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THE HABIT AND THE HORSE

A TREATISE ON

FEMALE EQUITATION.

BY

Mrs. J. STIELING CLAEKE.

WITH ILLUSTEATIONS, LITHOGRAPHED BY MESSES. DAY &SOX,

FKOM

PHOTOGEAPHS BY HEEBEET WATKINS,

THE i;iGnT,yF .t:?,^!??!^!!©!? is secuked.

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORESS,

J. ROGERS, AT RABY'S, 46, WIGMORE STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, (\V.) /

1857. U/W^

?:-a» S^ 309> C4 2. 't'^l.

PREFACE.

Paie readers, and gentle critics. In launching this little bark
on the wide ocean of censure and of praise, I crave your attention
for a few moments, whilst I explain the motives that have urged
me on so bold a venture. It is not, believe me, that I court
publicity as an authoress ; my vanity, largely as I may possess
my sex's share, can never lead me to hope for such an envied
designation from these unpretending pages ; much less would I
have it supposed that, a deshe to trench upon ground hitherto
trodden by the more privileged sex, or the presumption of offering
any suggestion for their enlightenment, has brought me thus
prominently before you. But, as a woman, I wiite exclusively for
the guidance of my own sex, well knowing the vast importance
to the fair novice of a manual which brings her acquainted mth
that equal pride of prince and peasant — the horse — and with the
fascinating and elegant science which teaches how to a;uide and

IV PEETACE.

govern him, and how to guide and govern herself with respect
to this noble creature. Would that the subject were in abler
hands ; still, in default of choicer diction, and a more intimate
acquaintance with the rules of authorship, I offer them, in plain
and simple phrase, the jottings of many a leisure hour, and the
results of the long and careful study of an art, which has ever
been to me an object of attention and delight.

It is constantly remarked that, although many books have
been pubHshed which successfully impart a knowledge of riding
to gentlemen, not one has appeared that can be regarded as a
sufficiently comprehensive treatise for ladies, who are desirous of
perfecting themselves in an accomplishment so pecuharly requiring,
in their case, advice and instruction; — more especially, for those
fan' equestrians, who, by distance or otherwise, are deprived of
the assistance of qualified professional teachers, or of that of
friends or relatives competent to act as their instructors. The
acknowledged necessity, yet absence of such a guide, — the con-
stant solicitation for hints upon the subject, — the unconscious
awkwardness, and want of ease and confidence, painfully exhibiting
itself in but too many fan riders of the present day, combined with

PEEP ACE. V

their general ignorance of the equestrian " savoir faire,'' — and the
long urged wishes of a large circle of friends and acquaintances, —
are the inducements that have tempted me to put forth in their
present form the gatherings of my own experience.

By some persons, it may perhaps be objected that, practice alone
teaches to ride, and that, in an art like this, elaborate rules are
uncalled for ; by others also that, many of the principles here laid
down are too generally known to need repetition ; yet, if artificial
measures of motion, and the imitation of a good carriage mend
even om* manner of walking, which nature has taught, and
constant practice has at times improved, why should riding, which
certainly is still more of ^an art, be supposed to be easily and
sufficiently attained without the assistance of well authenticated
rules ? Daily experience proclaims the contrary. Do we not con-
tinually see ladies who present a good figure while standing on the
ground, appearing on horseback helpless and awkward? And, in
answer to these precepts being generally known, it is enough to
observe how far they are from being practised, and how small is
the community of feeling and intelligence found to exist between
riders and their horses, to justify their being reproduced; with, it

INTEODUCTION.

" When troubled in spirit, wlien weary of life,
When I faint 'neath its burthens, or shrink from its strife —
When its fruits turn'd to ashes are mocking my taste,
And its fairest scene seems but a desolate -waste ;
Then come ye not near me, my sad soul to cheer
With friendship's soft accents, or sympathy's tear:
N"o counsel I ask, and no pity I need,
But bring me, oh! bring me, my gallant young steed."

Detden.

Amongst the most exquisite productions of ancient taste, and art,
is a gem, engraved with Cupid riding on a lion, illustrating the
power and majesty of love in subjecting the fiercest to his control.
Charming as is the emblem, and beautiful the design, which has
been admired through ages, it may yet be questioned, whether a
graceful woman managing a noble steed does not present a finer
picture of power over-ruled by gentleness.

Who that has observed some of the many fan- equestrians of the
present day, accompanied by their brothers or more favoured esquires,
sweeping by in their morning canter, glowing with health and
cheerfulness, but will readily admit that grace and beauty are never
more finely displayed than in the practice and enjoyment of this
invigorating exercise ?

INTBODUCTION.

Some years ago, riding was by no means general amongst the fair
sex ; then ladies on horseback were the exception and not, as now,
the rule, but ^^ grace a notre charmante Reine"

" Whose liigli zeal for healthy duties
Set on horseback haK our beauties,"

there is now scarcely a young lady of rank, fashion, or respectability,
but includes riding in the list of her accomphshments ; and who,
whether attaining her end or not, is not ambitious of being considered
by her friends and relatives, " a splendid horsewoman." Yet how
few can reaUy claim this envied appellation ! Habit may do much,
and, coupled with science, a great deal more ; but good riding, with
very few exceptions, is neither a habit nor an instinct. Dancing we
an know to be an instinctive motion, a natural expression of joy ;
but mark the dancing of the rustic milkmaid, and that of the
educated and accomplished lady ; the one is an untutored, clumsy
bound, the other the very poetry of motion ; and the latter should
riding be.

" True knowledge comes from study, not by chance,
As those move easiest who have learned to dance."

Pope.

To be used to a horse, to put on a habit, vault into a saddle,
and gaUop along a pubhc ride, are the equestrian accomphshments
of many who not unfrequently imagine that, to become, and be
esteemed good horsewomen, it is necessary alone to assume the

INTEODTJCTION. 6

masculine in manner and expression. But, to sit a liorse equally
weU through all his paces — firmly, yet gently, to control his
impatient curvettings ; fearlessly, yet elegantly, to manage him at
speed, with a hand firm, yet fight ; steadily, yet gracefully, to keep
the seat ; preserving the balance with ease and seeming carelessness ;
to have the animal entirely at command, and, as if both were imbued
with one common inteUigence, the rider vieing in temper with her
steed in spirit; to unite courage with gentleness, and to employ
energy at no cost of delicacy ; — these are the essential attributes of
the lady-like and accomplished horsewoman.

A series of charming Erench engravings, " Les Amazones," some
time since published, has shown how well adapted is equestrian
exercise to the display of the beautiful and graceful outlines of the
female form ; yet, if elegance can be thus so well pourtrayed, so, also,
in no case is clumsiness or awkwardness so thorouglily visible or
open to comment. The horsewoman is like a statue placed upon a
high pedestal, where the faults are as easily discernible as the
beauties.

Too thankful indeed can we not be to our most gracious Queen,
and, — we repeat it, for inciting in her own amiable person so many of
her fair subjects to following her illustrious example, and for thus
encouragingly bestowing her high sanction on a recreation which, out
of an amusement, becomes the main spring of health and joyousness

4 INTEODUCTION.

to all its participants ; for, " sans etre la mode" it is to be feared
that the many great advantages due to horse exercise would never
have been so effectively brought before parents, as to induce them to
admit riding among the early acquirements of their daughters.
Mothers need only consult their medical advisers upon this subject,
to learn of the great benefits accruing from its early practice, espe-
cially in laying, as it surely does, the foundation of health for after
life. What art can plant such lovely roses on the cheek of youth, or
give such happy buoyancy to the spirits of maturer years, as the
health which comes from this spirit-stirring pursuit? It is con-
firmed by experience that, of all the recreations with which this
generation abounds over those which have preceded it, none creates
more real and heartfelt enjoyment in the young, and indeed in all
ages, than the exercise of riding ; for, seated, as we are, high in air,
surrounded by the pure atmosphere, and inhaling it, our elasticity is
increased, and an indescribable sense of happiness pervades the
whole frame. But to feel this exquisitely, proficiency in the art is
indispensable ; fear and trembling giving place to that consummate
ease and confidence, which can only be obtained by good practice
and study.

Eiding would certainly be more generally resorted to in youth, as
a relief from the severer studies, were the teachers and the teaching
more in harmony with the taste and delicacy of the Enghsh
mind. The objection to riding schools so often made by mothers in

INTEODUCTION.

regard to their daughters, is, in many instances, hardly to be
wondered at; for, can it be otherwise than repugnant to the feehngs
of a refined and timid woman to enter some of the riding estabhsh-
ments, and place herself for instruction in the hands of one of the
usual teachers, seeing, with but few exceptions, theh incompetency
to the task they undertake ? They are neither choice in manner nor
in expression, and are as iU-suited to conducting the graceful move-
ments of a woman on horseback, as to leading her through the
" Minuet de la Com " in a ball-room.

How often do we find '' ci-demnC grooms and horse-breakers
put forward as professors of this elegant art, for no other reason
than then knowing how to ride, or break a horse, and perhaps to a
certain extent being adequate to teaching their own sex! Ought
such persons to be tolerated as fit preceptors and companions-
companions they must be to a certain extent for the tune— of young
ladies, who, in the acquirement of riding are unavoidably subjected
to a degree of familiarity which teachers of this class but too readily
assume?

The art of riding should be taught, if by a man, by a gentleman,
if by a woman, by a lady ; at all events, by persons in manner and
education so far conversant with the usages of good society, that
both language and gesture suited to the rank and dehcacy of then-
pupils, may be fairly expected of them. Eiding is admitted by the

6 INTRODUCTION.

whole world to be a noble exercise, why then should teaching it be
deemed derogatory to more cultivated persons of either sex ? There
is a mistaken notion that its affinity to horses renders it a bold and
mascuhne pursuit for a woman. This is an absurd impression,
which cannot be too speedily effaced. If riding were a coarse
attainment, ladies would discard it altogether ; indeed, there is no
accomplishment, even the refined and courtly one of dancing, that
may not be rendered coarse and vulgar by those who are regardless
of refinement.

But, as riding is unquestionably both feminine and graceful,
when so cultivated, its instructors should be individuals qualified
by nature and education, to render it an elegant, no less than
healthful, recreation. Until some such reform is made, ladies will
never devote sufficient time to the careful study of the art, to
become, as a body, the proficients which Enghsh women ought
to be.

Various reasons induce ladies to leave the riding-school at an
early period, some to avoid the rudeness they often meet with, others
because, from timidity and delicacy, they are unable to seek from
theh professors the information which is essential to their comfort
and advancement. Many, again, soon tire of its monotony; and
were they properly prepared before-hand, and carefully instructed
afterwards, — a change the sooner made the better, — they would

INTEODIJCTION. /

then acquire a confidence they can never obtain, as matters now
stand, by continually riding within its walls.

Unfortunately, the small amount of information vouchsafed to
them by their " soi disant" professors, induces the majority to
believe there is very little to be learned, and that that httle may be
all acquired at once. It is from this cause that high-spirited and
com-ageous girls are constantly seen on the verge of danger, and are
saved principally by the docility and instinct of the animals they ride.

How frequently do beautiful and gracefuUy-formed women present
so inelegant, and sometimes even so ridiculous an appearance on
horseback as to expose themselves to the comments of the spectators,
and perhaps to the pencil of the caricaturist ? when, if instructed by
competent persons, they would, in their equestrian position, show
themselves ofP to even more advantage, and call forth greater
admiration in the ride, than, with all their grace, they do, in the
baU-room, or the promenade.

It is much to be regretted that gentlemen do not more frequently
undertake the ofiSce of instructors to their fau: relatives. In this
country where, in nearly every good family, some of the male
members excel in this noble science, to that degree that their
performance would put to the blush the pretensions of the class
I have referred to, who can be such fit preceptors ?

8 INTRODUCTION.

At the same time, it must be admitted that really respectable
and painstaking masters have great diificulties to encounter. A
riding-master must receive his pupils at such times as they themselves
find it convenient to attend. This, in well frequented schools,
renders the attempt to classify them properly always difficult, and
frequently impossible. It consequently sometimes occurs that
when there are a dozen pupils in the school at one time, there will
be almost as many degrees of proficiency; still, by the necessary
etiquette of the riding-house, they must all, to a great extent, be
occupied alike, and a pupil who is well advanced in the science
frequently finds herself following a mere novice, who is being carried
round in the canter, before she has even acquired the slightest idea
of what is demanded in the walk.

Another great evil springs in many instances fi'om the desire of
the pupil herself to advance too rapidly : after a few lessons, she
neglects preliminary instruction for the purpose of indulging in the
canter ; whereas, if she could only obtain a just knowledge of all that
can be learned in the walk, in three times the number of lessons she
would evince considerable aptitude on her own part, as well as testify
to the great care and attention of her teacher.

A riding-master, really desirous of communicating to his pupils a
thorough knowledge of the art, is frequently thwarted by an impatience
like this. The argument that ladies have been taught to ride by

INTEODUCTION. 9

some other master in a few lessons is oftentimes used in reply to his
remonstrances, without their considering that such indiscreet haste,
promoted as it only can have been by ignorant pretenders, instead of
leadino- to their advancement, in nine cases out of ten confirms them
in habits which effectually prevent their ever becoming good horse-
women.

The ideas that the art of riding can be acquired in a few lessons,
and that, as soon as a novice can manage to sit a quiet school horse
in the canter, she has nothing more to learn, are egregious errors,
committed only by those pupils and their friends, who are altogether
unacquainted with the science.

It were unjust to attribute to the teacher the failm-es arising from
these various causes ; for, however skilful and well intentioned he may
be himself, and carefully as he may have selected his staff of assistants,
it is impossible for him, mider such chcumstances, to render to his
pupils that justice which it is doubtless his earnest desire and hearty
effort to afford.

The practice of riding differs from most studies, in its being
capable of becoming a dehghtful amusement, and recreation, ahnost
simultaneously with its commencement, and dm-ing the whole tmie
of the pupil's progress towards proficiency. But in one respect it

10 INTEODUCTION.

strictly resembles all others, namely, in tliis, — tliat the rudiments
must be first thoroug-hly acquired. " Disce fprhna elemental'' was
wisely insisted on by the ancients as the law of success in every
thing worth acquiring. As a general rule, the best horsewomen are
those who have been accustomed to ride from early youth. The
pliancy and natural " ahcmdon " of childhood, and their untiring
practice on that best of riding-masters, a clever and distinct actioned
pony, gives them a knowledge and experience which it is the object
of this work (so far as is possible) to develop in a short treatise ; let
it then be remembered, that no measm-e of instruction can supply to
an adult, that inappreciable amount of intuitive knowledge which
children acquire dming their early pony-riding days, particularly
when several boys and girls are assembled and riding together ; some
are sure to be more apt than others, and in their amusing vanity of
giving instruction, beget a rivalry by which they reciprocally acquire
and create confidence. Even the playfulness of the boys, in teazing
the girls and their ponies, though sometimes productive of danger,
generally stimulates theh skill and courage ; for, if once they find
they can manage their little steeds, they become as fond of the sport
as their brothers, whom they then repay with interest. Then " hair-
breadth 'scapes " are faithfully remembered, and the frequent recm'-
rence of these brings forth the utmost care and pride in so managing
their ponies, as to save themselves from again incm-ring the reproach
of falling. Thus, they eventually attain a skill which " grows with
their growth, and strengthens with their strength; " and hence, as

INTRODUCTION. 11

tliey change witli their own statm-e from the diminutive pony to one
of larger size, and from this to the horse, they become perfectly
qualified to manage him in all his paces. Besides, there is a degree
of decision in the hand of a lady accustomed to country hfe, and
who consequently commenced her equestrian exercises in childhood,
that becomes a sort of free-masonry between herself and her horse.

It has been, and still is, a prevailing opinion with many ladies,
that riding is only suited to the young. How this absmxl notion
sprung up it is difficult to conceive, on calling to mind, that, in
the olden time, the practice of women of all ages to ride on horse-
back was general ; and that, in those days, a good old age was
assuredly attained, whilst more than half the maladies of the present
day were entirely unknown. At this moment there are few who
cannot, in their own immediate chcle, uLunber at least one lady
friend approaching to, or even on the verge of three score years
and ten, who attributes her excellent health to the use of this
exercise from early youth, and who, even now, can throw off her
years in the enjoyment of the fine pure an of a morning country
ride.

" For time sliall -with Ms ready pencil stand,
Retouch ker figure witli his gifted hand,
Mellow soft colours, and embrown the tint,
Add every grace which time alone can grant ;
To future ages shall her fame convey,
And give more beauty than he takes away."

Deyben.

12 INTRODUCTION.

Why should we not tlien revive tlie fashion of our ancestors, and
more especially since, with the improvements of the age, riding in
the present day has been rendered so much more easy and in-
dependent, by the substitution of the delightful canter for the
disagreeable jog-trot of by-gone times ; and of the side-saddle, with
the fair rider's own guidance, for the "Pisana" fashion, which
still exists in Mexico, of the lady riding in front of her cavalier,
or for the pillion, where she rides behind ? This latter position has
been playfully described by a modern poet : —

" This riding double was no crime
In tlie first good Edward's time ;
No brave man thought MmseK disgraced
By two fair arms around his waist ;
Nor did the lady blush vermillion
Dancing on the lady's pillion."

Though, this is the poet's view of the case (and poets view most
things " couleur de rose"), yet Mr. Leigh Hunt would doubtless be
inclined to agree in the opinion, that the conventional pleasantness
of pillion travelling must invariably depend upon tlie cavalier.

If, for a moment, we cast a glance at times bygone, what an
amusing contrast we find to the manners and customs of the
present day.

A celebrated novehst describes his heroine as riding post from
Somersetshire to London, along the Bath Eoad, attended only by

IXTEODUCTION. 13

lier maid, and both on horseback : we sympathise mth the fair
Sophia and the sleepy Hoiv^oue, at the inns on the Western road
during such a jomiiey. Again, how agreeable, though so strongly
combined with the ludicrous, are the images presented to the mind
by the scenes in the " Vicar of Wakefield," where the family ride
to the village church.
<
To go back to a remoter period, we read, in Stowe's Com-
mentaries, that, " Eichard the Second, being threatened by the rebels
of Kent, rode from the Tower of London to the Miles End, and
with him his mother, because she Avas sick and weak, in a ivliirUcote ;"
and this is described as an ugly vehicle of four boards put together
in a clmnsy manner. In the following year Eichard married Anne
of Luxembourg, who introduced the riding %pon side-saddles, and so
" was the riding in those whhlicotes forsaken, except at coronations
and such like spectacles."

Then we have Knighton's description of the rank and beauty of
■ his day (1341). In speaking of the public amusements of that time,
especially of totirnaments, he says " these tournaments are attended
by many ladies of the first rank and greatest beauty ; they are dressed
in party-coloured tunics, half of one colour and half of another, their
tippets are very short, their caps remarkably little, and T^a-apt about
their heads with cords, theh ghdles and pouches ornamented with
gold and silver, and they wear short swords, called daggers, before,

14

INTRODUCTION.

a little below their waists ; they are mounted on the finest horses,
with the richest furniture, and in this attire they ride about from place
to place in quest of tournaments."

And what can be more pleasant, on a smmner's morning, looking
from the windows of some country mansion on a rural road in Kent,
than to image to om'selves the " Pilgrims 6f Chaucer" on their
way to Canterbury ? The Nun, the Prioress, and the buxom Widow,
Avith the beUs on their palfreys jingling a merry chorus to the
ringing laugh of the fair riders. Then the " progresses," the
" processions," and the hawking parties, of the olden time. We see
them now, in all their life, in some of Wouvermann's pictures, and
in that exquisite one of Landseer, " The Lady of the Castle in
feudal times," as she rode forth with

"Mottled hound and managed hawk,
On palfrej' ricli and rare."

But there remains now only the rich canvas representation, and the
author's glowing description, to remind us of such scenes ; for, with-
the mighty change that time, the great innovator, has effected,
nearly all trace of those days of quaint adventure, romance, and
chivahy has long since passed away, with as little chance of ever
again returning, as of the modern railway train giving place to
the aristocratic travelling* chariot, or to the mail coach of twenty
years ago.

INTRODUCTION. 15

Since then, in these our own days, riding is no longer necessary
as a means of ordinary transit, and can be regarded only in the light
of an agreeable and healtliful recreation, and of a lady-like accom-
plishment, it is obvious that, something more than a mere jog-trot
acquaintance with a horse's back is absolutely required. Years are
devoted to the attainment of music, languages, and the various
accomplishments which qualify a lady for the drawing-room ; whilst
an art, of which the ignorance may positively endanger life, is either
entirely neglected, or consigned to a few ill-directed lessons deemed
sufficient for enabling her to enter a public ride, where, amidst the
vast number of horses of all tempers, and riders of all kinds, a lady
must really ride Avell, even to guard against the many accidents
which are likely to occm' from the bad riding of others.

If the comparatively uninitiated knew the value of good riding,
its perfect acquirement would be more eagerly sought, and the
union of safety, with an easy and graceful style, be more frequently
attained.

In the provinces, excellence in the art is often met with amongst
the female members of many an old county family ; and, if it be so
much prized, where, frequently, there are but few to witness the
beauties of an elegant equestrian deportment, how much more so
should it be by those, who are preparing to enter a pubHc and
fashionable ride like Botten Boid, tlii'onged with fan candidates for

16 INTEODUCTION.

equestrian fame; the resort, too, of every noble stranger, who, charmed
Avith a " coup cVceil " such as no other country can boast, will
doubtless on returning to his native land, descant on horsemanship,
or excellence in riding, as not the least amongst the many valued
attributes of Albion's daughters.

THE HABIT.

" She wore, what was then somewhat universal, a coat, vest, and hat, resembling those of a man ;
which fashion has since called a RiDrsG Habit." — (Diana VenionJ. Scott.

" My maids come to my dressing bower
And deck my nut-brown hair ;
Where'er ye laid a plait before,
Look ye, lay ten times mair."

Scott.

Equesteian attire should be perfectly exclusive, distinct from eveiy
other, and resembling nothing but itself. Its chief characteristics
should be simplicity, and elegance, with everything masculine care-
fully avoided ; and the same taste that has thrown aside the gilded
tinsel, and glittering caparison of the palfrey, should banish aU
assemblage of gaudy colours from the dress of the fair rider.

The wavy elegance of its ample folds, and the indescribable charm
that has ever belonged to it as a costume, render the riding habit
extremely attractive. Many a fair girl has captivated more hearts
in a beautifully fitting habit, than when she was arrayed for the
most distinguished " rmnion." And how many instances have we
not, on record, 'of brilliant marriages, and princely dowers, being won
by the faultless symmetry, and graceful bearing so frequently
displayed within it? How essential then that infinitely more

18 THE HAJ3IT.

attention be paid to its make and fashion than is usually bestowed
upon it. Nothing- may be neglected that can add ease or grace to
such an exquisite costume. A well cut and beautifully made habit
will greatly improve a but moderately good figure ; how much more
so, then, will the same appliance set off one on whom nature has
been lavish of her gifts ?

The body of a habit ought to be carefully made to fit the bust,
ample room being always allowed across the chest, which generally
expands in riding. It should also be sufficiently -wide, and properly
cut at the back of the neck, to prevent that disagreeable tightness so
often experienced, and so completely marring the easy and graceful
movement of the head. Nothing can be more unpleasant than the
peculiar feeling of suffocation caused by a badly made habit, a
sensation far more intolerable on horseback, than in any other
position ; not to mention the stiff and inelegant appearance thus
given to the whole figure.

The waist must not be too long, else it will wrinkle, it should be
shorter than in ordinary attire. Many ladies erroneously conceive
that the body of a habit will remain in the same unwrinkled position
on horseback, as when first adjusted. The peculiarity of the seat,
and the constant motion of the body, will prove to them, after a
moment's consideration, that this cannot be the case if there is too
great length of waist.

THE HABIT. 19

The sleeves should never be made too tight, especially round the
upper part, or the easy movement, so necessary to the arms when
riding, will be impeded.

As it is the pride of a ship's commander to see her glide along
" all taut^ and as it would be most offensive to his eye, and destroy
the symmetry of her saihng, were any loose rope, or sheet, seen shaking
in the wind; so, and with such care, should the fair equestrian
avoid wearing, on horseback, anything that may flutter in the breeze.
I would for this reason dii-ect the especial attention of my fair
readers to the inelegant flutter of the " lasque" of many of the
Polka bodies, now so much in vogue. Becoming as this fashionable
appendage may be in the repose of ordinary costume, its effect in
the side-saddle is wholly the reverse ; for no sooner does the horse
change the gentle walk for the more brisk and animated pace of
either trot, or canter, than the " hasqtie," acted upon by the wind,
commences flapping up and down the back to the destruction of
all grace and beauty, and impresses the spectator at a short distance
with the belief that, it is the rider's figm'e, and not merely a portion
of her dress, that is in such a constant and extraordinary state of
volation.

Unless the cloth be of full broad-cloth width, it will be necessary
to have two breadths and a-half in the sku-t, to afford an easy and
graceful flow of drapery. The very common fault of too great

20 THE HABIT.

length, however, should be carefully avoided, as not only cumbrous
and unnecessary, but dangerous from its tendency to catch the
horse's feet vi^hen cantering, to say nothing of the discomfort that
arises from its wet and bespattered condition in muddy weather.
The hope of adding height, and grace, to the figure, by an increased
length of skirt, is completely frustrated by the inelegant, and even
unsightly appearance it assumes, when once it exceeds a specified
distance of the rider's feet ; for it is then apt to enfold itself, and
not unfrequently to appear as though it were tied or pinned together
underneath them.

A pocket, on the left hand side of the skirt, suitable for a card-
case or purse, will be found useful. It should be made to button,
or its contents may be shaken out.

The habit is usually made of cloth, but in summer, if found too
warm, a lighter material, called " cacJimerette" may be substituted.
It has all the appearance of very fine cloth, without its weight or
warmth, and, being twilled, is much stronger, and less likely to tear.
But, when made of this or any other light texture, there should be a
deep hem to add weight, and substance, to the lower part of the
skirt, and prevent its being blown about by the wind.

The colours worn in the present day are usually dark, blue
prevailing ; in choosing a colour, the wearer's complexion is always

THE HABIT. 21

to be considered, as on the taste and judgment herein displayed
greatly depends the becomingness of the Habit.

The Habit may be worn either braided, or plain, according to
fashion, or the taste of the wearer.

Wlien the body of the Habit is closed in front, a smaU turn-over
fine linen coUar is usually worn ; and, when open, a habit-shirt of
the same material should be displayed.

Embroidered cambric fronts also have an elegant appearance,
but the collar should always be thick, to contrast with the
dark Habit.

If the sleeves are made tight to the wrists, small white cuffs,
corresponding with the collar, and fastened inside the cuffs of the
Habit, look very neat when the gloves are taken off. If wide, full
under sleeves of the same material as the habit-shirt, confined by a
narrow band at the wrists, have an equally pretty appearance.

In concluding this subject, I would particularly impress upon the
fair rider, the necessity for caution in the selection of her Habit-
maker. Pew tailors understand the peculiar cut of a well fitting
Habit ; so as to afford in the rise and fall of the female bust, that
necessary degree of ease, where ease is indispensable; and, avoiding

22 THE HABIT.

undue pressure, liow to give that elegance to the waist, which,
without infringing on Nature's laws, imparts such bewitching grace
to the equestrian costume.

Eiding stays should be made elastic over the hips, with particular
attention to having the " busks" very short. They are also to be
worn -without shoulder straps.

Trousers are indispensable both for modesty, and comfort : dark
colours are preferable to white ; for if the habit flies up, which is
ahuost certain in cantering, particularly in windy weather, the white
immediately catches the eye of the spectator, whilst by being dark,
the trousers appear as a portion of the Habit, and pass unnoticed.
The best material for riding trousers either in sununer, or winter,
is soft, thin chamois leather, as it generally prevents the knee, which
goes round the pommel, from being chafed. The trousers should be
covered from the knee to the foot with cloth, or any Mght texture of
the same colom- as the Habit, and should always be strapped under
the boots. ■ - .

Ladies who ride much will find it necessary to wear kid, or leather
boots ; for, when made of light material, the left boot is soon damaged
by the friction of the stirrup. If a lady uses the slipper stirrup, the
heels of the boots should be made low, but the Victoria stirrup
requires a military heel, which ought to be brought well forward

THE HABIT. 23

towards the hollow of the foot, to prevent the sthrup's going too far
back, and hurting the ankle. The boots should be closed with laces
or elastics ; buttons being exceedingly inconvenient and objection-
able. A light WeUington boot is sometimes preferred, because it
guards the left leg from the friction of the stirrup-leather, and, having
no seam in front, saves the instep, if high, from being chafed by the
stirrup-iron.

AH superfluity of under-clothing should be dispensed with, both
for convenience in riding, as well as for personal appearance ; a large
"totmiure" on horseback is preposterous, particularly as it becomes
considerably augmented, after cantering, by the petticoats gathering
up under the habit. At the same tune, the error of extremes into
which some ladies run, by the absence of all petticoats, must be
carefully avoided. Pew indeed look well shorn of these necessary
appendages to the equestrian costume, if only moderately used.
And is it not strange to see a slight figure whose general costume,
whether for home, promenade, or ball, resembles more the hoop of
Queen Charlotte's Oom't, suddenly emerge from this volmuinous
display, and appear as one of the beauties of the reign of George the
Second, when we are informed it was " la mode " for ladies to vie
with each other in the scantiness of theu nether garments? Truly,
fashion rules all things, and accustoms the eye to a great deal ; but,
in the midst of the present amplitude of dress, the opposite extreme
fails to create admu'ation.

24 THE HABIT.

White petticoats are objectionable for the same reason as white
trousers, and may be substituted by black satin or silk, which, in
cold weather, ought to be well wadded, and quilted from the knee
downward, and rather more closely quilted on the right side, as that
part, going over the pommel, wears the faster. However neat and
pretty white petticoats may look before starting, by the time the ride
is over, even in fine weather, they present a very " cJiiffone" appear-
ance, quite unfit for display when the Habit is gathered up after
dismounting.

It is rarely found necessary to wear a second petticoat, if the
black one be sufficiently full, and gathered at the back, and one
may be far more easily managed on horseback than a greater
number, which white requires.

"With respect to the "Hat," so many new styles have of late
appeared, that I am induced to quote the well known couplet.

"Be not the first by whom the new are tried,
Nor yet the last to set the old aside."

Nothing can be more becoming, if extremes are avoided, than some
of the pretty riding hats of the present day. The plumed hat is,
indeed, the only article of riding gear we wish to see preserved among
the fashions of our ancestors. We may gladly leave to Dame
Juliana Berners, her hoods, and whimples, — to the lovelier, yet

THE ha:bit. ^0

luckless Arabella Stuart, her stiff corset and tippets ; to the Duchess
of Gordon, her gold-laced jacket, cocked hat, and hunting whip.
Yet we cannot but admire the Countess of Ogle, the Northumbrian
heiress, with her pretty cavaher hat and feather, as she is, in an
engraving, represented, cantering up a beautiful avenue in her
father's park, with the Duke of Newcastle caracoling at her side.

Attention should be paid to the even, and easy, fit of the hat, so
that it be neither too small, nor too large, — the former will be sm-e
to cause pain, and the latter, a continual disarrangement of
the hair.

Veils are very useful, but should always be worn short, for there
are times when the flying about of a long veil may tend to confuse,
and, especially so, a novice. Black silk netted veils are the best, as
these, from their weight, are not so easily affected by the wind ;
faUing closer to the face, they are better suited to the broad-leafed
hat, and lying in much smaller compass than lace, or gauze, they
have a far more comely appearance when tm-ned back over the brim.
Gauntlets, or gloves, may be worn according to taste.

A few words respecting the whip may not be inappropriate : it
undoubtedly forms part of the fair rider's equipment, and, by a
novice, is not unfrequently the first article obtained. The whip
must be regarded as a requisite aid in riding, and not as mere orna-

26 THE HABIT.

ment : it sliould be straight, and light, but of sufficient resistance to
admit of being pressed against the horse's side. A hmp whip
should never be used, being dangerous from its frequently teasing,
and exciting the horse without the rider's being conscious of it.
Thin skinned horses, though perfectly quiet in other respects, will
often become quite unmanageable from excitement caused by flies,
and the kind of whip just spoken of will frequently produce the
same results : its mounting may be as costly, or simple, as the fancy
pleases, provided care is taken that, there is nothing on it which is
likely to catch in the veil, or other portions of the dress.

Much of the enjoyment of riding depends upon leaving the
dressing-room self-satisfied, and perfectly free from those many little
annoyances that proceed from inattention, and ignorance of what is
required.

Although " ye tangles of Neara's hair" may read very prettily
in Milton's verse, they wiU be found by no means agreeable about
the face, during a brisk ride, on a windy day. In whatever way the
hair is worn, great care should be observed when dressing, to arrange
it so as not to cause inconvenience during the ride. Many a one,
pleasant in anticipation, has been completely marred by the early
disarrangement of the rider's " chevelure.'" There are few ladies
but must have experienced this at some time or other, particularly
when the fashion of wearing the gentleman's hat was miiversal.

THE HABIT.

27

Should the mode of wearing curls again resiune its sway, I would
advise novices, and all whose hair faUs easily out of cm-1, not to adopt
this fashion for riding. The hah plaited, or worn m hands, or
roUed at each side, according to the present custom, is far more con-
venient,— the latter not only agrees better with the whole attire,
but is admhably adapted to the style of hat now in vogue.

The hair should be di'essed firmly, but not tightly, as the con-
tinued strain on the scalp invariably produces headache.

Ladies who possess a luxmiant quantity of hair, and who find
it necessary to confine a portion of it under the hat, in default
of any better method of their own, can do so, with the greatest
degree of comfort, in the following manner : — Let the hah that is
not requhed for the roUs at the side be very evenly combed up
towards the crown of the head, tm-ned " en casque" and then
twisted, so as to form a figm-e of eight sideways, and be brought
well forward before placing the comb, that it may not interfere
with the easy fit of the hat. The teeth of the comb shoidd be
pressed back into the torsade. If this is so carefully done as not
to drag the hah, or to allow the teeth of the comb to press upon
the head, the mode recommended will be found to have the advan-
tages of firmness, and convenience. It may, perhaps, feel pecuhar
on the first or second essay, but this feehng ^dll soon wear off
with custom. It will also serve as a means for securing the front

28

THE HABIT.

hair with greater facihty, and firmness, for the rolls having been
adjusted, the ends should cross at the back of the head to the
opposite side, and, if long enough, be coiled round the " torsade "
if not, they might be platted to afford a sufficient stay for the
hair-pin to attach them there. Ey these means the rolls will meet
at the back of the neck, and render the use of a " cacJiepeign"
unnecessary.

Those ladies who stiU adhere to the gentleman's hat, and who
ride much, wiU find this an excellent mode of obviating an annoyance
they must frequently experience.

As few hair-pins as possible should be used — they often cause
annoyance by falling out, and hm'ting the head, when getting
displaced, and the use of strings, for tying it, is most injurious to
the hair.

/ And now a few words on that inevitable ruin to life and beauty —

"tight lacing." I pray all fair equestrians to pause and reflect
awhile, ere they indulge in such a pernicious practice. Great as is
the evil in the ordinary circumstances of dress, it is a hundred-fold
increased on horseback, in consequence of the peculiar position of
the body from sitting sideways. In a long ride, tight lacing invariably
causes pain in the right side, and its frequent recurrence as sm^ely
leads to disease. Thus, instead of deriving that health, and benefit,

THE HAEIT. 29

which otherwise results from horse exercise, the fair rider, by
her own act, lays the foundation of an insidious malady, which
either renders her hfe one of Hngering misery, or hurries her to a
premature grave.

How destructive to beauty is tight lacmg, is undeniable, in its
completely marring that easy and elegant movement of the figure,
so essential to grace in the rider. A lady may easily convince
herseK of this result by remarking the pecdiar stiffness it imparts
to others, when she can no longer doubt of its producing the
same effect upon herself. In a pubhc ride there is scarcely any-
thing more provocative of satire, and ridicule, than those un-
naturally pinched-in waists that have acquhed for then owners,
the uncourteous, but not inappropriate appellation of "hour-
glasses."

In dressing, every thing should be avoided that may cause
uneasiness on horseback, such as pins carelessly placed, and strings
either too tight, or too loose, for trifles like these are of more
consequence than the uninitiated imagine. Not guarding against
these seemingly little matters often destroys the pleasm-e of an
otherwise dehghtfol ride, and therefore should be well attended
to during the business of the toilette. Pins shoidd be dispensed
with, as much as possible; strings, buttons, or hooks and eyes,
being much safer, and less likely to occasion inconvenience.

30 THE HABIT.

Eings should be dispensed witL. whilst riding, as frequently
causing the hand to swell, and preventing its closing properly on
the reins. If a watch is worn, the chain should be confined by
the hook or button of the Habit, to prevent its shaking about
in the trot, or canter.

Ladies who suffer from cold feet in winter should make
a point of warming them before mounting, as it is much
easier to keep up the circulation, than to create it. Lamb's-
wool socks, or warm soles in the boots, wiU be found very com-
fortable.

There is an easy and graceful style of holding the Habit whilst
a lady is waiting for, or walking to, her gallant steed, which
contrasts greatly with the many unbecoming modes so frequently
met with. It constitutes in itself a pictm-e which at once dis-
tinguishes the finished rider, and it should be carefully observed
by aU who study to become so.

To hold the Habit properly, the skirt should be first taken at
each side as far down as the arms will reach without stooping,
drawn out evenly to its full extent, and gathered up until it is
sufficiently short for walking. The hands should then be brought
forward, with one rather higher than the other, so as not to
appear stiff, or formal. If the skirt is made in two breadths it

THE HAEIT. 31

should be gatliered up from the seam at each side, otherwise it
will drag on the ground behind.

When a lady is accompanied by a gentleman, she should hold
the Habit, on the side on which he is walking, so far down only
as enables her to take his arm, and clear the skht from the
ground, turning a sip.all portion of it over the thumb to prevent
its escaping from her hand.

The Habit can be easily arranged at wiU for travelling, for
walking, or for the house, by a very sunple and expeditious mode,
which will be found exceedingly convenient for country visits,
should a lady be induced to pause in her ride, and pass the day
from home.

In making the skht, there should be attached inside, at equal
distances round the waist, seven or eight loops of strong ribbon,
reaching to within an inch of the knee; these are to be met by
the same number of double strings, also fastened inside, at such
a distance from the hem that, when tied to the loops, the length
of the skirt becomes that of an ordinary walking dress, and
forms a double skht, Avith the edge of the hem only allowed
to touch the ground. It is to be remembered, that the loops,
and not the strings, must proceed from the waist, otherwise, the
skirt wiU rarely be of an equal length aU round.

33 THE HABIT.

Wlien the skirt is thus prepared for the house, the body should
be opened in front to display the habit-shirt, white cuffs to
match the collar be fastened inside the sleeves, the hair be
appropriately arranged, and then the " tout ensemble'' forms a
very attractive equestrian " costume de visite."

THE HORSE.

" Full of fire, and full of bone,
AU his line of fathers laiown ;
Fine his nose, his nostrils thin,
But blown abroad by the pride within !
His mane a stormy river flowing.
And his eyes, like embers, glowing
In the darlaiess of the night,
And his pace as swift as light. —
Look around his straining throat
Grace, and shifting beauty float !
Sinewy strength is on his reins,
And the red blood gallops tlirough his veins."

Baeet Coenwall.

It has been remarked of the fair sex, and by the Lords of the
Creation, that the former are too prone to riding the "liigh
horse," whenever opportunity is afforded them. If my fair readers
wiU, however, graciously take advice from one, who has had con-
siderable experience in the side-saddle, they wiU, (in this hteral
sense of the phrase), chase away at once and for ever, so great a
delusion, if health, ease, elegance, and comfort, are to form any
part in the accomplishment they are about to cultivate.

A lady, if she can avoid it, ought never to ride a horse exceeding
fifteen hands, two inches ' in height, whether her figure be the

34

THE HOESE.

exquisitely graduated outline of a Venus, or Nature have moulded
her on the exuberant and ampler proportions of a Hebe.

The appearance of the fair equestrian depends far, more than
is generally imagined, on the selection of a horse adapted to her
figure. It is frequently said of a young lady, that she should not
ride, because her form is unsuited to the exercise. This is a cruel
mistake. Let no one l)e debarred from this most healthful of all
recreations, unless age has robbed the limb of its activity, and kind
natm'e has suggested some softer cushion than the platform of a
side-saddle. The great secret lies in the judicious selection of the
animals they ride. The most beautiful figures, of whatever height
they may be, will gain in elegance by attention to this rule, and
those to whom Dame Natm-e has been less bountiful, wiU be doubly
repaid for its observance.

I remember riding, twice in the same day, with a young friend, and
being particularly impressed with the correctness of this view. She
was below the middle height, but of exquisite beauty, both in face
and figure. In the morning, she was mounted upon a handsome
well-broken pony, of fourteen hands, when their united appearance
evidently called forth much admiration. Indeed, as with quiet ease
she cantered down Eotten How, they might have formed a fit, nay,
an envied subject, for the painter's or the sculptor's art. In the
afternoon, she was indebted to a kind friend for another ride ; but,

THE HOESEi 35

on this occasion, the steed was a magnificent grey hunter, nearly
sixteen hands high. Alas, the charm was gone! for notwithstanding
her own natm-al grace, and the splendid shape and action of the
horse, this incongruity of size, and her want of power to hold such
an animal together, coupled with her ineffectual efforts to pull him
up from the canter to the Avalk, which had heretofore been performed
by a masculine hand, rendered her appearance the reverse of what
it had been in the morning. How closely allied is the sublime to
the ridicidous, was here manifest enough, in its eliciting as it did
from a spectator, a satuical, but not inappropriate remark, that was
very distressing to the " amour propre " of my fair friend.

But it is not for the sake of appearance only that this rule should
be observed ; it is equally, if not more important as regards comfort,
though no lady can look weU on horseback, when not perfectly at
her ease. I am, however, now alluding to those who are required to
ride in search of that most inestimable of all blessings, health. The
physician's advice to ladies to take horse exercise is frequently
rendered of no avail, because of the great discomfort and consequent
fatigue produced by it. It is useless to assure them, as may be
truly the case, that their horses are unusually quiet or well trained ;
in vain are their saddles, and riding gear, so arranged that no possible
inconvenience can arise, the uneasy feeling still remains the same,
and, thus, a course from which so much benefit was expected, is
abandoned in despair.

36 THE HORSE.

I am convinced, and I speak from experience, having seen the
evil remedied in several instances, that the majority of failm-es result
from ladies being placed on horses unsuited to their size, in the
belief that all that is necessary, in such cases, is a very quiet animal.
A lady of short stature is frequently mounted on a fuU sized horse,
with whose lengthy action it is utterly impossible she can cope in
any degree of comfort. On the other hand, a tall figure with a
frame attenuated by sickness, is as often placed upon an undersized
animal, wliosc comparatively sliort step renders the exercise to her,
equally, if not still more distressing. Let them change horses and
the effect is magical. Hence, in too many instances, it is not the
advice of the pliysician that is unsound, but the judgment of those
who provide horses for their patients.

In selecting a lady's horse, though beauty should not be dis-
regarded, it ought to be only a secondary consideration, temper,
action, training, and the breed, and conformation, of the animal being
matters of far more importance. A horse cannot be too liighly
coiu'aged for a lady, if lie is temperate, while nothing can be more
fatiguing and distasteful than riding a spiritless drone : he should be
wcU-bred, and well-broken, with power and action to correspond.
How often is it remarked of a horse, " that he is very pretty, but too
slight, and only fit to carry a woman." A greater mistake than
such an assertion can scarcely be made ; for, in proportion to her
weight, more power is required for a lady, than for a gentleman : the

THE HORSE. 37

formation of the side-saddle, and the position of the rider's body
upon it, causing the pressure upon the horse's back to be very severe.
This is clearly seen in the tendency to chafe of the backs of horses
much used with the side-saddle. Besides, a lady cannot command
the same power, to recover a horse shoidd he make a false step, nor
to support him in any difficulty, and weak horses are all more or less
prone to fall.

Again, as a general rule, ladies' horses do not last so long as those
exclusively ridden by gentlemen, the difference being accounted for
by the constant use of the off -leg in the canter. They consequently
sooner or later become unsound on one side, and this must obviously
occur at an earlier period to a weak-framed light limbed animal.
But there is a stiU more annoying evil which results from this error.
To the great vexation of a lady fond of riding, her horse is likely to
be disabled half his time. This will frequently be the case with one
that is not strong enough for his work ; he will be lame, or his back
unfit for the saddle, or he will be " amiss" and out of condition, at
the very moment he is most required for the lady's plcasm-e.

Such animals, good looking as their owners may think them, are
not worth keeping. It is better to dispense with a flowing mane, or
a "well set-on tail," a bright and gay colour, — even that real charm,
a pretty head ! — in order to secm'ing the more important and useful
points ; but, of course, when beauty can be united with tlicse requisites

38 THE HOUSE.

in a lady's horse, lie is indeed invaluable. Most well-bred horses
— except the unruly and vicious — of the requisite shape, power, and
action, can be adapted to a lady's use by proper care, and preparation.

A perfect lady's horse, with all the necessary qualifications, is a
rare, and highly to be envied, treasure. Some years ago, I had a dark
chesnut, thoroughbred horse of great beauty, that had been most
patiently, and elaborately, trained ; and, of the many horses it has
fallen to my lot to ride, it may well be believed that this was my
greatest favourite.

" In truth lie was a noble steed,"

"With all the high attributes of stainless pedigree, and with action
so perfect, as to charm ahke the rider, and spectator, and so gentle,
withal, as to yield to the most dehcate hand.

If my fair readers will bear with me the while, I will endeavour
to give them my opinion of what a lady's horse should be, by the
best description of him which my pen and memory can afford.

" His head was short and broad, with a slight indentation of the
face, that gave expansion to the nostrils, which at all times should be
large, and fully developed, whilst no one could overlook the beauty
of his symmetrically-formed, and gracefully-rounded, cheek. His
ears were well set on, and of such size, and shape, as imparted a light.

THE HOESE.

and airy finish to his general contour. His head was placed on his
neck as freely as possible, leaving space for the functions of the
throat, whence it derived its elasticity, and power to bend in
obedience to the rider's hand. His eye was soft, expressive, and
only moderately prominent — an indication of his high breeding
and docility of temper. His neck was by no means long, nor
encumbered with muscle, but finely arched with — what is not at
aU times easily to be obtained — that peculiarly graceful curve,
which doubtless had its origin in Eastern climes ; and it grew
into shoulders, not conspicuous for very high withers, at an angle
of about forty-five degrees. These shoulders were deeply formed
— a very prominent and essential point — were neither loaded at
their points, nor set so far apart as to admit of that protuberance,
which invariably impedes freedom of action. His depth of shoulder
had its concomitant in depth of fore-rib, so essential in securing the
lady's saddle, no less than ensmdng power, and endurance, to sustain,
and carry, the weight in its proper place. His legs were forward,
as with such shoulders is universally the case, so that, in his trot,
the knee could be just seen by his rider — the surest criterion of
his correct action. His arms were long, and large, whilst the
cannon bone, which forms the link between knee and fetlock, was
broad, powerful, and short. His knees, with their opposite neigh-
bom-s the houghs, were of great size, and enabled him to carry his
rider with ease, and endurance. His pasterns were neither too long,
nor too short, but of a medium length, and this imparted elasticity

40 THE HOESE.

to his action, and comfort to his rider. His foot was circular, and
of a proportionate size, with the necessary adjuncts in their highest
state of health — a point at aU times so essential to preserving
the foot in its primitive soundness. His back was rather short,
the only fault a connoisseur could have discovered, as this defect
generally detracts from the ease, and smoothness, of a horse's
action. He had wide, well covered, hips, with long round quarters
possessing great beauty down to his houghs, which like the stag's
were inverted, angular, and placed well under him, whilst his tail
high, and well set out, gave a most animated, and graceful, finish to
the " tout ensemble"

However perfect the formation of an animal, much jfrequently
remains to be done ere he can be properly styled a lady's horse ;
assuming that the ordinary means only have been used for breaking
him, experience shows how unqualified he still is for the use of
the side-saddle. Although, when he first comes from the dealer,
he may be warranted " quiet to ride, and free from vice," and
although his natural action may be faultless, he has yet much to
learn, and the grave question then arises, how and by whom he
shall be taught? The high spirit of a well bred English horse
always renders the attempt to train him for a lady's use, a
difiicult task. The first great point in his education is to place
him on his haunches, and this cannot generally be done without
long continued, patient, exertion. A great mistake is frequently

THE HOESE.

41

made in desiring to accomplish this, too hastily, between the
" piUars," instead of attaining the object by a series of long lessons
given in the " longe," the dumb jockey being occasionally resorted
to in his " box " for giving the fine finish to his mouth, which the
extreme lightness of a lady's hand so peculiarly reqmres. Eecom'se
must, still, only be had to these expedients, under the direction of
some very competent person ; for unless great caution and judgment
are exercised, the most serious injmies will inevitably ensue.

The great dif&culty still remains of selecting those to whose
care he shall be consigned. His noble nature resents harsh
usage, which either renders him intractable, and vicious, or destroys
his fine sphit, and corn-age. Next to skill, gentleness and patience
are the great qualities for the task, and they ever avail more
towards breaking a high sphited, and oftentunes a vicious animal,
than aU the ''force contre force'' that can be devised. But, un-
fortunately the persons to whom he is entrusted in too many
instances, from then coarse and brutal natm-e, think the only
way to train is by harsh treatment, and such unsparmg infliction
of whip and spur, as makes the poor animal even tremble when
he hears a loud voice, and start at the very sight and sound of
a whip. There is of com'se no rule without its exception, and,
as in human natme we meet with unridy tempers, so must we
not be astonished to find them sometimes in the brute creation.
Therefore, when a horse reaUy requires correction, it ought not

i i

42 THE HORSE.

to be withheld, but always administered, with judgment, coolness,
and above all, without loss of temper.

" A man of kindness, to Ms beast is kind,
But brutal actions sbow a brutal mind :
Remember, he, wbo made thee, made the brute,
Who gave thee speech and reason, formed him mute ;
He can't complain, but God's omniscient eye
Beholds thy cru.elty — he hears his cry !
He was designed thy servant, not thy di'udge,
But laiow — that his Creator is thy judge."

Bloomfield.

It is frequently asked whether a horse should be broken for a
lady's use by a female, or by the more determined and masculine
hand. This is a question that must principally depend, for its
answer, on the temper and character of the horse, and on the skill
and judgment of the breaker. Many are the occasions, when, that
decision, which is natm-ally part of a man's hand, together with the
full use of his limbs, which his seat on horseback permits, can alone
accomplish the desired result. Again, the light hand of a woman
frequently succeeds, where the more resolute one has failed.

It has been objected to professed female breakers, that in the
pride, and consciousness, of their own power, they are sometimes apt
to lean too much to the argument of force, and punish with great
severity trifling faults, which far milder means would sufficiently
correct. This mode of treatment is much to be regretted, not only
as precluding the advantages to be derived from the dehcacy of their

THE HOKSE. 43

hands, and that docility in the horse which should result from this
delicacy ; but as leading him ever after to associate the side-saddle,
and habit-skirt, with punishment and suffering, and, fr-om fear of
chastisement, to be ready at all times to start aside on the slightest
movement of the rider's hand.

Beautiful indeed is the sentiment of the poet, that

" Man should be taught, as if you taught him not."

And if the exercise of this principle has been attended with favour-
able results in some unruly Lords of the Creation, who are yet
endowed not only with intellect, but with all the qualities that elicit
it, may it not, with almost equal assurance of success, be applied to
an animal that has neither reasoning, nor reflective powers ?

The horse possesses great nervous sensibility, and is easily disposed
to the various impressions of fear, affection, and dislike. In training
him for a lady, the whip if used at all, as a means of punishment,
should only be resorted to in cases of determined vice, and when
every other expedient has failed. The corrections which have the
greatest effect upon a horse, are such as are not severe, but those
which thwart him in any act of disobedience, by first restraining
him, and then compelling him to do directly the contrary. The
intelligence of the animal, being thus acted upon, gives effect and

44

THE HOESE.

permanence to the lesson, and exempts the horse from any of the
evil consequences so frequently resulting from ill timed severity.

An anecdote is related of a worthy yeoman, well known in the
North of England as a successful breeder, and who has always
rejoiced in being his own horsebreaker : — " That riding a colt one
day about noon, the animal refused to tmn out of the high road, that
led to his own residence, into the direction he wished him to take.
After, for some time, trying every act of encouragement, and kind-
ness, to induce hun to comply, but in vain, he quietly brought him to
a stand-stiU on the spot, and opposed every attempt the horse made
towards home. An hour having thus passed in simply resisting
the animal's bent, a second essay was made to turn him, but again
without efPect. Observing a lad pass at the moment, he requested
him, in true Yorkshire dialect, to go to his wife and teU her to send
him his dinner. The repast duly arrived, and was eaten upon the
animal's back. Another effort was then made, but an equally
fruitless one. Accordingly the servant was desired to retm'n home,
and bring his master's supper in the evening, if he did not himself
arrive meantime. Various other useless endeavours were subse-
quently made at intervals, tiU evening, and the supper really
appeared. The meal dispatched, the messenger was again sent
home for other provisions adapted to the midnight watch, and also
for what, in Yorkshire, is sometunes called a " neet cap," but before
he could return, the animal's obstinacy was exhausted, and he

THE HOESE. , 45

became tractable, and obedient to his master's hand," Such were
the means which this judicious trainer invariably employed, strictly
prohibiting the use of either whip, or spur, and opposing every
attempt of a young horse at disobedience, or vice, with patient
determination, and kindness.

The eagerness with which horses, so trained, were sought for, and
the almost fabulous prices they are said to have reahzed, proved the
soundness of their owner's judgment, and rewarded him for his
perseverance, and humanity.

The opinions so quaintly, yet so ably expressed, more than
two hundred years ago, by that great, and witty, writer on the
" Manege," the Duke of Newcastle, are so applicable to the present
time, — when the fine breeding and high spirit of the modern
English horse are so liable to be spoUed by brutality and impatience,
— that I cannot forbear quoting a few passages upon this subject
from his rare, and splendid work. " The understanding of a horse
is infinitely degraded below that of a man by several, who, notwith-
standing, by their actions, shew, that they believe the horse to be the
more intelligent of the two. And indeed, a boy is a long time
before he knows his alphabet, longer before he has learned to spell,
and perhaps some years before he can read distinctly ; and yet there
are some people, who as soon as they have got upon a young horse,
entirely undressed, or untaught, fancy, that by beating, and spmi'ing,

46 THE HORSE.

they will make him a dressed horse, in one morning only. I would
fain ask such stupid people, whether by beating a boy, they could
teach him to read, without first shewing him his alphabet ? Sure,
they would beat the boy to death, before they would make him read.
Don't, therefore, expect more understanding from a horse, than
a man, since the horse is dressed in the same manner that childi-en
are taught to read. The horse is first taught to know, and, then,
by frequent repetition, to convert that knowledge into habit. It is in
hke manner with what men learn, for example, a boy is a long time
before he can play perfectly on the lute ; but when he is become
perfect, his fingers move, without his thinking, on every note, or
every point. There is just as much to be said for a managed horse.
It is true, that the hand and the heels are aU that is required to
make a perfect horse ; but there are other things required to make
him obedient to the hand and the heels." Again; "I have seen
very few passionate horsemen get the better of a horse by their
anger ; on the contrary, I have seen the horse always get the better
of them ; and since the weakest understanding is always the most
passionate, it is probable the horse wiU always outdo the man. In
this art there should always be a man, and a beast, and not two
beasts. Indeed, a good horseman ought never to put himself in a
passion with his horse, but chastise him, hke a kind of divinity
superior to him. If the horseman spurs his horse rudely, the horse
wiU answer in the same manner by flinging maliciously. Don't we
see men in play give each other blows without being angry with

THE HORSE, 47

one another? but when they are in earnest, the least jestings
occasion a duel. It is just the same with a horse ; if the rider be
angry with him, he will be malicious, but, otherwise, will take all in
good part, and never be oifended ; so that patience is one means of
dressing a horse. It is true that patience without knowledge will
never do, as knowledge will seldom do without patience ; you must,
therefore, treat him gently, and not exert yom- full power ; but the
thing is diflicult ; for if he takes it into his head to rebel, you must
either let him master you, or else venture a bold stroke to reduce
him. If you let him master you, you have done with him ; if he
submits, you must alight that moment, and cherish him. If he does
not yield, you had better stay tiU next morning, than spoil him by
violence. Reduce him by degrees, mixing gentleness with helps and
corrections. From hence you will learn how to fit a horse for use
or for pleasm'e."

The breaker, then, whose assistance is sought, whether male or
female, ought to be one, who, in addition to skiU and judgment,
has the most patience, and the greatest fondness for the horse.

The best ladies horses I have known were trained by gentlemen,
whose superior inteUigence, and love, for the animal, combined with
a stiU greater charm, that of pleasing some fair relative or friend,
for whom the task was undertaken, natm-aUy gave them a great
advantage over the class of men usually employed. And, for the

4b THE HOUSE.

novelty of the liabit-skirt, horses are easily prepared by the
appendage of any similar drapery to the near side of the saddle.

In Virgil's time, nay indeed in Homer's, the art of breaking a
horse was as weU understood as in the present day, and the like
means were employed. In the longe, we use a " mouthing bit,"
they did the same. The Eomans, one called " Iwpatum" from its
resembling the jagged teeth of a wolf, having doubtless to deal
with a very different animal to the horse of modern times, for we
rarely practice such severities. Yirgil, in speaking of the mode of
breaking a horse, tells us through his interpreter

' That when to fotir full springs Ms years advance,
Teaoli him to run the round, with pride to prance ;
And, (rightly managed), equal time to beat,
To turn, to bound in measure, and cru'vet.
Let him to this with easy pains be brought,
And seem to labor, when he labors not ;
Thus formed to speed, he challenges the wind,
And leaves the Scythian arrow far behind :
He scours along the field with loosen'd reins,
And treads so light he scarcely prints the plains."

A lady's hand, when weU tutored, is always light, and elastic,
and this, united to their gentleness, and the constant habit of
petting their horses, frequently enables them to render perfectly
quiet, even high-spirited animals, that men have sometimes failed
to subdue. I once knew a lady who, for several years, rode a bay
Arab horse, that became so restless the moment he was mounted by

THE HORSE. " 49

a gentleman, as never to be induced to walk. In vain some of the
best, and most skilled of hands, essayed the task, they aU confessed
their failure. And yet so perfect was the understanding between
him, and his kind and gentle mistress, that no sooner was the latter
in the saddle, and her soothing voice heard, than, with every
appearance of satisfaction, and confidence, he would walk away in
the most easy and delightful manner.

One other instance of the power of gentleness, I feel, will readily
be pardoned me for introducing here. It is most exquisitely told,
both in poetry and prose, and comes from the pen of an accomplished
lady well known, and as highly prized by all whom good fortune has
classed among her friends, and acquaintance; her whole life has
been passed in the exercise of every Christian virtue, and her minis-
tering spirit has been ever on the alert to find fresh objects for her
sympathy, and beneficence. She writes thus ; " I had a horse
provided for me of rare beauty and grace, but a perfect Bucephalus
in her way. She was only two generations removed fi-om a splendid
Arabian, given by the good old King to the Duke of Kent, when
H. E. H. went out in command to Nova Scotia. This creature was
not three years old, and, to all appearance, unbroke. Her manners
were those of a kid, rather than of a horse ; she was of a lovely
dappled grey, with mane and tail of silver, the latter almost sweeping
the ground ; and in her frolicsome gambols she turned it over her
back like that of a Newfoundland dog. Her slow step was a bound ;

50

THE HOESE.

her swift motion unlike that of any other animal I ever rode, so
fleet, so smooth, so unruffled. I know nothing to which I can
compare it. Well, I made this lovely creature so fond of me by
constant petting, to which I suppose her Arab character made her
peculiarly sensitive, that my voice had equal power over her, as over
my faithful docile dog. No other person could in the slightest
degree control her. Our corps, the 7th Batt. of the 60th Rifles,
was composed wholly of the elite of Napoleon's soldiers, taken in
the Peninsular, and preferring the British service to a prison. They
were, principally, conscripts, and many were evidently of a higher
class in society than is usually found in the ranks. Among them
were several Chassem-s and Polish Lancers, very fine equestrians,
and as my husband had a Pield Ofiicer's command on detachment,
and allowances, om* horses were well looked after. His groom was
a Chasseur, mine a Pole ; but neither could ride ' Pairy ' unless she
happened to be in a very gracious mood. Lord Dalhousie's English
coachman, afterwards, tried his hand at taming her, but all in vain.
In an easy quiet manner, she either sent her rider over her head, or,
by a laughable manoeuvre, sitting down like a dog on her haunches,
slipped him off the other way. Her drollery made the poor men so
fond of her that she was rarely chastised, and such a wilful,
intractable wild Arab it would be hard to find. Upon her I was
daily mounted. Inexperienced in riding, untaught, unassisted, and
wholly unable to lay any check upon so powerful an animal, with an
awkward country saddle, which, by some fatahty, was never well

THE HOESE. 51

fixed, bit and bridle to match, and the mare's natural fire increased
by high feed, behold me bound for the wildest paths in the wildest
regions of that wild country ! But you must explore the roads about
Anapolis, and the romantic spot called the ' General's Bridge,' to
imagine either the enjoyment, or the perils of that my happiest hour.
Reckless to the last degree of desperation, I threw myself enthely
on the fond attachment of the noble creature ; and when I saw her
measuring with her eye some rugged fence or wild chasm, such as
it was her common sport to leap over in her play, the soft word of
remonstrance, that checked her, was uttered more from regard to her
safety than my own. The least whisper, a pat on the neck, or a
stroke down the beautiful face that she used to throw up towards
mine, would control her ; and never for a moment did she endanger
me. This was little short of a dady mhacle, when we consider the
nature of the country, her character, and my unskdfulness. It can
only be accounted for on the ground of that wondrous power which
having willed me to work, for a time, in the vineyard of the Lord,
rendered me immortal till the work should be done."

' ' I know by the ardour thou canst not restrain,
By the curve of thy neck, and the toss of thy mane.
By the foam of thy snorting, which spangles my brow.
The fire of the Arab is hot in thee now.
'Twere harsh to conti'ol thee, my froKcsome steed,
I give thee the rein — so away at thy speed ;
Thy rider will dare to be wilful as thee.
Laugh the future to scorn, and partake in thy glee.
Away to the mountain — what need we to fear ?
Pursuit cannot press on my Fairy's career.

52 THE HORSE.

Full light were the heel, and well balanced the head,

That ventured to foUow the track of thy tread ;

Where roars the loud torrent, and starts the rude plank,

And thunders the rock-severed mass down the hank ;

While, mirror'd on crystal, the far shooting glow.

With dazzling effulgence is sparkling below.

One start, and I die ; yet in peace I recline.

My bosom can rest on the fealty of thine ;

Thou lov'st me my sweet one, and would'st not be free

From a yoke that has never borne rudely on thee :

Ah, pleasant the empire of those to confess.

Whose wrath is a whisper, their rule a caress."

The voice, soothingly applied, has always a peculiar charm for
the horse, and his sagacity and retentive memory soon enable him
to distinguish that of his rider. The Arab's whispering into the ear
of his steed is quite proverbial, and there is no telling what virtue
there may not be in the act, when one considers the faith, and
affection, subsisting between him, and his rider. The fair equestrian
cannot avail herself too much of this characteristic. Nothing is
more likely to prevent an accident, or reassure her horse when
taking fright from any cause, than the confidence he feels in the
voice he is accustomed to hear, in tones of commendation and
kindness.

' ' Soothe him with praise, and make biTn understand
The loud applauses of his master's hand."

Deyden.

Many a valuable animal is rendered unfit for a lady's use by
the folly, or ill temper, of his groom. The culpable and prevalent
habit of pinching, and teasing him in his stall, for mere amuse-

THE HORSE. 53

ment, cannot be too severely reprobated; for that wbich is at first,
in the horse, merely an indication of the annoyance such wanton
foUy causes him, gradually becomes the expression of anger, and
the fore-runner of some determined vice. A horse, subjected to
such treatment, is very soon made unsafe ; for, should he feel any
inconvenience from the saddle being ill-adjusted, or the habit-
skirt flapping with more than usual force against his side, or the
whip thoughtlessly touching his quarters, he will immediately
commence kicking to dislodge the cause, and if he once succeed
in this, he will invariably have recourse to the same expedient,
and the vice becomes confirmed.

Another serious evil frequently proceeds from the unnecessary
roughness employed in dressing them. The skin of a well-bred
horse is peculiarly delicate, and the tortm-e experienced in being
harshly rubbed and curried is very acute. A horse natui'aUy
becomes impatient under such usage, and an idle, iU-tempered,
groom will then vent his rage upon the poor animal, for an ex-
pression of irritation, called forth by his own ignorance, and
brutahty. This is the principal cause of one of the most annoy-
ing faults a lady's horse can possess, that of " unsteadiness in
mounting."

A humane, and intelligent, groom will always have regard to
this peculiarity, and devoting more time and attention to the

54 THE HOESE.

animals under his care, will dress them with a lighter hand, and
with such articles only as are suited to the sensitiveness and fine-
ness of their skins ; by these means he will not only always have
his horses in the highest condition, and beauty, but his own kind-
liness of disposition wiU greatly aid in rendering them tractable,
and docile.

It is of the utmost importance that a lady's horse shall have
regular exercise. A groom is apt to imagine that this may be
dispensed with on the days when his mistress intends riding, whereas,
it is on these occasions, that the previous exercise is doubly
necessary. A lady's work is rarely sufficient to keep a well-bred
horse, in high condition, under proper control. It is not only dis-
agreeable, but dangerous for her, to ride an animal that, from
want of sufficient exercise, is ready upon the least excitement to
plunge, or bound, or endeavour to break away with her. This
precaution is of stiU greater consequence in the case of a new
purchase, till the temper and spirit of the animal is thoroughly
ascertained. A horse wiU always perform his work more pleasantly
to himself, as well as to his rider, if he has daily exercise ; and
his condition, and beauty, wiU also thereby be greatly improved.
Hemaining idle in the stable, for two or three days together,
renders him fretful and impatient, and if he has a fine mouth,
the least unsteadiness on the part of the rider makes him restive,
and unruly. Moreover, if the stable, in which he is kept, be dark.

THE HOKSE. 55

he will be apt to sliy also, and start at the most trifling obje6t.
A lady's horse should have two hours walking exercise at least
every morning, and, with a nice light hand in the groom, he will
be all the better for a good smart canter. However well trained
an animal may be, if he has not good shoulders, he will soon
begin to hang upon the bridle, and unless his mistress is an
expert horsewoman, he should at once be " well ridden up to the
bit" for a few days, by a judicious masculine hand. Should this
prove ineffectual, no better plan can be adopted than to send
him back to his original exercise in the longe. With aU the
skill and care that may be employed, horses will yet be found
with faults, and vices, that render them totally unfit for a lady's
use. I have either read, or heard the remark, that the worse
fault a horse can possess, is, " not to care about falling down."
Sound as the axiom certainly is in its general apphcation, it
comes home with infinitely greater force to one that is intended
for a lady; for, encumbered with her habit, she will find it
difficult to extricate herself without danger, and impossible to do
so without some injmy, should he chance to roll over on the
near side. In the latter case a lady is fortunate indeed, if she
escape with only a sprained ankle, or knee, and, if thrown forward
on the head of the saddle, still more painful results may follow.
Therefore horses that have upright ill-formed shoulders, or who,
from any other cause, are prone to this fault should always be
rejected.

56 THE HORSE.

■ It has been well remarked by a talented, and experienced, writer,
" that the horse has many excellent qualities, but he has likewise
defects, and these occasionally amounting to vices. Some of them
may be attributed to natural temper ; for the human being scarcely
discovers more peculiarities of habit, and disposition, than does the
horse ; the majority of them, however, as perhaps in the human
being, are consequences of a faulty education. Their early in-
structors have been both ignorant, and brutal, and the horses have
become obstinate, and vicious. Whether this appears in the form of
kicking, or rearing, or plunging, or bolting, or in any way that
threatens danger to the rider, or the horse, it rarely admits of cure.
A determined rider may, to a certain degree, subjugate the animal ;
or the horse may have his favomntes, or form his attachments, and
with some particular person he may be comparatively, or perfectly
manageable ; but others cannot long depend upon him, and even
his master is not always sure of him. It may be premised, as a rule
that admits of very few exceptions, that he neither displays his
wisdom, nor consults his safety, who attempts to conquer a restive
horse."

Another writer justly observes : " Prom whatever cause the
vicious habits of horses may originate, whether from some mis-
management, or from natural badness of temper, or from what is
called in Yorkshire, a mistetch, whenever these animals acquire one
of them, and it becomes in some degree confirmed, they very seldom.

THE HOBSE. 57

if ever, entirely forget it. In reference to driving, it is so true, that
it may be taken as a kind of aphorism, that if a horse kicks once in
harness, no matter from what cause, he will be liable to kick ever
afterwards. A good coachman may drive him, it is true, and make
him go, but he cannot make him forget his vice ; and so it is in
riding, you may conquer a restive horse ; you may make him ride
quiet for months, but I affirm, that under other circumstances, and
at some future opportunity, he will be sm^e to retm-n to his old
tricks again."

As prevention then is better than cure, or, rather, the attempt at
cure, an animal addicted to some dangerous vice, or having any
fault hkely to render him unsafe, or unsound, should never be
selected for a lady's horse.

THE LADY'S SADDLE AND BRIDLE.

"Arise, and saddle me my steed." — Scott.

' Witli bits and bridles taugbt tie steed to bound ;
To turn the ring, and trace the mazy gxoiind :
To stop, to fly, the rules of war to know ;
To obey the rider, and to dare the foe."

Dktben.

Theee can be few more effective implements of torture, both as
regards the rider and the horse, than an ill made, and badly fitting,
side-saddle. How frequently have ladies — especially adult novices —
abandoned all idea of riding, in consequence of the extreme
suffering endured from this cause, httle thinking that it was an
unnecessary evil, and one that might have been avoided, had
the make, and adaptation, of the saddle to their figm-es been
previously attended to. In like manner, many a poor animal has
been condemned as unsuited to a lady's use, from restiveness, which,
80 far from having its origin in constitutional causes, or even in the
flappings of the habit-sku't — to which last it has often been
erroneously attributed — has arisen, solely, out of disregard to the
correct fitting of the saddle.

60 THE LADT's saddle AND BKLDLE.

Unless a side-saddle fits with great exactness, the horse's back
wiU be severely galled. It should sit as evenly as possible, without
pressing too closely on the withers, and be made so as in no way to
bear upon, or interfere with, the freedom of the shoulders. It is
advisable to have the "tree" made a little more open over the
withers on the off side, to avoid the severe bearing on that part,
which is caused by the natural inclination of a lady's saddle to the
near side, more especially when the ghths become loosened by the
horse being some time in action. The "points" of the tree also
ought to be made of sufiicient length to secure the fii'm position of
the saddle, the off point being somewhat the longer of the two.

If the tree is properly made, the adoption of shifting pannels
cannot be too strongly recommended, for the many advantages
they possess. Being attached, as these are, to the tree by rods, or
by points and loops, instead of nails, the injury ensuing to the horse
from the nails becoming occasionally displaced, is completely avoided.
If, during a previous ride, the saddle has borne unduly upon any
particular part of the back and withers, the evil may be easily
guarded against, in future, by changing the pannels. The same saddle
may also be adapted, by suitable pannels, to two or more horses. The
pannels being easily removed for the purpose of drying, the early
destruction of the saddle, from exposm'c to sun, or fire, or to
injuries which it may receive from falls, in being carried from place
to place upon such occasions, is entirely obviated. Thus, also, a lady

THE lady's saddle AND BRIDLE. 61

need never be deprived of her ride, by the necessity of having her
saddle re-stufPed, as one set of pannels only may be sent away at a
time for that purpose.

Por the lady's comfort, length of saddle, in proportion to her
figm-e, is indispensable. The platform should be as nearly on a
level as possible, but the near side should always be stuffed higher
than the off, to prevent the rider's sliding to the left, to which side,
without great care, the peculiarity of the lady's seat on horseback,
always inchnes her. It is also advisable, to have it partially covered
with doeskin, as the leather commonly used, becomes, in time, so
smooth and polished, that, unless the saddle is extremely well made,
a central position on it, is often maintained with great difficulty.

The near " head" or pommel must be carefully tm'ned, and so
stuffed as to admit of the knee's clasping it with ease, and comfort,
as well as to avoid the severe chafing which inevitably results from
these points not being properly attended to.

The off head is now sometimes dispensed with ; it is not,
however, without its advantages, and, if low enough not to interfere
with the hands, and neatly turned outward, it is no less useful than
ornamental. It undoubtedly assists in keeping the right leg steady,
and enables a lady to raise herself in the saddle for the purpose of
adjusting her habit.

63 THE lady's saddle and brldle.

The third pommel, or " leaping head," should be placed a short
distance above the knee, according to the figure and stature of the
rider, and should span, but not clasp, the leg tightly, otherwise it wiU
impede the free action of the limb in trot, or canter. The leaping
head is attached to the saddle by a screw, which forms the pivot on
which it moves ; this screw must always tm-n to the left, and not,
as in the ordinary method, to the right, or the pressure of the leg
will turn the pommel to the left, and miscrew it.

The leaping head, now so generally adopted, certainly possesses
great advantages ; for, if properly used, it gives immense security to
the seat in aU critical situations ; and can in no way be objected to,
provided, a lady has but first become a good horsewoman without it.
Its chief disadvantage lies in the uninitiated rider's depending
entirely upon it for security, instead of on her own skill in the
management of herself, and horse, and so becoming quite at a loss
what to do, should anything occur to deprive her of its help. 1
therefore strenuously recommend aU novices who wish to become
really good horsewomen, to dispense with it, until they have
thoroughly learnt the value of the " hands," and themselves have
attained that degree of proficiency, which enables them to sit
closely, and maintain a true balance, without relying upon this
artificial aid.

The stirrup should be fitted with that great improvement — the

THE LADY S SjLDDLE AND BRIDLE. DO

balance strap — for, then, the foot once placed within it, the length
can be adjusted from the off side, and be even regulated at
pleasure by a lady herself. As a general rule, the " shpper
stirrup" made the full length of the foot, will be found preferable
to any other, if the iron is so turned that the pm'chase comes
from the centre. It affords great power when its use is required,
and combines, with this advantage, that of being a rest for the
foot at aU times.

The bridle for a lady's horse should be as neat, and simple, as
possible. If a horse has a good, well tm'ned head, he needs not the
" foreign aid of ornament" to improve it ; and if he has an ugly,
ill-shaped one, an over-wrought, or fancy bridle will only render his
ugUness the more conspicuous.

Except for the purposes of early tuition, the plain snaffle should
never be seen in a lady's hand. If her horse has a mouth too fine
to ride up to an ordinary bit, then the best that can be used, is
the doMe jointed ])ort Felham, the lightest, and safest, with which a
horse can be ridden.

In selecting a bit, although the "port" may be as simple as
the nature of the horse's mouth wUl admit, the cheeJc should always
be of sufficient length to induce him to bend more easily to the
lady's hand.

64 THE lady's saddle and beidle.

As the Hanoverian bit is now doing duty as a " hard and sharp,"
and appears to be coming into vogue again, I advise my fair
readers to be cautious in their use of it, unless they have very
finished hands, and their steeds are, not only, thoroughly well broken,
but, have, also, natm-ally good tempers. The continual use of the
curb, except with a very light hand, destroys the sensitiveness of
a horse's mouth, and makes him extremely heavy in hand. If
he has a tender mouth, it renders him fretful, and impatient,
causes him to throw his head about, and, frequently, to rear, and
run back, to the great danger of the rider. The cheek of the
bit too being curved, although it has a very neat appearance,
does not admit of sufficient depth ; for, rarely extending below the
lower lip, the horse, instead of bending to the bridle, has often
a disposition to resist it, by carrying his nose straight into the
air, unless the rider have a perfect hand.

A bridle with "bit and bridoon" is best adapted to a lady's
use ; for, should she get into difficulty by her horse becoming in-
tractable from dislike of the curb, or its being improperly used,
she can immediately have recourse to the snaffle. In a long ride,
too, a horse always goes more freely, and pleasantly, if occasionally
released from the bit, and ridden upon the bridoon. I advise
every lady to ride with double reins, to avoid the chance of an
accident from a rein snapping, or a buckle giving way. Should
there be only one rein, under such circumstances as with the " hard

THE lady's saddle AND BEIDLE. 65

and sharp," the rider is left entirely to the mercy of her horse,
whereas, with bit and bridoon, she can still retain him, in perfect
command, by the use of her second rein.

That diminutive, but important, adjunct to the bit, — the "hp-
strap," — ought, on no account, ever to be omitted; for, should
a horse suddenly start off, and gather the cheek of the bit into
his mouth, which is by no means an uncommon occm-rence, in
the absence of this useful appendage, the rider immediately
loses all power of controUing him, and the worst of accidents
may ensue.

On the uses of the bridle I have, I beheve, communicated all
the information that is instructive, and all that may be needed
by my fan readers in any emergency; but, in conclusion, let me
add, that the head and reins should always be flat, and made of
the softest, and most phant of leather.

The martingale is often, I believe, adopted for show rather than
use. A lady's horse, properly broken, will bend to the hand
without it, and, where not absolutely required, it is far better dis-
pensed with. This remark apphes particularly to the nose mar-
tingale ; for, should a horse make a false step, half his power to
recover himself is destroyed by the manner, in which his head is
confined by it. The objection to the ring martingale is not so

66 THE lady's saddle and bbidle.

great, but one of this kind can only be used on the bridoon rein,
and is of very httle service to a lady.

If a horse has acquired the habit of throwing up his head, or
of endeavouring to " force the hand," a martingale may be used
with some effect, but, even then, it only acts as a preventive for the
moment, and not as a cm-e. This vice is engendered, in many
instances, by an unsteady hand, by too severe a bit, or by that
common evil, too tight a cm-b chain. In this case a light, and
steady hand, with a bit adapted to the pecuharity of the horse's
mouth, and a properly adjusted curb, will oftentimes effect a cure.
If it arises from a horse having been imperfectly, or carelessly,
broken, a permanent good may be generally ensm'ed by subjecting
him again, for a time, to the dumb jockey, and the longe.

The only one I ever met with that acted, at the same time, as a
preventive, and a curative, was a cavesson martingale. Some years
ago, a thorough-bred mare of mine had a disagreeable habit of
continually swaying, or, what is more commonly termed, " sawing,"
her head fi'om side to side, whenever she was in action. Having no
other fault, I was very anxious to break her of this troublesome
propensity, but for some time tried in vain. A cavesson martingale
was at length suggested. The first day it was used, she began
sawing as usual, the moment she started ; but not liking the friction
it caused across her nose, soon ceased ; so inveterate, however,

THE lady's saddle AND BRIDLE. 67

was the habit, that it frequently returned during the ride, were
it only for a few moments at a time. !Por several days she repeated
her attempts in the same manner, but these proving ineffectual, the
desire gradually subsided, and, after a few weeks, ceased altogether.
At the expiration of three months, I discontinued the use of the
cavesson, and found that a complete cm'e had been effected. I am
not prepared to say, that this course will always be equally successful ;
but, from my experience on that occasion, I shall be inclined in
similar cases, — with an animal of good and safe action, — to try the
virtues of the cavesson aarain.

o

The construction of the saddle and bridle having been properly
attended to, the next consideration is then' being rightly placed
upon the horse. It is highly desirable, that a lady be herself able
to detect when her horse is improperly saddled, or bridled, as
occasions may often arise, which deprive her of the seiTices of her
own groom, and leave her at the mercy of persons wholly un-
acquainted with a lady's saddle. When the horse is brought out
previously to mounting, he should be turned with the off side to the
lady, that she may the more easily observe, whether the saddle is
correctly fitted on. It should be placed in the middle of the
horse's back, about a hand's breadth from the shoulder, that it
may not interfere with the action of the muscles. The girths
should admit of the groom's finger being passed between them,
and the horse ; and the surcingle he neatly over the girths, and

68 THE lady's saddle and bridle.

have an equal bearing with them. Too great attention cannot be
paid to the length of the girths. If they are not properly secured,
the saddle may turn round, and the life of the rider be endangered ;
if drawn too tight, — perhaps the more common fault, — the horse
may plunge violently to relieve himself from them, and, in so
doing, his rider, unless she is an expert, and practised horse-
woman, may be unseated, and thrown.

These points having been ascertained, the horse may be turned
again, but with his head towards the lady, that should he from
high condition, or playfulness, be inclined to kick, she may be
safely out of his reach.

In adjusting the bridle, the tJiroatlash should be sufficiently long
to fall about midway on the curve of the cheek-bone. The bridoon
should hang easily in the horse's mouth, just touching the corners,
but without wrinkling them. The cm-b-bit should be placed about
an inch above the lower tusk, and the lipstrap, which is attached
by a buckle to loops on each side of the cheek, be carried tlu-ough
a small ring in the curb-chain made to receive it, the curb-chain
being allowed to hang loosely within the hoUow of the lip. The
great error in using a tight curb-chain should be carefully avoided.
A horse will never carry his head in position, or go pleasantly, if the
chain hurts him, and the most quiet animal, will, at some time or
other, bring his rider into danger from this cause.

THE lady's saddle AND BRIDLE. 69

The torture a horse must endure from a side-saddle being im-
properly placed is inconceivable. We daily see, in our public rides,
poor anitnals so obviously suffering ft'om this cause, that it is
impossible to help wondering how grooms riding behind them
can be so ignorant, or wilfully blind, as not to perceive the fault.
Their drooping heads, and restless shambling gait, bespeak then-
misery. Nothing but their own natural gentleness, and docihty,
prevents their more frequently becoming unruly, and vicious.

With a high-spirited, or imperfectly broken horse, this is very
likely to occur, to the great annoyance, or danger, of his rider. His
action also, from the pain he suffers, being rendered uncertain,
becomes also unsafe. He is liable to fall at any moment, and his
back and withers may be so severely galled, and wrung, as to unfit
him for service for a long time.

MOUNTING.

"The ready palfreys stand arrayed." — Scoix.

"To horse, to horse — urge doubts to those that fear."

A Lady, previously to mounting, should walk up to her horse's
head, let him see her, hear her voice, and should pat him. It
should also be her rule to approach him sufficiently in front, never
from behind, lest his natural nervousness cause him to kick, Shght
as these preliminaries may appear, they are far from unimportant.

If possible, two persons ought to be in attendance on a lady
whilst mounting, the one to hold the horse, the other to assist her
to the saddle.

The former, whom I will suppose to be the groom, should stand
in front of the horse's head, with a hand on each side of the
bridle close to his mouth, in order to keep him steady ; for, should
the horse move backward, or forward, as the lady is in the act of
vaulting into the saddle, he not only makes the vaulting exceedingly
awkward, but perhaps dangerous, as she is almost sure to miss the

f^

MOUNTING. 71

spring, and thus renders the mounting tedious. Many horses are
apt to move to the oS side, and, to an inexperienced rider, this may
be still more disagreeable ; for, the lady standing on one leg, and
holding the pommel with the right hand, may fall, if she does not
immediately leave her hold.

The best plan that can be adopted with a horse in the habit
of moving aside on being mounted, is to place him, where con-
venient, against a wall, or paling, or by the side of another horse,
which is stni better, for horses are always more quiet in company.

The second person in attendance, whether esquu'e, or groom,
should put the stuTup across the horse's neck, in front of the
saddle, to prevent its striking against the lady's feet in mounting.
Then, having adjusted the reins of the bridoon to an equal length,
and placed them in her hand, should stand with his left shoulder
in front of the horse's shoulder, so as to face the lady, and, uniting
his hands, by joining the fingers one witliin the other, shoidd stoop
to receive her foot in them.

Having taken the reins from the attendant, by placing the fore-
finger of the right hand between them, the lady should stand as
close to the animal as convenient, and place her right hand con-
taining the whip on the left hand pommel, then put her left foot,
free from the habit-skirt, full into the attendant's hands, drop the

73 MOUNTING.

habit, which till this moment she retains in her left hand, place that
hand upon his right shoulder, fsee illustration,) and vault into the
saddle, assisted by her hold on the pommel, and the pressure on
his shoulder, most attentively straitening the left knee, and springing
from the right instep. All this must be done at the same moment,
greatly aided of course by the assistant, who raises his hands as she
springs. He must, however, be careful not to move till then, that
the action be simultaneous.

The spring must be regulated by the height of the horse ; for, if
the lady vault too high, the attendant in quickly raising his hands
at the same time, may overbalance her, and expose her to the risk
of a fall on the other side.

Before making the spring, the lady should take care that, the
person, who assists her in mounting, has not placed his foot upon her
habit, which may not only tear it, but check her, and, also, that the
whip, which she holds in her right hand, does not touch the horse,
for fear of startling him.

With a heavy, or inactive rider, another method may be adopted.
The position of the lady remaining as before, the attendant must
place himself at the lady's side, with his face towards the horse's
head, and stooping down, receive her foot in his hands, under his
right arm. Thus the attendant stands closer to the lady, so that

MOUNTING. 73

the weight, borne more centrically, and perpendicularly, in his hands,
increases his power of lifting her to the saddle.

When only one person is in attendance, the lady, prior to
mounting, should observe that the reins are not taken up too short,
lest the horse run back, and become unsteady as she is vaulting
into the saddle ; and, also, that they are perfectly even, so as to
produce an equal feeling on the horse's mouth.

As soon as seated, let the lady put her right knee over the
poimnel, taking care that the habit is sufficiently loose, and even,
round the knee, not to impede its going well home into the saddle,
nor to allow of any space under it. The foot is then placed in the
stuTup. If the back part of the habit require any arrangement,
the lady must raise herself in the saddle, by straitening the left
knee, and, drawing herself forward by holding the off pommel
with the right hand, with the left, arrange the habit to her
satisfaction. AVlien a good seat on horseback has been attained,
and the lady does not encumber herself with miderclothing, this
arrangement will rarely be necessary, but, if so, it can be made
equally well, perhaps better, whUe the horse is m motion.

And now that she has overcome the doubt expressed in Sir
Walter Ealeigh's lines —

" Fain would I climb,
But that I fear to fall,"

74 MOUNTING.

the fair rider is, for the first time, on horseback, looking gaily down,
and rejoicing in the prospect of equestrian triumphs.

Her next attention must be paid to the length of the stirrup.
Some ladies prefer riding with a short one, which is obviously an
error, for it invariably either causes cramp, or makes the rider sit
too much over to the right, and present a very awkward appearance.
Too long a stirrup is equally bad, in its causing the body to lean
too much to the left, and straining the foot in the endeavour to
retain it.

The steadiness of the seat depends greatly upon the stirrup's
being adjusted to the proper length. To ascertain this, the knee
must be only slightly bent, not more so than enables the rider,
by leaning with the right hand upon the pommel, to raise herself
up in the saddle without any strain to the instep.

The lady has now only carefully to adjust the reins, preparatory
to commencing her ride.

w

■=1

DISMOUNTINa

"For better loves the lady bright
To sit in liberty and light."

Scott.

With many ladies, mounting is not half so serious an afPair
as dismounting. The dislike to being lifted from the saddle, in
a groom's arms, and the ''expose" attendant upon derangement
of dress, which so frequently occurs in this way, naturally cause
a feeling of nervousness.

But, in reality, dismounting, if properly directed, is by far the
more simple of the two, and gives not the slightest occasion for
the annoyances I have aUuded to, A novice should not dismount,
if possible, without the assistance of two persons — one exclusively,
as in mounting, to hold the horse's head and keep it perfectly
steady, the other to assist the lady in the descent.

It may not always be convenient to have two in attendance,
and if only one be present, he should hold the bridle with his left
hand, as close to the horse's mouth as possible, and advance at
full arm's length so as to face the lady. The latter, as soon as

76 DISMOUNTING.

lier horse is held, should disengage her foot from the stirrup,
— which the attendant puts over the front of the saddle, as in
mounting, lest it catch in the habit, — drop the reins gently on the
horse's neck, take her handkerchief from the pocket of the saddle,
and pass it to her left hand. With this hand she must also free
the side of the habit-skirt from her under-clothing, taking hold
of it at arm's length, and turning a small portion of it over the
thumb, in order to leave the rest of the hand at liberty ; lift the
right knee over the pommel, which is never done till she is just
about to ahght, place her right hand with the whip on the near
pommel, as in mounting, fsee illustration) and the left, which
retains the habit, on the attendant's right shoulder, who, at this
moment, advances a step nearer, and slide down, dropping a slight
curtsey, to prevent any jar to the frame, and always retaining her
hold on the pommel, tdl safely landed. The attendant assists her in
the descent by bending with her.

Thus the rider will perceive that, when she gains terra Jirma,
her feet are perfectly free from the habit, which, at the same time,
falls evenly with her, while, by retaining hold of it with her left
hand, she needs only to gather it up on the right side, as described
in the proper method of holding the habit, to be able to walk away
both easily, and gracefully.

Ladies, who use the " leaping head," should be careful to clear

DISMOUNTING. 77

the liabit-skirt from it, before they ahght, and this may be easily done,
by slightly shifting the seat, after removing the knee from the pommel.

Mounting and dismounting naturally appear complicated, and
difiicult, at first, but a few well du'ected essays will render both
extremely simple, and easy.

It is most essential that the male friends and relatives of ladies
who ride, exercise the duties of the " Cavalier Servente" in these
cases ; for, sm-ely, gentlemen must find it extremely unpleasant,
when accompanying a lady on horseback, not to be able to assist
her to, and from, her saddle, should she happen to pay a visit during
the ride. Of the few gentlemen who possess this desirable know-
ledge, some use only one hand in placing a lady on horseback, but,
if I may be allowed to suggest an improvement, it is that of
using both. In the_ first place, the weight is less difiicult to
sustain, and, in the next, the interlacing of both hands prevents
that awkwardness, — which unavoidably arises from using only one, —
of not lifting the lady perpendicularly to her saddle, for, in
straitening the knee for the spring, she invariably pushes the hand
away from her. Not only is this completely avoided by the use of both
hands, but, by these, she is also guided, more unerringly, to her seat.

I cannot allow this opportunity to pass, without expressing, in
the name of all riders of my own sex, an earnest desire that the

78 DISMOUNTING.

courtesies and necessary knowledge of the " sqidre mix dames" be
more sedulously cultivated by the young cavaliers of the present
day. The '' petits soins" are, admittedly, well attended to in the
baU-room, but should not be confined to it. The accomplishments
of a pohshed gentleman are visible on every occasion that calls for
them, and can never surely be more effectively displayed, nor more
highly appreciated, than in attention to aU that concerns the
equestrian promenades of the fair. Whither indeed is chivalry
fled, that she consigns to a groom, services, to which gentlemen
can most becomingly aspire, and, which performed by them, are
sure of being gratefully and graciously received ?

%%^

^1

DdY&SonLiLh. L Ihtf iU^^^^ll .

S H A 'IT o

THE SEAT.

^'The rider sat erect and fair." — Scott.

Vaeious, and, often, painful to the eye, are the positions, in which
some of our fair equestrians fain would ffrace the parks. Yet, in
most of these instances it is instruction, only, not courage, or personal
grace, that fails of making the chief portion of them elegant riders.

It has long been matter of surprise, that of the many ladies who
annually learn, as it is termed, to ride, few, comparatively, ever
acquire either an easy, or a graceful seat on horseback. The primary
cause of this evil is want of elasticity in the figure from the hips
upwards, and though this may be partially traced to tight lacing, it
is principally to be ascribed to an inefficient, and hasty, mode of
tuition. Perhaps, for the first time in her life that she mounts, a
lady is hurriedly placed on horseback, her hands are immediately
encumbered with the reins of a double bridle, and with the general
instruction to " sit back and hold up her head," she is left to her
own guidance. In this novel position, a slight feehng of neiTous-
ness naturally comes over her, and the moment the horse is in
motion, especially if he toss his head, or become in the slightest

80 THE SEAT.

degree unsteady — a very likely incident through her own awkward-
ness— her hands are stiffened upon the reins, and a peculiar rigidity
pervades her whole frame. By degrees, the nervousness wears off,
but, in the majority of instances, this, rigidity to a great extent re-
mains, and creates at one time or another, every form of mal-position,
in the saddle, which the body is capable of assuming.

When a novice is seated for the first time on horseback, the reins
ought not to be immediately placed in her hands. The animal
should be led for some time by an attendant ; she wiU thus be at once
divested of fear, wiU gradually find her true position in the saddle,
and, her hands being at liberty, her body will be entirely uncon-
strained, and yielding easily, and naturally, to the movements of the
horse, wiU thus lay the foundation of that ease, and pliancy, which is
absolutely indispensable in riding.

To obtain a correct position, a lady must take her seat just so far
forward in the saddle, as is consistent with perfect ease, and comfort,
and with the fuU power to grasp the pommel firmly with the right
knee. She should sit erect, and perfectly square to the front,
placing herself so, as to look dhectly between the horse's ears.

The seat ought also to be so taken, that the weight of the body
fall exactly in the centre of the saddle, without any bearing in the
stirrup, and, it should be ever remembered that, on preserving this

THE SEAT. 81

central position depend ease, and firmness of seat, both to rider,
and horse.

The left leg should hang freely from the hip-joint, the knee
sHghtly bent, and the part from the knee falling straight down by
the horse's side, with the foot resting steadUy in the stirrup, and the
toe pointing towards the horse's shoulder.

The right leg, from the hip to the knee, should be kept firmly
down in the saddle, as far as is possible, without moving ; the knee
must grasp the pommel firmly, and the leg from the knee to the
foot, with the heel drawn somewhat backward, must lie close to the
fore flap of the saddle.

The head, though erect, should be perfectly free from constraint,
in order to be ready for all the natm-al motions that it may make in
turning to one side or the other.

The shoulders are to be perfectly square, with a slight backward
inclination for expanding the chest, and producing a graceful bend
in the back, such as is observed in waltzing.

Let the upper part of the arms hang perpendicularly from the
shoulders, the elbows be bent, and lightly closed to the hips, with
the little fingers on a line with them.

82 THE SEAT.

The hands, with the wrists rounded a little outwards, should be
held about three inches from the body, and about four inches
from each other, with the thumbs opposite. When the horse is
advancing straightforward, the hands should be on a level; but,
when turning to the right or left, the inward hand, that is, the
hand on the side to which the tm-n is being made, must be a little
lower than the outward one.

Eeferring to the illustration of the side-saddle on a horse's back,
the fair reader will observe the exact position she should constantly
maintain, particularly as to squareness when in the saddle ; for on
this depends the tmion, so absolutely necessary, between the rider,
and the horse.

The letter G represents the position of the seat in the saddle,
and C D the line of the shoulders, the body being supposed to be
perfectly upright, with the face in a direct line with the letter A.
In this case, it will be seen that the seat is taken upon that
part of the horse, which, as he moves, is the centre of motion,
and from which, consequently, any weight would with the greatest
difficulty be shaken. In this central position, by the natm'al
elasticity of the upper part of her body, the rider can accommodate
herself with comfort, and safety, to the various paces, and move-
ments of the horse, so as, upon aU occasions, to be in unity with
him, and as firm, and easy, as though they were one body.

A

C

E

P

D

B

THE SEAT.

83

If, instead of sitting squarely from C to D, the rider take lier seat
obliquely from E to P, — a too common practice, and one which will
be better understood on referring to Illmtmtion A, — the union
between herself, and the horse, will be destroyed. In such a position
the balance cannot possibly be preserved, and she becomes hable on
any sudden, or unexpected, movement of the horse, to faU backwards,
or forwards, according to the side on which she most preponderates.

Again, if the upper part of her body incline forward to letter A,
she becomes disunited from her horse, and her position extremely
insecure ; but if, on the other hand, that part of the body is kept
perfectly upright, or inchned shghtly back to letter B, she will be
united to her horse, and fu-mly seated in the saddle.

Inclining the upper part of the body forward is a very general
fault, and one which is frequently resorted to by timid, and
inexperienced riders, from a false notion of security. Nothing,
however, can be more dangerous, for, should a horse put his foot
upon a roUing stone, whilst the lady is leaning forward, a fall is
almost certain. And, indeed, she herself is instrumental in accom-
phshing this, for, though the horse might easily recover himself, if
quickly assisted by his rider, he can scarcely be expected to do so,
when her entire weight is suddenly thrown upon his shoulders,
by the impetus to her aheady stooping figure given by his
stmnblino:.

84 THE SEAT.

It is a common error for ladies to sit too mucli over to the right,
and then, in attempting to balance themselves, to lean the shoulders
to the left, the head being brought to the right by an inelegant
bend in that direction f Illustration BJ. This is frequently caused,
as before observed, by the stirrup's being too short. Sitting
too much to the left, and bearing the weight improperly in the
stirrup f Illustration CV, is a still more frequent fault, and one into
which, from the peculiarity of the lady's seat on horseback, a novice,
unless well instructed, is very apt to fall. It sometimes arises from
too great length of stirrup, but, more frequently, from the prevailing
apprehension— that exists in the minds of timid riders — of falling on
the off, rather than on the near, side.

In both these positions, the rider becomes disunited from her
horse, her seat insecure, and the properties of the hands, and the aids
of the body, are completely destroyed. The inclination of the body
to the left, naturally carries the hands to the same side, and takes away
all power over the horse, and the body being out of balance, cannot
accompany his movements, nor aid in giving him correct action.

frequently in the desire of bringing back the hands to then-
proper position, the elbows are shifted to the right, the right one
being forced outward, and the shoulder on the same side unduly
elevated, imparting a most awkward, and — a short distance off — even
deformed, appearance to the rider (Illustration Cj.

m

THE SEAT. 85

The near pommel properly used, is the lady's principal support,
and dependance, on horseback. By the right knee being passed over,
it, and the leg from the knee downward pressed against the fore-flap
of the saddle, the pommel is grasped, and the rider well secm'ed in
possession of her seat. Great care, however, must be taken to
avoid the too common error of hanging by the pommel, else the
body will lose its central position, and slip to the near side, throwing
its weight principally upon the stirrup. This position is equally
dangerous to the rider, and painful to the horse, for the weight
being all borne on the near side, the saddle is apt to shift in the
same dhection, and severely to wring his back and withers.

The position of the leg and foot in the stirrup should be as easy
as possible. If the foot be forced outward in an awkward manner,
it will incline the body too much out of the balance, and render the
seat tottering, and uncertain, while the leg itself will be fatigued,
and cramped, by constant tension of the muscles. If the stirrup foot
be kept too far back, and pressed under the horse's side, it will di-aw
the rider's body forward on the horse's shoulders, and her position
will be alike inelegant, and insecm'e. For escaping these evils, the
inside of the knee must be kept against the saddle, with the toe
pointing towards the horse's shoulder ; at the same time it is under-
stood, that the leg ought not to be pressed close to the horse,
except when used as an aid, but should descend easily by his side,
and not bear stiffly against it.

86 THE SEAT.

A novice should endeavour to acquire a steady seat, without
placing any dependance upon the stirrup, or taking any assistance
from the reins — with these latter she should merely feel, and support
the horse, but never hold on.

Her practice should also be riding in circles to the right, sitting
upright, and du'ecting the eye, and body, to the horse's nose, which,
in this exercise, is more or less bent within. Let her begin first with
a walk, then proceed to a slow trot, and increase the action in pro-
portion as she gains firmness, and freedom, in the saddle. She wiU
thus escape the propensity, so common among ladies, of leaning to
the near side of the horse. When, in a smart trot, the freedom of
leaning to the right has been acquired, so that the feet of the horse
on the off-side may be seen, there is reason to suppose that the seat
is correctly established.

The balance so essential to the ease, and security, of the rider, can
only be attained by practice ; it has been justly said to consist " in
a foreknowledge of what direction any given motion of the horse
would throw the body, and a ready adaptation of the whole frame
to the proper position, before the horse has completed his change of
attitude or action ; — it is that disposition of the person, in accordance
with the movements of the horse, which preserves it from an improper
inchnation to one side or the other, which even the ordinary paces
of the horse in the trot or gaUop will occasion."

THE SEAT. 87

To preserve the balance in riding, the body must inchne in the
same direction as the horse's legs, and thus the equilibrium may be
maintained in as many different positions, as the horse has capacity
for working in.

"When the horse is standing still, or merely walking straight-
forward, the body should be preserved in the simple position aheady
described. As the horse moves into a trot, the body must accom-
modate itself to the change of action, the whole figm-e being
extremely pliant, and accompanying all the movements of the horse.

In turning briskly round a corner, or riding in a chcle, the body
should lean back rather more than in the walking position, and in
the same degree that the horse bends, or leans inwards, must the body
lean in the same direction, and proportion, else the balance will be lost.

In leaping, and all violent movements of the horse, except rearing,
the body has chiefly to be kept back; should the horse become
restive, or shy at any object, and either start aside, or wheel suddenly
round, the body with an easy phancy must adapt itself to his
movements, and turn, or swerve with him. As a further assistance,
the eye should be directed to the horse's ears, and the body will go
with them ; but, if the eye be directed to the object he shies from,
the balance will be lost, and the rider be in danger of faUing off on
the side from which the horse starts.

THE SEAT.

The movements of the rider are ever to harmonize with those of
the horse ; thus, when the horse is at liberty, and disunited, then the
rider in hke manner sits at her ease, and may be said to be disunited
also ; and as she begins to collect and unite her horse, so she collects
and unites herself : when a rider is pressing her horse to the union,
and drawing from him his proudest, and most animated, action, then
must her own bearing be the extreme of elegance, and her animation
in the same proportion to that of the horse.

THE REINS.

" Where every korse bears his commanding rein." — Shakspeabe.

Having now fairly seated the lady in her saddle, I shall proceed
to place the reins of government in her hands, with full instructions
how to use them, so as to ensure confidence in herseK, and willing
obedience in her gallant steed.

There are various methods of holding the reins, according to
the style of riding, the design of the rider, and the propensities,
and peculiarities of the horse.

The bridles most in use have two reins ; but it is advisable for
learners to practise with one first, as some slight confusion will
otherwise be created with beginners. The bridle, originally
practised with, should always be a snafile, the hand at first being
too harsh for the curb. In this case the reins ought generally
to be separated, passing into the hands between the thhd and
fourth fingers, and out of them over the fore-fingers, where they
are held down by the thmiibs.

90 THE EEINS.

As soon as a competent knowledge of tlie operation of tlie hand
has been acqmred, the novice may be instructed to ride with bit
and bridoon.

She must first be informed that, the upper rein belongs to the
bridoon, or, what is more commonly termed, the snaffle, and the
lower one to the bit, or cm'b. The former rein is generally
distinguished, when both are held in the hand, by a buckle, used
to unite it in the middle ; while the latter is fastened in the centre
by a sewing.

The double reins may be held in either of the following modes.

In the first, the bit rein is taken up at the sewing by the right
hand, within the bridoon rein, and drawn through on each side
of the little finger of the left or bridle hand, until there is a light
and even feeling of the horse's mouth, it is then turned over the
first joint of the fore-finger on the off side. The bridoon rein is
next taken up at the buckle, under the left hand, and laid smoothly
over the left bit rein, leaving it sufficiently loose to hang in a slight
curve on each side of the horse's neck. The thumb is then placed
firmly upon both reins to prevent their slipping.

In this case the bridoon becomes a superfluous rein, the feeling
upon the horse's mouth being made entirely with the bit rein.

THE EEINS. 91

In the second, the bridoon rein is taken up by the right hand,
and drawn tlirough on each side of the second finger of the bridle
hand, till the horse's mouth can be felt, when it is turned over the
first joint of the fore-finger on the off side. The bit rein is next
taken up, and drawn through on each side of the little finger of
the bridle hand, tiU there is an equal, or nearly equal length, and
feeling, with the bridoon, and then laid smootlily over the bridoon
rein, mth the thumb, firmly placed upon both, to keep them from
slipping.

In this latter case, the feeling upon the horse's mouth may be
made principally with the bridoon ; at the same time that a slight
pressure of the little finger will bring the bit into play, and the
turning the lower part of the hand upwards, towards the body, call
forth its full power.

Besides holding the reins properly, it is necessary to become
expert in separating, shifting, and adjusting them, which things,
trifling as they may appear, it is astonishing how few ladies really
understand. These exercises should be practised on every con-
venient opportunity, until the novice can perform them cleverly,
without stopping the horse, altering his pace, or even looking to
the hands.

Separating the reins is, on occasions, found of material

93 THE EEINS.

advantage. Two hands can effect more than one ; and, con-
sequently, when a horse refuses obedience to one hand, the rider
should use both. It is rarely necessary to take more in the right
hand than one rein, which, in a single reined bridle, is not to be
mistaken; but, when riding upon both reins of a double bridle,
the right rein of the hridoon should be taken in the right hand
in the following manner : — The back of the right hand is turned
upwards, and the first three fingers placed over the bridoon rein,
so that the rein may be received between the little and third
fingers, the end is then turned over the fore-finger with the
thumb placed upon it, and the thumb carried upward in the same
manner as in the bridle hand.

Another method of separating the reins may be occasionally
resorted to, when more than ordinary power or precaution are
required: the bridoon rein passes between the third and little
finger of each hand, and the bit rein outside the little fingers,
the ends turned over the fore-fingers with the thumbs closed upon
them. Here, again, the feeling upon the horse's mouth may be
made chiefly with the bridoon, till the use of the bit is called for,
in which latter case, it can be brought into full force by turning
the little fingers upward towards the body.

Should the left hand become cramped, or tired, or be required
at liberty for the arrangement of the habit, or for any other

THE EEINS. 93

purpose, the reins must be shifted from the left hand to the
right.

When riding with a single bridle, or upon one rein only of a
double bridle, the method of shifting the reins, from the left hand
into the right, is as follows : — The thumb of the left hand is turned
towards the right, the fore-finger of the right hand placed downward
between the reins, in the place of the little finger of the left hand,
and the reins laid smoothly through the right hand. By this means
the fore-finger separates the left rein from the right, and the super-
fluous reins hang downward through the hand, the thumb pressing
the left rein between the first and second joint of the fore-finger.

If the reins are shortened by this method of shifting, it is easy
to let them slip to their proper length, but whenever they are too
long, it requires the assistance of the other hand to shorten them.
Por shifting them again into the left hand, all that is needed is
to place the left hand over the right, and put the little finger down-
ward between the left and right reins, placing them smoothly through
the hand, and letting the ends hang over the fore-finger as at first.

When riding upon both reins of a double bridle, as in the
manner last described, the bridoon rein being separated by the
second, and the bit rein by the little finger of the left hand, both
are shifted into the right, by tm-ning the left thumb towards the

94 THE REINS.

right, and putting the fore-finger of the right hand into the place
of the little finger of the left, the second finger of the right into
the place of the third finger of the left, and the third finger of
the right into the place of the second finger of the left, the reins
being placed smoothly through the right hand with the ends
hanging down, and each rein separate. In shifting them again
to the left, the fingers return to their former places.

In shifting the reins to the right, the right hand must always
be placed over the left, and in re-shifting them to the left, the
left hand be placed over the right.

As the reins ought to be held as easy, and pliant, as circumstances
wlU admit of, they will, especially with novices, imperceptibly slip,
and, therefore, frequently require adjusting. To effect this expertly,
the ends of the reins that hang over the fore-finger of the left hand
should be taken altogether into the right, the fingers of the left
hand opened sufficiently to admit of their slipping up and down
the reins smootlily, and freely ; the right hand supporting the horse,
tiU they are adjusted to the required length, and the fingers of the
left hand closed upon them, the ends are then turned over the fore-
fingers as before. In this manner both reins are altered together.

To shorten the bit rein, and lengthen the bridoon, the end of
the bit rein that hangs over the fore-finger has to be taken up by

THE HEIR'S. 95

the right hand, the whole of the reins to be slipped too long, and
the left hand then shd down the reins ; the centre of the bit rein
remaining firmly in the right hand, and the fingers feehng whether
both bit reins are of equal length, and operation, before the left
hand closes upon them, or the right hand quits them. In like
manner, to shorten the bridoon and lengthen the bit, the right hand
is apphed to the end of the bridoon that hangs over the fore-finger,
both reins are shpped too long, and the left hand is then slid
down them as before.

To shorten any one rein, the right hand is apphed to that part
of it, which hangs over the fore-finger, so as to draw it thi'ough the
left hand to the reqmred length.

When the reins are separated, and require adjusting, the hands
are brought together to assist each other, or, the right rein or reins
may be restored to the bridle hand, and the whole adjusted together
in the manner abeady described, and then separated agam as before.

These manipulations of the reins may all be practised with ex-
cellent effect at home, by attaching tape reins, representing bit and
bridoon, to an elastic band, about four inches in depth, which may
be fastened to any fixed piece of fm-nitm-e. The elasticity of the band
will also give the novice a good idea of the alternating action of the
horse's mouth upon the hand, and of the hand upon the mouth.

THE POSITIONS OF THE HMDS.

" Practised alike to turn, to stop, to chase,
To dare the fight, or urge the rapid race."

Pope.

There are four motions requisite in guiding the horse, viz: —
enabling him to advance, tm-ning him to the right, turning him to
the left, and compeUing him to go backward. There are, con-
sequently, five different positions for the hands ; the first being that
general one, from which the other four proceed.

THE EnrE POSITIONS WHEN THE REINS ARE SEPARATE.

When a rein is held in each hand, the fii'st position is that which
has been already described, viz. : — the hands are held about three
inches from the body, and about four inches apart, in line with
each other, with the thumbs uppermost, and the httle fingers on
a line with the elbows.

The second consists of a slight yielding of the hands, by which
the horse is enabled to advance.

98 THE POSITIONS OP THE HAOT)S.

The third shortens the right rein, by turning the little finger
of the right hand upwards, towards the waist, and inclines the
horse to the right.

The fourth shortens the left rein, by turning the little finger
of the left hand upwards, towards the waist, and inclines the horse
to the left.

The fifth shortens both reins evenly, by turning the little fingers
up at the same moment, and stops the horse ; while, by bending
the hands towards the body, this position compels him to go
backward.

WHEN BOTH REINS AEE HELD IN ONE HAND ONLY, THE EIVE
POSITIONS ARE AS POLLOWS : —

In the first case, the bridle hand is held about three inches from
the body, in such a manner that, the joint of the little finger is
upon a right line with the tip of the elbow; the wrist is suffi-
ciently rounded to place the knuckles directly above the neck
of the horse, and the nails exactly opposite the body, with the
little finger rather nearer to the latter, than the others.

In the second, the hand is slightly yielded, by turning the thumb
downward until the knuckles come uppermost, and the nails are

THE POSITIONS OP THE HANDS. 99

over the horse's neck. By this simple motion, the reins are
sufficiently relaxed to permit the horse to advance.

In the third, the nails, which, in the first position are exactly
opposite the body, are turned downward, the little finger is carried
to the left, and the back of the hand brought upward. This
movement, which is effected in an instant, causes an extra bearing
on the right rein, and turns the horse to the right.

In the fourth, the hand quits the first position, the nails are
turned upward, and the httle finger, pressing the left rein, is
brought into the right. By this motion an extra bearing is
produced on the left rein, and the horse is turned to the left.

In the fifth, the nads leaving the first position are turned quite
upwards, with the knuckles towards the horse's neck. This move-
ment causes also an extra bearing upon both reins, and stops the
horse ; while, by bending the wrist, it compels him to go backward.

Except it be with a horse that is well trained, or one that works
well up to the bridle, the effect of the positions, when the reins
are held in the bridle hand only, cannot always be depended upon,
with the same certainty, as when both hands are employed.

The novice having made herseK mistress of these different

100 THE POSITIONS OF THE HANDS.

positions, must learn to pass from one to another with readiness,
and order. Unless the elbows are kept perfectly steady, they
give an uncertainty, and fickleness, to the hand, which is sufficient
to ruin it for ever.

When the reins are held in the bridle hand only, the rider may
allow the right arm to fall easily by her side, or carry it in any
manner that may be convenient to her ; but she must studiously
avoid assuming anything masculine, and affecting, or what is still
worse, imitating, any peculiar, and unusual style.

THE HANDS.

"He ruled liis eager courser's gait;
Tried liim with chastened fire to prance,
And, high curvetting, slow advance."
Scott.

"The riders hend
O'er their arched necks with steady hands, by tiirne
Indulge their speed, or moderate their rage."

SOJIEaVILLE.

The seat obtained, and reins adjusted, we now come to the great
secret, wherein consists the magic beauty of this delightful art.

It has been, and still is, believed by many, that a good seat is
in itself suiScient to make a good rider ; but my gentle readers may
rest assm-ed, that, in either sex, good hands are the aU-important
means for effecting this much to be desh-ed end. There is no
denying that a good seat, and above all, a graceful one, is of vast
importance to the fair equestrian ; indeed, with me, it is so truly
inestunable, that it forms one of the chief features of the present
treatise. But as this excellence can be more easily attained, than
what is proposed in this chapter, so soon as ladies find themselves
at home in their saddles, then* attention should be particularly

102 THE HANDS.

directed to those parts of the art, which require the longest practice,
and study, viz., the use of the hands, and the management of the reins.

These points are as indispensable in the art of riding, as are those
important auxiliaries " avoir'' and " etre'"' in the use of the Erench
language; and it would be equally impossible for a lady to ride
well, safely, or gracefully, without understanding the right use of
the hands, and the right management of the reins, as it would be
to speak, or wiite French, correctly, without a perfect knowledge
of the proper occasions for using the above-named verbs respectively.
A man can sit his horse by the strength of his limbs, and guide
him by the force of his arm, but a woman's chief dependance,
ever mainly rests, upon the delicacy, and address, of her " hands."

The exquisite sensibility, and power of immediate adaptation
to the peculiarity of any horse's mouth, which is the essential of
a perfect hand, are natural gifts, and can neither be communicated,
nor self acquired. The means, however, for forming a good hand,
can be- imparted, and many high degrees of cultivation may be
arrived at, by the aforesaid practice, and study. The advantage in
this respect wiU, however, always preponderate in favour of those,
whose good fortune enables them to commence this exercise in
early youth, and carry it onwards

"By copse or dingle, teath. or sheltering ■wood;"

for the truth must be confessed, that no art can implant such

THE HANDS.

103

confidence, or give sucli indescribable finish, as that wliich results
from the experience gained in a country life. At the same time,
let my fah readers distinctly understand, that the safety, grace,
and excellence of ordinary riding, are, with few exceptions, within
the reach of all.

Women, generally, have the reputation of possessing a finer
hand upon a horse than men; and, where both sexes are equally
gifted by nature, and have had the same opportunities of practice,
I am inclined to think from the more delicate organization of a
woman's hand, that such is, most probably, the case. But, without
pretending to express any more decided opinion upon this point,
I shall at once proceed to another particular, which more imme-
diately afPects my present purpose ; and that is, to the fact, which
must be patent to aU, who are competent to form an opinion upon
the subject, that of the many ladies who, at this gay season of the
year, are daily seen in our public rides, by far the greater number,
in riding "parlance" have no hands at aU.

It is somewhat dif&cult to describe the principal and most
apparent defect ; the term " heavy" seems inappropriate as apphed
to a lady's hand, yet its effect upon the horse's mouth, is such,
as a hand of that character can alone produce. The defect may
perhaps be better, and more truly said to consist, in " unpelding
rigidity." Wlio is there but must have noticed how few ladies'

104 THE HANDS.

horses go in good form, or appear at their ease? According to
their spirit, or fineness of mouth, the horses are either fidgetty, or
restless; or they go with their noses stretched out into the air, as
if seeking to reheve themselves, but in vain, from the confining
severity of the hand.

It is often said of our sex, that we delight in extremes, and
justly as we may, in the main, plead to such a charge " not guilty,"
it certainly holds good, to a great extent, in the matter before us,
for next in numHer, though in a far less degree, come the hands
that appear to be divested of every particle of decision, and to
possess scarcely energy enough for supporting the reins properly,
or for turning the horse from one side to another.

"When we reflect upon the facility, with which many of these same
riders acquire various accomplishments, which call for almost fairy
fingers in their execution, from the soft and beautiful delineations
of the pencil, to the briUiant effects produced by their decision,
and rapidity of touch upon the harp,- or piano, it is obvious that we
must look beyond the hand itself, for the origin of these defects.

To the use of the curb-bit in early practice, may be principally
attributed the insensibility of hand ; and, to the riding for a length
of time some wretched drone, without spirit to work up to the
bridle, or an animal with a mouth too fine to face the bit, and with

THE HANDS. 105

and from whose mouths, a novice can neither effect a correspondence,
nor obtain an " appui" may in a great nieasure be ascribed the
indecision of the hand.

Quiet, and well broken as a horse may be, he becomes more or
less restless, when subjected to the action of the bit, by an
unformed hand. His occasional efforts to relieve himself, from the
undue pressure of the curb, frequently beget a feeling of nervous-
ness in the novice. This feeling induces her to close her hand
tightly on the reins, fear being sure to hold fast whatever it grasps,
and thus not only to destroy the sensitiveness of the hand, and the
elasticity of the wrist, by which the motions of the hand are ever
to be guided and directed, but, as a consequence of so doing,
materially, to interfere with, and impede, the natm-al movement of
the horse's head.

The rigidity of the hand and arm which is caused by the fingers
being thus tightly closed, and the consequently constrained position
of the horse's head, effectually prevent the novice's ever reqmring
that easy " give and take" movement of the hand, which is indis-
pensable to the horse's comfort, and freedom of action.

In the first instance, if the novice is placed upon a horse that
works well up to the bridle in a plain snaffle, these evils can scarcely
arise. The simphcity of the snaffle prevents all annoyance to the

106 THE HANDS.

horse's mouth; and, as it enables him to resist the hand, when
unduly retained, his moving forward is effected with his wonted ease,
and freedom.

The hand, in this case, being obliged to accompany the movements
of the horse's head, as it advances, and recedes, in his action,
becomes accustomed to the motion, and, relaxing his own tenseness,
readily accommodates itself to aU that is required. Thus the novice
gradually learns, by practice, under competent advice, to establish
that correspondence, or fine response of feeling, which should ever
exist between the rider's hand and the horse's mouth, by the estab-
Hshing of which alone, can the horse ever be brought to submit
with pleasure, to the constraint of the bit.

In the early lessons, the reins are to be separated, in the manner
aheady described, for holding the snaffle. Hence, two advantages
are gained, the one positive, the other negative. Tirst, the right
hand learns its duties as well as the bridle hand, and is afterwards
prepared to act with effect, whenever its use is required ; and next,
the tendency to throwing the right shoulder back, which results
from first taking the reins in the left hand only, is finally put an
end to.

To preserve a light easy feehng upon the horse's mouth, the
hands should only be sufficiently closed, to prevent the reins being

THE HANDS. 107

withdrawn, by any sudden movement of the horse's head. The
reins, being drawn to a determinate length, owe their bearing on the
horse's mouth, principally to the contraction, or relaxation, of the
hand. To demonstrate this, let the fair reader take a piece of tape,
and pass it tlirough the bridle hand under the little finger, in the
manner of a left rein, holding it down between the fore-finger and
thumb ; then let her, in an easy and unconstrained manner, place
the hand in the first position, with the lower part nearly open, while
with the other hand she holds out the tape at arm's length between
the fore-finger and thumb. By then closing the left hand firmly,
she will find that a powerful strain is made upon the fore-finger and
thumb of the right hand. By relaxing the hand again, that strain
is entirely removed. By alternately relaxing and contracting the
hand, she perceives to what a great extent these simple means are
capable of giving liberty, and restriction, to the horse. She wiU
further learn how severe must be the effect, upon the horse's mouth,
of the hand's being retained in one unvarying state of rigidity.
This fact becomes still more obvious when the nature of the bit and
curb are taken into account. The tape reins and elastic band
before alluded to, afford excellent practice for the hands in this
respect.

But to convey a more practical notion of the manner in which
the hand operates, or corresponds to the effect produced upon the
horse's mouth, let the lady be mounted on a horse, whose mouth is

108 THE HANDS,

perfectly obedient, but not too delicate, with her hand properly
placed in the first position, and the reins collected till there is a
steady feeling on the horse's mouth. The hand being connected
with the reins, the reins with the bit, and the bit operating upon
the horse's mouth, she will perceive that she cannot move the hand,
nor even a finger, without having the horse's mouth more or less
affected by the motion — however slight it be. This is called the
" correspondence."

On urging the horse to action, if the hand is held perfectly
steady, the fingers feel, by the contraction, and dilatation, of the
reins, a slight sensation or tug, occasioned by the cadence of every
step. This sensation, which is reciprocally felt both by the hand,
and in the horse's mouth, by means of the above described corre-
spondence, is called the " a/ppii •" and so long as this afpui is pre-
served between the hand and mouth, the horse is in perfect
obedience to the rider, his pace and movements being apparently
directed rather by the mind of the rider, than by the compulsion of
the hand.

If this appui, however, is always maintained in precisely the same
degree, the horse's mouth becomes heated, and pained ; the hands,
therefore, must ever be, though to the observer all but imperceptibly
so, one continual spring, impulsive to the movements of the horse's
head. In short, the horse must never feel a continued puU, or

THE KAJTOS. 109

restraint, upon the bridle, unless it be to convey to liim some distinct
purpose, or command from his rider.

If the hands hang upon the bridle, or remain fixed and without
variation, they produce what is termed a " dead pull " upon the
horse's mouth ; that is, there is no motion of the rider's hands in
response to the movement of the horse's head. If this state of
things does not make him restless, or unruly, at the moment, as
may fairly be anticipated, it will completely mar the beauty, and
freedom, of his action, and wiU assuredly spoil his mouth, by causing
that part of it, upon which the bit acts, to become in time hardened
and feelingless.

As the uninitiated reader can scarcely be supposed to understand
this, let me explain that, when the reins are drawn and held tightly,
the " port," or atched part of the bit, presses violently against the
" bars," or roof of the horse's mouth, whilst the cm'b-chain, which
is fastened at each side of the bit, is drawn by the same action,
with great force, round the lower jaw. Hence, considerable pain
infallibly ensues, especially, if by whip or otherwise, he is urged on,
regardless of his sufferings, which are necessarily augmented by
action.

No wonder then that many horses, from this cause, acqmi'e the
disagreeable habit of endeavom'ing to " force the hand," that is,

110 THE HANDS.

suddenly throwing their heads forward, with the view of releasing
themselves from the restraint of the bridle. In so doing, they
frequently pull an inexperienced rider forward on the head of the
saddle, which may not only alarm her, but sometimes results in
a no slight injmy.

But if, on the contrary, there is an easy responsive movement
of the hands, with a firmness proportioned to the peculiar sensibility
of the horse's mouth, so far from the light feeling then experienced
from them becoming unpleasant to him, a considerable amount
of support is derived from it by him, and it is in the nicety with
which this movement is regulated, and the judgment with which
the support resulting from it is afforded, that consists that true
charm in riding, " a light hand."

There is scarcely any horse, but has his peculiar sensibility of
mouth, and degree of bearing, both which it is necessary that his
rider should discover, and make herseK familiar with. She must
also learn to regulate the support that should be given to him at
all times, by firm, yet delicate hands, which never surprise his
mouth by sudden transitions, but effect everything gradually, and
at the same time, with spirit and resolution.

Heavy, inactive, hands soon spoil, if not absolutely destroy the
finest mouth. Dehcate and good hands, on the contrary, do not

THE HA^^3S.

111

only preserve, in its sensibility, a light bearing, but very mucb
improve a heavy one. They, moreover, at once feel, and know,
whether a horse has his proper bearing in the mouth, by his playing
pleasantly, and steadily with his bit, and by the easy, unhampered,
freedom of his movements.

It is ever to be remembered that the lighter the bearing of a
horse can be made, the better, provided there is a corresponding
lightness in the rider's hands; and, also, that the hands which
gain their point with the least force are always the best hands.

If a horse carry his head low, and hang upon the bit, so
destroying the dehcacy of the correspondence between hand and
mouth, let the rider raise her hand, and with a quickening sensation
of the fingers upon the reins, rather invite, than compel, the head
to rise ; the left leg on one side, and the whip on the other, being
at the same time gently applied to press his haunches under him.
It is thus that the rider " unites," or " collects," her horse.

When a horse is properly united, he is under complete control,
is hght in hand, and works correctly upon his haunches, with a
safe, and stylish, action. When disunited, he goes principally upon
his shoulders, and his action is ahke inelegant, and insecure.

A hea\7 insensible hand cannot unite a horse, the attempt to

112 THE HANDS.

do so is attended with a severity, which is sure of calling forth
the resistance of the horse. Thus, if a ribbon be placed across
the reader's forehead, and the two ends be held in a horizontal
direction by a person behind her, should the reader stand quite
upright, she can neither pull at the person, nor endure the hand to
pull at her, without falling, or running backward. Such then is the
situation of the horse when united. Accordingly, when the reader
feels the hand severe, or expects it to pull, she guards against it
by bending the body, projecting the head, and planting one foot
behind. This is the situation of the horse when disunited, and
defending himself against the severity of the hand. To obtain
relief from a heavy inactive hand, a horse, will, according to his
temper, either hang upon the bit, or puU with such force, as
frequently to render it very difficult for a lady to ride him. Hence,
heavy hands make hard-mouthed horses.

With the requisite firmness, the operations of the hands are
always to be gentle, and gradual. If the rider go, at once, from
a firm hand to a slack one, she entirely abandons her horse, and
deprives him of the support he trusts to. On the contrary, if she
pass from the slack to the tight rein on a sudden, she necessarily
jerks her hand, and gives a violent shock to the horse's mouth.

A sudden jerk of the reins inflicts a sharp twinge upon the
horse's mouth, by the pressure of the bit ; it invariably makes him

THE HANDS. 113

start, and is apt to prove dangerous to the rider, if the liorse have
a spirit difficult to soothe ; whilst a frequent repetition of this un-
looked-for motion is sure to spoil his temper. A horse is sometunes
so exceedingly tender in the mouth, that, without being in the
slightest degree vicious, a sudden jerk of the bridle causes hun in-
stantly to rear ; and unless the rider as quickly }4elds, or drops her
hands, he is liable to faU backwards, and a serious accident is the
consequence. The reins are never to be suddenly, or sharply jerked,
except for the purpose of correction, or to accomplish some end for
which other means have failed, and then, only, in the exercise of
great judgment and discretion.

Again, suddenly yielding the hand is most objectionable, and
perhaps stUl more hkely to entail disagreeable consequences ; for,
as has been before observed, the horse always receives, or always
should receive, a certain amount of support from the rider's hand,
suddenly yielding it necessarily deprives him of so much support,
and at once throws him on his shoulders. In this unexpected
change of position, it is far from unHkely that he may go carelessly,
and make a false step, when, from relaxation of the reins, the rider
may not be able to assist him, or recover him, in time to prevent
a fall.

The general position of the hand has abeady been fully described ;
it is one, however, which varies with cit'cumstances. The efPect of

114 ' THE HANDS.

the rider's hand upon the horse, at any particular moment, depends
principally upon the situation of the hand, and position of the
horse, in relation to the point in view. Thus, if a horse attempt to
break away with his rider, or, if the rider is compelled to enter into
any violent contest with him, except in cases of rearing, it is neces-
sary to raise the hands, in order to obtain a greater command over
the horse — the raising of the rider's hands increasing her power,
and the raising the horse's head diminishing his power. Again, if
the rider is desirous of improving her horse's carriage, and of di*aw-
ing from him a lofty and stylish action, the hands must be elevated,
with an alternate feeling, and easing, of the reins, proportioned to
the effect it is intended to produce. On the other hand, if a horse
rear, it is of vital importance that the hand be instantly dropped,
so that all bearing on the reins may immediately cease. If, at any
moment, from the hand's being too high and confining, the horse
toss his head, or stretch his nose straight out before hun, or go with
his lower jaw twisted on one side, let the rider drop her hand
gradually, and ease the reins, gently feeling them again at each
point in the descent, till the horse's head falls into its proper posi-
tion, or in more technical language, until the rider "finds his
mouth."

The hand may also be held at a greater or lesser distance from
the body, as occasion requires. A horse may want the momentary
liberty of his head to cough, to dislodge a fly, or the like ; in such

THE HANDS.

115

a case, the hand, but not the shoulder, must be advanced and
dropped to grant him the freedom requii-ed, without altering the
length of the reins, the hand regaining its ordinary position, as the
horse's head returns to its proper place. Or, the horse's head may
become cramped by too long confinement in one position ; and it
may be necessary, for his relief, to let hun walk for a short time
with his head at liberty. Here, again, the hand is to be advanced
in like manner for the purpose ; but, it must be yielded gradually,
and still retain the same length of rein, that it may ever preserve
a hght feehng upon the horse's mouth, and so be prepared, on the
instant, if necessary, to bring the bit into play.

If, instead of the hand's being advanced upon these occasions,
the rider were to lengthen the reins, the apptii would be lost, and
the horse would be under no immediate control. At such a
moment, should the horse, from any sudden cause or alarm, either
start aside, or run away, the rider has no power to prevent him ;
moreover, were he to stumble, she would either be unable to recover
him, and avoid falling over his head, or, fi-om the length of the
reins, she would, in throwing her body backward to assist the horse,
be hable to a fall in that dhection, as he is suddenly regaining
his legs.

By advancing the hand, and still retaining the usual length of
rein, the horse is always " in hand ;" and, although the hand may

116 THE HANDS.

scarcely bear a feather's weight upon his mouth, the correspondence
between them is nevertheless effectually preserved. The hand, thus
ever on the alert, becomes, by practice, discriminating, and sensible
of the object of every movement of the horse ; so that upon the
slightest intimation of a start, bolt, or stumble, the horse is imme-
diately on the bit, and more or less upon his haunches, by an almost
imperceptible turn of the hand. Thus, the rider may always allow
her horse any indulgence that is necessary for his ease and comfort,
at the same time that she effectually ensures her own safety.

It is frequently matter of astonishment with bad riders, how
gentle and tractable horses become the moment they are mounted
by skilful ones, though there is little evidence of any skill employed.
The reason is obvious : the horses go at their ease, yet have instinct
and sagacity enough to discover, that all their motions are watched.

The hands must be considered in connection also with the other
important aids of the body, left leg, and whip, with which they are
at all times to act in concert.

It must be observed that a lady can only aid with one leg — the
left leg on the left side. The whip, gently pressed against the
horse, must give the corresponding aid on the right side, and
for this purpose it must be carried with the lash downward. At
other times, the whip may be differently carried, but never in

THE HANDS. 117

such a manner that its point touches, or tickles, the horse's hind
quarters, or flanks.

Not only is a horse incited to more prompt obedience to the
indications of the hand, by the aids of the leg, and whip, but there
is scarcely an operation of the hand, that cannot be most materially
assisted by them, when they are properly applied. For instance :
if a horse, at any time, flag in his movements, or go heavily in
hand, while the hand is raising his fore-hand, and freshening his
mouth, the pressure of the leg, and whip, to his sides, forces him up
to the bridle, and corrects the action. The hand, of itself alone,
cannot easily accomphsh the pm-pose, and the moment its effect
ceases, the horse droops his head, and goes upon his shoulders ; but
the pressure of the heel, and whip, forcing him up to the bridle, as
the hand is raised, of necessity throws him upon his hamiches, and
lightens the action of the forehand.

The aids of the leg, or heel, and whip, have then- progressive
strength and effect, according to the disposition and character of
the animal, and the effect intended to be produced. As a general
rule, however, the more lightly they are applied, the more effective
they become. A horse generally goes better with gentle, than
with strong aids, as the latter are apt to confound and surprise
a weak horse, and too higlily to excite one that is full of sphit
and fire.

118 THE HANDS.

The aids of the body are no less numerous, and important ; for,
however dexterous and ready a rider may be, it is, nevertheless,
impossible for her to time the aids of the hand, leg, and whip,
with the same exactness, or to use them with the same certainty
and effect, as when their action proceeds from the requisite motion
of the body, and is governed by this motion. Thus, if a rider
wishes her horse to advance, she must momentarily incline the
body slightly forward, the hand, as an appurtenance of the body,
without any action of its own, naturally accompanying it in the
same direction, relaxes the reins to give the horse liberty, and the
left leg being brought closer to him on one side, and the whip
pressed against him on the other, simultaneously m-ge him to action.

I^or effecting the " stop," if the body is allowed to recede, the
hand recedes Hkewise, and the bearing on the reins being con-
sequently increased, a slight tmui of the wrist, as abeady described
in the fifth position of the hand, arrests the action of the horse's
fore-hand, whilst the left leg, and whip, being at the same moment
closed against his sides, collect his haunches under him, and com-
plete the stop in the most desirable manner.

In turning to the right, or left, the operations of the hands are
greatly assisted by the inchnation of the rider's body in the direction
which she intends the horse to take; whilst by closing at the
same moment the leg, or whip, against the horse, on the side to

THE HANDS. 119

which the turn is being made, his hind quarters are thi'own in some
degree outward, and placed in a more proper position to follow the
shoulders.

The omission of the aid of the body is frequently fatal to the
successful operation of the other aids. For instance, if a horse
rear, the mere advancing or dropping the hand to slacken the
reins is not of itseK a sufficient control ; for, if the horse rise very
high, the rider retaining her original position, must, to preserve
her balance, support herself by the bridle, and, in so doing, runs
the risk of pulling the horse backward, and of being herself killed,
perhaps, in the faU. But if, as the horse rises, the rider instantly
incline her body forward, not oidy is the hand advanced likewise,
but by the same movement, the weight of the body is thrown upon
the horse's shoulders, in such a manner, as materially to assist in
bringing his fore-feet to the ground again.

On the other hand, if a horse stumble, and be in danger of
falling, the aid of the hand alone is not sufficient to recover him ;
but, if the body is immediately thrown back, the hand goes back
with it, and the weight of the body, then, enables the hand to
throw in a powerful check, to the downward tendency of the horse.
Ey the same movement, the weight of the body is entkely removed
from the horse's shoulders, so that it cannot impede his efforts for
reffaininsr his lesrs.

120 THE HANDS.

Again, if a horse attempt to run away, the inchnation of the
body backward at once brings the hands into the same direction,
and thus the latter can most easily, and effectually, control him.
How frequently do we see, in om" pubhc rides, the evil effects of a
non-attention to this golden rule. A lady may be quietly walking
her horse, probably, with that great and common fault of not having
him properly " in hand," when an indiscreet rider gallops by at
full speed, and causes her horse to start off at the same pace. In
this unexpected extremity, she snatches the reins towards her ; but,
both from their relaxed state, and from the position of her own
body, she is unable to obtain a proper bearing on the horse's mouth.
In despair, she draws her hands back on one side, but this action
inclines her body forward, and destroys theh power. At the same
time, also, the left leg is naturally carried back against the horse's
side, and thus increases his speed, and impetuosity.

A simple inclination of the body, backward, in the first instance,
would have placed the hands, and leg, in theh proper positions ; one
moment would then have sufficed for adjusting the reins, when the
collective power of aU the aids might have been brought to bear
for bringing him to the stop.

An accident may very readily occur, to an inexperienced rider,
upon such occasions ; for the horse, without being naturally vicious,
may commence kicking, from the same causes that so generally

THE HANDS.

121

induce the most quiet animals to kick and plmige, when first
turned loose into a pasture with other horses, viz : — excitement, and
the absence of control. The dangerous inchnation of the rider's
body forward, in this case, subjects her to being thi'own at any
moment.

Since the operations of the hands, then, can be so greatly
assisted by a well regulated movement of the body, it is obvious
that, any fickleness of motion must have the opposite tendency of
rendering them unsteady. Against this error, the fan novice
cannot be too scrupulously on her guard. Not only will this uncer-
tainty prevent her ever becoming a good, and a graceful, horse-
woman, but it will constantly lead her into danger ; for nothing is
more hkely to make a high-spirited horse unruly, and oftentimes
unmanageable, than unsteady hands.

Inexperienced riders frequently run the risk of an accident, by
diverting their eyes from the horse, to the object at which he is
taking fright. The first notes of a band of music, or any unac-
customed sight, or sound, that causes hbn alarm, attracts theh
attention ; and, before they are prepared for the emergency, the
horse has started off, or shied on one side. Even if the good
temper, and natural docdity, of the animal, m the first instance,
prevent his doing so, the inclination of the rider's body in the
dhection of the object, may bring her into danger, by carrpng the

123 THE HANDS.

hands along with the body ; and by, perhaps, turning the horse's
head suddenly towards the cause of his alarm. At any rate,
before she is aware of it, the horse may come in contact with some
other object, or be placed himself, and the rider also, in some diffi-
cult or dangerous position.

Examples of the foregoing evil are not infrequent in parts of
the country where streams abound. In crossing a ford, where the
current may happen to be rapid, the eyes of a novice, instead of
being directed straight over the horse's head to the opposite point,
are attracted by the running water, till the body, tmning in the
same direction, and carrying the hands along with it, dangerously
diverts the horse from the proper course. A rider often discovers
her error by finding her feet, and ankles immersed in water, and,
perhaps, if the brook be swollen at the time, by herself and horse
being borne down the stream. Even if these two evils are avoided,
there is still perU of a third ; for should the horse start suddenly,
whilst the body and hands are in such a position, a fall, under any
but agreeable circumstances, can hardly fail of ensuing, from the
balance being thus disturbed, and the control lost.

It is a general rule, especially upon the slightest symptom of
restiveness, or in any critical situation, that the eyes should be
steadily directed to the horse's head. The body wiU then be square
to the front, and the hands, consequently, in their proper position

TKE HANDS, 123

for acting with the greatest effect, either, to prevent the horse from
suddenly starting off, or from swerving, to the right or left, of the
course desired by the rider.

When a rider has occasion to turn her body, to look back at any
object, or to adjust her habit, or converse with a friend, the hand
must retain its central position, and sensitiveness. Thus, an equal
feeling upon both reins is preserved, and the horse's course is not in
the least disturbed.

The body, in any of its movements, must carefully guard against
being thrown out of the balance, or having its flexibility destroyed,
and be so ordered, that it can recover its proper position in a
moment, without rendering the hands unsteady.

Until the principles of good riding have been thorouglily ac-
quired by sufficient practice, and study, the rider should never
depart from the strict rules of the science ; otherwise, bad, and inele-
gant, habits wiU speedily be formed, and mar her future progress.
Wlien she is well confirmed in these principles, a more easy and
" negligee^' style may be adopted at wiU, because that ease will then
be based upon system ; whUe judgment and experience wiU, more-
over, dictate the moments, at which it may be assumed with safet}'.
In any deviation from the ordinary position, she will not sit on one
side, allow the shoulders to become round, the motions of the figure

124 THE HANDS.

to be uncertain and irregular, or the elbows to shake about, to the
ruin of the hands, and discomfort of the horse. An easy and
graceful flexibility, alike pleasant to both horse, and rider, wiU regu-
late all her movements, which will ever be governed by propriety,
and a becoming sense of security. The hand will, upon aU occa-
sions, retain its properties, and never neglect the horse. A judi-
cious, but almost unseen, application of the various aids, will guide,
and assist him in the performance of his duties, and will combine
with the most pleasing effects, that exquisite ease, which marks the
accomphshed horsewoman, and stamps at once her perfection in the
art. Science, in riding, distinguishes itself from mere superficial
acquhement, by the rider's graceful quietude of movement, elegant
demeanour, and masterly control over her horse — attainments, which
not only are full of dehght to the lady herself, but speak, with a
thrilling eloquence, to the eye of every- intelligent beholder.

Tji . . T^MW"

'T^,i

THE WALK

" My horse is weary of liis stall."

A vast amount of valuable instruction is gained from the cul-
tivation of that apparently simple pace, the " walk ;" which, of
com'se, is the first ventured upon by the fair novice, and ought to
be continued for some time, before any of the other paces are
attempted.

It is in the walk that, she makes herseK thoroughly acquainted
with the rules laid down in the lessons on the seat, reins, and
hands ; and that she devotes her attention to the systematic study
of all the various small hnks connecting the great chain, especially,
turning, stopping, and reining back. An accident may easily
occur through want of skUl, and readiness, in performing these
movements, which should be so carefully practised in the com-
mencement, that the lady may not be confused, if suddenly called
upon to stop her horse, tmii him to the right or left, or back him
out of any difficult or dangerous position. But from early and
constant practice, she must be enabled to do so with such perfect
ease, as not only renders the movement graceful, but ensm-es

126 THE WALK.

obedience in the animal, from the feeling of confidence her quiet,
and steady, promptitude imparts to him.

To commence the walk, the rider must collect her reins carefully
till there is a light and even feeling on the horse's mouth, and
then press the left leg and whip lightly against his sides to urge
him to move forward, without which the horse is not permitted to
advance. Walking commenced, the leg and whip resume their
former position, the hands remain steady and pliant, and the body
yields to the movements of the horse.

If the horse carries his head well, he should be ridden with an
easy rein, that he may walk away with a firm and regular step.
If the bearing on his mouth is too great, he is unable to move
freely, and his step wiU be short, and irregular. Yet, if not kept
sufiiciently in hand, he may carry his head low, walk in a loose,
and careless, manner, and not raise and bend his knee, so as to
put the foot out flat and even, in which case he is liable from any
slight cause to stumble.

By the operation of the horse's mouth on the reins, the hands
should delicately, but distinctly, feel every beat of his action. If
he do not work well up to the bridle, he must be animated by
pressure of the heel and whip. Should he break into a trot, he
must be gradually reined in, till he resumes the walk. If he require

THE AVALK. 127

animating again, the movement for that purpose must be more
gentle than before, lest he once more break into a trot.

The perfection of the walk consists in an animated quick step,
measuring exact distances, and marking a regular time, with the
knee moderately bent, the leg appearing suspended in the air for
an instant, and the foot coming perfectly flat to the ground.

Many horses acquire a habit of " ambling," which is a pecuhar
description of gait between trotting, and walking; in some cases
not disagreeable, but invariably spoihng the walk, and tending to
mar the other paces. It should, therefore, never be encouraged.
It is usually caused by bad riding, either with loose reins, a duU
inactive hand, or an unsteady seat. On ambling, the horse should
be immediately pulled up to the stop, and made to go off again
in the walk ; if he relapses, the same means must be tried again,
the rider chiding him at the same time with the voice, till he yields
obedience.

THE TUEN IN THE WALK.

In considering the " turn," the fair reader must bear in mind
all that has been previously remarked, about the support a horse
receives from the rider's hand. This support is more generally
needed in making the turn, than in going straight forward ; in

128 THE WAXK.

the former case, the horse being obhged to cross his legs, and not
being properly supported, is very likely either to fall, or make the
turn in an awkward, and imperfect, manner.

AU tm'ns are at first to be made very slowly.

In turning to the right, the right hand must be a little below
the left, and the bearing on the right rein be increased by the
little finger^s puUing gently upwards towards the body — never
downwards to the knee : — the left hand retains at the same time
a steady feehng on the left rein.

In turning to the left, the left hand is to be a little below the
right, and the bearing on the left rein to be increased by the little
finger's pulling gently upwards towards the body, the right hand
retaining at the same time a steady feehng on the right rein.

In turning right round, the extra bearing on the inward or
leading rein must be continued till the turn is complete, a steady
feehng on the outward rein being at the same time retained.

In making the turn either to the right, or left, or right round,
the horse is to be supported, and kept up to the bridle, by an
occasional shght pressm-e of the leg and whip. Thus he is made
to obey the leading rein, and to bring his haunches under him.

THE WAIiK.

129

The pressure of the inward aid alone, the leg or whip separately,
occasions the horse to throw his haunches too much outwards, the
outward aid must, therefore, never be omitted. It is also ever to be
remembered, that the extra bearing on the inward rein does not
exempt from a steady feehng on the other; otherwise, the bridle
win have an imperfect bearing on the horse's mouth, and, from the
relaxation of the outward rein, the rider becomes unable to steady
and support the horse in making the turn.

Short and abrupt turns are to be carefully avoided, or the horse
wiU be apt to cross his legs incorrectly, especially, if allowed to
turn lazUy, which ought never to be permitted. If possible, suffi-
cient room should always be taken to make the turn freely, but
deliberately ; and, if the horse be duU, the animation of the heel and
whip must be increased to enhven him.

I cannot too strenuously caution my fair readers against the
pernicious and dangerous custom of effecting the turn, by pressing
the outward rein against the horse's neck; for, in so doing, the
inward rein is completely relaxed, and the horse is abandoned, and
deprived of all support, at the very moment he most urgently
requires it. Should he, under such circumstances, make a false
step, or slip upon any rough or uneven gromid, a fall is inevitable. .

The too frequent habit of crossing the right hand to the near

130 THE WAIiK.

rein, in turning to the left, must be also carefuUy avoided. The
act is very unbecoming of a horsewoman ; and, besides, deprives
the hand of the power to use the whip at the time, if the horse
does not at once obey the leading rein.

When the reins are held in the left hand only, the same steady
feehng must be retained on the outward rein, while the tm'n is being
made. Here the beauty and correctness of the bridle hand are
admirably displayed ; for, while the inward rein leads, the hand, if
working true, by a steady feehng of the outward rein, also affords
a support.

THE STOP IN THE WALK.

A lady cannot be considered a good horsewoman until she is
" aufait " in the stop. This is of far greater consequence than is
usually imagined ; for the power to stop properly, and within a very
short space, not only shews the great superiority of the rider's hand
over the horse, but is frequently the means of escaping very serious
accidents.

The stop is performed by the rider's throwing back her shoulders,
and feeling both reins equally and firmly, by turning the little
fingers upwards towards the body, and by closing the left leg and
whip for an instant to the horse's sides. These motions, which

THE WALK. 131

must be simultaneous, will almost invariably lead to effecting tbe
stop properly. Tbe pressure of tbe left leg and wbip must on no
account be omitted, or tbe borse will not bring bis hauncbes weU
up, but will make tbe stop on bis sboulders, a process wbicb must
never be permitted.

Tbe stop ougbt to be, not slow, but gradual ; and aU sudden
jerks are to be avoided, so tbat tbe borse may bave time to collect
himself, and tbus stop evenly, and firmly. Tbe moment be bas so
stopped, tbe reins are to be eased, to let bim know tbat tbe rider
does not wisb bim to proceed ; wbile sufficient command must stiU
be retained for immediately stopping bim again, sbould be start, or
move forward unbidden.

Tbe bearing on tbe reins, and tbe animation of tbe leg
and wbip, necessary to stop a borse properly, always depend
upon tbe peculiar state of bis moutb, and on bis general
cbaracter, wbicb tbe rider's observation will soon enable ber
to discover.

Care must at aU times be taken to make tbe stop steadily,
and not by a sudden or violent pull upon tbe reins, wbicb
causes tbe borse, if tender moutbed, to rear, and, if be bave
weak loins, to be severely injured by being tbus powerfidly
acted on.

132 THE WAIiK.

A horse ought never to be stopped in turning, or he may possibly
strike his legs together, and throw himself down.

REINING BACK IN THE WALK.

Much care and practice are required for reining back properly.
In the whole science of equitation there is no single point, that so
well repays the attentive study and perfect acquirement of itself ;
for it not only greatly improves the hands, but enables a lady skil-
fully to extricate herself from positions of danger, to which those
who ride much are not unfrequently exposed. Tor instance, if a
horse get between two carriages, and be unable either to turn around
or advance, there is no alternative but backing out ; and, unless this
is done cleverly, he may, perchance, strike his leg against one of
the wheels, and become so affrighted, as to escape from an acci-
dent with much difficulty.

To rein back, the rider must first bring her horse to a
stand-still, and then, by an equal and steady feeling of both
reins, cause him to step backward. Tor doing this the more
readily, the hands ought to be kept from rising, with the
knuckles a little down. The horse must, at the same time,
be gently pressed with both the left leg and whip, in order to
keep him up to the bridle, and prevent his swerving from the
required line.

THE WAXK. 133

The body must not be thrown back as in the stop, but rather
indine forward, to give the hand greater eifect, without provoking
the horse to rear : an occurrence not unusual with horses which do
not readily obey the hand. If the rider attempt to compel the
horse backward by the weight of her body, and he rear,
her body cannot be brought forward; and, if happening to have
the preponderance, she inevitably puUs the horse backwards on
herself.

If the hand be not immediately obeyed, the rider must play
with the horse's mouth, through a quickening sensation of the
fingers on the reins, which wiR induce him to raise his head, and
on this, a shght extra feeling on the reins generally causes him
to step back. The moment he is constrained to back, the body,
if in a proper position, will inchne forward, and the reins must
be eased. A well trained lady's horse obeys the shghtest feeling
on his mouth, and at once backs evenly, and without losing his
balance; but a young, or awkward, anunal is necessarily over-
balanced, and by further constraint, would back till he fell. In
such a case, the rider, after every step, must yield the hands and
body, so as to allow the horse to recover his balance thoroughly,
ere again subjected to the bearing of the bridle.

Eeining back, with an inclination to the right, requires a slight
extra bearing on the left rein, with a steady feehng on the right.

134< THE WAIiK.

and a pressure of the whip on the same side, to prevent the horse's
hind quarters traversing too much in that direction.

For reining back, with an inchnation to the left, there must be
a sHght extra bearing on the right rein, with a steady feehng on
the left, and a pressure of the left leg, to prevent the horse's hind
quarters traversing too much to the left.

The hand, and heel, or whip, are always to support and assist
each other. Thus, in reining straight back, if the horse's hind
quarters traverse to the right, the pressm-e of the whip must be
increased, at the same time that the hand must have an extra
feeling of the right rein ; this must, however, be effected with the
greatest delicacy, lest the hind quarters in tm-n be directed too
much to the left.

The horse, having backed to the required point, must not be
permitted to stop in a loose and straggling position, but be pressed
up to the bridle by the leg and whip, so as to be properly united
before moving forward again.

Eeining back occasionally greatly improves the carriage of a
lady's horse, and teaches him to work correctly upon his haunches,
but the exercise being a painful and severe one, especially to a
young, or weakly framed, animal, ought never to be unduly prolonged.

THE TEOT.

" The steed obeyed,
With arching neck, and bended head,
And glancing eye, and quivering ear,
As if he loved her voice to hear."

Scott.

It is indispensable tliat ladies learn to trot, though not making
it afterwards a general practice, Wlien properly taught, trotting
greatly assists in forming a firm seat ; and many are the occasions
on which a knowledge of it is absolutely necessary. Por example,
in reining in from the canter, a horse generally trots a few lengths
before coming to the walk, and in the sudden change of a pace,
win give to the rider considerable " emlarras," unless she knows
how to trot. In a long ride, the rehef to both horse and rider,
from alternate trot and canter, can hardly be too much appreciated.
Again, a lady, particularly if living in the country, may have the
ojffer of riding a gentleman's horse, recommended perhaps for his
extreme docility. Prom his having been previously ridden exclu-
sively by a gentleman, he frequently knows httle of the lady's chief
pace — the canter — and, Avhen his fair rider endeavom-s to set him
off into one, she finds his attempts at obedience such a dis-

136 THE TEOT.

agreeable " cross-jolting" as, spite of herself, to be reduced to
pulling liim up into a walk. Here, tlien, among other reasons
is one highly commending a knowledge of trotting ; for, though the
horse may know nothing of the canter, it is very probable that
his trot, from being so customary among gentlemen, especially in
road riding, will be perfect; and accordingly, this pace, to a lady
who knows how to trot, not only fails of being irksome to her,
but becomes extremely easy, and pleasant.

Many gentlemen object to their horses being ridden by ladies,
considering as they do, and not without reason, that the constant
use of the canter destroys the freedom of their other paces; a
knowledge of trotting, then, might often ensure a favorite horse for
the fair rider's use.

Unless the trot be acquired in early youth, it will require, above
any other pace, much study and practice, in order to guarding against
awkwardness and fatigue, which are two certain results of its not
being properly understood. Great judgment is necessary on the part
of the teacher in directing its early practice, so that the novice
may escape from inconvenience and pain, which may give her
distaste for the pace, and induce her to abandon its study altogether.

Simple and agreeable as the practice of trotting may at once
appear to a gentleman, it is far otherwise with a lady, until she

THE TEOT. 137

has overcome tlie novelty of the motion, and learned to rise and
fall with the action of the horse. A moment's reflection shews
that this cannot be the same easy task in her case ; for what can
be greater than the difiPerence in the positions of the gentleman and
lady on horseback ? The former sits in a natural position, perfectly
straight to his horse, with equal power on both sides. The latter,
on the contrary, sits in an acquired position ; the upper part of the
body being directed straight forward, whilst the lower inchnes to
one side, whence aU her power is derived. How, then, can the
same results be immediately expected ; and that what may be simple
and agreeable to the one, can, at first, be otherwise than difficult
and disagreeable to the other ?

The figures best adapted to this pace, not as regards its actual
acquirement, for this is within the compass of all, but for the
appearance of ease and elegance in trotting, are those that
nature has fashioned rather short fi'om the hip to the knee. The
reason wiU be understood on my explaining that, in the ordinary
trot, the lady should rise from her saddle in harmony with the
movements of the horse, and to effect this, the body must inchne
slightly forward; greater length, therefore, naturally throws the
body additionally forward as she rises ; and, in the endeavour to
prevent the appearance of stooping, it is difficult to rise freely
from the saddle, without experiencing considerable fatigue, and
perhaps pain. Hence, tall women do not always look well trotting,

138 THE TEOT.

though they have the especial advantage of cantering with ex-
quisite ease, and grace.

In the early lessons, the trot must only be continued for a short
distaiice at a time. The moment a lady feels the shghtest fatigue,
or embarrassment, she should pull up into the walk, resuming the
trot after a short interval ; and, as she becomes more accustomed to
the peculiarity of the pace, the distance may be gradually increased
till proficiency is attained.

For commencing the trot, the rider must apply the leg and whip
for an instant to the horse's sides, and, at the same time, raise his
forehand by a gentle feehng of both reins, the httle finger of each
hand drawn rather upwards, and towards the body.

As the horse moves on in the trot, his action- gives an impetus to
the motion of the fair rider's body, and, the moment this is expe-
rienced, she must rise from the saddle in even time with the horse's
step. To do this, she assists herself by leaning the left foot lightly
in the stirrup — the knee and instep being perfectly flexible — and by
steadily holding the reins, so that the movement of the horse's head
upon her hands may afford an additional impulse, and accurately
enable her to time the rise. Ey this instruction, it is distinctly to
be understood, that she is not to raise herself up by the bridle, or
bear heavily on the horse's mouth. On the contrary, her hands

THE TROT. 139

must be as ligM and pliant as possible, wbile preserving a due cor-
respondence, and a just appui.

The rise from the saddle is to be made as perpendicularly, as is
consistent with ease and grace, and only just so high as to avoid
the jar that ensues from the movements of the rider and the horse
not being simultaneous. The return of the body to the saddle is
rendered as light, and even, as possible, by the support of the right
knee on the pommel, and by the pressm-e of the foot in the stiiTup.

The great aim is perfect uniformity with the movements of the
horse, which, once attained, exacts very little effort on the rider's
part, as she will find herself mainly assisted by the even action of
the horse. Nothing can appear more ridiculous, or grotesque, than
a rider rising and faUing in the saddle, at a greater or lesser speed
than that of the horse ; nor, from the irregularity' of the movement,
can anything be more fatiguing, and disagreeable.

Great care must be taken in rising, to avoid the unsightly, and
too frequent, habit of twisting the body to the left. Many ladies
do so from the idea that it facilitates the rise, but in reahty it
impedes it, by rendering the position, and hands, unsteady, and by
destroying the purchase of the foot and knee. The rise shordd be
made as squarely as possible, the shoulders being maintained on a
parallel hue with the horse's ears. Erom the pecuharit}" of the

140 THE TROT.

lady's seat on horseback, it is not generally so easy to preserve tliat
perfect evenness of the shoulders in the trot, which is most essential
to the fair rider's elegant appearance ; but, in this desirable object,
she will find herself greatly aided, by separating the reins, and
occupying the right hand with one of them.

In addition to its unsightly appearance, this habit of twisting the
body not only renders the attainment of a good seat impossible ;
but, from the uneven manner in which the rise and fall of the body is
thus effected, in a long ride, it brings on great discomfort, and fatigue.

This pernicious habit frequently arises from the rider's pointing
her left foot outward, which, as I have already observed in its
proper place, is at all times an error, and especially so in the trot ;
since, in rising, it directs the leg and body to one side. Let the
foot be kept, as nearly as possible, on a level with the horse's side,
and the leg and body will naturally incline straight forward, in the
same direction as the movements of the horse.

As soon as a lady can trot without fatigue, or uneasiness, she
should learn to regulate the horse's pace, and to maintain a true,
and united action.

The action of the horse in trotting is alternate — he has always
two feet on, and two off the ground. When the near fore foot and

THE TROT. 141

oE liind foot are on, tlie off fore foot and near hind foot are ofP ;
thus making two steps, which steps, when the action is true, measure
exact distances, in regular time of one, two, the two feet being
brought to the ground at the same moment.

In trot, as in canter, the horse leads with a foot, either right or
left, and the leading side is accordingly a little more advanced than
the other. This nice discrimination is rarely marked save by tbose
who have had much experience in riding. A horse tbat has been
properly broken, and, as it is technically termed, suppled to botli
hands, trots with equal ease to eitlier hand ; but with animals that
have not been so suppled, if chance or fatigue makes them change
the leading leg for that which they are not accustomed to, then-
action becomes confined, irregular, and unpleasant.

As the trot is the foundation of excellence in the other paces, it
should always be correctly performed. Unsteady hands are sure
to render it irregular ; so also are reins either too loose, or too tight,
and sudden transitions from one to the other. Whenever the trot
appears incorrect, the reins shoidd be immediately examined ; if too
loose, and the horse is disunited, and going upon his shoulders, they
should be shortened, gently drawn upwards towards the body, and
the heel and whip apphed to collect the horse, and force him up to
the bridle. If too tight, they should be gradually yielded, to
enable him to step out with greater ease, and freedom.

143 THE TEOT,

With well trained horses, irregularity is generally the fault of
the rider. With young or ill-broken animals, it may proceed from
their natural awkwardness, and greater skill is then required to
render the pace perfect. Wlien tired, almost all horses, if left to
themselves, trot carelessly; a tendency to be guarded against as
much as possible, since, under such circumstances, they are very apt
to stumble and fall.

Frequently varying the speed of the horse in the trot will be
found excellent practice for the hands ; reining hun in gently that
he may not be jarred, and rendered unsteady by a jerk of the
bridle, or sudden change of his position; and gradually yielding
the hands, that when he steps out again, he may not lose the re-
quired support. These are points most worthy of attention.

The horse should always be kept " well within himself;" that is,
properly collected, and not be allowed, or urged, to trot at a greater
speed than he can perform with a true, and equal action. Even
with the opposite sex, pressing a horse, in the trot, to his utmost
speed, calls forth anything but admiration in a pubhc ride; and
with a lady, it teUs stiU more to her disadvantage. A horse,
that is forced to trot to the extreme of, or beyond, his natural
pace, is sure at some moment of breaking into a rough, un-
connected gallop, alike detrimental to the comfort and appearance
of the rider.

THE TEOT. 14j3

When a horse breaks from the trot into the canter or gallop,
unbidden by his rider, he must be reined in firmly, but gradually,
and at the same time be chidden with her voice, to teach him that
he is doing wi'ong. If trial in this way does not succeed, let her
bear strongly on the opposite rein to the leading leg, and this wiU
tend to throw him out of his stride, and reduce him to a trot.
Should this plan fail also, it is better to pull him up into the walk
and commence the trot again, stopping him at once, and chiding
him, if he attempts to start in the canter, and patting and en-
couraging him the moment he evinces a disposition to obedience.

The turn in the trot may be made with equal safety, and facility,
either to the right or left, the aids of the hand, leg, and whip being
applied in the same manner as in the turn in the walk.

^ 4

^

THE CANTER

' Dark, dark are tlie stains on the world-loving heart.,
Of whick thou know'st nothing, — had'st never a part ;
Thy nature can thrill at the -war-trunipet sound, .
And thy heart loves thy master, where'er he is found.
' My mettlesome steed,' I can laugh at the sneer,
And own I've a friend, whenever thou'rt near ;
And love thee, ' my prancing,' my beautiful one,
While life has a throb, till my own course I've run !"

The canter is, '^ par excellence" the lady's pace, and, when properly
performed by both horse and rider, is by far the most dehghtful.
Simple, however, as this pace appears to the uninitiated, it is
purely an artificial one ; though the action in itself is so extremely
easy and agreeable, that even the least experienced in the art can
manage to sit a quiet horse through a ride in this pace. But as
the canter is generally adopted by fan* equestrians, and is the pace
in which an elegant and lady-hke bearing is most conspicuously
distinguished, its study deserves much more consideration than is
usually bestowed on it.

This indifference results, in a great measure, fi'om the very ease
of the pace, which induces beginners at once to indulge in it ; and,

146 THE CANTER.

enjoying what they of course regard as dehghtful canters, to jump
to the conclusion that all that is necessary to be learned, is already
acquired. Consequently, with only one proper mode of cantering,
the variations are so numerous, as to take some time in describing,
and to afford great amusement to many in their illustration.

One great reason why ladies frequently appear to such dis-
advantage in the canter is their not properly preparing for it.
During the walk the reins may have become loose ; and the horse,
as commonly happens mth him under such circumstances, may
have been moving in a careless slovenly manner ; starting then, as
he thus does, without preparation, he is sure to canter equally so ;
and not only to exhibit himself to great disadvantage, but to
prejudice the lady's appearance also. He will carry his head low,
and drag the rider's hands and figm-e forward in an inelegant, and
dangerous manner ; or, in the vain desire to avoid the appearance
of stooping, and to prevent the strain upon the arms, the lady
will either advance the hands unproperly, or relax the reins till
losing all command over the horse ; and, if riding with the reins in
the bridle hand only, she will assuredly have the left shoulder
greatly in advance of the other.

To canter properly, which is the condition of its being the
delightful exercise it becomes, the rider must take her seat exactly
in the centre of the saddle, with the body erect, and with a shght

THE CANTEB.

147

bend in the back to tlirow the shoulders gracefully " en arriere" the
whole figui-e being at the same time so perfectly pliant, and divested
of stiffness, as the moment the pace is commenced, to correspond with
the position, and accommodate itself to the movements of the horse.

To prepare the horse for the canter, the rider must first carefully
adjust her reins, if they so require, and then with heel and whip
collect and press him up to the bridle, so as to raise his fore-hand,
and place him well upon his haunches.

The horse being thus properly prepared, the hands are to be
slightly elevated, and, with a gentle play upon his mouth, and the
application of heel and whip, he is incited to raising his fore-legs
in the action of the canter.

If the horse do not immediately respond to the indication of
the rider, the same means must be again applied, and with greater
animation, the hand being kept sufficiently fii'm to prevent him
from trotting. Thus he wdl be constrained to raise his fore-legs
together, and commence the action.

The more the horse is collected in the walk, the more readily
can he change to the canter, and, being aheady placed upon his
haunches, he is in the natm-al position for performing the pace in
an easy and styhsh manner.

V

148 THE CANTER.

In tlie canter the horse inclines a little obliquely to one side
or the other, according to the foot he is leading with ; a position
which calls for a corresponding one on the part of the rider, in
order to preserving the balance, and supporting the position of the
horse.

If the horse leads with his right foot, he inclines a little to the
left, and, in this case, the rider's body, and, consequently, her
hands, must turn slightly to the left also.

If he leads with the left foot, he inclines somewhat to the right,
and the rider's body and hands then take a corresponding position
to the right.

The rider has also to direct the foot with which the horse leads.
If carefully broken, and equally trained to canter with either leg,
the horse readily obeys the hand, at once striking off with the foot
on the opposite side to that to which the rider gently inclines him.

If a lady wishes her horse to canter with the right foot forward,
that is, to lead with the right foot, she must, in preparing to
commence the pace, slightly increase the bearing on the near rein,
so as to incline him a little obliquely to the left, and take up
herself the corresponding position at the same moment. Then,
upon making the disposition with her hands, and with animations

THE CANTER,

149

of heel and whip to raise the action to the canter, the horse,
from his present position, naturally leads with the right foot
foremost.

The moment this is done, the feeling on both reins becomes
equal, unless he canter with too great an inclination to the left,
and, in this case, the rider may bend his head a little to the right,
but with the greatest dehcacy, so as not to cause the horse to
change and lead with the opposite leg.

As the horse settles in his canter, attention must again be called
to the length of the reins. Some horses, in this pace, carry then-
heads rather close to the neck, and, such being the case, the reins
are to be slightly shortened: others again, when fau4y launched
in the canter, have a.shght extension of the head and neck, that
requires a corresponding lengthening of rein ; and, it is only by nice
observance of the horse's bearing that, the exact length reqmred
is duly ascertained.

A hght easy feeling upon the horse's mouth must be maintained
throughout the pace, that the rider may feel the cadence of every
step, and be able to extend, or shorten, the action at will. If the
horse flag in his movements, or hang upon the bit, his mouth must
be enlivened by animating touches of the fingers on the reins, the
heel and whip being applied at the same time to correct the action.

150 THE CANTEfi.

The rider must here carefully avoid bearing heavily on the reins,
by which undue stress, the action of the horse becomes confined,
and he is unable to canter freely, and evenly. Under such circum-
stances, many horses, especially in the canter, attempt to force
the bridle. Here the utmost nicety of the hands must be brought
into play, by quietly yielding them to him, and immediately drawing
them in again, as gently, towards the waist, each time that the horse
makes a strain upon the reins. With this practice properly per-
formed, and patiently persevered in, and with the hand and reins
eased to the peculiar bearing of the horse, he soon tires of his own
accord, and becomes thoroughly tractable.

If the horse drop into a trot against the will of the rider, he
must be collected as at first; the same disposition of hands, and
the same animations of heel and whip, being employed to force him
to resume the canter.

If a horse is trotting briskly at the moment in which it is
desirable to change him to the canter, the lady ought first to reduce
his speed in the trot, otherwise, he may change to a gallop, instead
of a canter.

Ladies' horses generally canter with the right foot forward — a
custom which the novice should always adopt — but no one can be
considered " mi fait" in the pace, unless able to sit perfectly at

THE CANTER. 151

ease, when tlie horse is leading with either leg. At the same time
it must be understood that the horse is never to be permitted to
canter with either fore leg leading at his own will, but must be
subject, enthely, to the guidance of the hand.

Great advantage is derived from frequently changing the leading
leg, as, by such means, the action of the one wiU become as easy and
famihar to the rider as that of the other. Horses are so constantly
ridden in the canter with the off leg leading, that frequently, when
from any disturbance of the pace, or by the wiU of the rider, they
are forced to lead with the near leg, their action becomes as
awkward as that of a horse altogether unused to the pace. Hence,
ladies are too prone to regard cantering with the near leg as incon-
venient and disagreeable, and, consequently, to forego its practice.
Yet, horses trained and accustomed to lead with either leg, in
obedience to the hand, go as easily and cleverly with the one, as
the other.

A horse may readily be taught to change the leading leg whilst
in the canter; and some, indeed, learn to do so of themselves,
according to occasion, just as in tm-ning to the right or left. Very
few, however, being trained to such a state of perfection, the lady,
unless she has perfect confidence in her own skiU, and in the
cleverness of her horse, will find it safer to puU up into the trot,
or walk, and change the leading leg out of one of these paces.

■%

152 THE CANTEB.

With a horse that has much cantering, it is always deshable to
lead from time to time with the alternate leg. In a long ride,
with a pace so pm-ely artificial, the continual strain upon one set
of muscles and sinews necessarily becomes painful and distressing
to the horse himself ; and also, through his going heavily in hand,
brings great fatigue, and oftentimes danger, to the rider. By
changing the leading leg, the horse obtains immediate relief, and
canters gaily, and pleasantly again.

Horses that are imperfectly broken, and either unused to this
pace, or urged to it without being properly prepared, frequently
go false, and disunited. To some of my fair readers, it may be
necessary to explain that a horse is .said to go "false," if, in
cantering to the right on a curve, he leads with the left leg, and
if in cantering to the left, he leads with the right ; he is " dis-
united," if he leads with the opposite leg behind, to that with
which he leads before.

In cantering to the right, if the horse lead with the off leg, and to
the left, with the near leg, he is said to be true ; and, when leading
with the off leg before, he follows with the off leg behind, when -with
the near leg before, with the near leg behind, he is said to be united.

When a horse is united in his canter, an easy and regular action
is maintained, which is agreeable alike to rider and horse; when

4 THE CANTEE. 153

disunited, the action is extremely irregular, and cannot long be
sustained. Besides, being most unpleasant and inconvenient, where
the action is false, no less than disunited, there is not the less danger
in making the turn.

A lady should, therefore, learn to distinguish without the aid of
the eye, when her horse is false or disunited, so that she may at
once stop, and put him off again with a true and united action.
This, however, is an intelligence only to be perfectly attained by
experience and practice. Beginners cannot at once be expected
to know when the horse leads, or follows, with the proper leg ; but
if the rider take the proper position, and if the horse canter
smoothly, with a slight inclination to the opposite side to the foot
he shoidd lead with, he may reasonably be supposed right. On
the contrary, if he disobey the hand, and, cantering with a rocking
motion, incline to the same side the rider would have him lead with,
it may, with equal certainty, be inferred that the horse is wrong.

THE TTJUN IN THE CANTER.

In making the turn either to the right or left, the horse must
be kept well up to the bridle, and be assisted both by a steady
feeling of the outward rein, which should only be sufficiently
relaxed to admit of an easy inclination of the horse to the side to
wliich he is to turn, and by a stronger pressure of the outward aid.

154 THE CANTER.

the leg or whip, to keep the haunches from falling too much out.
If the horse is turned suddenly round with the inward or leading
rein only, without being properly pressed up to the bridle, or
supported by the outward aid, he must turn upon his shoulders,
and, for self support, change to the outward leg, in order to
counteract the effect of such an uncollected turn.

The feeling on the outward rein must always be firm enough to
compel the horse thoroughly to cover the ground chosen for making
the turn. From this rule he ought never to be permitted to break
of his own accord, nor to turn abruptly round on a more confined
space.

Bearing in mind all that has been previously remarked of a horse
going " false," the fair rider must be careful not to turn suddenly,
or short round, to the right or left, when the horse is leading with
the opposite leg ; but, as a general rule under such circumstances,
in order to prevent the possibihty of an accident, she must pull
up into the walk, and then resume the canter after the turn is made.

THE STOP IN THE CANTER.

The stop in the canter is a great test of the fair rider's skill,
and, accordingly, a particular in which ladies very frequently fail.
Here again the principal cause of failm^e is chargeable on the

THE CANTER. 155

absence of preparation; eitlier the horse is not well in hand at
the moment, or the rider's figure is not suJB&ciently erect to give
her the necessary command over the horse for effecting the stop
properly. Hence it frequently follows that, the moment the horse
drops into a trot, the body is thrown still more forward by the
sudden change of pace, and the reins become yet further relaxed.
In this position, one of the following evils ensues — either the rider
jolts helplessly in the saddle till the horse stops of his own accord ;
or she attempts to remedy the inconvenience, by drawing the bridle
hand backward on the left side, with the body stdl inclining for-
ward— a position so frequently seen as to present itself at once
to the minds of many of my fair readers — or, in her despair, she
convulsively jerks the bridle, and thus renders confusion worse
confounded ; for the horse, if he has a fine mouth, stops suddenly,
throws up his head, and thus, by reason of the aheady stooping
position of the rider, produces a concussion against the pommel as
its inevitable result.

Por stopping in the canter, the reins, if too long, should be
drawn through the bridle hand to the required length, and, as the
horse is bringing his fore feet to the ground, the rider's body should
be gently thrown back, and the reins drawn upward towards the
centre of the waist. As almost all horses will trot a few paces
before halting, the moment the horse drops into a trot, the body
should again slightly recede; and, with a steady bearing on the

156 THE CANTEE.

reins, the heel and whip should be apphed to press the horse up
to the bridle, and cause him to stop properly on his haunches ; care
being taken that, on no account he ever stops short of the point
required.

If the horse is weU in hand, and nicely balanced on his haunches,
at the time of making the stop, the movements of the body and
hands must be very gentle and gradual, and nicely proportioned
to the rapidity of the pace, and the obedience of the anunal;
without attention to these points, the horse may receive a severe
shock, through being too suddenly and severely thrown upon his
quarters.

THE GALLOP.

" Thus formed to speed, lie challenges the wind,
And leaves the Scythian arrow far behind ;
He scours along the field with loosen'd reins,
And treads so light he scarcely prints the plains."

Virgil (Drtben.)

The "hand gallop" is merely the canter in an accelerated form,
and nearly the same rules are alike applicable to both paces. The
rider may inchne her body rather more forward than in the canter ;
but must preserve the same steady position of leg, knee, and foot,
in both instances.

The horse is never to be allowed to gain upon the hand, and, of
his own will, to extend the speed to the full gallop, or he soon
degenerates into the "runaway." The more rapid the pace, the
greater is the necessity for caution. The rider should, therefore,
always have her horse well in hand in the gallop, so that she may
be enabled to command the stop, or reduce his speed, as pleasure
or safety may require.

If the horse evince a desire to gain upon the hand, the rider
must at once check the impulse, by bringing the body upright,

158 THE GAI;LOP.

and each time that his fore feet come to the gromicl, by drawing
the reins firmly, but gradually, upwards to the waist. In tliis way
the horse dwells upon the hand for a moment or two at a time,
tiU the lady can " pull him more together," and moderate his speed.

_ Should the horse, either from want of exercise, or from some sudden
alarm, shew a continued disposition to break away, and extend the
gaUop to its -utmost speed, the rider, retaining her self-possession,
must preserve her seat as steadily as possible, so that no symptom
of alarm, on her part, may increase the terror, or impetuosity, of
the horse; and, carrying on the alternate feehng and easing of
the reins at every stride, in the manner already described, she must
soothe him at the same time with the voice, in order to reassure
him, and to give him to understand that, there is no real danger
to flee from.

A dead heavy pull at the bridle must ever be avoided, as more
likely to increase, than diminish, the horse's speed, and at the same
time, also, to prevent the rider's having sufficient command of the
horse's mouth, or of her own hands, as to guide him from running
against anything which might come in his course.

If the horse still resist the hand, the rider must then resort to
more determined measures. She must sit well back, bear heavily
on each rein alternately, and make a kind of sawing motion on

THE GALLOP. 159

the horse's mouth, which usually has the desired effect of bringing
hun up in a few minutes. Should this fail, the reins may be
slackened for an instant, when, with her full power, and her body
thrown weU back, they may be suddenly snatched upwards, great care
being at the same time taken, that the horse, by stopping suddenly,
does not throw the lady violently forward on the head of the saddle.

Whatever be the way in which the horse is stopped in the gaUop,
it must be the rider's chief concern, that he never become so
disunited by the operation, as to have no escape from falling.

Wlien the gaUop extends to speed, it is highly unprudent to
turn, except in a large space. If the horse, however, has so far
the mastery of the hand, as to turn of his own will, the rider, with
a determined feehng of the outward rein, must throw herself
quickly into the balance; and, in the same degree in which the
horse bends, or leans inwards, in the same direction, also, must
she inchne her own body; else, from the suddenness and violence
of the tm-n, she wiU be in danger of being thrown off on the
opposite side.

The extension of the horse in full gallop, and the rider's con-
sequent inability to stop him at the moment, or within some given
space, clearly shew the danger and impropriety of such riding on
a public road.

160 THE GALLOP.

It cannot here be too strongly impressed on the mind of the
young equestrian, that, in the majority of instances, horses run
away through being allowed, or urged, to going too suddenly out
of the canter into the full gallop. They, consequently, become
so excited, as utterly to defy the rider's power over them ; and, not
unfrequently, are the means of taking from her, that presence of
mind, which is of such vital importance on critical occasions like
the present.

THE CIPiCLE.

" And when to full four springs liis years advance,
Teach him to run the ring, with pride to prance,
And, rightly managed, equal time to beat,
To turn, to bound in measure, and curvet."

ViEGiL (Detben).

The exercise of the circle greatly assists both in confirming
the seat and balance of the rider, and in perfecting her in the use
of the hands, and the aids of the body, left leg, and whip.

The circle is practised in any convenient open space, with the
same facility, as in a riding house. A piece of ground one hundred
and twenty feet long, and fifty feet broad, is large enough for
the purpose; and to this space, dming exercise, the novice must
be strictly confined, as the hands, and the other aids, will then
be in. constant requisition, and practice.

While moving round a circle, in order to preserve the poise
of his body, the horse must necessarily lean inwards, proportionately
to the size of the circle, and to the speed with which he is made
to move upon it. The rider must of com-se conform to that

163 TKE CiaCLE.

inclination, and partake of it, or the equilibrium of botli will be
disturbed, and the power of retaining the seat be lost.

The aids are to be applied in the proportion, and according
to the effect, the rider means to produce. The greatest exactness,
uniformity, and delicacy being observed in the execution.

To give the novice an idea of the careful attention demanded
for the foregoing practice, let her imagine a circle of thirty yards
in diameter, and the number of circles, that can be described,
within so large a circumference. Precisely as are the chcles, so
many are the degrees of operation, which these aids have to per-
form. In working a horse upon a chcle of thirty yards diameter,
the delicacy of these aids, owing to the largeness of the area, is
scarcely, if at all, perceivable ; and yet, without such appliances,
the horse would naturally, and as certainly, work on a straight line.
We thus see how susceptible and obedient is the horse to the
shghtest touch; for, while a proper correspondence between the
hand and mouth are maintained, the latter is ahve to a mere hair-
breadth's alteration of position.

The degree of aids is determined and dhected by the eye.
Thus : the eye traverses about tlu-ee or fom- yards before the horse
on the ground intended to be gone over ; the body presents itself
to the direction of the eye ; the hand in its proper situation moves

THE CIECLE. 163

witli it ; and, when deviating but one half inch from the line,
directs the horse off the line in that self same proportion. The
more the circles are contracted, by so much the more is the eye,
of course, in traversing the ground, directed to the side to which
the horse is working. It is, consequently, the body and hand
which, presenting themselves in that direction, give the pro-
portionate degree of aid required.

Let the circle then at first be formed on a scale of half, or even
less than half, of that already supposed — say from twelve to fifteen
yards in diameter — and the horse be made to move on it for some
days at a walk.

In riding round a circle, the inward rein is to be rather lower
than the outward one, and the circle is to be commenced by the
rider leading off the horse with the inward rein, in such a manner
that she can see the inward eye.

The inward rein must be delicately acted upon ; if it be jerked
at distant intervals, or borne upon Tvdthout intermission, it wiU,
in the former case, make the horse swerve in and out ; and, in the
latter, the rider's hand and the animal's mouth wiU both, in some
degree, part with their fineness of perception, and with their
exquisite correspondence. In order to ensure correct action, the
inward rein should be borne on in a very shght degree, and yielded

164 THE CIRCLE.

the next instant alternately ;— the hand keeping exact time in its
operations with the cadence of the horse's feet, — while the horse
is, at the same time, supported both by the outward rein, and by
the aid of leg or whip when required, to prevent his swerving from
the required line.

Eor the novice to ascertain that her hand and aids are correct,
she ought at first to have some mark by which her own eye may
be directed, but not that of the horse, or he will foUow the track
of his own accord, and thus render it impossible for the rider to
discover the truth of her own aids. Therefore, having ground
which is free from marks of its own, let her have fom* or five of
them placed upon the circle, of such a description as neither to
obstruct the horse, nor to fly up and startle him, and then endeavour
to pass directly over each mark — she wiU thus learn how nearly
she can work ; but, the task being far from easy in the commence-
ment, she must not be discouraged if she fail of accomplishing
her wish immediately.

The rider is not to confine herself to working on one unvaried
circle, as this not only becomes irksome, but brings the horse into
soon working it by rote. After a short time, therefore, she should
begin to ride in double circles, which are at first, of considerable
diameter, but which decrease as she improves. Eiding in double
circles is guiding the horse to perform a figure of 8 ; and this,

A..

\ 9

W

\ ,K. y\

\ :
'V

THE CIRCLE.

165

in the language of the riding house, is called " effecting the large
and narrow change," according to the size of the chcles. The
number of the circles may be increased, and their sizes varied
with great advantage, the rider from tune to time diversifying her
track, and changing her ground, by guiding her horse diagonally
from one circle, or point of a cucle, to another. Thus, the horse
will never be aware of the rider's intention, except thi'ough the
truth and correctness of her aids.

The accompanying "plate" more clearly describes the lines to
work on. The intersection of the circles, and the termination of
the diagonal lines, are the points where the ground is to be changed
from one circle to another. The letters a are the marks for duecting
the rider to the ground, and for discovering the correctness of the
performance.

If the horse do not readily obey the hand, he is to be forced
up to the bridle by an animation of the leg, and whip, which, in
the commencement, should be as gentle as possible, no less out
of regard to the sensitiveness of the horse, than that the novice
may keep her ground, and change smoothly, without breaking the
time. She may then attempt a brisker action and higher animation,
but always with due regard to the accm-acy of the performance.

After a few days' practice on the just mentioned plan, the rider

166 THE CIECLE.

may begin to circle at a trot, and finally at a canter : the exercise
being at first practised with both hands, and subsequently effected
with one.

The rider must never forget that, although she may change
safely to the right or left in the walk, or trot, in the canter, she
must so manage as always to circle to the right, when the horse is
leading with the off leg, and to the left, when he is leading with
the near leg. This distinction a glance at the " plate" will prove,
as one, which, by varying the turning point, can be accomplished
with ease and infinite variety.

THE LEAP.

" Throw tlie broad ditoli tehind you ; o'er the hedge
High bound, resistless; nor the deep morass
Refuse."

Thoitpson.

It is not absolutely necessary for a lady to learn to leap, so tliat
the matter may be left pm-ely to her own inclination; for, unless
she aspires to the " pleasm-es of the chace," no occasion may ever
arise to caU for the exercise of leaping. At the same time, the
knowing how to leap possesses many advantages, among which may
be mentioned, her being better enabled to sit a vicious and restive
horse, and to maintain her seat upon one that is prone to shy — the
motion of a horse in kicking, plunging, or rearing, resembling in a
great measure that of leaping. It is generally remarked that, ladies
who hke leaping, and possess the requisite nerve, almost invariably
excel in this exercise — indeed, there appears to be with them no
medium — they leap either very well, or not at aU; and it need
scarcely be added, that instances of the former are far from nu-
merous, from the absence of both practice and nerve.

The many e\il consequences resulting from the practice, both to

168 THE LEAP.

the inexperienced and the timid, not merely in falls, but in — what
is more serious — ^their being thrown violently forward on the saddle,
has always made me scrupulous of advising ladies to leap, unless I
know them to be naturally inclined to it, or I am well assured of
their having previously acquired such perfect knowledge and skill in
the management of themselves and their steeds, as to perform this
feat with safety ; — not that there is any difficulty either in leaping,
or in learning to leap, but so few ladies are sufficiently instructed,
and others do not naturally possess the nerve and confidence required
for practising it successfidly.

In teaching to leap, a bar or hurdle from two to three feet in
height, and a ditch from two to four feet in breadth, are all that
is called for ; it not being necessary with the majority of ladies to
incur more risk, by increasing the size of the leap. As scarcely
two horses ever leap exactly alike, it is far better practice to
change the horse fr'om time to time. It is, moreover, a well
ascertained fact, that if a rider can accomplish a moderate leap
satisfactorily in cool blood, she is fully equal to more extended
performances if pleasm-e or necessity require them. Still, with
ladies, whose skiU and proficiency in the art, are equalled only
by their confidence, and the delight taken in the exercise, such
achievements, when called for, and, of course, under the exercise
of sound judgment, need be limited only by the capabilities of
their steeds.

THE LEAP. 169

Leaps are taken either standing, or fljing. The standing leap,
which is usually the first practised, is taken from the halt, close
to the fence. The flying leap is taken fr'oni some animated pace,
and is much easier to sit than the standing leap, although the
latter is considered the safer of the two to begin with, since the
steadiness with which it is made by a properly broken horse enables
a master, or friend, to assist the novice, on the slightest appearance
of danger.

The sitting a leap well is entirely dependent upon the just
balance of the body, by which is understood, the weight so
correctly thrown into the saddle as to meet the movements
of the horse.

No weight is to be borne in the sthrup, as pressm-e on the stirrup
evidently tends to raise the body, rather than keep it down in the
saddle. It also takes away from the left knee, the power of closing
against the side of the saddle, no less than of loosening the hold of
the right knee on the pommel, and of removing the pressure of the
right leg against the fore-flap of the saddle. Further, it prevents
the rider from using the " leaping head " effectually, if she ride
with one.

In the standing leap, as the horse comes to the fence, the body
keeps its ordinary upright position ; as he rises, it inchnes forward

170 THE LEAP.

to maintain the balance ; and as he springs from his hind legs,
the body must incline backward, tUl the hind feet meet the
ground again.

The horse is to be brought up straight, and steadily to the leap,
at an animated walk, the reins separated, and the hands kept quite
low. On arriving at the fence, he is to be lightly halted upon
his haunches. A light pressure of the leg and whip to his sides,
and of the fingers upon the reins, then invites him to rise. In
so doing, the reins are to be felt only just so much as to prevent
their becoming slack, the rider yielding her hands freely as he
springs forward, to give the horse at that moment full liberty to
extend himself. AVlien the hind feet come to the ground, the
horse is again collected by the hands resuming their former
position, and by a pressure of the leg and whip, both to force
him up to the bridle, and to urge him forward at the same pace
at which he moved prior to being halted for the leap.

The hands, as abeady observed, must be kept low, this being
a most essential point, though with difficulty impressed on in-
experienced and timid riders, whose general tendency is to raise the
hands ; and fear is mainly the promoter of this action, the hands
being raised, either with the intention of holding on by the bridle,
or of making the horse rise at the leap. So great at times is
the apprehension of novices that the horse will not clear the fence

THE LEAP.

171

with his fore legs, that they take leave of their common sense,
and so foolislily put faith in the virtue of their own hands, as
abnost to defy one who has hold of these to keep them down.
Consequently, as regards the horse, his head and nose are so
raised out of place, and his neck so straitened, that it is im-
possible for him to gather himseK for the rise, tiU he has again
dropped his nose, and curved his neck, and this the hands in
that situation have hindered him from doing. If the rider, not
being sensible of the impropriety, nor foreseeing the danger of
so doing, urge her horse in this position to leap, the latter, not
being able to leap as he ought, leaps as he can, and the result is
an awkward short leap of all fom- legs together, which is unpleasant,
and dangerous alike to horse and rider.

So far I have considered only the impediment offered to the
horse by this improper position of the hands, let us now come to
its tendency of unseating the rider. If the body be fully thrown
back, with the hands raised as described, the rider then necessarily
checks her horse, and hinders him covering the leap. This restraint
the horse quickly perceives, and therefore he prepares himself to
force the hand, — as a consequence, the rider is pulled violently
forward upon the head of the saddle, and further is in imminent
danger of being thrown completely off, by the shock received in the
horse's feet again meeting the groimd. That the fair reader may
the more easily convince herself of the truth of this fact, let her as

172 THE LEAP.

the liorse stands still, place her hands low, leaning the body back ;
and she wUl find that she can do so without any great distm-bance
to the horse, but rather giving him a proper support, and also
making it impossible for him to force her body forward. On the
contrary, without altering the length of the reins, let her raise the
hands, and lean the body back, when she will at once discover
that the latter cannot go back without checking the horse, and
that, in this situation, the hands must be forced by him, in order
to covering his leap.

The next important point for the fair rider's consideration is, the
position of the body. As the horse rises at the leap, the body,
as before observed, must incline forward to preserve the balance.
Were the body to hang back as the horse rises before, it is obvious
that the weight must rest entirely upon his mouth, and thus not
only prevent his leaping, but it will perhaps cause him to fall
backward upon the rider. In bringing the body forward, great
attention must be given to having the waist well advanced, and the
shoulders properly thrown back ; for, if the body is brought for-
ward with a round back and shoulders, it is not in a position to
get back in time comfortably ; but, with the waist well advanced,
and the shoulders thrown back with ease, the body, as the horse
springs forward, of itself, naturally inchnes backward, unless the
hands are raised to prevent it. If the body is not at that moment
inclined weU back, it is sure to be thrown forward by the shock

THE LEAP. 173

received, when the horse's feet meet the ground; and thus, not
only is the rider brought into danger, but the horse is deprived
of the support which at this moment he expects from the hand.

If the horse go impatiently to the leap, he is to be halted, and
reined back, or turned round, untn he can be brought coolly up
to it ; if he is allowed to " rush" at the fence, he becomes an
unsafe, as well as an uncertain leaper. At the same time, the horse
may be too much collected previously to his leap, in which case
he is apt to bound, or, as it is commonly termed, " buck over"—
a movement that is very likely to unseat a novice. The degree in
which a horse should be collected or animated, entirely depends
upon the temperament of the animal ; and of this most important
particular, a knowledge can only be obtained by experience and
practice.

In the flying leap, the seat has to be preserved in the same
manner as in the standing one, except that in the former it is need-
less— nay, highly imprudent — to advance the body as the horse
rises, for the spring from the hind legs immediately following will in
that case hinder the body's getting back in time. Moreover, in the
flying leap, the horse's position, especially in a low leap, is more
horizontal than when rising at a fence from the halt ; and, conse-
quently, if the horse suddenly check himself, and refuse the leap, he
may throw the rider over in her leaning forward. Let the hands

174 THE LEAP.

then be kept down, the waist brought forward, and the body
permitted to take that backward inchnation which is produced
by the springing forward of the horse, without its being allowed
to regain an upright position, until the horse's hind feet shall have
come to the ground.

The horse is to be guided straight to the leap, the rider yielding
her hands gradually as he advances. Prom ten to fifteen yards is
the proper distance for a horse to run prior to taking the leap. If
the horse leap willingly and cleverly, he may be allowed to take his
own pace to the fence, and he wiU be sure to spring from the just
distance. When he is weU over the leap and coming to the ground,
he has to be supported by the hand, but this support must be afforded
with great nicety, as the horse regards a sudden or violent check
upon the reins as a punishment, and probably refuses his next leap.

An indolent horse requires to be animated, and m'ged by strong
aids to make the leap ; but no horse, however, must be flurried
into taking the spring, or he may miss his proper distance, and
may make the leap hap-hazard, to the extreme peril of his rider.
If the horse shews unwillingness to take the leap, and attempts to
swerve right or left, the rider, with a light and ready hand, must
keep his head steady and straight to the fence, till she fii-mly, yet
kindly, compels him to clear it. Great forbearance and patience are
frequently required in so doing, and there cannot be too profuse

THE LEAP. 175

encouragement, since notliing is more distasteful to the horse in
general, than being forced to leap over an obstacle without the
excitement of company, and example. Let this be weU borne in
mind, for indiscretion in this particular has been serious in its results
to many, and fatal to some.

The novice, when properly instructed in the flying leap, may
attempt the double, or "in and out leap," which differs in no
respect from the standing, or the flying leap. Greater adroitness
in adapting the position of the body to the movements of the horse,
and greater readiness in the use of the hands, and in application of
the aids, are however necessarily called for; because the horse
makes a second leap the very moment that he has concluded the
first, the hind feet having no sooner reached the ground in the
first leap than the fore legs rise again in the second.

'For practising the double leap, the rails or hurdles should vary
from eighteen to thirty inches in height.

A horse that jumps freely, or, commonly speaking, that " carries
his rider in his mouth," is the best for a novice, prodded always
that he neither rushes, nor puUs hard.

The assisting and lifting a horse at a leap may be pi'actised by
experienced riders, but must never be attempted by beginners :

176 THE LEAP.

it is impossible for the latter to know when, and to what extent,
aid may be given; and, in the aim, they are far more likely
to deter the horse from taking the leap, than to assist him in
making it.

CEITICAL SITTATIONS.

"The courser pawed tlie groimd witli restless feet,
And snorting, foamed, and cliamped the golden bit."

Deyben.

I HAVE abeady remarked, that a lady slioidd never, if in her
power to avoid it, ride a horse addicted to any vice, or one having
a fault likely to endanger her safety. Nevertheless, she ought
to be armed at all points, and prepared for all emergencies. After
years of good behaviom% the most quiet horse may exhibit symptoms
of vice, even without apparent cause. The best tempered animals
are not faultless, nor the most sm-e-footed guaranteed from falling ;
it is wise, therefore, never to be surprised by any accident or
infirmity whatever.

Of the different forms of restiveness manifested by the horse,
that of stopping and4m'ning suddenly round is the most common.
The horse usually commences his attack by turning short round
to the riglit, where he takes the rider at the greatest disadvantage,
few being so powerful with the left, as with the right, hand. He
instinctively discovers which is the weaker side, and designedly
attacks this.

178 CRITICAL SITUATIONS.

The turn is generally made witli such force and suddenness as
to put it out of the rider's power to prevent it, however prepared
she may be for the attack. Indeed, it is both vain and unwise to
make the attempt; for the rider may be assured both of being
herself foiled, and of her horse taking courage, from his success
in the struggle, to repeat his endeavours to have his own way.

Instead then of trying to hinder him with the left hand, let
the rider rather attack him with the right, and puU him completely
round in that direction, till his head presents itself the same way
that she was originally going. Thus the horse finds to his
astonishment that he has gained no point, and is precisely in the
place from which he started. At this moment, an application of
the heel, and whip, may be made for urging him forward, though
it but rarely succeeds. He generally turns again, and the rider,
after the fashion of the horse, still attacking the unguarded side,
must pull him right round two or three times successively, letting
the heel, and whip, if necessary, assist the hand. Great care
must be taken while she is thus occupied, to preserve her balance,
by an inchnation of the body to the centre of the circle, described
by the horse's head in his evolution.

Some horses, finding themselves thus baffled, soon yield, others
make a more determined resistance. If the horse stiU refuse to
advance as the rider wishes, he must be studiously prevented from

CRITICAL SITUATIONS. 179

going any otlier way ; and, as tlie whip at sucli a moment only
increases his obstinacy, or makes him rear, or ran away in another
dhection, her mode of attack must be immediately changed, by
tm-ning him round, and reining him backward, until he shews a
disposition to advance.

It must be a uniform rule with the rider, never to contend with
her horse on that point which he is prepared to defend. Her
efforts, on the contrary, are to be directed to his weaker side ; for
the more he fortifies himself in one place, by so much the more
are his powers of defence diminished in another. Thus, if a horse
sets himself against going forward, he is easily compelled back-
ward. Wlien obstinately refusing to go to the right, the rider,
owing to the manner in which the horse's body and hmbs are
disposed, can with the greatest facihty turn him round to the left.
When standing stock-still, and setting at defiance aU the rider's
endeavours to move him, his defence may still be converted mto a
punishment, by her sitting patiently on his back, without making
any effort to move hkn, and by keeping him in that position some
short tune after he himself evinces a deshe to move forward.
Nothing so soon subdues, or disheartens a horse, as this mode of
turning his attacks against himself, and of making his defences
appear acts of obedience to the rider's inchnation and will.

In these contests vntli the horse, the rider must be perfectly

180 CMTICAL SITUATIONS.

calm and collected, with the eye well directed to the surrounding
objects, lest she be thrust into some awkward situation; which
tlirough inattention she may become of her own accord, without
the least design on the part of the horse. Frequently, however, the
horses themselves leave no effort untried to place their riders in
these situations, by sidling to other horses, carriages, walls, &c.,
as the case may be. Here again the mode of attack, already
advised, enables the rider at the same time both to defeat the
intentions of the horse, and to secure her own safety. Inex-
perienced riders naturally enough, at first, endeavour to pull the
horse away from the object; but they soon find, not only that
their exertions are unavailing, but that they are themselves un-
knowingly inviting the horse, if the object be upon the near side,
to crush their knees against it. The instant, therefore, that a rider
perceives her horse viciously sidling to any object, instead of striving
to pull him away from it, she must with all her might bend his
head towards it. By these means she places the side of the horse
next the object in a concave position, and so frustrates all his
efforts of doing her any injury. And, as this position of the head
soon compels him to direct his quarters outward, she may then back
him away from the object in perfect safety.

Whenever the rider feels her horse disposed to vice, she must
prepare herself for the encounter, by separating the reins, and by
keeping the body upright, yet so flexible as readily to accompany

CRITICAL SITUATIONS. 181

every action of the horse, and repel every effort he may make
against her.

Of all the defences which a horse makes, that of rearing is the
most dangerous; his rise being oftentimes so rapid, and unex-
pected, that the rider cannot anticipate his intentions, and
sometunes so high, as to endanger his own falhng backwards,
fortunately, a horse which rears to this extreme seldom or never
kicks, the rider has therefore principally to guard against his
rearing.

When a horse rears, the rider must immediately cease bearing
on the reins, and inchne her body well forward, so as to throw its
weight upon his shoulders, and obhge him to come down. Having
recovered her position gradually in his descent, she must, as his fore
feet are nearing the ground, apply a smart stroke or two of the whip
heUud the saddle, having due regard to preserving her balance,
shoidd the horse plunge forward after bemg corrected. It must ever
be borne in mind — ^for her life may depend upon the observance —
that she is never to touch the horse with the whip, or bear upon the
reins, or press with the heel, while he is up and rising, else he
will rear more violently than he otherwise would have done, and,
possibly, so high as inevitably to fall backward. Upon the horse's
coming to the ground, she must also be especially careful not to
bear upon his mouth too suddenly, or he will be incited to rise again.

182 CEITICAL SITUATIONS.

If the horse shews himself disposed to rear again, or whenever
the rider perceives his intention of doing so, at that very moment
she must slacken one rein, and bend him with the other, keeping
her hand low. This bend compels him to move a hind leg, which
motion, throwing him off his balance, of necessity brings him to
descend. She must then immediately turn him round two or three
times, to divert him from his object, and reduce him to obedience.

If the horse rears very high, the rider may assist her balance by
holding with the bridle-hand on the horse's mane ; and, all possible
bearing being thus taken from the horse's mouth, the danger of his
falling backward is considerably diminished. If the horse fight
with his fore feet, throwing them out to the front, but little danger
is to be apprehended, unless the heaviness of the rider's hand pulls
him over. If, on the contrary, as the horse rises he bend his fore
legs and feet under him, the danger is imminent; for, with the
lightest hand, and the best seat in the world, such a horse is Hkely
to come over, and crush his rider in the faU.

A horse that is given to rearing, even in its least troublesome
form, is altogether unfitted for a lady's use ; and the sooner such
an animal is parted with, and sent to some more kindred occu-
pation, the better for both parties.

A horse that is addicted to Mching must be kept weU in hand ;

CRITICAL SITUATIONS. 183

for, if his head be fairly sustained, he cannot do much mischief with
his heels. The moment a horse shews a tendency to kicking, the
rider should snatch his head up sharply, and chide him at the same
time with the voice. If he continue to kick, she must keep her
seat firmly ; sit back, with her hands raised to keep the horse's head
weU up, and punish his mouth severely with the bit every time
that he attempts to kick, or get his head down. The hands,
though raised, are not to pull at the horse, unless he makes an
effort to force the hand. Liberty to go forward he must have, but
not the liberty to get his head down. On the other hand, the great
point is to keep his head up as much as possible ; which, if done,
takes away the power to kick, there being a point of elevation at
which it is impossible for the horse to lift both hind legs at the
same time : he is thus soon compelled to yield to the constraint
of the position, and the punishment of the bit.

If the horse kick while obstinately standing still, the rider must,
in the same manner, get his head up to the utmost of her power,
and try the effect of some smart strokes of the whip on his shoulder ;
then, watching a favourable opportunity, twist him round a few
times tiU his astonislmient, and confusion at the novelty of his
treatment, gets the mastery over his contentious sphit.

A rider should always endeavour to ascertain, as soon as possible,
that the kicking does not proceed from anjihing WTong in the

184 CEITICAIi SITUATIONS.

saddle. A hard or iH-fitting saddle frequently causes the most
docile animal to kick, and always aggravates the vice in one that is
disposed to so doing.

It is fortunate that very few horses, under proper management,
ever plunge violently after their first breaking. The best tempered
horse, however, will sometimes plunge, to relieve himself of the
pain he endures from a badly fitting saddle, or from girths too
tightly drawn. So exhausting to the horse is the action in plunging,
that it is soon abandoned, if he fail in throwing his rider, or
bm'sting his girths. When a horse plunges, he gets his head
down, sets up his back, swells his body to burst his girths, and
kicks and pluj^'es till he can hold out no longer; but, after six
or eight plunges, he generally becomes quite spent.

Through these plunges the rider must keep her seat as firmly
as possible — which is, confessedly, not always an easy matter —
and be much on her guard that the horse, in getting his head
down, does not pull her body forward. If the horse plunge from
either of the causes before mentioned, and not from vice, instead
of chiding, she must speak to him kindly, and encom-agingly, but
not timidly. There is no danger of the horse's rearing. The
rider, therefore, has only to keep her body back, with a strong
bearing on the reins to prevent him throwing himself down,
which is but too likely to happen, if he get his head entirely loose.

CEITICAL SITUATIONS. 185

A liorse that is prone to shy may, in many cases, be prevented
from starting, by bis bead being turned a little away from tbose
objects whicb are known, by experience, as likely to alarm him.
The moment anything miusual is seen or heard approaching, the
rider must be upon the " qui vive'' and incline the horse's head
gently from the object, that be may pass it, as far as possible,
unobserved. If, at the same time, she touch him lightly with the
heel or whip on the same side to which she inclines him, and
speak kindly and playfully to him, his attention wiU be further
diverted from the object.

If he shy at any stationary object which he has to pass, and,
from fear, turn suddenly round, as in cases in which a horse does
so through restiveness, let the rider first turn him completely
round, and then soothe, and encourage him to approach and pass
the cause of his alarm. By coaxing, a horse may be encouraged
to go up to the object of his dislike, and so beneficial an effect be
thus produced that, the liorse, discovering how groundless have
been his fears, is less given to starting from any similar cause
in future.

If the horse, swerving from an object, attempt to fly rapidly
past it, striving to puU him towards it is ahke useless, and im-
prudent; for, even if the rider succeed in bringing his head to
that side, she may, in so doing, prevent his seeing what is before

2 B

186 CEITICAL SITUATIONS.

him, and so cause him to run out of an imaginary danger into a
real one. It is far better to let him go forward, the rider keeping
her eyes to the front, so as to guide him from running against
anything in that dnection ; and gradually, yet firmly, reuiing him
in, she, by her own composure, shows the total absence of cause
for apprehension.

The rider must always have a watchful hand upon a horse that
is at all prone to shy. She cannot then be taken at a great
disadvantage; for the slightest symptom of alarm upon the part
of the horse is at once communicated to the hand, where the eye
may fail of immediately discovering the grievance, but with this
organ instantly directed to the horse's ears, both hand and body
are prepared to act as the movements of the horse may require.

A horse is easily restored to confidence by kindness and judicious
management, but punishment for shying, so far from quickly
allaying his fears, does but tend to increase his sensitiveness. He
is apt to shy again at the first strange object that presents itself,
and then to add another start on the instant, in anticipation of
the chastisement that awaits him.

Under the heading of this chapter stumbling also must be com-
prised. If a horse is in the habit of stumbhng, either from infirmity,
or from some peculiar formation, the greatest attention is demanded

CEITICAIi SITUATIONS. 187

of the rider for always having him well in hand, so that, upon the
slightest intimation of a stumhle, she may immediately throw her
body back, and, by raising her own hands, at the same time raise
his head and forehand. This must be the work of an instant,
executed before the horse is too much off his balance, if not, it will
be beyond her power to recover him. Not aU the care in the world
can secure a horse of this description from stumbhng, nor, at all
tunes, hinder him from faUing ; hence, as before observed, the im-
propriety of such animals ever being ridden by ladies.

It is not less an absurd, than an useless, practice to punish a horse
for stumMing, for clearly the poor animal would not run the risk of
breaking his own knees if he could avoid doing so. Whipping
either distracts his attention from recovering himself, or induces
him the moment he has recovered himself, to fly forward in a
hurried and disunited manner, and to risk a more serious stumble —
nay, perhaps a fall, before regaining his self-possession.

A young horse, however good his formation, unless he has been
both weU broken, and well ridden, often goes too forward on his
shoulders ; and, if highly couraged, is apt to " over-step himself,"
and frequently to "touch with his toe." The excellence of his
formation, and his natiu-al activity, enable him to recover himself
immediately, generally without the assistance of his rider. With a
horse of this class a light check is aU that is necessary upon such

188 CEITICAL SITUATIONS.

occasions ; but even with, an animal thus favourably formed, this habit
is not, at aU times, unattended with danger ; and the rider must use
all means to break him of it, Por this purpose, with a ligbt hand,
she must keep him more together by raising his forehand, and with
gentle touches of the heel and whip, by pressing his haunches well
forward, and under him. He then necessarily goes more within
himself, and is compelled to raise and bend the knee, so as to
deliver the foot in the air, in such a manner as to ensure its coming
flatly and evenly to the ground.

A horse that is free from defect of form, and that has been care-
fully suppled, and nicely balanced on his haunches, can scarcely
make a mistake. It is, of course, impossible to say but that at some
moment, and from some unforeseen cause, a false step may be
made, or even a fall ; but the chances of the latter are so remote
that, with ordinary precaution on the part of the rider, such an
animal may always be ridden with equal safety and pleasure.

GENERAL OBSEEYATIONS.

" Full of -wise saws and modern instances." — Shakspeaee.

Demosthenes on being asked what was the first point in oratory,
replied — action; what the second? — action; what the third? —
action. Had the same energizing Grecian heen catechised, in this
way, as to his opinion of a horse, with all his eloquence, he could
not have used the words more pointedly ; for here, supremely, action
is everything, and, without it, the finest form is of small value. It
must, however, in justice be admitted, that we do not often find very
fine shape and make unaccompanied by it. " A judge may form
some idea of what a horse is before mounting, from the position of
those two most essential points — the shoulders and hind legs, — for,
if they are not in their proper places, true action is looked for in
vain. It is impossible for a horse to carry his rider pleasantly,
without good lengthy shoulders, and well bent hind-legs. A
friend of mine, whose judgment at times borders on fastidiousness,
goes so far as to say that, with straight hind-legs no horse can have
a good mouth. He is correct to this point, that no horse with
straight hind-legs can " pull together ;" therefore, neither his head
nor his heels can be where they ought to be." — NnmoD.

190 GENEBAL OBSEEVATIONS.

To obtain the light, smooth, and easy action so essential in a
lady's horse, the primary objects are deep oblique shoulders, and
well bent hind-legs. This angular construction of the hmbs has
been not unaptly compared to the simUar arrangement of the
springs of a carriage, and the ease of motion, and almost perfect
freedom from jolting, which are thence obtained.

" The oblique shoulder not only gives extensive action, but
facility of action also. The point of the shoulder being projected
forward, the legs or pillars which support the fore part of the horse
are likewise placed proportionably forward, and, having less weight
to carry are exposed to less concussion, especially concussion in
rapid action. The horse is thus altogether safer also ; for, having
less weight lying before the pillars of support, he is not so likely
to have the centre of gravity thrown before and beyond them by
an accidental trip ; in other words, he is less likely to fall ; and
he rides the more pleasantly, from there being far less weight to
bear on, and fatigue the hand of the rider. It likewise happens,
unfortunately, that nature, as if to compensate the deficiency of
action and power in an upright shoulder, has accumulated on it
more muscle, and, therefore, the upright shoulder becomes pro-
verbially thick and cloddy, and the muscles of the breast which
were designed to strengthen the attachment of the shoulders to
the chest, and bind them together, must, when the point of the
shoulder lies backward, and under the horse, be proportionably

GENERAL OBSEEVATIONS. 191

thickened and strengthened, and the horse is thus still more heavy
before, more unpleasant, and more unsafe to ride." — Youatt.

Although in their action the hind legs escape much of the
concussion to which the fore legs are exposed, — the weight of the
body being never thrown violently upon them — ^yet a horse with
straight hind legs cannot have good hough action ; and, therefore,
his paces, and especially his canter, faUs of being smooth and even.
In addition to the difficulty, and, in many cases, impossibility of
placing him properly on his haunches, by uniting him, or " puUing
him toEcether," this straiarhtness of limb renders an animal so
formed totally unfit to carry a lady.

" If there be one thuig more than any other, m which the
possessor, and, in his own estimation, at least, the tolerable judge
of the horse, is in error, it is the action of the road horse. ' Let
him lift his legs well,' it is said, ' and he will never come down.'
In proportion, however, as he lifts his legs well, will be the force
with which he puts them down again ; the jar and concussion to
the rider; and the battering and wear and tear of the feet. A
horse with too great ' knee action' will not always be speedy ; he
wdl be rarely pleasant to ride, and he will not, in the long run,
be safer than others. The careless dais?/ cutter, however pleasant
on the turf, should indeed be avoided, unless the neck of the rider
be previously insured; yet it is a rule, not often understood, and

192 GENEB,AI; OBSEEVATIONS.

sometimes disputed, but whidi experience will fully confirm, — that
the safety of the horse depends a great deal more on the manner
in which he puts his feet down, than on that in which he lifts
them up, — more on the foot being placed at once flat on the
ground, or perhaps the heel coming first in contact with it, than
on the highest and most splendid action. ' When the toe first
touches the ground, it may be easily supposed that the horse will
occasionally topple over. An unexpected obstacle will throw the
centre of gravity forward, and down he will come. K the toe dig
into the ground before the foot is firmly placed, a little thing will
cause a trip and a fall." — Youatt.

" Perhaps it may not be generally known that, a horse may go
very near the ground, and never make a trip ; and that another may
lift his knee almost to his nose, and yet be an arrant tumble-down.
Lifting up the leg, or what the London people call the " knee-up
action," has nothing to do with a horse going safe on the road. It
is not on the taking tip of the foot, but on the putting of it down,
that the safety of a horse's action depends. Man walks very near
the ground, but seldom strikes it with Ms toe. Follow him over a
path where the snow is deep enough to trace him, and you will
immediately perceive that he strikes the snow with his heel, but
scarcely ever with his toe. If he did, he would constantly be
injuring himself, and would soon become a cripple. The action of
a man proceeds from his hips ; whereas that of a horse, as far as his

GEjSTIEAIj OBSEEVATIOIfS.

193

fore-legs are concerned, is from liis shoulders ; but the principle
is the same with each — each is a piece of curiously wrought
mechanism ; and according to the correctness of that mechanism is
the action true." — Nimrod.

Having said so much for the horse, let me here take occasion to
repeat my advice to the fair rider to exercise due judgment in the
selection of her Habit Maker.

If a lady is obliged at any time to borrow a side-saddle, or to use
one that she is not accustomed to, let it be a great point with her
to ascertain that it is of sufficient length from the pommel to the
cantle ; for, if too short for her figure, she may be greatly incon-
venienced by having to sit, through a long ride, on the edge of
the cantle.

Before commencing a ride, it should be an invariable practice to
adjust the reins carefully, and collect the horse properly, that, on
starting, the lady may have him under perfect command.

If two or more ladies are about to ride together, as soon as each
is placed properly in the saddle, let her move forward sufficiently to
be out of the way of the others, and then keep her horse perfectly
quiet, that he may not render the other horses impatient, and
unsteady, during the time of their being mounted. In joining any

2c

194 GEISTEEAL OBSEEVATIONS.

other party on horseback, the rider should always guardedly place
her horse in such a position as to avoid the risk of injury, if either
kicks, A lady, accompanied by a gentleman, always rides on the
near side.

It is an excellent rule at starting, always to begin gently, as the
majority of accidents occur from the excitement of horses, who are
often too highly animated by the riders immediately after their
leaving the stable.

The etiquette of the road prescribes the rider's being always on
the near side, but to pass anything going in the same direction as
herself, she must be on the off side, taking care to make the change
at a moment when there is ample room for the purpose.

Great caution is to be exercised in turning, in order to avoid the
risk of collision with any other object. In approaching a tm'n,
where, from its position, the rider is unable immediately to ascertain
if anything is in her road, or coming from an opposite direction,
she must always go gently, taking ample room, keeping her own
side, and having her horse well in hand to be prepared for any
emergency.

In riding up hiU, the bridle hand is to be extended freely, and
the body advanced to throw the weight upon the horse's shoulders.

GENEEAL OBSEEVATIONS.

195

If the ascent is very steep, tte rider may steady herself by holding
with the bridle-hand upon the horse's mane, but on no account on
the pommel or head of the saddle ; else, at such a moment, from
the position of the horse, the saddle may shift backward, perhaps
turn round, and so endanger the life of the rider.

In going down hdl, the rider must have a light and fine feehng
of the horse's mouth, and incline the body well back to throw the
weight upon the horse's hind quarters — thus she reheves the
shoulders, for the more easy performance of their own especial
task. The hand must be sufficiently yielded to enable the horse to
step out freely, and put down his foot firmly. Inexperienced and
timid riders are very apt to make a mistake in this respect, and to
support the horse's head too high, and confine him in such a
manner as renders his step uncertain and unsafe. In an excellent
work on " Horsemanship," written some fifty years ago, the author
makes the following admirable observations upon this article:—
" A gentleman whom I had taught to ride, and broke his horse,
asked me with some degree of alarm, if I had ever found his horse
to stumble, or go unsafe. On my answering in the negative, he
requested I would ride his horse with him ; and he took me to a
hill, not a very steep one, and said, ' "We'll walk down this hill,'
which, when done, he was surprised that his horse did not stumble ;
for he rode him the day before down this same hill, and was appre-
hensive the horse would fall every step, and wished to know if I

196 GENEKAL OBSERVATIONS.

could account for it, which I explained to him, and it may be of
use to others to know hkewise. This gentleman happened to be in
years, and consequently rode timidly or cautiously — not but many
young men, at their first riding, have like careful apprehensions.
The horse's body, in descending a hiU, partakes of a like declivity,
and the rider's body preserving a perpendicular, the horse's head
appears so remote as though he was going to faU ; this induces
the timid rider to hold fast by the bridle, and support the horse's
head as high as possible ; the consequence is, when the horse
extends his fore feet to walk in the usual way, it does not firmly
reach the ground till he makes a drop from the other — and this not
only appears as though the horse is going to fall, but is Hkely to
make him fall. Now, a horse to walk on level ground should have
his head, or he cannot step out freely, and it is impossible he should,
going down a hill ; therefore, I informed my friend, he must give
the horse his head in walking down a hiU, and not expect that the
horse's body can preserve a horizontal, as his does a perpendicular,
when going down a declivity. If you have apprehensions of your
horse, you must keep a more watchful hand upon him ; but I do
not recoUect a circumstance of a horse faUing with me going down
a hill, and the danger is not equal to the appearance."

Except on such occasions as going up an ascent, or a horse's
rearing — in which cases it is necessary to yield the hand entirely to
him — the rider should always feel the mouth lightly. " Every horse,

GENERAL OBSEEVATIONS. 197

from some cause or other, is liable to fall, and hence the golden
rule — never trust to your horse. He who constantly pulls might
and main is much in the wrong : he soon spoils his horse's mouth,
and thus creates for himself the very work which it is the object of
his pulling to prevent: he does worse who carelessly throws the
reins on the horse's neck. Almwys feel the mouth lightly ;
you wiU thus be able to give the animal assistance immediately,
before he is too much off his centre, and when a little check
will save him. By this continuous and gentle feeling, you like-
wise induce him to carry his head well, than which few things
are more conducive to the beautiful, safe, and easy going of the
horse." — Yotjatt.

The hand must always be active, and attentive to the movements
of the horse, by which means the rider is never thrown off her
guard, and is prepared for every crisis. She must also always keep
the horse's mouth in easy play, in the manner aheady described, in
order to preserve in him the fine feeHng so requisite to the
horse's correct guidance, and to the maintenance of true action.
If at any moment the rider feel the horse's action declining against
her will, an animating touch of the fingers, the leg, or the whip,
for instantly correcting it, must be applied. The hand is the first to
discover any relinquishment that is going to take place, and, conse-
quently, the first to correct it ; the heel, or heel and whip, at the
same moment, forcing him up to the bridle.

198 GENEEAL OBSEEVATIONS.

"It is natural with beginners to suppose that, the faster they
ride, the better they ride; but, however gratifying the riding fast
may be, there is more skill displayed in keeping up an animated
action in the canter, or united gallop, at the rate of even four miles
an hour, than at that of twelve or fifteen miles an hour. The
attention of the pupil should therefore be, to keep up the animation
and action of the canter without going fast. If the animation fail,
or the action be not supported by the hand, the horse will break into
the trot, particularly as the canter is shortened or united." — Adams.

As a lady, after having passed her noviciate, usually rides upon
the curb, she cannot be too deeply impressed with the necessity
of a constant attention to its proper management, by means of
which a correspondence between the mouth of the horse, and the
hand of the rider is maintained. " The curb requires a light hand
in the management. It is necessary to feel and ease the reins in
the degree suitable to the individual horse. Some horses require
rather a firmer feel than others, and most have some peculiarity,
which experienced riders discover, and turn to account. When
judiciously held, it occasions a playful action on the horse's mouth.
It is by a firm, easy, and light hand only, that the sensibiUty and
freshness of feeling of the horse's mouth, so essential in riding,
can be preserved." — Adams.

The fair rider must remember that, from the ordinary position

GENEEAIi OBSEEVATIONS. 199

of the bridle hand, the little finger should have at least three
lines of action upward to guide the horse ; viz. : — towards the right
shoulder — towards the left — and towards the breast. On these
lines the httle finger should move only as the aids reqmi'e. Thus
the horse wiU be guided, and lifted up at each turn, by the inward
or leading rein, the outward acting in unity with it.

Let the body ever accommodate itself with an easy phancy to
the movements of the horse; a lack of energy in this respect
effectually prevents a lady becoming a good horsewoman, and
the horse is hindered from going in good form, or shewing
himself to advantage, when carrying an unalert, or indolent,
rider.

She must, upon aU occasions, be studious of cultivating self-
possession. The least symptom of alarm on her part immediately
communicates itself to the horse, whose own terror, or vice, is,
as it were, electrically increased by it. Above aU, as she values
her own life, she must, in these crises, scrupulously avoid neglecting
the reins in order to hold on by the crutch. The mere advancing
of the hand for such a purpose causes her to lean forward, and
relax the reins, and, in that one instant, the horse gains an advantage
that cannot easily be recovered. On the fii'st appearance of danger,
the proper position of the right hand, except in rearing, is on the
off rein. Coolness, with a proper attention to the rides to be

200 GENEEAIi OBSERVATIONS.

observed in critical situations, will then enable tlie rider to extricate
herself with safety, and " eclat.''''

In crossing a ford in hot weather, the horse's head should be
kept up, and himself be pushed on to the opposite side. If allowed
to stop, and drink, he is not unlikely to lie down in the water,
and, to say nothing of other evds that may arise from this dis-
position, an ^^ impromptu" bath, under such circumstances, is far
from improving the equestrian toilette.

In riding on a road that has been newly repahed, the rider
should avoid its sides where the stones lay singly on the hard
ground ; it is much safer to ride slowly where the gravel or stones
being thick, and loose, give way to the horse's feet without hurting
him.

In travelling on a bad road, though the rider must keep a
watchful hand upon her horse, she must give him his head, so as
to enable him to use his own natural instinct in picking his way
with safety.

If a horse stumble, and come down upon his knees, or, from any
other cause, come to the ground, let not the rider be in a hurry to
throw herself off, lest she may do so at the very moment of the
horse's being in the act of rising. In this case, the force of the fall

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 201

will be greatly increased ; and, should the habit-skirt catch on the
head of the saddle, a serious accident must ensue. The horse,
besides, may put his foot upon her as he rises. If she is thrown off
in the horse's fall, her great solicitude must be to get away from
him as soon as possible ; but, if not thrown off, her greatest chance
of safety is, in keeping to the saddle, not in any attempt of her own
to dismount. The object of the horse is to rise as quickly as he
can, and a lady's weight is rarely sufficient' to prevent him. If a
horse roU on one side in falling, and that is the off-side, but little
danger is to be apprehended, even from the lady's being thrown off,
so long as the habit-skirt comes clear over the saddle without
catching on the head, — and, if she keep to the saddle, the worst
that is likely to happen is, the tearing of the habit-skirt by the
horse's hind feet in rising. Should the horse roll on the near side,
and the lady be thrown, the immediate assistance of the cavalier or
groom is required to extricate her from a position which is, more or
less, one of danger, as her feet and habit-skirt may be under the
horse, and her power of assisting herself consequently destroyed.
I have often been told by gentlemen that, there is " a great art in
falling ;" and I can well understand that with them such is the case,
especially in the hunting field. But the position and costume of a
lady render her comparatively so helpless upon these trjdng occa-
sions, that . I am convinced, — and long experience confirms me in
the conviction, — that, as a general rule, the greatest chance of
safety consists in her keeping as much as possible to the saddle.

203 GENEEAL OBSERVATIONS.

If the horse be found at any time going on one side, with an
uneasy restless gait, and with an occasional movement as of an
intention to kick, the rider may rest assured either of the saddle's
being improperly adjusted, or having something about it that hurts
him. In these circumstances she should alight as soon as possible,
and have the saddle re-adjusted or removed, and examined ; other-
wise, the horse may become restive, or his back be so injured as to
unfit him for use for some time.

If a horse, that is usually gay and free in action, appear at any
time dull, and droop his head, and at the same time have his
coat "staring," especially about the upper part of the neck,
immediately behind the ears ; or if he cough, his rider may at once
be certain of his being " amiss ;" and the sooner he is returned to
the stable, the more speedy wiU be his recovery. There may be
merely some slight aihnent, which, if taken in time, may soon be
removed, provided the groom is prohibited from using any favourite
nostrums of his own, — the blacksmith is passed over, — and a
respectable and properly qualified veterinary surgeon is called in for
the case. But if the horse continues to be ridden in such a state,
or exposed to the cold whilst his mistress is paying a visit,
and ignorantly treated afterwards, he may, from the natural
deUcacy of the animal, be lost in a few days, or even hours.
At the best, his mistress may be deprived of his services for many
weeks.

GENERAL OBSEEVATIONS. 203

A lady should never enter into contest with her horse, if it
can be avoided. Without being naturally vicious, or restive, a
horse may at times suddenly refuse to advance, or turn, in some
particular direction. If he cannot be coaxed, or encouraged, into
obedience by his rider, such an animal will generally suffer
himself to be led past the obnoxious point by another person.
For this purpose the groom may alight, or a passer-by be requested
to lead him a few yards by gently taking the bridoon rein, and by
patting, and enticing hun to advance, while quietly falling away
from him as he shews a disposition to obedience. In this case,
however, some nicety is required in leading a horse. It is not
known to every rider, that the person who would lead a horse by
the bridle, should not tm-n his face to him on his instantly refusing
to follow ; in doing so, besides pulling the bridle with jerks, he
frightens the horse instead of persuading him to accomphsh that
which may be effected with a moderate share of patience.

Ladies ought not to ride horses which require severe punishment ;
but should any growing vice, that will not yield to more gentle
treatment, at any time absolutely call for stricter measures, these
obviously can not only be administered with better effect, but with
far greater propriety, by a mascuhne hand ; moderate corrections,
however, are sometimes necessary, when there should be no
scruple in resorting to them, but never, unless the occasion calls
for them.

204 GENERAL OBSEEVATIONS.

"With respect to that much vexed Amazonian question, " the use
of the spur," there are some few instances in which it may be worn
by the fair rider with propriety. Por instance^by a lady who is
perfect mistress of the art — by one equally proficient, who is in the
habit of riding different horses — or by one with the hke knowledge
in the hunting field, where its use is sometimes absolutely required.
An animal, however, that is worthy of being called a lady's horse,
needs no spur, and the old adage against urging a willing horse is
one which, I am sure, is too familiar for repetition here. The spur
inflicts a very sharp punishment on the animal which is subject
to it, and if incautiously, or unfeelingly, and severely used, is apt
to excite, in a high spirited animal, a degree of madness which
exposes an unskilful rider to great danger. As a general rule,
therefore, I strenuously advise my fair readers to discard the spur,
that they may not, unintentionally, inflict uncalled for pain, and
lest, as the renowned Mr. Jorrocks says of young gentlemen in his
sporting lecture, " they use them incontinently, and come to grief."

HUNTING.

'How melts my beating heart, as I behold
Each lovely nymph, oiir Island's boast and pride.
Push on the generous steed that sweeps along
O'er rough, o'er smooth, nor heeds the steepy hill,
Nor falters in the extended vale below."

SOMBRVILLE.

Tantara, tantara, the hunt is up.

And it is well nigh day,
Harry our king is gone hunting,

To bring the deer to bay.

The East is bright with rosy light,

And darkness it is iled.
The merry horn awakes the morn.

To leave his idle bed.

Arise, arise, unclose your eyes

To meet the golden ray ;
Happy and free, right merrUie,

"We'U mount and ride away.

The birds they sing, the deer they fling

The eager hunters fly,
The merry horn proclaims the morn.

So up to join the cry.

The himt is up, the hunt is up.

And now 'tis perfect day,
Harry, our king, is gone hunting

To bring the deer to bay.

Old Song.*

* This song is taken from an interesting little book entitled the " Household of Sir Thomas
More," being a diary kept by his daughter Margaret, in which is written under date Sept. 4, A.n.
1523 : — " Supped with my Lord Sands ; wound up the evening with musick ; Lord Sands sang a

206 HUNTING.

The subject of ladies' hunting has been so much mooted of
late years, that a few remarks upon that point may fairly be
expected from me, by my fair readers ; before, however, presuming
to offer views of my own, I may state, as a weU known fact, that
the opinions of the opposite sex are generally adverse to their
partaking of the sport. To this conclusion gentlemen are led
by various reasons, of which not the least is, as I have been
repeatedly told, the being unable to banish from their minds a
constant sense of the especial danger that foUows ladies in the
hunting field. The late gallant Colonel Cook, many years a
master of fox-hounds, and the author of an agreeable and well
known treatise on the sport, used to say that, he was always
pleased to see his meets graced by the presence of ladies ; it not
only made the few minutes that usually elapsed before the business
of the day commenced pass delightfully, but it showed the interest
that they took in the amusement of their husbands and brothers.
But, never, he always added, — never beyond the meet — except in
those rare instances of ladies who, from early or long association,
have a thorough knowledge of the sport, or whose witching feats
of horsemanship assured, at the same time that they charmed,
the spectator. Similar opinions might be produced to any extent,
but being all to the same, or nearly the same effect, one will
suffice.

new ballad, called 'The King's hunt is up,' which father aifected hugelie. I lacked spirit to
sue my Lord for the words, he being so free spoken as to dash me ; howbeit, I mind they ran some-
what thus — Tantara, tantara, the hunt is up, &c., &o."

HUNTING. 207

"WTaen it is considered how few ladies possess either the requisite
skill for riding " across country," or the knowledge of what is
required of them in so novel a position as the hunting field, this
feehng of confining them to the meets cannot be wondered at.
So seldom does it happen that the same readiness and knowledge
of the sport is displayed, that I have been much impressed with
an anecdote of a lady, who is stiU esteemed one of the best horse-
women in the West of England, and cannot help repeating it for
the amusement of my readers. Whilst passing a couple of winters
at Eath, of which gay city she rejoiced in being styled the " belle,"
she frequently joined the hunt of that truly noble and veteran
sportsman, the grandsire of the present Duke of Beaufort. The
first time she appeared in the field with his Grace's hounds — having
been devoted to the sport from early youth in the district where
her family resided — she rode into a piece of gorse in which a fox
had formed his kennel. No sooner was Reynard on foot, than
she loudly proclaimed the fact by two or three most orthodox
and musical view-haUoos. The Duke, who was in an adjoining
field with the hounds, not a little astonished to hear such melody
from the lips of a lady, rode hastily up to enquire into the cause,
and learned from her own statement that she had viewed a fox
away. " How do you know, asked the Duke, that it was a fox? "
" Because," responded the young and elegantly formed equestrian,
" I rode in upon his back and unkennelled him, and he has gone
doivn wind io Badminton." The answer was so technically given.

308 HUNTING.

that all doubt was at once removed from liis Grace's mind, who,
courteously bowing his acknowledgment, caused the hounds to be
immediately capped on to the line. The result was a brilliant run,
through the whole of which the unremitting attention of the
Duke to the fair Amazon, whose side he never quitted, added not
a little to her enjoyment; nor was she at all at a loss, or behind-
hand, in urging her steed over wall or fence, the Duke being her
leader.

This lady, then, the unmarried and favourite daughter of a gallant
and wealthy admiral, lacked not the attentions of admirers either in
the field, or in the drawing-room. The wide-spread fame of her
manifold accomplishments, her bright eyes, and ample dower,
attracted suitors from all quarters ; and among them came a certain
gentleman, well-known in the fashionable circles of London, who
had been recently introduced to her family. On the first morning
after his arrival in the country, it happened that the North Devon
Stag Hounds were about to draw one of the fine coverts belonging
to the late Earl of Portescue — than whom a finer specimen of the
true old English gentleman never Hved to cheer, to warm, and to
solace the hearts of the poorer, no less than to dispense genuine
hospitahty among the independent and afiluent of his neighbours
and friends. This digression will be readily pardoned by all who
have had the high honour and happiness to know him — for
" to know him was to love him ;" and when the time arrived

HUNTING. 209

for his dissolution, every heart was filled with unparalleled
distress —

" And now old time has led Um to his end,
Goodness and he fill up one monument."

But I must now return to our fair heroine, and her lover. It was
a hunting morning, and the Castle Hill coverts the fixture, (for
in that country the stag is unharboured from his native wilds,) the
distance easy, and the country romantic. The lady knowing no
finer sport to which to invite her newly-formed acquaintance,
ordered her own favomite mare, who was well up in all that
could be required of her in the hunting field, to be prepared for
him; and, with the key to the rides and hunting gates of this
lordly domain always in her possession, they salhed forth

" To rouse the stag with hound, and bugle horn."

It happened that, a portion of a farm through which they had to
pass was divided for a sheep-fold. Here the lady led the way, and
gallantly charged the fence, expecting her companion to follow the
example ; but, alas, the faint heart, which never yet won fair lady,
died within him ! The lady, thus destined either to lose the day's
sport, or proceed alone, at once adopted the latter alternative,
and, cantering gaily on, turned to wave her adieus to her London
lover, whose last fond glance — in her own words — was directed
to her from the wrong side of the sheep-hurdles. The disappointed
swain, — dreading, perhaps, the raillery on his lack of coui'age and

210 HUNTING.

gallantry, that awaited him from the company at the Hall in the
evening, more than even the sheep hmdles in the morning, — at
once returned, ordered horses to his carriage, and, before the
pleasures of the chace had concluded, was several stages on his way
back to the metropolis.

It is not, however, always " coidem" de rose'^ with 'ladies in the
hunting field. I remember a young lady's attending a meet on a
horse altogether unused to hounds, and incautiously riding too near
them, unmediately prior to their being thrown into covert. The
horse, as is usual with one unaccustomed to hounds, became nervous
and restless on being surrounded by some of them. At length he
kicked at, and killed one, that unhappily chanced to be the most
valuable hound in the pack. Now, it is difiicult to conceive a
greater vexation than that which is experienced by a master of
hounds on losing a favourite in such a manner, unless, indeed, it be
that felt by the author of the misfortune. In this case the offence
was never forgiven, nor forgotten, by the owner ; who never indeed
could be induced to believe in the benign influences of " a southerly
wind and a cloudy sky," whenever he afterwards observed, to use
his own invariable words upon such occasions, " that bird of iU
omen hovering about the covert side." The young lady, however,
was too careful and considerate ever to run such a risk again ; and,
further, had cm-ed her horse of his nervousness, by having a dog
kept in the stable with him — than which, by the bye, there is no

HUNTING, 211

better mode of removing tlie alarm, and dislike, whicli many liorses
entertain for dogs generally.

Wlien we consider the great value of hounds, the extreme
difficulty of replacing good ones, and the attachment of their owners
for them, there can be no wonder at the angry feehngs and fears of
masters of hounds on seeing them exposed to the chance of being
ridden over, or destroyed.

A lady, in merely attending a meet, unless mounted on a seasoned
hunter, may sometimes run into danger if she remain with the
hounds after they are thrown into covert; for, should they find
quickly, and go away immediately, a horse not steady to hounds
may become so excited by the music, and by the example of other
horses starting ofi' at full speed, as occasionally to place even a weU-
experienced horsewoman in jeopardy.

Upon the principle of practising what one preaches, I have
always felt a dehcacy in giving my own opinion on the question
of ladies hunting ; for having, in my younger days, indulged much
in the sport (of which I was enthusiastically fond), to dissuade ladies
from engaging in it, except in particular instances, is a counsel
which may be little attended to from lips of mine. In speaking of
hunting, I do not refer to a mere gallop with the haniers on the
Brighton Downs, or similar places ; for, if they are properly mounted

213 HUNTING.

for the purpose, such exercise may be considered legitimate ladies'
hunting. They have not far to go from home; they can join them
when they like, and leave when they like ; and last, but not least,
there are usually several of their own sex present to assist them in
case of accident. But my counsel and caution refer to the more
exciting and hazardous sport of foxhunting, which calls for con-
summate skiU in riding, — a knowledge of the sport that can alone
be acquired by experience and practice, — the most determined
courage, and great power of enduring fatigue — a spirit that holds in
contempt both wind and storm, — and a constitution that sets at
defiance coughs, colds, and rheumatism. In almost every part of
the country two or three ladies are to be found who greatly distin-
guish themselves in the hunting field, and who are regarded with
just pride by the hunts to which they belong. If, therefore, a lady
really feels herself endowed with the necessary qualifications for
following this amusement, she may then safely attempt it, and may
rest assured that her presence in the field wiU never fail of being
hailed with delight. But, unless ladies can command the requisite
skni, and are constitutionally equal to the fatigue which hunting
entails — which is the case of but very few indeed — whilst allowed
to express the hope that they wiU ever lend their all-powerful
influence to upholding this noble and truly national sport, I can
only echo the opinion of the gallant colonel before-named — that
their practical share in it should be limited to gracing the meet at
the covert side.

CONOLUSIOK

"And what is writ, is writ;
Would it were worttier!"

' Farewell I a word that must be, and hath been,
A sound which makes us linger ; yet — farewell."

Chiide TTakold's Pilgeihage.

Mt pleasing task is o'er ; and, sincerely thanking my gentle
readers for having patiently, and I trust not unprofitably to them-
selves, followed me in their perusal of these pages, I now bid them
reluctantly — farewell. In taking leave of a much-loved theme —
endeared alike by memory and practice — I part from it with the
greater regret, as having been busied in reviving a subject which
actively recalls much that was joyous of the past — of those ne'er-
to-be-forgotten sunny hom-s of equestrian delights, made brighter
by the presence of many a fair votary, whose graceful mien, willing
ear, and ever-ready hands have borne ample testimony to the
correctness of the rules, and principles, that are now dehberately
written down as similar guides for others. Let me here be pardoned
for citing the quaint, yet beautiful, language of that great master

214 CONCLTJSION,

of the art, the Duke of Newcastle, before alluded to, as anticipating
and sanctioning my own views and feelings on this subject.

" I have loved, practised, and studied this art of horsemanship
from my youth upwards, and employed in it a great deal of time
with pleasure ; for there is no exercise so good, nor is any attended
with more honour and dignity, than that of riding, provided a
person rides with address, which he cannot do unless he is well
versed in the art. Without it, nothing seems so ridiculous, so
awkward, or so irregular, as a man on horseback. His mem-
bers appear to be dislocated, because they are out of their natural
situation ; and his posture uneasy, because it is constrained ; —
whereas, a good rider sits in his natural place, and his posture
is easy, because free and unconstrained. It is in horsemanship as
in other things ; regularity is beautiful, while distortion and com-
pulsion must be without grace. There is an elegance, moreover,
in horsemanship, which looks as if it was natural, though it pro-
ceeds from art. Thus, though a perfect horseman rides with art, it
seems rather natural than acquired by practice; and he makes
his horse appear as if nature had produced such a creature for
no other end, but to be governed, conducted, and ridden by man."

Although his Grace's exquisite delineation of the art of horse-
manship was addressed to the opposite sex, I am sure that my fair
readers wiU not be slow to discover how apphcable it is to them-

CONCLUSION. 215

selves, and will recognise in the remarks aU that is desirable in them
to imitate and to shun.

" 'Tis good to see a steed' of noble race
By woman, ruled with sldU and mastery;
Tke smitten air gives freshness to her face,
And animation glistens in her eye ;
Her very breathing quickens iuto grace,
And e'en a fault enchants. Few things outvie
A lovely woman on a fiery horse,
The mingled form of gentleness and force."

In compiling this treatise, some may deem my pen both to have
occasionally wandered from its track, and at times to have lingered,
perchance, on points that might have been more summarily dis-
posed of ; but truly, in dealing with a matter of this nature, to keep
the "juste miliei^'' betwixt brevity and prolixity is not always easy ;
and I was apprehensive lest a too strict adherence to the former
might leave a vacuum in the measm-e of instruction which I have
been so anxious to afford. Those of my fair readers who are,
many of them, doubtless, equally able with myself to form an
opinion on this subject, will know that the detail I have entered
into was required in behalf of the uninitiated. In directing a course
of study, it is necessary to explain, as lucidly and completely as
possible, the defects, no less than the beauties of equestrian deport-
ment ; and, in aU matters tending to preservation from danger, to
point out not only what is to be done, but also, upon such occasions,
what is to be avoided. On tliis head it wiH not be unacceptable
once more to refer to the same noble author.

216 CONCLUSION.

" Those things which to you, perhaps, seem not very concise, but
too prolix, might if shorter have left you still in darkness ; whereas,
you have now a fuU sunshine to look on you with the splendour of the
knowledge of horsemanship. This art does not consist only in study
and mental contemplation, but in bodily practice likewise. You
ought to be weU informed that the art of horsemanship cannot be
collected together in a proverb, or a short aphorism ; or reduced to
a syllogism, or brought into as little compass as the poesy of a ring ;
nor can there be one universal lesson, as many desire in this art.
For my part, I am very sure there is nothing universal in horse-
manship, nor in anything else that I know. If this book pleases
you, I shall be thorouglily weU content."

And, for myself, may it be said in conclusion, that if the perusal
of the present work do but prove the means of rescuing beauty
from ridicule, and mishap, — and of imparting to a healthful,
exhilarating, and noble recreation, perfect safety, combined with the
fascinations of grace and elegance, I shall be content too.

FINIS.

4i'^

The Authoress respectfully informs the Subscribers to the
" Habit and the Horse" that, should any portion of the Work
appear obscm-e to her fair readers, she will be happy to attend to
any communication from them on the subject. Letters addressed
to her at 46, Wigmore Street, Cavendish Square, W., will be
immediately forwarded.

JUL 24 1911