Feb. (Morey). Ptychopteridae Ptychoptera contaminata, L. At margin of pond, Heytesbury Farm, in May ; and swept from herbage in Parkhurst Forest in August (Morey). 442 DIPTERA LiMNOBIDAE Limnobia nubeculosa, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall). L. flavipes, F. I. of W. (Verrall). L. tripunctata, F. I. of W. (Verrall). Dicranomyia lutea, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall). D. chorea, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall) ; on ceiling of outhouse, Newport, April; and in house, Newport, in May (Morey). D. dumetorum, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall). Empeda flava, Schum. I. of W. (Verrall). E. nubila, Schum. I. of W. (Verrall). Rhypholophus nodulosus, Mcq. I. of W. (Verrall). Erioptera taenionota, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall). E. maculata, I. of W. (Verrall). Symplecta stictica, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall). Limnophila dispar, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall). L. ochracea, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall). L. sepium, Verr. I. of W. (Verrall). Adelphomyia senilis, Hal. I. of W. (Verrall). Trichocera annulata, Mg. In house, Newport, Feb. and March (Morey). T. regelationis, L. On ceiling of outhouse, Newport, April (Morey). TiPULIDAE Pachyrrhina histrio, F. I. of W. (Verrall). P. quadrifaria, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall). Tipula scripta, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall). T. oleracea, L. I. of W. (Verrall) ; Ventnor, Oct. (Morey). T. paludosa, Mg. Swept in Eookley Wilderness, June (Morley) ; on window in house, Newport, Aug. (Morey). T. ochracea, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall) ; flying in garden, Newport, May (Morey). Rhyphidae Rhyphus fenestralis, Scojy. At windows in house, Newport, Feb. and March (Morey). R. punctatus, F. I. of W. (Verrall) ; in garden, Newport, June (Morley). Steatiomyidab Pachygaster ater, Pz. Ryde, in August (Morley). P. Leachii, Curt. Ryde, in August (Morley). Nemotelus pantherinus, L. Abundant in Yarmouth marshes, June, 1907 (Morley). N. uliginosus, L. Swept from herbage, Brading, June (Morey). DIPTERA 443 N. nigrinus, Fin. Swept from herbage near stream, Carisbrooke, June (Morey). Oxycera formosa, Mg. Swept at Calbourne in June (Morley). 0. pulchella, Mg. Marvel Copse, Aug. (Butler). Stratiomys longicornis, Scop. On Ciciota, Norton Wood, June (Morley). Sargus flavipes, Mg. Eyde, Aug. (Morley). S. cuprarius, L. In greenhouse, Eyde, Aug. (Morley) ; in garden, Ventnor, June (Morey). Chloromyia formosa, Scoj}. Eookley Wilderness in June, and several $ ? at Calbourne in June (Morley). Microchrysa polita, L. Common in garden, Newport, June (Morley) ; swept from grass, &c., in meadow, Newport, June and July (Morey). Beris claYipes, L. In marsh near Godshillj June (Morley). B. Yallata, Forst. Eyde, Aug. (Morley) ; I. of W. (Verrall). B. chalybeata, Forst. In garden, Newport, June (Morley). Chorisops tibialis, Mg. Eyde, Sept. (Morley). Tabanidae Haematopota pluYialis, L. Marvel Copse, June (Morey). Atylotus fulYus, Mg. I. of W. (Morey). Tabanus boYinus, L. Parkhurst (Morey). T. autumnalis, L. At margin of pond, Heytesbury Farm, Aug. (Morey). T. bromius, L. Parkhurst (Morey). Chrysops caecutiens, L. In copse, Haven Street, June (Morley) ; common during the hot days of summer in gardens at Newport, where it makes its presence felt by "biting" (Morey). Leptidae Leptis scolopacea, L. I. of W. (Morey). L. tringaria, L. Marvel Copse, June ; and on the seashore. Brook, in July (Morey). Chrysopilus auratus, F. Calbourne, June (Morley) ; swept from herbage, Brading, June (Morey). Atherix Ibis, F. I. of W. (Verrall). ASILIDAE Leptogaster cylindrica, Deg. Several at Ningwood, in June (Morley) ; at rest on stem of sedge with abdomen in horizontal position, moist meadow. Haven Street, July (Morey). Dioctria rufipes, Deg. Wroxall, June (Morley) ; I. of W. (Morey). D. Baumhaueri, Mg. Swept at Eookley Wilderness, June (Morley). 444 DIPTEKA Asilus crabroniformis, L. Common at Newport (Morey). Machimus atricapillus, Fin. On sedges, near ditch, Combley Wood, July (Morey). M. rusticus, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall). BOMBYLIDAE Bombylius discolor, Mik. Fairly common flying to flowers (Morey). B. major, L. Flying in lane, Carisbrooke, April (Morey). B. minor, L. I. of W. (Verrall). There viDAE Thereva nobilitata, F. Swept in Eookley Wilderness, June (Morley). T. plebeia, L. I. of W. (Verrall). SCENOPINIDAE Scenopinus fenestralis, L. One at Calbourne in June (Morley). Empidae Hybos grossipes, L. Swept from herbage, Parkhurst Forest, August (Morey). H. femoratus, Milll. Woods at Haven Street, and at Merston, June (Morley). Rhamphomyia tenuirostris, Fin. In respect to this species, Mr. F. C. Adams writes : " Curtis mentions this fly in his ' Brit. Ento.,' published 1823-40, as having been taken in the Island. I have also taken it twice on the mainland — at Lyndhurst, 1900-1." Empis tessellata, F. Abundant at Calbourne in June ; common on flowers of Heracleum, Ventnor Landslip, June ; on Gicuta virosa flowers, Shanklin, June (Morley) ; swept from grass, &c., in meadow, Newport, May (Morey). E. liYida, L. I. of W. (Verrall). E. stercorea, L. I. of W. (Verrall). E. trigramma, Mg. Swept in meadow, Newport, May (Morey). E. lutea, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall) ; Calbourne, in June (Morley). E. pennaria, Fin. Swept in meadow, Newport, in May ; also in house, Newport (Morey). E. grisea, Fhi. I. of W. (Verrall). Hilara litorea, Fhi. I. of W. (Verrall). DOLICHOPODIDAE Dolichopus atratus, Mg. Eookley Wilderness, June (Morley). D. Wahlbergi, Ztt. Swept in Parkhurst Forest, June (Morey). D. griseipennis, Stan. Calbourne, June (Morley). DIPTEBA 445 D. festiYUS, Hal. Calbourne and Shalfleet, June (Morley). D. triyialis, Hal. (?) Swept in Parkhurst Forest, June (Morey). D. brevipennis, Mg. Swept from herbage near stream, Newport, June; and in meadow, Newport, June (Morey). D. aeneus, Deg. Calbourne, June (Morley). Poecilobothrus nobilitatus, L. Eyde, August (Morley) ; in garden, Newport (Morey). Chrysotus gramineus, Fin. Eyde in August ; at Haven Street, Yarmouth, and Sliallieet, in June (Morley) ; swept from herbage on rough land. Gurnard Bay, June (Morey). Argyra confinis, Ztt. Parkhurst, June (Morley). A. argentina, Mg. Eookley Wilderness, June (Morley). A. leucocephala, Mg. Ningwood, June (Morley) ; Combley Wood, August (Butler). Leucostola vestita, W. I. of W. (Verrall). Scellus notatus, F. Parkhurst Forest and Sandown, June (Morley). Liancalus virens, Scop. (? c? on chff side, Blackgang Chine, June (Morley). Bathycranium bicolorellus, Ztt. On hedge, Carisbrooke, June (Morey). Aphrosylus ferox, Hal. I. of W. (Verrall). LONCHOPTEEIDAE Lonchoptera lacustris, Mg. Nettlestone, in March (Morley). Platypezidae Platypeza consobrina, Ztt. Eyde, Oct. (Morley). P. rufa, Mg. Eyde, Oct. (Morley). PiPUNCULIDAE Pipunculus varipes, Mg. Eookley Wilderness, June (Morley). P. xanthopus, Thorns. Eookley Wilderness, June (Morley). Syrphidae Pipizella virens, F. On flowers of Ciciita virosa, Shanklin, June; Calbourne, in June; and Eyde in August (Morley). P. flavitarsis, Mg. Eookley Wilderness, June (Morley). Chrysogaster Macquarti, Lzu. Calbourne, June (Morley). C. solstitialis, Flu. On flower of Heracleum, in marsh near Godshill, June (Morley). Chilosia antiqua, Mg. Swept from herbage near stream, Caris- brooke, June (Morey). C. Yariabilis, Pz. I. of W. (Verrall) ; Calbourne, in June (Morley). C. illustrata, Harr. One on flower of Heracleum, Ventnor 446 DIPTEKA Landslip, June ; and on flowers of Cicuta virosa, Shanklin, in June (Morley). C. albitarsis, Mg. Swept from grass in garden, Newport, May (Morey). Platychirus manicatus, Mg. On hedge, Pan Down, June (Morey). P. peltatus, Mg. Eyde, August (Morley). P. clypeatus, Mg. Swept from herbage, Brading, June (Morey). P. angustatus, Ztt. Eyde, August (Morley). Pyrophaena granditarsa, Forst. Spring Vale, August (Morley) ; Newport (Morey). P. rosarum, F. On Cicuta virosa, Yarmouth, June (Morley). Melanostoma ambiguum, Fin. In greenhouse, Ryde, August (Morley). M. mellinum, L. Swept in meadow, Newport, May ; near stream, Carisbrooke, June; and swept from herbage, Parkhurst Forest, in August (Morey). M. scalare, F. Eookley Wilderness, June (Morley) ; swept in Marvel Copse, Sept. ; and swept in meadow, Newport, May (Morey). Catabomba pyrastri, L. Brading, in August (Butler) ; Black- gang Chine, June ; and Eyde in Sept. (Morley) ; I. of W. (Morey). Syrphus ribesii, L. In garden, Newport, June ; Eyde, Sept. ; and in greenhouse, Eyde, in August (Morley) ; on hedge. Pan Down, June (Morey). S. latifasciatus, Mcq. Calbourne, in June; and at Eyde in August (Morley). S. luniger, Mg. I, of W. (Verrall) ; Eyde, Sept. (Morley). S. bifasciatus, F. One on flower of Cicuta virosa, Shanklin, June (Morley) ; in garden, Newport, May (Morey). S. balteatus, Deg. In garden, Newport, June ; at Eyde in Sept. ; and in a garden at Eyde in Oct. (Morley). S. auricoUis, Mg. Calbourne, June ; and at Eyde. in August (Morley). Sphaerophoria scripta, L. Swept from herbage in Parkhurst Forest, Aug. and Sept. (Morey). The var. dispar, Lw., at Brading in August (Butler). S. menthastri, L. Eyde, Aug. (Morley) ; swept in Parkhurst Forest, Aug. and Sept. (Morey). Xanthogramma ornatum, Mg. Marvel Copse, Aug. (Butler) ; a 5" on leaf in wood at Haven Street, June (Morley). Baccha obscuripennis, Mg. I. of W. (Verrall). B. elongata, F. Eyde, in Aug. and Sept. (Morley). Ascia podagrica, F. Swept in Eookley Wilderness, June (Morley) ; swept in meadow, Newport, in Oct. (Morey). Rhingia campestris, Mg. I, of W. (Morey). Yolucella bombylans, L. Several on flowers of Cicuta virosa, Shanklin, June (Morley) ; I. of W. (Morey). DIPTERA 447 Y. inanis, L. I. of W. (Morey). y. pellucens, L. On flowers of Cicuta virosa, Shanklin, June (Morley) ; in garden, Newport (Morey). Eristalis tenax, L. Flying at flowers, Blackgang, June ; and on window of house, Eyde, in Oct. (Morley) ; at window in house, Newport, Nov. ; and in garden, Newport, in July (Morey). E. arbustorum, L. On flowers of Cicuta virosa, Shanklin, June (Morley) ; in timber yard, Newport, April and May (Morey). E. pertinax, Scop. Common on flowers of Cicitta virosa, Shank- lin, June (Morley) ; swept in Parkhurst Forest, Sept. (Morey). Helophilus pendulus, L. I. of W. (Morey). Criorrhina oxyacanthae, Mg. One ? flying in Marvel Copse, June (Morley). Syritta pipiens, L. Common at Calbourne in June (Morley) ; swept in meadow, Newport, June ; and taken from hedge, Caris- brooke, in June (Morey). Eumerus strigatus, Fin. Eyde, in Aug. (Morley). Chrysochlamys cuprea, Scop. In copse, Haven Street, in June ; and at Eyde in Aug. (Morley). Sericomyia borealis, Fin. I. of W. (Morey). Chrysotoxum cautum, Harr. On currant bush in garden, New- port, June (Morey). CONOPIDAE Oncomyia atra, F. One at Eedcliff, Sandown, June (Morley). Sicus ferruginous, L. Pan Down, Aug. (Butler) ; I. of W. (Morey). TACHINIDAE Exorista notabilis, Mg. I. of W. (Morey). Blepharidea vulgaris, Fin. Eyde, Sept. (Morley). Thelymorpha vertiginosa, Fin. Eedcliff, near Sandown, June (Morley). Thelaira leucozona, Pz. In greenhouse, Eyde, Aug. (Morley). Olivieria lateralis, F. Swept in Parkhurst Forest, Aug. and Sept. (Morey). Servillia lurida, F. Calbourne, Yarmouth, and Haven Street woods, June (Morley). Roeselia antiqua, Fin. Eyde, in Sept. (Morley). Phyto melanocephala, Mg. On stone wall, Blackgang, June (Morley). Mr. Donisthorpe tells me that he has bred specimens of this fly from woodlice taken at Bembridge — the Dipterous pupa filling up the inside of the woodlouse. Clista lepida, Mg. Eyde, in Aug. (Morley). Sarcophaga carnaria, L. On flowers of Cicuta virosa, Shanklin, June (Morley) ; in house, Newport, May (Morey). S. haemorrhoa, Mg. Ventnor Landslip, June (Morley). 448 DIPTEKA MUSCIDAE Stomoxys calcitrans, L. Eyde, in Sept. and Oct. (Moiiey). PoUenia rudis, F. Eyde, in Sept. (Morley) ; many specimens hibernating in stack of deals in timber yard, Newport, Mar. (Morey). Myiospila meditabunda, F. Eyde, in Oct. (Morley). Musca domestica, L. Abundant. M. corvina, F. Eyde, in Sept. (Morley). Cyrtoneura stabulans, Fin. In house, Newport, March and June (Morey). C. pabulorum, Fin. Newport (Morey). Morellia simplex, Lw. Newport (Morey). Mesembrina meridiana, L. Haven Street and Marvel Copse, June ; and common on flowers of Heracleuni, Ventnor Landslip, in June (Morley). Calliphora erythrocephala, Mg. In garden, Newport, June; and on flowers of Cicuta virosa, Shanklin, in June (Morley) ; on window in house, Newport, March and April (Morey). C. Yomitoria, L. In garden, Newport, June ; and at Eyde in Sept. (Morley). Euphoria cornicina, F. In garden, Eyde, Oct. (Morley). Lucilia caesar, L. On flowers of Cicuta virosa, Shanklin, June ; and at Eyde in Sept. (Morley) ; Marvel Copse, June (Morey). L. sericata, Mg. Eyde, Sept. (Morley). Anthomyidae Polietes lardaria, F. On oak trunks. Marvel Copse, June (Morley) ; Newport (Morey). P. albolineata, Fin. Garden, Newport, June (Morley). Hyetodesia incana, W. Garden, Newport, June (Morley). H. scutellaris, Fin. Eyde, in Oct. (Morley). H. pallida, F. I. of W. (Verrall). Mydaea vespertina. Fin. At Eyde in Oct., and at Spring Vale in Aug. (Morley). Limnophora septemnotata, Ztt. Eyde, Oct. (Morley). Ophyra leucostoma, W. In garden, Newport, June (Morley). Pogonomyia alpicola. End. Merston, in June (Morley). Anthomyia pluYialis, L. Marvel Copse, in June ; and at Eyde in Aug. (Morley). Pegomyia transversa. Fin. Eyde, in Aug. (Morley). P. nigritarsis, Ztt. Eyde, in Aug. (Morley). Homalomyia pretiosa, Schin. On flowers of Heracleicm, Marvel Copse, June (Morley). H. scalaris, F. Common in garden, Newport, June (Morley). H. canicularis, L. On window of house, Eyde, Oct. (Morley) ; on window, Newport, in Nov. (Morey). H. armata, Mg. Calboume, in June (Morley). DIPTERA 449 Caricea tigrina, F. Swept in Eookley Wilderness, June (Morle^O ; swept in Parkhurst Forest in Aug. (Morey). CORDYLURIDAE Scatophaga lutaria, F. I. of W. (Morey). S. stercoraria, L. Common on flowers of Heracleuvi, Ventnor Landslip, June ; and in garden, Newport, June (Morley) ; on win- dow in office, Newport, Feb. ; and flying in garden, Newport, March (Morey). Phycodromidae Phycodroma fucorum. Eyde, in Sept. (Morley). Coelopa pilipes, Hal. Under stones on beach, Binstead, March (Morley). Helomyzldae Helomyza rufa, Fin. At Eyde in Aug. and Sept. (Morley). Blepharoptera serrata, L. In a stable, Newport, Feb. ; and at window in house, Newport, March (Morey). Heteroneuridae Heteroneura rufipes, Sch. Spring Vale, Aug. (Morley). SCIOMYZIDAE Dryomyza flaveola, F. Shalfleet, in June (Morley). Pelidnoptera nigripennis, F. One at Ningwood in June (Morley). Tetanocera elata, F. Parkhurst Forest, June (Morley). Limnia unguicornis, Scoi). Haven Street woods, in June (Morley). ElgiYa dorsalis, F. Norton salt-marshes, in June (Morley). E. rufa, Pz. Calbourne, in June (Morley). Sepedon spinipes, Scop. Brading, in Aug. (Butler) ; swept in Parkhurst Forest, Sept. (Morey). PSILIDAE Psila fimetaria, L. Calbourne, June (Morley). P. debilis, Egg. Eookley Wilderness, June (Morley) ; swept from herbage near stream, Carisbrooke, June (Morey). P. rosae, F. In wheatfield, Merston, June (Morley). P. atra, Mg. Haven Street, June (Morley). Chyliza atris6ta, Mg. In meadow, Newport, June (Morley). Loxocera albiseta, Schrk. Swept at Bembridge in June (Morey). GG 450 DIPTERA Ortalidae Pteropaectria afflicta, Mg. Totland Bay, Aug. (Butler) ; one at Ningwood in June (Morley) ; swept in Parkhurst Forest, Aug. ; and on rough land at Gurnard Bay in June (Morey). P. nigrina, Mg. Haven Street woods in June (Morley). Platystoma seminationis, F. Common in garden, Newport, June ; also on flowers of Cicuta virosa at Shanklin in June (Morley). RiYellia syngenesiae, F. In copse, Haven Street, June (Morley). Seoptera vibrans, L. In greenhouse, Eyde, Aug. (Morley). Trypetidae Acidia heraclei, L. At Eyde in Aug. (Morley). Urophora solstitialis, L. Haven Street woods, June (Morley). U. stylata, F. On sedges near a ditch, Combley Wood, July (Morey). U. cardui, L. In garden, Newport (Morey). Icterica Westermanni, Mg. Mr. F. C. Adams writes me : "I have a specimen taken in the I. of W. by Mr. Beameld of Brocken- hurst in 1905." Lonchaeidae Lonchaea vaginalis, Fin. In garden, Newport, June (Morley). Palloptera ustulata, Fin. At Merston and Newport in June (Morley). P. umbellatarum, F. At Redcliff, near Sandown, in June (Morley). P. arcuata, Fhi. In garden, Newport, also at Calbourne, in June (Morley). Sapromyzidae Peplomyza Wiedemanni, Lw. Marvel Copse and Haven Street, in June (Morley). Sapromyza inusta, Mg. Parkhurst Forest (Morey). S. bipunctata, Mg. Shalfleet, June (Morley). S. obsoleta, Fin. Swept from grass in garden, Newport, in May (Morey). S. rorida, Fin. Shalfleet, June (Morley). Lauxania Elisae, Mg. In garden, Newport, June (Morley). L. aenea, Fin. Swept in Marvel Copse, Sept. (Morey). Opomyzidae Balioptera tripunctata, Fhi. Swept in Rookley Wilderness, June (Morley). Opomyza germinationis, L. In garden, Newport, June (Morley) ; at Brading in Aug. (Butler) ; swept in meadow, Newport, in June, and in Parkhurst Forest in Aug. (Morey). DIPTERA 451 Sepsidae Sepsis punctum, F. In garden, Newport, June ; and at Eyde in May (Morley). S. cynipsea, L. Amongst grass in garden, Newport, May (Morey). Nemopoda cylindrica, F. Eyde, in Sept. (Morley). Henicita annulipes, Mg. Swept on rough land at Gurnard Bay, June (Morey). Ephydridae Psilopa nitidula, Fin. Common in garden at Newport in June (Morley). Scatella sibilans, Hal. On window of house, Eyde, Oct. (Morley). Drosophilidae Drosophila funebris, F. On window of house, Eyde, Oct. (Morley) ; in house, Newport, March (Morey). Chloropidae Platycephala planifrons, F. Luccombe and Sandown in Aug. (Butler). Meromyza nigriYentris, Mcq. Pan Down, Aug. (Butler). Center cereris, Fin. Pan Down, Aug. (Butler). Chlorops taeniopus, Mg. Shalfleet, June (Morley) ; swept in meadow, Newport, May (Morey). C. puncticoUis, Ztt. Swept from herbage near stream, Newport, in June (Morey). C. nasuta, Ztt. (?) Swept in meadow, Newport, May (Morey). Oscinis frit, L. Sandown, in June (Morley). Astiadae Astia amoena, Mg. On window of house, Eyde, Oct. (Morley). Borboridae Borborus equinus, Fin. Flying at Eyde in March, and in horse- dung at Binstead (Morley) ; in garden, Newport, May (Morey). Sphaerocera subsultans, F. In stable, Newport, in Feb. (Morey) . Limosina limosa, Fin. In sand-pit. Marvel Copse, March ; and on grass in garden, Newport, in May (Morey). L. nivalis, Hal. (?) Marvel Copse (Morey). Phoridae Phora rufipes, Mg. Eyde, in Sept., and on window of house, Eyde, in Oct. (Morley) ; on window, Newport, in Nov. (Morey). HiPPOBOSCIDAE Ornithomyia avicularia, L. I. of W. (Morey). gg2 HEMIPTEKA. BY E. A. BUTLER, B.A., B.Sc, F.E.S. The order Hemiptera contains the insects known as Plant-bugs, Water-bugs, Frog-hoppers, Scale Insects, and Aphides. They are provided with a beak-like mouth furnished with piercing bristles, by means of which they penetrate the integument and suck up the juices of plants and in some cases of animals. Leaving the scale- insects and aphides out of consideration, as we have scarcely any records of these insects from the Island, we may say that the rest of the Hemiptera are active during their whole life, passing through no helpless resting stage such as that of the chrysalis of a butterfly or moth ; in other words, their metamorphosis is incomplete. The young, on leaving the egg, are in shape not very unlike what they will ultimately become, but they have then no wings; these are acquired only at the final moult. The duration of life is generally such that the whole cycle of changes is effected within the limits of a single season, but some species hibernate. That disgusting household pest, the bed-bug, and the well-known Cuckoo- spit insect are, apart from the two groups already referred to, practically the only species that are of any economic importance in this country, and hence the study of the order, as thus restricted and so far as the British representatives are concerned, is a matter of pure science, and is independent of any utilitarian interest. But as many of the species are exceedingly beautifully coloured, and several are of the most extraordinary shapes, the student is compensated by an abundant aesthetic interest, and may see in the odd shapes of some, what may be termed the humorous side of nature. There are, moreover, some curious biological problems connected with the development of some species, and very little is known of the life histories, so that there is a wide field still left for investigation. The interesting variety of geological structure found in the Isle of Wight, with the consequent differentiation in vegetation, has pro- duced a corresponding diversity in the indigenous representatives of an order so dependent upon plants as the Hemiptera. Every kind of habitat frequented by these insects is to be found here, and as (452) HEMIPTEEA 453 each has its special inhabitants, our records of the order form a thoroughly representative collection. Upwards of 300 species are included in the following lists, and these constitute something less than forty per cent of the known British species (exclusive again of Scale insects and Aphides). But these lists must not by any means be regarded as exhaustive. Undoubtedly other species exist, which diligent search in appropriate localities will in due course bring to light ; and it ought not to be difficult to raise the total to at least fifty per cent of the British species. Two sub-divisions of ^the order are recognised, the Heteroptera or Plant and Water Bugs ; and the Homoptera, or Frog Hoppers, Scale Insects, and Aphides. Eeferring first to the former, we may briefly show how the insects may be recognised. There are, as a rule, two pairs of wings, of which the upper, called hemielytra, are stiflf and horny in the part nearest the body, but flexible and membranous in the more remote part, while the lower pair are entirely membranous. The coloration is usually confined to the upper pair. When closed, the upper pair completely cover the lower, and then their own mem- branous parts overlap one another. A large triangular part of the second division of the thorax, called the scutellum, appears between the bases of the hemielytra, and by its bright colouring, often adds 'greatly to the beauty of the insect. This is often still further enhanced by the marking off, and the brilliant coloration, of a triangular part of each upper wing, called the cimeus. Thus a kind of patchwork pattern appears on the upper surface, which is not to be seen in any other order, and this arrangement of wings, combined with the beak-like mouth organs, which are bent under the body when not in use, is quite sufficient in most cases to enable the insect to be recognised as belonging to the order. The antennae are often long, but consist of few joints. Many species are exceedingly deli- cate and fragile, their legs and antennae being in some cases finer than human hairs ; hence they will not bear handling. Most of them are found in the perfect state during August and September, some few maturing in June and July. Hibernated specimens of some species may be met with in May. The names and initials appended in brackets to the records are those of the collectors who found the insects, and to all these gentle- men I am much indebted for information received, either directly or through their published records. The initials are explained below ; where the records are not accompanied by initials or names, it is to be understood that they are the result of my own obseiTations in August, 1907. G.C.C.— Mr. G. C. Champion, F.Z.S., F.E.S. CM.— Mr. Claude Morley, F.E.S. F.M.— Mr. Frank Morey, F.L.S. E.S.— Mr. Edward Saunders, F.E.S., F.L.S. 454 HEMIPTERA The nomenclature adopted is that of the new " Catalogue of British Hemiptera," by Messrs. Saunders & Edwards, published in 1908. HETEEOPTEEA At the head of our list stand four hard-bodied species (Scutellerina), which ai-e distinguished by the enormous development of the scutel- lum. This becomes so large that it forms a kind of shield covering almost all the upper surface, and hiding the wings, so that the insects look more like beetles than bugs. Thyreocoris scarabaeoides, L. A little shiny bronze species, occurring on the ground amongst dead leaves. St. Boniface Down, June, 1885 (F.M.). Odontoscelis fuliginosa, L. A larger insect, yellowish-brown and hairy, found in sandy places. Sandown (G.C.C.). Eurygaster maura, L. A smooth brown species found amongst long grasses. Parkhurst Forest, 10 Sept., 1907 (F.M.). Podops inuncta, F. A greyish-brown species found on the ground under low herbage. Sandown (G.C.C.) ; Ventnor (F.M.) ; Yarmouth. Probably generally disti'ibuted. Next come seven species of oval bugs (Cydnina) in which the scutellum, while still large, does not conceal the wings. They are hard-bodied, mostly black, and have spiny legs. Cydnus flaYicornis, F. The smallest of the group. A specimen was found at Freshwater by Mr. W. Holland, of the Hope Museum, Oxford, and this is the only record of the species as a British insect. It occurs in the Channel Islands and on the Continent. Sehirus bicolor, L. Shiny bluish-black with cream-coloured patches, often found amongst nettles. Sandpit at Marvel Copse (F.M.). S. dubius, Scop. Steel-blue with cream-coloured margins. San- down and Freshwater (G.C.C). S. biguttatus, L. Easily distinguished by the httle yellow spot on the black ground of each elytron. Found under herbage, especially heath. One specimen in Combley Wood, Aug. 1907 (F.M.). S. luctuosus, M. d- B. Wholly black, except the basal joint of the antennae. Mr. Morey has a specimen without definite locality. I found a few larvae in a gravel pit on St. George's Down, Aug. 1907, which are probably referable to this species. Gnathoconus albomarginatus, Goeze. Black with narrow white margins. Generally distributed. Often obtained by sweeping in early summer. G. picipes, Fall. Very much Hke the preceding, but not so common. Sandown (G.C.C.). HEMIPTEEA 465 The so-called Bishops' Mitres (Pentatomina, Asopidina, and Acanthosomina), large triangular bugs, yield ten species, some of which are found on trees or shrubs. Aelia acuminata, L. An almost diamond-shaped, straw-coloured species, with exquisite grey pencillings. Amongst dry grasses, with which its colour exactly harmonizes. Sandown (G.C.C. & CM.) ; Culver Chff, May, 1902 (Jennings) ; Parkhurst Forest, 10 Sept. 1907 (F.M.) ; Bembridge, Aug. 1908 (Donisthorpe). Neottiglossa pusilla, Gmel. Much smaller, but similarly coloured, and found in similar situations. Parkhurst Forest (F.M. and CM.). Eusarcoris aeneus, Scop. A short and broad ochreous species. By sweeping in Parkhurst Forest, 10 Sept. 1907 (F.M.). Dolycoris baccarum, L. A purplish-grey, hairy species, usually found by sweeping. Sandown (G.C.C) ; Parkhurst Forest, 9 Sept. 1907 (F.M.). Palomena prasina, L. Wholly dull green. Larvae abundant by sweeping at the hedge-sides. It matures later than the other species and rarely assumes the perfect form before the middle of September. Parkhurst Forest and Combley Wood. Piezodorus lituratus, F. Purple and green, or simply pale gi'een ; found commonly on furze bushes wherever these occur. Pentatoma rufipes, L. Eich brown with a bright-red tip to the scutellum ; found on various trees. Copse at Godshill, July, 1883 (F.M.) ; Sandown (G.C.C) ; Carisbrooke, 7 Sept. 1907 (F.M.). Eurydema oleraceum, L. A very handsome species, metallic green, with yellow or red spots, found on flowers. Recorded by Mr. Lewis from the Island without definite locality. Zicrona coerulea, L. Entirely brilliant shining blue. On various low plants. Ventnor (E.S.) ; Sandown (G.C.C). Elasmostethus griseus, L. A small, shining, angular bug, brightly coloured with red, greenish-yellow, &c. Found on birches. Marvel Copse, June, 1887 (F.M.). Only eight out of the 21 Coreid bugs have yet been found. They are stoutly constructed, but of more elongate shape than the pre- ceding groups, and the antennae are often very stout and strong, so that they can be used as aids to locomotion. Most of them are of rare occurrence. Enoplops scapha, F. One of the commonest species. It is dark brown, and is found on various parts of the coast where there is rough coarse herbage, such as grasses, Matricaria, &c. Sandown, Ventnor, Yarmouth, &c. Syromastes marginatus, L. Very similar, but rather larger and not quite so dark. Ventnor, June, 1886, Pan Down, Shide, May, 1877 (F.M.) ; Sandown (G.C.C). Yerlusia quadrata, F. Still lighter in colour, and with a most curious diamond-shaped abdomen. Culver Cliff, May, 1902 (Jennings). 456 HEMIPTEKA Coreus denticulatus, Scop. Another brown species, very vari- able in depth of colour. Easily distinguished by the spines on its hind thighs and elsewhere. Taken by sweeping, or under low plants in sandy places. Sandown (F.M.). Usually this is the commonest species of the group. All these four use their strong antennae to assist in righting themselves when overturned. Alydus calcaratus, L. An ant-like species. Larva at Niton, July, 1906 (Donisthorpe). Stenocephalus agilis, Scop. A perfectly smooth and elegant species of a dark-brown colour with yellow legs marked with black. Under low plants on the coast, especially Euphorbia. Sandown. Therapha hyoscyami, L. A very handsome species, scarlet and black, found on rest-harrow {Ononis). Eecorded by Marshall without definite locality. Myrmus miriformis, Fall. Heathy and grassy places on the downs near Shide, and in Parkhurst Forest. The sexes are very distinct, the S being a narrow and parallel-sided insect of a yellowish- brown colour, and the ? with swollen body, coloured bright-green and red. The species is remarkable further for the fact that the majority of specimens of both sexes have their wings imperfectly developed, only a small percentage of each sex having wings fully formed. Next follow five species (Berytidae) with very long and exceed- ingly thin legs, on which the body is balanced in walking, as if on springs. Neides tipularius, L. The largest species. Its long, thin body and legs are suggestive of a daddy-long-legs, hence the specific name. Gravel pit on St. George's Down. Berytus clavipes, F. Niton (Marshall). A rare species. B. minor, H.S. Pan Down, Shide, at roots of grass. B. montivagus, Fieh. Ventnor (E.S.). These three species are much alike. Metacanthus elegans, Curt. A very delicate species, looking much like a gnat. Found under Ononis on the coast at Sandown, where the ground is sandy, but not where it is clayey. Much remains to be done in the next family, the Lygaeidae, for out of 64 species only 25 are recorded. Most of the species are rather dull blackish or brownish, of long oval shape and medium size, some being quite small, and none really large. They are found chiefly on the ground in dry places. Cymus glandicolor, Hahn. A pale yellowish insect found amongst rank herbage in damp places. Parkhurst Forest. C. claviculus, Fall. Similar but smaller, found under low plants. Gurnard (F.M.). Ischnorhynchus resedae, Pz. Wide, oval, flattish, with large glassy membrane, found on trees. Bonchurch (Dale). HEMIPTEKA 467 I. geminatus, Fieh. Like a small edition of the preceding. Always found on heath. Parkhurst Forest. Henestaris laticeps, Ctirt. Noted for having its eyes on the end of short stalks. On the coast near Chale (W. E. Sharp). Heterogaster urticae, F. A very active, dark, shiny insect found on nettles, usually abundant where it occurs. Chalk pit, Newport (Newbery) ; Parkhurst Forest, Aug. and Sept., 1907. Rhyparochromus antennatus, ScMll. At roots of plants. Sandown (G.C.C.) ; Haven Street (CM.). R. dilatatus, H.S. Entirely black. Sandown (G.C.C). R. chiragra, F. A dull brownish-black insect found in sandy places. Marvel Copse and Pan Down. Tropistethus holosericeus, Schltz. One of the smallest of the Lygaeidae. A rather scarce insect. Eecorded by Douglas & Scott without definite locality. Macrodema micropterum, Curt. An active black species with abbreviated reddish elytra, usually found commonly under heath. Only one specimen has, however, yet been met with, under heath in Parkhurst Forest. Plinthisus breYipennis, Latr. A flattish, shining, pitchy-black insect, found in sandy places. Ventnor (D. & S.) ; Pan Down. Stygnocoris rusticus, Fall. A dull-black insect usually taken by sweeping. Eecorded by Douglas & Scott, without definite locality. Carisbrooke (Newbery). S. pedestris, Fall. A small species with pale legs, found com- monly at roots of plants in all sandy places. S. fuligineus, Geoffr. Similar to the preceding, but with dark legs. Shide, Marvel Copse, &c. Probably generally distributed. Peritrechus geniculatus, Hahn. Another dull greyish-black insect, larger than the preceding. Norton Wood, Yarmouth (CM.) ; Luccombe Chine. P. gracilicornis, Put. This is a most interesting discovery, as the insect is recorded from only one other British locality, viz., Hastings, and that was many years ago. It does not appear to have been noticed since till August, 1907, when I took a specimen in the gravel-pit on St. George's Down. It is much like the preced- ing, but is a little larger and has thinner antennae. P. sylYestris, F. Gravel-pit at St. George's Down. Trapezonotus distinguendus, Flor. A rare species. Ventnor (Lewis). T. arenarius, L. Usually a common species on heathy ground, but it has only been recorded from Culver Cliff (Jennings). Aphanus lynceus, F. A scarce insect, fiat-bodied and of very active habits. Eecorded by Pascoe, without definite locality. Usually found in moss in sandy places. Drymus sylvaticus, F. A very common species at the roots of low plants. Generally distributed. 458 HEMIPTEEA Notochilus contractus, H.S. Almost as common as the pre- ceding, and found in similar situations. Parkhurst, Pan Down, Luccombe, &c. Scolopostethus aflSnis, Schill. Carisbrooke (Newbery) ; Shal- fleet (CM.). S. thomsoni, Beut. Amongst nettles, &c. Bembridge, Parkhurst Forest, Sandown. S. decoratus, Hahn. Under heath. Parkhurst Forest, and probably in similar situations elsewhere. The lacewing bugs (Tingididae) have yielded at present a very small proportion, only seven species out of 22. They are all small, but exquisitely beautiful in structure, their hemielytra appearing as if made of lacework. A lens is needed to see their full beauty. Piesma quadrata, Fieb. Under maritime plants on the coast at Yarmouth. Campylostira Yerna, Fall. Sandown (G.C.C.). Acalypta parvula, Fall. Usually common in moss. Marvel Copse. Derephysia foliacea, Fall. The most exquisite and remarkable of the group. The elytra have clear glassy meshes, and there is a sort of helmet of similar structure over the head. Found amongst dead leaves and other rubbish. Sandown (G.C.C.) ; Pan Down and Yarmouth. Monanthia ampliata, Fieh. Obtained by sweeping. Cowes (G.C.C.) ; Parkhurst Forest. M. cardui, L. Common on the heads of the Scotch thistle wherever that plant grows. M. simplex, H.S. A rare species. Taken by Dr. Power. The next group consists of those bugs that walk, or run, or skate on the surface of water. Popularly they are known as Water Crickets, Skaters, &c., and some or other of them are pretty sure to be found on ever-y piece of water, whether pond, dyke, or ditch. Hebrus pusillus. Fall. A very small insect found amongst Sjihagnuvi. Eecorded by Lewis. Aepophilus bonnairei, Sigii. A coast insect which lives below high-water mark and is often submerged. Totland Bay (G.C.C). Hydrometra stagnorum, L. The thinnest of our British bugs, which walks upon water, moving its legs in the same way as on land. It is so slender as to be difficult to see except against a pale back- ground. At the sides of ponds and ditches generally. MicroYelia pygmaea, Duf. A pretty little creature of a bluish- grey appearance, which runs about on duckweed in ditches. The Yar, Brading. Yelia currens, F. The water cricket. Common on streams everywhere. Gerris thoracicus, Schum. This genus contains the "skaters'* HEMIPTEEA 469 which skim over the surface of ponds. G. thoracicus is recorded from Sandown (G.C.C.)- G. gibbifer, Schum. Newport (F.M.) ; Totland Bay, and probably on ponds generally. G. lacustris, L. Commoner than the preceding, and occurring similarly. The Yar, Brading, 16 Aug. 1907 (F.M.) ; Heytesbury Farm. Of the next group we have only one representative, viz. : — Ploiariola Yagabunda, L. An exceedingly thin-legged, narrow insect, found on trees. Freshwater (Dale) ; Newport, 8 Oct. 1907 (F.M.). Of the genus Nabis, six* species are recorded. They are all brownish-grey bugs, and are found running on the ground amongst low plants. Nabis lativentris, Boh. This seems to be the commonest species of the genus in the Island, and occurs everywhere. N. major, Costa. Common and generally distributed. N. boops, Schioclte. I found one specimen of this rare species in the usual habitat, under heath, in Parkhurst Forest, Aug. 1907. N. flavomarginatus, Schltz. Amongst rushes, &c. in damp places. Eookley Wilderness. N. limbatus, DaJdb. Amongst grasses. Generally distributed. N. rugosus, L. At roots of low plants. Common and generally distributed, especially on hedge-banks. The Saldidae are a set of oval black bugs, which are exceedingly active in their habits, running and flying with equal facility. They frequent marshy places. Nine species out of the nineteen have been recorded. Salda littoralis, L. The largest species. In a salt marsh at Yarmouth. S. saltatoria, L. Totland Bay and Freshwater. S. C-album, Fieb. Sandown (G.C.C.) ; Blackgang Chine (Curtis) ; Isle of Wight (Dale). S. pilosella, Thorns. Spring Vale, near Eyde (CM.). S. pallipes, F. In a salt marsh at Yarmouth. S. arenicola, Schltz. Isle of Wight (E.S.) ; Sandown (G.C.C). S. lateralis, Fall. Between tide-marks, in back-water, St. Helens, 3 Sept. 1907 (F.M.). S. cincta, H.S. Amongst rushes, Totland Bay. S. cocksi. Curt. Spring Vale, near Eyde (CM.). Amongst the Cimicina, the only record is that of the common bed- bug. Cimex lectularius, L. In an office at Newport, and occasionally in houses (F.M.). * Nabis ferus, L. and ericetorum, Scholtz, in all probability occur, but there have hitherto been no records of them. 460 HEMIPTEEA A large group of small and obscure insects, the Anthocorina, form the next group. They show a strong family likeness, are brownish in colour, and occur mostly on trees. Lyctocoris campestris, F. In outhouses, sheds, barns, haystacks, &c. Common. Piezostethus galactinus, Fieh. Manure heap, Newport, 8 Oct. 1907 (F.M.). Temnostethus pusillus, U.S. On various trees. Shide (F.M.); Parkhurst Forest. Anthocoris confusus, Beut. Common on oaks, &c. A. nemoralis, F. On sallows, Totland Bay. A. nemorum, L. Very common on various trees and shrubs. Acompocoris pygmaeus, Fall. On firs. Marvel Copse. Triphleps nigra, Wolff. Carisbrooke (Newbery) ; one specimen at roots of plants, Freshwater. Usually on heath. T. minuta, L. Spring Vale, near Eyde (CM.) ; Freshwater. Brachysteles parvicornis, Costa. I found a small colony of this rare insect running about on the mud at the roots of scantily growing rushes, Totland Bay, Aug. 1907. Microphysa elegantula, Baer. The apterous ? of this insect is common on the trunks and branches of trees, running about in the crevices of the bark. It is a minute insect with red fore parts, and an almost globose blackish body, and is generally distributed. The (? is winged and is not so often seen. None have hitherto been recorded from the Island. Myrmedobia inconspicua, D. £ S. The ? is a minute, nearly apterous, black insect, and the T. crataegi, Dougl. Similar to the preceding, but with the dark streak on the margin of the elytra only. In whitethorn hedges. Newport. T. avellanae, Edxo. One of a group of closely allied yellow species, which are to be distinguished mainly by the ./, ! r^^'^^:>' .'^ ' V, ■*■•*' ■} - ii r H. F. Poole, photo. WHITE STORK (a rare visitor) captured at Shorwell in 1902. 516 BIRDS 517 Tadorna cornuta (Sheldrake). I should hardly consider this very handsome duck a "resident," though Kelsall records that Mr. H. Damant of Cowes saw a brood of young in the Newtown Eiyer in 1904; I should think this was a unique instance of the bird breeding with us : a pair at their breeding haunt are too conspicuous to escape notice/'' Sheldrakes are to be seen not very unfrequently on our coasts in winter. Mareca penelope (Widgeon). A regular, but not abundant, winter visitor : our shores are not well suited to its uses. Dafila acuta (Pintail). An uncommon winter visitor. Anas boscas (Wild Duck, Mallard). A resident ; frequent on the east side of the Island throughout the year, where it breeds freely in all suitable localities. I have seen the nests and young broods for some miles up our marsh-land. Chaulelasmus streperus (Gadwall). A decidedly rare winter visitor. Querquedula circia (Garganey). Certainly very scarce here, but specimens are obtained occasionally. Kelsall and Munn speak of it as exclusively a spring and summer resident, but my Father bought a freshly-killed specimen in winter — about 1875 — at the poulterer's in Sandown, which Smith of Newport afterwards stuffed for him. I was wath my Father wdien he bought the duck in question. Q. crecca (Teal). To be found throughout our marsh-land during the winter. I have seen teal several times also in the spring on the reclaimed land at Bembridge, and Mr. C. Orchard, of Bembridge, tells me some pairs breed there annually. This ground, owned by Sir John Thornycroft, is fortunately carefully preserved, and forms a most valuable breeding-ground for our marsh-loving birds. Spatula clypeata (Shoveller). Very uncommon with us, but is occasionally procured in winter. Fuligula cristata (Tufted Duck). Not very uncommon during winter in the Island, the specimens obtained being generally in immature plumage. I have no record of its breeding with us, though it has been seen well into the spring. It is one of the winter visitors to Sir J. Thornycroft's land, Bembridge. F. marila (Scaup). To be found on our coasts in winter, particu- larly in severe weather. F. ferina (Pochard, Dun Bird, Eed-Head). A winter visitor; not common wdth us. Clangula glaucion (Golden-eye). Obtained on our coasts, rarely inland, in the winter months, generally in immature plumage. * Since writing the above, I have received information from Mr. Poole that a pair of sheldrakes have bred on the north side of the Island for several year?, and have been seen there with the young brood. I am glad to be able to change my opinion as to the bird being resident with us, and hope it may increase. 518 BIEDS Harelda glacialis (Long-tailed Duck). A decidedly rare winter visitor. Somateria moUisima (Eider Duck). Very rare with us, but has been obtained in mid-winter. Oedemia nigra (Scoter). Always to be seen on our coasts in winter, especially in severe and stormy weather. Our commonest sea-duck. I have seen it in comparatively large flocks. Oe. fusca (Velvet Scoter). A very rare winter visitor. Mergus merganser (Goosander). Occasionally obtained in the Island in winter. Bury records a fine male from Knighton in 1841-2, and Cowper a female near Sandford. M. serrator (Red-breasted Merganser). To be found on our coasts in winter, especially if the weather is severe, when the bird is not uncommon on the east side of the Island ; but I never saw a really fine male. M. albellus (Smew). Bury records the smew as occasionally met with off the Isle of "Wight. I know nothing of the bird, nor can I hear of any recent example. OEDER— COLUMBAE Family — Columbidae Columba palumbus (Ring Dove, Wood Pigeon). Always abun- dant with us ; in late autumn large flocks come to our woods to clear off the acorns, &c., generally leaving us before Christmas. I have found the nest, with eggs, from early April till, and including, October. I have been able to distinguish the smaller foreign form in the late autumn quite clearly when compared with our home-bred birds. C. oenas (Stock Dove). Rather a common species in the Island, certainly on the east side, where it breeds freely in aU our cliffs, especially at the Culvers. I see small flocks in autumn and winter, often flying with the wood pigeons. I have shot stock doves several times when waiting for wood pigeons coming in to roost. I never found a nest in a hollow tree in the Island. C. livia (Rock Dove). I fail to find authentic records of this bird for the Island, though it probably obtained here many years ago. I think it more than probable that the pigeons mentioned by Sir R. Worsley, in his "History of the Isle of Wight" (1781), as breeding freely at the Culvers, were stock doves, not rock pigeons. Dr. Cow- per, of Shanklin, has seen genuine "blue rocks" about the cliffs near Luccombe, but these may, of course, have been tame birds reverting to their wild habits. Turtur communis (Turtle Dove). The turtle dove arrives late with us, not till well into May as a rule ; it comes at about the same H.F.Poole, photo. NEST AND EGGS OF WILD DUCK, photographed near Sandown. 518 BIRDS 519 date as the goatsuckers, swifts, and flycatchers, and then the com- plement of our spring migrants is complete. A charming bird, of swift and powerful flight, it is a universal favourite. It is common everywhere, sometimes breeding in our gardens. I have seen it in flocks of perhaps thirty at a time in autumn here. I have never seen one later than mid- October. OEDER— PTEEOCLETES Family — Pteroclidae Syrrhaptes paradoxus (Pallas's Sand Grouse). A specimen of this bird was procured at Freshwater in 1888, one of the several years in which it has appeared in this country in some numbers. OEDEE— GALLINAE Family — Phasianidae Phasianus colchicus (Pheasant). The Island is particularly suited to the requirements of this handsome bird ; there are wild-bred specimens in most of our copses, and it is freely hand-reared on the larger estates. As eggs are brought in from other districts, the many varieties procured are of no real local importance. Caccabis rufa (Eed-legged Partridge, French Partridge). A very rare bird with us ; I never personally saw or heard of one. As Kelsall and Munn suggest, probably those procured lately were the produce of eggs introduced among those of the common partridge to increase our native stock. As but little partridge-driving can be indulged in in the Island, it is to be hoped, from a shooting point of view, that this bird will not gain a strong footing here : it is hardly possible to get it to rise to the gun when walking up partridges. Perdix cinerea (Partridge). The partridge is an abundant bird with us, and may be found everywhere throughout the Island. Many Hungarian birds have been turned down in late years, but I cannot discover that this has produced any appreciable difference in the size or colour of the native stock. Goturnix communis (Quail). Quails are occasionally seen, but it is a rare bird here. Bury records a nest at Newchurch, and says that bevies have been fallen in with at Whitwell and near Eyde about 1844. I have seen three shot in the last fifteen years — two at Eoud and one close to Whitefield Woods ; in each case the birds were single. It has been procured in the Island in raid- winter. 520 BIEDS OEDEE— FULICAEIAE Family— Eallidae Rallns aquaticus (Water Eail). The water rail is not a common bird with us, but I have seen odd ones at all seasons of the year. More is quoted as having known of nests in the Island, and I have no doubt that it breeds on the reclaimed land at Bembridge, where I have seen it in May and June. Owing to its habit of skulking in thick herbage it is apt to escape observation. Mr. Wadham tells me he has seen as many as seven distinct water rail in a winter's afternoon at Carisbrooke, but does not see the birds there in summer. Porzana maruetta (Spotted Crake). A spotted crake is occasion- ally obtained in the Island, generally in autumn and winter. I can get no record of its having bred with us. Mr. Wadham reports one captured at Carisbrooke on November 27th, 1906, and there are many earlier records. Crex pratensis (Com Crake, Land Eail, Eail). I have rarely heard, and never seen, a land rail in the Island in the summer. No doubt they obtain here, and breed occasionally, but by no means commonly. In the early autumn, on the contrary, they come to us freely, sometimes really in abundance, and many are killed during partridge shooting, especially out of standing clover. One day in mid- September, 1905, shooting at Eowlands, we killed thirty of these birds. No doubt some stay through the winter here. I caught one in a cave below the Culvers many years ago, about Christmas, in good condition — an odd place for the bird at any season. The bulk of the birds disappear in September. Mr. Wadham tells me that the land rail bred rather freely in the centre of the Island some fifteen years ago, many nests being cut out of the standing grass ; now they are scarce. Gallinula chloropus (Moor-hen, Water-hen). Very abundant everywhere ; hardly a small pond without its pair. Of course our chain of marshes form its chief habitat. Fulica atra (Coot). Plentiful on the east side of the Island in winter, especially on the reclaimed land at Bembridge. Here also it breeds freely and in increasing numbers. It may be obtained all through our marshes. OEDEE— ALECTOEIDES Family— Otididae Otis tetrax (Little Bustard). A merely accidental visitor. One was shot by H. Jacob and the Eev. H. M. Langdale near Arreton, BIRDS 521 January 2nd, 1875, from a turnip field. I remember the occasion well, but did not see the bird till after it was stuffed. ORDEE— LIMICOLAE Family — Oedicnemidae Oedicnemus scolopax (Stone Curlew). As in the case of other records for the Island, I have only seen this bird in quite late autumn, a pair on Pan Common in November, 1904, and a single bird at Alverstone early in December. Bury records a nest at Wacklands in his time. Examples of the bird have been obtained in the Island, generally in the autumn and winter. Family — Gl aee olid ae Glareola pratincola (Collared Pratincole). Kelsall and Munn speak of a specimen that once passed through the hands of Mr. F. Smith of Newport, which was obtained in the Island. I can find no other mention of the bird. Family — Charadeiidae Charadrius pluYialis (Golden Plover). Not uncommon during the winter, though large flocks are unusual ; small lots are often to be found among the green plover which are so abundant along our marsh lands. I have seen golden plover oftener here in March than in any other month. Squatarola helYetica (Grey Plover). A decidedly uncommon bird here, occurring occasionally through the winter months. Aegialitis curonica (Little Einged Plover). A specimen shot by H. Sogers at Freshwater in 1864 is vouched for by Kelsall and Munn. Ae. hiaticula (Einged Plover, Eing Dotterel). To be found in suitable localities on our coast ; rather abundant round Bembridge. It breeds with some freedom on the sandy tracts of the reclaimed land of Brading Harbour. Eudromias morinellus (Dotterel). Certainly rare in the Island : odd specimens occur on our down-land during spring and autumn migration. Yanellus vulgaris (Peewit, Green Plover, Lapwing). An abundant resident. If, as Kelsall and Munn suggest, it breeds more commonly on the mainland than with us, Hampshire is exceedingly fortunate, for it nests with us most freely. The reclaimed land of Brading Harbour forms an ideal breeding-ground, and as this is carefully protected the bird steadily increases there. It nests 622 BIRDS freely on the uplands and marshes throughout the Island, and vast flocks may be seen in the winter months. Mrs. S. Davenport, Godshill Park, brought me an abnormal peewit's egg she found on Bowcombe Down, coloured in all respects like the egg of the ringed plover. Strepsilas interpres (Turnstone). A rare winter visitor to the Island. Haemantopus ostralegus (Oyster Catcher). This very con- spicuous bird appeal's sparingly on our coasts throughout the winter months. I have generally seen it singly or in pairs. I should almost call it a rarity on the east side of the Island. A pair of these birds were observed by Mr. Poole in May on the Newtown Eiver : it is thus possible it may breed with us. Family— ScoLOPAciDAE Himantopus candidus (Black- winged Stilt). A specimen is mentioned by Bury as having been killed near Yarmouth early in last century. "■ Phalaropus hyperboreus (Eed-necked Phalarope). A specimen of this bird is reported to have been received by Mr. Smith of Newport in 1883. P. fulicarius (Grey Phalarope). Occasionally seen in the Island in autumn, no doubt when on migration. Mr. C. Orchard of Bern- bridge has obtained both sexes of this bird on the reclaimed land there. Scolopax rusticula (Woodcock). I should call this bird a winter visitor, though no doubt it occasionally breeds with us. A large number must be shot every year in the Island, bags of from six to a dozen being not unusual in a day's cover-shooting." No doubt Parkhurst Forest, where large numbers are sometimes seen, is particularly suited to the woodcock's requirements, and it probably breeds there with some regularity. I have records of nests in several parts of the Island, but none very lately. Gallinago major (Great Snipe). A winter visitor, very uncom- mon, but it may well be that it is sometimes shot among other snipe and not identified. Bury mentions specimens obtained about 1840. G. coelestis (Common Snipe). A winter visitor to us now, what- ever it may have been in the early days, when Bury wrote of it as breeding in the marshes at Yarmouth. It comes and goes with us throughout the winter, and I have seen odd specimens in almost every month of the year. In the first few days of hard weather it sometimes comes to our marshes in great numbers, but it soon * Mr. Wadham has collected the following information as to the number of woodcock shot on various estates in the winter of 1906-7 : Swainston, 68 ; Bowcombe Valley, 15 ; Medham, 9 ; Landguard, 3 ; Alverstone, 27 ; Haven Street, 45 ; Nunwell Park, 4 ; Osborne, 10. BIRDS 523 moves on. I have seen a wisp of at least forty birds in a turnip field at Alverstone. Limnocryptes gallinula (Jack Snipe). I should consider this an uncommon bird on this side of the Island, but it is occasionally- obtained throughout the winter months. Mr. Wadham informs me that it is not uncommon round Carisbrooke during the winter. Tringa alpina (Dunlin, Oxbird). A winter visitor, to be found on our coasts in small flocks till well into the spring. According to Kelsall and Munn there is some evidence of the birds breeding on the reclaimed land of Brading Harbour, well suited to many of the long-bills for nesting purposes. The fact that they have been seen here in summer plumage proves nothing. I have seen them with tlie black breast in districts where there had never been any question of their breeding. T. minuta (Little Stint). The bird has been recorded from the Island by Mr. Eogers in 1865, but I consider it a great rarity. T. temmincki (Temminck's Stint). Again reported by Mr. Eogers at the same date. I can hear nothing of the bird as belonging to tlie Island. T. subarquata (Curlew Sandpiper). Occasionally seen and obtained in the Island while migrating in spring and autumn. T. striata (Purple Sandpiper). An uncommon winter visitor. Mr. Wadham records a specimen obtained in the Island in October, 1896. T. canutus (Knot). To be found in the winter months, but far from commonly, on our coasts. Machetes pugnax (Euff, Eeeve — female). This bird is now a rarity in the Island, but has been obtained in the winter months. One is reported by Mr. Wadham in September, 1889. Calidris arenaria (Sanderling). A winter visitor, by no means abundant in the Island. I have seen small parties occasionally at Bembridge. Tringoides hypoleucus (Sandpiper, Summer Snipe). Not a common bird here, but I see it every spring in small numbers, and have no doubt that it breeds on the reclaimed land of Brading Harbour, where I have found it in May and June. Helodromas ochropus (Green Sandpiper). This bird has been reported from the Island by Bury as having been obtained in spring, autumn, and winter, but the record of its building in Yarmouth Marshes, as mentioned by Yarrell, in 1837, is most interesting. Apparently the nest was not found, but broods of young, with their parents, were seen in August. Totanus calidris (Eedshank). A resident, but now, on the east side of the Island, far more abundant in the spring than the winter months. There is a thriving colony on the reclaimed land of Brading Harbour, wliich has increased much in late years ; I should judge there must be fifty nests there each spring. It also breeds in the 524 BIRDS marsh-land near Freshwater. It comes back to its breeding-ground in March. T. canescens (Greenshank). A rare spring and autumn visitor to the Island, but rarely seen or obtained. Major Le Marchant tells me he remembers shooting this bird on Brading Harbour many- years ago. Limosa lapponica (Bar-tailed God wit). This bird visits the Island occasionally in spring and autumn, but is far from common. One stayed about the marshes on the reclaimed land, Brading Har- bour, for some days in September, 1898 ; it allowed me to approach within five yards on several occasions. Major Le Marchant recalls the bird as not very rare in old Brading Harbour. Numenius phoeopus (Whimbrel). Occasionally obtained in spring and autumn, but far from commonly. N. arquata (Curlew). Curlews may be seen flying overhead here in all months of the year. They do not breed with us, and I have rarely seen them except on the coast, and a certain distance up some of the creeks. I very often hear their note at night, and should judge, from the calls coming from many directions, that big flocks sometimes pass over. OEDEE— GAVIAE Family — Laridae Sterna macrura (Arctic Tern). Occasionally found on our coasts in spring and autumn. S. fluYiatilis (Common Tern). More frequent than the last, but I cannot call any of the terns abundant in the Island at any season. This is the only one that I have been personally able to identify. I have generally seen it at Bembridge in the autumn. S. minuta (Little Tern). More speaks of a flock of little terns seen at Bembridge and one obtained at Freshwater in 1855. S. cantiaca (Sandwich Tern). There are records of this tern being obtained in the Island, including one at Freshwater in the autumn of 1888. Hydrochelidon nigra (Black Tern). Bury and More both speak of this bird having been obtained in the Island in the middle of last century. Rissa tridactyla (Kittiwake). Not uncommon on our coasts in winter. It certainly used to breed somewhat freely at Freshwater, eggs in my Father's (Rev. W. D. Fox) collection being labelled as from there ; they were probably taken about 1832, but there is no recent record of its occurrence there, nor do I know it as a bird frequenting the Culver Cliff. Larus glaucus (Glaucous Gull). A rare occasional winter visitor, recorded by Bury in 1844. On January 13th, 1908, I was able to ^^^■^^ ->^'r . , , . > ":y'7 H.F. Poole, photo. NEST AND EGGS OF HEPRING GULLS: photographed at the Culver Cliffs. BIRDS 525 identify a glaucous gull on the shore in Sanclown Bay. I twice got to within ten or twelve yards of the bird before he took to flight. It was feeding with herring and black-headed gulls, and the all-white plumage and curious flight were very distinctive. It w-as appreciably larger than the herring gulls, and they at once made way for it when it pitched among them. From the yellow-white colour, and darkish bill, I concluded it to be an immature specimen of this gull. Mr. G. "Woods, Sandown, to whom I mentioned seeing the bird, went to the shore at once with some glasses, and was able to corroborate me in every particular. The bird was very tame, and could easily have been shot. It stayed in the district some time, and was seen by Dr. Cowper on Feb. 25th. L. leucopterus (Iceland Gull). One recorded as shot at Fresh- water in 1883. L. ar^entatus (Herring Gull). Abundant with us throughout the year, breeding in some numbers at the Culvers and Freshwater. The colony at the Culvers, though now little molested, does not appear to increase. They are often caught young and kept tame in the gardens here. L. fuscus (Lesser Black-backed Gull). Not at all common in the Island at any time of year, but most often seen in the winter. A pair or two certainly still breed at the Culvers ; I have never failed to see the gulls there in the breeding season, but they don't increase. L. canus (Common Gull). Abundant here throughout the autumn and winter months, some certainly staying throughout the year. L. marinus (Greater Black-backed Gull). A rare winter visitor with us. I see it occasionally off Bembridge, especially in hard weather. L. ridibundus (Black-headed Gull). Our commonest gull, to be found on our coast and marshes in autumn, winter, and spring ; I have seen odd specimens, in full breeding plumage, throughout the summer. Vast flocks collect on the marshes sometimes when they are flooded. L. minntus (Little Gull). This bird is mentioned by More as found in the Island. Mr. V. Willett obtained a specimen killed by flying against the glass at St. Catherine's Lighthouse in 1894, and Dr. CowiDer records one seen at Shanklin with other gulls. Stercorarius catarrhactes (Common Skua). A specimen re- corded by More from Freshwater about 1860. S. pomatorhinus (Pomatorhine Skua). Bury identified a speci- men of this bird obtained in the Island by Butler in 1844. S. crepidatus (Eichardson's Skua). It would seem that this bird was to be found in the Solent not unfrequently in Bury's day, and it is recorded by More in 1856, and by Mr. V. Willett at a later date. S. parasiticus (Buffon's Skua). Mr. Wadham has the skin of a female Buffon's Skua obtained on the Medina Eiver, Feb. 20, 1899. 526 BIRDS OEDBE^TUBINAEES Family — Procellariidae Procellaria pelagica (Storm Petrel). Specinaens of the storm petrel have been obtained from St. Catherine's Lighthouse, but it is just a chance visitor brought by stress of weather. I have a record of one from St. Catherine's Lighthouse, on October 29th, 1908, from Mr. Percy Wadham. P. leucorrhoa (Leach's Petrel). That vv^ell-known collector, the St. Catherine's Lighthouse, is again to be credited with a specimen of this bird, killed there on April 23rd, 1894, in foggy weather. One was picked up on the shore at Freshwater in 1857, recorded by More. Oceanites oceanicus (Wilson's Petrel). Two specimens picked up near Freshwater, one in 1863 and another in 1888. Pufflnus anglorum (Manx Shearwater). Twice obtained in the Island, one at Yarmouth in 1836 (Bury) and the other at the Needles in 1867 (Hadfield). Fulmar us glacialis (Fulmar Petrel). Kelsall and Munn give an instance of a fulmar petrel obtained off the Island in 1876. OEDEE— PYGOPODES Family — Colymbidae Colymbus glacialis (Great Northern Diver). A winter visitor, not uncommon off our shores, but I never knew of an adult specimen obtained here. I have seen the bird aU through the winter months. C. arcticus (Black-throated Diver). I consider this bird uncom- rQQn in — or rather off'— the Island, but it is still occasionally obtained. I know one stuffed specimen procured at Bembridge. C. septentrionalis (Eed-throated Diver). A not uncommon winter visitor, often to be seen in Sandown Bay and off Bembridge. Those obtained are generally immature specimens. Family— PoDiciPiDAE Podiceps cristatus (Great Crested Grebe). A winter visitor with us, and certainly uncommon. I have seen it in Bembridge Harbour, and it has been obtained now and again. We have few localities suitable to its breeding habits. Specimens of this and the three following species of grebe came into Mr. Wadham 's possession, all in the winter of 1899, and all procured on the north side of the Island. BIRDS 527 p. griseigena (Eed-necked Grebe). No doubt occasionally seen, and even obtained, off the Island ; but a rare bird with us, and of course only to be expected in winter. P. auritus (Sclavonian Grebe). A winter visitor to our coasts; not common. One was obtained near here (Sandown) in 1895. P. nigricoUis (Eared Grebe). One of these birds is recorded by More as having been obtained off Seaview in December, 1858. Tachybaptes fluviatilis (Little Grebe, Dabchick), I see dab-> chicks regularly on the reclaimed land at Bembridge, and have no doubt that a few breed there. It is not, however, a common bird with us. Mr. Wadham informs me that it may be seen occasionally every winter at the mill-dams at Carisbrooke. Family — Alcidae Alca torda (Razor-bill). Found commonly round our coasts throughout the year. It breeds freely at Freshwater, and in small, numbers at the Culver Cliff. LomYia troile (Guillemot), Great numbers of these birds are toi be seen on our eastern coasts in winter, and there is a colony tha^ breeds at the Culver Cliff ; but Freshwater is their main habitat^ where they breed in considerable numbers. L. bruennichi (Briinnich's Guillemot). A specimen is mentioned by More as having been obtained by Mr. Rogers at Fresh-watei: in, 1860, but the record seems very doubtful. Uria grylle (Black Guillemot). The black guillemot is recordec^ as having been shot off' Yarmouth about 1854 (More), and another- example is recorded by Hadfield near Fx^eshwater in 1888, Mergulus alle (Little Auk). I remember many years ago finding examples of the little auk on the shore towards the Culvers on several occasions, but I never saw the bird alive. Fratercula arctica (Puffin). A good-sized colony of these birds, breed at Freshwater, but I think they are decreasing there. As Mr. Poole, of Shanklin, has already recorded, it is not at aU unusual ta find puffins washed up on the shore here duripg the winter and^ spring months. I should have liked to add, as many authorities djo in books of this nature, lists of the resident, partially resident, and migratory- birds of the Island. As our knowledge on this difficult subject; increases, however, we learn that many speci;es, hitherto regarded as, stationary, make more or less extended journeys in the spring and autumn. Some come and go with the greatest regularity, but many of our so-called "residents" shift ^yith tti,e s^aso^.S i^ a manner, and; 528 BIKDS for reasons, little understood. Until more is known of the move- ments of such birds, any statement which claimed to be authoritative on the subject would be apt to mislead, and under the circumstances I have thought it better to leave the matter alone. I have to thank many kind friends for assisting me with these notes : Dr. Cowper, Shanklin, in collaboration with whom I have previously worked among our birds ; Mr. Morey, Newport, who provided me with some old-time lists of much interest ; Mr. Orchard, of Bem- bridge; Mr. Poole, Shanklin, a keen and rehable observer; Mr. Harry Eichards, Westridge, Eyde, who has been down most of our cliffs egg- collecting ; Mr. Percy Wadham, Newport, whose help has been invaluable to me ; Mr. Woods, Sandown, and many more. These gentlemen have made my labours light, and I wish I could have done more justice to the information with which they have supplied me. Of books I have consulted but few, and for this reason — that the arduous work connected with such consultation had been already so carefully and thoroughly done by Messrs. Kelsall and Munn, and the result set forth in that altogether admirable book " The Birds of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight." From this work I have quoted wdth shameless freedom, feeling that the authors had already published all the information that could be obtained of many of our rarer birds. If I could make a fuller acknowledgment than this I would do so. The Eev. Charles Bury, so often quoted by these authors, was our next-door neighbour at Sandown during his latter years : he intro- duced me, as a lad, when I came to the Island in 1870, to many of the bird-haunts of the eastern district. I merely mention this as a link with the past. MAMMALS. BY PERCY WADHAM. Before proceeding to give a list of the Mammals which frequent the I. of W. and surrounding seas, it may be well to recall the work done by previous writers in this connection ; and also to compare our Island mammalian fauna with that of the mainland of Hamp- shire, and with the whole of Britain. In 1844 the Eev. C. A. Bury wrote some notes on our local Mammalia in the "Zoologist"; in 1849 Dr. Martin's "Undercliff of the I. of W." was published, in which various natural history lists, including Mammals, were given — the Eev. J. F. Dawson collaborating with the author ; in 1856 Bury wrote a list of Mammals in Daven- port Adams' "History of the I. of W."; and in 1860 Mr. A. G. More wrote further notes in the natural history supplement to Venables' "Guide to the I. of W." Nothing more of importance seems to have been published by way of increasing our knowledge of the Mammals of the Island until the first volume of the "Victoria History of Hampshire and I. of W." was issued in 1900. The Eev. J. E. Kelsall, in the "Proc. Hants Field Club," vol. 4, compares the Mammals of the whole of Gt. Brit, with those of Hants and the I. of W., with the following result : Bats, 14* — 11 ; Insectivora, 5 — 5; Carnivora, 8 — 6; Seals, 6 — 3; Eodentia, 13 — 12; Deer and Wild Ox, 4—3 ; Cetacea, 20—8. Total for Great Britain, 70 ; for Hampshire — including the Island, 48. To these figures may be added now the total for the I. of W. taken by itself — 42, though several of these are either extinct as wild animals, as the marten, deer, and badger ; or visit us but occasionally as the otter and the seals. The cetaceans, too, are naturally erratic and uncertain in their appearance. Mr. J. G. Millais, in his great work, "The Mammals of Great Britain and Ireland," makes the total number of species 78, but this * Some writers only admit 12 species as indigenous to Britain. (529) MM 630 MAMMALS enumeration includes several — as the brown bear, wolf, beaver, and wild boar, which have become extinct within historic times; and two or three, as the reindeer and aurochs, which were doubtfully wild within this period. It will be of interest to analyse Mr. Millais' list : it includes 12 bats, 1 hedgehog, 1 mole, 3 shrews, 1 cat, 1 wolf, 1 fox, 5 of the weasel kind, 1 badger, 1 otter, 1 bear, 1 squirrel, 1 beaver, 4 mice, 3 rats, 5 voles, 2 hares, 1 rabbit, 1 ox, 4 deer, 1 boar, 6 seals, 1 walrus, 20 whales and their allies. As to books. Bell's "British Quadrupeds," the first edition of which was published in 1837 and the second in 1874, for a long time held the field as the standard work on the subject, but more recently other books have been issued. Amongst these is a valuable and very inexpensive work, "A Hand-book to the British Mammalia," by E. Lydekker, 1896 — one of the volumes comprised in Lloyd's Natural History. Another useful and recent book is W. J. Gordon's "Our Country's Animals." But by far the finest work which has been brought out is Millais' "Mammals of Great Britain and Ireland." It is in three large volumes and is splendidly illustrated, but un- fortunately for those who may wish to possess it, the price, eighteen guineas, is high. The arrangement and nomenclature adopted in the following list are those of Mr. Lydekker's Hand-book. OEDEE, CHIEOPTEEA. Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum (Greater Horseshoe Bat). This easily recognized bat still seems fairly plentiful where it is found, though very local in its distribution. The Undercliff is its chief stronghold, but specimens were recorded from Farringford and Sandown in 1855 by the Eev. C. A. Bury, who noticed with those collected in the winter how much longer the fur was round the neck, forming quite a tippet, and he considered this was Nature's provision against the cold weather. One of these "tippet" specimens is in the British Museum. Plecotus auritus (Long-eared Bat). Not very plentiful, though I have had specimens from various parts of the Island. This bat varies so much in size that an attempt has been made to form a sub-species^ — the Lesser Long-eared Bat. Yesperugo serotinus (The Serotine). Eespecting this species Millais says : "In the I. of W. it is commoner, being reported by H. F. Pnoh\ photo. YOUNG Serotine Bat— from Shanklin : natural size. 530 MAMMALS 531 the Eev. C. A. Bury, Messrs. Bond, Hadfield, More, and others from Bonchurch, Sandown, Freshwater, and Ventnor. All appear to be agreed, however, that it is rare nowadays in the Island, and I failed to obtain a single specimen in 1902." My own experience is that it is still a very common bat and generally distributed. It is interest- ing to note how the flight of this species slows down as soon as ifc captures a chaffer or other insect, and it may then be observed carrying its food in its mouth, but as soon as it has dropped the wing-cases of the insect, it quickens its flight and is on the alert for its next victim. Y. noctula (The Noctule). Mr. A. G. More, in Venables' Guide, 1860, though not actually recording this very fine bat, gives an account of the shooting, by Mr. Bond, of several specimens of V. vmrinus on Freshwater Down, but these were afterwards found to be noctules. A friend from the mainland collected some large bats at Carisbrooke in 1903, which were identified later as belonging to this species. It is evidently a rare bat in the Island. Y. pipistrellus (Pipistrelle, or Common Bat). Common every- where, and the first to be on the wing in the evening. It is, in most cases, this species which is noticed flying about in broad daylight. It is my opinion that when a bat is seen flying about during the day in hot weather it is a case of w^anting something to drink ; they are thirsty animals, and I have seen them emerge from their resting- place and, after circling round once or twnce, make straight for a pond, and after dipping down two or three times and sipping water they have immediately returned to rest. This bat sometimes flies by daylight during winter : I have records of its doing so in Decem- ber and January. Yespertilio daubentoni (Daubenton's Bat). Though More, in Venables' Guide, devotes a paragraph to this bat, it was afterwards found that the specimens he refers to as occurring in the Undercliff' belonged to another species — V. mijstacinus. It is now well known that this bat is very partial to water, and the mill ponds on the Lukely stream between Carisbrooke and Newport are favourite resorts of this species. My observation leads me to believe that it is the latest of all to commence its evening flight for food, as it does not appear on the wing until daylight is nearly gone. Y. nattereri (Eeddish-grey or Natterer's Bat). Bury records a specimen which was brought to him that had been captured alive in a wall at Bonchurch, Dec. 13, 1844 ; it is also recorded from Ventnor by Hadfield. Y. mystacinus (Whiskered Bat). This seems to be rather rare in the Island, though a few specimens have been taken at various places. The last one brought to me was by the editor of this volume who found it on a wall near Sandown in August, 1907. MM 2 632 MAMMAIiS OEDBE, INSECTIVOEA. Erinaceus europoeus (Hedge-hog). This animal, though its hking for the eggs of partridges and pheasants has led to its heing persecuted by game-keepers, is well distributed through the Island. It is usually found singly, though on one occasion, at dusk, I saw three mature specimens feeding together outside Bowcombe planta- tion. A fine adult albino was killed in the Island, and preserved, a good many years ago. In 1896 a family of four young ones, but a few days old, was brought ,to me ; the spines were soft and almost white. Some of the country people believe that in autumn hedge- hogs will visit orchards and roll amongst the fallen apples, and having secured some on their spines will trot off to their nests to store them for winter consumption. Talpa europoea (Mole). Though thousands are caught annually, moles are still plentiful in every soil which suits them. Some farmers will not have them destroyed as they consider that the moles do more good than harm. Though usually only one or two of the "mole castles," or breeding-mounds, can be seen in a field, there is a meadow near the stream at Alverstone Farm where quite a number, perhaps twenty, may be noticed. A lovely golden variety of the mole is occasionally taken in the Island, and most of the 7 or 8 specimens I have handled during the last ten years have been procured between East Cowes and Wootton. One, however, was sent me alive by Mr. G. A. Wilkins from Brading ; I kept it for some time and it became very tame, taking worms from my fingers without fear. The very interesting and evenly-marked pied mole, shown in the illustration, came from Wydcombe, near Whitwell, in September, 1908. Moles are called "wants" in some parts of the Island, and are believed to work only when the tide is flowing. Sorex vulgaris (Common Shrew). Apparently very common, judging from the number of dead specimens that may be seen in roads, and lanes in autumn, but rarely seen alive owing to its noctur- nal and retiring habits. Although during winter this quaint little animal usually remains in a state of torpor, I once saw some dead ones on the paths of Brooke House gardens, during a mild winter, in January. S. minutus (Lesser Shrew). This, the smallest British mammal, is less common than the last; I have, however, seen specimens from a good many localities. A keeper, living at Whitcombe, brought me one which had been caught in a mouse-trap at his house. Crossopus fodiens (Water Shrew). Mr. More writes in Venables' Guide, that this species "has been several times seen diving in the ditches on Sandown marshes, near Alverstone and Pan Common"; but although I have spent much time by the water at Alverstone, I have never had the pleasure of seeing the water shrew, though I have often seen a long-tailed field-mouse swim across a ditch when MAMMALS 533 disturbed. Before we can assume with any feeling of certainty that the water shrew really exists in the Island a specimen should be seen at close quarters, or, better still, be captured. OEDER, CARNIVOEA. Ganis yulpes (Fox). This, the largest wild animal now existing in the Island, does not seem to have been with us for more than 120 years ; for J. Hassell, writing in 1790, mentions a tame fox getting loose in the Island, much to the concern of the inhabitants, lest it "should get to a stronghold like the Undercliff and there multiply." Cornwall Simeon writes that " foxes were introduced in numbers in 1845," and from that time onwards they seem to have held their own, for thougli a good number are killed every year they continue to be plentiful. It is Veil known that foxes vary both in size and colour in different parts of Britain, and these varieties seem to be well represented in the I. of W. I have examined many foxes during the last 15 years, and have noticed tliat some are short legged and answer to the description of those which inhabit the low open ground of the North of England, and which are called "terrier-foxes"; another variety has a long muzzle and long legs, and generally a longer coat than usual, with quite a grey tinge to it, like those living in mountainous districts and called "greyhound foxes"; another has short fur and is very rufous in colour, the grey of the underparts being much darker, in fact quite a blue grey ; the fox with a white tip to its brush and the one without it both occur in the Island. All these varieties tend to show that many foxes have been intro- duced from the mainland in the past. Cornwall Simeon, in his " Stray Notes on Natural History and Fishing," gives an account of a milk-white dog-fox which was taken up alive before the hounds in 1859, and was kept in captivity by the Master. A fine pack of fox-hounds is stationed at Marvel. Mustela martes (Pine Marten). Dr. Martin, in the " Under cHff of the I. of W.," 1849, gives an account of the former occurrence of this animal in the Undercliff district. He writes that the Eev. J. F. Dawson was enabled to approach to within a short distance of a marten in this neighbourhood, and could thus identify it perfectly. Another observer noticed the track of a marten ; and Lieut. J. Peel states that he saw a pair of these animals in the Landslip a few years previous to the one seen by Mr. Dawson. M. erminea (Stoat). In spite of the war waged against it by game-keepers, the stoat still holds its own and remains fairly plenti- ful. Pied specimens are occasionally caught, as well as some with the ermine coat — yellowish-white all over, with a black tip to the tail. During the winter of 1904-5 I was shown five of these latter, though the season was a mild one, which leads one to think that it is not only cold weather which causes this cliange of colour. 534 MAMMALS M. vulgaris (Weasel). This may not be quite so common as the last, but it is still frequent in certain districts. On visiting a " keeper's larder " on the Swainston estate in 1907, and examining the "vermin" trapped during the preceding season, I noticed about 60 stoats and 40 weasels. Meles taxus (Badger). There is no doubt that the badger is now extinct in the Island, and there seems to be some uncertainty as to whether those that were here during the last century were really indigenous, or the descendants of animals that were introduced. . An Island writer (Hassell) refers to the badger in 1790, but he does not make it clear as to whether any of these animals were living in a wnld state in the Island at that time ; and a keeper, of Newchurch, named Loe, states that three young badgers were dug out at Brading in 1842. Bury, writing in 1856, mentions that at a later date two old and two young ones were destroyed on the Swainston estate ; and adds that he was told some badgers were introduced into the Island for the amusement of sundry inhabitants of the town of Newport for badger baiting, but they escaped into the woods. In the seventies and eighties of last century there must have been a fair number of these animals in the Island, for tliey occurred at Brading, Knighton, Bordwood, Newchurch, Godshill Park, Chillerton Farm, and Shor- w^ell. The last badger of which I can hear was the one dug out and killed at Sainham Farm, Godshill, in 1899. Lutra vulgaris (Otter). Bury, when writing some 60 years ago, states that the otter still existed in the Island and had been known to breed here, and adds that about 25 years previously an old otter and two cubs had been killed in the neighbourhood of Apse Heath. Several others were killed by E. Loe, in the course of his life, about Alverstone. Mr. Bury also records having seen an old female otter in September, 1839, which had been caught napping at the head of Slianklin Chine. Although an otter was reported to have been seen several times between Shide and Blackwater in 1898, it is a good many years since one was actually killed in the Island. The last of which I can hear was a male, shot by Lord Alverstone's keeper (Buckett) in 1875. Its companion, a female, escaped, but was seen a few days later at Alverstone and then disappeared. Halichoerus grypus (Grey Seal). Dr. Martin gives an account of a coast-guardsman coming upon, ai:id killing, a seal of this species on the night of Nov. 15, 1848, between Sandown and Shanklin. I understand that the specimen was stuffed and remained at Mr. Sampson's, Shanklin Chine Cottage, for some years. A rock, situated between Ventnor and Bonchurch, is known as the "Seal Eock," owing to its having been the resort of a seal many years ago. Mr. Lydekker, in his book on British Mammalia, refers to a grey seal as having been captured on the Island in 1857. Phoca vitulina (Common Seal). About 70 years ago seals were occasionally seen in the vicinity of the Island, or even upon its MAMMALS 535 shores. Mr. Bury relates that a fisherman, residing at Luccombe Chine, saw two seals passing westward in 1841 ; and in the spring of 1843 a seal appears to have remained for some days in the neighbourhood of Shanklin, as its tracks were seen repeatedly on the sands. Dr. Martin tells the story of a coast-guardsman who seems to have stumbled upon one of these creatures at night at the foot of Shanklin Chine ; and at a later date a seal was seen swimming off Shanklin. Three others are known to have frequented the end of Hyde pier for awhile ; and More writes of one which was disturbed in its sleep as it lay on the embankment of Brading Harbour. It is stated in the "Victoria History of Hampshire," that seals are "frequently seen on the rocks off Freshwater," but if this is so it is not generally known. OEDEE, EODENTIA. Sciurus vulgaris (Squirrel). Is to be seen in almost every wood and plantation on the north side of the Island, and is especially plentiful in the woods at Swainston and in Parkhurst Forest. It is less common in the south of the Island. Sometimes a few squirrels will migrate from the woods, travelling along the hedges until they reach the trees on the outskirts of the towns. At other times they may be seen feeding on the young fir-cones, &c., on trees growing by the side of the main roads. Some of the Island squirrels have quite a grey fur, but this may only be indicative of age. Although these animals are decidedly harmful they are not much persecuted ; though old countrymen have told me that formerly squirrel-hunts were organized, and if the hunters were successful the victims were con- verted into pies. Muscardinus avellanarius (Dormouse). Although not abundant, it is generally to be found in oak woods and copses where there is an undergrowth of hazel, and it is probably commoner than most people imagine, though in the summer, owing to its retiring habits and the dense foliage, it is seldom seen. In the winter, however, the wood- man often finds the hibernating nest with its curled-up inmates in the stump of a hazel. A Swainston woodman informs me that in Elm Copse, during the winter of 1906, he came upon 20 of these pretty creatures, but although he liberated them he failed to find a single specimen in the following winter. Occasionally dormice are found with white tips to their tails. Mus minutus (Harvest Mouse). I believe the harvest mouse still occurs in the Island, though I have but few actual records of its occurrence during the last few years. During the winter of 1907-8 I came across a fair number of nests, in different parts of the Island, which I feel convinced were the summer breeding homes of harvest mice. They occurred round the hedges of arable fields amongst the 536 MAMMAIiS high stalks of grass, &c., and were of the material, shape, and height from the ground usual with these mice. They are less often heard of than formerly, but this may be owing to the introduction of machinery for harvesting: when reaping was done by hand the nests which occurred amongst the corn stalks were much more readily seen. Mr. Morris, of Idlecombe Farm, tells me he came across a nest containing the young of the "little yellow mouse" on the down in the summer of 1907. M. sylYaticus (Wood Mouse). Also known as the Long-tailed Field-mouse. It is very common in gardens and elsewhere and is destructive to ci'ops. A few years ago some gardens at Wootton suffered greatly from the ravages of these mice. I have a mouse of this species which was brought to me alive in January, 1908, that had been caught in an ordinary mouse-trap in a house. It is different from the ordinary wood-mouse, and in some ways resembles the dormouse. M. musculus (Common Mouse). Unfortunately too numerous everywhere. A fine variety of this species is found in some stores near the old Newport Burial-ground. It is not only larger than the typical mouse but is of a beautiful cream colour. At the request of the authorities at the Natural History Museum, I collected some specimens in 1899 and sent them to the Museum at South Kensington for examination : no structural difference could be found, however, between them and ordinary mice. Though usually regarded as a pest, a convict at Parkhurst made quite a pet of a mouse during the last two years of his imprisonment, and when released in January, 1903, he carried his little friend away in his cap. M. decumanus (Brown Eat). Very common everywhere. When found in the vicinity of water, which frequently happens, they are often regarded as "water-rats." A melanic variety was seen several times near Pan Farm, Newport, in 1904. Microtus agrestis (Field Vole). Known also as the Short-tailed Field-mouse. Plentiful in most districts, and very destructive both in fields and gardens. M. glareolus (Bank Vole). Not so common, perhaps, as the last, but I have personally found it in several localities. I think the reason it is not more often seen is because of its haunting banks, especially those with old ivy roots, whereas its congener frequents more open situations. M. amphibius (Water Vole). Common at the sides of many dykes and ditches, and especially plentiful along the banks of the Yar and the upper reaches of the Medina. It is absent from the Lukely stream, but as this is a resort of the brown rat, it is probable that the harmless vole, or water-rat as it is often called, has been driven away. H. F. Poole, photo. DORMOUSE AND NEST : from Bordwood. 536 MAMMALS 537 Lepus europoeus (Hare). Still plentiful, though probably not so abundant as it was many years ago. I am informed by a keeper on the Nun well Park estate that, in Sir John Oglander's life-time, when the farmers were having their shoot, they killed 62 hares by the time they had finished two covers, but in the present day it is unusual to see a hare there. They are most numerous now at Heasley and Dunsbury, where 30 or 40 would be started during a day's coursing ; and they are increasing in the Bowcombe Valley, for on one day recently, Feb. 13, 1908, the coursing party started 46 hares when working the grounds of Bowcombe Manor and Froglands. When coursing at Dunsbury in 1903 a hare was chased on to the shore and being hard pressed took to the water and swam out to sea, but was followed by a hound and killed. An unusually fine hare killed at Cridmore weighed 111b. 2oz. A grey hare was to be seen at Dunsbury during 1904-5 ; there is also a grey hare, labelled Arreton Manor, in the Museum at Newport ; and Mr. Morris of Idlecombe has a silver-grey specimen which he tells me came from Langbridge. As there are now four packs of hounds in the Island hares may be expected to have a lively time in the near future. L. cuniculus (Eabbit). Numerous everywhere, and would become a serious plague in the Island if vast numbers were not killed by sportsmen and trappers. Though 100 rabbits would be considered a very good day's sport, yet occasionally many more than this are obtained : a few years ago 200 were killed in one day at Fulholding, and about the same number at Great Park ; at Lower Hampstead, in Febxniary, 1908, the bag numbered 246 ; and on the 18th of the same month 350 were shot at Everton. Having ascertained that as many as a thousand rabbits are killed yearly on certain farms, and from information derived from various sources, I have come to the con- clusion that the total number of these animals destroyed in the I. of W. annually can scarcely be less than 100,000. From an economic point of view, and as a product of the soil, these figures are interesting, as at 9d. each they represent a revenue of £3750 ; and in addition to this is the value of the skins which always command a ready sale. There are two rabbit warrens in the Island: •one of about 120 acres at Hampstead, and the other, known as Headon Warren, near Alum Bay. Occasionally rabbits of unusual colour occur, black being the most frequent, and I have a preserved cream-coloured specimen which I shot at Fairlee. I once witnessed an interesting incident which shows that rabbits are not necessarily averse to water : on a summer evening I was sitting behind a bush near a pond, which was situated in an open field, when a rabbit came quietly up and to my surprise took to the water and swam round the pond until it arrived at its starting point when it came out and ran away. 538 MAMMALS OEDEE, UNGULATA. CerYUS elaphus (Eed Deer). We read that red deer were hunted in Parkhurst Forest — formerly nauch larger than now — by- royal personages and others from Norman times onwards for several centuries, and also in Bordwood Forest ; the species is therefore included in the list as a matter of historic interest. Bones and fragments of antlers of red deer have been found at Bonchurch and other parts of the Undercliff. C. dama (Fallow Deer). This deer also is mentioned in the early records as having been hunted in the extensive woods which then existed at Parkhurst and Bordwood. OEDEE, CETACEA. Balaenoptera musculus (Common Eorqual). A huge whale of this species was seen in April, 1842, by a man stationed at the Needles Lighthouse. When first observed it was close to the rocks outside the Needles, and seemed to be alive but in a weak state. The next morning it was found stranded at Totland Bay, and was afterwards towed with great difficulty to Gurnard. Here it was sold by auction and cut up preparatory to the extraction of the oil ; but the bones were removed to Blackgang, and the skeleton was reconstructed and set up in a specially-built pavilion where it is still on view. It is about 80 feet long. The specimen was at first wrongly identified as the Northern Eorqual. B. borealis (Eudolphi's Eorqual). The Eev. J. E. Kelsall records a specimen of this whale which was seen alive off Eyde in September, 1888. He describes how it was hunted for three or four hours by about a dozen boats, and eventually it seems to have been stiranded on the beach at Sea View. Mr. Kelsall states, as his reason for believing the specimen to have been of this species, that the head was much broader than in the last named, but Mr. Lydekker suggests, in Lloyd's Natural History, that the example was probably a common rorqual. It was 39^ feet long. Hyperoodon rostratus (Bottle-nosed Whale). A specimen of this whale is recorded in the "Victoria History" as having been captured in Southampton Water, Sept. 8, 1798. It is included in this list as it must have passed the shores of the Island. It was 25 feet in length and 6 tons in weight. Phocaena communis (Porpoise). A shoal of porpoises is often seen off various parts of the Island, and individuals occasionally come up the Medina as far as Newport. Globicephalus melas (Pilot Whale, or Black-fish). Mr. G. Guyon records a specimen of this Cetacean in the " Zoologist" under the name of the " Eound-headed Porpoise." It was stranded at St. Lawrence in December, 1853. ■^W MAMMALS 539 Grampus griseus (Eisso's Grampus). In the spring of 1843 a grampus of this species came ashore at Puckaster Cove, and was killed. It was the first specimen recorded for the British seas, and the skeleton is now in the British Museum. Lagenorhynchus acutus (White-sided Dolphin). A rare North Atlantic dolphin, a specimen of which was found alive on the rocks at Alum Bay in Whitsun week, 1908. It was identified by Mr. Lydekker of the British Museum, who, writing in Lloyd's Natural History, in 1896, states that no example seems to have been recorded from the English seas, though a few have been taken off the Scotch coast. Adults of this species are from 6 to 8 feet long, but the specimen with which we are now concerned, which has been pre- served and placed on view at Alum Bay Pier, is but 3ft. 9in. long. Tursiops tursio (Bottle-nosed Dolphin). This fine addition to our list of Island mammals was captured between Sandown and Shankhn on Dec. 7, 1898. It is stated by Lydekker to be but a rare visitor to the coasts of Britain. Its length was 10ft. lOin. and its weight 15 cwt. I boiled down its blubber, which made a fine dressing for shooting boots, as it renders the leather quite impervious to water. SUMMAEY. BY THE EDITOR. The following table represents the number of species of plants and animals which are recorded in the present volume as occurring in the Isle of Wight. It should be understood that whilst with some groups, such as the Flowering Plants, Birds, and Mammals, the numbers recorded include practically all that occur in the Island, there are other neglected branches, as the Poraminifera, Sponges, and Tunicates, of which the figures given represent but a few species casually noticed, and are no guide whatever to the numbers which probably occur. The totals given are of "species," and do not include the many named sub-species and varieties which are mentioned in the lists, though, as every naturalist will understand, it is not always possible to say with certainty as to whether certain forms shall rank as species, or as sub-species or varieties. Fungi, including Mycetozoa, species recorded . 443 Freshwater Algae ,, ,, . 105 Marine Algae . 216 Lichens ,, . 209 Hepatics ,, 35 Mosses ,, . 183 Flowering Plants, Ferns, &c. . 1032 Ehizopoda and Heliozoa ,, 11 Foraminifera 5 Infusoria ,, . 105 Sponges ,, 6 Coelenterata ,, 46 Echinodermata ,, 10 Eotifera ,, 85 Polychaeta 13 (540) SUMMARY Polyzoa species recorded 51 Mollusca, non-marine 93 Ditto, marine .. 140 Arachnida .. 153 Crustacea 67 Myriapoda 11 Orthoptera 23 Neuroptera 29 Hymeuoptera .. 472 Coleoptera .. 1434 Lepidoptera .. 972 Diptera .. 281 Hemiptera .. 324 Tunicata 9 Fishes .. 120 Amphibians 5 Eeptiles 4 Birds 248 Mammals 42 641 Total 6982 METEOKOLOGY. BY JOHN DOVER, M.A., F.R.Met.S. My experience of Meteorological Observations in the Isle of Wight is almost entirely confined to the parish of Totland Bay in the extreme West of the Island. There is no part of the Island six miles from the sea. Blackwater, about two miles south of Newport, is probably further than any other parish from the coast, being about six miles inland. Temperature and rainfall records are taken daily at Newport, about four miles from the sea. The parish of Totland Bay is almost surrounded by water, every part of it being within a mile of the sea. This parish is irregular in shape, with a boundary line of eight miles. Totland is bounded on the East and North-East by the parish of Freshwater ; all the other sides are washed by the salt waters of the Solent or the English Channel. Although a small parish of about 1332 acres, with a population of 1328 at the census taken in 1901, it has a long coast line of about six miles, owing to the curves of Colwell Bay, Totland Bay, Alum Bay, and Scratchell's Bay. The nearness of the sea to all parts of this parish has a moderating influence on our temperature. In summer we do not get the extreme heat, nor in winter the extreme cold of an inland parish. The sea is at its coldest about the middle of February, not reaching its warmest point until the middle of August. The Meteorological station in Totland is at Aston House, about 140 feet above the sea level, and 200 yards from the shore. This meteorological station is about midway between Ventnor and Bourne- mouth. I give the above details because the extremes of temperature are so much influenced by the distance of the instruments from the sea, especially for the first and second mile. The averages are for the last twenty-two years, except where other- wise stated. Extreme readings are also given, with dates on which they occuiTed. It is a much debated point whether the prime consider- ation should be given to the extremes, or whether the chief interest lies in the average readings. I therefore give some details of extremes and (542) METEOROLOGY 543 averages whenever likely to be of interest to the general public. The chief difficulty here is perhaps the wind, both as to direction and to its force ; this is owing to the uneven surface of the surrounding country. The Downs on the Southern side of the parish are about a mile distant. They rise at the highest point in Totland to 489 feet. The Tennyson Memorial Beacon Cross is the landmark at this highest point. Headon Hill, the happy hunting ground for Geologists to the South- West, is nearly 400 feet high, and about half a mile from the meteorological instruments. Thus we are much protected from the strong gales from the South-West. With regard to sunshine, it should be remembered that the Campbell- Stokes Burning Eecorder registers only "bright sunshine"; weak sunshine is not powerful enough to burn the recording cards. I frequently note that the sky is quite clear at Totland, while the New Forest and the valleys of the Christchurch Avon and Yar rivers are clothed in vapour. Owing to surrounding houses it is impossible to measure bright sunshine, if any, during the last hour before sunset : therefore sunshine at Totland is rather more than I record. There is a marked absence of thunderstorms at this station ; thus; we do not often get the opportunity of watching the glories of a near storm. This is to be accounted for by the line of the Downs rising almost perpendicularly from the sea to the South, and coming to a fine point at the Needles to the South-West, thus breaking or dividing the storms from the South and West, sending them up the Solent and the English Channel. To the North and East there are the attractions to thunder clouds of the New Forest and Parkhurst Forest. The prevailing winds here are West 77 days, South-West 66 days. North- West 52 days of the average year. The majority of gales rise in the South-W^est, reaching their intensity in the West, finally dying away in the North- West. Humidity is calculated with Glaisher's Hygrometrical tables. The atmosphere is somewhat damper here than at many inland stations, or on the East coast, since we do not get many keen Easterly winds to dry the air. The Eainfall is considerably less than in the West or North- West of England, but slightly more than at some of our inland or East-coast stations. A day is termed wet if one hundredth of an inch of rain fall. A day is called foggy if one cannot see two miles, which is a somewhat stricter test than at most stations. The Instruments used are all by Negretti and Zambra, verified at Kew^ and tested periodically by an oflicer of the Meteorological Office. The Barometer is a Standard ; it is on the East wall of the hall, which is on the East side of the house. The Barometer is 144 feet above the sea ; it is so hung that the sunshine can never reach it. The self-recording Aneroid is only a few feet from the Standard. For practical purposes the recording aneroid is the most useful, but for scientific purposes the Standard must be relied on. 644 METEOBOLOGY The Thermometers are in a Stevenson Screen 40 yards from the South-East corner of Aston House. There are four instruments in the screen — a self-recording maximum, a self-recording minimum, a dry bulb, and a wet bulb. The Thermometer Screen is repainted annually in the Spring. A self-recording Grass Thermometer is also used for registering the ground frosts ; this is placed about 60 yards from the South-East corner of the house. The Eain-gauge is an "eight-inch," in the open a few feet from the Grass Thermometer. The Weather Vane is 61 feet from the ground, a few feet above the roof of the turret constructed for carrying the vane higher than surrounding objects. The Anemometer is of the Eobinson cup pattern, about 50 feet above the ground. This instrument is a guide to the velocity of the wind. The dials of the Anemometer are indoors and can be read at any time without discomfort. The cups are 5 inches in diameter; they are placed upon 12-inch arms. The connecting rods, from the cups' axle to the dials, are passed through tubes, which are set vertical. A Campbell- Stokes Burning Eecorder is used for measuring the amount of bright sunshine. METEOROLOGY 545 BAEOMETBE The chief interest to the public in readings of the barometer consists rather in the extremes than in the averages of the past. The readings are reduced to sea level and 32° Fah. I give here a table of averages for each month, and extreme day of each month, for the nine years 1900 — 1908 at 9 a.m. Average for Highest Loivest vionth. day. day. January 30-122 30-999- 29-041 February 29-951 30-767 28-524 March 29945 30-651 28-855 April ... 29945 30631 29-318 May ... 29-989 30-543 29-244 June ... 30-026 30-448 29-384 July ... 30051 30-523 29-516 August 30-011 30-450 29-360 September 30-081 30-637 29-427 October 29939 30604 28-995 November 29-951 30606 28-825 December 29-994 30-902 28-678 Year 30-000 30999 28-524 HUMIDITY (Saturation = lOO) Sufficient importance is rarely given to the moisture of the atmosphere in our English health resorts. Many suffering from weak lungs cannot withstand a very dx-y climate, nor yet an inland damp air where fresh-water fogs prevail. The sea fog does not seem to have the same trying effect as that of a river fog. The averages given for each month are on the readings taken during the 22 years ending 31 December, 1908. The extremes are those for the driest day in each month. * The barometer cii 29 January, 1905, was probably higher than 30"999 inches about 2 a.m., since at that hour my self-recording aneroid was one-twentieth of an inch higher than at 9 a.m. Other extreme readings since 31 October, 1886 : — 30-904 inches on 15 Jan. 1902 30-972 ,, ,, 27 Jan. 1905 30-994 ,, ,, 28 Jan. 1905 28-400 ,, „ 8 Dec. 1886 28-430 ,, ,, 11 Nov. , 1891 28-405 ,, ,, 29 Dec. 1899 NN 546 METEOROLOGY Humidity. Extreme readings. January 85-8 36 on 3 Jan., 1894 February 847 38 11 Feb., 1895 March 82-8 39 3 Mar., 1892 April 79-5 47 (26 April, 1893 (14 April, 1903 May 76-4 53 26 May, 1903 June 781 42 8 June, 1906 July 77'5 41 18 July, 1901 August 78-3 52 16 Aug., 1907 September 80-6 52 2 Sept., 1906 October 83-9 59 (26 Oct., 1893 "(17 Oct., 1905 November 86-4 55 28 Nov., 1890 December ... 86'2 44 28 Dec, 1908 Year 817 36 3 Jan., 1894 WIND The prevailing direction of the wind is from the West. The effect of the wind is to moderate the temperatures at this station. In the winter it keeps the air warm, in the summer it has a cooling effect so that there is but rarely a dry hot day during the warm months of the year. I give the average direction of the wind for the past nine years. From this table it will be seen that Soutlierly and Easterly breezes are to be the least expected, while the most frequent are from the West, South- West, and North-West. Direction. Days. Per cent North ... 32 9 North-East 46 12 East 31 9 South-Bast 36 10 South 25 7 South-West 66 18 West 77 21 North-West 52 14 365 100 The greatest amount of wind for one day has been 776 miles for 24 hours ending 9 a.m. on 13 Dec, 1903. The greatest amount of wind for one month has been 11,185 miles during March, 1903. METEOROLOGY 547 TEMPEEATUEE The primary interest in any place from a meteorological point of view is its temperature. In this branch of meteorology we find critics keenly divided. Some decide on the merits of a health resort by its average temperature ; others consider almost entirely extreme temperatures. From a pleasure point of consideration, "What temperature do you usually record in Totland ? " is the frequent question : while an invalid or doctor will at once ask, " What extremes of temperature have you recorded in Totland ? " I consider both, giving first the average temperatures for each month of the year, and then the extremes for the past 22 years. Average of temperature. Extreme range Max. Min. Mean. of temperature. January .. 44-5 363 40"4 60-0— 14-0 February . .. 44-6 35-6 40-1 58-0— 16-0 March .. 48-0 37-0 42-5 62-6— 23-0 April .. 53-4 40-8 47-1 74"0— 28'0 May .. 595 459 527 77"0— 34"0 June .. 64-8 51'5 58-2 84'0— 41'0 July .. 67-7 553 61"5 86*0— 438 August .. 67-2 55-4 61-3 83-0— 46-0 September . .. 645 52-1 58-3 80-5— 40'6 October . .. 57-0 466 51-8 72-5— 28-0 November . .. 50-9 42-3 46-6 617— 20'0 December . .. 463 38-0 42-1 59'0— 16"1 Year .. 557 447 50-2 86-0— 14-0 HEAT AND COLD I give now the extreme days of heat and cold in true shade in Totland during the past twenty-two years. It will be seen that on only thirteen days did the thermometer rise above 80° Fah. ; and on only eleven days did the thermometer fall below 20° Fah. For the sake of comparison I append a few extreme temperatures in other places. nn2 548 METEOEOLOGY Heat Totland temperature over Hot days in other places. 80° Fah. since Oct. ,1886. 1817— June 21, Gloucester ...103"0 1890— June, Weymouth ... 86"5 1893— June 17 .. . 81-0 ,. 18 . . 83-0 „ Truro 92'0 „ 19 .. . 84-0 „ Ventnor 82'3 1898— Sept. 17 .. . 80-5 „ 19, Osborne ... 93"4 1899— July 20 .. . 81-0 1893— Aug. 17, Greenwich ... 94"2 „ Aug. 3 .. . 83-0 1898— Sept. 8, Berkhamstead 90"3 1900— July 19 .. . 86'0 1899— Aug. 5, Brighton ... 89"4 1901— July 19 .. . 81-2 1900— July 19, Sahsbury ... 91'0 Aug. 20 .. . 81-2 „ 20, Cambridge ... 95"0 1904— July 10 .. . 81-1 1901— July 19, Newport, I.W. 91-8 1906— Aug. 30 .. . 80-1 „ 20, Aberystwith . . . 93'0 1908— June 4 .. . 82-3 1904— Sept. 3, Adelaide ...ll^'O July 2 .. . 807 1906— Sept. 1, Jersey ... 89*4 ,, ,, ,,Kew Observatory 91 "8 „ „ Tunbridge Wells 90'8 „ 2, Bawtry, York 96*0 ,, ,, ,, Camden Square 94'0 „ Westminster... 91"3 „ 3, Cromer ... 93'4 Cold Totland temperatureheloio Cold days in other places. 20" Fah. since Oct. 1886. 1890— Dec, Eugby 1"0 1890— Dec. 31 .. . 19-0 1891— Jan. 19, Torquay ... 14"0 1891— Jan. 18 .. 190 1892— Feb. 17, Loughborough O'O „ 19 .. 19"0 1894— Jan. 5, Eastbourne ... 147 1894— Jan. 5 .. 14-0 „ 5, Brighton ... 13'2 „ 6 .. 15-0 ,, ,, Ventnor ... 15'6 1895— Jan. 11 .. 190 Weymouth ... 15*4 Feb. 6 .. 17-0 1895— Feb. 7, Bath 7*0 ,. 7 17'0 „ 7, Cambridge ... 3 '8 „ 8 .. 19-0 „ 8, Greenwich ... 6'9 ,. 9 .. 162 „ 8, Oxford 7*5 1908— Dec. 30 . . 16-1 „ 9, Sahsbury ... 4"4 Tunbridge Wells 4*4 „ 11, Buxton ... -Ill „ 11, Braemar ... -17'0 1903— Jan. 26, Dawson ... -60"8 Mayl6,CapeArmitage''' - 677 1904— June 18, Winnipeg ... - 42^0 1908— Dec. 30, Newport, I.W. 8"0 „ 30, Marlborough .. . 4'0 ,,30, Liphook, Hants -I'O Cape Armitage in Ross Island, Antarctic, 167E, 77|S. METEOROLOGY 549" WEEKLY AVERAGE OF TEMPEEATURE For those who are interested in detail I now give the average temperature, max., min., and mean, for each week of the year. First Quarter Seco^ fD Quarter Week ending Max. Min. Mean. Week ending Max. Min. Mean, Jan. 7 .. . 441 35-6 399 April 7 ... 521 397 45"9 14 .. . 44"4 363 40*4 14 ... 527 40-2 46-5 21 .. . 44-9 36-6 407 21 ... 58"5 40-6 471 28 .. . 447 367 407 28 ... 551 41-9 48-5 Feb. 4 .. . 44-3 36-0 401 May 5 ... 551 437 49*5 11 .. . 44-5 36-1 40'3 12 ... 590 45-0 52-0 18 .. . 44'5 349 397 19 ... 59-6 457 52-6 25 .. . 44-9 35"5 40'2 26 ... 61-0 467 539 Mar. 3 .. . 44"5 34'5 39-5 June 2 ... 623 48-8 55-5 10 .. . 46'5 36"4 411 9 ... 64-6 50"5 576 17 .. . 47'9 37-1 42-5 16 ... 63-3 50-2 567 24 .. . 48'5 37-4 42-9 23 ... 64-5 51*5 58*0 31 .. . 50-5 38-3 441 30 ... 67-2 53-9 60-5 457 36"3 41-0 59*2 46'0 52-6 From this table of Totland Averages for 22 years we may conclude that there is but little difference in the weekly temperature during the winter, from Dec. 21st to March 21st, the variation of mean temperatures being about three degrees. The first week of the year we may expect to be the coldest by day ; the ninth week of the year is the coldest by night ; while for mean temperature the ninth is the coldest week of the year. The three main influences at work are the sun at its weakest at the end of December, the sea at its coldest toward the end of February, and the wind from the coldest direction usually at the end of the winter. During the second quarter the temperature mounts steadily up both by night and by day. There is one exception — the second week of June, during which the warmth advances too quickly ; this doubtless would show a different result if my averages were taken over a long period instead of only over 22 years. 550 METEOROLOGY Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Week ending Max. Min. Mean. Week eliding Max. Min. Mean. July 7 .. . 66-9 54-2 60-6 Oct. 6 .. . 59-6 49*8 547 14 .. . 677 54-5 61-1 13 .. . 58-0 477 52-9 21 .. . 68-5 55'5 62'0 20 .. . 569 46-1 51"5 28 .. . 67'6 567 62-2 27 .. . 55-4 44-1 497 Aug. 4 . . 68-3 55'8 62-1 Nov. 3 .. . 54-9 45-6 50-2 11 .. . 67-3 557 61'5 10 .. . 52-5 43-4 47"9 18 .. . 67-8 55-8 61-8 17 .. . 52-0 43-5 477 25 .. . 67-4 55-2 61-3 24 .. . 49-3 407 45"0 Sept. 1 .. . 66-4 55-5 6ro Dec. 1 .. . 48-1 39-8 44'0 8 .. . 66-3 54*5 60-4 8 .. . 47-9 39-8 43-9 15 .. . 64-9 51-9 58-4 15 .. . 47-4 39-0 43-2 22 .. . 64-0 51-6 57-8 22 .. . 45-9 37-9 41-9 29 .. . 63'2 51-4 57-3 9 days 31 .. . 44"2 360 40-0 66-6 54-5 60-6 517 42'6 471 During the summer, from June 22nd to September 24th, the weekly mean temperature varies about 4i degrees ; this is rather a greater difference than we find in the winter term. The sun reaches its greatest elevation and power at Midsummer day, the sea does not reach its warmest point until the latter half of August, the prevailing winds do not allow a great variation of temperature at this period of the year. We may expect our warmest mean temperature about the end of July or beginning of August. The third week of July is usually the warmest by day, and the last week of July the warmest by night. Absence of cloud by night means a great loss of tempera- ture by night. Clouds being more prevalent in the winter than the summer at Totland, we lose less of our day temperature in the winter by radiation than in the summer. From September 24th, the last day of summer, when the autumn begins, we note the almost steady decline in temperature both by day and by night (except the first week of November) until December 22nd when winter commences. METEOROLOGY 551 EAINFALL AND WET DAYS The annual rainfall at Totland is moderate in amount, being considerably less than the fall on the West coast of England, but somewhat more than the amount on the Eastern coast. Average year. January , February March April May June July Inches. ' 2-24 1-85 196 1-82 1-67 178 1-92 Wet days. 15-0 12-6 14-3 12-4 ll'O 10-3 10"8 Average Inches. Wet year. days August . . . 2'43 13-0 September 2"04 120 October ... 4-23 176 November 2-92 152 December 2-67 17-8 Year 27"52 162-0 Tt 'elve Driest Months. Thirteen Wettest Months. Inches. Inches. 1891 February . 033 1888 November . . 5-05 1893 April . O'Ol 1889 October . 7-81 1895 February . O'lO 1891 August . 553 May . 0-30 ,, October . 10-45 ^^ September . . . O'll 1893 October . 505 1896 February . 0-28 1894 November . . 5-79 ,, May . 041 1896 September . . 8-19 1897 July ... . 0-38 1900 February . 5-07 1898 March . 035 1903 October . 8-40 July . 0-44 1905 March . 5-20 1905 May . 0-49 1906 January . 6-80 July . 0-25 ,, October . 5*87 1907 October . 707 Four Wettest Days. 1-93 inches on 20 Aug., 1891 1-65 inches on 18 Oct., 1893 1-75 „ „ 21 Oct., 1891 2-44 „ „ 11 Nov., 1894 Wet Years. 36-74 inches during 1891 35-36 „ „ 1903 Dry Years. 24*70 inches during 1896 22*05 „ „ 1899 24-71 „ „ 1902 24-65 „ „ 1905 21-68 „ „ 1908 Dry Quarters. 4-96 inches 1 Oct.— 31 Dec, 1890 1-94 „ 1 April— 30 June, 1893 2-48 „ 1 July— 30 Sept., 1906 239 „ 1 Jan.— 31 Mar., 1907 552 METEOEOLOGY Longest period without rain — 16 March to 29 April, 1893. Smallest number of wet days in one year — 135 during 1895 & 1899. Greatest number of wet days in one year — 187 during 1891. hiches. Kainfall during 1897 at Shawford, Dominica, West Indies ... 181'46 1903 at Dawson, Canada, N.W 1074 ,, ,, 1904 at Seathwaite, Lancashire ... ... 130"04 BEIGHT SUNSHINE My records of bright sunshine here as registered by the Campbell- Stokes Burner are confined to the last seven years. The term " Sunless day" means that although the Sun may appear, it does not shine with sufiicient strength to record its mark : this frequently happens during the 3 dark months — November, December, and January. Average. Hours of Sunless Bright Sunshine. Days. January 761 10-1 February... 86-1 6-8 March 135-2 5-1 April 169-8 3-0 May 203-5 2-3 June 2I8-5 23 July 256-2 1-1 August 205-3 1-0 September 155-8 2-0 October 110-8 4-9 November 80-6 9-0 December 53*2 130 Year 1751-1 60-6 Note. — Owing to adjoining properties I am unable to record any bright sunshine during the hour before sunset for half the year, therefore the true amount of bright sunshine is greater than I record. The year 1908 gives a total of 1992-9 hours of Bright Sun- shine in Totland Bay. For the same year : — Hours Hours Hours Jersey 2001 Portsmouth 1949 Guernsey 1933 Worthing 1992 Bournemouth 1933 Eastbourne 1932 Bognor 1959 Ventnor 1933 Brighton 1925 METEOROLOGY 653 HOUES OF BRIGHT SUNSHINE IN 1908 h4 w >H g P O rt ^ s Ph « >-< ;zi C5 Ph H > o ■< H Edinburgh ... 44 84 77 97 182 210 148 190 70 94 46 28 1270 Scarboro' . . . 36 93 132 1271173 175 152 179 131 109 50 21 1378 HaiTowgate . . . 65 90 106 123 1 170 214 167 171 98 82 44 23 1353 Cromer 66 62 129 135 200 192 171 183 146 122 62 20 1488 Dublin^'' 63 68 117 155 200 183 182 165 109 109 80 37 1468 Rhyl 98 77 107 165 1201 230 206 202 136 143 81 50 1696 Oxford... ... 52 68 79 1311194 257 204 208 124 113 71 29 1530 London"'' 22 47 75 132 178 246 173 197 137 98 46 13 1364 Eamsgate . . . 78 87 112 163 206 222 249 229 185 163 87 33 1814 Hastings 92 89 114 173:205 264 232 234 180 153 110 41 1887 Eastbourne . . . 87 89 140 186 206 283 235 235 181 147 102 41 1932 Brighton 88 92 129 158 205 296 236 245 164 159 104 49 1925 Worthing . . . 96 94 143 176 222 301 240 252 164 151 103 50 1992 Bognor . . . 91 93 146 1781216 288 236 255 154 138 107 57 1959 Portsmouth* 87 95 126 175|231 299 247 262 140 134 110 43 1949 Yentnor 98 80 144 177 210 280 238 253 154 131 116 52 1933 Totland Bay 99 79 136 181 222 298 254 252 156 143 116 58 1994 Bournemouth 81 73 125 182 234 298 247 1259! 144 123 116 51 1933 Weymouth ... 82 70 126 166 211 277 2361 260 i 141 133 104 51 1857 Torquay 63 72 149 169 224 280 225 1237 141 114 75 48 1797 Fahiiouth ... 49 74 153 184 183 242 200 233 162 119 94 50 1743 Scilly- 56 61 158 184 176 231 240 210 ! 160 130 87 52 1745 Guernsey" ... 81 76 168 186 215 235 240 242] 171 155 114 50 1933 Jersey" 96 68 175 185 195 260 244 249 : 184 161 123 61 2001 * For Dublin, London, Portsmouth, Scilly, Guernsey, and Jersey, readings at Phoenix Park, Westminster, Southsea, St. Mary, St. Peter's Port, and St. HeUer are quoted. In the totals of each month whole numbers only are given. Thus 50'0, 50'1, 50-2, 50-3, 50-4 would be quoted 50 ; while 50-5, 50- 6,50-7, 50-8, 50-9 would be entered 51. I am indebted to the Meteorological Office for kindly checking my sunshine figures. 554 METEOROLOGY WIND-EOSE FOR TOTLAND BAY N.wN. 13. N. 9. N.E. A. PERCENTAGE OF WINDS, \ / 1908. \ / ^ w. \ / E. 19. / / S. \ 6. \ 11. N.W. \14. N. 9. N.E. y AVERAGE YEAR N. / WIND DIRECTION. ^ \ / W. \ / E. 21. / \ 8. / S. 7. S.E/S^IO S.W.X 18. METEOKOLOGY 655 FOG, FROST, GALES, HALOS, HAIL, SNOW, LIGHTNING, THUNDER. Fog. — In the average year fog is with us on 29 days. In registering fog I may be more strict than some recorders, since I enter the day as "foggy" if at any time during the 24 hours I cannot see two miles owing to fog. Ground Frost. — We usually get ground frost on 66 days of the year. Frost in Screen. — The thermometer in the screen falls to freezing point on 27 days in the average year. It is a rare thing to register a frost here before November or after March in any winter. The average date for the earliest frost in screen is November 22nd, and the average latest date March 25th in each winter. Gales. — Almost all our gales are from the South- West or West. There are on the average 29 gales in each year. The last part of the gale is felt most in Totland and comes usually from the N.W. Halos. — Solar Halos appear usually on 15 days, and Lunar Halos on 3 days of the year. Hail. — We expect to see hail here on 8 days of each year. Snoiv. — There is not much snow in Totland, it seldom appearing beyond 10 days in any winter. Lightning. — On about 11 days per year we see lightning, and hear thunder on 11 days. It is seldom more than twice in any year we have a lightning flash within a mile. METEOEOLOGY (continued). (Being observations made at the Eoyal National Hospital, St. Lawrence (Ventnor), during the 20 years from 1887 to 1907, both inclusive, but omitting the year 1892). BY MISS M. GIBSON, M.P.S. TABLE SHOWING THE AVEKAGES FOE EACH MONTH. Month Mean Temp. iSunsJiine Sunless Rainfall Rainy Humidity in deg. F. hours. daijs. inches. days. percentage Jan. 417 653 11-0 2-54 15 87 Feb. .. 41-2 80-4 8-5 1-93 12 85 March.. 439 129-2 5-5 1-94 14 82 April . . 48-0 1737 3-2 1-79 13 77 May .. 53-3 213-8 2-2 1-74 12 75 June . . 587 211-2 2-1 1-92 11 77 July .. 620 256-2 1-2 2-07 10 75 Aug. .. 62-1 2136 1-8 1-97 13 76 Sept. .. 59-5 171-6 2-5 2-34 11 77 Oct. . . 53-1 114-4 5-1 3-87 16 80 Nov. .. 477 74-8 9-5 3-11 15 84 Dec. .. 43"5 50-2 13-0 2-55 16 86 Average Year ...) 51'1 1754-7 66-3 27-99 162 80 Extreme max. temp, for 20 years, 82-5 F. on June 16, 1893. Extreme min. ,, ,, I5-5F. on Jan. 5, 1894. Longest frost, from Jan. 26 to Feb. 20, 1895, when it froze every night. During the four days, Feb. 5 to 8, the temperature remained below freezing point during the whole of each day. Driest year, 1887, with 23-7 inches of rain. Wettest year, 1903, with 37-7 inches of rain. Greatest number of rainy days, 198 in 1903. Smallest „ „ 127 in 1899. Greatest rainfall in one month, 8-06in., Oct. 1889. Smallest „ „ "Olin., Feb. 1891. Greatest rainfall in one day, 2'17in. on Sept. 4, 1903. (556) METEOROLOGY WIND-EOSE FOE VENTNOE 557 N. 11. N.W. \ll. N.Ey/ 11. \ • \ / / W. \ / E. 16-5. / \ 12. AVEEAGE YEAE y / \ \ WIND DIEECTION. / S. V5. S.e\ 8-5. METEOEOLOG-Y (continued). BY THE EDITOR. For the purposes of comparison with recent Meteorological obser- vations, and to enable those interested in our Island weather to obtain a more extended view of the work which has been done in the past, I will give some of the more interesting facts arrived at by Dr. Martin in the course of his 10 years' study of the climate of the Undercliff during the years 1839-48, and published in " The Under- cliff of the I. of W.," 1849. Also figures relating to the rainfall at Osborne at a later period, and at St. Lawrence for the 20 years preceding the two decades dealt with by Miss Gibson. For these statistics I am indebted to " The Geology of the I. of W.," 1889. Dr. Martin ascertained that the mean temperature for the year at Ventnor, based on observations made during the 10 years, 1839-48, was 51'72°, which is rather higher than the mean arrived at by Miss Gibson. This may be due, wholly or in part, to the difference in the screens used. The mean temperature of the seasons was as follows : Winter, 41'80°; Spring, 49"82°; Summer, 61*31°; Autumn, 53"95°. February was the coldest month, and August the hottest, the range of mean temperature between them being 21"35°. The highest temperature registered during the 10 years was 88° on Aug. 16th, 1842 ; and the lowest, 20°, on Feb. 3, 1841— extreme range, 68°. For the sake of comparison, Martin refers to a decade of observa- tions made near London, earlier in tlie century, when the maximum temperature of 96° was recorded on July 13, 1808 ; and the minimum, minus 5°, on Feb. 10, 1816 — showing a range of 101°. The lowest temperature registered in the Undercliff, of which Martin had any knowledge, was 18°, on Feb. 3, 1830. An intei'esting comparison was made as to the difference of the mean daily range of temperature between the Undercliff and Newport in the various months of the year, with the following result* : Jan. U. 7°, N. 9°; Feb. U. 8°, N. 10°; March, U. 10°, N. 14°; April, U. 13°, N. 20°; May, U. 13°, N. 19°; June, U. 12°, N. 21°; July, U. 11°, N. 17°; Aug. U. 11°, N. 18°; Sept. U. 11°, N. 16°; Oct. U. 10°, N. 14°; Nov. U. 8°, N. 11°; Dec. U. 7°. N. 9°. The maximum height of the Barometer during the period in question was 30'56 inches, and the minimum 28*40 — showing a range of 2' 16 inches. * The nearest whole numbers are given, fractions of a degree being disregarded. (558) METEOROLOGY 559 As to the Eainfall, the decade produced one very dry, and one exceptionally wet year, as will be seen from the following figures : 1839— 32'89in.; 1840— 20'71in.; 1841— 26"68in.; 1842— 18"97in.; 1843— 26"94in.; 1844— 23-38in.; 1845— 21-49in.; 1846— 30-48in.; 1847— 20'65in.; 1848— 39"38in. The mean annual fall for the period was 25"94 inches. Heavy rain fell on Aug. 23, 1843, 2'24 inches being measured at Ventnor, and 2 '80 at Newport. In the Geological Memoir the following figures are given for Osborne, the observer being Mr. J. E. Mann : For the period from 1858 to 1887 the mean annual rainfall was 29'21 inches ; the wettest year being 1872, with 39"38 inches, and the driest, 1870, with 21"96 inches. The observer at St. Lawrence (Eev. C. Maiden) records for the years 1866 to 1885 a mean annual rainfall of 30'58 inches ; the wettest year being 1872, with 39'95 inches, and the driest, 1870, with 21"99 inches. It occurred to me some time ago to make some calculations in regard to the amount of rain which falls annually in the Island. It is by no means a wet district, the rainfall being below the average for the British Isles, but if we take a year in which, say, 30 inches falls, which is only slightly above the average, the result, in bulk and weight, is astonishing. Water is heavy, for an inch spread over an acre of ground w^eighs fully 100 tons, and if we multiply this inch by 30 we get the respect- able figure of 3000 tons which must fall upon an acre in the course of a year. The Island extends to nearly 100,000 acres, if we include the foreshores, so it is evident that we must often get, in this small area, a fall of 300,000,000 tons of rain in the year — not infrequently, indeed, a great deal more. These figures suggest other thoughts, and by a simple calculation we find that the area of the Island is sufficiently great to give stand- ing room to the whole population of the World, which we may assume to be about 1,500,000,000. This statement, though it may seem surprizing, can easily be verified, for it is only necessary to multiply the number of square feet in an aci-e — 43560 — by the num- ber of acres to a square mile — 640, and again by 145 — the number of square miles in the Island, exclusive of seashores and rivers, and halve the result, and we get 2,021,184,000 spaces of two square feet, which would give ample standing-room to the whole liuman race and still leave many square miles unoccupied. Another interesting calculation which will help us to realize the vast amount of rain which falls upon the Earth's surface is suggested by considering how far the 300,000,000 tons, or thereabouts, of rain-water which falls annually in the Island would go to supply the 560 METEOROLOGY needs of the 1,500,000,000 persons we are imagining have assembled on its surface. Here, again, the answer to our inquiry is surprizing, for a simple calculation shows us that the amount of water due to each person would be one-fifth of a ton — 4481b. — for the year, or about a pint for each day he might choose to remain with us. One of the most important results of rainfall is the influence it exerts in denuding the surface of the land and reducing the level of the hills. Its operations are almost imperceptible at the time, but being continued for countless thousands of years the consequences eventually resulting are most impressive. To illustrate this I have made a few calculations. It may be assumed that about a third of the annual rainfall of the Island finds its way to the sea ; the other two-thirds evaporating, soaking in, or being absorbed by the vegetation. The amount we have to con- sider then is 100,000,000 tons, and the question naturally arises : how much solid matter, in solution and suspension, does this water carry with it. It has been estimated that a really muddy river, such as the Tiber, carries with it about 450 parts of solid matter to 100,000 parts of water, whereas a clear river, like the Thames, only carries 3 parts to 100,000. Now if we regard our local streams as being equal in clearness to the Thames, and carrying but three parts of solid matter in the 100,000 to the sea, we arrive at the sum of 3000 tons as the annual loss by denudation of soil from our little Island, and this is exclusive of the large amount of material which is continuously being washed down from the hills and redeposited in the valleys, and of marine action which is constantly wearing away our cliff's. That we may realize these figures more fully, let us go back to the. beginning of historical times in the Island — say 2000 years — and we shall find, if these figures are approximately correct, that the I. of W. has lost during this period, by denudation alone, the respectable sum of 6,000,000 tons of its soil.''' By a further stretch of imagination we may picture to ourselves 6000 ships being chartered to carry this debris away — a long procession sailing for days through the Solent, each carrying its cargo of a thousand tons : yet 2000 yeai's, geologically speaking, is but as a day. * These figures are simply given as an illustration of the importance of rain- fall in moulding the earth's surface, and it may, I think, be fairly assumed that they are under rather than over the mark. When we consider that above the Lower Greensand, which underlies the Plateau Gravel on St. George's Down, there once lay a series of formations rising to a height of 3000 feet or more, and that this vast mass has all been denuded away in comparatively "modern" times, we have either to readjust our ideas as to geological time, or conclude that the operations of Nature in this phase of her work were much more rapid then than they are at the present day. The removal of 3000 tons a year would certainly have been far too insignificant an amount to have effected so vast a change, unless we are prepared to allow a length of time for its accomplishment which for various reasons it would scarcely be possible to do. INSERT FOLDOUT HERE -k \