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.

PRESENTED
Che Trusfees
OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

—

California Academy of Feaaaiied

RECEIVED BY GIFT FROM

er

iss por ae ae

_ ea eee

iP

GUIDE

TO THE

SYSTEMATIC DISTRIBUTION

OF

MOLLUSCA

IN THK

BRITISH MUSEUM.
PART I.

BY

JOHN EDWARD GRAY, -
PH.D., F.R.S,, F.L.S., F.Z.S. &c.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1857.

» =
— ws lr

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,

PREFACE.

Tue object of the present Work is to explain the manner in which
the Collection of Mollusca and their shells is arranged in the
British Museum, and especially to give a short account of the
chief characters, derived from the animals, by which they are dis-

tributed, and which it is impossible to exhibit in the Collection.

The figures referred to after the names of the species, under
the genera, are those given in “The Figures of Molluscous Animals,
for the Use of Students, by Maria Emma Gray, 3 vols. 8vo, 1850
to 1854;”’ or when the species has been figured since the appear-

ance of that work, in the original authority quoted.

The concluding Part is in hand, and it is hoped will shortly

appear.

JOHN EDWARD GRAY.
Dec. 10, 1856.

ERRATA AND CORRIGENDA.

Page 43. VERENAD#®.—This family is to be erased, as the animal is like Tricho-
tropis. I was misled by the incorrectness of the description and

figure.

Page 63. TyLrop1inap%.— This family is to be removed to Pleurobranchiata at
page 203; a specimen of the animal and shell having since come

into my possession.
Pages 135 & 167. For CirRHOBRANCHIA read CIRROBRANCHIA.

Page 141. Erase Chrysostoma, which is inserted in its correct place as part of
Livona at page 156.

Page 159. For Stomatia read Stomaz.

7
3

re ft ht a

TABLE

PEA... tcaen puce seeks
Synopsis of Classes ....... viame
Class I. GASTEROPODA ...
Synopsis of Orders... ee

Subcl. I. CreENOBRANCHIATA
Ord. I. PecTINIBRANCHIATA
Subord. I. Tox1FERA .........

Bam. 1. Conustdd ......0ccecss a

2. Tuliparia
3. Rollus

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Fam. 3. Pleurotomide .........

a. Clavatulina.
1. Clavatula
By S| RE ce Bee
b. Pleurotomina.
3. Pleurotoma
ed 0 ae Pe aa
5. Bela
c. Defranciina.
6. Defrancia
ye eet ee
8. Melatoma
9. Conopleura
0. Daphnella .......66...40

re

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l

OF CONTENTS.

—_@—=——

Page Page
1 | Subord. II. ProsposcipireraA 9
j | I. Edriophthalma............ 10
9 Be Hamiploass ..cicsnnsiiesss 10

a. Hamiglossa vera .........+.. 10
2 | Fam. 1. Cassidulide............ 10
3 aed. Cams <i iecivedacass 10
Be OME: aictbientagtbe adit ll
3 b. 3. Cochlidium ............ 11
4 | Bam. 2.. Muricida.... ....0s0s ll
a. Muricina.
4 Se ee oe ee ll
4 2. Chicoreus .......scecees- 11
5 B., "FROME ies veivedbaesiryes 12
5 4, "DRMGR: | :ncoditn Dogar drt ete 12
b. Colusina.
5 &. Cates, seinriacnaseee 12
Day) 6. Chevelle: cccatiaaatcde 12
6 7. Chrysodomns............ 13
6 8. Strombella............... 13
/ c. Pisaniana.
“ > NA SIN ca drites aes 13
/ 10. Columbella ............ 14
11. Bangin) Olas ccsesovt esis. 14
7 12. Triumphis ............06. 15
7 | d. Cominellina.
13. Latrunculus ............ 15
7 147 Coste <u ies 15
8 | e. Nassina.
8 | bS.:. Bailie yd dese Seeds A. <3: 16
) EG. NGOUB secsnshe iheioubatind 16
8 17. Desmoulea..........++.6. 17
9 | f, Phosina.
9 Ee ee 17
9 19. Cyllene .....s.socsceveese 18
9 DU, BAA. vsina ncodseladec cde 18

vi

Fam. 3. Buccinide
a. Rapanina.
1. Rapana
Rhizochilus
Be WON ve cisiiisacccereens
3. Chorus
4. Cuma
b. Purpurina.
5, Natulelle .. 430% hoes
6. Purpura
7. Concholepas
8. Acanthiza
9. Sistrum
10. Magilus
ce. Buccinina.
11. Buecinum
12. Gastridia

Fam. 4. Pusionellade
1. Pusionella

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1. Turris

Fam. 6. Cancellariade.........
1, Cancellaria’s......0:...005
2. Admete

Fam. 7. Olivide
a. Olivina.
1. Strephona
2. Olivella
3. Seaphula
4. Agaronia
b. Ancillarina.
5. Ancilla
6. Sandella..........00iveeten
7. Eburna
8. Sparella
9, Anolacia isis 53.08 EDS
e. Harpalina.
LO. Harpa........scecoveseeses

b. Trapezodonta.......eeeeereeees
Fam. 8. Lamellariade
1. Coriocella
2. Lamellaria
3 TEROAON. . sit wiih scadebaces

B. Odontoglossa
Fam. 9. Fasciolariad@ .........
a. Fasciolariana.
1. Fasciolaria
2, Leucozonia,...-+....0c00s
3. Latirus
b. Mitrina.
4. Mitra

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CONTENTS.
Page Page
18 5. Strigatella: coerce. isanan 30
6. Zierlise .<:.s<sasventhuae 30
18 f. Volvarip.jxicuctckeseeesedt 30
19 8.. Imbrivarig. clans tps 30
19 9. Cylindya, 3.2 0o seen 30
ty | Fam. 10. Turbinellide ....0+.-. 31
1-Torbmellua eccsccceneuce 31
20 | 2.. Cynadonte 255. 20.ystta et 31
op | C- Rachiglossa «sss... 3]
01' |- Fam: Ll. Volutidae: siw.see 31
21 | a. Yetina.
21 L | DOGO is.csusuveaneasicceeee 32
b. Volutina.
21 2. Cymbium: <..+spazcnneet 33
22 3. Senphia: “n<sasaenss began 33
29 4. Palgoraria .yscess<ceesioet 34
99 5. Callipara ....sesseseeeee 34
6. Violates: | .cscncéeeanee 34
23 7s LAYTIB “s0fsceetadnadenteene 34
23 8. Volutella.-- <tsssseenenvi sp 35
93 | & Amoriana (Scaphellina).
93 9. Amoria (Cymbiola) ... 35
23 d. Volutomitrina.
10. Volutomitra .......... . 36
24 | e. Porcellanina.
ll. Poreellatig: ..53:.cseser0e 36
24 2: Closia: « ieaepant wecjeneans 36
24 13. Persiovlay \2.<.00cccressums 37
25
25 | D. Trenioglossa sessssscves cee ar
Fam. 12, Cassididm ca. .iysnep 37
25 I, Gaahil cates vosseaveatanans 37
26 2. Levenih..cenaucegrtenen 37
26 3. Bezoardicn s..<cs.s.esveen 38
26 4, Morid 2... contenant 39
26 DB. BCOUSE. “cuss .cgsaue stones 39
a4 6. Linatelli.c\sckaasgpevne 39
26 7 TORE, - oc cnn axeasheeeeern 39
27 8, Oniscia...cadciasasariaies 40
9, PROPUDR. «ick vedpighesaeaal 40
27 10: Cithara .,..jstbasaatee 40
ef 11. Pachybathron ......... 40
28 | Fam. 13. Doliida@ ............08 40
og 1, Dolium siisiiiiwess dads 40
e 2, Males avcssvenst¥sadttiveds 4]
28 3. Ringicula ......0cssceees 4]
28 | Fam. 14. Tritoniade ......... 42
29 1. Apollon .csceccstaesseenss 42
29 2. Triton. «00s iviventmhwen nes 42
3. Buthria. scesstinendtbatscses 43
29 4. Persona ,.vavstbuapeedests 43

CONTENTS. vil

) Page Page
Fam. 15. Verenade ............ 43 a ene ccdtielstives 61
Bey OfOOM .. 4 tetates 44,77 tf BEA as gees uvecscdsaboons rt
: LL NII. -ocvsaseuceesevocas
Fam. 16. Sycotypide ......... 44 12. Entoconcha .........0.. 62
1. Sycotypus .....seccee0.-. 44
ae Fam. 25. Architectomide...... 62
Fam. 17. Velutinide............ 44 1; Architectoma.......c.s... 62
es NV OIEIID is ce cean es ages one 45 Se ee 63
PP AORTHI. ss covnssesepso 45 SS idle eae 63
3. Marsenina ............++. 46 ees me
4. Onchidiopsis ............ 46 | Fam. 26. T. agg Meee ahig 63
1. Tylodina... 63 . 203
Fam. 18. Naticide ............ 46 ats (see p )
a. Naticina. + | Subord. II]. Rosrrirera ... 64
ae eehies. ss iadtussik..! 47
b. Neveritina. ErPlatypoda' ai. 322u.. 64
NM OENER es tlvat creek suse <n. 48
eg CREE ta BOAT gay I. Podophthalma............ 64
2.) Mamba rsstasee 0. a h.i. 49 | Fam. 1. Ampullariade ......... 64
By CICRVEN: “si scssc apaapntninds 50 1. Pachystoma ............ 65
My TAMEUCINE 5 oe scancaaapabiees 50 Bi amhene 52250620. 65
A COMIACIN - ... Smanarsh doit 50 oe REIGN Gatestccceaeens dg 65
i. SAMMUYE”. os <<. os stab eeayee 51 4. Ampullaria........2....6. 65
De PGRGTG seaue sige gehs Sel tee 6
Fam. 19. Neritopside ......... 51 Pay trocar A i 68
¥. Neritopaia iist..i.5. 5] %~ Meladonras « iit2isd.<, 68
Fam. 20. Ianthinide............ 51
1. Tanthina.........s..eeee 51 | Il. Edriophthalma ......... 68
Bp EROCIEIA, on. 1-000sen2noags si A. Cryptocochlea ............++ 68
Fam. 21. Scalariade ......... 52 9 : :
BPMIGEIS nods encichee ails. 53 Big eee! PEM res -
: 2 COMIIIES 5... cwsinspnasnan 69
IJ. Iniophthalma ............ 53 Sr URINE bina <n cintacecndeees 69
A, Ptenoglossa ........ccceee 54 4. Radius ......seeceeeeeees 69
Fam. 22. Acteonid@ ..........+. 54 | Fam. 3. Cy; hs: ee 7()
Be MCPROE,, cnnquiictiivdathde ed 54 is l. eceak... bcnoe aioe ie al
ESN ne oe 55 wee 72
3. Monoptygma ............ 55 OR Sy pier tle 72
Ry WUEVEN ca nds \harceshacee>¢ 2
Be Teenioglossa........:...... 56 5. hpi PE Allg .
Fam. 23. Cerithiopside ...... 56 6. Cypreovula ............ 73
I. Cerithiopsis °........... m1) 7. Erato ........ tees teeeeeees 73
, ~~ {| Fam. 4 Pediculariade ......... 74
GC. Gymnoglossa ............ 57 1, Peditalesia..... 43.2 4
Fam. 24. Pyramidellide ...... 57
¥, Obeliseus® .....sivsses..: 57 | Fam. 5. Aporrhaide............ 75
2. Pyramidella ............ 57 1, Aporrbai sevens a0. 75
3. Odostomia smelting <é 57 2. Struthiolaria ............ 76
4. Chemnitzia............... 58 Di, SET ec cit Nat ew encs 77
‘ 5. Eulima PGiiminevangs as 59 4. Trichotropis ............ i7
6. Nisso ...s.seceeeeeereceees 60 Verena (from p. 44).
0 LQHOSCTEUS. ...iddeewwas'i.; 60 5. Calearella ........ Ped 77
8. Memestho ....s.cscc0... 6) 6. Simusigera ............++. 77

Vill CONTENTS,
Page Page
BP Cochlea..:.iccecesd: Abe 78 3. Lithoglyphus............ 89
4. Hydrobia ....27. tk 90
A. Phaneropneumona ......... 78 | fy Ee 90
Fam. 6. Cyclophoride ......... 78 6. Nematura .....cee. 90
a. Cyclotina. 7. Rivelia® >, 90
B COYCROINS oo veer napaiap ess 79 8. Pagodttuvsinstenk ee: 91
2: Pterocyclos’*......22:2:, 79 9. Bichinella “yo. ccnadasgc=>t 91
3. Opisthoporus............ 79 10. Modilna. « cssiicrns teat 91
4. Craspedopoma ......... 79 V1. PPOsgar s,s cucpeecesn aad 91
b. Aul na.
fie haeelae: gq | Fam. 10. Lacunid@ «2.2.00... 92
6. Cyclophorus ..........+- 80 1. Lanna: sisea-sane ae 92
‘ poked tie ps «that ngs oe | rime Truncatellide ...... 93
. VCAUS coccsecesscccceees Z t ] uct
9. Diplommatina ........ a0; | ° Operatic. enean 94
c. Pupinina. :
10. Megalomastoma SARS 8] c. Teleobranchia .............0 95
ll. Be eee Peer 8] Fam. 12. Planawide ... ........ 95
12. Pupinella Ea Bs 81 a Planazina
ig. Pupina Oe scvecersceeces 81 ; | Tiastin 95
14, Regiatonia ... . cassie 81 2. oak Bead
: 2. QUOYIA eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 95
TBS URIG vs» catcadinpacccten elt 4 Litiopina
d. Licinina. : coe
1G, SORIAUSS 55) iio ihiab aan 82 5. THOS cS eae ee =
ES AACR. « -aneupnstnitaiseen 82 | Fam. 13. Rissoade ............ 96
18. Choanopoma ............ 82 lL. Rissoimeiis..s.2h: a eae 96
19. Adamsiella...........s00 82 B. TRISHOMS. 2555054 see eee oe 97
e. Cyclostomina. 3. Skenea ......:.. Ssivehacty 98
FO APDIGION — geielsp yes cue BQ. = ‘
21. Otopoma at ey ee ne 83 | ae S Cecide eee ceccccacccce 99
22, Cyclostomus ....--e.s++ 83 | » CHCUM 2... sce eeeeeenee 100
05 "Padova. . 25. 2K. 83 | 2. Brochine..’ <..Bsseee sok 10]
24; Leonia: 2.06. caso easese 83 | ;
6 Satara oi. g3 |) Sa 18 Meares
26. Chondropoma .......-: 83 2. Melanatria ............... 102
f. Pomatianina. 3. Pachycheilus ......... 102
27. Pomatias ......eesee: 84 4. Leptoxis...eesccseseseseee 102
g. Realiana. | 5, Ceriphasia ...vcciassveves 102
28. Liarea...eee.csssceeereeees 84 | 6. Gyrostoma: s.i2yssiscde-0s 103
“ Realia.....ssecceeeeeeeees = 7. Hemisinus .......0c+000e 103
30. Bourciera ......-+..-+++. x4 8. Vibe sn owe San neobahanh abe 103
? . « OUI : 50 ccctnneabaongnee 103
pet 4. Oligyradat Wenge ea - 10, Melancpaties uacaine 103
1. Stoastoma .........cee00. 84 11. Clionell
Be ATOOURLEMIA,....:04nc<nonet 85 | 12. I eeamalanae herd. ing oo 104
3, Lucidella .........se0e 85 | Sonnet rr 0%
4, THelicthe citer 85 | p : “aps
afr anor eyeing ep. 36 Fam. 16.. Comthindes ee 105
a. Cerithiina.
Fam. 8. Proserpinide ... 86, 188 1. Rhinoclavis .........00. 105
1. Proserpina ......... 86, 189 2. Cerithium weiiisiiccieies 105
S. Bittinm witiKitta 106
B. Pseudopneumona ........-... 86 4. Tniiaateand es ae 106
Fam. 9. Littorinide ............ 86 5. Telescopium ..........4 106
Ri OOEMOR oa cdiie wodedes 87 6. Pyrazus ...¢ittiypseavent 107
ii: RAUOUMNOD. ovieekvs te ses cue 87 7. Lampania .vietiedivdee 107

CONTENTS. ix

Page
BP Potamides isles cave ii «os 107
B, CerGhides sciaesasseds «es 107
b. Triphorina.
Ge DTIDN OTIS ):a jnsndgesnsdess 108
Fam. 17. Turritellade ......... 109
By EUPPILCLA .sichocfeadeh oop 109
ETN ins cavsint cARataeeoie 110
ee ORT fi ncncnsncsceascas 110
Be MUD, \ cadcndinendyarnats 110
BP. Me OOAlIG: \ utladenens dts cc 111
Fam. 18. Barleeiade............ 1)1
Bo ee 111
By TAYOTOCIDG fan ahiasin3i «00 lil
Mam. 19. Viviparide............ ill
i ioe 112
arc ARAWIRIAE ESSAY Ulta ae) 114
oS. ealudonuss iii iil 114
ee ee ere a 114
PRESSERUIUR sec suet Gah na ake 114
pb. Plocamobrauchia ............ 115
Fam. 20, Calyptreade......... 115
a. Crepidulina,
Bs CTOPUOUIA, | 653 ins atandccne 115
Me MAMPINCEER. «205 cs skua sy kaade 117
b. Galerina.
Ns a ae ae a 117
Me PPOOIUUAN. eos ccicneceaciac 118
5. Crucibulum ............ 118
c. Calyptraina.
eo) 9 119
Fam. 21. Capulide ..........0. 119
GIN Se conccss encatis. 119
Be PRPOMYK Fie ies ucn esse. 121
Dr mimaithes Rec 121
Fam. 22. Vanieoroide ......... 121
ek VERICOKOs ste ca: 122
Eg. Streptobranchia....,.......... 122
Fam. 23. Valvatide ............ 122
Be MRIVGRAY eaiaiiide KS 122
Ill. Opisophthalma......... 123
Fam. 24. Aciculade ............ 123
Ei EIN, Scion a WUBSan ee cao 124
2. Geomelania ............ 124
Fam. 25. Rissoellide ......... 124
OPUIGRURCLMA. 2 ts ceanescescc ccs 124
2. Macgillivrayia ......... 125

Page
BB SProtpnod as hssvscrnwhs doce 126
Fam. 1. Vermetid@ .........00- 126
a. Vermetina.
1. Siphonium ............66 126
2. Vermetus .........8¢ cuss 126
3. Spiroglyphus ..........4. 127
4, Brvomeaieis fF22° =. i: 12
5. Serpuloides. ............ 127
6. Lementina....... se: chanel, Oe
7. Cladopoda ............ ots 127
b. Siliquariana,
S, Biliquaria 0.5.66. 128
III, Leptopoda ....cce005.... 1238
Fam. 1. Strombide ............ 128
a. Strombina.
TS SHRPEERUID ch act cons coe c on 128
2. PUCTOCETE Sle cac pec erence 130
ee SUNN Sot cin, on arindas son 130
b. Seraphina.
4. ROPADNYG... scene csrenter san 150
Pant, 22 Phorida. cccicckdacevues 130
Ll; Pherae: Otros. 130
S. Onuabeit 2.569 oe. 131
IV. Heteropoda .........00. 131
Fam. 1. Pterctracheide ...... 131
DBR envi tk etaheke 131
2. Pterotrachea .:.......008 131
GS. BeOMMMG | isedveciver cue 132
4. Cerophiors: oc ceresseee0es 132
5. Cardiapoda..........008. 132
6. Carimaria ......ceccesces 132
Fam. 2. Atlantide..........0.00. 133
1. Oxppyras: seine 133
2. Atlanta ... cdi. dee 134
G. RERER. cn, esa caters ote 134
Order Il. Scurtprancurata 135
Synopsis of Suborders ......... 135
1, Riphidoglossa............ 135
Suborder I. Scuriprancutra 136
Fam. 1. Neritinide ............ 136
L, Neste aii ian 136
2. Puperita ies. cdcvsisivecses 137
3. Neritebbaenieiwiie. dct 137
4, Codiling) se ask 139
Fam. 2. Rotellade ......0..0.. 139
1, RUE. @ ncdiccodebackestd 140
F.. POMS, ns. éconsnecsaictee b4]
SS gee a SS lil
Ve ee ed 14)

x CONTENTS.

Page
Fam. 3. Turbinid@. cccoseccces. 141
a. Turbina.
L. Sarmaticus os. wonnsitin 142
2 Paes ssc; nei 142
3. Marmorostoma ......... 143
4; AimyeEn: indirect... 143
. Miodelia 2 .< dscasnewdtdons 143
6: Callopoma ss .....602000-- 143
7 « INERGUUR: 7 Seiioctheteaes Ss: 143
S.. .Collonia :.stagetcked & x 143
b. Imperatorina.
F Uvanitles. 2 uiesenustete «i 144
OO). Cmhoay< 6035. i evusn scabies 144
Ls Pomaulax. wen hsecnis: 144
12. Gaildfordiawescessst...:. 144
ia; Pachypome <'2254.026-+- 144
14. Lithopoma............ ++ 144
15. Imperator. .isescas. <0: +0. 145
BG? ASOGKIB® . sikescapanattocy 145
Ey. SAMA. ; < cteareeeGitbaws.s 145
ce. Eutropiana.
18). Batropiasictisecdse2 n=. 145
Fam. 4. Liotiad]@ ...scvcscocsess 146
SCO indies «vp tc eee 146
De AMISLES | 0. seaoceaanns 147
Bi AOBOPDIG i eccacshactacnee 147
Fam. 5. Trochid@ ...... 0.20.00. 147
a. Trochina.
PP VOMOOIS oe 5 nah on cing ven ee 147
9 ACEPOUABNIG: 55S eh rains pues 147
Sy ok BCU Sicid otetee seus == 148
BD, EROEA. ne gu sekvneniensis 148
Rn 2 Ek 148
5, TSE GER..crova'sea Ai eives 148
Fa. FORYOONIA e2sicieusie\ 20s 148
S.C AROOOIE | a5 tistteaisenes 149
Pa PABIPENON ...cee eaves: vic 149
Ry ga eee 150
ET ORVSICIO ss ecseresinc sets 151
Be. LTOCMMODUR fivass sic ctnes 151
13, Gab bula. dassaindegede ties 151
14, Margarita ...secccserseee 153
LOT OMIA Boa decsisccscensss 153
16. Chlorostoma ....... swiss RDS
17. Omphalius ..........c00e 154
RG. Micwitee an d8tetisse if 154
19. Philippia....eeseereeees 154
b. Monodontina.
20. Monodonta..........0000. 155
Rs BAMCIOD ot pecdcenmacvareen 155
Sr MN csGdeibis sdnataacoten 155
ee SNR Gadecvrcs veveevude 156
c. Angarina.
B4. ANGALUG ciciccvevevesseces 156

Page
25. Vitrimella: ae. eee ses: 156
26. Valvatella ‘oo ee. 157

d. Canthiridina.
27. Canthiridus” <-.6s...1:. 157
28 Blenehws \isi..s-s res 157
29: Bonkiva <)s50023. ates 158
B0;; Avadasin 52203 ccs scenes 158
Sl ODaei” Ge eee 158
Fam. 6. Stomatellide ......... 158
}>Stomatella-....c.42s9ee-08 158
2. Stomak. ai<iciaweseees 159
3. Mierotta* 353527, mee 159
A AGODA cccackes tolass aoe 159
5, Broderipia ..:.v<c«veasun 160
S.0.IT. ScH1isMATOBRANCHIA 160
Fam. 7. Scissurellid@ ......... 160
L, Seissurells visveteiactons 160
Fam. 8. Haliotid@ .........00- 161
1. Haltotis: ....:.20.-s-0seee 161
G. Padollus., <icosseneee anus 162
3. Teinotis .s.50sc.osceneeeee 162

S.0. III. DicRANOBRANCHIA 162

Fam. 9. Fissurellida.........++ 162
ly Bettys 7 scisv career 162

2:. Tngalia «2 sianpgouee ot 163

3. Emarginula ............ 163

4; Hemitoma: sess dccenateocd 164

5. Clypidina ....ss..s0000s 164

6. Deridobranchus......... 164

7» Puncturella ~..dicaskas 164

8. Rimula: .,..cessataeates 165

9. Macroschisma ......... 165

10. Fissuirella. c.s.ssspacdenses 165
LL. Clypidella ...6...0500 o«s' 166
12. -Capiluma « escjeyracstneee 166
13. Fissurellideea .........+s. 166
14. Lucapina secseseececeeee 166
15. Pupillia sssvecscerssssonss 167

II. Heteroglossa ......ce00s. 167
| S.O. IV. CrrrospRancuta ... 167
Fam. 10. Dentaliade .......-. 167
lL. Dentaliom 33.ieat ct 168

2. Eintalis ~ inshvsviatcondeten 168
S.0. V. CERVICOBRANCHIA . 169
Fam. 11. Tecturid@ .........+6. 169
1. Nacella ...saceussecurere! 169

2. Teetura. <ocacesis eunaitl's $1 169

9. Beusris * iver sveva een vases 171

CONTENTS. xi

Page |

Fam. 12. Gadiniade...... ied 172 |
ee reciin of ee! 172
Fam. 13. Lepetid@ ........000 172
1. Lepeta ..... A bE IR eae 172
ROR vii elo xcdiuaredexnces 172
Subord. VI. CycLoprancuia 173
Fam. 14. Patellide ..........:. Lia
Pe eMEGUG,” 5 anketssncbinlecs 174
A a gt a Sf Ae P 175
MSR yo a a ae a 175
MP RUOROIOU Sle ecesce csc cevs's 176
8.0. VII. PotypLtacornora 176
Fam..15. Chitonida ...<a0..... 177
DR AAEOM. «x's addi teh iarton> 180
2. Enoplochiton............ 181
Sie RMP MBED) «2d aiMeEE Rand's oh 181
4. Callochiton ............ 181
5. Ischnochiton ............ 182
6. Leptochiton ............ 182
Pe Macs cpcceebeet tovd 183
8. Sehizochiton ..........6. 183
9. Acanthopleura ......... 183
RO. Mangeria: «20... edie 183
11..Corephium............... 184
12. Onythochiton ......... 184
id. Molpalia atin cac aa a O ehiceea 184
ae: CAO so cuendg da deuses ove 185
BO, PMMRYIO sscesecscewsecvee 185
BO. Metharine’ yieeccsdccoese. 185
17. Cryptochiton ..........., 185
BO. PIORIPHOPE . e20.csicce. oe 186
BO EEAMIOYS sins tas cnedas ds. us [86
20. Acanthochetes ......... 186
21. Chitonellus. ............ 187
ee MEI i cndurs's cede s¥veds 187
23. Cryptoconchus ......... 188
Subord.I*.PszupDOBRANCHIA 188
Fam. 1*. Proserpinade ...... 188
Ey PYOREFPINS ......0cececess 189
D CRVON cGic cian zae pha atte 189

S.C.I]. HererosBraNcuHiaAta 191
Ord. UT.PLEuROBRANCHIATA 191

Fam. 1. Philinida............00. 191
1. ? Gasteropteron ......... 191
2. Posterobranchiea ...... 192
Sic MROPUREIMI add Asean ewes 192
Me PN cathevedtavewn cess 192
Be Hirand ele occ cevecdcvses 193

6, Cryptophthalmus ...... 193

Page

7. Xanthonella ............ 194

8. Glauconella ............ 194

9. Scaphander .........64. 194
Fam. 2. Amphisphyrade ...... 194
1. Amphisphyra..........-. 194
Fam. 3. Bullinad@ ......6000-- 195
Es SM ctiscasBans oteras 195
Fam. 4.: Bailida . nccssccccdis ash 196
By AEE: ciiiedebiand aiikt re 196

&: Bee ven ce pcacransbeh ares 196
Sa a 197
Fam. 5. Amplustride ......... 197
1. Amplustrum ............ 197

2., PMAPAIGES. (sts ova 2 197

oh, ydating smsuasaseds..8 197
Fam. 6. Aplysiad@ .........+. 198
IL. Dotahella:: 26. Mei st 198

2. Dolabrifera......:ssvi. 003 199

G. Aphyene 5 654i. Sais dowd 199

4. Notarchus «...:.......00. 200

Ge. ERAPERECUS spercaccescasss 200

i NE "inca adh spadeneaens 200
Fam. 7. Lophocercide ......... 201
1. Lophocercus ........-... 201

Li: LTA GOR 50 ists ing conap seas 201

Fam. 8. Pleurobranchide...... 201
1. Pleurobranchus .......... 202

2: Sasadia’s 2A .. AR DAW 202
Se CCAR Mink ons ebees oko 203
a GG i ccassdsiaaened 203
5. Pleurobranchiea......... 203
Fam. 9. Tylodinade (addit.)... 203
Fam. 10. Umbrellade ......... 204
Pik CIMA E ci cecnccttaeess 204
Fam. ll. Runcinade............ 204
ii MORNING %:. Jdteteaudese ses 205

| Ord. IV.GyMNOBRANCHIATA 205

Subord. I. PyGoBrancuia... 206

Fam. 1. Onchidoride ......... 206
1. Onchidoris ............+0: 207
2. Acanthodoris .........+0. 207
Ss VeRO” © ces Seve eideses 207
Fam. 2. Doridida............... 208
1. Glossodoris ...ccccseees 208
2. Chromodoris .........00: 208

xi CONTENTS.

Page
3. Actimodoris. s..0¢.2s0005 208
4. Asteronotus ...cc....0: 209
5. Actinocyclus .........++ 209
G. Atagema....c....csseceee 209
7. Dendrodoris ..........:: 209
Ph. BOOTOS is dateccteediccdiensat 209
9. Hexabranchus ......... 210
10. Heptabranchus ......... 211
Fam. 3. Goniodorid@ ......... 211
1. Gomodoris .2. 5. isse..¢.. 211
2. Brachychlanis ......... 212
“Ry Se io gee 212

A Ripeaie °+5.. eet ts o13 |
Fam. 4. Polycerade ............ 213
DOUCET RC ech Sac tdayet 213
PRS oc Whanalteldteeedan’s sce 213
Be AMCCHOETA Geisid de ack in 214
Fam. 5. Triopidesiseosics...cs. 214
LSTHODA. 500 cblociecreabee' 214
2. Kuplocamus ............ 215
3. Plocamoceros.......++0. 21D
Be FRE + os tevdosnyty nda suk 215
Fam. 6. Ceratosomide ......... 215
1. Ceratosoma ...ccceses- 216

Subord. II. INFEROBRANCHIA 216

Fam. 7. Phyllidiada@............ 216
Fy gO Re eee ee 216
Z. Fryeria ...scsnsevoesenesi 216
3, Hypobranchiza ......... 216
Fam. 8. Diphyllidiade......... 216
1. Diphyllidia............++ 217
Subord. II]. Potysprancuia 217
Fam. 9. Tritoniada ..........:. 217 |
Dy AMELIA. eas uptiuindnsavk<se 217 |
Fam. 10. Scyllaide@ ..........+. 218 |
DG RCYEMOD. scncesndcsncspions 218 |
Fam. ll. Tethyade ............ 219 |
Pe PORNW Micedsctcictecvadas 219 |

Subord. [1V. CeRABRANCHIA 219
Fam. 12. Dendronotide ...... 219

Page

Fam. 13. Proctonotide......... 220
Ll. Prectonotus s4s4..0500 220

D. Jars. acc leee ate eee 221
Fam. 14. Herotd@ 000 ccvgustess 291
LT LeCrO. 5. ssaveos cee eee 2?)

2 Gelling) 2... fxeseseater ee 221

By CALEFOD | a ssnnattenddeedey pris
Fam. 15. Dotonide ............ 222
1. Debs icciecscc teers Sa pe 222

2: Melibe: | o. cccewottheenvare 222
Fam. 16. Glaucid@ .........00. 222
1 aC owweckcaeeetaeee 222
Fam. 1/7. Eoltdide@ | ......5...0 a5
1, (Calon. cchwdieee 995

9. Plabellina......czctugers od aes

3. Faceling)aeedcintt kt 223

4. Coryphella ss cist ehis 3k 224

5.. Favorinus) aiiiiveisns dot 224

6, Phidianais 1 ich asiedeck 224

7, Holds satitiadvectet 224

8. Cuthons ....<..deyeuaenest 225

9: Cavolinaziaich eles 225

10. Galvirha: seliniinntot..£ 226

LT. ‘Lergipes ...enstendide. pee
12,. Embletomiay iciciskss tend 226

13, Calliopmaais csicunetboas 227
Fam. 18. Fionide ...........000: 927
DRO oink re bate 297
Fam. 19. Herm@ide ............ 227
1. Hermea' sr is acs 5 kanal See

2. Stliger ‘iccteccsusesastaek 228

Oo: Alderia’ iicscifiveeweraee 228
Subord. V. PLACOBRANCHIA 228
Fam. 20. Elysiad@ ...se0.0ss00 228
EA PARA ac srishaxsoceemcene 298

2. Placobranchus ......... 229

Subord. VI. PELLIBRANCHIA

Fam. 21. Limapon
i

tiade ...... 2

1. Limapontia 229
2. ACHHONIR joediis ivcdarode 229
Fel To ea ae pee vee 230
4 PUOCIA . vxuencinecsie snes
He ROME utvetssnaseeksyhontes 230
Fam. 22, Phyllirrhoide ...... 230
1. Phylltrrboe: \: sei diveweds 230

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

OF

MOLLUSCA.

BARAARARAALARAPDPD SSSA

Subkngdom MOLLUSCA.

Animal soft ; flesh destitute both of a bony skeleton supporting
jointed limbs, and of a hard, ringed skin; covered with a muscular
coat called the Mantle endued with a glairy humour, and gene-
rally furnished with one or two lateral calcareous envelopes called
Shells, which are secreted by this coat for the protection of the body
and of the more vital organs of the animal. The body is generally
elongate, walking on a single central disk or foot, and provided with
one or more pairs of organs on the head and sides. The nervous
system (which furnishes the most distinctive character of the larger
group of the Animal Kingdom) merely consists of a certain number
of medullary masses distributed to different parts of the body, one
of the masses being placed over the gullet and surrounding it like a
collar.

Linneeus refers all the animals inhabiting shells to five genera,
viz. Limax, Ascidia, Anomia, Clio, and Sepia. These genera may
be regarded as the types of the classes proposed by Cuvier. Poli
had, before his time, considered three of them as Orders, under the
names of Mollusca Reptantia, Subsilientia, and Brachiata.

Synopsis oF CrLasseEs.
A. Pedifera. Crawling on a foot placed under the body.

I. GasrERopopaA (Gasteropods or Univalves). Head distinct, with
eyes and tentacles; body usually protected by a conical, more
or less spiral shell, often furnished with an operculum.

II. Concutrera (Conchifers or Bivalves). Head indistinct ;
mouth placed between the gills; they and the body enclosed
between the two leaves of the mantle, which are covered by two
shelly valves united above by a ligament.

n

2 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

B. Apoda. foot none, or very rudimentary.

III. Bracuiopopa (Brachiopods or Lamp-shells). Mouth placed
at the base of two spirally-twisted ciliated arms between the
two leaves of the mantle, which are covered with two separate
shelly valves: they live attached to other marine bodies.

IV. Preroropa (Pteropods). Head prominent, with one or
rarely two pairs of fins on the side of the neck, by means of
which they swim on the ocean; body often covered with a thin ©
conoidal shell.

V. CepHatopopa (Cephalopods). Head distinct, large, with eight
or ten or more arms, by which they walk head downwards.

A. Pedifera, Gray. The adult animal furnished with a more or
less distinct foot placed under the body for crawling on the
ground or surface of the water.

Class I. GASTEROPODA, - Cuvier.

Animal having a distinct head furnished with eyes and tentacles,
and usually protected by one or two unequal-sized valves, the largest
being conical, spiral, and enclosing the greater part of the body.

SyNOPSIS OF ORDERS.

Subclass I. Gills comb-like, formed of one or two series of lamelle
under the mantle on the back of the neck, or rarely round its
edges. Adult and larva shell-bearing ; larva furnished with
deciduous cephalic fins. Unisexual or hermaphrodite and self-
impregnating. Ctenobranchiata, Gray, 1840. Prosthobran-
chia (or Prosobranches), M.-Hdwards, 1848.

Order I. PecrinriBRANCHIATA. Gills comb-like, formed -of one
(or rarely of two) longitudinal series of laminze on the left side
of the mantle over the back of the neck. Animal unisexual.
Shell spiral.

Order II. ScuriprancurAta. Gills consisting of two series of
lamellee, forming one or two series over the back of the neck or
under the edge of the mantle round the foot. Animal herma-
phrodite, self-impregnating. Shell conical, spiral or symmetrical.
Rectum often traversing the heart.

Subclass Il. Respiratory organs variously formed ; gills exposed or
only slightly covered by a fold of the mantle, or in the form of
a closed lung-like cavity. Hermaphrodite, with reciprocal im-
pregnation. eterobranchiata, Gray, 1840. Opisthobranchia
(or Opistobranches), M.-Hdw. 1848.

Order III. PuevrosprancuiAta. Gills forming a tuft on the side
under a fold of the mantle. Animal hermaphrodite, with reci-

:

~ OF MOLLUSCA. 3

procal impregnation. Shell spiral. Adult and larva shell-bear-
ing; larva with deciduous cephalic fins.

Order IV. GymnosrancuiAtTa. Gills exposed or contractile into a
cavity on the surface of the mantle. Adult shell-less ; larva shell-
bearing, with deciduous cephalic fins. Animal hermaphrodite,
with reciprocal impregnation.

Order V. Preumosrancuiata. Respiring free air in a closed
chamber lined with pulmonie vessels. Adult and larva shell-
bearing ; larva shaped like the parent, without cephalic fins.

Subclass I. CTENOBRANCHIATA, Gray.

Gills comb-like, formed of one or two series of plates (or some
ramified vessels) on the inner surface of the mantle (or rarely round
itsedge). Giull-cavity open. Mantle free from the back of the neck.

Adult, and larva shell-bearmg; larva furnished with deciduous
ciliated fins on the side of the head. Unisexual or hermaphrodite
and self-impregnating.

Order I. PecTINIBRANCHIATA, Cuvier.

Gills comb-like, formed of one or rarely two longitudinal series
of lamellze (or very rarely some branched vessels) on the left side of
the mantle over the back of the neck. Gill-cavity open, the mantle
edge being free from the back of the neck. Animal unisexual. Shell

spiral. Operculum usually distinct.

SYNOPSIS OF SUBORDERS.

I. Toxirera. Head small; proboscis retractile under the base of
the tentacles. Teeth elongate, subulate, implanted in the fleshy
proboscis (figs. 2, 3).

II. PrososcipirerRA. Head small; proboscis retractile under the
base of the tentacles. Teeth variable, in an elongated cartilagi-
nous tongue-membrane (figs. 1, 6, 7, &c.).

Il]. Rosrrirera. Head produced into a rostrum, with the ten-
tacles on the side of its base. Teeth in seven longitudinal series
3° 1°83, in a cartilaginous tongue-membrane (fig. 1).

Fig. 1.—Lingual membrane and teeth of Buccinum undatum.

PAT ee

48 eee 3 nan3222
IEEE EERE p
Vs Se

SRI2S F255 ! rl
“Oita ¢
<DEL GS oe Cw
a, the front end of lingual band. r, central teeth. l, lateral teeth.
B 2

4 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

Suborder I. Tox1rmra, Gray.

Head small, with a retractile proboscis, (when retracted) hidden
in the body. Tentacles close together at the base or on the side of a
funnel-shaped veil surrounding the mouth. Teeth elongate, subulate,
in two series, implanted in the fleshy proboscis (fig. 2). Eyes sessile

on the outer side, or near or on the end of the Fig. 2.
tentacles. Teeth of Conus.
A. Mouth surrounded by a rostrum-like veil

over the base of the proboscis.

Fam. I. CONUSID.

Animal. Mouth surrounded by a funnel-
shaped, rostrum-like veil, slit above. Tenta-
cles on the side of the veil. _ Eyes on short
tubercles adnate to the outér side of the
tentacles, and more or less distant from the
base. Siphon of mantle and canal of shell
recurved. Mantle entire. Teeth with a more
or less swollen base and somewhat twisted,
perforated and barbed at the tip (fig. 2).

Shell obconic; whorls compressed ; aper-
ture linear. Operculum horny, annular ;
nucleus apical, rarely absent.

The head of Conus textilis produced into
an elongated funnel-shaped veil; proboscis :
retractile. Teeth in two series, red; upper |

ones in two parallel irregular lines which
diverge from one another below; when re-
tracted they are bent from the mouth of the
proboscis.

a. Aperture of shell linear, narrow. Operculum distinct.

1. Conus.

Veil of the mouth simple at the end. Operculum thick, flat above,
ovate, linear, apex acute, front or inner side straight.

. bandanus, Fig. Moll. t. 11. f. 8, t. 10. f. 7, t. 83. f. 2.

. mediterraneus, Fig. Moll. t. 83. f. 4.

. acuminatus, Fig. Moll. t. 83. f. 3.

, Fig. Moll. t. 81a. f. 6.

. pulicarius, Fig. Moll. t. 10. f. 8. Operculum, Addams, Gen.
Moll, t. 26. f. la.

. marmoreus, Fig. Moll. t. 10. f. 5.

. hebreeus, Fig. Moll. t. 10. f. 4.

. figulinus, Fig. Moll. t. 10. f. 3.

. Miles, Fig. Moll. t. 10. f. 2.

. betulinus, Fig. Moll. t. 12. f. 1.

Pe
lolololo

SOMUID
QOQaQqan

—-

OF MOLLUSCA. 5

ll. C. lividus, Fig. Moll. t. 12. f. 3.

12. C. teeniatus, Fig. Moll. t. 12. f. 5.

13. C. arenatus, Pig. Moll. t. 12. f. 8, 9.

74. C, Strombus, Fig. Moll. t. 11. f. 1, 2.
15. C, raphanus, Fig. Moll. t. 11. f. 3.

16. C.? rusticus, Fig. Moll. t. 11. f. 4.

17. C. sanguinolentus, Fig. Moll. t. 11. f. 5.

18. C. (Cylinder) textilis, Hig. Moll. t. 10. f. 1.

2. TULIPARIA.

Veil of mouth fringed at the end. Teeth hastate. Operculum
ovate, horny.—ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 26. f. 2.

1. T. Tulipa, Fig. Moll. t. 12. f. 2.
2. T. striata, Fig. Moll. t. 10. f. 6.

b. Aperture of shell wide. Operculum none.

3. RoLuvs.

Veil ? Operculum none. Shell subcylindrical, ventricose.
Mouth large, wide. Spire short.

1. R. geographicus.

B. Mouth simple, not forming a produced rostrum-like veil over the
base of the proboscis.

Fam. II. ACUSIDZ.

Mouth exposed. Tentacles very small, close together on the side
of the mouth. Eyes none or very small, near or on the top of the
very small tentacles. Mantle enclosed, entire. Siphon elongate,
recurved. Teeth “elongate, swollen at the base, and furnished with
a denticulated keeled line as in Conus.”’ Foot small. Shell turrited,
smooth; spire very long. Mouth ovate; inner lip rather concave ;
outer thin. Canal short, recurved. Operculum annular.

The tentacles of Acuside are exceedingly minute, placed on the
upper edge of the inflexed trunk ; in some species they are so small
as not to be seen; some have the eyes on the tips of the small ten-
tacles, and others have no visible eyes. The male organ is very
filiform, very long, as long as two whorls of the shell. Foot small,
folded across when contracted. Head rounded. Mantle with a very
long, slender, breathing siphon. Operculum horny, ovate, nearly
as large as the mouth of the shell, with a rather thickened rib on
its inner side. The inner lip of the shell is generally absorbed and
concave ; in a few species only, as in deus Cerithina, is it thickened
and elevated.

The species of Acus live only below low-water mark.— Adams.

The trunk of the genus deus is represented as short and campa-
nulate by Quoy, t. 36. f. 17; but in other figures, as in fig. 19, the
muzzle is represented as produced. That the genus has a trunk,
and not a muzzle, is proved by fig. 31, where the anatomy is given.
In the same plate, Murex roseus, t. 36. f. 11, and M. ricinuloides,

6 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

t. 36. f. 15, are represented as having a corrugated muzzle and lateral
tentacula, as if they had no trunk ; they differ in this respect from the
other figures of the same species at fig. 13, where the tentacles are
properly represented as close together at their base.

1. Acus.

Tentacles small. Suture of shell simple. Operculum ovate; nu-
cleus apical.

1. A. maculatus, t. 85 a. f.8, t. 99. f.1; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 24. f.1.
2. A. subulatus, t. 99. f. 3; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 24. f. 2.

Tentacles of deus maculatus very small, short, cylindrical, nearly
close, with very small eyes at the apex. Mantle simple. Siphon broad,
rather short. Foot folded down on each side in front when contracted.
Proboscis elongate, thick, entirely retractile. Lingual membrane and
teeth ? Operculum ovate, trigonal, nearly flat, with a subcen-
tral longitudinal ridge, brown; apex subacute; nucleus apical.

The mantle of deus maculatus is enclosed. Siphons elongate,
conical, when contractile spirally curved. Tentacles very small,
nearly close together at their base, short, cylindrical, blunt, with the
eyes at their tips, without any veil. Proboscis very long, cylindrical,
with a large longitudinal mouth. Lingual membrane and teeth ?

2. SUBULA.

Tentacles and eyes none. Suture of shell simple. Operculum
ovate. Nucleus apical.

1; S. ? anatomy, t. 99. f. 2.
2. S. dimidiata, t. 99. f. 4.
3. S. strigilata, t. 85a. f. 9.

Foot of Subula dimidiata moderate ; folded across. Operculum
horny, lanceolate, Head indistinct ; only an aperture for the emission
of the proboscis. Tentacles none. Eyes none. Mantle enclosed.
Siphon elongate, spirally twisted when retracted into the shell.

3. LEIODOMUS.

Tentacles small. Operculum ovate. Suture of shell callous, like
Bullia, but foot small.

1. L. ceeruleus.

Foot of Leiodomus cerulescens moderate, folded longitudinally in
front. Mantle enclosed. Siphon rather elongate, crenulated on the
lower edge. Tentacles very small, very short, subcylindrical, with
the eyes on their tips, placed on each side of the contracted cavity for
the emission of the proboscis, without any veil. Proboscis elongate.
Lingual membrane ? Male organ elongate, subcylindrical, on
hinder part of right side. Operculum ovate, much smaller than
aperture of shell, blunt at each end, annular, thick ; nucleus suban-
terior, on front of inner side.

According to the observations of M. Morch, Letodomus cinereus

OF MOLLUSCA. 7

has two series of elongated subulate teeth, swollen at the base, and
furnished with a denticulated keeled line, like Conus.

4, Dorsanvum.
Shell ovate ; suture simple ; outer lip simple, acute. Operculum

l. D. politum, t. 24. f. 12, 13.

Fam. III. PLEUROTOMID.

Animal. Mouth exposed. Tentacles close together at the base of
the mouth. Eyes adnate to the outer side of the
tentacles near the base. Mantle enclosed, with Fig. 3.
a slit in the hinder part of the outer side. Si- Teeth of Mangelia.
phon produced. Teeth simple; base rather en-
larged (fig. 3).
Shell spiral, fusiform ; whorls roundish. Aper-
ture ovate ; outer lip with notch or groove behind.
Operculum horny, annular, rarely wanting.
- The mantle of the specimen in spirits is grooved
as if with plaits on the outer lip.

a. Clavatulina. Operculum semi-ovate, annular; nucleus in the
centre of the straight front edge (fig. 4).

1. CLAVATULA.
Shell turrited, spire elongate, canal short.

1. C. bimarginata.
2. C. imperialis, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 10. f. 5, operculum only.
3. C. muricata.

2. ToMELLA.
Shell fusiform, canal elongate, inner lip callous
near suture.

1. T- lineata, Swains. Pleurotoma 1., Lamk.;
Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 10. f. 5, operculum

(fig. 4).

b. Pleurotomina. Operculum ovate, acute; nucleus apical (fig. 5).
Fig. 5.

3. PLEUROTOMA. |
Shell fusiform, canal elongate, produced ; outer
lip with a fissure near the suture. Operculum
ovate-lanceolate, flat, front side straight.
1. P. babylonica, Fig. Moll. t. 90. f. 3, t. 90. f. 4.
‘2. P. virgo, t. 90. f. 1.
3. P. oxytropis, Lamk.

8 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

In P. babylonica the eye-peduncles are thick, cylindrical, annu-
lated, with large black eyes at the end. The tentacles are short,
subulate, blunt, on the outer side of the tip of the eye-peduncle.
The operculum ovate, acute, subannular, with an apical nucleus

(fig. 5).
4, Dri.uia.

Shell turrited; mouth ovate; canal short. Operculum ovate,
acute ; nucleus apical. Eyes on upper part of tentacula.

1. aD: at. 84 asi 2:

2. D.? echinata, t. 91. f. 4.

3. D. cagayanensis, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 10. f. 2.

4. D. alabaster, Adams, Gen. Moll. t.10. f. 2.a, 6, operculum only.
5. D. maculata.

6. D. flavidula.

7. D. funiculata.

8. D. Maravigne.

5. Breua.

Shell fusiform and subturrited ; whorls waved or smooth; outer
lip simple, or with a very slight sinus at the hinder end near the
suture. Operculum ovate, acute. Eyes on the upper part of the
tentacles.

1. B. Turricula, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. T.T. f. 2.

2. B. septangularis, Yorbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. T.T. f. 3.

3. B. rufa, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. T.T. f. 4.

4. B. nobilis, ddams, Gen. Moll, t. 10. f. 3 a, 6, operculum only.

ce. Defranciina. Operculum none.

6. DEFRANCIA.
Shell fusiform or subturrited ; mouth ovate; canal short; outer
lip slightly nicked behind.
“'Tentacula setaceous. Eyes subpedicelled. Foot mat as
two-lobed and horned in front. Operculum none. D. lineata.”

1. D. multilineata, Fig. Moll. t. 90. f. 2, t. 105. f. 5.

2. D. Lefroyi, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. R.R. f. 1,

3. D. brachystoma, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. R.R. f. 2

4. D. teres, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. R.R. f. 3.

5. D. costata, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M.t. R.R. f. 4.

6. D. attenuata, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. Re. £5,

7. D. linearis, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. R.R. f. 6.

8. D. nebula, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. R.R. f. 7; Adams, Gen.
Moll. t. 10. f. 10.

9. D. gracilis, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. R.R. f. 8.

OF MOLLUSCA. 9

d. Operculum and animal unknown.

?7. ANNA.

Shell fusiform ; mouth ovate ; outer lip rather thickened, crenate.
“Operculum horny.” —Philippi. Teeth i

1. A. Massena, Phil. Moll. Sicil. ii. 188. t. 27. f. 5.

?8. MELATOMA.

Shell fusiform ; mouth elongate, linear; outer lip notched at the
suture; canal short. Operculum ’ Teeth ——-?

1. M. suleata, Swains.

?9. CoNOPLEURA.

Shell obconic ; whorls compressed ; mouth linear. Operculum
——? Animal

1. C. striata, Hinds.

2710. DAPHNELLA.

Shell fusiform, thi; mouth elongate, oblong, slightly channeled
in front ; outer lip acute. Operculum ?

1. D. marmorata.
2. D. ornata, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 10. f. 8, shell only.

Suborder Ii. PRososcrprrera, Gray.

Head small, with an elongated retractile (long exsertile) pro-
boscis, when retracted hidden inthe body. Tentacles close together
at the base or united by a veil over the base of the proboscis. Teeth
in 1, 3, or 7 series on the surface of a linear elongate horny mem-
brane. Gills in two series with some mucous filaments. Eyes ses-
sile, generally on the outer side near the base of the tentacles, but
sometimes at the tip or on the head behind their base. Carnivorous ;
eating living mollusca and other animals; often boring round holes
in the shell to arrive at the living animal.

I. Edriophthalma, [yes on the outer side of the base of the ten-
tacles.

A. Hamiglossa. Teeth in three series; central fixed, lateral
versatile.

B. Odontoglossa. ‘Teeth in three series; central and lateral
fixed, transverse.

C. Rachiglossa. Teeth in a single longitudinal series.

D. Tenioglossa. Teeth in seven series; the central and inner
lateral fixed, two outer lateral mobile.

E. Ptenoglossa. Teeth in numerous longitudinal series.

II. Iniophthalma. Eyes sessile, between and behind the tentacles.
A. Ptenoglossa. Teeth in numerous series,
B. Tenioglossa. Teeth in seven series; the two outer lateral
mobile.
C. Gymnoglossa. Teeth none.

10 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

Tribe I. Edriophthalma, Gray.

Eyes sessile or nearly so, on the outer side of the base of the tentacles.

A. Hamiglossa, Gray. Teeth in three series 1: 1°1, the central
broad, fixed ; lateral, versatile. Mantle and shell siphonal.
Operculum annular. Shell spiral, pillarless, smooth, or only
slightly grooved in front.

a. Hamiglossa vera. The lateral teeth hamate, curved. Shell
external (figs. 1 & 6-9).

* Foot moderate, contractile into the shell, not cross-grooved in front,
and not producing a polished coat on the shell.

Fam. I. CASSIDULIDA, Gray.

Head elongate, conical, produced. Tentacles very small, near the
end of the head. Siphon of mantle and canal of shell elongate,
straight. Foot simple in front. Shell spiral; pillar smooth.
Operculum horny, annular, sometimes deficient.

a. Operculum horny, ovate, acute.

1. CAssIDULUS.

Shell pear-shaped ; spire short ; mouth ovate, elongate, large, nar-
rowed in front into a broad, straight, open canal; outer lip simple ;
inner lip smooth. Operculum ovate, acute, rather small.

. C. Melongena, t. 88. f. 1. Fig. 6.—Teeth of Cassidulus Morio.
C. galeodes, t. 266. f. 1.

. C. Cochlidium, t. 266.f. 2.
C. Vespertilio. — et, neh
C. Colosseus.

C. Morio, teeth (fig. 6).

Head of Cassidulus nodosus
rostriform, conical, annulated,
with two very small tentacles close together at the base of the tip,
with the eyes on their external base. Proboscis small, conical, per-
fectly retractile. Lingual membrane very narrow, elongate. Teeth
1+ 1+15 central elongate, narrow, with one small central and one very
long, conical, lateral denticle ; lateral teeth with a knee, base simple.
Operculum ovate, acute, nucleus apical, acute.

The head of Cassidulus Vespertilio conical, produced. Tentacles
very small, nearly close together at the end of the head. Eyes
small on the outer side and rather below their base. Proboscis ex-
ceedingly long, completely retractile, cylindrical, rigid, ringed. Teeth
1-1*1; central elongate, rather narrow, with three denticles in
front, the central smallest ; lateral hamate, with a strong basal tooth.

Cassidulus Melongena is found on the mud-banks of Jamaica, and
C. patulus on those of Panama; they are eaten in both localities.
—Adams.

aoe oN

OF MOLLUSCA. ll

2. FuLGUR.

Shell like Cassidulus, but spire shorter ; last whorl very large ;
mouth very open. Teeth ? Operculum very small ovate or
claw-shaped.

1. F. canaliculata.
2. F. Carica.

b. Operculum none.

3. CocHLIDIUM.

Shell very like Cassidulus, but operculum none. Head elongate
conical, like a snout, with a very long, exsertile proboscis. Tenta-
cula very small, on the side of the mouth. Eyes small, on outer
side of their base. Male organ large. Foot ovate, truncated in
front. Teeth central, 3-toothed, lateral hooked, versatile.

1. C. Tuba. Pyrula tuba, Lydoux, Voy. Bonite, t. 43.

Fam. Il. MURICIDA, Fleming.

Head small, truncated. Tentacles moderate. Mantle enclosed.
Operculum horny, annular; nucleus apical or subapical, just within
the apex. Shell external; pillar smooth.

A. Siphon produced. Canal of shell produced.

a. Muricina. Shell with three or more varices, often branched ;
inner lip smooth; outer lip often with a tooth-like process in
front. Operculum ovate; nucleus subapical, within the apex

(fig. 7).

* Hinder part of the edge of the mantle and lip of shell simple, or
with a sutural groove. Fig. 7.
1. Murex, Lamhk.

Shell ovate; spire short, with three or more
rounded or spinose varices on each whorl; mouth
ovate ; canal elongate, tubular, spinose externally.

+ Varices distinct, spinose.
1. M. tenuispinus, t. 6. f. 2.
orem soreanaaris, t. 6..£. 30, ¢..7..f. I, 2.
tt Varices rudimentary, unarmed. Pyrenella.
3. M. Spirilla.

2. CHICOREUS.

Shell ovate; spire acute, with three or more often branched or
spinose varices on each whorl; mouth ovate; canal moderate, bent
up to the right.

12 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

. inflatus, t. 84. .

. erinaceus, t. 89.f.6; Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. T.T.f.1.
. palma-rose, t. 7. f. 6.

. zealandicus, t. 7. f.

. octonus, t. 7. f. 4.

»arunculus, *t. 6:4. 1 ¢ ,:t..89.£.-7.

. ricinuloides, t. 7. f. 5.

Sometimes, instead of the processes of the varices being branched,
they are short, conical and simple; at others the tubercles between
the varices are produced into varices, when the shell has six instead
of three varices on each whorl, which proves that these tubercles
may be considered as abortive varices.

NES OUR ONS
C2 Ca Ca e7 eC

3. TROPHON.

Shell ovate; spire short, with numerous lamellar varices on each
whorl; mouth ovate; canal moderate, open, rather bent to the
right. Eyes on short tubercles.

1. T. patagonicum, t. 89. f. 2.

2. T. Bamfium, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M.t.8.S. f. 3.
3. T. echinatum, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. 8.8. f. 4.
4. T. Barvicense, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. 8.8. f. 5.

** Hinder edge of mantle and outer lip with a tubular canal.
4. Typuis.

Shell ovate; spire short, with three or more thin varices on each
whorl, and with a tubular canal at the hinder part of the outer lip ;
anterior canal short, bent up, tubular.

1. T. pungens.

b. Colusina. Varices of shell rudimentary or none. Inner lip
smooth. Operculum ovate, acute; nucleus apical (fig. 8).

5. Couus.

Animal red. Operculum ovate, acute. Shell Fig. 8.
fusiform ; spire elongate, conic; canal more or Operculum of Colus.
less elongate, straight ; inner lip smooth. VX
. multicarinatus, t. 90. f. 2.
. australis, t. 9. f. 3.

It, 9, aoa

. raphanus, t. 9. f. 1.
. dilatatus, t. 9. f. 5.
. polygonoides.

Soe ON
Mololelole

6. CLAVELLA.

Shell fusiform or turbinate; last whorl large, irregularly enve-
loping the rest ; inner lip smooth. Operculum acute. Teeth ?

1. C. serotina.

OF MOLLUSCA. 13

7. CHRYSODOMUS.

Shell ovate, fusiform; spire conic;
whorls smooth, without any rudi-
mentary varices ; canal very short,
straight. Operculum ovate, acute.
Animal olive.

Fig. 9.—Teeth of Chrys. antiquus.

1. C. antiquus, t. 92. f. 1, t. 89. f. 8. Teeth (fig. 9).

2. C. propinquus, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t.8.S. f. 1.
3. C. Islandicus, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. 8.8. f. 2.
4. C. bullosus.

5. C. contrarius.

6. C. Turtoni, Forbes & Hanley, B. M.

8. STROMBELLA.

Shell ovate, fusiform; whorls smooth; canal very short; outer
lip expanded. Operculum oblong, rounded at each end. Animal
olive.

1. S. Norvegica, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. 107; t. 108. f. 7-9.

B. Siphon recurved. Canal of shell very short and recurved, or
reduced to a notch.

c. Pisaniana. Shell with rudimentary varices. Operculum ovate,
acute ; nucleus apical ; edge entire.

9. PISANIA.

Shell ovate; spire conic, generally waved by the rudimentary
varices; mouth ovate; inner lip with a few slight plaits in front.
Operculum ovate, acute.

Pen etre, +. OU..1. oy, ts 96.1, Ly. tu, 9p. 1.6.
P. civetta, t. 87 a. f. 3.
ereomneata, t. 5. 1. 5:

. ignea, t. 5. f. 2.

; eincta, t. 9, f. 7.

. violacea, t. 5. f. 8.

. fasciolata, t.5.f.4. *
view. tc 102, £.. 20:
undosa, t..50. f. 1-4.
awathia, t. o4..1. 18. £9.

. lineolata, t. 5. f. 1.

rt Se SE ROE eee
aha dae de

— —

The teeth of Pisania striata are 11° 1, central, crescent-shaped,
with five subequal, flat, tapering dentations ; lateral with a single,
acute, bent-up lobe, and slightly produced at the angle.

The lingual membrane of Pisania ? is narrow elongate, dark
brown ; inner end dilated ovate, darker, nearly opake. Teeth 1-1° 1,
central rather broad ovate, three-toothed in front, lateral conical,
slightly curved.

14 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

10. CoLUMBELLA.

Shell obovate or fusiform; mouth linear, ovate; canal short,
curved. Operculum ovate, acute.

lL; «0. rustica, t..11.-4.°6,:7, 698. 82)°4; 5,

2. C. semipunctata (Pyrene s.), ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 19. f. 8.
3. C. mendicaria, t. 98. f. 7.

4. C. Paytensis, t. 98. f. 6. |

5. C. pardalina, t. 98. f. 3.

6. C.? lanceolata, t. 8la. f. 2.

‘Sap ? Barnet, t. 24. f. 10.

8. C. fulgurans, 4ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 19. f. 7, 76, 7.

The operculum of Columbella zonata is triangular, ovate ; nucleus
apical, acute, the basal end subtruncate; outer edge subdentate ;
sear basal, oblong, submarginal, brown, white-edged. The lingual
membrane is linear elongate; teeth 1:°1°1, central with five
denticles, the three middle larger, central rather the largest, lateral
denticles very small; lateral teeth with a kneed apex with a conical
basal tooth.

In Columbella punctata the proboscis is elongate, black at the tip.
Teeth 1+ 1-1, the central transverse, simple ; lateral hooked, hamate,
with a large basal lobe nicked at the middle, and a subterminal tooth
like the recurved tip. Operculum ovate, acute; edge entire, larger
end rounded ; nucleus apical, subacute, upper part slightly curved ;
sear oblong, oblique at the broader edge, leaving the upper part free ;
brown, upper part whitish.

In Columbella semipunctata the teeth 1:1:+1,; central transverse,
oblong, quite simple; lateral hamate, versatile, with two curved
apical teeth. Operculum ovate, lanceolate, brown; nucleus apical,
subacute ; lower edge rounded ; scar roundish, submarginal, with an
interruption in the middle of the upper edge.

Teeth of Columbella mendicaria 1:1°1,; the central narrow, with
three large teeth in the middle, and with three small teeth between
them. The lateral teeth short, with long conical basal and larger
terminal lobe.—Morch.

Teeth of Columbella mercatoria 1:1°1; central transverse, eden-
tate, lateral elongate, oblong, nearly equally broad, with two or three
hooked teeth near the top. C. rustica, C. strombiformis and C. uni-
color have very similar teeth.

Teeth of C. gibberula 1°1°1; the central transverse, edentate, the
lateral narrow, slender, with two or three subterminal teeth. C. ru-
gosa has similar teeth, but the lateral ones are narrower and the den-
tations more spread over the edge.-——Morch.

11. ENGINA.

Shell ovate; mouth ovate, linear; pillar concave, with a broad
oblique plait in front; inner lip expanded, veined; outer lip thick-
ened internally and toothed with a groove behind (externally).
Teeth ? Operculum ovate, acute, curved.

OF MOLLUSCA. 15

Shell most like Pisania, but resembles some Ricinule and Pur-
pure in form; it differs from them in the inner lip being extended
and veined. When young, the lips are simple ; throat smooth ; pillar-
lip concave, with a distinct oblique plait in front margining the canal.

1. E. zonata.
2. E. pyrostoma, Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 19. f. 11, shell only.

12. TriumMPHIS.

Shell ovate, covered with a thick coarse velvety periostraca hiding
the colour; spire conic; whorls convex; outer whorls larger, and
irregularly covering the rest. Mouth ovate ; inner lip smooth; canal
very short, recurved. Teeth three; central three-toothed; lateral
large, hamate, three-toothed, outer largest. Operculum ovate, thick ;
nucleus apical.

1. T. distorta.

It lives in crevices of rock between the low-water mark of the
neap tides and that of the spring tides on the reef of Panama (Adams).

d. Cominellina. Shell smooth, without rudimentary varices. Oper-
culum ovate, acute.

13. LATRUNCULUS.

Shell ovate; spire conical; whorls smooth, flattened behind ;
axis umbilicated ; lips smooth. Foot moderate, rounded behind.
Operculum ovate, acute, edge entire.

1. L. areolatus, t. 93. f. 2.
2. L. spiratus, t. 85a. f. 4; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 11. f. 5.

14. COMINELLA.

Shell like Buccinum ; inner lip sometimes slightly concave ; axis
closed; last whorl sometimes rather irregular, callous behind, and
partly covering the others. Operculum ovate, acute, outer edge
smooth.

1. C. testudinea, t. 14. f. 1, 3.
2. C. maculosa, Reeve, Icon. f. 85.
3. C. pluriannulata.
4. C. ligata.
5. C. lagenaria.
6. C. limbosa.
7. C. lineolata.
8. C. acutinodosa.
9. C. costata, t. 102. f. 9.
10. C

. virgata, Quoy, Voy. Astrol. t. 30. f. 18; Adams, Gen. Moll.
GLP. ie Oe

The teeth of the male and female Cominella maculosa are alike ;

16 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

central tooth tridentate; lateral with one basal elongated lobe, and
one terminal. The teeth of the females are perhaps rather the
largest.

areal membrane of Cominella ’, from the Cape of Good
Hope, linear elongate, transparent. Teeth 1:1: 1, transparent, the
older one yellow; central transverse, band-like, as broad as the
space between the lateral teeth ; front edge straight, with five small,
nearly equal toothlets in the middle ; the hinder edge rather concave
towards the front ; lateral teeth broad, front edge of the lower part
with three very unequal, acute lobes near the base, the middle lobe
largest ; the outer hinder angle rather produced; the terminal lobe
large, acute, curved.

Lingual membrane of Cominella ? is elongate, linear, trans-
parent; older teeth yellowish. Teeth 1°1:1; central band-like,
transverse, not so broad as the space between lateral teeth; front
edge nearly straight, with three nearly equal, large, conical teeth in
the middle; hinder edge bent in the greater part of its length,
rounded at the hinder end; lateral teeth with a large curved process
on the inner edge of the base and a much larger one at the end; the
outer hinder angle rather produced.

e. Nassina. Operculum ovate, serrated on the outer edge; foot
nicked behind.
15. Buuuia.

Shell ovate or turrited; whorls smooth; mouth ovate; lips
simple; hinder part of inner lip thickened, making a callous band
on the suture. Eyes none. Foot very large, expanded, square,
with two small lobes behind. Operculum small, ovate; outer edge
toothed.

. B. levigata, t. 20. f. 2,3; Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 12. f. 3.
. B. achatina, t. 20. f. 1.

. B. Cochlidium, t. 98. f. 9.

. B. globosa, t. 98. f. 10.

Lown

16. NASssA.

Shell ovate; spire short; whorls convex, waved, rarely variced ;
mouth moderate. Eyes distinct. Foot moderate, truncated and
tentaculated in front, nicked behind. Operculum moderate, serrated.

1. N. coronata, t. 21. f. 2. ,
. arcularia, t. 98. f, 14, t. 21. f. 1; t. 102. f. 11, te Dbiase ae.

. olivacea, t. 21. f. 6; t. 85 a. f. 2, var. f. 6.

. gemmulata, t. 85a. f. 7.

. crenulata, t. 85a. f. 3.

. xanthostoma, t. 85a. f. 5.

. Isabella, t. 98. f. 12.

. dentifera, t. 98. f. 11.

. riparium, t. 97. f. 1.

. Thersites, t. 21. f. 3.

CON OM swt
ZAZAZAZAZAZAAZADZ

10.

|

OF MOLLUSCA. 17

11. N. pauperata, t. 21. f. 4.

12. N. fasciata, t. 21. f. 5.

13. N. globosa, t. 21. f. 7.

14. N. reticulata’, t. 21. f. 8.

15. N. gibba, t. 102. f. 11, t. 21. f. 9, 10, 11.

16. N. cornicula, t. 24. f. 11.

17. N. ascanias, t. 21. f.-12.

18. N. Tybee, fo ly oy Os. Oy. Oy fs

19. N. (Cyclope) neritea, t. 24. f. 8; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 12. f. 8.
20. N. toate LOD. ord.

21. N. levis, 4dams, Gen. Moll. t. 12. f. 7.

22. N. incrassata, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. L.L. f. 1.
23. N. varicosa, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. L.L. f. 2.—
24. N. reticulata, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. L.L. f. 3.

The central teeth of Nassa are broad, arched, pectinated; the
lateral teeth with a basal hook.

The Nassa annulata has the front of the central tooth entirely
pectinated ; the scape of the lateral tooth largely spinulose.—Lovén,
#01. 7.

The central tooth of N. reticulata angularly produced into an
angle in front, each edge smooth at the angle; the scape of the
lateral tooth unarmed.—Lovén, t. 5. f. 8.

The central tooth of N. incrassata produced into an incurved
angle in front, edge on each side smooth; the lateral tooth broad,
with a larger, one-spined, basal tooth.—Lovén, t. 5. f. 9.

The central tooth of N. arcularia narrow, united in front; sides
smooth ; the scape of the lateral tooth smooth, with a Jongitudinal
lamina between the base of the teeth.—Lovén, t. 5. f. 10.

The tongue of Nassa (reticulata?) is linear, very transparent.
Teeth 1°1:1, central crescent-shaped, with twelve subulate, sub-
equal, elongate toothlets; lateral teeth angular, bent, outer angle
rather produced, base simple, narrow, apex acute, rather curved.

The egg-cases are small, ovate, acute, in series on sea-weeds, coral-
lines, &e.—Peach, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii. 1844, 204. fig.

17. DESMOULEA.

Shell subglobose ; spire short. Teeth ——? Operculum subtri-
gonal, truncated, dentated.

1. D. pinguis, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 2. f. 6.

f. Phosina. Operculum with a notch on the left side of the tip. Shell
with a slight sinus in the front of the outer lip, like the
Strombs.

18. Puos.

Shell ovate or turrited; spire conic; whorls undulated; mouth
ovate ; outer lip with a sinus in front ; inner lip with a sharp fold in
front. Tentacles linear ; eyes within one-third of the tip, very thin
above the eves. Foot folded across, dilated in front, with a small

a

18 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

acute lobe on each side, and a single elongated filament behind.
Teeth 1: 1+1. Operculum ovate, triangular, acute, with two longi-
tudinal folds; apex acute, membranaceous, with a notch on the outer
or left side; nucleus subapical, on a level with the notch.—Adams,
Gen. Moll. t..12. f. 5.

1. P. senticosum, Quoy, Voy. Ast. t. f.
2. P. textum, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 12. f. 2

The operculum of Phos senticosum is on the back of the expanded
foot, as in the animal of most of the Nasse, which it altogether
resembles, except that the hinder extremity (of the foot) is serrated,
and has one tail instead of two as in Nassa. I never saw it use its
operculum when walking.—Trail, MSS. 1853.

19. CYLLENE.

Shell ovate or obconic ; spire conic, short, with a deep sharp-edged
groove on the suture; mouth ovate. Operculum ovate, lanceolate,
with an oblique central groove; apex acute; nucleus apical; outer
edge smooth. Animal ¢ Teeth

1. C. Owenii, Gray, in Beechey Voy. 108.

20. Norrutia.

Shell turrited ; spire acute; mouth ovate ; inner lip thin, smooth,
with a sharp keel over the canal; outer lip crenated, toothed. Oper-
culum ovate, elongate; apex slightly curved, with a notch on the
outer side.—Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 12. f. la, 6. Teeth
1. N. pristis, t. 84a. f. 4.

Northia is found at low-water mark at Panama; the outer lip of
old shells is much thickened.—C. B. Adams, 295.

The account of the operculum is on the authority of the specimen
figured by Mr. Adams; the specimen in the British Museum has
an oblong operculum, with an elongated nucleus on the front of the
outer side, ike Buccinum; but perhaps it is surreptitious.

Fam. III. BUCCINIDA.

Head truncated. Tentacles moderate. Mantle enclosed. Oper-
culum horny, annular, oblong; nucleus on the outer edge.
Shell external; pillar smooth or concave.

A. Operculum oblong ; nucleus elongate, occupying the long outer
edge (fig. 10).

a. Rapanina. Siphon produced; canal of shell rather elongate,
bent up at the end.

1. RAPANA.
Shell subglobose or top-shaped; spire short; whorls lamellar,

OF MOLLUSCA. 19

rapidly enlarging ; mouth ovate ; inner lip smooth ; Fig. 10.
canal open, bent up. Proboscis rather short, thick. Operewlum of Rapana.
Teeth 1*1:°1,; central broad, three-lobed ; lateral
kneed, simple, apex incurved. Operculum ovate ;
nucleus on the middle of the outer edge (fig. 10).

. Bezoar.

. Rapa. (Operculum, Voy. Venus, t. 7. f. 2.)
. xanthostoma.

. cassiformis, t. 87 a. f. 8.

. crassilabrum, t. 87a. f. 2, t. 89. f. 4.

» Eemuloides,.t. 7. f..5.

. kiosquiformis, t. 87 a. f. 6.

. Imperialis.

. R. saccellum.

Rurizocuitus.—A Rapana that lives on Antipathes, and at
certain periods of its life closes its shell with a calcareous secretion,
and permanently fixes itself to the coral, where it eventually dies.
See Gray, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. Dec. 1851, 477; Adams, Gen.
Shells, t. 14. f. 5.

CONAMRwWN eS
Ba B--h--B-- BBB

2. VITULARIA.

Shell fusiform ; whorls with several angular varices ; mouth trian-
gular, elongate; canal moderate; outer lip toothed within. Oper-
culum horny, oblong ; nucleus on the middle of the outer edge.

1. V. miliaris.
2. V. salebrosa.
3. V. abbreviata.
4. V. fiscellum.

In Vitularia fiscellum the lingual membrane is broad. Teeth 11-1,
brown; the central with a long, transverse, central tooth, and a
smaller one on each side; lateral hamate, curved, simple, acute.
Operculum oblong, rounded at each end; nucleus linear, on the
front edge of the outer margin.

3. CHORUS.

Shell top-shaped ; spire short ; whorls smooth, rapidly enlarging ;
mouth ovate; outer lip with a strong tooth in front; inner lip
smooth; canal wide behind, tapering, open. Operculum horny,
ovate ; nucleus elongate, external.

1. C. giganteus.

4. Cuma.

Shell fusiform, solid, spirally striated; spire conical; mouth
ovate; outer lip crenated; inner lip with a strong, rather oblique
ridge. Operculum ovate, blunt; nucleus elongate, external, un-
equal.

lL. C. suleata, Swains.

20 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

b. Purpurina. Siphon recurved ; canal of shell reduced to a notch.
* Shell free.
5. NITIDELLA. e

Shell fusiform, solid ; Spire conical, elongate; apex sometimes de-
ciduous ; mouth ovate ; inner lip smooth; outer rather contracted in

the middle. Operculum like Purpura. Teeth ?

1. N. concinna.

2. N. Gervilliz.

3. N. cribraria, t. 24. f. 6.
4. N. avara.

5. N. sertularia, t. 99. f. 5.
6. N. labrosa, t. 8l a. f. 4.

6. PURPURA.

Shell ovate; mouth ovate; ‘outer lip simple, lined or toothed
within ; inner lip concave, simple.

1. P. hemastoma, t. 97. f. 7; t. 106. f. 1.
2. P. patula, t. 95. f. 2.
3. P. rugosa, t. 96. f. 7.
4. P. Thiarella, t. 96. f. 8.
5. P. hippocastanum, t. 96. f. 9.
6. P. mancinella, t. 96. f. 12.
7. P. chocolata, t. 97. f. 6.
8. P. sertum, t. 97. f. 3.
9. P. armigera, t. 14. f. 4.
10. P. textilosa, t. 14. f. 6.
11. P. coronata, t. 14. f. 5.
12. P. haustrum, t. 13. f. 2, 6.
13. P. undata, t. 87 a. f. 1.
14. P. Harpa, t. 87 a. f. 10.
15. P. sertularia, t. 99. f. 5.
16; P: Pourpre de Chusan, t. 87 a. f. 6.
17. P. echinulata, t. 266. f. 4.
18. P. Quoyii, t. 13. f. 7.
19. P. Helena, t. 96. f. 1.
20. P. tuberculata, t. 87 a. f. 4.
21. P. neritoidea, t. 96. f. 10; t. 266. f. 3.
22. P. hystrix, t. 96.f.4; t. 87a. PY B
23, P. ——, t. 96. f. 5.. Animal cut open.
24, P. Lapillus, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. 44. f. 4.

Central tooth of Purpura Lapillus transverse, three-toothed in
front ; teeth subequal, the side ones spinulose, winged ; the lateral
teeth far apart, small, scape broad at the bend, tip hooked.—Lovén,
t.:5, {, 17.

7. CONCHOLEPAS.

Shell ovate, ear-shaped; aperture very large; outer lip with two
or three small teeth in front. Operculum small.

1. C. peruviana, t. 13. f. 1, 3; t. 95. f. 1.

OF MOLLUSCA. 21

8. ACANTHIZA.

Shell like Purpura; inner lip concave, simple; outer lip with a
strong tooth im front. Operculum like Purpura.—Adams, Gen.
Moll. t. 13. f. 7.

1. A. striata, t. 87 a. f. 9.
2. A. unicornis, t. 97. f. 2.

9. SISTRUM.

Shell ovate; mouth narrow, anterior; inner and outer lips with
large teeth contracting the mouth. Operculum oblong.—Adams,
Gen. Moll. t. 13. f. 6.

1. S. ricinus, t. 96. f. 2.

2. S. dactyloides, t. 96. f. 3.

3. S. nodum, t. 96. f. 6.

mo. morriaum, t. 13. £4; t. 96. f. 11; €..97. f. 5.

** Shell living fixed in holes in coral.

10. Mageiuvs.

Shell of young animal ovate, subglobose, thin; the cavity simple,
gradually filled up, and the whorl produced into a straight line, with
a small cavity at the end for the body, so as to keep the animal on a
level with the surface of the coral, the solidified shell being left fixed
in the substance of the coral.

The young shell has been called a genus, Leptoconchus, and is
said to have no operculum.—<dAdams, Gen. Moll. t. 14. f. 9.

1. M. antiquus, t. 24. f. 5.

These shells have been taken for Stalactites or mineral concretions,
especially when the cavity of the body has been broken off. They
live in or on coral. The extension of the shell is to allow the animal
to keep its body on a level with the surface of the growing coral,
that it may be able to procure its food. It was placed by Lamarck
with the Annelides or Worm-shells, and considered by Guettard as
a mineral.

B. Operculum ovate ; nucleus small, near the front end of the outer
edge, or subcentral within the outer margin. Buccinina.
11. Bucctnum.

Shell ovate; spire moderate; mouth oblong; outer lip rather
sinuous; pillar rounded. Operculum ovate.—<Adams, Gen. Moll.
M1 A

* Operculum oblong ; nucleus marginal.

1. B. undatum, t. 9. f. 4, t.92. f.4; t. 94. f.1; Forbes §& Hanley,
HB, Mf. t. 44.-£..5.

22 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

** Onerculum subcircular ; nucleus subcentral, within the margin.

2. B. Humphreysianum.
3. B. glaciale.

The central tooth of Buccinum undatum pectinated, with 7 denticles ;
the scape of the ey tooth three-toothed, the basal denticles the
largest (see fig. 1. p. 3).—Lovén, t. 5. f. 4.

The central téoth of Buccinum cyaneum with 5 dentidiecs ; the
lateral teeth acutely angulated, the scape two-toothed, the basal
tooth much the broadest.—Lovén, t. 5. f. 5.

Dr. Lovén figures Buccinum undatum as having seven toothlets on
the central, and three on the base of each of the lateral teeth (t. 5.
f. 4); Chrysodomus antiquus (t. 5. f. 1) as having three denticulations
on the central, and three lobes on the basal part of the right, and
two on the basal part of the left lateral tooth. The teeth of these two
genera have been exhibited and sold in London as the teeth of the
two sexes of Buccinum undatum, the animals of which are both sold
under the name of Whelks.

12. GASsTRIDIA.

Shell top-shaped, solid; spire short ; mouth ovate ; outer lip with

strong tooth in front; inner lip very thick, callous ; ; canal short.
Opancihani oblong, rounded at each end ; nucleus small, in the centre
of the outer edge; scar very large, shaped like and nearly as large
as the operculum, with a thicker margin on inner sides and ends.
Animal and teeth unknown.

1. G. plumbea, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 13. f. 8, shell and operculum.

=

Fam. IV. PUSIONELLAD.

Head small. Mantle enclosed. Teeth ——?
Operculum horny, half-ovate ; nucleus on the
middle of the straight inner side (see fig. 11).

Shell fusiform or turrited ; canal rather produced,
bent up at the end; pillar simple, smooth.

1. PustIoNELLA.

Shell fusiform or turrited, smooth, covered with a thin, hard,
polished periostraca ; whorls smooth ; mouth ovate ; outer lip simple,
acute, inner smooth; pillar with a short, acute fold at the base of
the short open siphon. Animal ? Teeth ? Opereulum
ce half-ovate ; nucleus on the middle of the straight inner side.

. &, Nifat.
P. buccinata, Adams, t. 24. f. 3, PPR,
3. P. aculeiformis.

OF MOLLUSCA. 23

Fam. V. TURRITID.

Head truncated. Tentacula moderate. Mantle enclosed. Siphon
produced, recurved. Foot simple. Operculum none.

Shell fusiform ; spire conical; pillar with large oblique folds in
front ; canal distant, rather produced, bent up at the tip.

1. TurRIs.

Shell fusiform; spire conical; whorls compressed; aperture
linear ; pillar lip obliquely folded; outer lip striated within.

1. T. corrugata, Quoy, t. 28. f. 2; t. 106. f. 7.
a. 4 cana, t. Sl.a. f. 3.

3. T. stigmataria, t. 28. f. 8; t. 106. f. 3.

4. T. paupercula, t. 128. f. 7.

The penis of Turris caffra is elongate, bent up. The siphon mo-
derate, simple at the base. Proboscis not produced. Lingual mem-
brane elongate. Teeth 1*1-°1; central transverse, rather angularly
produced in the centre, with nine teeth on the front edge, the lateral
largest ; lateral teeth elongate, subulate, curved (semicircularly).

Fam. VI. CANCELLARIAD.

Tentacles conical, subulate, close together at the base. Eyes ex-
ternal, basal. Proboscis ’ Teeth ? Foot produced in
front. Mantle enclosed. Siphon none? “not produced.” (D’ Ord.)

Shell ovate; spire short; whorls convex, striated or costated ;
mouth ovate, angular in front, with an indistinct siphonal notch ;
pillar lip with oblique plaits. Operculum —— ?

1. CANCELLARIA.
Character of family.

1. C. tuberculata, t. 89. f. 5.

2. C. trigonostoma, t. 91. f. 5 (not good; perhaps altered from
former).

3. C. textilis, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 29. f. 4.

2. ?ADMETE.

Foot large, longer than the shell, broad, truncated, sinuated in
front, lanceolate behind. Head small, rounded ; mouth simple, with-
out any proboscis or lingual membrane. Tentacles elongate, fili-
form. Eyes on minute tubercles on the outer side cf the base.
Operculum none.

Shell ovate, diaphanous, brittle; aperture ovate, scarcely nicked
in front ; pillar arched, obliquely truncated ; lip thin, acute.

1. Admete crispa, t. 125. f. 1.

24 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

** Foot very large, with a cross-groove on each side, often covering the
shell, and producing a polished coat on it (see p. 10).

Fam. VII. OLIVID.

Siphon of mantle recurved. Head small. Foot often enclosing a
part of the shell, with a cross groove on each side in front. Mantle
enclosed. Canal of shell reduced to a notch. Operculum horny,
small, annular, or none.

a. Olivina. Shell subcylindrical, smooth, polished; suture with a deep
channel ; pillar plaited in front. Mantle with elongated pos-
terior process enclosed in the groove of the spire. Lateral
teeth broad, ovate. Operculum with subapical nucleus, or
wanting.

1. STREPHONA.

Shell subcylindrical; mouth linear. Frontal lobes small, acute.
Operculum none.

. sanguinolenta, t. 18. f. 1.

. textilina, t. 18. f. 2.

. elegans, t. 18. f. 3.

. erythrostoma, t. 18. f. 4.

; Maura: t-18.f, 5 +t. 102,7.-5.

. senegalensis, t. 83 a. f. 1.

. Ispidula, t. 101. f. 2, 3.

Peli. Tae.

. mauritiana, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 15. f. 4.

Foot of Strephona textilosa folded longitudinally. Lingual mem-
brane slender, transparent. Teeth 1:1°1?; central transverse, very
short, three-toothed ; the lateral toothlet twice as large as central ;
lateral teeth triangular, rather curved at the tip, the outer rather the
largest. Operculum none.

Tongue of Strephona Ispidula linear. Teeth 1°1°1; central
broad, three-toothed in front; lateral small, lanceolate, ovate, acute,
slightly curved, variable. Operculum none.

Teeth of Strephona cruenta1+1*1; central three-toothed in front,
central denticle smallest; lateral ovate ; when seen one over the
other, they appear narrower and subhamate.

M. d’Orbigny described the aquiferous pores on the underside of
the foot, common to most marine Gasteropods, as a particular cha-
racter of the Olivide, observing that it is nearly unique among the
Gasteropods !—Cuda, 104.

CON ATR WN
RPDRRNRRRRNR RN

2. OLIVELLA.

Shell subeylindrical ; mouth linear. Frontal lobes of animal small,
acute. Operculum distinct, half-ovate, rounded at each end, thin;
nucleus subapical, rather curved and within the edge.

1. O. volutella, Lydoua, t. 83a. f. 2.

OF MOLLUSCA. 25

2. O. columellaris, Lydouz, t. 83a. f. 3.

8. O. Puelchana, t. 101. f. 1; t. 102. f. 1.

4. O. Tehuelchana, t. 101.f.4; t. 102. f. 2; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 15.
$0

Olivella semistriata is found moving about by hundreds, with
great rapidity, in the wet sand in Panama (Cuming). Like other
species of the genus, the shells are often inhabited by Pagurt.

Olivella volutella is found in vast numbers over many acres on
the sandy beach west of the city of Panama; most numerous
where the beach has a gentle slope midway between high and low
water mark. Some time after the retreat of the tide, it is found
crawling about with much vivacity on the wet sand. The shell,
while the animal is moving, is wholly covered with the mantle,
and the mantle is entirely concealed with a thick coat of sand.
When the first wave of the returning tide strikes them, washing off
their coat of sand, they instantly bury themselves.—<ddams, Ann.
Lye. New York, 1852, 281.

Has not the vesicular foot here been mistaken for the mantle?

3. ScAPHULA.

Shell ovate ; mouth expanded; belt narrow. Frontal lobes of ani-
mal very large, rounded. Operculum distinct, half-ovate, nucleus
subapical.

1. S. auricularia, t. 100. f. 1; t. 102. f. 6; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 15.
$0.

4. AGARONIA.

Shell ovate, acute ; mouth large, expanded ; front of pillar twisted
and cross-grooved ; belt double, wide. Frontal lobes of animal mode-
rate, acute. Operculum distinct.

Poa. metnia, t. 101. f. 4,6, 7.
2. A. megalostoma, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 15. f. 3.

b. Ancillarina. . Shell subcylindrical, polished; suture callous.
Mantle without any posterior beard; lateral teeth simple,
curved (fig. 12).

* Shell more or less covered with an enamel coat ; outer lip often
with a tooth in front.

1. ANCILLA.

Spire covered with an enamel coat, forming a narrow belt on the
penultimate whorl, not reaching to the hinder part of the mouth,
and leaving a naked space on the whorls; axis imperforate ; outer
lip with a sight tooth. Operculum large, distinct, oblong, acute ;
nucleus subapical, near the front of the inner side.

1. A. australis, t. 19. f. 5.

26 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

. ampla?, t. 19. f. 4.

. obtusa, Addams, t. 86a. f. 1; Gen. Moll. t. 15. f. 7.
. cingulata.

. marginata ?

. lineata.

oS ee
p> > > > >

2. SANDELLA.

Shell ovate, covered with an enamel coat, forming a broad belt on
the whorls, and reaching in the penultimate whorl to the back of the
mouth ; axis imperforate ; outer lip with an obscure tooth in front.
Operculum -——? Animal ?

1. §. Tankervilli.

3. EBuRNA.

Shell entirely covered with an enamel coat; spire conical; axis -
deeply perforated ; outer lip with an obscure tooth. Animal and
operculum unknown.

1. E. flavida.
4, SPARELLA.

Shell entirely covered with an enamel coat; spire conical, short ;
axis not perforated ; outer lip often marked with an obscure tooth in
front. Operculum
S. albisulcata, t. 19. f. 1,2, 3. Fig. 12.—Teeth of Sparella candida.

S. candida, t. 19. f. 4.
. ventricosa.
S. castanea. pin
S. aperta.
The central tooth of S. candida three-toothed, with smaller inter-
mediate denticles, the end produced, curved; the lateral tooth curved,

hamate, armless at the base.—Lovén, t. 5. f. 11, copied (fig. 12).

Or & Go bo
RM

** Shell concentrically grooved, without any enamel coat; outer
lip thin, not toothed.

5. ANOLACIA.

Shell oblong, thin; spire short ; outer lip thin, toothless; aper-
ture large; axis imperforate. Operculum none. Foot very large.

1. A. mauritiana, t. 105. f. 1.

ce. Harpalina. Shell ventricose, variced ; pillar smooth. Operculum
none.
6. Harpa.

Shell ovate-oblong, thin, polished, with numerous acute varices ;
spire short, acute; last whorl very large; mouth ovate, elongate,
broadly notched in front ; outer lip with a thickened external varix ;
pillar lip simple, smooth, rounded, pointed in front. Operculum
none. Head large; proboscis elongate, conical. Teeth ? Ten-

OF MOLLUSCA. 27

tacles conical, close together over the mouth, with the eyes near
their base. Foot very large, expanded, nicked on each side in front,
elongate behind, often becoming truncated.

1. H. ventricosa, t. 22. f. 1, 2; t. 95. f. 3.
2. H. minor, t. 23. f. 1, 2; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 15. f. 1.

The hinder part of the foot separates spontaneously when the
animal is irritated.

b. Trapezodonta. Abnormal lateral teeth trapezoid, curved. Shell
internal (see p. 10).

Fam. VIII. LAMELLARIADZ.

Mantle covering the thin ear-shaped shell, produced, and with
a deep notch in front in the place of the respiratory siphon. Head
moderate. Proboscis elongate, strong, retractile. Mouth vertical,
covered internally with a strongly armed horny epithelian or pre-
hensile collar. Tongue linear, spirally twisted behind (as in Pur-
pura Lapillus). Gills single, crescent-shaped, hence appearing double.
Teeth 1:1:1 or 2°1-2; central simple, triangular, with diverging
branches at the base ; lateral trapezoid, simple, curved, toothed
(fig. 13). Operculum none.

1. CoRIOCELLA.

Body oblong; mantle vesicular, areolated, with two narrow lobes
in front. Foot small, narrow. Teeth 1‘1-°1; lateral large, versa-
tile. Shell large, spiral, internally ear-shaped.

1. Coriocella nigra, t. 104. f.3; t. 104. f. 4; t. 167. f.

The Coriocella nigra grows to a large size. The shell is green
when fresh, but soon fades and becomes white. The foot is not one-
fourth of the size of the mantle. The trunk long, like that of Buc-
cinum. ‘The tentacles depressed, close together, united on the inner
side over the top of the cavity of the proboscis, with the eyes near the
tips. The canal of the mantle is very distinct and lined with a car-
tilagmous skin. Operculum none.

—

2. LAMELLARIA.

Body depressed, smooth, notched in front. Foot very large, broad,
produced behind. Teeth 1°1~° 1,
lateral, large, versatile (fig. 13).—
Lovén, t.4.f.15. Shell large, spiral,
internally ear-shaped.

]. L. tentaculata, t. 103. f. 11;
t. 103. f. 4; Forbes § Hanley,
Brit. Moll. t. P.P. £.:2.

2. L.? neritoidea, t. 103. f. 2.

3. L.? Audouini, t. 105. f. 3, 4.

4. L. latens. Cryptocellal., ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 21. f. 4.

Fig. 13.—Lamellaria.

28 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

3. ERMEA.

Body convex, smooth; mantle expanded, rather sinuous, simply
notched in front. Foot small, covered bythe mantle. Teeth 2°1°2,
like Lamellaria, ‘‘ but with a small, slender, linear, arched, inner
lateral tooth.’’—Alder.

1, E. perspicua, t. 104. f. 2, t. 166. f. 3; Forbes & Hanley, B.M.
t. P.P. f. 1; Berg, Marsein.t.1.f.1-14. Lamellaria p., Phi-
lippi, Moll. Sicil. t. 10. f. 52; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 21. f. 3.

2. E. Adansoni, t. 103. f. 9.

3. E. convexa, t. 103. f. 5.

B. Odontoglossa, Gray. Teeth in three series, 1*1+1; central
and lateral fixed (fig. 14, 15). Operculum annular. Mantle
siphoned. Shell channeled in front, with folds on the pillar
(see p. 10).

Fam. IX. FASCIOLARIADA, Gray.

Central tooth transverse; lateral teeth very broad, linear, with
many equal denticles on the edge. Shell with plaits on the pillar.

a. Fasciolariana. Operculum ovate; nucleus apical; canal of shell
elongate ; central tooth narrow (fig. 14).

1. FASCIOLARIA.

Shell ovate, fusiform, swollen; spire conical; whorls smooth or
waved ; mouth ovate, open; outer lip crenated, lined within ; inner
lip smooth; pillar with three or four very oblique plaits in front.
Operculum ovate, acute, sometimes radiately grooved.

Fig. 14.—Teeth of Fasciolaria Tarentina.

1. F. tulipa, Kiener, t. 86. f. 2; Lamk. t. 87.
2. F. filamentosa, Quoy, t. 8. f. 5.
3. F. Tarentina, Chige, t. 8. f.4; Joannis, t. 89. f.

Tentacles of animal of I’. tulipa close together at the base. Eyes
near the middle of the tentacles. Teeth of F. filamentosa exactly
like those of Latirus rusticus, 1*1:*1,; central small, narrow, with
three small denticles ; lateral very broad, linear, not versatile.

Teeth of Fasciolaria Tarentina 1*1*1. Tongue linear, pale yel-
lowish, nearly transparent, forming three nearly continuous bands;
central narrow, about one-third the width of the lateral teeth, with
four or five? small teeth on the nearly straight front edge; lateral
wider, transverse, with six or eight ? small teeth on the nearly straight
front edge.

OF MOLLUSCA. 29

Fasciolaria granosa is found among stones in muddy places near
low water mark.

2. LEUCOZONIA.

Shell ovate, fusiform, swollen like Latirus, but with a tooth at
the end of an external groove in front of the outer lip. Operculum
ovate, acute, rather curved.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 16. f. 6 a.

1. L. smaragdula, t. 35. f. 21; d4dams, Gen. Moll. t. 16. f. 6.

Central tooth of Leucozunia brasiliana narrow, three-toothed ;
lateral broad, many-toothed.—Morch.

3. LATIRUS.

Shell ovate, fusiform, swollen; spire moderate ; whorls smooth or
rather waved ; mouth ovate ; outer lip with a distinct tooth in front,
grooved within ; inner lip smooth; pillar with a few small transverse
folds in front. Operculum ovate, acute.

1. L. rusticus, t. 8. f. 6.

2. L. lineatus, t. 8. f. 8.

3. L. polygonus, t. 8. f. 7.

4. L. nussatellus, t. 8. f. 1; ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 16. f. 5.

Lingual membrane of Latirus rusticus with three series of teeth ;
central narrow, recurved and three-toothed ; lateral teeth very broad,
linear, many-toothed on the edge, not versatile.

Central tooth of Latirus filamentosus narrow, three-toothed ; lateral
broad, many-toothed.—Morch.

b. Mitrana. Operculum none. Canal of shell short. Central tooth
broad, denticulated.

4. Mirra.

Shell fusiform ; spire conical; whorls compressed ; mouth ovate,
linear ; outer lip smooth within; pillar with five plaits; mantle en-
closed ; siphon without any auricles at the base. Foot small, folded
longitudinally when contracted. Operculum none,

M. episcopalis, t. 28. f. 6; t. 106. f. 4. Central tooth broad.
M. adusta, t. 28. f. 3, 4. Central teeth narrow, simple, hooked.
. maura, t. 106. f. 5.

M. retusa, t. 28. f. 5.

M. nigra, t. 28. f. 1.

Proboscis of Mitra cucumerina thick. Teeth 1°1:°1; central
moderate, transverse, front edge arched with seven rather distant,
conical, transparent teeth; lateral elongate, transverse, with nume-
rous, rather distant, conical, transparent teeth on the front edge.

Tongue of Mitra adusta with teeth, 1* 1° 1; central with a strong
hook and a small denticle on each side ; lateral transverse, elongate,
linear, with many teeth on the front edge, largest near the inner
edge, and smaller near the outer.

Sep ie
=

30 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

Trunk of Mitra episcopalis very long, cylindrical, exsertile, smooth,
and ringed externally. Teeth 1°1°1; central narrow, brown,
transverse, with five strong teeth; lateral elongate, more than twice
as long as the central one, transparent, with strong denticulations on
the inner edge, gradually becoming smaller and more indistinct
towards the outer end.

Proboscis of Mitra Ticaonica very long, large. Teeth 1*1°1;
central broad, with an arched front edge with eight subequal, conical,
rather distant teeth, the outermost rather smaller; lateral teeth
broad, transverse, with a series of many, rather distant, conical
teeth on the front edge, the outermost the smallest.

5. STRIGATELLA.

Shell fusiform, smooth ; pillar with five plaits; outer lip smooth
within, with a large subcentral, internal thickening, leaving a pos-
terior groove. Animal ——? Teeth ? Operculum —— ?

1. S. zebra.
2. S. acuminata.

6. ZIERLIANA.

Shell ovate, fusiform, thick; pillar with five plaits; outer lip
thickened.

1. Z. Ziervogelii.
7. VOLVARIA.

Shell cylindrical; spire very short; whorls compressed; mouth
linear. Animal and operculum unknown ; being only found in the
fossil state.

1. V. bulloides.
8. IMBRICARIA.

Shell obconic, smooth ; spire conical ; mouth linear ; pillar
with five plaits, the largest in the middle of the inner lip; outer
lip simple, crenulated, smooth within. Animal. Foot folded longi-
tudinally. Tentacles close ; eyes on outer side above the base. Siphon
elongate, simple. Proboscis elongate, slender. Teeth ? Penis
very large, elongate. Operculum none.

I. I. marmorata, t. 45*. f. 3, 4.
2. I. conovula, t. 106. f. 7.

9. CYLINDRA.

Shell oblong, subcylindrical, spirally grooved; mouth linear;
pillar with six or seven folds, the hinder larger, transverse, in the
middle of the inner lip; outer lip crenated, smooth within. Ani-
mal. Proboscis very long, covered with conical tubercles about as
long as broad. Teeth ? Operculum ?

1. C. nucea, Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 19. f. 5.
2. C. crenulata,

OF MOLLUSCA. 31

Fam. X. TURBINELLID.

Teeth 1-1°1; central few-lobed, broader than lateral ; lateral
teeth narrow, strong, with a single large lobe. Shell with an elongated
straight canal, and large transverse fold on the pillar. Operculum
ovate (fig. 16).

1. TURBINELLUS.

Shell ovate or top-shaped ; spire Fig- 15.
conical; whorls smooth or rather Teeth of Cyn. cornigera.
waved; apex mamillated; mouth

ovate, narrowed in front; outer lip
simple; inner lip smooth ; pillar
with several large transverse plaits ;

canal wide, straight. Operculum

ovate, inner edge straight. Animal ——?
Fig. 16.
I. T. pyram. Operculum.
2. CYNODONTA.
Shell ovate, fusiform; spire conical; mouth elon-
gate, oblong ; outer lip ?; inner lip ?; pillar
with distinct transverse plaits. Operculum ovate, mner <=

edge curved (fig. 16).

1. C. cornigera, t. 8. f. 3; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 17. f.1.
2. C. ceramica, t. 93. f. 3.
3. C. pugillaris.

Animal of C. cornigera olive-green. Foot irregularly crumpled
in front when contracted; proboscis very long, cylindrical, rather
thicker at the end; lingual membrane elongate, narrow. Teeth
in three rows, 1*1°1, equal; central strongly three-toothed ; lateral
with a lunate base, not reversible, with a single subcentral process

(fig. 15).

C. Rachiglossa, Gray. Teeth in a single central series. Oper-
culum annular or none. Mantle siphoned. Shell channeled in
front ; pillar plaited (see pp. 10, 28).

Fam. XI. VOLUTIDA, Flem.

Siphon of mantle very short, recurved. Shell with a nick in
front for the siphon, and the front of the pillar regularly and deeply
plaited. The foot is generally large, and often deeply nicked on
each side in front. Lingual membrane linear, with one series of
teeth (fig. 17-19).

24 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

a. Volutina. Siphon with auricles on sides of base. Tentacles far
apart, united by a broad veil forming a hood over the head.
Eyes far back, behind the small tentacles.

+ Teeth broad, lunate ; apex three-lobed (fig. 17).

A. Yetina. Animal viviparous; nucleus of shell very large, irre-
gular, callous (fig. 18). Foot very large. Operculum none.

Ll. Yerrus; Fig. 17.— Yetus olla.

Shell ventricose, covered with a horny peri-
ostraca, more or less covered with a polished
shelly coat deposited by the expanded mantle ;
spire very short, irregular; mouth expanded.
Animal large, ovoviviparous; the young very
large when born. Foot very large, partly
covering the shell. Operculum none.

* Left side of mantle and inner lip rather expanded. Shell mottled ;
suture of adult broadly channeled.

1. Y. Navicula. Spire short.
2. Y. Cymbium. Spire subconic.
3. Y. gracilis. Spire produced.

** Left side of mantle and inner lip much expanded over the last
whorl. Shell one-coloured.

4. Y. Neptuni, t. 25. f. 2; Kiener, t. 88. f. 3,
t. 27. f. 4; Adams, Gen. Moll.t. 1. f. 3.
Var. Y. patula and Y. Tritonis. Suture
channel wide.
5. Y. olla. Suture channel narrow, deep.

Fig. 18.
Young Y. proboscidalis.

*** Left side of mantle and inner lip covering
the whole outer surface of the shell.

6. Y. proboscidalis.
7. Y. porcina.
8. Y. rubiginosa.

The original surface, indicating the extension of
the mantle over the surface of the shell in this
and other genera of this family, is often destroyed
in cabinet specimens, even in the most recently-
formed collections, which greatly deteriorates from
their scientific value.

OF MOLLUSCA. 33

B. Animal oviparous ; nucleus of shell regularly spiral. Foot
moderate.

* Mantle enclosed ; inner lip of shell defined, not expanded ; pillar
with five or six strong subequal plaits. Operculum none.

2. CyMBIUM.

Shell ventricose, covered with a horny periostraca; spire short,
depressed, often imbricated ; mouth very large, expanded.

§ Spire hidden.
1. C. melo.

§§ Spire conic, hooded with spines; spines bent down towards tip.

2. C. nauticum.
3. C. ethiopicum, t. 25. f. 1 ; Adams, Gen. Moll. t.17. f.4. Shell
brown.

4, C. Miltonis. Shell white and brown marbled.

§§§ Spire conic; spines large, produced.

PA. ? Spines subequal, in adult state wanting.
. C. armatum, t. 264. f. 1, t. 265.f. 1. Spines becoming larger and
much produced, and increasing with age.

a or

§§$§§ Spire large; spines small, numerous, subinflexed.

7. C. Broderipi=C. Regius.

3. SCAPHA.

Shell ovate or fusiform; periostraca smooth, thin; spire conic ;
mouth moderate ; inner lip even. Operculum none,

§ Nucleus smooth.

1. S. colocynthis, t. 27*. f. 2; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 18. f. 1.
2. S. pacifica, t. 27. f. 3, t. 263. f. 1.
3. S. fusus, t. 27. f. 2; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 18. f. 3.

§§ Nucleus moderate, crenulated.

1. S. vespertilio, t. 26. f. 1, 2, 3; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 18. f. 2.

Mantle of Scapha vespertilio free for half an inch on pillar side ;
siphon elongate, produced, conical, with conical tentacular auricles
on the sides of the base; penis elongate, conical, bent back, com-
pressed ; tentacles lateral, subulate, far apart at the base, and united
by a broad veil fringed on the edge; lingual membrane elongate,
narrow. Teeth in a single series, with three teeth in front, the
central largest ; hinder edge lunate.

D

34 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

4. FULGORARIA.

Shell ovate, fusiform, striated; spire conical; nucleus small,
regular ; mouth elongate; pillar with a central thickening, covered
with many irregular oblique plaits; canal rather produced, open.
Animal ——? Teeth ? Operculum

1. F. chinensis. Voluta rupestris, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 18. f. 6.

5. CALLIPARA.

Shell oblong; spire short; nueleus small; mouth linear; pillar
with two small plaits in front. Animal

1. C. bullata, 4dams, Gen. Moll. t. 17. f. 6, shell only.

** Mantle enclosed; inner lip of shell defined, not expanded ;
pillar lip with five or six strong subequal plaits. Operculum
horny, distinct.

6. VoLuTA.

Shell ovate, striated, covered with a thin periostraca ; spire conic ;
nucleus small, regular, spiral; mouth elongate; pillar with some
large (four or five) oblique plaits in front, and more transverse ones
behind.

1. V. musica.

*** Mantle enclosed ; inner lip regular ; front of pillar with two
or three oblique plaits and some small ones behind. Opercu-
lum ? Teeth ——?

7. Lyrta.

Shell fusiform; spire conic; whorls plicated; pillar lip with
numerous small plaits behind the two larger front ones. Animal
? Operculum

§ Outer lip moderate ; inner lip smooth. Liyria.
1. L. festiva.
2. L. lyriformis.
3. L. mitreeformis.
§§ Outer lip moderate ; inner lip with numerous cross grooves.

4. L. costata.
5. L. Delesseriana.

§§§ Outer lip thickened behind, with a convex varix and strong
internal central rib; inner lip smoothest. Eneeta.

6. L. harpa.

OF MOLLUSCA. 35

**EE Mantle lobes produced_and partly covering the shell ; inner
lip produced over body whorl.

8. VOLUTELLA.
Shell fusiform; spire acute, covered with a glassy deposit (often
artificially removed in cabinet specimens) ; nucleus small; mouth

ovate, elongate ; inner lip expanded, reflexed ; mantle produced on
left side. Teeth ? Operculum none.

§ Mantle lobes largely expanded, entirely covering the spire, which
as often covered with a callous deposit.

1. V.angulata, t.27*.f. 1. Zidona a., ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 17. f. 5.

§§ Mantle lobes moderately expanded, covering the lower side of
the spire and leaving a callous band on the suture of the upper
side ; spire often crowned.

« ¥. Scapha, t. 81 a. f. 5.

V. imperialis.

V. Cymbiola = Ausoba, Adams.
V. Sophia.

. V. volvacea.

. V. tuberculata.

NOOR who

$§§ Mantle lobes moderately expanded, not covering the spire;
suture simple; spire not crowned.

ea Ssapiltvia,
9. V. fusiformis.
10. V. fulgetrum.
11. V. ancilla.

++ Amoriana. Teeth linear, base angularly diverging, with a
single conical apex; mantle enclosed; nucleus of shell small,
regular, spiral. Animal oviparous? Operculum none (see p. 32).

9. AMORIA.

Shell fusiform, polished; spire conical; suture with a callous
edge; nucleus small, regular; mouth elongate ; pillar with five
oblique plaits.

1. A. Turneri. Fig. 19.
2. A. undulata, t. 27. f. 1. Amoria Turneri.

Mantle lobes of Amoria Turneri not ex-
panded ; veil very large, with the elongated
tentacle at its hinder margin; the eyes sunk
at the base of their hinder edge; siphon
with distinct ear-like lobes. Teeth in a sin gle
series, with two angularly diverging bases,
and a central conical apex; the apices form-
ing a continued vertical keel on the tongue-
membrane (fig. 19).

36 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

b. Volutomitrma. Siphon simple at the base. Tentacles close
together at the base. Mantle enclosed. Operculum none.
Teeth with a narrow angular diverging base and a single conical
apex. ,

10. VoLuTOMITRA.
1. V. Groenlandica, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 19. f. 2, shell only.

The foot of Volutomitra Greenlandica is obliquely folded across.
Mantle enclosed. Siphon simple at the base. Tentacles close at
the base, subulate, with eyes on large tubercles one-third above the
base. Operculum none. Male; penis subcylindrical, folded back.

c. Porcellanina. Siphon simple at the base. Tentacles close to-
gether at the base. Mantle lobes expanded, covering the shell.
Teeth in a single series, broad, transverse, band-like, with nine
denticulations in front. Operculum none. Shell covered with
a polished coat over the periostraca.

ll. PorRCELLANA.

Shell ovate ; spire conic ; mouth oblong, longitudinal ; pillar
with five distinct plaits in front. Mantle covering part of the
shell, -

. glabella, t. 102. f. 11, 12.

. quinqueplicata, t. 83 a. f. 4; Petit, Journ. Conch. 38.

, nD. 8. t..86.0.f. 4.

. ?marginella, t. 102. f. 8, shell naked ?

. secalina, t. 102. f. 4; ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 20. f. 5.

1,4. 202. £..7.

. diadochus (Marginella d.), ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 20. f. 2.

The mantle edge of Porcellana quinqueplicata is thin, enclosed
when contracted from being in spirits ; edge crumpled, free for half
an inch on the pillar side. Foot moderate, folded longitudinally,
double-edged in front. Siphon distinct, thick, without any auricle
at the base. Tentacles subulate, thin, the right smaller, close at
the base, united by a membranous band beneath, with the eyes on
the outer side of the base. Proboscis quite retractile, short, thick.
Lingual band elongate, transparent, convex, higher in the middle.
Teeth in a single series, transverse, three times as broad as long ;
the front edge straight, with nine small teeth, the central rather
the largest and further apart from each other, and the outer lateral
smaller, with the angle sometimes wanting.

NOS wy:
Bo Rg Rd Ag A A bg

12. Costa.

Shell ovate, polished; spire very short; mouth linear ; pillar
with four plaits in front; plaits all close together, the two front
largest and equal, two hinder smaller ; outer lip crenulated.

1. C. Sarda.

OF MOLLUSCA. 37

13. PrersIicuLa.

Shell oblong; spire short, hidden; mouth linear; pillar with
numerous cross grooves ; outer lip thickened externally. Mantle
covering three-fourths of the shell.

a. Inner lip simple.

. P. carneola?, t. 102. f. 3, copied Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 20. f. 3.
. P. lineata, t. 4. f. 4.

POND

Inner lip callous, with a large cross fold in front ; outer lip
erenulated. Rabicea.

ee»

. P. interrupta.

D. Teenioglossa, Gray. Teeth in seven series, 3° 1 + 3, the central
and inner lateral fixed, the two outer lateral versatile.

A. Mantle siphoned, enclosed ; mouth of sheil channeled in front.
Operculum annular or none.

Fam. XII. CASSIDIDZA.

Shell subglobose or triangular ; spire short ; siphon of mantle and
canal of shell recurved. Operculum ovate or oblong, annular; nu-
cleus elongate in the middle of the inner side, rarely rudimentary or
wanting. Teeth 3°1°3, the central transverse, many-toothed in
front, the inner lateral broad, many-toothed on the inner edge, the
two outer lateral subulate, curved, the inner rather shorter, slightly
toothed at the top, outer simple. Prehensile collar strong, thick,
horny, armed with rows of numerous conic teeth.

In my former notice of the teeth of Cassis erinaceus, I described
the peculiar tooth-bearing collar for the lingual teeth.

a. Stphon elongate. Mouth of shell elongate, narrow.

1. Cassis.

Shell oblong or subtrigonal ; spire short, nearly flat ; whorls com-
pressed, with a varix on each two-thirds of a whorl; mouth elongate,
narrow ; outer lip thickened, toothed within; inner lip callous,
plaited. Operculum oblong, narrow, small; nucleus subcentral,
submarginal.—dAdams, Gen. Moll. t. 22. f. 1 0.

a. Shell subtrigonal. Cassis.
1, C. cornutum, Quoy. § Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 45. f. 1.

2. Shell oblong ; spire not variced. Cypreecassis.

1. C. rufum.
2. LEVENIA.

Shell oblong, ventricose ; spire short, conical ; whorls compressed,

38 _ SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

without varices ; mouth elongate, narrow, rather dilated in front ;
inner lip much expanded, cross-grooved; outer lip simple, sharp,
strongly cross-grooved, erect behind, rather expanded in front ; canal
elongate, sharply reflexed. Animal ? Operculum small.—
Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 23. f. 4 6, ¢.

1. L. coarctata.

b. Siphon elongate. Mouth of shell ovate.

3. BEZOARDICA.

Shell ovate, subglobose; spire short, often variced, whorls con-
vex ; mouth ovate; canal open, suddenly bent up ; pillar veined or
granulated ; outer lip thickened. Operculum half-ovate, moderate,
often radiately striated ; nucleus on middle of straight imner edge.

1. B. glauca, t. 94. f. 4, t. 16. f. 3.

2. 4. Besar, t.. 04.4, 3.

D3... D.euleosa,:t. 94. 7,4, 1. 16.2.2:

4. B. anceps (Semicassis a.), Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 23. f. 2.

Fig. 20.—Teeth of Bezoardica.

The lingual band of Bezoardica ? narrow, elongate, trans-
parent, brown at the end. Teeth 3-1-3, the central rather narrow,
transverse, upper edge marked with seven or nine elongated acute
denticles, the central longest, the rest gradually shorter ; the inner
lateral tooth broad, transverse, strongly denticulated on the inner
side of the upper edge; the two outer lateral elongate, subulate,
versatile, curved for half their length; the inner pair rather shorter,
with three or four denticulations on the inner side near the tip; the
outer pair rather longer, and entire at the tip. The outer lateral
teeth fold over together, and prove to be two series, as there are
two opposite the end of each internal lateral tooth. The teeth are
most like those of T'richotropis bicarinata, but the central and inner
lateral teeth are denticulated (fig. 20).

The teeth of Bezoardica glauca 3°1°3,; central broad, with
many equal denticulations; the inner? (outer?) lateral broad, tri-
angular, with many denticulations on the sloping edge; the outer
(inner ’) elongate, narrow, with three long acute denticulations at the
tip.—Morch.

‘ OF MOLLUSCA. 39

Teeth of Bezoardica Saburon 3°1°3; central with many toothlets,
the middle largest ; inner lateral denticulated ; outer lateral subulate,
curved, the middle one divided into three acute digitations at the
end ; the collar thick, horny, symmetrical, with close cross rows of
numerous conical acute teeth.

4, Morio.

Shell ovate, ventricose ; spire short, not variced ; mouth ovate ;
canal produced, slightly bent up; outer lip thickened, rather re-
flexed ; inner lip callous, cross-grooved in front. Operculum oblong ;
nucleus on the front part of the inner side.—<ddams, Gen. Moll.
. 20.1. 0 a, 6.

1. M. Echinophora, t. 17. f. 3, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 23. f. 6.

Proboscis of M. Echinophora cylindrical, conical, long, slender.
Tentacles subulate, thick, placed on the sides of the base of the
proboscis; eyes on the outer side of their base. Male organ large.
Siphon rather short. Foot small, oval, folded across. Operculum
oblong, large, horny, solid, nearly straight on one side and rather
narrow in front. ‘Teeth like Cassis.” —Morch.

5. SCONSIA.

Shell ovate, spirally striated; spire short, conical ; mouth ovate,
lanceolate ; inner lip rather expanded, cross-grooved, with some irre-
gular oblique plaits in front; outer lip thickened, slightly reflexed,
internally cross-grooved and rather expanded in front; canal small,
nearly straight, scarcely recurved. Operculum ? Animal ?

1. S. striata.

6. LINATELLA.

Shell ovate, costate; spire short ; mouth ovate; outer lip slightly
thickened ; canal elongate, open, straight. Operculum small, ob-
long; nucleus subcentral, sublateral, near the middle of the outer ?
or hinder? margin. Teeth ’—Troschel, Wiegm. Arch. 1852,
m6.f.-7.

1. L. cingulata.

7. RANELLA.

Shell ovate, compressed ; varices two on each Fig. 21.
whorl, sharp-edged; mouth ovate; inner lip
veined; canal open. Operculum half-ovate ;
nucleus central, lateral, internal (fig. 21).

1. R. crumena.

The shell is very similar to Apollon, but
the operculum and form of the varix distinguish
them. ;

Operculum of Ranella.

40 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

The tentacles of Ranella crumena are subulate, with the eyes at
the outer side of their bases. The proboscis is very elongate, and
the teeth 3°1°3. The operculum ovate, subacute at each end,
with the nucleus in the middle of the inner slightly curved edge.

c. Siphon short ; canal reduced to a notch; mouth narrow. Ant-
mal and operculum unknown.

8. ONIScIA.
Shell subconic, tapering in front; mouth linear; canal short,
recurved; inner lip granular; outer lip reflexed, rounded, plaited
across. Animal and operculum

1. O. cancellata.
9. Morvum.
Shell obconic, tapering in front ; mouth linear; canal short, trun-
cated, scarcely recurved; inner lip inflexed, thickened, granular ;
outer one thin, toothed on the edge internally, with a thickened
shelving outer edge. Animal and operculum

1. M. oniscus.
10. CrTHARA.

Shell ovate, elongate ; spire conic; whorls concentrically ridged ;
mouth linear, slightly channeled at each end; inner lip thin, rather
expanded, cross-grooved; outer sharp-edged, with a thick shelving
outer edge; throat grooved. Mantle enclosed. Tentacles subulate.
Foot broad; siphon short, recurved. Operculum none.

1. C. Citharella.
2. C. marginelloides, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 10. f. 9.

11. PACHYBATHRON,.
Shell oblong; spire very small ; whorls cancellated ; mouth linear,
channeled at each end ; inner lip rather dilated, cross-ridged ; outer
thickened, internally toothed.

1. P. cassidiformis, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 20. f. 4.

Fam. XIII. DOLITDA.

Head truncated. Proboscis very long, dilated at the end. Ten-
tacles moderate. Eyes on outer side of base. Mantle enclosed.
Siphon recurved. Lingual membrane broad. Teeth 3°1°3; cen-
tral tooth broad, three-lobed. Foot large, truncated in front.
Operculum none.

1. Doxium.
Shell subglobose, ventricose, spirally grooved; spire short; last,

OF MOLLUSCA. 4]
whorl very large; mouth large, ovate; canal suddenly recurved ;
outer lip more or less thickened, waved internally ; pillar lip rather
twisted, veined (figs. 22, 23).

Fig. 22.—Dolium perdix, with proboscis exserted and siphon recurved.

Hii aN LN

1. D. galea, t. 16. f. 1, t. 93. f. 1.
2. D. olearium, t. 17. f. 1; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 20. f. 6.
3. D. perdix, t. 15. f. 1. Teeth (fig. 23).

Fig. 23.—Teeth of Dolium perdiz.

2. MALEa.

Shell subglobose like Dolium, but outer lip thickened, toothed in-
ternally ; pillar-lip thickened, with two or three very large ridges.

1. M. Pomum, t. 17. f. 2. Teeth ?, Adams, Gen. Moll.t.20. f.7.

The Malee@ live under and between stones at extreme low water
mark.—C,. B. Adams, 298.

3. RinGicua.

Shell ventricose ; spire short; mouth contracted, with a notch in
front; pillar-lip thickened, strongly plaited; outer lip thickened,
reflexed. Eyes on the outer side of the base of the subulate tentacles.
Operculum none ?-—Adams. Teeth

1. R. buecinea.

42 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

Some authors have placed this genus with duricula; but if the
above description of the position of the eyes is correct, it differs
from that family in that important character.

Fam. XIV. TRITONIADZ.

Head truncated. Tentacles moderate. Mantle enclosed. Siphon
of mantle straight. Operculum distinct, annular, ovate or triangular ;
nucleus subapical, within the apex. Shell variced. Pillar veimed
or grooved. Canal straight. Mouth ovate.

M. d’Orbigny (Cuda, 160, 167, 168), not knowing the character
furnished by the teeth, observes that Triton is only separated from
Murex by conchological, and not by zoological characters; in the
same manner he considers Fasciolaria and Pyrula as arbitrarily
rather than as naturally separated from Fusus; but all the three
genera have most distinct zoological characters.

* Operculum as large as aperture of shell, ovate; varices rounded.

1. APOLLON.

Shell ovate, compressed; varices two on each whorl, rounded,
forming a border to the shell.

. vexillum, t..265.-f. 1.

. foliatum, t. 84 a. f. 1.

. bufonium, t. 4. f. 2.

. graniferum, t. 4. f. 4. ~

. leucostomum, t. 85. f. 1, t. 116. f. 2.
. reticulare, t. 86. f. 1.

. ceelatum.

. Rana, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 11. f. 3.

The teeth of Apollon graniferum are peculiar, 3° 1° 3; the central
one is narrow, with two diverging branches, having a central elon-
gated denticle, and a small lateral denticle in the middle of each
side of each lateral branch; the inner? lateral compressed, with
three or four denticles on its front edge; the outer lateral sub-
ulate, hooked (the teeth were not observed in position). The oper-
culum is ovate, rounded at each end, with a marginal apical nucleus.

The Apollons live under stones below usual low water mark.

ee ee
rrr PPP Pe

2. TRITON.

Shell ovate ; spire conic, with three varices on each two whorls,
forming three interrupted longitudinal ribs on the shell.

by 'T.nodiferum, t.'3.°f. 34,26) 85. £. 6, t:'8. tf: 47
2. T. olearium, t. 3. f. 2,°¢- 266. 7.*3.
3. T. cutaceum, t. 3. f. 1¢.

OF MOLLUSCA., 43

4. T. tuberosum, t. 4. f. 1-6.

5. T. pileare, t. 4. f. 36.

6. T. chlorostomum, t. 85. f. 29.

7. T. cancellatum, t. 265. f. 2.

8. T. rubecula?, t. 85. f. 3.

9. T. Spengleri, t. 4. f. 5.
10. T. album (Nassaria a.), Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 13. f. 1.
Vm Ne ?, Middendorf, M. R. t.

The tentacles of Triton tuberosum are separate at the base; the
proboscis is elongate. Teeth 3° 1°3,; the central one with a central,
large, and three smaller denticles on each side; the inner lateral
tooth transverse, denticulated on its inner front edge; the two outer
teeth subulate, curved. The operculum is ovate, rounded at each
end, with a subapical marginal nucleus. The animal and teeth of
T. subdistortum and T’. chlorostomum were similar.

3. EuvTurRia.

A Triton, with abortive or rudimentary varices. Canal elongate,
rather bent up. Operculum ovate; nucleus apical.

1. E, lignaria, t. 89. f. 3, 9.

** Operculum small, broad, subtrigonal; nucleus apical; varices
acute, foliaceous.

4, PERSONA.

Shell ovate; spire conic, with three sharp-edged dilated varices
on each two whorls ; aperture sinuous ; lip veined. Operculum small,
broad.

¥.4 ens, ti. 85.f, 4:
2. P. cancellina, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 11. f. 2.

The head of Persona anus is truncate ; the tentacles subulate ; pro-
boscis elongate. Teeth 3° 1-°3,; central with three small lateral and
one much larger central denticle; the inner lateral transverse, den-
tated on the inner part of edge ; the two outer lateral conical, sub-
ulate, arched. The operculum triangular, as broad as long.

Fam. XV. VERENADA.

Shell thin, ventricose, keeled, umbilicated. Aperture larger than
the spire, compressed into a partial canal in front. Periostraca
horny, rising into hairs at the angles of the shell. The axis placed
considerably to the left of the canal. Operculum horny; nucleus
on the front of the outer edge.

This family is the Buccinoid representative in this group.

44 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

1, VERENA.
Character of the family.
1. V. borealis, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. 1.1. f. 1.

* Central tooth of Verena borealis Fig. 24.
with the base wide, sublunate, the tip Verena borealis.
convex, narrow, cutting edge triangular,
minutely toothed on each side, and
with one sharp point ; lateral teeth, the
first with the tip produced, serrated
on both sides; second and third simi-
lar, claw-like, simple, slightly curved.”’—Loven.

«Animal of Verena borealis with a short broad head, flanked by
subulate tentacles set wide apart, bearing the eyes at the extremities
of their thickened lower halves (or connate sustentacula) ; mouth
inferior ; proboscis long, retractile.”’—Forbes, p. 361.t. . Teeth
3°1°3; central triangular, denticulated, with larger central denti-
cles ; lateral lanceolate ; inner lateral denticulated on each end near
the tip; outer simple (fig. 24).

Verena borealis lives in deep water; it is often obtained from
the fish caught on the north coast of America.

This genus differs from Trichotropis in the animal having a pro-
boscis instead of a rostrum (see that genus).

Dr. Lovén refers Verena borealis to the Velutine, and Dr. Philippi
refers it to the family Velutinacea (Handb. der Conch. 183).

B. Mantle siphoned, enlarged, produced over the shell. Shell
channeled in front. Operculum none (p. 37).

Fam. XVI. SYCOTYPID.

Head produced, conical. Tentacles small, near end of the head.
Teeth 3:1°3. Mantle enlarged, produced over the shell. Siphon
of mantle and canal of shell straight, produced in front. Operculum
none.

1. Sycotypus.

Shell obovate, thin, cancellated ; spire short ; mouth large, tapering
in front.

1. S. ficus, t. 86. f. 2, t. 261. f. 4; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 21. f. 1.
2. S. reticulatus, t. 261. f. 5.

C. Mantle not siphoned, more or less covering the shell ; mouth of
shell entire. Operculum none (pp. 37, 44).

Fam. XVII. VELUTINIDA.

Foot moderate, rounded. Mantle very large, swollen and thick-
ened on the edge, often partly covering the shell, with two emargi-

OF MOLLUSCA. 45

nations, one branchial on the left, and the other anal. Proboscis
elongate, cylindrical, annulated. Jaws two, horny. 'Tongue-mem-
brane short. Shell thin. Aperture large. Operculum none.

* Shell short, externally spiral.

1, VELUTINA.

Shell spiral, cap-shaped, spirally grooved; aperture roundish ;
lips simple. Mantle edge slightly swollen. Foot rather long and
wide, truncated in front; gills of two plumes, one of numerous
strize, the other inferior, small. Verge compressed.

1. V. levigata, t. 103. f. 6, t. 109. f. 10; Forbes § Hanley, B. M.
t. 0.0. f. 7, copied ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 21. f. 2.

** Central tooth of Velutina haliotidea Fig. 25.
strong, subquadrate, transverse; cutting
edge transverse, with one sharp point,
toothed on both sides; first lateral
tooth subquadrate, toothed on the mar-
gin with a larger pointed tooth, second
and third similar, claw-like, simple.” (fig. 25)—Loven.

The foot of Velutina is lanceolate, moderate, double in front.
Tentacles short, compressed, rather distant at their base, with a
slight crest between them. Eyes on the outside of the tentacles
near the base. Penis on the right side, large like that of Buccinum,
with a subapical conical tip. Operculum none.

*“‘Velutina levigata inhabits deep water. The shell is covered with
a rough epidermis, and the striz constitute properly fine ridges,
which are crossed by others less distinct ; but when the epidermis
is removed, it becomes smooth or faintly striolate, and the shell is
then either pure white or pale rose colour. The animal is white,
and entirely fills the shell. Tentacula two, tapering, short. Eyes
on an enlarged space at the external base of the tentacula. Foot
oblong, short, with plain margins ; cloak plane, entire; above the
outer tentaculum the male organ appears, in the shape of a short
thick obtuse process.”—Johnston, Berw. N. Club, i. 275.

Velutina haliotidea.

%

2. MorvILuyia.

Shell ovate, orbicular, compressed ; spire conical ; whorls three or
four ; upper small, last very large, covered with a calcareous incrus-
tation? Aperture ovate, very large, nearly the whole length of the
shell ; outer lip sharp and spreading ; inner lip sharp-edged, mar-
gined with a flattened crescent-shaped opake white space. Operculum
none. Tentacles thick, rather depressed, near together at the base.
Kyes on the outer side near the base. Foot oblong. Mantle thick-
ened within in front. Penis large, compressed on the base of the
outer side of the right tentacle.

1. M. zonata (Velutina z., Gould, Mass. f. 160).

46 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

3. MARSENINA.

Body convex ; mantle edge swollen, covering the edge of the shell.
Shell spiral, ear-shaped, the external part covered. Teeth 31:3;
central rather elongate, broad, with a reflexed denticulated tip ; inner
lateral broad, with a triangular curved toothed tip, or outer lateral
linear.—Berg, t. 4. f. 14, 15.

1. M. micromphala, Berg, Marsen, t. 4. Fig. 26.

2. M. prodita. Lamellaria prodita, Loven. Martentna promia,

3. 7M. plicatilis, Forbes § Hanley, B. M.
t. O.O. f. 8, foot produced in front.

_ “The edge of the mantle of M. plicatilis
is produced beyond and partly covering the
shell.” —Miiller. (=Velutella, Gray.)

Central tooth of Marsenina prodita elevated, upper part rounded,
wider; cutting edge transverse, with one sharp point, minutely
toothed on each side; lateral teeth suberect, somewhat similar, claw-
like; inner side of the first and second furnished with a minute
tooth before the bend (fig. 26).

** Shell internally convex, not spiral.
4. ONCHIDIOPSIS.

Body spherical, inflated. Shell internal, horny, not spiral. Teeth
3°1°3; central broad; apex reflexed, dentated ; inner lateral broad,
with an elongated reflexed toothed tip ; two outer linear hooked.—
Berg; t..24.:15, 16;

1. O. Greenlandica, Berg, Marsen, t. 2.
2. O. carnea, Berg, Marsen, t. 3.

D. Mantle not siphoned, enclosed. Mouth of shell entire in front.
Shell sunk into the large foot of the animal (p. 37, 44).

Fam. XVIII. NATICIDA.

Foot very large, much produced in front, as if formed of four
lobes, partly covering the shell, which is sunk into its substance.
Mantle enclosed. Operculum spiral, horny, sometimes covered with
a shelly external coat.

Foot folded, so as to form a round canal to admit the water to the
gill-cavity on the left side of the shell.—See Voy, Bonite, t. 35.

Eyes, when present, immersed in the skin at the centre of the an-
terior base of the tentacles.

The gills consist of two plumes and some mucous fillets. Muzzle
elongated, entirely retractile. Opercular mantle very large.

The trunk of Naticide is elongate, quite retractile. Tentacles
united by a transverse membrane ; eye-peduncles immersed at the
outer base of the tentacles; chin very large; opercular lobe very

OF MOLLUSCA. 47

ample; mantle edge simple ; lingual membrane short, linear; cen-
tral tooth unidentate ; lateral teeth 3-3; inner broad, toothed ; two
outer simple, hooked. ;

The animal of Naticide has a very large foot, elevated behind
and enveloping a part of the shell, and produced in front, separated
on the sides by a transverse groove.

Between the front lobe and the shell is placed the head, which is
more or less hidden, broad and depressed, and provided with flat
conical tentacles.—D’ Orb. A. M. 400.

Central tooth of Natica pul- Fig. 27.—Natica pulchella.
chella strong, wide at the base ;
lateral process on each side short,
thick ; cutting edge longly re-
curved, with three pointed lobes,
the middle one largest; lateral
teeth first stretched out at the tip and recurved, the middle point
larger, the outer smaller and minutely denticulate within, second and
third short, claw-like (fig. 27).—Loven.

The Natice are very voracious, and play a conspicuous part in
devouring the dead fish and other animals thrown up by the tide.
They have the power of perforating shells with a small round hole,
and through the aperture they extract the juices and destroy the
lives of the otherwise secure inhabitants.

Their foot is very large, so as completely to envelope the object on
which they prey. They burrow in the sand, so as to be almost entirely
concealed by it, and their place is generally indicated by a small heap
of sand.

The singular nidus in which the animal deposits its egg has been
an object of much curiosity and speculation. It is a mass of sand
glued together into the shape of a broad bowl, open at the bottom
and broken on one side. The thickness is about that of orange-
peel, easily bent without breaking when damp, and when held up to
the light will be found to be filled with little cells arranged in quin-
cunx order. ach of these cells contains a gelatinous egg having a
yellow nucleus, which is the embryo shell. It is found plentifully
about midsummer on every sand-flat where any species of Natice
resort. It has been considered as a coral, and called Flustra are-
nosa, Eschara lutosa, Aleyonium arenosum, and Discopora crebrum !
—Gould, Mass. 233.

The small Natice are often found in the stomachs of fish.

Natice have been said to be without any epidermis (or peri-
ostraca), but this is an error; it is found on all these as on all other
shells. Many Northern Natice even have a thick hard periostraca.

a. Naticina. Shell subglobose, solid; aperture moderate. Oper-
culum large, horny, with a calcareous inner layer.
1. Natica.

Shell hemispherical, or half-ovate, solid ; spire short ; mouth half-
ovate ; inner lip flattened.

48 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

* Operculum flat, with many spiral grooves.

1. N. Canrena, t. 50. f. 2.
2. N. hebreea.

** Operculum flat, with two or three marginal grooves.

3. N. Marochiensis, t. 49. f. 3, t. 49. f. 4, t. 50. f. 4.
4, N. maculosa, t. 122. f. 2.
5. N. clausa. .

*** Onerculum with a large convex ridge.
6. N. fulminata.

b. Neveritina. Shell subglobose, solid. Operculum large, horny,
simple.
2. NEVERITA.
Shell depressed; spire depressed; mouth half-ovate; inner lip
thickened, callous, with a central cross-groove.

. glaucina, t. 12. £512, 4. 119. 4.5, t050.0 4, 3,06;

. glauca, t. 120.

. Chemnitzii, t. 122. f. 6; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 22. f. 3.

. limbata, t. 118. f. 2.

. sordida, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. P.P. f. 3.

. plumbea, t. 49. f. 2. :

. monilifera, ddams, Gen. Moll. Fig. 28.—Neverita Alderi.

t.22. Fe.

. N. Montagui, Forbes § Hanley,

Bb. Mot. PoP A;

. N, Alderi, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M.
Oe i RN

10. N. Canrena, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. P.P. f. 6.

The hinder part of the forehead of Neverita glaucina is elevated
on the shell so as to hide the very small sessile eyes, which are
situated at the base of the tentacula.—Joannis, Mag. Zool. Class. v.
t. 37. When the animal withdraws itself into the shell, it contracts
the foot, which emits a very large quantity of water from its gill-
cavities, or rather the aquiferous tubes. When the animal walks, it
moves the front part of its enlarged foot almost from side to side like
a feeler.

Foot of Neverita castanea very large, roundish-elliptical, thick,
with very thin margins, rugose, with very large oblique undulated
rugee in its anterior half, its colour dull yellow. Head indistinct,
broad; over the mouth a thin-edged rugose flap, having three
rounded crenatures, and continuous with the tentacula, which are
rather small, rugose, much depressed or flattened, and taper to a fine
point ; externally of the tentacula, on each side, a thin rounded lobe,
on which are placed in other species the eyes, of which, however, I

SO @ Nog Aw
7 aA Ai

OF MOLLUSCA. 49

cannot perceive any traces. Between the mouth and the foot, and
parallel to the supra-oral flap, is a larger, thin, smooth, somewhat
undulated flap, extending on each side nearly to the middle of the
foot in a semicircular manner. The mouth small, proboscidiform,
with a large roundish, bright red, lingual or pharyngeal mass. The
mantle very thin, opening very widely in front, where it forms a
thin, dense, yellowish flap, covering the branchial cavity, of which
the surface is smooth; the branchia large. The intestine convo-
luted, terminating on the right side of the respiratory cavity ; the
liver dull olive, forming the last, very slender turns of the spire ; the
ovary pale yellow. — Macgilliv. Moll. Aberd. p. 346.

Lingual membrane of Neverita castanea linear, narrow, transpa-
rent in front, much dilated, half-ovate, rather acute in front, truncated
behind. Teeth 3:°1°3, transparent; central rather broad, front
edge very broad, produced on each side, apex recurved, with three
rather large denticles, the central largest; inner lateral broad, the
upper edge of the inner part recurved, entire; outer lateral small,
subulate, curved, entire.

Animal of Neverita Alderi with a produced globular pink head
_(or proboscis ?), having the mouth, which is longitudinal and pear-
shaped, in front, below which is a little foot-like process; jaws car-
tilaginous, square, toothed in front like a saw; tongue like that of a
Iittorina, but shorter and broader in proportion; mouth pinkish-
white. Between the mantle and head is a sort of veil, which is
furnished with two distant. triangular tentacula, one of which is
colourless, and the other pink, dark brown at the tip, but with no
trace of an eye. Foot pinkish-white, its sides variegated brown.—
Forbes, l. ce.

M. Deslongchamps describes the mantle of Neverita castanea
as very large, covering and entirely hiding the shell, like that of
Cyprea, but he observes that it is only the right side of the mantle
that is produced over the shell; the head and neck are very large,
and when all the parts are well developed, the animal has the general
appearance of Bullea aperta.—Bull. Sci. Nat. 1825, x. 296. He
appears to have mistaken the foot for the mantle.

3. POLINICES.

Shell half-ovate, solid; spire conical; mouth half-ovate; inner
lip depressed, with a slight central cross-groove.

1. P. mammilla, t. 50. f. 5, t. 122. f. 3. (Ruma m.), ddams, Gen.
Moll, t. 22. f. 6.

2. P. chrysostoma, t. 122. f. 1.

3. P.? Uber, D’Ord. Voy.,4. M. t. 55. f, 12, 13,

4, MAMMILLA.

Shell ovate; spire conical; mouth large, open; inner lip rather
thickened, reflexed. Operculum large, thin.
E

50 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

1. M. melanastoma, 4dams, Gen. Moll. t. 22. f. 5, t. 49. f. 1.
2. M. melanastomoidea, t. 49. f. 5.
3. M. fibrosa, t. 122. f. 4.

a Ee

c. Shell subglobose, solid ; aperture moderate. Animal and oper-
culum unknown.

5. CERVINA.

Shell subglobose, solid, polished, imperforated ; mouth semi-ovate ;
inner lip callous, rounded.

1. C. fluctuata, Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 22. f. 4, shell only.

6. NATICINA.

Shell ovate ; whorls striated ; axis perforated; spire short; mouth
ovate, longitudinal. Allied to Stomatia?

1. N. papilla, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 22. f. 7, shell only.

d. Shell ear-shaped, thin; aperture very large. Operculum very
sinall, rudimentary, horny. Animal: foot very large, tongue-
like, often retractile into the shell.

7. STOMATIA.

Shell depressed, ear-shaped ; spire small ; mouth very large, open ;
inner lip thin, slightly reflexed.

1. S. Haliotoideum, t.119.f. 3. (Catina Leachii), 4dams, Gen. Moll.
Lae ee.

. &. zonalis, t, 49.4.6 7t. 82. 1. .2.

S.Cymba, t..119. £3, t. 118.4. 1.

S. levigata, t. 122. f. 5.

S. Reevesii, t. 121.

. S. Leachii, 4dams.

The animal of Stomatia only differs from Natica in being much
larger in respect to the size of the shell, and in being provided with
only a small ovate, horny operculum. The size of the animal differs
in various species; thus, in S. Cymba it is capable of being with-
drawn into the cavity of the shell, which is not the case with S. Ha-
liotoideum.

Stomatia Cymba is very common on the sandy coast two or three
yards below the lowest tide; when walking, it elongates and con-
tracts the front part of its foot; only a part of the shell is exposed.

Stomatia differs from Natica in the small size of the operculum,
which escaped the observation of M. de Blainville, but which is very
distinctly to be seen in both the specimens he described in the Mu-
seum. Blainville described the shell as covered with the mantle,
but the mantle is enclosed and the shell is sunk in the foot.—Gray,
Spic. Zool. ii. 183.

HD OT & Co bo

OF MOLLUSCA. 51

8. AMAURA.

« Animal allied to Natica; foot small, compact, without any pos-
terior lobe; the front lobe deeply sinuated. Eyes subcutaneous,
situated at the internal base of the lobe. Operculum terminal, few-
whorled, horny, thin. Shell ovate, imperforate, small; spire pro-
duced; mouth reversed pear-shaped, about half the length of the
shell.’”’— Miller, Moll. Graenl. 1842, 7.

1. A. candida, J. ec.

Fam. XIX. NERITOPSID.

Animal unknown. Shell semiovate, solid, white, spirally ribbed,
nodulose, imperforated. Mouth ovate; inner lip rather flattened,
transverse, with a broad central notch. Operculum

1. NERITOPSIS.
Character of family.
1. N. radula.

E. Ptenoglossa. Teeth in numerous longitudinal series.

* Mantle and mouth of shell angular in front and rather siphoned.
Operculum none (or vesicular’).

Fam. XX. IANTHINIDA.

Head small, with a short inflated retractile proboscis. Teeth in
numerous diverging transverse series (fig. 29). Eyes none. Ten-
tacula bifid. Gulls double, one with two ranges of lamellze and with

Fig. 29.—Teeth of lanthina fragilis.

al

rudimentary mucous filaments. Foot small, flat, with a vesicular
appendage on the hinder part of the under side. Body and shell
spiral. Hermaphrodite, self-impregnating? Eggs contained in a
vesicular mass attached to the foot, like Capulus.

1. LANTHINA.

Mantle lax, swelling beyond the edge of the shell, and forming an
incipient canal. Tentacles short, conical, pointed, deeply cloven.
Eyes obsolete. Foot truncated in front.—Clark, dnn. § Mag. N.
HI. 1853, 47.

E 2

52 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

Shell subconic, thin, last whorl ventricose, subangular ; mouth
large, subangular in front ; pillar straight, rather produced.

1. I. vulgaris, t. 48. f. 1,5, 6, 7, t. 117 a. f. 2, 4, t. 48. f. 2.
2. I. nana, t. 48. f. 3, 4.

Fig. 30.—Janthina fragilis.

a. Float. b. Eggs. ce. Gills. d. Tentacles.

Foot folded on itself transversely, with the hinder part separate
(part of the back?), bent up, thickened, and bearing the vesicular
float (operculum ?) (fig. 30). Tentacles and eye-pedicels low down,
and placed on the ventral side (above when floating) of the very large
exsertile trunk. Operculigerous lobes large, broadly dilated to the
end of the foot.

The shells of young Ianthine are very blunt, very smooth, shining,
with three continuous whorls.—D’ Orb. Cuba, 80.

2. RECLUZIA.

«© Animal allied to Janthina, and furnished with a vesicular float.’’

Shell oval or oblong, bucciniform, thin, whitish, covered with a
brown periostraca; spire elongate ; whorls ventricose, last longer
than the spire; aperture ovate, oblique, rather effaced in front ;
margin disunited ; lip oblique, rather sinuous in the middle ; outer
lip acute, entire. Operculum none.

1. R. Jehennei, Petit De la Saussaye, Journ. Conch. 1853, 117.
t. 3. f. 3. From Arabian Gulf.
2. R. Rollandiana, t. 3. f. 12. From Mazatlan.

** Mantle and aperture of shell entire. Operculum spiral, horny.
Fam, XXI. SCALARIADA.

Shell turrited ; whorls variced ; mouth entire. Operculum horny,
spiral.
Gills a single branchial plume, with some mucous fillets. Mantle
fleshy, reflexed on the varix, forming a short, lax branchial fold
corresponding with the incipient canal of the shell. Head short,
crescent-like ; proboscis strong, fleshy. Tentacles subulate. Foot
extended in front; hinder part with a deep longitudinal groove.
Teeth in many series, uniform, hook-like, the outer rather larger
(fig. 31). Animals emit a quantity of purple fluid.

OF MOLLUSCA. 53

1. SCALARIA,

Shell turrited ; spire with regular varices ; aperture roundish ;
lip reflexed, forming varices.

1. S. clathrus, t. 127.

2. S. pseudoscalaris, t. 127. f. 8.

3. S. Trevelyana, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. F.F. f. 1, 2, 3, figured
as if it had a tapering rostrum! and distant lateral tentacles.
— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 23. f. 8.

Cirsotrema, Morch, has distant rounded varices, with thin inter-
mediate concentric lamellee.
C. varicosa, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 23. f. 9.

Fig. 31.—Scalaria Turtoni.

The foot of Scalaria Grenlandica is short, thick, nearly quadran-
gular. Head elongated, rounded superiorly, not separated from the
neck by any distinct line. Tentacles two. Eyes small, at the outer
base of the tentacles. Mouth rather large, rounded, corrugated.
Operculum horny, strong, opake, of few whorls. It is sluggish in
its movements, and feeds eagerly upon fresh beef, especially if some-
what macerated.

The teeth of Scalaria Trevelyana are numerous, in an angular
cross line, and the prehensile collar is very distinct.—Alder.

The head of Scalaria pseudoscalaris is obtuse, rather prominent,
with an elongated subcylindrical proboscis. The gill is single, pec-
tinate. The foot oblong, truncated, and angulated in front.

The hinder half of the sole of the foot of Scalaria clathratulus is
grooved longitudinally and medially by a deep central depression.—
Alder. The mantle forms a distinct fold opposite the lower angle of
the mouth of the shell. The foot is narrow, obtusely triangular,
and often carried considerably in advance of the head.—Fordées.

The shells of Scalaria elegans are collected by the Spaniards at
St. Blas to form ear-rings ; they are called Caracoles finos. The
English species are also used as ornaments.

Tribe II. Iniophthalma, Gray.

Eyes sessile, on the back of the head, between, and often behind
the base of the tentacles. Operculum horny, spiral or annular

(p. 10).

In the young shell the first whorl is placed across the others,
and this character is often to be observed on the apex of the adult
shell,

54 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT
A. Ptenoglossa. Teeth in numerous longitudinal series (fig. 33).

Fam. XXII. ACTEONIDA.

Shell spiral, ovate, external. Teeth numerous, uniform, in a diver-
ging transverse series as in Bulla (fig.33). Tentacles broad, depressed,
united, and forming a shield on the head, notched in front. Eyes
on the inner side of the base of the expanded tentacles. Foot mode-
rate, dilated and partly reflexed on the sides. Mantle enclosed ;
‘branchial plume single.’’ Operculum horny, ovate, spiral; few
whorls, with a thin flap on the mner edge.

This family has many affinities to Bullide ; indeed it may prove
to be part of that family —PA/il. Moll. Sicil. ii. 143. Alder and
others have placed Acteon in that family.

1. ACTEON.

Shell thin, ovate, spirally striated ; spire short, acute ; mouth
lanceolate, narrow, rounded, and entire in front; inner lip thin;
pillar with a single oblique spiral fold. Operculum subspiral, horny.
1. A. Tornatilis, t. 128. f. 5; Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. V.V. f. 7.

The body of Acteon is spiral and compressed ; the edge of the
mantle free all round, slightly nicked in front, and with a slight fold
on the right side. The head is surmounted by two very broad, thin,

Fig. 33.—Teeth of Acteon Tornatilis.

hu
¥

Fig. 32.—Acteon Tornatilis.

expanded, membranaceous tentacula, forming a kind of hood, and
separated from each other by a longitudinal groove; each of them
has a slit near the middle of its outer margin, the upper edge of the
left being expanded and rounded, while that of the right is much
larger, acute, and folded down. ‘These tentacula bear some resem-
blance to the double fringed lips of Phasianella (see Cuv. Moll.
t. 11. f. 2,3). Head distinct. Eyes ? Mouth sunk in. Foot
short, folded across near the anterior part when the animal is con-
tracted, slightly nicked anteriorly and rounded behind. The animal
is unisexual. The penis exserted, large, situated near the base of the
right tentaculum. Branchiee pectinate. Opereulum horny, exactly
the same shape with the mouth of the shell, attached to the upper

OF MOLLUSCA. 55

part of the back of the foot, short, truncated, sickle-shaped, thin and
pellucid, formed of somewhat concentric striz ; the inner front edge
is thickened, and the whole of the inner edge, together with the lip,
is furnished with a thin membranaceous expansion, which is much
broader at the two ends. The use of this thin edge is doubtless to
enable the animal to adapt its operculum more exactly to the shape
of the mouth of the shell. It has been observed that shells with
a toothed columella never have opercula, but many instances may be
adduced to the contrary. Trochus Pharaonis is not distinguished
in this respect from the other shells of that genus, and the genera
Turbinellus, Fasciolaria and Pyramidella are all furnished with
opercula.—Gray, Spic. Zool. i. 183. This description of the ani-
mal was from a specimen long kept in spirits. Mr. Alder calls the
tentacula the disk.

*‘ Tornatella. Animal Bulla est, et ab illo B. striate parum differt.
Pes oblongus, testa parum longior, antice truncatus angulis recurvis
uncinatis, postice obtusus, supra operculum parvum ; apertura longe
minus, oblongum, corneum gerit, qui striis incrementi cum Muricum,
&c. operculo convenit. Caput depressum, sulco profundo a pedo
divisum, cum tentaculis coalitum, antice paullo dilatatum, medio
excisum, superne sulco mediano longitudinali divisum, postice in
lobos duos acutos, lanceolatos, supra testam usque ad medium ejus
reflexos terminatum. Oculi duo parvi in medio capite. Color ani-
malis albus.’—PAil. Sicil. i. 143, 1844; Wiegm. Arch. 1841, 55.
t. 5. f. 10 (and Chiqe, t. 77. f. 13).

The animal of this genus (Acteon) comes very near to that of
Bulla, having a broad lobed disk in front, without tentacles. We
find too that the branchial aperture is lateral, the cloak being closed
across the front, and open only on the right side, which further
confirms us in assigning it a place in this Order (T'ectibranchiata).
The operculum can scarcely be considered of more than generic
importance.— Alder, Cat. Moll. N. 29.

2. SOLIDULA.

Shell thick, solid, ovate, spirally grooved; spire conic, acute;
aperture longitudinal, narrow, entire, and rounded in front; inner
lip callous ; pillar with two plaits, the anterior grooved and continued
into the outer lip. Operculum transverse, elongate, curved, imbri-
cate; scar linear. Animal i

1. S. neevia.

3. MonopryGMa.

Shell subulately turrited, spirally striated; apex simple, acute ;
aperture oval, larger than wide, rounded and entire in front; colu-
mella with a single oblique fold.

1. M. striata, Gray, P.Z. S. 1851, 222.

It differs from Acteon in being elongated, and in having an oblique
fold instead of a transverse plait on the columella.— Adams.

56 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

B. Tenioglossa. Teeth in seven longitudinal series, 3°1°3. Ten-
tacles cylindrical (p. 54).

Fam. XXIII. CERITHIOPSIDA.

Eyes on the upper inner base of the tentacles. Tentacles close
together in front, cylindrical. Proboscis ? Foot elongate,
much produced and double-edged in front, tapering behind. ‘‘ Teeth
3°1°3; central large, bifid; lateral linear.”’—Alder, MSS. Oper-
culum annular, nucleus apical.

1. CERITHIOPSIS.

Shell turrited ; mouth ovate; canal short, open, rather bent up.
Operculum ovate, triangular, apex acute.—ddams, t. 25. f. 5a.

1, C. tubercularis, Forbes §& Hanley, B M.t. O.O. f. 1,2; Adams,
Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 5.

Head rather broad and short, flanked by two obtusely subulate
tentacles, widening slightly at their bases, with more slender flat
tips. Eyes rather close together, towards the centre of the tentacle-
base. Mouth inferior, furnished with a retractile proboscis. ‘Tongue
armed with teeth, which appear to resemble in their arrangement those
of Trichotropis. Mantle not reflected, furnished with a rudimentary
siphonal fold (not extended beyond the shell). Foot obloug, sub-
quadrate in front, where it is furnished superiorly with a mentum,
obtuse behind, grooved for half its length below, the groove termi-
nating in a perforation. Operculigerous lobe well developed. Oper-
culum corneous, of concentric elements; nucleus terminal. Shell
like Cerithium.

Teeth of Cerithiopsis tubercularis 3° 1+ 3, in seventy cross rows ;
central tooth broad, ovate, with two small divergent apical teeth ;
lateral all similar, elongate, hooked at the tip. Operculum oblong,
rather more angular at the hinder end; subannular nucleus small,
on the front inner side.

The foot of Cerithiopsis is usually carried in advance of the ten-
taeles; there is a distinct margined operculigerous lobe without
wings or caudal appendages.

The Cerithiopsis inhabits quiet sheltered pools on the shores
among the minor Algze, and it is very lively. There can scarcely be
a greater contrast than between it and Cerzthium reticulatum, which
has the entire aspect of an elongated Rissoa, whereas this is an un-
doubted Canalifer, with evident relations to Lulima and Chemnitzia.
—Clark, 492.

Mr. Stimpson, from the examination of the animal, refers Ceri-
thium terebrale and C. Emersonii, Gould, to the genus Cerithiopsis.
—Stimpson, Test. N. Eng. 45.

Mr. Forbes refers this genus to the family Cancellariade with
Trichotropis.—Brit. Mell, ii. 364.

OF MOLLUSCA. 57
C. Gymnoglossa. Teeth none. Tentacula folded (p. 54, 56).
Fam. XXIV. PYRAMIDELLID.

Shell turrited; nucleus and apical whorls reversed, transverse.

Mouth moderate ; pillar-lip plaited. Operculum horny, spiral, of few
whorls, with a thin flap on the inner side. Tentacula broad, folded.
Eyes sessile, on the outer side of the base of the tentacles. Foot
moderate. Mantle enclosed. Teeth none or rudimentary.

a. Shell free; pillar-lip plaited. Operculum spiral.

1. OBELISCUS.

Shell turrited, spiral ; cavity marked with internal varices ; mouth
ovate; outer lip often toothed; pillar with three or four oblique
plaits in front. Operculum half-ovate, subspiral, with a notch.—
Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 24. f. 5a.

1. O. maculatus, t. 123. fs 13.
2. O. ventricosus, t. 123. f. 10, 12.

2. PyRAMIDELLA.

Shell ‘turrited. Operculum narrow.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 24.
f. 4 6, ¢.

1. P. auris-catti, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 24. f. 4.

3. OposToMIA.

Shell turrited ; mouth ovate ; pillar lip with a single oblique plait
in front.

1. O. spiralis, t. 125. f. 4 (“not correct,” Alder), t. 128 a. f.3;
Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. F.F. f. 8, 9.

2. O. interrupta, t. 128 a. f. 4.

3. O. clavula, t. 128 a. f. 2.

The animal of Odostomia spiralis is white, and has the tentacles
ear-shaped or longitudinally folded, with the eyes at the internal base.
Characters as in the genus Chemnitzia. 'The figure given in the
Annals of Nat. Hist. xii. t. 8. f. 13, is deficient in not displaying
this character ; from the minuteness and transparency of the animal,
the folds of the tentacles can only be seen in a favourable light.—
Alder, Cat. Moll. N. 52, 1848.

Animal of Odostomia strong, depressed. Head broad. Tenta-
cles ear-shaped, externally channeled in front ; hinder lamella more
or less produced on the nape ; front one thin, often connate, with the
opposite one before the eyes. Eyes large, immersed without bearer
between the base of the tentacles. Proboscis retractile under the
base of the tentacles when evolved, broader than the nape, as long or
longer than the foot, round, attenuated at the end. Mouth minute,
edentulous? Chin elevated, separate from the foot, broader above.

58 _ SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

Foot broad, depressed, truncated in front, sharp, angulated or nicked,
vibrating, narrow in the middle, tongue-shaped behind. Opercu-
ligerous lobe moderate, with a conical appendage at each side. The
mantle with a thin, tongue-shaped, channeled process on the right.
—Loven, Moll. Scand. 18, 1846.

As the apex of the young shell of Odostomia in the egg is hetero-
stroph, it might be supposed that the adult would be hable to be
twisted in this manner, but this is not the case. Mr. Jeffrey has
justly remarked (4nn. § Mag. Nat. Hist. 11.1848, 333): “ Although
I have examined many hundred specimens of Odostomie from almost
every part of the kingdom, I have only once met with a reversed
shell, and which I referred to the Turbo levis of Walker (f. 35) ;
but the specimen was unfortunately broken, after having been many
years in my cabinet. I considered it to be a monstrosity of Odo-
stomia pallida.”

b. Shell free; pillar-lip smooth.

4. CHEMNITZIA.

Head broad, bilobed in front; proboscis elongate; tentacles flat-
tened, tapering, triangular or ear-shaped ; eyes on the inner side of
their base ; foot short, triangular, lanceolate, with a distinct fold or
mentum in front. Shell turrited; whorls many, striated and cross-
ribbed, opake ; apex sinistral, heterostroph ; aperture oblong or sub-
quadrate ; iip thin; pillar-lip straight. Operculum horny, subspiral.

1. C. rufa, Forbes § Hanley, B. M.t. F.F. f. 4.

2. C. scalaris, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. F.F. f. 5.
Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 24. f. 6.

3. C. rufescens, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. F.F. f.

4. C. MacAndrei, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. F.F.
Scillee, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 24. f. 8.

Animal of Chemnitzia nivea white; head short; tentacles tri-
angular, very broad, with the eyes at nearly the middle of their
bases; foot elongate, with an acuminated indentation at the anterior
extremity.—Stimpson, Test. N. Eng. 40.

Chemnitzia MacAndrei and C. acicula have been referred to Eu-
lima. Professor E. Forbes has more recently proposed for them
the genus Hulimella, but we prefer considering them to belong to
Chemnitzia, from which they only differ in the more polished surface
of their shell. The apical nucleus and the form of the aperture in-
dicate their place in this genus, independently of the animal, which,
according to our observations, is essentially the same in each.—Alder,
Cat. Moll. N. 50.

Chemnitzia. ‘ Animal illi Hulimarum simillimum, sed probosci-
diferum ; sic describitur: Animal corpore admodum spirali, pallio sim-
plice, ecanaliculato; pede antice abrupte truncato, postice attenuato,
exappendiculato, operculifero; tentacula duo triangularia (triquetra),
s. prismatica, basi coalita, oculis sessilibus, superne ad basim inter-
nam (?) positis, approximatis. Buccee labiales coalitee, infra tenta-

Turbonilla s.,

6.
f.7. Eulimella

OF MOLLUSCA. 59

cula exserta, proboscidem abbreviatam, depressam, profunde emargi-
natam seu bilobam referentes. Operculum corneum, tenue, ovatum,
integrum (paucispiratum ? simplex ?).” —Philippi, Sicil. ii. 136.

Animal of Chemnitzia simillima white. 'Tentacles blunt, lanceo-
late, broad, set far apart. Foot oblong, truncated, tapering behind.
Mentum two-lobed.—Sorbes.

The retractile proboscis of the Chemnitzie is very rarely evolved.
The orifice of the rostrum is not precisely in the position of the pro-
boscidal fissure in Muricide ; it is not quite so low in the fork, though
exactly under the tentacula at the point of the invasion of the neck,
and its continuation the rostrum, by those organs.— Clark, 398, 399.

Eulima and Chemnitzia.— Lingual siphon very long, flat, unarmed,
quite smooth ; the inner cylinder has the appearance of a shagreened,
roughened portion, like the prehensile collar of Buccinum.—Clark.

Operculum of Chemnitzia horny or subtestaceous, suboval, subspi-
ral; the lower area under the nucleus furnished with an apophysis.—
Clark.

The branchial plume of Chemnitzia Gulsone is narrow, arcuated,
of about 15-18 rather coarse opake strands, with the heart and
auricle at the posterior end.

The rostrum of Chemnitzia plicata is long, presenting at its termi-
nation a subcircular or squarish flat disk ; it issues from under the
coalition of the tentacular membranes, and is attached to the foot by
a bridle ; the fissure of the retractile proboscis is at the upper basal
portion of the rostrum just below the eyes.—Clark, Moll. 522, App.

The tentacula of Chemnitzia clavula are extraordinarily short and
broad, in consequence of the auricular portions that spring from their
external margin unfolding and forming a large, fine, arcuated mem-
branaceous leaf.

Mr. Clark observes: Chemnitzia acuta shows in a marked manner
that the rostrum or mentum is really the head of the animal; it is
channeled from its termination to its base, at which point, between
and just under the eyes, the fissure is evident, from which is
evoluted a long proboscis. The anteal portion of the rostrum is
without any sort of orifice, but it is probably a tentacular aid, and
also one of progression.— Moll. 522.

5. Evuima.

Shell turrited, thin, polished externally. Mouth ovate ; outer lip
rather sinuous; pillar lip simple, rather thickened. Operculum
half-ovate.—Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 16. Tentacles elongate,
nearly united at the base.

Animal creeps with the foot greatly in advance of the head, which
is almost always concealed beneath the edge of the aperture of the
shell, the tentacles alone protruding.

1. E. distorta, t. 125. f. 11; Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. K.K. f. 4.
2. E. polita, t. 125. f. 12; Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. K.K. f. 3.
3. E. grandis, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 1.

.
:

60 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

In Eulima polita the animal is white, except the tentacles and
margin of the mentum, which are deep golden-yellow. The liver, as
seen through the shell, is green in H. distorta, and purplish in
E.. polita.— Alder, Cat. Moll. N. 47.

These are the prevailing colours of the genus, but the disposition
of them is different in different species, and appears to be sufficiently
permanent to be taken as a specific character.

The animal of Hulima distorta has two long subulate tentacles,
with very large eyes at their posterior base. The foot is slender,
much produced in front, and has a bilobed flap (mentum of Lovén)
on its upper surface. The body is yellow, beautifully variegated
with carmine, which forms an irregular band on each side; the ten-
tacles and foot white.

The animal of Hulima oleacea is white, hyaline. Tentacles almost
joiming each other at their bases, where on the exterior sides are the
eyes, which may be seen through the shell when, as is usually the
case, the head does not project beyond it. Foot short, broad, slightly
produced at the anterior angle, the lobe above projecting rather
beyond it.—Stimpson, Shells N. Eng. 40.

The proboscis of Eulima polita has a very long unarmed lingual
riband, without the least appearance of spinous processes.—Clark,
Moll, 449.

The retractile proboscis of Hulima is very similar to that of Chem-
nitzia ; it consists of two retractile tubes, an inner and an outer one,
as in Murex undatus. Though the long flat tongue appears quite
smooth, there is nevertheless, in the inner cylinder, the appearance
of ashagreened, roughened portion, which may be tantamount to the
denticular portion of the mner tube of Murex undatus.—Clark,
Moll. 449.

The verge of Eulima polita springs under the right tentaculum ;
it is rather long, flat and falcate at the end; branchial plume single.
The Eulime are extremely free and vivacious; they delight in swim-
ming, and march with celerity.— Clark, Moll. 450.

What has been called the mentum in Eulima is an integral part of
the disk of the foot. Lovén does not mention one.—Clark, 449.

6. Nisso.

The shell differs from Kulima in the axis being. umbilicated.
Operculum half-ovate.-—dAdams, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 2.

1. N. terebellum.

7. LEIOSTRACA.

Shell subulate; whorls many, flat, polished; outer lip simple,
acute ; pillar lip smooth, axis imperforated. Mouth ovate, narrow.
Operculum horny.

Tentacles two, long, subulate, close together at their base, with the
eyes immediately behind them. Foot extended in front, with a bi-

OF MOLLUSCA. 61

lobed flap on the upper surface in front. Head seldom protruded
beyond the transparent shell.— Alder. !

1. L. bilineata, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 3. Eulima b., Forbes
& Hanley, B. M. t. K.K. f. 5.

8. MENESTHO.

« Animal: Foot elongate, narrow. Mouth simple; lingual mem-
brane none. Tentacles short, thick. Eyes small, at the inner base
of the tentacles. Operculum few-whorled. Shell conical, turrited.”’
—Moller.

1. M. albula, Moller, MSS., cop. Gray, Fig. Moll. t. 125. f. 2, &
Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 24. f. 10.

9. ACLIS,

Shell turrited ; whorls many, convex, striated. Mouth oval or
rounded ; pillar lip without folds; axis perforated or subperforated.

1, A. supernitida, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. M.M. f. 5, & Adams,
Gen. Moll. t. 24. f. 9.

Animal of Aclis supernitida slender, head truncate. Tentacles
slender, cylindrical, rather inflated at the tip, close at the base. Eyes
immersed, basal, rather lateral. Proboscis long, strong, retractile.
Tongue armless. Chin free. Foot very narrow, produced. Oper-
culigerous lobe unequal, right side larger, three- or four-plicate, left
side with a rounded lobe. Operculum ’—Loven.

The animal of Aclis supernitida with an elongate produced men-
tum, rather enlarged, truncated at the end. Tentacles two, lateral,
far back. Eyes on the inner side of the base of the tentacles, seen
through the shell.

10. Hyata.

Shell subcylindrical ; whorls rounded, last very large ; axis imper-
forate ; outer lip acute. Animal: muzzle bilobate. Tentacles sub-
ulate, flattened, blunt. Eyes small, basal, superior, and central.
Foot broad, two-lobed in front. Operculum roundish, thin.

1. H. vitrea (Risso v.), Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t.M.M. f. 6; cop.
Adams, Gen. Moll, t. 34. f. 7.

c. Shell living in holes in starfish ur on spines of Echini. Opercu-
lum none?

11. Sryuia.

Shell subglobose, thin, smooth, polished;-whorls many; apex
acuminated, produced, styliform; mouth rather large, subovate,
rounded before ; pillar lip thin, curved, smooth.

Tentacles slender, cylindrical, with the small immersed eyes at
their external bases. Mantle thick, fleshy, reflexed on the last
whorl of the shell. Foot large, long, tongue-shaped, produced into

62 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

a conspicuous mentum in front. Tongue unarmed. A single bran-
chial plume.

1. S. ovoidea, n. s. t. 126 a. f. 3; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 4.
2, Ss » 12 8s, AZORES,
3. 8. Turtoni, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. 0.0. f. 5.

In the original description of the animal the contracted foot
appears to have been described as the mantle partly covering the
shell.—Sow. Genera, t.

The animal of Stylina Turtoni is white, with a rather large foot,
without any operculum, a round head with two cylindrical tentacles,
and minute eyes at the external or posterior base. No portion of
the shell was covered with the fleshy part, but I am not certain that
in a state of vigour the animal has no power of extending some part
of the mantle or foot over it. The animal has much the appearance
of an Eulima. It has no large anterior disk, like Natica. The
remains of the animal examined under the microscope did not show
any denticulated tongue.— Alder, Cat. Moll. Newc. 46.

Otolites of Stylina Turtoni circular, with a central dot. Gills?
a single series of triangular lobes. No lingual band visible in the two
specimens I have examined. Mouth breaks up into squarish angular
fragments, not crystalline, perhaps horny.— Alder, MSS.

Like Eulima the shell is often curved. Some species appear to
live attached to the spines of Echini, while others are only found
imbedded in the substance of starfish.

The Stylina stylifera of Macgillivray is described from the shell
of a young exotic Bulimus.—Jeffreys.

12. ENTOCONCHA.

‘Shell obovate, smooth; whorls very rapidly enlarging ; spire
short, very blunt, tip not produced; aperture transverse, semilunar,
angulated above, rounded beneath, margin disunited ; pillar edge
straight ; mouth nearly as long as broad. Operculum not spiral.”

1. E. mirabilis, J. Miiller, Berlin Acad. 1852 ; Zool. Arch. 1853,
102.

Living in Synapta digitata.

Fam. XXV. ARCHITECTOMID.

Shell conical, depressed, having an umbilicated axis. Foot mode-
rate, for walking. Tentacula near together, nearly united at their
base, over the retractile trunk, grooved beneath. Gill-cavity divided
by a longitudinal fold.

1. ARCHITECTOMA.

Shell conical ; whorls few, square. Operculum ovate, flat, few-
whorled.—-Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 6 a, 6.

OF MOLLUSCA. 63

1. A. perspectiva (Solarium p.), Quoy, t. 41. f. 5; EHydoua, t. 126.
f. 2; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 6.

The foot of Architectoma perspectiva is very large, broad, folded
together on each side in the front half; the front edge truncated,
double-edged, rather produced, acute on each side of the front.
Tentacles two, conical, close together at the base, with a longitudinal
groove on the under side to the apex. Eyes on the upper part of
the outer side of their base. Proboscis very long, cylindrical, com-
pletely retractile. Teeth none?

2. TORINIA.

Shell conical; whorls square. Operculum circular, elevated,
conical, of many whorls.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 7 a, 6, e.

1. T. cylindrica. Solarium variegata, Quoy, t. 41. f. 3; Adams,
Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 7.

The tentacles of Torinia straminea conical, rather thick, close
together at the base. Foot small; angle of the front pig. 34,
edge rather produced, conical. Operculum thick,
horny, yellow, circular, as large as the mouth of the
shell, concave externally, annular, formed of several
concentric circles; the inner smaller, most distinct ;
the outer edge thinner; inner side convex, with a
large central conical and more flexible thick yellow
process, half as long as the diameter of the operculum, with a rather
acute tip (fig. 34).

3. BirRONTIA.

Shell discoidal; whorls square, last produced, separate. Opercu-

lum like Torinia.—Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 9 6.

1. B. Zanclea (Omalaxis Z.), ddums, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 9 (shell
and operculum only).

Fam. XXVI. TYLODINADZ.

Shell conical, depressed ; cavity very broad, simple. Animal like
Odostomia. 'Teeth ——-?

1. TYLODINA.

1. T. punctata, t. 103. f. 7.
2. T. citrina, t.. 103.'f. 1.

Lovén describes the body of Tylodina Duebenii as oblong, without
any rostrum. Chin deeply cut; lobes lanceolate. Tentacles ear-
shaped. Gill dextral. Anus behind, subtubular. Foot strong,
thick ; sole ovate. Shell ovate, depressed, conical, obsoletely radi-
ated ; apex with two reversed sinistral whorls. Lovén observes that
this genus has the same alliance to Odostomia as Emarginula to
Trochus.

a eee

iy: ae SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

Suborder III. Rostrirera, Gray.

Head moderate, with a more or less elongated, produced, contractile,
transversely annulated rostrum. Tentacles subulate, far apart on
the sides of the base of the rostrum. Eyes on the outer side or
behind the base of the tentacles. Teeth on an elongated, linear, lin-
gual membrane, partly received in the visceral cavity, in seven series,
3°1:°3,; the central and inner lateral fixed, with a broad base; the
two outer lateral versatile, suberect ; the upper edge lobed.

Phytophagous.

I, Platypoda. Foot depressed, expanded: for crawling.
a. Eyes pedicelled.
b. Eyes sessile, basal, exterior.
ce. Hyes sessile, basal, interior and posterior.

II. Protopoda. Foot roundish, truncate or clavate.

III. Leptopoda. Foot compressed: for leaping.
a. Kyes pedicelled.
b. Kyes sessile.

IV. Heteropoda. Foot compressed, fin-like, with a small sucker.

I. Platypoda, Gray.
Foot depressed, expanded : for crawling.

I. Podophthalma. yes on the top of cylindrical peduncles,
separate from and at the outer side of the base of the elongate
subulate tentacles.

Fam. I. AMPULLARIADZ.

Rostrum produced, divided into two elongated subulate lobes.
Tentacles filiform. Eyes peduncled. Gill one, rudimentary.
Mantle with a large pulmonary sac on each side. Foot and opercular
mantle simple. Operculum annular, regular. Mantle with a more
or less elongate siphon in front. Male organ on the edge of the
mantle.

Shell subglobose. Periostraca hard, polished, olive. Mouth entire.
Peristome continuous.

Fluviatile. Oviparous. Eggs globular, deposited in masses on
plants, &c.

The length of the peduncle of the eye in Ampullaria varies in
different species; in some it is well marked; in others the eye
appears to be only placed on a small tubercle at the base of the ten-
tacles.

The Ampullaria live chiefly in marshes which are subject to inun-
dation; they are never found in rapid running streams. They are
generally abundant, and cover a large space of country. They live

OF MOLLUSCA. 65

a long time out of water when the marshes dry up. They afford
nourishment to the marsh birds, especially the large Rails.

§ Siphon not produced. Operculum horny, with shelly internal
coat. Peristome thickened.

1. PACHYSTOMA.

Shell subglobose ; spire short. Peristome continuous, thickened
on the edge within; nucleus subcentral. Operculum horny, with a
shelly internal coat.—Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 37. f. 1a, 6.

1. P. fasciata, t. 47. f. 3; Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 37. f. 1.
2. P. Cebensis, t. 47. f. 1, 2 & 4.

2. ASOLENE.

Shell subglobose; spire short; aperture oval; inner lip slightly
thickened ; outer thin? Operculum horny, with an internal shelly
coat ; nucleus lateral, anterior; siphon not exposed.

fe. Plate, t. 47*. f. 4.

Asolene Plate is found in small marshes on the sands near the
La Plata, at the roots of water plants; its movements are very slow,
and it seldom comes out of its shell.

§§ Siphon of mantle elongate, produced. Operculum horny, simple.
Peristome thin.
3. Marisa.

Shell discoidal, largely umbilicated. Peristome simple. Oper-
culum horny (ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 37. f. 3). Siphon elongate.

1. M. cornu-arietis. Ampullaria c., Lamk.; Addams, Gen. Moll.
f34.-1. oO.
4. AMPULLARIA.

Shell subglobose, perforated; mouth large. Peristome simple,
thin. Operculum horny, dextral (4dams, Gen. Moll. f. 2 a, 6)
(fig. 35). Siphon elongate.

Ps A. zonata, t..47*. f. 2. Fig. 35.—Operculum of
Zan Bossi, t. 47*. f..1. Ampullaria.
3. A. scalaris, t.47**. f.2; ddams, Gen. Moll. _—
ey eye
4. A. Ureus, Troschel, Wiegm. Arch. 1845, 197.

t. 8 (anat. f. 3, teeth).
. A. canaliculata, t. 47**. f. 1.
. A. insularum, t. 117. f. 1.
A. e habe gods 2:

Lingual membrane of Ampullaria ? linear elongate. Teeth
3°1°3; central broad, short; apex slightly recurved, with a strong
central tooth and a small toothlet on each side; inner lateral tooth

-

STO

66 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

broad, the inner part of the upper edge slightly reflexed, entire ;
outer lateral teeth subulate, curved.
Lingual membrane of Ampullaria from Pernambuco broad, brown.

Fig. 36.—Ampullaria canaliculata.

s. Siphon. o. Operculum.

Teeth 3°1°3,; central broad, with seven teeth; the central larger,
broad triangular or lance-shaped; lateral conical, smaller, outer
smallest ; inner lateral oblong trigonal, with a reflexed front edge,

entire; two outer lateral compressed, subulate, curved, acute at
the tip.

Fig. 37.—Teeth of Ampullaria.

The animals of Ampullaria scalaris, A. canaliculata, and A. insula-
rum have a very long exserted tapering siphon from the left side of the
mantle, with a groove along its upper edge; 4. Rotssii and A. zonata
a shorter truncated one, with a groove along its upper edge. Asolene
Plate is without any appearance of this part. Their siphons differ
from the siphon of the Zoophagous Mollusca in the edge being bent
up and not down, leaving the groove along its upper and not its
lower edge.

The gills of Ampullaria are formed of a series of triangular laminze
placed in a line down the right side of the branchial cavity, close by
the side of the colon and ovarian tubes. A small mass of lamellee
on the outer left angle of the cavity; the rest of the cavity filled
with a large fleshy bag open by a wide slit. Tentacles conical, elon-
gate. Eyes on short tubercles, separate from but close to the outer
base of the tentacles. Head short, the front of the side expanded
into short, conical, tentacle-like lips. Foot simple, folded across

OF MOLLUSCA. 67

when contracted. From the tentacles on each side to the base of
the edge of the respiratory cavity is a continued broad flat plate,
which is largest on the left side, and which appears to be bent up, so
as to form a canal to conduct the water to the respiratory cavity.

The one on the right side is folded, and gives origin to a fleshy ridge,
which extends up the right side close to the side of the colon, and is
continued to the top of the respiratory cavity. The penis is conical,

elongate, near the tentacle, and enclosed in a bivalve sheath, with the
thickened margin to the right side of the collar. They live a very
long time out of water. Specimens have been brought alive from
Evypt and India, kept dry in sawdust.

The Ampullarie appear to differ in size according to the soil on
which they happen to live. In sandy places they are small and
thin; where the soil is more muddy the specimens are larger.—
D Orbigny.

The Ampullaria insularum of La Plata is found on the large
aquatic plants in the marshes on the side of the river, especially such
as have a muddy bottom. They lay their large red eggs in groups,
in March. They live many months out of the water. They are
eaten by the Rails and other water birds, who often break the
operculum, the only vulnerable part, to get at the animal.

Ampullaria canaliculata is generally found on rushes and aquatic
herbs; it also often glides on the surface of the water, shell down-
wards. The animal is generally expanded, but it contracts with the
least touch. It walks slowly, its tentacles being in constant move-
ment. In October its ovaries are filled with a mass of rose-coloured
eges; they are laid in November, on branches under water attached
to a tree or bush out of the water. These eggs are a beautiful rose
colour, with a whitish bloom. At the end of two or three days each
group is closed; the eggs are then protected by a chalky pellicle,
formed by exposure to the air. At the end of fifteen or twenty
days, the young animals, which are of a pure rose colour, appear
covering all the plants. If rain does not occur within this time, the
eggs do not hatch, but the animals perish in the eggs from the
drought. The young and old are eaten by the Wading birds, which
often take the older ones to a branch of a tree and let them fall, so
as to break the shell, and thus get at the animal; many shells so
broken are to be seen at the roots of the trees.

5. PoMELLA.

Shell half-ovate, solid, striated, imperforate; mouth very large ;
inner lip concave. Peristome simple, thin. Operculum horny, dex-
tral, on right margin (ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 37. f. 4a, 6) ; inner lip
coneave ; shell striated.

1. P. neritoides.

The operculum of Pomella neritoides is thick, horny, as large as
the mouth of the shell, with the nucleus on the muddle of the inner
straight edge. They are found at the mouth of the Rio Uruguay or
Ampullaria River. They are most like a giant Neritina.

F2

’
i
.
|

68 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

6. LANISTES.

- Shell sinistral, subdiscoidal, perforated ; mouth ovate; lips simple.
Operculum horny, sinistral, or with nucleus on left margin.— Adams,
Gen. Moll. t. 37. f. 5 a, 6 (upside down). African.

1. L. Bolteniana.
2. L. ovum, Troschel, Naturg. 1845, t. 8.

The animal of Lanistes is very like the Ampullarie. The front
of the head is bifid; the concave processes of the forehead and the
tentacles are spirally twisted when contracted. There is a plate on
each side of the body, forming a canal on the neck. The penis is
contracted on the right side of the edge of the mantle. The air-bag
is distinct. Operculum horny, with a subcentral nucleus. Teeth
on lingual membrane 3‘1°3; the central and inner lateral curved,
three-lobed ; the two outer lateral subulate, hooked.—Hvrichson, Arch.
1845, t.'8. d. G;

7. MELADOMUS.

Shell ovate, sinistral; spire conical; whorls convex; periostraca
olive; mouth ovate; lips simple. Animal Operculum
horny, sinistral; nucleus subcentral, rather near the left margin.—
Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 37. f. 6 a, 6.

1. M. olivaceus.

IJ. Edriophthalma. yes sessile or nearly so, at the outer side
of the base of the subulate tentacles.

A. Cryptocochlea, Gray. Mantle of adult animal expanded and
often reflexed over the shell, which has a polished appearance.

Fam. II. AMPHIPERASIDA.

Shell involute. Mouth linear; inner lip smooth. Lateral teeth
on tongue-membrane; outer rugulose, broad, digitately lobed (fig. 38).
Canal elongate, produced. Mantle lobes expanded, covering the sides
of the shell, bearded externally.

The shell, when young, spirally striated; when adult, covered

Fig. 38.—Teeth of Amphiperas ovum.

with a smooth enamel coat; the inner lip toothless, and the outer
toothed or crenated ; the anterior and posterior canal mostly elon-
gated, straightish.

OF MOLLUSCA. 69

1. AMPHIPERAS.

Shell ovate, ventricose; the outer lip broad, inflexed, rounded,
crenulated ; extremities short; front of columella rounded ; mantle-
edge simple. Foot large, expanded.
ieee ovum, t. 29..f. 1,2, ¢..30. f, 3; .::105. f.. 4.

2.) A. torile,-t..33. f. 3; 5.
3. A. dentatum, t. 86a. f. 6, t. 261. f. 3.

2. CALPURNUS.

Shell fusiform ; outer lip inflexed, toothed; ends short, curved ;
hinder with a tooth on the inner side; front of columella expanded
beneath.

* Outer lip broad.

Ew, verrucosus, t. 36. f. 2, t. 85 a. f. 5.

** Outer lip inflexed, rounded, narrow, toothed.
2. C. adriaticus, t. 105. f. 7.

FEE Outer lip slightly infleced, narrow, keeled externally, with
edge shelving inwards.

3. C. pyriformis, Sow.

3. ULTIMUS.

Shell fusiform ; outer lip thickened, inflexed, toothless ; extremi-
ties short; front of the columella flattened ; hinder part with a fold,
obliterated by age. Rostrum moderate. Tentacles linear, subulate,
elongate. Eyes subsessile, basal. Mantle lobes expanded over the
shell, smooth externally. Siphon produced. Foot elongate, rather
truncate in front, produced behind.

1. U. patula (Volva p.), Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. N.N. f. 1-4.

4. Rapivs.
Shell spindle-shaped ; the outer lip thickened, slightly inflexed,
toothless ; the front of the columella rounded, the extremities more
or Jess produced, elongate.

* Extremities very long.
T. RB. volva, t. 86 a. f. 3.

** Hoetremities moderate.
2. R. spelta, t. 105. f. 6.

The smaller Radii are found on Gorgoniz at the low-water mark
of spring tides at Panama. The light-coloured specimens of Radius
variabilis are found on cream-coloured Gorgoniz, and the purple
ones on Gorgoniz of the same (purple) colour.—C. B. Adams, 1. ¢.
256.

70 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

Fam. III. CYPRHADA.

Shell ventricose, involute. Mouth linear; lips toothed. Canal
recurved like a notch. Rostrum short. Tentacles elongate, subu-
late. Eyes external, basal. Mantle expanded on the sides. Gill
with a siphon at each end, in a single series. Lateral teeth on
tongue-membrane conical, curved. Shell of young smooth. Oper-
culum none.

The individuals of the same species vary greatly in size, in the
thickness of the base and margin, in the general form, and rarely in
the size of the teeth ; their most constant characters are the form of
the front of the columella, the number of the teeth, and the general
distribution of the colour. The great difference in size of the
adults of the same species has been attempted to be explained by the
theory that the animals shed their shells as the lobsters do their
skin; but this is not the case; young shells may be found of all the
various sizes. Individuals are to be found of most of the species
which have had a coat of enamel (generally similar in colour to the
margin) which has been deposited on their backs, after they have
arrived at their full colour ; sometimes this coat is blistery.

The young specimens, before the mouth of the shell is formed,
have the mantle on the pillar side dilated and bearded, and of the
outer side simple, with a slightly thickened edge. The foot is trun-
cated. The tentacles subulate, far apart on each side of the trunk ; —
eyes on small tubercles at the outside of the base of the tentacles.
Foot simple, folded longitudinally when contracted ; the lobes of the
mantle often covered with tentacles.

The young shells (fig. 39) greatly
resemble the shell of Bullina in general Fig. 39.—Cyprea testudinaria.
form, but they are distinguished from Young shell.
it by the inner lip not being thickened
or elevated. The young shell of most
of the species is smooth, but the young
of Cyprea pustulata is covered with
regular, spiral, rather flat-tipped con-
centric ridges, with equal wide grooves
between them ; and the nucleus of Cy-
prea nigropunctata, which is only to
be seen in the young shell, is finely,
concentrically and spirally ridged, so as
to be closely and acutely cancellated.
The young shells under some particular
circumstances have a ridge round the
inner part of the outer lip, which is |
sharp, compressed, and strongly denticulated in front. These shells
appear to have belonged to an animal which for some reason was
prevented from forming a proper mouth to the shell.

The animal of C. arabica is black-brown, with a yellow edge to

OF MOLLUSCA. 71

the foot ; of C. carneola red, and white dotted; of C. felina pale,
black dotted; of C. Talpa black, with small white specks ; of C.
caput serpentis brown, covered with red spotted tentacles.

* Inner lip with a well-defined ridge in front.

1. Cypr@A.

_ Shell ovate, polished ; spire hidden; lip toothed ; anterior and
posterior canal distinct, recurved ; front of pillar lip smooth, broad,
deeply impressed, edged with a single large oblique fold in front,
separated from the teeth by a deep groove.

Fig. 40.—Teeth of Cyprea helvola.

Central tooth of Cyprea helvola small, wider at the base; cutting
edge with a large lobe in the middle, and a smaller one on each side ;
lateral teeth somewhat similar; first smaller, with long hooks; a
tooth on the outside at the bend, and a small tooth on the inside
near the end (fig. 40).—Loven.

a. Shell smooth ; columellar pit transversely ridged ; teeth of inner

lip generally long.
. stercoraria, t. 34. f. 8, t. 35. f. 4.
Bemietins-t,-o0s ft. ;2, 6. S277. 9 St! 35: 7. oS.
ptizrma,.t.. 31. f..3, 0-35. f. 5.
. mauritiana, t. 3). f. 1, t. 35. f. 2, t. 36. f. 5, young.
waraiica, ¢t..do..f.26, t. 54, f. }, t. 83a. f..5.
» witellus, t.:34.:f.°5.

Pee
SOaTtes

b. Shell smooth ; columellar pit (nearly) smooth ; teeth of inner lip
short or indistinct.

EC. Talpa, t. 31. f. 2 = Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 28. f. 1.
8. C. Isabella, t. 36. f. 3.

c. Shell: back warty (rarely smooth), base ridged.
9. C. nucleus, t. 34. f. 4.

d. Shell with transverse ribs.
10. C. Childreni.

e. Shell with longitudinal and transverse ribs.
11. C. Adamsonii.

72 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

2. ARICIA.

Shell ovate, smooth, polished; spire hidden ; lips toothed ; canal
recurved ; front of pillar flat, or nearly so, and cross-ridged, with a
distinct fold in front, separated from the teeth by a deep groove.

a. Margin of the shell pitted on the upper edge.
1. A. erosa, Fig. Moll. t. 33. f. 1,2; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 261. f. 2.

—

. Margin entire ; teeth of both lips extended more or less over the
base.

. annulus, t. 34. f. 6.

. Moneta, t. 34. f. 9.

caput serpentis, t. 33. f. 4.

. Caurica, t. 261. f. 1.

. variolaria, t. 34. f.°3.

rufa; t. 35,4. 1<3;

. cribraria, t. 34. f. 2.

90 MIS OD W BS
Pr bb > bp

©

. Margin entire; teeth of inner lip very small, forming a slight
ridge ; front of columellar lip slightly concave, produced, and
toothed internally.

9. A. angustata.

3. NarRia.
Shell ovate, polished ; spire hidden; lips toothed; front of the
columella narrow, dilated into a sharp-toothed ridge, with a distinct
fold in front, separated from the teeth by a deep groove.

1. N. irrorata.

** Inner lip without a distinct fold in front.
4, Trivia.

Shell subglobose, cross-ribbed; aperture toothed ; front of the
pillar internally concave, ribbed, without any distinct fold in front.
Rostrum short. Tentacles elongate, linear. Eyes basal, sessile.
Mantle produced, nearly covering the shell, smooth externally. Foot
elongate, truncated in front, elongated and much produced behind the
shell. Siphon elongate, produced in front.

a. Mouth wide ; outer lip slightly inflexed ; shell equally ribbed,
1. T. australis, t. 34. f. 7.

b. Mouth narrowish ; outer lip wide ; ribs of back subequal, linear.

2. T. europeee, t. 36. f.1; Sars, t. 36. f.6; Forbes §& Hanley, B. M.
t. N.N.f. 5, 7, cop. Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 28. f. 5.

OF MOLLUSCA. 73

c. Mouth narrowish ; the outer lip arched; the ribs enlarged or
tubercular near the dorsal groove.

3. T. pulex.

d. Mouth narrow ; ribs tubercular ; dorsal line distinct ; front of
columella smooth.
4. T. pustulata.

The branchial plume of Trivia europea
is a large, finely pectinated, half-moon-shaped Fig. 41.— Trivia europea.
plate of two segments, each appearing to
have a branchial artery. The male organ is
large, spatulate, folded.

Mr. Clark (Mollusca, 505) deacrifics
Trivia europea ‘as having a long proboscis,
which can be exserted, though it is rarely
seen,’ and which has-not been observed in
the larger Cowries (Cyprea). Dr. Loven,
who specially examined the mouth of C.
helwola and C. europea, describes the ros-
trum as short, prominent, and not retractile.

Central tooth of Trivia europea longer
than broad, cutting edge subtriangular, den-
ticulate on each side, with a sharp lobe in
the middle; lateral teeth dissimilar ; the
first at the tip with a long point, denticulate
on each side; second and third simple,
claw-like.—Loven (see fig. 41).

5. LuPponta.

Shell pear-shaped, smooth, or cross-ribbed ; mouth linear ; front
end of the columellar lip crossed by several irregular ridges, without
any distinct marginal one, internally narrow, flat.

]. J. Algoensis.

6. CYyPREOVULA.

Shell pear-shaped, smooth, or cross-ribbed ; mouth linear ; spire
hidden ; front end of columella covered with regular cross ribs, like
rest of base, internally produced into an acute-toothed ridge.

* Shell finely cross-ribbed.
1. C. Capensis.

** Shell smooth.
2. C. umbilicata, Sow.
7. ERATO.

Spire conical; apex submamillary, blunt ; shell, when young,
smooth ; the adult with both lips finely crenulated ; the columella
concave, slightly radiately plaited or smooth, with two or three folds

74 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

in front ; the anterior canal straight, the hinder indistinct. Rostrum
moderate, annulate. Tentacles linear, elongate. Eyes sessile, basal.
Mantle reflected over the shell, rugulose externally. Foot elongate,
truncated and expanded in front, produced behind. Siphon elongate,
produced in front.

This genus differs from Marginella in having a rostrum or pro-
boscis, as shown by the figure cited.

a. Shell smooth.

1. E. Cypreola? t. 102. f. 7.
2. E. levis (Marginella |.), Forbes & Hanley, B. M.t.N.N. f. 8, 9,
cop. ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 20. f. 1.

b. Shell tubercular.
3. E. seabriuscula. .

Mr. Clark describes Erato Cypreola as having a retractile pro-
boscis ! but the description is avowedly only compiled from Philippi,
- aided by memory !—See Mollusca, 506.

Fam. IV. PEDICULARIADZ.

Rostrum wrinkled. Mantle enclosed, thickened on the edge, not
produced into a siphon in front. yes sessile, lateral, basal. Foot
small. Teeth 3:1°3; lateral very long, deeply lobed. Operculum
none. Shell irregular, ovate, subconvolute, covered with a radiately
ridged callous coat; spire lateral, minute. Mouth very wide; outer
lip simuous ; inner lip callous, rounded, and covering part of the last
whorl. Shell of young animal regular.—Adnn. & Mag. N. H. 1846,
xvii. 428.

Parasitic on coral, forming a hole in its surface.

1. PEDICULARIA.

1. P. Sicula.
2. P. fimbriata, 4. Addams.

Central tooth of Pedicularia Sicula depressed, subquadrate, cutting
Fig. 42.—Teeth of Pedicularia Sicula.

EAR?

edge transverse, with one sharp point and denticulated ; lateral teeth

OF MOLLUSCA. : 75

dissimilar ; first transverse, with four unequal sharp points ; second
and third bent back, similar, slender, elongated, slightly sigmoid, the
tip cleft into three spines, the outer short, the inner longest; the
limb with a transverse plate, which is curved and ovate (fig. 42).

The shell of Pedicularia has much the appearance of Concholepas,
for it only differs from that genus in having no tooth-like process on
the front of the outer lip, and in the edge of the outer lip being
generally sinuous, and the inner or columellar lip being rounded,
callous, and covering part of the left side of the last whorl. There
is a small white shell in Mr. Cuming’s Collection from the Philip-
pines, which has similar characters, and is even more like the typical
Concholepas.

Mr. A. Adams has thus described the shell, which he referred to
a genus under the name of Coralliobia: ‘ Like Concholepas, but no
teeth on front of outer lip.”’,— Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1854, 70.

The form and disposition of the teeth at once separate the animal
from Concholepas and the other Purpuride.

Dr. Loven described the teeth of Pedicularia directly after Calyp-
treade, and Dr. Philippi arranges it as the last genus of Calyptre-
acea.—Handb. der Conch. 189.

Fam. V. APORRHAIDA.

Outer edge of the mantle expanded, lobed or reflexed on the edge
of the shell. Shell spiral when adult ; outer lip expanded or revo-
lute. Operculum annular.

1. AporRHAIS.
Shell fusiform; aperture narrow; canal distinct; outer lip di-
lated, lobed. Operculum ovate.
1. A. pes-pelecani, t. 91.f. 1-4; Forbes §& Hanley, B. M.t. F.F.f.3;
ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 27. f. 5.

Central tooth of Aporrhais pes-pelecani narrow, above wider, con-
vex ; cutting edge wide, with a central spine, denticulated on each
side ; first lateral tooth almost transverse, upper margin folded,

Fig. 43.—Teeth of Aporrhais pes-pelecani.

unarmed ; second and third similar, claw-like, slender, elongated,
simple, decussated with the opposite (fig. 43).

The Aporrhais pes-pelecani creeps slowly ; but the organs do not
appear adapted for progressive movement. It is shy, and whether

76 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

the shell is placed with the aperture upwards or downwards, it does
not usually commence creeping by pushing out the foot anteriorly,

Fig. 44.--Aporrhais pes-pelecani.

like other Gasteropods, but often twists the long neck and foot to
the caudal extremity, and there fixing it, with a sudden spring effects
the turning of the shell.—Clark, Moll. 474.

Branchial plume single, long, narrow, with about forty very short
pectinations ; above the plume there is a glandular substance resem-
bling the mucous fillets of the Canalifera.—Clark, Moll. 472.

The shells of Aporrhais are subject to great variety with respect to
the outer lip, which increases by age. Young shells have all the
appearance of a Murex, without the least expansion of the lip, and
all gradations are to be met with from that to the perfect shell.

The animal of the A. pes-pelecani has a long snout and two filiform
tentacula of a pink colour, the former spotted with white. Eyes
black, at the base of the tentacula beneath; sustentaculum short,
white.

2. STRUTHIOLARIA.

Shell ovate; spire conic ; mouth ovate; canal short, indistinct; lips
thickened, reflexed and rounded on the edge. Operculum ovate, acute.

a. Operculum ovate, acute, with a notch below the tip (fig. 45).
1, S. papillaris.

[. Operculum: apex very acute, without any distinct notch.
2. S. crenata.

Rostrum of Struthiolaria crenata elongate- Fig. 45.
conic when alive, when contracted in spirits short, Operculum of Stru
thick, annulated. Tentacles subulate, lateral ; iMlolapts paghans
eyes small, on outer side of the base. Lingual
membrane thin; teeth 3°1°3 central sub-
ovate; apex truncated, reflexed, entire; lateral
slender, subulate, curved; apex acute, entire,
inner largest. Foot small, oblong. Operculum
small, ovate ; apex very acute, solid, transparent,
with a broad notch or rather sinuation on the
inner side near the tip.

OF MOLLUSCA. 77

3. PELICARIA.

Shell spiral ; spire of adult covered with an enamel coat; aperture
ovate ; outer lip sinuous, sharp-edged. Operculum like Struthio-
laria?

b.. P. vernis, t. 5.f. 3. t. 91. f..6.;, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 27. f. 6.

4, TRICHOTROPIS.
Shell top-shaped ; whorls keeled, edged with a horny fringe ;

mouth ovate, angulated in front ; outer lip simple, acute, angulated.
Opereulum horny, ovate; apex sometimes curved ; nucleus apical,
small.—Adams, Gen. Moll. f. 6 a, 6.

a. Spire conic ; whorls contiguous.
1. T. bicarinata, Sowerby, t. 24. f. 7.

Operculum of Trichotropis bicarinata ovate ; nucleus oblong, on
the outer side of the front edge. Mantle enclosed, with two slight
canals on the middle of the outer edge. Siphon not distinct, very
small, smaller than the canal on outer lips. Foot oblong, rather
truncated and double-edged in front. Tentacles subulate, blunt,
lateral. Eyes sessile, rather above the outer hinder part of their
base. Male organ small, behind base of right tentacle. Rostrum
broad, short, annular, with a terminal perpendicular mouth. Lin-
gual membrane short, broad, with broad lateral expansions. Teeth
3°1°3, central three-toothed, acute, denticulated (?) ; inner lateral
recurved at the tip, entire ; outer subulate, arched, simple.

These teeth differ considerably from those of Tropiphora borealis
figured by Lovén ; and that author described the animal as having a
long retractile proboscis, with the tentacles united by a membrane,
which is certainly not the case in this species.

b. Spire very short; whorls subseparate. Separatista.
2. T. Blainvilliana, Petit, Journ. Conch. ii. 1852, t. 1. f. 5.

5. CALCARELLA.

Shell like a small Trichotropis bicarinata, but very thin, and the
outer lip angularly produced.

1. C. spinosa, Soul. Journ. Conch. 1850, i. 217. t.

6. SINUSIGERA.

Shell turbinate, ovate, dextral, imperforate; whorls keeled; nu-
cleus sinistral; aperture ovate, corniculate in front ; outer lip with
two claw-like lobes ; the middle one a prolongation of the keel, the
other nearer the canal ; lips thickened, reflexed. Operculum thin.

Gregarious ; floating on the sea.

Se

the AP

78 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

a. Cancellated.
1. S. cancellata, d@ Orb., in Sagra, Cuba, 1846, t. 23. f. 7, 9.

b. Smooth.
2. S. microscopica, (Struthiolaria m.) Gray, Beechey’s Voy.

The foot of Sinusigera Hualeyi is destitute of a float, with a very
thin, small operculum. Mantle with a short respiratory siphon.
The branchiz are of two kinds, covered and naked; the covered gill
is single, but of considerable length, beautifully pectinated and fringed
with long cilia. The naked gills are four in number, similar in cha-
racter to those of Macgillivrayia. Each gill is oval or elongated, with
a thin, frilled and corrugated border, beset with long whip-like cilia.
The lingual strap with central and lateral teeth, and two file-like
triturating plates. Tentacles two on each side.—Macdonald, Proc.
Roy. Soc. vii. 193, 1854.

Sinusigera was arranged by d’Orbigny (Moll. Cuba, 149) near
Nassa, on account of its thickened outer lip. It is distinguished from
the other Buccinide by the ringent mouth and three well-marked
sinuses separated by prominent lobes. It was first described as a
Struthiolaria by me from a specimen in the Paris Museum.

B. Cochlea. Mantle enclosed in the shell (p. 68).

a. Phaneropneumona. Gills vascular, branched, on the inner surface
of the mantle. Terrestrial.

These differ from Pulmonata in the mantle being free from the
nape, leaving the pulmonary cavity open. Animal unisexual. Oper-
culum distinct, spiral, or annulated.

Fam. VI. CYCLOPHORID.

Gills vascular, branched. Shell free, conic. Mouth roundish or

Fig. 46.—Teeth of Cyclophorus Tuba.

ovate. Eyes sessile, on the outer side of the base of the tentacles.
Operculum spiral.
Terrestrial.

OF MOLLUSCA. 79

Rossmasler has examined the teeth of Cyclostomus elegans, C.

sulcatus, C. (Leonia) ferrugineus, and C. (Tudora) mamillaris.—
Icon. iii. 28.

A. Operculum orbicular, often concave externally, of many very
gradually enlarging whorls ; nucleus central.

a. Cyclotina. Operculum thick, formed of two lamina, with a groove
on the edge between them, the interior horny, the outer layer
calcareous ; the whorls usually furnished with a raised border
on the outer edge, forming a spiral ridge or fringe.

1. CycLotTus.

Operculum thick, testaceous, outer surface rather concave ; whorls
numerous, very gradually enlarging, furnished with a thickened or
raised border on the outer edge. Shell subturbimate, depressed or
discoidal. Peristome continuous or joined by a callous margin, simple
or double, straight or reflexed.
be '@Inea; £311.

2. C.? trochiformis, t. 303. f. 11.
3. C.? anguliferus, t. 303. f. 9.
4. C.? maculatus, t. 303. f. 7.

2. PTEROCYCLOS.

Operculum subcartilaginous, many-whorled, spirally lamellated,
concave inside. Shell broadly umbilicated, rather discoidal. Peri-
stome generally double ; the internal short, cut on the right margin ;
the external dilated above into a roof-shaped beak.

1. P. rupestris.

3. OpISTHOPORUS.

Operculum calcareous, thick, many-whorled, formed of two laminze
with an intermediate hollow space and a groove round the exterior
margin. Shell depressed, orbicular, broadly umbilicated ; last whorl
with a small, sutural, exserted tube behind the aperture. Peristome
double, expanded.

1. O. biciliatus.
2. O. tubuliferus.

4, CRASPEDOPOMA.

Operculum horny, solid; whorls very narrow, with a central nu-
cleus ; external plate flat; internal deeply concave, furnished with a
circular prominence on the penult whorl. Shell subturbinate, gaping ;
last whorl a little constricted anteriorly. Peristome continuous,
simple, receiving the internal prominence of the operculum.

1. C. lucidum.

80 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

b. Operculum horny, thin, without any external calcareous layer.
Shell conical, depressed; last whorl rounded, without any
groove or ridge round the front of the axis.

5. AULOPOMA.

Operculum horny, with many whorls, Planorbis-shaped, composed
of two plaits, between which it has a spiral channel, which is inte-
riorly open on the last whorl. Shell turbinate-depressed, or dis-
coidal ; the last whorl disjoined anteriorly. Peristome free, straight,
continuous, immersed in the circular groove of the operculum.

1. A. helicinum.

6. CYCLOPHORUS.

Operculum horny, thin, closely whorled, more or less concave ex-
ternally. Shell globose-turbinate, depressed or discoidal. Peristome
continuous, expanded or straight.

1. C. volvulus.

7. LEPTOPOMA.

Operculum membranous, closely whorled, flat. Shell globose-tur-
binate or conical, narrowly umbilicated. Peristome simple (rarely
double), reflexed (rarely straight), with distant margins, joined
sometimes by a very thin callus.

1. L. multilabris, t. 311. f. 8.

8. ALYCAZUS.

Operculum orbicular, rather shelly, obsoletely many-whorled.
Shell conical or depressed ; spire regular; last whorl distorted, com-
pressed, much contracted behind the aperture; mouth circular.
Peristome regularly reflected.

1. A. gibbus.

9. DIPLOMMATINA.

Operculum shelly, thin, orbicular; whorls few, with thin promi-
nent lamellze on their external edges. Shell scarcely rimate, thin,
-subovate ; whorls convex, last subascendent; aperture nearly cir-
cular. Peristome interrupted, expanded.

1. D. folliculus.

Mr. Benson denies that this genus has an operculum, and thinks
those described are adventitious ; they were attached to the animal
dried in the shell, and have been observed in two species. He also
describes “the eyes on the posterior part of the tentacles at their
base.” Hence Mr. Adams has proposed it should be arranged with
the Truncatellide.

OF MOLLUSCA. &]

ce. Pupinina. Operculum horny, thin, many-whorled, without any
external calcareous layer. Shell oblong, elongate ; last whorl
with a fold or spiral ridge on the inner side in front of the
axis, sometimes forming a groove in the inner lip.

10. MEGALOMASTOMA.

Operculum orbicular, thin, horny, many-whorled, rather flat.
Shell narrowly or scarcely perforate, oblong, turrited or Pupa-
shaped ; aperture rather. circular, sometimes furnished with a slight
lateral channel. Peristome double or simple, rather thickened,
rarely straight.

1. M. brunnea, t. 211. f. 15.

11. CaTAuLus.

Operculum orbicular, flat, horny, many-whorled, separable into
many plates, forming a continuous spiral lamina like a corkscrew.
Shell perforate, Pupa-shaped, not callous, furnished with a filiform
basal keel; aperture entire, prolonged at its base by a rather cir-
cular channel. Peristome continuous, dilated at its lower extremity
into the keel of the last whorl.

1. C. tortuosus.
12. PupInELLa.

Operculum horny, many-whorled. Shell oval, covered with a thin
horny periostraca ; aperture circular. Peristome reflexed, thickened,
with a groove on the inner side of front near the axis.

1. P. pupiformis.
13. Puptina.

Operculum thin, membranous, narrow-whorled, rather flat. Shell
Pupa-shaped, for the most part covered by a smooth callus. Peri-
stome simple, thickened or reflected ; columellar margin divided in
the middle by a transverse channel; right margin forming a second
channel at its insertion.

1. P. humilis.
14. REGISTOMA.

Operculum orbicular, thin, horny, many-whorled. Shell ovate,
polished, callous; aperture circular, rather entire. Peristome re-
flected; inner lip thin, simple; columellar margin slightly curved
and channeled in the middle.

1. R. grandis.
15. Canyia.

Operculum thin, membranous, narrow-whorled. Shell pupiform,
covered with a smooth shining callus. Peristome subcontinuous,
straight, scarcely thickened; columellar margin entire, above ap-
pressed-reflexed, altogether closing the perforation, which is conspi-
cuous in young shells.

1. C. lubrica.

82 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

B. Licinina. Operculum nearly orbicular, composed of a few gra-
dually-increasing whorls ; nucleus somewhat excentrical.

a. Operculum thick, testaceous.

16. JAMAICIA.

Operculum shelly, externally convex, composed of a small number
of obliquely-striate, rather coarse, sublamellar whorls. Shell um-
bilicate, globose-conical; aperture circular. Peristome simple or
double, straight or reflected.

1. J. anomala.

17. Licina.
Operculum ——? Shell conical; last whorl usually produced
out of the spiral line, straight; mouth circular. Peristome some-
what reflexed, expanded.

1. L. labia.

18. CHOANOPOMA.
Operculum calcareous, nearly circular, with gradually-enlarging
whorls, terminating externally in more or less prominent, thin
lamellee, with a subexcentrical nucleus. Shell globose-turbinate or
turrited, often truncate ; aperture rather oval or roundish. Peristome
usually double, with the outer edge angularly expanded.

1. C. pulchra.

b. Operculum thin, cartilaginous.

19. ADAMSIELLA.

Operculum orbicular, thin, rather cartilaginous; whorls few, en-
larging gradually, with the outer edge rather detached; nucleus
subcentral. Shell Pupa-shaped or oblong-turrited ; aperture small,
rather circular. Peristome for the most part double, more or less
expanded or reflexed.

]. A. mirabilis.

C. Cyclostomina. Operculum ovate, composed of few whorls, more
or less rapidly enlarging, with the nucleus excentrical.

a. Operculum thick, with an external shelly coat.

20. LirHIpDIoNn.

Operculum subcireular, shelly ; whorls rather rapidly enlarged,
with a strong, convex, subcentral keel and simple edges. Shell de-
pressed, broadly umbilicated, open ; aperture rather circular. _ Peri-
stome simple, often thickened.

1. L. suleatum.

OF MOLLUSCA. 83

21. OTOPOMA.

Operculum shelly, solid ; whorls convex in the centre, with simple
edges. Shell conically subglobose or depressed ; aperture subovate.
Peristome straight or slightly expanded, with the columellar margin
for the most part dilated, covering part of the axis, or closing the
umbilicus.

r, O: Listeri, t. 311. f. 10.

22. CYCLOSTOMUS.

Operculum rather ovate, shelly, flat; whorls four to five, gradually
increasing, with simple margins ; nucleus excentric. Shell depressed,
globose-turbinate or ovate-turrited; aperture ovate. Peristome
simple, straight or expanded, often double.

Pee elerans, t. 293: f. 1, t. 311. f.5%, 97, 14,°16, 17.
2. C. nove hibernie, t. 311. f. 13.

Fig. 47.—Cyclostomus elegans.

23. Tupora.

Operculum ovate, shelly, flat, of few whorls, which are enlarged
rapidly and arcuately grooved or deeply striated obliquely, with the
nucleus very excentrical. Shell ovate-oblong or turrited ; aperture
angularly ovate. Peristome expanded, simple or double.

1. T. ferruginea.
24. Lronta.

Operculum ovate, shelly, very convex externally, with a single
whorl and the nucleus situated near the columellar margin. Shell
ovate-conical ; aperture ovate. Peristome simple, slightly reflexed.

1. L. mamillaris.
25. CISTULA.

Operculum ovate, thin, cartilaginous, with a thin external shelly
coat with few gradually increasing whorls, the margin of which is
usually detached ; nucleus excentrical. Shell globose-conic or ovate,
or oblong-turrited, usually truncate; aperture ovate. Peristome
simple, expanded or double.

1. C. catenata.

b. Operculum thin, horny ; last whorl rounded in front.

' 26. CHONDROPOMA.

Operculum ovate, subcartilaginous, flat; whorls few, rapidly in-
G2

fl
h

84 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

creasing, with the nucleus very excentric. Shell oblong-turrited,
often truncated, sometimes globose-turbinated; aperture ovate.
Peristome simple or more or less distinctly doubled, nearly straight,
expanded or broadly reflexed.

1. C. pictum,

c. Pomatianina. Operculum thick; of two horny coats, conca-
merated within.
27. Pomatias.

Operculum cartilaginous, few-whorled, composed of two plates,
concamerated within. Shell somewhat imperforate, conico-turrited
or turrited, longitudinally striated or ribbed. Peristome nearly sim-
ple or double, the internal edge continuous, the external expanded or
reflexed, often auriculated.

1->P. maculata, t. 311. {: 19%

d. Realiana. Operculum thin, horny ; front of last whorl with a
keel round the axis, and sometimes a notch in the front of
the lip, like Pupiniana, but the operculum is ovate, few-whorled.

28. LIAREA.

Operculum thin, few-whorled, horny. Shell turrited, rather
smooth ; aperture ovate. Peristome continuous, double.

1. L. Egea.
29. REALIA.

Operculum thin, few-whorled, horny. Shell perforate or narrowly
umbilicate, turrited, or globose-turbinate, keeled round the perfora-
tion; aperture ovate. Peristome straight or expanded, with distant
margins.

Loh. rubens, 4,311.75, 11.
Condit, Crate, by.) 1b d 2.

30. BouRCIERA.

Operculum ovate, rather solid, horny, of a few rapidly-increasing
whorls. Shell Helicina-shaped ; columella toothed beneath ; aper-
ture ovate. Peristome spreading.

1. B. helicineeformis.

Fam. VII. OLIGYRADZ.

Eyes on outer side of the base of the tentacles. -Gills vascular,
free. Shell conical or subglobose ; aperture half-ovate. Operculum
annular, not spiral, shelly, thick, or horny and thin, semi-ovate or
rather triangular; nucleus subcentral, lateral.

Terrestrial.

The animal absorbs the septa between the upper whorls, as in
Auriculide, Helicinide, Proserpina, Neritina, &c.

OF MOLLUSCA. 85

1. STOASTOMA.

Operculum annular, calcareous, externally very deeply concave,
with lamellee slightly and irregularly projecting from the surface.
Shell globose-conic, depressed or discoidal; aperture semioval or
nearly semicircular, angulated above and beneath. Peristome con-
tinuous, with the right margin arcuate, left margin nearly straight,
sending off at its base a more or less distinct keel, which surrounds
the more or less open perforation.

* Shell smooth. Electrina.
1. S. suecineum.

** Shell spirally costate.
2. S. pisum.

2. TROCHATELLA.

Operculum annular, semioval, flat, pale, more or less solid. Shell
top-shaped, or globose-conic; aperture semioval, rather triangular ;
columella nearly flat, not sending backward any basal callus, some-
times uniting the margins of the peristome by a very thin deposit,
which is not diffused.

1. T. pulchella.
3. LUCIDELLA.

Operculum membranaceous, semiovate, with the columellar margin
scarcely thickened. Shell depressed, heliciform, not callous beneath ;
aperture sinuate, rather triangular. Peristome thick, furnished with
stout teeth.

1. L. aureola.
4, HEicina.

Operculum semiovate, membranaceous or shelly. Shell heliciform,
turbinate, globose or depressed, covered beneath with callus round
the columella, which is rather straight and somewhat flattened ;
aperture triangular or semiovate, entire. Peristome simple, straight
or thickened, often spreading broadly.

. Shell smooth. Peristome more or less toothed internally.

i»

. depressa.

b. Shell smooth. Peristome not toothed.

. neritella.

. flammea, t. 311. f. 3.

. teniata, t. 311. f. 1.

. Sandwichensis, t. 303. f. 10.

. oresignee, t. 311. f. 6.

. zephirina, t. 311. f. 2.

_variapins, t, 290. f. 9; t.-311..f..7.
. occidentalis, t. 311. f. 4.

Tongue-membrane of Helicina agglutinans rather broad, thin.

ODOM S ore YS
bot eat tt tt

OO

86 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

Teeth large, brown, 3°1°3; outer lateral slender, linear, thin, nearly
straight, curved at the tip.

ce. Shell with very close long spiral epidermal fringes. Schasi-
cheila, Shutt.

10. H. alata.
5. ALCADIA.

Operculum annular, rather solid, semiovate, furnished at its lower
extremity with a tooth-like appendage. Shell heliciform, turbinate,
subglobose or slightly depressed, for the most part hairy, covered
with callus round the columella, which is flattened, nearly rectilinear.
Periostraca often covered with lines of hairs. Aperture semiovate,
_ rather triangular. Peristome more or less expanded, separated from
the columella by a distinct, for the most part curved, slit.

1. A. major.

Fam. VIII. PROSERPINID.

“Tentacles two, subulate. Eyes subsessile, on the outer side of
their base.””—Shuttleworth, 1854. Mantle more or less expanded
over the shell? Shell spiral, depressed, polished ; whorls rounded ;
spire low. Mouth lunate, cavity with spiral lamine on the inner
and outer lip. Peristome acute ; axis covered with a callous deposit.
Operculum none.— Bland.

Terrestrial. Mexico; Jamaica and Cuba.

The animal, as in Stoastoma, Helicina, Neritina, Auricula, and
some Helicide, absorbs the septa between the upper whorls of the
spire. —Bland. | |

1. PROSERPINA.
Character of Family.
1. P. nitida.

b. Pseudopneumona. Gills in very numerous cross folds on the
inner surface of the mantle. Eyes on the front side of the
base of the tentacles. Operculum spiral (p. 78).

Fam. IX. LITTORINIDA.

Shell spiral, free. Mouth of the shell entire. Mantle edge
simple. Foot moderate: for walking. Trunk produced, wrinkled,
not retractile. Jaws horny, distinct. Tentacula far apart on side
of head. Gills: one, very large, occupying nearly the whole surface
of the cavity, and formed of numerous’ flat free plates. Teeth few ;
central 1 ; lateral 3:3, converging. The opercular lobe is simple,
not appendaged behind.

Marine. Amphibious.

OF MOLLUSCA. 87
a. Tentacles simple.

* Eyes on elongated pedicels, united to the short tentacles. Oper-
culum ovate, of few whorls.

1. ASSIMINEA.

Eyes on pedicels, united to the short tentacles.
iy A. Grayi, t. 51. f. 8, t.- 123. f..6; Forbes & Hanley, B. M.
eH af. 6:

Central tooth of Assiminea Grayana (fig. 48) wider below the
base, truncated in the middle, prominent on both sides, produced

Fig. 48.—Teeth of Assiminea Grayana.

into a horn; cutting edge triangular, with from five to seven pointed
lobes ; first lateral tooth with seven teeth, the third tooth larger ;
second slender; scape narrow, claw-like, serrated on the outside;
the third rounded at the tip, ciliato-denticulate.— Loven.

When the animal was first described in 1821, I observed that it
differed from all others of the Order in the eyes appearing to be
placed at the end of the tentacles, but I believed they were placed
on peduncles as long as the tentacles, the two being soldered toge-
ther; for if the pedicels of the eyes of this genus are minutely
examined, they seem to be formed of two parts united by a suture ;
and Mr. Berkeley observes, that it would appear as if there were in
reality no tentacula, but only the tubercles common to many mol-
lusks at the base of the tentacles, a little more developed than usual.

The genus Assiminea is an instance of shells very nearly allied in
external appearance having very different animals. The shell is not
to be distinguished from the smaller Lzttorine.

** Eyes nearly sessile, on outer side near the base of the tentacles.
+ Operculum ovate, of few whorls.

2, LiTroRINA.

Eyes sessile, on base of tentacles. Shell ovate, solid, imperfo-
rated ; spire short; aperture ovate ; inner lip concave, outer simple.
Littoreal.

1. L. littorea, t. 51. f.4; Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. G.G. f. 3;
Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 33. f. 1.
2 La. varia,.t..127 @. f; 2.

— TS

= —eeeeeee

38 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

3. L. canariensis, t. 125. f. 10.
2... werialis, t2 127 wa, £,.5,
5. L. patula, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. G.G. f. 2.
6. L. Gaudichaudi, t. 127 a. f. 1.
7. L. peruviana, t. 123. f. 4.
8.> C;Arancana, t. 123. 7. 7.
9. .L. flava, ¢..123/42:
40. L. diemensis, t. 51. f. 3.
11... L. Inteola, 4. 51. £, 2.
12. L. seabra,-t: 5lccfi Ls.
13. L. pyramidalis, t. 51. f. 6.
14, L. miliaris, t. 123. f. 5.
15. L. punctata, t. 51. f. 5, with a produced siphon? like a Buc-

cinum !

The tentacles subulate, rather distant. The eyes rather promi-
nent, on the outer base of the tentacles. Operculum horny, ovate,
spiral, of a few very rapidly enlarging whorls. They inhabit the
sea-coast between high and low water mark, where they are often
left dry for many hours by the tide; and sometimes they crawl so
high up the rock as only to be wetted by the spray. The pectina-
tions of the branchial plume of nearly all the Littorine vary from
forty-five to sixty; thin, long, slender, and close-set.

The branchial plume of Littorina littoralis is single, on the left
side, with thirty-five to forty or more very fine, close-set pectina-
tions ; the neck is simple, without lobes.—Clark, 347.

The anterior folded jaws of L. littoralis are supported by the
usual corneous plates.—Clark, 347.

The buccal mass of L. neritoides is supported by two thin, brown, .
corneous plates, from whence a very long, white, spiny tongue pro-
ceeds to the stomach, and there lies coiled as in L. littorea. —Clark.

Central tooth of Littorina littorea (fig. 49) subquadrate, convex
above; cutting edge narrow, cordate-lobed in the middle, on both

Fig. 49.—Teeth of Littorina littorea.

sides obtusely denticulate. Lateral teeth somewhat similar, thick, the
tip unequally dentate-lobed, the first on the outside curved and pro-
duced.

In walking, Littorina littorea alternately advances first one and
then the other side of the foot.

OF MOLLUSCA. 89

Littorina littorea, L. retusa, L. petrea, and several others, are
oviparous ; the egg-masses of L. retusa are oval, almost three
lines broad. Some species, as L. rudis and L. rugosa, are viviparous,
the upper part of the body in the cavity of the shell being filled with
living young at the end of summer.

The colour of the common English ZL. retusa agrees with the
colour of the shell; thus the orange animals have orange shells, the
dusky ones dusky shells. Other species, as L. vulgaris, appear to be
more permanent in their colour; its animal is always varied with
black lines.

Mr. W. Thompson obtained at Weymouth several examples of
Inttorina rudis in copulation with L. littoralis (Nerita l.) ; in every
instance L. rudis wasthemale. Heremarks, ‘‘ From these instances,
Iinfer L. palliata to be the hybrid progeny of L. rudis and a female
L. littoralis. The only doubt in my mind as to this inference is, that
I have not as yet found any specimens of L. pallata on this coast ;
but neither have I found any other shell that might in any way be
considered as the produce of L. rudis and L. littoralis. I found in
all eight couples: the probability of some being unfruitful, and the
further probability of the hybrids not being prolific, will, I think,
form just grounds for the rarity of the species.” —Ann. §& Mag. Nat.
Hist. 1852, ii. 76.

Iittorina peruviana is abundant in the anfractuosities of rocks
so high above the highest water mark, that they can be only wetted
by the spray during tempests ; if placed in sea water, they develope
themselves and quickly search for means of escaping from it and reach
some dry place. JL. araucana lives on rocks near the high water
line, and LZ. umbilicata is numerous in Peru near the low water
mark.—D’ Orbigny.

3. LITHOGLYPHUS.

Eyes basal. Shell ovate, solid, covered with a brown periostraca ;
mouth ovate; lips thick. Operculum ovate.— ddams, Gen. Moll.
to0. 1. la. Fluviatile.

1. L. piscium, t. 124. f. 5.
2. L. Lapidum, t. 124. f. 4.

The snout of Lithoglyphus Lapidum and L. piscium is rather pro-
duced in front, as far or farther than the edge of the foot, annulated
above. ‘The tentacles are subulate, with the eyes on a slight promi-
nence at the hinder outer side of their base. Operculum horny.

Lithoglyphus piscium lives on stones in the little marshes of the
river La Plata, and affords food to the Bagri or Siluri. Lithoglyphus
peristomatus lives in deep water in the river Parana attached to
stones ; they live in large families, each shell supporting the oval
eggs. They are only to be procured when the river is low.

Dr. Philippi has placed Lithoglyphus and Hydrobia with spiral
opercula as subgenera of Paludina, and Paludomus with an annular
operculum as a subgenus of Melania.— Handb. der Conch. 167, 168,
1853.

90 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

4. HypRosia.

Shell ovate ; spire conical ; mouth ovate; lips simple. Operculum
ovate, of few whorls.

1: H. parvula, t. 123. f.'7.
2. H.? subumbilicata, t. 123. f. 3.

5. AMNICOLA.

Shell ovate, conic, perforated ; whorls rounded ; mouth roundish
ovate; lips simple. Operculum oblong, of four or five rapidly en-
larging whorls.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 35. f. ll a.

1. A. porata.

Head of Amnicola protruding beyond the foot. Tentacles short,
filiform, unequal ; eyes at the outer side of the base. Foot elongated,
rounded behind, with produced angles in front.

Living crawling on stones, sticks and aquatic plants in rivers and
ponds, and often swimming in an inverted position on the surface of
the water. The head precedes the animal as it walks. ‘The tentacles
are unequal in length. They are oviparous.

6. NEMATURA.

Shell oblong, compressed ; spire elongate ; peristome continuous ;
mouth roundish, contracted. Operculum ovate, thick, shelly; whorls
three, rapidly enlarging.—Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 36. f. 5a, 6. Flu-
viatile.

1. N. Deltee, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 36. f. 5 (shell only).
2. N. polita.

They live in rivers and streams in the East, and are found adhering

to the under surface of dead floating leaves.

7. RISELLA.

Eyes rather above the base of the tentacles. Shell trochiform,
imperforated ; whorls angular, flattened in front ; aperture rhombic,
smooth internally. Operculum ovate.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t.33.f.5 a.

Fig. 50.—Teeth of Risella melanostoma.

Lingual membrane narrow, elongate. Teeth very transparent,
subsimilar, tridentate (fig. 50).

OF MOLLUSCA. 91

1. R. melanostoma, t. 51. f. 11.
2. R. aurata, t.51. f. 10; f. 14, variety of preceding ?
3. R. lutea, t. 51. f. 12.

These mollusks appear to take the place of our periwinkles on the
Australasian coast.

tt Operculum subcircular, of few rapidly enlarging whorls.

8. Paconuws.

Shell top-shaped, muricated, imperforate ; whorls subangular in
front ; inner lip rather callous in front, outer striated internally.
Operculum ovate, subcircular ; whorls rapidly enlarging ; edge thin.

1. P. verus, t. 82. f. 1, 4; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 33. f. 2.
z. £. an. 8. t. 126 a. f. 4.

The foot of Pagodus verus is short, simple ; side of the body quite
simple. Mouth short, annulated, the lingual band extremely long.
—Quoy, t. 62. f. 31. Tentacles conical, distant at the base, with
eyes or small tubercles on their outer bases. Penis large, club-shaped,
placed a little below and behind the right tentacles, conical, covered
with minute spicula at the tip, and with two large spinose promi-
nences almost one-third down the hinder edge. Operculum subor-
bicular, thin, horny, of three or four rapidly enlarging whorls.

+t+ Operculum circular, many-whorled.,

9. ECHINELLA.

Eyes ’ Shell top-shaped, tubercular, perforated; aperture
ovate ; inner lip arched, edentulous. Operculum annular, of many
whorls.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 33. f. 3a.

1. N. Cumingii.
10. Mopvuuwvs.

Eyes half-way up the tentacles. Shell top-shaped or depressed,
perforated ; aperture oval; inner lip deeply notched. Operculum
circular, of many whorls.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 33. f. 4.

1. M. retusus. M. tectum, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 33. f. 4.
2. M. trochiformis, t. 126 a. f. 1.
3. M. lenticularis, ddams, t. 33. f. 4 a (shell only).

The teeth of Modulus lenticularis are in seven series, 3°1°3; the
central broad, denticulated ; outer lateral curved, elongate.—Morch.

b. Tentacles with a basal internal lobe. Eyes basal.

11. Fossar.

Shell half-ovate, costate, perforated ; mouth half-ovate ; lips thick,
outer simple. Operculum ovate.—Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 33. f. 7 a.

1. F. ambigua, t. 51. f. 7, t.125.f.7; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 33. f. 7.

r ee a ee LL ee ee eee

92 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

Head of Fossar ambigua proboscidiform, produced. Tentacles
filiform, pointed, with an internal frontal lobe ; eyes not prominent,
at the outer base of the tentacles. Foot moderate, rounded at each
end. Operculum horny, semiorbicular, simple, not spiral. Shell
semiglobose, umbilicated. Mouth large, semicircular ; lip toothless,
not callous. Umbilicus open, outer lip acute, smooth within.—
Philippi.

Fam. X. LACUNID.

Mantle enclosed, simple-edged. Trunk produced, wrinkled, not
retractile. Jaws none. Tongue linear. Tentacles farapart. Gills
single, of numerous strands. Operculigerous lobe expanded at the
side, and furnished with two beards behind. Shell solid, spiral, free ;
aperture ovate; inner lip flattened, grooved. Operculum spiral,
horny, few-whorled.

1. Lacuna.

Shell conical or subglobose ; spire short; mouth half-ovate; inner
lip flattened, with a deep umbilical groove.

1. L. canalis, Wiegm. Arch. 1836, t. 8. f. 5.
2. L. vineta, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. G.G. f. 4.
3. L. divaricata, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 33. f. 6.

The Lacune are robust; the head strong, thick; eyes nearly
sessile ; tentacula long, slender; male organ at the base of the right
tentacula, strong, compressed, thick, long; operculigerous lobe with
a styliform beard on each side; sole panduriform. Living on Fuci;
on brown Fuci they are green, on red Fuci rose-coloured. The egg-
cases are worm-shaped, thick, curved into a semicircle. The young
swimming, with a vibrating veil.—Loven, Ind. Moll. Scand. 22.

Lacuna pallidula is pale flesh-coloured, Rostrum very short ;
mouth orbicular, radiately plicated, emitting an elongated cylindrical
proboscis. Tentacles lateral, elongate, filiform, tapering, slender, with
the eyes on a short swollen tubercle on the outer side of their base ;
sides of bodysimple. Foot oblong, rounded before and behind. Oper-
cular disk expanded, with a slight filiform process on each side
behind. The foot is quite continuous, sometimes regularly gliding
along in walking, and at others alternately moving first one side of
the front margin and then the other. They are very impatient when
in the water, and desirous of getting out of it, sometimes floating on
the surface like Lymnee ; very viscid. The gills are enclosed on the
left side of the cavity. These animals differ from Littorine in the
shape of the mouth, in having a proboscis, and in the hinder lobe of
the opercular mantle. The proboscis has not been observed by any
other malacologist, and I have not the means of verifying the fact at
present ; but the absence of jaws renders it probable they should
be removed to the former order.

The operculigerous lobe of Lacuna pallidula is expanded laterally

OF MOLLUSCA. 93

into minute wing-like processes, and at the terminal point is subcir-
cularly scalloped out, the lateral margins forming usually four, some-
times three or four, very short caudal fillets, sometimes either rudi-
mentary or quite obsolete. The single respiratory plume, branching
from right to left, has 35 to 45 or more long slender pectinations ; the
neck is simple and free from all lappets.— Clark.

Lacuna pallidula, L.vincta, and L. crassior have no jaws; the teeth
are nearly alike in the three species, in from 45 to 60 cross rows ; in
L. crassior the central tooth is higher than in the others. The oto-
lites are circular and simple.— Alder.

In Lacuna puteolus the lateral appendages of the operculigerous
lobes are large, but the caudal filament very short, and often obso-
lete. LZ. pallidula has the lateral wing-like extension with two or
four very short caudal lobes.—Clark.

The foot of Lacuna pallidula has a longitudinal fissure, and the
progression is alternate as in Littorina; branchial plume single,
of 35 to 45 or more long slender pectinations ; neck simple, without
lappets. The verge elongate, simple, under the right tentaculum.
Operculigerous lobe bifid behind.—Clark.

The central tooth of Lacuna canalis (fig. 51) is almost hexagonal ;
cutting edge with five pointed lobes ; first lateral tooth behind deeply
notched between the two processes, the upper margin five- to six-

Fig. 51.—Teeth of Lacuna canalis.

toothed ; the second slender, subclavate, five-toothed ; the third claw-
like, the anterior margin somewhat toothed before the tip.—Loven.

The Lacune feed on Fucus, eating the surface of the frond or
stem, often forming holes through the former and deep holes in the
latter, into which many specimens often crowd themselves. They
are also often found crowded together in the crevices among the
roots of the plant. The animal has no filament on the end of the
foot.

The Lacune live among the roots of Laminaria and other marine
plants, attached to stones and shells below the low tide level, but
the Fuci are often found, dragged by the storms, on sandy beaches.

>

Fam. XI. TRUNCATELLIDA.

Shell spiral ; whorls gradually enlarging. Apex acute, deciduous.
Aperture ovate. Peristome continuous. Muzzle broadly two-lobed.

a x.

a a

—— ee

94 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

Jaws distinct. Tongue linear. Tentacles compressed, short, diver-
ging. yes large, black, with a peculiar, very visible, prominent
white pupil on the outer side of the hinder part of the base of the
tentacles. Foot very short, rounded. Operculigerous lobe simple.
Operculum horny, ovate, of few whorls. Walks with its foot, its
dilated lips forming an intermediate loop.

1. TRUNCATELLA.
Character of the Family.

1. T. truncatula, t. 123. f. 14, t. 125. f. 14; Forbes §& Hanley,
Da) ie es a ae

BY PO littorina, t. 125. f. 6.

a.) f. atomus, ¢.-125. f. 15.

4. T. littorea, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. M.M. f. 3.

Teeth of Truncatella Montagui 3:1°*3,; the central rather nar-
row, with a recurved central tooth ; lateral inner broad ; inner upper
edge with three broad denticles; central rather like inner, but nar-
rower and more oblique; outer conical, compressed, curved; apex
denticulated beneath.

The mantle of Truncatella Montagui is plain; rostrum annular,
long, very broad, flat, nicked at the end, and auricled on each side.
Jaws white. Branchial plume single, elongated, kidney-shaped.
Tentacles short, flat, subtriangular. Eyes black, large, pupils white,
on middle of tentacles. Foot thick, oval, very little extended.—
Clark, 383.

The eyes of Truncatella littorea white, with dilatable white pupils
as in 7’. Montagui, near the tip of the broad, short tentacles. Foot
thick, elongated, oval, and looped in its walk.

“« Tentacula perbrevia ad latera capitis dispositis divergentia, ocu-
los in latere superiore neque exteriore gerentia, caput in proboscidem
bilobam, tentaculis longiorem productum. Pes admodum brevis,
ellipticus, utrinque rotundatus, ex observatione cl. Lowe (Zool.
Journ. v.) quam transcripsit Desh. (Ed. 2. Lamk. viii. 363) suleo
mediano transverso divisus, quod ipse non vidi, sed erroneum puta-
verim, cum animal prorepens sicut Paludine parvee, capite molem
corporis falciatur.’’— Philippi, Sicil. 1. 133.

2. ToONICHIA.

Proboscis nicked. Tentacles blunt. Foot short, ovate, lobed on
each side in front. Shell elongate, perforated, truncate ; periostraca
olive; mouth elliptical, oval. Peristome double or triple, conti-
nuous ; left lip expanded, rather reflexed, slightly nicked. Opercu-
lum horny, ovate, subspiral.

1. T. ventricosa, Benson, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. 1851, 378.

OF MOLLUSCA. 95

c. Gills of a few, twelve to fifteen, lamine in regular descending
spiral series on the left side of the mantle-cavity. Operculum
distinct. Mouth of shell contracted, moderate, roundish
(pp. 78, 86).

* Operculum spiral.
Fam. XII. PLANAXIDA.

Rostrum elongate. Tentacles subulate. yes sessile, basal, ex-
terior. ‘Gills in several lines,’ laminar. Mantle edge simple,
with a recurved siphon in front. Shell conical,- solid, spirally
striated ; aperture oblong, with an anterior notch ; inner lip concave,
flattened. Operculum ovate, subspiral.

Marine.

a. Planaxina. Opercular mantle simple. Amphibious.

1. PLANAXIS.

Shell conical; spire acute; mouth oblong; inner lip concave,
simple ; outer lip grooved within. Operculum ovate.—dAdams, Gen.
eet. 34... f..2 a.

1. P. pyramidalis. P. sulcatus, Quoy, t. 24. f. 6.
2. P. nigra, Quoy, t. 24. f. 3, cop. Adams, t. 34. f. 2. On sea-
shore on stones and plants, often left dry by the tide.

Lingual membrane of Planaxis suleata with seven teeth, 3-1-3;
central with a recurved apex, three-dentate, central largest ; inner
lateral rather broad, with a recurved apex, rather oblique, and with a
tooth on its outer edge; outer straight, one-third the width of the
inner, with a slightly recurved apex.

2. Quoyia.

Shell conical, turrited, solid, spirally striated ; mouth small, ob-
long, with a small notch in front ; outer lip simple; pillar-lip thick-
ened, rather flattened, concave, with a deep notch in the centre.
Operculum horny, ovate, thin, subspiral.

1. Q. decollata, t. 24. f. 4, cop. Addams, t. 34.

The foot of Quoyza is small, ovate, folded across, and crumpled in
front ; body quite simple on the sides. Rostrum short, ringed. Ten-
tacles slender, conical, far apart at the base; eyes on short tubercles
at their outer base. Mantle simple, with a groove at the left angle,
without any appearance (when in spirits) of a distinct siphon as
in Planaxis. Operculum half-ovate, subspiral, of one and a half or
two whorls; nucleus subapical.

The shells only differ from Planawzis in having a large groove
on the hinder part of the inner lip, which is continued up the pillar,
(and is equally to be observed in the young shell,) and in the very
small size of the anterior canal. The operculum is said to have a

a a

%
—————————

ee

a Se Den anette an

—E

96 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

notch to fit this groove, but this was not the case with our speci-
men, and was perhaps an accident in the one described.

They are amphibious, and are found in shallow pools at the roots
of the mangroves, or adhering to stones far inland and exposed to
the sun.

b. Litiopma. ‘ Opercular lobe bearded.’—Hydoux. Pelagic,
floating.
3. Liriopa.
Shell thin, conical; spire acute; mouth ovate, nicked in front ;
outer lip simple, acute. Operculum horny. Mantle bearded.

1. L.bombyx, t. 24. f. 1, 2.
2. L. melastoma, t. 107. f. 3, cop. 4dams, Gen. Moll. t. 34. f. 5.

Small animals are found on the Gulf weed, to which they attach
themselves by means of a byssus which they secrete.

The operculum of Litiopa was overlooked by MM. Rang and
Kiener. Prof. d’Orbigny (Cuba, 148) states that he observed it in
all the specimens given him by M. Rang, so that all the reflections
made by M. Rang respecting its absence at once fall to the ground.
He also observes that the two species described by the same author
are only varieties, occasioned by difference of age, of the same kind,
viz. L. bombyx of Kiener. The shells of the young animals are
longitudinally grooved or costated.

Fam. XIII. RISSOADZ.

Rostrum produced, adherent to the front of the foot beneath,
Jaws horny. Teeth 3°1°3, outer lateral denticulated. Tentacles
setaceous ; eyes sessile, basal, external. Foot short, truncated in
front; opercular mantle rather expanded, often furnished with one
or two posterior processes. Operculum horny, spiral. Shell ovate,
costated, white, covered with a thin periostraca. Mouth ovate, sim-
ple, with a slight canal in front.

+ Operculum ovate, with an internal process on the front edge.
Mouth subtruncate in front.

1. Risso1na.

Animal ? Operculum semilunar, subspiral ; inner side with
a longitudinal muscular impression and an elongated process before
it as in Nerita, Shell turrited, ribbed or cancellated ; spire pointed ;
aperture ovate, effused interiorly, slightly channeled in front ; outer
lip dilated anteriorly, thickened internally.

1. R. Cumingii, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 35. f. 1 (shell only).
2. R. Inca, d@ Orb. Amér, Mérid. t. 53. f. 11-16 (shell only).

These animals live, affixed to stones on rocks at the common low
water line, on the coast of Peru.

OF MOLLUSCA. 97

++ Operculum ovate, subspiral, simple.

2. Rissoa.

Foot with single dorsal posterior process. Shell ovate, solid ;
spire short, smooth or plaited; aperture ovate, rounded in front ;
outer lip more or less dilated, thickened externally. Operculum
ovate.

. R. auriscalpium, t. 125. f. 13.

. R. monodon, t. 125. f. 9; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 35. f. 2.

. R.? inconspicua, t. 125. f. 5.

. R. abyssicola, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. J.J. f. 3, cop. Alvanea
a., Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 35. f. 3.

. R. Cingillus, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. J.J. f. 4. Cingula c.,
Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 35. f. 8.

. R. parva, t. 123. f.8; Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. J.J. f. 5.

. R. labrosa, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. J.J. f. 6

. R. rufilabris, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. J.J. f. 7.

. R. Ulve, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. J.J. f. 8. Hydrobia U.,
Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 35. f. 10.

© ONT Or mod =

Fig. 52.—Teeth of Rissoa membranacea.

Central tooth of Rissoa membranacea subquadrate, the base wide
and somewhat projecting, with a short lateral process on each side ;
cutting edge longly recurved, the tip widely lobed and inciso-dentate
on each side ; lateral teeth somewhat transverse, the first produced ;
margin before the strong lobe pectinate-dentate ; second and third
ag oii the former serrated, the latter serrulated in frout

g. 92).

Animal of Rissoa striatawhitish. The rostrum short, rather deeply
bifid at the end. Tentacles rather long, subcylindrical, white ; eyes
black, very distinct, sessile, a little above the outer side of the base.
Foot oblong, slender (interrupted ?), rather tapering behind, sides
simple. Opercular mantle simple. Operculum ovate, horny.

Foot of Rissoa interrupta elongated, rather tapering behind,
divided across in front by a transverse interruption, the front division
about one-third the length of the rest, separation marked by a pel-
lucid line; the hinder part whitish, with a transparent central longi-
tudinal line. The foot very flexible, moving almost independently of
the body. Rostrum short, divided into two parts by a central lon-
gitudinal slit, and not a radiated plait like Lacuna. Floats like
Lymnea.

Teeth of Rissoa interrupta in forty or fifty rows, 3° 1° 3; central
transverse rounded, with three recurved apical dentations, and two
on each side of the base. Lateral teeth: inner broad, its inner upper
edge dentate, outer linear; second bifid at the tip, outer simple.
Prehensile collar distinct.— Alder.

H

98 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

Operculum of Rissoa costulata ovate, of two and a half rapidly en-
larging whorls; the hinder end subangular. Teeth 3-1-3; central
broad, apex recurved, with five denticulations, the central broadest ;
lateral inner broad; upper inner edge reflexed, toothed; middle
similar, narrower ; outer linear, end reflexed, denticulated.

The branchial plume of Réssoa reticulata is composed of 12-15
single short strands. The mantle has a filamentary process at the
angle of the aperture.—Clark, 364.

The branchial plume of Rissoa parva consists of 15-18 minute
vessels attached under and to the mantle and back of the neck. The
operculigerous lobe dilates into subcircular lateral wings, bearing
close at the junction of the foot and the body the subovate pauci-
spiral operculum and a caudal cirrhus.—Clarf, 356.

Head of Rissoa violacea and R. Montagui simple, without ap-
pendices, emarginate. Tentacula subulate, nearly as long as the
foot. Eyes at the outer base. Foot oblong, truncated in front,
slender behind.

The tentacula of Rissoa proxima are flat, short, smooth, subclavi-
form, with long sete. Eyes very large, on the subsemicircular
lateral external basal excrescences. Fcot large, fleshy, grooved, and
longly auriculated in front, and divided behind into two distinct tails.
Opercular lobe small, without a caudal cirrhus. Operculum of four
to five whorls, the last suddenly enlarged.— Clark, 368.

Mantle of Rissoa unica is simple, with a filament like Ressoa near
the sutural angle. Muzzle slender, rather long. Jaws and lingual
riband distinct. Tentacles subulate, obtuse, smooth, with no con-
necting tentacular veil or any foldings or apical inflations as in Chem-
nitzie. yes central, basal. Foot slender, deeply labiated, longly
auricled in front. Operculigerous lobe simple, without lateral expan-
sion or terminal filament. Operculum ovate, paucispiral. When
it walks, the eyes are usually under the margin of the shell. It has
no malacological community with Aelis or Chemnitzia, but the muzzle
is carried in nearly a similar position as in the latter genus. We
must not be misled by the centrality of the eyes at the base of the
tentacula, as the vertical cloven disk and corneous jaws, with the
simple tentacula, demonstrate that it is merely a Rissoa. Mr. Clark
considers Skenea planorbis as a discoidal, and Cerithtum reticulatum
and Aclis unica as turrited Rissoe.—Moll. 373.

ttt Operculum subcircular, simple ; whorls many, gradually en-
larging. Aperture of shell circular, simple.

3. SKENEA.

Rostrum short, thick, nicked at the end. Tentacles subulate.
Eyes basal, exterior. Foot elongate, truncate in front, tapering
behind. Opercular mantle with a rounded wing on each side, pro-
duced lanceolate behind.—Lovéen. Operculum circular, of many
whorls (Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 35. f. 9 a).

OF MOLLUSCA. 99

1. S. planorbis, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. G.G. f. 1, cop. Adams,
Gen. Moll. t. 35. f. 9.

The shell of Skenea depressa is blackish when alive. Operculum
horny, circular. Tentacula two, filiform, white, rather short ; the
eyes at their external base sessile. Mouth proboscidiform. Foot
short, tapering posteriorly, with plain margins. The animal swims
with great facility in a reversed position, and in structure appears to
be almost identical with Rissoa. Itis found on flat rocks between tide
marks in Berwick Bay in great profusion.—Johnston, Proc. Berw.
N. Club, i. 273.

Dr. Lovén also observes that the animal of Skenea depressa is
like Rissoa ; the operculigerous lobe with a rounded wing on each
side, produced and lanceolate behind ; and Mr. Clark considers it a
depressed species of that genus.

Jaws (or prehensile collar) of Skenea planorbis tubercular, distinct.
Teeth are 3° 1° 3, in about 20 or 30 rows ; central four-sided, rather
broader than long; apex rounded, recurved, three-toothed, and with
a tooth on each in front of the base; lateral subulate, compressed,
rather broad at the base, slender and curved at the tip.— Alder.

Mantle of Skenea planorbis simple. Muzzle produced, vertically
cloven. Jaws horny ; tongue spimose. ‘Tentacles short, flattish,
not setose. yes large, black, external, basal. Foot long, slightly
auricled. Operculigerous lobe much expanded, dilated into a sub-
rotund form behind, like the sole, with a very obsolete beard. Oper-
culum suborbicular, of many rapidly increasing whorls.— Clark, 373.

Aperture of the shell of Skenea depressa is subcontinuous, circu-
lar. Operculum transparent, horny, pale yellow, orbicular, of a few
rapidly enlarging whorls. Animal: Tentacles two, subcylindrical,
filiform, blunt, transparent. yes distinct, a little above the outer
base of the tentacles. Trunk short, protruded, apex nicked at the
tip. Foot oblong, continuous, rather narrow, slightly truncated in
front, and rather tapering behind. Opercular mantle nearly twice
as wide as the foot, making a white fringe to the operculum, without
any processes. Foot folded across when contracted: the places of
the fold look sometimes as if the foot was interrupted there, and
there is a central longitudinal transparent line in the hinder part of
the fold.

Fam. XIV. CACIDA.

Shell subcylindrical, arched ; apex subspiral, deciduous, the dorsal
surface convex. Operculum horny, circular, spiral. _Proboscis
thick, truncate. Tentacles subulate, lateral. Eyes basal, exterior.
Foot short, truncate in front, acute behind. Gills laminar? Jaws
distinct. Teeth 3°1°3,; lateral subulate, curved.

The branchial leaflet of Cecum and Brochina is very minute, ap-
pearing like two, one larger than the other. Foot regular in shape,
but singularly short both before and behind.

H 2

wed see 5

—.

a

100 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

1. Cxcum.
Operculum concave externally, smooth. ~

1. C. imperforatum, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. K.K. f. 1, cop.
Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 38. f. 6.

Animal of C. imperforatum cylindrical, arcuated. Mantle thick,
fleshy. Head long, flat, assisting in locomotion. Mouth vertical.
Tentacula short, thick, subcylindrical, setose, slightly clavate. Eyes
very minute, sessile, in a line with and a short distance from their
base. Neck slender, with two longitudinal ridges from eyes. Foot
short, narrow, truncate in front. Gill on left side pale red; bran-
chial leaflets two, one large, the other small, as in Gasteropodan Cana-
lifera. Shell with convexity upwards. Operculum circular, horny,
black-brown, concave without, with close spiral lines on back of foot.

C. trachea is the young of C. imperforatum, thrown off as the
shell grows.

Animal marches with great vivacity, carrying the shell sometimes
with the convexity upwards, resting on the posterior point or on one
of the sides, frequently changing one for the other by suddenly with-
drawing the head and body and turning on the side it wishes.

The foot of Cecum trachea is short, narrow, and truncate ante-
riorly, sloping behind to an obtusely pointed termination. Operculum
strong, circular, corneous, of seven or eight close-set spiral whorls.
The tentacles are elongate, diverging, thickened, and a little spread at
the bases. The eyes have decidedly an external bias. The opercu-
ligerous lobe is certainly without a cirrhal appendage.—Clark, Moll.
518, Append.

Mr. Alder was only able to examine the jaws and teeth of Caecum
trachea very imperfectly ; there are a number of elongated linear
curved teeth, which appear like the outer lateral ones.

The animal of Cecum pulchellum of New England, found adhering
to Vermeti, agrees nearly with the English species C. trachea, as
described by Mr. Clark. The head projects a little in advance of
the foot, which is short. The muzzle is cleft and transversely wrin-
kled, and has two black spots above just in front of the tentacula,
which are thick, curved, and covered with large vibrille. The eyes
are conspicuous, black, oval, and situated at nearly the middle of the
bases of the tentacula, a little towards the inner sides. The oper-
culigerous lobe projects a little beyond the operculum. The oper-
culum multispival, of almost eight volutions, corneous, and concave
on the outer surface. The shell in its adult state is clavate, arcuated,
contracted at both extremities, and having a somewhat angular ap-
pearance at its outer or dorsal outline, thick and strong, with strong
rounded ribs, broader in front.

Mr. Stimpson observed, while keeping this species alive from
April to November, that it presented three stages of growth: first, a
slender, thin, arcuated form, with few distant ribs ; secondly, the an-
terior half of the former form left by the decadence of its posterior
half, with a part of the growing adult shell; and thirdly, the adult
shell, which is clavate, arcuate, contracted at both extremities, and

OF MOLLUSCA. 101

having a somewhat angular appearance on the longer outer or dorsal
outline. It is thick, strong, pale yellow, with about twenty-five
strong rounded ribs, broader anteriorly. Thus the septa of the shell
would appear to be thrice formed.—Stimpson, Shells N. Eng. 36,
1851.

The apex of the shell of Caecum, according to Dr. Shuttleworth,
is subspiral, the whorls being separated from each other, the tip
gradually falling off. One of the species described by Stimpson is
ovate, ventricose.

When examining Mr. Bean’s cabinet in 1850, I noted Vermicu-
laria incurva. It appears to be the young of Cecum; the apex is
spiral, the straight part is slightly transversely annulated.

2. BRocHINa.
Operculum convex externally, with a succession of spiral terraces.
1. B. glabra.

Operculum of Brochina glabra shaped like that of Siliquaria, of
five or seven coils rolled round a windlass, crenulated at the edges,
mammillated above and below, and on the summit are numerous
loculi, like those in the centre of Polystomella.— Clark, Moll. 326.

Mr. Clark considers the Cecide as very nearly allied, if not identical
with Vermetus ; that they are probably attached when young (?), and
at length become free, all other attached shells being free when first
hatched ; and lastly, that Skenea rota, which is free (!), is perhaps
the young of C. glabrum.—Moll. 325.

Fam. XV. MELANIADA.

Gills in a single series of a moderate number of cylindrical rigid
plates. Mantle edge torn, with a more or less distinct siphon in
front. Rostrum produced, annulated. Tentacula subulate.. Eyes on
the outer side of the base of the tentacles, sessile, or on short tuber-
cles. Shell spiral, turrited, covered with an olive periostraca ; aper-
ture ovate or circular. Operculum spiral.

Fluviatile.

a. Aperture of shell ovate, entire in front.

1. MELANIA.

Shell ovate or turrited; spire acute; mouth ovate, entire in front.
Operculum ovate, of few whorls. Rostrum wrinkled, elongate,
nicked. ‘Tentacles filiform, with the eyes on the outer side of the
base. Foot moderate, ovate, rather square in front. Often vivi-
parous.

1. M. amarula, t. 127 a. f. 6; (Tiara a.), Adams, Gen. Moll.

fe SIf. a.
2. M. setosa, t. 55. f. 2, 11.

102 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

. virgulata, t. 127 a. f. 8.

. erythrostoma, t. 55. f. 3.

truncatula, t. 55. f. 5, 12.

. uniformis, t. 55. f. 6.

. Spinulosa, t. 55. f. 7.

. costata, t. 55. f. 8.

. granifera, t. 55. f. 9.

molluccensis, t. 55. f. 10.

. glans (Melanella gl.), ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 31. f. 4.

. hastata, Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 32. f.1; Fig. Moll. t. 226a. f.7.

The teeth of Melania ? in seven series, 3° 1°3,; the central
with five reflexed, rounded denticles ; the outer lateral teeth linear,
with the end dilated and edged with rounded crenations.

eeeeeeeeee

3
4
5
6
Z
8.
9
10
1]
12

2. MELANATRIA.

Shell subulate, nodulose; spire acute; aperture roundish ovate,
produced in front ; outer lip rather produced in front. Operculum
subcircular, of few rapidly enlarging whorls.

1. M. fluminea.

2. M. variabilis, t. 127a.f. 7. Melanoides indica, ddams, Gen. Moll.
tio. 1. '5e

3. M. Touranensis, Lydoux, Voy. Bon. t. 31. f. 47.

3. PACHYCHEILUS.

Shell conical, smooth, solid; aperture ovate, roundish; pillar-lip
thickened behind; outer lip thickened. Operculum subcircular ;
whorls three to four, very rapidly enlarging.—ddams, Gen. Moll.
treks £. fs |
1. P. leevissimus.

4. Leproxis.

Shell ovate or subglobose, solid, subperforated; spire short ;
mouth ovate, rounded in front ; inner lip callous, especially behind ;
outer lip sinuous. Operculum half-ovate, subspiral.— Adams, Gen.
Moll. t. 22. f. 6.

1. L. preerosa.

The Leptowzes are sedentary freshwater animals, living in very
rapid streams attached to stones.

b. Aperture of shell with an indication of a canal in front.
5. CERIPHASIA.

Shell fusiform, suleated, covered with a dark green periostraca ;
whorls angulated in front ; aperture small, produced in front, with a

groove-like canal; outer lip sinuated behind. Operculum ovate,
subspiral.

1. C. suleata. C. canaliculata, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 31. f. 6.

OF MOLLUSCA. 103

c. Aperture ovate, truncate in front.

6. GyYROSTOMA.

Shell ovate, turrited, grooved ; mouth oblong ; inner lip thickened,
callous behind; outer thin, with a deep posterior fissure; mouth
ovate, subtruncate in front. Operculum half-ovate, subspiral.—
Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 32. f. 4.

1. G. ovoideum.
7. HEMISINUS.

Shell ovate, turrited, smooth ; mouth ovate, contracted, produced
and truncated in front; outer lip simple, crenated. Operculum
half-ovate, subspiral.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 32. f. 2.

1. H. lineolatus.

d. Aperture of shell with a distinct notch in front.

8. VIBEX.

Shell turrited ; whorls costate, tuberculated ; mouth subcircular,
produced, and broadly channeled in front; outer lip thin, sinuous.
Operculum half-ovate, subspiral.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 32. f. 3.

1. V. aurita, t. 54. f. 8.
2. V. Owenii, t. 54. f. 1.
3. V. celebensis, t. 55. f. 4.

9. FAUNUS.

Shell turrited, acute; whorls flat; lips thick, outer dilated, sinu-
ated behind. Operculum half-ovate, subspiral. Adams, Gen. Moll.
t. 32. f. 9.
for. ater, t. 55. f.'T.

Lingual membrane of Faunus ater elongate, transparent. Teeth
3°1°3, very transparent ; central rather far apart; apex recurved,

Fig. 53.—Teeth of Faunus ater.

re page
(ante eaas

five or seven-toothed ; the central lobe broad, rounded, the lateral
small, rounded. Lateral teeth: inner oblong, inner part of apex
recurved, lobed like central tooth ; two outer elongate, very slender,
subulate, nearly equal, curved at the end (fig. 53).

10. MELANopsis.
Shell ovate; spire conic, short, often plicate mouth elongate,

a. nha ae

104 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

oblong ; inner lip thick, callous behind ; outer simple, acute. Oper-
culum half-ovate, subspiral; apex curved.—dAdams, Gen, Moll.
f.92. 1.8.

1. M. costata.

Foot broad, truncate, ovate. Head proboscidiform. Tentacles
setaceous. Eyes exterior, basal. Tongue linear, ribbon-like; apex
at each side membranaceous. ‘Teeth in seven series; central and
inner lateral fixed; outer lateral versatile; central transverse, sub-
quadrate, five-hooked ; central hook very large ; the first lateral hook
bipartite, rather six-hooked ; the second hook the longest; the two
or three lateral teeth subequal, with three hooks in front. Opercu-
lum horny, half-ovate; apex subspiral.—Rossmisler, Icon. iii. t. 68.
f. 836.

Central tooth of Melanopsis buccinoides transverse, subquadrate,
somewhat prominent at the base in the middle, cutting edge trans-

Fig. 54.—Teeth of Melanopsis buccinoides.

AER
SN

verse, with five pointed lobes; lateral teeth strong, first thick, with
a short projecting process on the inside, the base produced on the
outside, the upper margin unequally lobo-dentate, the second and
third slender, somewhat similar, arcuate, impressed and thickened
in the middle, the tip recurved and three-toothed (fig. 54).

11. CLIONELLA.

Shell fusiform, plicate ; whorls with a compressed groove in front ;
mouth ovate; outer lip with a deep posterior sinus. Operculum
half-ovate ; apex subspiral.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 32. f. 10 a, 6.

1. C. sinuata. Pleurotoma buccinoidea, Quoy, t. 90. f. 5; Adams,
Gen. Moll. t. 32. f. 10.

e. Aperture of shell with a straight canal in front.

12. Ip.

Shell fusiform ; whorls angular, tubercular ; mouth ovate, large,
dilated in front; canal rather produced; outer lip simple. Oper-
culum ovate ; whorls three or four, very rapidly enlarging. —ddams,
Gen. Moll. t. 31. f. 8.

1. I. fluviatilis.

OF MOLLUSCA. 105

Fam. XVI. CERITHIADA.

Rostrum wrinkled, produced. Tongue linear. Teeth 3°1°3.
Tentacula lateral, subulate. Eyes on the outer side of the base.
Gills in a single series of cylindrical, rigid plates. Foot short, broad.
Operculum horny, spiral. Shell ovate, covered with a thin peri-
ostraca. Mouth ovate or subquadrate, more or less channeled in
front ; outer lip often expanded.

* Operculum ovate.

1. RHINOCLAVIS.

Shell ovate, turrited, with rudimentary varices; aperture ovate ;
canal straight, recurved ; pillar lip thickened. Operculum ovate.—
Adams, t. 29. f. 7.

1. R. diemensis, t. 54. f. 5.

2. R. vertagus, t. 54. f. 3; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 30. f. 1. Oper-
culum oblong, subannular.

3. hk, aluco; t. 54. f. 7.

4, R. vulgatus, t. 52. f.5, t. 53. f. 6,8,99 3; t. 173. f.3; Adams,
Gen. Moll. t. 29. f. 7. Operculum subspiral.

5. R. lemniscatus, t. 52. f. 9.

6. R. brevis, t. 52. f. 8.

Gerke. Horas, t..52. 1. 7.

Sn. Touran, t. 127 a. f. 9.

** Operculum semicircular, of few rapidly enlarging whorls.
2. CERITHIUM.
Shell turrited ; canal slightly recurved.

t.-C. nodulosum, t..52..f..9,.t..54. f. 4.
2. C. leve, t. 52. f. 6.

Teeth of Cerithium 3°1°3, dark brown; central transverse with
five denticulations, the central large, broad, the lateral close, smaller ;
inner lateral teeth small, oblong, with a sharp tooth on the inner
edge ; outer lateral curved, subulate, acute.

Cerithium varicosum and C. Montagui are found in the brackish
water at the mouth of the river Guayaquil.

Cerithium peruvianum lives under stones at the low water line
on the coast of Arica, Peru.

Cerithium atratum and C. guaranianum are found in the Bay of
Rio in sandy places near rocks at low water mark.

106 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

*** Onerculum circular, of many whorls. Shell turrited, dextral.
Mouth subquadrangular, more or less channeled in front. Nape
not crested. Tentacles lateral; veil none.

+ Canal distinct, recurved.

3. Birrium.

Shell turrited ; whorls flattened ; aperture ovate; canal moderate,
distinct. Operculum circular; whorls rather large.—ddams, Gen.
Moll. t. 30. f. 3.

1. B. reticulatum, t. 54. f. 5, t. 127. f.4; Forbes §& Hanley, B. M.
t. I.1. f. 2, t. 0.0. f. 3 (operculum) ; Adams, Gen. Moll.
t.. 30. 1. 3.

2. B. diemenense, t. 55. f. 13.

The mantle of Bittium reticulatum is plain, forming a small
anterior dilatation to correspond with the shell, not a regular siphon.
Muzzle elongate, cloven vertically. Jaws and lingual riband distinct.
Tentacles short. Eyes external, sub-basal. Foot rather short, trun-
cated; operculigerous lobe elongated, narrow before, broader be-
hind. Operculum subcircular, few-whorled.—Clark.

Dr. Lovén describes the operculigerous lobe of Bittiwm reticula-
tum as rather winged on each side, the hinder beard lanceolate, and
asks if it is a Rissoa (Moll. Scand. 23). Mr. Clark, adopting the
idea, considers it an elongated, turrited Rzssoa.

Teeth of Bittvwm reticulatum 3°1°3; the central subquadran-
gular, transverse (that is, rather broader than high), apex recurved,
denticulated ; lateral inner tooth rather broad, inner edge recurved,
denticulated ; outer tooth linear, bent rather like an /; the front of
the apex (or upper third) denticulated. Operculum spiral, subcircu-
lar ; whorls four, rapidly enlarging.

4. TyMPANOTOMUS.

Shell turrited ; whorls flat, tubercular; mouth roundish; canal
very short, curved ; pillar tortuous ; outer lip sinuated, produced in
front.

1. T. fuscatus, t. 53. f. 3.

5. TELESCOPIUM.

Shell conical, turrited ; whorls flat, last angular in front; mouth
nearly four-sided; pillar twisted; canal short, curved; outer lip
dilated, sinuous.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 31. f. 1.

t. T. fosoum, ¢..64, £2, %. 127.970. te ese eds

Lingual membrane of Telescopium fuscum tender. Teeth 3°1°3;
central small, recurved (denticulated?) ; inner lateral broader, with
a slightly recurved apex to the inner broader end; two outer lateral
subulate, arched, incurved.

OF MOLLUSCA. 107

6. Pyrazus.

Shell turrited ; whorls rugose, granulated, variced; mouth sub-
quadrate; canal short; pillar with a central prominence ; lips con-
tinuous, outer dilated. Operculum circular, of many whorls.— Adams,
Gen. Moll. t. 30. f. 6 a-8 a.

1. P. palustris, t. 54. f. 4, t. 127. f. 6, t. 267. f. 2; Adams, Gen.
Moll. t. 30. f. 8.
ZL. suleatus, €..52. f: 1.

Fig. 55—Teeth of Pyrazus striatus.

+t Canal produced.

7. LAMPANIA.

Shell turrited ; whorls waved; aperture ovate, nicked in front ;
inner lip thick ; outer dilated, sinuous. Operculum circular, of many
whorls.—ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 30. f. 5a.

1. L. zonalis.
Mangrove swamps.

8. PoTAMIDES.
Shell turrited ; whorls angulated ; mouth ovate, produced in front ;
outer lip thin, sinuated in the middle.

1. P. ebeninus, t. 52. f. 4; Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 30. f. 6.

+tt+ Canal indistinct, like a groove.

9. CERITHIDEA.

Shell turrited; whorls flattish, waved and striated, subangular in
front; mouth round; canal indistinct ; outer lip dilated. Opercu-
lum circular.—dAdams, Gen. Moll. t. 31. f. 2a.

Oe canes t.f52. 1..2,.t..12/ act. 10, t. 267. 4.3.
2. C. Kieneri, t. 267. f. 4.
3. C. Carbonnieri, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 31. f. 2.

Teeth of Cerithidea? obtusa 3°1°3; central and inner lateral
similar, with transverse, reflexed, subdentated apex; the inner
lateral (central?) with elongated linear roots, oblique towards the

108 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

centre ; outer lateral elongate, with similar reflexed end; the end of
the inner of the two denticulated. Most like Viviparus (fig. 56).

Fig. 56.—Teeth of Cerithidia.

iN

The Cerithidee are found generally in brackish water in man-
groves, swamps, and the mouths of rivers. Sometimes they crawl
on the leaves and stones in the neighbourhood, and sometimes they
are found suspended by glutinous threads to boughs and the roots of
the mangroves. Foot broad, suborbicular, expanded. Trunk elon-
gate, subcylindrical, annulated. Tentacles short, with the eyes at
the tips.

Bisson are found similarly suspended.—See Gray, Proc. Zool.
Soc.

**k** Triphorina. Operculum circular, many-whorled. Shell tur-
rited, sinistral. Mouth roundish, with a posterior tubular
canal; anterior canal tubular. Tentacles united by a crested
veil.

10. TrrpHoris.
Shell turrited. Operculum circular.
1. T. perversus, t. 53. f. 2; Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 30. f. 4.

Animal of Triphoris adversus slender. Head broad, short. Ten-
tacula long, cylindrical, slender; apex subclavate, far apart at the
base, connate by a sinuous veil. Eyes on very short tubercles at
the base of the tentacula. Proboscis recondent? Chin distinct,
rather free in front, vibrating. Operculigerous lobe simple. Siphon
short. Opereculum few-whorled, with a nearly central nucleus.—
Loven, Ind. Moll. Scand. 21.

Triphoris perversus does not form varices in the shell.—Philippi,
195.
The number of granular strize increase with age in Triphoris per-
versus of the Mediterranean. The young has only two series of
granules; when more advanced in age, a third, intermediate in posi-
tion and smaller, is added ; and in the full-grown shell the last whorl
has four distinct series.—Hinds, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. xi. 17, 1842.

OF MOLLUSCA. 109

Fam. XVII. TURRITELLAD.

Muzzle short, contractile (not retractile), depressed, papillose on
the edge; mouth inferior. Eye-pedicels fixed to the base of the
tentacles. Lingual membrane minute, linear. Teeth 3:1:°3; cen-
tral single, hooked, denticulated; inner lateral, first broader, recurved
and serrulated above; two outer lateral similar, ligulate, angularly
bent, serrulated on each side above.

Teeth 3°1°3. Tentacles subulate. Eyes basal, external. Mantle
fringed on the edge, slightly siphoned in front. Gill single, very
long. Foot short, truncate; opercular mantle simple. Operculum
horny, circular, spiral; whorls many, fringed on the edge. Shell
turrited, imperforate, of many whorls; aperture subquadrate ; outer
lip often rather produced.

Marine.

§ Mouth of shell subquadrate, simple in front.
1, TuRRITELLA.

Shell turrited ; whorls convex; mouth subquadrate; outer lip
simple ; mantle edge bearded ; nape not crested. Operculum cir-
cular; edge of whorls striated, frged.— ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 38.
ee ae

1. T. communis, t. 53. f. 7; Forbes & Hanley, B. M.t. J.J. f. 4;
Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 38. f. 1.

2. T. triplicata, t. 128. f. 6.

feet rosea, t. 53. f. 1.

Mantle of Turritella communis loose, ornamented at the upper
part with a fringe of seven long and seven shorter strands, the longer
ones foliaceous, fimbriated on both edges. Head: a small flat rounded
muzzle resting on the foot like Vermetus. Tentacula elongate, sub-
ulate; eyes at the external tumid base. Foot very short in front
and behind, truncate and scarcely auricled in front. Mouth with two
horny plates and a short tongue. Branchial plume single, of long
pectinations, which have connection with the fringe of the head ;
above them is a range of coarse strands, like the mucous fillets of
Buccinum. On the back of the head and neck are two raised white
sinuous longitudinal lines, running parallel to the branchial cavity.
Operculum horny. They live in tenacious mud, mixed with shelly
debris. I believe they live buried and fixed, and can only protrude
the head and tentacula from the mass. ‘They have only a very slow
progression, occasioned by the shortness of the foot.—Clark, Moll.
333 & 518. :

Head of Turritella terebra, Mont., small, broad ; muzzle depressed,
rather oval, papillose on the edge. Eye-bearers short, rather tumid.
Tentacles slender. Foot short, strong, dilated in front, wedge-
shaped, slit, shortened behind; operculigerous lobe simple. The
right canal furnished with a lobe. Margin of the mantle formed
with a reflexed pinnated fringe in three series. Operculum with a
spiny edge.—Loveén.

110 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

* Subtentaculo Turritelle triplicate dextro lobus oblongus, lobus
lateralem Trochorum referens, alter lobus similis magis postice et in-
ferius situs est. In cervice lobus transversus conspicitur margine
crispato. Pallii margo fimbriatus, lobis latis incisis ; in pagina interna
cirri brevissimi tres adsunt. Affinitas magna cum Cerithiis in propa-
tulo est.”,—Phil. Sicil. ii. 160. Very different from the descriptions
of the animal of Turritella terebra, Philippi, Moll. Sicil. i. 191.

Fig. 57.—Teeth of Turritella ungulina.

Central tooth of Turritella ungulina subquadrate, wider at the
base, cutting edge triangular, denticulated ; first lateral tooth with
the tip recurved, serrulated on both sides ; second and third similar,
angularly hooked, strap-shaped, serrulated on both sides (fig. 57).

The animal of Turritella alternata, like Melania virginica, and in
common with many freshwater shells, has the power of gliding along
the surface of the sea with the shell downwards. The rostrum about
one-third the length of the tentacula. Tentacles filiform, cylindrical,
obtuse at the tip, nearly as long as the foot, white, brown ringed.
Kyes not prominent, at the outer base of the tentacles. Foot longer
than the aperture of the shell, rather acute behind, truncate a little
convexly in front. The shell when taken from the water becomes
cinereous white. Operculum horny, blackish.—Say.

2. ZARIA.
Shell turrited, spirally ribbed ; mouth ovate, subquadrate ; outer
lip simple.
1. Z. duplicata. Turritella d., Kiener, t. 128. f. 7; Adams, Gen.
MONO tl Sse". 8:
3. TOoRCULA.

Shell turrited ; whorls subangular in front, with a deep sunken
central groove ; mouth subquadrate ; outer lip with a deep roundish
central sinus. Operculum ? Animal

1. T. exoleta, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 38. f. 2 (shell only).

§§ Mouth nearly circular, simple in front.

4. EGuista.

Shell turrited, spirally ribbed ; whorls rounded, with a deep
sutural groove ; mouth roundish ; outer lip simple.

1. E. spirata, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 38. f. 5 (shell only).

OF MOLLUSCA. 111

§$§ Mouth of shell ovate, with an indistinct canal in front.

5. MESALIA.

Shell turrited, spirally ribbed ; whorls convex ; mouth ovate, sub-
circular, with an indistinct canal in front ; outer lip simple. Oper-
culum circular; whorls many.—<Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 38. f. 4 a.

1. M. brevialis, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 38. f. 4 (shell only).

** Operculum annular (p. 95).

Fam. XVIII. BARLEEIADA.

Animal: Eyes exterior, basal. Tentacles short, broad, rounded at
the tip, not setaceous. Rostrum simple. Foot nicked behind ;
opercular lobe simple, like Rissoella. ‘‘Operculum testaceous, sub-
annular ; under surface with a raised rib and a long pointed testa-
ceous apophysis proceeding from the nucleus,” nearer the base than
the centre. Shell conical, turbinate ; whorls tumid, smooth or
striated ; aperture oval, entire, contracted behind, rounded in front ;
outer lip acute, simple. Teeth ? |

1. BARLEEIA.

Shell oval ; whorls tumid, rapidly increasing ; aperture oval,
entire ; outer margin sharp. Mantle enclosed, simple, without pos-
terior filament. Rostrum very short. Mouth vertical. Jaws horny.
Tongue spinose. Tentacles very short, broad, cylindrical ; eyes very
large, black, on the outer side of the base. Foot elongate, narrow,
oval, arched and double-tipped in front, rounded behind ; opercu-
ligerous lobe small, expanded below. Operculum testaceous, sub-
oval, subannular, with a central longitudinal furrow and a testaceous
central apophysis.

1. B. rubra, Forbes & Hanley, Bole Wits 78. f. 4, 5, t. 80. f. 3.

2. HypDROCAENA.

Shell conical ; aperture roundish. Peristome simple, thin. Oper-
culum oblong, subspiral, of half a whorl. Nucleus subapical, with
a prominent process on the straight inner edge. Tentacles very
short, conic, broad, close together over the base of the subcylindrical
rostrum. Eyes on the middle of the upper part of the base of the
tentacles. !

1. H. Callaroensis, Pfeiffer, Kiister Conch. t. 13. f. 28, 35. On
stones in Dalmatia.

Fam. XIX. VIVIPARIDA.

Trunk annulated, contractile. Teeth few, unequal; central 1,

112 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

lateral 3° 3, converging. yes sessile, or on very short tubercles on
the outer side of the base of the tentacles. Tentacles subulate.
Neck with a small lobe on each side. Male organ at the base of the
right tentacle. Gill formed of three ranges of filaments. Mantle
simple in front. Shell free, spiral, ovate, covered with a thin, trans-
parent, or thick, hard, olive, polished periostraca ; aperture ovate.
Peristome continuous. Operculum annular.
Fluviatile.

The family has much the external appearance of the Apple-snails
(Ampullariade), also river shells chiefly found in warm climates,
and which likewise have an annular operculum ; but these have
pedicelled eyes, very long tentacles, and a long appendage to the
forehead.

§ Operculum horny, thin.

1. VIVIPARUS.

Shell ovate, thin, banded. _Periostraca thin, with hairy bands.
Peristome thin. Operculum horny, nucleus near the middle of inner
side-—ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 36. f. 1 a.

1. V. vulgaris, t. 124. f. 3?, 6,9; Forbes §& Hanley, B. M.t.H.H.
ee

2. V. bengalensis, t. 124. f. 2.

3. V. ampullariformis, t. 127 a. f. 5.

4. V. decisus, t. 310. f. 10.

5. V. fasciatus, Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 36. f. 1.

The lingual band of Viviparus strong, slender, elongate. Teeth
3°1°3 (fig. 58), laminal, longitudinal, subovate, apex recurved ;

Fig. 58.—Teeth of Viviparus vulgaris.

middle lobed, obtusely toothed on each side; lateral nearly similar,
laminaceous, slightly curved ; apical edged, denticulately lobed on
each side; the inner shorter and broader, the outer winged on the
outer edge.—Loven.

The gills of Paludina are formed of a series of triangular plates
attached to and forming an oblique line down the left side of the
branchial cavity. There is a similar ridge in the cavity to that in
Ampullaria, but the ridge up the back of the neck runs more to the
left, and there is a fat mass between it and the right side of the body.

OF MOLLUSCA. 113

There is an appendage on each side of the head, arising from the
back of the tentacles; that on the left side is small, on the right
larger before; the hind portion forms a canal as in Ampullaria.
The muscle of attachment is double, the left portion the smallest.
Tentacles conical, with the eyes nearly at the base.

The American and European species are viviparous ; the young
are covered with spiral bands of hairs, varying in number in the
kinds. There are only five lines in V. fasciatus, and many close
lines in V. achatina. |

The Vivipari are sluggish, feeding upon living and decayed
vegetable matter, preferrmg nearly stagnant waters or very sluggish
rivers with a bottom of soft mud; the extension of the foot in front
prevents them from taking food except when at rest. They are
rarely found reversed ; a reversed specimen of V. decisus was named
V. heterostropha by Kirtland.

The animal of Viviparus decisus of North America is yellow or
bluish, with numerous orange spots on the head, tentacles and foot.
Tentacles black-tipped ; under side of the foot with light lines
radiating from the centre to the edge. They live in ponds and
muddy streams, usually concealed under the shelving banks or im-
bedded an inch or two among loose mud and roots. The apex of
the shell is generally eroded; the young are excluded in a living
state with three whorls to the shell.

Viviparus ponderosus, which Deshayes considers an Ampullaria,
and Say a Melania, has the true horny operculum and the viviparous
habit of Viviparus.

Lamarck, in his first work, confounded the Vivipari with the
genus Cyclostoma, and Draparnaud has placed in his genus some
marine species belonging to Lzttorina. Cuvier, overlooking the

Fig. 59.—Viviparus vulgaris. Eggs with young and gills seen through the shell.

character of the operculum and some other peculiarities in the
animal, confounds them with the animal of Littorina.

Férussac, overlooking the structure of the operculum of Vivipari
and the number of series of gills, observes, ‘‘ We are obliged to re-
unite the genera Paludina and Melania of Lamarck ; their animals
are perfectly similar, and their shells often so analogous, that one is
embarrassed to know which genus to refer them to. We put with
them also the genus Rissoa, which is operculated, but we do not
know its animal.” —T'abl. Syst. Moll. ii. xi.

I

114 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

2. RIvuLINA.

Shell ovate, conical, smooth ; upper whorls dotted or lined with
brown. Peritreme continuous, with a slight depression behind the
columella in place of an umbilicus. ‘‘ Operculum like Paludina.”’

1. R. modicella, Lea, P. Z. S. 1850, 197.
2. R. zeylanica.

3. PaLupomuvs.

Shell ovate, conical, solid, smooth, with granulated ribs. Oper-
culum horny, annular ; nucleus subcentral, near the front or inner
edge.—ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 36. f. 2 a.

In ponds and slow rivers.

1. P. conicus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849.
2. P. ?spurcus, t. 127 a. f. 4, edge of mantle festooned. Is it a
Melania?

4. TINALIA.

Shell semiglobose, costate, nodulose. Mouth very large, ovate.
Operculum horny, annular; nucleus marginal, near the front of the
outer edge.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 36. f. 3. Mountain streams.

1. T. aculeata.

~ §§ Operculum horny, with an internal shelly coat. Oviparous.

5. BITHIntia.

Shell ovate, thin, with a thin periostraca; whorls convex. Peri-
stome thickened internally. Operculum with a shelly internal coat ;
nucleus subcentral.

1. B. tentaculata, t. 124. f.8; Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. H. H.
f. 3; Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 36. f. 4.

2. B, viridis, t.. 124. f. 7%

3. B. Leachii, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. H.H. f. 4.

4. B. sulcata = Valvata sulcata.

M. Moquin-Tandon observes, Bithinia differs from Paludina thus :
The head is narrow and does not exceed the plane of the foot; it
has no jaws; the eyes are perfectly sessile, rather behind the base of
the tentacles ; the tentacles are always equal; the gills are formed
of folds placed in one series ; the stomach is furnished with carti-
laginous stylets; the male organ is bifid, always exterior, and situated
behind and on the outside of the right tentacles, and it is destitute
of the large glandular pouch which yields the red colour of the Palu-
dine.—Petit, Journ. Conch. 1851, 245.

In Bithinia the gills consist of only a single series of transverse
parallel flexuous folds attached to the surface of the branchial cavity,
which are never visible externally ; the fold narrows at the two ends
of the apparatus ; the penis is placed on the base of the right tentacle,
as in Paludina.

OF MOLLUSCA. 115

The Bithinie are oviparous, their eggs being deposited in oblong
groups, like the Zymnei or pond-snails, on the stems and leaves of
freshwater plants. |

d. Gills laminar, forming an oblique line across the mantle-cavity ;
lamine elongate, linear. Lingual band elongate, winged at the
sides in front. Shell free, subspiral ; mouth large, expanded ;
of young regularly spiral. Animal sedentary, rarely changing
ets place (pp. 78, 86, 95).

* Operculum none.
Fam. XX. CALYPTRHAD.

Shell subspiral, depressed or subconic. The front of the body
produced, depressed, rather dilated on the sides. Rostrum short,
scarcely produced, depressed. Mouth erect, small, terminal. Ten-
tacles subulate, short, at the base of the rostrum. Gills of rather
short filaments. Foot small, expanded, well separated from the
mantle. Lingual membrane elongate, winged on each side in front,
the wings being united beneath. Teeth 3°1:°3; the central simple,
recurved, toothed at the tip; the inner lateral broad, with a trian-
gular toothed tip; the outer claw-like ; the second lateral minutely
toothed at the end.

The eggs are enclosed in a thin membranous bag in small groups
under the foot of the animal. The shell in the egg is subglobular,
of one or two gradually enlarging whorls, which rapidly enlarge as
soon as the animal is hatched.

a. Crepidulina. Foot naked. Shell subspiral. Body and shell
depressed horizontally ; apex of the shell sublateral, subpos-
terior ; inner plates of the shell horizontal.

1, CREPIDULA.
Shell oblong, convex; iner lip transverse, concave beneath.

. C. costata, Fig. Moll. t. 58*. f. 2.

. C. maculata, t. 58*. f. 4.

. C. aculeata, 4dams, Gen. Moll. t. 40. f. 7, t. 58*. f. 5.

. C. patagonica, t. 58*. f. 6.

. C. Adolpheei, t. 130. f. 4 (animal in shell the wrong way).
Central tooth of Crepidula unguiformis compressed ; cutting edge

Fig. 60.—Teeth of Crepidula unguiformis.

ok WN =—

produced, triangular, with one sharp point, serrated on both sides ;
12

116 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

lateral teeth, first produced on the outside, the tip sharp-pointed and
serrated on both sides, second and third somewhat similar, claw-like,
the former more curved, the latter simple.

The foot of Crepidula is oblong, nearly the size and form of the
concavity of the under side of the shell to the edge of the inner lip ;
the rest of the chamber is occupied by the dilated head, which is
rather expanded on the sides. The tentacles are linear, with the eyes
on small tubercles on the outer side of the base, and the forehead is
notched.

The species of these attached shells are very difficult to distin-
guish, from the various forms they assume under different external
circumstances. From the fact of each species assuming, under the
same circumstances, a peculiar form, it has been thought that they
must all be varieties of the same species; but I am inclined to think
that most probably the species of each distinct locality are different,
though each perhaps offering the same variations: thus, the Crepz-
dule of the Mediterranean, of Peru, and the east coast of North
America, though they may each present the four common varieties,
may be four distinct species, the geographic character being perhaps
the best distinctive mark.

In Sicily, Crepidula fornicata is always fixed on the outside and
C. unguiformis on the inside of shells; the former is streaked with
brown, and generally covered with Vermeti, Flustre, and other para-
sites ; sometimes the edge of the shell is sinuous, from the irregular
form of the body on which it was living, and hence called C. sinuosa
by Turton. These characters have been used to distinguish the
species, instead of proving they are only one, in different situations.

Crepidula fornicata, which is convex and coloured, M. Philippi
(Moll. Sicil. i. 126) observes, in Sicily is always on the outer surface
of the shell, while C. unguiformis, which is flat, white and smooth, is
always attached to the internal surface of the shell; having collected
116 specimens in that situation, he gives this difference of habitat as
a proof of their being distinct species, while I am inclined to regard
it as a proof that the difference in the forms and colour depend on
the part of the shell to which they happen to be attached.

Many of these flat, white specimens of Crepidula unguiformis have
near the tip a more convex part, showing the form of the shell in its
younger state, and this part is often streaked with brown like the
convex variety. These specimens, combining the two varieties in
the same individual, also prove that these animals sometimes do
not take up the habitation on the inside of the shell, until they attain
a certain size, as when they do so they suddenly change the form
and colour of their shells.

On the other hand, Mr. Stimpson states that Crepidula fornicata
sometimes occurs with C. unguiformis in the apertures of univalves,
where it preserves its colour, convexity and other characters. —Shells
of New Eng. 30. (I have never seen them in that situation. |

Crepidula fornicata varies in shape according to the body on
which it rests ; four or five different ages are frequently found riding
upon each other. When growing on Peeten concentricus, it is found

\ OF MOLLUSCA. 117

to have ribs corresponding to those of the Pecten. When found in
the cavities of shells, it is white, flat, with a convex diaphragm ; the
younger specimens are rounded, but generally become elongated by
age; and it is otherwise very variable in shape, conforming itself to
the position it occupies in the throat of the shell. When found
among stones at the roots of sea-weed, it is generally of a small size,
with a convex diaphragm.

Crepidula dilatata changes its form and character according to the
body to which it happens to be fixed :—

1. If attached to a broad stone or other body, the shell is smooth,
circular or ovate and moderately convex; it is then C. dilatata,
C. peruviana, C. depressa, C. patula, C. lineolata, C. Adolphei,
C. chilensis, and C. strigata.

2. On the contrary, if fixed to a small round stone, and the shells
are obliged to group themselves on one another, it is then narrow,
very convex, and C. nautiloides.

3. When the young shell happens to be in deeper water, and
fixes itself between the roots of sea plants, it becomes irregular,
thick, and of a uniform colour; it is then C. pallida.

4. If it happens to be fixed on the inside of a dead spiral shell,
especially if that shell is inhabited by a Soldier crab, it becomes flat
or even concave externally, and is of a white colour; it is then C.
- plana or C. unguiformis.

Crepidula patagonica and C. aculeata occur attached to stones
on the coast of South America; the former often chooses situations
much beaten by the waves.

_ Crepidula dilatata forms large rounded massive groups, the lower
shell being attached to a stone or shell, and the others all placed
on the back of it.

2. GARNOTIA.

Shell oval, convex, covered with a smooth periostraca; apex me-
dial, posterior, distant from the base; inner lip deep within the
cavity, shelving downwards in front.

1. G. solida, Hinds, Voy. Sulph. 53. t. 14. f. 7,8. G. rostriformis,
Gould, Exped. Shell, 14.

_ Living attached to the outside of shells.

b. Galerina. Foot naked. Shell subspiral. Body and shell conic,
subspiral ; apex of the shell superior, subcentral ; inner plute
of the shell subspiral, ascending obliquely.

3. GALERUS.

Shell subconic ; inner lip subspiral, oblique.

1. G. chinensis, t. 130. f.1; Forbes & Hanley, B. M.t. B.B. f. 8-13.
(young shell spiral, f. 10, 11) ; ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 40. f. 6.

Central tooth of Galerus sinensis wider at the base; cutting
edge triangular, serrated. Lateral teeth: first with the tip wide and

118 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT ’

serrated ; second and third somewhat similar, claw-like, the former
serrulate on the outside.

Galerus sinensis lays its spawn on stones and old shells. The
spawn is enveloped in bundles of fimbriated, colourless membrane,

Fig. 61.—Teeth of Galerus sinensis.

the edges of which appear white or yellow owing to the included
germs (eggs). The fry have a helicoid shell, rather large eyes on
the base of short, triangular tentacles, and large, ciliated neck-
lobes.— Brit. Moll. 465.

The shells of the young animal (which may be seen on the apex
of the adult specimen) are spiral, with gradually enlarging whorls like
a small Capulus.

Galerus chinensis varies in colour from white, hyaline, yellow,
to reddish or dull violet ; also in being more or less elevated, the
crown more or less spiral, and the surface smooth or covered with
small, arched, elevated scales ; sometimes one side is smooth and the
other very rough, or the middle smooth and the periphery scaly,
or the centre scaly and the circumference smooth. The same varia-
tions occur in the species found in other seas.

Galerus sinensis, which was kept in confinement, swallowed a Go-
niodoris nodosa preserved in the same vessel.— Brit. Moll. 465.

4. TRocuitTa.
Shell conical, spiral; whorls three or more; inner lip concave.

1, T. radians, t. 58*. £..3.
2...» paleus, . 00", £. 1.
3. T. occidentalis, n. s., t. 130. f. 2; ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 40. f. 5.

Trochita trochiformis: living attached to rocks or large detached
stones on the coasts of Chili and Peru. They attach themselves very
firmly, and do not change their place, covering their eggs which are
enclosed under the shell. The animal is uniform pale yellow; the ©
foot oblong, transverse, as if two-lobed in the middle in front ; the
tentacles long, with the eyes on the lower third of their length.

5. CRUCIBULUM.
Shell subconic ; inner lip very short, leaving a cup-shaped central
cavity.

+ Internal cup small, at the end of a distinct shelly plate, show-
ing it is the cavity in the axis, like the umbilicus in other
shells.

1. ©. undulatum,

OF MOLLUSCA. 119

tt Internal cup large, nearly sessile, on the side of the cavity of
the shell.

2. C. lignarium, t. 130. f. 2; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 40. f. 4.

The Crucibula, like the Crepidule, are often grouped together,
forming large masses, and one shell attached to the back of the other.
They also assume the character of the surface of the shell to which
they are attached; those on Pectens, &c. being rayed.

In all the varieties of Crucibulum rugosum the foot is circular,
becoming thicker as the shell is higher, yellowish above, spotted
with black on the sides; the cephalic mass oblong, transverse,
distinct. Tentacles elongate, acute, with the eyes in their middle.
The buccal appendices separated into two very blunt, as if truncated
lobes.

The place where the animal of Crucibulum imbricatum is fixed is
often a little eroded.

The body of Crucibulum lignarium has a small roundish form, and
is Only slightly larger than the cup-like internal cavity of the shell ;
the rest of the cavity of the shell within the mantle being occupied
with the large head of the animal, which is oblong, transverse, and
rounded on the sides behind the subulate tentacles, which have the
eyes placed on their outer side rather above the base, and the fore-
head is divided into two truncated rounded lobes.

ec. Calyptraina. Foot forming a shelly inferior plate. Shell conic,
with a folded process under the apex.

6. CALYPTRA.

1. C. equestris, Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. ; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 40.
f. 3 (shell and base).

Fam. XXI. CAPULIDA.

Shell conical, cup-shaped. Apex subspiral, small. Posterior
cavity simple. The front of the body scarcely produced. The
rostrum elongate, depressed, annulated. Lips produced into a long,
hamate canal. Tentacles elongate, subulate, at the base of the
rostrum, united by a short band continued over the base. Gill com-
posed of elongated, slender filaments. Foot folded on itself, and
often secreting a shelly plate or forming a cavity in the body to
which it is attached. Egg-cases membranaceous, attached in a tuft
on the front of the foot.

* Foot simple or secreting a shelly plate.

1. CapuLus.
The foot naked, without any under shell.
1. C. ungaricus, t. 268. f.12; Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. C.C.f. 5.

120 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

Central tooth of Capulus ungaricus transverse, depressed ; cutting

Fig. 62.—Teeth of Capulus ungaricus.

edge broadly triangular, minutely toothed ; first lateral tooth droop-
ing, serrulated ; second and third somewhat similar, claw-like.

Capulus ungarieus carries its egg-cases in groups, until they are
hatched, under the neck in front of the foot.

The branchial apparatus of Capulus ungaricus consists of a heart
and one auricle, and a series of long, pale brown filaments, which
spring from the base of the walls of the cervical cavity, and do not
present a compact, plumose leaf. The foot is tough, coriaceous and
circular, with an anterior puckered ruff or upper skin, or sort of
mentum.—Clark, Moll. 265.

Prof. Forbes described the foot as broad, expanded, truncate in
front and tapering behind.

The foot of Capulus is described as puckered in front, but the
‘puckering’ appears to be what is usually called the sole of the
foot in other Gasteropods, contracted into that form. A somewhat
similar modification of the foot is found in the genus Vermetus,
where there is no appearance of any flat sole to the foot, but the end
of the foot, which usually bears the operculum, is contracted, subcy-
lindrical, truncated at the end, and closes the mouth of the cylin-
drical shelly tube; and in front, under the head, are two subulate
processes which have been called tentacula, but which appear to be the
lobes which are often found at the front end of the foot produced into
this form. Some zoologists have objected to this explanation of the
structure of the animal, but the discussion may be considered set at
rest by the discovery of the animal of the genus Stliquaria (Phil.
Moll. Sicil. t. 9. f. 24), which has nearly the same structure of the
foot as the genus Vermetus ; but here the foot is rather lengthened,
and the front of it is marked with a short, narrow, flattened band,
which is evidently the usual flat part of the foot which is found in
a more expanded state in other Gasteropods.

Dr. Turton (Zool. Journ. ii.566) remarks, “The Pileopsis ungarica
may eventually be considered as a bivalve shell of the genus Hip-
ponyx; as in removing a living specimen from an oyster, we ob-
served a thin laminar under-valve, which is now in our cabinet. The
horse-shoe-shaped muscular impressions are also exactly similar to
those of the Hipponyz.”’

Mr. Clark thinks that the “rudimentary lamina,” sometimes |
observed on the foot of the Capulus, “probably has its origin in a
compressed mass of testaceous pulli in adherence to it.’>—Mol/. 263.

In the Mediterranean they live attached to shells, zoophytes, and
especially the red coral (Corallium nobile).

OF MOLLUSCA. 121

Pilidium commodum of Middendorff (Reise, ii. 214. t. 17. f. A, 11)
appears to be a species of Velutina, or perhaps a subgenus allied to
it, rather than belonging to this Family.

2. Hipponyx.

The foot secreting a testaceous valve, which is adherent by its
outer surface to marine bodies.
1. H. radiata, t. 130. f. 6.
aa da tonata, ts: 130.\f..5,

The rostrum of Hipponyx subrufa rather elongate, depressed,
brown, end transverse, lozenge-shaped. Mouth oblong, erect. Ten-
tacles subulate, white, on the sides of the base of the rostrum, and
with a belt continued over the upper surface of its base. Gills
in a series of elongated filaments attached to the inner side of the
mantle, forming an oblique line over the head.

Hipponyz barbata lives on stones and shells near low water mark,
Panama.—C. B. Adams.

Hipponyx granulata (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, 176. t. 20. f. 3) lives
attached to the spines of a Cidaris on the west coast of Africa; it
forms an oblong testaceous plate, with thickened edges, and the
margin of the aperture is adapted to the semicylindrical surface of

attachment. At first sight, this species has very much the appear-
ance of a Pedicularia.—Adams.

** Foot forming a deep concavity in the surface of shells, with a
horse-shoe-shaped ridge in the centre.

; 3. AMALTHEA.
1. A. conica, t. 130. f. 7.

In the young state, the shells of Amalthea conica are subspiral, of
one and a half or two whorls, and transparent brown. Immediately
they are hatched, they become conical and straight, and at length
they thicken and the subspiral apex is worn away.

Fam. XXII. VANICOROIDZ.

Shell semiovate, spiral. Mouth contracted. Muzzle produced,
conical, wrinkled. Jaws two, horny, flat. Lingual membrane
broad, short, ‘‘ with two series of teeth, and prolonged behind.”’ Ten-
tacles prismate, fusiform, pointed ; eyes on outer side of their base.
Foot small, circular, produced in front, with a dilated membranaceous
expansion on each side. Operculum horny, thin, ovate, subspiral,
of very few indistinct whorls, striated.

122 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

1. VANICORO.
Character of the Family.

1. V. Souleyetana, t. 128. f. 1.
2. V. cancellata, t. 103. f. 3. .
3. V. Deshayesiana, Recluz, Mag. Zool. 1845, t. 130. f. 20.

The body of V. caneellata spiral. Trunk proboseis-like. Ten-
tacles conical, simple, with the eyes on their outer bases. The foot
is small, rounded, with an oblong expansion in front; a large trian-
gular wing-like lobe on each side. The edge of the mantle is simple.
The operculum very small, thin, just at the top of the foot. |

Foot formed of two parts, separated by a deep cross groove ; the an-
terior very extensible, rounded in front and double-edged, truneated
behind; the hinder portion smaller, rounded like a sucking disk,
with a membranaceous expansion on each side, angularly produced
in front. The operculum is placed behind and above the lateral
lobes. Gills oblique, on the left side, and formed of a single series
of triangular, partly free plates. Mantle edge simple, without any
trace of siphon or membranaceous appendage.

e. Gills plumose, pinnate, exsertile, laminar, spiral, twisted
(pp. 78, 86, 95, 115).

Fam. XXIII. VALVATIDZ.

Gills plumose, exserted ; laminz pinnate, spirally twisted. Ros-
trum produced, short, prominent, truncated; the mouth terminal.
Tentacles subulate. Operculum orbicular, spiral, of many whorls.
Shell conic or discoidal. Periostraca thin, olive. Mouth round.
Peristome continuous.

Fluviatile.

1. VALVATA.

Shell conic or discoidal, umbilicated.

1. V. cristata, t.6.f.3, t.126.f.1, t.126a.f.6; Forbes § Hanley,
B.M.t. H.H. f. 5; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 36. f. 6.
2. V. planorbis, t. 126. f. 2.

Fig. 63.—Teeth of Valvata piscinalis.

The lingual plate of Valvata piscinalis is elongate ; the central
tooth subquadrate, base produced on both sides, incurved ; cutting
edge triangular, the middle cusp with a pectinated lobe on each

OF MOLLUSCA,. 1233

side; lateral teeth somewhat similar, laminaceous, toothed on each
side ; the apical tooth larger than the rest (fig. 63).

Valvata piscinalis is androgynous ; the ovules very large at ma-
turity. Penis exterior, on the side of the neck like Bithinia, but
simple. Female orifice on back of neck, under mantle edge.—Mo-
quin-Tandon, Journ. Conch. iii. 246. t. 9. f. 32.

The Valvate live in rivers. They are known from the Paludine
by the whorls being more circular and not bent in any part by the
proximate whorls. The gills are exserted when the animal is ex-
panded, and are formed of an elongated tapering conical process,
furnished on each side with a series of spirally-twisted laminze placed
opposite to each other. On the hinder part of the right side, near
the suture of the whorls, is an exserted filiform member like a tenta-
culum, but rather shorter and thicker, which is called the branchial
thread by Lamarck.

Valvata tricarinata is found in the small lakes of America, usually
under stones, or sheltered by the deserted shell of some freshwater
Unio. The shell is usually rendered somewhat opake by an earthy
coating, but when removed it has a shining, pearly, emerald-green
periostraca.

Valvata pupoides is very active. The head proboscidiform, half
as long as the tentacles, two-lobed in front. Foot tongue-shaped,
dilated into two acute angles in front. Gills occasionally protruded
to half the length of the right tentacle. Tentacles rather stout.
The last whorl of the shell is nearly disjointed. They live in ponds,
under stones and submerged sticks.

Mr. Lea remarks, “I observed a small apple-green globose object
(the ova) passing from under the aperture of the shell. This was
shortly followed by others, and soon a transparent mass became
visible. This mass was passed slowly over the right side of the
neck, under the pectiniform moveable branchie, until entirely dis-
charged against the perpendicular sides of the vessel in which it was
kept, and there the mass remained attached, the parent having
abandoned it immediately.”

Ill. Opisophthalma. yes sessile, on the back, between or
rather behind the base of the tentacles.

A. Operculum spiral. Eyes near the base of ‘the tentacles. Gills
vascular ?

Fam. XXIV. ACICULADA.

Tentacula subulate. Eyes on the head, rather behind and between
the tentacula. Foot oblong. Gills vascular? Shell spiral, subtur-
rited. Operculum horny, spiral, of few rapidly enlarging whorls.
Foot divided across (allied to Truncatella and Auricula).

Terrestrial.

124 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

1. AcICULA.

Shell subimperforate, rather cylindrical. Peristome rather thick-
ened, with subparallel margins joined by a thin callus. Operculum
very thin, glassy, few-whorled.

1. A. fusca.
2. GEOMELANIA.

Shell imperforate, turrited ; aperture entire, effused. Peristome
simple, expanded ; the margins joined, the basal produced into a
more or less developed tongue-shaped appendix. Animal like Aei-
cula (A. Adams in P. Z. S. 1849, p. 169). Operculum membrana-
ceous, pellucid, ovate, of a few rapidly enlarging whorls.

1. G. jamaicensis, Pfeiffer.
ie ax, Btriata, £..1231..1

B. Opereculum annular ; nucleus lateral, central. Eyes far back,
behind the tentacles (p. 123).

Fam. XXV. RISSOELLIDA.

Rostrum nicked, lobes elongate cylindrical, nearly as long as the
tentacula. Central tooth broad, crenulated; inner lateral broad,
crenated ; outer small, hooked. Eyes far back. Operculum half-
ovate, annular; nucleus near the inner straight edge, with a central
internal process.—Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. J.J. f. 1, 2.

1. Rissor.ua.

1. R. glabra, t. 125. f. 3.

Bai he, enh (Jeffreysia d.), Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. J.J. f. 1,
cop. Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 34. f. 6.

3. R. opalina (Jeffreysia 0.), Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. M.M. f. 2.

“Muzzle of Rissoella bifid in front. Tongue with five rows of
teeth, 2: 1:°2,; central broad, crenulated ; inner lateral broad, crenu-
lated ; outer small, hooked. Tentacles two, lateral, subulate. Eyes
large, prominent, placed on the back a considerable distance behind
the tentacles. Foot oblong, notched and bilobed in front, with a
central groove, and slightly rounded behind ; operculigerous lobe
small and rounded, without filament or appendages. Operculum
horny, thin, ovate, nears nucleus in the middle of the straight
inner edge, with a central internal rib ending in a projecting plate
set at right angles with the disk under the nucleus.””— Alder. Shell
conical.

Teeth of Rissoella diaphana 3° 1° 3, in eighteen rows ; central
broad, rounded above ; apex curved, denticulated ; lateral inner
slender, subulate, curved, denticulated near the tip; outer broader,
compressed, curved, denticulated near the end. Prehensile collar
broad, triangular, with rows of numerous teeth. Operculum like
R. opalina.

OF MOLLUSCA. 125

Muzzle of Rissoella opalina produced, rounded, annulate. Ten-
tacles four, in pairs close together at the base on each side. Eyes
behind the base of the tentacles, only seen through the shell, as in
Lulima. Teeth 3° 1-3, in twenty or thirty rows; central oblong,
apex crenated ; lateral inner, broad, denticulated above; outer nar-
rower, curved, denticulated at the tip. ,

Dr. Philippi, not knowing that Rissoella and Jeffreysia are syn-
onymous, arranges the former in Hulimacea (Moll. Sicil. p. 195),
and the latter in Paludinacea (p. 172).

2. MACGILLIVRAYIA.

Animal ample. Tentacula four, very long, rather broad, linear,
rugose (or ciliated ?). Lingual membrane with teeth, like Jeffreysia?
Mantle produced into a long siphon. Foot very large, expanded,
truncated in front, without lobes, with a float. Operculum semicir-
cular, horny, thin, of concentric layers, with faint traces of a spiral
structure at the central lateral nucleus, which is on the columellar
side; from it there runs a straight rib or process, continued nearly to
the outer margin, and indicated externally by a depression or groove.
Shell spiral, dextral, globular, thin, corneous, transparent, slightly
concentrically striated, imperforate ; spire not produced, with a sini-
stral nucleus; aperture oblong, entire, angulated below. Peristome
incomplete, thin, even-edged. Floating ; gregarious ; furnished
with a float like Ianthina?

1. M. pelagica, Forbes, 1, c. 385. t. 3. f. 8.
Hab. Kast coast of Australia, off Cape Byron.

Mr. Macdonald observes, “ The disk of the foot in Macgillivrayia
is broad, and connected by a narrow attachment to the body just be-
neath the neck; it carries an operculum behind, and is cleft by a
notch in front. A raphe observable in the medial line, as well as
indeed the whole character of this part of the organ, seems to shadow
forth the transformation of the single foot of the Gasteropod into the
wing-like expansion of the Pteropod. Lingual strap with well-marked
central and lateral series of teeth, and dentated labial plates. It has
a vesicular float like that of Ianthina; it consists of an aggregate of
vesicles, varying both in number and size. It is exceedingly delicate.
The gills are fixed to the body immediately behind the head, and
not appended to the mantle ; they are four in number and arranged
in a cruciform manner round a central point.’”’—Proc. Roy. Soc. vii.
191, 1854.

On further examination the author considers what are here called
“naked gills” as probably auxiliary organs of natation, chiefly em-
ployed for prehension.—Proc. Roy. Soc. vii. 309, 1854.

126 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

II. Protopoda, Gray.

Foot rudimentary, round, truncated or club-shaped. Shell attached,
irregular. Operculum spiral or none (see p. 64).

Fam. I. VERMETIDZ.

Foot small, folded on itself. Body and shell rather irregularly
twisted, attached by the outer surface of the shell. Egg in an ob-
long membranaceous sac. Shell of young subspiral, rather irre-
gular.

a. Vermetina. Mantle and shell entire. Operculum single or
wanting.
1. SrPHONIUM.
Operculum large, smooth, circular, concave ; scar central, circular,
rugose.

1. V. maximum, t. 56. f. 5, t. 128. f. 2; Addams, Gen. Moll. t. 38.
fads

2. V. Tonganum, t. 56. f. 7.

3. V. reticulatum, t. 56. f. 2.

4. V. carinatum, t. 56. f. 1,

Sew ott

Mics Bebe OS Lerrbis

2. VERMETUS.

Operculum large, rather concave; whorls many, thin, with a thin
produced external edge; scar central, circular, with close, regular,
concentric grooves.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 38. f. 8 a, 0.

1. V. lumbricalis, Lamk.
2. V. Hindsii. IJrregularly twisted, B. M.

The pointed end of Vermetus lumbricalis forms a spire of eight or
ten closely connected whorls, upon each of which are two sharp ele-
vated ridges. It generally lies in a horizontal direction, and is
attached by one of its sides to some foreign body. The operculum
is horny, circular, with a central nucleus and concentric rings.

The animal of Vermetus radicula of North America has the mantle
fringed at its margin with short filaments. The branchial plume is
very large and long, situated nearly over the middle of the back.
The foot is very short and broad, dilated into rounded auricles ante-
riorly. The muzzle is broad, not cleft; the tongue small. The
tentacles are short, conical, having the eyes at their external bases.
An elevated ridge runs along the back, becomes flattened into a
membrane at the head, and passes round under the right tentacle,
forming a kind of canal, near which is the anus. The operculum is
corneous, concentric, black and hard on the inner, and lamellated on
the outer surface; it is surrounded by a thin membranous flexible
portion about one-fourth its diameter ; thus it is enabled to close its
shell perfectly at the aperture, and yet to retreat far into the nar-
rowed whorls. The eggs are deposited in July. The egg-cases are
soft, slightly cohering, in the form of an elongated cone bent into a

OF MOLLUSCA. Ty

half-circle ; each contains from six to eight eggs in an advanced
stage of development, enclosing young animals which had already
commenced forming their shell. The shell of the young animal,
before it escapes from the egg, appears to be helicoid and reversed,
thus showing some affinity, Mr. Stimpson thinks, with Pyrami-
dellide.—Shells of New England, 38, 1851.

3. SPIROGLYPHUS.

Operculum large, circular, convex externally, black, smooth, of
numerous very close-pressed whorls; scar central, circular. Shell
partly sunk into the surface of the shells to which they live attached.

1. S. corrodens, d@’ Orb. Cuba, t. 18. f. 1, 3.

4, Brvonta.

Operculum rudimentary, small (spiral).—Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 39.
la.

. B. glomerata, t. 58. f. 4; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 39. f. 1.
. B. triquetra, t. 58. f. 5.

. B. semisurrecta, t. 58. f. 1.

B. subcancellata, Philippi, t. 58. f. 3.

oboe oh

5. SERPULOIDES.

Operculum none. Foot truncate, radiated at the tip; front of
foot produced into tentacula.

1. S. arenaria, t. 57. f.2, t.58.f.6; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 39. f. 2.
2. S. inoperculata, t. 57. f. 1.

3. S. dentifera, t. 56. f. 8.

4. S. varians, t. 128. f. 1.

Serpuloides varians lives at the bottom of pools on the rocks near
Rio, which are only replenished at the highest tides, where the water
is concentrated by the evaporation of a high temperature. The
animal was generally expanded and agile, and at the least movement
of the water it retreated into the bottom of its shell; when wounded
it emitted a deep violet liquor.

6. LEMENTINA.
Operculum none. Foot truncate, circular at top.
1. L. Cuvieri, t. 57. f. 3 (probably only a badly described and figured

Serpuloides arenarius).

7. CLADOPODA.

Operculum none. Foot elongate, front end simple, hinder ex-
tremity oblong, clavate or subtruncate.
1. C. grandis, t. 56. f. 9; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 39. f. 3.
2. C. elegans, t. 56. f. 4.
3. C. nova zealandica, Quoy, t. 56. f. 6.

— ~ =
Aw ee Sy —_"

——

> tt

128 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

b. Siliquariana. Mantle and shell with a longitudinal slit. Oper-
culum many-whorled.

8. SILIQUARIA.

Operculum spiral, fringed. Foot end truncate, circular.—Adams,
Gen. Moll. t. 39. f. 5 a, from Philippi.

1. S. anguina, t. 58.f.2. Tenagodaa., Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 39. f. 5.
2._S. rosea, t. 56. f. 3.

Shell tubular, internally glassy, irregularly twisted; apex attenuate,
sometimes spiral, with a longitudinal fissure running the whole
length. Body cylindrical. Foot porrect, cylindrical, truncate in
front, operculated. Head behind the foot, small, rounded. Tenta-
cula two, lateral, cylindrical, obtuse, short. Mouth vertical, small.
Eyes at the outer base of the tentacles. Mantle adnate to the belly,
and back to the middle of the body, free with a longitudinal slit on
the right side ; right lobe narrow, hinder lobe much broader. Gills
on the left lobe in a simple series of rather short threads, produced
to the hinder part of the body. Rectum and oviduct parallel on
the right side. Retractor muscle, as in other Gasteropods, fixing
the body to the shell. Hinder part of body consisting of the small
green liver and very large golden oviduct. Hermaphrodite.

III. Leptopoda.

Foot compressed : for leaping. Gills comb-like, distinct, on left side
of mantle-cavity (see p. 64).

I. Eyes pedicelled, with a small tentacle on the side.

Fam. I. STROMBIDA.

Muzzle elongate, produced, annulated. Eyes on the top of thick,
elongated peduncles, with the tentacles on the sides. Foot compressed,
rather dilated in front, tapering behind. Siphon of mantle and
canal of the shell elongate, straight, or rather bent to the left. The
left side of the mantle of the adult more or less expanded or lobed.
Shell solid, spiral, whorls compressed. Mouth linear. Operculum
annular, horny, claw-like, serrated on the outer side (fig. 63).

a. Strombina. Tentacles on middle of eye-pedicels. Operculum
claw-like. Mantle and outer lip of shell produced.

* Sinus in outer lip of shell separated from the canal by a broad
lobe.
1. StromBus.
Shell: outer lip expanded, entire.
1. S. gigas, t. 80. f. 2, t. 81. f. 4, t. 83. f. 1.

OF MOLLUSCA. 129

. ©. Pugilis, t. 81. f. 3.

S. Auris-Diane, t. 2. f. 1, and fig. 64.

S. Canarium (var. Isabella), t. 2. f. 43, 39, t. 8la. f. 1.
S. gibberulus, t. 81. f. 1.

S. Papilio, t. 81. f. 2.

S. lentiginosus, t. 81. f. 5.

S. variabilis, t. 2. f. 2.

S. Luhuanus, t. 2. f. 6.

S. plicatus, t. 2. f. 5.

S. vittatus, t. 84a. f.5; Gen. Moll. t.27.f.1.

The foot of the Strombus is more or less rounded beneath, so that
it can be of very little use for the animal to walk upon. There is a

ee ee
7,

— a

Fig. 64.—Strombus Auris-Diane.

(S

~2 NOG Meas
FLEW,

P, proboscis between eye-pedicels. J; foot. 0, operculum.
m, mantle edge. r, siphon.

groove in the females on the right side of the body, which is con-
tinued across the front edge of the foot. The crystalline lens of the
eye is large, perfectly globular and horn-coloured, and easily extracted
by pressing the end of the pedicel of the eye ; the iris is well-marked
and differently coloured in the different kinds of Strombs. The oper-
culum is free for the greater part of its length, claw-shaped, and only
marked with a small scar (fig. 65).

The young shells of Strombus gigas have the Fig. 65.—-Operculum
upper part of the cavity of the upper whorls of Strombus.
nearly filled with a calcareous deposit of a rosy
tint, and the same kind of deposit fills up the
hinder angle of the cavity of the lower whorls.

Central tooth of Strombus floridus wider above,
convex ; cutting edge wide, with seven sharp
points ; first lateral tooth with the upper margin
convex, reflex, three-toothed; second and third
similar, claw-like, simple, at the tips decussated with the opposite.

K

130 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

2. PTEROCERA.

Shell: outer lip produced into tubular spines which sheath the
lobes produced on the edge of the mantle when the animal arrives at
adult age; in old specimens these lobes are retracted, and the
sheaths then become solid spines.

i; P. truneata, t,.70, £.4, .t. 79.
oD. 2. hambis, +.) 82s Tes

Quoy represents the teeth on the tongue of the sexes of Pterocera
Lambis as different (see male, t. 49. f. 20) from those of the female
(t. 50. f. 8), the former having one, and the latter two lateral teeth on
each side; the latter appears more correct, but he appears to have
overlooked the interior lateral, and in the former the two internal
lateral teeth.

** Sinus of the outer lip close and confluent with the canal.
3. Fusus.
Shell fusiform ; outer lip dentated.

1. F. clavus, t. 80.
2. F. subulatus, t. 84a. f. 6. Gadius fusus, 4dams, Gen. Moll.
tc 7s Baws

b. Seraphina. Tentacles, none? Operculum horny, claw-like, with
three claws. Shell: outer lip simple. Shell truncated in
Sront, without any distinct sinus or canal.

4, SERAPHYS.

Shell subcylindrical; spire conical. Mouth linear, truncated ;
inner lip smooth. Teeth ? Operculum three-clawed.— Adams,
Gen. Moll. t. 27. f. 4a.

1. S. Terebellum, t. 82. f.3, t.84 a. f.3; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 27.
ew

II. Eyes sessile.
Fam. II. PHORIDA.

Muzzle conical, produced. Eyes sessile, on the outer side of the
base of the subulate tentacles. Foot small, dilated in front. Shell
conical, depressed. Operculum large, subannular, horny (fig. 66).
Teeth ——?

1. PHorvs. Fig. 66.

Operculum triangular, annular ; apex acute.— Operculum of Phorus.
Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 40. f. 2 a, b.

1. P. conchyliophorus.

2. P. solaroides (Xenophora s.), Adams, Gen.
Moll. t. 40. f. 2.

OF MOLLUSCA. 131

2. ONUSTUS.

Shell conical, broadly umbilicated. Operculum triangular, radi-
ately grooved ; apex broadly truncated.—Adams, Gen, Moll. t. 40.
f.la,6; D’Orb. Cuba, t. 19. f. 31.

1. O. indicus, 4dams, t. 122 a. f. 2.
2. QO. javanicus, Adams, t. 122 a. f. 1.

IV. Heteropoda.

Foot compressed, erect, fin-like, often with a small flat disk on the
hinder edge. Body and shell spiral or subspiral. Animal
formed for floating, unisexual. Head distinct, with an elon-
gate proboscis. Lingual membrane gradually wider behind,
fiat ; central series one-toothed; lateral teeth three, flat,
adpressed, transverse, bent, the first having a process attached
to it, the rest simple, third shorter. Organs of generation on
right side. Gills on the inner edge of the left side of the front

of the mantle, not regularly comb-like, but tufted, as in Pleu-
robranchus (see p. 64).

Fam. I. PTEROTRACHEID.

Body elongate, transparent, naked. Pedal fin of the males with a
small posterior disk, of females simple. Gulls and other vital organs
in a small prominent bag, naked, or covered with a thin subspiral

shell. Teeth 3:°1°3; lateral elongate, unequal, arched, acute.
Operculum none.

a. Viscera in a small elliptic sac. Shell none.

1. ANOPS.

Tentacula none. Eyes none. Head indistinct. Shell none.
'. A. Peronn,t..62. f: 2.

2. PreEROTRACHEA.

Tentacula none. Eyes two. Body elongate, cordate behind.
Tail conical, keeled. ‘‘ Gills pectinate on the hinder part of the
back.” —Gegenbaur. Shell none.

fer wearamita, t. P5611, t. 157.1. 1, t. 158. £. 3, t. PSS fo 1.
P. aculeata, t. 158. f. 5, t. 158. f. 1, 2 (tail only). Firola
Caviera, t..155, f. .7, tz-160.8 4. F. Peronia, t. 160. f 8:

F. gibbosa, t. 160. f.2. F. Forskalia, t. 160. f.3. F. junior,
CyOtet. Get: Lb6..f., 2:

PB. Predetica; t...157 £6 2)-t,. 160. f. 5.

P. Hippocampus, t. 155. f. 5.

P. mutica, t. 160. f. 1.. .P. hyalina, t. 55. f. 2.
P. pulmonata, t. 158. f. 4.

Or Go bo

K 2

132 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

6. P. Edwardsii, t. 159. f. 2.

7. P. hyalina, t. 157. f. 3, var. preceding ?
8. P. Lesueurii, t. 159. f. 4, var. preceding ?
9. P. Keraudrenii, t. 238. f. 2:

10. P. Quoyana, t. 62. f. 1.

11. P. ——2, t. 87. f. 2.

3. FrrRovoIpDA.

Tentacles two. Body cylindrical, truncate behind. Tail very
short. ‘“ Gills none.”-—Gegendaur.

. aculeata, t. 155. f. 9.

. Blainvilleana, t. 155. f. 1.

. Desmarestia, t. 155. f. 8, t. 238. f. 1.
. Eydouxii, t. 238. f. 3.

0 AOS ko B:

CS eh
Pj bay Py ey by

4. CEROPHORA.
Tentacula two, elongate. Eyes two. Shell none.

1. C. Lesueurii, t. 62. f. 4.
2. C. Gaimardii, t. 62. f. 3.

b. Shell cartilaginous, covering the viscera.

5. CARDIAPODA.
Tentacula two. Shell cartilaginous, regularly involute.

. C. pedunculata, t. 62. f. 5.

. AG; earimntn, 4.62, 7.

5, caudina,'t. ‘155. £. 8...t.:239..1..3.5°t. 155. E: 4?
. C. placenta, t. 239. f. 1.

. C. ——?, t. 156. f. 3.

oe Oo be

c. Shell thin, glassy, covering the viscera.

6. CARINARIA. |
Tentacula two. Shell glassy, thin (fig. 67).

Fig. 67.—Carinaria Mediterranea.

p, proboscis. ?, tentacula, b, branchiz. 8, shell. f, foot. d, disk.

OF MOLLUSCA. 133

1. C. Mediterranea, t. 63. f. 1. Pterotrachea Lophyra, t. 63. f. 3,
t. 161. f. 2. _C. cymbium, t. 161. f.1. C. vitrea, t.154. f. 2.
Pterotrachea, t. 159. f. 3, without shell.

. Gaudichaudi, t. 239. f. 4.

. punctata, t. 11. f. 3, 4.

y anetraiis: t02. tT.

tI 6.5 t. 209.1. 2.

Lateral tooth of Carinaria Mediterranea wide, base on both sides

ore go bo
aaae

Fig. 68.—Teeth of Carinaria Mediterranea.

produced and winged, cutting edge three-pointed ; lateral teeth nearly
equal, process of the first spiniform, bent (fig. 68).

Fam. II. ATLANTIDA.

Body spiral, enclosed in a shell. The pedal fin of both sexes
with a small posterior disk. Tentacles two. Teeth seven-rowed,
3°1°3,; central lateral conical, curved, acute. Shell thin, involute,
keeled. Operculum calcareous.

1. OxyvGyRvs.

Shell cartilaginous, keeled; nucleus involute, sulcated, chalky.
Operculum annular.
1. O. Keraudrenii, t. 117. f. 3, operculum oblong, kidney-shaped ;
t. 129. f. 2, t.117. f.1, operculum triangular, broad ; t. 117 c.
f. 3, t. 240. f. 2. Ladas Keraudrenii, t. 117. f. 6.
2. O. Rangii, t. 240. f. 1 & 4, operculum roundish, trigonal.

The central tooth (Oxygyrus Rangii) rather broad, the base on

Fig. 69.—Teeth of Oxygyrus Rangii.

each side rather produced, the apex one-spined; the lateral teeth
unequal, the first very large, broad, with an acute spine below the
tip, the second and third shorter, curved, entire (fig. 69).—Loven.

134 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

2. ATLANTA.

Shell shelly, transparent, keeled; nucleus spiral, smooth. Oper-
culum spiral; last whorl very large.

1, A. Peronii, t. 117. f. 1 (not correct), t. 117 6. f. 5 ation

incorrect), t. 1176. f. 2 & 6, t. 240. f. 6. A. Keraudrenii,
E417 &. 4.

2. A. Lamanoni, t. 240. f. 3.

3. A. inclinata, t. 241. f. 1.

4. A. brunnea, t. 242. f. 5.

5. A. inflate, t.°241. £23.

6. A. Gaudichaudi, t. 241. f. 4.

7. A. Lesueurii, t. 241. f. 6.

aa a ? (A. bossue), t. 240. f. 5.
9. A. depressa, t. 242. f. 4.
10. A. Quoyii, t. 242. f. 1.
ri: A. rosea, t. 241. £ 2:
12. A. helicinoidea, t. 242. f. 2.
13; A. mnvoluta, t. 242: £3.
14. A. turriculata, t. 242. f. 6.
15. A. nae tye ae

The central tooth of Atlanta Lesueurit rather broad, with an
acute recurved process on each side of the base; the apex three-
spined, the middle largest ; the lateral teeth subequal, the first with
a large process behind, armed with a short spine.—-Loven.

The larva of dé/anta in the early state is oblong, with a ring of
cilia round the more truncated end; then the foot and operculum
and the eyes are developed on one side of the disk, and when more
perfect, it has a broad fin divided into four narrow lobes in front,
and two broader ones behind, broad, strongly ciliated on the edges.
See Gegenbaur, Pteropoden, t. 8. f. 1-18.

3. STEIRA.

S. Lamanoni, Eschsch. Isis, 1825, 734. t. 5. f. 3
Most probably a badly observed Atlanta.

OF MOLLUSCA. 135

Order II. ScuTrBRANCHIATA.

Gills consisting of two series of lamellee, forming one or two series
over the back of the neck or under the edge of the mantle round
the foot. Animal hermaphrodite, self-impregnating? Shell spiral
or symmetrical, conical. Rectum often traversing the heart.

SYNOPSIS OF SUBORDERS.

T. Riphidoglossa. Teeth transparent, glass-like, in numerous
longitudinal series; the central 5°1°5, variable in form;
lateral very numerous, more slender, curved at the tip.

I. Scuriprancuia. Gills in a spiral line on the left side of the gill-
cavity. Body, shell and operculum spiral. Eyes pedicelled.

* Sides of the foot without any fringe or tentacles. Shell not
pearly. Central teeth unequal.

** Sides of the foot with a fringe furnished with beards.
Shell pearly. Central teeth equal, similar.

II. ScoismaTosBRANcuHiA. Gills in two plumes on left side of the
gill-cavity, on each side of mantle-slit. Body and shell spiral.
Foot fringed and bearded. Eyes pedicelled. Central teeth very
unequal, large, dissimilar.

Ill. Dicranosrancuia. Gills in two symmetrical dorsal plumes.
Body and shell not spiral. Foot slightly bearded. Eyes sub-
sessile. Central teeth of two kinds, inner small, similar, outer
large, dissimilar.

Il. Heteroglossa. Teeth pellucid, in five to eight longitudinal
series, variable in form, the larger ones with opake black tips.
Foot without any lateral fringe. Shell symmetrical.

IV. Crrruosrancuia. Gills tufted, on back of neck. Body
elongate-conical. Shell tubular, with an apical opening.

V. CeRvVICOBRANCHIA. Gills lamellar, in a single series on the side
of the gill-cavity on the back of the ueck. Shell conical, sym-
metrical.

VI. CycLtosprancuia. Gills lamellar, on the inner surface of the
mantle, forming a more or less complete ring just beneath the
margin. Shell conical, symmetrical.

VII. PotypLtacornora. Gills in two lamellar series on each side
of the hinder part of the under side of the mantle-edge. Shell
formed of eight imbricate valves.

136 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

I. Riphidoglossa. Teeth transparent, glass-like, in very numerous
longitudinal series ; central 5° 1° 5, variable in form; lateral
very numerous, subsimilar, more slender, curved at the tip, the
inner ones on each side largest. Reetum traversing the heart.

Suborder I. ScuTrBRANCHIA.

Gills in a spiral line on the left side of the gill-cavity. Body and
shell spiral. Eyes pedicelled, at the outer side of the base of the
tentacles.

A. Sides of the foot without any membranaceous fringe, with
beards on its upper surface. Shell not pearly within. The
second and fifth central teeth on each side large.

Fam. I. NERITINIDA.

. Shell hemispherical, flat beneath ; spire lateral; inner lip flattened,
transverse ; outer arched. Operculum with a process on the inner
side under the nucleus, forming a kind of hinge with the inner lip of
the shell.

Tentacles elongate, subulate. Foot oblong. Teeth: the central
4-1°:4, very unequal; the outer teeth large, broad, dark ; the lateral
teeth very numerous, slender, hooked (fig. 70).

a. Operculum horny, with a shelly coat on each side; edge chan-
neled (fig. 71).
1. NERITA.

Shell thick, hemispherical ; inner lip acute, often toothed ; aper-
ture moderate or semicircular.

Fig. 70.—Teeth of Nerita peloronta.

OF MOLLUSCA. 137

. plicata, t. 45. f. 6.
. albicella, t. 45. f. 5. Fig. 71.—Operculum of Nerita.
vexuvia, t.: 44.4.7. yA

. Dunar, t. 44. f. 5, 6.

. ascensionis, t. 44. f. 4.

« versicolor, t. 44.’ f. 2,3.
. punctata, t. 44. f. 1.

. polita, t. 45. f. 8.

. lineata, t. 265. f. 4.

Nerita scabricosta lives on rocks between high water and three-
quarter tide-level, collected in the crevices. The young are commonly
seen crawling above high-water mark where the rocks and stones are
wet with the spray.—C. B. Adams.

DONT Or oo to
ZAZAAZAAAZA!ADAN

2. PUPERITA.

Operculum shelly, with two apophyses, the anterior tubercular,
the hinder subspiral, ear-shaped. Marine.

1. P. Pupa, Rossmisler, Icon. iii. 35. f. 4, operculum.

b. Operculum solid, shelly, with a thin flexible edge.

3. NERITELLA.

Shell thin, hemispherical, smooth ; inner lip transverse, smooth or
denticulated. Operculum as large as mouth of shell, with a simple,
oblique, lanceolate, ear-shaped apophysis (fig. 72).

1. N. fluviatilis, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. H.H. f. 1.

. pulligera, t. 45. f. 4.

. reticulata, t. 45. f. 1.

. brevispina, t. 45. f. 2. Fig. 72.—Operculum of Neritella.
communis, t. 45. f. 3.

a surieinatn, ¢., 45. £.,7.
amphibia, t. 45. f. 9.
virginea, t. 128. f. 3.
Georgiana, t. 106a. f. 3.
Gaimardi, t. 106 a. f. 2.
Michaudi, t. 106*. f. 1.
piceg. t. 10G*. f..4.

. vestita, t. 106 a. f. 5.

. Goldu,,t. 106 a. f..7.

. indica, t. 106a. f. 8.

. Tugosa, t. 106 a. f. 6.

. tahitensis, t. 106 a. f. 10.
. Nuttallu, t. 106a. f. 9.

Operculum of Neritella fluviatilis with a single, oblique, lanceolate,
ear-shaped apophysis..—Rossm. Icon. ii. 34, fig.
Tongue of Neritella fluviatilis with nine longitudinal series of

PN ee A A pre WN

3
4
)
6
7
8
9
10
ale
12.
13
14
15
16
17
18

138 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

teeth, with many (about sixty) series of very slender, declivated
hooks ; the central tooth minute, subquadrate ; the first lateral large,

Fig. 73.—Teeth of Neritella fluviatilis.

subtrigonal, scapula-shaped, with the front edge rather short, repli-
cate; the second and third minute, between the first and fourth ;
the fourth very large, coloured, irregular hood-shaped, with an odd-
shaped base transversely produced externally into a fulerum.—Rossm.
Icon. tii. 34, fig.

Central tooth of Neritella fluviatilis minute, unarmed, body sub-
quadrate, narrowed at the base, produced; lateral teeth three; of which

Fig. 74.—Teeth of Neritella crepidularia.

the first is very large, laminaceous, transverse, subtriangular ; upper
margin rather straight, folded back, flat, the lower outwardly rounded,
interiorly notched ; second and third minute, suboval, laminaceous ;
middle keel thicker, flexuous: lateral series of teeth about sixty ;
the first by far the larger, very irregular in shape, scape short, thick,
furnished on the inside with a tubercle, head very large, transverse,
capped, convex, anterior margin radiato-denticulated, along with the
scape emitting a large wing which is rounded and recurved ; other
lateral teeth equal, with a suboval hook denticulated behind ; scape
produced on the inside (fig. 74).

Dr. Shuttleworth believes that the erosion of the apex of some of
the fluviatile Neritelle is caused by the animal’s filing off the apices
by its teeth, the mark of the teeth being left on the surface of the
erosion. This is particularly the case with the specimens which
live in streams in granitic countries, and he suspects that the animals
supply themselves with the calcareous matter to form their shells
from this source; the body of the Neritel/e beg withdrawn from
the tip of the shell as the shell is enlarged in size.

Neritella picta is strictly marine: on sticks and stones in a grove
of trees a little above half-tide level ; also in dirty places on rocks at
a little below half-tide level (C. B. Adams); but according to Mr.
Cuming, on a mud-bank partially overflowed with fresh water !

OF MOLLUSCA. 139

4. CaTILLus.

Shell half-ovate or oblong; apex small, subposterior; inner lip
small, arched; aperture very large. Operculum small, rudimentary
(fig. 75).

1. C. porcellanus, t. 46. f. 5, 6, 12, 34.

“Mantle of Catillus very broad and very ex- Fig. 75.—Operculum
tensible, like the Patelle ; between the foot and of Catillus.
the mantle is a keel where the gills are in the
Patellg. When kept in a vessel of water they
come to the surface to respire. The operculum is
placed on a large membrane resemblinga mantle.”
—Van Hasselt, Bull. Sct. Nat. ii. 86.

Central teeth of Catillus moderately broad ; second large, trans-

Fig. 76.—Teeth of Catillus, from Ceylon.

verse; third and fourth very small, conical, rudimentary ; fifth
oblong, with a transverse, toothed crest; lateral teeth numerous,
hair-like (fig. 76).

B. Sides of the foot with a continuous fringe, with three or four
elongated tentacles on its upper surface, often continued, and
forming one or two lappets on the forehead between the ten-
tacles. Shell generally pearly within. The central teeth small,
subequal in size, often rather different in form.

* Rostrum not produced. Proboscis? retractile, surrounded by an
expanded veil.

Fam. II. ROTELLADA.

Mouth small, rounded, sunken at the base of the veil. Proboscis
short, cylindrical, retractile. | 'Tongue-membrane linear-elongate.
Teeth like Trochus. Tentacles linear; right free, simple, with a
compressed lobe on its inner side ; left tentacles with a large mem-
branaceous expansion folded over the mouth and then back to the
left side of the head, and continued by a slight ridge to the lateral
fringe. Lateral fringe distinct, with three tentacles on each side,
produced on the front of the right side into a large, oblong, fleshy
lobe, which probably covers the base of the shell, and forms the
callosity over the axis (see dan. §& Mag. N. H. 1853, xii. 179).

140 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

1. RoTeLua.

Shell orbicular, depressed, polished ; porcellaneous axis callous ;
mouth circular, with a columnar groove.

t. K. tintolsta, ¢. 38. 2-7, 6; 4.107. f. 6.

Littoral, burying themselves in the sand left by the sea at low
water.

Foot of Rotella lineolata truncated in front ; when contracted, in
spirits, with a deep central groove, and with the side edges folded
down in front; lateral fringe with three tentacles on each side;
the front one on the right side, near the eye, produced into an
oblong fleshy lobe which partly covers the base of the shell,
and probably forms the callosity. Tentacles two, subulate; right
larger, free, with an oblong, compressed lobe on its hinder side,
with a very indistinct indication of an eye on the inner side of the
end; hence probably a modified eye-pedicel. The left tentacles
smaller, partly attached to the upper side of the left eye-pedicel,
which is cylindrical, with a large membranaceous expansion attached
to the whole length of the side, which is fringed with small beards
on the edge, and folded to the right over the mouth towards the
right tentacles, and then folded back and continued by a slightly
elevated ridge with the front edge of the left lateral fringe. Muzzle
none. Mouth circular, sunken, under the base of the curious-shaped
veil. Proboscis short, retractile. Lingual membrane elongate, with
numerous setaceous teeth suddenly bent ; the innermost series dilated
beneath the bend and the end, and finely denticulated near the tip ;
denticulated hooks at the tip in oblique series on each side, without
any central teeth.

According to Dr. Lovén, the central tooth of Rotella lineolata
is longitudinally subrectangular, unarmed ; lateral six on each side,
of which four are gradually a little longer, and are almost of the
same shape as the central one; fifth and sixth elongated, keeled,
the former linear, bent, the latter subfusiform ; lateral series of teeth
nearly equal in size, with an oval hook, in the inner ones denticu-
lated behind at the flexure, in the middle one on all sides; scape
arcuate, produced under the hook.

* Animal of Rotella opake white. Foot large, flexible, edge often
playing up against the shell, with a lobe on the side of the mantle
partly clinging to the shell, but not enveloping it. Mouth acurious
siphon-slit next the outer lip of the shell, and filled with cilia. Ten-
tacles four; one of these, bearing the eyes, forms an edge to the slit ;
the other bearing the eyes, and two other tentacles, free their whole
length, the latter having roots inside the siphon. Cilia of siphon
tipped with black; sometimes they gather against the sides, so that
you see a tube with a black rim, but usually they are rayed.

“The Rotelle live where they are left dry at least two hours each
tide, just buried in the sand; when placed in water they did not
move about much, only raised up their siphons, so I conclude that
they feed on the minute living things brought to them by the water.”
—Fairbank, Ann. Lyc. N. York, 1853, p. 35.

OF MOLLUSCA. 141

The description of the animal by Mr. Fairbank (Ann. Lyc. New
York, vi. 35) is not correct ; and those given by Quoy and Gaimard
(Voy. Astrol. cop. Fig. Moll. t. 38. f. 7, 8) and Kiener (Conch. t. 1,
cop. Fig. Moll. t. 107. f. 6) are evidently from some species of
Trochus.

2. PHOTINA.

Shell smooth, subconical; spire depressed ; axis covered with a
smooth callus; columella ending in a simple point. Operculum
horny. Animal ?

1. P. teeniata, Gray in Wood, Cat. Supp. t. 5. f. 12.

3. ISANDA.

Shell orbiculately conical, polished ; whorls rounded ; pillar-edge
crenated ; axis umbilicated. Operculum orbicular, of many whorls.
Animal ir

1. I. coronata, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 46. f. 2.

4, CAMITIA.

Shell orbicular, depressed, polished, imperforated; whorls rounded ;
pillar-edge callous; pillar-lip spirally twisted in front. Operculum
? Animal

1. C. pulcherrima, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 46. f. 8.

5. CHRYSOSTOMA.

Shell subglobose, solid, polished, very slightly perforated ; whorls
few, rounded ; pillar-edge callous. Operculum ——? Animal ?

1. C. paradoxum.

** Rostrum short, produced, truncated, not retractile.

Eyes most often free, the fringe generally above the rostrum, and
continued to the sides of the foot, fimbriated, furnished with a series
of little beards. Tentacles often covered with a series of papille.
Gill-bearing lobe simple. Lingual membrane long, strong, linear, in
great measure received into the visceral cavity. Teeth: central series
many ; lateral teeth very numerous, hooked, in a series, gradually
growing more slender and more simple.

Trochina, Lovén.

Fam. III. TURBINIDA.

Operculum horny, with a solid, external, convex, calcareous coat.
Frontal appendages two, between the tentacula, lobed.

142 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

a. Turbina. Body cylindrical. Aperture of shell and operculum
subcircular. Shell top-shaped ; front of whorls convex.

* Operculum without spiral ridges.

1. SARMATICUS.

Operculum externally covered with numerous separate, flat-topped
tubercles. Shell top-shaped, thick, imperforate; outer lip with a
submarginal black line of animal matter.

1. S. Classicarius. Turbo Sarmaticus, Linn. Operculum thin ; tu-
bercles separate.

2. S. natalensis. Turbo n., Krauss. Operculum thick; tubercles
crowded.

2. TuRBO.

Operculum externally convex and granular (fig. 77). Shell top-
shaped, imperforated or perforated, covered with a periostraca ; spire
conical ; aperture circular ; outer lip simple, rather produced in front.

. araucanus, t. 108. f. 3. Fig. 77.—Inside of operculum
. radiatus, t. 107 a. f. 2. of Turbo.

. chrysostoma, t. 41. f. 6. .
. marmoratus, t. 37. f. 1.
. tuberculosus, t. 38. f. 5.
. smaragdus, t. 38. f. 1.

Pe ee
ae ae Bae Bar Mae Bee |

Tongue of Turbo elongate, linear, pale brown. Teeth 00°5°1°5-00,
in doubly arched series, the inner ones‘in a concave line, the outer

Fig. 78.-—Teeth of Turbo ? (Antarctic Expedition).

in a convex cross line; central tooth linear, dark red, rather dilated
and truncated at the tip; inner lateral teeth elongate, ending in an
elongated compressed hook; outer lateral teeth elongate, ending in
an elongated hook, the inner one large, and gradually diminishing in
size to the outer edge (fig. 78).

OF MOLLUSCA. 143

** Operculum with one or more spiral ribs.

3. MARMOROSTOMA.

Operculum with an indistinct subcentral rib, surrounded by a
broad flat margin. Shell turbinate, solid, deeply perforated ; spire
low ; aperture circular; inner lip flattened and produced in front.

1. M. undulatum, t. 38. f. 2, 3, t. 60. f. 9-14.
2. M. versicolor, t. 38. f. 4, 6.

4. AMYXA.

Operculum with an indistinct, broad, subcentral rib, with a nar-
row, fiat edge. Shell top-shaped, solid, imperforate ; aperture ovate ;
pillar-lip with a curved groove; throat grooved.

1. A. niger, t.108. f. 1. Prisogaster n., ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 43. f. 6.

5. Mopettia.

Operculum with a convex, subcentral granular rib, and a sharp-
edged submarginal keel. Shell top-shaped, imperforated, thin,
granular; spire conical; aperture subcircular.

1. M. granosus. Turbo g., Martyn.

6. CALLOPOMA.

Operculum with a broad central and three or five submarginal
spiral ribs; outer ribs toothed. Shell top-shaped, thick, imper-
forate; spire conical; aperture circular; inner lip grooved, pro-
duced in front.

1. C. fluctuosum. Turbo fl., Gray. Opercular ribs five.
2. C. saxosum. Turbo s., Gray. Opercular ribs three.

7. NINELLA.

Operculum concave externally, and edged with two raised spiral
ribs and a thin edge. Shell top-shaped, depressed, rugose, deeply
umbilicated ; aperture circular, with an oblong concavity near the
pillar.

1. N. lamellosa. Turbo 1., Brod.
2. N. torquata, t. 39. f. 2.

8. CoLLONIA.

Operculum circular, of many gradually enlarging whorls, with a
convex external rib and central pit. Shell top-shaped, solid, spirally
striated, imperforate ; aperture circular, contracted ; inner lip rather
callous.

1. C. marginata. Delphinula m., Lamk.
2. C. striata, Gray. Shell red, white-marbled, striated. Africa.

144 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

b. Imperatorina. Body subquadrate. Aperture of shell subqua-
drate. Operculum oblong or ovate, solid, convex. Shell top-
shaped ; front of whorls flattened.

9. UvANILLA.

Operculum flat, with two distinct convex radiating ribs, lower one
straight and nearly parallel to the edge, upper arched, subcentral ;
axis imperforate, callous. Shell top-shaped, imperforate, with mar.
ginal spines.

1. U. olivaceus. Trochus 0., Gray.
2. U. unguis. Trochus u., Gray.
3. U. fimbriatus, t. 38. f. 9.

10. CALCAR.

Operculum thick, with a slight convexity over the axis; outer
edge thin; axis perforated. Shell top-shaped, imperforated ; whorls
keeled, with spiny scales.

1. C. magnus, Chemn. Trochus Calcar, Linn.
2..C. stellaris, t. 89. f. 4.

11. PoMAULAX.

Operculum flat, with three convex radiating ribs; upper submar-
ginal; axis perforated. Shell trochiform, imperforated; whorls
nodulose behind.

1. P. undosus. Trochus u., Gray.
2. P. japonicus. Trochus j., Dunker.

12. GUuILDFORDIA.

Operculum flat, with a very slight ridge near the arched or outer
margin. Shell depressed, with elongated marginal spines; outer
lip smuous ; axis covered with a callus.

1. G. triumphans. Trochus Guildfordiz, Gray.
2. G. heliophorus, t. 40. f. 1.

13. PacHYPoMA.

Operculum oblong, subquadrangular, very convex externally. Shell
top-shaped, imperforated ; pillar-lip rather truncated in front.

1. P. ineequalis. Trochus i., Martyn. Trochus gibberulus, Chemn.
2. P. celatus. Trochus c., Gmelin.

14. LirHoroMa.

Operculum ovate, thick, thicker at the end, with a broad thin
margin on outer edge. Shell top-shaped, imperforated; whorls
nodulose ; aperture subcircular.

). L. tuber. Trochus t., Linn.

OF MOLLUSCA. 145

15. IMPERATOR.

Operculum thin, flat, rather thinner on edge. Shell: whorls
keeled, with hollow compressed spines.

1. I. solaris.

16. Cooxta.

Operculum ovate, with a slight tubercle over the axis, and a single
subcentral arched rib. Shell top-shaped, rugose, imperforated, con-
cave over the axis.

1. C. nobilis, t. 40. f. 2.

17. Botma.

Operculum ovate, suborbicular, convex, with a subcentral tubercle
over the axis, and a broad submarginal spiral rib. Shell top-shaped,
rugose ; aperture circular.

Pw rusosa,; t. 43. f. 6, t. 107. f. 1, 5, °¢. 108.1. 5.

ce. Eutropiana. Body of animal, aperture and operculum ovate.

18. EuTropta.

Shell ovate; spire conical; whorls smooth, polished; aperture
oval; pillar smooth ; outer lip thin, simple. Operculum ovate, ex-
ternally convex, smooth.

1. E. australis, t. 41. f. 1,2.

2. E. pulla. Phasianella p., Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. D.D. f. 5,
frontal lobes slender.

Central tooth of Hutropia pulla transversely ovate, produced in the
middle at the base; cutting part not recurved, entire ; lateral teeth

Fig. 79.—Teeth of Eutropia pulla.

five on each side, oblique, the four inner imbricated; cutting-
edge recurved with three to four points, in the fourth at the side,
and furnished with a process winged outwardly, in the third and
fourth obsolete, fifth sublinear, clavate. Lateral series of teeth on

L

146 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

each side about seventy, the first by far the longest, gradually dimi-
nishing, hooked, pointed, denticulated behind at the bend, in the
first externally hollowed, in the last obsolete; scape of the first
wide, winged within, in the remainder simple, the middle produced
within.

The neck-lappets of Hutropia pulla subcircular membranes ; the
right is the largest, margined with twelve or fifteen distinct cirrhi of
almost equal length, and fimbriating the sides ; the left has only eight
or ten cirrhi. The operculigerous lobe is almost coextensive with
the foot; it is furnished with three densely ciliated, flattish, pointed
vibracula on each side; the middle ones are very short and incon-
spicuous ; each bifid. The branchial plume is single, arcuated, with
numerous close-set transverse vessels at the anterior end, which are
long at their commencement and taper gradually to near the peri-
cardium, as in Littorine. The lateral vibracula two or four, long,
setose. Neck-lappet scalloped, with six or nine dentations or cirrhi,
more developed on the pillar side. It walks like Cyclostoma elegans
and some Littorine, by one-half of the longitudinal area bounded by
a central incised line being extended and fixed; the other half is
then brought up, and in like manner fixed, while the first half makes
a progression, and soon. ‘Thus half the foot is alternately in motion,
giving the animal a lateral oscillatory progress.—Clark, Moll. 321.

Fam. IV. LIOTIADZ.

Operculum horny, with an external calcareous coat formed of
numerous separate, pearl-like, shelly particles placed in spiral lines.
Shell discoidal, white, spirally grooved or concentrically ridged.
Aperture orbicular, more or less pearly within.

a. Body of animal and whorls cylindrical, rounded.

1. Liotta.

Shell variced ; axis perforated or umbilicated ; aperture circular ;
throat pearly ; lips thick.

1. L. granulosa. Delphinula g., Dunker.
2. L. Kraussii. Solarium cancellatum, Krauss.
3. L. cancellata. Delph. c., Gray = D. Cobiensis, Reeve.

The head of Liotia pulcherrima is proboscidiform ; the tentacles
subulate ; the eyes on conspicuous peduncles at their outer bases ;
there are no intertentacular lobes, but a conical lobe on each side of
the head external to the eye-peduncles; lateral membrane of the
foot undulated, and furnished behind with three cirrhi. The opercu-
lum is arctispiral; the volutions being very narrow, numerous, and
covered with a calcareous deposit which is articulated at regular in-
tervals, giving the upper surface of the operculum a tessellated ap-

OF MOLLUSCA. 147

pearance. The periphery is ornamented with radiating horny fibres.
—Adams, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 50. t. 8. f. 21.

2. LipprisTEs.
Shell subdiscoidal; mouth round ; lips searcely reflexed.

1. L. cancellata. Cyclostrema c., Leach.
2. L. evoluta. Delph. e., Reeve.

b. Body and whorls compressed, subquadrate, flattened in front.

3. ADEORBIS.

Shell suborbicular, white, umbilicated ; whorls spirally ribbed ;
aperture subquadrate, ovate, very oblique. Peristome continuous,
simple; throat pearly. Operculum orbicular, shelly, circular, flat,
elosely multispiral, with a frosted surface.

1. A. subcarinatus. Trochus s., Montague.

Fig. 80.—Operculum
Fam. V. TROCHID. of Trochus.

Operculum horny, of many gradually enlarging
whorls, not covered with a calcareous coat (fig. 80).
No frontal fringe between the tentacula. Rostrum
produced.

A. Operculum circular, many-whorled (fig. 80) (p. 158).

a. Shell top-shaped; aperture of shell contracted, quadrangular ;
whorls compressed, subquadrate, fiat in front. Trochina.

(Page 155.)

§ Axis of shell imperforated, slightly concave in front.

1. PyRAmIs.

Shell conical, imperforated, flat in front; aperture subquadran-
gular, wider than long; pillar short, spirally twisted, and acute in
front.

1. P. obeliscus, t. 39. f. 3.

2. CARDINALIA.

Shell conical, imperforated, flat in front; aperture four-sided ;
pillar-lip simple above, without any groove, and ending in a simple
point in front.

Pet s-elake, 6.) 61: £2.22. 26.
L 2

148 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

§§ Avis of shell imperforated, conically concave in front.

3. TROCHUS.
Pillar-lip twisted, simple; axial cavity smooth; throat smooth.

* Axial cavity moderate, smooth, conical.
1.“ ndlotieus; t. 43.4941.

** Axial cavity very deep, conical.
2. T. asper.

Arial cavity very deep and wide, open. Infundibulum.
3. T. concavus.

4. Rocuia.
Pillar-lip twisted, simple ; axial cavity deep, narrow, smooth, with
a strong fold on the pillar-lip, and a deep sinus behind, near tlhe whorl.
1. R. acutangula.

5. Pracia.
Pillar-lip twisted, simple; axial cavity deep, narrow, with a
distinct narrow, central, spiral rib; throat striated.
1. P. elegantula. Trochus e., Gray.

6. ANTHORA.
Pillar-lip twisted, simple; axial cavity moderate, narrow, with
several opake subspiral ridges.
1. A. tuberculata. Polydonta t., Gray.

7. PoLyDONTA.
Pillar-lip two- or three-twisted ; throat sulcated.

* Axial cavity smooth or slightly ridged.

1. P.? tiaratum, t: 64. f. 6, 11.
2. P. sandwichense, t. 107 a. f. 5. Frontal appendage distinct,
lobed!

** 4uial cavity with regular spiral ridges.
3. P. Hanleyanum.

Lingual membrane of Polydonta umbilicatum linear elongate, trans-
parent. Teeth 00°5+1°5:*00; central tooth small, laminar, longer
than broad, rather contracted above, square below; apex rounded,
slightly recurved; inner lateral teeth 5° 5, similar, equal, linear,
rather oblique, with a rather large, thickened, rounded, slightly
recurved apex; outer lateral teeth very numerous, hair-like, linear,
equal, similar, with the apex recurved,

OF MOLLUSCA. 149

8. CLANCULUS.

Pillar-lip and throat toothed; forehead with a toothed crest on
each side near the tentacula ?

* Outer lip of adult with a large tooth.

ioe naraonis, t..42.f. 3.

. C. patagonicus, t. 48. f. 2.
. C.? Isabelle, t. 108. f. 4.
=e. unibatus; t.63.. f.. 1, 6.

** Outer lip of adult smooth.

Bm Ob

. C. Maugeri.
. C. articulatus.

oy or

§§§ Avis of shell imperforated and flat in front.

9, ZIiZIPHINUS.
Shell top-shaped ; aperture quadrangular ; throat smooth.

* Whorls flat in front.

1. Z. vulgaris, t. 43. f. 3, t. 107. f. 27; Forbes §& Hanley, B. M.
CHEE: f. 1.
. erythroleucos, t. 107. f. 3.
. conulus?, t. 107. f. 2.
. granulatus?, t. 43. f. 2; Forbes & Hanley, B. M.t. D.D.f. 4.
. diaphanus, t. 64. f. 1-5.
. alabastrites, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. E.E. f. 2.

D> oO & bO
NNNNN

** Whorls rather rounder and convex in front.

7. Z. tenuis.
8. Z. punctulatus.
9. Z. Tigris.

The branchial plume of the Ziziphini is acutely pointed in
front, increasing in breadth behind to its arrival at the region of
the pericardium. It is usually long, tapering like a leaf to a fine
point, and composed of one or more rows of short, close-set strands,
accompanied in some species, we think, by the rudiments of mucous
fillets. The male organ of Ziziphinus is a narrow, white, tough,
gently arcuated and subulate filament, lining or attached from base
to point to one side of the branchial leaf. The orifice of the ovary
is placed below the rectum.—Clark, Moll. 318, 319.

Central tooth of Ziziphinus vulgaris laminaceous, lanceolate ; three
parts at the base oval, suddenly wider, tip recurved, sharp, serrulated
on both sides ; lateral teeth on each side five, imbricated, and shaped
like the half of the central one ; the last somewhat different in shape ;
lateral series of teeth sixty and upwards on each side; the first by
far the stoutest, wide, the base dilated behind, the hook toothed

150 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

below with tubercles, the remaining teeth slender, with a compressed
hook, pointed; in the inner one toothed below, serrulated on both

Fig. 81.—Teeth of Ziziphinus vulgaris.

sides, in the middle ones pectinated on each side, in the last obso-
lete ; scape slender, simple, furnished before the base with an external
spur-shaped process (fig. 81).

Lingual membrane of Ziziphinus vulgaris elongate, linear, trans-
parent. Teeth 00°1°5°1°00; central square, about as long as
broad; apex rounded, very slightly recurved; inner lateral teeth
5° 5, thin, half-ovate ; apex rounded, recurved ; central lateral teeth
strong, claw-like, compressed, curved, acute ; outer lateral teeth very
numerous, hair-like, sinuous, subequal, innermost rather largest,
curved at the tip. 7

Lateral vibracula of Ziziphinus vulgaris 4° 4, the neck-lappets on
each side large, subrotund, symmetrical, plain on the edges; head-
lappets none.

The head-lappets of Ziziphinus Montagui are each split into five
short, flattish cilia, fimbriated at the sides; neck-lappets plain, that
on right side largest, and often rolling itself up like a branchial
fold.

Muzzle of Ziziphinus granulatus elongate ; mouth with a pair of
oval, horny laminze, and a very short lingual riband passing to the
cesophagus ; head-lobes very small, lateral ; neck-lappets two,
similar, large, pendent, and sinuated ; lateral vibracula four on each
side, partially retractile into a tubular sheath, and in constant
motion.—Clark, Moll. 305.

10. THALOTIA.

Shell conical, turrited, solid, granulated ; axis imperforated ; aper-
ture longer than wide ; pillar-lip subtruncate, tubercular; outer lip
thickened and crenulated within. Operculum many-whorled.—
Adams, Gen. Moll. 420. t. 48. f. 1.

Australia; New Zealand.

t. T. conica.

OF MOLLUSCA. 151

§§$§ Azis of shell perforated or umbilicated, more or less com-
pletely covered with a callous deposit ; inner edge of whorls
simple.

+ Pillar-lip regularly arched.

11. OxysTELeE.

Shell top-shaped, solid, smooth; axis perforated, covered with a
callous deposit ; aperture square; pillar flattened, gradually blending
into the thin outer lip.

1. O. merula, t. 42. f. 8.
2. Q. czrulescens. Photinula c., ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 48. f. 9a,
operculum.

_ Some of the species of this genus are very like species of Labio.

12. Trocuiscus.

Shell subdiscoidal, covered with a periostraca; axis umbilicated,
open ; aperture nearly circular; inner lip thin, flattened, rather pro-
duced in front, gradually blending into the outer lip. Operculum
horny, of many gradually enlarging whorls, with a thin, free, raised
external edge.

1. T. Norrisii.

Trochiscus is very nearly allied to Gibbula. Trochus oculus from
Australia appears to be the same in a semi-fossil state.

13. GIBBULA.

Shell depressed, conical, solid ; axis perforated, more or less open ;
aperture subrhomboidal ; pillar arched gradually. Operculum of
many gradually enlarging whorls.

* Axial cavity moderate.

1. G. cineraria, t. 42. f.5,6; Forbes & Hanley, B. M.t.D.D. f. 1.
2G: ft) 42. £29.

3. G. ——?, t. 42. f. 2.

mee 0 0 t. 4208. 4.

me ee aes Tt A. fod

6. G. ——?, t. 51. f. 1, 2.

7. G. tumida. Trochus t., Forbes & Hanley, B. M.t. D.D. f. 2.
8. G. magus. Trochus m., Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. D.D. f. 3.

** Aaial cavity very wide.

- 9. G. pulligo.
10. G. levis.

The species of this genus gradually pass into Omphalius.

Central teeth of Gibbula magus broad, lanceolate ; apex lanceolate,
denticulated on each side ; four or five inner lateral linear-lanceolate,

152 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

arched, curved, denticulated on each side; outer central strong ;
lateral teeth numerous, hair-like, innermost rather larger.

The mantle of Gibbula magus shows an incomplete, tubular, bran-
chial fold; head-lappets two, suboval, approximating, large, long,
fimbriated on the edges, hanging over the head; lateral vibracula
3° 3, fimbriated; neck-lappets large, suboval, the columellar one
two- or three-lobed, the dextral one plain ; operculum of five or seven
spiral turns.—Clark, Moll. 311.

The two head-lappets of Gibbula cineraria almost coalesce, form-
ing a crenated veil ; the neck-lappets are suboval and well-developed,
that on the pillar side with three or four thick, subcylindrical, pendent
fillets from the lower edge, the other plain; lateral vibracula 3° 3,
sheathed at the base; operculum serrated on the edge.—Clarf, 312.

Teeth of Gibbula cineraria numerous, in curved cross lines ; cen-
tral elongate; inner lateral 5°5, rather oblique, with a transverse
hook at the apex, gradually larger externally ; outer one with large
hooks ; outer lateral numerous, hair-like, hooked.

Central tooth of Gibbula cineraria heart-shaped, produced at the
base in the middle, above contracted by a short neck on both sides,
rounded and winged, forming a transverse oval head; cutting edge
transverse, denticulated ; lateral teeth on each side five, imbricated,
shaped like the half of the central one, but towards the sides gradually
changing in shape; the neck wider, cutting edge oblique, and fur-
nished with a plate directed inwards, in the last the plate is large
and subquadrate. Lateral series of teeth on each side about ninety,
slender, with a plain hook, linear, gradually diminishing, in the last

Fig. 82—Teeth of Gibbula cineraria.

KtM) Ww ae f AM

CICA Dy Som pe

) Z Li77,
SAY » SN ie

AW i jw

obsolete, in the inner ones denticulated only at the base, in the
middle ones on all sides; scape compressed, in the first furnished
behind with a wing, in the middle ones simple, produced under the
hook, slightly bent towards the base, attenuated, in the last lamina-
ceous (fig. 82).

The head-lappets of Gibbula umbilicata are small, very anterior,
distinctly separated, and fringed with six short cilia ; the neck-lappets
are large, the pillar one fringed, the other plain, sinuated; lateral
vibracula 3° 3, sheathed ; operculum multispiral.

The two head-lappets of Gibbula tumida are small, delicately
denticulated ; the ueck-lappets are large and discordant, the pillar
one gently scalloped ; the right one is largest, plain-edged ; tentacula

OF MOLLUSCA. 153

setose ; the lateral vibracula are 3° 3, setose, half-retractile ; bran-
chial plume minute ; operculum multispiral.

The mantle of Gibdula lineata is even, but the pillar-lappet often
forms a branchial fold; head-lappets two, small, suboval, lateral ;
the neck-lappets are only a continuation of the operculigerous lobes,
the one on the pillar side breaking into eight or ten dentations, the
outer one plain.—Clark, Moll. 309.

14. MARGARITA.

Shell subglobose, thin, polished or striated; axis umbilicated,
open; aperture nearly circular; pillar-lip ending in a point; throat
iridescent. Operculum of many rather gradually enlarging whorls.
1. M. helicina, Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 49. f. 60, operculum ; Forbes

_& Hanley, B.M.t.C.C.f.4. |

Lingual membrane of Margarita antarctica linear, transparent,
rather dilated in front. Teeth 00°5°1:°5:00; central tooth elon-

Fig. 83.—Teeth of Margarita antarctica.

gate, dilated in front ; upper edge concave, very transparent ; inner
lateral 3-3 or 5°5, linear, bristle-like, arched, acute, rather far
apart ; middle lateral strong, transparent, with a strong transparent
apical hook ; outer lateral very numerous, crowded, slender, hooked
at the end (fig. 83).

The skin of Margarita is reticulated. Tentacles hispid, with very
minute tubercles, channeled above, with a minute internal lobe. Eye-
pedicel free, short, united by a frontal veil. Foot with a large ante-
rior lobe and lateral beards, grooved above behind.—Lovén.

Prehensile collar of Margarita helicina distinct. Teeth 00°6°1°6-00;
the central thirteen subsimilar, strap-shaped ; apex recurved, denticu-
lated, the middle one rather the broadest; lateral numerous, subu-
late, recurved at the tip.— Alder.

+t Pillar-lip slightly twisted in front.

15. TEGULA.

Shell elongate, top-shaped; axis imperforate, covered with a
callous deposit ; pillar spirally twisted, ending in a large prominent
tubercle in front.

1. T. pellis-serpentis.
The axis of this shell is rarely perforated.

154 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

+++ Pillar-lip with a small notch in front, forming a slight tooth.

16. CHLOROSTOMA.

Shell top-shaped, smooth, solid; axis umbilicated or perforated,
more or less completely covered with a callous deposit; aperture
oblique ; pillar-lip arched, with a slight notch, forming a small tooth
= a. outer lip angular behind. Operculum horny, many-
whorled.

1. C. atrum, ddams, Gen. Moll. 428. t. 49. f. 1 a, operculum.

Some specimens of the species of this genus are perforated, or
even umbilicated, when the type is imperforated.

17. OMPHALIUS.

Shell top-shaped, granulated, solid; axis perforated, open; imner
edge of whorls sharply keeled; aperture subquadrate;_pillar-lip
with a notch, forming one tooth and sometimes more teeth in front.
Operculum circular, flat, many-whorled.—ddams, Gen. Moll. 429.
t. 49. f. 2a.

* Shell conical, granulated ; outer lip contracted.

. quadricostatus.

. Byronianus.

. aureotinctus.

. maculatostriatus.
. lividomaculatus.

Silt con ae ee
OCO000

** Shell conical ; outer lip extended.
6. O. excavatus.

*** Shell depressed, smooth.
7. O. roseus.

**EE Shell conical, elevated, tubercular.
8. O. declivis.
18. Monitia.

Shell depressed, subconic, thick, spirally striated ; axis perforated,
open; inner edge of whorls with a striated callous band; aperture
round ; pillar-lip arched, with a notch in front forming one or more
small tubercles. Operculum of a few gradually enlarging whorls.—
Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 49. f. 3a.

1. M. eallifera.

§§§§§ Avis umbilicated ; inner edge of whorls crenated.

19. PHivippia,
Shell conical, umbilicated ; whorls compressed, subquadrate, with

OF MOLLUSCA. 155

two external ribs; inner edge with two crenated ribs; axis umbili-
cated. Operculum horny, cblong, circular ; whorls five or six, rapidly
enlarging.— Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 8 a, b.

1. P. lutea. Solarium 1., Philippi, Moll. Sicil. i. 174; Adams,
Gen. Moll. t. 25. f. 8, shell and operculum only.

** Animal exactly like Trochus.”’ ‘Operculum very thin, of many
whorls, with a central calcareous nucleus on the inner side.”’—
Philippt.

b. Shell subglobose; aperture contracted; whorls subcylindrical,
rounded in front. Monodontina. (Page 147.)

+ Pillar twisted, with a more or less distinct tooth in front.

20. Monoponrta.

Shell conic, ovate, solid, grooved and granulated ; axis imperforated
or covered ; aperture ovate; pillar-lip with two strong opake tuber-
cles; outer lip grooved; throat pearly ; lateral beards 4°4. Oper-
culum with many gradually enlarging whorls.

1. M.? Osilin, t. 43. f. 7, 8.
2. M. teeniata, ti63.-£: 15,17.
3. M. canalifera, t. 64. f. 26, 29.

21. TuRCICA.

Shell conical, thin, granular; axis imperforated; aperture longer
than wide ; pillar thick, spirally twisted behind, blunt and prominent
in front; outer lip thin, simple. Operculum ? Animal ?

1. T. monilifera, Adams, Gen. Moll. 423. t. 48. f. 3.

22. LaABIO.

Shell conical, ovate, solid, grooved, and often granulated; axis
perforated, at length covered; aperture roundish ; pillar-lip thick,
rounded, with a slight prominence or tubercle in front. Operculum
horny, many-whorled.

1. L. fragaroides, t. 42. f. 7.

z (as US. te 0.

. constrictus, t. 63. f. 23, 27.
. striolatus, t. 63. f. 18, 22.
. zelandicus, t. 64. f. 12, 15.
. cingulatus, t. 64. f. 16, 20.

The lingual membrane and teeth of Labzo crassus are like those of
Gibbula umbilicata. See figure of ‘‘ Tongue,” Osler, Phil. Trans.
1932, tid 4i-fs 2.

So G0
sal sal al a) ad a

156 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

++ Pillar regularly arched.

23. Livona.

Shell subglobose ; axis umbilicated, with a notched callus near the
mouth; aperture circular. Operculum horny. Animal: lateral
beards numerous.

* Shell umbilicated.
1. L. Fin. t. 41 f. 7.

** Shell not umbilicated, rarely perforated. Chrysostoma.
2. L. paradoxa.

In the British Museum there is a specimen of Z. paradoca, tuber-
cular and perforated, nearly like L. Pica.

c. Shell depressed; aperture contracted ; whorls cylindrical, more
or less separated. Angarima. (Pages 147, 155.)

24. ANGARUS.

Shell top-shaped or discoidal, umbilicated ; whorls rounded, scaly
or spinal; aperture circular, entire; peristome continuous, with a
canal on hinder edge. Operculum orbicular, horny.

1. A. Delphinus, t. 43. f. 4, 5, t. 107. f. 7.
2. A. niger, t. 107. f. 1.

Kiener (Icon. t. 1. f. 1) represents the eyes on short pedicels ; the
sides of the body not fringed; the operculum orbicular, horny, of
many gradually enlarging whorls.

25. VITRINELLA.

Shell top-shaped, thin, transparent ; whorls circular; axis umbi-
licated ; aperture circular ; peristome continuous, thin, simple. Oper-
culum horny.

1. V. valvatoides, 4dams, Gen. Moll. t. 49. f. 7.

The head of Vitrinella divisa is rather long, broad, with horny
jaws and a lingual riband. Tentacula long, flattish, and obliquely
ciliated. Eyes large, black, lateral, on the basal rounded inflation ;
no distinct pedicels. Head-lobes none. Neck-lappets two; the
right narrowish, flat, semiserrated ; the one on pillar side shorter,
more oval, and plain. Foot subtruncate, subauriculated in front.
Operculigerous lobe plain ; lateral vibracula 3 - 3, obliquely ciliated.
Operculum of six or eight spiral turns.—Clark, Moll. 315.

Operculum of Vitrinella divisa spiral, circular, of many very
gradually enlarging whorls. Teeth: central 6 or 8; lateral nume-
rous, hair-like.

Tentacles of Vitrinella divisa linear, ciliated. Neck with a lobe
on each side, that on the left short and simple, on the right elongate,

OF MOLLUSCA. 157

serrated. Foot very narrow, with a long beard on each side in front ;
lateral fringe with three ciliated beards on each side. Operculum
orbicular, horny, of six or eight whorls. Penis on right side in front
of neck-lobe ; vent further back on same side.

The right neck-lappet of Trochus is always larger than the left,
which, however, is also bifid, but plain, and never ornamented, fringed
or serrated, as is sometimes seen on the right one, as for instance in
Vitrinella divisa.—Clark, Moll. 516.

The male organ of Vitrinella Cutleriana is a rather long, flat,
smooth filament, horizontally exserted, close under the right tenta-
culum.—Clark, Moll. 319.

The animal of Vitrinella Cutleriana only differs from that of
V. serpuloides in the cilia on the tentacula and vibracula being more
sparse, and the foot less auriculated in front. The operculum of
three or four lax whorls.—Clark, Moll. 316.

The animal and operculum of Vitrinella nitens are equally similar
to the other two.—Clark, Moll. 316.

26. VALVATELLA.
Shell conic; whorls rounded, with laminar periostraca, axis m-
perforate; aperture circular; peristome simple. Operculum cir-
cular, horny, many whorls.

1. V. Groenlandica.

d. Shell subturrited, smooth, polished ; aperture subovate, rather
elongate ; whorls laterally compressed ; pearly coat greenish ;
axis imperforate. Canthiridina. (Pages 147, 155.)

27. CANTHIRIDUS.

Shell ovate, conical; spire conic; whorls slightly keeled; pillar
with a small tooth in front; outer lip entire; throat smooth.
Operculum circular.

F.C. irs.
2. C. purpuratus. Operculum circular, of many whorls.
3. C. Zealandicus. Operculum circular, of many whorls.

28. ELENCHUS.

Shell conical, turrited, smooth, polished; whorls rounded ; axis
imperforated ; aperture ovate, longer than wide; throat pearly ;
pillar-lip with a tooth in front; outer lip thickened and grooved
internally. Operculum circular.

1. E. irisidontes, t. 125. f. 8. Operculum circular, smooth.

Teeth 00°5°1°5-°00; the fifth or outer central teeth large; the
hooks denticulated ; the lateral teeth hooked, the first denticulated

(fig. 84).

158 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT |

Fig. 84.—Teeth of Elenchus (Australia).

29. BANKIVA.

Shell turrited, porcellaneous, smooth, polished; inner coat iri-
descent ; axis imperforated ; aperture ovate, longer than wide ; pillar-
lip twisted, truncated in front; outer lip acute; throat porcella-
neous. Operculum ? Animal '

1. B. varians, ddams, Gen. Moll. 425. t. 48. f. 6.—

B. Operculum ovate, few-whorled. Shell subglobose, solid ( p. 147).

30. ARADASIA.

Shell top-shaped ; whorls rounded, granulately ridged ; axis per-
forated, sometimes masked ; mouth ovate ; pillar with a small tooth
in front; outer lip thick, blunt, imternally crenated ; throat more or
less pearly. Operculum ovate, suborbicular, of few rapidly enlarging
whorls ; lateral filaments (4 « 4) elongate.

1. A. canaliculata. Trochus c., Quoy, Voy. Astrol. t. 64. f. 21, 23.
2. A. denigrata, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 47. f. 6 a, operculum.

31. Oravia appears chiefly to differ in the outer lip having a
distinct, thickened, marginal varix. The animal and operculum are
unknown.

Fam. VI. STOMATELLID.

Foot large, fleshy, developed posteriorly. Shell more or less ear-
shaped, of a few rapidly enlarging whorls ; aperture open, expanded.
Frontal lobes between the tentacula two, distinct, lobed. Mantle
and shell entire ; sides without filaments. Guill single, lateral. Oper-
culum horny, whorls many, gradually enlarging ; sometimes wanting.

a. Operculum distinct. Animal retractile into shell.

1. STOMATELLA.

Shell suborbicular, depressed, spirally grooved; spire conic;
whorls rounded ; aperture wider than long. Animal spiral, retractile

OF MOLLUSCA. 159

into the shell; frontal lobes triangular, fringed on the edge. Foot
round, enclosed ; lateral membrane very wide, fringed on the edge.
Operculum horny, thin, circular, many-whorled.

1. S. maculata, t. 109. f. 1, 3.
2. S. sulcifera, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 49. f. 8 4, c, operculum.

b. Operculum none. Animal larger than shell, produced behind.

2. STOMATIA.

Shell subspiral, oblong ; whorls keeled or tubercular, plicate near
the sutures; spire prominent; aperture wider than long, pearly
within; frontal lobes digitated; foot very large, tubercular, pro-
duced behind ; lateral membrane fringed, with a fringed crest under
the eyes on the left, and a slight projecting fold on the right side,
leading to the respiratory cavity. Operculum none.

1. S. rubra, 4dams, Gen. Moll. 436. t. 49. f. 9.

The animal of Stomatia and Gena has, like Harpa, the habit
of throwing off the hinder part of the foot when frightened, or placed
alive in spirits.

3. MIcROTIS.

Shell suborbicular, spiral, depressed, with two tuberculated ridges ;
spire slightly prominent; aperture very large, wider than long,
pearly within ; pillar-edge spiral, visible to apex of spire. Living on
sand within tide line. Animal like Stomutia, but with a deep ante-
rior fissure for the head, and the front edge bilobed. Operculum
none.

1. M. tuberculata, Addams, P. Z. S. 1850, 36. t. 8. f. 8-12; Gen.
Mott. t..50. £..1:

4. GENA.

Shell oblong, elongate, ear-shaped, subspiral; spire flattened,
nearly obsolete; aperture large, oblong. Animal oval, depressed ;
frontal lobes plumose. Foot very large, tubercular, produced behind.
Lateral membrane not fringed, more or less extended, and partially
covering the shell. Operculum none.

¥. G. lnteay.t,.1092f. 5.
2. G. nigra, t. 109. f. 4.

The foot elongated behind, the shell granulated above ; when the
animal is put in spirits, the hinder part of the foot suddenly con-
tracts into a subglobular form, and separates by a transverse section
from the rest of the foot. |

Lingual membrane of Gena elegans linear elongate, rather dilated
in front, transparent. Teeth 00°5°1:°5:°00, placed in a rather
arched series; central tooth narrow, elongate, contracted, and very
narrow in the upper part; apex small, triangular, reflexed, denticu-
lated on the edge; inner lateral teeth 5° 5, linear elongate, placed

160 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

obliquely ; apex small, triangular, reflexed, denticulated on the edge ;
outer lateral teeth very numerous, hair-like, curved at the end (fig. 85).

Fig. 85.—Teeth of Gena elegans.

5. BRODERIPIA.

Shell shield-shaped, oblong ovate, flattened ; apex posterior, sub-
involute, not spiral; aperture very large, ovate, within iridescent,
pearly. Animal ? Operculum

1. B. rosea, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 50. f. 3.

Suborder I]. ScH1IsMATOBRANCHIA.,

Gills in the form of two plumes on the left side of the gill- cavity,
one on each side of the slit on the mantle. Body and shell spiral.
Eyes peduncled. Sides of the foot tubercular, bearded above. Cen-
tral teeth large, very unequal, dissimilar (p. 136).

Fam. VII. SCISSURELLID.

Mantle-slit infront. Gills ——? Sides
with very long slender beards. Tentacles
subulate, elongate, ciliated or serrated.
Teeth ? Foot narrow, truncate in

Fig. 86.—Animal of Scissu-
rella.

front, tapering behind. Operculum horny.
Shell spiral; whorls keeled, with a slit in rN

if

front of the keel, which is gradually filled |
up as the shell enlarges. 7

This family, though it contains only a
single recent genus, of small size, has many
fossil representatives of considerable size and

diversity of form.

1. ScrisSURELLA.

Shell depressed, spiral, transparent, widely umbilicated; spire
short ; whorls keeled, with a narrow, subposterior slit at the end of

OF MOLLUSCA. 161

the keel; aperture suborbicular. Operculum circular, horny, thin,
subspiral.

1. S. leevigata, D’ Ord.

Fam. VIII. HALIOTIDA.

Operculum none; frontal lobes none? Mantle with a slit, and
shell with a series of holes on pillar side. Gills two, separate on
pillar side. Shell ear-shaped, with a series of holes over the mantle-
slit, pearly within; adductor muscle single, central.

a. Foot moderate, not produced, and grooved behind. Shell rugose.

1. Haxioris.
Shell ear-shaped, oblong, with a spiral ridge on the left side, with

holes in front which are gradually filled up behind as new ones are
formed in front.

1. H. tuberculata, t. 109. f. 2, 2a, 6, t.110.f.5, 7; Forbes §& Han-
ley, B. M. t. C.C. f..3.

Central tooth of Haliotis tuberculata small, depressed at the base,
rounded and produced, above covered with a convex plate which is
wider and unarmed ; inner one on each side single, transverse, beam-

Fig. 87.—Teeth of Haliotis tuberculata.

‘
\
.

like, deeply notched on the inside, rounded on the outside, furnished
behind beyond the middle with a spire ; lateral series of teeth about
seventy ; first four by far the largest, wide and misshapen; hook of
the first rounded, of the second and third lanceolate, at the flexure
notched or denticulated, of the fourth short and triangular; the
others somewhat equal in size, with an oval hook, denticulated behind
at the bend (fig. 87).

Haliotis, in common with Fissurella, has a double symmetrical
branchial plume, two auricles, and a ventricle embracing the rectum,
which terminates between the roots of the branchize. No operculum.

M

162 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

The Trochi have only one auricle and one branchial leaf, a heart not
in contact with the intestine, and the rectum far removed from it, at
the front of the right side. An operculum.—Clark.

Ear-shells (aliotis) are found as far north as Kamtschatka: one
lives in deep water near Fort Simpson, Columbia.—Sir George Simp-
son. And as far south as New Zealand, where they are used for
food.

2. PADOLUUS.

Shell ear-shaped, subcircular, with two parallel spiral ridges; the
outer perforated in front as in Haliotis; the other simple.

1. P. tricostalis.

b. Foot very large; hinder part much produced, and furnished
with a deep longitudinal groove. Shell polished.

3. TEINOTIS.

Shell depressed, elongate, ear-shaped, polished, with a single spiral
ridge pierced with holes in front ; spire small; aperture much longer
than broad. Foot very large, thick, much produced behind, and
furnished with a deep longitudinal groove above; lateral fringe pro-
duced to the end of the groove.

1. T. Asinina, ddams, Gen. Moll. 442. t. 50. f. 6.

Suborder III. DicRaANoBRANCHIA.

Gills, two symmetrical plumes on the back of the neck, with the
vent between them. Body and shell symmetrical, Central teeth
unequal, middle one small, similar, outer lateral large, dissimilar.
Sides of the foot tubercular, obscurely bearded on its upper edge.
Eyes slightly tubercled or sessile. Operculum none (p. 160).

Fam. 1X. FISSURELLID.

Foot dilated ; upper side with a series of short tentacles. Body
and shell short, broad, conic. Gills two, separate, symmetrical.

a. Vent anterior. Shell external, or partly covered with the
mantle, entire, truncated in front.
1. Scurus.
Shell depressed, oblong, smooth or striated, truncated in front ;
edge smooth.
1. S. Unguis. Parmophorus australis, Quoy, t. 111.
2. S. elegans. P. australis, Riippell, t. 43*. f. 6, 7.

OF MOLLUSCA. 163

Tongue of Scutus linear elongate, broad, brown. Teeth
00°5°1°5:00; central very broad, transverse ; inner lateral linear,
narrow ; upper part narrow, recurved ; central lateral strong, large ;

Fig. 88.—Teeth of Scutus australis.

apex hooked, transparent ; external lateral numerous, linear, with a
small, transparent, apical hook (fig. 88).

2. TUGALIA.

Shell oblong, narrowed in front; back elevated, cancellated ; apex
posterior and recurved; aperture crenulated on the edge, deeply
sinuated in front.

1. T. elegans.

b. Vent anterior. Shell exposed or partly covered with the mantle,
with a slit in the front margin.

3. EMARGINULA.

* Mantle enclosed.

]. E. fissura, Miller, t. 70. f. 4, 9, t. 113. f. 5.
Var. rosea, Forbes, B. M. t. B.B. f. 1, 2, 3.

. E. elongata, t. 110. f. 3.

. E. crassa, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. C.C. f. 1.

© bo

** Mantle much expanded, partly covering the shell.
4. K. Cuvier, t. 114. f. 8.

The young of Emarginula fissura have a very minute, recurved,
spiral shell, with rapidly enlarging and finely striated whorls without
any slit.-—Lovén.

Central tooth of Hmarginula crassa laminaceous, flat, obliquely
subquadrate, wider at the base, the cutting edge smooth ; four lateral
imbricated, laminaceous, oblong, first and second truncated above,
third and fourth apiculate, and furnished outside with a longitudinal
bent crest. Lateral series of teeth about sixty; first by far the
largest and thickest, the hook lobe-bearing behind; scape within
with a prominent tubercle, base within sharply produced, furnished

M 2

164 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

outside with a condyle, to which corresponds the trapezoidal cavity
of the apical minute bone; other teeth equal in shape; hook ovate-
lanceolate, serrulated.—Loveén.

4. Hemitroma.

Shell conical, compressed, cancellated or tuberculated; vertex
inclined towards the posterior margin; aperture large, with fold on
the front edge.

1. H. emarginata.
2. H. octoradiata.

5. CLYPIDINA.

Shell ovate, conical, radiately ribbed; vertex acute, central, not
recurved ; aperture crenulated on the edge; muscular scar fungi-
form ; anal groove and emargination very small, indistinct.

1. C. notata.

c. Vent anterior? Shell none.

6. DERIDOBRANCHUS.

* Body like an Emarginula, without any shell. Front of the mantle
plaited, covering two pectinated gills. Upper tentacles none, lower
two. yes at the base of the lower tentacles.”

D. Argus, Ehr. Orbicular, orange, very finely cinnabar-dotted ;
the larger dots with an orange ring, and a transverse, curved, hyaline
band. Red Sea.

d. Vent dorsal, subapical. Mantle and shell with a slit or perfo-
ration near the tip.

+ Shell exposed. Anal slit subapical, guarded by a shelly channel

within.
7. PUNCTURELLA.

Shell conical, cancellated, radiately ribbed ; apex elevated, recurved,
obliquely spiral; a linear perforation in front of the apex in the
line of an elevated rib; aperture crenulated on the edge; cavity
with a vaulted plate over the anterior perforation; muscular scar
crescentic. Head proboscis-shaped; tentacles subulate; eyes on
protuberances on the outer base; mantle-edge simple, produced
into a tube emitted through the subapical slit; branchial plumes
a enel siphon prominent; lateral fringe of cirrhi interrupted

ehind.

1. P. Noachina, Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. B.B. f. 4, 5, 6.

OF MOLLUSCA. 165

tt Shell more or less exposed. Anal slit simple within.
8. Rimvuta.

Shell conical, cancellated and radiately ribbed; apex elevated,
recurved, entire, a linear perforation on the upper part of the front
side, half-way between the margin and vertex; mouth crenulated on
the edge; cavity simple, without any shelly plate; muscular scar
crescentic, interrupted in front. Living in sandy mud.

1. R. exquisita, 4. Adams, P. Z. S. 1851, 226.
2. R. conica, D’ Orb. Amér. Mérid. t. 78. f. 10, shell only.

9. MACROSCHISMA.

Animal narrow, elongate, with the shell near the hinder end.
Shell oblong, elongate, radiately striated, elevated, and subtruncate
in front; apex anterior; anal aperture large, elongate, on the front
slope of the shell.

1. M. maxima, 4. Adams, t. 51. f. 5.

‘The shell is on the hinder end of a very elongated body, like
Testacellus, not wider than the shell.’— Cuming.

Fissuridea (pileus) has a subconic, cap-like shell, with the apex
near the hinder margin, and a narrow perforation.

10. FissuRELLA.

Shell conical, radiately ribbed; apex subanterior or central; anal
perforation oblong, subapical ; aperture wide, oblong ; cavity simple ;
mantle enclosed, bearded on the edge ; anal siphon short, projecting.
PP. costaia, t. 45°. f. 1-4.
meee radioss, t. 457.1. 5, t.. 113. f. I.
Gare. orca |,t. 112, f. "1; t. 113. f. 6,7 ;

reticulata, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t.
4, F. patagonica, t. 113. f. 2.
sur. maxima; t, 113. £:: 3:

The shell of the young animal is entire, subspiral, with a per-
foration in front of the subspiral apex, which is at length de-
stroyed by the extension backwards of the anal perforation.

young, t..113.f.4. F.
B.B. f. 7.

Fig. 89.—Teeth of Fissurella.

yh NK’ Vans
Aa Mf i AN AR
A \ g | Ny
@ p
| |

Lingual membrane of Fissurella elongate, broad, linear. Teeth:

166 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

central series 1*5*1°5*1; central small, laminal, narrow at top, wide
below ; inner lateral 4° 4, linear, similar, subequal, oblique ; apex
rounded, slightly recurved; central lateral very large, versatile,
capable of covering the inner lateral, conical, claw-like, transparent,
curved, acute at the tip, with a large notch at the inner side near the
base; outer lateral very numerous, hair-like, transparent; apex
bent, hooked (fig. 89).

11. CLYPIDELLA.

Mantle partly covered by the edge of the shell, double-edged ;
edges fringed and crenated; anal siphon fringed, exposed; foot
large, fleshy, with a few beads on the front part of the sides. Shell
ovate, shield-shaped, radiately rugose ; front edge sinuous, subtrun-
cated ; anal perforation elongate, subanterior.

1. C. pustula.

12. CAPILUNA.

Mantle partly reflexed on the edge of the shell, bearded on the
edge; anal siphon projecting. Shell oblong, cancellated ; apex sub-
central; anal perforation large, oblong; aperture expanded, crenu-
lated on the edge; inner edge of the anal perforation callous, and
rather produced behind.

1. C. Cuvieri, t. 110. f. 6.

This genus differs from Lucapina in the shell not beg perma-
nently covered by the mantle.

ttt Shell permanently covered by the mantle ; edge rounded,
erenated.

13. FissuRELLIDA.

Mantle large, thickened on the edge; foot very large, elongate.
Shell depressed, oval, slightly radiated ; anal perforation very large,
subcentral ; aperture open, with a smooth margin, thickened on the
inner edge.

1. F. hiatula.
2. F. megatrema, t. 112. f. 2.

14, Lucapina.
Mantle large, thin. Shell oblong, depressed, cancellated ; apex
subcentral ; anal perforation large, simple ; aperture expanded ; edge
crenulated.

1. L. cancellata.
2. L. crenulata.

OF MOLLUSCA. 167

tttt Shell permanently covered by the mantle; edge acute,
double-grooved.

15. Pupruuia.

Mantle very large, covering the foot, smooth; foot granulated.
Shell conical, smooth ; anal perforation very large, subcentral ; aper-
ture ovate; margin entire, with a sharp, white, thinned edge.

1. P. apertura, t. 269. f. 5. Pupilleea aperta, Krauss.

Il. Heteroglossa. Teeth pellucid, in five to eight longitudinal
series, variable in form, the larger ones with opake black tips.

Foot without any lateral fringe. Shell symmetrical. (See
p- 136.)

Suborder IV. C1irRRHOBRANCHIA.

Gills two, symmetrical, tufted on the back of the neck. Body
elongate-conical. Shell conical, tubular, with an apical opening.
Lingual membrane wide, ovate; central series one-toothed ; lateral
series with one tooth ; limb laminated (p. 162).

Fam. X. DENTALIADZ.

Foot small, conical; sides simple. Body and shell elongate-coni-
cal; apex pierced.

Body cylindrical, conical. Gulls: two, symmetrical, sublateral, and
somewhat post-centrally situated organs, having their bases fixed
on and hanging from the concave surfaces of the animal, with their
points vertically parallel to the bases; they are united at their
imner surfaces by a bridle of branchial strands arranged symmetri-
cally. Heart at the anterior end of the branchial cavity. Vent at
the base of the branchial cavity under the mantle, about the middle
of the shell. Head rudimentary. Tentacles and eyes none. Lips
bearded. Mantle circular, thick, fleshy, and covering the foot in
front, thin posteriorly, and attached to the shell near its hinder ex-
tremity. Foot central, conical, with two symmetrical side-lobes
mounted on a long pedicel, grooved on both surfaces, centrally
hollowed out, the cavity communicating with the stomach. Sexes
probably united. Stomach with a strong anterior gizzard. Lingual
membrane broad, ovate, with three longitudinal series of teeth, the
central dentated, lateral broad.

They live on foraminifera and small bivalves. The symmetrical,
subyentral position of the branchize, the posterior flow of water to
them, and the resemblance of the foot to that of some bivalves, com-
bined with the similar character of its action, appear in a striking
manner to show its connexion with the Conchifera.—Clark, Ann.
Nat. Hist. ser. 2. iv. 328.

M. Deshayes (Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1828) regards the

168 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

gills of Mr. Clark as part of the liver, and the salivary glands as the
gills; and M. de Blainville has formed them into an order, under the
name of Cirrhobranchia.

The animal is formed like the shell, round, and tapering gradually
to the posterior extremity: it is smooth, whitish, and closely in-
vested with a thin pellucid membrane, beneath which two strong,
satiny, ligamentous muscles are seen lying along the ventral surface,
adhering closely, and each of them divided into a broad and narrow
slip. The collar is very thick and fleshy, and makes a complete
circle, through which the foot is pushed at pleasure. The foot forms
the anterior portion of the body; it is cylindrical, thick, fleshy,
pointed with a conical process, and cleft above; and in the groove
we see the mouth in the shape of a compressed process, projecting
forwards, and with its edge fringed with short tentacular papille.—
Johnston, Trans. Berw. Nat. Club, ii. 39.

They live buried in the sand or sandy mud in from ten to one
hundred fathoms. The gills are pale green. The hinder termina-
tion of the shell, when perfect, is tapering, with a short notch on
the dorsal or arched side of the shell; or if it is truncated, then it is
furnished with a lateral, tubular projection, rather broadly fissured
on the dorsal edges.

1. DENTALIUM.

Shell tubular, tapering, curved; apex truncated, with a simple
perforation ; aperture circular.

1. D.? semistriolatum, Linn. Trans. t.115.f.4; Chiaje, t. 115. f. 3.

When the apex of the shell is broken off, it is reproduced by a spur-
like process on the edge.

2. ENTALIS.

Shell conical, elongate; apex truncated, with a longitudinal
fissure on the dorsal or hinder margin; mouth circular.

1, EH. vulgaris, t. 115. f. 2, .t..1-16.
Central tooth of Entalis vulgaris subsemicircular, oblique, flat ;

Fig. 90.—Teeth of Entalis vulgaris.

base somewhat straight; margin waving; cutting edge unarmed ;
lateral tooth with a compressed angular scape ; hook with an inflexed,
blunt angle ; apical margin denticulated in front; limb with a large,
bent, rhomboidal lamina, elongated (fig. 90).

The young have the apex of the shell slightly inflated, with a
rather oblique oval aperture. The shell of the younger specimens
is more arched near the top; the older specimens become trun-

OF MOLLUSCA. 169

cated, and there is often a small, central, prominent tube, like an
internal shell formed within the old one. This state has been called
a species, Dentalium labiatum, Brown.

Suborder V. CERVICOBRANCHIA.

Gill single on the left side of the gill-cavity on the back of the
neck. Shell conical, symmetrical. Teeth in a few longitudinal
series, forming arched cross series of two or three pairs of teeth

(p. 167).
Fam. XI. TECTURIDA.

Teeth in six longitudinal series, the two inner close, uniform, the
two lateral on each side in an oblique cross line, inner one often
larger. Gill single, on the side of the back of the neck.

* Mantle edge bearded or simple, without any lamine on the inner
surface near the margin.

1. NACELLA.

Shell ovate, conical, thin; apex subanterior, near the front mar-
gin; mouth simple. Teeth in six longitudinal series and in arched
cross series, the two inner close, the two others lower down and
parallel to each other.

1. N. mytiloides.
2. TECTURA.

Shell conical, convex; apex subanterior; margin even, simple,
Gill one, placed on the left side of the head, prominent externally.

epntwoto/O..t. 75 t. LIO. £5 4;
. tessellata, t. 70. f. 6.

. testudinalis, t. 268. f. 2 (t. a. a. f. 2).
. cassis, t. 114. f. 8.

. flammea, t. 114. f. 5.

. fragilis, t: 114*. f. 7.

. striata, t. 114*. f. 6.

. stellaris, t. 114*. f. 4.

. conica, t. 114*. f. 2.

. punctata, t. 114*. f. 3.

Pee bIGe £. 9.

, zebrina, t. /0*. f.°7.

The arcuated branchial plume of Tectura parva issues from the
back of the neck ; in a state of quiescence it does not appear long,
but can be greatly extended and contracted, like a pair of ladies’
cross-barred forceps ; it is composed of a pectinated leaf of almost

BNanf
BHAA

170 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

horizontal, compact, rather short, blunt strands: the artery and
branchial vein are easily observed; the plume gradually curves and
tapers from its origin to a pointed termination, and is of the palest
uniform hyaline drab ; it may often be seen exserted and vibrating
like a tentaculum in all directions ; the anus is under the plume.

The foot serves as a nidus for the membranous vesicular envelope
when the young are expelled from the matrix, and when the embryos
have left it is discharged, as in Lanthina.—Clark, Moll. 263.

Head of Tectura parva large, with a sharp edge in front and on the
sides. Tentacles subulate. Eyes ? Foot simple, without any

lines. Mantle edge simple, under side smooth. Gill triangular, end
free?

Fig. 91.—Teeth of Tectura parva.

The teeth of Tectura parva are square, entire, in a diagonal
series ; tips conical (fig. 91).

The teeth of Tectura testudinalis are square, with the anterior
outer angle retuse and produced ; teeth two on each side, the anterior
long, slender, furnished with a hook at the inner angle; posterior
almost transverse, with a double cutting edge, the inner much the
larger and subtriangular.

The mantle of Tectura scutum (Lottia punctata, Gray) is thin,
with a rounded thickened edge, without any appearance of beards in
the specimen preserved in spirits. Gills triangular, elongate, from
the left side of the hinder part of the gill-cavity, free the whole of
its length, and formed of regular transverse laminz united by a con-
tinuous margin on each side.

The lingual membrane of Tectura Wiltoni, from the Cape of Good
Hope, is elongate, linear, dark brown, with a transverse paler lme
between each set of teeth. Teeth 3° 3, brown; apex opake black, in
oblique lines, conical, acute, curved ; the inner close together, curved
forwards ; the middle and outer lateral curved outwards ; the outer
lateral bifid, as if formed of two cones.

The teeth of Tectura apicina, also from the Cape of Good Hope,
are similar in all respects to 7’. Wiltoni, but the middle lateral teeth
are smaller and slenderer above; the two outer lateral are three-
lobed, the two apical lobes being nearly equal, and the one at the
upper part of the base smaller.

The lingual membrane of Tectura ?, from Magellan Straits,
is elongate, linear, narrow, brown. ‘Teeth 2°2, brown; apex conical,
curved, claw-like, acute, opake black ; inner close together, with the
hook bent outwards ; apex when worn truncated; outer far apart,
with the hook bent inwards towards the centre, when worn truncated.

The lingual membrane of T'ectura, no. 266, is linear, very narrow,

OF MOLLUSCA. LAL

transparent. Teeth 2°2, small, transparent; apex black, opake ; the
inner close together, with elongated oblong roots and small rounded
apices ; the outer larger, with short broad oblong roots, and a trans-
verse three-hooked crown.

The mantle of a Tectura (like T. testudinalis), from the Sandwich
Islands, is thin-edged, narrow, thickened, rounded, with a series of
minute rather close tubercles on the margin ; inner surface and sides
of the body smooth, without any lamninze. Gills elongate, tapering,
acute, free the whole length, and prominent. Lingual membrane
elongate, rather narrow. Teeth black, conic, curved, in alternate
bands of two and four series; the intermediate ones with only two
teeth much the largest.

The mantle of M. d’Orbigny’s specimen of Patella Petrei, which
is only a variety of Tectura zebrina, is simple, with a series of rather
distant, subcylindrical, fleshy beards, placed in a regular raised line a
little within the edge of the under side, continued over the head.
Gills small, elongate, simple, tapering to a fine poit in front, arising
from the hinder part of the left side of the mantle-cavity, and free the
greater part of its length, formed of close-set regular transverse laminee,
edged on each side by a fleshy band. Vent and aperture of generation
each prominent on separate tubercles on the right side of the base
of the mantle-cavity. Eyes very small, lateral, exterior. Tentacles
subulate. Foot quite simple and smooth on the sides. Rostrum
broad ; mouth oblong, transverse ; lips discoid, slightly fringed.

In the same bottle was a small specimen of the Patella zebrina of
D’Orbigny, with exactly the same animal, but it was soft, from
the weakness of the spirit, and the submarginal beards were not so
distinctly developed.

The delicate brittle Tectura (Patelloida) depicta, which lives on
the surface of Zosteras at San Diego, California, is almost linear,
being compressed at the sides, and at least four times as long as wide.
—Hinds, Voy. Sulph. 35.

** Mantle with a series of lamine just within the edge beneath.

3. ScuRRIA.

The mantle the size of the shell, simple, on the edge with a series
of half-oblong rather distant fleshy laminze just within the edge, con-
tinued over the head and behind. Foot oblong, smooth, and without
any appendages on the sides. Tentacles subulate. Eyes on the
outer side of the swelling at their base. Rostrum short; mouth
oblong, transverse ; lip finely striated. Gill elongate, tapering, on
the left side of the gill-cavity over the back of the head ; the end
free, floating, formed of very numerous, close, transverse laminze,
with a large transparent vessel on the left margin. 'Tongue-mem-
brane linear. Teeth yellow, 3°3?

Lives in holes in the roots of Fuci, like the Patina cerulea, D’ Orb.

he Se mnttra,, tlid.:f..1,
The gill of Seurria mitra is triangular, on the left side of the back.

172 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

Inner side of the mantle edge quite distinct from the gills of other
Patella, with a series of transverse waved membranous laminz, con-
tinued round the edge over the head. Foot simple.

Fam. XII. GADINIADA.

Gill single, placed obliquely across the back of the neck. Tenta-
cula expanded, forming a funnel-shaped expansion. Eyes sessile.
Shell conical; muscular impression horseshoe-shaped, marginal,
with a groove (for the vent) in the front of the right side of the
scar. Teeth ?

1. GApDINIA.

1, G. Garnoti, Wiegmann, Arch. 1839, t. 3.f. 3; Adams, Gen. Moll.
Pepe eee

Fam. XIII. LEPETIDA.

Tooth : central single, with two hook-like teeth on each side.
Gills none? or two pinnate on the back of the neck ?

1. LEPETA.

Eyes none.
1. L. ceeca, Miiller, t. . Propilidium ancyloide, Forbes, t. 268.

f. 4 (t.a.a. f. 4).
Fig. 92.—Teeth of

The teeth of Lepeta ceca are square, subqua- Lepeta ceca.

drate, anteriorly rounded and winged; central
tooth at the base widely cordate, cutting edge
three-lobed, middle lobe longer, subspatulate, side
lobes shorter, kidney-shaped ; lateral teeth two
on each side, laminaceous, shortly hooked, the
inner one winged on the outside and produced
behind into a style (fig. 92).

The edge of the foot of Lepeta Franklini is quite simple, without
any fringe. Mantle edge simple, with a small thickened ridge on
the under side near the margin. Gills ? Tentacles far apart,
setaceous. Eyes none in specimen in spirits.

2. Ioruia.

Gill none round the foot.
1. Iothia fulva. Patella fulva, Miller, t.70.f.5. Pilidium fulvum,
Forbes, t. 268. f. 3 (t. a. a. f. 3).

The teeth of Jothia fulva are square, elongate, in front angularly
winged on each side; central tooth elongated at the base, cutting

OF MOLLUSCA. 173

edge entire, strong, arrow-shaped, the middle point strong, with a
minute basal one on each side; lateral teeth elongated, hooked ;
hook long, lanceolate, outer margin ciliated.

Suborder VI. CycLoBRANcHIA.

Gill lamellar, on the inner surface of the mantle, forming a more
or less complete ring just beneath the margin. Side of foot with a
sunken groove. Shell conical, symmetrical. Teeth in ten or eleven
longitudinal series; the two inner close together, the three lateral
series close and lower down, forming an arched or double cross series

(p. 169).

Fam. XIV. PATELLIDZ.

Shell simple, conical ; apex subanterior. Aperture ovate or ob-
long. The gills are only an elongated branchial plume springing
from the neck, and ought not to be looked on as a pair of symmetrical
subsemicircular laminze, as in the Cyclobranchiate Chitons.

M. Cuvier and most other naturalists consider the lamine placed
round the edge of the under side of the mantle as gills, but M. de Blain-
ville doubts this being the case, and considers some vessels which he
has observed on the inner surface of the mantle over the back of the
neck as the true gills of these animals, and he has accordingly formed
them into a family under the name of Retzfera.

I have not been able to observe any peculiar vascular structure in
the part indicated ; and as the lamine round the edge of the mantle
exactly agree in texture with the lamine similarly disposed in Phy/-
lidia and Chiton, which M. de Blainville considers as gills, I have
little doubt but that the latter are true gills.

According to M. Rang, they seldom change their place on the
rock, and then only in the night.

These animals are very abundant on the rocks, and our English
species is much sought after for food and as bait by the fishermen
and others who live on the coast: and the large species which are so
abundant at the Cape of Good Hope are collected by the English
soldiers and by the Hottentots to make soup of.

Adanson speaks of the beauty and delicacy of form of the fringe
of tentacula which surrounds the edge of the margin of the mantle
of the animal of this genus. In the species which he mentioned
there were three rows of them, each containing above 200 tenta-
cula.

Adanson observed some minute globes on the surface of the foot
of one of the species of this genus, which he believed to answer as a
‘sucker to attach the animal to the rocks (Senegal, p. 30).

174 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

* Gill continued over the head.

1. PATELLA.
Gill continued over the head of the animal.

. .P. compressa, t. 70. f. 1.

. P. granularis, t. 70. f. 2.

P. scutellaris, t. 70. f. 3.

. P. ceerulea, t. 70. f. 8.

. P. vulgata, t. 70. f. 10, t. 70*. f. 1, 27, 6?, t. 110*. f. 1-8 ; Forbes
& Hanley, B. M. t. C.C. f. 1

6. P. pyramidata, t. 70*. f. 3.

7. P. crenata, t. 110. f. 2.

8. P. Lowei, t. 110. f. 1.

9. P. Testudo.

Central teeth of Patella vulgata on each Fig. 93.
side three, two of which are equal and linear, Teeth of Patella vulgata.
the base elongated, flat, behind produced on
the inside, winged on the outside, longer, tip
recurved, with a claw-like hook, simple, keeled,
black ; the third, posterior, wider, at the base
rounded and produced on the outside, with
an oblique recurved cutting edge, armed with
three divaricating teeth ; teeth of lateral series
linear, flat, with a very short hook (fig. 93) .—
See Osler, Phil. Trans. 1832, t. 14.

How some Patella vulgata exist is a my-
stery ; they are often fixed for months, perhaps
years, on rocks, at altitudes where they can rarely, if at all, be aspersed
by the sea, and are debarred access to marine vegetables ; their re-
corded descents from high levels, and periodical exits from, and
returns to, the identical hollows they have made, after feeding on
algee, have almost a fabulous complexion ; zones of sand fifty yards
wide often intervene between them and such food, and their exceed-
ingly slow locomotion is opposed to such manceuvres.—Clark, Moll.
261.

The gills of Patella vulgata form a continued row within the
margin of the mantle, but interrupted on the right side, where the
blood enters the gills. The foot is divided longitudinally into two
equal parts, the milt and eggs occupying the right side of the foot.
They often move from place to place, as may be observed by the
trail they leave in the slight coating of mud left on the rocks by
the water as the tide falls. The younger animals appear to be most
active. When attached to soft rocks, as chalk, it forms a cavity
which is divided into two divisions by a cross ridge; the hinder
division is the deepest, and there is no lunate ridge, as is formed by
the animal of the genus Hipponyx (Fool’s-cap).

The mantle of Patella with black rays, from the Sandwich Islands,
is simple, with a crowded series of laminze on the under side of the
mantle near the union with the foot, interrupted over the head.

OV Oo by

OF MOLLUSCA. 175

Lingual membrane very narrow. Teeth in arched cross series, black-
tipped.

Uiicad. tentacles, sides of feet and edge of mantle of Patella com-
pressa deep violet-blue; foot violet-grey; gill yellow. Cape of
Good Hope, living on the stems of Fuci (not seen on the shores).

The Messrs. Adams have formed a subgenus, Cymbula, for Patella
compressa, which is only a variety of form, produced by the situation
where it lives, of Patella miniata, arranged by them with the true
Patelle. Specimens with the two species combined in the same
individual are not very rare. The subgenus Scutedlastera of the
same authors, I fear, is not more distinct.

The edge of the mantle of Patella oculus is deeply lobed, sub-
stellate like the shell.

The edge of the mantle of Patella testudinaria is fringed with a
series of minute tentacula.

The gills of Patella Testudo are, like those of P. vulgata, united
over the head.

Patella insessa, with a small horny brown shell with three or four
white markings on the apex, is always found imbedded in the fronds
of a Laminaria at California, often so deeply that it must be cut out
with a knife.—Hinds, Voy. Sulph. 53.

2. OLANA.

Shell ovate, depressed, narrowed and produced in front; apex
obtuse, subcentral ; aperture broad, narrowed in front. Foot ovate.
Head rather produced. Tentacula short. Mantle much produced
and attenuated in front. Gills not interrupted over the head. Mus.
Paris.

1. O. cochlear.

** Gulls interrupted over the head.

3. PATINA.

Gills interrupted over the head. Shell oblong, smooth, pearly
within ; aperture simple.

Pe P. ceeralea, t. 70. f. 4, t. 268. f..1.

They live imbedded in holes they form in the roots of the larger
Fuci or Laminaria, or on the frond; when in the former situation,
they are thick, with a curved base ; when in the latter, thin and flat-
based.

Central teeth of Patina pellucida on each side three, of which two
are nearly equal, elongated at the base, flat, jointed in the middle,
behind within curved and produced; the inner one more slender,
linear, with the tip claw-like, hooked, the outer one broadish ; outer
margin produced in front, tip wide, subtriangular, hooked ; the third,
posterior, somewhat rectangular, furnished with an oblique cutting

176 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

edge, flat and bluntly trifid; teeth of lateral series three, shortly
hooked (fig. 94).

Fig. 94.—Teeth of Patina pellucida.

The sides of the foot of Patina pellucida are furnished with a
slight lobulated fringe edging the upper margin. The edge of the
mantle with a series of minute tentacles, just within which are placed
the series of gills formed of close, large, triangular transverse leaves ;
the series is interrupted over the head ; the mouth edged with ex-
panded lips. The tentacles are far apart, with the eyes at their
outer base. The mantle with 50 to 65 equidistant, slender, acute,
tentacular filaments: floating beyond the edge between its margin
and the body is placed the branchial cordon of 80 to 100 subtrian-

gular plates, so extremely close-set as to present the appearance of
thread-like filaments without depth, dimimishing gradually anteally
until they are interrupted by the head.—Clark, Moll. 258.

4. Hewcion.

Shell half-ovate, radiately ribbed ; apex submarginal, anterior ;
aperture ovate; edge crenated. Gill interrupted over the head, of
small and filiform strands.

1. H. pectinatus.

Suborder VII. PotypLacornora.

Gills in two lamellar series, one on each side of the hinder part of
the body under the mantle edge. Shells 8, forming a linear imbricate
series on the middle of the back. Lingual membrane long, linear ;
central series with many teeth, middle one unlike the rest, outer
lateral one on each side very large, with a black opake hook ; lateral
teeth several, forming jointed unarmed lamellee ; one erect, hooked

(p. 173).

OF MOLLUSCA. rei

Fam. XV. CHITONIDZ.

Shells of 8 valves, forming an imbricate series on the middle of
the back. Valves with a more or less wide plate of insertion sunken
into the mantle, with a deep lateral notch on each side; the ante-
rior and posterior valves often with other notches on the terminal
edges. Gills conic, lamellar, in two series, one on each side the
hinder part of the body.

Many anatomists have proposed to separate these animals from the
Mollusca, by forming them into a distinct subclass, and have con-
sidered them more nearly allied to the Annelides!; but I cannot see
the slightest grounds for such a separation; and the observation of
the development from the eggs by Lovén has entirely disproved any
affinity to them. They chiefly differ from other Mollusca in the
shells not bemg developed on the embryo until some time after they
are hatched.

The eggs are loosely united in clusters, on stones. Each egg is
enclosed in a thick, vesicular, folded envelope. The embryo in
the egg is oval (fig. 95a), without any trace of shell, divided by a
circular indentation into two nearly equal parts, close to which are
attached the cirri, by means of which the movements of the embryo
are effected. In the middle of the upper part there is a tuft of
very fine filaments which scarcely exhibit any movement. The
lower half has two dark points (eyes), one on each side close to the
indentation.

The young, when hatched, swim round the cluster of eggs, and
are more elongated ; the front part is finely ciliated, and the anterior
tuft of filaments occasionally vibrates ; the hinder part extends more
rapidly, and becomes conic (figs. 6 & ce). The back is marked with
seven cross furrows; between these the first rudiments of the shell
make their appearance in the form of close granulations. The animal
bends frequently, is quite soft, can only swim, but soon after this
begins to crawl (fig. ¢), and by a circular indentation the mantle is
separated from the foot. The eyes are seen more distinctly to be
situated on the ventral side, and are indistinctly visible from above

fig. d).

; Fie front portion of the animal is sprinkled with acute tubercles,
principally on the upper surface. There is no trace of the mouth.
The furrows of the mantle become more distinctly separated, and its
margin more closely set with acute tubercles. The first shell appears
in the form of narrow bands with irregular margins ; they are seven
in number ; the three or four anterior are equal in breadth ; the hinder
diminish rapidly. The anterior filaments disappear.

The animal sometimes swims and sometimes crawls (figs. d & e).
The front portion developes into the head, having a mouth, with
curved folds in front. The eyes are situated on the sides on distinct
protuberances, and consist of pigment spots and lenses (fig. e). The
foot has not yet assumed its full size. The gills are not yet visible.

N

178 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

The mantle advances over the head. The front shelly valve has
advanced over the eye (fig. f). The flat tuberculated surface in front
of the valves is gradually diminished, and the eighth valve is pro-
duced behind the seventh.

Fig. 95.—Development of (Chiton) Leptochiton cinereus : after Lovén.

Veal

ere
e
S——
SvrN

ae ee ny
- NY “> Jaw \
; | aN a J )
|
t NN 7 i

\
ay

a. Embryo in the egg.

6. Dorsal view of young Chiton, showing the commencement of the divi-
sions.

c. Lateral view of the same.

d. Dorsal view of young Chiton further advanced, with the seven irregular
valves deposited in the segments.

e. The same from beneath, showing the foot, with the eyes on the side of
the head.

J. Dorsal view of a still older Chiton, showing the diminished tubercular front
portion.

The valves are at first short, with an irregular wavy outline, but
they increase in thickness and size by the addition of layers on the
under surface ; and as they increase, two deep notches are formed in
the front of the outer sides, which are well marked in the adult
shells (fig. /).

Lovén regards the circle of cirri as analogous to the cirri on the
veil of the young of other Gasteropods and Acephala, but in Chiton
the veil is not developed into a broad extensile sail, and he com-
pares the anterior portion, having the tuft of filaments, to the pear-
shaped body which usually carries the fagellum in the marine Ace-

OF MOLLUSCA. 179

phala. The veil is often absent in other Mollusca, or only appears
as oral or labial tentacles.

The valves are not formed by four united joints; and still less
do they support the opinion that the hinder valve is the true
shell, analogous to Patella, and the anterior valves supplementary
on it.

It has been the habit of conchologists to keep the valves of this
genus attached to the dry mantle of the animal, and to regard them as
a single shell; but it should be recollected that the separate valves
are the analogues of the only parts of the molluscous animals which
are usually kept in cabinets and studied by conchologists.

It has been objected that the character derived from the form

of the plate of insertion of the valves can only be seen by the de-
struction of the specimens as they are usually kept in cabinets, but
they can generally be seen from the under side, or through the sub-
stance of the mantle; when this is not the case, the form of the
plate of insertion can be easily developed by paring away the under
surface of the mantle, so as to show part of the edge of the valves,
without injury to the specimen; and they may be easily made more
visible through the inner side of the mantle by being soaked for a
few hours in a weak solution of caustic potash; but care should be
taken that the specimen is not left too long in soak, nor the solution
be too strong, otherwise the margiv will be dissolved.
__ The form of the plate of insertion may also be easily predicted by
inspecting the inner surface of the valves, for the notches in the
margin leave an impressed line from the vertex of the valve, as they
are gradually filled up by the growth of the valve.

The valves are best separated from the coriaceous skin of the
body, called the mantle, by soaking them in a strong solution of
caustic potash; as then the plates of insertion are cleaned, and not
broken, which they are likely to be if they are taken by force from
the mantle.

The number of notches in the plates of insertion is sometimes, but
very rarely, liable to variation. In one specimen of Chiton Bowenii
in the Museum Collection, the plate of insertion of the last valve but
one has two notches on one side, but the normal single notch of the
genus on the other.

** A Chiton has a carapace like an isopod Crustacean, a dorsal vessel
hike an Annelid, bilateral symmetrical reproductive viscera like an
acephalous Mollusk, a head and foot like a patelloid Gasteropod, a
posterior anus like the Fissurellide, and branchize like those of the
brachyurous Crustacea! Such manifold affinities at once unite and
sever this odd group from several most dissimilar classes.’””—Dr. T.
Williams, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 408 (1855).

180° SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

A. Mantles without any pores, furnished with fascicles of bristles
or spines on the sides.

a. The exposed part of the valves broad, band-like, transverse,
closely imbricate one on the other. The plates of insertion
moderate, of the anterior and the posterior valve divided into
several lobes more or less pectinated on the edge.

* Margin covered with uniform scales, entire behind.

1. Curron.

Margin covered with regularly disposed, imbricate, smooth, polished
scales; valves thick; the plates
of insertion pectinately lobed, of Fig. 96.—Valves of Chiton olivaceus.
the central valve with a single sub-
central notch, of the hinder valve
broad, distinctly lobed and pecti-
nated; the hinder valve entire;
apex superior, subcentral (fig. 96).
The gill occupying nearly the whole
length of the sides of the foot.

+ Scales of the margin moderate-
sized.

1. Ch. striatus, Sow. Til. f. 3, 41.
Chiloe.
2. Ch. Cumingii, Sow. Ill. f. 32,
51, . Chili.
3. Ch. albolineatus, Sow. Ii.
f. 39. Mexico.
4. Ch. squamosus. West Indies.
5. Ch. suleatus, Sow. Ill. f. 12.
6. Ch. granosus. Chili.
7. Ch. glaucus.
8. Ch. granulosus. Conception.
9. Ch. Siculus.
10. Ch. liratus, Sow. Ill. f. 126:
11. Ch. foveolatus, Sow. Til. f. 60.
12. Ch.excavatus, Sow. Ill. f.131.
13. Ch. fasciatus, Sow. Ill. f. 153.
14. Ch. australis, Sow. I/l. f. 46.
15. Ch. Stokesii, Sow. Ill. f. 24.
16. Ch.virgulatus, Sow. IU/.f.132.

A, anterior, B, middle, and C, terminal
valves. D, E, F, inner surface of

17. Ch. patulus, Sow. Ill. f. 134. same valves. g, the small lobes in
18. Ch. marmoratus, Sow. Il. the middle of the anterior margin

f. 148. between the wings. h,i,&k, notches
19. Ch. articulatus, Sow. J//. f.18. in margin of insertion. / & m, con-

fines of central area.

20. Ch. leevigatus, Sow. I//.f.18*.
21. Ch. Goodallii, Sow. Z/1. f. 50.

OF MOLLUSCA.

22. Ch. Inca, t. 208. f. 2.

181

23. Ch. pellis serpentis, t. 189. f. 6, t. 208. f. 6.

24. Ch. Pt 209% £. 1.
25.-Ch. TF te 209.4.-3:.
26. Ch. Tehuelcha, t. 207. f. 3.
27. Ch. Isabella, t. 207. f. 1.
28. Ch.? Islandica, t. 154. f. 5.

+t Scales of the mantle small.
29. Ch. Bowenii, Sow. Ill. f. 37. Magellan Straits.

2. ENOPLOCHITON.
Mantle covered with oblong, unequal, elongated scales; valves

broad, exposed, thick ; lateral area di-
stinct ; plate of insertion of anterior valve
lobed, of middle valve with a central nick,
of the hinder valve entire, rounded; the
hinder valve with a produced terminal
apex. The valves become much eroded
(ag.97).

1. E. niger. Coquimbo.

3. RADSIA.

Margin covered with regularly disposed
imbricated smooth scales; margins of in-
sertion of the central valves pectinately
divided, and each furnished with two
notches, of anterior and hinder valve broad,
lobed and pectinated ; posterior valve en-
tire ; apex superior, subcentral.

1. R. Barnesii. Coquimbo.

4, CALLOCHITON.

Margin covered with imbricate scales ;
the valves keeled, the plates of insertion
rather short, thick ; of the terminal valves
divided into many, and of the central valves
into four bifid lobes; the hinder valve
entire. Gills on hinder half of the foot.

+ Margin with lanceolate, elongate, erect,
closely pressed scales.

1. C. levis, Zool. Journ. v. t. 5. f. 1.

tt Margin with ovate, imbricate scales.
2. C. evanidus, Sow. Ill. f. 139.

Fig. 97.--Valves of Enoplo-
chiton niger.

A, anterior valve; D, inner
surface. B, middle valve ;
E, inner surface. C, termi-
nal valve. g, antero-cen-
tral area. h & i, notches
in margin of insertion. 7 &
m, confines of central area.

3. C. fuliginatus, 4. Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 53. f. 2.

182 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

Central tooth of Callochiton levis lear, somewhat narrower in
the middle, cutting edge transverse, smoothish, convex above; first
side one scarcely larger, like a broad turned claw ; second very large,
with a subclavate scape, hollowed on the outside, hook minute,
wide, three-toothed ; lateral teeth 5, irregular, trapezoid, sixth erect,
between the second and third, subtriangular; upper margin widely
reflexed, striolated. ase

5. IscHNOCHITON.

Margin covered with very small imbricate scales ; valves thin ; the
plates of insertion very thin, smooth-edged, of the central valves each
with a single notch; posterior valve entire. Gills nearly as long as
the side of the foot.

+ Scales of the mantle transversely grooved.

I. textilis.

. I. limaciformis, 4. ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 53. f.3. West Indies.
. I. Magdaliensis. ;

I. altus. Philippines.

sa BT"

tt Scales of the mantle minute, granular.
5. I. marginatus, Zool. Journ. v. t. 5.

6. LEPTOCHITON.

Margin covered with granular scales, with a series of spmes on the
edge; valves rounded, thin; the plates of insertion rudimentary,
without any notches either in the terminal or central valves; the
ag. valve entire. Gill short, on the hinder part of the side of the
oot.

1. L. cinereus.
2. L. Cajetanus.
3. L. asellus, 4. ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 53. f. 4.

Central tooth of Leptochiton cinereus elongated, base oval, neck
slender, cutting edge transverse, wider, smoothish, convex above ; first

Fig. 98.—Teeth of Leptochiton cinereus.

lateral somewhat larger, slightly hooked, furnished on each side with a
large rounded wing, in the dorsal cavity receiving the produced base
of the second largest tooth ; scape thick, notched outside ; hook black,

OF MOLLUSCA. 183

opake at the bend, with a spine in front; lateral teeth 5 on each
side, of irregular shape, trapezoid, arranged obliquely, the sixth erect
between the second and third, hooked, slightly bent, upper margin
reflexed and cut (fig. 98).

Mr. Clark, who has very imperfectly observed the development of
this species, erroneously says it shows no metamorphosis.

** Mantle covered with imbricate scales, slit behind.

7. LORICA.

Mantle very densely covered with small smooth ovate imbricate
scales, the hinder edge slit ; valves broad, transverse; plates of in-
sertion of the front few-lobed, of the hinder deeply emarginate and
obsoletely lobed ; the hinder valve with a produced acute posterior
marginal apex, and notched on its hinder edge. Gills 2

1. L. Cimolia, 4dams, Gen. Moll. t. 54. f. 5, shell only.

8. SCHIZOCHITON.

Mantle broad, deeply notched behind, covered with small chaff-
like scales; valves elongate, subcordate, narrow ; lateral area short,
distinctly defined ; the hinder valve large, with a subposterior superior
apex, and a deep notch on its hinder lower edge, and the plate of
insertion small, with a few oblique notches, scarcely pectinated.
Gills occupying the hinder half of the side of the foot.

1. 8. incisus, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 55. f. 6. Philippines.

cal Margin covered with uniform calcareous thick bristles like
spines, entire behind.

9. ACANTHOPLEURA.

Margin covered with elongate shelly bristles; valves thin, broad,
close, keeled ; lateral area distinct ; plates of insertion pectinated, of
the central valves with a single lobe on each side, of the hinder valve
regular, well developed ; last valve entire.

1. A. Peruviana, Sow. Ill. f. 44. Peru.
. A. bicolor. West Indies.

. A. Hennahi, Sow. Ill, f. 33.

A. Watsonii, Sow. Ill. f. 81, 82, 130.
. A. Hanleyi.

OT x Oo bo

10. MauGErRtia.

Margin covered with elongate shelly spines or bristles; valves
broad, thick, close; lateral area rather indistinct ; plates of inser-
tion pectinated, of central valves with a single notch on each valve,
of hinder valve narrow, rather irregular. Gills as long as the sides
of the foot.

154 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

+ Margin bristly ; lateral area of valves distinct.
1. M. nobilis. New Zealand. .

+t Margin spinose or spinulose; lateral area of valves rather
indistinct. |

2. M. picea, Sow. Ill. f. 147. West Indies.

3. M. spinigera, Sow. Ill. f. 68. Peru.

4. M. Owenii. Gambia.

5. M. spinosa, Sow. Ill. f. 151. Australia.

6. M. brevispinosa, 4. ddams, Gen. Moll. t.54.f.1; Sow. Ill. f. 136.
Island of Johanna.

7. M. magnifica, Sow. Ill. f. 52.

11. CoREPHIUM.

Mantle with shelly spines; valves broad, exposed ; plates of in-
sertion of the anterior valve lobed and pectinated, of central valves
with a single nick, of hinder valve distinct, slightly denticulated,
with one small central slit, not lobed on the sides; hinder valve
oblong, with a subcentral, subposterior, not produced apex.

i. C. echinatum, Sow. Jil. f. 47.

Pal! Be 2, Cuvier, t. 154. f. 6.

3. C.? asellus, Forbes §& Hanley, t. A.A. f. 5.
4. C.? rubrum, Forbes §& Hanley, t. A.A. f. 6.

12, ONYTHOCHITON.

Mantle covered with shelly spines, bristles or chaff-like scales ;
valves broad, exposed, thick; plates of insertion of anterior valve
lobed, of middle valves one-nicked on each side, of the hinder valve
rounded, entire ; posterior valve with a produced terminal apex.

1. O. Gaimardi.

2. O. hirtosus.
3. O. undulatus. Van Diemen’s Land.

13. Moupatia.

Mantle moderately broad, spinulose ; front edge often expanded
and produced, narrow behind (and slightly notched?) ; exposed part
of the valves broad, transverse, depressed ; plates of insertion mode-
rate, of the front valve lobed, pectinate, of the hinder valve expanded
like those of the lateral valve, and two-lobed ; the hinder valve with
a rounded lobe on the hinder edge.

+ Mantle moderately wide in front.
1. M. Hindsii, 4. ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 54. f. 7.
2. M. Simpsoni.

++ Mantle very wide, expanded in front.
3. M. Blainvillii.

OF MOLLUSCA. 185

**** Margin bald, smooth, covered with a hard shining skin be-
neath, entire behind.

14. Tonictia.
Margin naked, smooth; valves broad, transverse, keeled, close
together ; margin of insertion pectinately toothed, of central valves

with a notch on each side. Gills occupying the greater part of the
sides.

1. T. atrata, Sow. Ill. f. 57,58. Falkland Islands.
2. T. elegans, 4. Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 53. f. 5; Sow. Ill. f. 73, 74.
- Conception Bay.

3. T.’rabra.

4. T. fulva, Sow. Ill. f. 53. Cadiz.

5. T. lineata, Sow. Ill. f. 77.

6. T. Swainsonii, Sow. Til. f. 5. Peru.

7. T. cerasina.

8. T. levigata.

9. T. lyrata.
10. T. Grayii, Sow. Ill. f. 8, 16.
11. T. castanea, Sow. Ill. f. 114, 115, 116. Cape of Good Hope.
12. T. fastigiata, Sow. Ill. f. 11. California. ~

| 15, Fanny.
Mantle broad, smooth ; valves moderate, subcordate, rounded and
far apart on the sides ; lobes of insertion wide, denticulated, of the
central valve with a single lobe on each side.

1. F. dispuncta, Zool. Journ. t. 77. f. 5.

This genus forms a passage to the genera which have only a small
part of the valves exposed.

b. The exposed part of the valves small ; the plate of insertion very
broad, of the anterior valve divided by deep grooves into several
lobes.

16. KaTHARINA.

Body convex. Mantle smooth, naked; exposed part of the valves
small, cordate ; plates of insertion very broad, large ; of the anterior
valve divided into several deep grooves above, and slit on the edge;
of the last three-lobed. Gills on each side cf the foot.

1. K. tunicata, Middend. Ross. Chit. t.10. f. 1, 2.
2. K. Douglasiz.

_¢. The valves entirely covered by the mantle, appearing only to con-
sist of the plates of insertion ; the front part of the front valves
five-lobed.

17. CRYPTOCHITON.
Mantles covered with numerous close, uniform tufts of calcareous

186 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

spicula ; valves entirely hidden, consisting wholly of the plate of
insertion ; anterior valve divided into five pectinated lobes. Gills
extending the whole length of the side.

1. C. amiculatus.
2. C. Stelleri, Middend. Mal. Ross. t.1.f.1, 2; ddams, Gen. Moll.
t. o5-'s," 4;

Central teeth of Cryptochiton Stelleri (see Middend. Malac. Ross.
i. 141. t. 3. f. 10, 11, 12, t. 5. f. 9) small, squarish ; inner lateral
elongate, erect, curved, linear, three-toothed at the tip ; the others
flat, four-sided, elongate ; inner smaller, gradually larger towards
the outer series, which are largest, transverse, obscurely toothed
on the front edge.

B. The mantle with nine pores on each side, the two front on the
front margin of the anterior valves, and each of the others
at the hinder edge of the side of each valve, all furnished with a
tuft of spicula or bristles.

a. Mantle bald, spinulose beneath, the pores of the mantle fur-
nished with subulate flewible bristles ; the exposed part of the
valves broad.

18. PLAXIPHORA.

Mantle with scattered tufts of bristles, and with a series of nine
tufts of larger bristles on each side; valves broad, exposed, thin ;
the plate of insertion of anterior valve lobed, of middle valve with a
notch on each side, of the hinder valve entire, smooth, rounded ; the
hinder valves with a produced subposterior apex.

1. Pl. Carmichaeli = Chiton albidus, Ch. raripilosus, Ch. costatus,
Blainv., Ch. biramosus, Quoy, Ch. setiger, Ch. Fremblii, and
Ch. setosus, Sow. Terra del Fuego.

b. Mantle spinulose, with the pores furnished with tufts of bristle-
like calcareous spines ; exposed part of valves moderately large.

19. HANLEYA.

Body depressed. Mantle spinulose ; lateral tufts of spines small ;
exposed part of valve broader than long; margin of insertion of the
valves entire, of anterior and posterior valves very narrow.

1. H. debilis = Chiton Hanleyi, Thorpe.

9(). ACANTHOCHETES.

Body oblong elongate, rather depressed. Mantle spinulose, tuft
of spines generally large, often iridescent ; exposed part of valves
moderately broad cordate, as long as broad. Gulls occupying two-
thirds of the hinder part of the sides of the foot.

OF MOLLUSCA. 187

1. A. fascicularis, t. 154. f. 2, t. 207. f. 6, t. 209. f. 2.
2. A. Garnotii, t. 207. f. 5.
3. A. polychetus.

4. A. roseus.

5. A. Lesueurii.

6. A. scaber.

7. A. violaceus, t. 208. f. 3.
8. A. hastatus.

9. A. hirundiniformis.
10. A. strigatus.
11. A. Zelandicus, t. 207. f. 2.
Pee — tt, 154..f. 4,

M. de Blainville observes, that the valves of this genus are always
without any trace of the lateral area (Dict. Sci. Nat. xxxvi. 537),
but this must have arisen from his having only examined worn
specimens.

21. CHITONELLUS.

Body elongate, subcylindrical, back convex. Mantle covered with
short crowded calcareous spines, and the lateral pores small, with
short crowded calcareous spines ; exposed part of the front valve .
oblong, square, broad, often worn, of the hinder ones narrow, lan-
ceolate ; the plates of insertion large, of first valve bilobed, of lateral
and hinder valves produced in front and scarcely notched on either
side. Gills occupying about one-third of the hinder side of the
foot.

1. Ch. fasciatus, t. 208. f. 5.
2. Ch. larviformis, t. 208. f. 4.
3. Ch. leevis.

4. Ch. striatus.

Lingual membrane of Chitonellus linear. Central tooth linear ;

Fig. 99.—Teeth of Chitonellus from Tasmania.

inner lateral small, linear, twice as long as broad, diverging ; outer
lateral large, with a large black convex apex, with three teeth on the
inner edge ; no external lateral teeth (fig. 99).

c. Mantle covered with furfuraceous scales, the pores with tufts of
hair-like spines ; exposed part of the valve small, broad.
22. AMICULA.

Body ovate, convex ; back convex. Mantle covered with furfura-
ceous scales; the pores with a tuft of yellowish hair-like spines ;

188 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

exposed part of the valves small, subcordate, as broad as long. Gills
?

1. A. vestita, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 55. f. 2.

“The valves of Chitonellus Emersonianus are covered with a thin ~
membrane coated with a dirty scurfy epidermis, which is easily rubbed
off. Margin broad, thick, resembling macerated calf-skin, coated
like the rest of the surface, and having two ranges of small tufts of
yellowish hairs, two on each of the intermediate, and six or eight
around the terminal valves.’’>—Gould, Moll. Mass. 152. f. 19.

d. The mantie smooth ; pores with a tuft of small spines ; exposed
part of valves very small, linear. |

23. CRYPTOCONCHUS.

Body oblong, rather convex. Mantle smooth; back flattish or
concave in the centre; the pores on the upper part of the sides of
the back, each containing a tuft of short spicula; exposed part of
the valves linear, much longer than broad, the plate of insertion of
the front valve slightly crenated in front. Gills on the hinder half
of the sides of the foot.

1. C. porosus, t. 207. f.4, t. 208. f. 1.

APPENDIX to ScuTiBRANCHIATA.
At page 136, before Suborder I. Scuriprancuia, add—

Suborder I*. Ps—EuDOBRANCHIA.

Gills in form of branched vessel on the inner surface of the mantle.
Body and shell spiral. The lateral central teeth large, irregular.
Operculum none. Terrestrial.

These differ from Pulmonata in the mantle being free from the
nape, leaving the pulmonary cavity open, and in the animal being
upisexual. They differ from Phaneropneumona (p. 78), with which
they have hitherto been united, in the teeth being truly Rephido-
glossal.

Fam. I*. PROSERPINADA! (Erase from p. 86).

Muzzle short, annulated. Tentacles lateral, subulate, short, distant.
Eyes sessile, on the outer side of the base of the tentacles ; sides
simple, without any membranaceous fringe or lateral beards. The
lateral central teeth large, irregular, lobed or dentated. Foot
moderate, truncated in front, acute and keeled above behind, with a
concavity in the front part for the base of the shell, lined with an
extension of the mantle. Operculum none. Shell spiral, depressed ;

OF MOLLUSCA. 189

whorls close-pressed, more or less covered with a polished coat ;
aperture lunate, with a fold forming a slight truncate canal at the
columnar angle. Peristome simple, acute; throat and inner lip
with spiral laminze ; axis covered with a callous deposit ; the septa
between the upper whorls absorbed.

1. ProserPina (see p. 86).

Shell polished all over. (Mantle expanded and reflexed over the
upper and under part of the shell ?)

1. P. nitida.
2. CERES.

Shell rugose and covered with a periostraca above, smooth and
polished and covered with a thin callous coat beneath. Mantle free
from the back of the neck, with a thick double-edged collar, the
outer edge rather reflexed. The front part of the upper surface of
the foot near the axis of the shell is depressed into a rather expanded
concavity which is lined with an extension of the mantle, having a
raised edge near the margin of the concavity. This raised edge is evi-
dently a continuation of the edge of the mantle of the body, sinuated
at the columnar and outer upper angle of the mouth of the shell.
It is more developed and crumpled up, in the specimens in spirits, on
the left side of the concavity ; and there is little doubt, in the living
state, that this extension of the mantle is expanded out and deposits
the polished callous coat of the under surface of the shell and the

callosity over the axis; hence the larger size of the left side of the
extension.

1. C. Salleana. Spire convex ; whorls granulated above.
2. C. eolina. Spire flat ; whorls with oblique diverging raised lines.

Lingual membrane of Ceres Salleana broad, elongate, with nume-
rous longitudinal series of teeth. Teeth 00°5°1°5°00 (fig. 100);

Fig. 100.—Teeth of Ceres Salleana.

the central tooth oblong, distinct, with a broad simple reflexed tip ;
the first and second lateral teeth rather broader than the central one,
with a three-toothed recurved tip ; the third narrow, elongate, with
a slightly recurved end; the fourth and fifth much larger, oblong
and irregular-shaped ; the fourth about half as wide as the fifth, with
three or four dentations on the inner side of the upper edge; the

190 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

.

fifth very large, broad, with a large subcentral reflexed lobe; the
lateral teeth are very numerous, subequal, similar, compressed, trans-
parent, with a recurved tip, those of the inner teeth of the series
being bifid. . .

The following Figures were accidentally omitted in their right places.

Fig. 101.—Lingual teeth of Emarginula crassa (p. 163).

Fig. 102. Fig. 103.
Teeth of Tectura testudinalis (p. 169). Teeth of Lepeta ceca* (p. 172).

* The figure 92 under this name at p. 172 should be /o¢hia fulva, and referred
to in the description of that genus.

OF MOLLUSCA. 191

“Subclass I. HETEROBRANCHIATA, Gray.

Respiratory organs variously formed. Gill exposed, or only
slightly covered by a fold of the mantle, or in the form of a lung-
like cavity. Hermaphrodite, with reciprocal impregnation (p. 3).

Heterobranchiata, Gray, 1840.
Opisthobranchiata et Pulmonata, M.-Hdw. 1846.

Order II]. PLEUROBRANCHIATA.

Gill forming a tuft on the side of the back under a fold of the
mantle. Shell spiral. Adult and larva shell-bearing ; larvee fur-
nished with deciduous cephalic fins. Animal hermaphrodite, with

reciprocal impregnation. Animal and foot elongate, for walking.

A. Organs of generation far apart, united by a groove. TECTIBRANCHIA,
Rang.

a. The tentacles broad, forming a more or less expanded frontal
disk. Bullinina. )

** The head-lobe in the Bullide is in fact nothing else than the dor-
sal and labial tentacles fused into one continuous mass. This Cuvier
asserted long ago, aud it can very easily be proved on anatomical
grounds. The nerves which supply the oral and dorsal tentacles in
the Gasteropods go to this lobe, the former to the anterior, the latter
to the posterior portion of it (the olfactory nerves to the upper part
of it, hence it is the organ of scent).”—Hancockh, Ann. § Mag. Nat.
Hist. 1852, 188.

“Tn Bulla hydatis the olfactory organ is most highly developed,
and is perfectly similar in structure to that observed in fishes, and
shows the analogy that exists between the dorsal tentacle of Doris
and the olfactory organs of this higher type of form. It is composed
of a central stem, bearing numerous considerably elevated lateral
lamine. Mr. W. Clark, who described it (Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist.
1850, vi. 100), erroneously considers these ‘leaflets’ salivary glands.”
—-Hancock, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. 1852, 190.

§ Teeth in two or four longitudinal series.
Fam. I. PHILINID.

Teeth in two (or rarely four) longitudinal series, large, hooked,
sometimes with a series of smaller similar teeth on the outer side.
Head-disk square, broad.

* Shell none.

1. ? GASTEROPTERON.
Head-disk triangular; eyes sessile, subcentral ; body ovate, shell-

192 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

less ; gill exposed ; foot oblong, transverse, very large, sides folded
on the back. Teeth ? Shell none.

** Mouth a linear longitudinal slit; genital pore in front and vent
behind ; the gill composed of many plumules, partly covered by a
fold of the mantle.”—Philippi, Moll. Sicil. 97.

1. G. Meckelii, t. 60*. f. 8; t. 131. f.1. (Clio amata), t. 132. f. 1-10.

2. PosTEROBRANCHAA.

Head-disk short, truncated behind. Eyes none. Body and man-
tle oblong, shell-less, convex, with a triangular bifid posterior process.
Foot very broad, vblong, rounded. Teeth. ? Shell none.

1. P. maculata, t. 168. f. 2.

The animal requires re-examination. M. d’Orbigny calls what I
have here considered the head-disk and the body, the front and
hinder portion of the foct, which, he says, unlike any other mollusk,
is divided transversely in half into two very distinct portions. Ifthe
above theory is correct, the foot is spotted, and the upper part of the
body is one-coloured ; but the foot of several Aplysi@ is spotted and
variegated.

Messrs. Adams have referred this genus to the Bullide, but they
have taken the front part of the mantle (of M. d’Orbigny) for a
cephalic disk, though M. d’Orbigny particularly described the mantle
as being continuous, and have made their figure to agree with this
theory, representing it as divided into two distinct portions (see Gen.
Moll. t. 58. f. 5).

** Shell distinct, covered. Gill on right side.

3. DoripiuM.

Head-disk ovate, truncate behind. Eyes none? Body depressed,
truncated behind. Mantle large, oblong, shorter than the expanded
foot. Shell covered, thin, flat, triangular.

1. D. marmoratum, t.131.f. 2,3. Eidothea marmorata, Risso (Eur.
Meérid. t. 1. £./17).
3: Dy Meckelu, ¢. 1232. f 1, 1a,

4, PHILINeE.

Head-disk trapeziform, elongate. Eyes none. Mantle moderate,
bluntly notched behind. Foot broad; side lobes large and fleshy,
reflexed, edging the head and front of the mantle. Shell concealed,
thin, fragile, ovate, convolute; spire small ; aperture very large,
open.

1. P. aperta, t. 60. f. 5, t. 60*. f. 2, t. 132. f. 6, t. 175. f.6; Forbes
§ Hanley, B.M.t. V.V. f. 1.

, n.s., t. 175. f. 5. Borneo.

,n.s., t. 132. f. 4. West Indies.

OF MOLLUSCA. 193

4. P. granulosa, t. 60*. f. 4.

5. P. Catena, Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. V.V. f. 4.

6. P. punctata, Forbes § Hanley, B.M.t.V.V. f. 5.

7. P. scabra, Forbes & Hanley, B.M.

Beret iNin Viakt, Ls Fig. 105.

Animal of Philine aperta.

The young animal (Philine aperta)
is covered with a spiral shell furnished
with vibratile swimming veils and an
operculum. The eggs are numerous,
in a very long spiral series, contained
in an ovate hydrophanous gelatinous
egg-capsule (fig. 105 ).—Loven. s. Shell. o. Mouth. ec. Head.

Lingual membrane of Philine aperta “7, Side lobes. m. Mantle. 4g.
very narrow, very thin, transparent. — Gizzard seen through the skin.
Teeth two on each cross series, close
together at the base, elongated, arched, nearly in half a circle, brown,
compressed, scimitar-shaped ; inner edge very finely denticulated ;
teeth transparent (fig. 106).

Fig. 106.—Teeth of Philine aperta. Fig. 107.—Teeth of Philine scabra.

\
él \

2
>

Lateral teeth of Philine scabra two, erect, claw-like, the inner
by far the larger, lobed within, serrulated ; outer minute, unarmed
(fig. 107).—Lovén.

5. HirRuNDELLA.

Head-lobe oblong, elongate. Eyes none. Mantle oblong, narrow,
produced into two elongated tails behind. Foot large, dilated on the
sides, reflexed, and embracing the head and mantle. Shell concealed,
flat, thin, scarcely involute.

1. H. hirundinaria, t. 60. f. 1.

**x* Shell distinct, exposed.

6. CRYPTOPHTHALMUS.

Head small, narrowed behind. Eyes under the free edge of the
disk. Mantle covering the base of the shell. Foot large, elongate ;
sides reflexed, subcylindrical, covering the mantle, and with a pos-
terior branchial aperture. Teeth ? Shell partly exposed, horny,
fragile, scarcely involute.

1. C. smaragdina, t. 60. f. 3,4, 5,6. Var. Riippell, t.60*. f. 9.
This may be allied to Bulla.

O

194 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

7. XANTHONELLA.

Head disk small, broad in front, narrow, bifid behind. Eyes ses-
sile, in middle of disk. Mantle covering the edge of the shell.
Foot elongate, oblong ; sides reflexed, rounded, enclosing the body,
leaving a posterior branchial opening. Shell partly exposed, thin,
horny, scarcely involute, without any spire.

1. X. latea, t..59. £.-8.

8. GLAUCONELLA.

Head disk moderate, acute in front, truncate behind. Eyes in
middle of disk. Mantle enclosed. Foot oblong, broad; sides bent
up, enclosing part of the shell. Teeth ? Shell exposed, oval,
depressed, thick, green ; apex with the rudimentary spine forming
a cup-like disk behind. |
eG. viridis,’ ti) 59! £:°5
2. G. glauca, t. 59. f. 3.

3. 4. Adame, t. 178.-£. 1.

9. SCAPHANDER.

Head disk large, elongate, subquadrate. Eyes none. Mantle en-
closed. Foot short, rather broad, with narrow reflexed sides. Teeth
in two longitudinal series. Shell external, ovate, convolute, striated ;
spire small, concealed ; aperture large, narrow behind.

1. S.lignarius. Bullal.,t.60*.f.5; Forbes Fig. 108.—Teeth of
§ Hanley, B.M. t. V.V. f. 5. Seaphander lignarius.
2. 78. A an sl ae

Lateral tooth of Scaphander lignarius sin-
gle, claw-like, crenulated on the posterior “

margin before the tip; on the outside winged
with a crest on the basal part (fig.108).—Lovén.

§§ Teeth in three longitudinal series (fig. 109).
Fam. Il. AMPHISPHYRADZ.

Teeth in three longitudinal series, forming straight cross series ;
the central tooth broad, square ; the lateral curved, bent down.

1. AMPHISPHYRA.

Animal enclosed in the shell, thick, broad. Head broad, short,
transverse. Tentacles short, conical, far apart, lateral. Eyes mi-
nute, immersed, remote, posterior. Lips tumid, forming an inflated
vertical mouth, impressed in front. Foot shorter than the shell,
subquadrate, dilated in front, truncate, divided into two lobes by a
medial slit behind; edge of mantle thickened. Shell bubble-like,

OF MOLLUSCA. 195

thin, ovate ; apex truncate ; spire depressed, with a prominent mam-

millary first whorl.

1. A. pellucida.

2. A. globosa.

3. A. hyalina, Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. Q.Q. f. 2. Teeth, t. 22.
f.2C. Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 56. f. 8.

Central tooth of Amphisphyra globosa Fig. 109.—Teeth of

broad, subrectangular ; cutting edge trans- 4” /#sphyra globosa.
verse, serrulated; lateral tooth one, claw- = A
like, slender, expanded at the base, winged ola da

on the outside (fig. 102).—Lovén.
As in Rissoella the eyes are placed far back, so as to be only seen
through the transparent shell.

§§§ Teeth in thirteen longitudinal series, in straight cross lines

(fig. 110).
Fam. III. BULLINADZ.

Teeth: central distinct, lateral 6 - 6 ; inner ones large, with a strong
hooked point ; outer ones uniform, small. Head disk broad, entire
or nicked behind. Foot short. Shell exposed.

1. BULLINA.

Animal short, broad. Head depressed, subquadrate, truncated in
front. Tentacles broad, flattened, free, recumbent, transverse. KEyes
under their base. Foot very short, ovate, quadrate. Mantle edge
thickened, closing the hinder part of the aperture. Teeth 4:1-1°1°4;
central broad, pectinate ; inner lateral large, curved; rest small.
** Prehensile collar distinct,” Alder. Shell cylindrical or fusiform.
Columella callous or plaited.

* Frontal disk elongate, truncated behind. Cyclina.
1. B. cylindracea, Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. V.V. f. 3; Addams,

Gen. Moll. t. 56. f. 6.
2-5: lo tan d 78s fod

** Frontal disk short, deeply notched behind. Tornatina.

3. B. truncata, Forbes §& Hanley, B.M. t. V.V. f. 4; Adams, Gen.
Moll. t. 56. f. 9.

Central tooth of Bullina alba small, Fig. 110.—Teeth of Bullina alba.
compressed, erect, above wider; cutting
edge slightly produced, serrulated ; (
lateral teeth 6, dina very large, base on a ‘i |
both sides produced, with a sharp
strong point deflected and toothed on the inside, the other teeth mi-
nute, bent and claw-like (fig. 110).—Lovén.

o 2

196 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

§§§$§ Teeth in very numerous close longitudinal series, forming
oblique cross serves (fig. 111).

Fam. IV. BULLIDA.

Teeth: central one, distinct; lateral numerous, uniform, in an
angular series. Tentacular frontal disk expanded, nicked behind.
Shell distinct, exposed.

* Mantle with a long process emitted through a slit in the suture
of the shell. Head disk narrow. Eyesnone. Spire convex.

1. AKERA.

Head disk elongate, narrow, simple. Eyes none. Mantle en-
closed, fringed on the edge. Foot very large ; sides dilated, rounded,
folded back in repose. Shell subcylindrical, convolute, thin, elastic ;
spire short ; suture channeled, notched on the edge.

1. A. bullata, t. 60*. f. 6, 7. Forbes §& Hanley, B.M.t.V.V. f. 6.
2. A. ?n. s., t. 178,.f.,2..{ Borneds

Central tooth of Akera bullata minute, erect, base wider, produced
on each side; head swollen, impressed above, cutting edge deflected,
one-pointed, on each side crested and toothed ; lateral teeth about
twenty-one, with a long hook, the middle ones longest, the first

Fig. 111.—Teeth of Akera bullata.

shortly winged on the inside, serrulated, the following gradually more
and more slender (fig. 111).—Lovén.

** Mantle simple behind. Head disk broad. Eyes distinct.
Spire of shell minute, sunk ; suture simple.

2; BuULLA!

Head disk broad, sometimes nicked and expanded behind. Eyes
subcentral. Mantle enclosed, with a thick posterior lobe. Foot
oblong, short; front part of sides bent up. Shell ovate, solid,
coloured, involute ; spire very small, sunk or hidden.

. Cranchii, Forbes §& Hanley, B.M. t. V.V. f. 2.
. ampulla, t. 178. f. 3.

. ovoidea, t. 59. f. 4.

. glauca, t. 59. f. 3.

, striata, t. 60. f. 2, t. 175. f. 4.

om ONS
we hwoBe-Bo- Rew

OF MOLLUSCA. 197

6. B. Columni, t. 59. f. 1.
7. B. Hydatinella, t. 60*. f. 3.

3. HAMINEA.

Head disk large, elongate, naked behind. Eyes subcentral.
Mantle edge reflexed on shell behind. Foot elongate; sides ex-
panded, reflexed on shell. Shell ovate, thin, horny, striated ; spire
very small, sunken.

fH hydatis if" 60. f. 1, 2, t. 60*. f. 2.
OED: tt. 132. £4.

<, Fe a Pe. LZ Bibs

4. H. hydatis, Forbes §& Hanley, B.M. t. Q.Q. f. 3.

Teeth of Haminea hydatis in very numerous longitudinal series,
of uniform similar conical acute glassy teeth in close angular cross
series.

‘The branchial plume of Bulla hydatis is a single, regular, crescent-
shaped plume of 18 or 20 short, coarse strands, having the artery in
the centre, lying in a crypt transversely between the vulva and the
anus, floating free, except where under the mantle it is fixed to its
roof and to the back of the animal. The heart is at the base of the
branchize.”— Clark, Moll. p. 280.

Fam. V. AMPLUSTRIDZ.

Teeth: central none; lateral numerous, uniform. Frontal disk
produced into ear-like tentacular lobes. Front of aperture of shell
more or less channeled. Operculum none.

1. AMPLUSTRUM.
Shell ovate, imperforated, solid, smooth; spire distinct, conical,
blunt ; aperture oblong, with a broad canal in front.
Roo amiosere, t.. 09. 1. 2, t. 175. 4. 1.

2. BULLINULA.

Shell ovate, solid, perforated, transversely grooved and dotted ;
spire conical, blunt; aperture linear, ovate, broadly channeled in
front.

To undata, t. 59786.
o> B. Tees. Leeodeoh

3. HypaTINa.

Shell volute, ovate, thin ; axis perforated ; spire flattened ; aper-
ture entire in front.

1. H. Physis, t. 59. f. 7, t. 175. f. 2, 3, t. 262. f. 1.

198 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

Central tooth of Hydatina Physis wanting; lateral teeth about
thirteen, somewhat equal, thick, hooked, reduced in front and at the
base ; marginal teeth 4° 5, unequal (fig. 112).—Lovén.

Fig. 112.—Teeth of Hydatina Physis.

The genus A¢las, Lesueur, has been referred to this family. It
is said to be the larva of Siphunculus. See J. Miiller, Entwick. der
Echinod. 36, and Busch, in Arch. Naturg. 1854, 333.

b. Tentacles slit externally, ear-like, separate. Head produced.
Teeth in very numerous longitudinal series, forming angular
cross lines, all similar (p. 191).

+ Shell internal or none (p. 201).
Fam. VI. APLYSIADA.

Shell internal, rudimentary; nucleus globular, spiral. Teeth
in many longitudinal series; central 1, distinct ; lateral numerous,
similar. Tentacula separate, ear-like.

* Sides of foot dilated, covering the back, not expanded for swim-
ming. Shell hard, calcareous, covered by the-mantle.

1. DoOLABELLA.

Animal elongate, obliquely truncated behind ; sides of foot in-
flexed. Shell calcareous, triangular, convex ; apex callous. Perios-
traca hard.

+ Body warty. Shell broad.

1. D.-callosa, t. 137. f. 2. D. Rumphi, t. 134. f. 1, t. 135.
2. D ?, t. 133.
3. D. ——?, n.8., t. 207. f. 2. Ceylon.
++ Body smooth, Shell broad.
4. D. ecaudata, t. 136. f. 2.
5. D. Tongensis (Aplysia de Tonga), t. 137. f. 1.
ttt Body and shell elongate.
6. D.

temnida, t. 136. f. 1, t. 270. f. 1.

~~~ «=

:
‘
:
3
;
’
’
§
9

OF MOLLUSCA. . 199

2. DOLABRIFERA.

Body tapering behind. Shell calcareous, trapeziform ; apex pro-
duced.

1. D. Dolabrifera, t. 149. f. 1.
2. D. ascifera, t. 149. f. 3:
3. D. Oahouensis, t. 220. f. 5.

** Sides of foot dilated, free for swimming. Shell subcartilagi-
nous, covered by the mantle.

3. APLYSTA.

Body elongate, conical behind. Shell subcartilaginous, ovate ;
apex acute.

1. A. depilans, t. 138. f.1, t.142.f.1,2,jun.? Esmia Griffithsiz,
t. 268. f. 13. Young from eggs, t. 154. f. 1.

2. A. virescens, t. 61. f. 3.

a Apunctata, t. 139. f, 1, t. 140. f. I, t. 146. f. 2, ¢.177.f. 5.
4. A. Lepus, t. 146. f. 3.

5. A. marginata, t. 146. f. 1.

6. A. ocellata, t. 148.
7. A. rosea, t. 138. f. 2.
8. A. Lessonii, t. 139. f. 2.
9. A. Brasiliana, t. 140. f. 2.
10. A. Keraudrenii, t. 141. f. 2.
A. fusea, t. 141. f. 1.
12. A. maculata, t. 142*. f. 1.

weamenna, t.61,/f..1:

. Ligrmella, A. Tigrina, t. 61**. f. 4.
. petalifera, t. 149. f. 5.

. linguifera, t. 149. f. 2.

~Arous, t. 145. 7,,2,. t. 270.:f..3,-4.

. Brugnatelli, t. 142*. f. 4.

. Webbii, t. 142*. f. 2.

. depressa, t. 147. f. 4.

13. A. hybrida, Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. F.F. f. 1.
14. A. fasciata, t. 142*. f. 3.
Pee oe inca, t. 61". f. 2,°t. t44. ¥.. 1:
16. A. dactylomela, t. 144. f. 2.
17. A. protea, t. 144. f. 1.
18. A. Camelus, t. 145. f. 1.
ro: Aj alba, t. 145. £.°2.
20. A. sicula, t.. 147. f:.3.
21. A. nigra, t. 147. f. 1.
22. A. Sorex, t. 149. f. 8.
23. A. Ferussacii, t. 149. f. 7.
24, A. longicornis, t. 149. f. 4.
25. A. marmorata, t 149. f. 6.
26. A. lurida, t. 61*. f. 1.
27. A. Rangiana, t. 61*. f. 3.

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

200 : SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

36. A. Dumortieri, t. 147. f. 3.

37. A. limacina, t. 151. f. 2.

38. A. Rissoana. Dolabella Lepus, Risso, ’ Eur op. Mérid.t. .f.
39. A. Neapolitana, t. 3. f. 2.

Lingual membrane of Aplysia depilans broad, short, brown.
Teeth brown, many on each diverging cross series; central tooth

Fig. 113.—Teeth = Aplysia punctata.
ens ue
>.
ey
av 4

distinct and truncated, triangular, dilated beneath, with an arched
front edge ; apex truncated, reflexed ; reflexed part subcordate, dark,
with three large toothlets in front; lateral teeth 12°12, in an
oblique line, rather elongate, oblique, with the tip recurved, with
three rounded lobes on its lower edge; the crown of the anterior
teeth worn, so as to leave the reflexed and lobed part.

Central tooth of Aplysia punctata with the base on each side ex-
panded ; apex recurved, with one sharp point lobed on both sides ;
lateral teeth about thirteen, minute, claw-like, denticulated, lobed
and toothed at the bend; outer ones misshapen (fig. 113).—Lovén.

*** Sides not dilated. Foot narrow. Shell none.

4, NoTARCHUS.

Animal ovate; hinder tentacles simple. Foot linear, narrow.
Shell none.

, N. Cuvieri, t. 53. f. 2, a oof, S, Cxbinaae, Woo
. N. gelatinosus, t. 61. iz 3, . 153. f.p2

. N. punctatus, t. 153. f. 5.

N. ocellatus, t. 152. f. 2.

’N. (Bursiris) griseus, t. 198. f. 8.

Or Co tO

>. BURSATELLA.
Animal globular, bearded; hinder tentacles branched. Shell
none. .

1. B. Leachii, t. 150, t. 153. f. 4.
2. B. laciniatus, t. 152. f. 1.
3. BR, Plei, t..151. f. 1,

6. ACLESIA.
Animal elongate, tapered behind, bearded. Tentacles linear,
papillary. Lips elongate, dilated on the sides.

1. A. longicauda, t. 151. f. 4.
9 = engate. t..152.:£..5.

OF MOLLUSCA. 201

. citrina, t. 151. f. 6.
ewiridis, t. 151. 8-2:

ue tute.t G1, f.:5.
“striata, t.. 61.1...

. cirrigera, t. 61. f. 1.
. ocellata, t. 179. f. 2.
. Euclorus, t. 179. f. 1

ODN OER be
D> > > bbb

++ Shell external (p. 198).
Fam. VII. LOPHOCERCID.

Body elongate. Head produced. Tentacula two, ear-like. Eyes
? Gill regular, pectinate. Male organ on right side of nape,
near tentacle ; female ? Mantle enclosed. Tail conical. Shell
exterior, convolute. Teeth in numerous longitudinal series ; central 1,
distinct ; lateral numerous, similar, in an angular cross eevies:

1, LopHocERcus.
Shell convolute ; spire rudimentary, subcentral.

1. L. Sieboldu, t. 176. f. 3; Souleyet, Journ. - Conch. 1850, 225.
10. £ 1, % 3, 15, 17.

The tongue is exactly like that of Acteon in form and structure.
—Souleyet, Journ. de Conch. 1850, 228. t. 10. f. 9. Gill pectinate,
on left side of the mantle lobes.

Mantle of Lophocercus enclosed. Foot elongate, produced and
attenuated behind ; the sides of the front expanded, bent up, and
covering the sides of the shell. Eyes sessile, behind the base of the
tentacles. The aperture of the male organs at the hinder part of
the base of the right tentacles ; of the female on the edge of the
branchial cavity (united by a groove?). Gill a transverse series of
simple isolated leaves, attached to the UPP St inner surface of the
respiratory cavity.

2. LoBicErR.
Shell spiral, ovate ; spire small, apical.

1. L. Philippi, t. 176. f. 1; Souleyet, Journ. de Conch. 1850, 223.
eG ..1,.14,.18. .

B. Organs of generation close together in one tubercle (p. 191).
§ Teeth in numerous longitudinal series, uniform (p. 204).
Fam. VIII. PLEUROBRANCHIDA.

Animal rounded, convex. Head not produced, hidden under the
edge of the mantle. Tentacles two, close, slit on the outer side;
frontal veil more or less produced between the base of the tentacles

202 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

and the mouth. Proboscis retractile. Foot large, expanded. Shell
enclosed in the mantle, rudimentary or none.

* Mantle distinct. Shell distinct.

1. PLEUROBRANCHUS.

Mantle oblong, margining the foot, entire in front; frontal veil
moderate, rounded. Shell large, oblong, horny.

t+ Shell oblong, horny.

1. P. Peronii, t. 167. f. 1 (in spirits), 6 (alive), 8.
2. P. plumula, t. 167. f.4; Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. X.X. f. 1.
3. P. perforatus, t. 171. f. 4.

ao? surentinens, t. 267. £. 3, (5, OF t0174,7. 4.
5. P.. De. Haann, t.:167. 4. 2.

G.-P. brevifrons,. t..¥7.1\ ..3:

72 ¥. 1 t 169 f.-1.

8. P. Patagonicus, t. 171. f. 1.

O. PF. ecornutus, ¢; 17451. 2:
10. P. punctatus, Quoy, Voy. Ast. t. 22. f. 15, 19.
11. P. tuberculatus.
12. P. stellatus.
13. P. ocellatus.
ro. PP: De See abe le gg ba: CO, Lake pte OU, Le 0
fo. ©. Siamnvillu; 472.4...
16. P. mammillatus, t. 174. f. 4,

+t Shell narrow ; shelly?
17. P. oblongus, t. 170, t. 173. f. 1.

The branchia of Pleurobranchus plumula consists of a gently
arcuated stem, having on each side 20 to 25 oblique rami sloping
posteriorly, which are finely ciliated, to beat the water to extract the
air; the two sets of strands fall together from each side of the stem,
forming when expanded an elegant plumose rouleau, tapering gently
from its origin to a conical, though obtuse, posterior termination,
and for a third of its length floating free.—Clark, Moll. p. 271.

2. SUSANIA.

Mantle very large, broadly margining the foot, vesicular, deeply
notched in front; frontal veil between the base of the tentacles and
mouth, large, oblong. Foot oblong, rather narrow. Shell very
small. Teeth very numerous, in close oblique series; no central
tooth.

1. S. testudinaria, PAil. Moll. Sicil. t. 20, 21, f. 1.
2. S. Forskalii, t. 169. f. 4.

3. S. tuberculata, t. 172. f. 2.

4, §. reticulata, t. 169. f. 3. Perhaps all one species.

OF MOLLUSCA. 203 .

The lingual membrane of S. testudinaria is broad, short, with
very numerous close longitudinal series of slender, curved, acute,
subulate teeth, placed in close oblique cross rows, without any central
series.

3. OSCANIUS.

Mantle expanded, irregular. Foot very large, expanded. Shell
thin, membranaceous, silvery.

1. O. membranaceus, t. 103. f. 12; Forbes §& Hanley, Brit. Moll.
te. f: 2.

2. O. Lesueurii, t. 166. f. 2.

3. O. dilatipes, ddams, Gen. Moll. t. 60. f. 5.

The branchial plume of Oscanius membranaceus is composed of
two gently arcuated leaves, tapering from their bases to a pointed
extremity ; each leaf consists of about twenty-five linear vessels or
processes, resembling a twisted cord with a longitudinal depression
in its centre, which is the branchial artery, and crossed on each side
by transverse lines; these cord-like fillets are closely packed toge-
ther and taper to their terminations, which float free. The two
portions of the plume fold on each other, with fine short cilia on
each of the strize, to beat the water and eliminate air therefrom.—
Clark, Moll. p. 269.

** Mantle indistinctly edged. Shell none.

4. Nepa.

Mantle small, indistinct. Foot broad, dilated, rounded behind ;
lateral appendage dilated, cut on the sides, arcuate.

1. N. luniceps, t. 167. f. 2; Adams, Gen. Moll. t. 61. f. 1.

5. PLEUROBRANCHAA.

Mantle small, indistinct. Foot narrow, oblong; lateral append-
ages forming a narrow veil. ‘‘ Eyes small, at the hinder base of the
hinder tentacles.” +—Chiaje.

Ty P. Meckeli, t..168. f..1, 3, t.173. f. 2, 3. (from life), t. 220. £.3
(young).
2. P. maculata, t. 22. f. 12.

The proboscis in the living animal is always retracted, but when
languid, or in spirits, generally exserted, thick and truncated. The
lingual membrane broad, dark brown, longitudinally folded, with
very numerous, crowded, longitudinal series of elongate, subulate,
slightly curved, acute, transparent teeth, in crowded oblique cross
series.

Fam. IX. TYLODINAD& (from p. 63), add—

Shell exterior, thin, with a thick periostraca; apex subcentral ;
nucleus globular, spiral, sinistral. Muscular sear ring-like, with a

. 204 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

broad angular sinus on the hinder part of the right side. Mouth
like Pleurobranchus. Lingual membrane broad. Teeth in many
longitudinal series, forming angular cross lines. Gill pinnate, like
Pleurobranchus. The animal and shell evidently intermediate be-
tween Pleurobranchide and Umbrellade.

Fam. X. UMBRELLAD.

Body suborbicular. Head not produced. Tentacles two, slit on
the outer side. Mouth sunk in the groove, with a retractile pro-
boscis. Teeth in numerous longitudinal series, similar. The foot
large, thick, including the viscera, deeply notched in front. Mantle
enclosed. Shell external, conical, calcareous. Muscular scar ring-
like, submarginal.

1. UMBRELLA.

1. U. umbellata, t.163. f. 1, 2, 4, t. 165.
2, U. Mediterranea, t. 163. f. 3, t. 164.

Lingual membrane of Umbrella Mediterranea broad, longitu-
dinally plaited. Teeth in numerous oblique cross lines, each con-
taining very many small, closely pressed, compressed, sharp-edged,
transparent teeth.

Foot of Umbrella Mediterranea very large, thick, including the
viscera, flat beneath, scarcely elevated above, deeply notched in front,
and externally covered with large, irregular, rounded tubercles. The
mantle small, enclosed under the shell, finely toothed on the edge.
Gill on the right side, continued behind nearly to the left side, formed
of many compressed, elongate, pinnatifid leaves connected at the base.
Vent prominent, behind the end of the gill. Tentacles two, placed
above the fissure of the foot, contractile, oblong, linear, longitudinally
slit externally. Eyes small, on the inner side of their base. The
orifices of generation in the anterior fissure, below the tentacles,
surrounded with some lips; and, below the opening of the mouth,
furnished with many lips, the outer of which is called, by Blainville
and Della Chiaje, the ‘‘ buccal tentacles.” — Philippi, Moll. Sicil. t. 7.
fae, Lhe.

De Blainville erroneously describes the organs of two sexes in the
same individual, the oviduct in the front part of the right side, with
a short groove to the root of the male organ, which is at the base of
the hinder right tentacle.

§§ Teeth in three (or seven’) longitudinal series. Body elongate,
covered with a mantle. Tentacles none? (p. 201).

Fam. XI. RUNCINADA.

Body elongate, lanceolate. Mantle distinct. Gizzard testaceous.

OF MOLLUSCA. 205

Tentacles none? Eyes lateral. Teeth in three longitudinal series ;
central broad, dentate; lateral conical, versatile? Vent centrally
posterior, beneath the edge of the mantle, and accompanied by a few
slightly pinnate branchize. Generative organs on right side. ‘‘ Ex-
ternal appearance of Pelta.’’—Quatrefages.

1. Runcina.

Body elongate, smooth, depressed. Mantle oblong, rounded,
covering the head in front, as broad as, and parallel with, the foot
on the sides, rather shorter than the foot, and slightly produced and
recurved behind. Gill formed of three small plumes, placed under
the hmder part of the cloak a little to the right of a central tubular
anus. Mouth beneath the mantle, linear, T-shaped, covered with
spines. yes two, on the sides of the front of the mantle. Organs
of generation on the right side. Tongue strap-shaped. ‘“‘ Gizzard a
little behind the tongue, consisting of four portions, each bearing six
denticulated teeth.”—Alder, t. 4. f. 6. Foot elongate, truncated,
rounded on the sides in front, rather produced, and tapering
behind.

1. R. Hancocki, Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. C.C.C. f. 2. Lima-
*pontia, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii. 289. t. 4.

Lingual membrane of Runcina Hancocki
white, broad. Teeth 1*1+1?, transparent ;
central broad, transverse ; apex recurved,
with a broad, three-toothed denticle on each
side the middle line ; lateral conical, broad at
the base, acute, and curved at the tip; pre-
hensile collar large, rugose, with roundish-
tipped tubercles (fig. 114).

Mantle of Runcina Hancocki separated
from the foot by a very distinct groove, truncated in front, raised on
each side of the front, and paler edged ; hinder end rounded, pale
at the tip. Gills laminar; leaves rounded, subimbricate, on the right
side of the hinder part of the mantle-groove. Foot pale, distinct,
simple-edged, pale beneath. On bleached Laurentiz in shallow
water, Weymouth.

Mantle rather coriaceous, the front portion containing the eyes,
and separated from the hinder portion of the mantle by a paler band,
regarded as the frontal disk of the Bullide?

Fig. 114.—Teeth of Run-
cina Hancocki.

Order IV. GYMNOBRANCHIATA.

Gill exposed or contractile into cavities on the surface of the
mantle. Adult animal without any shell. Larva shell-bearing,
furnished with deciduous cephalic fins. Animal hermaphrodite,
with reciprocal impregnation.

206 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

SYNOPSIS OF SUBORDERS.

I. Pycosprancuia. Gills on the middle of the hinder part of the
back, surrounding the vent, plumose or branched. Skin spicu-
lose. |

II. Inreroprancuia. Gills on the under side of the expanded
mantle, lamellar.

III. Potysrancura. Gills on the upper surface of the mantle,
lamellar or plumose.

IV. Cerasrancuia. Gills on the upper surface of the mantle,
fusiform, papillary, simple or branched.

V. PuacosprancuiA. Gills on the upper surface of the mantle,
lamellar or venose, spread over the surface.

VI. Petciprancuia. Gills none distinct, the function being per-
formed by the skin. |

Suborder I. Pycosprancuia.

Gills on the middle of the hinder part of the back, surrouriding
the vent, plumose or branched. Skin spiculose.

The skin of the Doride is tough and coriaceous, and is of a spongy
or cellular structure within the mantle in all the British species
examined, stiffened with numerous imbedded spicula having a more
or less symmetrical arrangement. Spicula are also observed on the
_ foot, on the tentacles, and on the root of the branchial plumes. The
under surface of the foot, the upper surface of the cloak, the bran-
chial plumes, and the dorsal tentacles, are covered with vibratile
cilia.—Hancock § Embleton, Phil. Trans. 1852, 243.

Professor Ehrenberg observes, “ In tota Doridinorum familia max-
illee desunt; in hac forma palatum denticulorum densa fascia fusca
armatum est, denticuli vero non seriatim dispositi sunt.’’—Symb.
Phys. Moll. i.

A. Body convex. Mantle large, margining the foot, without mar-
ginal appendages. Dorsal tentacles two, retractile into cavi-
ties. Oral tentacles two, or wanting (p. 211).

a. Lingual membrane narrow. Teeth in two principal longitudinal
series, and sometimes two smaller series (p. 208).

Fam. I. ONCHIDORIDA‘.

Body convex. Mantle large, margining the foot. Dorsal tenta-
cles laminated. Head veiled. Branchize non-retractile. Lingual
membrane narrow, with two longitudinal rows of teeth, and some-
times one or two lateral rows of smaller teeth on each side.

OF MOLLUSCA. 207

1. ONCHIDORIS.

Body depressed. Mantle large, strengthened with spicula. Dor-
sal tentacles laminated. Head veiled, distinct. Oral tentacles none.
Gills simply pinnate, set in an open circle, non-retractile. Lingual
membrane narrow, with two rows of large, and two of small rudi-
mentary ones.

Pewee ecacnn, (67. f. 9,:15,. t. 214. f-1,. t..268..f.. 7.
2. O. muricata, t. 67. f. 5.

3. QO. diaphana, t. 217. f. 1.

4. O. pusilla, t. 217. f. 2.

5. O. sanguinea, t. 223. f. 5.

6. O. L dk Pod daot. At

7. O. sparsa, t. 271. f.

In Onchidoris Leach the cloak is armed with moderate-sized
spicula. The spawn is cup-shaped, of few coils. The tongue with
two large spines and two or more rudimentary ones ; usually a simple
central plate.— Alder.

O. depressa has a very flat body, with large spicula symmetrically
arranged. Spawn in many narrow coils. Tongue with two large
-broad spines and two rudimentary ones ; no central plate.— Alder.

2. ACANTHODORIS.

Body convex. Mantle with soft conical tubercles. Dorsal ten-
tacles laminated, retractile within marginated cavities ; oral tentacles
leaf-shaped, united into a veil. Gills united at the base, non-
retractile. Tongue narrow, with two large denticulated spines and
six or eight rudimentary ones; no central plate; a spinose buccal
collar, with rudimentary under-jaw.— Alder.

1. A. pilosa, t.67.f.6,10. Doris subleevis, t.231.f.9. D.Flemingii,
C267. f.:11;
2. A. levis, t. 69. f. 6, t. 214. f. 6.

Branchial plumes of Acanthodoris pilosa with a double row on each
plume stem of irregularly globular hollow bodies, with elastic walls
separating the inner and outer channels of the stem from each other,
forming a white star-like centre to the gills. Found from coral-
line zone to half-way between low- and high-water mark.— Hancock
& Emb. Phil. Trans. 1852.

3. VILLIERSIA.

** Mantle with a continuous calcareous shield, pierced with holes
for the tentacula, gills and vent.’”—D’ Orb. Teeth "

Le, V..seutigera, t: 213. fz 1.

208 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

b. Lingual membrane broad. Teeth in many longitudinal series
(p. 206).

Fam. II. DORIDIDA.

Teeth in many longitudinal series, in each cross series nearly simi-
lar ; the inner often smaller. Body convex. Mantle large, convex,
covering the head and margining the foot, without any marginal
appendages. Dorsal tentacles two, retractile within cavities; oral
tentacles two, various or wanting.

Lingual membrane broad, flat or channeled, received within the
throat ; central series often toothless ; lateral series of teeth some-
times very numerous.

“We are inclined to think these denticles are siliceous in compo-
sition, as they resist the action of the stronger mineral acids, as do
those of Holis, which, although they possess the same hardness,
transparency and polish, are in some measure affected by hydro-
fluoric acid.”,— Hancock & Embleton, Phil. Trans. 1852, 211.

* Gills retractile into a common cavity. Tentacula dorsal, distinct.

1. GLossopoRIS.

Mantle largely tubercular. Dorsal tentacles conical, laminated,
partially retractile, and protected by leaf-like appendages ; oral ten-
tacles linear or tubercular. Gills linear, simply pinnate. Lingual
spines simple, uniform ; no central spine.

1. G. verrucosa, t. 65. f. 1, t. 236. f. 1.

2. G. Bertholeti, t. 218. f. 1.
3. G. D’Orbignii, t. 216. f. 2.

2. CHROMODORIS.

Body subquadrangular. Mantle narrow, exposing the foot, smooth.
Dorsal tentacles laminated, retractile within plain or marginated
cavities ; oral tentacles conical or tubercular. Gills linear, simply
pinnate, retractile? Tongue ?

1. C. magnifica, t. 64. f. 2, t. 67. f. 17.

3. ACTINODORIS.

Mantle large, flat, tubercular. Gills strap-shaped, cut or forked
at the tip, retractile into a common cavity. Teeth ——?

1. A. flammulata, t. 234. f. 2.

. scabra, t. 66. f. 1.

. cruenta, t. 66. f. 3, 4.

. maculosa, t. 66. f. 5.

. fumosa, t. 216. f. 1=Doris Incii, t. 226. f. 1.
. sordida, t. 213. f. 3.

. punctata, t. 64. f. 5.

. Mauritiana, t. 234. f. 1.

rrr PrP >>

—_. Se

=,

ee

es a! a

OF MOLLUSCA. 209

9. A. Krusensternii, t. 230. f. 5.
10. A. Tilesii, t. 230. f. 4.
11. A. tuberculosa, t. 65. f. 4.

4, ASTERONOTUS.

Mantle very large, flat, coriaceous. Dorsal tentacula laminated,
conical ; oral tentacula leaf-shaped. Gills each with several pinnate
rays branching from a footstalk. Lingual spines

1. A. cruenta. Doris c., t. 226. f.2. Torres Straits.

5. ACTINOCYCLUS.

Mantle large, flat. Tentacles two only, laminate. Gills in front
of the vent, not surrounding it. Lingual spines ?

1. A. velutinus, Hhrend.

6. ATAGEMA.

Mantle large, keeled on the back. Dorsal tentacles laminated,
truncated. Gills very small, at the end of a dorsal sac. Teeth ——?
Lingual spines
1. A. carinata, t. 64. f. 11.

7. DENDRODORIS.

Mantle more or less tubercular. Gills large, 4- or 5-lobed; lobes
-doubly pinnate; vent rather behind the gills.

o tapercuiats, t. 68: f) 1, 8; t. 229.1. 6, t. 231.-f. 11, t.233. £. fF,
fee mbata, t..67.f. 12) t: 68:'f.'3,. t. 236. f.4, 6.

3. D. setigera, t. 229. f. 5.

4, D. glandifera, t. 229. f. 8, t. 236. f. 5.

8. Doris.

Mantle convex, tubercular. Gills arborescent, retractile ; vent in
centre of gills.

om. mreo, t. 645 f..12, t:65.:f2) te 229, -f.-7, t. 233. f. 3.
2D. Johnston, t..67.f..4,.t..215. £.. 1.

mana, Gbvelata, t.:67. f. 7, €.225. f. I.

4; D. flammea, t. 215. f:3.

5. D. planata, t. 225. f. 2.

6.> D. testudinaria;.t.. 23: 'f. 2;:t. 68. £. 2:

7. D. Semele, t. 69. f. 8.

8. D. punctata, t. 67. f. 7.

9. D. aurea, t. 230. f.
10. D. violacea, t. 224. f. 1.
11. D. venosa, t. 64. f. 8.
12. D. impudica, t. 64. f. 13.
13. D. limacina, t. 64. f. 6. Gill on middle of back.

210 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

14. D. tomentosa, t. 231. f. 8.

15. D. coccinea, t. 271. f. 1; Forbes §& Hanley, B.M. t. V.V. f. 2.
16. D. nigricans, t. 229. f. 1. .

Re Wy ae, be ae

18. D. albolimbata, t. 213. f. 2.

19... Dtenera, 6.21456 5.

20. D. luteo-rosea, t. 229. f. 4.

21. D. punctata, t. 218. f. 2.

22). DD. a ee Be

23. D. candida, t. 269. f. 4. Gill on middle of back.

Central tooth of Doris obvelata minute, erect, base expanded,
apex rounded, cutting edge bent down, crested and denticulated ;
lateral teeth on both sides about 20, each of them a bent hook ser-
rulated on the lower margin, scape shorter ; teeth in the middle of
the series the largest (fig. 115). %

Fig. 115.—Teeth of Doris obvelata.

8 Ga.

‘“‘The dorsal tentacles of D. tuberculata conical; oral tentacles
tubercular; cloak with hard spiculose tubercles. Lingual spines
simple, uniform; no central spine.’’-—Lovén.

““The dorsal tentacles of D. Zetlandica conical; oral tentacles
tubercular ; cloak with soft tubercles. Lingual spines long, linear,
obtuse, denticulated ; no central spine.

“In D. Johnstonii the dorsal tentacles clavate; oral tentacles
linear. Lingual spines of two forms; no central spine.

“The dorsal tentacles of D. repanda linear ; oral tentacles angu-
lar, flattened. Lingual spines denticulated ; a small central spine.
Mouth with a spinous collar.’””—Alder.

** Gills set separately round the vent, and each retractile into its
proper cavity.

9. HEXABRANCHUS.

Mantle very large, flat, waved on the edge. Dorsal tentacles lami-
nated, kneed, retractile within marginated cavities; oral tentacles
large, ovate, waved on the edge. Gill tree-like, in a ring. Teeth

H. pretextus, t. 237.

H. sanguineus, t. 68. f. 4.

H. laciniatus, t. 65. f. 3, t. 230. f. 2.
H. marginalis, t. 221. f. 2, t. 224. f. 2.
H. Sandwichensis, t. 235.

Hl. Adamsii, t. 219. f. 1.

ooh WS Nb

OF MOLLUSCA. ahi

10. HEpTrABRANCHUS.
Gills tree-like, in a broad lunate series. Teeth —— ?
tH. Burnett; t.'219. f. 2:

B. Body more or less compressed. Mantle small, sometimes obso-
_ lete, often furnished with marginal beards. Tentacles variable.
Jaws sometimes distinct (p. 206).

a. Lingual membrane narrow, with four longitudinal series of teeth
(pp. 213 & 214).

Fam. II. GONIODORIDA.

Body angular, depressed. Mantle small or obsolete, with waved
or scalloped edges, spiculose. Dorsal tentacles laminated, non-re-
tractile ; oral tentacles flattened. Gills not retractile. Lingual
membrane narrow. ‘Tongue with four longitudinal series of spines ;
no central series ; buccal collar spinose.

* Mantle edge simple.

1. GonroporIs.

Body depressed ; cloak distinct, with a waved or scalloped edge.
Dorsal tentacles laminated ; oral tentacles flattened. Lingual mem-
brane narrow, with four series of plates, the two medial each with a
large central spine ; no central plate; buccal collar spinose.— Alder.
Gill lanceolate, pinnate, non-retractile.

Peo modosa, t.09. 1, 10.1, 227. £1, t..231. £.-3,.5,1y 200 sees
Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. V.V. f. 3.

2. G. marginata, t. 223. f. 3.
3. cr, castaned, t..220+1. :2;¢. 222. £1.
4. G. pulcherrima, t. 232. f. 1.
5. G. Villefranea, t. 232. f. 2.
6. G. elegantula, t. 231. f. 7.
7. G. purpurea, t. 234. f. 4.
SG, pleta, t 213 fy 4) -w2ahot 1%.
Gaz, ceermien; t. 229; f. 2, t. 231. f..10.
-10. G. albescens, t. 229. f. 3.
11. G. marmorata, t. 64. f. 14.
12. G. Webbit; t. 232. f. 5:
13. G. impudica, t. 232. f. 4.
14. G. tinctorum, t. 69. f. 5.
15. G. obsoleta, t. 69. f. 4.
16. G. pallida, t. 69. f. 3.
17. G. infuseata, t. 69. f. 2.
18. G. pulchella, t. 66. f. 2.
19. G. atromarginata, t. 64. f. 4, 10, t. 180. f.
20. G. lemniscata, t. 223. f. 6.

p 2

PA ly 4 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

21. G. reticulata, t. 64. f. 7.
22. G. elegans, t. 64. f. 9.
23. G. lineata, ¢.. 220. f..4:

2. BRACHYCHLANIS.

Body prismatic. Mantle small, slightly margined. Tentacle in
front of mantle. Teeth ?

1. B. pantherina, Ehrend.

** Mantle edge bearded.

3. IDALIA.

Body oblong, convex, smooth. Head much produced in front,
plain, thick. Mantle very small and indistinct, margined with a
semicircle of beards, largest in front of the tentacles. Tentacles
two; dorsal linear, laminated, with a simple appendage in front,
but distinct from them. Gills simply pinnate, non-retractile. Lin-
gual membrane narrow, with four series of spines, the two central
series larger ; no central spine ; buccal collar spinose.

1. I. elegans, t. 199. f. 10.

2. I. cirrigera, t. 231. f. 1, 4.

3. 1. aspera, t, 215. f. 2,

4. I. quadricornis, t. 223. f. 2.

5, 1. dubia, t/ 232.-f..6.

6. I. Lessonii, t. 204. f. 9, t. 274. f. 3.

7. I. ineequalis, Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. V.V. f. 4.

Ceratodoris eolida, t. 67. f. 5, is supposed by Mr. Alder to be a
young Idalia.

“The centre of the back of J. elegans with filaments. Lingual
spines next the centre falcate, and smooth, or minutely denticulated ;
external spines short ; spinose collar complete.’’—<Alder.

“The centre of the back of J. aspera without filaments. Lingual
spines next the centre recurved and strongly denticulated ; external
spines much hooked ; spinose collar incompletely bilobed.” — Alder.

Fig. 116.—Teeth of Idalia cirrigera,

“Central tooth of Idalia cirrigera none ; lateral teeth two, first
very large, scape produced on both sides, longest on the outside, tip
clavate, armed with an incurved sharp point, serrated on the inside
(fig. 116).”’—Lovén.

.

OF MOLLUSCA. Tig?

4. ANCULA.

Head produced at the sides into tentacular processes. Body elon-
gate, slug-like, smooth ; forehead simple, without any veil. Mantle
obsolete, forming a semicircular ridge of simple or clavate beards,
surrounding the plumose non-retractile gills, round the vent. Ten-
tacles two, clavate, laminated, with filiform non-retractile styliform
appendages on the base. Lingual membrane with four series of
spines, the two next the medial line large and broad, with the imner
edge denticulated ; no central spine ; buccal collar spinose.

1. A. cristata, t. 204. f. 4, t. 222. f.2; Forbes & Hanley, B.M.
oe a

b. Lingual membrane narrow, with twelve or sixteen series of teeth

(p:211).
Fam. IV. POLYCERADA.

Body limaciform, smooth. Mantle obsolete. Tentacles two, la-
minated, retractile or non-retractile. Gills non-retractile, with lateral
appendages. Lingual membrane rather narrow, with twelve to six-
teen series of teeth, two next to the centre on each side large ; no
central series. Jaws lateral, corneous.

* Tentacles non-retractile.

1. PoLYcERA.

Mantle indistinct, forming a dilated veil, bearing tentacular fila-
ments, and a ridge bearing a row of tubercles on each side of the
back ; branchial plumes simply pinnate, with a linear branchial ap-
pendage on each side. Frontal appendage simple.

1. P. quadrilineata, t. 64. f. 3, t.. 223. f. 1. Var. 1. t. 204. f. 1.
Var. 2. t. 204. f. 3, t.205.f.5,; Forbes & Hanley, B.M.t. Y.Y.
i 5.

. lineata, t. 232. f. 3.

. typica, t. 204. f. 2.

,cormuta,¢..04..f-. 1,

. ornata, t. 204. f. 8.

. citrina, t. 204. f. 6 = P. Lessonii, D’ Orb. Mag. Zool. vii.t.105 ;
Alder §' Hancock, Monog. t. 24 = P. modesta, Lovén.

"Pigs
a~Ba~Ba~Hada~,

2. PALIO.

Mantle indistinct, forming a short bilobate veil, tuberculated on
the edge, and a ridge bearing a row of tubercles on each side of the
back ; branchial plumes branched, with more than one tubercular
branchial appendage on each side.

1. P. ocellata, t. 227. f. 2.

~ e124 . SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

** Tentacles retractile.

3. THECACERA.

Body limaciform, smooth. Mantle obsolete; forehead with a
slight plain veil. Tentacles two, broadly laminated, retractile ;
sheaths moderate, smooth-edged; branchial plumes non-retractile,
with a single row of small tubercles round the branchial region.
Lingual membrane with twelve or fourteen plates, the two imner
plates on each side with a bicuspid spine; no central plate; lateral
jaws small, corneous. |

l. T. pennigera, t. 236. f. 3.
2. T. virescens, Alder §& Hancock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1851,
vill. 290.

c. Lingual membrane broad, with many series of teeth (p. 213).
Fam. V. TRIOPIDA.

Lingual membrane broad. Teeth in numerous longitudinal rows,
equal, or the two inner of each side larger; no central plate? Body
depressed. Mantle obsolete, covering the head with linear or sub-
clavate marginal beards. Dorsal tentacles within retractile ; sheaths
laminated. Gills not retractile.

* Dorsal tentacles laminated. Teeth unequal.

1. TrIopa.

Body depressed. Mantle small, covering the head, with marginal
appendages. Dorsal tentacles laminated, with slight sheaths; oral
tentacles cylindrical. Branchize not retractile. Lingual membrane
rather broad. Teeth numerous, two innermost with large spines ;
central plate none or square.

1. T. claviger, t. 67. f. 1, 2, t. 274. f. 1; Forbes §& Hanley, B.M.
t AAA. £1, ° Var. Toplimosa, t, 231. 1.2,

“Central tooth of Triopa claviger none ; lateral teeth 8; first
slender, elongated, curved ; second wide, hooked, bimucronated at the
tip; the others squarish, lammaceous, lyimg upon each other.”’—
Lovén.

“Central tooth of Tropa lacer laminaceous, flat, squarish, ob-

Fig. 117.—Teeth of Triopa lacer.

mT OK

lique ; lateral teeth 8, dissimilar ; the first elongated, from an oval

OF MOLLUSCA. 215

base produced into an arched neck, unarmed, the tip rounded ; second
very large, stout, tip clavate, bimucronate, scape inflated ; third and
following gradually smaller, simple, somewhat rectangular (fig. 117).”’
—Lovén.

2. EUPLOCAMUS.

Body rather depressed ; cloak small, covering the head ; the edge
surrounded with branched appendages. Dorsal tentacles laminated,
sheathed ; oral tentacles in form of oval lobes. Branchiz non-re-
tractile. Lingual membrane broad. Teeth numerous, elongate, the
three innermost on each side with large broad spines; no central
plate ; buccal collar spinose.

mr. Crocea, t..67, 1. 0, t. 2ol. f. 15.
2. §. froudesa,'t. 251. f. 1.
3. E. lacunosa, t. 231. f. 6.

3. PLOCAMOCEROS.

Body limaciform. Mantle obsolete, forming an expanded veil
over the head, with branched appendages, and two or three tubercles
on each side of the back. Dorsal tentacles laminated ; oral tentacles
flat. Branchize branched, non-retractile ; a fin-shaped keeled ridge
down the hinder part of the back of the tail, Tongue ? Jaws

2

1. P. ocellatus, t. 69. f. 1.
2. P. (Peplidia) Maderee.

** Dorsal tentacles linear, smooth. Teeth simple, uniform.

4, ANGIRUS.

Body convex, covered with tubercles ; cloak indistinct, forming a
veil over the head and a tubercular ridge on each side. Dorsal ten-
tacles two, linear, smooth, with wide sheaths. Branchial plumes non-
retractile. Lingual membrane broad, with numerous simple curved
lateral spines ; no central plate; an upper corneous jaw.

1. A. punctilucens, t. 204. f. 9, t. 231. £.12, t. 274. f. 2; Forbes
& Hanley, B.M. t. A.A.A. f. 2.
2. AX. Lessonii, t. 204. f. 9.

“Central tooth of Agirus punctilucens wanting ; lateral teeth
about 17, simple, each forming a bent hook.’’—Lovén.

Fam. VI. CERATOSOMID.

Lingual membrane broad. Teeth conical, spinose, in numerous
similar longitudinal rows ; no central series. Buccal collar spinose.
Cloak indistinct, simple. Dorsal tentacles laminated, sheathed, not
retractile. Gills plumose, retractile into a cavity. Body compressed,
elevated.

216 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

1. CERATOSOMA.

» Back produced into a conical prominence behind. Tentacles in
mantle. Gills plumose, retractile into a cavity. Mouth subretrac-
tile. Teeth in many lines, diverging from the centre.

1. C. trilobata, t. 67. f. 14, t. 214. f. 7.

Suborder II. INFEROBRANCHIA.

Gills on the under side of the expanded mantle, lamellar.

Fam. VII. PHYLLIDIADA.

Dorsal tentacles laminated, retractile within cavities in the cloak.
Labial palpi close, conical, small. Gills in the form of radiating folds
on the under side, within the edge of the mantle, surrounding the
body, interrupted only by the head. Vent medial, postero-dorsal.
Cloak large, spinulose, covering the whole body, tuberculated or pus-
tulated. Jaws and tongue none.

1. PHyYLuiptia.
Vent dorsal, in the middle of the hinder part of the back.
1. P. ocellata, t. 312. f. 8.
2. P. trilineata, 6.9172. T. 3; 4,06, 7:

3. P. albo-nigra, t. 312. f. 2.
4, P. annulata, Gray, dnn. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1853, 221.

2. FRYERIA.
Vent in the middle of the hinder part, in the groove between the
mantle and the foot.
1. F. pustulosa, t. 312. f. 1, 5.

3. HypoBrRANCHIA@A.
Vent ? Gills if

1. H. fusca, t. 220. f'1.

Fam. VIII. DIPHYLLIDIAD.

Mantle large, bent up on the sides. Dorsal tentacles two, simple,
situated in front of the cloak, with a veil above the head. Gills
in folds on the under side of the edge of the mantle, which is
bent up. Jaws horny. Anus lateral. Digestive organs with a
rudimentary gastro-hepatic system.

OF MOLLUSCA. 217

1. DiepHyLuipIiA.

Cloak exposing the head, coriaceous. Tentacles laminated, lon-
gitudinally approximated, partially retractile within a common cavity.
Veil reflected. Branchize of two kinds, the anterior longitudinally
folded, the posterior transversely. Tongue broad, with numerous
longitudinal series of simple lateral teeth, and a denticulated central
tooth. Jaws horny.

1. D. lineata, t. 204. f. 1, t. 205. f. 1, 2, 3,4; Forbes & Hanley,
B.M. t. K.K.K. f. 1.

2. D. verrucosa, t. 205. f. 6.

3. D. ocellata, t. 205. f. 5.

4. D. pustulosa, t. 204. f. 2.

“Central tooth of Diphyllidia lineata wide, convex in front, exca-
vated behind at the base and produced on both sides; cutting edge
with one sharp point, left side smoothish, right side crested and den-
ticulated ; lateral teeth 30, claw-like, serrated on the lower margin
(fig. 118).’’—Lovén.

Fig. 118.—Teeth of Diphyllidia lineata.

Lingual membrane of Diphyllidia lineata broad, folded in the
middle, rounded in front. Teeth 30°1:°30; central broad, convex
in front, hinder base excavated and produced on each side, one-
cuspid, each side finely denticulated ; lateral claw-like, uniform, equal,
thick, apex attenuated, lower edge crenulated. Jaws two, horny,
similar.

Suborder III]. Potyprancuta.

Gills on the upper surface of the mantle, lamellar or plumose.

A. Tongue-membrane broad, with many longitudinal series of teeth,
forming oblique cross rows (p. 219).

Fam. IX. TRITONIAD 2.

Body subquadrilateral. Cloak small. Veil large, projecting in
front of the head. Liver central. Gills on the sides of the back,
lamellar, arranged on the pallial ridge. ‘Teeth in many (21 or 29)
longitudinal series. Tentacula two, retractile within the sheath.
Vent lateral. Jaws horny, large.

1. TrRITonNtA.

Body prismatic, often thick and firm. Head with digitated veil.
Tentacles two, ramose, filamentous, retractile within the plain tubular

218 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

sheath. Gills ramose, plumose, in a single series along a ridge
edging the back. Lingual membrane broad, with numerous series
of simple or denticulated spines, a tricuspid central series, and a
broad plate on each side of it. Jaws very large, horny.

* Frontal tentacula tufted.

1. T; Homberpii,t. 211.f. 2, t. 212.4. 3.559% Fontes Haney
BM. tACA. AST. S.

. acuminata, t. 212. f. 8.

. quadrilateralis, t. 212. f. 7.

. decaphylla, t. 198. f. 11.

, Coste, t; 209. f. 3.

orubra,: t. 212. fod.

«glamer, 4.) 21 od. 4, t.. 2275, £2 5.2.

. cvanobranchiata, t. 211. f. 3.

Thethydea, t. 211. f. 1.

DNS orm bo
pe Bias

** Frontal tentacula simple. Candiella.

10..T. plebeia, t. 209. f. 2, t. 212. f. 4.
11. T. lineata, Alder, Monog. v. t. 4.
12. T. (Duvaucelia) gracilis, Risso, Europ. Mérid.

Fam. X. SCYLLAID.

Body compressed. Cloak produced into lateral lobes bearing the
branchial plumes. Anus lateral. Mouth with jaws. Liver central.

1. ScYLL@A.

Body elongate, compressed. Foot linear. Back convex, with
two large wing-lobes bearing small gills scattered on their inner
surface ; forehead with a slight veil. Tentacles: two dorsal with
lamellated clubs, retractile ; sheaths large. Lingual membrane
broad, with a central and numerous series of spinose teeth, all den-
ticulated. Teeth 24°1°24. Jaws large, horny. Gizzard armed.
we living attached by its narrow foot to floating seaweed.

. S. pelagica, t. 203. f. 1,3; Forbes §& Hanley, B.M. t. A.A.A.
f. 5

2.3. Ghoitifodensis: Le Sektete Ne ee
3. S. Quoyi, t. 203. f. 5.
4. 8. Hookeri, t. 203. f. 6.

“Central tooth of Scyllea pelagica compressed, elongated above,
cutting edge one-pointed, on each side four to five crested small
teeth ; lateral teeth on each side 24, in front moderately produced,
slightly curved, claw-like, on each side denticulated, base produced
into an obtuse process.’’—Lovén.

OF MOLLUSCA. 219

B. Lingual membrane none. Jaws none (p. 217).

Fam. XI. TETHYADZ.

Body depressed. Mantle indistinct. Veil bearded on the edge,
very large, funnel-shaped. Tentacles two, dorsal; branchial plumes
alternating with papillee along the back. Anus lateral, dorsal. Jaws
none. Lingual membrane none.

1. Treruys:

Body depressed. Mouth tubular, surrounded by a large funnel-
shaped veil, fringed on the edge. Tentacles two, retractile, lami-
nated; sheath retractile. Foot large. Gills numerous, branched,
alternating with papilla on each side of the back. Teeth none.
Jaws none. Pelagic; attached to floating plants.

ht, weporina, t,. 210.1. 1, 2.

Suborder IV. CerasRANcHIA.

Gills on the upper surface of the mantle, fusiform, papillary,
simple or branched.

A. Lingual membrane broad, with numerous longitudinal series of
teeth (p. 221).

Reproductive organs with a single external orifice. Liver diffused,
and a single central gastro-hepatic vessel. The posterior vessel of
the gastro-hepatic system below the ovary.

Fam. XII. DENDRONOTID.

Frontal veil small. Tentacles two, dorsal, laminated and retrac-
tile within sheaths. Branchize branched or papillose, in a single
series along the sides of the back. Vent lateral. Jaws distinct.
Lingual membrane broad, with many series of teeth.

1. DENDRONOTUS.

Body compressed, elongate, prismatic. Mantle obsolete ; frontal
veil with branched appendages. ‘Tentacles clavate, laminate, with
branched tubular sheath. Gills ramose, in a single series down each
side of the back. Foot linear. Lingual membrane rather narrow,
with several (10° 1+ 10) series of teeth, the central broad, the lateral
narrow, all denticulated.

Poot eeraorescens, t. 2i27%. 1, 6, t. 214. 7. 4, t. 225: fe. 228.
f.2. Forbes §& Hanley, B.M. t. Z.Z. f. 5

. D. pulchella, Alder § Hane. Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 33.

. D. felina, Alder §& Hane. Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 33.

W bo

220 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

“Central tooth of Dendronotus arborescens strong, nearly flat, in
front truncated, cutting edge triangular, serrulated ; lateral teeth 10,

Fig. 119.—Teeth of Dendronotus arborescens.
l ¥ Wy
plate-like, adpressed, sublinear, in front extending into a long blunt

style, behind slightly arched, obliquely pointed, cutting edge serru-
lated on the outside, base somewhat produced.’’—Lovén.

2. BORNELLA.

Body compressed ; cloak obsolete; front of the head with two
stellated or fimbriated appendages. ‘Tentacles two, retractile within
branched sheaths. Branchize plumose, arranged on plain branched
pedicels. Tongue ——?

1B. Adamen,, t..176.. f. 6.

3. LOMANOTUS.

Body subquadrilateral, lanceolate, smooth. Head with a veil.
Tentacles two, clavate, lamellar, retractile within a sheath. Gills
papillose or foliaceous, in a nearly continuous line on the waved edge
of the mantle on the sides of the back. Lingual membrane broad,
with numerous series of denticulated spines ; no central series. Jaws
horny.

1. L. Genei, t. 221. f. 2. .

2. L. marmoratus, t. 221.f. 1. Forbes §& Hanley, B.M.t. Z.Z. f. 3.

3. L. flavidus. Eumenes flavida, dlder §& Hane. Ann. Nat. Hist.
Xvili. 293.

Fam. XIII. PROCTONOTID.

Body depressed. Mantle indistinct. Tentacles four; dorsal pair
not retractile, simple or laminated, not sheathed ; oral pair small.
Gills fusiform, arranged on an obsolete pallial ridge on the sides of
the back and in front of the head. Vent postero-dorsal. Jaws
horny, strong.

1. Proctonortvs. ‘

Body ovate, oblong, depressed, pointed behind ; forehead with a
small clistinct veil. Tentacles four ; dorsal simple, linear, not lami-
nated ; oral elongate. Gills papillose, ovate, on the edge of the

OF MOLLUSCA. 91

sides of the back, and continuous above in front of the head. Vent
central, in hinder half of the back. Genital orifice on right side.
Jaws plain, horny. Lingual membrane broad, with numerous series
of smooth spines.

1. P. mucroniferus, t. 197.f.1. Forbes & Hanley, B.M.t. Z.Z. f. 2.
2. P.? pilosus (Zephrina pilosa), t. 199. f. 1.

2. JANUS:

Body ovate, oblong, pointed behind ; forehead with a small veil.
Tentacles four ; dorsal laminated, connected by an arcuated crest ;
oral tentacles with or without a veil. Gills ovate, on the prominent
edges of the back and continuous above the head. Vent central, in
hinder part of back. Jaws horny, denticulated ; genital orifices on
the right side. Lingual membrane broad, with numerous series of
simple spines ; central series distinct.

1. J. Spinole, t. 200. f. 2. Antiopa splendida, Forbes §& Hanley,
B.M. t. B.B.B. f. 6.

B. Lingual membrane narrow, with a single central (or very rarely
| two lateral) series of teeth (p. 219).

a. Reproductive organs with a single external orifice. Liver dif-
Sused, and a single central gastro-hepatic vessel.

§ The posterior vessel of the gastro-hepatic system below the ovary.
Fam, XIV. HEROID.

Mantle obsolete ; frontal veil rather large, plain, produced at the
sides. Tentacles two, linear, simple, not retractile. Branchiz
branched or umbellated. Lingual membrane with a central series of
large denticulated spines, and two series of simple lateral teeth.
Jaws corneous.

1. Hero.

Body slender. Foot broadish. Cloak adnate. Tentacles simple,
unprotected, contractile. Branchiz lateral, a simple series on each
side, branched like a shrub; labial veil ample, produced on both
sides into an oblong lobe.

1. H. formosa.
2. H. fimbriata.

2. ? GELLINA,
Gill clavate, simple. Teeth ?
1. G. affinis, t. 199. f. 9.

222 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

3. ’ NEREA.

Teeth
1. N. punctata, t. 203. f. 2.

Fam. XV. DOTONID.

Mantle obsolete. Tentacles two, simple, sheathed at the base,
retractile. Gills clavate, compound, muricated or tuberculated, set in
a single series on each side of the back. Vent lateral, dorsal. Jaws
none.

1. Doro.

Rede elongate, subprismatic ; forehead with a small simple veil.
Tentacles two, dorsal, linear, retractile, with short wide trumpet-
shaped sheaths. Gills ovate, clavate, with whorls of tubercles, de-
ciduous, in a simple series along each side of the back. Foot linear.
Lingual band narrow, with a single central series of large spines.

LBD. — 198. 1.355; 7% Forbes §& Hanley, B.M. t. A.A.A.
£24

> Pp: eteiaia 193 4.1,, 4. 199. 4.8, 1; 208. £23 A Bonite,
t. 24*, anat. ; Forkes ¥ Hanley, B.M. t. ALA.A. ee

2. MELIBE.

Frontal veil large, funnel-shaped, fringed internally. Tentacles
small, retractile within long narrow trumpet-shaped sheaths. Bran-
chize ovate, tuberculated. Lingual membrane ?

1. M. rosea, Rang, Man. t. 3. f. 3.

Fam. XVI. GLAUCID.

Body elongate. Tentacles four, linear, simple, non-retractile.
Gill fusiform, arranged in a palmate form on extended footstalks.
Anus lateral. Penis spiral, lateral. Jaws distinct. Lingual mem-
brane narrow, with a single series of teeth.

1. GLAucUs.

Head indistinct. Tentacles short. Branchize compressed, taper-
ing, arranged on broad flattened footstalks. Foot very narrow,
rounded in front. Lingual membrane narrow, with a single central
series of plates, bearing a long stout spine and marginal denticles.

1. G. radiatus.

2. G. Atlanticus, t. 201. f. 3, t. 202. f. 4; Voy. Bonite, t. 24*.
f, 9~11, t. 24**,

3. G. Draco, t. 202. f. 6.

OF MOLLUSCA. I2a

nes

. G. Forsteri, t. 202. f. 3. Fig. 120. — Teeth of

5. G. Eucharis, t. 201. f. 1, 6; Voy. Bonite, Glaucus hexaptery-
t. 24, 24*, anat. ars

Gu Gr Pacineus, t; 201. 1..4, t. 202. f. 1, 2,7.

Laniogerus Elforti, t. 231. f. 13, is supposed to
be only a Glaucus which has lost its gills ; t. 201.
f.2 & 5, from Dr. J. Hooker’s MSS., are proba-
bly the same.

“Central tooth of Glaucus hexapterygius
strong, plate-like, adpressed, base in front on each
side produced intu a long horn; cutting edge
one-pointed, pectinated on each side (fig. 120).”’
—Lovén.

§§ The hinder vessel of the gastro-hepatic system above the ovary.
Fam. XVII. EOLIDIDA. |

Mantle obsolete. Tentacles four, non-retractile, variable. Gulls
simple, papillose or linear. Vent lateral. Jaws distinct. The pos-
terior vessel of the gastro-hepatic system above the ovary.

1. CALMA.

Body depressed, rather broad. Tentacles small, simple, linear.
Branchie linear, fusiform, clustered on cylindrical footstalks. Foot
broad ; anterior angles acute. Lingual membrane small, narrow,
with a single series of spines.

1. C. glaucoides.

2. FLABELLINA.

Body linear, slender. Tentacles four; dorsal laminated ; oral
elongate. Gills linear or fusiform, clustered on footstalks. Foot
narrow; anterior angles much produced. Lingual membrane with
a central spine,with marginal denticles, and two separate plain lateral
spines. Spawn in many coils.

Poe. animis, ¢. 198. f. 13.

2.1". punctata, t. 206. f. 2.

3. F. pedata, t. 195. f. 9.

4. F. Drummondii, t. 273. f. 1 = E. tenuibranchialis and E. curta,
Alder § Hancock.

oe Cuvier, t:. 195. f. 1, 10.

. F. Bostoniensis, t. 196. f. 3.

Do

3. FACELINA.

Body rather slender. Dorsal tentacles laminated ; oral tentacles
long. Branchiz linear or fusiform, clustered. Foot narrow, with
the anterior angles acute and much produced. Lingual membrane

224 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

with a single central series of large spines, denticulated on the edge.
Spawn in many undulating coils.

1. F. coronata, t. 191. f. 4, t. 206. f. 1.
2. F. annulicornis, t. 205. f. 5.

3, E.-minima, t. 205; fot:

4. F. crassicornis, t. 195. f. 5.

5. F. subrosacea, t. 195. f. 4.

4. CORYPHELLA.

Body slender. Dorsal tentacles simple. Branchie linear or fusi-
form, clustered. Foot narrow, with the anterior angle much pro-
duced. Lingual membrane with the central series of plates with a
large central spine and marginal denticles, and two separate lateral
spines, denticulated on the inner margin. Spawn in many undulating
coils. —

1. C. Landsburgii, t. 273. f. 3.
2. C. rufobranchialis, t. 273. f. 2 = E. Embletoni, okeuaeal
3. C. pellucida, t. 200. f. 1.

5. FAVORINUS.

Body slender. Dorsal tentacles with a bulbous swelling ; oral
tentacles long. Branchiz linear, flattened, in distant transverse
rows; the anterior ones double. Foot narrow, with the anterior
angles much produced. Lingual membrane with a single series of
plates with a single smooth spine. Spawn of many plain narrow
coils.

LF. albus, t. 192. f. 2.

6. PHIDIANA.

Body stout. Dorsal tentacles clavate, perfoliate. Labial feelers
very large, subulate. Gill in close cross rows. — Sides of the foot
rounded. Lingual membrane

* Foot rounded in front.

P. Patagonica, t. 191. f. 3.

rT, eat, 1OUST, 3 2 -t, ae Se
P. longicauda, t. 194. f. 11.

P. Northumbrica, t. 208. f. 1.

** Foot subulate in front.
5. P.? ceerulescens, t. 194. f. 4.

moh

7. EOuIpIA.

Body depressed, rather broad. Tentacles linear, simple. Bran-
chize rather flattened, set in numerous close cross rows. Foot broad ;
anterior angles acute. ‘Tongue with a single series of broad uniformly
pectinated teeth.

OF MOLLUSCA. ry ds,

* Front of foot angular.

I. E. papillosa, t. 195. f. 43, t. 197. f. 6, t. 268. f. 8; Forbes §
Hanley, B.M. t. B.B.B. f. 1.

2. E. limacina, t. 194. f. 2.

3. E. Scacchiana, t. 194. f. 5.

4. E. Cuvieri, t. 195. f. 6; Voy. Bontte, t. 24 (.

5. E. ? diversa, t. 196. f. 4.

6. E. salmonacea, t. 196. f. 5.

7. Wee tT, t.°205. f, 8.

pee tiistrix, t..205: f. 1.

9. E. Peachii, Alder § Hane. Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 190.
Te. elauca, t.:272. f. 1.

** Foot subulate in front.
11. E. paradoxa, t. 194. f. 7.
The lingual plate of 2. papillosa has a Fig. 121.—Teeth of Eolidia

single pectinated arch ; of £. glauca a double Braicniie.
pectinated arch.—Alder. ane

Central tooth of Holidia branchialis wide, ae, hy,
plate-like, short, adpressed, arcuated back- ee Gy
wards, cutting edge equally pectinated (fig.
121).

8. CUTHONA.

Body depressed. Head much produced at the sides. Tentacles
single, linear. Branchie clavate, in close-set rows. Foot broad,
rounded in front. Lingual membrane with a single series of plates,
with a large spine and marginal denticles.

Pe nana. t. 272.. f.:2.

9. CAVOLINA.

Body rather slender. Tentacles lmear, simple. Branchiz linear,
generally in rather distant transverse rows. Foot narrow, with the
anterior angles rounded. Lingual membrane with a single series of
denticulated plates, with the central spine not prominent. Spawn
slightly coiled.

1. C. aurantiaca, Alder §& Hancock.

* Front of foot produced, subulate.

°C. Yexigua, Forbes §& Hanley, B.M. t. B.B.B. f. 4.

C. lineata, Alder §& Hanc. Mon. t. 16.

. elegans, Alder § Hanc. Mon. t. 17. f. 2, 3, 4.
smaragdina, Alder § Hanc. Mon. t. 17. f. 1.

. gracilis, Alder & Hane. Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. 166.

. peregrina, t. 194. f. 9(?), t. 198. f. 14, t. 205. f. 10.
. longicornis, t. 195. f. 8.

. annulata, t. 194. f. 3.

ODA sw
QAAAAA

226 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

. viridis, t. 199. f. 11; Forbes & Hanley, B.M. t. B.B.B. f. 3.
. angulata, t. 200. f. 3.
12. C. concinna, t. 192. f. 1.

Q ©

** Front of foot subangular.

13. C. olivacea, t. 192. f. 3, t. 197. f. 2.
14. C. purpurascens, t. 198. f. 10.

15. C. ceerulea, t. 195. f. 2.

16. C. pallida, t. 207. f. 3.

17. C. ameena, t. 206. f. 3.

18. C. arenicola, t. 207. f. 1.

19.6. Fargani, t..195. £1, $0199.04 5.
20. C. rubra, t. 194. f. 1.

21. (C27 Lotiim, 4::194, 1. £0.

22. C. natans, t. 194. f. 6.

23. C.? pinnata, t. 195. f. 3.

24!,C. bella, t..195. £7:

25. C.? gymnota, t. 196. f. 2.

20. °C. E. Cuvieri, t. 204. f. 4; Voy. Bonite, t. 24, B,
anat.

The branchiz of C. aurantiaca are in rather close, and of C. vir-
dis in rather distant rows.

10. GALVINA.

Body stoutish. Tentacles linear, slender ; oral pair short. Bran-
chiz in rather distant rows, fusiform, inflated. Foot with anterior
angles rounded. Lingual membrane with a series of plates with
large denticles and short central spine, and two separate plain lateral
spines.

1. G. tricolor, t. 193. f. 2, t. 198. f. 4. Branchize much inflated.
2. G. angulata, t. 207. f. 2. Branchiz not much inflated.

ll. TerGires.

Body slender. ‘Tentacles subulate, simple. Labial feelers very
short. Gills fusiform, inflated, in a single lateral series on each side
of the back. Foot narrow, square in front. Lingual membrane
with a single series of plates, with a stout central spine and delicate
marginal denticles.

. laciniatus, t. 198. f. 2, t. 205. f. 3, 5.

. Lamarckii, t. 198. f. 12.

. despectus, t. 193. f. 3.

1, & 20e. oe

. adspersus, Nordm. Mem. Acad. Peters. t. 1. f. 3, 4.
. Edwardsii, Nordm. Mem. Acad. Peters. t. 1. f. 1, 2.

A es
BHESHHA

12. EMBLETONIA.
Body elongate, slender ; forehead with a flat lobe on each side.

OF MOLLUSCA. 227

Mantle indistinct. Tentacles two, sublateral, linear; oral pair flat-
tened into two lateral lobes. Gills subcylindrical, simple, in a single
or double, in part alternating series down each side of the back. Lin-
gual membrane with a single series of plates bearing a central spine
and lateral denticles. Orifices on the right side.

1. E. pulchra, Alder §& Hance. Monog. t. 38. Pterochilus pulcher,
Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. 329. .
2. E. minuta, Forbes & Hanley, B.M. t. B.B.B. f. 5.

13. CALLIOP#A.

Gills in lateral series. Tentacles none. Labial feelers elongate,
subulate. Front of foot angular.

1. C. bellula, t. 194. f. 5.

b. Reproductive organs with two external orifices. Body with two
posterior latero-gastro-hepatic vessels (p. 221).

Fam. XVIII. FIONID.

Tentacles four, simple. Branchiee papillose, numerous. Vent
latero-dorsal. Mouth with jaws. Lingual membrane with a single
series of plates.

1. Fiona.

Body elongate. Tentacles four, linear ; sheaths none, subdorsal ;
anterior pair similar to oral tentacles of Holis, but behind the lips.
Lingual membrane with a single series of plates, with a short central
spine and marginal denticles. Jaws horny. Stomach ? Gills:
papillee irregularly scattered on a subpallial expansion on the sides of
the back and meeting behind; a produced membranous margin or
fringe on the inner side of each papilla. Vent on right side of the
back ; orifice of reproduction separate, below the right tentacles.

1. F. nobilis, Alder §& Hance. in Brit. Moll. 589.

-

Fam. XIX. HERMAIDZ.

Tentacles two, dorsal. Branchiz papillose. Vent dorsal. Jaws
none. Lingual membrane with a single longitudinal series of teeth
or plates.

1. Herma.

Body elongated, lanceolate. Mantle indistinct. Tentacles two,
dorsal, ear-like, involute, grooved externally. Gills fusiform or linear
elongate, papillose, on each side of the back. Vent in middle of the

a2

228 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

front of the back before the heart ; orifices beneath the right ten-
tacle. Jaws none. Lingual membrane with a single series of plates
with a large broad spine.

* Tentacles with both margins terminating at the sides of the head.
Body cylindrical.

1. H. bifida, t. 198. f. 6.

** Tentacles with the anterior margins continuous with the sides of
the head, forming a subveil. Body with the sides depressed
and slightly expanded.

2. H. dendritica, t. 205. f. 9, t. 272. f.3; Forbes & Hanley, B.M.
a Aa a ile *

2. STILIGER.

Tentacles two, simple. Branchiz fusiform, arranged in transverse
rows on the sides of the back, Anus in front of the heart. Lingual
membrane with a single series of plates bearing a stout spine.

1. S. ornatus, t. 194. f. 4.

3. ALDERIA.

Body ovate oblong, rather convex. Mantle indistinct. Tentacles
rudimentary or none. Head produced into a lobe on each side.
Jaws none. Gills papillose, in cross rows on the sides of the back.
Vent central, subposterior ; orifices on the right side. Jaws ?
Lingual membranewith a single series of plates, bearing a large central
spine.

1. A. modesta, Forbes §& Hanley, B.M. t. C.C.C. f. 1.

J

Suborder V. PLACOBRANCHIA.

Gills on the upper surface of the mantle, lamellar or venose, spread
over the surface. Tongue with a single series of teeth.

Fam. XX. ELYSIADA.

Tentacles two or four. Body limaciform, furnished with two
lateral expansions or folds bent up over the back. Gastro-hepatic
system much branched. Anus latero-dorsal, in front of the heart.
Jaws none. Lingual membrane with a single central series of spine-
bearing plates.

§ Tentacula distinct, ear-shaped.

1. Enysta.

Body depressed, ovate, with the lateral expansions produced beyond
the hinder end of the body and uniting along the mesial line ; sur-

OF MOLLUSCA. 229

face of body entirely clothed with vibratile cilia. Head distinct.
Tentacles two, ear-like. Eyes distant, behind the tentacles. Vent
central, subposterior ; orifice on right side. Foot narrow. Lingual
membrane with a single series of plates, with a large central spine
and a spinose buccal collar.—See Voy. Bonite, t. 24 D, anat.

tums, t. 18. f. 8, 9; ¢. 180. £12.

SE; fusca, t:’:180.f.-10;° 17.

mere vor. ¢. 10. 1. 5. 7, ts 1460 T,’ 4°, 76> Ta, 53°. TSO.
f. 14, t. 199. f. 2; Forbes & Hanley, B.M. t. C.C.C. f. 3.

4. E. elegans, t. 199. f. 4. |

5

. E. australis, t. 180. f. 6.

2. PLACOBRANCHUS.

Tentacles four. Back with two lateral membranous expansions,
having their upper surface covered with folds. Lingual membrane

1. P. ocellatus, t. 176. f. 4.

Suborder VI. PELLIBRANCHIA.

Gills: none distinct, the function being performed by the skin.
Tongue with a single series of teeth.

Fam. XXI. LIMAPONTIADA.,

Tentacles two or wanting. Body depressed. Back without appen-
dages. Anus dorsal, posterior. Jaws none. A spinose buccal collar.
Lingual membrane with a single series of large spines.

§ DYentacles crest-like.

1. LIMAPONTIA.

Body oblong, depressed in front, elevated and rounded behind.
Head distinct, arched and keeled on the sides. Tentacles wanting ;
eyes at their hinder ends. Back plain, without appendages. Vent
dorsal, subposterior.

1. L. nigra, t. 177. f. 3, 4; Forbes & Hanley, B.M. t. C.C.C. f. 4.
2. L. ceerulea, t. 199. f. 7.

2. ACTAONIA.

Body oblong. Head large, distinct. Tentacles: two flattened
lobes at the sides of the head, prolonged behind into points. Eyes
behind the tentacles. Sides of the back with a tubercular ridge in
the region of the anus. Vent dorsal, subposterior. Lingual mem-
brane with a single central series of plates with a large broad spine.
A spinal buccal collar.

230 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

1, A. corrugata, t.177.f. 2; Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. C.C.C. f. 5.
2. A. senestra, t. 199. f. 4.

§§ Tentacles linear.
3. leris:

“Body oblong; back elevated; head slightly angulated, bearing
two linear tentacles on the dorsal aspect, behind and exterior to which
are the eyes; vent a little behind the centre of the back.’ Teeth

2

1. I. Cocksii, t. 177. f. 1; Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t.C.C.C. f. 6.

4. Fuco.a.
Teeth
I, F.<rabra, t180:.f. 15.

Teeth
1. P. coronata, t. 199. f. 6.

Fam. XXII. PHYLLIRRHOIDA.

Tentacles two, dorsal, linear, elongate, retractile. Head distinct.
Tail compressed, truncated. Mouth with jaws. Body compressed.
Lingual membrane with a single central series of plates with nume-
rous denticles. Vent lateral—See Leuckart, Arch. Naturg. 1853,
243, and Krohn, Arch. Naturg. 1853, 278.

1. PHyLLIRRHOE,.

Tentacles elongate, subulate, spirally twisted ; body vertically com-
pressed ; gills, none external; jaws distinct.

. bucephala, t. 12. f. 4, t. 15. f. 6; Voy. Bonite, t. 24, anat.
. Lichtensteinii, t. 153. f. 4.

. amboinensis, t. 153. f. 3.

. roseum, ¢. 153. f. 2.

. punctulatum, t. 153. f. 1.

srubraum; t. 163. £::5:

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BY eh AMEE WET TOD 8 DIDO GORE

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CATALOGUES

OF

THE ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTION ©

IN

THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

I. VERTEBRATA.

List of Mammalia. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S. &e. 1843.
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Catalogue of the Mammalia. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
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3

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‘4

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Part 4. Cleride. 1849. 1s. 8d. By A. Wurrr, F.L.S.
Part 5. Cucujide. 1851. 6d. ‘ By Pr. Smirn, M.E.S.
Part 6. Passalide. 1852. 8d. By F Smiru;'M-E.S.
Part-7. Longicornia. By A. Wurts, F.L.S. With Plates.
Part 1.1853. 2s.6d. Part 2. 1855. 3s. 6d.
List of Myriapoda. By G. Newport, F.R.S. &c. 12mo. 1844. 4d.
Catalogue of Myriapoda. By G. Newport, F.R.S. &c.
Part 1. Chilopoda. 12mo. 1856. 1s. 9d.
List of British Anoplura, or Parasitic Insects 5 with Syon
By H. Denny. 12mo. Is.
List of Crustacea; with Synonyma. By A. Wurre. 1847. yt
List of British Crustacea ; with pact By A. NY ana F.L.S.
12mo. 1850. 2s. 6d.
Catalogue of Entozoa ; with Plates. By W. BairD, M. D., FB. L.S.
12mo. 1853. 2s.

Catalogue of British Worms. By G. Jounston, M.D. 8vo.
- 1856. 10s. With Plates. . ns!

lil. MOLLUSCA.

Guide to the Collection of Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, Fi RS,
&e. 8vo. Part 1. .1856. 5s.

Catalogue of the Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e,
Part 1. Cephalopoda Antepedia. 12mo. 1849. 4s.
Part 2. Pteropoda. 1850. 1s.

Catalogue of Bivalve Mollusca. , By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e.
Part 1. Placuniade and Anomiade. 12mo. 1850. ° 4d.
Part 2. BrachiopodaAncylopoda. 1853.3s. F iguresof genera.

Containing the characters of the recent and fossil genera; and
the descriptions of all the recent species at present known. © |

Catalogue of Phaneropneumona or Operculated Terrestrial Mol-

Jusea. By Dr. Louis Preirrer and Dr. J. E.Gray. 1852. 5s.

Catalogue of Conchifera. By M. Desuayes. a

Part 1, Veneridze, &c.- 12mo. 1853. 3s. Part 2. Petri-
colide. 6d. .

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H)

List of British Mollusca and Shells with Synonyma. By
Dr. J. E: Gray, F.RSs ,»
Part 1. Acephala and Brachiopoda. | 12:o. 1851... 3s. 6d.

Catalogue of Pulmonata. By Dr. Lours Preirrer and Dr.
s3 E. Gray, F.R.S.
Part 1. 12mo. » 1855. 2s. 6d.

List of the Shells of the Canaries, described by M. big Oxpreny.
12mo.“"'1854; © 1s.-"+"

List of the Shells of Cubs: described by M. D’Orsiany. Wino.
1854. ls.

List of the Shells of South America, described by M. D’Or-
BIGNY. 12mo. 1854.

List of the Mollusca ata’ ne etic and described by
MM. Eypovux and SoULEYET. 12mo. 1855. - 8d.

Nomenclature of Mollusca. ‘By Dr. Ww. Barrp, F.L.S. &e.
Part 1. Cyclophoride. 12mo. 1851. Is. 6d.

IV. RADIATA.

Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa._ By G. Busx, F.R.S.
Part 1. Chilostoma. 12mo.' 1852;' 17$.:-With Plates.
Part 2. Chilostoma. 12mo. 1854. 15s. - With Plates.

List of British Radiata; with Synonyma. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
F.R.S. 12mo. 1848. 4s.

List of British Sponges; with came oe My Dr. J. KE. Gray,
F.R.S. 12mo. 1848. 10d.

Catalogue of the Recent Echinida. By a J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
Part 1. Echinidairregularia. 12mo. 3s. 6d., with Plates.

V. BRITISH ZOOLOGY.

List of the British Animals; with ‘Synony ma and references to

figures.

"Part 1. Radiata. By Dr. J. ‘. Gray. “y848. 4s.
Part 2. Sponges. ;, By Dr. J. E.\Gray. ; 1848. 10d.
Part 3. Birds. By G. R. Gray. ; "1850. 4s.

Part 4, Crustacea. By A. “Wuire. "1850. Qs. 6d.
Part 5. Lepidoptera. By J. F. SrepHens. 1850, Ed. 2.

1856. 1s, 9d.

6

Part 6. Hymenoptera. By F.Smitru. 1851. 2s.

Part 7. Mollusca Acephala and Brachiopoda. By Dr. J, E.
Gray. 1851. 3s. 6d.

Part 8. Fish. By A. Wuits. 1851. 3s.

Part 9. Eggs f British Birds. By G. R. Gray. 1852.
2s. 6d.

Part 10. Lepidoptera (continued). By J. F. SrePpHEns.
1852. 2s.
Part 11. Anoplura or Parasitic Insects. By H. Denny, Is.
Part 12. elope. (continued). By J. F. STepHENs.
9d.

1852.

Part 13. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By F. Smiru.
1853. 1s. 4d.

Part 14. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By A. WuiTE.
1853.

Part 15. Nomenclature of Diptera. By A. WuiTE. 1853. 1s.
Part 16, Lepidoptera (completed). By H. T. Stainton,
M.E.S. 1854. 3s.
Catalogue of British Hymenoptera (Bees). By F. Smiru. 1855.
6s., with plates.
Cela of British Ichneumonide. By THomas DEsvieNnEs,
M. 12mo. 1856. Ils. 9d.
Catalogue of British Bruchide, Curculionide, &. By JoHn
Watton, F.L.S. 12mo. 1856.
N.B.—These Catalogues can be obtained at the Secretary’s Office
in the BriTIsH Museum; or through any Bookseller.

VI. Books ILLUSTRATING OR DESCRIBING PARTS OF
THE ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS.

The Illustrated Natural History. By the Rev. J. G. Woop,
M.A., F.L.S. &e. New edition. 12mo. 1855.

Illustrations of Indian Zoology, from the Collection of Major-
General Thomas Hardwicke. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
Folio. 2 vols. 1830-1835.

Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. Edited by CHARLES
DarwIn, F.R.S. 4to. 1840-1844.

Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.SS. Erebus and Terror. a
by Sir Jonn Ricuarpson, M.D., F.R.S. &c., and Dr. J. E
Gray, F.R.S. 4to. 1844-1845.

British Museum—Historical and Descriptive. 12mo. 1855.

Natural History of the Animal Kingdom. By W. S. DAuuas,
F.L.S. &e. Post 8vo. 1855.

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frplogial Miscellany. By W. E. Leacnu, M.D,, F.R.S. 8yo.
vols.

Spicilegia Zoologica. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. 4to. 1829-1830.
Zoological Miscellany. By Dr. J. E.Gray,F.R.S. 8vo. 1831.

Knowsley Menagerie. Part 2. Hoofed Animals. By Dr. J. E.
Gray, F.R.S. Folio. 1850.

A Monograph of the Macropodide. By JoHn Gou pn, F.R.S.
Folio. 1841-1844.

Mammals of Australia. By Joun Goutp, F.R.S. Folio. 1845.
Popular History of Mammalia. By A. Wuirs, F.L.S.
Popular History of Birds. By A. Wuirs, F.L.S.

Genera of Birds. ByG.R. Gray, F.L.S. Illustrated by plates
by D. W. MitcHett, Sec. Z.S. Folio. 3 vols. 1844-1849.

The Birds of Jamaica. By P.H.Gossz, F.R.S. 8vo. 1847.

Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica. By P. H. Gosss, F.R.S.
8vo. 1849.

Monograph of Ramphastide. By JoHN Goutp,F.R.S. Folio.

Birds of Australia. By JouN Gouup, F.R.S. Folio. 1848.

Report on the Ichthyology of the Seas of China and Japan. By
Sir Joon Ricuarpson, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo. 1846.

Fauna Boreali-Americana. The Fish. By Sir Jonn RicHarp-
son, M.D., F.R.S. &e. 4to. 1836. With Plates.

Synopsis Reptilium. Part 1. Cataphracta. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
F.R.S. 8vo. 1831.

Illustrations of British Entomology. By Jamzs F. STEPHENS,
F.L.S. 10 vols. 8vo. 1827-1835.

A Systematic Catalogue of British Insects. By J. F. STEPHENS,
F.L,S. 8vo, 1829.

The Nomenclature of British Insects. By J. F. STEPHENS,
F.L.S. 8vo. 1829 & 1833.

A Manual of British Coleoptera. By J. F. Stzpuens, F.L.S.
12mo. 1839.

Insecta Britannica. Diptera. By F. Wauxker, F.L.S. 8vo.
1851-1856.

Monographia Chalciditum. By F.Wavker, F.L.S. 8vo. 1839.

Entomology of Australia. Partl. Phasmide. By G.R, Gray,
F.L.S. 4to.

Synopsis of species of Phasmide. By G.R. Gray, F.L.S. 8vo.
1835.

8

Genera- of Diurnal Lepidoptera.. By Epwarp DousLepay,
F.L.S., and J. O. Westwoop, F.L.S. Illustrated by W. C.
_ Hewitson. 4to. 2 vols. 1846-1850.

Meatigraphth Anoplurorum Britannie, or British species of
Parasitic Insects. By Henry Denny, F.L.S. 8vo. With
Plates.

Fauna Boreali-Americana. The Insects. By W. Kirby, F.R.S.
4to. 1837. With Coloured Plates.

Insecta Maderensia. By T. Vernon Wo.uuastTon, M.A.,F.L.S.
4to. 1854. With Plates.

Malacostraca Podophthalmia Britannie. By W. E, Leacua,
M.D., F.R.S. 4to. 1817-1821.

A Monograph of the Subclass Ciurripedia. By CHARLES Darwin,
F.R.S. 8vo. 2 vols. 1854." °

Natural History of the British Entomostraca. By W. Barrp,
M.D., F.L.S. &e. 8vo. 1850.

Figures of Molluscous Animals, for the use of Students. By
Maria EMMA Gray. Syols. 8vo. 1850-1854.

A Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain. By W. E. Leacn,
M.D.; F.R.S. - 8vo. 11852... 5. ;

Catalogue’ of the sos Shells of Jamaica. By C. B. Apams.
8vo. 1851. [

Catalogue ‘of. Methedous ellinsea: ofthe. North-east Atlantic
and neighbouring Seas. .. By R» > MAC ANDERS? F.R.S. 8vo.
1850.

Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire. By JOHN PHILLIPS,
F.R.S. 4to. 1836.° @:<

A Monograph of the Crag Mollusca. is Searues V. Woop,
F.G.S. 4to. 1850.

A History of British Starfishes. By EDWARD Forbes, F.R.S.
8vo. .

A History of the British Zoophytes. By Grorce Jounston,
M.D. 8vo. 1838.—Ed.2. 8vo. 1847. .

A History of British Sponges and Lithophytes. By GrorGE
JouNSTON, M.D. 8vo. 1842.

A Sy nopsis of the British Diatomacee. By W. Smiru, F.L.S.
8vo. «2 vols. 1854-1856. The Plates by T. West.

Proceedings of the Zoological Society. Series 1 and 2.
Transactions of the Entomological Society.

May 1857.

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