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--'f th - behaviour of the BlacV

• A

1

jj'ii iti , w i oui - ou ou e tay on ascension Island wi tli tiio

BOU Expedition, I had the o.. ortunity to observe aoviethlng of
the hr bite of the Blech WoddJ Anc-^^jtoSiiJe about *hlch very

HA€+cUt**u |

11 • * ra to have been public hod j^hirohy). *

Bike u st of

seabirds of Ascension, with the notable

exception of Stgrna fuecata, the Black Noddy breeds core densely

on .tkx little stacks offshore than on the pain Island.

Preda tiOn

by feral cats it proba ly responsible for this, as mi be die-

ouastd elsewhere In the t-x ; editions ‘s publioat i b*

mile it

was '-os 3 ibi 9 to se * thing of the Noddles nt ting on the smaller

fltao ’- s « ’ o s t of these neats wen practically ir-orrible to reach.

or r/ori ao roach. More conven/ierit for study were the birds breed-

ing on Boat sir* In Bird Island , a large ioltt/ 300 feet high end

a few hundred y?r ds across, lying close to the east end of
AsceQilon. '%lle ramy h undreds of nest here on the

seaward-facing cliffs drooping vertically Into the water, others
can be easily watched at a distance of a few yard? and^cceasible.

using a short ladder If necessary. lost of the observations

t-> ne described wer. r:ads on a section of cliff on Boatswain

Bird Island, the account being based on about vg hours Wftching,

Breeding so 00 a.

1 -- . - B..v *

ne of the of -in nuooses of the exoofitlon »a, to oeoertalh

the time of brerdln? of the birda of Ascension, lncludlnj the

fsc-us 9.6 ra nth cycle of Sterne fuecata . Information on this
BUbjelt 13 etll Ing collected by the ort jc:.\ : U . sbllahed

Mit* rf. -a. -W.~. ,*u. [ tfta _ k a, , ■,

«-4 “.A—*S (fcte., f7«,r — ( 6«>f<-4i <2 oXKft# *.* ««!»-( b/.-,y w r-

l

I

t

During fch period I was r- ble to watch the Black Hod lies

(D ecu other to February) their rn>in breed inr war wxkjex at an end,

KW -v* W
x% jA *■“»

On the study area 14 pairs had your- unable to fly tm.z on »6

January; e uonth later all but two of these youn^ could fly and
new

only one j^palr had laid* However there were sany other birds
resent at peak tinea in the uoraia t and evening over a hundred

(Fig . |), . nd v-iuch sour to hi o a n i fi on tin. 5 weu seen thou
few courtship feedings and only one copuli tton.

Tl

A

■Tee ting,

rtmmun “ft 1 ■' #«*4»

The ‘Bla.c ■- Noddy nests on Ascension on

■ jro ranee 3 on © tv p cl If £ s * I of tn c* $ $ - s i 3,rc co\r^ icq 1

■

L ’• : ■■* . i ■ * - .- , >’* '• - ' ■■ * ■ t

with a p ad of dried guano ~ — ; — lll“th I llttl.; — -i hr™'t ■» ■"{■• tori:-'

I tXivuJ* ^

f* i,.- .Tn- *■ c t hangs d v-m in curious s t&l&Qtl te for

A

. h,#

u t c?^*>4lt4ll rainfall of A 1 ■ ■ : ^ -■■

s

only c few Inches a year # the guano of e . ch costs in not w* svm-'-j

o 3

" • * V

1 t— i ■

orrl e-ch

oceuuier of a ledge suds to the soeuttil* tion, which i« a o-eti

oa

■■.? thick, and often projects bey on " r - l ' :; - :J: '

, :■

break off freu the underlying rock, which

)rov- nta the • growing indefinitely. r fho gut' no &ccu mates ^Gt* iso

adults and of course, young defaece to while s’- a -ding on tne neot,

- - <:'nrrhyi

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- ^ 1

"xit-on . A it

ttt ju«kt out

■-••nd the r* nvr-o

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..-J

>/ feathers, M t iea ^ef b-th ofr*ofi

I n- ♦ > n » ■ »t

i* r - J £ o i’l 0 i?

one /at a tine, either frou the land or the water. r n

returnin'?' to the nest cl' if or th ipv-t icr 1 -• dropped .j t •« •. 1

*

3

either ignored or picked up ard dropped ng .in. The side?/.: ys
deposltl/ig action so chars . teris tic of other La rid a ms not
seen by n.e, though subsequently noticed by K.P. Ashrcole.

The only other neetbuilding moveicent was scraping, v»ry
similar to that described for the Black-headed (Tull by Moynihan,
The depression of the tail rrhlle scraping was ^ertlculerly

^#Ami ttt skJUot^ A tte

u tfc *** ^ .

3 trikirig.

^5

0 c c u na tl on of led g es, •

wAw» ■ miw iiu mm .p . w u mwi i h — « ii»~ » **»

Ledges which are in use as noste are defended by single
birds or airs against intruders, but in addition other ai tea
are defended, even tiny kno/b© of rock rh« re 5. * 8 o«? , ik&s
imnos elble for a Noddy to rear a fstcily , So tie individual
bird a c out 3 Is recognised by idiosyrehresies of oluuage, and there
were also a few I had colour- ringed. The behf v5.oi.ir of these birds
showed that, at the time of year I was watching, the birds, apart
fpoia those with eggs and young, v/ore /res trictin * their attentions

yfw m-l m»9€

to a single ledge but often vi © i ted/ dA f d » j r» n i n f-6 , aotneti^es
in different parts of the cliff. Ledge:) war* not visaed at rand on,

however, since the ear© . two — e-r t . i r ■» - led p-s wouid to viol tod on

d i f f e r at oc e a j 1 o n a .

F i ■ a 1 1 a « a n d t h r e s t be h e v i our .

The Noddies defend their ledges by displays and by actual
fighling* They attack each other with their berks, wi thou' us wing
wings or claws. Usuolly an Intruder flees as soon a 3

a

no the r threatens or advances towards It, out occasion-- j a pro er

f i g h t n*v* : e v o 1 o pi

SouetiTOS a bird who ia attacked (for instance a young

bird who c&nno'

« -X* "*!

U X -lV

V"W* * 4 ”

UU 0

i . 1 **■' \ i

scrambled onto a atrnngo ledge)

will neither attack nor

flea, bat tana 1 13

{-• "? r, \.7 -rft \r "f* v' rj'i 4 " Vo •>

attacker a -'id points it a be downwarns t al-icv. in ; its? .. i to oe

peeked on the ns >e wt thou. t reals ting,

Jr -

reduces the o i nco ? r t :o bird bohny a t uo ef - :- ,

die : osture

he a d Is rdnof 5 identical w i ti; u t

the

This turn Lais sway oi the
R1 a 3 a t r i 1 a c t . 9 1 a

Kittiwske/dooe in the so e circunnt.*. nee a (Cullen;

excee-t tiu- ♦

the Black ifodly does not tuc v its beak right beneath ltd brn : at

f

the

•i * L b 4 . ' * b, k>

I-

.. -r • t ■• ‘/‘v

; .. .i -■ V? ’ .

"V r' > a

i 'ShK

o _ • -■

! a ■ - •• -

.... •• S

Jf - - V- 5 ~..

•' . •> 1

-• .

i'-v:

n-,rica

bath de-niy c

4 -

%•> gj

IW 1

nu juvo

*. e » as v c? a

{■

sin filer a? ion - of defend in

«. «^ ir * s %_ r *- * • • «

t h ere. T > * e y > o c 1 •: at it e 1 r s

th-’ir neat

% '^0 ‘ 4 » Ar • « ’ •*

Intruder

1 *: , C?

«m. -A<>

0 '

tier bird

a '. d f e t s

! , r 1

1 ■ O' a", :; th'

•-■ U .«• 1 1 |,v. aiti id.

v ■ >n «. r *A r* a'* ; \ r - •''*** ■* hi b

a., o- ,y • - •- 1 w . iy ’ v* • •. ^

1 - ; “i a A 1 1 b* “

c A 5.* \f -j u . * ,

^ay

<*

It any be stressed.

■ h

» U. <• - ■ '»»

^-1 V?

! , j 1 *1

; 1 1 Ay d ••

* •< “* *■•* *

A ( ■: ;

y <

<y» b*’’*! f* -

- . « 4 b

y on n ’

r)

*• ;

i n

rf

: •' ,

!. a

, o fOe’
■ - U

a 7 f-

i.--. j

h : f: hens

because they are the nearest o-rt of the opponent; they clearly

a o C t

th-

: i r a

tkod

* c2
h.

o \# '*

J ■ ‘

be a ■! to i to

o* fe oil ¥o,i- on

th i h

ao y» ofi b 1 tj i * <::• ,d>

(,_• , ' - 0 - ik ./ i i U j- . / w %»*

.-**> ; nr

> ^ L

VO ’ 1

tf

: : i ; I £’hB,

if hen one a > eroac ies a or s ...nil ay c*.iii tup axti ;

r-?";s in on their ' eduoo until ;m as a n

1 0 ; l ; '■ 1 1 / 3 t : • r t 1 0 U 1 1 -3 r

tv"

V A V ov U

e

c wa y

C i. ; o c’ *

& ^ U'lla-

{J v ;«V>

£wau. 'out they

h i in -
- .« . •

they repeat again and ©gain. This call ray be utter*;! .. r -oj a ie.i ,e
_ p } or in flight as they fly 3XflRs.R& in i ruri of th'.? Cxiff •

(B

** KJ

The same call i

net l ’•an uttorec

by s ter "i t o ry - ( l . e . led ye-)

mev -ha] 0

v* K‘,f

1 ^ j ‘

With neck stretched upsi rue f and

4 Um*| ^* 3 ** ***±*4

c>en to oo,ov the i-< right orange-ya' : ow inuil^,

hi J

; 1 V C

J..

^ : o . ■■•

•U\A ■•.■•■

G-a

0 i

t i 'V

lo^n

and

uw 4 rl
•'* i_

’O

bird turns

towards or advances at the newcomer. 12» ***3 m»Zih»+4 yt$ tu*

Stfafid*,

When e bird lends on as acacEStwiz ledge it often gapes in
jyg k tu.e s s t. e way even xf there is no otnor > l rd Ou tne If. *

This ” landing ga^e 1 ' occurred In «< 1 1 but 1 7 oi s. o>> m )1 3 coi n t® •*
of 86 : id ings **** vacant ledges, though ' so time* t\ l

was only opened slightly. Juveniles who can fly are less lively

to gape when landing ti

«!3 "» * 1 f Ct

"1

* .. »• -" »•

Another ho a til . ' ation is dluoxxa

; w i t. n

n -ch and beak

aligned and. pointing upwards (Fig. 4), the bird utters a- chattering

'Vufs-kuk-Vak

9 # *

*! v*'- .;y i; e i no jifenc / x*3 a •• 20 n t o ay x to bias or se o-ond

a-? vk:i-:k 3 continuously f'-r c. t. thro- or t IT seconds.

» ’

These ttueios displays ( apart f row the landing ge o* are

of the three

least li

to load to an at took.

el y

a n cl * 0 or 0 > r left y

T-

i refer to two

-V* t > i r- f -

.. > ;L - r -i '•

lie on m

B * **

*» f* .'j ' *■ .<*■. 4- }• i ; ‘V1 ’! <''0

O y k '•■*» r'j

:i U*.

n» Vf e\ j
■ '

- : 1 0

the

/ii. k UJ

am

■* .. ,<K

d jl - J Q

o c cm r

1 .-'V» n i- Vi /••>> «

VJ •'. O' . ■ Uvk. i ;

jrh.k

,*** ••. *
/ *u W V4

oh ns i

r* c;

- * V’ , V • ■’

i vv- ... ' » il '•«

th o y

e t a o ■•

h C\ 1 O', £5s

rt i4 *>v JL- vr ‘*'

ly

kaxed.

are relatively now fiO^USintAilCil * ^Wl * ■ i

cl i j ' p *■ ■ e n c f ■ i n d .-‘tail in

N, "i ; is

.* .: l

when oerformed in response to the

rate and l- * riv 1. *toe»jrr*.btxsr ".‘heroes the display is usur 1 . ly

o

often faces in some other direction.

There are several other gestures welch {SREXSWajS oovJi

rT* II II -V. - * ^3 Hi i| * by wjjfi % * - | ;~Q ^

both in hostile situations and when r pair core together

v> Two

01

; i f: wn"*ou tf

tust -0 a 1*0 q&i i 8 1 ** b ^ * * ■ '*• '• v - 1

” >a hhhh* . Neither is coo an. either bet r o-n a elv or between

rival i. .

r — ' , , TJI

■ ■ 1

• : t.~”, 'k ' ' "■.

^ 3 1 &

- 1 * ,h

a t o t ■ ■ o o

r three c

1 ,1p v

•*■. k ‘ . i =-.• 1 /■;• “ v j :

... V. ..• El ' ■ “• - J V

k

1 1 .'■ CUflC

oi a. no 11

kas ‘ re to

sc ends and is

by Goethe

~r'-1

u-( i -»

6

*

Moynlhan in other Larida, wiier ? it la i'i.1 1> " co ,r on in agorN&tic
31 tua lions especially, ac -or'ling to Goethe, whrn the oerf or or is
rather frightened . Though at first I overlooked this uovo mt

it Is ter ho coo clear that it wan one of the 0012 son/eat actions
whenever two Noddies landed near each ot ;er. whether nates or

rivals or oiub-matee (see b ©low).

L

Another common gesture between t;s te - and rivals is what I
hr-ve cal ' ed Nodding:, I have no way of 'mowin';: whether it is this

action whi as as- tclidus* bit

. •» . ■>•**>. •amurA* t

. S' . •=. . »

the word exactly describes what the bin 0 do. 1*1 th neck stretched

; wi M

obliquely forwards £nd the bil . about horlsonta ‘JL th« j bil l is

with beak refining closed

nodded through an grille of ~o degrees or less/ (Fig. 6b) , Ihnxxxiix

and quickly return©! t 1 the atf- rting .orition, where it is held
mosien t-s rily before another nod* ^he I f nodding varies but

■T-i*.

- J» J.

at its highest intensity is about 3 Uses a second and lasts for

two or thre'> seconds.

„ > > I

Af ter no' icing th . regularity of Hesc -shaking when a r

of Brown Noddies come together (see below), 1 found x had overlook.

this novenent, which occurs in encounters be tweon Blaok do- 1 'ie^

1 - • ' '

oil iced with nod ling . nd font-locks, though it 1 • -ea red to rno to be

3

less regular thon In the Brown Neddy.

To give s better idea of the frequency of the different

J

th o

displays inidifferent situations I noted the actions Been in a
sample of encounters when two birds cane together on a -edge.
These encounters we re claseifie so Hostile, uU €wi one bird drove
the other sway , and Greeting, when tne t > j birds relaxed >r went

off together In a dis play flight (see below) . %e hostile

encounters were further divided into the performance of the at tack-

in* and fleeing birds. In the Gre ting the performances of the

on the ir< ■ e

two birds were /alike and are not therefore dis tlngusihed.

(able 4 snows the percentage of porforuaneeo in each class in
which a dl ? -ley occurred at let. at once. (tending 50000 r.r omi’frtcd
1 s© they are not part of the Et« r 'd shakes

* - “ «. ■ : ■ d- * K2 25?*^ J* V ' ' ' '

arc omitted because the / wore overlooked until toe late. )

1 - ’* ■ c ^ j ^ *

Attacking Fleeing Greeting

duelling

Croak

Gs ' e (not 1 a nd i nt $ 3 1

gape)

0

to

Foot-lo ik

ft '3 ^

■ ! kchhh*'

■ Ldin

*!

3 1

m > *

0

■• ■ : ••
■ = • *

o

1 o

Ho. of per forma
on which t based

*■? *—

/ s

44

o o

4K

Hcn-hc J til V - 1 1 - • - i- A •- be tW; : uu

— I. nl^pi. ,111,1,1 Ill II, II II -III II If, nil nr'" "ni“ — . «**«* l >W — *■ *•” lrTT ' w

Jf; L r .

Vrf \ i i.r

.4 l

uh'.- COO- Oiluo ti

mu 1 la plays when a pa ir are

together ie Bridling . One bird, with body tilted slightly forward,

: •

( idr:. 7 , : closed

with an audible click as the head il thrust f o r wo r i a o in to *.■

„ I C; if f^£ * *£• ' > . • "O "• - 0 ..

ositlon shown in Fi .. . 'tteKXMXlBMMX&urtt* mw Bk*MnwUt«XKa«**MgtF

drawn back, the

*h

c? who

to kv, id -fro oovo :•

< : s tS tm

to

or a

,',o-d - oond

. . «*S

1 1 %■

ana

ho two positions alternate smoothly some tl ics for .ilnuto-.

with only short lnterruptio-i**

ihs dis <i.ay is pult* si i ont ex go t

for the closing of tae beak, which can

8

only

heard close at, h*' nd ,

ran to s

lath xsxas are able

to bridle arid occasional iy both

do it togtt r for * short t , frit usually e

tho other wotch.es. T?nl lb e the other displace described so far,

■v v .*| ,V , * ^ . S V " . . . . V r

hridlin.^ often start- without coy obvious external stimulus i e pair

are standing quietly on a lodge . r as ting or

■ - rcanin*, when one

. ©r 3 i y >s . U ?.

watch. Br id 1 Ing usually dies don to nothing srr fch pair relax

• « ' • J ' ■■ ' - : . : - : !'■*. - . - • ». .. ■-.*

■■ ' • -• - • • ' “ - _ r •* : • . ' ' ' y . . • . 1 • . : y - • . - . - -- - ' _ .-. ' v

h -sin. It other tiaee the bridling is set off toy a particular
stimulus t for instance the arrival of another bird on a nearby

i

'hen a r>air are together the or Idling seeus to have

*#

15 ' v •? I‘r e t boyer/’ autir r the note to pay attention, though I

4 , t _ . . - « ... ; ... - — ^4 - - • f

have Been that it wy ” the the as to approach close

v f - •**

V V 4

- f t- >>•

. V * W -- v --

lie play

i

i np bi rcl . -■ I Ur-rr-

• r

■ rn -. 1 i u 1 r. * t to" — ttr — r vr^c f - feet r r r a

r — vu" - ' iiyn - g .

Tt — 7"T" ' """h . © to U b-h.-diST? TT mil iHg

r * 1 deed toentbd of te-Mui

tt"* » . >

dhen a single bird is bridling

this at- i. rooting effect is e one tires clearer, rnd 1 believe it- la
probably ans of this display tl I ‘ iPPi topy*o*t*P# »vaot

mates end the t one

... l ..... , • ;3 *;:> n

p . . • V V *

v 1 I *

«'•- 4 -.f >44* W

ttract its partner to the

nest £ 1 i s o f 3. ts c h o 5 c e

r h i 1 e to r i d 1 i nr 3 a ?•! o d d y e o c t i e e s u 1 1- : r 3 e : *u 1 e t ,

n • How

"li'rrrrr

tr

<0 * *

»

r «t f, * n

A ,

n r v 0 e c < ■ n d c a n <3 f 1 u c t n a tin g i n 1 n t e n a 1 ty
**

a o cor ting os the bill, is openefid or closed. Typically, however.

this cell h« ns to toe uttered froto a soecial Arched d osturo

vi th

neck arch©? and looking curiously inflated (did.''}. TUia display

i , -*■

is siuch cor;,- on fchm the bridl

but wag soon in the sane

i 1 toe tiOno

i--.i y \ 'r .

Tav bird who it not bridling roe,, strnd quietly by its
mate, but it a c net! mot ut tsrs a abort act-iUo *‘fcek M every xx%
second t» or t >o in «... 1 lr i t* esy^fr »li no particular posture.

long es the bridling continues and at the

T hi s r. a y c 7 n t i n 1 1 e a a
asae time the

• - \. •* - r- - ■••••. . - ; .

• ' ^

‘njtj \ <r* T r* 'K ."•• 5 V -- A f*

tv «--* K C* i-,f j,

' *• - W -

■rt • ■ ■ ' :•***■; _ . ' - • - . - » riW’ ** -

■> - <
> >

' at •

.

> . • .

■>:' ins bird y show an interest in the
v-'ouia l*'"? eny food re.rjursi ta ted, I noticed

th 1 r cell

v •’?* ■ '

: . . .. i

.

; : '

v

-

.

too lrte to sec whether it ^receded courtship feeding.

An nigh t bo expected fro® the behaviour of other La rids,
courts hip fa dins closely resembles the way parent feed 3 the
r cun.-g. I .a 11 too f •; .*? tiros to an confirm this gsner.

resembl nee, beyond adding fchs t on one occasion the ae-le adopted

the a rched not tare and corrcnpondl an cMl before regurgits ting

J •

Cn toe ;niy occasion a saw e copula tion, the feraale assumed
a hunched posture with body tilted slightly forward end with
neck withdrawn, and the male nreened her bead for a minute or

two

fain creeping of oho * te U not res trio ted to the minutes

• *** ^K-Ikh K ™ ^ lfe ’ - • v H I

- ' 1"

5

■ I

8

' o ■

or rent;

i •• i - c >

i between t

or your ft

ollff-nes ting fittiothes, whfeu >reen e - cq other, and the ground-
ueet inr species, which -do not.

. should : ' the -H?v or

the cror’k « :-:ce >t that the firs fc, short syl iablc ia missing and

. . ? - r - - - -r : r - J

'C. . •; jj - . - - . - - * , . •.

rather more . *t

different situation from the croak, when a bird leaves its nest

. ' - ! • . v *-* 4 ' . * 4r*i 1 i •*- ' . * • , ■ *

preparatory to flying .pray from the colony as if to feed. It

is not given in response to alar®,

*»!»•

The other call Is a rapid ”kyer-kyer-. , , . M uttered as &

•♦i -

fUo in i nilgai* after icing away from the colony. For
some reason not clear to me, it often evokes an outburst of croc,?!

from other adults uresont in the colony.

A e rial I ^ d.e 3 •

LVhe ether terns the 31a ok Noddy U pt an aerial display,
which I saw !»sny tines. Xs&ieJfctXBs; It begins when a pair are

*. or nro

C ' oVuia^a^ f it&rtjn .virion

one or bath bi rde srike little circular flights in front of the

H .M - k >_

e

. .JL ’

1 •-n-IHtfi again, but event i ally th pro per oerf or nance

begins, consis ting of an a a cent fol lowed by a re turn to th©

D ? ? '

/ I

■

they bkxstx are tin,? a /oc'-p in tie .-.rky , the birds close

1 , ' . # e

■

/with neouliar ning-beate, more r >.r and rather or t

irr«i i . ; • .. slowly than wing

4 O, if I? ~ * .t • * ' v- t

re viler or

v:-^ -

i 1 n<

; ■ .,•■ . , ■ e a ■:■

Tj c i e

• v%'V

boa ts of this sbeed usually bo; at times the birds al t,o& seen to

witoo-..; t ■ r4* a t an. Aa t

-I V * -' v - - - ; • ' * • ! * ’• • ' ■ '*

the fit $■; . t path, the stray lag being -aore or less synohronlsiel

j 0 " " Ei' - : ' aJ m

The ascent is not in large circles

% ,

■■.j *j

■, •- :C , -

t ? c on

- s 1 o .' •:- " - -. :•

tht:‘ tw

: p a r tn ere.

TO :>

•1- « -i. ' V

P 3

is um " lv!

sore other

t^rns

r > < •;* : 3

i the an cent

or; ? v

f o* 5 e d ,.

1 &Vw4-" 5

rk o b • f

re juenoy Is

♦V D 3 U t

.v

1 ,1/ )iu

f ; Longed t ikying

a u econo, like the

-* ■ t 0 t - vaovb regular

do r

Tff T??

■)’. or u > tii bipifl till s®xj?dfc c^* i i o*

wtxatr Its ^i^ntflcancQ. is#

’[ U -; it ' .1 O £ •: not i : 10 £ bl'"’U ■* wij * DU t 0 ^ : 0 1 ulO- .1 \j

to the desoe./t, with the birds fry mg at Xirst horizon t*» ly o?

* ». . ■ ,1

Iowa . After a ic*. 6 t# -* l

a.^aln br a while, before the finsl descent b- arts, at first

n

shallow and then acre ateopl y, often In a fast (-slide, with

the oair all the tine hern*.- 1 $ s 5 c'loao together that It is diffieu

. . i

During tha recent and descent It era often be seen that
one of the ,ci r is continually adjusting i r position to keep
I* the o - f ~ i ■ ' o fan i : a n v.v

whflih the other initiates. During flights J have followed for

t vo or tire

u \ 4 1 '

- V/ M- jj|

it w. a rr’- r t ter'S the ru-o individual which

■ ' . t >

t " 3 , & l , . . - '

occurs du r in* the elide *>f the eerlel lispUy {high flight} of

v

I ■ 1 - a

overco : .ti-:;‘ t n 3 S tior. in la-- forte of t,h' orre: :r.p,.n : r >1 rd to follow

its partner 'a novo o lie pui<-*cly erousu,
explanation 1

[ > h -> •: n

.»-? i -i, 1 .* X >•*

th

a fie r be thing

■**•4 ■A* l>-> .

n ‘-Ji*

hire’' \ T oc-’y .. f<T

bird ,

ar I cell 4 t, en

•;u, -'e

is uncert in.

H 4 r?

X* , ;

best point, of the

hakes

itself, Just a a

; . $ 6

srtlclfy 'P ? o i r t

: ••• 1 'I'” t op if ? - p a- ' ooor * In this

. "X .

vn it flies up

h o t th i o b ! u> > i n g un s o j cu r r ing

ig GO t

and fro

at an abnoracl ly high frequency,! -vstchcd birds flyin

- ' ; i

4-oxx g* fjeti o bi r -• $ tot 1 ' 1 !.| o ooQf’ c r - c c nd s strut es,> 1 ‘0 ssoo. / bi

On the other hand when I watched 14-52 seconds of d- so lay flight

seen (a 1 »o b hex/es /

involving two birds at a ti so, +7 Shanes vein,
no secs * /bird). If it had been feasible to count shakes only

•-•eri od when the bi Is fi ft i t ' j the dis piny

13

flight, this frequency would certainly 'a*. v e neon touch more than

four times the rate in normal flight.

It v/j: 3 occasionally po-'slble to v tch the bir la during

jart of It

iicir aerial display and , before >r nf tar, on the nesting

•jgwwiaA*

cliff co that the connection between the .erinl end xoxfcfcKspc
ssjfcscHic display could ~>itf cod bog. £ t';. cr, A fll : OvAfc coioiDonly

V

began suortly after e oair o&me together on i lodge, and when it

was a" 1 ov*»r

participants would re turn : • 1 p - 1* in the colony

again. Sortie times the two mates would 1 a nd >n liffomnt ledges, but
if this happened one of the ri often star tel to - bridle and the other
would fly to it and the >f lr would stand together again .pictly.-

Parental care, Sent: vl our of the young .

' .P —.JB — . .... .. ^ I. Mil- «M. *-««*• «»** ••*. <ty«W«Wfc^W

*» rtAt«JUi***2 sepofbA,

a invl e e,-;": l..' Pro Tel by hot t eo<e, ,j > s in ' •. e r ■■^•riase,

V # •** _ a ^ Mk

JU

third by

There y re two Pro >d pa tehee , ■ u • puv 'irri/o 1 3 RfjKXXtxix^ t<i * ••''■retie

Tern :<nd *..*r,y gulls is absent. C*A>kf ***•+>

The down of the ysratiwi chicks gives the • .-a appearance very

•e their parent#. • ill over esee t

While most of the chiokf of

0 u : • « tol 1 1 a s e r < r. 1 :: 0 d c rk , a

1 pro oertion st 1 * * * * * ® 81. roost tfUitoj out I & # ft® - ■ 11p>U t cli^c^s

awe a. j tho Black lioljies.

Taa juveniles are even mere like Vv~ -culte and vest easily

distinguished by their shorter bosks (Fig. 1C).

The young are fed by regurgitation, li' there ol
A.stoUdua (Watsonj. When begging for food th< young pock at the

Si mmc svOKM.~i 4 m.lu

bos

v of their- parents. Tho feathered young wiVidtrv? the neck, tilt

the body

forwards and utter a >l c lntlve 1 pie 7 col l every a oond

or two. dtaa Her young 1 ?o end ■?•? o v , but the hunened .oeture Is

3 4

1 9 a 3

b 1 <i 1 1 o t, .

fho oront regu rgitates nd ; tump Lr vets up Itn no/c’r,

the roune bird inserts its beak betwo-n the basal hr. Ives of its

»

,>erent s mandibles, usually oros aviso

the ti ,'SC projecting

move 3

few- kwaur^scfc sia^iit into

out the other side. he the bolus of food few

the parent m bea)c t it pas sea between l I open mandible s

and is Dulled out and 8 Y?e llowo.fi*

4 - *

- ■-. '>•• ; r.., •- -*• ,

r »/ ■ -* > : : S ‘ ' W ^

pe connected by f e 1 • • • \*i tb other arts

of the cliff on! before the youn- do fly they bo win fo explore

around the neat. A t tines they get l .he:nt 7 . ■; to blnees from which

t h c y o anno t r o tu r a • - ol

ra& v

.■ •* 9fl Kt

be ev rk*\fy o v e - by bird a onto

whose ledges they find their way, At the el Iff whore I watched
•.W«XK**3r»k y/'oaxjf -5 riven LI o v/nn! on- fry rust V ^ 0 • ii0

2^' i . y

4

froo higher u v < ' I /

fly ?;• 11 enough to regain lta own neat, • next two

day g the Unfortunate bird a c Wiibl od pout uy nktff afcfcdy area

ont: "ri; errr- u. - " to rot ult* hi ■ni but rf ro - ■ •■ brl v ' ! 'O v ed

, / •* •» * -

or foiling off. iho ronilng %K

ha !l 1 &

A-

its

r* r*

torn an en

in two : ,"b' oeo

the young

v *

0 f , ' *>; Vv'

th*

■r -c ' -u ; - a

U i* >>/ 'v. •• - A- >

■. i.

n o u

* - * -■ t t, t - - ? - n ?ul v * I n t o 3 • t ah

•wmJ

Unle • i can watch I -foi urs a day

nan t -T x <:* >t ,: ? t the safe
, oven if o to toucan a them,

*x ^ 51 yr

It If difficult t

baoo th<*

„ «TW»„

for.

like

th

the 7

t ,...« *1 1

nf jl i. iu

at
•i *’•>»

‘.XX'TlLl

i be in

\ w

i ter:

1 ? to

>e

i age at which they first fly
os e®3 to be •

there/ fcx a short o-Tlod during which

*?

s >on taneously" but crouch 1/ -*• -reached by a
,o only chick whose exert ago I knew allowed
died up to its ; th day a&xfcay:. Fy next visit

was on its 46th day, who o it allowed 1 1 sal f to bo touched by

a stick without flying but ®W b OManeomOy" a a • -. n5nut.es
later. From the sihe and feathering of JSto?. otbr-r youn»? when

they flew

this individual would not sect e xceptionol and it

‘A □ r

s-s oos orlii'-le tha t the y-mn;; nor a l ly fly sbou t their vth

The young Nod ios are very unsteady in the 1 r early flights &
and are particularly unskillful in return! an to their nests,
which, ao tier or Inter they try to do. This difficulty uei be
partly due to the the 0 troneg wind whi oh 70 r etu-lly chiles around
thoir nesting cliffs. Perhaps its is because these juveniles
so often cruse trouble by 1 and in* on the wrong led 30 , thf t -'lien
one starts to fly e round the cl iff , it often sets tbs adults

croa > in > n

Xoum noddies continue to depend on their parents

f r food ift r th y oa a rx ■/ . On

the three occasions "/hen

T

u.- ’ • •

v co 1 our- ringed luvonllen '• : e 5 'i- g

•'■•.4 •• - . E: - -V* '• •; V.' • O •• 7 •/•

after they could fly, it was always or thoir ora nests and from

- JG r I — • >L

the behaviour of uhnsrked individuals too b* leo-r probable that

, < _ jg r . » «"li *■ 1 f ' : ; gfl • ( ■

while the youn* arc ri the colony they are only f^d on their oevi*

The youns sore tinea boa from a'ults net thoir parents but

such

X doubt if they ar'* u/r? fed ^ae the adults drive vvay^&a vm youn*;
if they an : roach, be ha lug 'luit© differently t th 02 a od to their

worn J 0 ‘J *10

-1 #

Clubs . "■ a mi ng .

;-- 1 - ^ r <w - r | ft 11 >QHl 11 Mil 1 , ■»< » ■ li tffr 1 u*-MMPW»l x*u*g;><mw r 9 f

if ^ . i rT ,? X wl

The ao 7 iT.ii certain parts of the Moony ell xfs* v/ti • * re t". * b j.rd*»^

:

alight but which *kse not defended like nest ledges, end oft.cn

{Jfm t.

half a do son birds or more would s tend ft in* so neutral

1 6

hv*a,a or” clubs’* the birds show relatively little reproductive

behaviour but usually rest or erecn or .;M to or, selves. Oeoasl

«»

nelly a bird vrtiuld fly fro? a nos ti ny lodgs to one of those
clubs to rest. Gulls and other terns have stellar resting places
close to the colony which are coed by off-duty birds throughout
t' ' L ■ sason.

The sunning posture of the Blac\ Noi-les deserves special

non t ion. h-e bird r

renur or this by eute vilii t one wing and <u

tail , find often

' f

‘ V' -V ” ■ *

f ■ \j* a •» Un*

in the e ire t chirm mover: cm t which

*»T

1

■ f r If . IS tend of relaxing

nt one a , the oosture i j^inh-n d for l '.rater t a tine ( Fig . 1 1 )

The bird In or onta ted so that th ■? e m bb.ner full on tb, 3 oread
Winer and the heai is inclined l- the aide bo thf t it receives

the full f ree of the fu.tn

(

\ ; 0 <

r j 1 1 • i n r . o e t , 1 1 r • iu : 1 1 i c ~

jrly 5ivnn up as soon as the sun goes behind a cloud # It is clear

* a ther

fa; - n to c o e 1 t h o hi r i

a sunny notch hen they could

no for re 5 „

ince the Nodi

1 9 a

f-ar yuoatl y r or t

to

could ait in

r. ...

'J ■ A O

..he So oio-e by If

they

■ ; b - ■ ■■■■ ho -

'I ; - i’- r -\ *| *

- - ‘ 1 • *

' — .

H > : [7

r

-• ;■ • ' . *.

JK- W'

17

DISCUSSIOH

It i: unfortunate that I could no t tsx the birds to decide

whether, Hbo i the r gulls and terns. It 1 > the icales which tsbe

*J tl+c I'Mi****} $t*M\ to **9^

up tcrrt. to rise c tty ®t ' • maj Oti^bat

all that la certain i* tb * t ons of the metre does most of the kbx*
£tx% bridling, Is more active $ aver filly in ca rtlrig end, In those

be*.

i a Uneci -..tien I hr vc: ccsn It, fc is the tier, la other Lar 1 Is

It Is the n le -I'd } uauu 1 ly f v?du the female .* n 1 is cere active

in courting, so that this would lead one ox act that the same

obtain!' in the Blacl Noddy. This view is? confirmed by a slight

size difference ao- u stipes Cetoctabl ^ 'x. tvec.c tac sa te3 , ax£K On

noted

all si x occasions when I yt uT^l # ■■ X ; -e, ST 1* a difference. It was the

larger bird which did r.oro of the bridling, “’lug measurements of

eVins in tho British Museum, ♦ . . •

. -'• -• '_•••_

Although tA - ibr l.' net, set tie’ yet, it as ?? c lively tA' ■ t its

feed a and does tan re of the bridling etc.

. t

ix fefexw otfe x *: ■ :£«as -rv « r

L in*

On th* - ft) ositi on about, the aexe«, the course of calr

»

formation seems to be rs follows. The male occupies a ledge

_ . % -j#b* (h* tTM i m 1 1 1 II^T^ P^^BB I^K r - ,.«;

i. ^ he defends against intruders end bridles there to attract
females. 1: 7t ~n female bib bM-.d ? hi s the .n r display together,

- ^

the disci.. / a laalu' 1 ing an cc which arc * a cn during hostile encounters

*• *“ »»? •»«•* Oir-J 3 , tee • *

rr.l. *ad with hi* die play ?• towarls the newly arrived f e’jic 1 * , and

4 V

she t - o y w> xw bn easily alarmed by him Tho is ’•l ay flight,
involvi cooperation of both ia r t rs, presumably cements the

'■>air bond firmly and after e tlxe the .ulvtrl dis rust i?ufe3idsfl

13

a nd the pair arc more relaxed together. Even after the pair

p/ket

hna formed. the definitive nest baa not be on chosen, ns tic

' sJfct

uairs visit different Ifa'Wsx together in difl' root :• rta of the

^ dtuyZ—*

cliff/ I: ^/i > evidently inferred until closer eg ^-laying, in

coa" ?oncr«

This ? nor i u. ‘ ■•'

i a no t v e r 7 d l ff r - 1 t fro e •: h 0 • : a 1 r

f o rv>:S tf on o -.’ o t h e r sju X 1 8 ac/l t© me * One coin 0 a-.^ o ; ao i t the
selection of the actual neat site only after the- ir use formed.

_s is ntv t ha upend in the

» and " , Ira a

the 7 1 l \A a-* o f.n

h- r ‘n ■ a r i * 7

1 i* . /

30 /wh

<•>- 1 . 'M**

“"f —V-

a n

-Dc t,

t' w ^

a

h f

-h

r

r: v x:m-

tb

«!*> ■*
O

t

to t)0

a h: Ci

of

no

i ->* -f

C ! 1 .»

<•? 1

t •? c

c^n

0 1 1 r '

B.

.hi n

: .

re

n 0 1

1 T\

irfr

3 U

ch

0 ho

c t

; r'l

» *• ^ • i ^

y

fp V*

t’c:

: ••-> 31 a C’r

~hu

."s &+ ■;

■« wfp •• >0

■■■5

r< *p

rs cr

b * 5 .

l^A.u h] 1 1

.*»» * '•»# »• >9«>4

y

a V\ **

X «

Xi

ns

Q i i; ■ ■':

-

^ 9

f’

7 j

ft

_j ^ ^

^ f

* / '> y i

ULLl

Ul

and ;*

ccrexLti

„ .ji

p'O

1 >

d i sni c v a of :anv hi rds> 4 ui Volvo the some nos tares calls ce

•*. *

occur in lieu.,, Uni, ; & • >/ *.nui'

• tw r

„l U hi: Va ' ■- ' O

ore diff arcncu/' In ths or lento it on of

j ^ T, ,.•4 i£ * • •- v 0 ^ *

u X k. ; •— “*'■

S'O •

Vh-n- the

t r 1 u m t i h c © r a ns o n y

be twe«ft « rir of victorious frcylag
d .0 son a ta r tx .1 on iXHHlHH

(Jesae*'' Anser ana or la liVre aJd&B tile* tik&Mt ? ry exoeot thajj,

■wta«#sfr , 'j*v* jem* «ttp*evae ■ nWiii

ga d i s : 1 a y pc 1 1 . in 3 t$#n of c t on ■■■'• ? no then Lor ory^Y^ u, a -olacit

, - f

U ; *4 u

1 h '

• 'S’*' ■■'■' tf 'tf r* l t u

i eh., vi ; e d bp*rr e n t ' 1 « 1 ma t e s

• n * ha 7 d 1 >! ~ — M

ter -1 a rot to be^vrlontP te .• s t too earl nojy'f ‘8 i t to ci t • ■*• r lv«l

*

4

«a-vt» r ■7mv , TZ%?<t& there

TV>. •• ebli

- •» > s'

A i 4

far^ard disoiays ol

r 1 d 1 buiroi 1 6 1 v e no r e r e rnu 1 e r

„ £1

Oi ^

din 0 u«»h

2 t ,’

O l

tae gre

,1 MUHlKW -

I'lo^r y*s gave and the.

O'y^aionly o© r 1 0 r \ t .itaa aluo hy sice.

%r

A. pout" I 7 vji(iW 4 ij *>:io tkxp***k A

3 .

Tho 'UacV Nod y neat a on cliff ledges a t all 1 te breeding
stations i.a the A Men tic (except in tho Brl tif’ load u res (Selvln ) )
but in tae fact fie and Indian Oceana it us -in? \j no a vs c. i tho
branches of h%mx*Mxm&'f*X)M9kK'kky$x2 t : d up- itr re'.uMvo,

!^|0

it oe - ai3 never to neat on flu t ground though

soT.efci ea resorting to lo v hushes in tir abnon*;'* of any t hint?

better ( unro). (Wii.>cnv. 4*vans were informed by iVilnor, Rothsch-
ild a co. lector, tha t in iuaysan, ^isiana’cy »m.5 .-'id way the a ooles
laid its egg on Lie oand ll’/c the Frown Nod 1y, but a oho to in

i'tothschild * s birds of bsyaan a he w r tae bir c no iln_; in busaen .

duJUi f fcaA

l habit

Richardson * ,, leher > lunro, Fie her *'•- drldrln. Ftsh-r, Richardson
and refer :>rtly to cliff-, out tree- or bush-nas tlrnO)

Ther< .'are to be r further difference be two on

the blec v and brown Hod a ion, u.v ely in the no: t 1 teelf. "'tut of

|* •

s .Oiii.i ia » . riea from a £<of 3 1 r.t vrr or shoi u to substantial

i n m mtm i mw m **m

;)i .e of twig 3 or den weed, out la ncv?r :■ r e t ! n a r ■ tin r ^hepeloec
pile of material, with a alight hoi i cm on tors, The post of

5 *T^

tenu iro-.? trie ■lo ; •/.. r j a r,nr e at, c n !>■■-'? . <• -.ly > . c-nnwe^.d

or tno lea /es of tre s, and is o] ns f.ero'* vrl U> iro- lnaa. Of 26

» I

aooarentl/ inde '©ndent accounts of the ncefce of trnuirostris
in the literature, 14 KjHm%t%8xfZ$ particu • ri y mention that,
the nest : in to rial it, option te : together * th <3coron«nt, and 2 others
show it in|£i Vnoto without remarking on it. On the other hand
of 54 accounts of th< nests of a t o Il dus only tv:o mention tho
presence of droppings (Gilbert, juo to- >y Coir. i, and irynn ' .

Xt would ae-w therefore th. t t. •- ■ ••. x 1 ror-tri. 3 deffeeoo tec on its nect
more than atolidus. Hr s tae habit oeruo boco e an integral

pert of the neat- building .oonaviour of the Blac'c Noddy °

I ’ !■ * «i - >_ ' "H - •' — _ »*-

While tb' difference in loot stricture ou. L rr au 1 1. fro;: d r lencc-c
in behaviour, including tie choice of us ter 1*1, the details

. ». -v neat- bull il&g beij&vlo of .U' to lit o

known for a reels© comparison,

Aac 'ini on i: ay in fact v>e a i-.. titter unfortunate >lace to
try a id a tu<ly the .nest- building of the ilac' f do "> iy t because of
tie a aorta ;e >f noa t ojaterial. l'h-re are very few plants on the

Oeilti l atr tea where tne bi rh a st.and s t

< L

v i r tua'j. ’ y

absent. Ao airei d/ mentioned, f earners Acre cat lee W i instead,
but these were n p - o r substitute ss they oft- i hie * off the

lets*© a ram, in aooe way a, then, the rie^te c r . :• the i< r t-builditm

<Ui4 tcM AdtiVia rwt «■ *•

Uc y have oe n i ope r ft o t /wnARtK&felvtfe. For instance, in a
tseful little account KaogiXllvrpy • if- I fouod - tion of

"1 a r

in * neit is in- 1 e by foi lin' lim F isonit- lervcs or « -rtsds hr* noh.

» -*A ni Mi iiisis ti »i<fawww». j i >e t nu i w ir i woM eeen— w

’’where they arc a nsnp-t ■ with the bee and t.r.-. pled doivn with

the feet", hhile om el •: rl y cannot put to - taueh weight on these

to orodueo a level olatfor-

//or da, it

’-'V'K <*• . f

W. ..C )

hr recfc'2 'on tha f. trnr.'hir. ••• »n i -a terialV is

a specialisation the Kit, ti wake u&e dev loneci to help It to neat

on Cilfl-I? ^ 'Cul on). At <F** h pLj n*. Ajlr0€+. tkJh'aJ
t CUr h*c SsJJ+4Am- Hut" ***tkriUA *4rx*S'

fjpotmtl

<JLCUt k+4 tAUj c^t I itcututi

jo

The divergence friendly and hosj^le dis >lays has bxm

"tic hod even f;

then in the Arctic Mrn

ViYIG*

i k:

k**% (ru**. tffciiei f»*iJ

■: Tico-ry 0 i f rgxfc-' In orients: tiop/lo orociuce the

4

*

4 *--r rr

do se : sculler l tic ■ of the fleck Noddy ennoer to be connected

Ctj&‘ <4 m

•v ,h i ; : so 1 1 \ * hnolte

1 round -nesting terre aech e s the Arctic e.n-1 Oomoon
ri / , , - 1 .a a are a

*0 v

W i W

Noddy (mean.

•\i'i , 4 -<-» ■

' C .,%& - } fa -A

b VI

* c ling

ds

■V> 1 1 -v»- V ; 1 1

* t ,v W y .; X. — . -A.

„q 'tr.4
x. q j < >

>7 12 8

O.f

T« :> foe tote c t contribute to hM.- dif 'Terence M) the necessity

-‘f*' , ■

• r the Nod ay tc del oy Itr ‘‘lr. t flight until It con be sure of

r: ; t <’■• ii n '

• O

a .e. 0

*5 -» ■wtf

m,

: ro

i > -

^3

J f ! 1«

r> C

ft . ■>^t 4 « . -f{> '•

f \ d J f -4 ,' »

\ *1 •«* • -'• '

t e i t 'i 3 to

A J -,v

< r

« O

f 0 ^

v-f -i, • 4.

3 •>«

1 • ■*

* J

* ^ **?

if .-vp

8 i bl ?

■ ■ r ; .

f

c'tif f-n.ee bin# Ttlf.tl r v s eoooarod with grcunl-noe tinpr nulls,

Thn absence of f cry) tic olunage in the young Is another
feature .- - sribu oaols to L'i - nut-ux neat sits .u for f r " on torn.

w.

tr " '■ / 1 y d .) ■ n ' t tr? tui t ft y 7 ^ ■ tr

>e

aiu*JOly O'uid ‘inu>

•f h 4 *a o ■'■ «n n -t

j f ti U *»» -■> v» 1 f

eo oetlntee ncstiiXJn the ground

e k ev i • r t f -*✓<? ' : 3 o r v t i c 0 0

boon abm* thsdr 3 to ,u du e ’vi 1 1

mw *«-*

sy&dui lest li^fa bus? ven airtftable
: *o«md * . n$ 2 ting i^appar tly f o32^€u on
z.t x -^rrrjtfx n setne or rt «

lech of mi#ff ri tec and

d sites, £.tst
through

’f 1. 1 ? range the

^ Ci 1 ^ drily b "'peril t twill v:ae re

t •» 'i s *

* '• U no Jo 1 •

F!l»avherc I have argued that the behaviour of terns with

<v *

egy-shel vhe the x- they ca rry th' s n e : uy or not

Jr ' ** fr V

is a den ted to the

20

need to conceal the position of the nest from red o tor a hunting

conci V;. 12

l is prs rented in the neat r or convenien

h. if •- >_•-

e longl

no in the

n c s t

arc rt coved ) ,

» ) o t . a s pe oi o s Uill

f • 4* 1"

U . j. a u, ..

f ragtne n t

and

1 r o o i t . vf i r d s

b way, and do this

0 the

: : -

. 3 v >

’ ■" ■•*'•♦ V- - I. v -3 a

a V.# '■.* >a ii- j m 4. \ i /

not carry away

od the

. in,ytun ; ,

7 UP

tun to are con

tinned until the bird

either removes the anal's or 31 te on it. Four Black Hod -lie a ;er;

tested in this v-*y M teats in oil)

T > e sh o 1 . or 3 neve r cor x i cd

-• t +■.

K* i * C*

though i-i jpe to;: t it pick r\ up ani drcyp&l beside

the neat so that i t fell deni the cliff, in the others the bfcrd

brooded too shell. k**k vcStt**:** wmt

In its readiness to brood

r,n er -ah cl L richer thn cor y It. ? .ray the “lack Noddy again

* cost

raaetnbleo d u Kitiif ke m con tw.v s t * i th ground -nesting gulls

and terns .

While the cliff ledges of the Black Mold;/ nay he safer In
nays, tic ■ 1- : d ;.n ^ to orounu-r ■ 3. Wi i

peeled by a ft other bird, a young ground -nos ting $ull or tern
either fights back or runs away. Xoung Kit hfi Hack Noddies

rl lost - both h appeases

► i

*• ' ’ ^ i. f . ■ -'*■ ’ - /] 3

the attacker.

There are l ? ' it. : l» A ti Dp afx^ix«xSl«2xx2ialx|r

v. ■' * * <

t> 1

j 4 . a. ■ i

Jtftxbeu: . n* ■ . e ly t ' i e u 3 e o f

;?r on }

IrJ J

when

1 mdi n p a fc c v a c a n t

ledse.

and

c.-? pdf,

W* J.. » ^ W* ‘A

bo th

tr i 1 1 1 wo he b nd B 1 a c k

Noddy

have

it

thott while the around nesting gul is -n’ to mu a a not, Jibcsss a- eras
plausible that they too t. m somehow c tun* cte ■ t-li the no tirg
al tua tion.

^Sr<e I <UtC*+*++ tUiJU -*tuy ~h> tU **$+, <r k*.o*U*J cj « tk*ft

A CtH» 4»G ttt MvM. W*t "<4 <4) ^ M /(Wm/ 1

*5fc. , 8 . #

In connection with the nesting adaptations of the B* ack
Notify . the Brown Noddy * e position is less certain, nesting as
it doss both m tie ground and in bushee or even trees. Are all
t he 86 sit q b e qua 1 i y a c c e p t& bi e t o t i i e s > eel c s , or s n o u 1 d 1 1 be

6k*U* tXi

regarded as a gr-rar/l -neater which is spreading into the

. one of the

or the reverse ? In the Dry To r tugs a , oxf Florida

«*a m

best known colonies , itfatxt&t oc e sioris cly nest • ! 1 the gr >U:id
'Longotreet Dickinson) out this is quite exceptional, (horunt).
A t an Au s t r alia n c olo ny Ta r r n > t i c e J t h a t t h e © a r 1 y n e s t e w e r e

in bushes . the later ones on the ground, as U tae uutmes vrore
preferred but could only scoo sedate a United nuuber. Id other

-- - h- 4 s'- - -• • ** r ' -■ - : t. */r»l ' ^ *o "

places where the birds nest on the ground this a ' pears to oe

, : .

- . •• •

preferr s 1 to any other si. t© since o>. fn i. hil , discus > Lug tills

relate out that on Ghris tmas Island the Brown '^oddy neats

•ij£ t ■

on cliff ledges , though dense vegetation runs right to the too
of the cliff, bo fs-r as rny generalisation La « t oresert possible
•for the emclr-r an a whole, it aooosrs. that the bird oners to

g*- - - W > _ • j ' _y - 4 1 * 'J jfc. jC* jQ|i »j _ , - . "t[

nc?st» off the p* po\xnd tisw*Lly in hushed. oufc lg *b Loss

reluctant to nest, on level around than th.* ftoddy. In at

Mu4‘amXu:

least two respects, it shares some of the nesting

of the Black -hod iy : t ; '%

period is long 'about 43 days according to Oifeatai Hill).

-- fore

leaving tho natter it nay be point 1 out that

nep tin v in relatively inaccessible cites if not tv only condition
under which anti-predator rdaptationa such as cryptic oluvage
cr;n b€ give-- up # /|n si tomstive is to neofc on •? '’1 1 ist^uds where

b

gssnai

toe predators are rare and it ay

* *

•»

j f y* - 1 w b ** ♦

wore relevant to for *rnvrn Noddy.

be t h i 8 s i t 1 1 fc 1 1 o n v-h i e h i a

5 ■ . - •:

: . ,

r

I

• • ,? ~ .

• - ..

|

i-T v : --v

• • ‘ - V. - .

Bi £-

\

M »

•0- F -1

4,

3 r )i

of these ad rin ti - t

*1 a to itu ;= :~oif life, Jjhw

v doee not b< si llstoi '/r ~ - r

' -jJr ■

as SW.Q Ki t iiwa <e , Prfr instance it c * j» Pan ilsxlW?3 an./ specialised

•?.

cst lifting >&avlour to Improve the jjara ting platforms jrtld in
o ; ane o t iotT sri t ‘. this N.P . Ashtirle lc i o h>. u? .-; fourth a lot of

-T- -y •. :

■ :?. i*> : .

sight t-'r.oro ; red to b* little rest

, -* •

between th-j dia irj,: sn-i vestures of th : r; l-'o v Noddy and these

• : > _ .

Sterna soecie-i with which X w s f-cilior, Une of the c.ort similar

aft* WlHtM.MBt' «•' .«.'-4

i* . ^ — ** . P ... , • * • y

• - -

vas th-. lc . u~ . ... 1. 5 1 8

•• 1 ■ < - . u . • •* fi * a r* * i,_ ► - ,/i r • l . *r -i

— - - m

behaviour ic very stable throughout tv- Laridos.

• anr ilised posture la its form* is

identical in other Larida, though it Is a .sue a a ore regular

Arctic

I f* ry

. Wh *

In t e Black Nod 1y *•• .-behaviour than in the xttosx t. ik’s.

- . . 4 • > -

ixknsx The existence of s complex eerlcl courtahlo ft l a day

8\m.<?e*ta that it is bo -o logout* with the cerirl courtship (high

■

flight) of ether terns . n:t elver com;- -nr ison eonflt*‘T.3 that there
are general features in c .u- or. in a lto of * fifferon.ee in detail.

The erect one cure, which f o ' ‘ " Uentioal

form in nil the kao'-m terns. ! s unexpectedly hissing In the Black

SOfiln • .5 S' :;

Noddy - t least I can set recognise r.ny dig homologous

-j «.•*■.

Unless it hf.s -Irs stically changed its fur: o + -i on nl form.

The hostile e ir.i thfc be an ag.groSi.-iv a u, -right such i ; s

r*~ v

. 5 ’ - 4 .

the g ullf hr vo with the opening of the bil super! ’loosed on it

,

tc in creese the threatening effect. It occurs in .V-J3 1 the situat-
ions’ when fulls adopt the aggresniv© u. right.

' V i-

'. V -

; 1 -b pi : h._ fcj '‘8r •

The ocHturc f r *n> wbirm the crop'- 1 b uttered rc a:, .bios
*

" '

the oblique of gulls sad the oorrea uoauing posture of Sterna. .

Tb« cs 1 7 pirn la this eoature 1 j ^ruca less :i ulsr when
compared In t It has the infectious .j-j-i 1 1 ty of trio long go 11
of at least gulls (Herring, Lea er Block Beck, Fitfciwake) .

Like the obit iu® • • -id 1 ong c 11 ttu oron’. is uttered in agot

i/. 0

Si tuf* tlons , thru/-; . tUlo ; q.Xios l :■ several other calls too of OOurs
It wwT.i thu r nevo. clou cl bio the t the croak ic homologous to

A > stars of gulls in# the equr lent

of toms, but the matter is by no means certain.

The arid ling is of particular interest as it Is a
■ - . , rhyth ale he end n e< '

Toven '-nts are roffilniacent of the choking of culls, 'f hi a re ambiance
is increased by the r s ture of tin? body "«i U ; the breast slightly
1 -V ■ >r<v! , A rhythmic choking -like c is clay ■ has not boon described

* : * - r - •*-■•' '*- -• gu '■ "• ‘ -r ■ . * " ' .

. . _» 1 . _i : - z . • - . . "• -J, ▼ _ > ... _

in any other apecios of cm but this would bo in Hue with one

■

m~ ' / k'/ 1 . ^ ■ y*..

view of the derivation of oho’; ing, wk i oh is t . i It lr. a ritual iso]
reduplication of the movement by which a bird drops a load of

y‘> p * jfef ' '3 A v ; ji (W si*

nest rate rial. / art from the Hod dies, no ether tern, is known to

V *

‘ neat’ mate rial from a diut- iso; wo~‘: - u-r

‘ • -* ’ ! ' ' -

l ►*«p\ i’ • ' jk *z ■ ’ *_ -wQ . w^. «

• 1 ■ - is picked up i piece at a time as fc ? bil -* sit,

cr walk to and from their nests.

If the bridling has originated from too some source

f t . i ' o 3 ir in sever

■?. n u- tip tt. I;-; Ai( c i i' -r the- eahaniOAlly-produaet

snap of the closing beak } , l&okl 1 'U id

th rougher t the gulls. Secondly the regular opr i v ; and closing of
the beak la rulte unlike the choking of r.ny cf the- k?io.m gulls.

♦ 0

23

Perhaps this second peculiarity can be linked with the bright
inside of the mouth, lust a a the open- mouthed choking of the
Kit tl wake, an unusual feature for a gull, may be connected with
the brilliant mouth colour of which use is made In other dia lays.

The beak -hiding behaviour of the Black Noddy

h?s been compared with that of the Kittiwake* Though the gulls and
gore of the terns have rudimentary, and some ti -os ritualised, forms
cf the . turning tivsay, it ha- only boon developed so elaborately

,'o ; ■ "el trie i r V* Tj r 1 be. Bln** the Klttiwake is certain-
ly not more close' y related to the Noddies then to the ground-
re- -'tine: nn le . th'3 b beak-hiding mu at bo regarded as an adaptive

convergence .

Othfcb pos tures and cells of the Blaok Noe

the clucking.

■ 1 . H '• *" 1 , *

p tr v&v a t g 0 ry. y related to displays of other La rids but
one would need evidence from more intermediate species to
subs t Ltii t* j&rtleular relationships •

-TL <6+L*v£<m I tk. 6*k* h)od*U U, St A M*tW* sffc-S , «*

5 .

f £h '.T i n ■ ary

fir-' hf, ,1 ta

*,' * < 1 •. i . ncu-.miTtJ h a ' ve Irrm wrl fr

a

r^,v', '"'T. i f -- 7v> v.-y-i * q nb M nr. a '■’lie'-- na-ti.. .sm ff 1 r» * or> , t

•f de iuiled comparison

bt?E SsteXKtaas with the Hack Noddy.

In vi of this the few observations I couiu make on the displays
of etolidus nesting around Ascension will be reported.

There is a g spin# display identical with the Bl&ck
Noddy 11 £ c?nci it is perTortiii^d in identical tuitions • whsn Inn
til one # l&ndi n ■*■■; *1 * -j 1 1 v atts tetPUl#^

r 1 s b bright than the Black Noddy * G*

Bovo ml tinea when r ir cats tocsther I c n w & "greeting**

ich '• > noticeably t £ro:; th© greeting if the

S&iu«flu^ 6Jss 0K*Jt A*lc*C4tA irn Tnurr

Black Hodd ;7 Both birds alternated a dovnwa rd -looking nocture,

rds* The rhythm of

i

the

f f 7

r DOV<'

? icon to was

about

the

;•?■ e oc tin

bri

Bling

IvV'-l

1 y *

^ ♦

7h c?

hole - ;

^ * * * tu i t

,V) * •. j *- - Vjl

1U3

V

l 1 vy i ,

a 1

> l. rd d

its

f A«o JWar Q* Jxd xt<

be-’ I.? it. it---, dovno oo rd~ioo'-: lug posture w.*i« loth closed beak/

b a t - I do n c t - h -- y ■ » ■ fu r t ; tr $> c d O ' faci i\& . . a tor oou-ing together , ; ©irs

( tfc* A*- «b d©o wJu )

•*ere also seen

to look at their feet, jnet like Dl© e 1r Noddies,

ti : ir sunning sstur 9

is lust the jrtie.

When dlettu ’roe their nests they fly are - A s human

ra the r

i ri t rud o r u :, f. s r i n g

A

'•hi oh ie/slci irr to the? croak of the

Black -cc;y Vat 1 eo> * the initio 1 ©'rot. sjllevls^ % - &- tc, .i.i..yVi
■ SK - Of t--rj i c Irorr ; 7 — L-_ l< ■ ■ — < — r r a > U . — ■ — - ■ r a.- - 1~— a i: a o ond -r

TxkxxZz It hat been 1 ascribed ee r caw end is rresuto-o. bly
c 11 riven in the posture i.l lustra lei by 7?. teou Pl,l Fig, •.$,

Tho tg r . that 1 1 a a© s l 1 up ; > 1

"1. ' • ;• * .
v* V *v

.' - ... c ■ n ;■ l o n a i e

a p ; a ren tl y v is it c* d © .* 4 us 1 Ly ij ; i .1 v Pi jy human b a lags, we found tho
' r • -a .. o 1: : y 1 i ■■ t i . c c 1 y e by s r tv - '■ 1 1? « B 1... c> «k *Jt

f h ? n V ; o /•* 1 f» *?

k,< *' *

A r*
,/ l

: -u 1 1 ' A 1.0 a e bo 'r »v i ou.

'egnr;.;l to tion

>a

! : ., ny Lc rue c. r.:y f

akj? md the

you

n >• • ■ k e .1 i i e c t ly .

ribed here)

a n rl

the Brewn Noddy and

be en Mil.) a

re

known to feed their

- '

recurs! ta ted

novm feed their

l:/ tu*- Black

is me fchod i > .' ini v: O' /food diff roa e

v ^

oO

s eciss, T.u, Black-headed Gulls

fo on from the /lr^n

^ 4 f

tf

often take tno

bo r n

rroun ’ a act
r e . - c h e c

1 1 p . o > i; ti t i e .. after It hr* ;

thrown on to the

pi c'-rrl 11

r-» p i >0

T : ' r

youn

• T, ‘l '• ' i "n" v :a

t<; •

5 , t;- boa' <\ '•

tfb ''' P

t h '"■

-r r ■ vt

•*»

1 4 - - 'f 5 -a v* ^

**m i ■ y Vl‘» J • *» * i%

r t 0

’■ethob d e 0 n

rlbc> b

ho w

f 0 r

f V- 1 1 * jO ' - by . /f

■•? ,y t

oro-.t. me

w

cl i f t & ren t ;? a 15a in ,

I ■* ii«* - *

the chlo” ? e tsndlbte : b ef-veon a il i •> * . th‘? orurit’s. I

• g

vv« — r \ ' I : '

e ■■ thod t?a h r th°r like tha t

j. * i *

the : ” rou ? - ' n a . ti n* m lla. wi th

toe c c t c 1 ' lockin'; • ! i:r t the adoltae let- all 2c :i > .-m. It- beam

h’x ts nl 1 0 .;•,: the cor

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t Ar »*.!»' t (T ^ v Jl *•' ' ' A * V * v ; ..,

rlaon to tut; ■ el :.caniforirie&, one

ti 5 corpora

In 0 art the 1 r 1 .»* -5 -r ■? r? t ro i jh t 1 n t :; t he 1 r : r on 1 1?
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