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ROSSITUR & SKIDMORE, Agents.
ial Board Strests. ae NEW YORK.

TO THE

NEW YORK AQUARIUM

BY THE MANAGER,

H. DORNER, Px.D.
Late of the Hamburg Zoological Garden and Aquarium,

SrA S > here te ee - BRE O:
PROPRIETORS: :

NEW YORK:
ATHENEUM PUBLISHING HOUSE,
D. I. CARSON & CO.,,

100 NAssAU STREET.

COPYRIGHT.

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INTRODUCTION.

Now that
we have a
New York
Aquarium
where we
can go and
lounge and
study Ic-
thyology, as Mira-
beau wished to die
“‘to the sound of
delicious music,”
we appreciate
what a boon it is,
and we have a
glimmering idea
that it is an abso-
lute necessity.
All successful affairs are
necessities ; it is only the
black list of failures that
shows how many super-
fluities designing capi-
talists have endeavored
to thrust upon society.
But no one, perhaps, in
looking at the preserved
Octopus, or in watching
the rainbow hues of the
gold fish tank would
imagine what a terribly
arduous undertaking it
was, this giving to New

as

ape eeneenemteeereetenenenie eens

1V INTRODUCTION,.

York an institution of instruction and recreation such as she needed.
When Mr. W. C. Coup and Cuas. REICHE & BROTHER first conceived
the idea of the Aquarium and came to the point when they decided to
build it, they knew that a mammoth task was before them. As the
work progressed, the difficulties encountered convinced them that they
were not mistaken. These difficulties were as numerous as they were
unexpected, and it may truthfully be said, that the construction of so
peculiar an edifice was, in a measure, groping one’s way through experi-
mental fog with the lantern of science. One day it would be that,
owing to defective glass, the tanks would burst and flood the building
with water. Then the fish would meet with accidents and die. In one
clock beat the beautiful results of a two months’ voyage in tropical seas
has been rendered useless. Notwithstanding all these discouragements
they persevered, tying up the thread where it broke, and patiently going
on, backing their faith with their tank accounts, until the present hand-
some structure, and the marvellous collection of fishes and animals are
the combined results. They may well be proud of the work that
has cost them so much thought and money. So muchmore capital
than that originally calculated upon was required for the completion of
the gigantic undertaking, and for the proper equipment of the edifice,
that Mr. W. C. Coup resolved to associate with himself in its active
management the two liberal-hearted gentlemen, Messrs. CHAS. and
HENRY REICHE, and from that day, with the additional added capital
and facilities, the enterprise went ahead as if by magic, and the estab-
lishment was finally formally thrown open to the public on October
roth, 1876. In the association of the Messrs. REICHE, the enterprise
seemed to obtain all that was required. They brought the facilities of
their vast business, the years of knowledge and the great experience
gained in collecting animals and curiosities from all parts of the world.
To these gentlemen is due the credit of first bringing to this country the
beautiful and gorgeous fishes of Japan and China, the marine animals
and fishes of ._ Europe, and the rare creatures of Central Africa.
Their army of collectors, resident in all parts of the world, constantly
on the lookout for that which is strange or rare in nature, were and
are controlled by the head—Mr. Henry Reiche—residing inthis city. To
these collectors were given orders that Aquarium objects should be |
captured and transported here together with other curiosities, and in
obedience to these instructions the recesses of almost wholly unexplored
regions of uncivilized countries were successfully searched and their
treasures laid at the door of our citizens, and where they are in such
countless numbers, that, as the venerable poet, William Cullen Bryant,
said in a published letter to the New York Journals, ‘‘ we have an insti-
tution where one can learn more in two hours than from weeks of
study.” Not long after the brilliant prospects of the establishment were
again clouded by misfortune and accident, the wholesale loss of costly
whales and fishes. The same spirit of indomitable pluck was mani-
fested again, and in a very short space of time the southern seas were
white with Aquarium fleets in quest of new curiosities, The liberality
and daring enterprise of the management have brought about their
legitimate results—New York has nowa resort that ranks among her
foremost attractions. It isa delight for him who wishes merely to be
entertained ; it is an invaluable college for the student of fishes and the

4 INTRODUCTION. Vv
lover of aquaria. There is a growing taste in society for this latter
branch of household adornment, and although text-books are valuable
aids, there is nothing like the reality, in all its technical beauty, for the
enthusiastic. Asa recent article upon the subject says: ‘‘ A-well regu-
lated aquarium is indeed a beautfful ornament for the home, and one
which is a perpetual source of amusement and instruction. It has the
peculiar advantage of making us acquainted with forms and habits of
animated existence, which are commonly hid from our inspection.
Thus its influence upon the family circle is wholesome and elevating,
tending constantly to awaken in all the members, both old and young,
an increased love for the contemplation of the wondrous skill and wis-
dom of the great Creator,’’—-R. F, HAMILTON,

PREPACE.

THIS GUIDEBOOK contains the enumeration and description of
nearly all the animals that have been or are on exhibition in the New
York Aquarium. Wehave omitted only the mammals and birds that have
lately been added to the collections, because it is intended to change
them frequently, a few species of Parrotfishes (Psendoscarus), Angel-
fishes (Holacanthus), and some Serranidz that have been kept since
last summer without identifying them. The technical names of the
animals are made synonymous with those given by Gill and Verrill in
their Washingtonian Reports. As a system of classification we have
adopted that of Gunther in his Catalogue of the fishes in the British
Museum. Much information has also been derived fromthe well-known
works of Deisay and Jordan.

Our thanks are due to Mr. R. J. Edgar, Secretary of the Aquarium,
who kindly gave us the benefit of his thorough knowledge of the English
language, and to Mr, A. W. Roberts, Collector for the Aquarium, for
many notes referring to the habits of the animals and for a list of those
living in the tanks last summer, H. Dorner.

2
| i
a)
THE NUMBERS CORRESPOND WITH THE NUMBERS OF
THE LABELS ON THE TANKS.
$ :

POPULAR DESCRIPTION

OF THE

{NIABITANTS OF THE TANKS.

NEW YORK AQUARIUM,

Orver—Artiodactyla, Fam.—Pachydermatas

i. THE: HIPPOPOTAMUS: OR. RIVER. HORSE
(Hippopotamus amphibius). This animal was captured on
April 14th, 1875, by the collectors of Chas. Reiche & Bro.,.
_ on an expedition to the White Nile. It was.taken from
its mother fifteen minutes after birth, the parent being
killed. Three weeks prior to this time the natives had
L observed and pointed out to the hunting party a pregnant
i female, and it was at once decided to follow and watch her.
When the animal had separated from the herd and selected
a quiet, solitary place, the hunters, aided by spy-glasses,
kept a careful and constant watch on her from a long dis-
tance, and so perfect were their arrangements, that only a
quarter of an hour after the birth they were in possession
of the young one. The reward of the natives consisted of
the carcass of the mother, a prize they were highly satis-
fied with, as not only the flesh is well flavored and tender,
fi 30 SS. resembling: that of the hog,.but the skin, the hoofs, and
1 many other parts of the body are useful to them, in many
ways. The hunters only claimed the skull, which was
brought with the young animal to New York, on October
27th,-1875.

To feed and transport the baby hippopotamus through
the deserts of Africa, twenty-five goats and four strong
camels were employed, the former to provide it with their
milk, the latter to carry it in asuitable tank between them.
Its weight was about ninety pounds when captured, it
being a female and not as heavy as a male, which latter,
as has been seen in the London Zoological Gardens,
weighs nearly a hundred pounds when born. After its
arrival it was put under the care of Dr. Kohn, who
succeeded in keeping the animal during these two
years in perfect health and to whom it is attached to sucha
degree that it follows him likea dog wherever he goes. Its
H food consisted entirely of milk during the first three months
‘i of its stay in America, and was then changed to bread, corn-
meal and vegetables. Hay it does not like much, refusing
even common grass in summer; but it is very fond of a

|
| - -CLASS—MAMMALIA.
I

ee abit mae a are

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 3

peculiar kind of short grass growing in the Western States,
which it occasionally eats in considerable quantities

The Hippopotamus is a lazy, indolent animal; sleeps
many hours in the day and rests without interruption at
night. It takes to the water naturally, when moderately
warm, and it will enter reluctantly cold water when or-
dered. Last winter it occasionally bathed in water of 35°
Fahr., its health being uninjured apparently. The thick
skin and the layer of fat beneath is a sufficient protection
against cold. Yet it must be stated that in cold weather
its skin bursts into folds at the neck and sides, sufficiently
deep to place one’s finger.

When left alone, or when it perceives its keeper, it utters
short, rough sounds. Even when it is not able to see him,
and when separated from him by an opaque wall, it will
smell his presence froma distance and act accordingly.
All its senses are well developed.

It generally is obedient and can be guided by commands,
but when frightened, or when its eyes are not sufficiently
clear—an occurrence happening once in about a month
—it is wild, treacherous, and not to be trusted. At such
times it is useless to attempt to drive it or use a whip or to
use force in any way; the big, unwieldy mass, now weigh-
ing about six hundred pounds, will easily overcome any
temporary obstacle. When it expects food or when its
keeper orders it, it will open its immense mouth and per-
mit an inspection of its teeth, but generally it does not
care much for strangers, snaps at them, and sometimes will
tear the coat or pants of some careless visitor. At one
time it even succeeded in pulling a watch and chain from
the pocket of a person. It dislikes children, who should
not be allowed to go too near the animal.

In October, 1876, it cast its front teeth, in the same man-
ner as Children do, the new ones absorbing the roots of
the primary teeth, which, when fallen out, measure but a
quarter of an inch in height. Since that time, the new
teeth have grown considerably, particularly the two mid-
dle incisors of the lower jaw; the molar teethappear to be
very small, because the thick, fleshy gum covers the greater
part of them. Its skin is almost naked, covered only by
a few short, black hairs, but beset with numerous red spots,
probably the dried secretion of the dermal glands. When

4 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

it sweats the skin is covered with a kind of blood-red slime,
the exact nature or purpose of which is unknown.

The Hippopotamus is considered the most valuable of
all exhibited animals, and this is the first time that a
specimen has been seen as tame and obedient to its keeper.

OrDER—Pinnipedia. Fam.—Phocidae,

2. THE COMMON SEAL. (Phoca vitulina.) A lengthy
description of these pets of the Aquarium is unnecessary.
Everyone who has seen their fat supple bodies, their

intelligent coun-
tenances, their
curious flippers,
and has observed
their great ability
in swimming and
diay ie eats
been pleased and
amused with their
antics both in and
out of the water.

They. “hea ye
learned to climb,
to ring a bell, to
answer questions
by barking, to
make their bows
to the audience,
etc.

ol i Db Ea
DE RL NeOsSs
SEAL. (Cysto-
phora cristata.) A young specimen of this interesting seal
was kept alive in the spring of 1877 for eight weeks. Its
peculiarity consist in a hood, or hollow bag, right over the
nose, which can be blown up at will and made to resemble
a cap or hat. Ours was a young male, with a small protu-
berance which was raised only under excitement. It was
very ferocious, tried to bite whoever approached it, and
died at last from refusal of food. :

=

\

; NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 5

4. THE NORTHERN SEA LION. (Zumetopias Stelleri.)
This large and powerful animal was brought from the
western coast of North America, where it is found in herds.
The extreme length of a male is said to be sixteen feet,
but animals measuring twelve feet are seldom captured.
Females generally are not half as large as males. Many
thousands of them are slain annually ; their skin is used for
glue-stock, their blubber, consisting of a double coating se-
parated by a thin layer of muscular tissue, yields oil, in
average ten gallons from each animal; the long spires
of their whiskers, sometimes eighteen inches in length,
are exported to China, where they are manufactured into
personal ornaments.

This Sea Lion has an elongated head and neck, the latter
without the mane which is characteristic of the southern
Sea Lion; its upper lip is projecting and bears strong flex-
ible whiskers; its eyes are full of expression; itsears small,
cylindrical at the root, tapering to a point, and covered
with short, fine hair. The teeth are strong, glistening and
white. As in other Seals, the body resembles more a flex-
ible bag filled with fat and meat than the body of an
animal witha bony skeleton, Its flippers are encased with
a sort of thick shagreen, and are extremely long, the fingers
project far over the horny claws so that the flippers appear
in avery peculiar way when the animal uses them to clean
its skin. Besides, they act in a threefold manner, as legs,
feet, and fins. The color of the body is varying; dark
brown, reddish brown, dull or light. yellowish gray.

The Sea Lions are found from the Galopagos Islands to
the extreme north, and extend westward to the eastern
coast of Siberia. They congregate in large herds on the
islands and along the coast during the pupping season,
which lasts three or four months in summer. During this
time they feed’ very little ; the males are most lively, bark
and roar terribly so as to drown the noise of the heaviest
surf, and fight desperately with each other, mutilating
their bodies and not unfrequently disabling some of them
from further association with their companions. In such
strifes the ultimate victor has the supreme control over the
whole herd or company. Both sexes unite in caring for
the young, which at first have great aversion to the water;
teach them their various movements and habits, and

5 a wae — - — ~

6 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

to capture their prey. At the close of the season, in Sep-
tember or October, they return to the sea, where they roam
in all directions in quest of food, consisting of fish, mol-
lusks, crustaceans, and seafowl, particularly gulls.

The whalers kill them with rifles, aiming at the ear—on
other parts of the body the ball has but little effect—some-
times they succeed in cutting off their retreat to the sea
and then dispatch them with clubs and spears.

OrDER—Cefacea.

5. THE BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN (Delphinus tursio).
A specimen measuring eight feet in length was captured in
the neighborhood of New York and kept alive for nearly

‘two months.

6. THE WHITE WHALE (Delphinapterus leucas). The
effort made in the early history of the Aquarium to place
one or more white whales on exhibition, was met by many
serious obstacles, and only by the utmost pluck and perse-
verance was the enterprise successful. In the first place, it
involved the outlay of considerable capital with the utmost ~
uncertainty of any favorable results ; while secondly, there
were innumerable difficulties and dangers to be met and
overcome.

Early in the spring of 1876, Captain Zack Coup, started
on the perilous journey. His route was via Quebec and
down the north shore of the St. Lawrence. The mode of
travel was by sleighs as far as they were available. After-
wards it was by sleds drawn by a hardy breed of dogs, and
on snow-shoes. These appliances being all arranged at
Quebec, Captain Coup and his fellow-travelers were soon
on the confines of an uninhabited region of snow, the only
sign of life being an occasional wolf, or fox. Nothing
beyond the usual incidents of travel, which consist of
numerous upsets in the snow, and interviews with hunting
parties of peaceable Indians, occurred on the way. The
fishing coast was finally reached and an island in the lower
St. Lawrence was selected as the headquarters of this
perilous adventure. It being in advance of the season
when the whales descend to the coast of Labrador, Cap-

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 7

tain Coup availed himself of the time to make his excava-
tions and enclosures. These are the means of capture and
safe keeping, and they are built between high and low tide,

so that the huge animal is in bondage before he knows it,
and entirely free frominjury. Two being secured, early in
May, the work of preparation for their removal to New

8 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

York began. Huge and strongly-built boats were made
and thickly padded with sea-weed; the Whales transferred
thereto, were shipped on board of a schooner and brought
to Quebec. Thence they were removed to an Express car
and brought by the Grand Trunk Railway to Portland,
Maine; one more transfer to a stéamer,and the living and
curious burden was on its way to New York.

Thus was settled the practicability of handling Whales
for aquarial purposes, and subsequent expeditions SO
far succeeded as to bring as many as fourteen inall. It is
however a too costly enterprise to continue, and the pro- ~
prietors feel that even more than a reasonable expectation ~
on the part of the public has been gratified, and thatin dis- ~
continuing for a time the exhibition of Whales they will
be free from the imputation of indifference either as to their
own duty, or tothe gratification of public curiosity and
scientific examination.

The first two Whales arrived in New York, in May of.
last year, and were the occasion of great excitement and
Curiosity. Buta greater ovation was given when two
others were brought to the Sea Side Aquarium at Coney
Island last summer. The Aquarium there was not yet
formally opened to the public, but the number of employees
and laborers called together to receive and escort these
huge animals, was large enough to crowd the place. Two
big boxes, each containing one whale, were carefully car-
ried inside by twenty-four men, one of the sides of each
box was knocked out, and the animals were rolled in over
thick layers of sea-weed. Before they were placed in the
| water, they behaved as quietly as a turtle nailed to the deck
Bp of a ship. They breathed regularly through the big spout-
hole on the upper end of the head, but neither opened their
| mouth nor moved their tail or fin, and the big, unwieldy
F body looked almost like a corpse. The grayish. white skin
i was scratched and torn in many places, anda look both
| . at the big animal in its narrow box and at the gang of
7 rough, weather-beaten men that formed its escort plainly

told of the hardships and fatigues which they must have

undergone. .

Both whales and men were happy and contented indeed,
when -the transfer to the tank was over. The whales
showed plainly they were satisfied and at ease, and though

: NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 9:
they could not give vent to their joy by jolly cheers, as the:
men did, they made noise enough by a lively splashing of
the water with their powerful tails and loudly throwing
out the air through their spout-holes. Soon the surface
of the water was covered with numerous fragments of
the skin, and afew days later the whales appeared in an:
entirely new covering, of a lighter color than before..
As long as they lived in the big tank of the Aquarium,
they kept together, always swimming alongside of each
other. They never changed their position. One of them
was at the outside of the circle all the time, the other at
the inside of it. They never turned around so as to swim.
their way backwards; regularly, as the hands of a watch,
and in the same direction as this, they moved around their
tank. Even at night it never could be observed that they
rested or swam slowlier than usual, but, on the contrary,
as soon as it was dark, they were more lively than before.
It does not seem that they ever sleep. ;

The only change in their habits is seen when a fresh
supply of eels, theirregular food, isthrown in. Then they
begin to dive after them and chase them; keep longer.
under water, and spout more vigorously than before.

Another change was observed in one of the Whales on
a Sunday morning. ‘The animal was moving slowlier than
usual, and when it came to the surface to spout, the accom-
panying sound was loud, harsh and disagreeable. It resem-
bled the breathing sound of a man who hasan obstacle in
his throat and endeavors to throw it out. The Whale is
hoarse, he has got acold, was the generalimpression. This -
continued about two hours, when the sound grew less noisy
and slowly changed to its normal condition. Exactly three
weeks later, on another fine Sunday morning, the same.
animal seemed to be extremely weak. For the first time
it really ceased to move or moved very slowly, at the same
time being unable to keep its balance, and turning a little
on its side, just as seen in fish when they are weak and dy-
ing. The other Whale soon began to perceive that some-
thing unusual and alarming was going on. At first he
swam a little slowlier, so as to be always near his compan-
ion, but when even then-he found himself alone, as the
other one did not move at all, he made a small circle
through a quarter of the tank soas to come up with him -

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i:
1

10 NEW YORK AQUARIUM .

again. Sometimes he dived right under the sick compan-
ion—a behavior never seen before by any one present—
so that his back coming up really touched the belly of this
one to raise and support it.

The spectacle of the dying Whale and the touching as-
sistance of his companion attracted a great many visitors,
and every change in the behavior of the two was watched
with anxiety. Two hours passed, when a change to the
worse was observed. The sick Whale turned completely
over and swam on his back. Endeavoring to gain the old
position, he used up all the strength which was left to him,
and the visitors were right in saying that this was his
death struggle. After repeating this three times, and
every time trying harder, but with less success, to regain
his lost balance, he ceased to move and spout. The Whale
died exactly at noon, July 15.

At a post-mortem examination it was found that the
cold which the Whale had three weeks before, was the cause
of his death. The big lungs were congested and unable
to contain the quantity of air necessary for the sustenance
of life.

It may be interesting to mention that the Whale was
found to possess two large stomachs, the first one lined on
the inside with a great number of compound warts, the
second one smooth. Both are connected three inches be-
low the end of the gullet, so that the first stomachmay be
regarded as a kind of cecum or blind-gut. There were

found some fragments of sea-lettuce and buccinum-snails |

in this stomach, and it is very likely that it serves asa
receptacle for vegetable food, which is changed here in
about the same way as in the first stomach of ruminant
animals.

The remaining whale did not show any signs of weak-
ness. It was lively and hungry as ever, and soon was the
only captured living white whale in America. All the
others, that had been shipped from Labrador to Cincinnati,
Chicago, Rockaway and New York were dead.

When the season at Coney Island closed, the proprie-
tors of the Aquaria, Chas. Reiche and Bro., decided to ship
this animal, that had lived longer and was more vigorous
than any of the rest, to the other side of the Atlantic. On
Sept. 15th, it was brought on board the Bremen Steamer,

—~ 2) ne

~

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. II
carefully packed in the same manner as on its first ship-
ment and under care of Capt. Zack. Coup, who had directed
all whaling expeditions of the Aquarium; and a fortnight
afterwards all prominent papers in Europe brought the
astonishing news of the arrival of a living white whale in
England. It was transported to the Royal Aquarium in
London, where it expired four days after its arrival.

Te lay Le Boys

TURTLES.

Reptiles with the body enclosed between two large shields, one on
the back, the dorsal shield; the other opposite, the ventral shield. Both
shields are composed of many small plates, which either overlap each
other, like the scales of fishes, or meet in a seam or suture. Every plate
consists of an outer layer of horn and an inner layer of bone, the latter of
which is firmly connected with the spinal column and the ribs. Turtles
have no teeth, but their jaws are encased in horny sheaths, usually with
sharp cutting edges.

7. THE LEOPARD TORTOISE. (Testudo - pardalis.)
Several large and heavy specimens of these were brought
by the collectors of Chas. Reiche and Bro. from South
Africa, and deposited in the Aquarium. They are objects of
curiosity and interest, as they gently and harmlessly move
around among visitors. ‘They feed on cabbage and other
vegetables.

8. THE COUL ( Zestudo radiata.) Smaller than the preced-
ing species of the tortoise, in company with which it was
imported from Africa. It walks about the floor of the
Aquarium, and is admired for the beauty of its shell, which
is hemispherical, with flat, grooved, yellow-rayed shields.
Length six totwelveinches. Madagascar.

9. THE SPOTTED TORTOISE. (Geoclemys guttata.)
Shield black brown, with round yellow spots. This isa small
turtle, not exceeding in length five inches, and found abun-
dantly in adjacent streamsand ponds. On warm days it is
seen on rocks and logs, basking in the sun, suddenly slip-
ping into the water on the approach of real, or supposed
danger. It feeds on small animals, and buries itself on the
approach of winter in the mud at the bottom of ponds.

IZ NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

10. THE PAINTED TORTOISE. |. (Chrysemis picta.)
This is the handsomest of the fresh-water tortoises in North
America. Its shell is smooth, with yellow lines along the
sutures; its head has yellow lines along the sides. It isa
timid, inoffensive animal that feeds on insects and small
amphibians. Length five to nine inches. Canada to Ver-
ginia ; in ponds, never in running water.

11. THE SALT-WATER TERRAPIN. (Malaclemis
concentrica.) Upper shell oval, the plates with numerous
deeply impressed concentric lines,lower shell reddish or
orange, with irregular hoops or rings ; head, neck and legs
dull bluish ash, with numerous black spots. ‘This terrapin
is wel] known and esteemed for its savory flesh. Length
five to seven inches. New York to Florida.

12, THE SNAPPING TURTLE. (Chelydra serpentina.)
As the name indicates, this turtle is not so sluggish and pa-
tient as its relatives, but on the contrary, it is ferocious and
will snap at almost everything within its reach. Its neck is
long and very flexile; its beak has a hooked upper jaw and
sharp, cutting edges, and the animal is enabled to move
its head around and reach almost to the middle of its back.
It feeds on frogs, fishes and waterfowl. Its upper shell has
three strong keels; its tail a central series of compressed
tubercles. Length two to four feet. United States,

138. THE MUSK TORTOISE, or STINK-POT. (Aroma
chelys odoratum.) A very small turtle with a brown sheil and
low stripes along the sides of the head. It lives in the
mud of ponds and ditches, is usually coated with mud and
aquatic plants, and emitsa disagreeable odor. Lengthtwo
to four inches. United States.

14. THE MUD TORTOISE. (KA7zndsternum pennsylva-
aicum.) Upper shell olive brown and vaulted ; lower shell
yellow or orange; jaws hooked; tail with a horny point.
It inhabits ditches and muddy ponds, preys on fish, and has
a strong, musky smell. Length four inches. Canada to
Florida,

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 33

15. THE SOFT-SHELLED TURTLE. (filatypeltis
ferox.) Shell cartilaginuus on its margin, dark slate colored
and spotted. It feeds on fish and small amphibians, and is
saidto be more inclined to bite than other species of turtles.
Length eight to ten inches. United States.

16. THE GREEN TURTLE. (Chelonia viridis.) Every-
body is familiar with the grotesque form of the turtles,and
whoever watches a land-tortoise slowly crawling on its
elephantine feet, may well be inclined to take these
animals for neglected step-children of nature. But now
look at the turtle in its fluid element! How easily does
the water carry its ponderous mass, how quickly does the
animal divide the dense element, and how suitably does the
form of its body seem to be adapted to the movement of
swimming! The tortoise of the land andthe turtle of the
sea are very dissimilar brothers indeed ; unlike in faculties
and habits, in mode of living, and in mastering or utilizing
the surrounding circumstances. It is easy to comprehend
that the slowly-moving land tortoise can get its living only
from vegetation, while its roving relative feeds on animals.
The former are scarce and of large size, while the latter
abound in rivers and seas, and occur in all dimensions, frem
the size of a dollar up to the bulk of five hundred weight.
The learned naturalist of the British Museum, John Edward
Gray, knows only thirty different species of the land tor-
toise, against five hundred and twenty seven of those that
are found in rivers and seas.

Nowhere isthe perfect adaptation of the form of the
turtle to the element in which it lives better understood
than in an aquarium. The large, flat, oar-like forelegs,
situated just at the heaviest part of the body are the chief
motors, and the flat body, resembling in its form that of
water beetles, rays, or flat fish, glides by their means easily
and continuously through the water.

The Green Turtle is the largest and best known of all
marine turtles. Its length is from two to five feet, and its
weight froma hundred toathousand pounds. The qualities
of its meat are better understood and appreciated in a
restaurant than in a guide-book.

4 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

CRG OO 1sch A.

17. THE ALLIGATOR. (Aligator mississippiensts.) This
species of Crocodile is found in great numbers in the South-
ern States. When full grownit is fifteen feet long,but it sel-
dom reaches this length,because
of the general hostility with
which it is pursued and killed.

The Alligator, and other
Crocodiles,constitute one of the
most peculiar groups of ani-
mals living. They are one of
those interesting intermediate
links between the extinct giants
of the primitive world and the
present creation. They also ap-
proach the mammals in many
parts of their organization.
Their lungs are limited to the
chest, which is separated from
the abdomen by an imperfect
diaphragm; the chambers of the
heart are divided so as to pre-
vent the mixture of the two
kinds of blood; the vertebrz of
the neck bear ribs making the
lateral movement of this part of
the bodynearly impossible; and
the development of their eighty
conical teethis unique. Each op-
ens onits interior endand close-
ly fits into an elongation of the
jaw. From time to time a new
tooth grows from below gradu-
ally lifting the old one, which
is partly absorbed, the remain-
der being thrown off. Pieces
of the old teeth are often seen
in connection with the new

=< a Gomes. ya's: this chanacioietecal
continues throughout life, the opinion of the ancients, that
the Crocodile had as many teeth as there are days in the
year, is still short of the truth.

—= ==>
SS SSscs_xs
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——

f _ NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 15

fre AvR DS:
18. THE HORNED FROG. (Pkhrynosoma orbiculare.)

This animal is called a frog, sometimes a toad, and, if a
learned friend is near by, he will tell us that even their
scientific name, phrynosoma, means “body of atoad.” Yet
even this designation is a misnomer, since the frog, or toad,
never has scales and plateslike this animal. It is only the
shape of its body, which is flat and broad like a toad, that
gave origin to itsname. In fact it is a lizard.

Its flat body is covered with spines, which are especially
prominent at the neck, resembling the collar worn by hounds
in Germany when hunting wild boars and wolves. Proba-
bly nature had, in furnishing to the frog these spines, the
same design as man hasin giving them to the hounds,
namely, protection from the teeth of theirenemies. Astoits
habits itis inactive, lying all day long without any attempt
to move, and but seldom taking food.

19. THE GLASS SNAKE, STUMPFOOT or SHEL-
TOPUSIK. (Pseudopus Pallasit.) A native of Dalmatia,
Austria. A very general popular fallacy prevails as to the
true nature of these animals. Their snake-like appearance
and locomotion favor this, and yet they present several es-
sential differences from the snake. They have eyelids like
the lizard, the snake has none; their teeth are not hooked
like those of the snake, and on close inspection two small
feet are discernible near the root of the tail. These struc-
tural peculiarities place them more among lizards; and that
assumption is greatly strengthened bythe manner in which
these animals feed. They eat asa lizard does, and after
the following fashion: a live mouse being placed in the
box, itis caught by the head, and its body is pressed against
the box; its tormentor and destroyer meanwhile revolves
with such rapidity as to benumb or stupefy it, and twists its
body tike a piece of string. The prey is then dropped, but
still kept in view, that the tormenting and destructive pro-
cess may be repeated until the last sign of life has disap-
peared. ‘The mouse, now dead, is eaten as it would be by any
other lizard large and strong enough for this purpose.

16 NEW YORK AQUARIUM,

SALAMANDERS.

20. THE BLACK: SALAMAN DER. (Desmognathus nt-
gra.) Uniformly black, sometimes with small white spots
on the sides. Tail compressed and finned. Length four

to six inches. Shallow watersin Pennsylvania and New
York.

21. THE RED SALAMANDER. (Spelerpes ruber.) Ver-
milion red, with numerous dark dots. Usually found
under stones in shallow streams. Length four to six in-
ches:. Eastern States.

22. THE TIGER SALAMANDER. (Amblystoma tigrt-
num.) Brown, with many yellow spots; body thick and
strong, head long and narrow, occasionally it is found in
hollow decayed trees. ‘Lengthsix to eight inches. United
States, east of the Rocky Mountains. :

23. THE AXOLOTL. (Siredon pisciformis.) A most inter-

_ esting salamander, a native of Mexico, about nine inches

long, with a broad head and acrested tail. It hasthree ex-
ternal gills on each side of the neck which separate into many
branches and periodically flap backwards and forwards. Its
color is dark brown. The specimens on view in the
Aquarium were received from Europe.

The Axolotls were introduced into Europe in 1864 by
the /ardin d 4cclimation. Five males and one female were
placed on exhibition, and from them about 600 young were
raised. After seven months, when nearly full grown, some -
remarkable changes took place in one of them. The large
external gills disappeared almost entirely, the crest on the
back and tail. passed away, the head became narrower and
more pointed, and light spots appeared on the dark body
and limbs. Thus nearly the same changes took place in
this animal which had been seen a number of times in the
common Tritons, or Salamanders of Europe and America.
Some weeks later a few more underwent the same transfor-
mation, until nine of them had assumed the ultimate form.
In the next year (1866) five specimens out of a thousand
exhibited the same extraordinary development, and a few
more were observed in the next year.

Thus the supposition of some naturalists, before the evi-

e

> NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 17

dence given by Dumeril that the Axolotl was really the
larval form of some unknown Salamander, was established.
Cuvier, long before 1865, made the following remark: “I
am obliged to place the Axolotl among the genera with
permanent gills, because a great many persons testify that
it does not lose the same;’’ and Baird, the well-known
leading naturalist of this country, said that the appearance
of the Axolotl was so very larval as to exclude any doubt
of its real nature, it being no evidence against this assertion
that the perfect animal had not yet been found.

The extraordinary facts in the natural history of this
animal are not the changes already described, for a similar
transformation is regularly observed in a great many other
salamanders, frogs and toads, but its taking place in such
a few instances, and, chiefly, its power of reproduction in
the larval form, an attribute belonging with hardly an
exception to the last and highest form of animal life.

24. THE
HELLBEN-
DER. (Meno-
poma alleghan-
zensis.) This
is the largest
of amphib-
ious animals
few i'n
the United

tates. \ his
slate colored,
has a broad
head with
very small
eyes,a de-
pressed body
lined wiih a
prominent
fold atits
Side, and a
long, broad,
and depressed tail. It seldom comes to the surface of the
water, though it has no gills; it breathes through its skin
and lungs. Length one totwofeet. Eastern States.

i8 ¢ NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

PieOWE ANS.

25. THE EUROPEAN: PROTEUS. (Proteus anguineus) -
This animal is only found

in subterranean lakes in !
Krain, (Austria)... When ;
first received their eel-like -
bodies were of a yellow-
ish-roseate color. They
manifested an extreme
sensitiveness to light and
sought concealment from :
it behind the rocks as soon .
as they were placed in the
tank. Their graceful form
makes them especially in-
teresting to visitors. Their
head is long and flat; their
legs short and slender, the
fore-feet ending in three,
ana the hind-feet in two
toes, without nails or
claws. Like the Axolotls,
they haveexternalgillsofa
bright red color. Their
eyes are extremely small,
and entirely concealed be-
neath the skin, so that it
is impossible for them to
get distinct impressions
of form by sight. Yet they
are affected by the light,
and very probably their
whole skin is sensitive to
its delicate touch. This
seems to follow, firstly,
from their constant Y
anxiety to get out of the

light and remain in per-
fectdarkness; and, second-

ly, from the fact of the

light colored skin changing to black when exposed to day-

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 19

light In about three months this change is accomplished.
At first some dark spots make their appearance, and finally
a bluish black color covers the entire body, except the belly
and the under side of the compressed tail.

In some Aquaria animals of this species have been kept
for more than two years without taking food. Dr. Metten-
heimer killed two Proteus which he had kept entirely with-
out food for two yearsand two months, and it surprised him
to find in the stomach of one of them two living intestinal
worms. ‘The specimens in the Aquarium do not show any
such abstemiousness, ‘They devour earthworms and other
food with avidity, displaying their greatest activity, however,
when water insects and small crustacea, such asGammarus
and Daphnia, are placed in thetank. Then they cross the
tank in every direction, snapping and catching the insects
without once being impeded in their rapid progress. It
appears that only when these insects are moving, the Pro-
teus become sensible of their presence.

26. THE MUD PUPPY, or-PROTEUS. (Menobran-
chus la‘eralis.) Like the Austrian Proteus, it has external
gills which
are persis-—
tent during
Fite leis
brown, more
or less spot-
ted. Its head -
is broad and
depressed,
the tail high
and com-
pressed. It
heeds) on
crustaceans,
shells, and
fps BBs
Length one
to two feet.
Eastern
States.

Wt yyy? en:
Yom),

VW,

Ha

t
‘

20 NEW YORK AQUARIUM,

Fisii aS.
SUB-CLASS—TELEOSTEI.
ORDER— A canthropterygit. Fam.—Gasterosteide.

27. THE COMMON STICKLEBACK. (Gasterosteus
aculeatus.) This little lively fish is very interesting in the
care of its eggsand brood. The ma/e fish builds a round
nest with waterplants and, after the female has deposited
the eggs, is constantly close by, moving the pectoral fins
in such a way as to drive acurrent of water through the
nest. Sometimes the female, or other Sticklebacks, try to
interrupt him, to enter the nest, and to devour the eggs,
but the watchful and courageous male maintains a success-
ful fight and keeps them at a safe distance from his charge.
During the time of incubation it feeds very little, and yet
is more lively and more brightly colored than at any other
time. Ifthe young ones fall out of the nest, the male takes

_ them into his mouth and returns them.

28. THE TWO-SPINED STICKLEBACK. (Gasteros-
teus biaculeatus.) Blackish, two large spines in front of the
dorsal fin; the ventral spine with a spinous process at the
base.

29: THE NEW YORK STICKLEBACK. (Gasteros-
teus noveboracensis.) The sides of the body and tail are entire-
ly covered with a series of scaly plates. The ventral spine
is very long.

Fam.—Beryeide.

30. THE SQUIRREL. (Aolocentrum sogho.) Thisisa
very handsome fish with an elegant shape, and a reddish
color that exceeds in brightness and splendor even that of

the Goldfish. Its body is elongated and slightly com-

pressed; its head is well proportioned, with prominent spines
at the operculum; its fins are large and have beautiful out-
lines. It swims quickly and vivaciously. G. Brown Goode,
the author of several works on Bermuda fishes, calls it one
of the most conspicuous of the denizens of the rock pools in

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 21

the Bermuda Islands. Their voracity, he says, is very great,
and the tyro in angling usually finds his first prize to be a
Squirrel. The local name refers to a grunting noise ut-
tered by them, which resembles the bark of a squirrel.

Fam.—Fercide.

31. THE YELLOW PERCH. (Perca flavescens.) Olive,
sides yellowish with broad dark bars. This fish is the type
or representative of the Percidz or Perch family. It is
very voracious, lively and strong, and will bite at almost
any kind of bait. It differs very little from the European
Perch, having a brighter hue and being a trifle lessin height.
Owners of Trout tanks are anxious to keep the Perch clear
of them, as they destroy the Trout in great quantities.
Fresh waters, United States, chiefly northward and east-
ward.

82. THE STRIPED BASS. (Roccus lineatus., A fish of
the Perch family, equally prominent for its beautiful shape
and color, and its gamey character and savory meat. It is
bluish black, silvery on its sidesand beneath. Along each
side are from seven to nine black parallel stripes. ‘This
fish,” says Genio C. Scott, “the fish of fishes, par excellence,
affords good sport with light tackle when its weight is but
half a pound; and it tries both the metal and skill of an
angler after it rises to the ponderous importance of ten
pounds, though it is said to attain to the weight of nearly
a hundred. For muscular power the striped bass equals the
salmon, but it lacks the caudal power for leaping, which is
so palpable in the form of a salmon.”

The striped bass is not given to wandering or vagrancy,
but is always found near the tidal waters of the rivers be-
tween Portland and Norfolk. In November it shoals and
congregates in brackish waters, where also its eggs are de-
posited. It has successfully been confined to fresh water,
though deteriorated in form and lustre.

d0. THE WALL-EYED.- PIKE, or YELLOW PIKE
PERCH. (Lucioperca americana.) A large, handsome and
savory fish, the form of which somewhat resembles that of

22 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

a pike though it isa true perch. It is yellowish grey with
numerous dark spots; its eye is very large and prominent.
Length twelve to eighteen inches; weight up to fifteen
pounds and over. Great lakes and western rivers.

34. THE BLACK SEA BASS. (Centropristis atrarius.)
This favorite fish is found along the Eastern coast of North
America, from Cape Cod to Florida. It comes to usin the
beginning of May, and remains through the summer. It
is a strong, heavily built fish, of a blueish, sometimes a
greenish, black color, with large scales, the deeper colored
edges of which give a regularly reticulated appearance to
the whole surface of the body, and a wide, leathery mouth,
easily hooked and tenacious to hold.

It is regarded as one of the most savory and delicate
fishes of the season, particularly excellent for chowder.
Its meat laminates in compact flakes, and is more succulent
and delicate in taste than that of the Cod. ‘The Sea Bass,
Porgee, and Tautog banks, along the coast of New Jersey,”
says Genio C. Scott, “form one of the attractions of
Long Branch, and they are a real blessing to the members
of the hand-line committee, who realize in them a cheap
relaxation from business and the lassitude caused by too
constant work in a city during the heat of summer.”

35. THE HAMLET OR GROUPER. = (Apinephelis
striatus.) A remarkable characteristic of this fish is its abi-
lity to suddenly change its colors. Generally it is light slate-
colored, with many broad cross-bands and some black
spots around the eye, but when touched or frightened, it
quickly assumes a darker hue, from gray to dark chestnut.
It isa very common fish in Bermuda; is caught there in
great quantities, kept in artificial ponds along the shore,
and fed on fish and lobsters.

“The Devil’s Hole,” says G. BRown Goong, ‘is a large
natural pool near the centre of the main island. Herea
large number of Groupers may usually.be found con-
fined, and the place is much visited by strangers. At feed-
ing time, when one looks into the clear waters of the pool
nothing can be seen but an array of open mouths. When
the food is thrown in, a scene of indescribable commotion
and splashing occurs. They are very fierce,and rush savagely

> NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 23

at anything which looks eatable. I-have seen two large
ones, each four feet in length, seize the opposite ends of a
cuttle-fish arm, tugging for several minutes at the tough
morsel before the question of ownership could be decided.”

The young fish are called Hamlets, but, after reaching a
length of eighteen or twenty inches, are known as
Groupers, which is acorruption of the Portugese Garoupa,
the name of a similar fish found at Madeira.

36. THE HIND. (2pinephelis guttatus.) A very hand-
some fish, common in Bermuda, where specimens two feet
in length are often met with in the markets. It is brown-
ish or rosy-white, with numerous small circular spots of
deep rose color, which are probably the origin of its popu-
lar name. When kept long in a tank with plenty of light,
its color fades. Itis also recorded that specimens from
the ‘White Water,” where there is a bottom of white sand,
are nearly white, while others have a dusky reddish-brown
color.

387. THE ROCK FISH. (Trisotropis undulosis.) A large
fish, attaining a length of five feet, and known as one of
the choicest table-fishes in Bermuda. _ Its color is brown,
mottled with large irregular spots and lines of brownish-
violet. The Hamlet, Hind and Rock Fish belong toa
group of fishes which are normally hermaphrodite, each
fish after maturity carrying milk and roe at the same time.

38. THE YELLOW.-TAIL. (Oxyurus chrysurus.) A small.
fish with large fins. It is greenish olive, with oblique
streaks above the lateral lineand some shining golden
bands along the sides. Bermuda Islands.

39. THE GRAY SNAPPER. (Luganus caxis.) This is
avery common fish in Bermuda, with a low, elongated,
dark grey body. It is cunning and dexterous, and has,
from its ability to avoid all contrivances for catching it,
gained the nick-name of “Sea Lawyer.” It attains a
length of four feet,and is said to be one of the most
delicious of food-fishes.

40. THE FRESH WATER BASS. (Centrarchus eneus.)
A handsome and savory fish found abundantly in the

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34 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

great lakes and in the larger streams in the western coun-
ties of New York State. It is greyish brown, and each
scale has a dark centre. The anal fin has five or six
strong spines.

41. THE BLACK FRESH WATER BASS. (Centrar-
chus fasciatus.) A fish twelve to fifteen inches long and
common in the great lakes. It is of a dusky blue or
green color, often with transverse bands and conspicuous
dark spots atthe fins. The soft part of the dorsal fin is
covered with scales at the base. The anal fin has but three
spines. -

42, THE SUNSISH. (Pomotis auritus.) A common but
beautiful little fish that derives its proud name from its
glittering colors. It is greenish olive with numerous red
or orange spots; the operculum (gill cover) has a rounded,
membranaceous, bright scarlet lobe above the angle, Great
lakes and eastern rivers.

Fam.—Pvistipomatide.

43, THE YELLOW GRUNT. (Hemulon xanthopterum.)
We have received a great number of different kinds of
Grunts from the Bermuda Islands, where they are quite
common and plentiful. They have an oblong, compressed
body, a horizontal, wide mouth, blood-red inside, the usual
number of fins, and a differently, but always handsomely
colored body. The Yellow Grunt is easily recognized by
its color. Its length is from six to twelve inches.

44. THE WHITE GRUNT. (Hemulon quadrilineatum.)
Light colored, with two brown and two broad golden bands
along each side of the body. It is found in schools in the
Bermuda Islands,

45. THE BLUE-STREAKED GRUNT. (Hemulon ele-
gans.) A beautiful fish, with many waving, light-blue, hori-
zontal bands, edged brownish. Bermuda Islands.

46. THE MARGATE FISH. (Hemulon chrysopterum.)
This fish is nearly allied to the Grunts, but differs from

»

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 25

them by being larger in size and by its faculty to change
color. Generally it is of a beautiful pearly-white, with
two or three faint stripes along the body, but sometimes it
suddenly assumes a darker hue, the stripes becoming almost
black. Itslength is from nine to eighteen inches. Bermuda
Islands. .

47.°THE~ BLACK TRIPLE-TAIL., or. FLASHER.
(Lobotes surinamensis.) A high bodied, strong fish. It is a
foot or more in length, and is of a rusty blackish
color. The anal fin and the soft part of the dor-
sal fin, are of equal development, both reaching to about
the middle of the caudal and producing the appearance of a
triple-tailed fish. It is rare on our coast, but is found in
great numbers in the Carribean Sea, the Indian Ocean and
the Chinese Seas.

Fam.—Sparide.

48. THE SILVER BREAM. (Sargus argenteus.) The
color of this fish isa very brilliant silvery white, interrupted
only by a black band across the back of the tail. Its body
is high and compressed; the profile of its head is plain and
oblique so as to form a pointed mouth. Its length is from
six to twelve inches. It is common in Bermuda.

49. THE SHEEPSHEAD. (Archosargus probatocephalus.)
A big, clumsy fish with about a dozen large, bare teeth,
and five conspicuous blackish cross bands. The appear-
ance of its mouth and teeth, the profile of its head, curved
nose and forelead are sheep-like, whence the name. They
are found in our. waters during summer, when they are
eagerly looked after asa delicacy. They return to the
South in the fall. Length ten to twenty inches. Cape
Cod to Florida.

50. THE RHOMBOIDAL PORGEE or SARGO. (La-
godon rhomboides.) Similar to the preceding, but smaller
and more graceful. It has five dusky cross bars, like the
Sheepshead, longitudinal stripes above the lateral line, and
a black blotch at the origin of it. Length three to five
inches, Cape Cod to Florida.

26 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

51. THE BIG PORGEE. (Stenotomus argyrops.) A bril-
liantly shining fish with a high compressed body, convex
above. There are fourto six strong conical canine-like
teeth in the outer series of teethof bothjaws. This fish was
formerly abundant in our waters during the summer sea-
son, and was brought in large quantities to the markets,
where it commanded a high price. It has become scarce
now. Length six to twelve inches. Cape Cod to Florida.

Fam.—Sguamipinnes. :

52. THE FOUR-EYED FISH. (Sarothrodus bimaculatus.)
This is a very graceful and delicate fish, with a nearly cir-
cular outline, and a protruding and pointed snout. Its
body is pearly-grey; the vertical fins are bright yellow; a
black band runs across the eye. Its name has reference to
a black eye-like spot oneach side of the tail, which the
fishermen believe to be atrue eye. Brown Goode states
that it is usually seen in sheltered coves, lazily swimming
a few feet below the surface, under the shadow of some
high rock. Its length seldom exceeds four inches. Ber-
muda Islands.

53. THE ANGEL FISH. (olacanthus ciliaris.) This is
a common fish in the West Indies and the Bermuda Islands,
and is easily procured during summer; yet none more
beautiful has ever been placed in our tanks and none that
was regarded with as much pleasure andenthusiasm. It
is one of those tropical creatures which nature seems to
have endowed witha bountiful hand, and that awakens
feelings of admiration.

No description can give an adequate idea of the grace
and beauty of this fish. It must be seen to be appreciated.
Its body is short and high; the dorsal and anal fins are
very large, protruding at their anterior parts, thick at their
base and covered with scales, sothat they seem to bea
continuation of the body. The scales are large, delicate
brown with a shade of olive-green, and each of them is
edged with a lighter tint. The chin, nape, upper eye-lid,
base of the pectoral and ventral fins, and the margin of
the dorsal and anal fins are bright cobalt-blue, with lines

. NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 24
of the same color: extending over the operculum. The
caudal fin and the continuation or appendages of the
longest spines of the dorsal and anal finsare bright yellow.

The motions of the Angel Fish are slow. It is seen in
the sheltered parts of the coral reefs of the Bermuda
Islands, lazily and gracefully swimming or floating a few
feet below the surface. It feeds principally on coral-
polyps. It attainsa weight of four pounds, and is con-
sidered the best flavored fish in Bermuda.

54. THE BROWN ANGEL FISH. (olacanthus tri-
color.) We have received several specimens of this equally
handsome and graceful fish from Florida. Its form and
habits resemble those of the preceding species; its color
is mainly dark brown, each scale being edged with a
lighter color; the head and some markings are yellow.
Its length is from six to fifteen inches.

do. THE BLUE-STRIPED ANGEL FISH. (“olacan-
thus formosus.) ‘This is a small, dark-colored species, orna-
mented by four blue transverse bands over the body anda
blackish ocular band, edged with blue. We had several
specimens of this fish brought from Florida.

06. THE MOON FISH or THREE-TAILED PORGEE.
(Parephippus faber.) The body of this fish is much com-
pressed and elevated and has six dark vertical bands; the
third dorsal spine is elongated, and the anterior portion of
the dorsal and anal fins is protruding. Itisalarge and re-
markable looking fish, of from five to eighteen inches. It is
occasionally found in great numbers in our vicinity
during the summer. Cape Cod to Florida.

Fam.—Trighde.
ov. THE- SEA-RAVEN or YELLOW SCULPIN. (Ze-

mitripterus acadianus.) It is very difficult to give an exact
idea of what a sea-raven is. If we say, itis the must ugly, fan-
tastically comical, or funny-looking fish we ever saw, the
description would not be understood, and if we would give
the minutest details in an elaborate description, it would
_hot be read. It must be seen alive in water to be appreciated.

'
7
if
;
y
%
t

28 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

Fishermen have a great aversion to it and regard its
presence in their nets witha feeling little short of abhorrent
disgust ; some are even afraid to touch it, believing it to be
poisonous, and yet it isan object of great curiosity to
visitors.

The body of this remarkable fish is covered with appen-
dages, the form of which is very variable. Thecolor of
some specimens is brown with darker spots, that of others,
mottled like marble, or red, or bright Jemon with white
spots. There are no scales in its skin, so that when you
touch or handle it, it feels like a soft, slippery, quivering
mass of jelly-like substance. The sea-raven is often found

‘in the vicinity of New York, but it is more abundant fur-.

ther north.

58. THE NORTHERN SCULPIN. (Cottus greniandicus.)
A fish full of spines but without any scales. If attacked it
spreads all the spines so that no animal can touch it with-
out hurting itself. This species generally has circular white
spots on the abdomen. Polar Regions to Cape Hatteras.

59. THE SLENDER SCULPIN. (Cottus octodecim-spino-
sus.) When taken from the water this fish spreads its head
to twice its usual size by the distension of the branchial
membrane, and presents rather a formidable appearance.
The spine on the pre-opercle reaches the point of the opercle.
Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras.

60. THE SMOOTH-BROWED BULL-HEAD. (Cottus
mitchilli.) The most common ofthis genus in the vicinity
of New York. It is of a yellowish color, with confluent
bars and blotches over the body; all the fins with inter-
rupted black bars. ;

61. THE BANDED GURNARD OR SEA-ROBIN.
(Prionotus lineatus.) A rather queer looking fish, with
many spines and very large pectoral fins. In front of
these fins there are three filaments or fingers, which can
be moved separately and are used as feelers when it
crawls over the bottom. It is a bottom-feeder, and not
only devours various kinds of crustaceans but takes the bait
off the hook of fishing lines, carefully avoiding the sharp
steel points. Cape Hatteras to Florida.

: NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 29

62. THE WEB-FINGERED GURNARD. (Prionotus
carolinus.) Thisisa larger and scarcer species than the
preceding one. It is of a brown hue, clouded with a still
darker color. The first dorsal fin has a black spot; the
second is marked with oblique whitish streaks. Cape Cod
to Florida.

63. THE FLYING ROBIN. (Dactylopterus volitans.)
The pectoral fins of this queer looking fish are so largely
developed that it is enabled to leap above water and soar
after the manner of a bird, sometimes as far as two or three
himored feet. Liisa handsome fish, but so curiously
shaped as to make. a description of it difficult of compre-
hension. Length about six inches. Newfoundland to
Florida. :

Fam.—Sci@emde.

64, THE BIG DRUM. (Pogonias chromis.) A heavily
built fish attaining to a large size and a weight up to
eighty pounds. It is easily recognized by having about
twenty cirri or beards beneath the lower jaw. It is found
in our waters during summer, and feeds on mussels, clams
and oysters, varying this food with crustaceans. In winter it
is found in the South. The name is derived from a noise
it produces resembling the distant sound of drums, prob-
ably caused by the strong compression of the expanded
pharyngeal teeth upon each other, when they crush and
grind the oystershells. The young of this fish are
described as—

THE BANDED DRUM. (Pogonias fasciatus.) They re-
semble the old ones except in their color. Their surface
shines silvery, and.there are four to five blackish vertical
bands extending down the sides.

65. THE KING FISH. (Mentictrrus nebulosts.) A
handsome fish, with seven oblique dusky bands descending
from the back to below the lateral line, and a short barbel
at the chin. It often lies on its side to rest, appearing to
visitors as if sick or dead. It got its high-sounding name

30 NEW YORK AQUARIUM,

from the early English colonists, to designate the high
esteem in which it was held as an article of food. Cape
Hatteras to Florida.

66. THE LAFAYETTE FISH. (Liostomus obliquus.) A
handsome fish, with fourteen to eighteen transverse, oblique
bands over the back. Color whitish, shining purplish and
silvery when the sun strikes it. The front of its head is
nearly perpendicular. This fish happened to be in the
vicinity of New York in almost incredible numbers in the
summer of 1824, when “the great and good La Fayette”
arrivedin this city, and thus his name was unanimously
given to the fish which was then considered entirely new.
Since that time the Lafayette Fish is a permanent resident in
our waters, but seldom in great numbers. Its lengthisfrom
six to ten inches. Cape Cod to Florida. !

67. THE RED or SPOTTED BASS. (Sccenops ocella-
tus.) A beautiful, well flavored fish with a low body. There
are one or two conspicuous black spots at the root of the
caudal fin. It is bluish above; the head, cheeksand shoulders
are golden, with metallic reflections. Length one to three
feet. Cape Cod to Florida. 3

68. THE WEAK FISH, or SQUETEAGUE. (Cynoscion
regalis.) A fish with a long, slender body, bluish above,
with darker oblique streaks, following the transverse series
of scales. It visits our coast during the spawning season,
which lasts from April to November. The best time to
catch this fish is from June to October when the shad begin
to disappear. The meat of small weak-fish is white and
rather mealy ; while of those weighing about ten pounds
it is as flaky as that of a salmon,

Fam.—Scombride.

69. THE PILOT FISH. (Waucrates ductor.) Thisisa
well known fish to mariners. It generally accompanies
the shark, and receives its name from the supposition that
it 1. their leader. Probably it feeds on the matter execreted
and rejected by the shark, Its body is oblong and bluish

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. he

with five to seven dark vertical bands, and a keel on each
side of the tail. Its length is from six to eighteen inches.
It is found in all the seas of the temperate and tropical
regions.

70. THE SUCKER FISH or WHITE - TAILED-
REMORA. (Leftecheneis naucrates.) The most remarkable
peculiarity of this fish is the flattened disk on the upper
part of the head, into which the first dorsal fin is trans-
formed. By means of this disk, which is composed of
numerous transverse, cartilaginous, movable plates, the
Sucker fastens itself to the bottom of ships or to the belly
of fishes, such as large sharks. This serves the double
purpose of enabling it to travel to great distances, and to
get its nourishment from larger and stronger animals than
itself. This will account for its location at points so
remote from each other as China, Australia, and our own
coast, which it could not reach except by adhering to
ships. The ancient Romans, to whom this fish was well
known, believed that a ship, to which a Sucker fastened
itself, was unable to be moved. Its length is from twelve
to eighteen inches.

“1. THE HARVEST or DOLLAR FISH. (Poro-
notus triacanthus.) A gorgeously colored fish. Its sides
are resplendent with brilliant metallic green, blue and
golden hues. The body is much compressed and elevated;
the dorsal and anal fins are low and long, and of. equal
development. It is similar in size and form to the horse-
fish (No. 75), which it resembles in its dancing motion; the
dorsal outline is equally rounded in its entire length, but
it has no ventral fins like the horse-fish. Maine to Hat-
teras.

Pam.—Carangide.

72. THE HORSE CREVALLE. (Carangus hippos.) A
beautiful and gorgeously colored fish with a much com-
pressed and nearly elliptical body. The lateral line is
armed on its posterior part with bony plates. Length six
to nine inches. Cape Cod to Florida. |

73. THE YELLOW MACKEREL. (Carangus chrysos.
Similar to the former, but the body is lower, more elon-

32 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

gated, and the yellow color extends farther. Both fishes
appear in our waters in August, and leave about the begin
ning of October. In confinement they are very delicate,
and die when frightened. Length six to nine inches
Cape Cod to Florida.

74, THE THREAD FISH or LONG ISLAND
ANGEL FISH. (BLlepharichthys crinitus.) The beauty of
this little fish exceeds even that of the tropical fishes. Its
body, which is not over six inches in length, has an almost
circular outline, and is covered with a delicate skin, shining
with the colors of mother-of-pearl The pectorals and the
anal fin are elegantly shaped and of a silk-like appear-
ance. But the most remarkable feature of this fish is the
long, silk-like threads, the continuation of the spines of
the dorsal and anal fins. These surpass the length of the
body three to four times. The movements of this tender
fish are very interesting. It keeps afloat near the centre
of its tank, and moves carefully around so as not to hurt
its long, floating threads. It is scarce in our waters, but is
found during August and September on the Long Island
coast. Later in the season it returns to the Caribbean
Sea..' The French icolonists in| the yAntilles call it the
“Shoemaker” (Cordonnier), probably because of the long
threads which, at their ends, resemble pieces of white wax. |

75. THE HORSE or MONKEY FISH. (Vomer setipin-
nis.) The body of this fish is much compressed and elevat-
ed; the back is nearly straight, abruptly descending above
the eye and forming aconcave profile. It isa beautiful,
uniform silvery fish, swimming in a peculiar way. Each
stroke of the long pectorals brings it suddenly upwards,
but only to sink again the next interval, so that it seems to
be in a kind of dancing motion. Length six to ten inches.
Maine to Florida.

76. THE BLUE FISH. (Pomatomus saltatrix.) A well
known and valued table-fish, bluish above, lighter beneath
and on the sides. Its body is oblong and compressed. The
cleft of the mouth is rather wideand the jaws contain a
series of very strong teeth. Those caught in September
and October are the most prized. They have a wide range
in nearly all the seas of the tropical and temperate regions.

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 33

17. THE BLACK RUDDERFISH. (Patinurichthys per-
ciformis.) Anoccasional visitor to our shores. Its body is ob-
long, elliptical and compressed; length nineinches. Color
bronze black; eyes orange yellow. Maine to Cape Hatteras.

Fam.—Satrachide.

78. THE TOAD-FISH. (Batrachus tau.) An ugly fish
without any scales, and covered with a thick coating of
slime, so that the color does not appear with distinctness.
Sometimes it is olive-green, mottled with brown; at other
times it is brown, marbled with darker colors. The head is
wider than the body. Generally this fish lies motionless
at the bottom, half buried in the sand or in seaweed. It
sets its food either by sucking in small marine animals, or
by suddenly seizing smaller fishes within its reach. Its
flesh is said to be well flavored when. properly cooked.
Length six to twelve inches. Nova Scotia to Florida.

Fam.—Pediculat..

79° THE ANGLER, SEA-DEVIL, FISHING-FROG,
BELLOWS-FISH, GOOSE-FISH or MONK-FISH.
(Lophius pisca- AJ 2 a RRL BE os

tortus.) This is
a very ugly and
repulsive look-
pao Se LE
seems to be
nothing but
head or rather
mouth, with a =
small body at- =
tached thereto.
The “head is
nearly circular
in its outline,
the, cleft: of, the
mouth occupy-
ing half of it.
Ehe. teeth are
large and num-
erous, and there
are many small

barbels around the mouth. Its first dorsal fin consists of
1 a few, separate, very long and flexible spines, which are in
. perpetual motion, and thus serve to attract its prey, while
the fish is otherwise at rest on the bottom, half covered by
: sand and mud. Another peculiarity of its body are the
stalked or pedunculated pectorals which clearly indicate
their homology with thearms or forelegs of higher animals.
The Angler is not uncommon on our coasts. It has
been caught off the battery in New York City, and is
sometimes hauled
up by the lines
laid out for
codfish, hay-
ing swallowed one
-of the fish and be-
ing unable to get
rid of hook and
line. There have
been exhibited in
the Aquarium ssey-
eral specimens of =
this fish, and a -
large cast, made of
one of them, shows
all the remarkable
features of their
body; but unfor-
tunately it seems
to be almost impos-
sible to keep them
alive in the tanks
for more than a
couple of days.

|

a 34 NEW YORK AQUARIUM,
|

:

.

80. THE WALKING FISH. (Pererophryne levigata.)

This fish is a near relative of the Angler. Its pectoral

fins are pedunculated so as to resemble the forefeet of a

mammal, after the manner of which it usesthem. Itisa

: remarkable sight to see this curiously shaped fish quietly
and slowly crawl along the bottom of the tank, placing

one foot after the other with apparent cautious discern-

ment. But for this peculiarity one might be inclined to

~

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 35

take the Walking Fish for a Sea-raven, the odd fringes
and tossels of which are even more plainly conspicuous
and numerous than in the raven. The whole body is
covered with cutaneous tentacles; even parts of the fins
are transformed into tufts branching off to the sides like
fern leaves. The ground-color of the skin is yellowish,
largely marbled with brown; round white spots are on the
sides and belly. Specimens of this fish have been found in
the Atlantic, the Indian and Chinese seas, north of Aus-
tralia and in Polynesia. That exhibited in the Aquarium
was caught near Newport, R. I.,and presented by Mr. E.
V. Lawter.

Fam.—JSAlenniide.

81. THE SEA WOLF. (Anarrichas vomerinus.). A fish
three to five feet long, with an elongated body, long and
narrow dorsal and anal fins, a high and compressed head,
and large, ugly teeth in a wide mouth. It is said to be of
a voracious and savage character,and marvellous tales are
related by the fishermen of the strength and power of their
jaws, exaggerations, probably, from its formidable appear-
ance. Greenland to Cape Hatteras.

82. THE WRY-MOUTH, or GHOST-FISH. (Crypta-
canthodes maculatus.) A rare and remarkably shaped fish,
with an eel-like body and an oblong head, the lower jaw of
which is directed upwards in a very conspicuous way.
The name is derived from its sullen or wry-mouthed facial
expression. It isof areddish white color, with many irreg-
ular, bright, reddish brown blotches. Nothing is known
about its habits. In confinement it tries to conceal itself,
moves very little and probably feeds at night. Nova Scotia
to New Jersey.

88. THE EEL-POUT, CONGER-EEL or LAMPER-
EEL, (Zoarces anguillaris.) A fish with a long and narrow
body ; the dorsal, caudal and anal fins connecting. The
head is thicker and wider than the body; the mouth is sit-
uated at the lowerside. Its color is dark olive, varied with
dusky blotches. It is caught in company with the Cod.
Length two to three feet. Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras,

v
SSS ee eee ee

36 ; NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

Fam.—Acronurida.

84. THE DOCTOR-FISH. (4canthurus nigricans) This
fish derives its name from a movable, lancet-shaped spine,
situated in a longitudinal groove on each side of the tail.
It is dark-colored, with different, rather inconsistent mark-
ings of blue; its body is high and compressed. Its move-
ments are quick and nervous, and when kept confined with
other fish, they are subject to serious injury from its lancet.
They are of such a chivalrous character that one Doctor-
fish will even fight and kill another of the same kind
Their length is from six to twelve inches. We had speci-
mens of it brought from Bermuda.

Fam.—Labyrinthict.

8. THE GOURAMI. (Zvichogaster fasciatus.) A small,
but very handsome fresh-water fish from the East Indies,
imported to this country by Messrs. Chas. Reiche & Bro.
Their high and compressed body has many oblique, dark
stripes. The abdominal fins resemble long bristles, and the
anal fin is lined by vermilion dots.

Pam.—Mugilide.

86. THE STRIPED MULLET. (Mugili lineatus.) A
slender fish with nearly a straight dorsal outline; head
covered with large scales, shining with a greenish metallic
reflection. Length six to eightinches. Cape Cod to Florida.

Fam.—FPomacentrid@.

87. THE COW-PILOT, or SERGEANT-MAJOR. (GQ-
phidodon saxatilis.) A short fish, not exceeding six inches in
length, with an elevated body and five black cross bands in
a golden-green skin. It very common throughout the West
Indies, and frequents the sheltered waters in company with
Parrot, Angel,and Four-eyed Fishes. It feeds on shellfish.
Our specimens were brought from Bermuda, but did not
long survive the change.

> NEW YORK AQUARIUM. “34

Fam.—Ladbride.

88. THE HOG-FISH. (Lachnolemus falcatus.) This fish
gets its name from its swine-like profile and dentition. Its
body is compressed and elevated, its snout pointed, its dor-
sal spines protruding, and its skin resembles brown and red
marble. When it swims, the dorsal spines and their long,
streamer-like appendages or continuations give it a
singularly graceful appearance.

It is very common in Bermuda and caught there in great
numbers. It attains a length of thirty inches and a weight
of twenty pounds; has a hard, white, exquisitely-flavored
flesh, and ranges among the choicest of table-fish.

89. THE NEW YORK TAUTOG, or BLACKFISH.
(Tautoga onitis.) Belongs to the family of Zadvide or Wras-
ses, so called from /abrum or lip, which is protrusile in these
fishes. These fishes live on rocky shores, and feed chiefly
on mollusks. Their dentition is admirably adapted for
crushing shells and crabs.

The Tautog hasa compressed, oblong body, covered with
small, adherent scales; its color is bluish black, with ir-
regular darker blotches and bands. It is abundant on our
coasts from April until late in the autumn, when it retires
into deeper water. It weighs about two pounds, but is
sometimes found weighing as much as ten pounds. It isa
well-known, strong, savory fish, and isa great favorite with
anglers, to one of whom (Isaac M’Lellan) we are indebted
for the following accurately descriptive lines:—

Wherever kelp and sea-weed cling
To ramparts form’d of rugged rocks,
The tautog finds a dwelling place,
Deep down in waters at their base ;
Or where a passing boat hath met
Its fate along the rocky shore,
And, with its broken ribs and keel,
Lies rotting on the ocean floor— —
There, where the clinging shell and weed
Gather, and barnacles abound,
The blackfish, seeking out their food,
In numbers by the hook are found.

90. THE BERGALL or CUNNER. (Tautogolabrus
adspersus.) A prettily shaped, lively and cunning fish, with

Hit 38 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

a row of sharp, cutting teeth in both jaws, covered by fleshy

lips. Its colors are variable, more or less blue or brown,

i sometimes with dusky bars. The fishermen dislike this’

(3 fish because it nibbles their bait. Length six to twelve
: inches. Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras.

THE SPOTTED BERGALL. (Tautogolabrus uninotatus.)
Ei This is apparently only a variety of the former. It has a
black spot on the first two soit rays of the dorsal fin.

91. THE SLIPPERY DICK. (Cherojulis bivittatus.)
g This fish has its curious name from its ability to escape
Ife: from the nets and pounds, or from the hand, by aid of its
ea: quickness in moving and its slippery surface. When
caught and put into an open tank it tries to get out by
jumping high above the surface. It is a small fish, about
six inches long, with a straight upper and lower outline.
Its surface is covered by brown, bluish and red spots and
bands; the base of its dorsal fin is violet. It likes to hide
itself, and at night to sleep among the pebbles or sand at
the bottom of the tank, and so thoroughly does it conceal
itself that hardly a spot of it is to be seen; but when dis-
turbed it swims around lively and dexterously. The
inhabitants of the Bermuda Islands do not eat this fish be-
cause they have a superstitious belief that they will lose all
their hair after doing so

Fam.—Gadide.

92. THE CODFISH. (Gadus morrhua.) This is one of
the most valuable of all fishes. It lives in deep water
during the summer months, comes to the shores about the
end of August, and remains in the vicinity of the land all
winter. During this time many millions of them are =
caught. Their weight averages from five to fifteen pounds,
but it,is not uncommon to find specimens weighing forty
§ or fifty pounds, and several trustworthy persons have
. | reported the capture of cod of more than five feet in length
3 and of a weight of over a hundred pounds. The number
of eggs in one cod is simply enormous. In one instance
the roe weighed seven and three-quarter pounds, and, on

NEW YORK AQUARIUM, 39

a careful calculation, it was found to contain no fewer
than 6,876,000 eggs. This explains how it is possible that
the sea contains such a vast supply of this useful fish.

In 1865 it was discovered by Dr. George Ossian Sars, a
famous naturalist of Norway, that tke spawn of the cod
and similar fishes floats on the surface of the sea during
the whole period of its development, which is stated by
him to occupy sixteen days. The eggs are almost trans-
parent and resemble grains of boiled sago.

The Cod is found in countless schools in the northern
parts of the Atlantic ocean, both on the American and
European coasts, in greatest abundance, however, in the
vicinity of New England and Newfoundland, as was
known centuries ago. Those on the New England coast
are said to be better than what are caught off Newfound-
land. This was known as early as 1616. Capt. John
- Smith said in a report about them: “Inthe end of August,
September, October and November, you have Cod againe
tomake Cor fish or Poore John: & each hundred is as
good as two or three hundred in the New-found Land.”
Thomas Morton writes about the Cod at the coast of New
English Canaan (New, England), in 1636: “The coast
aboundeth with such multitudes of Codd, that the inhabi-
tants of New England doe dunge their grounds with Codd;
& itis a commodity better than the golden mines of the
Spanish Indies; for without dried Codd the Spaniard, Port-
ugal & Italian would not be able to vittell of a shipp for
the sea.”

The food of the Cod is greatly varied and consists,
according to the statement of Simeon F. Cheney, of crabs,
scollops, and the jellies on the bottom. Larger Cod eat
small flounders, small pollock and hake, small salmon,
sea-perch, cunners, with other things found at the bottom
of the water, but they always prefer the herring. Some
come in schools and eat the herring spawn.

There are two varieties of the Cod, a smaller one, with
a bright golden color, that lives mostly on the banks; and
a larger one with a brownish color that is found on the
shore. Some specimens of the former arealmost as bright
as goldfish. Theyare splendid to look at. “ Howunlike,”’
says Frank Buckland, “how very unlike is a live cod
to the flabby, big-headed creature one sees on the fish-
monger’s slab! The live Cod is an intelligent looking

40 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

creature. True he has an immense mouth and great roll-
ing eyes, but can’t he swim! He goes as easily and as
swiftly as an express train. A slight move of his tail and
away he goes, darting like an arrow.”

93. THE TOM-COD, or FROST-FISH. (Microgadus
tomcodus.) A small and lively fish, found on our coasts at
all times, but most abundantly after the first frost in the
early part of winter. Its head is small and flattened above;
its tail is long and slender. Itis of dark olive green color,
withirregular streaks and blotches. Length four to twelve
inches. Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras.

94. THE HADDOCK. (Melanogrammus eglejinus.) Has,
like the cod, a darbe/ at the chin, three dorsal and two anal
fins. The abdominal fins are situated in front of the pecto-
rals. It is distinguished from the cod by a lighter color,
the jet black lateral line, and by the form of the first dorsal
which is elevated and pointed.

The Haddock is not as common as the cod, though it
comes to our markets by the hundred thousands, and is at
times, particularly during summer, more easily obtained
than the latter. It is inferior as an’article of food, cannot
be kept alive in the wells of the fishing smacks like the cod.
and is very difficult to keep alive in a tank.

95. THE POLLOCK, or COAL-FISH. (Pollachius car-
bonarius.) Similar to the cod and often taken in company _
with it. Its color isa dark blackish green; the fins are
blackish brown. It has no barbel at the chin, or at most a
very )sinall..one. -Length one.to three feet. ..-Northern
Atlantic, on the European and American coasts.

96. THE CODLING or SQUIRREL-HAKE. (Pa&ycis
chuss.) Reddish brown; the third ray of the first dorsal elon-
gated; the filamentous ventrals almost half as long as the
body. It is sometimes very abundant on our coasts. Length
one to three feet. Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras.

97. THE SPOTTED CODLING. (Urophycis regius.)
The color of this fish is pale brown, the lateral line very
conspicuous, alternately black and white; the ventral fins

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 41

»

are reduced to a single long ray divided at its end. A sin-
gular habit of this fish is to lie for hours on its side, giving
it the appearance of being sick. Length ten inches. Cape
Cod to Cape Hatteras.

Fam.—Pleuronectide.

THE PLEURONECTIDA or FLATFISHES are common but very remark-
able fishes, both in regard to their form and development. Most people
would get the impression that Flatfishes lie on their belly, and that the
darker colored back is directed upwards. This is a mistake, as a look at
the fins and mouth will prove. Thelong dorsal and anal fins line the flat
body, one each of the pectorals and abdominals is above, one below,
and the jaws are placed as usual. Thus it is seen that Flatfishes lie on
but one side. From this it follows that the sides are differently colored
and, what is more remarkable, that both eyes are on one side of the
head. These two anomalies do not exist inthe young. Their form is
symmetrical like that of other vertebrates: both sides are of the same
light color, and one eye is on each side. But soon the eye on one side
sinks into the head; a mark like a buttonhole appears at the opposite
side, just above the other eye; the first one comes to sight again, and at
the same time the change in the color of the sides is completed.

Flatfishes are found on a bottom of sand and gravel, their sides partly
covered with it so that it is difficult to detect them. Only their large,
protruding, opalescent eyes, which can be moved singly, are easily dis-
covered. For moving through short distances they use parts of their
dorsal and anal fins, leaning on them and thus slightly pushing their
body. Their swimming consists of graceful, undulatory movements
which are very interesting to see.

98. THE SPOTTED TURBOT. (Lophopsetta maculata.)
Dark olive brown; body and fins with numerous black
spots; the anterior rays of the first dorsal fin with mem-
branous slips. This fish is considered a delicate article of
food, but seldom found in our markets. Its length gener-
ally does not exceed fifteen inches, but sometimes speci-
mens are caught that weigh twenty pounds. Cape Cod to
Cape Hatteras.

2

99. THE COMMON FLOUNDER. = (Chenopsetta ocel-
farts.) Olive brown; upper surface with spots, some of
which are ocellated or, encircled by a lighter ring. This
savory fish is abundant on our coasts during summer.
Its length is from twelve to eighteen inches.

42 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

100. THE RUSTY DAB. (Chenopsetta oblonga.) Nearly
uniform brown; occasionally with spots; fins reddish
brown; caudal fin angulated. Common along our sandy
shores, being abundant in September and October. Length
fifteen to twenty inches. Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras.

101. THE SPOTTED ‘SOLE. (Achirus lineatus.) Color
greenish brown, with numerous black lines and blotches.
No pectoral fins. This species is very common, but too
small to be of much value for the table. When kept ina
tank with a sandy or muddy bottom, it buries itself out of

sight. Length three to six inches. Cape Cod to Florida.

OrDER—Physostomt. Fam.— Stluride.

Numerous, mostly freshwater fishes, commonly called catfish, horned-
pouts, and bullheads. They are easily known by their peculiar form: a
broad head with thick lips and eight long, fleshy barbels, an unwieldy,
thick and short body destitute of scales, and an adipose fin (a fin without
rays Or spines) situated between the dorsal and anal fins. They are slug-
gish in their movements, particularly when full grown, and secure their
prey more by alluring it to their resting places at the muddy bottom than
by swiftness. Some species do not grow over eight inches in length,
others attain a very large size and a weight up to two hundred and fifty
pounds. The Aquarium had one specimen weighing one hundred and
sixty pounds.

102. THE COMMON CAT-FISH. (Amuzurus catus.)
Dusky, sides of the head greenish, those of the body cupre-
ous. Caudal nearly even and rounded. Length six to.
twelve inches. Abundant in lakes and streams.

103. THE GREAT LAKE CAT-FISH. (Amiurus nigri-
cans.) A large species from the great lakes; upper jaw longer
than the lower; caudal fin deeply forked; color plumbagi-
nous.

104. THE BROWN CAT-FISH. (Amiurus pullis.) Uni-
form dusky brown above, bluish white beneath. Abundant
in the lakes of New York and eastward. Lid ae

105. THE SEA-WATER CAT-FISH. (Adlurichihys ma-
vinus.) This is a handsome, swift and voracious fish, with
two very long, fleshy barbels at the angle of the mouth,

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 43

and two smaller ones at the chin. The dorsal fin is high
and considerably curved ; the caudal is crescent shaped.

. Fam.—Salmonide.

This family comprises more than one hundred and sixty species; most
of them are very valuable fishes, and famous for both their game character
and palatable flesh. They have an elongated, handsome body covered
with a prettily colored, scaly skin,a naked head, and mouth with strong
teeth, no barbels, and a small adipose fin behind the dorsal. In the
spawning season they ascend the rivers, some of them as high as the
region of permanent snow.

106. THE BROOK or SPECKLED-TROUT. (Salmo
fontinalis.) Body olive, with blackish numerous red spots.
It is an excellent and well. known fish, affording high sport
to the angler, and estimated in New York as the most relish-
able of all fishes. Their color varies nearly as much as their
flavor; those of clear mountain streams being considered
the best. Length six to twenty-four inches. The rivers and
lakes of British North America and the northern parts of »
the United States are abundantly stocked with them.

The Red-bellied Trout (Salmo erythrogaster) is a variety
of the Brook Trout, with a reddish-orange abdomen.

107. THE LAKE-TROUT, SALMON-TROUT,. or
MACKINAW-TROUT. (Salmo namaycush.) Grayish in
color and more or less spotted. Body stout and head very
large. Length two to six feet. “His great size and im-
mense strength alone” says Herbert, “give him value asa
fish of game; but when hooked, he pulls strongly and fights
hard, though he is a boring, deep fighter, and, I think, never
leaps out of the water like the true salmon or the brook-
trout.” Great lakes, north to the Arctic Seas.

108. THE CALIFORNIA SALMON. (Salmo quinnat.)
Head pointed and large, dorsal line regularly arched; cau-
dal deeply cut out. This is the most important salmon of
the western waters, both in excellenceand numbers. Many
millions of its eggs have been transported during the last
three years from California for distribution throughout the
Eastern and Middle States. The Aquarium received in the

44 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

fall of 1876, 50,000 eggs from Spencer Baird, of the U. S.
Fish Commission, which were successfully hatched and dis-
tributed in various adjacent waters. The same is done this
season. The Pacific coast of North America, from San
Francisco northward.

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109. THE GREAT LAKE-PIKE. (£so0x luctus var. es-
tor.) A beautiful fish, of an olive-green color, handsomely
spotted with round yellowish spots as large as peas; each
scale with a shining V-shaped mark opening sidewards.
Length one to four feet. Great lakes and the headwaters _
of the Mississippi. ;

110. THE MUSKALLUNGE. (Z£sox nobilior.) Grayish —
with white spots; cheeks and opercles half bare. Length,
one to six feet. Great lakes. 5

111. THE PICKEREL. (sox reticulatus.) Green, with a
network of brown streaks on the sides. Length, one to
three feet. It is abundant in the streams of the Eastern
and Middle States. | z

112. THE PIKE. (Esox americanus.) This fish is of a dark
green color. Its sides are marked with about twenty dis-

f tinct blackish bars. Its length is six to ten inches. It is
hose found in the Atlantic streams of the Eastern and Middle
: States.

ie

bes Fam.—Cyprinodoniide.

118. THE SHEEPSHEAD LEBIAS. (Cyfrinodon varie-
gatus.) A small fish with large scales, one inch high and
fa two inches long. The female has irregular and blackish
| vertical spots on the body. The male is without these spots.
7 It lives in salt and brackish streams in the neighborhood
of New York.

114. THE KILLIFISH. (Fundulus diaphanus.) This fish
abounds in all our salt water creeks (which our Dutch an-

“ NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 45
cestors called “kills’’) and bays. It is two to five inches long,
has a small, rounded caudal fin, a short and high dorsal placed on
the posterior part of the body, and is of a greenish color. The
male has many broad cross bands; the female three more or
less interrupted longitudinal bands.

Fam.—Sleteropygi.

115. THE BLIND FISH. (Zyphlichthys subterraneus).
_ Several specimens of this interesting little fish were received
_ from the famous Mammoth Cave in Kentucky. They are very
small, not exceeding two inches in length, colorless, and with-
out any ventral fins Their eyes are rudimentary and of no use.
On the head and sides of the body there are prominent ridges
consisting of minute papillae in which many nerves terminate.
These papillz are delicate organs of touch, enabling the fish
to feel its way in the eternal darkness of its surroundings.
They will live for several months in quiet, clear, and well aerated
water.

Fam.—Cyprinide.

116. THE COMMON SUCKER. (Catostomus teres). A
freshwater fish, having a long, rounded, tapering body, and
thick, fleshy hips, of which the lower one is pendent. Length
twelve to eighteen inches. It is abundant in our markets
in autumn.

117. THE LONG-FINNED CHUBSUCKER. (Carfiodes
cyprinus). ‘This fish has a slight resemblance to the European
Carp, and is often called by that name in this country. It has
a whitish skin and large scales; the first rays of its dorsal fin
are very much elevated and attenuated; the mouth is inferior.
Length twelve to twenty inches. Eastern lakes and rivers.

118. THE GERMAN CARP. (Cyprinus carpio). A famous
fish, from Germany, considered there as the most delicious and
palatable of all fishes. Originally it was only found in some of
the larger rivers, but many hundred years ago it was transported
to artificial and natural ponds, and now it is spread over the
larger part of Europe, some parts of Asia, and Australia. Those
in our tanks were presented to the Aquarium by the well-known

46 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

fish culturist, Herr von Hessels, who imported several thousands
of them, in the spring of this year, for the United States Fish
Commission. Of the numerous varieties, found in Europe, he
selected the so-called King Carp (Cyprinus Rex Cyprinorum),
which is more highly prized than all others. It has but a few
scales of enormous size, the larger part of its skin being naked.
The Carps are very tenacious of life, easily endure changes of
temperature, and will successfully feed on all kinds of vegetable
refuse.

119. THE GOLD FISH. (Carassius auratus). No other
fish is more widely distributed throughout the world than this.
It was imported from China to England, by Philippe Worth, in
the year 1728, was successfully bred and universally dis- —
tributed. There are many varieties of this fish exhibited in the
New York Aquarium, some with double anal or caudal fins,
some black, red, silvery white, or spotted. The most renowned
of all varieties is that described in the following section:

120. THE KINGIYO. This fish, together with seven
others, was imported from Japan by Mr. Gill, of the firm of
Martin, Gill & Co., large importers of tea from that country,
and presented by him to the Aquarium. Too much can-
not be said of the singular and unique beauty of this
specimen. The sides of its thick and short body are re-
splendent with the most brilliant golden and pearly hues. The
caudal and anal fins united are nearly the length of the entire
body, resembling the most delicate silken tissue; affords a
splendid view as it slowly and solemnly floats through the
water. Many visitors have expressed the opinion that this is
the most remarkable and beautiful fish they had ever seen.

121. THE LONG-TSING-YU, CHINESE QUADRUPLE
TAIL, TELESCOPIC or DRAGON-EYED FISH. Four
specimens of this valuable fish, which must be regarded as an-
other variety of the Goldfish, were imported to this country by
Messrs. Chas. Reiche & Bro. They have remarkably large,
protruding eyes, which almost seem to be located outside of the
head, and give to the small, lively, and gracefully-built fish a
resemblance to the Hammerhead Shark. All our specimens
came from China.

122. THE BLACK-NOSED DACE. (Rhinichthys atrona-
sus). A small fish, found abundantly in the streams and rivu-
lets of New York and adjoining States. It is from one to three

. NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 47

inches long, and is easily recognized by a black band that runs
from the snout to the root of the caudal fin.

Hiri i
wien
*

THE KINGIYO.

125. THE ENGLISH ROACH. (Leuciscus rutilus). Some
specimens of this fish were brought to this country by Capt,

48 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

Mortimer, of the ship “ Hamilton Fish,” a gentleman of large
experience and fine culture, and presented by him to the
Aquariura. They belong to a genus that has representatives
in Europe, Asia, and America. Our species has a silvery-white —
body, with red eyes and fins. .

124. THE SHINING DACE. (Leuciscus argenteus). A
handsome fish, with an elongated and silvery-white body. The
scales are large, and have blackish membyvanes at their base.
Length three to eighteen inches. New England and New York.

125. THE GERMAN TENCH or SCHLEIHE. (7Ziuca
vulgaris). A dark-colored fish, with two small barbels and
many thousands of small scales, deeply imbedded in a thick
skin. In favorable light they shine with a golden, resplendent
lustre. The Tench is found in muddy waters all over Europe.
In Paris its scales are used to make artificial pearls. Our fishes
were imported, together with the Carps, by Herr von Hessels.

126. THE SHINER. (Wotemigonus americanus). A beau-
tiful little fish, with a very small head, and convex dorsal and
abdominal outhnes. Itis greenish above, brilliantly lustrous
white at the sides. Length three to six inches. New Eng-
land, in bayous, ponds, and weedy streams.

Fam.—Clupeide.

127. THE MOSSBONKER or MENHADEN.. (Bre-
voortia menhaden). A very common fish, extensively used as
manure, and as bait for Mackerel, Cod, and Halibut on the
coast of Massachusetts. Its body is much compressed; the
surface silvery, with a prominent humeral spot. Length ten
to fourteen inches. Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras.

128. THE SHAD. (Alesa sapidissina). A well-known,
brilliantly shining fish, of most delicate taste. Millions of it
are caught all along our Eastern coast. During spawning time’
it ascends the larger rivers, often as far as one hundred and fifty
miles.

Fam.—Gymnotide.

129. THE COMMON EEL. (Anguilla Bostoniensis).
This spécies is found not only near Boston, as the name seems

. NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 49

to indicate, but everywhere on the coast and in the rivers of
Northeast America, also in Japan, Formosa, and China. It is
very variable in its colors: greenish, brownish, silvery gray, etc.
Its length is from one to four feet. The eel was of great value
to the Aquarium, as it afforded the principal food for the White
Whales kept there.

1380. THE GREEN MARAY. (Muraena maculipinnis).
The form and habits of this fish have a great resemblance to |
those of a large snake. It is from three to six feet long, has a
cylindrical body without pectoral fins; the dorsal and anal fins
are fleshy, low, and connected with each other; the mouth is
furnished with several rows of teeth, sufficiently large and
sharp-pointed to inflict severe wounds. In Bermuda they
catch it with a hook and line, and are very careful not to expose
themselves to its bite, killing it as soon as it is caught.

The Maray is nocturnal in its habits. In day-time it
generally hes motionless in a corner of its tank. When dis-
turbed, or brought into the neighborhood of other fishes, it dis-
plays its very dangerous array of teeth. Then suddenly
rushing upon its prey, it seizes and swallows it much as snakes
do their food. The color of its body is green, but very dark,
nearly black; the dorsal fin has a narrow white edge. It is
found in tropical latitudes of the Atlantic. Our specimen was
brought from Bermuda.

131. THE SPECKLED MARAY. (JAluraena moringa).
The size, form, and habits of this species are the same as of the
preceding one. Its body is grayish brown, with large, irregular
dots and blotches of a white or yellowish color, which give it a
very handsome appearance.

In Bermuda (where we received a fine specimen), this fish is
considered excellent food by the lower classes, but an impres-
sion exists that at certain seasons its flesh is poisonous. Both
species are near relatives to the Maray of the Mediterranean
(uraena helena), made famous by the tales of ancient writers.
They tell us that wealthy Romans kept these fishes in large,
artificial ponds, and valued them so highly that one patrician
magnate, Vedius Pollio, used to feed the flesh of his slaves to
them.

ORDER LOPHOBRANCHII.

Fishes the gills of which are composed of small, rounded lobes at-
tached to both sides ofthe bronchial arches. The gill opening is very

50° NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

small. The body is covered by a dermal skeleton consisting of numer-
ous pieces which are arranged in segments. The joints of these pieces
are generally elevated and keeled.

132. THE PIPE FISH. (Sygnathus peckianus). Body
long and slender; the head protruding into a narrow, pipe-like
snout, at the end of which the lower jaw moves like a projecting

lid. When swimming, it generally keeps its body perpendicular,

and moves only by handsome undulations of the long dorsal fin.
The female deposits her eggs into a pouch on the tail of the
male, covered by cutaneous folds. There they are kept until
they develop. The newly-born young are not much thicker
than a bristle. Length six to twelve inches, Newfoundland
to Cape Hatteras.

|

1383. THE SEA HORSE. (Hippocampus hudsonius). A
very interesting little fish, with a head resembling that of a

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 51

horse, and a finless, prehensile tail. As with the preceding
species, the male carries the eggs and young ina sac at the
base of the tail. Its swimming power is very limited, obliging
it to fasten itself to seaweed or other floating substances with
which it is often carried by currents to great distances. Its
food consists of small crustaceans like Mysis and allied species.
These it slowly approaches and suddenly sucks into its pipe-
like muzzle. It will also feed on the Serpula Dianthus.
Length three to six inches. Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras.

ORDER PLECTOGNATHI. FaAm.—Sclerodermi.

184. THE EUROPEAN FILE-FISH or BERMUDA
TURBOT. (Balistes capriscus). A large, beautiful, and re-
markably shaped fish. Its body is high and compressed; its
mouth very small; its skin dusky brown, and unspotted, but
with obliquely-crossing lines indicating the position of the large,
rough, and prominent scales. Length twelve to eighteen
inches. Atlantic Ocean, on European and American coasts.

1385. THE LONG-TAILED FILE-FISH. (Alutera cuspi-
cauda). Body high, compressed, almost like a leaf. Skin
brown, varied with orange, covered with minute asperities,
making it rough like shagreen. Tail lancet-shaped, and nearly
half as long as the body, the length of which is from five to
eight inches. Cape Cod to Florida.

136. THE MASSACHUSETTS FILE-FISH or FOOL-
FISH. (Stephanolepis Massachusettensis).. Brown, with ob-
scure blackish spots or streaks. Length three to seven inches.
Nova Scotia to Florida.

137. THE COW-FISH. (Ostracion quadricornis). The
appearance of this fish is very singular. The integuments of
its body are modified into a three-ridged carapace composed
of hexagonal, osseous scales; only the snout-like mouth, the
bases of the fins, and the hind part of the tail are covered by
soft skin. Over each eye there is a prominent, conical spine,
pointing straight forward, and giving it: the cow-like appear-
ance. Another flat, prominent spine, directed backward, is
situated on each ventral ridge. The color of the carapace is
very handsome in full light, but changes a good deal. Itis a

52 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

tich bright blue, with reticulated brown lines, and light ocelli.
After death the color quickly vanishes. ‘

The motions of the Cow-fish are slow and cautious. It often
rests for hours at the bottom of the sea. It lives well in a large,
well aérated tank, and feeds freely on shrimps and clams.
Sometimes it ejects water from its mouth over the surface, to
a distance of three or four feet. Its length is from twelve to
twenty-one inches. Bermuda.

138. THE TRIANGULAR FISH’ or CUCKOLD.
(Ostracion triqueter). Similar in shape and organization to
the preceding species, but smaller, seldom exceeding eight
inches, without spines, and differently colored. It is dark
brown, with many yellowish-white circular spots. Its motions
are livelier than those of the Cow-fish, though it is not a rapidly
swimming fish. Its broad. pectoral fins are constantly moving,
their chief function apparently being to fan a current of water
through the gills. “‘When taken from the water,” says G.
Brown Goode, “ one of these fishes will live for two or three
hours, all the time solemnly fanning its gills, and when restored
to its native element, seems none the worse for its experiences,
except that, on account of the air absorbed, it cannot at once
sink to the bottom.” Like the Cow-fish, it has the habit of
throwing water over the surface, suddenly projecting its fleshy
lips and causing a small body of water to fly through the air.
West Indies and Bermuda Islands.

—.

Fam.—Gymnodontes.

Fishes with a short body. The bones of the jaws instead of bearing
teeth are themselves transformed into a sharp, cutting beak, the upper
and lower part of which is sometimes divided by a median suture. They
have no ventral fins, and the other fins are small and soft.

1389. THE ROUGH..§ PUFFER or SWELL-FISH:
(Chilichthys turgidus). Olive green; the surface roughened
with prickles; body oblong and cylindrical. This fish is
abundant on our coast, and derives its name from the swollen,
ball-like shape it takes when removed from the water and
rubbed with the hand. It is of no value for the table. Length
six to twelve inches. Cape Cod to Florida.

140. THE PORCUPINE-FISH or SEA-HEDGEHOG.
(Paradiodon hystrix). The peculiar armor of this fish, and its

ms NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 53
ic

capability to swallow either air or water, thereupon assuming
the form of a ball, have attracted general attention. It is
abundant in the West Indies, and is found in the tropical and
subtropical latitudes of other oceans. Two specimens were
brought from Bermuda to the Aquarium. ‘They were eighteen
inches long, having a very thick body, a high and broad, nearly
quadrangular, head, and were covered with long spines, the
greater number of which were capable of being erected.

141. THE SPINY BOX-FISH or BALLOON-FISH.
(Chilomycterus geometricus). Greenish, with numerous wind-
ing, brown stripes, and a few dark-colored blotches. The sur-
face is covered with short, partly movable spines. ‘This fish is
able to inflate itself with water or air, taking the form of a ball
in both instances. When the inflation is with water it falls to
the bottom, with air it rises upside down to the surface.
Length five to seven inches. Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras.

SUBCLASS GANOIDEI.
OrRDER—Holostet. Fam.—A mide.

142. THE FRESHWATER DOG-FISH or MUD-FISH.
(Ama calva). Color dark olive, with greenish markings at the
sides. The male has a roundish black spot on the caudal fin ;
the female, which is of larger size, is without this mark. Its
body is oblong and stout, the jaws are broad, rounded, and sup-
plied with strong teeth.. The dorsal fin is very long.

This fish is very interesting on account of its manner of
breathing. It possesses a real lung, or rather a part of its air-
bladder acts as a lung. It frequently comes to the surface
either to inhale or exhale air. Its respiration in this way re-
sembles that of the proteus and of the earlier stages of frogs,
toads, and salamanders, which have both lungs and gills. Its
flesh is soft and pasty, but not edible. In some regions it 1s
called “ The Lawyer,” because “it will bite at anything, and
is good for nothing when caught.”

. Fam.—Lepidosteide.

143. THE GAR-PIKE. (Zepidosteus osseus). The body
of this fish is covered with hard, enameled, lozenge-shaped,

54 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

shining plates, a peculiarity which is found in a very large
proportion in the earlier fossil fishes, but which is exceed-
ingly scarce now. Another remarkable peculiarity is, that the
Gar Pike, like the preceding fish, uses part of its air-bladder as
a lung, and comes to the surface to breathe.

Its body is elongated and cylindrical; its head is prolonged
into a long and bony snout, exceeding in length twice the rest
of the head. ‘The color of the body is olive, with numerous
black spots that are most conspicuous in the fins. Length one
to five feet. It is abundant in the larger bodies of water in the
North-eastern States.

°

OrDER—Chondrostet. Fam.— Acipenserida.

Fishes with an elongated fusiform body, the skin of which is devoid of
scales, but covered with five rows of bony plates. The mouth lies at the
lower side of the protruding snout, is transverse, protractile, and tooth-
less. There is a row of four barbels in front of the mouth. The tail has
two unequal lobes, the upper one being the larger. ;

144, THE SHARP-NOSED or COMMON SEA-STUR-
GEON. (Acipenser sturio). This is a handsome fish, with a
very peculiar form. It has the appearance of a gallant knight,
covered with a showy armor, but its habits do not agree with
this appearance of valor. It lies much at the bottom, to which
the heavy body, burdened by the bony shields, drag it, and
there, by means of its four barbels and protractile mouth, it
finds its food, which consists of vegetation and decayed animal
matter. In spring it is found at the confluence of rivers where
sometimes specimens of fifteen feet in length are caught. The
meat, eggs (for caviar), and swimming-bladder (for isinglass) are
extensively used. Atlantic Ocean, ascending rivers.

145. THE BLUNT-NOSED STURGEON. § (Acipenser
brevirostris). The snout, which in the foregoing species is
pointed, and measures half the length of the head, is blunt in
this one, and reaches but a quarter of the length of the head.
There are 11-13 dorsal plates in A. sturio, 8-go in A. brevi-
rostris; 37-44 dorsal rays in the first one, .30 in the latter.
Cape Cod to Florida.

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 55

SUBCLASS CHONDROPTERYGIIL.

OrDER—P/agiosiomata. Fam.—Selachoidet.

Fishes with an elongated and nearly fusiform body. Their skin con-
tains an immense number of small ossifications, making it rough and
shagreen-like. The pectoral fins are separated from the head (united
with it in the Rays). They are easily recognized, as the elongated
snout gives them a very marked appearance. The mouth, situated at
the lower surface of the head, is armed with several rows of formidable
teeth. There are five narrow gill-openings at each side of the neck.

This family of fishes comprises among its 125 members the largest and
most dangerous of all. The majority of them are small, measuring from
three to five feet, but some attain the size of thirty feet and a weight of
two thousand pounds. They are the frequent companions of ocean vessels,
devour whatever is thrown overboard, from the meanest article of food to
man himself, don’t reject even iron or wood and really take into their
capacious stomach, without selection, whatever they are able to swallow.
This voracious character, together with their danger to human life, creates
an enmity towards them among sailors the world over. In their mutual
strife it is a case of ‘no quarter.”

146. THE BLUE SHARK. (Zulamia Milbert/). A fish
not over five feet long, which hangs around the fishermen’s
quarters, and feeds on offal and dead fish. It is sometimes de-

structive to the pounds by the force of mere numbers. Cape
Cod to Florida.

147. THE SMOOTH DOG-FISH. (Mustelus canis). A
fish of slender form, from one and a half to four feet long, in
color a dull, ashy gray above, white beneath. The name is de-
rived from the skin, which is smoother than in any other kind of
shark, the ossifications being extremely small. It generally keeps
near the bottom, where it feeds on crustaceans, the shell or
crust of which is easily broken by their numerous and pointed
teeth. It sometimes swarms in vast numbers around and into
the fishermen’s nets, particularly on the Massachusetts coast
at Menemsha-bight. Hundreds of boys and girls are employed
to take out the livers, which are used in the manufacture of
fish-oil. The bodies are afterwards used as manure by the.
farmers, Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras.

148. THE MACKEREL SHARK. (Jsuropsis Dekayi). A
powerful fish with one very large and one small dorsal fin, and
a keel on both sides of the tail. Its length is from four to
eight feet. It follows the shoals of mackerel so regularly that

Lt

56 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

the fishermen watch it and are guided by its movements in
throwing out their nets. Newfoundland to Florida.

149. THE PICKED DOG-FISH. (Sgualus americanus).
A gray-colored Shark of one to three feet in length, with a
strong spine in front of the two dorsal fins. It is the most common
shark on the eastern coast of America, particularly near New-
foundland, where, in spring and autumn, it forms an important
fishery for the oil which it furnishes. The fishermen avoid this
shark, as it is very skillful in inflicting ugly wounds with its
spines. These it dashes violently into its enemy by bending
the dorsal side down and suddenly straightening it again.
During nine or ten months in the year the female daily brings
forth a young one six to eight inches long. The half developed
eggs, which are covered by a transparent, brownish shell, can be
cut out of the female and kept alive in sea-water for several
days. The constantly swinging body, with the bright red ex-
ternal gills, and the tender blood lines which encircle the yolk
and bring nourishment to the young, form a highly interesting
preparation.

Fam.—#atordet or Rays.

They resemble Sharks in their organization, but not in their external
form. The body has a round or rhomboid form, the sides-of. which are
represented by the large pectoral fins which are attached to the hind part
of the head. The snout is pointed and elongated ; the mouth, nostrils,
and gill openings are situated at the lower, the eyes and the spiracles
(small apertures behind the eyes) at the upper surface. The latter con-
duct new water to the gills when the rays lie at the bottom and have
their mouths closed, or when they feei. The narrow and long tail gene-
rally has two dorsal and one anal fin ; the latter heterocercal or unequal
in its lobes. Their eyes show a very remarkable peculiarity, consisting
of a fringed curtain that hangs down from t!e upper border of the iris
and covers part of the pupil. The eggs of the Rays are wider than tliose
of the Sharks, have a less transparent case, and resemble flat cushions,
with long, coiled strings at the four corners. When deposited, the fe-
male takes the egg into her mouth and fastens it to seaweed, rocks,
oyster-shells and the like.

150. THE TORPEDO, CRAMP-FISH, or NUMB-FISH.
( Torpedo occidentalis). This fish is renowned for its electric
power. The electric organs lie on both sides of the head, or
between the pectoral fins and the head, and consist of numer-

ous small boxes resembling bee-cells, which are filled with a

gelatinous substance. Many tender nerves enter these boxes

=
P:
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4

_
;

= NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 57

from one side and, near the surface, form a complicated net-
work of nervous cells and fibres. The side covered by the
nervous network is the same in all the boxes, either the upper
or the lower one, and thus an electric current is established be-
tween the two opposite sides. The surface with the network is
found tobe electro-positive, the other electro-negative. The
electric shocks which this species can give are not dangerous,
though very sharp. Fishermen are fond of making fun with it.
The body of the Torpedo is a broad, smooth disk. The tail
lias a longitudinal fold along each side. It is found, in small
numbers, from Cape Cod to Florida. .

151. THE PRICKLY RAY. (Rata americana). Brown
and unspotted, with pointed groups of prickles on the upper

surface, and four series of spines along the tail. Its length is
from one to two feet. Cape Cod to Florida, .

58 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

152, THE BARNDOOR SKATE. (Raia levis). Light
brown and unspotted, with small spines on the orbits and an-
terior margins of the pectoral fins. It has three rows of spines
on the tail. The rest of the body is smooth, and is from two
to four feet in length. Nova Scotia to Florida.

153. THE SPOTTED RAY. (Raza ocellata) Light brown,
with numerous ocellated black spots. Its length is two to
three feet. It is caught with a hook in company with the Cod.
New England coasts.

154, THE STING-RAY, WHIP-RAY, or STINGA-
REE. (7Z7rygon cenirura). Above, its color is olive brown, be-
neath, white, tail longer than the body, and armed with two or
more spines. The total length of this fish is from five to eight
feet. When captured it violently whips its tail about, the spines
of which can inflict ugly and dangerous wounds. Fishermen
pronounce it poisonous. Cape Cod to Florida.

155. THE BUTTERFLY RAY. (Pteroplatea maclura).
Above, the color is greenish blue, with pale spots, below, it is
pale red. Its body is twice as broad as long. Its tail is very
short. Its mode of swimming is very interesting, the flapping
of the large sides reminding one of the motions of flying birds
and butterflies. Cape Cod to Florida.

156. THE COW-NOSED RAY. (hinoptera quadriloba).
This Ray differs from most of its relatives by having the head
free from the pectoral fins. It is provided, however, with a
pair of rayed appendages to the head called cephalic fins by
some naturalists. Its tail is very slender, with a dorsal fin be-
fore the serrated spine. It is caught in the vicinity of New
York, and is said to be very troublesome to the amateur fisher-
man, as it runs off with his bait and spoils his line. Cape Cod
to Florida.

SUBCLASS CYCLOSTOMI.

These fishes are, with one exception, the Lancelet, the lowest and
most imperfectly built of all. They have a cartilaginous skeleton, no
ribs, limbs, shoulder girdle, nor pelvic elements, no real jaws, no scales,
only one nostril, and their gills have the form of fixed sacs. Fheir mouth
is nearly circular, and provided with many acute labial teeth, In their

x NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 59
*

manner of feeding they resemble the leech. They fasten themselves to
other fishes by suction, and feed by scraping off their flesh. The young
are without teeth, have rudimentary eyes, and undergo a metamorphosis.

157. THE SEA LAMPREY. (Petromyzon americanus).
Body olive green, mottled with dark brown; seven round gill
openings on each side. Length four to six inches. Cape Cod
to Cape Hatteras, ascending rivers. .

158. THE SMALL LAMPREY. (Ammocoetes appendix).
Yellowish; the seven gill openings are elongated; the anal fin
has a thread-like appendix on its anterior portion. Length
four to six inches. Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras, ascending
rivers.

CRUSTACEA.

159. THE FIDDLER or SOLDIER CRAB. (Gelasimus
pugnax). An amusing little crab, with one claw longer than
the whole carapace. It lives in muddy. banks and in ditches
in salt-marshes, sometimes in such numbers that all around
where they congregate it is perfectly honeycombed. When one
crab goes into the hole of: another a lively fight follows, and not
-unfrequently a general commotion takes place, after which each
one gets into the first hole he can find. Cape Cod to Florida.

160. THE ROCK CRAB. (Cancer trroratus). Larger
than the preceding. sometimes measuring three or four inches
*- across the shell, and easily distinguished by having nine blunt
teeth at the outside of each eye. It is found on rocky and
sandy shores and bottoms, and is, like all the other species of
crabs, greedily devoured by many of the larger fishes, such as
cod, haddock, tautog, black bass, sharks, and sting-rays. Lab-
rador to South Carolina. -

161. THE MUD CRAB. (Panopeus depressus). A small
crab, not exceeding two inches in length, with a flattened body
and large, unequal claws on the two front feet. It lives on
oyster-beds, and is believed to feed on the spawn of the oyster.
Cape Cod to Florida. ,

162. THE GREEN CRAB. (Carctnas menas). This crab
is found in abundance on very different places along our coasts,
chiefly on rocky, sandy, and muddy shores and in brackish

60 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

waters. It is cosmopolitan in its habits, lives among the oysters
in muddy places, or hides itself in the cavities made by fiddler-
crabs in the ditches and streams of the salt marshes. Our
specimens are about two inches long, and have a dark-green
carapace with five teeth on the anterior margin at the outside of
each eye. They are voracious and dexterous, tear the food out
_of the claws of large Hermit crabs, and are bold enough to put
one of their large claws between the valves of different shell-
fishes to pick out the soft body from the interior. Cape Cod
to Florida.

163. THE LADY CRAB. (Platyonichus ocellatus). This

is a very handsome crab, both in form and color. Its cara-
pace is almost as wide as long. Its eyes are situated on long
stalks, enabling them to protrude upward to the water when the
animal is totally buried in the sand. “The Lady Crab,” says
Verrill, “is predaceous in its habits, feeding upon various
smaller creatures, but, like most of the crabs, it is also fond of
dead fishes or any other dead animels. In some localities they
are so abundant that a dead fish or shark will, in a short time,
De completely covered with them; but if a person should ap-
proach they will all suddenly slip off backwards and quickly
disappear in every direction beneath the sand. After a short
time, if everything be quiet, immense numbers of eyes and an-
tennz will be gradually and cautiously protruded from beneath
the sand, and, after their owners have satisfied themselves that
all is well, the army of crabs will scon appear above the sand
again, and continue their operations.”

Sometimes they are seen actively swimming near the surface
of the water, their last pair of feet being flat and wide and per-
fectly adapted to this motion. Their ground-color is white or
gray, but almost entirely covered with annular spots formed by
minute red and purple specks, which give it a very handsome
appearance. Its length is six inches. Cape Cod to Florida.

164. THE BLUE or EDIBLE CRAB. (Callinectes has-
fatus). Like the Lady Crab, this one has a pair of flattened
legs which it can use to good purpose in swimming. The larger
ones are commorly found among the eel-grass on muddy bot-
toms, and in brackish water. They are easily distinguished
by their brilliant blue color, and by the large, sharp spine on
each side of the carapace. They are caught in great numbers
for the market, those having recently shed their shells, the soft-
shelled crabs, being especially in demand. Cape Cod to Florida,

’ NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 61

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165. THE SPIDER CRAB. (Zibinia canaliculata). This
crab has a comparatively small carapace and very long legs, re-
minding one of the spider. The larger specimens, sometimes
measuring a foot and more across the extended legs, are very
sluggish in their movements, and conceal themselves in mud
and decaying weeds, and hydroids, algz, and even barnacles
grow on them. The smaller specimens, when kept in a clear tank
where they cannot conceal themselves, cover their back with
particles of ulve, sponge, or whatever they can get. They pinch
suitable pieces off with their claws, bring it to their mouth, cover
the base of it with a kind of glue, and paste it deliberately on
their back. Our tanks show several with pieces of red and
gray sponge, green ulve and small shells, and often we are
asked by visitors why we (?) had pasted on them such a mix-
ture of ornaments. From their habits they received the by-
name of “decorating spider crabs.” Maine to Florida?

ms
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2 HORSE SHOE G

166. THE LONG-ARMED HERMIT CRAB. (Zupagurus
longocarpus). This active and interesting little crab is well
known to sea-side visitors from its habit of living in empty
shells, in order to protect its soft hinder parts. It is very pug-
nacious, always ready to fight with one of its kind, but after the
first encounter both retreat as far as possible into their shell
and cover the aperture with the large claw. A remarkable cir
cumstance in their organization is a lack of symmetry, or one-
sidedness. Not only their claws, but the two sides of the whole

62 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

body are unequal in size, so as to fit closely in spiral shells.
They are found abundantly in pools near low water, and on
muddy, rocky, or sandy bottoms in deep water, where they are
eagerly sought by fishes, which swallow them a and all.
Massachusetts to South Carolina.

167. THE SHORT-ARMED HERMIT CRAB. (£z-
pagurus pollicaris). This species attains a larger size, and con-
sequently inhabits larger shells, such as pear-snails, natica,
heros, etc. Its claws are shorter and thicker than those of
the long-armed crab. It is devoured by sharks and sting-rays.
Massachusetts to Florida.

168. THE LOBSTER. (Homarus americanus). It is very
interesting to watch the movements of this common but
strangely-shaped animal, to observe how cautiously he ap-
proaches a new inhabitant of the tank, how carefully he selects
the safest corner, always ready to protect himself by his huge
shears, and how suddenly he flaps his tail and glides backwards"
through the water. There is a handsome variety in one of the
cement tanks, a lobster of a sky-bluwe color without any dark
shade; another variety; entirely scar/et, a present of Gen. Jar-
dine, was kept for a few days in the same tank. The latter re-
sembled a boiled lobster, and many visitors would not believe
it to be alive until they saw it moving.

These varieties show that there are two colors in the crust of
a lobster, blue and red. Generally the latter is partly covered
by the former, producing a color that is neither blue nor red
Only in a few instances, like those of our red and blue speci-
mens, does nature restrict itself to one color. The lobster is
caught abundantly on the coast of the Northeastern States and
in the Bay of Fundy.

169. THE CRAWFISH. (Cambarus Bartonit and allied
species). This is the largest of freshwater crustaceans. It re-
sembles the lobster, except in its size and in some minor par-
ticulars, as, for instance, the form of the last plate of the tail,
which is divided, while it is entire in the lobster. American
freshwater crustaceans, though numerous in species, are but
scarce in number, and are seldom found in the market or known
as an article of food. In Europe similar crawfishes are ess ie
larly for sale in such months as are spelled without an “r,” the
reverse of the rule that governs the sale of oysters.

K NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 63
The crawfish is remarkable for its mode of swimming. It
flaps its abdomen (erroneously but usually called the tail)
against its breast, and by this means swims rapidly backwards,
while it uses its numerous legs for forward or lateral motion.
Often it is found at a considerable distance frorn the streams,
using occasional pools, or burrowing through a moist surface in
order to reach water below. It feeds upon animal matter, both
dead and alive, and is so eager for carrion that Audubon called
ita “little aquatic vulture.”

170. THE BLIND CRAWFISH. (Cambarus pellucidus).
We received a few of these animals from the renowned Mam-
moth Cave of Kentucky. They lived for several months, being
kept in a large glass globe, and though exposed to the light,
there was no perceptible change in their yellowish gray color.
Their eyes were seen to show externally all the peculiarities of
the eye of a crawfish, having a movable peduncle, or stem, to
the end of which a cornea was attached. But the microscope
showed this cornea to be partly opaque and without that pe-
culiar structure which enables an animal to get distinct optical
impressions. The power of vision in these fishes is lost by
disuse.

i7l. THE SPINY LOBSTER. (Padlinurus vulgaris). A
native of Bermuda, and distinguished from the common lobster
by its red color, the spiny carapace, aud the want of pincers
or shears on the large legs. ‘The same species is caught on the
south-European coasts of the Atlantic and Mediterranean, sent
to the market in large quantities, and is as highly appreciated
as our lobster. The female carries its eggs under the abdo-
men, and in the same way that the crawfish and common lob-
ster do, but the young are so different from the parent lobster,
that until recently they were considered to be entirely different
animals, and were described as glass shrimps, or Phyllosoma.

172, THE FLAT LOBSTER. (ScyMarus aequinoxialis).
The body, the antenne, and the tail plates are flat and broad ;
the feet are very short. This crab is very quiet, likes to bury
itself out of sight, and does not live well in a tank. Its color
is dark red. Length eight to twelve inches. Bermuda Islands.

173. THE SAND SHRIMP. (Crangon vulgaris). It is
found in immense numbers on sandy flats, in tide pools,
and on the sandy bottoms in deeper water. Numerous fishes

A

64 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

feed on it, such as the weak-fish, king-fish, blue-fish, flounder,
striped bass, sea-robin, toad-fish, etc. If it were not such a
prolific species it might be extinguished in a short time. In
dangerous places it buries itself partially in the sand. The
appearance of the sand shrimp in a tank with clear water
plainly shows how the beauty of an animal and the interest it
inspires depends upon its being seen in natural condition. He
who knows the shrimp only as he sees it in the market-basket,
will hardly believe that the handsome, transparent creature
with beautiful caudal plates is naught but the little, dark gray
mass of salted morsel with an ugly agglomeration of crooked
legs he used to know under this name. It is found on both ©

- sides of the northern Atlantic Ocean.

174. THE SILVER-SHRIMP. (Pandanus annulicornts).
Sold for fish-bait in the New York markets. It lives well in
the tanks, is useful as a scavenger and as food for nearly all
fishes. Northern Atlantic.

175. THE COMMON PRAWN. (Palemonetes vulgaris).
Similar to the former, but easily distinguished by its bigger
body and by the possession of a denticulated spine at the
front. It is found in countless numbers among the eel-grass in
brackish waters, and on many other places from Massachusetts
to the Carolinas. For the table it is preferred to the shrimp.

176. THE LOCUST-CRAB. (Sguzlla empusa). This is a
very peculiar and interesting creature, living on muddy bot-
toms, and probably burrowing out of sight for the larger part
of the year. It is sometimes caught in considerable numbers
among the ice at the mouth of the Hudson. Its length, when
full grown, is eight or ten inches. In our tanks they swim very
lively during day-time, bend their body to a half circle, move
their numerous fect incessantly with astonishing rapidity, and
feed during the night. Cape Cod to Florida.

177. IDOTEA CCA. Lives parasitic on fishes, and was
taken off in great numbers from drum-fishes, striped bass, and
others. Massachusetts to Florida.

178. LIVONECA OVALIS. Taken off the gills of striped
bass.

179. LERNEOLEMA RADIATA. Parasitic on moss-
bonkers, striped bass, and other fishes.

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. | 65

180. THE BARNACLE. (Balanus balanotdes). This ani-
mal resembles a low, blunt cone fastened to stones or shells.
Periodically a small, hardly perceptible bunch of fine threads
is thrown out from the upper end and quickly drawn back
again. These threads, which are twenty-four in number, are
the divided and minutely articulated legs of which the barna-
cle has six on each side. By their movements it draws water and
food into its shell. The young are quite different from the old
ones, and are able to swim. After fastening themselves they
not only lose the ability to swim, but also the eye, and thus
constitute an example of retrograde metamorphosis through
which the individual loses and the species gains, as the power
of reproduction inheres in the Barnacle only in its advanced
condition of life.

THE HORSE-SHOE CRAB,

66 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

181, THE GOOSE-BARNACLE. (Lepas fascicularis).
Found in Wood’s Hole on floating timber. Lived a short time
in the tanks.

182, THE HORSE-SHOE CRAB or KING-CRAB.
(Zimulus polyphemus). Common on sandy shores, just below
water-mark ; more abundant still on muddy bottoms, where it
buries just beneath the surface and feeds upon various small
animals. The upper side of this large crab at first sight shows
nothing but two large shields and a long spine, the lower shield
exhibiting a complicated agglomeration of legs. Looking
closer, two large eyes are found on the front shield, and two
smaller eyes are lying in front of them. The mouth, situated
at the lower surface, is surrounded by six pairs of differently
shaped legs, the claws of which are employed to seize the food
and conduct it to their own basal parts in order to be crushed
and lacerated by them. The same organs combine the triple
function of moving, seizing the food, and preparing it for di-
gestion. The hinder part of the lower side carries another
dozen of legs, which also have a double function. They act as
swimming organs, and at the same time causea current of water
to flow to the gills.

The usual motion of the King-crab is slow crawling; their
swimming is awkward, and easily interrupted by trivial causes.
This accounts for the frequency with which they are found
struggling on their backs. ‘Their spawning season is in June
and July. They are found from Maine to Florida.

ANNELIDA,
183. LEPIDONOTUS SUBLEVIS. Found at Martha’s

_ Vineyard. It lives well in a tank, but hides away out of sight.

184. THE SANDWORM. (Werets pelagica). Sold in the
market as fish-bait. In the tanks it buries out of sight, feeds
at night, and is very destructive to Algz.

185. POTAMILLA OCULIFERA. Attached to scollop-
shells.

186. EUCHONE ELEGANS. A beautiful creature, intro-
duced in our tanks from Wood's Hole,

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 67

187. THE CLINKER. (Serpula dianthus). Worms which
surround themselves with a calcareous, variously crooked tube,
and live in colonies on stones and shells. Generally their red,
comb-like gills protrude from the opening of the tube, but they
quickly draw them back and close the tube with a hard, pur-
plish cover when they are frightened by a knock at the glass, or
otherwise disturbed. They are found from Cape Cod to Great
Egg Harbor.

MOLLUSCA.

188. THE EIGHT-FOOTED POLYP or DEVIL-FISH.
(Octopus vulgaris). We received several of these very interesting
animals from Bermuda, but they all died after being only a few
days in the tanks.

Their body consists of a large bag, a small head with two
big eyes, and eight long arms connected with each other by an
intermediate skin at their base. They breathe by taking the
water through a wide opening at the base of the bag into two
large gills, and ejecting it again through a short and thick
siphon. The latter current at the same time serves as the
moving power of the animal.

One specially attractive feature of the Devil-fish is the pos-
session of several hundreds of sucking disks distributed in two
rows on each arm. Each disk is a short, thick cylinder, the
center of which can be raised so as to establish a vacuum be-
tween itself and the part to which it adheres. The sucking
power of a medium-sized Devil-fish, one of about three feet in
length, is large enough to enable it to move stones of forty
pounds weight. As the weight of a man in water is about five
pounds, it would be no difficulty for a large Octopus to drag
him under water. The food of the Octopus consists of shells,
crustaceans, and occasionally fishes. It surrounds: and covers
its prey with its arms so completely as to prevent even a large-
sized, healthy lobster from using its powerful claws.

189. THE GIANT DEVIL-FISH. (Architeuthis princeps).
We take leave to insert in this place the following very interest-
ing letter of Prof. A. E. Verrill, the naturalist who discovered
this species :

68 NEW YORK AQUARIUM. ~

PEaBopy Museum oF YALE COLLEGE,
New Haven, Conn., Ocf. 11, 1877.

Messrs. CHas. REICHE & BROTHER,
NEw YorkK AQUARIUM.

GENTLEMEN :—Thanks to your courtesy, I yesterday had an
opportunity to examine the “ giant squid” or “ devil fish” now
preserved in the New York. Aquarium, and to make careful
measurements of its parts. Having made a special study of
these remarkable animals during several years past, and having
previously examined and described all the fragments of similar
creatures preserved in the museums of this country, I am able
to say that this is altogether the lJargest, most complete, and
most valuable specimen of this kind that has ever been preserved
either in this country or in Europe. Moreover, it is a very
rare species, previously known to scientific men only by
the jaws taken from the stomach of a sperm whale, which were
first described and figured by me three years ago under the
name of Architeuthis princeps. When first captured your speci-
men was carefully measured by my correspondent, the Rev. M.
Harvey, of St. Johns, Newfoundland, who, in a private letter,
states that the body was 94 feet long including the head, and
the longest arms were 30 feet in length, making the total length
39x feet. The circumference of the body was seven feet. In
preserving creatures of this kind, either in brine or alcohol,
they always shrink very much in bulk and lose most of their
natural color and form. Your specimen having been brought
to New York.in brine, and since its arrival having been kept in-
strong alcohol, has necessarily contracted considerable in size
already, and will probably shrink still more after some weeks.
The body, originally plump and round, has also collapsed and
become flat. I yesterday found that the long arms are now 24.
feet and 1 inch long, with the broader terminal portion bearing
the suckers 3 feet in length and 3 inches in breadth; the larger
suckers, now mostly destroyed, were about an inch in diameter.
These suckers, with many smaller ones along the borders and at
the end of the arms, were provided with strong, bony rims with
the edge cut into numerous sharp teeth to prevent. the suckers:

_ from slipping when applied to the slippery skin of the fishes

upon.which they prey. Below these serrated suckers, and ex-
tending along the inner surface of the arms for sixteen feet,
there are many small suckers, with smooth rims,-together with
wart-like tubercles which fit into the suckers of the opposite

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 69

-arms. These are intended to fasten the two long arms securely
together so that they can be used conjoimtly and thus more
effectually secure large prey.

The longest of the eight stouter arms around the mouth were
originally 11 feet long and 17 inches in circumference at the
base, tapering gradually to the tips. I found them roz feet long
and 114 inches in circumference. These arms are all covered,
along their inner surface, with large suckers arranged in two
rows, and provided with sharp-toothed rims, the largest being
an inch in diameter. The jaws form a large and powerful black
beak, shaped like a parrot’s, and capable of being protruded
beyond the head when living. With this beak they doubtless
instantly kill their prey when caught by biting out a piece from
the back of the neck, thus severing the spinal cord, as their
relatives, the small squids, are known to do. The upper jaw,
measured by me, was 5} inches long, and 3 and 3% broad; the
lower jaw was 3? inches long and 34 broad. The upper jaw
shuts into the lower, unlike the beaks of birds. It is practically
impossible to obtain these giant squids in a perfect condition,
for they are very shy and very tenacious of life, and living en-
tirely in deep water, they are seldom or never seen unless dis-
abled.

There is but one solitary instance on record of a specimen in
good health being captured, and that was very badly mutilated
by the fishermen before they could take it from the rocks in
which it had accidentally become entangled. That one was
considerably smaller than your specimen, and is now, in part,
preserved in the Peabody Museum of Yale College, but its body
was entirely destroyed. Most of the few specimens hitherto seen
have, like your example, been found cast upon the remote
shores of Newfoundland after severe gales, and are generally
badly damaged when found.

Very respectfully yours,
A. E. VERRILL, |
Professor of Zoology in Yale College.

190. THE WHELK. (Buccinum undatum). Dredged at
Georgias Bank, Mass., in forty fathoms. It did not live well
in the tanks. The shells are favorites of the Hermit-crabs,

40 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

191. THE WINKLE. (Sycotypus canaliculatus), This is
—one of the largest shells on the eastern coast of North America,
sometimes measuring seven inches in length. It is pear-shaped,
and has a wide opening which continues in a narrow channel.
Its eggs are contained in membranous cases of about the size
and thickness of a two-cent piece, united together in a parallel
position by a ligamentous string about two feet in length. Each
case contains about two hundred eggs, but only a few of them
develop young ones, which, when brought out, in the first
weeks of their existence, feed upon the immatured eggs of the
same case. It is astonishing that one snail is able to produce
such an enormous quantity of eggs and cases, the bodily mass
of which seems to be greater than the body of the snail itself.
It is found from Cape Cod to Florida.

192. THE LARGE WINKLE. (fulgur carica). This is,
according to Binney, the largest convoluted shell on the Atlan-
tic coast. It is found in company with the preceding species,
but less abundantly. Its form is nearly the same, but it can
easily be distinguished by a circular series of triangular, com-
pressed tubercles just above the opening. The strings of egg-
cases resemble those of the former, and are produced by the
females while they are buried a few inches below the surface of
the sand between tide-marks. Fishermen when tarring the
seams of their boats, fill a Fulgur with hot tar and use the
spout-like end of the shell to direct the flow of the tar. Hence
the local name of /ad/e-shell, The animals are eaten in large
quantities by negro fishermen back of Keyport, N. J., which
locality has been named Winkletown, from the fact that in front
of each cabin there are large accumulations of empty winkle-
shells. It is found from Cape Cod to Florida.

1938. THE LITTLE WHELK. (/janassa obsoleta). Lives
in great numbers on our neighboring coasts and is very useful
as a scavenger. It deposits its egg-capsules freely on the glass,
but they never mature there. Hydractinia polyclina often
covers the shells, which are also the favorites of the small Her-
mit-crabs.

194. THE OYSTER-DRILL. (Urosalpinx cinerea). Next
to the starfish this shell is the greatest enemy to young oysters
and clams. It drills a minute hole near the hinge and then
sucks the animal out. Common on our coast, .

. NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 7%

195. EUPLEURA CAUDATA. Dredged at Wood’s Hole.
Lives well in the tanks.

196. THE COMMON PURPLE. (Purpura lapillus). Found
in Buzzard’s Bay, Mass., on rocks between tide-marks, feeding
on barnacles. ‘This shell contains, inside its mantle, a yellow-
ish-white band, of which a beautiful color is manufactured.
When exposed to the sun, it quickly gets yellow, then green,
blue, and at last bluish red: It is one of the shells which fur-
nished the celebrated Tyrian purple of the ancients. oS,

197. THE NAVEL-SHELL. (Weverita duplicata). The
Hermit-crabs prefer the empty Navel-snells to all others. The
beautiful flooded sand-cups cast ashore on Coney Island in the
summer season are the egg-receptacles of this shell; the fish-
ermen call them mermaid-collars. When placed under a mag-
nifying-glass thousands of young shells may be seen in their
sand-bound cells, propelled by their rapidly moving cilia. Many
of these egg-receptacles have been exhibited in the tanks.
Massachusetts Bay to Florida.

198. THE JINGLE-SHELL. (Axomia glabra). Attached
to oysters, scollops, and other shell-fish. They are resplendent
with a golden or silvery lustre. |

199. THE BOAT-SHELL. (Crepidula fornicata). This’
small shell is found on other dead shells inhabited by Hermit-
crabs, or on oysters, scollops, or winkles. Sometimes doz-
ens of them adhere together, and those lowest in the group
cling to other animals, empty shells, or pebbles. Their form
resembles that of a trough or boat half covered by a straight
piece. It grows an inch in length, and is found in great num-
bers on gravelly bottoms from Massachusetts to Florida.

200. THE PILL-BUG SHELL. (Chetopleura apiculata).
The shell of this snail is composed of eight movable plates,
and has the form of a trough. It is found adhering to stones
and dead shells, and generally chooses its place so well that the
surroundings are uniform with its colors, thereby avoiding de-
tection. When detached from its base it either moves with
considerable rapidity through the water, or curls itself into a
ball like a “ pill-bug” (Oniscus), or like an Armadillo. Its
length is six to nine inches. Cape Cod to Florida. c:

201. MONTAGUA PILATA. This beautiful mollusk was
introduced into the tanks on masses of tube-flowers, together

92 _ NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

with clusters of Vorticellz, on which it fed. At times it may
be seen moving about freely on the ee Massachusetts Bay
to Long Island Sound.

202. THE SOFT-SHELLED or LONG CLAM. (Mya
_arenaria). _ Used extensively as food north of New York. It
is very interesting to see the long, siphon-tubes stretched out,
sometimes to the length of a foot or more. They easily bury
by means of it to a considerable depth beneath the sand. South
Carolina to the Arctic Ocean.

203. CORBULA CONTRACTA. Found in Gravesend me
and Gowanus Bay, L. I., attached to muscles and tube-flowers.

204. CLIDIOPHORA TRILINEATA. Dredged at Gay
Head, Mass. It lives well in a tank.

205. THE RAZOR-FISH or KNIFE-HANDLE. (Zn-
_ satella americana), ‘This fish inhabits a very long and narrow
shell, the front and back of which is parallel and slightly curved,
the surface smooth and yellowish-green. The animal itself is still
longer than the shell, so that the foot projects on one end, the two
short siphons on the other. It is found on a sandy bottom
_ where the water is clear. There it constructs a burrow of two
or three feet deep, and rests at the upper end of it, keeping the —
orifices of the siphons in water. Sometimes, owing to the tide,
it is left behind, projecting one or two inches above the ground.
If cautiously approached it then may safely be drawn out with a
sudden jerk, but once out of sight it is safe from capture, being
able to penetrate the sand quicker than it can be followed. Its
length is from four to six inches. Labrador to Florida.

206. THE SEA-, SURF- or SKIMMER-CLAM. (Mactra
solidissima), This is a very large shell, sometimes more than
six inches long and four or five inches broad. The smaller
ones are well-flavored and extensively used for the dinner ©
table. It got the name of Skimmer-clam from the Dutch set-
tlers, who used to skim the milk with their shells. It lives on
sandy shores, below low-water mark, from Labrador to North
Carolina.

207. THE ROUND, HARD or QUAHOG- CLAM. (Venits
mercenaria), Found in enormous quantities on sandy shores,
but chiefly on sandy and muddy flats, just beyond low-water
mark. Millions of them are sold in the markets, mostly coming

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 73

from muddy estuaries and having a rough, thick, dull-white, or
mud-stained shell; those from sandy shores are thinner, more
delicate, often with high, thin ribs, especially when young ; some
varieties are handsomely marked with angular, or zigzag lines
or streaks of red or brown (var. nofafa), They are well adapted
to bury, having a large, muscular foot with.a broad, thin edge
that can be moved at any part of the ventral side. Massachu-
setts Bay to Florida.

208. THE IRISH CUAHOG. (Argina pexata), Dredged
at Tarpaulin Cove, Mass. It is a beautiful shell with bright
red gills and mantle. |

209. THE COMMON MUSCLE. (44 ¢tilus edulis). Com-
mon on all neighboring coasts and sold in the New York and
Boston markets. It is found attached by means of byssus-
threads to timber and rocks. In the Baltic Ocean and on the
French coasts it is extensively cultivated.

- 210. MODIOLA MODIOLUS. A handsome muscle, dredged
at Wood’s Hole, Mass. It has the habit of putting out its foot
and reaching fragments of stones and alge to attach itself.

211. MODIOLA PLICATULA. Found in neighboring
creeks in brackish water. It lives well in a tank.

212. MODIOLARIA NIGRA. A large, showy muscle,
dredged at Cape Cod. The Sea-squirts live on them.

= AE CE DANCING SCOOPS

213. THE SCOLLOP. (Pecten irradians). The shell is
orbicular, with an angular appendage for the hinge, and about
twenty rounded ribs, which give it acomb-like appearance. Its
color is varying, mostly dusky horn, with white, yellowish, or
reddish bands, very pleasing to the eye, and pate the shell
of use for ornamental purposes.

Se ee ee Ce teeing Neen Oy UM yaar me ae

a4 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

-A peculiar feature of the Scollop is its dancing movement
when alarmed. This is performed by opening and energetically
closing its valves; and continuing these movements, and thus
periodically expelling the water from the gill-cavity, it is
sent upwards or along the surface of the water. When it rests
in safety, it sends out two rows of numerous, tapering papille,
or tentacles, and between them there may be observed a num-
ber of handsome, bright silvery, or bluish eyes, sparkling with
a_ brilliancy equal to the brightest jewels. The Scollop is
found in abundance in many localities, particularly in sheltered,
muddy places, from Cape Cod to Florida. The large and pow-
erful central muscle is sold in the markets, and considered by
many persons as an excellent article of food.

Py i UNICATA.

214. MOLGULA MANHATTENSIS. Found in Graves-
end Bay attached to ulva. It lives well in confinement, even
in self-supporting tanks.

215. BOFRYLLUS GOULDII. A beautiful and fn tcRiate
ing creature, found in Gravesend Bay, growing on Zostera
marina. It lives well in confinement.

ECHINODERMATA.

216. STRONGYLOCENTROTUS DROBACHIENSIS.
Common in deep water; does not live well in a tank.

217. THE PURPLE SEA-URCHIN. (Arbacia punctu-
lata). A small species with rather stout and long purplish
spines placed upon a hard, rounded shell composed of many
plates. It moves, like a star-fish, by suckers which protrude
through small holes in the shell. The mouth, situated in the
center of the lower side, has five very large, hard teeth con- ©
nected with a peculiar organ resembling a fancy lantern called:
the lantern of Aristotle. It feeds upon vegetables, such as dia-
toms and other small alge; but is also fond of dead fishes,
which it devours bones and all. It is found from Vineyard.
Sound to the West Indies. ae

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 75

218. THE SAND DOLLAR. (L£chinarachnius parma).
Found on sandy bottoms around Long Island. It lived a short
time in our tanks.

219. THE GREEN STAR-FISH. (Asterias arenicola).
As in most of the other Echinoderms the different parts of its
body aré repeated five times. It has five arms, and fivé times
four rows of sucking-feet in their inferior furrows. It has five
eyes, situated at the tips of the arms. Its nervous system con-
sists of five longitudinal strings, connected in a ring round the
central mouth, and there are five lines of blood-vessels, and an
equal number of intestines and ovaries.

, This Star-fish is found in large numbers among the rocks at
the bottom of the sea, especially where shell-fish, on which it
feeds, are abundant. It is very destructive to oyster-beds,
clinging to the oyster with its suckers somewhat after the man-

96 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

ner of the Octopus. Its mode of eating is singular. Covering
the soft parts of whatever is selected ‘for its.food, it turns the
digestive sac inside out, and proceeds at leisure to suck the-ani-
mal from its shell. The color of this species is dark brownish
green, with a small orange disk near the center of the upper
- side. Its diameter is about five inches. It is found from Mas-

sachusetts Bay to Florida. eC

220. THE GIGANTIC STAR-FISH. (Oveaster gigas).
A large and splendid animal. Its orange-colored body is high
in the center, and its surface is covered with prominent warts.
Further, there are numerous small: pores, through which short,
slender, transparent tubes stick out, acting as respiratory -
organs. Our specimens came from Florida. -

ACALEPH.

221. THE TUBE-FLOWERS. (£udendrium dispar and
ramosum), These are colonies of little polyps of a plant-like -
appearance. The individuals occupy the ends of the branches.
When examined closely with a magnifying-glass, they are found -
to possess two circles of slender, transparent tentacles. By
-means of poisonous lasso-cells they kill small animals, take
them into a cavity below the center of the tentacles, and send
the nutritious matter through the whole colony. Sometimes
small buds are seen at the base of the exterior tentacles; these
are young ones, who soon detach themselves, swim around a
short while, and at last settle on stones to give origin to new ~
colonies. :

PoLtyps or ANTHOZOA.

Cylindrical animals with an opening (the mouth) in the center of the
upper end. This mouth is surrounded by six, eight, or many more hol-
low tentacles which are used to seize the food. As soon as the food
reaches the mouth, it is pressed down into a central, longitudinal bag,
or tube (the stomach), where it is retained and digested. This having
been completed the nutritious matter passes through the lower, open end
of the stomach into the cavity of the body and thence upwards into the
space between the walls of the stomach and body. This space is divided
by radiating partitions into many longitudinal sections or tubes, which
continue into the hollow of one or several tentacles. The nutritious

« NEW YORK AQUARIUM, 77

‘i
matter can, as it will easily be understood, reach the summit of every
tentacle.

The Polyps either live singly or in colonies, in which latter case they
form the coral reefs. The former are larger, but both display a won- .
drous beauty ot form and color.

THE FRINGED SEA-ANEMONE.

222. THE FRINGED SEA-ANEMONE. (Metridium mar-
ginatum). This is the most common among the Polyps of North
America. It is easily distinguished by the soft, plumy, tentacu-
lar fringes that surround the disk. When contracted, it looks like
a mere lump of brownish or whitish jelly, but when expanded
and erect it shows such grace and beauty as to attract general
attention. ‘“ From the extended base,” says Prof. Verrill, “the
body rises in the form of a tall, smooth column, sometimes
cylindrical, sometimes tapering slightly to the middle, and then
enlarging to the summit. ‘Toward the top the column is sur-
rounded by a circular, thickened fold, above which the charac-
ter of the surface suddenly changes, the skin becoming thinner
and translucent, so that the internal radiating partitions are
visible through it. This part expands upward and outward to
the margin, which is folded into numerous deep undulations or
frills, and everywhere covered with very numerous, fine, short,
-crowded tentacles.” Its color varies from pure white through
yellow, orange, and pink to dark brown.

78 NEW YORK AQUARIUM.

When a Sea-anemone slowly glides along the surface of a
rock or glass wall, it often leaves small particles of its body be-
hind. These generally assume the form of warts, and in about
eight days send out very thin and transparent tentacles. Be-
sides this manner of reproduction the Sea-anemone propagates
by division or through eggs.

223. THE WHITE-ARMED ANEMONE. = (Sagartia
leucolena). A small species, with a slender, pale flesh-colored,
translucent, and usually whitish body, with numerous tentacles.
Cape Cod to North Carolina.

224. THE STOUT-ARMED ANIMAL FLOWER. (TZeka
crassicornmis). This is the largest and brightest of the North
American Polyps. It is found also on the European coasts. Its
body and disk (the flat upper end of the animal) is beautifully
marked with red or brown stripes, between which the stout
tentacles arise. It feeds on muscles and small fishes, and
sometimes attacks animals which are too vigorous to remain
its victim. If the body suddenly contracts, the water is ejected
through small openings at the tip of its tentacles. Sometimes
a white, folded skin is seen on top of its disk; this is the
stomach thrown out in order to be emptied and cleaned.

225. THE BERMUDA ANEMONES. There are three
species of them in the Aquarium not yet identified. One of

“ NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 79

them is small, and dark purplish red; the second has a grayish
white body covered with red warts, the tentacles being light
colored with red tips; the third is translucent so as to show the
internal, radiating partitions very clearly, and -has short tenta-
cles forming a beautiful fringe around the large disk.

226. THE NEW ENGLAND CORAL. (Astrangia Dane).
This in the only true coral yet discovered on the coast of New
England. Its colonies, which are found clinging to little frag-
ments of rocks in sheltered creeks and inlets, consist of a
small number of comparatively large individuals, each about
two-thirds of an inch in height. They are whitish and translu-
cent; their tentacles are thickly covered with small warts con-
sisting of clusters of lasso-cells. The interior of a lasso-cell
consists of a kind of poisonous fluid and a long, coiled-up
bristle, which darts out and, with its numerous sharp points and
hooks, fastens itself to such small worms or crustaceans as
are within reach. The lime secreted by them is only found at
the base of the animal, and consists of a disk. with interior,
radiating, low walls, the production of the fleshy base and par-
titions.

SPONGES.

227. THE RED SPONGE. (Microciona prolifera). A
beautiful, dark red, or orange red species, which, when young,
incrusts the surface of stones and shells, but at a later period
rises to irregular lobes with many repeatedly divided, slender
branches. It consists of stout horny fibres radiating from the
center to the periphery, and terminating in irregular papille,
which are the bearers of spicule. Cape Cod to South Carolina.

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eer Soeyenle is ae aR eens ane 149 pee ote ayaraparctajelsfotaiats: sintetactrcremasrs trotors 83
ry SHIOQOEN ..)oic. cence meee teens T47 | UAM PLOY '5o'e orsiselieie mero ice ib eicicec ake 157, 1 3
Woltlar-fishisu so) coke ule eee a Tenidorictis Se ae eae a AEE om 133
(81)
° 2

: aS
82 INDEX.

L 1 NO. Sculpi NO.
ermmeolema;. 75.2. =-- sds OO ae Roe £793] SCUlpIN. =... eae eee Ae oh Seis sete eee I
Livoneca Hee. scpie «so ee eee ae cone 1787] Seajdevilivres: o.oo a ea Hee eee t =
(obster | ern 2 ware eee eee tgs R69, Sa MOKSC\ 7 claw tas er mete orakeietele altel pana

ane Lines ee icpae 26 cers Te es 172, Sea-raven......... Soar apr bcm 256 g00e 57
£6 > SSE, Seta wrsiecectie ecb eyaeve ace 17t -Sea=robingice a0 sea ercceiee tee eee 61
[Ocust=crabieh ac 5 cists eetiels ie sicteae © 176 Sea-urchin ..:...... Heyes teen ewe 216-218
: | Seaswolt. 7. 52056 tar. Seer oe eee 81
MaARayY......:. pte crave a tee ete aravare. sate 190, 135 | Seal. f Ries ti aos So ens eee 2,3
Margate Asie 7.20 «cms os ae a= 4 iain (40;| Sereecant=mnaj Ores nec e cee ee 37
Modiclasmeacee.cciss rece ccc een nar 210, 21 | Dekpilam oeee-s iat vida con does Aenea 187
Modiolanial-na cases (oo bean ocele de 212} SHAGR A ccews Sac eee Fc ce «Een 128
Mio Lote han ges so Beat ais oie since aow ce cer nese 214 Sharks <= as. Pioneer eet eS ee eleeeak 146--149
Monkey-fish ........... eos ha Sa ae 7c | She@epsnead si. Soc ap eee eae 49
Monk=fish. i222... astiie ad CER ees 79 4 Sheepshead Webias! =... see eee oe 113
WHONTACMAL Sane ons Se ciel see sicincoshesjsines 201 | Shiner... ... ee ode cigs Berane eoe 126
IMIG OTR TIS IIe os a's «aieToe/oveeieiae a sievetsre eee 567) Shel pes ..\- sua aeot ee Solo ee 173-175
Wiosshanker...i= 3-2 seas anee ro7\| Silver=bream. «.. daocac sc son eee ee
WINTCSR Up PY, s, 2/5 5/0:2:5,cieieuaversavieperorp ota 20°) SKAGGS. LoS a ws so.cinsa a ante eee 150-156
Mullet ............s00+-ceercee cece cee: 86'\ Slippery Dick. sch y455 es oi eee QI
iN FIG) Ct ad ICIS ee HENCE Ie Mel tic 209 Snapper....... wadics seeerate sake Soe Sc abc 30
Miaskallunge ns: <2. ssjciecmeee eeceihesone PIG Sole) 4b sci. uees Hasna ed see oe sist aerate IOI
| SPOS oto bin ool mo hed ee ee 225
NAVEL-SHELL ...-- 0.20 ecee nce s eens nee TOF | Squekeague’ s,s de ao eso es Ease. tee 68
INGCREIS Her ayagos ose arent nie erat epee rene ras E84 JCSQUITEE 02.2, cncs aw ccgeewk Lee See Ree 30
| Starfish (scien: ssirter spleen aero 219, 220
OCTOPUS 3p 5 at tevin chang eeehaetasee 2032988.) Stickleback:ics ds.-dechsretde = Soom tceeoee 27-29
Oysteredinl 5 saicfacisse sci marr ctorsions caste eee 194 Stink-pot.. .... Oni oeclete oe eee eee 18
Strongylocentrus....... eteeoen.ae een: 216
RCH 2. a iopinisia 5 s+ «any tener eee tains 32 Stumm ploot.. 26 keene sow eelere ese ees ae. 19
[Biel Sele Cenaeosotteae ensods occiccs 856 PIG) | OCULE SOM Ge slew icy ssr-ledereta love sielel giate ep cere 144, 145
PUK Cre tc? lotic stderr auinee wc Re POQHTED: | SUuCKEL 45.400) $5 ance iia dlatayn Heeiwicls ateteretetae 116
MO WWoll-eyed: 1. sometccen. cept aacemes 33 | Sueker-fshis,, «is pas one Sacro een 7o
Pillebuc shel casts ae eee Z26G7| SUN=HSh.soaae tes aetaee ak eee eric 42
Pil ot faS Inco a's sroness cs cls mancsvon > ope wid ole, sPoeetere 69 |
Baplefis bien .g3 ahs 5 sake acy ah, See a2 | WRAUTOG J 222 sass. cane cegworet seca e ee 89
BONO Ck ig sakes att cpopseseescisye eve ee 95. | Delescopicefish <.+ s..00< desis S =e ee I2t
Porcupine she pao lear setae Ae m4@ | Rench. 2 FAr2 csesesens o das ool ponte 125
PONE CE deere. oiciemincardiusiterseas siete sate iSymbratels BOGS |. MUEMIAPIB 6s, 2 do.a4 0 oases Ae ce te eee II
Po tamil aces aie. sscvasie sae ai cian ered 185.| Phread-fish. 29 4425 2 os 2284 aye 74
1 Pe Beaten beater in reread ae deat cr EC Sin tht So Reh MOAGSHSE soi. J x op ieee acclcinn io lod a eeea ee 78
IRToteus epee Ree cue tebe ee ean 25, 26 | MiGm=COd 75 yas dense ooo sere eet oe 3
TRAN ERS cee ene Sei pier roratiok nS oe 14g | MOrtGISe 4. ait seo rors ee teds cee 7-14
unple ss Acne cosas ercraeion era ae ere 196 | Draangular Bish. .154..cio4seJcaisocne eee 138
| Priplestails:..5..-cdows basa acenees OB hi)
BRAN nich we rt eee ne nani win remit tas FEVSEGG [ MPOUG-. Ate 27-3 cote Geena ates 106, 107
Razorehishi sy. aisicpaiicisesc itis eisyeits Beer 205 | Turbot, Bermuda, ...- 00 )...0 0-23. 134
Remorgie Sioce tiie. Siem jetties Cemeteee 70 | ee Spoktedss cartes pasercacetese fe se QS
RAW eF-ROMSE |e se bois wei uel sabe ere 1! Tube-flower....... Sued ewwan a Bu ceaisaabiee 219
CL SVC Ute a Nae er PINs inne Saw os | Patrtle., |... notes ieee anaes 12-16
Rock=ishyy pecs aia sgane Sees oeerelae 37 |
OTE Geis tage poe h ee oso I 7 bea Shas ot 77 WALKING-FISH.......-..+.--- fas otarahat cabot 80
IRsistye abso: pec ee pecece eee 100 | Wreak=fisht sista mwsciein deine at te enna aerate 68
SPE PID ital caer rere aa ioris CAC OG Socrant 190, 193
SALAMANDER: it ccicacwaaterne Selo santaeiete 20-22 | White Whale. 5 yemtsinilee's <mreetewee wrets
Sclliet OM. coat sinse oe tise Ss Sarno Mere ai TOS, OMe ene We tiav. cckeseiee sa erces IQI, 192
Sandcnollan) ao. ded’ crassee eee oo ee Sif Wiry=miowllice. oe) cr eben ioanrs oe ee Oe
GAEP OV secu eicis cies oh ee emote eleneeele 50 |
Scheltopusik:-.%2,.-c0 4-2 = niesaeere 19} VaccLow .MACKEREL...2.. -.t.seGee aaa 73
Scollops. oc.cws oon eee Se eecieie ee eee ars | WelGw-tail 2m cnt nee oe en aoe 38

- PVUBLISHER’S DEPARTMENT.

THE AQUARIUM GUIDE. WEBER PIANOS,
The Publishers of the AQUARIUM GUIDE
take pleasure in calling the attention of its} ~ ‘
thousands of readers to the announcements|*""Sts quoted on page 8o, in praise of these
contained in this department. Messrs,Chas. |!™S!ruments, we can only recommend pus
Reiche & Bro., the proprietors of the New chasers to profit by their judgment and
York Aquarium, with the efficient aid|“*P&™ence
of Dr. Dorner, and the assistance of many ees
artists, have made the Guide book not only
invaluable to every visitor to the Great New Brown’s “ Perfect” Letter File
York Aquarium, but of such permanent val- 3
ue as to make it of lasting interest to every} Self-Indexing and Self-Binding, is un-
lover of nature. ‘doubtedly the simplest and best thing of
It is the purpose of the Publishers to/the kind, and the only one suitable for
have this department in keeping with the/library use or private correspondence. The

After what has been said by the famous

whole book. trade supplied by D. I. Carson & Co., roo
Only approved advertisements will be|Nassau Street.
admitted, and the representations concern-| atswalS

ing advertisers may be relied upon as being ;
strictly truthful. : THE TEACHER'S BIBLE.

The Publishers thus hope to realize their
aim, which is to make this department of
the AQUARIUM GUIDE of real service to the
many thousands whom they are privileged
to address.

CONTRIBUTORS.

Every advertiser may be regarded as a
contributor whose ‘‘ article’? will be wor-
‘thy of careful attention. Among these PLATE GLASS
contributors are many of the best business/Should be bought of thoroughly reliable
houses, such as the one set forth on page
bs AY 89. The fact that they are patronized by
FA S
ATTENTION the proprietors of the Aquarium is a strong
Will inevitably be attracted to what the/recommendation.
following houses have to say to our readers.

We know the purchaser of one of these
elegant Bibles will never be disappointed!
in any respect.

They are all they are represented to be.
See page go.

concerns in New York.

TIFFANY & C0, CHROMATIC CRYSTAL SIGNS..

For elegance in design, beauty of work-| These are emphatically and literally
manship, and fineness in quality, the goods) ‘‘ signs of the times,”’ and are a necessity
of this famous house have a world wide|to every business man.
reputation. What they have to say on| Messrs. D. I. Carson will furnish them

page 8 will interest our readers. in every variety, as announced on page 85-

83

G. GUNTHER. __- REICHE & BRO.

‘Fhe name of Gunther has long been as- One of the most enterprising and famous - _
sociated with the manufacture of bird establishments of its kind in the United
cages. His display of stock in this line is States, the house of Rieche & Bro. The
worthy of inspection. Advertisement on Whole world is tributary to their immense

page 6. business ; and the record of their various

‘transactions would read like romance. The

W. EH. BBOWNING. ‘Great New York Aquarium is but one of

; eae ‘their great enterprises. ion re- —
We would call the attention of contract-. st (oese ee

ors and builders to the advertisement of W. a others will be found on last pige

H. Browning on page 5. of cover.

ee B. GREENWOOD.
Wei. GIFTING, — _ Many of the visitors to the Acquarium
will desire to adorn their homes with pri-

|

_ Torry Bros.,the well known poster, show : r
,bill and general printers, have been suc- V4t© @quaria. Everything necessary to

ceeded by Mr. W. H. Giffing, whose ad-/"is end. may be found at Greenwood’s

vertisement will be found on page 88. eeeveresenent log pee

ang ROSSITUR & SKIDMORE. —
SIEBRECHT & WADLEY. ** At once delicate and substantial ”’ is:

All lovers of flowers (and we take it for the verdict regarding the prepared meats
granted that means every visitor to the| Hered A Se

Aquarium) should take their earliest op-|have tried them, and know whereof we af- |
portunity to visit the splerdid floral estab-|

lishment advertised on page I.

Osborn Manufacturing Co. ad

iz tas | As an example of what can be accom- _
MUNN & C0. plished by good business talent, combined

The advertisement of the long establish-) si, courteous and fair dealing, this con-

eis of Munn & Co.. Publishers of the} 2 may serve as a model to younger
Scientific American, will be found on pouses. Their delightful bird cages, which.
page 87. oa have received high awards, are advertised —

on page 4.

E. REMINGTON & SONS, —
Remington’s gifns helped Osman Pasha)
' to make his brave stand against the Rus-|

WILKINS.

‘* A bijou bifd paradise,’

q is a fit term

sians. The guns advertised on page I

will be found —in their place—equally #8s- It is worthy of a visit, and is very

‘near the Aquarium. See page go.

PHOTO-ELECTROTYPE co, _ D-/. CARSON & CO.

_ Book buyers, authors, and those who de-

Process Engraving has lately been sire to have printing, engraving, &c., done
brought to great perfection, and the above jy g satisfactory manner, or who wish to
Company shows some excellent specimens rake purchases in the line of stationer’s
of work, at greatly redueed prices. Se€i goods should read the advertisement on
page 2. ‘third page of cover.

84

serviceable.

firm, Advertisement second page of cover.

‘with which to describe the aviary of Wil- _

Chromatic Crystal Signs

ELEGANCE ! ECONOMY !

‘D. I. CARSON & CO., 100 NASSAU STREET,

NEW YORE:

Are Manufacturers’ Agents for the above goods, and would call especial
attention to their unrivalled facilities for supplying

LIGHT AND ELEGANT SIGNS

FOR
STORES, |
) SHOW WINDOWS,
PHYSICIANS,
DENTISTS,
LAWYERS,

NOTARIES, &c-

"T .ese signs are made in every conceivable variety, from plain Gold
~ 4 Plate Glass to most ornate and artistic combinations: in colors, and
are the MOST PERFECT THING OF THE KIND EVER MADE.

Pen ek) OF ADV LCE,

These Signs, unlike those painted on windows and doors, can ¢e
removed, and are far more attractive.

To secure them is to SAVE MONEY.
Send for Prices.

D. I. CARSON & CoO.,
100 Nassau Street.

AQUARIUM IS LIGHTED —

~ Municipal Gas Light Co. -
OG ae

No. 952 BROADWAY, _

Near 23d Street. ie 7

BO Le

el

THE

Scientific American.

THE MOST POPULAR SCIENTIFIC PAPER IN THE WORLD.

Only $3.20 a Year, including Postage. Weekly. 62 Numbers
a Year. 4,000 book pages.

Tue Sctentiric AMERICAN is a large First Class Weekly Newspaper
of sixteen pages, printed in the most beautiful style, profusely Wlusirated
with splendid engravings, representing the newest Inventions and the
most recent Advances in the Arts and Sciences; including Mechanics
and Engineering, Steam Engineering, Railway, Mining, Civil, Gas and
Hydraulic Engineering, Mill Work, Iron, Steel and Metal Works ;
Chemistry and Chemical Processes: Electricity, Light, Heat, Sound:
Technology, Photography, Printing, New Machinery, New Processes,
New Receipes, Improvements pertaining to Textile Industry, Weaving,
Dyeing, Coloring, New Industrial Products, Animal, Vegetable, and
Mineral: New and Interesting Facts in Agriculture, Horticulture, the
Home, Natural History, etc.

The most valuable’ practical papers, by eminent writers in all depart-
ments of Science, will be found in the Scientific American ; the whole
presented in popular language, free from technical terms, illustrated
with engravings, and so arranged as to interest and inform all classes of
readers, old and young. ‘The Scientific American is promotive of knowl-
edge and progress in every community where it circulates. It should
have a place in every Family, Reading Room, Library, College or
School. Terms, $3.20 per year, $1.60 half year, which includes pre-
payment of postage. Discount to Clubs and Agents. Single copies
ten cents. Sold by all Newsdealers. Remit by postal order to MUNN
& CO., Publishers, 37 Park Row, New York.

PA TENTS In connection with the Seientific Ameri-

ean, Messrs. Munn & Co. are Solicitors of Amer-
ican and Foreign Patents, and have the largest establishment in the
world. Patents are obtained on the best terms. Models of New Inven-
ticns and Sketches examined, and advice free. A special notice is
made in the Scientific American of all Inventions Patented
through this Agency, with the name and residence of the Patentee.
Public attention is thus directed to the merits of the new patent, and
sales often effected.
Any person who has made a new discovery or invention can ascer-
tain, free of Charge, whether a patent can probably be obtained, by

writing to the undersigned. Address for the Paper,

or concerning
Parents.

MUNN & C0., 37 Park Row, New York.
Branch Office, Cor. F & 7th Sts., Washington, D.C.
87

Empire Steam Printing Establishment,

13 SPRUCE STREET, NEW YORK. :

Wa bt: GI eT eG
COMMERCIAL a
Exhibition Printing

OF EVERY Be

Ina Diversity of Colors and Tints, at a Small aAdaatue over
ordinary sat Black Work.

OF ALL KINDS, SUCH AS |
Cards, Invitations, Law Cases,
Bill Heads, Pr ogrammes, Pamphiets,
Circulars, Hand-bills, nies ues,

In the Best Style of the Art, at short notice and reasonable
Prices.

88

LONDON AND MANCHESTER
PLATE GLASS COMPANY,

REYNE ED,
WORKS 1 SUTTON and ST. HELENS, LANCASHIRE, Address P. 0, BOX:
? RAVENNEAD. ENGLAND. 4140.

Depot, 94 Maiden Lane,

J.A.WALLER, JR, AGENT. NBEW-YORK,.
Manufacturers of the Celebrated

British Polished Plate Glass..

ALSQ,

cesta eee Aer

Of Special Thickness from } to 1 inch thick. ,
CGChequered and Ground Plate,
Rough and Ribbed Plate,

For FLOORS and SKYLIGHTS, in all thicknesses
at lowest market prices.

BSTIMATES FURNISHED ON APPLICATION..

S$ $$

THE PLATE CLASS USED

IN THE TANKS OF THE ©

N evy York Aquarium

WAS
MANUFACTURED BY THIS COMPANY.
89

REASONS WH

You should Buy the “TEACHER'S BIBLE,” issued by the |
: American Tract Society. |
OUR SHEETS are printed from the best plates abroad. The

Berean Question Book for 1878 adopts the references of our “Large i
Print” edition, in preference to any other. .

OUR HELPS‘are more complete, and more useful for the teacher i
than any other issued so-far as we know. ;

OUR MAPS are all new, redrawn within a year, and brought down
to the latest authorities.

OUR BINDINGS are unsurpassed by any in jie cond We in-

vite critical comparison and examination.

OUR LEVANT BINDINGS are all full flexible, and will open
so the sides of the back will touch without injuring them.

OUR PRICES are as low as books honestly made can be sold.

OUR PRICES are uniform, and we do not make a discount to one
man and deny it to another, but treat all alike.

OUR BOOKS are commended by such men ss Vincent, Eee
Sherwin, Gracey, and everybody else that has ever used them.

CIRCULARS AND SPECIMEN PAGES FREE.
PNEERICAN FRACTAS@CIE i

150 Nassau St., New York.

aoe pire, cbmc

fine Singing Canaries, Whistling
@ Bullfinches, Trained Starlings,
Fancy Birds of all kinds for the
Aviary, Talking Parrots, Pet
Animals, Gold Fish, Sea Shells, .
Aquaria, '&c. Also the best

SSS

and largest assortmént of Cages
in the city. Seeds and Mocking
Bird Food ; also Cage Fixtures
Gf all kinds at WILKINS’, 1247
Broadway, between 30th and —
31st Streets, New York.

Flowers & Plants.

en ees et ne an ae

SIEBRECHT & WADLEY,

Floral Decorators, Nurserymen and
Landscape Cardeners,

409 Fifth Avenue cor, 37th St., New York,
NURSERIES AT ASTORIA, L. I.

Send for our BOOZE Just Published.

A guide fo: all who love Flowers and Plants. Copies will be sent
on application, ae of charge.

REMINGTON’ - ne
BREECH-LOADING, DOUBLE-BARRELED GUN.

DECARBONIZED STEEL BARRELS, $45
TWIST de _ 50
ES FINE
LAMINATED ; 74
DAMASCUS | ; ae S45
Finer grades in proportion. From Rod and ‘Cin Nov. “a6:
THE REMINGTON GUN.

Judge H. re Gildersleeve, of the American Rifle Teams, 1874, 1875 and 1876, Lieut. Col. rath
Regt., writes thus under date of Nov roth :

«] have just returned from the Big South Bay, where I have been gunning for ducks. I tried
for the first time the Remington, ro gauge gun, I purchased from you lastsummer. My success with
it was excellent. [In my judgment its shooting capacity cannot be surpassed. I want no better gun
and if I did I don’t believe I could find it, even among the expensive grades of English guns.

H. A. GILDERSLEEVE.
Manufactured by E. REMINGTON & SONS, 281 and 283 Broadway, New York. P.O. Box
3994. Armory, Ilion. N.Y. Chicago, 237 State St.; Boston, 146 Tremont St.; St. Louis, 609 North
Fourth St.; Baltimore, 47 North Charles St.; Washington, 808F St. Send for “Illustrated Cata—
dogue and Treatise on Rifle Shooting.”

REMINGTON SPORTING RIFLE REDUCED TO $20 AND UPWARDS.

1

a
+3
Qa
e a
= a .
F oF A oe .
ee

Photo-Electrotypin

Is the name of a new process of engraving by means of photog-
raphy. It is entirely different from all other methods of photo-
engraving—superior to wood engraving in point of depth ; and
in many instances fully equal to steel and

copper plate work. We can repro-

duce music and small type cheap +
er than it can be set up. Music
publishers can make a great
saving in printing by
having their litho- _
graph title pa- :
ges of music

reproduced
and
printed |
by lemer vg |
Ex :
' perts can not dis- :
alll S | an cover any diffe rence
, | between them and those
printed from stone. Man-
' wufacturers who issue cata-
logues can also make a great saving, by reducing the size one-

half, which can be done at small expense, thereby enabling

them to issue a book which is novel in itself, equally as reada-

ble, and for one-half the cost.
ib Nees

aa “ye STRUM Ui TH .

ak roams ba s to —— 59
—e Feee a pT, TT, ——, cs Sa
£00 ftom fi WOOL tT AL eel h TOL “abv ENNIEA LANES NSH Hd ry) fe Mat NY) a TeTo Lan i —

ty ire v8 se oI a OK at Binion Wiro none maunononed TUUp rar St re

fe en a 2 an See a a, Sarai e pa :
GI RT A eS = re See
tie AU t eevee TE TTT at i ar

B. GREENWOOD,

“econ saneer of
Aquaria and Aquarium and
Greenhouse Cement.

DEALER IN

Kigh- Food, Gold Kish, W? ater- Plants and
5 Nquari ium Stock of all descriptions.

Canaries, Cages, Hanging Baskets, Brackets, Sea
Shells, Corals, &e,

Also Marine Stock of all kinds, such as Sea
Anenmiowmes, Serpulac, Crabs, Siar ps,
always on hand.

IMWTos. 113 to LS COLLEGE FLO,
Near Murray Street, NEWYORK.

Fe
Si a

iy xs S
Md PS
UPA ff SY
NS AS
WP” nv cy
Le y
ee Mm ANY,

; “ui

Bright Metal

V4
| ALG

[aaa pe hey) \

Caio)

02

of Birds, sent free on application.

THESE CAGES ARE SOLD BY ALL FIRST CLASS DEALERS.
CaGEs REFINISHED AT SHORT NOTICE.

4

illustrated Catal

Bird and Animal Cages.

ues and Price List. with Directions for the Care —

OSBORN MANUFACTURING CO.

72 BLEECKER st Noz.

W. H. BROWNING.

BUILDER

ik

Makes a Specialty in Ornamental and Plain

Cement Work.

ALL KINDS OF MASON WORK

tIn the most substantial manner, giving a
guarantee of perfect satisfaction
in every case.

THE SPLENDID

Tanks of the New York Aquarium

Were built under his personal superintendence e
pada hesretens fo the; Arebitect of the
Aquarium,

A. B. OGDEN, Esq.,and to Messrs. W. C. COUP and CHAS.
REICHE & BR®O. us to his ability and upright-
ness as a practical Builder and
Contractor.

Office 443 East 77th St.

5

G. GUNTHER,

Manufacturer of Patented

BRASS, SILVER-PLATED & JAPANNED

Established 1848.

iiiaazeziiill

a ee ali mal

‘< \ Medal & Dime Awarded f
WA to

Ca/G. Gunthe er,\ ce

Bat Gioa Workmanship. Varizy of Siena and
fitness for purpose intended. (Signed by the Jurors
and Centennial Commission.)

103 & los WILLIAM ST., N. Y.

6

oe
="

EUGENE. BLACKPOR

Salmon Factor,
jen [uct § oi (abs evap,

72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 80, 82,84 & 86 Fulton Market,.

STOREHOUSES,
134 BEEKMAN & 223 FRONT STREET, NEW YORK..

SPECIALTIES.
Diamond Back Terrapin, Green Turtle,

Resticouche Salmon, Brecolk Trout,
iiwe Hels, :

And all kinds of rare fish constantly on.hand at all seasons.

RESTIGOUCHE SALMON.

This is the best flavored Salmon in the world, and I beg leave to inform my nume-
rous patrons that I have contracted to take the entire catch of the estuary fishing on.
the Restigouche River, and shall receive daily consignments by special Refrigerator
cars, by which fresh Salmon will be landed in New York 48 hours after they are
taken from the nets. These fish were first put upon the market and introduced to
public notice by me during the summer of 1876, and by epicures were*pronounced.
the finest Salmon in the world.

EUGENE G. BLACHEFORD,

Received the Highest Award and Medal of Honor for the finest and
largest exhibit of Live Fish in tanks, also for the largest and best dis--
play of Food Fishes preserved in Patent Refrigerators.

REPORT OF JUDGES:

The undersigned, having examined the product herein described, respectfully
recommends the same to the United States Centennial Commission for Award, for
the following reasons, viz : ss

for Collection of Live Fish in Aquaria, and for a very general exhibit of almost
all the edible fish found on the Atlantic Coast, with specimens from the Pacific, and
Jrom the Rivers and Lakes of the United States. For heen interest taken by Mn.
Eugene G. Blackford in American Fishes, and assistance rendered by him in the

study of Ichythology. J. ANDERSON. [Signature of the Judge. |
APPROVAL OF GROUP JUDGES..
t S. F. BAIRD. T.. BsFERGUSON.

_, FRANCIS A. WALKER,
=i MLS bi ota aaa Chief of the Bureau of Awards.
J. L. CAMPBELL. Secretary.
A. T. GOSHORN, Director General.
|J.R. HAWLEY, President.

Given by ai thority of tte United
States Centennial Comm’ssion,

7

Messrs. Tiffany & Co. |

- UNION SQUARE, NEW YORK,

; Invite an inspection of Heir

Stock OF DIAMONDS ‘
And ot cee Precious Stones, |
HouskHOLD SILVERWARE,
| Artistic Goave and Pottery,

FINE STATIONERY,

Watches, General Jewelry,
BRIC-A-BRAGC, |

FLECTRO aa sae
TAC ore CUTLERY.

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Visitors incur no Une to purchase.

8

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Ghe Atheneum Publishing House.

D. I. CARSON & CO.,
100 Nassau Street, New York.

Announcement for 1878.

In addition to our own publications, we propose to continue
our Order business;and all Standard Publications, American and
Foreign, will be furnished upon short notice, post free, at pub-
lishers’ prices. We are frequently able to fili orders from job lots
or slightly used books, at Spectat Discounts.

Authors and others desiring to publish Books, Monographs
or Pamphlets, will find it to their advantage to call.

Atheneum Printing Works.

This department of our business will hereafter be under the
special direction of Mr. D. I. Carson, for several years and until
recently General Agent of the Photo-Engraving Company. We
are prepared to undertake every variety of PRINTING, ENGRAVING
and LITHOGRAPHING, at moderate prices. We employ skilled work-
men and can execute the finest work.

Stationerp Department.

We are prepared to furnish everything in the line of Sra-
TIONERS Goops, and make a specialty of WEDDING STATIONERY,
Visirinc and Notre Carps. We also furnish FINE PAPETERIES
with Monograms to order in WaTER COLORS PUT ON BY HAND,
something new and elegant. We are also sole Fastern Agents for
Brown’s “PERFECT’’ LETTER FILE, the best in use.

Address Orders and Inquiries to,

D. I. CARSON & CO,,

1oo NASSAU STREET

CHAS. REICHE & BRO.,

IMPORTERS,

B53 CHATHAM STREET, N. Y..,

And Alfeld, Hanover, Germany.

PINGING PIRDSs, AND

PIRDS OF PEAUTIFUL PLUMAGE.

FOREIGN ANIMALS OF EVERY KIND FROM ALL PARTS
OF THE WORLD.

PREPARED Foon. CAGES.

Orders received to procure any kind of living bird or animal

GOODS SHIPPED TO ALL PARTS.

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