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AGRICULTURE
=3 BY DATES.

A SIMPLE RECORD OF

HISTORICAL EVENTS and
VICTORIES OF PEACEFUL INDUSTRIES.

PUBLISHED IN CONNECTION WITH

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WHICH IS ISSUED MONTHLY AT ST. LOUIS, MO.

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LEELA EEA EEE EEE EEE LEE EE EE EEE EE EEDA EEE EEE

Mr. PHILIP H. HALE,
Editor and Compiler

History of Agriculture by Dates.

bebe EEE EEE EEE LEE EEE EEE EEE EEE Ett EES Eo b$sd

PREF ACE.

oo

Pe oh. Blapere
HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE
BY OA ies:

(pee is the multiplication of brief items relating

to the Live Stock and Agricultural History
of the World. The intention was to make a short
but interesting list of items without publishing a
volume of any size.

In the attempt to grow a little unimportant
shrubbery we accidentally planted a Tree of
Knowledge, which, having lived and borne fruit
for four successive editions, is destined to become
the great and lasting historical record of the
Peaceful Industries of Humanity.

We have no apology to offer for the scraps of
information which are presented in the book.
Two-thirds of the items appearing in The History
of Agriculture by Dates occurred during the life-
time of the editor and were recorded in the current
news and literature of the day. The earlier items
are found in so many different compilations that
the original source of many facts of history con-
tained in this book is unknown.

This is the edition of 1915. It is not complete,
but is a useful and interesting book of reference.
Use it freely. A better edition will be issued later.

Respectfully submitted by
Phila AND COM PILER.

JUL -6 1915

=HALE’S=
HISTORY oF AGRICUL TURE

ete NODA CEE Sy.

EDITED By PHILIP H. HALE—COPYRIGHT BY THE HALE PUBLISHING Co.

‘‘Tf History without Chronology is dark and confused, Chronology without
History is dry and insipid.’’—A. HoLMEs.

“THE EARTH AND THE FULLNESS THEREOF.”’

A variety of products from an ordinary farm in the center of the United States,

——= 2000 to 1400 B.

6 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

SCRIPTURAL QUOTATIONS.

And God said: ‘Let there be light;’” and
there was light. The creation of the world.

“And God made the beast of the earth
after His kind and cattle after kind, and
everything that creepeth upon the _ earth
after His kind, and God saw that it was
good.”’

And God said: ‘‘Let the earth bring forth
grass, the herb yielding seed and the fruit
tree yielding fruit after His kind, whose seed
is in itself, upon the earth;’ and it was so.

“God made the earth and the heavens.
And every plant of the field before it was in
the earth, and every herb of the field before
it grew, for the Lord had not caused it to
rain upon the earth and there was not a
man to till the ground.”

Year.

4241 B. C.—Egyptian astronomers of the
Nile Delta gave to mankind the calendar
which divides the year into 365 days. Also
first recorded date in the history of the
world.

4004 B. C.—‘‘Therefore the Lord God sent
him (Adam) forth from the garden of Hden
to till the ground,from whence he was taken.’”’

4004 B. C.—‘‘Thorns also and thistles shall
it bring forth to thee, and thou shalt eat
the herbs of the field.”’

4003 B. C.—‘‘Abel was a keeper of sheep
and Cain was a tiller of the ground.

3875 B. C.—‘‘And Adah bare Jabal; he
was the father of such as dwell in tents and
have cattle.”

3500 B. C.—According to archaeologists,
horses were domesticated in Babylonia and
the country now known as Asia Minor at a
very early period. Actual date is uncertain
within a few hundred years, and the infor-
mation is obtained from the characters
appearing on the ruins of ancient buildings.

2700 B. C.—At this early day certain
cereal and forage grasses now classed as
millets formed one of the chief sources of
food in China. The Chinese also claim that
wheat was used as food by them at the
same period as a direct gift from Heaven

2349 B. C.—‘‘And the rain was upon the
earth forty days and forty nights.”

2349 B. C.—According to the Scriptures,
Noah entered the ark, taking with him of
clean beasts, by sevens, the male and the
female, and of beasts that are unclean, by
twos, the male and his female, and the
fowls of the air, by sevens, the male and
the female.

2348 B. C.—‘‘Neither shall all flesh be cut
off any more by the waters of a _ flood;
neither shall there any more be a flood to
destroy the earth.”

2348 B. C.—‘‘While the earth remaineth,
seed time and harvest, and cold and heat,
summer and winter, day and night, shall not
cease.”’

2000 B. C.—The Date Palm had already
become a well-known fruit tree at this time.

€.—Hindoos interested in
cattle raising valued their cows according
to the yield of butter. :

1918 B. C.—‘‘And Abraham was very rich
in cattle, in silver and in gold.”’

1918 B. C.—The land could not support the
immense flocks and herds of Abraham and
Lot, therefore they separated. Then Abraham
said unto Lot: ‘‘Let there be no strife be-
tween thy herdsmen and my herdsmen. If
thou wilt take the left hand, then I will go
to the right. If thou will go to the right I
will go to the ieft.’’

1898 B. C.—Abimilech gave many vainu-
able presents to Abraham, such as oxen,
phe-asses and he-asses, but no mention is
made of horses or swine.

1804 B. C.—‘‘Then Isaac sowed in that
land and received in the same year an
hundred fold.”’

1747 B. C.—‘‘And Reuben went in the days
of wheat harvest and found mandrakes. in
the field and brought them unto his mother
Leah.”

1746 B. C.—Jacob was the first to recog-
nize live stock breeding as a _ possibility.

He bred streaked, speckled and _ spotted
cattle and mated the strong with the
strong for his own purposes. He also made
the first known contract for running stock
on shares, which resulted in his getting the
best and largest share.

1715 B. C.—Commencement of the seven
years of abundance in Egypt, followed by
seven-years’ famine, as foretold by Joseph
to Pharaoh. ‘‘And Joseph gathered corn as

the sand of the sea, very much, until he
seft numbering; for it was without
number.”

1700 B. C.—Joseph gave the Egyptians
bread in exchange for horses. First men-
tion of the horse in the Scriptures.

1500 B. C.—A tomb in Egypt probably
built about this time bears a painting which
shows the various operations connected with
harvesting the grain.

1491 B. C.—‘‘And the flax and the barley
was smitten, for the barley was in the ear
and the flax was bolled. But the wheat and

rie were not smitten, for they were not
grown up.”

1490 B. C.—‘‘And every oblation of thy
meat offering shalt thou season with salt.
* * * With all thine offerings thou shalt
offer salt.”

1471 B. C.—‘‘Speak unto the children of
Israel that they bring thee a red heifer

without spot, wherein is no blemish and

upon which never came yoke.”

1451 B. C.—‘‘A land of wheat, and barley,
and vines, and fig trees, and pomegranates;
a land of oil olive and honey.”

FAT-RUMPED SHEEP. — According to

the earliest authentic accounts, the flocks of

the patriarchal shepherds were of the fat-

rumped breed. This is particularly an
Asiatic sheep and found in Palestine in
larger numbers than any other breed. It is

also found in
Tartary of Russia. It is known as the
largest breed of the unimproved _ sheep.
The illustration is from a book entitled
“The American Shepherd,’ edited in 1843
by L. A. Morrell. Several other illustrations
are from the same volume.

purest strain in the great

1450 B. C.—Thothmes, III., greatest of
the Egyptian kings, left a papyrus record
of his contest of Mesopotamia, in Asia, and
priding himself upon obtaining the racing
horse and introducing him into Egypt.

1400 B. C.—Fowls, the oldest recorded of
our domestic animals, were introduced into
China about this time. An ancient Chinese
authority says: “Fowls are creatures of the
West.”” The common fowl is supposed to
have sprung from the wild jungle cock in
the East Indies.

1312 B. C.—‘‘And Boaz said unto Ruth:
“At mealtime come thou hither and eat of
the bread and dip thy morsel in the vinegar;
and she sat besidg the reapers and he
reached her parched corn.”

1193 B. C.—‘‘To Helen in the Palace,
weaving there an ample web, a_ shining
double robe, whereon were many conflicts
fairly wrought.’’—Quotation from the Siege
of Troy.

1184 B. C.—‘‘Endured by the horse-taming
sons of Troy.’’—Quotation from the Trojan
War.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 7

1030 B. C.—Then all the king’s sons arose
and every man gat him upon his mule and
fled.

1030 B. C.—‘‘And
after two full years
shearers in Baalhazor.”’

1020 B. C.—-King David of Israel was a
great ranchman, as evidenced by his own
words: “For every beast of the forest is
mine and cattle upon a thousand hills.”’

1015 B. C.--King David said: “Take with
you the servants of your Lord and cause
Solomon, my son, toe ride upon mine own
mule.”’

1014 B. €.—‘‘And Solomon had _ forty
thousand stalls of horses for his chariots
and twelve thousand horsemen; barley, also,
and straw for their horses, and dromedaries
brought they also into the place where the
officers were.”’

1014 B. C.—-‘‘And Solomon’s provisions for
one day was thirty measures of fine flour
and three score measures of fine meal, ten

it came to pass that
Absalom had sheep

fat oxen and twenty oxen out of the pas-
tures and an hundred sheep, besides harts,
roebucks, fallow deer and fatted fowl.”
King Solomon's life records the first stall-
fed cattle and fatted poultry.

1000 B. C.—-‘‘Better a dinner of herbs
Where love is than a stalled ox and hatred

therewith.’’ From the Proverbs of Solomon.

992 B, C.—"“And Solomon had _ horses
brought up out of Egypt and the _king’s
merchants received linen yarn at a price.”

906 B. C.—And Ahale said unto Obadiah:
“Go into the land until all the fountains of
water and unto all brooks; peradventure we
may find grass to save the horses and mules
alive that we lose not all the beasts.”

900 BG. C.—The poet Homer flourished
about this time. In his Odyssey he says:

“He nexrt betakes him to his evening cares,

And, sitting down. to milk his ewes prepares;

Of half their udders eases first the dams,

Then to their mothers’ teats submits the
lambs.

Half the white stream to hardening cheese
he pressed,

And high in wicker baskets heaped; the
rest,

Reserved in howls, supplied the mighty
feast.”

896 B. C.—‘‘And Mesha, King of Moab,
was a sheepmaster and rendered unto the
King of Israe! one hundred thousand lambs
and an hundred thousand rams with the
wool.”

753 B. C.—This is the year in which Rome
was founded by Romulus.

725 B. C.—‘“‘Doth the plowman plow all
day to sow? Doth he open and break the
clods of his ground? When he hath made
plain the face thereof, doth he not cast
abroad the fiteches and scatter the cummin

and cast in the principal wheat and the
appointed barley and the rie in _ their
places ?’”’

725 B. C.—‘‘For his God doth instruct him
to discretion and doth teach him: ‘‘For the
fitches are not threshed with a threshing
instrument, neither is a cartwheel turned
about the cummin, but the fitches are beaten
out with a staff and the cummin with a
rod.”

708 B. C.—The Grecian colony of Taren-
tine, in Italy, established a breed of fine-
wool sheep,imported there from Asia Minor.

680 B. C.—The horse was introduced into
the arena ky the Greeks in the twenty-third
Olympiad and the birth of horse racing may
be fixed at this time. In the beginning the

horses were ridden and the contests were
Over a distance of four miles; later, in the
twenty-fifth Olympiad, chariots were in-

troduced.

600 B. C.—At this time Angora goats
were known to exist at Angora, Asia Minor.

595 B. C.—“Take thou™~also unto thee
millet and fitehes, and put them in one
vessel and make thee bread thereof.”

550 B. C.—Cincinnatus Roman patrician,
ealled from his farm to the dictatorship of
Rome in order to save the state. He suc-
eeeded in bringing peace to his country, and
then returned to his farm.

510 B. C.—Darius, one of the Persian
Chiefs, who had succeeded in dethroning
the usurper, the false Smerdis, was elected
King of Persia, The Chiefs agreed to meet
early one morning on horseback and to
bestew the crown upon the one whose horse
neighed first after sunrise. It appears that
the groom of Darius, apprised of this
project, led his master’s horse in the night
with a mare to the appointed place, and in
consequence of this stratagem the horse of

Darius neighed loud and long when the
Chiefs were assembled. Darius was then
saluted as King, and the choice was

approved by the people.

500 B. C.—‘“For he hath given you rain
moderately. * * * And the floors shall
be full of wheat and the fats shall overflow
with wine and oil.’’

495 B. C.—Job was a large stock owner.
“His substance was 7,000 sheep, 3,000
camels, 500 yoke of oxen and 500 she asses.”

480 B. C.—The battle of Thermopylae be-
tween the Greeks and the Persians was
fought in this year.

460 B. C.—Hippocrates knew something of
the movement of the blood.

450 B. C.—Butter used by the Scythians,
the people inhabiting the country near the
Black and Caspian seas.

406 B. C.—About this year Xenophon, a

Greek historian and soldier, wrote a de-
scription of a geod horse and giving in-
structions how one may be the least

deceived in the purchase of horses.

This

a Persian
breed found throughout Asia and a part of

as production. is a pure
Africa. They ‘are herded upon the open
country. The carpets and rugs for which
Persia is famous are manufactured from the
wool of thesé sheep. .

384 B. C.—Aristotle taught that in man

and the higher animals the blood was
elaborated from the food in the liver,

thence carried to the heart and by this
organ through the veins over the body. It
is called the discovery of the circulation of
the blood...

340 B. C.—Theophrastus, Greek philos-
opher, one of the first to study plant grow-
ing. He preserved the writings of Aristotle.
He spoke of the productions of old pear
trees,

312 B. C.—TYhe Appian Way the “Queen
of Roads,’ extending 350 miles from Rome

to Drumdisium, was begun this year by
Caesar Appius Claudius. It has borne the
traffic of 2,000 years without material
injury.

264 B. C.—Carthage, in Northern Africa,
at war with Rome, almost continually, until
destroyed in the year 146 B. C.

149 B. C.—Cato, the Censor, Roman cit-
izen,- died in this year. He gave to the
world the most minute particulars regard-
ing the management of slaves on his large
Sabine farm, also all the details of hus-
bandry. from the plowing to the reaping
and thrashing of the crop.

140 B. C.—As the Romans conquered the
smaller states of Italy they took possession
of the conquered lands, passed the Agrarian
law, which enacted that no citizen should

8 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

possess more than 500 acres. The enforce-
ment of this law occasioned civil war, which
lasted several years.

80 B. C.—Fine-wool sheep of
of by the historian Strabo.

79 B. C.—This is the year of the eruption
of Mount Vesuvius, when Pompeii and Her-
culaneum were destroyed.

ie B.. i\C—The
Colosseum of Rome
under the direction
pasian,

Spain spoken

construction of the
Was begun this year
of the Emperor Ves-

70 B. C.—According to the naturalist,
Pliny. the common cherry tree was intro-
duced into Italy by the Roman soldier
Luecullus from Cerasus, in Pontus, <Asia

Minor, about this time.

60 B. C.—Butter first used by the Portu-
fuese.
55 B. C.—This is the year

in which Julius
Caesar first visited Britain.

44 B. C., Mareh 15.—This was the day
of the assassination of Julius Caesar in
Rome.

40 B. C.—Virgil mentions pears which he
received from Cato.

40 B. C.—In the Georgics, a poem written
about this time and which is the best
known of the ancient works on agriculture,
Virgil, the poet, advises husbandmen to
“bring down the waters of a river upon the

sown ccrn, and when the field is parched
and the plants drying, convey it from the
brow of a hil! in channels.” This is the

lirst writing on irrigation.

27 B. C.—In this year the Romans under
the Emperor Agrippa built the famous
Pantheon of concrete. This building is still
standing, and the splendid dome, 142 feet
In span, is one of the sights of the Im-
perial City.

CHRISTIAN ERA—FIRST CENTURY.

31.— “The kingdom of heaven is like to a
grain of mustard seed Which a man took
and sowed in his field, which is indeed the
least of all seeds, but when it is grown it is
the greatest among herbs and becometh a
tree, so that the birds of the air come and
lodge in the branches thereof.’’

32.—And Jesus said unto him: ‘No man
having put his hand to the plow, and look-
ing back, is fit for the kingdom of God.”

40.—An interesting and valuable
appeared in the “Acta Diurna,”’
kept in Rome during the reign
Emperor Caligula and reproduced
by Petronis Arbiter in his

“The Supper of Trimalchio,”’
Trimalchio

item
a record
of the

later
work entitled
It seems that

wis a farmer near Cumae, in
Italy, and his farm occupied an immense
extent of territory. The work referred to
Says: “On June 25th, on Trimalehio’s farm

near Cumae, were born seventy children, of
whom thirty-six were of the male sex. The
same day fifty thousand modii of wheat
were removed from the thrashing floor to
the granaries; jive hundred young oxen
were broken. The same day one of the
Slaves, named Mithridates, was executed by
crucifixion, because he had cursed the
sacred name of the emperor.

50.—“But others fell into good ground and
brought forth fruit, some an hundred-fold,
some sixty-fold and some thirty-fold.”

50.—About this time Lucius Junius Moa-
eratus Columella. a Roman eitizen, wrote
twelve books on agriculture, one of which
on gardening, entitled De Re Rustica, is in

verse. His works are still extant, transla-
tions being available,
50.—A supposed improved variety of

cherry Was introduced in Britain about the
middle of the first century.

51.-—In the reign of Emperor Claudius,
Columella, a distinguished agriculturist,
introduced many of the Tarentine breed of
sheep from Italy into Spain, which country
Was under Roman dominion at that time.
He also was a general improver of sheep
and became the principal originator of an
Immense fine-wool sheep husbandry, which
through Spain has enriched three conti-
nents—Europe, America and Australia.

64.—Poppaea Sabina, wife of Nero, Em-
peror of the Romans, is reported to have

p

ee

paid a sum equal to American four cents a
quart for asses’ milk to bathe in.

75.—In Pompeii, an ancient city of Naples,
afterwards destroyed by an _ eruption of
Mount Vesuvius, it is stated that a _ six-
ounce loaf of wheat bread cost a sum equal
io three cents of the present day.

75.—Publicus Cornelius Tacitus, Roman
historian, mentions the manufacture _ of
woolen cloth at Cirencester, Gloucestershire,

‘in England, stating that the fullers (engaged

in finishing cloth) were allowed toe dry their
cloth by the roadsides. -

7i—Pliny, the Elder, Roman author,
born A. D. 23, left a work entitled ‘‘Natural
History.’’ In his writings there is the
first account of a machine for reaping
grain. He says: ‘In the extensive fields. in
the lowlands of Gaul, vans of large size,
with projecting teeth on the edge, are
driven on two wheels through the standing
grain by an ox in a reversed position; in
this manner the ears are torn off and
thrown into the van.’’

THIRD CENTURY.

280.—It is generally believed that about
this time Emperor Probus encouraged the
planting of vineyards in Britain.

THE

THE FOURTH CENTURY.
325.—Ine!uded in the writings. which
: that Egypt, Nubia, Assyria and
all had horses before Arabia, is the
assertion that the Roman Emperor Constan-
tine presented the Arab Sheiks of the tribe

called Yemen with 200 well-bred horses
from Cappadocia, in Asia Minor. Constan-
tine died in the year 337.

460.—From this year to 409 the Romans
were leaving Britain.

THE FIFTH CENTURY.
452.—Year in which the city of Venice
was founded.
476.—About this year commenced a

period in which for several hundred years
were called the Dark Ages.

THE SEVENTH CENTURY.
622, June 20.—This is the year of the
Hegira, the name given to the flight of the
Prophet Mahomet from Mecca.

THE EIGHTH CENTURY.
732.—The battie of Tours, in which
Charles Martel defeated the Saracens, is
considered as contributing to the establish-

ment or horse breeding in LaPerche and
Normandy. On distribution of the spoils of
war many Saracen horses went to these

provinces, where they were crossed upon the
mares of Brittany, and on the luxuriant
pasturage developed a draft horse of great
exceilence, the Percheron horse of France.

THE NINTH CENTURY.
895.—King Alfred the Great of England
encamped his army near London to protect
ithe harvest reapers while gathering their
crops against excursions of the Danes.

THE TENTH CENTURY.

936.—A bout this time, according to
Vive! in his History of the British Turf,
the earliest mention of race horses in
England, called running horses in those
days, was when Hugh Capet, founder of the
royal house of that name in France, sent
horses as a present to King Athelstane,
whose sister, Ethelswitha, he was soliciting
in marriage.

THE ELEVENTH CENTURY.

1016.—Poitou jacks of France mentioned
in literature of that day. i
1040 (about).—First windmills erected in
Europe. 1 Al
: j d into
1066.—Horse shoeing was introduce
neal from Normandy by William the
Conqueror. ae eee
1100.—The Japanese court ladies a 1)
this date prepared a favorite perfume
the Ramanas rose.

as
from

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 9

THE TWELFTH CENTURY.
_ 1150 (about).—Cotswold sheep imported
into England from Spain. This is not quite
authentic. A century later Cotswolds were
a well-known breed in /ngland.
1150.—Smithfield, in the center of London,
first mentioned as a live cattle market.

1152.—William Hale-Hale, historian ana
editor of the “Domesday Book” of St.

Paul’s Cathedral of London, England, malz2s
record of Jeasing the echureh farms in Heri-
vordshire, England, which provided that the
‘enant should eultivate and conduct the
yarm on what wa's called the three-field hus-

Landry, a rotation of about one-third in
oats, one-third in wheat or rye, and one-
third fallow or “terre warecunda.” The

custom was to rotate crops from beginning
to end of the lease and to restore the land
to the owner in the condition it was leased.

1158.—In the accounts of the British goy-
ernment of 1158-9 occur mention of pay-
ments to the vine dressers of Windsor. [1
appears also that the gardens at Windsor
were enclosed by a ditch.

1165.—The earliest drawing view of a
monastic garden in England was that of
Canterbury, and was drawn by the Engineer
Wibert. It is now preserved in the library
of Trinity College, Cambridge. The plan
records the trees and vines, fish ponds, ete.

11%76.— Barly evidence of the existence of
erehards is a Bull of Pope Alexander, ITT.,
issued in this year, confiscating the property
of the monks of Winchenley, in Gloucester-
shire, England, with the “town of Swiring
and all its erchards.”’

1185.—The manufacture of wool first men-
tioned in fnglish literature.

1199.— King John of England encouraged

or

horse breeding by importing Flemish stal-
lions—cerigin of the English draft horse.

THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.

1210.—According to the Historian Speed,
Xing John of England received from Maud
De Breos forty cows and a bull, all white
with red ears, as a present to his queen, in
order io appease his majesty, whom her
nusband, De Breos, had offended.

1213.—Alexander Neecham, Bishop of
Cirencester, in England, a learned writer.
touched incidentally upon fruit, vegetable
and herb grewing and flowers. He men-
tioned that a garden should be adorned with
roses and ‘ilies, turnsole, violets and man-

drake. The garden should have parsley and
cost, and fennel, lettuce, cress, onions, leek,
garlic, pumpkins, shalots and cucumbers.

He also mentions meddlars, quinces, Warden
pears, peaches and pears at St. Regula.

1215, June 15.—At Runnymede, King John
was forced te grant the English people a
great measure of liberty by signing the
Magna Charta.

1236.— At this time a hen
gZenerally sold for an
American two cents.

1249.—A Scottish history mentions black
(Galloway) cattle as being reared in great
humbers.

in Paris was
amount equal to

STANLEY OF MAPLES—A YEARLING
GALLOWAY BULL. Junior and_- grand
champion of the Galloways at the Illinois

State Fair of 1909. Exhibited by C. S.
Hechtner, of Chariton, Iowa. At the Amer-
ican Royal Show this young bull was first
in his class.

1259.—-Henry,
tensive
minster, and
and other

Di Or
alterations at

England, made ex-
the paiace of West-
among payments to carpenters
workmen was an Item of pay-
ment to laborers for “leveling the area of
the garden with a roller.”

1274.—-In this year, in Venice, it is re-
corded that a pig sold for the equivalent
of fifty cents in American money.

1290.—The first importation of oranges

into England in a eargo of assorted fruit
from Spain.

1292.—-The only kind of apple specially
noticed in England at this time was the

“Costard.’’ This variety has been preserved
in history by the word “Costermonger,”’ the
name by which the sellers of this fruit
were known. The Costard apple was the
most popular for several centuries. The
Regul pear and the Calluewell pear were
also early fruits.

THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY.
1305.—In the time of Edward, I., King of
England, the ‘‘aere’’ as a land measure was
reduced to a standard.

1317.— According to the New Interna«
tional Enecyelopedia, in August of this year,
in England, wheat was twelve times as high
in price as in the following September. It
was a period of alternations of indolence
and bustle, of feasting and semi-starvation.
Rye was the breadstuff of the peasantry.
Little manure was used. Oxen, not horses,
were used for teams.

1327.—Edward, IIT., in order to improve
the breed of horses, prohibited exportation.

1340.—First ‘“‘worsted’” manufactured at
Worsted, in Norfolk, England. Worsted is
spun wool manufactured into cloth.

1345.—-At this time, in England, and near

“London particularly, fruits and vegetables,
such as then were raised, were sold at a
market place near St. Paul’s church yard,
but owing to the “seurrility, clamor and
nuisance cf the gardeners and their ser-
vants, which had become so obnoxious to

the peovle dwelling there,’’ the Mayor and
\ldermen heing appealed to, designated an-
other place (now ecalled Austin Friars),
where sales could be made, and nowhere else.

1346.—l"irst authorization in England for
the erection of toll-gates under’ King
"edward, Ii.

1352.---The Almoner at Winchester Cathe-
dral, in England, made note that this was a
bad year for apples; also that the cider
supply gave out.

1369.—A}out the earliest account books of
farming operations were kept and preserved
at the Norwich Priory and Abingdon Abbey,
in England. These accounts show the
receipts and expenses of the garden opera-
tions, but not the plants that were grown
or the processes of cultivation.

1380 (about).—Richard, ais King of
England, compelled horse dealers to limit
their prices to a fixed maximum.

FIFTEENTH CENTURY.

THE
1402.—Sir William Clopton, an English-
man, granted to Thomas Smyth a piece of

ground, cailed Dokmedwe, in Houstede, for
the annual payment of a rose to Sir Wil-

liam and his heirs, the demand for roses
being so great in those days that bushels
were frequently paid by vassals to their
lords. both in England and France.
1430.—In this year it is said that England
imported raw cotton from the Levant,
which ineludes Eigypt, Asia Minor, islands

and countries east of Italy, in or borderins

on the Mediterranean Sea. It was then
named cotton wool.

1440.—The earliest known original work
on gardening, written in English, was by

Ton Gardener, and the manuscript exists in
Trinity College, England, to this day. It
was called ‘““‘The Feate of Gardening.”” The
treatise wa's so thoroughly practical that the
directions it contains might be followed

with successful results to the present day.

10

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1449.—In England the tenant was for the
first time secured in possession, during term
of lease. against a buyer of the land.

1467.—Permission granted by King Henry,
1lV., of England, to export a few Cotswold
sheep to Spain.

1469.—In England, the tenant farmer was
first protected from having his property
earried off for the landlord’s debts beyond
the amount of rent due,

1472.—In this year, in Venice,
publisher, printed the existing
Columella on agricultural subjects
were written in the first century.

Jensen, a
works of
which

1485.—Previous to the reign of Henry,
VIL, King of England, which began in
this year, there did not grow in that

country any vegetable or eatable root, such
as carrot, parsnip, cabbage, etc.

1488.—-In Iingland a law was passed to
stop laying arable land to pasture and suf-
fering farm houses to fall to ruin. Owners
were required to till a portion of the soil
and keep the farm houses in repair.

1490.—Comparative Peace, which followed
the Wars of the Roses in England, encour-
aged a new style of architecture. The
gardens were no longer confined within the

castle walls. The red brick houses’ suc-
ceeded old castles. Some houses’ with
gardens were surrounded by a moat, but
gardens were soon extended outside the
moat. Trellis railings also came into
fashion and remained in vogue for many
years.

1492.—Discovery of America.

MERINO RAM — TWO YEARS OLD.

Grand champion, Louisiana Purchase Expo-
sition, St. Louis, 1904. Exhibited by R. D.
Williamson, of Xenia, Ohio.

1493.—Sheep of Spanish origin brought to
the United States by Christopher Columbus.

1493.—First cattle intoduced into America
by Columbus fron: the West India Islands.

1493.— Hogs brought over by Christopher
Columbus on his second voyage, landing
at Hispanola.

1493.-—Indian corn (maize) first taken to
Europe.
1494. In this year Henry the Seventh,

King of England, passed a law that no one
should export a horse or mare, or carry it
heyond sea except for his own use. With
this exception, that any mare of three years
old and upwards, whose price was not above
six shillings and eight pence, might be
exported; the owner, however, was com-
pelled to sell her at the port to any person
who should pay him seven shillings.

1500.—in the reign of Henry, VII., gelding

or castrating horses first practiced in
England.

THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

1509.— The common garden or bush bean
first cultivated in England.

1516.—In this vear the gooseberry bush
was planted in the gardens of Henry VIII.,
King of England.

1520.—At this period hops were first cul-
tivated in England.

1521.—Cortez, Spanish commander, enter-

ing Anahuac, the Aztec capital of Mexico,
discovered buffalo in the menagerie of the
King. Montezuma.

1522.—-Rice culture reported to be suc-
cessful in Lombardy, Northern Italy.

1523.—-In a letter written to friends in
Europe, Alejandro Geraldine, then Bishop
of Santo Domingo, mentions turkeys. He
is regarded as the first author who refers
to this fowl.

1524.—According to C. L. Bonaparte, in
his Natural History of Birds, turkeys
arrived in England in this year from Spain.
Although turkeys were originally from the
American islands and continent, the English
supposed or were told the birds were origin-
ally from Turkey, which gave them a satis-
factory name, although they were not en-

titled to it. At this time all commerce
between America and Europe was with
Spain.

1524.—The apricot introduced into Eng-
land by Woolf, the gardener to King
Henry, VIil.

1525.—Spaniards exported the first cattle
from the West Indies into Old Mexico.

1526.—The pineapple mentioned by Oviedo,
who called it Pinas. Oviedo y Valdes was
Spanish historian of the new world and was
Governor of the Island of Hispanola.

ror

1527.— Florida the first part of the main
land of the United States to receive horses
from the Spaniards.

1529.—When the king, Henry, VIII., of
England, took possession of Cardinal Wol-
sey’s lands, including Hampton Court, he
retained John Chapman, the head gardener,
Of course, the gardener received board and
‘odging.

1530.—-Salads, carrots and _ other
roots first produced in England.

1530.—The strawberry introduced into the
gardens of England from Flanders.

1533..—Richard Harris, an BHnglish fruit
grower, in service of King Henry, VIII.,
planted many apple orchards in the county
of Kent, near London.

1534.—In England, owing to large num-
bers of sheep having come into few persons’
hands, a penalty was imposed on all who
kept above 2,000 sheep.

1534.—-The Book of Husbandry printed in
this year. First and best of early English
works on agriculture; ascribed to Fitzher-
bert, a Judge in the reign of Henry, VIII.

1534.— Extract from Book of Husbandry:
“And bycause that shepe in myne opynyon
is the mooste profytablest ecattell that any
man can haue, therefore I pourpose to
speake fyrst of shepe.”’

1534.— Quotation from the Book of Hus-
hbandry, published in this year: ‘*A. housebande
cannot thryve by his corne without cattell,
nor by his cattell without corne.’’

1534.—From the Book ef Husbandry:
“And in the beginning of March or a lyttel
afore, is tyme for a wife to make her
garden, and to gette as many good sedes
and herbes as be good for the potte and to
eate, and as ofte as nede shall require;
it must be weded, for els wedes wyl ouer-
growe the herbes.’’

1534.—In Great Britain, different individu-
als in the previous! years had accumulated
in their own hands a number of landed
properties, a multitude of cattle, and espe-
cially of sheep. Some of them possessed
24,000 sheep, others 10,000, ete. Tillage was
thereby displaced, the country depopulated
and the price of sheep and wool raised in
an unheard-of manner. It was then pro-
vided by law that no one, therefore, shall
possess more than 3,000 sheep, with the ex-
ception of Jaymen on their own inheritance,
who may keep as many as they please, but
they may not carry on sheep farming on
other properties.

1535.—-In this year, when the French
navigator Cartier visited the country which
is now called Montreal, he found the town

was situated in the midst of extensive corn
fields.

1535.—Captain Jacques
navigator and explorer, in his visit to the
St. Lawrence river, saw and admired the
wild plum trees of North America,

edible

Cartier, French

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 11
_ — —— = = ———— —« ————— ee
1535.—King Henry, VIII., of England had| men in North America. The Spaniards
laws passed for selection and mating for] under Menedez planted orange trees at St.

the impprovement of horses and to elimi-
nate scrubs.

1540.— Beginning in
quez de Coronado,

Francisco Vas-
the Spanish explorer,
penetrated to the country adjacent to the
Hittle Colorado, where he found maize,
Guinea cocks and peas in possession of the
natives.

April,

1541.—In the record of the travels of
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado in the ter-
ritory now comprised in the _ state of
Kansas, he said: “All that way the plains
are as full of erooked-back oxen (buffalo)
as the Mountain of Serena in Spain is of
sheep.”’

1542.— At Barcelona, Spain, in this year, a
recorded price for eggs was equal to twelve
cents a hundred.

1542.—A plant named Shorghi - (modern
sorghum) described by Fuchius, of Belgium,
author of History of Plants.

1547.—In the reign of Hdward, VI., King
of England, exportation of horses to Secot-
land was prohibited.

1548.—The common jasmine (J. officinale)
introduced into England from the East.

1549, March 8th.—Bishop Lattimer preached
his famous “Sermon of the Plough’ before
the Court of King Edward, VI., of England,
and complained that where formerly there
were dwellings and inhabitants there is only
the shepherd and his dog. He reproached
the land owners with depopulating the
country by turning cultivated farms into
stock ranches.

1550.—The origin of the Damask rose is
unknown, but it was introduced into Hurope
from Asia Minor some time in the sixteenth
century, and about this year.

1550.—The peach, which is a native of
Persia, was considerably cultivated in
Britain about this time.

1550.—De Re Rustica, first work on agri-
eulture, published by Conradus’ Heres-
bachius, being translation of ancient work
by Columela.

1550.—In this year Evlya Effendi, a
Turk, wrote an elaborate description of the
Angora goat.

1551.—Konrad von Gessner, an eminent
Swiss naturalist, established a garden of
fruits and flowers. He published a history

of annuals and classification of plants.

1551.—Bishop Scory. of Rochester, pre-
sented a petition to the King of England,
saying that now there are only ‘‘ten ploughs
where formerly there were from forty to

fifty.’ He said that the country population
of England would soon be more like the

slavery and peasantry of France than the
ancient and godly yeomanry of England.
The land owners found it easier to make
money running grass farms than cultivating
grain crops.

1552.—The grapevine first introduced into
England from Flanders. First planting in
the county of Suffolk.

1553.—The currant shrub was imported
into England from the Greek island named
Zante. The currant was originally named
after the city of Corinth, which was an
important Greek mercantile and exporting
center.

1555.—In the great famine in England in
this year, wild fitches kept many farmers
and others from starving. Fitches are the
fennel flower, a coarse kind of pea, hard but
nutritious.

1555.—In this year, in reporting his ob-
servations, Sir Ralph Lane, the English
Administrator in America, said that the
grapes of Virginia were larger than those
of France, Spain or Italy. Sir Ralph Lane
was the first Governor of Virginia.

1562.—Tusser in his ‘Five
Points of Good Husbandry,” says:

Hundred

“Wife, into the garden and set me a plot

With strawberry roots of the best to be
got, .

Such growing abroad, among thorns in the
wood,

Well chosen and picked, prove excellent
good.”

1562.—-Earliest planting of fruit by white

Augustine, Fla.
1562.—Jesuit Fathers
the region of the Great American Lakes.
1562.—The book, entitled ‘Five Hundred
Points of Good Husbandry,’ by Tusser, was
recommended to be taught in English
schools. It was written in verse.

_ 1565.—Sir John Hawkins credited with
introducing the potato in England in this
year.
1562.—Peaches
from Persia.
1562.—-Quotation from
“First barley ere rye,
Then Pease bye and Dye,
Then fallow for wheat,
Is husbandry Great.”’
1562.--This is the year in
English walnut is credited with
England from Rome, where it
“the Nut of the Gods.’’

1564.—-According to an article by Geo. C.
Husman, of the Department of Agriculture,
considerable wine was produced from a
native grape in Florida as early as 1564.

1565.—Nicolo Monardes published writings
on American plants, probably the earliest
separate writings on the subject. Issued in
serial form in Spain.

1565.—In this year
in Florida were visited
an English captain, who said that twenty
hogsheads of wine had been made in a
single season from the wild grapes.

1565.--In a letter of this date Gessner,
the Swiss botanist, mentions the Musk rose
as growing in a garden at Augsburg.

1565.—lLarge imiportations of sheep in
Florida from Spain. Supposed to be the
Churro, or common sheep of Spain.

1565.—-Menedez founded a settlement at
St. Augustine, Fla., the first permanent

planted pears in

introduced into England

Tusser:

which the
arriving in
was called

the Spanish colonies
by John Hawkins,

eolony on this continent.

WHITEHALL MARSHALL — Champion
Shorthorn bull.

1567.— Charles, IX., King of France, issued
a decree in regard to Paris slaughter houses
and ordering improvements in butchering
methods. The slaughter houses abutted on
ihe principal thoroughfares, herdes of foot-
sore animals impeded traffic, the offal was
ieft on the streets and was washed by rains
into the river Seine.

1570.—Hemp and flax mentioned as being
common crops in England. Buckwheat also
mentioned as sown after barley.

1571.—The Festival of the Rose instituted
by Pope Pius, V., in thanksgiving for the
victory gained by the Christians over the
Turks at Lepante.

1573.—The hollyhoek introduced from
Syria into English gardens.
1573.—Coffee, a native of Arabia, Felix

and Ethiopia, first introduced to the notice

of Buropeans by Ranmulfus.
1574.—Reynolde Scott, in England, pub-

lished a treatise on the eulture of hops.

: 1578.— “Whole Art of Husbandry” printed
in England by Barnaby Googe, mostly trans-
tion from the German.

12

1580.—Between this year and 1585 the
Irish potato was introduced into Europe by
the Spaniards.

1580.—Shorthorned cattle existing in Dur-
ham and Yorkshire, England, from which
the modern Shorthorns are in greater part
descended.

1582.—The first record of the Musk rose
having been cultivated in England is in
Richard Hakluyt’s writings, in this year,
who states that 1t was brought from Italy.

1582.—-In this year, in England, in one
ef the southwest counties, a capon cost six-

pence (12 cents), a ealf five shillings
($1.20), a firkin of butter seven shillings
and sevenpence ($1.82), a cock (for fight-
ing) fourpence (§ cents), a pullet three-
Pence (6 cents), a milch cow cost thirty
shillings ($7.20), a bullock seven shillings
($1.68), a horse twenty-two shillings
($5.28), a porkling twenty-eight pence, or

1584.—Don Antonio de Espejo, sent by the
Viceroy of New Spain, explored the Pecos
river country and mentioned a great multi-
tude of oxen or kine (buffalo) that fed
upon the banks thereof, by which they
traveled for the space of 120 leagues, still
meeting with ‘store of the said cattell.”
1584.—Sir Walter Raleigh fitted out an
expedition in England and landed in
America. The colony was called Virginia.
As they did not cultivate the soil, they
were starved out and returned to England
the next year, Where they introduced
tobacco.
1586.—In
eredited
England.
1586.—On his return from. Virginia,
Walter Raleizh introduced potatoes
tobacco in Ireland. He had an estate
Myrtie Lodge, Youhal, county Cork.
potatoes were suitable to the climate

is
in

Sir Francis Drake
introducing the potato

this year
with

Sir
and
at
The
and

flourished, becoming a great benefit to the
island, but the tobacco growing met with

poor success in Treland.

1588.-—Thomas Hariot, a returned colonist
belonging to the Sir Walter Raleigh expe-
dition to Virginia, published in London the

nist article ever written on Indian corn in
North America. It was again published in
Frankfort and illustrated by De Bry, a
wood engraver.

CHEVIOT
Louisiana Purchase Exposition,

EWE—Grand champion at the

1904.

1588.— Origin of Cheviot sheep said to be
that sheep swam ashore from the wrecked

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

| Plants.

j ing?

} country by

white lily—-the lily of the poets and paini-
ers—heing an old garden plant.

1597.—The cauliflower known in England
but very rare “he plant was mentioned
by a writer named Gerarde, and was sup-
nosed to have eqme from Italy.

1597.—The common and well-known lilae
introduced into European countries by way
of Constantinople.

1597.— In this year
lished his Herbal or

John Gerarde pub-
General History of
3orn in 1545 and educated as a
surgeon, his tastes led him to study the
eultivation of plants. His garden at Hol-
born (now in the center of London),
fngland, excelled any in that country. His
book was ihe standard in tkotany for a
hun@cred yevwrs.

LEICESTER SHERP—-SANFORD. Weight,

420 pounds heaviest ram exhibited. Fleece
record, 26 pounds. Grand champion of the
breed at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition,
i904. Exhibited by Alex W. Smith, of
Mapte Lodge, Ontario, Canada. Photograph
by R.... Rogerson.

1598.—In this year Senor Juan Ornate
started out from Zacatecas, in Mexico, to
explore the country now known as New
Mexico. He had 400 colonists, 83 wagons
and 7,006 cattle. He founded Santa Fe.

1600.—Robert Bakewell, of England, com-
menced the improvement of sheep, estab-
lishing a breed of Leicesters, also advocat-
grand principies of breeding by. selec-
He alse improved the Longhorn
of Leicestershire.

tion.
cattle

THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
1602.—-Oats and barley first cultivated in
America in Gosnold’s colony.

1602.--The first wheat was brought to this
3artholomew Gosnold and landed

on «an island in Buzzard’s Bay, on the
southern coast of Massachusetts.
1602.—Beans were cultivated on islands

south of Massachusetts.

1604.—In this year M. L. Escarbot brought
horses to Acadia, an island once a part of

| French territory in America, and from there

| the French

ships of the Spanish Armada and escaped |

to the Cheviot hills.

1591.—The coffee
seribed by Alpinus.

1594.—Sir Hugh Plat,

plant scientifically

in a book entitled

“Jewel Hlouse of Art and Nature,’’ makes
useful observations on manures.
1594.—In this year, in Warwickshire,

Engiand, a farm laborer received fourpence
(8 cents) a day, with ‘meat and drink,” or

cightpence to tenpence finding himself.
Mowers got eightpence (16 cents) with
food, or fourteenpence (28 cents) without

it; reapers, sixpence to twelvepence, accord-
ing to whether they boarded themselves or
not.

1596.—Gerarde speaks thus early of the

de- |

Who extended their settlements
in 1608 took the horses, whiea
probably laid the foundation of what are
now known as Canadian ponies.

1605.—Santa Fe (New Mexico) settled in
this year by the Spanish. Don Juan de
Ornate, of Zacatecas, in Mexico, was the
originator of the colony. It is the seeond
oldest white settlement in the United
States.

1607.—First permanent English settlement
in America at Jamestown, Va. Captain
Christopher Newport ‘commander of the
expedition, his companions being Bartholo-
mew Gosnold, John Smith and others.

1607..—Sir John Norden printed a book
called “Surveyor’s Dialogue,’’ in England.
Speaking of the famous Salisbury meadows,
he says: ‘When cattle have fed their fill.

into Canada

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 13

a

are made fat with

hogs, it is pretended,
with the knots and

the remnant—namely
sappe of the grass.”

1607.-——First recorded effort in this country
at introducing foreign fruits by the James-
town colonists in May of this year.

1607.—Use of freezing mixtures of ice or
snow in combination with salt, saltpeter or
other chemicai agents in use at this time in
a small way.

1607..—A company of English attempted to
settle where is now Kennebec, Me., but
returned to England the following year.

1607.—"‘Clouer Grasse, or the yrasse
Honeysuckie,” (white clover), is directed to
he sown with other hay seeds. In Survey-
or’s Dia!ogue.

1608.--The French at this time introduced
cattle into Canada.

1608.—-The James river settlers learned
the eultivation of corn under tuition of the
Indians.

1608.— -Captain Newport sailed from
Jamestown, Va., for England, carrying with
him twenty turkeys, ‘‘the first introduction
of that fowl into Furope.”

1609.— First authentic record of a yield
of corn produced in America by white men
was forty acres in the Jamestown colony in
Virginia.

1609.—A pamphlet published in London
predicts that cotton would grow as well in
Virginia as in Italy.

1609.— Sheep introduced into Virginia from
England. Ravages by wolves kept the flocks
down to small numbers.

1609.— English horses
town, Va. There were six
horse.

1609.—A book published in England by
Butler, of Oxford, entitled ‘‘Feminine Mon-
archie: or, the History of Bees.”

1609..—The London Company imported
swine inte Virginia, and they increased so
fast that in 1627 the colony was in danger
cf being overrun with them, while the
Indians fattened themselves on pork from
the hogs that had become wild from run-
ning at large in the woods.

1610.— Lord Delaware arrived in America
from England and brought with him French

James-
and one

landed at
mares

vine dressers.- He planted vineyards of
native grapes. He was Governor of Mary-
land.

1610.— Cattle having become extinet in
Virginia on account of the scarcity of food,
another stock was brought from the West
Indies, and the penalty of death for killing
them was enacted.

1610.—About this year King James I., of
Engiand, purchased a celebrated Arabian
horse from a merchant named Markham,
for which he paiua five hundred pounds.

1611.— First cultivation of wheat in Vir-
ginia was reported in this year.

1612.— Oil of Roses discovered by accident
this year, according to Langles.

1614.—Plantings of imported apple and
pear trees in New York. One pear tree of
this planting at Third avenue and Thir-
teenth street, New York City, until 1866.

1616.—First known cultivation of tobacco
in the state of Virginia.

1617.—This is mentioned as the remark-
able period of the first introduction of the
labor of the plow in Virginia.

1618, January 17th.—A patent was
granted in England to David Ramsey and
Thomas Wildgosse for a machine te
“ploughe grounde without horse or oxen,
and to enrich and make better and more
fertill as wel! barren peate, salte and sea
sande, as island and upland grounde, within
our Kingdom of England and Ireland and
our Dominyon of Wales, ete, ete.’”’ It was
the first patent granted in which the great
power of steam for the purpose of assisting
in the cultivation of the soil was applied.

1618.—In this year, at Epsom Downs, in
England, the saying originated: “It is one
thing to take a horse to water and another
to make him drink.’’ It appears that during
a drouth Henry Wicker, a herdsman, discov-
ered water in a small hole on the Ejpsom

Commons. He used a spade to widen the
hole and then discovered that neither he nor
his stock could drink the water. This led

to the discovery of the well-known medi-
eine, Epsom Salts.

1619.—Grapes mentioned in history as
growing at Jame'’stown, Va.

1619.-Negro labor first introduced into
Virginia. Twenty purchased by tobacco

planters from a Dutch trading vessel.

1620.—Coaches as means of public con-
veyance first used in England and Franee,

and were very slow in coming into general
use,

1620, December 22d.—The Mayflower
landed 102 pilgrims at Plymouth Rock.

1620.—The ‘ Pilgrim
tensive plantings of corn
on tneir arrival.

1621..—Edward Winslow wrote that in New

Fathers found ex-
in New England

Engiand “are grapes, white and red, and
very sweet and strong also.”’

1621.—The Governor of Massachusetts
requested the Indian Chief, Massasoot, to

seed corn, that he might judge
which was best. The Indians selected the
finest ears and taught the settlers how to
do the same.

1621.—Earliest known experimental cotton
planting in Virginia.

1621.—The Pilgrim Fathers began the ecul-
tivation of corn, manuring, as the Indians
did, with fish. ‘‘According to the manner
of the Indians, we manured our ground with
herrings, or rather shads, which we have in

exchange

great abundance and take with ease at our
doors. An acre thus dressed will produce
and yield as much corn as three acres

without fish.”

1621.—In this year The London Company
sent ‘“silke worm seede’’ to Virginia along
with grapevines. This was the beginning of
many attempts to establish a great silk-
growing industry in America.

1621, March.—Record of Plymouth Colony:
“They sowed six acres of barley and pease
and set twenty acres of corn, making use of
ten bushels which they brought from _ sub-
terranean storehouses of the Indians. In
this work much assistance was rendered
them by Squanto, a faithful Indian, who
taught them how to plant corn, manure
with fish, and hill it.”

1621,—-Eleven women emigrated
England to become wives of colonists in
Virginia. The passenger fare across the
ocean was paid by 120 pounds of tobacco for
each person.

1622.—In New England it is recorded at
this time that the Indians made a habit of
setting fire to the country twice a year, in
the spring and in the fall, because it would
other wise be overgrown with weeds and
brush,

1622.—An observer at Plymouth Colony in
this year said: “The chestnut, hazelnut,
butternut and shagbark yielded contribu-
tions to the store of food laid up for
winter,”

from

DEVON COW—PRETTY PET. The Devon
breed of cattle passes as a dual-purpose
breed—good for beef and good for the dairy.

14

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

PRETTY PET is a handsome example of the
Devon; she was first-prize cow at the Pan-
American Exposition at Buffalo, 1901.

1623.—A few Devon cattle crossed the
Atlantic ocean in the ship Charity; said
to be consigned to a Mr. Winslow, of Mas-
sachusetts. 4

1623.—A. Department of Agriculture report
says that about this time flax was intro-
duced upon the continent of America solely
for the fiber. For a period of 150 years
thereafter, or until cheaper cotton fabrics
began to supplant linen ones, flax played an
important part in the progress of the
country, becoming, as it did, the basis of
that famous household industry whose
home-spun products were necessaries of life,
second only to food.

1623.—New Hampshire settled by the
English in this year.

1623.-—Indefinite information concerning
importation of Dutch horses arriving at
New York.

1624.— Early settlers introduced sheep
from England into the New England States.

1624.—An early importation of cattle to
New England, consisting of three heifers
and a bull, having been made in this year,
the herd had increased to twelve by 1627,
and in that year was divided into twelve
iots. ‘These lots were drawn for,’’ says
Russell, in Pilgrim Memorials, “affording
the first recorded cattle show in New
Wngland.’”’

1625.— Buckwheat first cultivated
America, on Manhattan Island.

1625.—The Dutch Colony on the Hudson
was supplied with all sorts of plows and
agricultural implements.

1626.— Flax taken to Holland
grown on Manhattan Island.

1626.—The Dutch bought the island of
Manhattan from the Indians for $24.00.

1627.—First important cattle imports into
New York state from Holland.

162%7.—In this year only fifty Hackney
cabs or coaches were in use in London,
England, as public conveyances.

162%7.— John Speed, agricultural author,
mentions the excellent condition of cattle
in Herefordshire, England.

162%7.—Sir Anthony Ashley, of Wimborne,
St. Giles, Dorset, England, died in this year.
He first planted (improved) cabbages in
England, and at his feet a cabbage appears
ehiseled on his monument.

1629..—_In this year six vessels arrived at
Boston from England, bringing with their
other goods some twenty-five mares and
stallions. In the same year a number of
Dutch, Swedish, Danish and French horses
arrived in the colonies of New York, Con-
necticut, Maryland and New Jersey.

1629.—The Spiderwort was one of the first
native flowers to find a home in England, it
having been sent there from Virginia about
the year mentioned.

1629.—-First attempt at hop raising in
the United States made in New Netherlands,
now New York state.

1629.—Plymouth Colony cultivated pota-
toes.

1629.— Rev. Francis Higginson, writing
from Massachusetts Colony in this year, said
that excellent vines were there and that the
Governor had planted a vineyard, with great
hopes of ‘‘encrease.”’

1629.—William Wood, writing from New
England, said: “There is likewise strawber-
ries in abundance, verie large ones, some
being two inches about; one may gather
halfe a bushell in a forenoone.”

1629.—Captain John Smith, Governor of
the Jamestown Colony, wrote, saying: ‘‘One
Mistress Pearce, of Jamestown, an honest,
industrious woman, had gathered from her
garden in one year neere an hundred bushels
of excellent figges.’’.

1630.—In March of this year the Colonial
Assembly of Virginia determined the cash
value of tobacco for the first time in his-
tory. The price was six pence, equal to
twelve cents, per pound.

1630.—In this year was written a poem

in

that was

Ly a New nglander, which shows how

generally the pumpkin was used for the

table that early:

“‘Stead of pottage and puddings and cus-
tards and pies,

Our pumpkins and parsnips are common
supplies;

We have pumpkins at mornings and pump-
kins at noon;

if it was not for pumpkins we should be
undone.”

1630 (about.)—Swedish immigrants intro-
troduced sheep into New Jersey and Dela-
ware.

_ 1630.—Earliest record of pear tree plant-
ing in New England was a pear tree in the

garden of Governor Endicott’s house, in
Boston.

1630.— Origin of the saying ‘Hobson’s
Choice.” This adage has been handed

down to us from the Seventeenth Century
and had its origin in the eccentricities of one
Tobias Hobson. This worthy was a carrier
of Cambridge, England, who died in the
year 1630. In addition to his ordinary busi-
ness he kept a stable and let out horses to
the students at the wniversity. He made it
an unalterable rule, however, that each
animal should have an equal period of work
and rest, and would never let one out of its
turn. Consequently, instead of being allowed
to select the steed they most fancied, his
customer had to take the one that stood
next to the door. If it did not meet with
their approval they had to go without a ride.
Hence, the proverbial expression, ‘‘Hobson’s
Choice,’”’ used to signify a choice without an
alternative.

1631.--Cattle importations into New Hamp-
shire from Denmark arrived in this year.

1632.—Governor’s Island, in Boston Harbor,
was granted to Governor Winthrop on con-
dition that he should plant a vineyard or
orchard upon it.

1633.—A list of vegetables
England before this year was given by a Mr.
William Wood. He said also: ‘Whatever
grows well in England grows well there.”

_ 1633.—In Virgina, in this year, tobacco
inspection warehouses were established, in
which all tobacco grown for sale was exam-
ined by Colonial inspectors, ‘‘who 'shall cause
all the bad and ill-conditioned tobacco in-
stantly to be burned, and the planter there-
otf to be disahled further from planting any
more of that commodite of tobacco.”

1634._Olives introduced into Southern
colonies without much success.

1654.—-Cecil, the Second Lord Baltimore,
established a settlement near the mouth. of
the Potomac river.

1654.—An act passed in the Irish Legisla-
ture against the cruel and common practice
of plowing by fastening the plow to the tail
of an ox or horse.

1635.—‘“‘Canadensium Plantarum,” an illus-
trated book issued by Jacques Cornutus, is
generally supposed to be the first published
work on American plants,

16386.—Roger Williams settled what is
now the state of Rhode Island.

1636.—At this time in the colony of Mas-
sachuseitts Bay a red ealf came to be
cheaper than a black one on account of the
greater liability to be mistaken for a deer
and killed by the wolves. This is from
Kettell’s Chatter on Agriculture in the
United States.

1637.—At this date only _ thirty-seven
plows were in the colony of Massachusetts.

1639.—It was reported that one man made
500 barrels of cider in New York state, in-
dicating earlier general planting of apple
irees in this country. 4

1640.—Pork packing in barrels as an in-
dustry ‘said to have begun in this year at
Salem, Mass.

1640.—William Keift, Governor of New
Netherlands, erected a private establishment
on Staten Island, ‘‘which produced the first

grown in New

beer made in this country,” says an
uuthority. ;
1640.—Tobaceo first reported as being

grown in New England colonies.

1641.—Newmarket, England, as a racing
headquarters dates from this year.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE

BY DATES. 15

the city of
abandoned

1644.—The Haymarket of
London established in this year;
in 1830.

1645.—Sir

Richard Weston, Ambassador

from England to Bohemia, credited with
first introducing “the great clover’ in
IEngland, and turnips also. He was a
useful writer on agricultural subjects.
1646.—In this year Joseph Jenckes, of
Lynn, Mass., a native of Hammersmith, in
England, was granted a state patent privi-
lege for inventions, making mills for the
mianufacture of ‘“sithes and other edge

tools for ye more speedy cutting of grasse.”

1647.—The apple recorded as grafted on
the wild stocks of Virginia.

1647. Rice culture in the United States
began with half bushel of the grain sent
over from England to the Virginia Colony
in this year, from which a yield of sixteen
vushels was obtained. The industry after-
wards gave way to tobacco gruwing.

1647.-—Exportation of wool first prohibited
from Great Britain: also in 1660 and 1668.

1648.—An apple tree planted by Peregrine
White, the first white child born in New
England. Says the author of “Pilgrim Me-
morials,’”’ written in 1655: “It still produces
apples, and the orchard in which it grows
is now owned by his descendants, near the
lot which ne occupied in Marshfield.”

1648.—Hops first raised in Virginia.

1648.—Rye as a field crop first grown in
America in New England.

1649.—“‘The Improver Improved,” an agri-
cultural work by Blythe in England, recom-
mends that turnip cultivation should be ex-
tended from the kitchen garden to the field
as food for stock.

1650.—Hartleb, an English writer, men-
tions the practice of steeping and liming
seed corn (wheat) as a preventive of smut.

1650.—French Work on Agriculture pub-
lished by Oliver de Serres.

1650.—The ‘White Turk,”
lion, owned by Mr. Place, stud groom to
Lord Protector Cromwell, credited with
being one of the originators of the thorough-
bred horse.

1650.—-A_ pearl barley
Germany.

1650.—Horses imported into South Africa
from the island of Java by the Dutch Hast
India Company.

1652.-—Cape

Turkish stal-

mill invented in

Colony, South Africa, first
colonized under Van Riebeek. The sheep
which the European discoverers found in
Cape Colony were the fat-tailed sheep,
strongly resembling the well-known Persian
variety.

1653.— Van der Donck, the _ traveler,
wrote that by this year the Dutch settlers
of New York had already blooming in their
gardens white and red roses, eglantine, dif-

ferent varieties of tulips, violets, white
lilies. anemones and marigolds.
1656.—Covent Garden market, the great

wholesale fruit and vegetable market of the
city of London, originated about this time by
the construction of wooden sheds and selling

stalls. Covent Garden was in earlier days
the garden of Westminster Abbey, when it
was properly named Convent Garden.
1657.—The exportation of horses from
Virginia was prohibited in this year.
1660.-—Earliest record of the use of

increasing the yield of
crops appears in a work entitled ‘A Dis-
course Concerning the Vegetation of
Plants,” Tt was read before Gresham Col-
lege, in England, by Sir Kenelm Digby.

1660.—Ray, a writer, made a tour of the
southern counties of Scotland. He said: ‘We
observed little or no fallow ground in Scot-
land: some ley ground we saw, which they
manured with sea wreck.’’

1661.—The PDutch East India Company
sent two pounds two ounces of Chinese tea
to the King of England as a rare and valu-
able offering. The first known tea to arrive
in England.

1662.—First statute for levying tolls
turnpikes to make or repair roads,

1662.—The Dutch colony on the Hudson

mineral salts for

at

river, New York, added ‘a first-class wheel
plow” with its pulleys, ete., to the stock of
Ai ae implements at a cost of sixty
orins.

1663.—In this year, when the’ second
‘charter was eranted to Rhode Island by
Charles II., King of England, it contained

on Inducement
a Vineyard,

1665.—Minister Colbert, Prime Minister
to Louis iV., established government studs
in France.

1669.—The “Byerly Turk,” a Turkish
stallion, ridden by Capt. Byerly, of the
eueish army, ae this time, is credited with
pPeing one of the foundation stock of the
English Thoroughbred. ‘

1670.—Permanent settlements in the tract
of land south of Virgina, called Carolina
in honor of Charies II., of England. ;

1672.-—John Josselyn published a book
gneiticd ps England Rarities,” discovered
In birds. beasts, fishes, serpents and 4
of that country. mee

1674.—Malpighi publishes a paper on the
structure of plants.

to anyone who would plant

1676.—Tax derived from tobacco exports
this year amounted to £120,000 English
money, or, in round figures, $700,000 in

American money of the present day.

1680.—It is said that peaches were intro-
dueed about this time into America by the
early settlers.

1681.— In Houghton’s ‘Collections on
Husbandry and Trade’’ appears the first
notice of turnips being eaten by sheep.

1682.—-William Penn established the first
settlement in what is called Pennsylvania.

1682.—-The Imperial stud of Russia re-
ceived importations of Arab stallions, which
eauned san declted improvement in the horses
a) at country. It was b dir
Peter the Great. ; ae

1683.—Sheep raising in Penn'sylvani ,
from about this year. Z ee
1685.—This year witnessed the be
ginnin
of a small French colony in Texas mmidee
the Chevalier LaSalle, who landed on the
shores of Matagorda Bay. The occupation
was brief.

1686. — William Fitzhugh, in Virginia,
described his own plantation and mentions
2 large orchard of about 2,500 apple trees,

mostly grafted, well fenced with a locust
rence.

1688.—-Persian-Arab horses introduced into
South Africa by the Dutch East India
Company.

1688.—An English writer, Ray, mentions
seventy-eight varieties of apples.

1688.—St. Marys, the oldest settlement

in Michigan, established by the Jesuit Mis-
sionaries,

1690.—The first work treating of roses

with any degree of method published. It

eas that by LaQuintyne, and issued in
is.

1690.—Potatoes were beginning to attra
notice in Scotland. “The patatucin a haeat.
erous herb, with esculent roots, bearing
winged leaves and a bell flower.”

1690.—The Mango introduced into hothouse
cultivation in England from the East Indies.

Oe this early date Boston, Mass.,
was doing quite a trade in packi
curing pork, p Bae ose
. 1691.—The Phlox, an American genus of
plants, mentioned in a work published in
London by Plukenet, a writer living before
the time of Linnaeus.

1691.—Experimental proof of the sexu-
ality of plants published for the first time
by Camerarius. a German botanist. He was
in charge of the gardens at Tuebingen.

_ 1694.—A ship captain, seekin sh
in the harbor of Charleston, S. C1 eretted
Thomas Smith, Governor of the province
with a sack of rice. From this the rice in-
dustry of the present was established.

1695.—In this year John Houghton, an
Englishman, writing of dairy subjects,
speaks of the Irish as rotting their butter
and burying it in bogs. The burying of
butter may have been for the purpose of

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

——— ——— - —

storing in time of need, or to hide it from
invaders, or to ripen it for the purpose of
developing flavor.

1697.—First agricultural work in Scotland
printed under the title of “Husbandry Anat-
omized; or, An Inquiry Into the Present
Manner of Teiling and Manuring the Ground
in Scotiand,’’ by Donaldson.

1700.—Trustworthy records of the breed-
ing of the thoroughbred horse were first

begun in the stud book by Messrs.
Weatherby.

THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

1701._-Jethro Tull, a gentleman of Berk-
shire, in Wnvland, adopted the system of
sowing his crops in rows or drills so wide
apart a's to admit of tillage of the intervals
both hy plowing and hoeing.

1704.—The peppermint plant mentioned
and named by Ray in his book, ‘Historia
Plantarium.”

1706.—Practice of cutting clover green and
giving it te eattle, now called soiling, men-
tioned as being a common practice at this
lime

1710.-—First attempt
the state of California.

1712.—Naraldi, of Nice, invented glass
bee-hives, enabling naturalists to study the
in-door proceedings of bees.

1714..—Father Jartoux, a missionary among
the Chinese, published a description of a
Tartarian plant called Ginseng.

1716.—In this year, through efforts of
Mather Lafitau, a missionary amongst the
Canadian Indians, the plant now known as
American Ginseng was discovered near Mon-
\real.

1716.—Thomas Fairchild, an English
gardener, crossed the Carnation with the
Sweet William. This is the record of the
first hybrid (mixture of the species) in
flowers.

1718.—The English thoroughbred stallion
Bulle Rock foaled in this year was imported
into Virginia by Patton & Gist in 1730, and
is said to have been the first thoroughbred
to arrive in America.

1719.—An hundred families from
having settled at Londonderry, N. H., they
introduced the foot spinning wheel, the
manufacture of linen and the culture of
potatoes.

1720.—Joseph Foljambre, of Rotherham,
England. took out a patent for a plow with
moldboard and landside of wood sheathed
with iron plates, the share and coulter
being made of wrought iron with steel edges.

1720.—In this year a Galloway horse was
foaled at a village near Haddington, in
Seotland, which lived to be sixty-nine years
old. Wilkes’ Spirit of the Times, authority
for this statement, mentioned him in later
years as being eleven hands high, and that
he trotted cleverly right up to a few weeks
of his death.

1721.—First efforts to grow
Virginia date from this year.

1723.--I.ord Bellhaven, of Scotland, pub-
lished a book which he described as a
“sood, easy method of husbandry.”

1723.—Mr Alstroemer, an_ enterprisinz=
Swedish farmer, introduced Merino sheep
into his own country. He encouraged the
government to establish an agricultural
school, which offered premiums for Spanish
Merinos and the best wool.

1723.—“‘‘Society of Improvers

to grow fig trees in

Ireland

cotton in

in the

Knowledge of Agriculture in Scotland,”
organized. First of its kind in the United
Kingdom.

1724.-—-The horticulturist Dudley said that
Indian corn is of several colors, as blue, red
and yellow: and if they are planted
rately hy themselves they will keep their
own color: but if they are planted one color
near another they will mix and interchange
their colors.

1724.—Godolphin Arabian, the most
noted of all the Bastern thoroughbred sires,
foaled in this vear. He was imported into
england from France by a Mr. Coke. This
great stallion was said to have actually been
a cart horse on the streets of Paris. Colonel
S. D. Bruce, authority on the thoroughbred

sepr- |

horse, said of him: ‘He unquestionably
contributed more to the breed of thorough-
breds than any stallion either before cr

since his time.’

GODOLPHIN

ARABIAN.—The thorough-
bred horse that worked as a cart horse in
Paris and was discovered in time to be the
most valuable foundation sire of the breed.

1726.—A_ village
ported making
1726.---The
in « paper in

near Boston, Mass.,
19,000 barrels of cider.

horticultural writer Dudley,
[ the Philosophical Transac-
tions, said: “Our apples are without doubt
as. good as those of England and much
fairer te look to, and so are the pears; but
we have not al! the sorts.’’
1727. —The Moss rose was introduced into
Wngiand from Holland in the sixteenth cen-
iury, and is first mentioned by Miller in the
year given. Miller supposed it to be a
sprout of the Provence rose, which opinion
has been confirmed by modern botanists.

_1727.—RAale’s work published on respira-
iion of plants and formation of sap.

1728.—-The first botanical garden in the
United States founded by John Bartram on
the banks of the Schuylkill, not far from
Philadelphia.

1328.—--In this year
“tittle machines which,
motion of a wheel, the cotton falls on one
side and the seed on the other, and thus
they are separated,” a primitive cotton-gin.

1730.—In this year the first English
eotton-oil mill was erected in Gloucester.
The ciiy of Gloucester is one of the im-
portant centei'’s of enterprise in the west of
England. not far from the seaport of

re-

mention is made of
being played by the

Bristol, which is in the same county.

JUBILEE KING—SADDLE COLT. Foal
of 1911. Already winner of first prizes at
leading Blue Grass Fairs. Bred and owned
by J. F. Barbee, Millersburg, Bourbon
county, Kentucky.

1736.—The }lain-gaited saddle horse, with-
out edueation, developing at this time into
the five-gaited saddle horse. 3

“HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

17

1731.-—Speaking of the tomato, Philip
Milter, in his Gardeners’ Dictionary, says:
“Whe Italians and Spaniards eat these

apples (love apples) as we do cucumbers—

with pepper, oil and salt—and some eat
them stewed in sauces.’’
1731.—Horse-hoeing Husbandry published

by Jethro Tul!, of Berkshire, England.

1732.—Poor Richard’s Almanae first pub-
lished by Benjamin Franklin at Philadelphia.

1732.—John Kirby, traveler in England,
writing of the Suifolk Red Polled cattle dis-
trict, said that the butter ‘‘was justly
esteemed and the pleasantest in England.”’

1732.—In Maryland tobacco was made
legal tender at the rate of one English
penny (two cents) per pound for all debts,
including customs dues, the salaries of state
officers and ministers of the gospel.

1732.—Justice Dudley, of Massachusetts,
writing, in this year, says: “An onion set
out for seed would rise to four feet nine
inches, and a parsnip would reach eight
feet.”

1735.—-The Pompone roses found growing
wild by a gardener of Dijon, in France,
while cutting wood on a mountain near the
city.

1735.—A stallion named Old Traveler,
ewned by Mr. Osbaldeston, of North Eng-
land, ancestor of Cleveland Bays.

1737.—The Studley bull dropped in this
year became one of the first great stock
getters of the Shorthorn breed.

1737.— Hugh Orr, a Scotchman by birth,

arrived in Massachusetts and erected a trip
hammer at Bridgewater for the manufacture
of seythes and axes and acquired a wide
reputation.

1740.—The Tarpan, a Russian horse, con-

sidered as being the wild ancestor of
European horses, described by Guelin as a

mouse dun in color, with dark points, short,
crisp mane, with a short, bushy tatl.

1746.—About this time James Small, of
Berwickshire, in Seotland, first introduced
the plow with the cast-iron mouldboard, still
using wrought-iron shares.

1741.--Jolly Roger, a thoroughbred stal-
lion, was foaled in this year. He was known
on the English turf as ‘‘Roger of the Vale.’’
He was the first horse that gave distinction
to the racing stock of Virginia, where he
was imported and commenced service as a
sire in 1748. He was by Roundhead, who
was by Flying Childers, who was by Darley
Arapiarn. The dam of Jolly Roger was got
by the famous horse Partner, the best race
horse in his day.

1742.—The Baldwin apple, a chance seed-

ling, sprang up this year on the farm of
Mr. John Ball, in Eastern Massachusetts,
and brought into general notice by a Col-

onel Baldwin, who named it.

1742.— Hereford cattle improvement began
by Benjamin Tompkins, the elder, of Canon
Pyon, Herefordshire, England.

1742.—M. Dubreuil, a planter of New
Orleans, invented a cotton gin, which was
so far successful as to give quite an impulse
io cotton raising.

1744.—William Ellis, agricultural writer,
commended Holderness cattle of Yorkshire
for wide bags, short horns and large bodies.

1745.— Suffolk Punch horses famous for
draft qualities. Norman stallions on Suf-
folk mares credited with the production of
the breed.

1745. — Beet-root sugar
Marggratf, a German chemist.

1747. James Elliott, a clergyman of Con-
necticut, published a_ series of valuable
essays on “Field Husbandry.’’

1747.— Agricultural seeds first
mercially in the United States
time.

1747.—‘‘Memoirs on Wool,” first
tion of its class in Great Britain.

1748.—Rev. Jared Eliot, in a book on
farm husbandry, urges the growth of clover
for the reason that an acre of it would
produce two bushels of seed, worth thirty-
five pound’ in the currency of that period.

1748.—In this year the Province of New

discovered hy

sold com-
about this

publica-

Jersey passed a law requiring that trotting
and pacing races be held only at Fairs.

1750.—First act of Parliament for collect-
ing tolls ou the highway of Scotland.

1750 the VIth, Duke of
Hamilton, introduced a Flemish stallion for
use of his tenantry in Clyde Valley, Scot-
land. This is said to be the origin of
Clydesdale horses, but is disputed.

1750 (about).—The commercial history of
the peppermint plant began at Mitcham, in
Surrey, Hngland.

1750.—Red clover known to be grown in
Rhode Jsland as early as this year.

(about).— lames,

WILLOWMOOR BROWNIE—AYRSHIRE

HEIFER. Champion junior female at the
National Dairy Show of 1911; daughter of
Netherhall Brownie, 9th, world’s champion

Ayrshire cow. Bred and owned by Wiillow-
moor Farms, Redmond, state of Washington.

1750.—Ahbout this time the Earl of March-

mont purchased from the Bishop of Dur-
ham and carried to his estates in Berwick-
shire, Scotland, several brown cows spotted
with white. These were the foundation
cows of the Ayrshire breed of cattle.
1750.—A berry having a pleasant pine-
apple-like aroma arrived in England from
Chili, South America, under the name of

Pine strawberry. Credited with being im-

prover of wild berries.
1751.— Jesuit Fathers

brought to Louisi-

ana samples of sugar cane for the purpose
of adding to the resources of the colony.
This is now called ‘Creole’ cane.

1752.—Lightning conductors first used for
protection of buildings.

1752.—The French government offered to
purchase all the tobacco raised in the
province of Louisiana at a price equivalent
to seven cents per pound.

1753.—The year usually taken .as_ the
beginning of botany. Linnaeus grouped all
the tulips, which he named under the clas-
sification of Tulipa Gesneriana.

1754.—In this year a Galloway horse
owned by a Mr. Crocker went an hundred
miles a day for three days over the New-
market Course in England and ‘showed no
distress. The Galloway was a hardy cob
horse, the breed originating in Scotland,

but is now extinct.

1754.—The best known of the Cape jas-
mines (which are not related to the true
jasmines) is the Gardena florida, and was
introduced into England from China in this
year.

1755.— From silk manufactured near
Charleston, S. C., in this year, three dresses
were made in England—one presented to
the Princess Dowager of Wales, another to
Lord Chesterfield, and the third to a
person, name not given.

1756. — Margegraf, a
found the sugar

German chemist,
beet contained only 1.5
per cent. of sugar, which is increased to an
average of 13 per cent. by selection and
improved methods of cultivation.

1759.—First sugar house equipped with
machinery erected at New Orleans’ by
Dutreuil.

18

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1759..-The Bird’s-foot violet was sent to
the Apothecaries’ Gardens, at Chelsea, near
London, as early as this year—-probably by
John Bartram, of Philadelphia, an eminent
botanist, who sent many plants to England.

1760.— Commencement of memorable im-
provement in British agriculture.

1760.—The cow “Tripes,’ Shorthorn cow,
bought by Thomas Hall, in England,earliest

recorded cow of the Shorthorn breed.

1760.— First known commercial nursery
in this country established by William
Prince, of Flushing, Long Island. Pioneer
of the industry, and published a catalogue
of fruits.

1760.—MeCullough’s Statistics of the
British Empire records that in this year

William Dawson introduced the custom of
plowing two horses abreast with lines.
1760.—In the list of flower seeds published
in a Boston newspaper advertisement this
year are those of the marigold, sensitive
plant, branching larkspur, white and yellow
chrysanthemum, sweet peas, tall hollyhock,
pink, Sweet William and French honey-
suckle.
1761.-—The first
established at Lyons,

1761.— First exact
obtained from a work
‘scientist.

1762.— Fahrenheit used
ture in fixing scale for
which bears his name.

1763.—-Bartram in his ‘‘Travels’’ mentions
having seen in this year near Mosquito
Tnlet, Florida, a ridge a half mile wide and
forty miles long, which was one dense
orange grove.

1763.—Nathaniel Bird,
advertised in the Newport
that he had garden seeds for sale just
arrived from England. This is oné of the
earliest records of seeds being for sale.

1763.—In this year Laclede, Maxon & (Co.
established the first fur-trading depot at
St. Louis, Mo. The brothers Auguste and
Pierre Chouteau were connected with it. In
those days the farmers tributary to St.Louis
were hunters and trappers.

1763.--In his book entitled ‘‘The History
of the Jersey Cow in America,’’ by Valancey

known veterinary school
France.

Knowledge
by Koelreuter,

of hybrids
a

and salt mix-
thermometer

ice
the

a book dealer,
(R. I.) Mercury

KE. Fuller, he said: “From the evidence I
think it may be claimed that as early as
1763 the purity of the Jersey cattle breed
was a subject of great care, and it has
been scrupulously guarded till this day.
with the possible exception of an isolated

eross of the Guernsey.”

JERSEY COW—MARY- ANNE OF S?.
LAMBERT. 36 pounds 12 ounces of butter
in one week; 836 pounds in one year.
Owned at that time by Valancey E. Fuller,
of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. From

Schreiber photo, 1882.

1764.—Alexander Garden, Scotch scientist,
of Charleston, S. C., published an account
of pink-root, the use of which as a vermi-
fuge he had introduced. The botanical
genus Gardenia was named in honor of Mr.
Garden. '

1764.—Gideon Welles announced
Newport (R. I.) Mercury that he had some
choice Connecticut onion seed for sale.

in the’

1764.—Mr. Dawson, of Frogden, believed

to be the first in Scotland to grow turnips
for stock to a large extent.

ECLIPSE—The Thoroughbred.

1764.—Eclipse foaled during the eclipse of
that year; the most wonderful horse ever
produced on the Hnglish turf; bred by the
Duke of Cumberland; got by Marske, a
srandson of Bartlett’s Childers, out of
Spiletta. “He puffed and blowed like an

otter and galloped as wide as a barn door.”
—Lawrence.

1764.—Improved cotton-spinning machin-
ery invented in England by Hargreaves.

; 1764.—FVirst greenhouse on modern plans
in this country constructed in New York.

1765.—The London (England) Society of
Arts awarded a gold medal to Benjamin
Gale, of Killingworth, Conn., for a drill
plow, the invention of which was claimed
by Benoni Hilliard, of the same place.

A SAXONY MERINO RAM.—A picture
representing this fine-wool Merino breed,
which at one time was a rival of the
Spanish Merino in America. This picture
represents a ram of the early importations
from Saxony. /

1765.—George Washington reecived a pair
of blooded pigs from the Duke of Bedford,
called Bedford breed.

1765.—Merino sheep introduced into Ger-
many by grant of the King of Spain to the
Elector of Saxony.

1765.—Saxon Merino sheep originated by
flock of 300 Spanish Merinos ‘sent by King
Louis, XV., of France, at the request of his
brother-in-law, Prince Xavier.

1766.—In this year samples of home-made
seythes, shovels, spades, hoes, ete., were
iaid befere the Society of Arts in New York
und approved.

1766.— John Wynn Baker, of Kildare, in
Ireland, commenced a_ system of rural-
economy experiments and showed by actual
experiment that the saving effected by the
drill and horse hoe amounted in fifteen
vears to the fee simple (value) of all the
cultivated lands in the kingdom.

1766.—Field seeds first advertised in the
New England Gazette.

1767.—William Dunbar, a New England
gardener, advertised seeds for sale as foi-
jlows: Peas and beans, 30 shillings per

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

19

quart; Strasburg onions and orange carrots,
25 ‘shillings per ounce; early cabbage, 40
shillings per ounce and “Colliflower,” 6
pounds per ounce. He also sold _ flower
seeds.

1767.—M. Buring, a Berlin merchant, laid
a plan before the King of Prussia, which
jed to the organization of Land Mortgage
Associations in Germany, the first organized
in Brandenburg in 1880.

1767.—In the Boston Gazette of this year
six out of twenty-six advertisers were
dealers in seeds.

1767.— Discovery
tion of plants.

by Sprengel of fertiliza-

ENGLISH MAMBRINO—Thoroughbred.

1768.—Engitish Mambrino, a grey horse,
sire of Messenger, was foaled in this year.
Mambrino was a thoroughbred, and is the
_ fountain head of the American trotter. His
son, Messenger, was reputed as being the
best horse ever brought to America.

1768.—This is the date generally agreed
upon wher the father of Hugh Watson, of
Keillor, Scotland, first began gathering the
cattle which were afterwards known as the
original herd in the establishment of the
Aberdeen-Angus breed.

1768.—Messrs. Culley settled on the
Northumbrian ‘side of the river Tweed.
Great improvers of agriculture in border
counties of England and Scotland.

1769.—fHdward Antill, of Monmouth, N. J.,
wrote the first American treatise on the
grapevine. .

1769.--The French settlers of Kaskaskia,
Southern Illinois, made 110 hogsheads of
wine from wild grapes.

1769.—“‘Eclipse first, the rest nowhere.”
Eclipse first on turf this year, and for
seventeen months won every race, closing
his career by walking over the Newmarket
course for the King’s plate. His full speed
was never tested, no horse ever haying put
it to the proof.

1769._Olive trees planted at San Diego,
Calif., still in bearing.

1769.— First investigation of pleuro-pneu-
monia in eattle by Bourgelat, the founder
of veterinary schools, brought about by
prevalence of the disease in Europe.

1770.— First plantings. of grape at
Mission of San Gabriel, in California.

1770.—-The popular Bartiett pear orig-
inated in England, it being propagated by a
nurseryman named Williams; but having
been disseminated in this country by Enoch
Bartlett, it thus acquired its new name.

1771. —The great fringed orehis first made
known to botanists through D. Piteairn, who
introduced it into the Kew gardens from
Newfoundland.

1771.— Silk culture begun in Pennsylvania
and New Jersey. It was interrupted by the
Revolutionary War, and only revived in a
small way after the treaty of peace.

1771.— Baron William Stiegel, who came
to America twenty-one years before, gave
the land for a church at Manheim, Pa, this

the

clause being in the indenture: “Yielding and
paying therefor unto the said Henry William
Stiegel, his heirs and assigns, of the said
town of Manheim, in the month of June,
yearly, forever hereafter, the rent of one red
rose, if the same shall be lawfully
demanded.”

1772.—-Priestley’s treatise on breathing of
piants issued in this year.

1772.—To Mrs. Martin Logan, daughter cf
Robert Daniel, a Governor of North Caro-
lina, is accorded the credit of publishing the
first American treatise on gardening, which
was written in her seventieth year.

1772.--In Philadelphia, this year, Peteliah
Webster sold clover and duck gra'ss seed,
being one of the earliest in the seed business
in that ecity.

1772.—Nitrogen discovered by Rutherford
in this year,

1773.—-James Vaux, of Pennsylvania, im-
ported clover seed from England because it
was difficult to obtain in America.

1773.—One of the early veterinary colleges
established at Copenhagen, in Denmark.

1773.—Spanish sheep introduced on
Pacific coast of the United States;
kind a's in Florida.

1773.—An iron plow
Society of Arts in London,
Mr. Brand.

1774.— During the
Kinsey Borden, of St. Paul’s Parish, South
Carolina, invented a roller gin for the
eleaning of long-staple and silky cotton, of
which he was a large grower.

1775.—Empress Maria Theresa of Austria
imported several hundred Saxony Merino
sheep and placed them in Hungary at Mere-

the
same

was presented to the
Iingland, by a

Revolutionary War,

opail, where an agricultural school was
established.

1775.—The Cherokee’ rose, a Chinese
species, Known to have been cultivated at

this time in the Southern states.

1775.— Improvement in cotton-spinning
inachinery by Dr. Cartwright in England.

1775.— Bartram’s tree orchis, the first of
its kind found in the Middle States, intro-
duced into Fothergill’s gardens, in London,
it having been discovered in Florida a year
or two before.

1775.— James
in Philadelphia,
quantity
seed, found on
200d.”

1775.— Count Orlotf Tschismensky, a lover
of horses, imported the grey Arabian stal-
lion Smetanxa, and, crossing on Danish,
Dutch and English mares, originated the

Longhead advertised seeds
‘saying that he kept “a
of the largest kind of collyflower
trial to be extraordinary

treed of Russian trotters.

SOUTHDOWN WETHER—GRAND CHAM-
PION, WESTERN NATIONAL SHOW,
DENVER, COLO., 1912. Exhibited by the
Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colorado.

20

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1775.--Improvement in Southdown sheep

began about this time.
75.—The first Austrian
lege established at Vienna.
1776.—The first artificial
was built jin this year, from
to New York.
1776. In New
a dealer in merchandise
kept a general assortment of seeds,
ine red clover, grass and ‘‘Saintfoine,”’
improvement of land.
1776.—M. de Trudaine
sheep in France.
1776, July 4.—Declaration of Independence.

1776.—The famous French nurseries at

veterinary coi-

road in America
Philadelphia

York City, Samuel Deall,
on Broad _ street,
inelud-
for

introduced Merino

Ussy, afterwards acquired by Levavasseur &
Sons, established by Mons. Turgot, Comp-

troller General of France under Louis XIV.

1777.—Poll tax levied for Baltimore
county and city fixed at 172 pounds of
tobacco. One of the latest payments of
taxes in produce,

1777.— Highland (Agricultural) Society of
Scotland instituted.

1777.— Bath and West of England (Agri-

cultural) Society estabiished.

1777. -— Large importation of Spanish
Merino sheep by the people of Saxony.

1777.—John Bartram, born in 1699, died
in this year. He was called_the “Father of
American Botany.” He founded at Kinges-
sing the first American Botanical Garden
and published many valuable writings on
hbotanica! subjects.

1779..—The inhabitants of New
obtained their first sweet corn
Indiuns in this year.

1779.-—In this year the expedition of Gen-
eral Suilivan against the Six Nations in the
Genessee country, New York, ascertained
that the Indians had fields of corn, and
gardens of beans, peas, turnips, cabbages,
melons. carrots, parsnips and potatoes,

1779.—-Tomatoes first used in catsup -in

England
from the

New Orleans about this time.

_ 1179.-—An early sweet corn introduced into
Connecticut by an officer of the army re-
turning from an expedition gainst the
Indians in the Genessee country.

1779.— Improvements in ecotton-spinning
machinery in England by Compton.

Lobiihi /

cnt AA

The Smithfield beef champion.

1779.-—J. H. Campbell, of Charlton Kent,
England, fed and exhibited a famcus Here-
ford ox at Greenwich. Live weight, 3,369
pounds: fore quarters, 1,016 pounds; hind
quarters, 896 pounds: dressed weight, 1,912
pounds.

1780, May i4th.—This wa's the first Derby
Day in England. The race was won by
Diomed. the property of Sir Charles Bun-

pury. All the competitors were colts. The

distance was one mile.

1780.—Imperted Messenger (a thorough-

bred), foaied in 1780, imported to the
United States in 1788 and died in 1808. He
was of Arahian descent. First in list of
original sources of American trotting blood.
Great-grandsire of Rysdick’s Hamble-
tonian.

1780.—William Pitt, of Pendeford, Eng-

invented a reaping machine suggested

land, }
description of Pliny and Palladius.

by the

This was described
Agriculture in 1787.

1780.--Practice of
hoeing crovs introduced
land.

1780.—Mr. John Ellman, of Glynde Farm,
near Lewis. in Sussex, England, commenced
breeding and improvement of Southdown
sheep. Continued fifty-two years.

1732.--The Mango reached the West
Indies from Brazil and soon became natur-
alized.

1783.—London Society for the Encourage-
ment of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce
called public attention to the existence and
value of cotton-seed oil.

in Young’s Annals of

drilling and _ horse-
into Northumber-

A Clydesdale stallion,

1783.— Exhibition of stallions at Edinburg,

Scotland. Highest prize won by ‘Blaze,’’
first horse causing marked improvement in
Clydesdales.

1783.— First Gough & Miller Shorthorn
eattle importation via Baltimore to Virginia,

1783, September 3d.—Peace in American
after eight years of war for independence,

1783.—“Hubback,”’ a great foundation bull
of Shorthorn family, bought by Robert Col-
ling and Mr. Waistell of Mr. Fawcett, near
Darlington, England. This bull was the
greatest factor in Shorthorn cattle improve-
ment. Had been used before the discovery
of his merits for service at one ‘shilling per
cow.

1784.— Plow

with cast-iron mold board
and wrought and cast-iron shares invented
by James Small, of Scotland.

1784.—David Landreth established himself
near Philadelphia in market gardening,
nursery and seed-growing business.

1784, August 2d.—The first mail coach in
history started from London to Bristol, in
Eng'and.

1784.—Charles Colling, of Ketton Hall,
England, bought a cow at. Darlington
market of Thomas Appleby for $85, which
he afterwards named Duchess—original stock

cow of the famous Shorthorn Duchesses.
1784.—First exportation of cotton, eight
bags, weighing in all 1,200 pounds.

1785.-—Power loom added to inventions for
manufacturing cotton goods by Dr. Cart-
wright, of Mngland, greatly increasing the
demand for raw cotton.

1785.—First organization of American
egricultural societies at Philadelphia, then
the National Capital. George Washington,
Benjamin Franklin and Timothy Pickering,

prominent members.

1785.—Robert Ransome, of Ipswich, Eng-
land, introduced plows with cast-iron
shares, ‘
1786.—+Before this year cotton was a
domestic manufacture amongst Southern

planters. A letter from Thomas Jefferson
said: “The four southernmost states make
n great deal of cotton. Their poor are
almost entireiy clothed with it in winter
and summer.”’

1786.--ranz Karl Achard, German chem-

ist, discovered the true method of sepa-
rating the sugar from the sugar-beet plant.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES, 21

1786.—Sea Island cotton introduced in
Georgia from the West Indies.

1786.—-_Mrs. Colling, wife of Mr. Charles
Colling, of Shorthorn breeding fame, first
known and recognized as cattle breeder, or,

in modern terms, a Cattle Queen.

1786.—The French government purchased
300 sheep from Spain, the foundation of the

French (Rambouillet) Merino.

1787.— The King of Spain presented a
jack and jennet to General George Wash-
ington. The jack was called the Royal
Gift.

1787.—A mill for the manufacture of
cotton erected at Beverly, Mass.

1787.—A mill for the manufacture of
cotton was erected on James Island, South
Carolina.

1%788.—in this year’'a Mr. Bisset, of
Georgia, contrived a ecotton-gin haying two
rollers revolving in opposite directions by
which five pound'’s of cleaned cotton were
made per day.

1788.—President Stiles, of Yale, wore at
the commencement exercises, this year, a
silk gown from material made and woven

in Connecticut.

1788.—As early as this date the American
searlet rose-mallow, said by Meehan to be
“the most gorgeous of all the plants indig-
enous to the United States,’’ was mentioned
in Walter’s “Flora Caroliniana.”

178%.— First exten'sive production of Sea
Island cotton. Thomas Proctor raised 5,000
pounds upon a plantation near Savannah,Ga.

1788.--Swedish turnip and _ potato’ oat
added to farm erops in England and Scot-
jiand.

1788.—King George, III., introduced Merino

sheep in England, They did not thrive in
that country.

1789..—First authentic notice of Jersey
cattle by the Legislature of the Jersey

Island passing an act to keep out fraudulent
cows from France.

1789.— George Washington, President of
the United States, and served eight years,
to 1797.

1789.— Jussieu founds the Natural System
of Plants.

1789.—-Eclipse,
died at the age of 25.
winners at the race course.
O. Kelly.

1789.—-General Lafayette presented a fine
Maltese jack to General Washington, named
the Knight of Malta.

the peerless thoroughbred,
He was sire of 334
Owned by Mr.

The foundation sire of the Morgan breed.

1789. — Justin Morgan, famous horse,
parent sire of Morgan horses, foaled this
year at Springfield, Mass.; died in 1821;

“was moved to Randolph, Vt. Justin Morgan
‘vas descended from the English thorough-
bred, also from Arabians and Turks. No
Morgan horse ean be registered without one
sixty-fourth of his blood in the male line.

1789.— Commodore iardner sent orchwl
plants of Hmpidendrum fragrant from the
woods of Jamiaica One flowered two years

after and was the first orchid figured in the
3otanical Magazine.

TORMENTOR—A typical Jersey bull.

1789.—On the Island of Jersey an act of
the local Legislature prohibited the impor-
tation of any foreign breed of cattle,

1790.—A cotton mill, driven by water,
with ginning, carding and other machines,
also. spinning machines with eighty-four
spindles each, put in operation at States-
burg. S.C:

1790.— Great

improvement in the treadle

cotton gin made by Joseph Eve, of Provi-
dence, R. IL. then residing in the Bahamas.

1720.— Almv & Brown established a
eotton mill at Pawtucket. R. I. In the same
year a mill was erected in South Carolina.

1790.— Successfui attempt to grow Sea
Island cotton in the United States by Mr.
Wim. Elliott, near Beaufort, S. C. Seed pro-
cured from the Bahama Islands.

1790.—Smali’s swing plow and Meikle’s
threshing machine brought into general use.

_ 1790.—When Alexander Hamilton was
Secretary of State under George Washing-
ton as President, the exports of tobacco
constituted 21.5 per cent. of all exports, and
only second in importance to flour,

1790.—Goethe writes on the metamorphosis
of plants.

1790.—Thomas Booth, founder of a Short-

horn cattle family, commenced breeding at
KXillerby, in Yorkshire.

1790.—The New England Farmer, 4
volume of over 306 pages, .published at
Worcester, Mass. :

1790.— The first Prussian veterinary college
established in Berlin
_ 1790. The Hugarian government estab-
lished a stud of Arab horses at Babolna,
under the Department of Agriculture, for

the purpose of raising army horses.

1791.—In this year Mr. Heaton, a butcher,
Who had settied in New York about 1775,
imported some Shorthorn cattle from the
herd of Mr. George Culley. of Northumber-
land. Whet became of them is unknown.

1791, February 26th.—New York Society
For the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts and
Manufactures organized on this date.

1791.— Agricultural seciety formed at Ken-
nebec, Mass. (now Kennebec, Me.).

1791.— According. to Dr. Elwood Harvey,
in an essay on the American trotting horse,
trotting as a sport began in England in this
year, We mentions an account of a brown
inare, eighteen years old, that trotted six-
teen miles cn the Essex Road in fifty-eight

minutes.

1791.— Otter sheep, with a long body and
short, crooked legs, originated from a mal-
tormed twin ram. Efforts were made to
preserve this sporadic variety on account of
iis inability to run and jump and thus
escape from an enclosure. In the Wastern
States it promised to become a_ distinct
species, but it has disappeared. Imagining
that the ewe had been frightened by an
viter (then Occasionally seen in the vicinity)
people called it the Otter sheep. This state-
ment is from Harper’s Book of Facts.”

22

SSS = =

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1791.—The first English veterinary college
established in London.

17$1.—Four Spanish Merino rams received
into the United States, one ram supposed to

have been used in the vicinity of Delaware
until 1808.

1792, March 7th.—Western Society of
Middlesex Husbandmen formed in Massa-

chusetts.

BUTTONWOOD DICK, 7th—CHAMPION
RED POLLED STEER, CHICAGO LIVE
STOCK EXPOSITION OF 1911. Exhibited
by the Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa.

1792.—Pierre Legaux, a Frenchman, to-
gether with a number of Philadelphia
people, set out a vineyard at Springmill, on
the Schuylkill river.

1792, April 11th.—The New York Legisla-
ture appropriated a sum for the Columbia
College to endow an agricultural professor-
ship.

1792.—As an experiment Mr. Charles Col-
ling, Shorthorn cattle breeder, used a bull
which was half Shorthorn and half Gallo-
way. This was called the “alloy” strain
and was afterwards bred out.

1792.—Arthur Young, of West Suffolk, in
England, mentions “universally Polled
cattle, red, brindle or yellowish-cream color,
famous for their quantity of milk;’’ the
original Red Polled cattle.

1792.— British Wool Society of England
mentions sheep of Morfe common near
Bridgnorth, spotted-faced Polled breed,
origin of Shropshires.

1793.— Vineyards planted in Jessamine
county. Kentucky, by a colony of ‘Swiss
grape growers.

1793.--The Macartney rose brought to

England from China by Lord Macartney.

ALICEH’S PRINCE.—A St. Louis
Fair champion Shorthorn bull.

YOUNG
World's

1793.— ‘Favorite,’ Shorthorn bull, calved
this year, was an inbred bull and was used
.\o inbreed to an extraordinary extent. His
son by his own dam, the bull ‘‘Comet,’’ was
the first of the Shorthorn breed to sell at
$5,000.

1793, February 27th.—By act of Congress,
breeding and useful animals were admitted
into this country free of import duty.

1793.—}li Whitney’s eotton gin invented,
greatest stimuJus to cotton production in

this country.

1793.—It appears that the invention of
the cotton gin not only stimulated cotton
production, but it also made cotton a com-
petitor to flax, checking the production of
flax for fiber and indirectly causing more
attention to be paid to flax seed as a com-
mercial product.

i795.—National Board of Agrieulture of
Great Britain organized. Sir John Sinclair
principal advocate.

1793.—Hon. Wm. Foster, of Boston, im-
ported two Merino ewes and one ram from
Cadiz. He presented them to a friend, who
killed and ate them.

1793.—Soutk African white-haired ewes
crossed with imported Spanish Merino rams,
same being from the royal flock of King
George, II]., of England.

1793.—The latest form of foot or treadle
gin for cotton was introduced in Georgia
from the Bahamas.

1794.—A ccording to the 1860 United States
Census, a French traveler named Volney
went to see all the American vineyards he
could hear of in this year. even so far as
fCaskaskia, on the Mississippi river, where
he was informed that the Jesuits had
planted a vineyard, but that the French
government had ordered or influenced its
destruction to prevent French grapes grow-
ing in America.

1794.--Society for Promoting Agriculture
in the state of Connecticut organized.

1794.—Arthur Young published a book en-
titled ‘‘A Survey of Suffolk,’ in England,
und~ mentions the hornless cattle of that
country, saying: ‘‘There is hardly a dairy
of any consideration in this district which
aces not contain. cows which give in the
height of the season eight zallons of milk
a day and six are common among many for
a large part of the season. For two or
three months a whole dairy will give five
gallons a day on the average.”

1794.—In this year, a writer named Raw-
in, in speaking of the cattle of Ayrshire,
said: ‘“‘They have another breed, called the
Dunlop, which are allowed to be the best
race for giving milk of any cows in Great
Britain or Treland, not only for large quan-
tity, but for richness and quality.’’ The
Dunlops are a family of the Ayrshire breed
of cattle.

1794.-—_Matthew Patten removed from
Hardy county, Virginia, to Kentucky, and
carried with him some English eattle which
he had bought of a Mr. Goff, of Maryland.

1794.—The Shaker Community at Mount
Lebanon, N. Y., began growing farm seeds
and developed a large trade in them.

1785.—-One of the earliest seed farms was
established at Enfield, N. H., in this year.

1795.—Sieur Etienne De Bore, of Louisi-
ana, announced that he had discoyered a
process necessary to obtain grained sugar,
He demonstrated it on his plantation.

1795.—In this yea; Nicholas Appert, a
Frenchman, discovered the art of hermetical
sealing of food, now well known under the
title of ecapning. Fourteen years later he
was awarded a prize by the government.
which had been offered, long before, for a
method that would preserve alimentary sub-
stances without robbing them of their
natural qualities and juices.

1796.—Charies Colling, breeder of Short-
horn cattle, exhibited a steer in England
and Scotland known as the “Durham ox;”
weighed 3,024 pounds at six y@ars old.

1796, December 7th.—In his message to,
Clongress President Washington recommended
pecuniary encouragement for the establish-
ment of institutions to promote agricultural
interests.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

23

1796.—In Lancaster county, Pennsylvania,
wn outbreak of cattle fever was caused by
South Carolina cattle being brought in and
sold there. First report of splenic cattle
fever, afterwards attributed to the ticks in
Southern cattle.

1796.—Mr. John Ellman, of Glynde, Sussex,

Tengland, called a meeting at the town of
Lewes to collect money for prizes to _be
awarded seuccessful breeders, which action

led to the formation of the Sussex Agricult-
ural Society.

1796.—Owing to the deficient harvest and
foreign wars, English wheat rose from ordi-
nary price of fifty shillings per quarter to
ninety-six shillings per quarter.

1796.—In this year, according to the
American Shepherd by L. A. Morrell, an
exhibit of wool was made at Rambouillet,
in France, in order to boom the Rambouillet
breed of sheep, of which the French govern-
ment had a monopoly. A large number of
manufacturers and dealers in wool attended
the exhibit and unanimously agreed that the
wool on exhibit there was the finest, longest,
softest and strongest they had ever seea.
but they promptly got together and formed
a combination to keep down the price.

1797. John Adams, President of
United States, and served four years.

1797.—-Trustees of Massachusetts Agricult-

the

ural Society commenced issuing tracts or
bulletins.

1797.—Letters patent, signed by John
Adams, President, were issued in June of
this year to Charles Newbold, of New
Jersey, who invented the first cast-iron

plow ever made in America. Strange to say,
the farmers had an idea that the cast-iron
plow poisoned the land and promoted the
vrowth of rocks!

1797.—In this year, from the flock of
Colonel Gordon, twenty-nine Spanish Merino
sheep were taken from Cape Colony, South
Africa, to establish the fine wool flocks of
New South Wales, Australia.

1798.—Robert Colling, breeder and im-
prover of Shorthorn cattle, exhibited a
beautiful pure-bred heifer, known as “the
white heifer that traveled.’”” Estimated live
weight, 2,390 pounds.

1798.— In this year Thomas Jefferson wrote
an essay in which he discussed the _ best
form and eurvature of the mold hoard of
plows, this being as far as known the first
attempt in this country to apply scientific
principles to such a prohlem.

1798.—The tomato first brought to Phila-
delphia from Santo Domingo, but not re-
garded as a marketable product.

1798.—The Shaker Community at Water-
vliet, N. Y., made brooms of broom corn.

1798.—In this year, in Kentucky, was
begun the Dufours vineyard, where the first
great American grape, the Cape—an offshoot
of the fox-grape—was propagated. This
grape was popular in the early half of the
nineteenth century.

1798.—Smithfield
Duke of Bedford,

(London) Club organized.
President; Arthur Young,
Secretary. Object, to promote improvement
in cattle. Annual Cattle Show instituted:
first exhibition the following year.

1798.—The MeIntosh apple, a winter
variety of Northern origin, discovered by
John McIntosh, of Dundela, Ontario,Canada.

1799, July 4th.—The first patent for a
reaping machine in England was granted to
Joseph Boyce, of Pine Apple Place, at
Mary-le-bone, a northwestern suburb of
London.

1799.—On the 13th day of October a trot-
ting match was decided on Sunbury Com-
mon, England, between Mr. Dixon’s brown
gelding and Mr. Bishop’s grey gelding, each
earrying 168 pounds. The race was won in
27 minutes 10 seconds. The distance is not
stated, but the time shows that it was a
trial of endurance as well as speed. This
item is from the book by Dr.Elwood Harvey.

1799.— First Tunis sheep imported into
this country from Africa by Gen. Wm.
Eaton, United States Consul. He sent ten
head on the ship Sophia, bound for the
United States. One ram and one ewe only
survived the voyage. This vair was bred

under care of Judge Richard Peters, of

Belmont, near Philadelphia, until he had a
line flock. The imported pair were finally
killed by dogs, the ewe raising her last

lamb at the age of sixteen years.
1799.—Old Diomede, a thoroughbred, the

first Derby winner in England, imported into

Virginia at the age of twenty years. Father

of the American saddle horse.

1799.—Mr. John Westear, of CGreslow,
Bucks, England, commenced attending and
exhibiting at Hereford Fairs. He won
twenty-one first prizes in succession at the

Smithfield Cattle Show.

1799.—In this year Louis Lesson estab-
lished a trading post at Montrose, in Lee
eounty, Towa, and planted near his cabin

a small orchard of about 100 trees that he
brought from St. Charles, Missouri. This is
the first guthentic record of fruit culture in
owa,

1799.—One of the earliest works on horti-
cultural subjects published in North
America was an American edition of
“Marshall’s Introduction to the Knowledge
and Practice of Gardening,’ issued in
Boston in this year.

1800.-—Peter J, Curtenius, a
founder of New York City,
iron plows.

1800.— John Patten removed from Ken-
tucky to Chillicothe, Ohio, taking with him
some cattle of the English breed which his
father had moved from Virginia to Ken-
tucky.

1890.—The Northern Spy, a famous apple,
was originated in New York state about
this year.

1800.—In this year Leicester sheep were
imported into Canada by Rev. Mr. Toofy, of
Quebec.

1800..—In this year Mr. Ben Davis began
the cultivation of the orchard in which was

large iron
advertised cast-

originated the apple bearing his name. He
was born in Prinee Edwards county, Vir-
ginia, in 1775, and in 1800 removed to

Butler county, Kentucky, where he acquired
a large tract of land, and up to the out-
break of the Civil War owned about twenty
siaves. He was the pioneer apple grower
and nurseryman of that section of country,
and his long experience in propagating
finally produced the Ben Davis apple.

1800.— Bernard McMahon, gardener, seeds-
man ana author, opened a seed store in
Philadelphia.

1800.—Thomas Bates, of Kirklevington,
appears as breeder of Shorthorn cattle. This
herd was bred and held together fifty years.

1800.—The frigate Constitution brought a
Maltese jack to the United States from her’
first cruise in the Mediterranean.

1800.—Farmers’ Magazine established. Ed-
ited by Robert Brown, of Markle; continued
until 1827. Great help to Hritish agri-
culture.

1800.—Richard England, of Bingham, and
Jonas Reeve, of Wighton, Norfolk, England,
commenced the improvement of Red Polled
cattle.

1800.—In England, Robert Meurs, of Som-
ersetshire, was granted a patent for a
reaping machine propelled on wheels but
worked by hand.

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

1801.—Thomas Jefferson, President of the
United States, and served eight years, to
1809.

1801..—Edwin Hammond born; died 1870;
great improver of Atwood Merino sheep.

1861.—A communication to the Massachu-
setts Agricultural Society contained the germ
of a movement in behalf of agriculture, re-
sulting in the holding of Fairs. It was
recommended that ‘small bounties be given
for eertain articles.”

1801.—-In this year M. Delessert, a French
banker, owning a farm near Kingston, N. Y.,
made an attempt to import some sheep of
the French Rambouillet Merinos. Unfortu-
uately three out of four perished during the
voyage, and the survivor, a ram, was
placed on his farm. According to A. L.
Morrell, author of the American Shepherd,
this was the first individual of the breed
introduced into this country.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

24
1801.—In Gctober of this year Mr. Seth 1803.—Steam engine first used as thrash-

Adams, of Massachusetts, imported a Merino
yam and ewe from France. He received an
award of $50 from the Agricultural Society
of Massachusetts for the importation of a
pair of sheep of superior breed.

=

SPANISH MBERING RAM.

Picture
senting this breed when they were first im-

repre-

ported an hundred years ago, The improve-
ment by the American breeder represents
three for one in fleece-bearing capacity.

1801.—Straw or chaff-cutting machine in-
vented by Lesrer.

1801.—It was about this time that an
eccentric man, known as ‘Johnny Apple-
seed,” began planting apple seed throughout
indiana and adjacent territory. His method
was to seatter them broadcast, and he lived

to see 100.009 acres in orchards of his
Lianting.

1802.— John Biddis, of Pennsyivania,
secured in this country a patent for
making potato starch.

1202.—Tomatoes introduced = at Salem,
Mass., by Michelo Corne, an Italian

painter, but he had considerable difticulty in
persuading people to eat them.

1802.—A Pennsylvanian named Murray
emigrated to Buncombe county, North Caro-

lina, ten miles southeast of Asheville, and in’

this year found the Catawba graves growing
wild. This grape was brought into general
notiee by Major John Adlum, of George-
town), 2D. "C:

1802.—Mr. Livingson, »f New York state,
Minister to France, imported two pairs of
Merino sheep.

1802.—Col. David Humphreys, United
States Minister to the Court of Spain, being
sueceeded by Hon. Chas. Pinckney, was ten-
uered by the King of Spain a customary
present to retiring Minister of ten bars of
cold, weighing one pound each, but as the
law forbids a United States Minister re-
eeiving presents from a foreign court,Colonel
Lumphreys declined it, but requested the
privilege of buving and taking 200 Merine
sheep out of the country The Spanish Court

aid not formally grant permission, but al-
lowed the exportation to be made. The
sheep were pure Transhumantes or herded
sheep, and represent the Spanish Merino
sheep in America.

1803.—Levi Thurston employed the first

tilt hammer at Orange, Mass..
yose of making scythes.

1£03.—A Shorthorn cow returned to Eng-
land from America: the owner also return-
ing to his native country.

1803.—American cranberry first grown at
Cape Cod. Mass.

1803, April 30th.—Louisiana Territory pur-
chased from the French.

1808, May 1st.—The first American
patent for a machine for cutting grain was
issued to Richard French and J. T. Hawkins,
of New Jersey. This machine was propelled
on three wheels, one of which extended into
the grain.

1803, November 19th.—Jedediah Turner, of
Cazenovia, N. Y., took out a patent on 4a
threshing machine to be operated by horse,
ox or wind power, and warranted to thresh
150 bushels of wheat per day.

for the pur-

ing power Aitchison,
England.

1804.—Bananas were first imported into
the United States in 18)4 by Captain John
N. Chetser, of the schooner Reynard, and
consisted of thirty bunches.

1804.—Dr. James Mease, in Willich’s Do-
mestick Encyclopedia, describes the Wine-
sap apple «s follows: ‘“‘Winesap—An autumn
vruit of deep red colour, and sweet, sprightly

by Mr. of Drumore,

taste; makes excellent cyder. * * * cul-
tivated by Samuel Coles, of Moorestown,
New Jersey.”

*- 1804.—Horticultural Society of London

founded by Sir Jos. Banks and associates.

1804.—Mr. John Price, of Ryall, Hereford-
shire. first bought Hereford cattle, breeding
continuously until 1841.

1804.—“The Pennsylvania Farmer,”
iished in

J pub-
Philadelphia, describes broom corn:

“A useful plant, the cheapest and hest for
making brooms, velvet whisks, etc.’’
1804.—Dr. ‘Thurston, first United States

Commissioner of Patents, proposed that Fairs
be held on market days at Washington,
atter the Iinglish fashion. First Fair held
in October of this year.

1804.—Humboldt writes on distribution of

plants.

1805.— Ice, 1190w so much used in keeping
meats and fruit, began to be exported, the
pioneer being Frederick Tudor, of Boston.

The first eargo of ice was sent to Martinique.

A tribute to Johnny Appleseed.

1805.— Ground bones began to be used in
Engiand as manure for turnips.

1805.-—In the fall of this year Grant Thor-
burn began to sell seeds in New York and
built up a substantial business.

1805.—-In this year record was made of a

perry pear tree in Holme Lacy, Hereforad-
shire, England. It covered more than haif
un acre of ground, the branches bending

down and taking root, and in turn producins

others in the same way. From this tree
fifteen hogsheads of perry was made in w
single year.

1805.—Thomas J. Plunkett, of Kent,
England, received a patent for a reaper
having the cutting apparatus suspended
beneath and in front of the axle and the
power behind.

1806.—Publication of Bernard McMahon’s

American Gardeners’ Calendar, first
corded history of American horticulture.

1806.-—-Wm. R. Dickerson, of Steubenville,
Ohio, commenced sheep raising by a pur-
chase of Spanish Merinos from Mr. James
Ualdwell, of Jennsylvania

1806.— Velocity, dam of Bellfounder,trotted
on the Norwich road, in England, sixteen
miles in one hour, and though she broke
fifteen times into a gallop and as often
turned around, she won her match. Two
years later she trotted twenty-eight miles
in one hour and forty-seven minutes. ;

js(o

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 25

1806.— In France, Napoleon restored gov- 1807.—Mr. Basse Muller imported — six
ernment stud establishments destroyed by | Merino sheep at Philadelphia from the flock
the revolution. of the Prince of Hesse-Cassel.

1806.—What is generally accepted as 1807.— Elkanah Watson, of Massachusetts,

being the first authentic fast record of | beginning with an exhibition of two Merino
American trotters is spoken of. This was}sheep on the publie square at Pittsfield,
2:59 for a mile trotting, made by the horse] Mass., soon developed an interest in live
“Yankee’’ (breeding unknown) at Harlem, stock shows.
New York. 1807.—John Macarthur, of New South
Waies, Australia, sent home to England
samples of his clip, representing the begin-
ning of the Australian wool shipments.
1808..—At the show of the East Norfolk
Agricultural Society, Mr. Jonas Beeve, of
Wighton, exhibited a Polled bull combining
the merits of the Norfolk and Suffolk varte-
ties. First decided movement on improve-
ment of Red Polled cattle.

1808, July 1J1th.—Samuel Griffith, of St.
Louis, who appears to have been a trader in
sive stock, advertised for good beef cattle
suitable for the New Orleans market.

1808._-Commencement of public sheep
shearings by George Washington Parke
Custis, at Arlington, Va., near Washington,
DY, (Oz,

1808.—First jaek stoek imported into the
New England States from Cape de Verde
Islands,

1808.—Hugh Watson, of Forfarshire, Scot-
land. comrnences breeding Aberdeen-Angus
cattle, he being nineteen years of age.

1808, December.—Four of the best flocks
of Merino sheep in Spain being confiscated
by the Junta, were sold at Badajos to
buyers from the United States and England.
This was after the second invasion of the
French into Spain.

1808.—In this year Hon. Wm. Jarvis im-
ported Merino sheep from Spain. They were
Paulars, Aiguerras, Negrettis, Escurials and
Montareos. He bred them separately until
1816, when he mixed them all together for
the reason that they were very much alike,
and he knew of no good reason why they
should not be bred together.

1808.—The Hereford bull Wellington
calved this year; bred by Benjamin Tomp-
kins, Jr.; one of the famous sires of this
breed; sold for $1,400.

1808.—Mr. Seth Adams moved his Merino
sheep from Massachusetts to Muskingum
county, Ohio.

1808.—In this year Albert Gallatin men-
tions a cotton mill as being operated by
water power at Petersburg, Va.

PAIR PERCHERON MARES.—Sold to
John H. Wray, of Fort Worth, Texas, for
$2,400 by J. Crouch & Son, after winning the
highest prizes at the Dallas State Fair, 1911,
and at the National Breeders’ and Feeders’
Show of 1911.

1807.—In this year Lieutenant Zebulon M.
Pike, of the United States Army, who had
previously explored the West and discovered
Fike’s Peak, was arrested in Spanish terri-
tory as a trespasser and escorted back by
way of New and Old Mexico to the sea
coast. thence to the United States. In pass-
ing through the Mexican province of
Durango he found a stock ranch on which
190,000 Sheep, cattle and horses were owned
Ly ane ranchman.

1807.-—In this year Mr. George Culley, of
England, published a book entitled ‘‘Obser-
vations on Live Stock,’’ in which it was
stated that Alderney cows were kept by the
Nobility for the rich mijk which they gave
ie support the luxury of the tea table.

180%7.—The double white Banksian rose
introduced into England from China, and
named in honor of Lady Banks.

1807.—The Beurre Bose pear raised by
Dr. Yon Mons and named Calebosse Bose, in
honor of a distinguished Belgium cultivator.

1807.— Count Rumford observed that plants
deprived of carbonic acid die, and about this
time Ingenhousz, another investigator, proved
that they absorbed carbonic acid under the
influence of sunlight. This led to the gen-
eral basis of agricultural chemistry, that
plants live mainly on inorganic matter.

1807.—Martyn’s edition of Miller’s ‘“Gar-
deners’ Dictionary,’ published this year,
enumerated 124 orchids. The orchids now
number about 10,000 species.

1807.—In this year it was reported that
«a Bates Shorthorn cow (Duchess) gave
fourteen quarts of milk twice a day on
grass alone, making forty-two ounces (two
pounds ten ounces) of butter per day.

1807.—EBleazer Carver, of Bridgewater,
Mass., eommenced the manufacture of roller
kins and saw mills in Mississippi and
Louisiana,

CHAMPION ANGORA GOAT owned by
R. C. Johnston, Lawrence, Kas.

26 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATRS.

1809.—In July of this year Col. Richard 1810.—The tea plant introduced into
Peters proposed that the Philadelphia] Brazil at Rio de Janeiro.
Society for the Promotion of Agriculture Sees oS ; aa 4
establish a manufactory of agricultural im- Pa teee § Bead Ba Beastie pee | "or

piements and a warehouse and repository
for receiving and vending them. He stated
that no manufactory of agricultural imple-

ments in general existed In the United
States, although the demand was prodigi-
ously great.

1809.—-James Madison, President of the
United States, and served eight years.

1809.—-Mr. Thomas Rotch migrated from
Connecticut to Stark county, Ohio, with a
few Merino sheep.

_ 1809.—-Twelve sheep of the Spanish Me-
rino Escurial flock imported by Mr. Jarvis
sold for a total of $15,000.

1809.—The Columbian Agricultural Society

instituted; first organization to hold im-
portant Fairs,

1309.—Mr. Wm. Jarvis, of Vermont, Min-
ister to Portugal, sent home 200 Spanish

Merino sheep.

WILLIAM PENN, 2:07% A COLT
TROTTER. A _ free-for-all trotter and sire
of trotters. Sire of Miss Penn, 2:16; A.
Penn, 2:17%; Steel Pen, 2:18%; Voca,
2:19%; Silver Pen; 2:15%; and others.
Owned by N. W. Bowen, of Delphi, Ind.

From photo by Schreiber, of Philadelphia.

1810, August 25th.—At Philadelphia, ‘‘Bos-
ton Horse,’’ a chestnut gelding, fourteen
years old, trotted one mile in 2:48%, in a
sulky, for $600. This record is vouched for
by J. H. Wallace, trotting authority, and
now generally accepted as the first reduction
of an established time record by an Ameri-
can trotter,

1810.—A well-known firm, Reitz, Van
Breda & Joubert, agriculturists and ex-
tended land proprietors in the districts of
Bredasdorp and Swellendam, South Africa,
made first successful importation to that
country of Spanish Merino sheep, there

being two bucks and twenty-five ewes in the
importation. During the Napoleonic wars in
Juurope the wool of these sheep sold for 90
cents per pound.

1810.—The making of cheese as a business
began in Herkeimer county, New York.

1810.—First American cigars made in the
United States by Mrs. Prout, wife of a
farmer of South Windsor, in the Connecticut
Valley.

1310.--Partial sale of Shorthorn cattle by
Robert Colling. Sixty-one cattle averaged
£617.94 per head.

1810.—Mr. Seth Adams, of Zanesville,Ohio,
sold_a pair of Merino sheep to Judge Todd,
of Kentucky, for $1,500.

1810.—Hon. Henry Clay, of Kentucky, in-
troduced fine jacks into that state from
Spain.

1810.—Scarcely more than one variety o

the Moss rose was known at this time,
though now there are more than an
hundred.

canning fruits and vegetables. In this year
an English patent was granted to one Peter
Durand for a can made of tin to be used in
hermetically sealing food, the patent also
covering the use of glass, pottery and other
fit material.

1810.—Captain Wm. Smith bought a
Shorthorn bull and took it to Fayette
county, Kentucky.

1810.—Sale of Shorthorn cattle by Charles
Colling at Ketton, England; average for
forty-seven head, $757: top price for the
bull Comet, $5,000. This was the dispersion
of one of the greatest herds of cattle in
Shorthorn history. The brothers Charles
and Robert Colling had separate herds, and

this was the first to we dispersed. The
Collings were the first great improvers of
modern Shorthorn cattle and they were

first-class advertisers also
methods.

1810.—The cranberry first cultivated from
wild bog fruit in the vicinity of Cape Cod,

Massachusetts.

1810.—-In this year Albert Gallatin said of
American household manufactures: ‘‘By far
the greater part of the cotton, flax and
woolen goods was manufactured in private
families, mostly for their own use and
partiy for sale.”’

1810.-—-Sorghum recommended as a soiling

by show-yard

crop under the name of Guinea corn by
John Lorain, in memoirs of Philadelphia
Agricultural Society.

1810.—In this year 283 linseed-oil mills
were enumerated in the United States, of
which 171 were in the state of Pennsyl-
vania.

1811.—The Merino Society organized in
England with Sir John Banks as President
and fifty-four Vice-Presidents.

1811.—In this year Lord Braybooke, of
Audley Hnd, England, established a herd of
Alderney cattle with one bull and eight
cows which cost $94.70 per head delivered
at his estate.

1811.—Spanish Merino sheep introduced
into Silesia by Ferdinand Fischer, of Wir-
chenblatt. They were Nigrette and Infan-
tado Merinos.

1811.—Mr. Abraham Heaton imported
Spanish Merino sheep, forty-two head.
1812.—Shorthorn cattle of Virginia impor-
tations taken to Ohio.
1812.—This is year in which the state of
Louisiana was admitted into the Union.
1812.— Artificial ‘heat first employed in
curing tohacco to produce the piebald or
spangled tobacco of Virginia to satisfy the
foreign demand.
1812.—A Mr. Cox,
with a few Shorthorns,
New York state. z
1812.—A party of twelve men of St.Louis,
under the leadership of Captain McKnight,
established what was afterwards called the
Santa Fe trail, marvels of the New West.—
M. B. Thayer.
1812.—English wheat advanced
shillings and 6 pence per quarter.
in history.
1812.-—-Importations of Leicester sheep by
Christopher Dunn, of Albany, N. Y.
1812.—At this time the factory of S. &
A. Waters, of Amsterdam, N. Y., was turn-
ing out 6,000 seythes annually.
1813.—Foster & Murray, of Pittsburgh,
Pa., carried on the manufacture of scythes,
sickles, hoes and shovels by steam power.
1813.—Establishment of the famous flock
of Stephen Atwood, who was the breeder of
Merino sheep for fifty-four years. He started
with one ewe bred to a neighbor’s buck;
result, twins—a buck and ewe lamb.
18138.—The thoroughbred horse imported
into Cape Colony, South Africa, by Lord
Charles Somerset, who was then Governor
of the province.
1813.—Dunean,
fordshirs,” said h
“Large size, an athletic form,

arrived
into

of England,
taking them

to 126
Highest

in his “Farming of Here-
of the Hereford cattle:
an unusual

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 27

= SSS —— ——— = =
neatness, characterize the true sort; the 1815.—In this year Joseph Louden Ma-
prevailing color is a reddish brown, with]cadam, a Scottish engineer, became Sur-
white face.” veyor General of Roads at Bristol, England,
and .put imto practical use the theories he
had thought out. ‘This resulted in the in-
vention and development of what is now

HEAD OF DEFENDER—International grand
champion steer at Chicago. A
pure-bred Hereford.

1814.—The seed of the
planted in Knox county, Tennessee, by Wil-
liam Dodd, an officer under Gen. Andrew
Jackson. It went by different names for
some time, and it is not certain how it
became known as the Miner.

1814.-—According to DePronville, a French
writer, in this year there were only 124
varieties of roses, but by the advantage of
multiplication by seed there are now more
than 6,000 varieties.

1814.—Valuable purple and striped variety
of sugar cane brought to Georgia from the
West India isiand of St. Eustatius.

1814.--Richard Booth (son of Thomas)

Miner plum

commenced breeding Shorthorn eattle at
Studiey, in Yorkshire
1814.—Mr. Bezaleel Wells, of Fort Steuben,

Ohio, bought large numbers of Merino sheep
from Hon. Wm. Jarvis.

1814.—Texas or Southern cattle fever, first
mentioned. Dr. James Mease, of Philadel-
phia, said that cattle from South Carolina
so certainly diseased all others with which
they mixed in their progress to the North
that they were prohibited by the people of
Virginia from passing through that state.

1814.—‘“‘Let us cultivate the ground, that
the poor as ‘well as the rich may be ‘filled,’
and happiness and peace be_ established
throughout our borders.’’—On title page of
Third Volume Memoirs of the Philadelphia
Society For Promoting Agriculture, pup-
lished by Johnson & Warner.

1814.—In July of this year Jethro Wood,
of Scipio, N. Y., was granted a patent for a
cast-iron plow, having the mould _ plate,
share and landside cast as three parts. This
tecame the foundation of many improve-
ments of later date.

1814.--Mr. Bezaleel Wells, Mr. Patterson,
Henry Baldwin and James Ross erected a
woolen factory at Steubenville, Ohio.

1814, December 28th.—Birth of Sir John
Bennett Lawes, of Hertfordshire, England,
student of agricultural chemistry, whose

field and animal experiments are of great
service and vaiue throughout the world.
1814.—Nicholson, in the Farmers’ Assistant,
describes modern grasses and mentions that
they seed freely.
1815.—Corn (wheat) laws of England re-
enacted,

ealled the macadam road.

1815.— General failures of American woolen
manufacturers had disastrous results on the
sheep-raising industry.

1815.-—In this year
Salem, Mass., moved to
began the manufacture
wagons,

1815.— Robert
Dorking, in
sent him hy
\gricultural
tested against

Louis Downing, of
Concord, and there
of coaches and

of Bury Hill, near
two plows,

Barclay,
langiand, received
Judge Peters, President of the
Society of America. When
the best English plows, they
did the work with two horses which
Iengiish plows did with four.

1815.—-First references to the cowpeas
good for forage and soil renovation.

1815.---Ahbout this time Ezra Doggett, an
Englishman, brought the seeret of canning
goods to America and engaged in packing
of hermetically-sealed food and engaged in
the business with his son-in-law, Thomas
Kensett.

1816.—In this year _ died,
Creek, Washington county,
farmer who propagated the Hoss apple,
sometimes called the ‘‘horse’’ apple. He
was Jacob Hoss, great-grandfather of Bishop
1D} Hoss, and came there from Pennsyl-

as

on Boone’s
Tennessee, a

1S. E.
~ania in.1778.

1816.—In this year, at Montreal, Canada,
a French draft horse was imported that was
owned by James MecMatt, of Washington
county, New York state, as late as 1833. He
was called European and supposed to be a
Percheron.

1816.— The Oakes cow, famous in Massa-
chusetts this year, gave forty-four quarts
of milk per day; and made 467 pounds of

butter in one year.

1816.—The Isabella grape, supposed to be
a native of Dorchester county, South Caro-
lina, was taixen north this year. It was
introduced into New York by Mrs. Isabella
Gibbs, of Brooklyn, and was named for her.
it was the third great American grape,
being a shoot of the wild fox-grape.

A .TYPICAT
ROYAL DUDE,

POLAND-CHINA BOAR.—
as a yearling, weighed 540
pounds. This is one of the champions at
the Great St. Louis Fair, which at one time
was the greatest Fair of all.

1816.—The “Big Chinas,’’ large, white
hogs, with sandy spots, taken to Warren
eounty, Ohio. ‘Berkshires foliowing in 1830;
Trish Graziers in 1839; and a breed called
Byfields. All had something to do towards
establishment of the breed of Peland-China
swine,

1816.—This is known as the year without
a summer. The corn crop failed for want
of sunshine throughout the country. At
Wiatertown, N. Y., on June 7th, there was
1ce three-eighths of an inch thick. In
Maine, commencing on June 12th, snow fell
for three days, and the earth was frozen
half an inch deep.

1817.—James Monroe, President of the
United States, and served eight years.

1817.—In Philadelphia appeared “The
View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees,’ hy
Wm. Coke, credited as_ being the first

American pomologiecal book,

28

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1817.—The Hessian fly, so called from the

supposition that it was brought to this
country in some straw by the Hessian
soldiers during the Revolutionary War,
scientifically described by the naturalist
Thomas Say.

1817.—The ‘“Missour! Intelligencer and
Boon’s Lick Advertiser,’ the first newspaver
publication in Missouri, printed at Old

Franklin, in Howard county. It was neces-
sarily somewhat of a farmers’ paper.
1817.—¥First pure-bred Devon cattle im-
ported by Mr. Patterson, of Baltimore,
from the English herd of the Earl of
Leicester.

1817.— First pedigreed Shorthorn bulls

imported into the United States by Samuel
M. Hopkins, of Moscow, N. Y.

1817.—Hon. Henry Clay, of Kentucky, im-
ported Hereford cattle, four head.

1817.—Colonel Lewis Sanders, of Ken-
tucky, imported eight Shorthorn cattle and
four Longhorns.

1817.-—Felix Renick,
100 prime fat Shorthorn steers to Phila-
delphia, and sold them for $134 per head
on the beef market. Mr. Renick was the
first man to drive cattle over the Allegheny
Mountains to the New York market.

1817.—In his book, ‘View of the Cultiva-
tion of Fruit Trees,” published in Phila-
delphia by Mr. Coke, he illustrated and
described the Winesap apple and character-
ized it as then ‘becoming the most favor-
able cider fruit in West Jersey.” This book
is considered as being the beginning of
systematic pomology im America.

1817.—A few Longhorn cattle from Eng-
land imported into Kentucky, but soon
crossed with other breeds and lost sight of

1817.—The Noisette rose, raised by John
Champney, of Charleston, S. C., from seed
of the Musk rose, fertilized by a blush
China rose. rom the seed of this hybrid
Philippe Noisette; a florist of Charleston,
obtained a rose which was afterwards dis-
tributed as Blush Noisette by his brother
Louis, of Paris.

1818.—In this vear Plisha Mills,
New Engiand States, established himself
«as a pork packer in Cincinnati. This was
the beginning of a great industry in Cincin-
nati, which gave that city prominence for
many years and became for a time the great
pork packing center of the country.

1818.—Crimson clover introduced into the
United ‘States by Bedingfield Hands, of
Chestertown, Md.

1818.—Importation of Devon cattle from
England by Hon. Rufus King, of New York.

1818.—High water on the river Nile, 3%
feet above proper level, destroying crops.
First record of great flecd in modern agri-
eulture,

1818.—Dearhorn’s seeding pear raised this
year by H. A. S. Dearborn, of Boston.

1818.—Robert Walker, of Kincardshire,
Scotland. commenced breeding Aberdeen-
Angus eattle, continuing until his death in
1874.

1818. —-New
established;
in the United

1818.— Mr.

of Kentucky, drove

from the

Society
its kind

York Horticultural
first organization of
States.
James Prentice, of Lexington,
Ky., imported bulls of Shorthorn blood.

1818.—Sale of Shorthorn cattle by Mr.
Robert Colling, of Brampton. Sixty-one
head averaged $644.35.

1818.— Steam engines on condensing prin-
ciple erected aut Mast Lothian, Scotland, to
propel thrashing machinery. One of these
was doing good work fifty-five years later.

1818, September 15th.—Five great abat-
toids in Paris, France, opened up, where all
cattle, hogs and sheep for Parisians were
slaughtered. These were the models of the
world and had no rivals until in recent
years American slaughter and packing
houses have surpassed them.

1818.—Porter’s Spirit of the Times of
December 26th, 1856, says: ‘‘The first time
ever a horse trotted in public for a stake
was in 1818, and that was a match against
time for $1,000. Jt was a bet that no horse
could trot a mile in three minutes. It was

accepted by Major Wm. Jones, of Long
Island, and Colonel Bond, of Maryland. The
horse named at the post was T3oston Blue,
who won cleverly and gained great renown.
Boston Blue was taken to England, where

he trottea eight miles in 28 minutes 55
seconds. He was aé_erat-tailed, iron-gray
gelding. 16 hands high, and nothing is

known cf his pedigree.

DUROC-JERSEY BARROW GRAND
CHAMPION AT NATIONAL WESTERN

SHOW, DENVER, COLO., 1911.. Exhibited
by the Agricultural College, Fort Collins,
Colorado.

1818.—A sea captain, James Jeffries,

brought over a pair of white hogs showing
bJuish spots on skin. since known as Bed-
ford hogs, from English county in which
they originated. He placed them on his
farm at West Chester, Pa.

1819.—In this year Chevalier barley, best
type for malting, was originated in Suffolk,
England.

1819.—First American patent for improve-
provement in farm hoes was registered by
Cc. Bulkley, of Colchester, Conn.

1819.—In April, John Stuart Skinner, of
Maryland, established The American Farmer
at Baltimore. the first agricultural journal

in America. Thomas Jefferson and Andrew
Jackson were patrons.

1819.—The Bourbon rose was Introduced
into France by Jacques, head gardener of
the Duke of Orleans, at Neuilly, who re-
ceived it in 1819 from Breon, Director of

the Royal Gardens in the Isle of Bourbon.

1819.—Part of the Hereford cattle herd cf
B. Tompkins, Jr., sold at auction after his
death. Average for twenty-eight~ cattle,
$745 per head; top-price bull, $2,940;
highest-priced cow, $1,365.

1820.—-Charles Mitchell, a London-born
Englishman arriving from Scotland, entered
the employment of Wm. Underwood & Com-
pany, formed for the purpose of engaging
in the business of canning food.

1820.—In this year, Colebrook, in Litchfield
county, Massachusetts, returned the largest
manufacture of secythes of any town in the
United States.

1820.—Appearance of the midge

in Ver-

mont, the first insect Known to ravage the
wheat erep.
1820.—At this time the firm of F. F

Farwell & Co., of West Fitsburg, Mass., was
making a good reputation as manufacturers

of seythes, which industry was kept up
many years.
1820.—In the Sydney, Australia, Gazette

of this year it was reported that in England
badly-bred Australian wools sold at 40 to 44
cents a pound; light and fairly-bred at 42
to 46 cents; fine heavy wools at 48 cents;
the best light wools at 86 to 90 cents a
pound.

1820.—-Richard W. Meade, Minister to
Spain, imported Merino sheep from Spain
at Philadelphia; principal foundation stoel
cf Delaine Merinos.

1820.—“‘Young Clydesdale,” stallion gained
highest premiums at Scotch Agricultural
Shows. Sold at five years old for $600 at
zenith of popularity.

1820.—_-Alfalfa clover was tried this year
in New York state.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1820.—Dr. Waring made a good edible vil
from cotton seed at Columbia, S. C.

1820.--In this year the price of scythes
ranged from $12 to $18 per dozen.

1820.—Colonel James Ridley, of Davidson
county. Tennessee, earliest pioneer jack

breeder of that state, bought the jack Com-
promise in Virginia.

1820.—The eensus of this year enumerated
a population of 9.637,999, including 2,07%,-
646 persons engaged in agriculture.

Successful

grape growing.

1820.—The United States
Agriculture credits Mr.
makings the first really successful effort at
grape growing on the Atlantic Coast. In
this year he planted a vineyard near George-

Department of
John Adlum with

town. D. C., consisting of native vines. His
introduction of the Catawba variety into
general cnitivation was the beginning of a
new era in grape history.

1820.—A stallion, ‘“‘Young Rattler,’ noted
for stylish, high-headed appearance and
proud-stepping action. Ancestor of French

coach horses.

1820.—Steam in closed circuits
in greenhouses, foliowed by
heating. :

1820.—Closing out of the Shorthorn herd
Mr. Robert Colling, of Brampton.

1820.—The great Arabian stallion,
rolis,’’” imported into France. Great
inal sire of the Percheron breed.

1820.—Lord Barrington, great early im-
prover of Berkshire swine, commenced selec-
tion and breeding.

1821.—-A. LL. and FE. A. Stevens, of Ho-
hoken, N. J., obtained patents for improve-
Jvents in ¢east-iron plows, designed to make
them easier of draught,

1821.—In this year William M.
a famous adventurer, started a drove of
mileh eows from Palmyra, Mo., to Lord
Selkirk’s Colony at Manitoba, Canada. The
reute was ae trackless territory infested
by Indians, but a remnant of the party with
a~few cows finally arrived at their destina-
110n,

1821.-—Philip Dauncey, of England, father
of Engtish Jersey cattle breeders. Lought a
cow which he called ‘‘Pug.’’ She gave
auarts of milk per day, from which
made 11% pounds of butter a week.

1821.—Lucerne or alfalfa clover mentioned

introduced
hot-water

cf
Galli-
orig-

Muldrow,

he

by a writer in South Carolina as a most
valuable soiling crop.
1821.—In this year Thomas Massey, of

Delaware, advocated soiling for the dairy,
recommending corn as heing of great value
for the purpose.

1821.—Keene’s Seedling, a variety of straw-
berry, raised by Keene, of Isleworth (near
London), the celebrated English strawberry
grower.

1821.—In The American Farmer of this
year Caleb Kirk cescribed a mill for elean-
ing clover seed.

1821.—First steam-driven mill for

. crush-
ing sugar cane erected in Louisiana.

1821.—Wm. Berry, of Washington county,
Pennsylvania, purchased a ram and ewes
from W. R. Dickinson’s flock and established

the Black Top Spanish Merino sheep.

1822.—In of this in the

January year,
Island of Tasmania, the first agricultural
society of the new Southern world was
organized. Its professed objects were the
protection of flocks and herds from _ the
depredations of thieves and _ irresponsible

nomads, and for the encouragement of better
moral habits among the population.

1822.—According to Major Henry E. Al-
vord, authority on dairy cattle, the first
Ayrshires in America were brought to New
York in this year.

1822.—The aston (Mass.) Spade and
Shovel Manufactory commenced by Oliver
Ames was making 2,500 dozen shovels
annually.

1822.—July 11th of this year records the

importation into America of the thorough-

fred stallian Bellfounder, bred in the dis-
triet of Norfolk, England, and bought by
James Boot, of Boston, and imported by
him. 3ellfounder was a bright, beautiful
hay, with black legs, fifteen hands high. He
was said at the time to be the fastest and
best bred horse sent out of England. At
five years old he trotted two miles in six
minutes and later trotted nine miles in

thirty-two minutes, with twenty-two seconds
to spare.

1822.—Thomas Green Fessenden founded

the New England Farmer at Boston, Mass.,
and edited it until his death in 1837. This

publication is now discontinued.

1822.—Peter market gardener,
seed grower horticultural author, born
in this year Edinburgh, Scotland.

1822.—The Seven Sisters’ Rose introduced
into England from Japan by Thunberg.

1822.—In his American Orchardist, the
editor. James Thatcher, gave valuablic
directions for the selection of seed in at-
tempting to produce improved fruits and
vegetables.

1822, July oth.—At Sydney, Australia, was
held the preliminary meeting organizing the
iirst Australian Agricultural Society. Presi-
dent, Hon. Baron Field; Patron, Sir Thomas
Brisbane; Vice-Presidents, Rev. Samuel
Marsden, Wm. Cox, Robert Townson and
Hannibal Macarthur; Secretaries, Alexander
Berry and George Thomas Palmer.

1822.—First Shorthorn Herd Book
lished in England. It was hrought
Mr. George Coates in his old age
tinued by his son.

1822.—Nicholas Longworth,
Ohio, received cuttings of
grape from Major Adlum, and thereupon
established a vineyard. His grape growing
end wine making were eminently successful

Henderson,
and
near

pub-
out by
and con-

of Cincinnati,

the Catawba

ior many years.
1822.—First Shorthorn Herd Book pub-
lished in /ngland.

DUROC-JERSEY SOW — HATTIE SECK.
as a yeariing, weighing 5090 pounds. Won
sweepstakes at the St. Iouis Fair. Exhib-

iied by N. B. Cutler, of Carthage, IIl.

1822.—Henry Kelsey, of Florida, Montgom-
ery, county, New York, imported a pair of
red hogs from England. These hogs were
afterwards called Durocs, named for a
famous horse he owned.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1823.—At one of the quarterly meetings
the Australian Agricultural Society paid for
and destroyed 387 native dog tails, it being a
fair presumption that previously the dogs
had been destroyed.

1823, January Ist.

Students first received

at Gardiner Lyceum, an institution for in-
struction of mechanics and farmers. Rev.
Benjaniin Hale, first President. The insti-

was named in honor of Robert Hiallo-
well Gardiner, who obtained the grant of
$1,000 per year to put the first agriculturai
college en its feet. They had twenty regu-
lar students the first year, besides others
who attended the short course in winter.
1823.—At a dinner given by the Australian
Agricultural Society the gardens of - Dr.
Townson and Mr. Piper furnished eighteen
kinds of fresh fruit and four kinds of dried
fruit. The banana, the Orlean plum, the
real peach, the cat-head apple and a fine
kind of muskmelon were specially mentioned.
1823, May 23d.—-Historie sectional contest
in horse racing between the North and tha

tution

South. American Eclipse represented the
North, and Henry, or, as he was originally
named Sir Henry, represented the South.
[eclipse won two four-mile heats out of
three. Time, 7:37%, 7:49 and §:24. Average
heats, 7:57, or 1 minute 57 seconds to the
mile.

1823.—Grant Thorburn’s (New York) seed
vatalogne at this time was the only one

assued in pamphlet form

HULOT—PERCHERON STALLION. Cham-

pion any age or breed at the Fort Worth
Breeders’ and Feeders’ Show, 1912. Exhib-

ited by J. Crouch & Son, Lafayette, Ind.

1823.—Jean-Le-Blane, a remarkable Per-
cheron stallion, foaled in this year. To this
sire a great portion of the finest, larg
Perehneron horses trace their origin. He is
considered as the great Improving agent of
his race. He died at thirty-two years of
age, the property of M. Miard, of Villiers.

Department of Orne. He was a Percheron
of the purest blood, strengthened by infu-

sion of the Arah.

1823.—Henry Eckford, famous as improver
of plants, born in Scotland. “Ovr gardens
owe much of their sweetness and beauty to
him, and his work has brought a blessing
to many an humble flower lover who never
heard his name.”

18238.—Abdallah, son of Mambrino, and
sire of Hambletonian, a horse of very re-
markable and positive character, was foaled

in this year on Long Island, New York, and
bred by John Treadwell. Abdallah lived
until 1854.

_ 1823.—James McDowell, improver of Diek-
inson Merinos, commenced herding sheep in
Stark county, Ohio, ending as breeder in
LS87.

1823.—Hon. Chas. Rich, of Shoreham, Vt.,
establishec a flock of Spanish Merino sheep.

1823.— Berkshire
the United States

into
an

swine’ introduced
by John Brentnall,

English farmer living in New Jersey.

BERKSHIRE BOAR — CARLOS VICTOR.
2d. A three-year-old, weighing 700 pounds.
Took first prize at several State Fairs and
at St. Louis. Exhibited by E'ttzler & Moses,
ef Convoy, Ohio.

1824.--By act of Parliament, the English
aere was required to contain 4,840 square
yards.

1824.—Thomas Berwick,an English animal

artist, said of the zebra: ‘‘Such is the beauty
of this creature that it seems by nature
fitted to satisfy the pride and formed for

the service of man, and It Is most probable
that time and assiduity alone are wanting
‘o bring it under subjection.”’

1824,.—The Merino buck Bolivar, owned hy
Wm. KR. Dickinson, of Steubenville, Ohio,
won first premium in wool sheep classes at
Washington, D. C.

1824.—The Acadians

in Louisiana intro-

duced a new method by which tobacco was
emved under intense pressure in its own
juice.

{825.--Mr. John J. Coiron introduced new

seed plants of sugar cane from Georgia, but
originally from the island of Eustatius.

1825.—First tehbacco warehouse established
in Connecticut at Warehouse Point.

1825.— John Quincy Adams, President of
the United States, and served four years.

1825.—Floriculture, orignated in Phila-
adelphia, commenced to be of importance
about this time.

1825, March 15th.—-The following adver=-
tisement appeared in the Indianapolis
Journal: “Seed oats and potatoes. The sub-
scriber has for sale at his residence on
Cirele street, Indianapolis, a quantity of
seed oats, Jargely Early Blue, White Marino
and red potatoes,” The advertisement was
signed by Isaac Coe.

1825.-—_James Moores, of Steubenville,Ohio,
sold the wool clip from one hundred sheep
at one dollar per pound.

1825.—Ayrshire cattle mentioned by
cultural writer Alton.

1825.—At a meeting of the Australian
Agricultural Society Mary Kelly received an
award of twenty Spanish dollars for an ex-
hibit of silk, and at the same meeting a
threshing machine made by John Blaxland
was exhibited.

1825.—-In this year a large ox was men-
tioned in the newspapers: “A fat ox in-
tended for the New York market was reared

agri-

at Shaftesbury. Vt., and was exhibited at
Troy, N. Y., March 28. It was seven years
old and of the real American breed and
said to weigh 2,772 pounds.”

1825._-Colonel W. S. Hamilton, son of
Alexander Hamilton, made a contract to

supply beef to the garrison of Fort Howard
at Chicago, I]l., and for this purpose bought
and started a drove of cattle from Spring-
field, Tli. This was the first shipment of
Illinois cattle to Chicago. Previously the
garrison had been supplied from Cleveland
and Buffalo. The cattle referred to cost $10
per head, and a young man named John
Hamlin accompanied them as drover.

1825.—In this year Lucien B. Maxwell, an
American, who traveled to the Cimarron

31

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

river, was married to a dawghter of Charles
Beaubien, a pioneer Frenchman, inheriting
an immense tract of land since known as
the ‘Maxwell Grant.’”’ In his later days Mr.
Maxwell owned 10,000 horses, 10,00 cattle
and 40,000 sheep. He employed 500 men,
and was the first American ranchman of
prominence in that section of the South-
west.

1825.-—The Daily Advertiser in September
of this year said: “The Saxon sheep im-
ported by G. & T. Searle were sold at
Brighton, near ‘Boston. The highest price
given fcr 2 single one was $450, and another
was sold for $325, and the average price,
including ‘!ambs, was $160 per head. The
purchasers were nearly all gentlemen ex-
perienced in raising sheep.

1825, August Ist.—The following
tisement appeared in the
Journa!: ‘‘Henderson & Blake will give six
cents a pound in specie for all the fresh-
dug Ginseng that is delivered to them. The
Ginseng must not be washed but be free
from curls and cut roots.”

1825.—In this year a party started from
Franklin, Mo., to New Mexico. They were
eighty strong and had with them 200 horses
and mules. They reached Santa Fe, 931
miles froh the place of starting. in due
time. In record of this expedition it is said
that after reahing New Mexico the first
eivilized habitation met with was owned by
Juan Peno, who, in addition to owning
cattle and horses, has flocks amounting to
150,960 sheep.

1825, October.—A fat hog news item ap-
pearing this year gives some idea of swine
raising at the time. ‘‘A hog is feeding in
Forks township, Northampton county, Penn-
sylvania, that weighs more than 800 pounds;
is eight feet nine inches long and seven feet
in circumference. He is rapidly ‘increasing
in bulk and expected to weigh above 1,000
pounds at Christmas.”’

1826.—In this year this horticultural item
appeared and read as follows: “It hag
been ascertained by experiment that linseed
oil being washed over trees previously to
their budding out will render them imper-
vious to frost.’’.

1826.—Rev. Patrick Bell, of Scotland, pro-
duced a mowing machine, having, in addi-
tion to previous inventions, a revolving apron
or endless web for gathering. This is the
oldest machine which came into general use.
MecCormick’s cutting apparatus adopted in
1851 gave it renewed life.

1826.—In this year Hon. Wm. Jarvis, of
Weathersfield, Vt., said that he began to
eross his imported flock of Spanish Merinos
with Saxony sheep. At that time his aver-
age fleece was three pounds fourteen ounces
to four pounds three ounces. His buck
fleeces ranged from five and one-quarter to
six and one-half pounds.

1826,.—-Accordinge to a letter written by
Hon. Wm. Jarvis, a great importer of sheep,
foot rot was brought into this country with
the sheep imported from Saxony in this
year. He also said: “Foot rot was totally
unknown among Spanish Merinos.”’

1826.—The Indiana Journal, published at
Indianapolis, contained advertisement of
John Francis Dufour, Postmaster at Vevay,
Indiana. He proposed to publish a weekly
agricultural journal under the title of the
Western Farmer. The announced subscrip-
tion price was $5.00 a year.

1826.—A horse named Trouble trotted a

adver-
Indianapolis

mile in 2:48.
1826.-—-‘‘Leaming,’”’ a deep yellow’ corn,
originated with Mr. J. S. Leaming, of Wil-

mington, Ohio. This is the earliest of eight
varieties of corn recognized by the Illinois
Seed Corn Breeders’ Association.

1826.—-First mill established for the ex-
traction of oil from cotton seed -at Colum-
bus, S. C.

1826.—First official cotton quotation record.
Middling upland cotton, New York market,
highest price of the year, 14 cents; lowest,
9 cents per pound.

1826.—Maryland Agricultural Society of-
fered a special preminm to owner of lamb
shearing the greatest quantity of picklock
wool; won by W. R. Dickinson, of Steuben-
ville, Ohio.

1826.—Acricultural school founded as pri-
vate institution at Grignon, near Paris. The
oldest agricultural institution in France.

1826.—The tirst drove of hogs on record as
being received at Chicago were driven from

the Wabash river during the winter of
1826-7. They were brought in by Gurdan S.
Hubbard, who sold them to the soldiers at
Fort Howard and the citizens surrounding
the fort.

1827.—Mr. Parsons Gorham, of Cincinnati,

sold seeds and was one of the early Western
merchants carrying a supply of seeds.

1827.—Virst slaughter house in Chicago
built of logs by Archibald Clybourne. The
first drove of hogs was received at Chicago

this year.

1827, October 3d. ‘Rattler,’’ (pedigree un-
known), placed the trotting reeord for two
miles at 6:24.

1827.—In this year, in

England,a Mr.Clark

of Canwick, exhibited two wether Lineoln
sheep in the Lincoln market. The fleeces
had yielded twelve pounds each. When
slaughtered, the carcass of the larger one

weighed 261 pounds; each of the fore quar-
ters weighed 73 pounds, and the hind quar-
ters 57% pounds. On the top of the rib the
solid fat measured nine inches in thickness.

1827.—The earliest recorded apple tree
planting ic Kansas was in this year by Rev-
erernd Thomas Johnson, near Shawneetown,
Johnson county.

182%7.—The idea of condensing milk to
make it keep better occurred this vear to a
French chemist named Appert. Seven years
later the method of evaporating the milk in
rarefied air to prevent it from reaching the
boiling point was first used.

1827.—In this year Archibald Clybourne
opened a buteher shop in Chicago, and
during the winter of 1833 established a
slaughter house on North Branch, south of

Bloomingdale Road.
of Chicago’s
interests.

1827.—-Statement by Grant Thorburn: ‘‘Be-
sides good seeds good gardeners are neces-
sary in making a garden flourish.’”

1827.—As marking the Geveiopment of the
Western country it is recorded that in this
year a permanent settlement was made by
white men on the west bank of the Missouri
river. It was first protected by a military
cantonment afterwards called Fort Leaven-
worth, in honor of Colonel Henry H.
worth, the commander of the troops.

1827.—The South Carolina Railroad Com-
pany organized and operated by horses.

This is the beginning
manufacturing and packing

1828.—*‘A Treatise on Horticulture,” the
first comprehensive book on the subject in
the United States, written by William

Prince, of Long Jsland.

1828.— Nicholas Longworth, of Cincinnati,

by introducing native vines or their seed-
lings, produced from Catawba and Isabella
grapes wine of a high marketable value.

1828.—A Mr. Corbett attempted ito raise
Indian (American corn) in England. He
nublished a book, entitled ‘“‘A Treatise on
Corbett’s' Corn.”’

1828.—At East Hartford, Conn., Timothy

first undertook the manufacture of
He invented the short straw
blocks on which to make

Deming
horse cellars.
collars and the
them.

1828.—An old market report. From the
Indianapolis Journal, July 3d: “Market at
this place—Flour, $2.50 per 100 pounds; corn
meal, 50 eents per bushel; bacon, 8 cents
per pound and much in demand. A scarcity
of the latter article may be attributed to
the number of hogs which were driven from
this section of the country during the last
fall to a foreign market.’” The foreign
marizet in all probability was Cincinnatl.

1828. August 3d.—RBirth of Andrew 5.
Fuller, farrner, mechanic, horticultural writer
and improver of flowers and fruits. He died
in 1896. His ‘Small Fruit Culturist’”’ is pub-
lished in several languages.

1828.—A treatise on the rearing of silk
worms by Dr. De Hazzi, of Munich, was
translated from the German by Mr. James
Mease, of Washington, D. C., by order of
the United States Congress.

32

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

= =

1828.—The following item appeared in the
newspapers in November of this year: ‘‘We
are informed that Mr. Israel Cole, of the
town of Gerkshire, Mass., has made this
season 16,000 pounds of cheese from the
milk of oniy twenty-eight cows, being on an
average or 571 pounds to each cow. His
‘cheese is of the best quality and fetches
with his established customers in New Yorlx
one or two cents per pound more than that
ot ordinary dairies. The average price of
cheese at this time was 12% cents per
pound.

1828.—A Mr. Riley and Mr. Richard Jones
were awarded medals by the Australian
«New South Wales) Agricultural Society for
introducing Saxony sheep into Australia.

1829.—Ar act of Parliament passed in
Hngland regulating the package, weight and
sale of butter.

1828.—In this year Peter Hayden, of Cum-
mington, Mass., commenced the manufacture

of harness and saddlery at Auburn, N. Y,
this being the foundation of the largest

American saddlery house. So great was his
success that for the time being the importa-~
tion of foreign saddlery ceased almost en-
tirely through his efforts.

1829.—Topgallant, a son of Corlander, dam
by Bishop's Hambletonian, established the
three-mile trotting record of §:11.

1829.—Andrew Jackson, President of the
United States, and served eight years.

1429.—The soy _ bean first grown in
America in the botanic garden at Cambridge,
Mass.

1829, September 7th.—The first pacer men-

iuoned in the history of the light harness
turf, ‘Bowery Bioy (pedigree unknown),
established the two-mile pacing record at
A:0445.

1829.— First locomotive engine tried on
American continent to run on rails imported
by the Delaware and Hudson Canal Com-
pany. Tt weighed seven tons and was con-
sidered too heavy. ‘The engine was known

us the Stourbridge Lion.

1829, September.—The first number of
the American Turf Register and Sporting
Magazine was issued in New York, witn

John §S. Skinner
this paper
the Times.

1829.—In ths year the first poultry inen-
bater constructed was exhibited in London,
England. it was a hot-water incubator, and
was not at all satisfactory.

1829.—The tomato first sold on the market
in Phitadeiphia.

1829.—The Jonathan apple originated
New York about this year.

1829_—Straw and grass first utilized in the
United States for the manufacture of paper
by G. A. Schyrock, of Philadelphia.

1829, November 26th.—Great inundation of
the Nile, in E'gypt, begins. About 30,009
people perish by the overflow.

1830.--First practical locomotive engine
for every-day work built at West Point
Foundry, New York, for the South Carolina
Railroad.

1830.—In the early part of this year the
B. & GO. Railway was finished from Balti-
more to Ellicott Mills, a distance of thirteen
miles. Jt was operated by horses.

1830.—Prince, in his ‘Treatise on the
Vine,’’ published this year, described eighty-
one native grapes of America. Two or three
thousand varieties have been disseminated
since, which are the offspring of our native
species.

1830.—Oxford Down sheep originated by a
cross of Cotswolds, Hampshires and prob-
ably Soutndowns.

1830-—Jersey cattle first imported into the
United States from the Channel islands.

_ 1830.—The vacuum pan erected in sugar
house by Mr. Thomas Morgan in Louisiana,
the pioneer of these appliances.

1830.—Major Knox, of Danville, Ky., great
breeder and prize winner, commenced breed-
ing jacks and jennets.

1830.—Wm. Ensign, of Wilbur’s Basin,

Saratoga county, N. Y., commenced breeding
red hogs.

as editor. Ten years! later
Was absorbed by The Spirit of

in

1830.—Light one-horse
peared in Connecticut.

1830..—Wm. MecCombie, of Tillifour, Scot-
land,founded a herd of Aberdeen-Angus cattle.

1830, June.—In the American Turf Reg-
ister and Sporting Magazine a contributor
suggests that -trotting matches at regular
periods would be as useful as the running
races by thoraughbreds.

1830.— Jonathan Curran, of Murfreesboro,
Tenn., started breeding jacks and jennets.

1830.—Johnson grass introduced into this
country from Turkey.

1830.—_-Japan clover first coming into
notice in this country. It was an accidental
introduction from Japan.

wagons first ap-

CHESTER WHITE BOAR—EXPORT, as

a two-year-old, weighing 700 pounds; was
sweepstakes winner at the St. Louis Fair.
Exhibited by J. W. Dorsey & Sons, of Perry,
Wil. «The St Louis Fair referred to is the
Great St. Louis Fair, first opened in 1856.

1830.--First appearance of the Chester
White hog in Ohio. Keeland and Isaac Todd
brought a pair with them from East Haven,
Conn., to the vicinity of Wakeman. Three
vears later Joseph Haskins also brought a
pair from Massachusetts.

1830.—In this year, in his ‘Treatise on the
Vine,’ Mr. W. H. Prince enumerates eighty-
eight varieties of American grapes.

1831, January ist.—The Genesee Farmer
founded by Mr. T.uther Tucker at Rochester,
N. Y., and was the forerunner of The Coun-
try Gentleman, the oldest agricultural peri-
odical in the world, having been published
eentinuously and without interruption.

1831.—In this year superior steel hoes
made at Pittsburgh were sold at $4.50 per
dozen. Iron and steel were low in price at
that time.

1831.—The steel spring (prong) pitchfork
introduced and patented in the United
States in this year by Charles Goodyear, of
Philadelphia.

1831.—-Benjamin Warfield, of Lexington,
Ky., purchased the first pure-bred Shorthorn
cow owned by him. Foundation of Grasmere
Shorthorns.

1831.-—Prinee, the’ naturalist, gave the
first native raspberry to come into cultiva-

tion its proper name—Common Red. It had
been called English Red.
1831.—Redfield, investigator of weather

conditions, published his first essay, describ-
ing action of storms and hurricanes.

1831.—Silk Culture Manual published by
J. H. Cobb distributed by Commonwealth of
Boston and the United States Senate.

1831.—S. C. Parkhurst opened a seed store
in Cincinnati, Ohio, and did a large trade in
grass and clover seeds.

1831.-—In this year The American Farmer
described 2. machine invented by Thomas D.
Burrall, of Geneva, N. Y., for the purpose
of cleaning clover seed.

1831, December 10.—The Spirit of the
Times, great sporting paper, started as a
weekly, with Wm. T. Forter as editor, in

New York City. The last issue of this paper
was in December, 1902, when it was consoli-
dated with the Chicago Horseman.

1831.—Youatt, eminent writer on live stock
subjects, mentions Normandy, in France, as
noted for its horses.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1832.-—Alexander Riley, of New South
Wales, imported thirteen pure-bred Angora
goats from France, receiving them at the
port of Sydney. On account of death in the

family, these goats were afterwards dis-
persed. They were the first New South
Wales Angoras,

1832.—-Messrs. Heathcoate & Parker, of

KNngland, employed traction steam engines
in cleaving a large tract of marshy ground
lying between Manchester and _ Liverpool},
which had been considered unreclaimable
hy any other means at hand.

1832.--I.ate in this year Charles Cist, of
Cincinnati, instituted the first definite state-
ment of pork packing in the West.

1833.—Ohio Importing Company organized
Ly Allen Trimble, Duncan MeArthur, Felix

Renick and others to import cattle, princi-
pally Shorthorns.

1832.-—The first lot of eattle was packed

and barreled in Chicago by Geo. W. Dole
for Oliver Newberry, of Detroit, Mich., the
humber being 150 head. They were driven

from Wabash and cost $2.75 per 100 pounds
for the net beef, the hides, tallow, ete.,
heing thrown in by the seller. The cattle
were slaughtered at what is now the corner
ef Madison street and Michigan avenue,
then the high prairie. In December of the
same year Mr. Dole also bought and slaugh-
tered the first hogs ever packed in the West,
there being 538 head, average unknown, but
eost three cents per pound on foot. The
150 head of cattle referred to in this item
were purchased of Mr. Charles Reed, of
Hickory Creek, Iil It must be remembered
that it was salt-beef packing, largely for the
supply of sea-going vessels. This salt-beef
packing industry was displaced to a large
extent later by dressed-beef transported in
refrigerator cars, although salt-beef packing
is not a lost art, by any means.

1832.—A pair of Jersey red pigs imported
from Spain to Salem, N. J.

1832.—Mr. Thomas Hogg devised a system
representing important principles of hot-
water heating for greenhouses.

1832.—Kendrick, in the “New American
Orchardist,’’ suggested the blackberry as
heing worthy of cultivation.

1832.—Mr. Jonas Webb, of Suffolk, Eng-
land, recorded as successor of John Ellman
:n improvement of Southdown sheep.

1832.—Mr. Hawes, of England, imported
Berkshire swine at Albany, N. Y.
1832.—In this year Mr. David Bradley,

famous as manufacturer of agricultural im-
plements, commenced work in plow making
at Syracuse, N. Y. Three years later he
removed to Chicago to help erect the first
foundry there and was the first man _ to
bring pig iron into that city. The estab-
Jishment soon began the manufacture of
Plows. He worked at the bench wooding
“Garden City Clipper’ plows, whose name
and fame have become world-wide.
Leaving the employment of others, he soon
had a vlow shop of his own, and for fifty
vears saw it growing to larger and larger
proportions, right in the heart of Chicago,
until it became one of the largest manufact-
uring establishments of agricultural imple-
ments and compelled him to get larger
ground space. which he finally did in the
town which saw fit to honor his coming by
iaking upon itself his name. Mr. Bradley
died at the age of 87 years, the oldest plow
maker in ihe United States.

1833.—Product of wheat on Island of
Jersey. Five-years’ average ending this year
was forty bushels per acre.

1833.--In this year a royal decree in
France established the Government Stud
Book, which had considerable influence in
the improvement of French horses.

1833.—The Maine Farmer established at
Augusta, Me.

1833.—Isaac Hoskins moved from New
Bedford, Mass., to Wakeman, Ohio, carrying
with him white hogs that helped to estab-
lish the Todd Improved Chester Whites.

1833, November 19th.—A patent for a
method of cuitivating or working land by
steam power was first issued in the United
States to E. C. Bellinger, of South Carolina,
but the invention never went into general
use. i !

(1 at

1833.—In this year, in the New American
Orchardist. William Kenrick mentions
twenty-three varieties of figs.

1833.—Daniel Pratt, a native of New

Mampshire, commenced the manufacture of
cotton gins in Autauga county, Alabama,

1833.—Antoine LeClaire established an
orchard at Davenport, in Seott county,lowa.
This orchard contained about 400 trees,
which were brought by boat from Cincin-
nati. Chio, and was the second orchard
started in that state.

1833.—In this year
coons were produced in
Connecticut. The

four tons of silk co-
Windham county,
interest in silk eulture
had been advanced by boom methods until
it parteok of the nature of a craze instead
of a legitimate industry.

18353..—Charles Mason Hovey began a series
of experiments and finally produced Hovey’s
Seediing strawberry, which became the leaa-
ing berry for thirty years and actually
caused strawberry culture to became a pop-
ular and profitable industry. It was the
first strawherry suited to climate and condi-
tions of America. It is now extinct.

1833.—William Smith was born in this
year. He invented the stump puller in 1861.
He died in 1910 at LaCrescent, Minn.

1833.—Boston, the phenomenon, a _ thor-
oughbred horse, foaled in this year. He
was bred by Judge John Wickham, of Tuck-
ahoe, Virginia. He was ‘a horse with a
backbone like a fence rail and a stifle like
a Durbam bull.’’ He ran a mile in the first
heat of a longer race in 1:46, which was
three-fourths of a second faster than the
record at that time. At the height of his
eareer his owner advertised to match
Boston against any two horses in the world,
to run four-mile heats for no less a sum
than $45,000, taking one horse in one heat
and the other in the next. The challenge
stood in the advertising columns of the
Spir‘t of the Times without takers.

1833.—Rice successfully threshed out in
the Southern States by animal and steam
power,

1833.—Sylvester Marsh arrived from the
Hast in Chicago. and after working in the
new town three years projected a packing
house on Kinzie street, near Rush street.
They packed 6,090 hogs in 1836. He used
to go 150 miles to the Wabash river driving
cattle, hogs and sheep and whatever he
could pick up on the way. The canal he-
eame his best source of supply before rail-
roads were running into Chicago.

1833, December.—Obed Hussey, of Cincin-
nati, Ohio, received a patent for a reaping
machine which obtained favorable recognli-
tion in several states. Five years later a
manufactory was established at Baltimore.

1834, October.—A steam plow was tested
by the inventor, Major A. Tyrrell, in Genesee
county, New York.

1834.-—The Royal Jersey Agricultural
Society held its first meeting on January
18th. This society played a very important
part in the early development of Jersey
eattle and continued to do so.

1834.-—First breeding of Berkshire swine
on farm of Richard Gentry, in Pettis county,
Missouri. He was uncle and stepfather of
N. H. Gentry, the famous improver of Berk-
shires.

1834,—-Old Grannie, calved on the farm of
Hugh Watson. of Keillor, Scotland. First
cow recorded in Aberdeen-Angus Herd Book.
This famous cow lived to be _ thirty-five
years of age.

1834.—Edwin Vorerst,
unknown breeding, reduced
record to 2:31%. a

1834.—A_ cotton-seed oil
Natchez, Miss.

1834.—A “Howard” vaeuum pan _ estab-
lished in the sugar house of Mr. Valcour
Alme, pianter, of St.James Parish, Louisiana.

black gelding of
the trotting

mill erected at

1834.—Shorthorn cow Princess sold by
H. Clay, Jr., of Kentucky, for $2,000.
1834, March.—The Cultivator, an _ early

agricultural paper, was founded by Jesse
Buel under the auspices of the New York
State Agricultural Society. Edited by Judge
Buel, who afterwards became proprietor,

34

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1834.—Wm. Fullerton, of Ardovie, Scot-
land, started a breeding herd of Aberdeen-
Angus cattle.

1834.—Tyler Stickney flock of Spanish

Merino sheep established at Shoreham, Vt.
1834.—-Importation of heifers Rose of
Sharon and Young Mary, famous for Short-

horn excellence.

1834.—A vessel from f.eghorn arrived in
America. and a part of the cargo was 4
small shipment of towls, which were at
once named ‘‘Leghorns.’’ They became pop-
ular on account of their good laying and
non-sitting qualities. ;

1834.—First patent for his reaping machine

issued to Cyrus H. McCormick, of Rock-
bridge county. Virginia. It was worked in
1831, improved many times, and ‘a great

4oon to this country and foreign lands.”

CYRUS HALL McCORMICK, inventor of
the reaper. Born February, 1809; died
October, 1865. Inventor of the first practical
reaping machine.

1835.—-The Bloodgood
notice by James
Long Island. «

1835.—A. C. Moore and D. M. Magie, in
Ohio, two of the originators, breeders and
principal improvers of Poland-China swine.

1835.-—Norton’s Wirginia grape—an _ off-
spring of the wild summer grape of the
Southern and Middle States—found on Cedar
Island, in the James river, near Richmond,
Virginia.

1835.—V itty miles were trotted in three
hours and fifty-seven seconds by a horse of
unknown pedigree called Black Joke.

1835.—Mr. “homas Ferguson, of Kinoctry,
Scotland, founded a herd of Aberdeen-Angus
cattle.

1835.—In Warren and Butler counties,
Ohio, a local breed of swine known at this
tiine as the Warren County Hog and the
“Big Spoited,’ were afterwards included
as Poland-Chinas,

1835.—James Smith, of Deanston, England,
promulgated his system of thorough drain-
ing and deep plowing.

1835 —Captain James
ville, Tenn.,
named John
Nioyal Gift.

1835.—Lord Western of England intro-
duced Neapolitan swine from. Italy to im-
prove the Essex pigs.

_ 1835.--Baling presses known to be made
in the state of Maine about this time.

pear
Bloodgood,

brought into
of Flushing,

Knight, of Nash-
bought a fine jack in Virginia
Bull, third descendant of

1835.—In England, Sir Robert Peel pre-
sented a farmers’ club with two iron plows,

went back afterwards to see the work done
with them, and found the plows’ with
wooden moldboards again at work. ‘‘Sir,’’

said a member, ‘‘we tried the iron and be
all of one mind that they made the weeds
grow.’’

1835.—A new variety of potato called
Perkins’ Seedling, was originated at this
time by planting a seed ball a year or two
before.

1835.—In September of this year the first
Agricultural Fair in Missouri was held at
Columbia, Boone county.

1835.—The Magazine of Horticulture
established at Boston, Mass., by C. M.Hovey.

1835.—By this time extensive greenhouses
had been erected in the vicinity of New
York, Boston and Philadelphia. One estal-
lishment at Long Island had houses aggre-
gating 400 feet in length.

1835.—It was announced
this year that a Mr. Bailey, of Hartford,
Conn., had invented a cast iron grist mill,
which had been tested by grinding wheat,
rye and corn as well as most kinds of
provender, corn in the ear, oil cake, ete.,
and its work was pronounced by experienced
millers to be equal to that produced by the
common millstones. One horse could grind
ten bushels of rye or wheat per hour suffi-
ciently fine for flour. The cost of a miil
with the machinery for a horse to work
it was mentioned at $250 to $300.

1836.— Daniel Webster, the statesman,
invented a plow for work twelve and four-
teen inches deep, cutting a furrow twenty-
four inches wide. It is still in existence—
twelve feet long, the beam twenty-eight
inches from the ground. and the landside
four feet long. It was designed for a field
which was full of roots,

1836.— James Jackson, of Alabama, sent
to England for the best thoroughbred there,
and the horse imported was Glencoe. He
was sire of Pocahontas, the great thorough-
bred matron. Glencoe died at the age of

in December of

26 years; owned by A. Keene Richards, of
Kentucky.
1836.—Tomatoes began to be cultivated

in this country as food; had been raised
principally for ornament under the name
of “love apples.’”’

1836.—The Western Province Agricultural
Society of South Africa offered a silver cup,
value fifty pounds sterling, to be awarded
for the best 100 pounds of Merino wool, and
had to be won three times in succession
before becoming the property of an indi-
vidual Gwner. Won in 1846 by Reitz, Van
Breda & Joubert, original importers of
Merinos into that country. .

1836.—The Baltimore Belle and the
Queen of the Prairies Roses named this
year by a Baltimore florist. They care
from the Michigan Rose.

1836.— Erastus Corning,
imported Shorthorn cattle.

1836.-—Joel Nourse & Co., of Worcester,
Mass., commenecd the manufacture of
agricultural implements and made import-
ant improvements on the cast-iron plow.

1836.--On July 4th of this year the
United States Patent Office was made a
separate bureau, and Hon. Henry L. Ells-
worth, of Connecticut, was Commissioner.
He had been a practical farmer, and he
considered it within the proper scope of
his office to help farmers by distributing
seeds and plants.

1836.---Captain James Knight, General A,
Wilson and General I. M. Knight, of Mar-
shall county, Texas, bought the Kentucky
jack Maringo Mammoth. Sold at nine years
old to lu. W. Knight for $2,160. This jack
won many premiums.

1836.—Templemoyle Agricultural Seminary

of Albany, N. Y.,

established in county of Londonderry, Ire-
land,
1836.—Devon eattle imported by Mr.

of New York state.

1836, October 29th.—At Felix MRenick’s
farm, Ross county, Ohio, imported Short-
horns sold at an average of $803.25 for
forty-nine head. Seven bulls and _ seven
heifers each sold for upwards of $1,000 each,

Vernon,

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

=
35

=

1836.—BPay, a pacer of unknown pedigree,
paced two miles under saddle in 5:04%.

1836.—-Char!es Mason Hovey, an American
horticulturist, called attention to the change
in color produced in the flower calceolarius
by the introduction of a different colored
species. An evidence of distinct results in
plant breeding.

1836.—Mr. H. Clay, Jr., of Fayette county,
Kentucky, began importing Shorthorns.

1836.—-Kew Botanical Gardens in England

founded by Sir W. Hooker.
1836, November.—The French War De-
portment, after three-years’ experiment,

could not determine whether or not glanders
in horses was a contagious disease.

1837.—Martin Van Buren, President of the
United States, and served four years.

1837.—-Ross’ Phoenix strawberry raised by

Alexander Ross, of Hudson, N. Y., from
Keene’s Seedling.

1837, October 24th.—Final sale of Ohio
Importing Company Shorthorns. Fifteen
head averaged $1,071.65.

1837.—Lewis F. Allen, in his ‘‘American

Cattle,’’ mentions appearance of a fine Gal-

loway eow in Philadelphia.

1837.— Legislation in North Carolina to
prevent the driving of cattle from South
Carolina or Georgia through that state on
account of the cattle disease caused by
them.

1837.—Amos Cruickshank, of Sittyton,

near Aberdeen, Scotland, first began breed-
ing Shorthons, foundation of what are now
called Seotch or ‘‘Cruickshanks.”’

1837.—Henry Clay, 2:35, famous trotting
sire, foaled in this year; bred by Geo. M.
Patchen, of New Jersey. This horse was
afterwards sold for $1,050 (which was a
dollar a pound). He made his record of
2:35 in a five-heat race which he _ won,
having been driven ninety-eight miles the
day before.

1837.—Three steel plows made by hand
this year by John Deere, said to be the first
steel plows made.

1837.—Henderson Lewelling started a

nursery near Salem, Henry county, Iowa,
which was continued by his brother John
until 1850, when he closed out the stock
and went to Oregon.

SEELEY’S AMERICAN STAR.

1837.—Seeley’s American Star, recorded:
as American Star, 14, foaled in this year,
bred by Henry H. Berry, of Pompton

Plains, N. J. He is noted as sire of speed-
producing brood mares.

1838.—First Chicago grain elevator estab-
lished this year and made the first shipment
cf wheat.

1838.—Royal Agricultural Society of Ens-
land established with 466 members.

1838.—First direct importation of Short-
horn cattle from England to Indiana by Mr.
Chris. Whitehead, of Franklin county.

1838.—The metnod of imbedding glass in
putty in construction of greenhouses known
to be in use in England at this time.

1838.—Shorthorn cattle first introduced
into France.

1838.—Glasnevin Training Farm estah-
lished in Ireland by Commissioners of
Nationa] HMducatien.

1838.— Berkshire hogs introduced into

Canada.

1838.— Dutch
into the United
Goshen, N. Y.

first
iE

Belted cattle
States by D.

imported
Haight, of

and

DUTCH -~ BELTED CATTLE. — Bred
owned by G.G.Gibbs, of Marksboro, N. J.

1839.—In this year the horse Dutchman
obtained a mile trotting record in 2:32.

1839.—-In this year the first cargo of flax

seed imported in America arrived from
Russia. The United States had already ex-
ported as high as 292,460 bushels of flax

seed in one year.

1839.— In the summer of this year R. H.
Schomburgk, a German explorer, returned
from ‘British Guiana to London with col-
lections of the magnificent water lilies
known as the Victoria Regia and_ the
Klizabetha Regia, and several new species
of orechids—one of which has been named

for him the Schomburgkia orchida.
1839.— Dutchman, by Tippoo Saib, Jr., and

whose dam was _by a son of Messenger,
trotted three miles against time under
saddle in 7:32%.

1839.—Denmark, a thoroughbred horse,

foaled in this year, is first foundation sire
of the Kentucky saddle horse. He was by
Imp. Hedgeford, out of Betsy Harrison.

1839.— Edward Harris. of Moorestown,
N. Y., earliest importer of high-class draft
horses, imported two draft mares and the
stallion “Diligence.” They were’ French
horses.

1839.-—Messrs. Bagg & Wait, of Orange,

county, New York, made large importations
of Berkshire swine from England.

1839, March 3d.—During the closing hours
of the Twenty-fifth Congress, Hon. Henry
i. Ellsworth, then Commissioner of Patents,
secured an appropriation of $1,000 for “the
collection of agricultural statistics, inves-
tigating and promoting rural economy and
the procurement of cuttings and seeds for
gratuitous distribution amongst farmers.’’
This is the origin of the United States
Department of Agriculture.

1839.—N. Leonard, of Cooper county, Mis-
souri, founded the Ravenswood herd of

Shorthorns, first pedigreed herd west of the
Mississippi.

1839.—Oxford Royal, .the first English
National Show. ‘Thomas Bates’ Shorthorns
von great honors.

1839.— Fayette County (Kentucky) Im-
porting Company sold . twenty-six Short-
horns at an average of $627.35 per head.
1839.--The Boston Cultivator established

Boston, Mass.

1839, June.—Hereford cattle imported into
this country by W. H. Sotham.

1839, October 3d.—The first mile below
2:30 was by Drover, whe in this year paced
ut 2:28 at Beacon Course, N. J.

1840.—Dr. Perrine at Indian Key, Fla.,
introduced the Mango plant from the West
Indies. i

at

-

36

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1840.—About this year Plymouth Rock
fowls were originated near Woodstock, Vt.,
Messrs. Giles, Clark, Thayer, Spaulding and
Rev. H. S. Ramsdell being’ the originators.
The Plymouth Rock was the result of a
eross of American Dominique males with
single comb black Java females.

1840.—The group of carnations now most
cultivated in America, known as perpetual

fiowerinz, tree or monthly carnations, orig-
inated in France about this year, as the
result of crossing and selection.

1840.—In this year the _ subsoil plow,
adapted to teams up to six horses, was
introduced from Scotland into the United
States.

1840.— First Cheviot sheep
the United States of America.

imported into

CHAMPION CHEVIOT EWE at the
Indiana and Illinois State Fairs of 1906.

Exhibited by J. Kiolin, of Brooklyn, Wis.

1840, June 16th.—Furs—The St. Louis Bul-
letin of the 5th said: ‘‘Two Mackinaw boats
arrived here yesterday from Iowa, loaded
with buffalo robes.’’

1810.—The Angora goat first imported into
Cape Colony, South Afriea, by Colonel Hen-

derson, an officer in the British army.
1840, January.—Mr. Luther Tucker, of

Rochester, N. Y., purchased The Cultivator

upon the death of the owner, Judge Buel,

with his
under the

conscelidutine it
see Farmer,
vator.

1840.— Twenty ewes and
from the Rambouillet Merinos of France
were imported into the United States by
bD. C. Collins, of Hartford, Conn.

1810.—Abcut this year Mr. Ephraim Bull,
of Concord. Mass., discovered a wild grape-
vine, from which he grew, developed, culti-
vated and improved the grape now called
the “Coneord.’ It is considered the greatest
advance in grape growing in this country.

1840.— Justus von T.iebig published a
famous work, entitled “Organic Chemistry,
in Its Relation to Agriculture.’”’ He estab-
lished in the popular mind the theory of
the plants’ almost entire dependence on
mineral food. He founded artificial fertili-
zation; demonstrated the value of potash as

paper, The Gene-
name of The Culti-

two rams selected

lant food; and many other valuable dis-
ecoveries are attributed to him.
1840. — Imported jack Knight Errand

brought to Maury county,
hy Mr. Thomas:
J. Pillow.

1840.—-P. T. Barnum and W.

Tennessee; owned
afterwards sold to General

R. Coleman

imported Duteh Belted cattle ‘into the
United States.

1810.—Mr. Fisher Hobbs, tenant of Lord
Western, in England, established accepted
iype of Essex hogs.

1840.—Colonel Wm. Johnson, plantation

owner near Marion Junction, Alahama, first
sowed the grass which now bears his name.

1840.—-A. C. Clark, of Jefferson county,
New York, originated breed of swine called

Cheshires. Sires were large white York-
shires and bred on the best sows of his
section,

1840.— Mowing machine improved by Mc-
Cormick.

1840.-— Cheese exportations from _ the
jUnited States began to be of importance,
mainly from New York, Vermont and Mas-
sachusetts.

1841.—First sheep introduced
Zealand from New South Wales, Australia.

1841.—In this year a few bushels of
clover seed were sent from Cleveland, Ohio,
to Canada. The first record of this char-
acter.

1841.—William Henry Harrison inaugu-
rated President of the United States, March
4th, and died April 4th of the same year.

into New

1841.— John Tyler elected Vice-President,
succeeds to the Presidency of the United
iStates, April 4th, and serves nearly four
vears.

13841.---The Murrain, or ‘‘vesicular epizoo-
lic,’ appeared in ngland, supposably intro-

duced
siock

by foreign
except
1841.—First commercial record of disposi-
tion of American cotton crop, season of
1841-42. Crop, 1,684,000 bales, disposed of as

cattle; affected all live

norses.

follows: To Great Britain, 936,000 bales; to
Europe and Mexico, 480,000 bales; home
consumption, 268,000 bales.

1841.—-Guano_ fertilizer introduced into

Great Britain.
1841.—Grade Hereford ox exhibited by Mr.
Rust at the first New York State Fair,
weighing 3,700 pounds.
1842.—- First important
wool into Wngland from Australia, about
thirteen million pounds during the year.

1842.—Professor Low said: “The Dorsets
are the most productive of milk of any of
our races of sheep.”

1842.—-In this year the Brie’ Railroad first
became engaged in the transportation of
milk and established a freight rate of one-
half cent per quart.

1842.—Gray Clyde, 78, Clydesdale stal-
lion, imported hy Archibald Ward, of Mark-

importation of

ham, Ontario, Canada.
1842, <Anril J1th.—French experiments
finally determined glanders in horses to be

a contagious cisease.

1842.—Early in this year Philo Gregory,
of Chester, N. Y., was induced to try the
experiment of shipping milk by rail to New
York City. The termius of the Erie Railway
was then at Goshen.

1842.—Professor Iow mentions improved
Ayrshire cattle as owing superior character
to mixture of races from the continent of
Surope and the dairy breed of Alderney.

1842.—It was not until after this date
that Robert Fortune, naturalist, went to
China and sent back many specimens of
flowers, that the White Chinese Wistaria
and Fortune’s Yeilow Rose became known
here.

1842.—Aericultural Chemistry Association
(first of its kind) organized by Mid-Lothian,

Scotland, tenant farmers, at suggestion of
Mr. John Finnie, of Swanstone,
1842.—Professor Low classes all the
Channel Islands cattle under the name of
one of the islands, ‘‘Alderney.”’
1842.— Highest price of upland middling
cotton for the year on the New York

market below 10 cents per pound for the
first time in history. Highest price of the
vear, 9 cents; lowest, 7 cents.
1842.—Professor Low, in his book entitled
“Domestic |Animals of Great Britain,’’ at-
tributes superior condition of Norman horses

to abundance of grass and food in that
province.
1842.—Duke of Northumberland, famous

Bates Shorthorn bull, at three years and
eight months weighed 2,520 pounds.

1842.—American Agriculturist, great agri-
eultural paper, founded by A. B. Allen,
assisted by Richard L. Allen.

1842.— Meeting of Booth and Bates Short-
horn cows at York, England. The ten-year-
old Bates Duchess, 34th, took the premiuin
over the Booth cow Necklace.

1842.—Tebaceo warehouse established at
Clarksville, Tenn,

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

37

=

Cultivator estab-
by J. W. & W. S.

1843.—The Southern
lished at Augusta, Ga.,
Jones.

1843.—Martin Doyle, writing in this year,
asserts that the Cleveland Bay horse is a
descendant of the old war horse of Great
Britain.

1843.—Philo Buckingham bought of
Stephen Atwood, of Connecticut, the best
Spanish Merino ram that Mr. Atwood

would spare and two ewes, and took them

to Muskingum county, Ohio.

1843.—In this year, according to the
United States Department of Agriculture
Year Book of 1904, Reuben Ragan, of Put-
nam county, Indiana, purchased .a part of
the stock of Josiah Lindley, who had con-
ducted a nursery at Monravia, Ind. Among
it was a long-bodied seedling pear tree in
which was a dormant bud of the Aremberg

pear. This was a rare and high-priced
variety at the time, and was given special
uttention. After being attacked by the pear

blight and killed down to the seedling stock,
it finally produced a delicious late fall pear
of medium size. It was afterwards called
the Philopena by the originator.

1843.—In this year George Funk, a well-
known stockman of McLean county, Illinois,
drove his first cattle to Chicago, then being
sixteen years of age. He drove from
Funk’s Grove, Mclean county, to Chicago

in twelve days. Jn an address before the
MeLean County Historical Society of Illi-
nois, sixty years later, speaking of the
eattle sold and delivered in early days, he
said: ‘‘We sold by the dressed weight, the
packer getting the hide and tallow.”
1843.— According to the book _ entitled

“Industrial Chicago,’ the packing house of
Dyer, Chapin & Wadsworth was established
on South Branch, near North street. During
that winter Archibald Clybourne killed 3,000
cattle, which were shipped to New York
early in the spring. Others followed Cly-
bourne’s example, for beef could be bought
for 1% to 2 cents per pound, according to
the grade of the cattle. The packers
cleaned out the Western country of its live
stock and made hay while they could, re-
vardless of to-morrow’s demands. This is
about the first item which mentions the
prices paid for cattle at Chicago. The beef
packing relates to salt beef.

1843.—In this year. at Chicago, corn sold
for 18 cents per bushel, and wheat at 38

cents. Wowest prices on record.

1843.—The new Diana grape, a seedling of
the Catawba, first exhibited before the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society of
Boston by Mrs. Diana Crehore, of Milton,
Mass. It was named for her.

1843.—First Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion established on his own estate, about
forty miles north of London, England, by
Mr. John Lawes.

1843.—A pear tree planted by Mr. Ockle-
tree in 1805 in Illinois, about ten miles
north of Vincennes, produced 184 bushels of
pears. The girth of the tree one foot from
the ground was twelve feet, and nine feet
from the ground it was 6% feet.

1843.—Pleuro-pneumonia in cattle first in-
troduced into the United States in the
vicinity of New York City.

1844.--“O!ld Jack,’’ a famous Aberdeen-
Angus bull, bred and raised by Hugh Wat-
son, of Keillor, Scotland, sold for a hundred
guineas ($508 in American money)—a big
price at that time.

1844.—In January of this year the Price
Current, famous statistical paper in regard
to packing-house interests and products,
was started by A. Peabody.

1844.—It was reported to the editor of
the American Agriculturist by Mr. Wim. H.
Sotham, of. ‘Black Rock, N. Y., that in 1844
a Hereford cow weighed on the scales at
Albany 2,313 pounds alive. Mr. Bennett, of
Brighton, Mass., sold this cow to a Boston
butcher for 3150. She was exhibited in
Boston for a month at a shilling a head.
Tier beef was of the finest quality, and the
owner exhihited the quarters round the city
on a warm, sunny day, and spoiled the
whole of it.

1844.—Towards the close
Wadsworth, Chapin & Dyer,

of this year
Chicago pork

packed a tierce of beef for the
English market, the tierce being made by
Hugh Maher. During the winter of 1845-46
they killed no less than 2,000 cattle brought
in from Central Jllinois and Northern
Indiana. The price on foot was then about
$2.50 per 100 pounds. This is the beginning
of salt-beef packing for export, the business
upon which stockmen had to rely to dispose
of their surplus before the better methods
of canning and refrigerating of beef were
inaugurated.

1844,—Boussingault, an eminent French
chemist. published a work, entitled ‘Rural

packers,

Wconomy,” one of the first great books
upon agricultural chemistry.
1844.—Tenarts on New York “patroon”

estates refused longer to comply with old
feudal customs of paying a few bushels of
wheat, or a day or two service per year,
in order to hold land under them. This
‘ed to the alloidal system, which enabled
them to pay cash rents or obtain clear titles
without acknowledgment of subservience to
estate owners.

1844.--Royal Agricultural Society of Ire-
land organized.

1844.—At Southampton, in this year, the
Agricultural Society _ of Einngland offered
prizes for Channel Island and Crumpled

Horn cattle.

1844..—William W. Plant began the sale of
farm teols and seeds in St. Louis, Mo.

1844.-—The Louisville (Ky.) Journal men-
tions a large pork-packing establishment
established in this year on Pearl street, of
that city.

1844 -—First cotton mill erected in Missis-
erected at Cave Hill, Washington county.

1844.—First cotton mill in Arkansas
erected at Cave iHll, Washington county.

1844.—Dr. Brinckle, ae ee

grower of raspberries, produce an im-
portant variety called Brinckle’s Orange,
from an WPnglish sort Known as Dyark’'s
Seedling.

1844..Witnesses examined by a com-
mittee of the English House of Commons
agreed that in many parts of that country
at that time lands were rented for separate
use of individual possessors from seed time
+o harvest, after which they were open and
common to all for pasturage. They were
designated “Jammas lands,’’ or “open, com-
monable, intermixed fields.” Thus it appears
that Enyland had free range as late as 1844.

1845.-_Newtown Pippins from the orchard
of Robert L. Pell, of Ulster county, New
York, sold in London, England, at $21 per
harrel. p

1845.—James K. Polk, President of the
United States, and served four years.

45.—In this year a Cincinnati journalist
amined the following: “Our pork business
is the largest in the world, not even except-
ing Cork or fBelfast, in Treland, which
eountry puts up and exports immense
amounts in that line; and the stranger wh9
visits Cincinnati during the season of cut-
ting and packing hogs should on no account
neglect to visit one or more pork-packing
establishments.”
1845.—Houghton's Seedling, an improved
gooseberry, produced about this time from
the wild gooseberry near Lynn, Mass. 3
Sovereign, 181, Clydesdale stallion,
ea by R. Johnson, of Scarboro, On-
tario, Canada. a
45.—An_ agricultural school at ream
SA ae established in May of this year
by Dr. S. W. Gold and his son, T. S. Gold,
continued in successful operation twenty-
four years.
1845.—Dr. James B. Davis,
Ss. C., went to Turkey to experiment
Sultan in cotton raising.
1845.—Hereford cattle introduced into the
island of Jamaica, West Indies, by Mr.
Malcolm.
1845.—Mr. Norbert Rillieux, of Louisiana,
coneeived the idea that the hot vapor aris-
ing frorn a» vessel of boiling sugar cane juice
could be used to evaporate the water con-
tained in a second vessel of cane juice,
foundation of the present system of evap-
oration in making sugar.

of Columbia,
for the

38

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1845.—French Bros. established a_ busi-
ness in Cincinnati for the purpose of sup-
plying fresh milk to consumers, which
developed successftilly, leading to the build-
ing of a creamery at Lebanon, Ohio, in
1898.

1845, October 18th.—Lady Suffolk, first
2:30 trotter, appeared, making the mile over

the Hoboken, N. J., track in 2:29%. She
was a gray mare, sired by Engineer, dam
by Don Quixote, and was driven by David
Bryan.

1845.—Potato blight first appeared in

England and Ireland.

1846.-—The Bleeding-heart Rose first intro-
duced into the gardens of English-speaking
people, the london Horticultural Society
having received from China a single plant.

the

of yellow at

State Fair.

A modern exhibit corn

Tllinois

1846.—Reid’s Yellow Dent Corn, a light
yellow variety, originated this year with
J. L. Reid, of Delavan, Ill.

1846.—The summer of this year was un-
precedently hot throughout England, and all
the horticultural journals united in = pro-
nouncing the bloom of roses that season
unsurpassed by the bloom of any previous
year.

1816.—First American Shorthorn Herd
Book issued by Lewis F. Allen, of Black
Roek, N.Y.

1846.—_-English corn (wheat) laws abol-
ished.

1846.--The Horticulturist, an _ influential
farm paper, established by Mr. Luther
Tuckere edited by Mr. andrew Jackson
Downing, and discontinued at his death.

1846.—In the early part of this year a Mr.
HM. R. Smith reached Chicago from New
Jersey. He went down into the state of
Hlinois and bought 225 head of good, fat,
old-fashioned cattle at $16.50 per head.
He drove them to New York and they were
the first eattle driven from Ulinois to that
city of which there is record. In 100-days’
driving over public roads and swimming
streams the cattle reached their destination,
the expenses being $5.50 per head, making a
tota! cost of $22.00. The cattle brought
$40.00 per head in New York, netting the
enterprising drover more clear profit than
the cattle raiser obtained altogether for
breeding and raising these good three and
four-year-old steers. No truer example can
be shown of old-time conditions.

1846.—Experiments begun in New York
towards preserving (canning) milk.

1846.—Mr. J. Boydell, of England, con-
structed an engine that laid its own track
ag it traveled over the ground.

1846.—The Genesee Farmer for March
of this year speaks of the unexpected suc-
cess of the Cortland County Agricultural

School, Mr. Woolworth, the lecturer, ad-
dressing twenty-five to thirty farmers once
a week.

1846.— Hereford Herd Book commenced by
Mr. T. C. Eyton, of Eyton Hall, Salop, Eng-

jand, in 1846. The first two volumes con-
tained 901 bulls, but no cows.

1847,—Virst systematic irrigation in the
arid West by the Mormons on the land
where Salt Lake City now stands.

1847.— In three years (ending 1847)

average wheat crop of Island of Guernsey
Was seventy-six bushels per acre.

1847.—A Mr. Martin erected a cotton-seed
otL mill at New Orleans.

1847.—Pxtract from the book entitled
“The Farmers’ Companion,’’ by Hon. Jesse
Buel, of Danbury, Conn.: “The new system
of husbandry is based upon the belief that
our lands will not wear out, or become ex-
hausted of their fertility, if they are judi-
ciously managed; but, on the contrary, that
they may be made progressively to increase
in product, in rewards to the husbandman
and in benefits to society, at least for some
time to come. It regards the soil as a gift
of the beneficent Creator, in which we hold
but a life estate, and which, like our free
institutions, we are bound to transmit un-
impaired to posterity.”

1847.-—Two patents issued by ‘the United
States on artificial method of hatching
chickens.

1847.— Millet recommended as a_ soiling

crop in Patent Office Report.

1817.--James XK. Polk, a pacer, whose
pedigree has been lost sight of, covered a
distance of three miles in harness in 7:44.

1848.—Todd Bros. & Haskins, near Wake-
man, Ohio, bought a boar of what was
called the Large Grass ‘Breed from Joel
Mead, of Norwalk, Ohio, for the improye-
ment of the Chester White hogs.

1848, March 3ist.—Mr. William Saunders,
a Scotch gardener, arrived at New Haven,
Conn., 19 serve as gardener for Mr. Bost-
wick. He was a great writer on agricult-
ural subjects. He introduced fixed roofs for
ereenhouses in this country, and for thirty-
eight years was in the service of the gov-
ernment, doing the most important work as
a landscape artist. He is largely respon-
sible for the beautification of the National
Capital. He died in 1900.

1848.—David Rankin, famous. successful
farmer and feeder, fed his first cattle in this
year in Henderson county, Illinois. He
afterwards moved to Tarkio, Mo., becoming
the largest corn grower and stock feeder in
the United States. Ordinary feeding by the
year 1900 amounted to 12,000 cattle and
20,000 hogs a year.

1848.—Manual of the Botany
United States issued by Asa Gray.

1848.—In this year Mr. John T. Alexander,

of the

a Virginian by birth, but raised in Ohio,
bought land in Morgan county, Illinois, at
$5.00 per acre. Mr. Alexander was a great

pioneer cattle feeder and dealer, he with
Christian Hays being a large buyer and
drover of Texas cattle. He used to ship to
the Fast by driving to Toledo, Ohio, thence
to Dunkirk by lake steamer, then by cars
to New York, a part being afterwards sent
to Boston.

1848.— Bull’s Head Stock Yards,
street and Ogden avenue, Chicago,
lished by John B. Sherman.

1848, December.—FVirst live stock shipped

Madison
estab-

to Chicago by rail. Millican Hunt, hauling
a sled-load of hogs to market, found no
snow beyond the Des Plaines river on

which to draw his pigs, but found the con-

ot the Chicago and North-
then called the Galena
rode ten miles. to
Chicago behind the ‘‘Pioneer,’’ the famous
little engine which also hauled the first
load of wheat to Chicago in the same year.

1848.— About this time 4 few Guernsey
eattle were owned in the vicinity of Phila-
delphia, Pa.

1849._-In this year Moyamensing Pine,
a strawberry produced from Hovey’s Seed-
ling, was awarded the prize offered by the
Philadelphia Horticultural Society for the
best new berry.

struction train
western Railroad,
Road. His porkers

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 39

z =
1849.— At this time the scythe and cast- 1850.—The Wild Goose plum_ was first
steel fork manufactory of D. G. Millard,| brought to notice by James Harvey, of
near Clayviile, N. Y., was manufacturing Columbia, Tenn. Some time before 1850 a
13,000 dozen of seythes and forks annually | nan shot a wild goose near Columbia, and
by water power. on the spot where the parents was ore
bade . . alved. as e the plum came up the following spring. t
duced by D. S. Downer, of Fairview, Ky.,

Booth Shorthorns.

1849.—Rysdick’s
this vear in Orange
died in 13876.

foaled in
York;

Hambletonian
county, New

RYSDICK’S HAMBLETONIAN.—Sire of
trotters. Picture taken in his old age.
From copyright photograph, by permission

of Schreiber. & Sons, of Philadelphia.

1849.— In this year the factory of R. B.

Dunn, in North Wayne, in Maine, turned
out 12,000 dozen seythes.

1849.—The Valley Farmer, afterwards
Colman’s Rural World, of St. Louis, Mo.,
established as a monthly by Norman J.
Colman, assisted by Wm. Muir and CG. W.
Murtfelt, Associate Editors.

1849.—Zachary Taylor, President of the
United States, and served one year until

his death.

1849. Reaping machine first made in the
Champion factory at Springfield, Ohio.

1849. James Vick began to grow flower
seeds in New York state.

1849, July 2d.—Pelham
2:28 at Centerville, N. Y.,
record.

_ 1849.—Mormons of Utah practice irriga-
tion in agriculture, the first by Anglo-Saxons
in the United States.

1849.—Dr. James B. Davis, of Columbia,
S. C., imported nine Angora goats, a present
from the Sultan of Turkey. They were two
bucks and seven does.

1850.—Mocre’s Rural New Yorker estab-
lished at Rochester, N. Y., by D. T. Moore,
Kditor. Won. Henry S. Randall, LL. D., was
Editor of the Sheep Department, and Dr.
Daniel Lee Southern, Corresponding Editor.

1850.—In this year a Shorthorn cow
named Grace was killed in New York state.
Her live weight was 1,795 pounds. She was
found,to be with calf. Her calf and ap-
pendages weighed 60 pounds. Her dressed
eareass weighed 1,210 pounds, her hide 101
pounds, and tallow 153 pounds. Total
weight, 1,464 pounds; shrinkage, 271 pounds.
This is a yield of S84 pounds 6 ounces of
dead weight to every 100 pounds of live
weight, making her shrinkage less than 16
per cent. Wer tongue. liver, heart and
tripe, if ‘weighed, would have reduced her
shrinkage to 14 per cent. Grace was fed by
Colonel Sherwood, of Auburn, N. F

trots a mile in
making a world’s

1850.—Dr. Hand, of ‘Baltimore county,
Marvland, began his work which finally
produced the ‘Trophy,’ the variety which

made the tomato a profitable garden ve:ze-
table.

1850.—John Johnston, a Scotch
near Geneva, N. Y., introduced and

farmer
advo-

in the year mentioned.

1850.—Dr. John Gorrie, of Florida, the
original inventor of the artificial production
of ice, patented his ice-making machine.

1850.—The Ingram apple, famous for pro-

ductiveness and long keeping qualities,
originated from planting seeds of “Ralls”
by Mr. Martin Ingram, six miles east of
Springfield, Mo.

1850.—The Dorchester, the — first named
tame blackberry, introducea by Mr. Lovett,

of Massachusetts.

1850.—Cattle bred in
through Arkansas, Missouri and Kansas,
for distribution and sale to feeders, caused
a mysterious and fatal disease amongst the
native cattle. First mention of fever caused
by Texas cattle.

1850.—About this time a Mr. Goodrich
itroduced new wild strains of potatoes
from South America, and, growing them for
fifteen years, produced the Garnet.

1850.—Previous to this practically

Texas being driven

year

nll ithe eheese made in this country was a
farm and not a factory product.

1850.—The Delaware—the fourth great
American grape—found in a New Jersey

garden. It enjoys the distinction of being
the only one ef the four which gives strong

evidence of “foreign blood,’’ being consid-
ered a cross between the fox-grape and a
European vine.

1850, May 15th.—Dispersion sale of Short-
horn eattle bred by Thomas Bates, de-
ceased, at Kirklevington. Sixty-eight head
averaged $224.28.

1850, July 15th.—Millard Fillmore, elected
Vice-President, succeeds to the Presidency

of the United States, and serves nearly
three years.

1850.—Aquilla Young & Everette, of
Mount Sterling, Ky., owned Imp. Mammoth,

the largest jack imported up to that time.

1850.—Abel Houghton, of Massachusetts,
produced the Houghten gooseberry from
seed of the wild berry.

1850.—The amount of butter made this

year on the farms of the United States was

213,245,306 pounds.
1850.—Ethan Allen, 2:251,

ting sire, foaled in this year.

famous trot-

RSs, fame

mide

ETHAN ALLEN, 2:25%.—The first stal-
lion to beat 2:30. From a copyright photo-
graph by \permission of Schreiber & Sons,
of Philadelphia. This is one of the earliest
high-class untouched animal photographs in
existence. Although it is forty-six years
old, Messrs. Schreiber & Sons are still the
leading photographers of domestic animals.

1850.—Imoortation of Spanish red hogs by

cated a system of farm drainage by tiling.| Hon. James B. Clay, of Kentucky.

40

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1850.—-First steam engine for purpose of
tillage placed on the market by John Fow-
ler & Son, of Cornhill, London.

1850. — Wm. Chamberlin,

county, New York, imported
Silesian Mevino sheep.

Duchess
head of

of
250

OXFORD DOWN RAM—A champion at the
Iowa State Fair.

1850.—Oxford Down sheep coming into
notice, principally in Oxfordshire, Engand.

1850.-—First recorded Galloway cattle im-
ported into Canada by Graham bBros., of
Vaughn, Ontario.

1850.— United States Census
1,449,073 farms in,the United

1850.—The peppermint plant industry
assumed its greatest proportions in Eng-
land, declining sjnce that year.

1850.—Only three states reported over
20,006,000 acres of farm land. Virginia,
26,152,811 acres; Georgia, 22,821,279 acres;
und North Carolina, 20,9966,983 acres.

1850.—Center of number of farms in the
United States, ten miles south of west of
Parkersburg, W. Va., in Athens county,Ohio.

1850.—Center_ of United States population,
twenty-three miles southeast of Parkers-
burg, W. Va.

1850, December 29th.—-Commissioner J. R.
Barflett, appointed to run the boundary line

reported
States.

letween the United States and Mexico,
\isited the hacienda of Senor Don Manuel
Gandera in the province orf Sonora. This
ranch had 16,000 sheep, 700 mules, 108 stud
horses, 1,620 breeding mares and_ 6,609
calves. The farm produced 26,000 bushels
of grain a year.

1851.—First public Agricuitural Experi-
ment Station established at Moc«ern, Ger-
many. under the auspices of the University
of Leipzig.

1851.—Mr. Lorillard Spencer, of New
York, imported the Bates Duchess Short-
horn bull Duke of Athol, first Eull of this
family to arrive in the United States.

1851, January.—Here are a few items

from an old New York market report in the
American Agriculturist: White beans, 75c.
to $1.50 per bushel; table butter, 15 to 25c.
per pound; shipping butter, 9 to 15c..;
cheese, 5 to to 10c. per pound; cotton 12 to
léc. per pound; wheat, Western, $1.00 to
$1.25 per bushel; red and mixed wheat, 90c¢.
to $1.10 per bushel; rye, 75 to 80c.; corn,
Northern, 69 to 74¢c.; corn, Southern, 68 to
12¢0;° “barley; 887ata) \9sc.; oats, 48 to." 53sec. ;
hay in bales, per 100 pounds, 70 to (|75e.;
mess beef per barrel, $7.00 to $10.00; beef,
prime, per barrel, $3.75 to $5.25; smoked
heef, 6 to 12c. per pound; rounds in pickle,
4 to 6c. per pound.

1851.—Charles Fullington, of Union county,
Ohio, imported the famous French draft
stallion, Louis Napoleon, a_ short-legged,
closely-ribbed, blocky and compact gray.
three years old. He was afterwards sold to
A. P. Cushman, of DeWitt county, Illinois.

1851.—In this year Jacob Fussell, a milk
dealer delivering on four routes at Balti-
more, Md., engaged in the wholesale ‘ice
cream business. In those days the little ice
cream which was sold was by confectioners.
They bought cream of him in an irregular

way, and, as sweet cream was hard to keep
on hand, he began using up his surplus by
manufacturing ice cream. He also did busi-
ness in Washington, D. C., and in 1863
established the first wholesale ice cream
establishment in New York City. Mr. Fussell
was in active business for forty-five years,
when his sons succeeded him.

1851.—A European grape successfully cul-
tivated around Missions, in California, now
known as the ‘*Mission Grape.”

1851.--In the American <Agriculturist of
February, 1851, an article appears entitled
“Large Cattle in Kentucky,’ by James G:
Kinnaird, of Solitude, Fayette county. The
fat cattle belonged to Mr. C. W. Innes, of
Wayette, and won prizes for beef cattle. On
exhibit, these steers weighed 2,710 and
2,740 pounds at five years old. The same
exhibitor had thirty-nine head, averaging in
weight frem 2,000 to 2,435 pounds. Mr.
Innes also had a Shorthorn bull which
weighed 1,753 pounds. This was at the
first Kentucky Fair, held at Lexington,
October 1850.

1851.—At Mount Fordham, New York
state, in the year 1851, and the 24th of
June, a public sale was held by Mr. Morris,
a Shorthorn cattle breeder. Colonel James

M. Miller was the auctioneer, ‘‘who con-
ducted the sale with his usual ability and
dispatch.’”’ The sale included bulls at $50
to $175, and females at $30 to $175. The
1op-price bull was Logan, twenty-three
months old, sold to Oliver Slate, (Jr., of
Throgs Neck, N. Y. The top-price female
was the four-year-old Red Lady, sold to
General Cadwallader, of Philadelphia. The

sale was reported originally by the Ameri-
can Agriculturist.

1851.—A Mr. Wolfskill planted eighty
acres of apricots and peaches and 9,000
srapes in the town of Winters, in Yolo
county, California, in 1851. In 1885 the
first apricots from these trees were sold.
First commercial orchard of record on the
Pacific Coast.

1851.—Reaping machines
and Hussey’s) first introduced
from the United States.

(MecCormick’s
in England

1851.—Fire in Edinburgh, Scotland, de-
stroyed all pedigrees and papers relating

to Galloway cattle.

MR. W. H. SOTHAM, early importer of
Hereford cattle into the United States and a
great advocate of the breed.

1851.—Exhibition of the Industry of All
Nations at London; great help to agri-
culture,

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

41

1851.—In

this year racing was inaugu-
rated in California. A small schooner
arrived at San Francisco from Sydney,
Asutralia, called the Sea Witch. Among

her passengers was an
J. Cooper Turner, who
hay stallions, a black mare and a gray
relding. The mare was called Black Swan,
and she afterwards won a great race of six
miles, ridden by Alexander Marshall, for a

Englishman named
had with him twa

wager of ten thousand head of Spanish
cattle (then worth about $4.00 per head)
between Don Pio Pico and Don _ Jose
Sepulveda, the former of whom owned
Sareo, who started favorite in the race.
Black Swan led by seventy yards to the

three-mile stake, where David K. Tidwell
held a bucket of water and sponged her
mouth out. She was at least two hundred
yards behind Sarco when her rider got her
going again, but she won by over thirty
lengths. The stallions of the importation
were named Chloroform and Muley.
1851.—Captain J. T. Davy began the pub-
lication of a Devon Herd Book, recording
American pedigrees ten years farther than
the oldest published for English herds.

185i.—First cheese factory in the United

States established in Oneida county, New
York. :

1851.—At the first International Exposi-
tion held at Hyde Park, London, in this

vear, four prize medals were awarded to
American sheep.

1851.—Messrs. Calloway & Purkis, of
England, with a view to improvement in
steam culture, constructed a neat locomo-
live with two main traction wheels of
eighteen inches tread with a truck forward

for a steering apparatus.

1851.—American plows demonstrated their
superiority over English plows at Hounslow,

England, during the first International Ex-
position.
1852.—Mr. John Delafield, of Oaklands,

near Geneva, N. Y., imported the first tile-
making machine for farm drainage.

1852.—In January of thts year the Ohio
Farmer was established at Cleveland, Ohio,
by Thomas Brown.

1852.—First crop of “lemon yellow” to-
baceo produced on Sandy Ridge, in Caswell
county, North Garolnia. =

1852.—General trial of mowers and
reapers at Geneva, N. Y.

1852.—Large importation of Andalusian
jyeks by Leonard ‘Bros., of Mount

Leonard, Mo.
1852.— Reaping machine of home _ produc-

tion invented by Rev. Patrick Bell, of
Forfarshire, awarded premium by Highland
Society. Iiad been in use fourteen years.

1852.—-In the early summer of this year
Tom C. Ponting, of Moweaqua, Ill., went to
Texas on horseback and bought 800 steers
there which he drove home and fed, the
drive occupying one vyvear. He afterwards
shipped them from Muncie, Ind., to New
York.

1852.— At this period, at the site of the
present city of El Paso. Texas. there were
ranches of Mr. Coon and Mr. Hugh Steven-
son, and a small group of buildings called
Magoffinsville, owned by James W. McGof-
fin, a pioneer ranchman.

1853, April 15th.—Through the action and
energy of Mr. John Delafield, of Geneva,
N. Y., an act was passed by the New York
Legislature, establishing a State Agricultural
College, which was opened seven years later
end then closed down again.

1852, December 30th.—A herd of wild
mustangs stampeded the wagon train of
United States Boundary Commissioner Bart-
lett in the vicinity of Loma Blanca, on the
route to Corpus Christi, Texas. A few
hours ‘after leaving camp the prairie near
the horizon seemed to be moving with long
undulations like the waves of the ocean.
The whole prairie was alive with mustangs.
‘he mules in the train became restive and
the teamsters hastened to pack the wagons,
but one of the mule teams started the
stampede by springing from tthe train and
dashed off at full speed towards the wild
horses. The avalanche of wild horses swept
on like a tornado.

1852.—The prairie dog was mentioned in
John Russell Bartlett’s Explorations and
Inicdents in Texas: “One of the most inter-
esting animals met with on«the prairies and
high table-lands is the praire dog, which 1s
in fact no other than a marmot, having no
character in common with dogs. The first
community was in Texas, near’ Brady's
Creek, a branch of the Colorado of the East.
This was the largest we ever saw, nor have
we heard of one as extensive. The extent
was ten miles in one direction and fifty in
another. Estimate was made of 30,000
habitations to the square mile, or 15,000.-
000 in all—a population of 30,000,000 prairie
dogs «when figured at one pair to each habi-
tation or hillock.

1852, September 9th.—-At Union Course,
Long Island, an early pacer named Pet
established a mile record of 2:1814.

1852.—First trotting sulky without springs
built for Flora Temple. The weight was
about ninety pounds,

1853.—Prince, a horse of unknown breed-
ing, trotted ten miles in 28:08% minutes.

1853.—-In the winter of this year a ‘Mr.
Renick bought 1,200 cattle in Northern
Texas and sold them in Illinois. This trade
continued until it was exploded by the
Texas cattle fever.

1853.— Belmont, a_ thoroughbred
bred by Garrett Williamson,
near Cincinnati,

stallion
of Springdale,
and three mares were im-

ported into California and left a lasting
mark on the thoroughbred horse of Cali-
fornia.

1853.— Franklin Pierce elected President
of the United States, and served four years.

1853.— Through the Scupperning grape, a
direct offspring of the Muscadine,_ dis-
covered on Roanoke Islands, Sidney Waller,
of Brinkleyville, N. C., began extolling it
in 1853 to the Commissioner of Patents as
“the grape of grapes for the Scuth.”

1855.—The record for trotting one hundred
miles was broken by Conqueror, a bay
gelding by J.a Tourette’s Bellefounder, dam
Lady McLain by imported Bellefounder.
The time was eight hours, fifty-five minutes
and five seconds.

1853, June 15th.—Highland Maid, a con-
verted pacer, by Soltram, dam Roxana,
reduced the mile trotting record to 2:27.
She was piloted by F. J. Nodine, of Center-
Villes N.Y.

1853, July.—R. A. Alexander established a
Shorthorn breeding cattle herd at Wood-
burn, Ky., by generous importations of the
best of the breed.

1853, July 14.—Tacony trots in 2:27 on
Union Course, L. I.

1853.—In this year a writer in the New
York Herald said that four-fifths of the
horses hauling the cars on the Sixth Avenusa
Railroad, New York, were from Vermont
and New Hampshire, and nearly all of the
celebrated Morgan breed.

1853, September 27th.—Shorthorn cattle
sale at London, Ohio, by Madison .County
Importing Company. Average for twenty-
four cattle, $1,000 per head, including eight
which sold for $1,000 to $3,000 each.

1853.— Kentucky sale of Shorthorns at the
farm of B. J. Clay, in Bourbon county.
Twenty-five head sold for an average of
$1,941.40 each. Ten bulls sold from $1,000
to $6,000 each.

1853.—Mr. Davis, of South Carolina, pur-
chased two head of Brahmin cattle from
the English Earl of Derby, and brought
them to the United States.

1853.--Captain Richard King established
himself as a ranchman in Southern Texas
and purchased 75,000 acres of land there
by starting the Santa Gertrudes Ranch, in
Nueces county.

1853.—At Royal Show Yard, Gloucester-
shire, England, Shropshire sheep were rec-
ognized as superior. Considered the turning
point of the breed.

1853.—In this year
Welsh cattle were first
English Royal Show.

1854.—The Tappahannock found in Vir-
ginia, the first variety of American wheat.

special classes for
instituted at the

.

42 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.
— - = = 4
1854, June.—Cogs in driving wheels of|the actual pioneer, and the question was
mowers and reapers invented by James| never settled to tne mutual satisfaction, of
Buckingham, of Muskingum county, Ohio. the contending parties.’ By other authori-
1854.—-The Lajvton, or New Rochelle,black- ties the Martin Mill was credited with
berry was found on the roadside by Lawton having started in 1847.
at New Rocheile, N. Y., and was valuable 1855.—In a review of the Chicago live
and popular for many years. stock history by the Drovers’ Journal, Mr.
1854, January 6th.—The Country Gentle- Jno. T. Alexander is mentioned as one of
man established by Mr. Luther Tucker, of | the greatest cattle buyer ever on_ tho
Albany, N. Y., under the editorship of Chicago market. In this year he shipped
Luther Tucker and John Jacob Thomas. 5,000 head; in /1856, 10,000 head: in 1857
1854.—The first authentic hybrid grapevine Tee Ueeaitboole Beier em re aot
was exhibited by John Pisk Allen—a hybrid During that time he practically | monopo-
vy al lized the bhuying of cattle suitable from
Isabella. Eastern markets.. With the principal rail-
18514._-First importation of Seotch-bred| road then running to New York Mr. Alex-
Shorthorns by the Shakers of Union City,| ander made a contract to ship 1,000 cattle

Warren county, Ohio.

1854.—Michigan Southern Railway opened
stock yards at corner of State and Twenty-

second streets, Chicago, III.

1854.—-First importation of Shorthorn
cattle into Wisconsin by Mr. John P. Roe,
of Waukesha county.

1854. —- Royal Agricultural Society of

England awarded silver medal to Mr. John
Fowler for steam draining apparatus, called
RWowler’s Draining Plow.

1854.—Dillon Bros., of Normal, ‘Ill, pur-
chased one of the horses of the French im-
portation of i851 and won many prizes
under the name of ‘‘Norman.,”

1855.—Mr. Wm. Smith, of Woolston, Bed-
fordshire, ‘England, used steam power in
plowing; also a subsoiler of his own inven-
tion.

1855.—Hampshire Down ‘sheep introduced
into the United States, mainly in the South;
scattered and practically exterminated
during the war.

THOROUGHBRED HORSE—LEXINGTON.

copyright photograph by Schreiber,
dated 1872. He was the greatest race horse
of his day and famous sire. He was then
twenty-two years old, and died three years
later.

From

1855, April 2d.—A great race between the

thoroughbreds, four miles. Lexington re-
duces Leompte’s time of 7:26, establishing
nu record for the time of 7:19%, which was

unbeaten for many years.

1855.—A combined clover huller exhibited
at the New York State Fair at Buffalo.

1855.—A few Shropshire sheep imported
from England into the state of Virginia.

1855.—Lewis F. Allen, of Black Rock,
N. ¥., issued second volume of the Short-
horn Herd Book.

1855.—Obed Hussey, of SBaltimore, _ in-
vented and put into operation a steam plow.

1855.— According to A. C. Landry, ‘‘the
two successful pioneer oil mills of New
Orleans were the Bienville, built and oper-
ated by Messrs. Pierre Paul Martin and Paul
Aldige, and the Magazine Oil Mill, owned
and operated by Ambrose Maginnis, Sr.
Poth of these mills were built and began
operations in the fall of 1855. There is a
rivalry between these mills as to which was

a week, thereby securing a greatly reduced
freight rate, which cattle raisers and other
dealers could not touch. Mr. Alexander
did not own a packing house, but he made

larger amounts of money in rebates than
are now considered to be fair packing-
nouse profits.

1855, June 11.—Smithfield, in London,
used for the last time as a live cattle
market,

3855, June 21st.—At Union Course, Long

Island, the mare Pocahontas established the
pacing record to wagon at 2:174%. She was
bred by John C. Dine, of Butler county,Ohio,
by Iron’s Cadmus, he by ‘Cadmus, son of
American Eclipse.
1855.—Colonel C. I.
ranchman, settled in
He was afterwards

pioneer Texas
Palo Pinto county.
one of the original
organizers of the ‘‘round-up’’ system of
gathering cattle, and President of the
Northwest Texas Cattle Raisers’ Association.

1855.— Col. Agoston Haraszthy introduced
French grapevines into California after an
extended European investigation.

1855, October.—At the Florence, Kentucky,

Carter,

Fair, Biack Hawk, a Morgan stallion, ex-
hibited by P. & L. Melendy, of Hamilton
county, Ohio, won the first prize in class

for harilese stallions four years old and up-
ward.

1855.—It was in this year when eattle
first began to arrive at Chicago from Texas
in droves. J. G. Law & Co. packed 3,000
head of them in 1859, and other packers
salted large numbers of them. The Civil
War temporarily stopped this trade.

1855.—_-In this year Mr. Peter M. Gideon,
of Minnesota, began a series of discouraging -
experiments in order to discover an apple
tree able ‘to withstand the severe winters
of his section: In twelve years he grew
one seedjling of the Cherry Crab, which
mroved hard. This was named ‘ Wealthy,”
and upon this foundation the apple culture
of the Northern Minnescta region has been
built.

1855.—The Royal Herd Book of Hereford
cattle at the Fleming Farm, Windsor, Eng-
iand, was founded in this year.

1856.— Charles Goodnight, Texas pioneer
eattle raiser, arrived at the San Saba river
with his partner and W. J. Sheek, and came
from Tllinois.

1856.—George Wilkes, a great sire of
trotters, a famous son of Hambletonian, 10,
was foaled in this year. His dam was Dolly
Spanker. He died in 1882.

1856.—Richard Ten Broeck sailed _ for
England with a stable of thoroughbreds—
first American to invade the English turf.

1856.—In this year the seed of the
Chinese sugar cane, or sugar variety of the

9-99

a:ahy

sorghum, was introduced into the United
States.

1856.— The process of condensing milk
invented by Gail Borden, of Galveston,
Texas. He was born at Norwich, N. Y., in
1202, and was the first white settler at
Galveston, Texas.

1856.—First Parisian live stock exhibition
under the patronage of the Emperor

Napoleon IJ1. Large and important exhibit
of English, Scotch and Irish cattle.

1856.—A fig tree planted in this year is
now one of the great horticultural curiosi-
ties of Californa. On Bidwell Ranch, /139
miles north of San Francisco,

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

43

1856.—In this year J. P. Anderson en-
gaged in cattle raising in California, being
one of the pioneers of the Pacific Coast in

that occupation. Forty-nine years later he
shipped train consignments of his own
cattle from Nevada to the Kansas City
inarket.

1856.—Rev. Benjamin M. Nyce, ‘‘preacher,
teacher and chemist,’’ of Decatur county,
Indiana, through insulation of buildings,
developed «an iece-storage house, which is
the origin of the modern refrigerator. He
stored fruits successfully ‘for a_ rise in
market prices.

1856.— This year
crops in France.

was noted for failure of

HIRAM WOODRUFF—Born, 1817; died,
1867. Famous as trainer and driver of
trotters. He had the skill of the master,

confidence
“The Trot-

the affection of animals and the
of men. Picture from his book,
ting Horse in America.’’

1856, September 2d.—Flora Temple, by
Bogus Hunter, dam by Terry Horse, trotted
the Union Course, Mast New York, in 2:24,
She was driven by the renowned horseman,
Hiram Woodruff.

1856.—The Collynie herd
established by Mr. Wm.
Aberdeen, Scotland.

1856.—Lear Bros., of Kentucky, owned
the large jack Buena Vista by Imported
Mammoth.

1856.—-Colonel Richard Peters, of Atlanta,
Ga., commenced breeding English Berkshire
swine,

of Sherthorns,
Duthie, Sr., of

1856.—The United States Agricultural
Society at Philodelphia awardeed Colonel
Richard Peters, of Atanta, Ga., a special

Eremium of $1,000 on the Angora goats of

the Davis importation.

1856.— American Agriculturist, monthly
farm paper. purchased by Mr. Orange
Judd. Aissociate editors, Rev. W. Clift,
M. C. Weld, Dr. Geo. Thurber, Joseph
Harris, - Henry- Stewart and Dr. B. D.

Halsted.

1856.—In this year the first Angora goats
received from Victoria, Australia, consisted
of seven head, brought from Turkey by Mr.

Sichel, a Melbourne merchant. These goats
averaged ae fleece of two pounds nine
ounces when the flock had increased to 108
head.

1856.—First grafting of the prune at San
Jose, Calif.

1856.—-In his “Fruit and Fruit Trees of
America,’’ published this year, A. J. Down-

ing claimed that the American or Newtown
Pippin, propagated in Rhode Island, was
admittedly the finest apple in the world.

1856, October 16th.—Opening of the Great
St. Louis Fair. Original Directors: A.
Harper, T. Grimsley, J. M. Chambers, J. R.
Farret, H. T. Blow, H. C. Hart, J. Withnell,

Twa sanueary, (C, I
Dings and Norman J. Colman.
Fifais tate Jarrett, President; A.
Grimsley and H. T. Hart,
Norman J. Colman, Recording
Osear Collet, Corresponding Secretary;
H. S. Turner, Treasurer.

1857.—On February 9th, Congress passed
a bill providing for the construction of a
wagon road across the country to the Pacific
Ocean.

1857.—-James Buchanan, President of the
United States, and served four years.

Hunt, H. S. Turner, F.
Officers were:

Harper, T.
Vice-Presidents;
Secretary;
and

1857.—The Cumberland Agricultural So-
ciety organized, becoming afterwards the
Agricultural Society of New South Wales,
Australia.

1857.—In the “American Journal of
Science’ Dr. Gray showed that, although
the pumpkin’s origin was popularly —sup-
posed to be in the Levant, there is good
reason for believing it to have been eculti-

vated in America by the Indians before the
coming of the whites.

1857.—The United States War Depart-
ment introduced camels into the country
for use in the dry territories. Seventy-five

were bought in Egypt
Major Charles Wayne.
Supply brought the
were landed on the
the care of

and Asia Minor by
The naval transport
cargo of camels. They
Texas coast, and under
Captain J. N. Palmer half of
the herd was driven overland to Camp
Verde, Ariz., and the others left at Indian-
ola, Texas. The camels did not thrive under
treatment by American teamsters, and,
being neglected during the war, the experi-

ment was a failure.

1857.—-A gray horse named General
Taylor, by Morse Horse, dam Flora, un-
traced, trotted thirty miles in 147:59,

1857.— Between this year and 1862 Mr.
Winthrop W. Chenery made three importa-

tions of pure-bred Holstein-Friesian cattle.

1857.— Samuel William Johnson appointed
Agricultural Chemist at Yale College.
Author of famous popular works: ‘‘How

Ilants Grow,’ ‘‘How Plants Feed.’’

1857.-—The trotting record for three miles
to wagon in a race was placed at 7:53% by
Prince, a chestnut gelding, whose pedigree
‘Ss unknown.

1857, April.—_-Hereford Journal established
at Owego, N. Y., by W. H. Sotham.

1857, May 13th.—At Lansing Mich., the
State Agricultural College was formally
opened with sixty-one stundents and five
professors. This is the first of the states to
put in actual operation a true agricultural
college.

1857, August 27th.—Shorthorn eattle sale
at springfield, Ill. Average for twenty-

seven animals, $1,165 per head.

B. F. Harris, of Champaign,
Ill., marketed a load of cattle at Chicago
averaging 2.756 pounds, and the heaviest
load ever sold on that market. These cattle
were picked out of 100 head which Mr.
Harris had fed to the remarkable average
of 2,277 pounds. Mr. Harris at this writing
is alive and well. He Is the champion
feeder of heavy cattle.

1857, December 14th.—Mr. Morrell intro-
duced a bill in Congress providing for dona-
tions of land to states and territories which
nay provide agricultural colleges.

1857.— In this year the Globe Sickle Fac-
lory of Pittsburgh, Pa., was turning out
sickles to greater value than all the other
factories in the United States.

1857.—In this year, in the state of Missis-

sippi, a law was passed requiring every
cotton ginner to remove and destroy al!
cotton seed. Failure was punishable by a

fine of £20 for every day in which he neg-
lected to do so. Thus it appears that cotton
seed was considered to be a nuisance, and
an accumulation thereof a danger to the
community. Cotton seed was usually dumped
into a stream of flowing water.

1858.—The first Argentine (South Amer-
ica) Rural Soeiety organized through the
efforts and advice of Don Eduardo Olivera,
a student in London. The first President
was Gen. Gervasio A. Posadas. A more
effective organization followed in 1866.

44

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1858, October 10th.—At nine o’clock in
the evening the first overland mail from
California was delivered to the proper offi-
cials in St. Louis, Mo.

1858.— Messrs. Gundlach & Dressel, of
Sonoma, Calif., imported choice varieties of
Freneh’ grapevines, especially from _ the
Rhine provinces.

1858.—Nelson Morris commenced slaugh-
tering operations at Twenty-first street,
Chicago—origin of one of the greatest pack-
ing houses in this country.

GEORGE WILKES, 2:22—Son of Hamble-
tonian’and sire of a distinguished family of
trotters, whose name and fame are growing

greater every day. From copyright picture
by permission of Schreiber & Sons,

1858.—In this year Thomas H. Burridge,
of St. Louis, Mo., invented and built a
traction steam engine intended chiefly for
field culture.

1858.-—J. S. Rarey, an American, first
exhibited in London, England, taming
vicious horses.

1858.—- Clydesdale stallion imported into

Ohio by Fullerton & Co.

1858.— Colonel Richard Peters, of Atlanta,
Ga., imported Brahmin cattle.

1859, May.—Farmers !prospecting on the
plains of Nebraska, reported snow two feet
eep.

1859.—In the month of April of this year
the first issue of the Nebraska Farmer was
published by Mr. R. W. Furmas. It was a
monthly, sixteen-page, three-column paper,
the columns being nine inches long. Mr.
Furmas continued publication until April,
1862, when he exchanged the pen for the
sword and went to the war. He was after-
wards Governor of Nebraska, and at the
time of his death ‘was Secretary of the
State Board of Agriculture.

1859.— A. National Fair
Chicago in this year.

1859.—-Mr. J. H. Pickrell, of Harristown,
1ll., first actively identified with Shorthorn
cattle interests. Afterwards Secretary of
the American Shorthorn Herd Book.

1859.— Hampshire Down sheep mentioned
as probably a cross breed of Cotswolds and
Leicesters by Royal Agricultural Society.

1859.—Shropshire sheep awarded a place
on prize sheet of the Royal Agricultural
Society of England.

1859.— Cotton shipments from Bombay,
East Indies, to Europe and England, 622,-

was held at

319 bales. American crop same year, 4,861,-
@00 bales; total exports, 3,774,000 bales.
1859.—Pleuro-pneumonia in_ cattle ap-
peared in this country, being imported
from Holland.
1859.—_In September of this year the

Maryland Agricultural College was formally
opened.

1859, July 20th._—Fawkes’ American Steam
Plow, a gang of fourteen-inch prairie plows,
was tried at Philadelphia in this year. The

mean rate of speed was four miles an hour,
and the united furrows were nine feet four
inches wide. It plowed 4.3 acres an hour,
and was satisfactory to the committee and
spectators.

1859.—The Farmers’ High School of Penn-
sylvania (now the Pennsylvania State Col-
lege) opened for students in this year. Dr.
Evan Pugh was the first President.

1859, October 15th.—Flora Temple reduced
the trotting record to 2:19% at Kalamazoo,
Mich. She beat her own record three times
in two months during this year under the
guidance of James D. McManus.

1859. May 5th.—First shipment of cattle
from St. Joseph, Mo., to Eastern markets,

1860.—The Tinited States Census Superin-
iendent, in his introduction to the agricult-
ural division of his work, said: ‘““‘We have
two agricultural colleges in active operation
and others in progress of organization. Our
young men are beginning to realize that
agriculture is worthy their highest amli-
tion, and that in no other pursuit will in-
telligent labor meet with a surer reward.’’

1860.—Owing to the scouraging and ex-
haustive system of husbandry practiced in
the United States, it was stated in the Mark
lane Express of England that the grain-
exporting power of the United States was
likely to diminish rather than increase.

1860.—Goodenough’s horseshoes, made
machinery, put on cold, patented in
year.

1860, September 27th.—vVisit of the Prince
of Wales, then heir to the British Throne,
to the St. Louis Fair.

1860.—The

by
this

Chautauqua grape _ industry
began. In 1900 the Chautauqua grape belt
contained 25,000 acres of vines, of which
&5 per cent. were of the Concord yariety.

1860.—-Great deposits of .potash .salts
found near Strassfurt, Germany, which are
now largely used for fertilizers.

1860.—Census of this year the first to
report in detail the quantity and value of
commercial fertilizers manufactured in the

United States.

1860.—Lincoln sheep first given a class in
English Agricultural Society.

1860.—Small Yorkshire swine introduced
into the United States—a pure hog of
English York and Cumberland breeds.

1860.—Paris green first used in Eastern
States to kili potato bugs.

1860.—A grower of Garnet Chili potatoes
preserved a seed ball of this !variety, pin-
ning it against his window until it was old
and dry, when he gave it to Mr. Albert
Breese, of Vermiont, who planted the seeds
and produced a number of good, bad and
indifferent tubers and including one plant
which surpassed all others. This was named
the. Early Rose, which became the leading
variety in America,

1860.—In this harvest season four thou-
sand -—MeCormick reapers were reported to
have been sold to farmers around Chicago.

1860.—Flora Temple trotted three miles
in harness, against time, in 7:33%. She
was by Bogus Hunter, dam Madam Temple,
by Terry Horse, and was one of the greatest
trotters of her time.

1860.— First cotton mill in Texas built at
Huntsville by the state government.

1860.—In the fall of this year the first
New York Agricultural College was opened
at Ovid under Presidency of Major M. R.
Patrick, but was closed again, owing to the
breaking out of the Civil War, and was not
opened again as a college.

1860.—In the year 1860 MIllinois was
seventh in the number of states as a pork

und beef-packing center. California was
first, with 199 houses; Pennsylvania second
with 106; New York third, with 91; Ohio

fourth, with 55; New Hampshire fifth, with
46; New Jersey sixth, with 28; and Illinois
seventh, with 22. Ten years later Chicago
alone had 31 packing houses. In 1330
Chicago had 70 packing houses.

1860, December 11th.—Parker Curle,
Superintendent of a Louisville slaughtering
house, with one set of hands, killed 2,171
hogs in one day.

—
on

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

' 1860.—Ground broken at Kansas City for
the Western Pacific Railroad.

1860.--At the beginning of the year 1860
the book entitled ‘Industrial Chicago”
enumerates the beef packers as_ follows:
R. M. & O. S. Hough established in 1850;
Cragin & Co. in 1854; Van Brunt & Watrous
in 1858; Gurdon S. Hubbard in 1834; Hay-
ward, -Bloomfield & Co. -in 1858; A. S.
Brown & Co. in 1853; and Clybourne & Co.
in 1827. The hog packers were Jones &
Culbertson in 1858; Tobey & Booth in 1852;
Leland & Mixer in 1859; George Steel in
1843; C. & J. Stewart in 1857; Thomas Nash
in 1857; J. G. Law, succeeding Moore &
Seayerns, in 1858; Patrick Curtiss in 1858;
Burt & Higgins in 1858; Holder & Priest in
1858; Louis Richberg in 1858; Smith & Son
in 1858; Reynolds & Lunt in 1857; Noyes &
Co. in 1858; Charles Silver in 1858; and
E. A. Kent & Co. in 1860. The first summer
meat packing is credited to Tobey, Booth
& Co., and Van ‘Brunt & Watrous.

1860.— Bone black as clarifying or refining
agent no longer used in sugar refining,
being substituted by a sulphurous gas.

1860.—_In this year five bushels of corn

were raised in the United States for every
single bushel of wheat. Illinois led the
corn with 115,174,774 bushels; also the
Wheat with 23,837,023 bushels.

1860.—Allien’s Red Prolific and Allen's
Antwerp raspberries introduced to the

public, being improved sorts of the English
red raspberry. [Improved by L. F. Allen,
of Black Rock, N. Y.

1860.—The census of this year says that
the premium on gold increased the price of
farmers’ wheat three to eight-fold. The
large margin was in favor of the Western
wheat grower.

1860.—No. 2 eash wheat ranged from 66
eents per bushel in December to $1.13 in
April.

1860.— The Department of Agriculture

introduced the Italian bee into this country.

1860.—Truck growers in Norfolk, Va., first
to demonstrate that strawberries could be
grown and ripened long in advance of the
Northern crop. The industry failed be-
eause the crop spoiled in transit, there
being no refrigerator cars at that time.

1860.—The United States Census reported
2,044,077 farms in the United States, an
increase of 595,004 in ten years.

1860.— Center of number of farms in the
United States, forty miles northeast of Cin-
einnoati, in Clinton county, Ohio.

1860.—Center of United States population,
twenty miles south of Chillicothe, Ohio.

1861.—-Youatt (on the Horse) said: ‘‘The
English (Shire) draft horse sprung from
Flemish blood.’’

1861.—Duchess Shorthorns exported to
England by Mr .Samuel ‘Thorne, of New
York state.

1861.— Early war prices of cotton:
Highest price middling upland cotton, 38
cents; lowest of the year, 11% cents.

1861.—Low price of wheat: June and
July, 55 cents; hizhest, in May, $1.25.

1861.—Mr. Alfred I. Smith, improver of
Suffolk horses, established a stud at
Woodbridge, Suffolkshire, England.

1861.—Royal Agricultural Society of

England awarded Mr. John Fowler $100 for
the most economical application of steam
power to the cu!tivation of the ssoil.

1861.—First creamery or butter factory in

the United States started in Orange
county, New York.
1861.—In the season of 1861-2 the dis-

tinction of being the leading packing point
in the country passed from Cincinnati to
Chicago.

1861.—Of the small fruits the strawberry
crop is more than all the rest. Average of
the United States, 1,701 quarts per acre on
150,000 acres.

1861.—Jerry Burnett,
Missouri, pioneer ranchman,
Denton county, Texas.

1861.—Abraham Tuincoln, President of the

United States, and served until April, 1865,
when he was assassinated,

from Bates county,
settled in

1861.—In this year J, D. Ulrey and his

partner, Wm. Veach, were conducting a
live stock commission business and stock
yards at the corner of Irvin and North
avenues, Allegheny, Pa., and practically
represenied all there was in the Pittsburgh
live stuck market.

1861.—L. Prevost, a Frenchman, began
silk culture of the Pacilic Coast near San
Jose, Calif., an industry which did not suc-

eeed and was almost extinct by 1877.

1861.—Thomas McCrae, of Guelph, On-
tario, Canada, began breeding Galloway

cattle and started successfully to prove the
great merits and high value of the breed.

1861.—Modern herd of Aberdeen-Angus
eatile established at Ballindalloch, Scotland,
by Sir George Macpherson Grant.

1861.—Mr. Wm. Landrum was awarded a
silver goblet and $25 in cash for the intro-
duction of the first goats (called Cashmeres
at the time) into California.

1861.—-Atwood Merino sheep

into Ohio by Mr. Minortone,
Center.

1862,—Mr. Abram Fultz, of Pennsylvania,
found some beautiful heads of smooth
wheat in his field and originated a new
variety which is known by his name.

1862.—On April Sth of this year I. Winlow,
cof Philadelphia, obtained a patent for a
new method of preserving green corn which
he assigned to J. W. Jones, of Portland,
Me. This was the French process invented
by Nicholas Appert, in 1795.

1862, May 15th.—President Lincoln ap-
proved the bill establishing a Department
of Agriculture, the Department being organ-

introduced
of Lewis

ized on July ist of the same year. Hon.
Isaac Newton, of Pennsylvania, was the
first Commissioner.

1862.—In England, attention first drawn
to the probabilities and w=possibilities of
wheat breeding.

1862.—Lowest wheat, in January, 64
cents; highest, in August, 92% cents.

1862.—TVirst volume of Polled Herd Book,
compiled by Mr. Edward Ravenscroft, of
Edinburgh, Scotland, contained pedigrees of
Galloway and Aberdeen-Angus cattle.

1862.—Norfolk and Suffolk Red Polled
cattle formally recognized in classes at the
International Show, Battersea Park, London.

1862.—Royal Agricultural Society of
England, introduced special classes for
Galloway cattle at International Show at
Battersea, near London,

1862.—Gail Borden, of Texas, patented
a@ process by means of which the juice of
fruit, such as apples, currants and grapes,
could be reduced to one-seventh of its orig-
inal bulk.

1862.—The Massachusetts State Board of
Agriculture held the first Farmers’ Institute.

1862.—In this year C. Aultman & Co., of
Canton, Ohio, made 3,100 “Buckeye” mow-
ing and reaping machines.

1862.—The Free Homestead Law as we
understand it to-day was enacted this year
and approved by President Lincoln.

1862, March 5th.—Formation of tho
Kansas State Agricultural Society at Topeka.
Officers: President, Lyman Scott, of Leav-
enworth; Secretary, F. G. Adams, of Shaw-
nee; Treasurer, Isaac Garrtson, of Shawnee.

1862, July 2d.—Passage of an act by the
United States, apportioning lands for the
establishment of State Agricultural Colleges.

1863.—A. W. Hall, of St. Louis, Mo., took
out a patent for a steam plow.

1863.—New York Central Stock Yards at
Buffalo, N. Y., opened this year.

1863.—In this year, at the Internation
Exhibition at Hamburg, Germany, where
all the finest flocks of Europe were rep e-
sented, two first-class prizes were awarded
to Merino sheep from Vermont.

1863.—In this year Barbour Bros. estab-
lished the first factory for making harness
threads in this country. Previously all this
product was imported from Ireland.

1863.—George M. Patchen, trotting under

saddie, made the record of two miles in
4:56.

46 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1863, January.—-Isaac Newton, United 1865.— Beginning of the spread of the pea-
States Commissioner of Agriculture, com-| nut industry. Soldiers campaigning in East-
menced analysis of wines, soils and grapes|]ern Virginia acquired knowledge of the
with a view to assisting the culture of the | plants and carried the seed over the South.
vine. 1865, February 13th.—-Special charter

1863.—Lowest wheat, in August, 80 cents; sranted hy the Legislature of Illinois to the
highest, in December, $1.12 %. Union Stock. Yard and Transit Company of

1863.—First 160-acre United States home- Chicago, Ill. Incorporators: John L. Han-

stead filed on by D. Freeman, five minutes

after noon, near Beatrice, Neb.

1863.—In this year the Grand Prix de
Paris was instituted, the horse Ranger
being the first winner,

PRIDE OF AVON—AYRSHIRE BULL.

Champion at Detroit, 1911; champion and
grand champion Grand Rapids, Mich.; also
champion at Arizona Fair, Phoenix, 1910

and 1911. Exhibited by W. A. Macdonald,
Mesa, Arizona.

1863.— Ayrshire cattle breeders in America

organized and begun the publication of a
new herd book.

1863, February.—List of agricultural papers
in the United States published by Norman
= Colman in his Valley Farmer of this
date: Rural New Yorker, Maine Farmer,
New England Farmer, Boston Cultivator,
Massachusetts Plowman, Hovey’s Magazine
of Horticulture, American Agriculturist,
Working Farmer, Horticulturist, Farmer
and Gardener, The Gardeners’ Monthly,
Country Gentleman, Genesee Farmer, Ohio
Farmer, Michigan Farmer, Prairie Farmer,
Illinois Farmer, Wisconsin Farmer, Iowa
Homestead, California Farmer and Canadian
Agriculturist.

1863.—The
the first volume of
in this year.

1864.— About this time,
Mississivpi, Peeler cotton,
staple upland variety, was
whom not known. The most
of long-tapled cotton in Mississippi
Louisiana.

1864.—Smaliest erop of cotton grown any
time in the United States after it became a
crop. The crop of 1864-5 was about 250,000
bales. The Civil War was responsible for
the shortage.

1864.—-Highest wheat, in June,
bushel; lowest, in March, $1.07.

1864.—-High war prices of cotton: Highest

American Devon Herd Book,
a new serles, published

in Warren county,
the first long-
introduced, by
widely-grown
and

$2.26 per

price of the year, $1.90 per pound; lowest,
72 cents. This for upland middling on the

New York market.

1864.—Year of the birth of the “cigarette”
made from Perique tobacco of Louisiana
and the bright yellow types of North Caro-
lina and Virginia.

1864.—White Burley tobacco originated in
Brown county, Ohio, from a sprout of the
red Burley. Well adapted to plug fillers
and plug and twist wrappers.

1865.—Extract of meat,
Liebig.

1865.
under glass began
attention,

1865, February.—-Act passed in Kansas to
prevent Texas stock being driven into the
state on account of Southern fever.

invention by

About this time vegetable growing
to attract wide-spread

eock, Virginius A.
Sidney A. Kent,

Turpin, Roselle M.Hough,
Charles M. Culbertson,

Lyman Blair, Martin L. Sykes, Jr., George
W. Cass, _James F. Joy, John EF: Traey,
Timothy B. Blackstone, John H. Moore,
John S. Barry, Homer I. Sargent, Burton

C. Cook, John B, Drake, William D, Judson,
David Kreigh, Joseph Sherwin and John B.
Sherman. °

__ 1865, \pril 14th.—Andrew Johnson elected
Vice-President, sueceeds to the Presidency
ot the United States, and serves nearly four
vears.

1865.—National Wool Growers’ Association
organized.

1865.—-Captain McGowan, a roan horse of
unknown breeding, established the twenty-
mile trotiing record of 58:25.

1865.—L. B. Silver, of Cleveland, Ohio,
bought the foundation of his Ohio Improved
Chester hogs and commenced to build a
strain or family according to his idea.

1865.—Auction of Shorthorn Grand Duchess
eattle by catalogue at WIlils’ Rooms, London,
no animals being in sight. Thirteen cattle

averaged $2.177.28 per head.

1865.-— The __rinderpest, originating in
Russia, reached London by importation of
foreign cattle.

1865.—Dexter, by Hambletonian, 10th, dam
by American Star, trotted two miles to

wagon in a race in 4:56%.

1865.—Lowest wheat, in December,. 85
cents; highest, in Janury, $1.55.
_ 1865, December 25th.—Union Stock Yards,
Chicago, Ill., thrown open for business.

1865.—‘Gardening For Profit,” by Peter
Henderson, issued in this year—the first
important work devoted exclusively to
market gardening.

1865.—In this year the Turf, Field anid
Farm was founded by S. D. Bruce, B. G.
Bruce and Hamilton Busbey.

1865.—The territorial government of Mon-
tana passed an act concerning marks and
brands at the request of cattle raisers then
engaged in the business.

1865.— J. M. Daugherty, famous driver of
trail herds, engaged as cowboy for James
Adams at San Antonio, Texas. He after-
wards delivered 40,000 Texas cattle in one
year at government Indian agencies in the
Northwest.

1865, July.—Birth of noted sow men-
tioned as being one of the best of the early
Poland Chinas—‘‘Lady Pugh, white; one of
the best sows in Warren county, Ohio. Far-
rowed in July, 1865. ‘Bred by J. B. Pugh, of
Franklin, Warren county, Ohio, in the fall
of 1868; owned by him until she died, August
29th, 1876. Sired by Young Bob, 300; dam,
the old Harkrader sow.”’

1865.—In this year the total recorded live
stock receipts at St. Louis amounted to
94,370 cattle, 99,663 hogs and 52,133 sheep.

1865.—About this time Paris green was
first applied for the destruction of the
potato nug and other leaf-destroying insects.

_ 1866.—In this year a Colorado Cattle
Growers’ Association was partly organized;

was completed in November of the year
following with John Lilly, President; and
J. S. Wheeler, Secretary. It was the year
1875 before Colorado had an important
cattle-growing interest.

1866.—First Belgian draft horse impor-

tation to this country by Dr. A. G. Van
Hoorebeke, of Monmouth, Ill. Horses were
ealled Boulonnais.

1866.—Henry L. DeVilmorin, a French
plant breeder, found that 1,000 to 1,300 feet
apart was sufficient to prevent spontaneous
intererossing by wind-blown pollen. He was
experimenting with Indian corn.

1866.—Aneona fowls first brought to
public notice in the United States by the
late Francis A. Mortimer.

1866.—-Practical Floriculture by Peter
Hienderson appeared this year; first im-
portant volume on the subject.

1866, January.—Mr. Luther Tucker, of
Albany, N. Y., publishing two farm papers,
The Cultivator, by consolidation with The

Genesee Farmer, dating back to 1831, and
The Country Genteman, founded in 1840,
combined the papers under the name of The
Cultivator and Country Gentleman, the title
being abbreviated to “The Country Gentle-
man” in 1898.

1866.—The fastest mile
under saddle up to this
by Dexter, the great son
10th, the time being 2:18.

1366.—In this year 262,000
cattle were driven across the
into the Indian Territory and
Sedalia, Mo., then the western
the Missouri -acific Railway; but local
organizations of settlers barred the way
and the drive ended in disaster and ruin to
the drovers.

record trotting
period was made
of Hambletonian,

head of Texas
Red river
started for
terminus of

1866.—After-the-war cotton prices: Up-
and middling, highest of the year at New
York, 52 cents per pound; lowest, 32 cents.
1866.—In this year Charles Goodnight,
famous Texas ranchman, together with

Oliver Loving, a native Texan, drove a herd
of cattle from Southern Texas up the Pecos
river valley to Fort Sumner in order to fill
a government contract. At this period the
trail was not established and no cattle were
ranging between Horsehead Crossing and
Fort Sumner. In one of these trips Oiver
Loving was killed by Indians.

1866.-—J. O. Sheldon, of Geneva,
bought al! the available pure
Shorthorns in America.

1866.—Dr. J. Stayman, of
Kas., grew a lot of apple seedlings, the
seed being selected from a choice lot of
Winesap apples grown in the county. He
originated what is now known as the Say-
man Winesap apple.

1 Ea es
Duchess

Leavenworth,

IDA OF ST. LAMBERT—Jersey cow.

1866.—The Island Herd Book of Jersey
Cattle was started in this year. The first
examination for qualification was held on

Forty-two bulls were reg-
istered as foundation stock. Later 182 cows
were examined und approved, and by the
end of 1868 altogether 92 bulls and 381 cows
and heifers had been examined. All these
were qualified as foundation cows. Col. Le
Conu was the Honorary Secretary and
Treasurer.

1866.—‘‘Prince of Wales”
prominent Clydesdale sire,
Nicol Fleming, of Ayrshire,
sold at five years old for
Albion, 3,060-guinea colt.

1866.—-Lowest wheat,
cents; highest, $2.03.

1867.__The first United States patent for a
dise plow granted to M. A. & I. M. Cravath,
of Bloomington, Ill.

1867.—Bailey’s Annals of Horticulture
says that in this year the experiment of
shipping green fruit by express from Cali-
fornia was tried with no very flattering
results, as the excessive express rates, in

the 4th of April.

foaled; most
bred by James
Scotland; was
$7,500; sire of
ie

in February,

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 47

connection with the fact that the fruit did
not arrive in very good condition, made
the experiment a losing one on the part of

the shippers.

1867..—The Willet peach originated about
this time from a peach stone brought by
Cornelius O’Brien, of 3ryant’s Minstrels,
from South America, and by him sown in
his garden at 110 West Fortieth street, New
York City. The property came into pos-
session of Mr. Wallace P. Willett when the
tree was in full bearing. Twelve selected
specimens of the fruit of the original tree
weighed twelve ounces each and measured
twelve inches in circumference. It is de-
scribed in the Department of Agriculture
Year ‘Book, 1902.

1867.—Mr. Andrew Albright, of New
Jersey, patented a process for the introduc-
tion of hard rubber covered harness trim-

mings, a purely American invention, which
has figured conspicuously as a mounting for
fine harness.

1867.—Gerritt S. and Dudley Miller, of
New York, imported Holstein-Friesian cattle

from the best herds in Holland.
1867.—First selection of Griffin cotton
produced by John Griffin, Refuge Plantation,
Greenville, Miss. One of the best long-
staple upland cottons.
1867.—At the Paris Exposition, a Poitou

jack sold for $3,200, to go to South America.

1867.—The English Derby was won by
Hermit, a horse owned by Mr. H. Chaplin.
There were thirty starters, and the time
was 2:52. A horse called Marksman was
second.

1867.—A pear tree planted by Governor
Peter Stuyvesant at the corner of Thirteenth
street and Third avenue, New York, was

destroyed in this year, after having attained
to more than 200 years of age.

1867, July 30th.—Dexter, the first great
son of Hambletonian, 10th, dam Clara, by
American Star, made his famous trotting
record af 2:19 at Riverside Park, Boston,
Mass. The track was a half-mile one, and
he was driven by the celebrateed Budd
Doble.

1867, November 26th.—First patent for

taken out by J. B. Suther-
Mich.

Shorthorn cattle sold at
the Queen’s farm, Windsor, consigned by
Mr. Sheldon, of New York. Nine cattle sold
at an average of $2,615.50 per head. These
cattle were sold by candle light.

1867.—C. W. Chenery, of Massachusetts,
imported Angora goats.

1867.—S. T. ‘Todd, son
of the Todd hog, began
Chester Whites; origin
preved Hog.

1867.—Mr.

refrigerator car
land, of Detroit,

1867.—American

of the originator
crossing with pure
of the O. kL. C. Im-

commissioned
Depart-
to

Israel S. Diehl,
ly the United States Agricultural
ment, visited the Province of Angora
investigate the mohair industry.

1867.—-In
established,
Corpus Christi,
mainly through

cattle trail was
extending 1,200 miles from
Texas, to Abilene, Kansas,
the exertions of James G.
McCoy. This trail lasted without change
for four years, and the northern terminus
was afterwards changed _ several’ times,
notably to Wichita and Dodge City. In
twenty years 9,999,970 head of cattle passed
over the trail, which finally extended by
way of Ogallala, Nebraska, to the British
possessions.

1867.—A. C. Frankin and Major Tul Craig,
of Sumner county, Tennessee, made a large
importation of Catalonian jacks, first impor-
tation after the war.

1867, August 14th.—The famous
reduces the mile trotting record to
at Buffalo, N. Y.

1867.—First of many Shorthorn cattle im-
pertations by Hon. M. H. Cochrane, of Hill-
hurst, Quebec, Canada.

1867.— Brahmin cattle

this year a

Dexter
2:17%

introduced into

Mexico. F. McManus & Sons shipped twenty

head (from the Davis importation) to a

farm near the City of Mexico.
1867.—Lowest wheat, in August, $1.55;

highest, $2.85, in May.

48

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1868.—Mr. James Duncan, sugar refiner, of
Mincing Lane, London, erected first beet-
sugar factory in England at Lavenham, in
Suffolk.

1868.—Mr. Parker Earle, of Cobden, IIl.,
successfully transported strawberries to
Chicago, New York and New Orleans in

refrigerator cars.

1868.—-John H. Potts & Son, of Jackson-

ville, Ill., commenced breeding Shorthorn
cattle which developed into a great show
herd.

1868.— Beef cattle were driven out of

Montana Territory by D. Hogan, of Augusta,
in the interest of a firm named Orenstein
& Popper, of Salt Lake City, and bought
from a range cattle owner named P. Largey.

1868.—The tirst Percheron horse importa-

tion west of the Wabash made by W. J.
Edwards, of Chicago. He imported two
great stallions called Success and French

Emperor.
1868.—The seedless apple reported to the
New York Farmers’ Club as having been
found in West Virginia.
1868.—Longfellow, a chestnut
Red Bill, paced three miles to
UACend Ns wd
1868.-—Lowest wheat, in November,$1.04%4;

gelding by
wagon in a
eae
Oe

highest, in July, $2.20.
1868.—On the 11th of July, 1868, Major
Wm. Noble Davis, of Kendall county, Illi-

nois. bought 181 head of Texas cattle at the

Chicago Union Stock Yards as feeders for
$20 per head. He paid $550 damages for
introducing Texas fever to the cattle of
Laureston Walker, who was one of his
neighbors.

1868.—-In the svring of this year, A. C.

and W. L. Cassidy, together with D. Sam
Irons and John T. Berry, formed a partner-
ship in the live stock commission business
at the Broadway Stock Yards, St. Louis, Mo.
Others engaging in the business about the
same time were J. L. & R. F. McCormack,
Buchanan & Hurley and Tom Gregory. All

were pioneers in the live stock commission
husiness.
1868.—Sir J. Hawley’s Blue Gown, sired

by Beadinan, won the English Derby in the
sremurkably fast time for that period of
2:43314. Wighteen horses started, King
Alfred being the second.

1868.-—'The first person who engaged in
packing pork at Kansas City was Thomas

J. Bigger, in the fall of 1868.
engaged exclusively in preparing
shipment to Belfast, Ireland.
1868.—The twelfth census of the United
States says that the most important step in
the development of American beef as an

Mr. Bigger
meats for

article of commerce was the invention of
the refrigerator car by William Davis, of
Detroit. The patents were issued in 1868,
and in September, 1869, the first cargo of
fresh beef was shipped from Chicago to
Poston. This was the commencement of a
ereat industry in the United States and the

initial step toward the foreign trade. The
ears now used by the great meat packers
of the West are founded on the Davis
patent of 1868.

1868.—The Chicago
Co. began packing hogs in 1868. The beef
packing was of later origin. Armour,
Plankingtcn & Co. had previously organized
in 1862 at Milwaukee. In 1870 they ab-
sorbed a large portion of the pork-packing
interests of Chicago. The Kansas City house
was established in 1871.

1868.—Anna!ls ot Horticulture by Bailey
says that in the month of November, 1868,
N. B. Doe, at that time located on Vesey
Pier. New York, received one car of Cali-
fornia grapes and three cars of pears. The
grapes consisied of several varieties, but
mostly ‘Tokays, and arrived in good condi-
tion, selling from $10 to $15 per crate of
forty pounds net. These grapes came
through by passenger train in a ventilated
ear, with freight charges of $1,200. The
peers were winter Nells and Easter Bluerre
and arrived in very good condition. _ They
realized from $2.50 to $5.00 per box. The
pears came by freight train in ventilated
cars and were in transit twenty days,
freight on same being $600 per car. The
result of the shipment afforded sufficient

house of Armour &

encouragement for shippers to continue with
increased consignments.

1868.-—In the year 1868 Mr. P. Hutchinson
bought ground adjoining the Union Stock
Yards, “Chicago, and immediately proceeded
to build a large packing house upon it. This
is the leading item in connection with
the conceniration of packing houses in tne
vicinity of the stock yards.

1868.—The perpetual flowering carnations
first imported into America, and growing
ithem under giass was commenced,

1868.—D. Hogan drove a herd of beef

cattle from Montana for the purpose of
filling contracts along the Union Pacific
tailroad. The contractors were Orenstein

& Popper, of Sait Lake City, and the cattle
were purchased by P. Largey.

_ 1868.—Cheesemaking reported as being an
important industry at Centralia, Nemaha

county. Kansas.

CLIFTON — CHAMPION HEREFORD
STEER AT THE CHICAGO INTERNA-
TIONAL LIVE STOCK EXPOSITION, 1911.
Exhibited by J. P. Cudahy, Kansas City, Mo.

1868..—In this year a four-year-old Here-
ford ox was winner of the gold medal as
the best ox or steer of any breed. This at
the shaw of the Smithfield Club in London.

1869.— The English Derby was won by
Pretender, a horse owned by Mr. J. John-
stone.« The time was 2:52%, ~and Pero
womez was second.

1869..—Fixperiments of F. A. Carriere with
the wild radish form a classical example of
plant breeding. In five years by means of
cultivation and selection alone he produced
from a troublesome weed practically all the
type forms of radish in cultivation.

1869.---In. this year only four varieties of
sweet corn were to be found in the seed
catalogues.

1869.—Longfellow made the record for
four miles paced in harness in a race, the
time being 10:34%. Longfellow was _ sired
by Red Rill, but his dam is unknown.

1869.—Dr. IF. Nobbe, in Tharand, Saxony,
hegan testing seeds, and was the beginning
of extensive seed central work in Europe.

1869.-—The fastest record for four miles
trotted in harness in a race was made by
Lady Dooley, a brown mare by Black Hawk.
The tinie for the distance was 11:05.

1869.—Ulysses S. Grant elected President
of the United States, and served eight years.

1869.—A native of Angora, in Asia Minor,
A. Wutychides, brought 175 Angora goats to
this country.

1869.—A writer in the Agricultural Journal
of the Cape of Good Hope says: ‘tA feature
worthy of note is that Bredasdorp opened
the new industry of ostrich farming, as in
the spring of 1869 the first lot of chicks
were domesticated witn remarkable success
on the farm of Zoetendal’s Vallei, where the
wild ostrich -was to be seen stalking the
downs in large flocks. It was of these birds,
twenty-one in all, of which one of the Duke
of Edinhurgh’s party shot one by mistake
near the yard, taking them for wild birds,
after the Duke had bagged a fine wild cock
not far off.’’

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1869.—Downine’s “Fruits and Fruit Trees
of America,” published this year, mentions
more than 1236 varieties of peaches in this
country, a'so 970 varieties of pears.

Swiss
Owned
M. Rarton, of Hinsdale, Ill.

Brown
1906.

McALPINE—Champion
at the Illinois State Fair.
exhibited by E.

1869.--In the autumn of this year one bull

cow
and

and seven heifers received in Massachusetts
or the Brown Swiss herd represent the
earliest American arrivals of these cattle.
1869.-—The first commercial orchard in
the Southwest planted five miles west of
Springfield, Mo., by Hon. Ira S. Haseltine.
¥t consisted then of ninety acres, and in-
creased until 2,060 acres or more of apple
orchards were planted by this family.

1869.—The disease first called dikkop,
later known as wire werm, developed to an
alarming extent siongst sheep and goats in
South Africa, killing eighty to ninety per
cent. of lambs and kids.

1869.—A count of cheese factories showed
1.000 or more to be overated in the United
States.

1869.— James _ T.
a “Manual of Fig Culture
and Middle States. It was
cothe, Ohio.

1869.—On December
Ponvwlogical Society
first President .being William Tanner,
veavenworth. This was changed later
the Kansas State Horticultural Society.

1869. May.—Mr. J. H. Sanders
publieat-on of the monthly Western Stock
Journal. issued at Sigourney, Iowa, after-
wards consolidated with the National Live
Stovk Journal.

1869.—Diehl & Brown,
135 Angora goats.

1869,—-Extensive

Worthington published
in the Northern
issued at Chilli-

Kansas City
the
of

to

15th the
was incorporated,

began the

of Ohio, imported

markets and abattoirs cf

lia Vilette, concentrating the seven live
stock imarkeis near Paris, France, were
opened in this year.

Smithfield Club beef cattle
previous thirty-three years

1869.— London
champions for

were as follows: Shorthorns, fourteen times;
Aberdeen-Aneus, nine; Crosses, four: Devons,
three; and Herefords, three.

186$.—Highest wheat, in August, $1.46;
lowest, in December, 75% cents.

1869, September.—A successful shipment
of dressed beef to Boston in a refrigerator
car made by D. W. Davis. of Detroit, Mich.;

said to be the beginning of the dressed-beef
industry.

1870.— In this year was the first reeorded

export of ecotton-seed oil, amounting to
$14,946 in value. This increased to $2,514,-
300 in F878

1870.—The Superintendent of the United
States Census of this year mentions corn
selling at 90 cents a bushel in New England,
and being burned for fuel in Iowa: wheat
selling at $1.35 per bushel in New York and
45 eents in Minnesota; beef bringing $7.00
_yper hundred on the hoof in the East and at
the same time cattle being slaughtered for
their hides in Texas.

1870.—In this year a large cargo of live
eattle was exported from a Southern Texas
port to Glasgow, Scotland, and only 15 per
cent. arrived. These shipments became more
regular afterwards, but the shipping ex-

penses were advanced to $48.66 per head
and the trade was closed on that account.
1870.—Mr. Emerson, of Mountain View,
Santa _ Clara county, introduced pure-bred
Holstein cattle into the state of California.

1870.—lLord Falraouth won the English
Derby with Kingcraft, by King Tom, in
2:45. Palmerton was second in a field of
fifteen starters,

1370.—In this year oleomargarine was in-
vented by a Frenchman named Megemouries.

1870.—The first Japanese plum to grow in

this country, the Kelsey, was introduced in
this year.
1870.— John Reher, of Lancaster, Ohio, be-

gan the work ef importing Clydesdale horses
into the United States.

1870.—United States Census reported
2,659,985 farms in the United States, an in-

crease of 615,908 farms in ten years.

1870.—George Waring, farmer and _ sani-
tary engineer, introduced the Trophy
tomato, the result of twenty-three years’
careful selection.

1870.— Clark & Green, of Jefferson county,
New York, made an exhibit of Cheshire
swine at the St. Louis Fair, and won $500
offered by pork packers for the best herd
for packers’ use.

1870.— Belgian draft horses imported by
Massion & Son, of Minonk, Ill.

1870.— Brown Swiss cattle first imported
by H. M. Clarke, of Belmont, Mass.

1870.-—_More than 80 per cent. of the
sheep in the United States were of Merino
blood.

1870, June &th.—Daniel McMillan sale of
Shorthorns at Xenia. Ohio. Seventy-four
cattle averaged $864.60 per head.

1870.—First large prune orchard planted
at San Jose, Calif.

1870.—William Deering, of the state of
Maine, arrived in Chicago, and with J. D.

Easter as partner established the great agri-
cultural implement factory which now bears
his name, manufacturing the Marsh Har-
vester and the Whittington Wire Binder.

|
|
|

MR. WILLIAM DEERING, one of the
founders of the farm-machine industry and
for many years a great manufacturer. Born
April, 1826, at South Paris, Maine; died
December, 1913.

1870.--One of the greatest show yard con-
test in history-—-Shorthorns at the St. Louis
Fair. Colonel Wm. S. King, of Minneapolis,
Minn., winner of the herd prize, defeating
Illinois, Missouri and Kentucky.

50 HISTORY OF

AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1870.—The census of this year shows the
sweet potato crop of the United States to be
21,709,824 bushels—Vermont producing only
96 bushels.

1870.—Center of the number
the United States, thirty-one
northeast of Cincinnati, in Brown
Ohio.

of farms in
miles east-
county,

tion of ‘‘new process’ of
reducing wheat to flour at Minneapolis,
Minn. jJ.arge influence in opening up spring-
wheat section of the Northwestern States to
settlement.

1870.—The Union Colony
Greeley, Colo., began irrigating.

1870, November ist.—First systematical
weather bulletin issued by the United States
Signal Service. Twenty-four stations re-
ported.

1870.—Gen. Charles P.
serving in the army
Egypt, sent shoots of
Southern California.

1870.—In this year Nutwood, 2
foaled at Woodburn Farm, Ky. He was a
noted sire of standard speed and _ greatly
distinguished as a brood mare _ sire. Bv
January, 1906, his daughters had produced

settled at

Stone, an American
of the Khedive of
the Date Palm to

118%, was

268 performers with records in standard
time, of which number 200 were trotters.
No other stallion has nearly so good a
ERR

r of United States population,

forty- eig “ht miles east of north of Cincin-
nati, Ohio.

1870, November 17th.—First beet-sugar
factory in California opened on the farm of
rf. F. Dyer, of Alvarado, Alameda county,

hy the California Beet Sugar Company. The

stockholders were: C. I. Hutchinson, Flint,
Bixby. & Co; wt. Gs Phelps; aE wDyer,, 1:
R. Carpenter, —. F. Dyer, W. B. Carr, W. T.
Garratt, EK. G. Rolins, all of California, and

A. D. BRonesteel, A Otto and Ewald Klinean,
of Wisconsin.

1870.—Lowest wheat, in April, 73%
highest, in July, $1.31%.

1871.—Baron Rothschild’s horse, Favorius,
captured the English Derby, Albert Victor
and King of the Forest running a dead heat
for second place. Time, 2:50.

cents;

18%71.—Great year of the Texas cattle
drives to Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska, Wy-
oming and Montana. About 600,000 cattle
went north on the various trails.

1871.—The National Live Stock Journal of
January, 1871, contains a write-up from
Duchess Farmer of the largest emporium

for live stoek but one in the United States.
This emporium was owned by the New York
Central and Hudson River Railroad at West
Albany, N. Y. The yards were constructed
to accommodate 8.000 eattle and 10,200
sheep. ‘he pens for hogs contained 1,14t,-
000 square feet. The article concludes by
saying that 3,000 cattle are often sold,
weighed, paid for and shipped within- the
space of three and one-half hours.

1871.—-At the Weehawken (N. J.) Stock
Yards, way back in the past, they charged
forty cents yardage on Texas cattle. <A
newspaper calied the Globe said in January,
1871: ‘‘Those cattle from Texas have wide-
spreading horns and look lean and lank.
It would be impossible to fatten such
creatures or cut a tender steak from them.”
This item was discovered in an investigation
of the eattle trade of the United States,
and is an example of old-time conditions.
Texas cattle were shipped all the way from
the range country to Weehawken, N. J., and
were snrunk of their fat in transit and
eaten up by expenses. This accounts for the
immense number of beef cattle that net
their owners hut $10 per head on the home
ranges.

1871.—Lowest 92%

wheat, in August,

cents; highest, in February, April and Sep-
tember, $1.32.

1871, December 28th.—Formal opening of
the foreign cattle market at Deptford, near
London, England, mainly for receipt of
cattle from the continent of Europe.

187%71.—Golden Eagle, one of the eight

races of corn, recognized by the Illinois Corn
Breeders’ Association, originated this year
with H. B. Perry, of Toulon, Ill.

1871.— The American Trotting Register
started by J. UW. Wallace in New York.

1871, June ist. —The first opening of the
Kansas City Stock Yards as a live stock

market. First President, James F. Joy;
Superintendent, J. G. Smith; Secretary and
Treasurer, Geo. N. Altman. Receipts for
seven months of 1871 were 120,827 cattle,
41,036 hogs, 4,527 sheep and 809 horses and
mules.

1871.—In April of this year the National

Live Stock Journal of Chicago contained an
item which conimences by saying that Texas

has 500,000 inhabitants and 2,000,000 head
of eattle. It mentions the ranch of Col.
Richard King, who owned 65,111 cattle,
10,000 horses, ete. The article concludes by
saying: ‘“‘A steer is worth about $10 in
Texas.”’

1871.—‘‘Billy Atlanta,” famous Angora

male,
Was sire of

killed by accident,
2,000 kids,

at ten years old
and was sweepstakes

winner during his entire life. Owned by
Wm. Landrum, of San Joaquin county, Cali-
fornia. :

1871, September.—National Live Stock

Journal established at Chicago by John P.
Reynolds and George P. Rust.

GOLDSMITH’S MAID.

1871, 6th.—Goldsmith’s

September Maid
placea the trotting record at 2:17 at Mil-
waukee, Wis., driven by Budd Doble. She

was sired by Abdallah, 15, her dam Ab, by
Abdallah, 1.

1872.— In a book entitled “One Hundred
Years of American Commerce,’’ by Hon.
Chauncey M. Depew, a chapter by Philip
D. Armour mentions this year as the first of
consequence -in summer pork packing, there
being 505000 hogs packed in the summer
season of that vear.

1872.—In this vear the first commercial
organization of packers of canned goods met
in convention 1n Philadelphia.

1872 June 9th.—In a race against time,
Goidsmith’s Maid reduced the world’s trot-
ting record to 2:16%.

1872.--In November of this year the first
north-hound shipments of Texas beef cattle
were shipped from Denison to the Chicago

market. The route was by the M., K. & T.
Railway to Hannibal, thence to Chicago.
The first shipment consisted of fifty-five

the prineipal shipper being Jerry Hllis,
Antonio. Mr. John G. Taylor repre-
sented the railroad interest as live stock
agent’ of the M., K. & T. and C., B. & Q.
Systems.

1872.—From this year dates the ecattle-
ranching period in what is called the Pecos
river country in Texas. John Chisum, a
pioneer ranchman, and the only one distin-
zuished by having a trail named after him,
was the one cowman known to ranching on
the Pecos at that time. =

1872.—The National Swine Breeders’ Con-
vention mentions one family of pigs, known
as Victorias, originated with Colonel Frank
D. Curtis, of Kirby Homestead, Chariton,
Saratoga county, N. Y., referred to as Curtis
Victorias. Descended from a sow called
Queen Victoria.

cars,
of San

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 5

1872.— Olive oil first made in California at
Santa Parbara.

1872.—Poland-China swine officially adopted
by the National Swine Breeders’ Convention.

1872.—For the second successive time a
horse sired by Parmesan won the English
Derby. This year it was Cremorne, the
property of a Mr. Saville. The time was
234544, Pell Mell came In second.

1872.—National Swine Breeders’ Conven-
tion mentioned description of Neapolitan
hog, a few being in this country.

1872, September 5th.—Earl Dunmore’s
cattle, forty-eight Shorthorns, sold at an

average of $1,250 per head.

1872.—National Swine Breeders’
tion mentions description of
Suffolk swine.

1872, Novemper 17th.—-Permanent National
organization of American Shorthorn Breed-

Conven-
American

ers. First officials elected: President, Dr. A.
C. Stevenson, of Greencastle, Ind.; Vice-
Presidents, Wm. Warfield, of Lexington,
Ky.: and Hon. David Christy, of Paris,
Canada; Treasurer. John G. Dunn, of

London, Ohio; Secretary, B. H. Campbell, of
Batavia, Ill.

1872.— Elgin Board of ‘Frade organized.
Establishes weekly butter quotations in the
iigin district and has great influence in
regulating the price of butter production in
the United States.

1872.—‘Mr. P. M. LaPrice introduced a
valuable greenish-yellow sugar cane into
Louisiana from the Fastern hemisphere.

1872.— Lowest wheat, in November, $1.01;

highest, in August, $1.61.
1873, January.—-Daily Drovers’ Journal

founded at the Chicago Union Stock Yards
by Harvey lh. Goodall.

1873.—In this year Florida oranges began
to arrive at the New York Produce
Market, some of the earliest arrivals being
consigned to Walter Carr & Co. For several
years the price of these fine oranges was
$6.00 per box. In the beginning it is said
that a large number of irresponsible dealers
obtained consignments of oranges for which
they made no returns. A book entitled
“Annals of Horticulture’ says: “It is un-
Goubtedily true that the fruit growers were
swindled right and left, so that it is no
wonder they looked about for a remedy, and
soon after the Florida Fruit Exchange (now
the greatest fruit organization in the world)
entered the field, and to-day stands at the
head.”’

1873.—In this year a shipment of dressed
beet was made from Denison, Texas, to New
York City. The parties to the experiment
were John G. Taylor, Live Stock Agent M.,

ie be etvailway: John “Bates, & | Bro.,
bankers, 52 Wall street, New York; George
H. Rankin, owner of an ice machine at

Denison, Texas; and Geo. H. Hammond, beef
packer, of Hammond, Ind. Four {loads of
cattle bought by Mr. Taylor were slaugh-
tered by a butcher named Quinn and placed
in refrigerator cars, which were imperfect
In construction, Although the train was
delayed and behind a wreck at Parsons,
Kas., and wernt to New York via Chicago,
the mext arrived in good condition. Defec-
tive cars and poor icing communications
interfered with later shipments, and the
death of Mr. Jonn Bates put an end to the
experiment.

1873.—‘‘In this year the railroad companies
of the United States demanded payment in
kind for the earriage of corn, and it appears
exacted in some cases as much as two
busheis for the transport of one.” This
statement was made in the Republic Fran-

caise, a Wrench paper, then reviewing
American agriculture, and said: “Owing to
the scarcity of live stock to fertilize the

Tarms, the grangers of the Far West will
soon exhaust the soil, and the exaggerated
production of corn in the Far West will not
last forever.’’

1873.--In this year the St. Louis Slaugh-
tering and Rendering Company opened up

tor business. It was located opposite the
Pacific Stock Yards, on the Manchester
Road. Mr. Joseph Mulhall was President,

and the capital stock was $500,000. Before
the days of cold storage and refrigeration

this was one of the Western

slaughtering plants.
1873.—-In this year M. Goffart successfully

greatest

kept. maize as ensifage. He is generally
ae with being the originator of the
S110.

1873. —Mendel’s’ collection of orchids,
offered in the spring of this year, sold in
England as high as £20, £40, and one plant
£59 17s., the returns for the whole collec-
tion being £4,361.

1873.—Henry Evans, Jr., of 3altimore,

fitted up a cannery for canning sweet corn,
Which afterwards was sold to Mr. E. E
Sears and successfully run to be the largest
sugar corn factory in the Bast in the hands
of his widow, Mrs. Sears.

1873.—On March 8d Congress passed an
act to regulate the shipping of live stock.
familiarly called the twenty-eight-hour law.

It required ali stock in transit to be un-
loaded, fed and watered every twenty-eight
hours, unless transported in cars, boats or
other vessels, where they could be properly
fed, watered and rested.

1873.—Doncaster. owned by Mr. Merry.
took the English Derby in a small field of
twelve starters, the time being 2:50. Don-
vaster was sired by Stockwell. A dead heat
Yor second place resulted between Gang

Worward and Kaiser.

1873.-—George Grant. of Victoria, Kas., im-
ported three Aberdeen-Angus bulls.

1873.—First importation of Red Polled
tattle into the United States by G. F. Taber.
of Paterson, N. J.

1873.—-Dr. Wm. McMurtrie, Chemist of the
Department of Axsriculture, commenced in-
vestigation to determine suitable loeations
for production of the sugar beet.

1873.—-Aberdeen- Angus cattle imported
from Seatland by Mr. Grant, of Victoria.
i<ansas,

1873, August 9th.—Hubbard, the great race
horse, established the two and three-quarter
mile record at 4:58%, which stands to-day
as the greatest performance of its kind,
Hubbard was by Planet.

1873, September 10th.—Shorthorn eattle
sale at New York Mills. 119 head sold for
$383,000, or an average of a trifle over
$5,482 per head.

1873, September 10th.—Seven-year-old
Shorthern bull Second Duke of Oneida, sold
by Waleott & Campbell, of New York Mills,
to T. J. Megibben for $12,000.

1873, September 19th.—iSeven-year-old
Shorthorn cow, Eighth Duchess of Geneva,
sold at New York Mills to R. Pavia Davis,
of Eingland, for $40,000.

1873, September 19th.—Seven-year-old
Shorthorn cow, Tenth Duchess of Geneva,
sold at New York Mills by Walcott &
Campbell to Earl Bective for $35,000.

_ 1873, September 10th. Two-year-old
Shorthorn cow, First Duchess of Oneida,
sold at New York Mills by Walcott & Camp-

bell to Lord Skelmersdale for $30,600.
1873, September 17th.—At Sacramento,
Calif., Ocecident establishes a world’s trot-

ting reeord in 2:16%.

1873, November 19th.—The St. Louis Na-
tional Stoek Yards were officially opened as
a live stock market, although some stock
had been received and handled as early
during the yvear as the latter part of June.
The first officers were: A. M. Allerton, Pres-
ident and R. M. Moore, Secretary and Treas-
urer. Vhe first Board of Directors was
eomposed of A. M. Allerton, T. C. Eastman,
John 3B. Dutcher, Alexander M. White,
Andrew Pierce, Augustus Schell, Azariah
Boodl, Oscar ‘Townsend, John B. Bowman,
E. W. Woodward and William R. McKeen.

1873.—-At the close of this year 397 places
were enumerated as containing one or more
pork-packing establishments.

1873.—A herd of fat beef cattle from the
range oi Mohtana, driven by a Mr. Forbes to
Ogden, ‘Jtah, and shipped to Chicago. The
cattle were ranged by Conrad Kohrs in the
Sun River country.

1873.—Paris green first
for fruit trees about this

used as a spray
time.

iad

52

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1873.—Lowest wheat, in September, &9
cens; highest. in July, $1.46.

1874.—In this year the Wyoming
Growers’ Association was organized.

1874.—-Mr.

Cattle

Cartwright’s horse George

Frederick captured the English Derby in
the time of 2:46. George Frederick was
sired by Marsyas. The winner of second
was Couronne de Fer.

1874.---In February, the National Live
Stock Journal reported pure-blood Shorthorn
bulls sold to Texas cattle raisers whose

names are mentioned here: Capt. E. R. Stiff,
of McKinney, Collin county; Capt. Richard
Carr, also of Collin county; Capt. A. H.
Shoemaker, of Decatur, Wise county; Capt.
Wim, A. Rheea, of Collin county; John D.
Merchant and Elijah Emberson, of Denton
county; Gilles Flippin, Samuel Skinner, Geo.
Herndon and H. M. Porvin, all of Denton
county; and D. C. Jordan, of Montague
county. The importation was by W. R.
Dunean, of McKinney, Texas.

1874.—M. W. Dunham established an im-
porting and breeding farm for Percheron
horses in DuPage county, Illinois.

1874.-—First cotton-seed oil mill in Louisi-
ana established at New Orleans.

1874, July 1st.—At a meeting held at
Willis’s Rooms, London, Mnglanéd, under the
Presidency of the Duke of Devonshire, to
consider the retirement of Mr. Henry Staf-

ford as publisher of the Shorthorn Herd
Book, a Shorthorn Society was formed,
Which, among other duties, undertook the
maintaining and yearly issue of the Herd
Book.

1874.—-Mr. H. F. Ewuren, of Norfolk,
established the English Red Polled Herd
Book.

1874, July 15th.—Three-quarters of a
second was taken off the world’s trotting
record, which had stood for two years, by
Goldsmith’s Maid at East Saginaw, Mich.

This was in a race. The same year, against
time, she further reduced it twice, the first
time to 2:15% at Buffalo, N. Y., August
7th, and later at Mystic Park, Boston, Sep-
tember 2d, to 2:14. Two full seconds were
elipped off during this year, and all by the
great daughter of Abdallah, 15.

1874.—Colonel Wm. S. King Shorthorns at
Dexter Park, Chicago, May 21st. Seventy-
nine animals sold for an average of $1,628
per head.

1874.—\ Lowest wheat, in October, 81%
cents; highest, in April, $1.28.

1874.— Herd Book of South Wales cattle
issued. The “Castle Martins,’ or Black

Cattle of South Wales.

1874.—The Buffalo cattle market received
504,594 eattle in 1874 and shipped out 468,-
£21 of them. At that time Buffalo was the
second largest live stock market, receiving
504,594 cattle, 1,431,800 hogs, 783,800 sheep
and 21,936 horses. In 1866 Chicago passed
Buftalo in cattle and hog receipts but not
in sheep and horse receipts’ until much
later.

1874.—First American Galloway Herd
Book issued in Canada, bought in 1883 by
American Galloway ‘Breeders’ Association
and brought to the United States.

1874.—The Cultivator and Country Gen-
tleman, issue of October 29th, said: ‘‘English
papers mention the arrival at Liverpool of
270 head of eattle from America, by
steamer, to be disposed of in the Liverpool
market. The appearance of the cattle is
spoken of as excellent. They weighed 1,809
to 2,000 pounds, and realized from seventeen
to twenty-nine pounds in English money.
They sold for $82.28 to $140.36 per head in
American money.”

1874, August i3th.—Mambrina Gift be-
comes the first 2:20 stallion by trotting the
mile in that time at Rochester, N. Y.

1874.— English Christmas beef was men-
tioned in English papers of December, 1874,
as being the highest in thirty years. The
figures mentioned were from 14% to 22%
cents per pound.

1874.—Alex No. 1, a Poland-China boar,
and one of the earliest high-bred animals of
the breed, sold by W. W. Greer, cf Oxford,
Ohio, to Klever Bros., of Bloomsburg, Ohio.

WALK
LING BOAR.

OVER—POLAND-CHINA YBAR-
Champion Indiana State Fair,

1905. Mxhibited by Pumphrey Bros., of
Burney, Ind.

1874.--F. B. Redfield, of Batavia, N. Y.,
imported Aberdeen-Angus cattle.

1875.—The Butman, originated by Mr.
Clarendon Futman, of Maine, was the

result of crossing the Hubbard squash with
a Japanese race. It was the first American
squash,

1875, February 25th.—American Berkshire
Association organized at Springfield, Ill.
first organization to systematically record
pedigrees of this breed.

1875.— Prince Batthyany won the English
Derby with the horse Gallopin, a son of
Vedette, the time being 2:48. Claremont
was second.

1875, August 25th.—Two-year-old Short-
horn bull, Duke of Connaught, sold at Dun-
more, Scotland, by Earl Dunmore to Lord
Fitzhardinge for $26,904.

1875.—Bailey’s Shorthorn Reporter issued
from office oz Mr. Allen, proprietor of the
Shorthorn Herd Book.

1875.—Dispersion sale of Shorthorn herd of
Wm. Torr, deceased, tenant farmer of Ayles-
by, England. Mr. Torr once said: “It takes
thirty years to make a herd and bring it to
one’s notion of perfection.” His eighty-five
animals sold for $243,144.57, an average of
$2,860.52 per head.

1875, August 25th.—Earl Dunmore, of Stir-
ling, Scotland, sold thirty-nine head of
Shorthorns for $35,289 per head, including a
bull, the Duke of Connaught, for $26,904.

Highest prices were for cattle descended
from American Shorthorns.
1875, October 14th.—B. B. Groom & Son,

of Winchester, Ky., imported Bates-bred
Shorthorn cattle and held sale of these and
others. Seventy-three head averaged $1,691
per head.

1875.—First regularly organized Experi-
ment Station in the United States established
by the state of Connecticut.

1875.—Lowest wheat, 8314 cents, in Febru-
ary; highest, in August, $1.30%.

1875.--In the Cultivator and Country
Gentleman of February, 1875, Hon. George
Jeddes, writing in regard to the eost of

beef, said: “Within a mile of my own house
lives a man who kills about fifty beef cattle
every week. He buys them in Buffalo and
brings them by rail to Syracuse, then drives
them to his own farm, there slaughters
them and sells their meat in ‘Syracuse.
Mest of these cattle have long, wide horns
und are called Cherokee cattle. They aver-

aged in live weight from 1,000 to 1,109
pounds and kill remarkably well, having
lost in their long journey much of the

fluids that helped to make up their weight
where they were raised.’”’ The average cost
ta the buyer was four cents per pound at
Buffalo. He sold the beef at nine cents per
pound, the hide and tallow at current prices.
Speaking of the New York farmers, Mr.
Geddes said: “Our farmers have found that
lo raise a steer to be three years old and
more and sell his meat at nine or ten cents
per pound is losing money, and they leave
the production of beef for our own markets
to Texas, the Cherokee Indians, or whoever
may like to do that kind of business.”

* Shorthorn cattle.

1875.—Southern-grown vegetables appear-
ing in Northern markets began to have im-

portant effect about this time, causing
Northern growers to use more forcing
houses in competition with them.

1875.—First shipment of American fresh

beef to England by Timothy C. Eastman, of
New York, in October of this year,

1875.—Dr. Manley Miles built the first
American silo for the storage of green
fodder.

1875.—Professor Carl Linde invented the

ammonia compression machine, the basis
of successful modern refrigeration. |
1875.--An era of specialization in flower

erowing assumed considerable importance at
this time.

18%5.-—On January 20th of this
John B. Sherman, Superintendent
Chicago Union Stock Yards,
use of Dexter Park Pavilion, when
otherwise occupied, for the purpose of
holding publie sales of pure-bred stock. In
order to prevent confusion in the matter of
dates, such sales were to be under the
inanagement of Geo. W. Rust & Co., pro-
prietors of the National Live Stock Journal,

year,
the
the
not

of
offered

which was the leading live stock paper in
the United States during that period,
1875.—In this year Mr. J. Moon, of Pey-

tonville, Ark., selected seed from a _ single
plant now ealled the Moon variety of long-
staple upland cotton.

1875.— First American Agricultural Ex-
periment Station begun by Wesleyan Uni-
versity, Middletown, Conn.

1875.—Preparing ensilage begun in this
country, though the Roman writers show

that the process is a very old one.

1875.—R. W. Wilson, of California, planted
fiftv acres in beets, onions, lettuce and car-
rots for seed purposes. First systematic
caevelopment of the seed-growing industry
on the Pacifie Coast.

1875, April 1!th.—Advance, Hereford bull,
bred by T. L. Miller, first bull recorded in

American Hereford Record. His sire, Suc-
cess, 5,031, an imported bull. was recorded
No. 2.

Shorthorns first
by Mr. W. S.

1875, April 14th.—Sale of
held at West Liberty, Iowa,
Jacobse HBiighty-three cattle averaged $614.

1875, April 27th.—J. H. Pickrell sale of
Twenty-three sold at an
average of $1,265 per head.

1875, July.—The famous’ Poland-China
boar, Perfection, 447, bought by Oliver Pad-
dock, of Indiana, from W. C. Hankinson, of
Middletown, Ohio.

1875.-—-Dairy farmers began to skim their
milk and sell only the cream to the cream-
eries.

CHAMPION HEREFORD COW at_ the
Juive Stock Show, Buenos Ayres, South
America, 1906. Exhibited by Senor Pariera.
This picture was obtained by Mr. C. R.
Thomas, Secretary of the American Here-
ford Association, during a visit to Argen-
tine.

1875, August.—At New York Mills, Almon
W. Griswold sold thirty-three Shorthorns
for an average of $1,697 per head.

1875.—-First
live stock
Ayres, in

important agricultural and
show at Palermo, near Buenos
South America, given under the
auspices of the Rural Society.
1876.—In this year I. B.
Green county, ‘Teaxs,
from Texas to Abilene,
largest number driven by one outfit during
the great days of the cattle trail. They
were driven in different herds or bands.
1876.— Boone White Corn,
eight varieties, originated
dames Thorntown, Ind.
1876, January 12th.—The Philadelphia
Stock Yards Company started in business
this date and went out of existence Decem-
ber 31st, 1896, succeeded by the West Phila-
delphia Stock Yards Company.
1876.—Kisber, a son of Buccaneer, won the
English Derby, the principal contender being

Tom
cattle
be the

Harris, of
drove 75,000
Kas., said to

one of
with

County
recognized
Riley, of

the horse Forerunner. The time, 2:44, was
fairly fast. Kisber was owned by Mr. A.
Paltazzi.

1876, August 26th.—Smuggler reduces the

world’s trotting stallion record for one mile
to 2:15% at Hartford, Conn.

1876.—At a poultry exhibit at Bangor,
Maine, six white fowls were exhibited, called
Snow Flakes and Dirigos. They were after-
wards admitted to the poultry standard as
White Plymouth Rocks.

1876.—It was about the year 1876 when
the eattle raiser obtained the benefits of
the beef-canning business. The salt-beef
trade had been very unsatisfactory for years.

The immense number of inferior to fair
grade cattle required some new outlet or
would be practically unsalable. In this

emergency George Brougham, an Australian,
arrived in Chicago, bringing with him a
practical knowledge of the beef-canning busi-
ness, which had not been previously known
or foilowed in Chicago. Mr. A. A. Libby, of
the firm of Libby, MeNeil & Libby, employed
Brougham and placed a fine article ot
eanned heef on the market, and by the year
i877 the firm had furnished a market for
100,000 cattle a year. The Fairbank Can-
ning Company and Armour & Co. soon be-
came large operators in the canned-becf
trade.

1876.—The Agronomic Institute of Parts,
the highest institution giving agricultural
instruction in France, first opened to students.

1876, August 10th.—The eight-year-old
Shorthorn bull, 14th Duke of Thorndale, soid
at Paris, Ky., by George M. Bedford to Levi
Goff.

1876.—Percheron-Norman Stud Book issued,
afterwards cailed the Percheron Stud Book.

1876.—At the St. Louis Fair in this year
Mr. Albert Rhodes, of Bridgeton, St. Louis
county, Mo., had 125 varieties of apples on
exhibition.

1876.—Herd
Linwood, Kas.,
1876.—-Charles
Adair, pioneer

of Shorthorns established at

by Colonel W. A. Harris.

ywoodnight and John G.
cattle raisers in the Texas
Panhandle, moved there from Colorado. Mr.
Goodnight had previously ranged in Palo
Pinto county, Texas.

1876.-—National Norman Horse Association
orqganized.

1876.—In the winter of this year the out-
fit of Causey & West, operating around
Yellow House Canyon, killed and skinned
7,000 buffalo. This was the last grand stand
of the immense herd, several million strong,
that used to range between the Texas fron-
tier settlements and the staked plains.

1876, September 16th.—Ten Broeck, the
famous race horse, established the record
for two and five-eighths miles at 4:58%.

This record was made at the old Lexington
track.

1876.—In the fall of 1876 Mr. G. F. Swift
shipped from Chicago to Boston two cars of
refrigerated beef. The establishment of the
ereat house or Swift & Company dates from
this time. The two cars went fcrward on
a train which was mostly made up of stock
ears. Dressed beef had been shipped before,
but this shipment was followed up immedi-
ately and developed into an immense trade.

1876.—John S. Harris, of California, later
of Oakley, Idaho, imported Angora goats,

54

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

18%76.—-eginning of low prices for cotton.

TIpland middling on New York market,
highest of the year, 1834 cents per pound;
iowest, 10% cents.

1876.—The germ theory of disease settled

and accepted by veterinarians about this
time.
1876.—The Journal of Commerce of New

York. of December 30th, 1876, said that the
average price for the average grade of
beeves for the year was $11.13 per 10%
pounds dressed weight. The hide and tallow
went to the butcher,

1876.—Lowest wheat, in July, 83
highest, $1.26%, in December.

1877.-—The first number of the Farm and
Fireside, an important and meritorious illus-
+rated farm and family journal, was issued
in this month at Springfield, Ohio. P. P.
Mast & Co. were proprietors; J. S. Crowell,
Manager; and TT. J. Kirkpatrick, Editor.
The paper was started as a semi-monthly at
50 cents per year.

1877.—Rutherford B. Hayes, President of
the United States, and served four years.

1877.—American Association of Importers
and Breeders of Belgian Draft Horses organ-

cents;

ized. J. D. Connor, Jr., of Wabash, Secre-
tary.
1877.--In this vear Prof. E. H. Jenkins

began testing seeds at the Connecticut Ex-
periment Station.

JAMES C. LOVING,

of Lost Valley, Jack
county, Texas. In the organization of the
Northwest Texas Cattle Raisers’ Association,
in the year 1877, the matter of suppressing
cattle thieves on the range and the recovery
of stolen cattle in market was placed in the
hands of JAMES C. LOVING, Secretary, who
held the office for many years. Under his
management the association became _ the
greatest live stock organization in the United
States of America, first embracing the whole
state of Texas and later including a mem-
bership from Oklahoma, New Mexico and
Arizona.

1877, February.—The Northwestern Texas
Cattle Raisers’ Association oranized at Gra-
ham. in Young county, with C. L. Carter,
President, and J. C. Loving, Secretary. Tnis
organization was afterwards enlarged to in-
clude the whole state, becoming the Texas
Cattle Raisers’ Association.

1877.—The Book on Swine Husbandry by
Hon. F. D. Coburn, of Kansas, issued in this

— = ed
year, had great influence in guiding and
stimulating the production of hogs for
market.

1877, May 2Z9th.—The classic race horse

Ten Groeck, a marvel of hi stime, went two
miles over the Louisville track against time
in 3:2714. It was a most phenomenal per-
formance for the period. Ten Broeck was
hy Imported Phaeton.

1877.—--Ciydesdale Stud Book of Scotland
inauguated.

1877. —_Galloway
Great Britain.

1877, November 9th and 10th.—First Short-
horn sate at Kansas City held by T. Corwin
Anderson, of Mount Sterling, Kentucky.

1877.--Clydesdale Society of America or-
ganized. First Stud ‘Book issued in 1882.

1877.—Mr. J.eDue, Commissioner of Agri-
culture, introduced the “Zevinga,’’ a Japanese
variety of sugar cane, into the United States.

1877.—-Great Eastern, bay gelding, by Wal-
kill, dam Hamill mare, by Riley’s Consterna-
tion, made the mile trotting record under
saddle of 2:15, which record stands to-day,
this fashion o fracing having fallen inta
disuse.

1877.—Lowest wheat,
highest, in May, $1.7614.

1877.--In September of this year a herd of
eattle was driven from Yankton, Dakota, to
the Cheyenne River Agency, thirty-five miles
above Fort Pierre, for the purpose of dis-
tributing them to the Indians to replace the
ponies which had been captured from them
in the campaign following the Custer mas-
sacre. The herd consisted of five bulls and
550 two-year-old heifers. The officer receiv-
ing and delivering the cattle under contract
was Lieutenant F. W. Mansfield, Eleventh
United States Infantry, and the herd was in
charge of Mr. Philip H. Hale, editor of The
History of Agriculture by Dates, who was
then an employe of the United States Quar-
termaster’s Department. This was the be-
ginning of domestie cattle raising on the
part of the Indians of the Northwest.

1877.--Lord Falmouth’s Silvio won the
English Derby, his principal contender being
Glen Arthur, which finished second. Silvio
was sired |v Blair Athol. The time was 2:50.

1877.--The Champaign County Gazette of
Illinois, of October, 1877, reports the sale of
700 head of grass-fed steers by Mr. B. F.
Harris to Monroe & Son, of Albany, N. Y.,
of which the first 400 head shipped averaged
1,450 pounds, the others, equally as good, to

Society established in

in August, $1.01%;

follow. The report at the time was that Mr.
Harris soid the steers at five cents per
pound, live weight, delivered at the railway

station.

1877.—In this year the Chicago Drovers’
Journal mentioned that an enterprising can-
ning firm had received an order from the
Russian government for every can of beef
they could put up in a year. This was the
heginning of the large orders which packers
have oecasionally obtained to clear away the
inferior grades of cattle and which could not
be bought for any other purpose.

1877, October.—Tom Corwin, 571, one of
the early famous Poland-China boars, bought
by W. O. Reveal, of Clermont, Ind., of James

Duflield, of Somerville, Ohio.
1878.—The National Live Stock Journal
mentioned a Champaign county (Illinois)

farmer who in April, 1878, bought a lot of
1,040-pound steers for $3.75 per 100 pounds
as feeders and returned them to the Chicago
market, December 10th of the same year,
weighing 1,480 pounds. He sold them at
$4.12% per 100 pounds. This was before the
dressed-beef houses were in the business.

1878, August 3d.—After four years of
reign as Queen of the Trotting Turf, Gold-
smith’s Maid was dethroned by Rarus, who,
driven by John Splan, at Buffalo, N. Y.,
brought the trotting reeord to 2:13%. He
was a bay geiding by Conklin’s Abdallah, his
dam by Telegraph.

1878.—The Pictet Artificial Ice Company
fitted up a building in Greenwich street,
New York City, for the purpose of holding
fruits in cold storage for the people.

1878, August 7th.—Sleepy George makes

a world’s record by pacing a mile in 2:15 at
Rochester, N. Y.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 55

1878.—Galloway Society of Scotland
lished first volume of pedigrees.

1878.—The Ramanas rose sent
from Japan »y Thomas Hogg
time.

pub-

America
this

Lo
about

DOLLY BLOOM—Guernsey cow. One
the most famous of that great dairy breed.

of

1878.—American Guernsey Cattle Club or-
ganized in this year.

1878.— English Shire Horse Society formed
and a stud book provided for.

1878.-—-First American Fat Stock Show.
Champion beef animal, the Shorthorn steer
John Sherman, exhibited by Colonel John D.
Gillett, of Hikhart, Ind.

1878.-—-Hog prices at Chicago, January Ist,

1878: Efeavy shipping hogs, $2.75 to $2.95
per 100 pounds; heavy packing, $2.60 oO
S270: teht bacon grades, $2.70 to $2.75;
skips and culls. $1.50 to $2.25 per 100 pounds,

1878.— Young Perfection 651, one of the
best Poland-China boars of his day, sold by
Joseph Morton, of Oxford, Ohio, to D. M.

Magie, of the same place.

1278.—-Lowest wheat, in October, 77 cents;
highest, in April, $1.14.

1878.—The record for a ten-mile trotting
race was made hy Controller, a son of Gen-
eral Taylor. The time was 27:234%, and was
the best, in a race, since 1853.

1878.--Anderson & Vindlay, of Lake Forest,
{1l., imported Aberdeen-Angus cattle.

1878.-—_Mr. J. J. Gregory, of Marblehead,
Mass., an authority on the subject, esti-
mated 7900 acres as the total area devoted

to commercial seed growing.

1878.—The English Derby was won by Mr.
Crawford’s horse Sefton, sired by Speculum.
The time was slow, being 2:56. Insulaire
ran a good second.

1879.—On the ist day of October the
business career of the Matador Cattle Com-
pany began, with headquarters at Teepee
City, Motley county, Texas. Judge H. H.
(Paint) Chropbell was General Manager.

1879.-—The Shorthorn steer Nichols, three
vears old, champion at American Fat Stock
Show, exhibited by J. H. Graves.

1879. — American Hereford Herd Book
founded at Beecher, Ill., by T. L. Miller.

1879.— Dark days ot the Shorthorn cattle
breeding and speculative interests. 2,865
Shorthorns soid at an average price of $115
per head.

1879.—-Lowest wheat, in January, 81%
cents; nighest, in December, $1.33 %.
18739.—The Allen Long Staple, an upland

cotton introduced by Mr. J. B. Allen, of Port
Gibson, Miss. This caused a marked advance

in the development of long-staple upland
cotton. This variety came from a single

stalk of Bohemian cotton,a Louisiana variety,
origin unknown, and from this developed
several other seed cotton varieties originated
by Mr. Alten.

1879.--_In February of this year, in the
Cultivator and Country Gentleman, a refer-
ence was made to the Chicago Live Stock
Reporter. which thinks that the driving of
Texas cattle up the trail will soon cease.
This opinion is based on the fact that a

large shipment of Texas cattle had heen
received at Chicago from S. R. Hilbourn, of
Waxahachie, Texas, who had fed them there
on Texas corn.

1879.-—Sir Bevys, a horse by Faverius, won
the English Derby for Mr. Acton. The time
was the slowest in the history of this great

assic, being 3:02. The field consisted of
twenty-three horses.

1879.-—The National Live Stock Journal of
Chicago, of June, 1879, writing on the price
of beef cattle, said that a good steer would

sell for $5.09 1 100 pounds in Chicago, and
that first-class steers would bring more. ‘The
item began by saying there was discourage-
ment, depression, sometimes present loss in
the production of a number of prominent
farm products, but cattle were an exception.

1879.—From an annual review of the live
stock trade of Chicago for 1879: ‘Early in
the year the export trade in live cattle with
Great Britain was brought to a sudden check
by regulations which prohibited our ship-
mnents from entering their ports, except
under such restrictions as practically ended
ull business in this direction, thus reducing
the shipments of live cattle abroad to a
minimum, but the increased exports of
dressed and canned beef by the refrigerator
system have fully made up the dificit.”’

1879.-—The date of the opening of the prin-
cipal beef-pacxing houses is a very import-
ant item, because there begins the general
stability of the beef trade. Nelson Morris &
Co. commenced business in a portion of their
present packing house at Chicago on June 7,
i879. The Fairbank Canning Company, which
was under the same management and control
as Nelson Morris & (Co., started canning
meats about two weeks later. Mr. Nelson
Morris nreviously owned and conducted a
slaughtering house on the Chicago lake
front.

DR. CARL GUSTAF PATRICK DE LAVAL,

of Stockholm, Sweden, inventor of the Cen-
trifugal Cream Separator.
1879.—Centrifugal cream separator = in-

by Dr. Gustav De Laval, of Stock-

Sweden. Great benefit to dairy inter-
enabling the separation of cream from
milk while both are sweet and fresh
the cow.

vented
holm,
ests,
the
from

on
ir)

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

Julien placed the trotting record
at 2 %. The performance was made at
Oakland, Calif., the horse being driven by
Orrin fiickok. He was a bay gelding by
Volunteer, dam by Henry Clay, 45.

1879.—St.
1123,

ST. JULIEN. 2:11%.—Schreiber photo.

1879, November 19th.—The trotting stand-
ard adopted.

1879, December 2d.—At Billerica, Mass., on
“Willing Farm,’’ owned by Mr. Jno. M.
Bailey, the first American silo was opened in
the presence of a distinguished gathering of
agriculturists. oflicials and editors. The silo
contained 120 tons of ensilage. The experi-
ment was a success, and with the exception
of two or three inches at the top, which was
musty, the silage was good and readily eaten
by stock.

1880.—J. B. Evans, an enterprising farmer
in Cape Colony, South Africa, went t»
Angora, in Asia Minor, and obtained the
finest specimens of the Angora goat which
up to that time had reached the colony.

1880.—White Superior, a standard variety

of corn, originated in this year by P. R.
Sperry, of Monmouth, Ill.
1880.—Association of official agricultural

chemists organized.

1880.—Special contest of baling presses for
hay and straw at New York State Fair. First
prize awarded to Whitman Agricultural Com-
pany; of St. Louis, Mo., the same firm win-
ning four successive years.

1830.-—Brown Swiss cattle breeders organ-
ized and commenced publication of a herd
record.

1880.—Center cf population of the United
States, eight miles west by south of Cincin-
nati, Ohio.

1880.— Last class for four-year-old
steers at American Fat Stock Shows,

1880.—The Shorthorn steer Nels Morris,
weighing 3,125 pounds, exhibited by Mr.
John B. Sherman at the Union Stock Yards.

1880.— Importation of Gothland swine from
Sweden by Mr. S. V. Anderson.

1880.—First volume of the English Stud
Book fer Shire or Cart Horses published.

1880, April 29th.—American Jersey Catlte
Club incorporated by Richard M.Hoe, Thomas
H. Faile, Wm. B. Dinsmore, Erastus Corning,
John PD. Wing, Samuel J. Sharples, John
Carter Brown, William S. Taylor, Joseph H.
Reiman, John Hoey, Edwin Thorpe and Her-
bert M. Howe.

1880.—On June 25th of this year the
German government issued an edict prohibit-

beef

ing the importation of ‘‘chopped or in a
simijar manner divided or prepared pork,
and of sausages of all kinds, from America.’’

1880.—-The American Wonder, a dwarf

pea, produced this year, was a combination
of McLean’s [ittle Gem and the champion of
New England. It was a distinct step in the
improvement of pea culture.

1880.— First fencing in the Panhandle of
Texas on the ranch of Adair & Goodnight.
The barbed wire cost nine cents a pound.

1880.—Mr. E. Moullee, of Jacksonville, Fla.,
started a perfumery farm at San Mateo, of
that state, using orange and lemon fruits
and flowers.

1880.—The United States Census reported
4,008,907 farms in the United States, an in-
crease of 1,384,922 in ten years.

1880.—The Elberta peach (Chinese Cling)
introduced into the Southern States.

1880.—Center of the number of farms in
the United States, twenty-one miles south by
east of Cincinnati, Ohio, in Kenton county,
Kentucky.

1880.—The Duke of Westminster captured
the American Derby with the great horse
Ben d’Or, by Doneaster. Robert, the Devil,
was second, and the time was 2 46.

1880.—Mr. Gulian P. Rixford, of the San
Francisco (Calif.) Bulletin, imported cuttings
of the best varieties of Smyrna figs from
Smyrna, in Asia Minor. This importation
was a failure, supposedly owing to bad faith
on the part or the Smyrna fig growers who
sold the cuttings.

1880, April.-—George RB. Loving commenced
publication of Texas Live Stock Journal ait
Weatherford.

GEORGE B. LOVING, of Fort Worth,
Texas, in publishing the Texas Live Stock
Journal, the first ranchman’s paper, invited
the attention of the world to the ranch
cattle industry and more especially to the
-attle-raising interests of Texas. He was
the son of a pioneer ecattleman, Oliver
Loving, who lost his life in defending his
herd from Indians on the Chisum cattle trail.

1880, August 12th.—-Maud S. made her ap-
pearance as trotting champion at Rochester,
N. Y., where, driven by W. W. Blair, she
took a full second off the trotting record,
coing the mile in 2:11%. She was a chest-
nut mare by Harold, dam Miss Russell, by
Pilot. Jr., and in her six-year-old form.
Fifteen days later St. Julien reduced the
mark to 2:11% at Hartford, Conn. Before
the year was vut Maud S. again assumed the
record by a mile at Chicago, Ill., in 2:10%.

1880, September 16th.—-Goat Show at Alex-
andra Palace. North Iondon, supported by
the British Goat Society.

1880.—During the week ending November
20th, the record for a week’s receipts of hogs
was made by Chicago, Ill. The total was
300,488 head.

1880.—During November, record receipts of

hogs for a month were made at Chicago, Ill,
The record is 1,111,997 head.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 57

1880._-Lowest wheat, in August, 8614
cents; highes:, in January, $1.32.

MATILDA, 4th—Famous Jersey cow. From
nhoto by Schreiber.

1851.—In the January, 1881, issue the
Kansas City Live Stock Indicator reported
that J. C. Jones, of Colorado, had _ sold
30,000 cattle to Towers, Gudgell & Smart at
$17 per head, calves counted.

1881.-——First improved stock car originated
by Mr. A. C. Mathers.

1881, March 1st.—First recorded contriv-
ance for mechanically pressing silage, pat-
ented by Levi H. Whitney, of Lowell, Mass.

1881, March 5th.—-First number of the
Chieago Horseman issued, with E. L. Stowe
as editor.

1881.—The English Derby went to Pierre
Loriilard’s grand race horse Iroquois, by
Leamington, with Peregrine second. Time,
2750.

1881.—Apricot, or Simon Plum,
China, introduced into this country.

1881.—James A. Garfield, President of the
United States, and served until he died, Sep-
tember 19th, from: wounds inflicted by the
assassin.

1881.—Mechanical Refrigerating Company
opened a commercial cold-storage plant in
Bosion, markirg the beginning of mechanical
refrigeration in regard to horticulture.

1881.—--The first iron greenhouse in
United States eercted this year.

1881, June 22d.—American Hereford Cattle
Breeders’ Association organized. C. M. Cul-
bertson, President; T. E. Miller, Secretary.

1881, July 16th.—Swannanoe, an aged
horse hy Red Dick, established the mile
reeord of 1:50 in a hurdle race at Brighton
Beach, N. Y. He carried 120 pounds.

1881, Juiy 19th.—Speculation, a running
horse by Daniel Boone, ran a mile and a
half over hurdles at the Brigton Beach
Course, New York, in 2:47. The same time,
under the same circumstances and at the

the

same place, was made by Kitty Clark, by
Glenelg, on August 23d, the same year.

1881, August 11th.—Trotting record reduced
twice by Maud S., finally placed at 2:10%4
at Rochester, N. Y.

1881.--Turkey prohibited
of Angora goats.

1881.-—‘‘The coming American cow will be
of the Shorthorn type and hornless.’’—Hon.

the exportation

IL. N. Bonham.
1881.—John D. Gillett’s red Shorthorn bui-
lock McMullen, champion of American Fat

Stock Show, weighing 2,095 pounds.

1881.—Stud Book issued in France for the
Nivernais (black) draft horses.

1881.—Little Brown Jug, brown gelding,
by Gibson’s Tom Hal, dam Lizzie by John
Netherland, reduced the mile pacing record
a gone This at Hartford, Conn., August
24th.

1881.— Breeders’ Gazette established
Chicago by Mr. J. H. Sanders.

1881.—Lowest wheat, in January,
cents; highest, in October, $1.43.

1882.—The sweet pea began to be placed
in flower seed catalogues about this time.

at

95%

native to

1882.—In his American Orchardist, James
Thatcher says: “The seeds for planting
should always be selected from the most
highly-cultivated fruit and the finest and
ripest specimen of such variety.”

1882, January.—A large hog was exhibited
at Junction City, Kansas, said. to weigh
1,532 pounds.

1882.-—H. H. Haaf, of Chicago, formerly of
Henry county, IJllinois, began a series of
articles in favor of dehorning cattle.

1882, February 22d.—Ohio Spanish Merino
Sheep Breeders’ Association organized at
Columbus, Ohio. G. B. Quinn, President; H.
Cc. Denver, First Vice-President; B. W. Bell,

Second
retary;

Vice-President; Capt. J.
Wm. Kennedy,

G.
Treasurer.

Blue, Sec-

1882.— Brienzi, 168, a noted Brown Swiss
cow, imported this year. She became the
most noted cow of the breed in this country.
At. eleven years old she weighed 1,410
pounds. tier three-day show record was 81.7
pounds of milk per day, containing 3.11
pounds of hutter-fat, equal to 3% pounds of
merchantable butter each day.

1882, February.—In this month the great

eizht-year-old white steer, Nels Morris, that
had been exhibited at several Chicago Fat
Stock Shows, was slaughtered. His gross
weight was 2,880 pounds, and he dressed
2,076 pounds.

1882, March.—In this spring a feature of
the itive stock trade of Chicago was the
arrival of large numbers of stock cattie
from Western Pennsylvania. This indicated
the local abandonment of cattle raising as
a business and the weakness of the seaboard

markets as regards anything except choice
eattle and calves.

1882, April.—Sheep sold at the Chicago
market at *8.00 per 100 pounds, highest price
on record.

13882.— ‘Davis’ Vietoria swine givena class

at Illinois State Fair. Originated by George
@ Davis, of Dyer, Ind. Combination of

Poland-China. Chester White, Berkshire and
American, or White Suffolk.

THE FIRST TRAIN

OF GRASS TEXAS
CATTLE to sell at seven cents per pound
were sold by Hunter, Evans & Co. on the
St. Louis market. The picture is that of
MR. M. P. BUEL, of the firm of Hunter,
Evans & Co.

1882, May.—A train of Texas cattle shipped
by Colonel Cc. C. Slaughter, of Dallas, sold on

the St. Lvuis market at seven cents per
pound.
1882, June.—Native beef eattle sold at

Chicago on the general market at $9.30 per
pounds.

1882, July 25th.—At Saratoga, N.Y., Ben
a’Or, by Buckden, placed the record for a
mnile and tive hundred yards at 2:10%.

1882, September.—Heavy hogs sold up to
$9.35 per 100 pounds at Chicago; highest
price on record.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

58

1882.—Tirst Ensilage Congress held in New 1883.—Lowest wheat, in October, 90
York City. It was resolved that the ensilage] cents; highest, in June, $1.13.
system is of great advantage to the farming 1883.—St. Blaise, the famous race horse
interest and to all mankind. and sire, won the English Derby for Sir F.

1882.—John D. Gillett’s Shorthorn steer
second time victor at the American Fat Stock
Show, having gained 470 pounds during the

year. Show weight, 2,565 pounds.
1882, November 9th.—The mile and a

quarter race record over hurdles was placed
at 2:16 by Rourke Cochran, a horse by War

Dance, Vhis time was made at Brighton
Beach, N. Y.
1882.—One of the early farm newspaper

articles concerning the great packing houses
appeared in the Country Gentleman, of
Albany, N. Y., December 7th, 1882, as fol-
lows: “A single meat factory, so to speak,
the noted establishment of Armour & Co.,
with its army of 38,000 employes, disposes of

every day of 700 or S800 cattle, mostly
Texans, and §,000 to 12,000 hogs, every one
of which is slain on the premises and
worked up into all possible products, hardly

ounce of the whole vast bulk going
entirely to waste. <A visit to this establish-
ment is of the utmost interest to those who
care to see the wonderful results that can
be accomplished by system, division of labor,
co-operation and the employment of steam-

an

driven machinery for the relief of human
muscle.”’
1882..—_Lowest wheat, in December, 91%
cents; highest, in April, $1.40.
1$82.—Shotover, owned by the Duke of
Westminster, won the English Derby in

2:45 3-5, Quicklime finishing second.

1882.—The tubereulin test for tuberculosis
first seriously considered as practical by Dr.
D. E. Salmon, Chief of the United States
Bureau of Animal Industry.

1883.—Ormonde, the thoroughbred, was
foaled at Baton Hall, seat of the Duke of
Westminster. He died at Menlo Park, Cali-
fornia, twenty-one years later. He started
in sixteen races and won them all, incluling

the English Derby, two thousand guineas,
and St. Ledger. Wm. O’Brien McDonough,
of California, paid $150,000 for him. He
was a majestic bay, 16.1 hands, and con-
sidered to be the grandest thoroughbred of
his day.

1883.—The Wyandotte breed of fowls re-

ceived their name in this year.
posed by Mr.
The breed was originated
Ray. of Hemlock, N. Y.,
Sebright Bantam male
“Chitatong,”’ which he
Cochins. Rey. A. S. Baker
also produced similar fowls.

1883.—-Roan Boy, Shorthorn steer, cham-
pion of American Fat Stock Show. Exhib-
ited by C. M. Culbertson, of Newman, III.

1883.— Peter Collier. of New York, patented

It was pro-
Houdlette at Worcester, Mass.
by 9 Ma Jiohn P:
by 2 cress: of (a
with a yellow
named Sebright
and Mr. Benson

an invention for recovering sugar from be-
gasse, or refuse of sugar cane and _ £sor-
shum.,

1883.—-American Red Polled Cattle Society
organized. J. CC. Murray, of Maquoketa,
fowa, Secretary.

1883.—First volume of the North Wales
Black Cattle Herd Book issued; the second
in 1886.

1883.—Percheron Horse
lished in France.

1883, April 18th.—R. Gibson, of Delaware,
Ontario, and Rigdon, Huston & Son _ sold
Shorthorns at Dexter Park, Chicago, and
thirty-two animals were sold for $33,645,
an average of $1,111.55. The highest animal
in the sale was the First Duchess of Hill-
dale, sold to Charles DeGraff, of Winona,
Minn., for $6,900.

1883.-—De Laval eream separators first in-
troduced and sold in the United States.

1883.— First year that middling upland
cotton reached 20 cents per pound in New
York City.

1883.—The Grove, 3d, Hereford bull, at
nine years old sold by B. Rogers for $4,250,
in England.

1883, April 19th.—Two Shorthorn sales:
Launcelot Palmer's Scotch at Dexter Park,
Chicago; twenty-five head averaged $625.
Bow Park | Bates cattle, thirty-six head,
averaged $325.55.

Stud Book estab-

Johnstone, the time heing 2:48 2-5. He was
the second son of Hermiit in succession that
won the Derby.

_ 1883, September 3d.—Jay-Eye-See trots in
2:10% at Providence, R. I., establishing the
world’s gelding record.

1883.—The Allen Shorthorn cattle records
purchased by the American Shorthorn
Breeders’ Association for $25,000.

1883.—-The London Mark Lane Express
says: “The dead-meat traflic is beating the
live-cattle traffic in the United States, and it
would beat it in the trans-Atlantic business
if it had fair play.’’

1354.—The Bureau of Animal
established to investigate and

Industry
report upon

domestic animal diseases.

1884.—At the St. Louis Cattle Growers’
Convention, held in November, 1884, Mr. ©.
EK. Wetzel, Assistant Secretary of the Colo-
rado Cattle Growers’ Association, said: ‘‘At
this time there is an irrepressible conflict
between the live stock shippers and the
slaughterers. The live stock dealer, the
middleman, is only a speculator, and the

middleman must zo, and the two controlling
and only elements of the beef trade of the
eountry will be narrowed down to the ranch-
men and the slaughterers.’’

1884.—-At the Cattlemen’s Convention,
held at St. Louis, November 17, 1884, Mr.
Isaae H. Knox, then President of the St.
Louis National Stock Yards, said: “It is
one thing to kill cattle and another to dis-
pose of the product. Slaughtering is the

cheapest part of the whole business; the
thing is to find a market. To sell the
refrigerated product requires agencies and

cold-storage houses in the East, and as it
costs at least $1,500 to build the smallest
kind of a cold-storage house, it can easily
be understood that to conduct a business of
such a character requires enormous cap-
ital.’ This was in the early days of the
dressed-beef business.

1884.—At the St. Louis Cattle Growers’
Convention, held in November, 1884, Mr. H.
L. Faust, of Salt Lake City, said: ‘In addi-

tion to the other schemes to be considered
we will present the question of refrigerator
ears. It is one of the utmost importance to
the beef consumers of the East. If we could
slaughter out West, instead of shipping our
live cattle to the East, it would be an
enormous saving to the consumer.”

1$84.—In this year a Shropshire record
was established in Indiana by Mortimer
Levering, Albert Henderson, Walter J.
Quick, John lL. Thompson, I. J. Farquhar,
yeo. Allen; Sr., and W. C..- Latta. | athe
association was and is known to-day as the
American Shropshire Registry Association.

1884.—A variety of long-staple upland
eotton named ‘Cook,’ after the originator,
was selected this year in a field of ordinary
cotton hy Mr. W. M. Cook, of Newman,
Miss. Extensively cultivated in the Delta
Region of Mississippi.

1884..— Beginning of four-years’ low prices
of wheat. Lowest price for No. 2 cash
wheat, in December, 69% cents; highest of
the year, in February, 96 cents.

1884.—-A dead heat was run in the
inglish Derby between Mr. J. Hammond's
wereat horse, St. Gatien, by Rotherhill, and
Sir J. Willoughby’s Harvester, by Stirling.
The time was 2:461-5. This was the first
time in history that the Derby went unde-
cided.

1884, April.—-National Stockman, published
at East Liberty, Pa., mentions 1141%-pound
Delaine Merino sheep fed by James McClel-
jiand, of Cannonsburg, Pa., which sold at
seven cents per pound.

1884. May Sth.—The National
Spanish Merino Register
Ohio by James McDowell, H. G. McDowell,
Wm. Beecher, Henry Everhard, G. W. Hel-
denbrand and A. C. McDowell.

1884, May 19th.—National
Wool Growers presided over
Delano at Chicago.

1884.—-Boulonnais
in France.

Dickinson
incorporated in

Meetting of
by" Etonic:

Stud Book established

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

59

1884, June J1th and 12th.—A. C. Hamilton
held a sale of Shorthorns at his farm near
I.exington, Ky., at which an average of
$832.30 was made on 109 head.

old
age. This famous black gelding by Dictator
was the first 2:19 trotter, having trotted a
mile in that time in 1884. Eight years later,
in 1892, having changed his gait, he took a
record of 2:05% as a pacer. He is there-
fore champion combination trotter and pacer

JAY-EYE-SEE.—Picture taken in his

of the world.
1884, August I1st.-—_Jay-Eye-See, a black

gelding, became the first 2:10 trotter, estab-
lishing that record at Providence, R. Tf.
He was a son of Dictator, his dam Midnight,
py Pilot, Jr.. and was driven by Edward
Bither. The next day Maud S., driven
against time at Cleveland, Ohio, set the
mark at 2:09%, and later in the year, at
Lexington, Ky., brought it to 2:09%.

1884, August 28th.—At Leominster, Hng-
land, the Hereford bull Lord Wilson, at nine
years old, sold for $20,000.

1884.—-Clarence Kirklevington, the 2,400,-
pound White Shorthorn, won the champion-
ship at the Chicago Fat Stock Show.

1884.— National Norman Horse Association
incorporated under name of National French
Draft Horse Association.

18384, Sevtember 4th.—Drake Carter, a son
of Ten Broeck, fixed the three-mile running
record at 5:24 at Sheepshead Bay, N. Y. He
earried 115 peunds in going the distance.

1884, October. — Famous Poland-China

boar, Bravo, 237, bought of Klever Bros., of
Bloomingsbury, Ohio, by Walker & Son, of
New Madison, Ohio, for $300.

1884, October Yth.—At Chicago, Johnston,
the great pacer, by Joe Bassett, dam by
Ned Forrest, set the pacing record at
2:06%.

1884, November 18th.—In a few remarks

addressed to the Cattlemen’s Convention at
St. Louis, Gen. W. T. Sherman said: “I
sometimes deplore the disappearance of the
buffalo, elk and antelope; but although these
animals have disappeared, you have replaced

them with probably 20,000,000 of fine bred
stock which supply us with meat we eat
and surply too much of the meat which is

eaten in urope.”’

1885.—In January, 1885, the Commercial
Bulletin of Boston expressed satisfaction
at a decision of Judge Cooley, fixing rates

on dressed beef 75 per cent. higher than the
rate for live cattle. Attention to this dis-
crimination against dressed beef was invited
by an article in the National Live Stock
Journal of January 6. 1885.

1885.—F. W. Maslin, of California, planted
Smyrna seeds from best figs imported by
the wholesale grocery house of H. K. Thur-
ber & Co., of New York, from which were
zrown large and flourishing trees.

1885.--On March 10, 1885, a London paper
announced that P. D. Armour & Co. had
sold five million cans of fresh and corned
beef to be used by the British army then

doing service in the Soudan.
eontract required 70,000 head
1885..-The Boston Daily Advertiser of
March 14, 1885, announced an auction sale
of Western dressed beef, the first sale of its
kind ever ‘held in that city. Over 300
market men were assembled. The beef was
sent there in refrigerator cars by the St.
Louis Beef Canning Company, Wm. H. Mon-
roe, Manager. At first the hind quarters
sold at 11% cents, and fore quarters at
cents per pound; later the prices ranged
from 8% to 10 cents for hind quarters and
0144 to 5% cents for fore quarters.
1885.--—Dr. W. S. of Cotulla,
Texas, a retired army surgeon, associated
with Mr. T. R. Keck, originated a machine
whereby the prickiy pear, abundant in
Southern Texas, could be cut up and fed to
cattle. Juater on pear burners were in-
vented to burn the thorns off as a further
improvement in pear feeding.
1885.—First meeting of the
American Florists held in this
John Thorpe was President.
1885.-—The English Derby was
ord Hastins’s Melton in 2:44 1-5,
finishing second. The winner was sired
Master Jcildare.
1885.—-Grover
United States,
years.
1885.—_National
ganized. President, W.
Vice-President, Levi B.
W. Baker; Treasurer, G.
1885.-—Riley's
nized varieties of corn,
year by James Riley, of
1885.—In this) year a
named Bill, but of pedigree
trotied eighteen miles in harness,
ing 5 Sao.

To supply this
of live cattle.

Caruthers,

Society of
year. Myr.

won by
Paradox
hy

of the
four

President
term, serving

Cieveland,
his first

Stock Exchange or-
H. Thompson, Jr.;
Doud; Secretary, C.
W. Shannon.

one of the recog-
originated in this
Thorntown, Ind.
chestnut horse
unknown,
in a race,

Live

Favorite,

HOLSTEIN-FRIEPSIAN BULL—Champion

Fair. Owned by M. E.

Mo.

St. Louis
of Cameron,

1885, May 25th.—Holstein-Friesian
ciation of America incorporated by
«. Yeomans, William M. Singerly, William
c. Brayton, Thomas B. Wales, Jr., Gerritt S.
Miller, Frederick C. Stevens, Wing R. Smith,
J.D.Guthrie, Frederick J. Houghton, Francis
W. Patterson, Wayne MacVeaugh, G. M.
Emerick. George If. Jackson, H. H. Hatch,
William H. Hemingway, Daniel D. Durnall,
Irwin Langworthy. John B. Tuckerman,
Charles R. Payne, Robert Burch, E. R. Phil-
lips and Solomon Hoxie.

1885, July.—-J. J. Coffman, of Danvers,
Ill., bought of Klever Bros., of Bloomings-
burg, Ohio, the famous Poland-China boar
Tecumseh, 4,339, for $500.

1885.—-Clingstone, by Rysdyk, and Guy, by
Kentucky Prince, trotting together as a
mile record

at the

Moore,

Asso-
Theron

team against time, set the at
re (a
1885.—‘‘Dandy,’’ seven-months-old Davis

Victoria boar, winner of grand sweepstakes
over all other breeds at World's Industrial
and Cotton Exposition, New Orleans, La.

1885.-—Mr. J. B. Warren, of Larchwood,
Towa. imported thirteen head of North
Wales Black Cattle from the Island of

Angleseu,

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1885.—Princess, 2d, a Jersey cow, owned
hy Mrs. S. M. Shoemaker, of Baltimore, Md.,
reported as having made over 46 pounds of
butter in one week. Actual 46 and 50-64ths

vounds. The milk yield was 16 per cent. fat.

COW—PRINCESS, 2d,
46 pounds 12% ounces
butter in seven days. Owned by the
S. M. Shoemaker, of Baltimore, Md.

copyright photograph by permission
Schreiber & Sons, of Philadelphia, Pa.

8,046.

of
late
From
of

JERSEY
Reputed record,

1885.—Mr. J. C. Duncan, of Normal, Ill.,
imported “Normandie” cattle from France.
1885.---Guy, « son of Narragansett, negoti-
ated a mile and three-eighths over hurdles
in 2°35, at Latonia, Ky.
1885.—-Mr. Albert Montgomery,
Orleans, La., imported Brahmin
chour” cattle from India.
1885.--The ilereford steer Regulus, ex-
hibited by Fowler & Van Natta, champion
steer at the American Fat Stock Show.
1885.—Lowest wheat, in March,
cents; highest, in April, 91% cents.
1885.— December.—‘‘The champion beef
animal at Birmingham and London, Eng-
land, Mr. Clement Stephens’ Hereford
heifer Luxury, yielded the extraordinary
and hitherto unexampled proportion of 78%
per cent. of dead meat.” This is from John

New
“Bou-

of
or

73%

Coleman’s Book on Cattle, Sheep and Pigs
of Great Britain.

1886.— Hereford steer Rudolph, Jr., ex-
hibited by George Morgan, champion steer
at the American Fat Stock Show. First of
the pony class to win the prize. His age

was S83 days and show weight 1,530 pounds.

THE PEERLESS MAUD S.—On July 30,

“885, at Cleveland, Ghio, in her fourteenth
year, MAUD S. reduced the one-mile trot-
ting record to 2:08%, which reigned supreme
for six years. She was driven by W. W.
Blair. This particular picture is from a
copyright photo by permission of Schreiber
& Sons.

1886.—Rev. F. von Schluembach, of Perry,
Texas. imported two bulls and two heifers
of the Simmenthal (Bernese) cattle breed of
Switzerland. First ever brought to America.

1886, March.—Tennessee importation of
jacks and jennets from Spain by J. D. &
W. H. Goodpasture and R. H. Hill.

1886.—At the Weatherford Convention of
the Northwest Texas Cattle Raisers’ Associ-
ation,. held in March, 1886, there were two
resolutions adopted in regard to dressed
beef, and the second one grew out of tha
fact that the Pastern railroads in the handg
of a pool controlled by Commissioner Fink
had arranged a discrimination against dressed
beef. The action taken by the Texas cattle
raisers was as follows: ‘‘Resolved, That we
believe it to be to the interest of the pro-
ducers and consumers as fostering competi-
tion among buyers in our principal Western
markets and among sellers in the Eastern
markets that the rates of transportation on
dressed beef and live cattle be as two to
one. Resolved, ‘That we endorse Commis-
sioner TFink’s action in advancing the rate
on dressed beef to the Eastern markets.”

1886.—Crmonde, the celebrated son of Ben
d'Or, owned by the Duke of Westminster,
was the victor in the English Derby, win-
ning in 2:45 3-5 from that grand horse The

Bard, which finished second.
1886, August 2d.—An act of Congress was
passed specially authorizing the use of

harmless butter color.
1886.—Suffolk sheep first given a class in
[ngiish Royal Agricultural Exhibitions.
1886.—-The first Yorkshire hogs recorded
in Canada.

TNS

SALISBURY—Prize-winning Here-
ford bull, highiy representative of the breed.

Murray Boocock, of Keswick,

Va.

Owned by
Albemarle county,

1886.—Highest price for middling upland
cotton on New York market: Market below
30 cents, for the first time in forty-four
years. Highest price of the year, 9 9-16
cents; lowest, 8 13-16 cents per pound.

1886.—Mr. F. Roeding, banker, of. San
Francisco and proprietor of Fancher Creek
Nurseries of Fresno, sent his foreman, C. S.
West, to Smyrna, and was successful in ob-
taining good euttings of the Smyrna figs;
most important step towards establishing
this industry in the United States.

1886, May.-—At Latonia Race Track, Ken-
tucky, the mile and one-sixteenth hurdle
race reecord of 1:591%, was made by the
horse Judge Jackson, a son of Buckden.

1886, August 29th.—Winslow, a son of
the great Ten Broeck, made a mile and
one-eighth over hurdles at the Westside

Track, Chicago, in
1886.—Kerry cattle from Ireland imported
into the United States by Mr. Edward
Kemp, of Rumsen Neck, N. J.
1886.—First volume of American Aber-
deen-Angus Cattle Record issued.
1886.--Lowest wheat, in October, 69%
cents: highest, in January, 84% cents.
1887.—-Daisy D. and _ Silver Tail, the
former by Black Steer, the other by Tem-
pest, Jr., paced a mile as a team in 2:18%.
Tt was not extremely fast, but fast, consid-
ering the period.

230254.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 61

1887.—Mr. Abington’s Merry Hampton, by 1888, May 5th.—The Peninsula and Ori-
Hampton, proved the winner of the English | ental Company’s steamer “Oceanica”’ sailed
Derby in 2:43, The Baron finishing second. from Melbourne, Australia, with 500 tons

1887, May 1st.—In this month were de-|0f Australian apples, reaching London
livered at Coolidge, Kas., and Lamar, Colo.,|/Une 12th, mostly in sound condition. Be-
1,935 Hereford, Shorthorn and Aberdeen- | %!"%1NS of occan commercial refrigeration.
Angus bulls, contracted by C. CG. Campbell 1888.—Hellriegel, a German chemist and
and T. J. Bunton to J. V. Farwell & Co.,| investigator, announced that the nodules
fer the 3,000,000-acre ranch of the Capitol|on the leguminous plants were colonies of
Syndicate in the Panhandle of Texas, the|hacteria, and that their work was to take
largest delivery of its kind in history, up nitrogen from the air and convert it

1887.—Mr. Cobb Gavitt, of Evergreen|into plant food.
Park, near Ashley, Ohio, imported three 1888.—In this year the White Wyandotte
Shetland ponies bought of the Marquis of} was admitted to the standard of tha
Londonderry. American Poultry Association. The credit

1887, June.—Live Stock Breeders’ Direc-|°f their origin is given to Geo. W. Towle,
tory of the United States and Canada pub-|f Truxton, N. Y., and B. M. Briggs, of
lished by Philip H. Hale, of St. Louis, Mo. | Wyandale, N. Y.

1887.—Importation of Simmenthal eattle 1888, August 21st.—The ‘record for a
to this country by John Dick, of Quiney, IIl. mile and three-sixteenths, which is 2:22,

1887._-F. A. Thomas, of Chicago, and Mr. Nes aera ee a es
Parker Barle, of Cobden, Ill., revolutionized | Vo 2 * Peenigeiar ses

the fresh fruit transportation by shipments
to all parts of the United States.

1887, June 21st.—In a _ hurdle
Sheepshead Bay, N. Y., Buckra,
horse by Buckden, made the fast record
for two and a quarter miles of 4:26. He
earried 168 pounds for this performance.

1887.--Johnston, the great son of Joe
Bassett, dam Cary mare, by Ned Forrest,
placed the pacing reeord = to wagon at
2:14%. This was in a competitive race.

1887.—D. M. Moniger’s Dr. Glick, Short-
horn steer, champion at American Fat
Stock Show.

1887, July 3d.—Notable shipment of a ear-
load of tomatoes from Humboldt, Tennessee,

race
an aged

at

by W. FR. Rea, and consigned to Charles
Richardson, of New York City. Practical
commencement of truck farming in West
Tennessee.

1887, September.—First car-load of Colo-

rado celery shipped Hast by C. T. Fort from
Denver, Colo.

1887. —American
porated

: ican Essex Association incor-
in Illinois.

ESSEX BOAR—MODEL JIM, 1,081. First:

prize and sweepstakes winner at the St.
Louis Fair, both years; 1901 and 1902; also
winrer of many other first prizes. Never

defeated in the show ring. Bred and owned
by Peter Miller & Son, of Belleville, I11.

1887, November 1st.—Opening
Sioux City Steck Yards of Iowa
ness. President and Treasurer, 5 3
Hedges; Vice-President, James E. Booge;
Secretary, Ed. Hankinson... These three with
A. S. Garretson and W. V.!Hedges consti-
tuted the Board of Directors.

1887.—Galloway steer, winner at Smith-
field Show, weighing 2,464 pounds.

1887.—-Introduction of commercially valu-

of
for

the
busi-
1

able ineubators for artificial hatching
dates from this year.

1887.—Lowest wheat, in August, 66%
cents; highest, in June, 94% cents.

1887.—In this year the experiment of dis-
posing of California fruit at auction was

tried in New York by Messrs. Sgobel &
Day, at that time agents for the California
Fruit Union, and the result proved favor-
able.

1888.—The Aberdeen-Angus_ steer, Dot,
exhibited by Mr. Imboden, champion at the
American Fat Stock Show. Age, 863 days,

and show weight, 1,515° pounds,

1888, September 17th.—Organization of the

American Breeders’ Association of Jacks
and Jennets at Springfield, Ill. President,
Chas. BE. Leonard, of Bell Air, Mo.; Vice-

President, Albert Babb, of Taylorville, Ill;

Secretary, W. H. Goodpasture, of Nashville,
Tenn.; Treasurer, Major Wm. Gentry, of
Sedalia, Mo,

1888.—Johnston
ins s2etoe
held

paced a mile under saddle
breaking® the record of 2:14%
since by Billy 30yce, a- son of
Old Corbeau. Johnston’s feat has never
been excelled.

1888.—Polled Durham eattle first recog-
nized as a distinet breed by the Ohio Cen-
iennial and State Fair. Exhibitors, Shafor
& Clawson and Captain W. S. Miller.

1888, October 19th.—Sunol, a bay filly,
placed the one-mile two-year-old trotting
record at 2:201%4 at San Francisco.

1888.— J. D. & W. H. Goodpasture, of
Nashville, Tenn., made the largest individual

jack and jennet importaition—fifty-seven
head.

1888.—-Lowest wheat, in April, 71% cents;>
highest, in September, caused by the
Hutchinson Corner, $2.00, declining io
$1.041%4 the next day.

1888.—Prof. W. M. Hays, of the Minne-
sota Experiment Station, began a series of
systematic wheat experiments of invaluable
service to the wheat growers of the country.

1888, November.—The lamb-feeding in-
dustry in Jarimer county, Colorado, com-
menced by Bennett Bros., of Fort Collins,
purchasing 2,500 Mexican lambs, which

they intended feeding corn at Paxton, Neb.;
but, being snaowbound in transit, the lambs
were brought to Fort Colilns and fed on
alfalfa, with corn added to the ration later.
The result was that they gained rapidly in
flesh and condition and topped the Chicago
market at $5.40 per 100 pounds. By the
year 1900 the lamb-feeding industry of
Colorado had increased to 351,225 head in
one season.

1888.—Iron framework first used in green-

house construction in this year and came
rapidly into use.

1888.—Ayrshire, owned by the Duke of
Portland, a horse sired by. Hampton, won
the English Derby, and also incidentally
established the fastest time in its history
to that date, that of 2:42 1-5.

1889.—An Arkansas firm imported twenty-
five fine jacks and jennets from Spain. Ex-
hibited at the St. Louis Fair.

1889.— Dr. D. E. Salmon, Chief of the
Bureau of Animal Industry, determined
upon a line of investigation of Southern
‘cattle fever, resulting in the adoption of
the tick theory as the cause of disease.
The experiments were conducted by Dr.
F,. L. Wilborne.

1889.—Shorthorn steer Rigdon exhibited
by Elbert & Fall, champion at the Ameri-
can Fat Stock Show.

1889.—The white variety of Orpington
fowls established a breed that dates from
this year.

1889.—The Department of Agriculture im-
ported rooted suckers of the Date Palm

from Algerian Sahara and Higypt and sent
them to New Mexico, Arizona and Cali-
fornia,

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

62

1889..—The Duke of Portland won the
English Derby ‘with the horse Donovan,
which was sired by Galopin. The time wsa

2:44 2-5.
second.

1889.—In the year 1889 the legislators of
the state of Virginia enacted a law which
was intended to shut dressed beef out from
that state. Vhe law prohibited the offering
for sale of fresh meat at places 100 miles or

A horse named San Miguel was

more distant from the places of slaughter
unless it had been inspected by the local
inspectors of Virginia, for which inspection

the owner of the meat had to pay one cent

per pound. The inspection alone amounted
to from $6.00 te $19.00 per head. It was
propounced unconstitutional. This was an

example of state enactments passed for the
purpose of interfering with interstate com-
meree and more especially to please the
butehers who were trying to kill the
dressed-beef trade by law.
1489.—The “Carman” peach _ originated
from seed planted by J. W. Stubenrauch,
of Mexia, Texas. warly variety and com-
paratively free from rot.
1889.—Through influence of Prof.
Van Demen, Pomologist, and Prof.
Riley, Entomologist, the United
Department of Agriculture secured and
distributed Capri fig cuttings from Turkey.
1889.— Renjzmin Harrison, President of
the United States, and served four years.
1889.-—_Union Cold Storage Company of
Chicago, first Western establishment to offer
mechanieal refrigeration for general storage,
apples heing the first fruit stored.

H.
C.

Ts.

Wo

HON. NORMAN J. COLMAN.

1889, February 11th.—Hon. Norman J.
Colman, of Missouri, editor and proprietor
of the tural World, appointed the first
Secretary of Agriculture — by President
Grover Cleveland. Previously the highest
officer of the Agricultural Department was

Commissioner.

1899.— Lowest wheat, in June, 75%
highest, in February, $1.08%.

1889, August 25th.—Death of Henry Shaw,

cents;

Born in Sheffield, ‘England, July 24, 1909.
Hie gave the famous Shaw’s’' Botanical
Gerden and Tower Grove Park to the city
of St. Souis.

1889, August 30th.—The fastest half mile
on the running turf was made by Geraldine
at New York in 0:46. It was on a straight
course, and she was carrying 122 |pounds.
Geraldine was by Grinstead, and four years
old when this record was made.

1889, October 11th.—At Terre Haute,
Ind., Axtell trots a mile in 2:12, establish-
ing three-year-old and stallion record.

1889, November 14th.—American Polled
Durham Breeders’ Association organized.
President, Win. W. Crane, of Tippecanoe City,

States |

| measured

, corn

| containing
‘acres were actually producing seed crops.

1889.—Luke M. Emerson, of Bowling
Green, Mo., imported Catalonian jacks,

HON. JHE

es
an
S|
=
| &
>
fe

Secretary of Agriculture under President
| Senjamin Harrison. z
1889.—The American Agriculturist corn

contest for the largest yield of corn on one
acre. Grand prize won by Zacha-
Jordan Drake, of Marlboro county,
Carolina, who grew 255 bushels of
corn or 239 bushels erib-cured corn
at a high net cost of 44 cents per bushel.
Second prize won by Alfred Rose, of Yates
county. New York, who grew 213 bushels of
shelled corn or 191 bushels of erib-cured corn
at a cost of 16 cents per bushel. Third prize
won by George Gartner, of Pawnee county,
Nebraska, who grew 171 bushels of shelled
or 151 bushels of chib-cured corn at a
cost of 47 cents per bushel.

1890.—The census of this year enumer-

ated 596 seed farms in the United States,
1€9,850 acres, of which 96,567

riah
South
shelled

1890.—Silver Mine, a standard variety of
white corn, originated in this year by J. H.
Beagley, of Sibley, III.

1890, February 20th.—The National Live
Stock Reporter established at the St. Louis
National Stock Yards by Philip H. Hale.

1890.— Center of United States population,
twenty miles east of Columbus, Ind.

1890.—The Babeock Cream Tester in-
vented by Dr. S. M. Babcock, of Madison,
Wis., and generously given over to public use
and benefit without charge.

1890.—The United States Census reported
4,564,641 farms in the United States, an in-
crease of 555,734 in ten years.

1890. — Dispersion of the Cruickshank
Shorthorns, the breeder being 82 years old.

1890..—Great improvement in cream separa-
tors by Baron von Bechtoldsheim, of Ger-
many. Hand separator made _ possible by
Alpha dise system.

1890.—The Holstein cow, Pauline Paul,
owned hy J. B. Dutcher & Son, of Pawling,
N. Y., reported as having made 1,153 and 63-
64ths pounds of butter in one year.

1890, May i1st.—First alfalfa sown on
Woodland Farm, Ohio, by Joseph E. Wing.
Really the beginning of successful alfalfa

culture east of the Missouri river.

1890.-—Village postal delivery recommended
by Postmaster-General Wanamaker, a fore-
runner of Rural Free Delivery.

1890, July S&th.—The record for seven-
eighths of a mile, running over a straight
course, was placed by Bell B., a five year-
old, at 1:2314, at Monmouth Park, with 103
pounds up. Bella B. Was by Enquirer.

1890.— Louisiana became first in rank cf
rice-growing states, -displacing South Caro-

Ohio; Secretary, A. E. Burleigh,of Mazon, Ill. ; lina,

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

63

1890.—Illinois State Fair at Peoria. Great
contest of champion Shorthorn bulls Cup
Beurer, Phenomenon, Goldstick and Young
Abbotsburn, the latter the victor; weighed
“800 pounds; owned by T. S. Moberly, of
Kentucky.

1890.—The English Derby was won by Sir
James Miller's Sanfoin, by Springfield. There
were only eight starters, and LeNord was
second. The time was 2:49%4,

1890, July 17th.—Banquet the mighty race
horse, placed the record for the Derby dis-
tanee (2 mile and a quarter) at 2:03% at
Monmouth Yark over a_e straight course.
Banquet was by Imported Raymond d’Or,
and was one of the greatest horses that ever
lived.

1890, August 20th.—The fastest horse
rumning record for a quarter of a mile was
made ty Fol Wade, a four-year-old, at
Butte, Mont. The time was 0:21\.

1890.- —Center of the number of farms in
the United States, eighty-two miles south
by west of Indianapolis, in Washington
county, Indiana.

1890.— The Shorthorn steer Nonesuch,
hibited by W. H. Renick, champion at the
Chicago Fat Stock Suow.

1890, August 2?Sth.—The famous running
horse Salvator made the phenomenal mile
record of 1:35% at Monmouth Park over a
straight course in a race against time.
Salvator was by Imported Prince Charlie.
When he performed this feat he was a four-
year-old and carried 110 pounds.

ex=

1890.._Lowest wheat, in February, 714
cenis; highest, in August, $1.084.
1890.-—Swine in Ireland, 1,570,366 head,

the largest number known in that country.

REX PRAVINE—Saddle stallion.
by Dr. W. L. Hockaday, of Richmond, Ky.
‘Vinner at Louisville (Ky.) State Fair. tep-

Owned

resentative American saddle horse.

1891.—The American (formerly National)
Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association organized
at Louisville, Ky., and issued the first volume
of the American Saddle Horse Register tha
year following.

1891,.-—Allerton.
horses and sires of extreme speed in the
history of the trotting turf, was sent a
mile trotting to wagon, and set the trotting
mark at 2:15. He was sired by Jay Bird,
and his dam was Gussie Wilkes, by Mam-
brino Boy.

1891.—In this year the unique performance
of three horses trotting a mile abreast was
made in the fast time of 2:14. The horses
were Telle Hamiin, bay mare Globe, bay
gelding: and Justina, bay mare; all by
Almont, Jr.

1891.-—Capiain S. F. Fountain, United
States Cavalry, with mounted detachment,
rede eighty-four miles in eight hours, a
record of horse endurance.

1891.—The Berry Farmer, published by
B. F. Smith at Lawrence, Kansas, one of
the early fruit publications of the West.
Short-lived but valuable.

one of the greatest race

1891, June 22d
sreat Spendthritft,

-Kingston, the son of the
carrying 139 pounds, set
the mark for the Futurity Course, which is
170 feet less than three-fourths of a mile, in
1:08. The performance was made at Coney
Island, N. Y.

STUNOT,,

2:08%, by Electioneer.

1891.—Sunol, bay mare by Blectioneer, dam

Waxana, by General Benton, became cham-
pion trotter, clipping a half second off the
record established by Maud §S. in 1885 and
reducing the world’s mark to 2:08%4. The
record was made at Stockton, Calif., where
she was driven by Charley Marvin.
1891.—Mr. James Shinn, of Niles, Calif.,

obtained the first specimens of Blastophaga,
the fig fertilizing insect from Syria.

1891, August 15th.—The first horse to run
three-eighths of a mile in 0:34 on the Amer-
ican Turf was Pashion, a four-year-old, and
the record was made at Lampasas, Texas.
This record was later equaled on July 22d,
1896. by Red S., an aged horse, carrying
122 pounds, at Butte, Mont., and thus held
jointly by the tw 5.

1891.--The two-year-old Hereford steer
Hickorynut, exhibited by W. S. Van Natta,
champion at the American Fat Stock Show.
At 954 days his weight was 1,629 pounds.

1891, September 8d.—At Independence,
Jowa. Direct, black horse by Director, paces
in 2:06, making world’s record.

1891.—The Blanche Ferry, a descendant of
the Painted Lady, first valuable variety of
ihe modern sweet pea, introduced by Ameri-
ean seedsmen.

1891.—The largest week’s receipts of cattle
at any market were recorded at Chicago
during the week ending September 19th, the
total being 95,524 head.

1891.-—First two-billion-bushel corn crop in
the United States; officially 2,060,154,090
bushels. F

1891, November.—At the Chicago Dairy
Show the Brown Swiss cow Brienz, owned by
Abe Bourquin, of Nokomis, Ill, made 9.52
pounds of butter-fat in three days, being
the largest yield in public competition.

1891.—-Three-year-old beef cattle dropped
from classes of the American Fat Stock
Show.

1891.--Lowest wheat, in
highest, in April, $1.16.

1891.—A horse named The Common, by
Tsonomy, owned by Sir F. Johnstone, was the
winner of the English Derby. The time
made, 2:56 4-5, was the second slowest in its
history. Gouverneur ran second.

1391.—The pacer Joe Jefferson made the
fastest reeord for four miles in harness, his
time being i9:19. This record was made
against time.

1891.—The Smyrna fig first hand pollinated
by Dr. Bisen at Niles, Calif.

1891, November 10th.—At Stockton, Calif.,
Arion trots in 2:10%, the world’s two-year-
old record.

1891, November 17th.—Palo Alto estab-
lishes a world’s stallion record by trotting a
mile in 2:08 %%4.

July, 85 cents;

64

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1891, December 9th.—At the St. Louis
National Stoek Yards first exhibition of car-
loads of live stock for prizes in pens of a
public stock yard. Premiums paid by Philip
H. Hale, publisher National Live Stock
Reporter.

HAPPY MEDIUM, 2:32144,—TROTTING

SIRE. By UHambletonian. Sire of Nancy
Hanks, 2:04; Riley Medium, 2:10%; Maxie
Cobb, 2:131%; and many others in the 2:15

list. From copyright photo by permission of
Schreiber & Sons, of Philadelphia, Pa.

4th.—German, Hanoverian
Association of
H. Hol-
Jeptha

1892,
and Oldenburg
America organized.
bert, of Greeley. Iowa; Secretary,
Crouch, of Lafayette, Ind.

1892. April 27th.—First ear-load of toma-
toes from Fiorida shipped to England.

1892, June 5th.—Sir John, by Sir Modred,
tock a record of 2:14% for a mile and five-
sixteenths over the New York Jockey Club
Course.

February
Coach Horse
President, A.

NANCY HANKS. 2:04.

1892.—Nancy Hanks, the famous daughter
of Happy Medium and Nancy Lee, by Dicta-
tor, jumped into fame by lowering the trot-
ting record to 2:07%. The record was made

at Chicago, fll., August 17th, Budd Doble
driving. It was an attempt against time. On
the last day of the same month, at Inde-

pendence, Iowa, she performed the phenom-
enal feat of taking two more full seconds
off the record, reducing it to 2:054%. A
month later, at Terre Haute, Ind., driven by
Doble, she brought the mark down to 2:04,
her best record. Thus from August 17th to
September 28th, a space of forty-one days,
this thrice-crowned champion cut 4% seconds
from the world’s great record. She was in-
indeed a marvel. The Bike Sulky dates from
this time in trotting and pacing races.

1892.-—Mr. Geo. C. Roedding, of San Fran-
cisco, Calif... secured consignments of figs
containing Blastophagas (the fig fertilizing
insect) from Smyrna, in Asia.

1892.—American pears, plums, peaches and
oranges were first exported commercially to
England.

1892.—Largest receipts of cattle in one
year at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago,
3,571,796 head.

1892.—Sheep in Ireland, 4,827,777, the

largest number known in that country.

1892, July 21st.—Maid Marian, in her
three-year-old form, set the mile and twenty
yards running record at 1:40 at Washington
Park, Chicago.

1892, September 22d.—At Providence, R. I.,
Belle Hamlin and Honest George trotted a
mile as a team against time, and brought
‘the record to 2:12%4, beating the previous
record of 2:13, made in 1891 by Belle Hamilin
and Justina.

1892..—Potts & Son’s Shorthorn steer King,
champion at Stock Yards Fat Stock Show,
Chicago.

1492, September.—Largest receipts of cattle
in one montn at the Union Stock Yards,
Chicago, 385,469 head.

1892.-—Sir Hugo, sired by Wisdom and
owned by Lord Bradford, took the English
Derby from a field of thirteen starters. The
time, 2:44, was fair. LaFleche was second.

1893.—Grover Cleveland, President of the

United States, his second term, serving four
years.

MASCOT, 2:04—PACING GELDING. In
the year 1892, for the first time, a trotter,

Nancy Hanks, and a pacer, MASCOT, divided
the honor of being the fastest light-harness
performer. R

1892, November Sth.—-Direct paces a mile

in 2:05, making a world’s stallion record.
This at Columbus, Tenn.
1892, November 10th.—Western Holstein-

Wriesian Association incorporated. President,
M. E. Moore, of Cameron, Mo.; Vice-Presi-
dent, E. F. Irwin, of Richfield, Minn.; Treas-
urer, J. B. Zinn, of Topeka, Kas.; Secretary,
W. F. Whitney, of Marshall, Mo.

1892.—-Lowest wheat, in October,
cents: highest, 9134, cents, in February.

1893.—Columbian Exposition Shorthorn
contest. Champion bull, any age, Colonel 'T.
S. Moberley’s Young Abbotsburn; champion
female, J. G. Robbins & Sons’ Gay Mary.

1893.— Early in this year California made
her first attempt to expert fruit to England
under the general management of the Earl
Trust Company. The orange growers of
Azusa, Duarte and Covina, Los Angeles
county, contributed the fruit. One car, con-
taining 290 boxes, left New York on the
steamer Teutonic on March 8th, consigned
to L. Connolly & Co., of Liverpool. The con-
signment was a success. The authorilty of
this statement is Bailey’s Annals of Horti-
culture.

1893.—Lowest wheat, in July, 54%
highest, in April, 88 cents.

691%

cents;

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 65

1893.—Nightingale, by Mambrino King,
dam by Hambletonian, 572, placed the three-
mile trotting record at 6:55.

1892.—Mascot, bay gelding, by Deceive,
divided honors with the trotting mare Nancy
Hanks py veducing the one-mile paciug
record to 2:04. This at Terre Haute, Ind.,
September 1th.

Prize-winning Angora goat.

_ 1893.-—Dr. C. P. Bailey, of San Jose, Calif.,
imported two Angora bucks from South
Africa.

1893.—Champion beef animal at Columbian
Exposition, the Shorthorn beef steer Cup
Bearer, exhibited by Milton E. Jones, of
Williamsville, Tl.

1893.—Isinglass, by Isonomy, owned by W.
H. McCalmont, won the English Derby in
2343.

1888, March 10th.—- First bottle of “‘certi-
fleld milk’? delivered by Stephen Francisco,
ot Essex county, New Jersey.

1893.—F. J. Merriam, pioneer market gar-
dener of Georgia, commenced operations in
this year near Atianta.

1893, July 4th.—At Kirkwood, Del., Ayres
P., a chestnut gelding by Prosper Merrimee,
trotted a mile against time alongside of a
running mate in 2:03%.

HON, J. STERLING MORTON.

1893.--J. Sterling Morton, Secretary of
Agriculture during second term of President
Cleveland,

1893.--American
organized, lon.
and Major A. G.

1893,
gelding
Chicago,
Was a

Yorkshire Association
W. M. Liggett, President;
Wilcox, Secretary.
September 15th.—Flying Jib, bay
by Algona, paces a mile in 2:04 at
equaling the world’s record. This
performance against time.

1893, October 17th.—Fantasy, bay mare by

Chimes, trots in 2:08% at Nashville, Tenn.,
establishing the world’s reeord for three-
year-old filly.

; 1893, October 18th.—At Nashville, Tenn.,,
Directum, by Director, trots in 2:05%,

establishing a world’s four-year-old record.

1893.—The San Jose seale, the most dan-
serous enemy to fruit trees, discovered in
New Jersey. Jt was brought from California
upon nursery stock.

1893.— At Luenburg, Mass., Luther Bur-
bank originated the famous Burbank potato,

his first important suecess in plant im-
provement.

1894.--Cotton boll weevil first came _ to
notice of Department of Agriculture as im-

portant of cotton in Texas.
1854, July 5th.—The fastest time for a mile

enemy

and three-eighths was made by Sabine, by
Rossington, at Washington Park, Chicagu,
the record heing 2:18%.

1894, August.—First car of erated cabbage
shipped from Denver, Colo., by C. T. Fort.

1894, September 13th.—Robert J., a bay
gelding by Hartford, establishes world’s
mile pacing record in 2:011%% at Terre Haute,
Indiana.

ALIX,

2:03 %.

{894.— Division of soils organized in the
United States Weather Bureau by executive
order, afterwards enlarged in Department of
Agriculture.

1894.—The fastest team record in a trot-
ting race was placed at 2:51%4 by Sally Sim-
mons, a daughter of Simmons, and Sally
Adams, by John Burdine, and Roseleaf, a
mare by Goldleaf, dam Florence B., by
Atlantic.

1894, September i9th.—Alix, bay mare, by
Patronage, dam by Attorney, placed the
mile trotting match at 2:03% at Galesburg,
driven by Andy McDowell. :

1894, September 27th.—Abdell, bay colt, by
Advertiser, establishes yearling world’s trot-
ting record for one mile in 2:23 at Stockton,
California.

1894. --The system of putting up cotton in
eylindrieal bales started at Waco, Texas.

1894, October 3d.—-At Chillicothe, Ohio,
lying Jib, the famous pacer, hitched with
a running mate, went the mile in the re-
markably fast time of 1:58%4, the fastest
mile negotiated to that time by a harness

horse; but the momentum given by the
runner takes some merit from the perform-
anee. This style of racing is not now in
vogue.

1894, October 9th.—Maid Marian, the four-
year-old daughter of Imported Great Tom,
galloped five-eighths of a mile over the New
York (straight) Course in 0:56%, breaking
all records.

66

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1894.—At the Dairy Show in England in
this year a pair of Single-comb Buff Orping-
ton fowls were exhibited by Mr. Cook, of
Tower House, Orpington, the originator of
the breed.

1894.—Lowest No. 2 cash wheat in Septem-
her, 50 cents; highest, in April, 65% cents.

1894.—American Agriculturist changed
from a monthly to a weekly publication.

1894.—Champion beef animal at American
Fat Stock Show, the Shorthorn — steer
“Whiskers,’’ exhibited by J. H. Potts &
Sons. Weight at 1,048 days, 1,776 pounds.

1894.---Whie Cupid, a famous variety of
the sweet pea, discovered as a chance sport
on the seed farms of C. C. Morse & Co., of
California.

1894.— Gilbert H.
ef first government
seeds,

1894.—Lord Roseberry won the English
Derby with Ladas, by Hampton, in 2:45 4-5.
The field was the smallest in the history of
the classic, there being only seven starters.

1895.—The trotting record for three miles

charge
testing

Hicks placed in
laboratory for

of 7:16%, in a race, was made by Fairy-
wood, a bay gelding by Milbourne, dam by
Fairy Gift.

1895, February 11th.—Largest receipts of

hogs in one day at the Union Stock
Chicago, 74,551 head.

1895.— Galloway cattle shown at Birming-
ham and Smithfield.

1895, April 5th.—Horse
opened at the St. Louis National
Yards by John Kirk and T. T. Ruby,
mission salesmen, and A. Heiman,
dealer. John Kirk held the first

Yards,

market

Stock
com-
mule

auction.

and mule

MR. A. HEIMAN, mule dealer, who—as
the only operator in the yards at the time
—established the great modern mule market
at the St. Louis National Stock Yards.

1895, July 24th.—The Sioux City Stock
Yards passed into possession of the Sioux
City. Stock’. Yards § Company: Col. I. -C:
Elston, President, of Crawfordsville, Ind.;
Mr. F. W. Estabrook, Vice-President, of
Nashua, N. H.; Mr. F. L. Eaton, Secretary
and Treasurer, of Sioux City, Iowa.; Mr. H.
P. Chesley, General Manager, of Sioux City,
Iowa. The Board of Directors included
Messrs. John Ellis, of Kewanee, Ill.; Joseph
C. Head, of Latrobe, Pa.; Wm. Reynolds, of
Marblehead, Mass.; and Michael Cudahy, of
Chicago, Ill.

1895, September 10th.—The steamship
Southern Cross, 5,050 tons register, arrived
at ‘London from Sydney, Australia, laden

with cattle, sheep and horses.
first large cattle shipment
from “the Antarctic continent. The ship's
voyage was by way of Montevidio, in order
to avoid the heat of the Red Sea. The ship
ment consisted of 550 cattle, 488 sheep and
29 horses, all in charge of thirty men. The
deaths en route were fifty-two cattle,
eighty-two sheep and one horse. The cost
of transportation, feed and attendance was
$68.25 per head for horses and eattle and
$6.90 per head for sheep. The shipment
not a financial success.

1895.—_-Lowest wheat, in

This was the
of live animals

January, 48%

i My
cents, being the lowest on record; highest of
85 3%

the year. in May, cents.

MR. THOS.: W. CROUCH, multe dealer and
representative of the old Broadway Mule
Market of St. Louis, who contracted for the
removal of the entire mule trade of the city
of St. Louis to the National Stock Yards.

1896, February 3d.—The old
horse and mule market at St. Louis,
beginning at a period around 1853, had
become the greatest in the world, was
totally abandoned, all of the remaining firms
removing to the St. Louis National Stock
Yards, where the modern St. Louis horse and

Broadway
which,

mule market had previously been estab-
lished. The firms which moved across the
river were the Western Sale Stables Com-
pany: Maxwell! & Crouch Mule Company;

Sparks Bros.; Charles Cahn & Son; Jacques,
Levy & Ce.; and J. D. Guyton & Co. That
day’s receipts were 1,372 head.

1896.--Lord Roseberry won the English
Derby for the second time with Sir Visto, a
son of Barealdine. Time, 2:43 2-5.
_ 1896.—This year the maximum crop of
Sea Island cotton in the United States was
grown, there being 103,516 bales reported
to the United States government as the crop
of 1896-97.

1896.— In this year the record of 2:30 for a
mile was made by a four-in-hand of trotters,
consisting of Damiana, a chestnut mare;
Belnut, a chestnut gelding; and Maud V. and
Nutspra, also chestnut mares; all sired by
Nutmeg. E

1896, March 24th.—Patent for a single-dise
plow granted to C. A. Hardy, and manu-
factured by the Texas Disc Plow Co.

1896.—At Madison Square Garden Live
Stock Show the Hereford steer ‘Jack,’ a
yearling, was grand champion.

1896, June,—Top native cattle at Chicago
sold at $4.65 per 100 pounds, the lowest in
about twenty-five years.

1896.--Mr. Arnold Cooper, of Richmond,
Natal, South Africa, noticed grasshoppers to
be dying from fungus disease. The knowl-
edge since used for destruction of the grass-
hopper pest.

1896.—The Prince of Wales’ entry, Per-
simmon, a son of St. Simon, won the English
Derby from a field of eleven in the fast
time of 2:42, St. Frusquin running second,

‘

= =

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 67

harmless
of

use of
manufacture

1896, June 6th.—The
coloring matter in the

cheese was specially authorized by law.

JOHN R. GENTRY, 2:

1896, September 24th.—John R. Gentry,
bay horse by Ashland Wilkes, paces a mile
in 2:00%, establishing a world’s record.

1896.— Buff Orpington fowls established as
a distinct family in this year.

1896.--Vegetable canning on commercial
basis. Record for United States and Canada,
3,541,188 cases of tomatoes and 2,676,515
eases of canned corn. Bach case contained
two dozen standard cans.

1896, October 1st.—Virst Rural Free De-
livery Postat Routes established in this
country at Halltown, Uvilla and Charlestown,
W. Va. Hon. Wm. L. Wilson was Postmaster-
General.

1896.— Lowest wheat, In June, 58%
highest, in November, 94% cents.

1897, January 1st.—The West Philadelphia
Stock Yard Company succeeded the old
Steck Yard Company, which had been in
business since 1876. Officers of the new
company: Thos. B. Shriver, President; and
Joseph M. Harlan, Secretary and Treasurer.

cents;

Board of Directors—Thos. B. Shriver, S. W.
Allerton, D. H. Sherman, D. B. Martin, A.
M. Fuller, W. M. Fuller and Joseph M. |

Harlan.

J. J. SEARCY

on left, JOSEPH MAX-
WELL in center, and FRANK SLOAN on
the right, three of the pioneers of the St.
Louis horse and mule market.

1897.—At the meeting of the Assoication
of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Sta-
tions a committee was appointed, consisting
of Professors Jenkins, Card, Lazenby, Mc-
Carthy and Mr. Gilbert H. Hicks, to draw up
rules and regulations for seed testing.

1897.—Galtee mare, owned by J. Gubbhins,
eaptured the English Derby in 2:44, Velas-
quez being second. The winner was sired by

Kendal, a horse of no great prominence.
1897.—Wm. McKinley, President of the
United States, serving four years and until

re-elected, when he died at the hands of the
assassin.

1897.—New era in rice culture. ‘Provi-
dence’ rice dependent upon rainfall and
hand plowing, succeeded by irrigation and

thorough machinery methods.

1897.— James Wilson, of Iowa, Secretary of
Agriculture,appointed by President McKinley.

1897.-—-First commercial seed testing labor-
atory in the United States established by Mr.
Frank Sempers at Blythedale, Md.

1897.-—At the American Fat Stock Show
the Hereford steer ‘“Jack’’ was champion; a
two-year-old, weighing 1,830 pounds.

189%, May 26th.—Handpress, the remark-
able son of Hanover, in his two-year-old
form, with 100 pounds up, set the four-and-
one-half furlong record at 0:52 at the New
York Jockey Club meeting.

1897..—Rex N. Blaxland imported pure-bred

Angora goats into New South Wales, Aus-
tralia, from the island of Tasmania—the

pioneer flock of the modern Angora industry
in New South Wales.

BROWN HAL, 2:32%—Son of old Tom
Hal. Sire of Star Pointer, 1:59%,, and malty

pacers. From photograph by
BROWN HAL was foaled in 13879
H. Moore, of Culleoka, Tenn.

other great
Schreiher.
and bred by R.

1897.—Seed and plant introduction first
undertaken by the Department of Agricult-
ure on systematic scale.

1897, June.—Experiments in pasteurization
of eream for the purpose of improving the
keeping qualities of butter were conducted
at Hesston Creamery, Newton, Kansas, by
J. H. Monrad, Special Agent Dairy Division,
United States Bureau of Animal Industry.
Results favorable to pasteurization, but not
clearly and distinetly so.

189%, July.—At ,this time the United
States Department of Agriculture first began
to distribute vaceine virus for the prevention

of blackleg in cattle. Age for inoculation.
six to twenty-four months.
1897.—Lowest wheat, in April, 64% cents;

highest of the year, in December, $1.09.

1897, October Sth.—-At Glen Falls, N. Y.,
John R. Gentry and Robert J., pacing as a
team, asainst time, set the mark at 2:02.

1897, December ist.—First auction sale of
pure-bred hogs (Berkshires) at the St.Louis
National Stock Yards.

13897, December 27th.—First meeting of the
American Tamworth Swine Record Associa-
tion. President, B. F. Miller, of Flint,
Mich.; Secretary and Treasurer, E. O. Wood,
also of Flint, Mich.; Directors, F. P. Smith,
F. HW. Rankin and J. J. Carton.

68

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1897.— Star Pointer, hay horse,
Hal, dam Sweepstakes, by Snow
reduced the pacing mark to 1:59%4.
Readviile, Mass., August 28th.

by Brown
Heels,
This’ at

Stock Association organized in Denver, Colo.

Officers: John W. Springer, of Denver, Colo.,
President; Hon. John M. Holt, of Miles
City, Mont., Vice-President ; George L.
Goulding of Denver, Colo., Treasurer; ané
Cc. F. Martin, of Denver, Colo., Secretary.

1898, February 12th.—Judge Denny, the
five-year-old son of Fresno, placed the turt
record for two miles, running, at 3:26%.
This was done at Oakland, Calif, the horse
having 105 pounds up.

1898, March.—Organization of Continental
Dorset Club with J. Fremont Hickman,
President; Joseph EH. Wing, Secretary. Pur-
nose, registration and advancement of
Dorset sheep.

1898, April
and enlarged

1st.—Opentng of the modern
market for live stock at St.
Joseph, Mo. President, G. F. Swift; Vice-
President and General Manager, J. T. Don-
ovan.° Other Directors: Ernest Lindsey, O.
M. Spencer, A. H. Veeder, Edward Morris
and Ii. G Vaugh.

1298, April 30th.—The steamship Waes-
land, of the International Navigation Com-
pany, left Philadelphia, carrying with other
freights an experimental shipment of
American eggs for sale in England. The
eggs were sold in Manchester. The average
price was 15 cents per dozen.. Although
the market was low at this time and the
shipment was a financial failure, it was a
pioneer movement, which led to good
results. The shipment was made under the
direction of the Dairy Division of the
Gureau of Animal Industry.

1°98, July 16th.—The running record for
a mile and a half was made by Goodrich, a
son or Patron, at Washington Park.
Chicago, the time being 2:30.

A pair

of Texas Angoras.

1898, August 30th.—The fastest authentic
record made in the sale of range horses was
established at the St. Louis National Stock
Yards, where W. F. Callicott sold 1,200 head
in 91 minutes. They were sold in car-load
lots: but even so, the performance was
phenomenal. The horses sold belonged to
the Crow Indian Agency, Montana.

1898, August 21st.—The two-mile record
for a horse race over hurdles was taken by
Forget, the then excellent daughter cf
Dxile, at Sheepshead Bay, N. Y., the time
being 3:45 2-5. The race was run’ with 158
pounds up.

1298.—Public
the utility of

attention was first called to
erude petroleum oil in road

betterment through experiments made by
the county of Los Angeles, in California,
where six miles were oiled in that year
under the direction of the Supervisors.

1898.—This was the
receipts at any
8,837,114 head.
1898.—-Lowest wheat, in October, 62 cents;

hog
Chicago receiving

biggest year in
market,

highest of the year, $1.85, caused by the
Leiter Corner, in May.
1898, December.—Enumeration of cold

storage of apples at this time indicated 800
barrels in commercial warehouses, increas-

ing by the year 1902 to 2,978,050 barrels
heJd in winter storage.
1898.-—J. W. lLarnack’s horse ‘Jeddah

the winner of the English Derby in the slow

time of 2:47. A horse named Batt was
second.

1898.—Cotton .crop of season 1898-99
jargest up to this time, being 11,275,000

bales.

1899, May 20th.—In a trial against time at
Oakland, Calif., the mare Lucretia Borgia,
b.y Imported Brutus, galloped four miles in
7:11. The next best time for the distance is
7:1614, made by The Bachelor, at Oakland.

1899.—F lying Fox, the great son of Orme,
owned by the Duke of Westminster, captured
the English Derby, making the distance in
2:42 4-5. Damocles nan secona.

1899.—Mr. C. P. Bailey, of California, in.-
ported one Angora ram from Cape Town.

1899, October 3d.—The three-fourths of a
mile running record was broken by Firearm,
a son of Raymond d’Or, over the straight
course at Morris Park, the time being set at
1:08%.

1899, November 18th.—Kyrat, a three-year-
old. by Teuton, ran twe and one-half miles
at Newport, Ky., in 4:24.

commercial

) National
FARMER

1399.—The National Farmer and Stock
Grower, a monthly farm paper, established

at the St. Louis National Stock Yards by

Philip TH. Hale,

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 69
1899, December.—Home butter-fat tests of 1900, October 13th.—The famous mare
Guernsey cows: First prize, Lily Plla, 7,240,|] Ethelbert negotiated a mile and _ three-
912.5 pounds butter; second prize, Lilyita, | quarters at Morris Park, N. Y., in 2:58%.
7,241, 828.95 pounds butter; third prize,| This record is held jointly with Latson, who

Countess Bishop, 7,869, 521. 71 pounds butter
in one year.

1899.—Dunois, ‘the five-year-old son of
Florist, ran his record-breaking seven and
one-half furlongs at Oakland Calif., in 1:32%.

1899.—_-Lowest wheat, in December, 64
cents; highest ofthe year, in May, 79,4
cents.

1900.—In this year Col. T. C. Nye, who
had a little home place in LaSalle county,
Texas, near Cotulla, and a windmill which
which he pumped to irrigate a small home

varden, obtalned a few Bermuda onion seeds
and planted them, and he raised the first
crop of Bermuda onions in the United States.
To George Copp, one of Col. Nye’s neighbors,
is due the credit cf raising and shipping the
first car of onions.

1900.—A valuable variety of
upland cotton, called Sunflower,
spring of seeds shipped to an oil mill at
Yazoo City, Miss., in this year, and pur-
ehased for planting by Marx Schaefer.

1900.-—A bi-centenary exhibition of sweet
peas held in jJondon in July.

1900.—The Prince of Wales again won the

long-staple
is the off-

English Derby, this time with Diamond
Jubilee, a son of St. Simon. The time was
2:42, and Simon Dale was second.
1900.—Fourten incubator patents granted
in this year.
1900.—Split-wing distributing shaft im-
provement in gear of cream separators, in-

vented by John Joseph Berigan, of Orange,
New Jersey.

1900.—The United States Census reported
5,759,657 farms in the United States, an in
crease of 1,175,016 in ten years.

1900.—Center of United States population,
twenty miles east of Columbus, Ind.

1900.—Coney, black gelding, by McKinney,
dam Grace Kaiser, by Kaiser, paced a mile
to wagon in a race in 2:05%, reducing the
mark of 2:103% made in 1899 by Arlington.

1900.—Pride of the North, a_ standard
variety of corn, originated about this time by
F. A. Warner, of Sibley, Ill.

1900.— Center of the number of farms in
the United States, 110 miles east by south of
St. Louis, in Wayne county, Illinois.

1900.—In a_ pacing record for teams,
Charley B. and Bobby Hal broke all former

records by going a mile in 2:13. The best
previous record was made in 1892 by Belle
Button and Thoimas Ryder. Charley B. was

by Octoroen, dam untraced, and Bobby Hal
by the same sire, dam by Royal George, Jr.

1900, February 27th.—At New Orleans, La.,
Julius Caesar, a five-year-old, ran a mile
and seven-eighths in 3:19, the greatst record
for the distance.

1900, June.—Organization of
Seed Corn Breeders’ Association.

1900, July 21st.—Ovimar, a_ six-year-old,
earrying 109 pounds, covered the mile track
at Washington Park, Chicago, in 1:33.

1900.—The fastest mile trotting record to
wagon against time was made by The Abbot,
ly Chimes, dam Nettie King, by Mambrino
King. It was 2:05%, and reduced the record
of 2:07 formerly held by Lucille.

1900, August.—W. D. Flatt, Canadian
breeder of Shorthorns, sold fifty nine head at
Chicago, Ill., for an average of $793.40, the
top price being $2,600.

1900, August 4th.—At Brighton Beach,
N. Y., Ethelbert established a record of
3:49 for two miles and a quarter. She caried
124 pounds.

the Illinois

1990.—After six years of uninterrupted
supremacy for Alix, The Abbot broke the
trotting record, establishing a mark of

2:0314 at Terre Haute, Ind., September 25th.
Ue was sired by Chimes, and his dam was
Nettie King. by Mambrino King.

1°00 —Paris Horse Exposition, September
Ist to 10th. Grand champion carriage horse
Sir Walter Gilbey’s Hackney stallion, Hedon
Squire. Champion Percheron stallion, Dun-
ham, Fletcher & Coleman’s Castelar, bred by
M. Edward Perriott.

established the same time a year later; but
the performance of Ethelbert is the more
meritorious in that she caried 126 pounds
against Latson’s 95 pounds.

1900, November.—The Hapgood Plow
Company, of Alton, Ill, commenced the
manufacture of the (M. T.) Hancock Ad-

justable Revolving Dise Plow.

1900, December ist.—Permanent Intercol-
iegiate Live Stock Judging Contest instituted,
the reward being a memorial called ‘The
Spoor Trophy, to be kept by winning teams
from year to year, but not to become the
property of any college. The trophy was
offered by Mr. J. A. Spoor, President of the
Chicago Union Stock Yards, and is a great
incentive to students in studies of stock
judging.

1900.---Lowest
cents; highest, in

whea,t in
June, 87%

January,
cents.

6142

ADVANCE—Grand champion stteer.

1990, December.—Aberdeen-Angus steer
Advance, champion of International Exposi-
tion, sold at $1.50 per pound on foot.

1900, December.—Champion load of cattle
at Chicago International Exposition sold at
$15.50 per 190 pounds, the highest car-load
price on record.

1900, December ist to 8th.—First Chicago
Internationa! Live Stock Exhibition. W. E.
Skinner, General Manager.

1900, December 4th.—At
famous Hereford bull March On, 13th, sold
at auction by Van Natta & Son, of Fowler,
Ill., bought by Moffat Bros. at $3,500.

Chicago, the

DOLLY, 5th—Famous Hereford cow.

1900, December 5th.—At Chicago, the
Hereford cow, Dolly, 5th, 71,988, and calf,
bred by John Hooker, of New London, Ohio,
and owned by Clem Graves, of Bunker Hill,
Ind., sold to C. A. Jamison, of Peoria, Ill., at
auction, for $3,150, being the record price for
any Hereford cow to that date.

70

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1900.—At the Paris Universal Exposition,
Samuel Hiaugdahl, of ‘New Sweden, Minn.,
UU. S. A., won the grand prix d’honneur for a
tub of butter exhibited at the Special Show
held in May. This was the only instance
during the entire Exposition in which the
highest honor was awarded to an individual
exhibitor for a dairy product.

1900.—First American Royal Show at
Kausas City. Grand sweepstakes steer, Old
Times, 94,034, pure-bred Hereford, exhibited
vy T. F. RB. Southam, of Chillicothe, Mo.

1900.—The heaviest total of horses and
mules ever attracted to any one point up to

this time were marketed at St. Louis, the
total for the year being 178,921 head.
1900, December 1lith and 12th.—kK. D.

Armour and James A. Funkhouser sold 106.
Herefords at auction at Kansas City for an
average ot $351.60.

1900.—Sir John Bennett Lawes, great
agricultural experimenter, died at Rotham-
sted, England, at the age of 86 years.

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY.

1901, January 25th.—At Kansas City Clem
Graves, of Bunker Hill, Ind., sold the three-
year-old Hereford heifer Carnation, 77,704,
sire Acrobat, for $3,700, to J. C. Adams, of
Moweaqua, Ill.* Average of 200 Herefords
at this sale nearly $380 per head.

1901, January.—In an offcial test the Hol-
stein-Friesian cow Lilith Pauline De _ I<ol,
43,434, owned by H. D. Roe, of Augusta,
N. J., made 28,236 pounds of butter, 80 per
cent. fat in seven days. She gave in this
time 653.4 pounds of milk which averayed
%.48 per cent. fat. This cow made the larzest
official record of any Holstein-Friesian cow
tested to date.

1901, February 12th.—Sale of Berkshire
swine at Biltmore, N. C. Fifty-one head
averaged $102, the top price being $250.

1901, March.—William Harris, of West
Smithfield, Essex, Engiand, killed a two-
and-one-half-year-old Jersey red boar. Live
weight, 1,610 pounds; dressing 1,337 pounds;
214 feet across loin; 2% feet across hams: 9
feet in girth; 9 feet tip of nose to end of
tail.

1901, March 6th to 8th.—Dispersion sale of
Aberdeen-Angus cattle, herd of Charles
Escher & Son, of Botna, Iowa, at Chicayzo.
117 cows averaged $483.05; twenty-six bulls
averaged $465.95; and 143 head averaged
$479.95. Top sales: Female, Imp. Krivina,
pads $1,700; bull, Orin of Long Branch,
1,300.

1901, March 12th and 138th.—At South
Omaha, Neb., T. R. Westrope & Son sold
eighty-one Shorthorns for an average of
$454.85 per head. The sale included Sweet
Violet, 2d, by Lavender King, and female
calf, sold to G. M. Casey, of Clinton, Mo.,
for $3,705,. the record price for a Scotch
Shorthorn female.

1901, April 5th. — Combination sale of
Shorthorns at Chicago, Ill. Forty-six head
averaged $719.13. Victoria of Hill Farm,
6th, and female calf, consigned by C. B.
Dustin & Son, of Summer Hill., Ill., sold to
Frank Bellows, of Maryville, Mo., for $2,100.

1901, April 12th.—Jersey cow, Miss Thank-
ful, 2d, 131,969; test seven days, April 6th to
12th, 24 pounds 4% ounces butter; milk, 275
pounds. Owned by John A. SkKannal, of
Sligo, La,

1901, April 18th and i9th.—Sale of Hol-
stein cattle at Syracuse, N. Y., by Clarence
F. & Will C. Hunt. Average of 128 cattle,
big, ttle, old and young, $101.60. The
peice ates official record cows averaged
$179.

1901, May.-—Imp. Missie,
heifer, sold at $2,200 at
Cc. L. Gerlaugh, of Osborn, Ohio.

1901, May 15th—At Greenville, Ohio,
Polled Durham sale of Stewart & Martz in-
cluded the bull Cambridge Lad, sold at
$1,000, and the cow, Bracelet of Stillwater,
sold at $1,005, both to F. Hines, of Indianap-
olis, Ind.

1901, May 22d.—At Chicago, the Hereford
cow, Dolly 2d, 61,799, John Hooker, breeder
and owner, sold at auction with heifer calf
for $5,000 to N. Y. Bowen, of Delphi, Ind.

165, Shorthorn
the auction of

1901, May 23d.—Blue Girl, as a two-year-
year-old, took the record for a mile and a
sixteenth in 1:44% at Morris Park, N. Y.

1901, May 30th.—At Coopersburg, Pa., T.
S. Cooper sold 108 head Jersey cattle at an

average of $4157.75. The bull Golden Mon
Pllaisir, 59,956, son of Golden Lad, sold to
H. N. Higginbotham at $3,500. The cow,
Golden Rosebay, 157,333, sold to Biltmore

Farms for $2,775.

1901, June 4th.—At the combination sale
George FE. Ward, of Hawarden, Iowa, sold
the Shorthorn Duchess of Gloucester, with
bull calf at side, for $2,500 to Brown &
Randolph, of Indianola, Iowa. Average of
sixty Shorthorns at this sale, $748.33.

1901, June 12th.—Sale of Red Polled cattle
at Fairfield, Neb., by S. McKelvie & Sons.

The cow, Prairie Blossom, 12,803, sold to G.
W. Coleman, of Webster City, Iowa, for
$1,005. Average for thirty-seven head,

$257.03.

1901, June.—The mile running record over
a circular track was broken by Brigadier at
Sheepshead Bay, N. Y., the distance heing
negotiated in 1:37 4-5.

CRESCHUS,

2:02%.

1901.—On July 26th,
trotting record at 2:02%

Cresceus took the
at Cleveland, Ohi»,

and on August 22d further reduced this
mark to 2:024%. This was at Columbus,
Ohio. The first quarter was in 29%; the
half, 553,; three-quarters in 1:30%. This

was at the time the world’s trotting record;
at this time—in 1906—it is the _ stallion
record. Cresceus is a chestnut horse by the
great Robert McGregor, dam by Mambrino
Howard, and in all his record-breaking per-
formance was driven by his owner, Geo. H.
Ketcham.

1901, August 7th.—At Chicago, Geo. Har-
ding & Sons, of Waukesha, Wis., sold forty-
three Shorthorns at an average of $656.8).

1901, August 15th.—Cresceus defeats The
Abbot in a famous trotting contest at

Brighton Beach. The time was 2:03%4,
making world’s mile trotting record in a
race.

1901, August 22d.—At Columbus, Ohio,
Cresceus lowered the trotting record to
2:202%.

1901.—In this year Hon. F. D. Coburn,

Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture
of Kansas, issued a book entitled ‘‘Alfalfa,’’
containing directions for planting, growing
and harvesting this excellent forage crop,
resulting in immense increase in alfalfa
acreage in the United States. ;

1901, September 5th.—The best record ever
made for a mile and seventy yards was
established by Jiminez, a_ three-year-old,
carrying 101 pounds. It was 1:42%, and
was made at the Harlem track, Chicago.

1901, October 2d.—McChesney, in his two-
year-old form, established the six and one-
half furlong running record of 1:18 4-5 at
Harlem Park, Chicago.

1901, October 3d.—At Newton, Iowa, E. 8.
Donahey sold fifty-four Shorthorn cattle for
an average of ‘$646.35, including the cow,
Barly Bud, 2d, at $1,500, and nine other
females upward of $1,000.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

(i

1901.—The English Derby was won by an
American, Wm. C. Whitney, with the sensa-
tional horse, Volodyovski, a son of Florizel,

II. AJl records for time were broken, the
distance being covered in 2:40 4-5.
1901, October 25th.—At Memphis, Tenn.,

Little Boy, by Kenton, dam Jenny, by Long-

fellow, broke the mile pacing record to
wagon, against time, putting the mark at
2:01%. The former. record, 2:03%, was

made by Bumps in 1889.

GUERSEY COW —MARY MARSHALL.
This distinguished cow was the winning cow
in the Pan-American model dairy herd, 1901.
The six-months’ record was 5,611 pounds of
milk; 5.36 per cent. butter-fat; 354.26 pounds
of churned butter. The profit in butter pro-
duction was $59.43, the next highest being

$51.58.

1901, November 3d.—Mary Marshall, 5,604,
winning cow in butter production in Pan-
American model dairy herd. Record for six
months, 5,611 pounds milk, 5.36 per cent.
butter-fat, 393.13 pounds butter-fat, equal
to 354.26 pounds churned butter. Profit in
production of butter-fat, $59.43 in six months.

1901, November 3d.—Awards in the Breed

Test in Pan-American model dairy. Prize
for net profit in butter-fat won by Guern-
seys by a net profit of $4.66. The prize for
net profit in churned butter won by Guern-
sevs by net profit of $5.86. The prize for
net profit in total solids won by Holsteins
by a net prorit of $26.44. The profit in total
solids and gain in live weight won by Hol-
steins by net profit of $31.53.

BROWN
MEADOW. Highly representative bull of this

SWISS BULL—DUKE OF RIVER

fiue breed of dairy cattle and first-prize
winner at the Pan-American Show of 1901.
The Brown Swiss cattle are very handsome
in appearance, not unlike the Jerseys, but
distinctly larger and with more claims to

beef qualities.

1901.--Short corn crop in the United

States; yield, 16.7 bushels per acre. Total,
1,552,520,000 bushels: smallest erop. since |}
31894.

a =

1901, November 7th.—At Chicago, Ill., W.
D. Mlatt, of Hamilton, Canada, sold forty-
five Shorthorn cattle for an averave of
$1,123.22. Imported Cicely, the Queen of
England heifer, sold to J. G. Robbins & Son,
of Horace, Ind., for $5,000. The bull, Lord
Banff, sold to Geo. BE. Ward, of Hawarden,
Iowa, for $5,100.

1901, November 14th and 15th.—Breeders’
sale of Holstein cattle at Syracuse, N. Y.
Average for the eighty-five head, $121.55.
W. C. Hunt, of Liverpool, N. Y., manager.

1901, November 20th and 21st.—First
Hereford cattle sale at East St. Louis by
1l. F. B. Sotham, of Chillicothe, Mo.

1901, December 2d.—The Holstein cow,

Mercedes Julips Pietertje, completes seven-
day record of 29 pounds 5.7 ounces of butter
at South Side Farm, White Bear Lake,Minn.

1901, December.—Home butter-fat tests of
‘suernsey cows: First prize, Glenwood Girl,
6th, 9,113, 667.5 ‘(pounds butter; second
prize, Primrose Tricksey, 7,236, 592.6 pounds
butter; third prize, Gipsy of Racine, 9,639,
509.9 pounds butter in one year.

1901, December 6th.—Galloway cattle sold
at Chicago, Ill.; thirty-three head average
$285. Sale included Imp. McDougall, 4th, of
Tarbreoch, champion Scottish bull, sold to
O. N. Moody, of Atlanta, Mo., for $2,006.

1991, December 9th.—Grand champion at
International Live Stock Show, The Woods
Principal, Hereford steer, 1,645 pounds at
twenty-five months. eFd by John Letham

for Geo. P. Henry, of Goodenow, III.
1991.—Great' wheat crop in the United
States, 748,460,000 bushels; harvested while

the corn crop was drying up.
1901.—-Lowest wheat, in July, 63% cents;
highest of the year, in December, 79% cents.

BLAISDON PILUTO—Shire stallion. Owned
and exhibited by ‘Trumans’ Pioneer Stud
Farm, Bushnell, Ill. Champion Shire stal-
lion, any age, at the Chicago International
Exposition, 1901,

1902, January 7th.

Record price for Here-
ford bulls broken by sale of bull ‘Perfec-
tion’’ for $9,000 by Thomas Clark, of
Beecher, Il!., to G. H. Hoxie, of Thornton, Il,

1902, January 9th.—A. P. Nave, of Attica,
Ind.. sold Pereherons at auction. The top
price was $1,630, paid by A. B. Puterbaugh,
of Milledgeville, Tll., for the stallion Abo,

22,686. The average was $469.25 for forty-
one head.
1902, January 28th to 30th.—A _ sale of

Hfevefords under management of T. F. B.
Sotham, held at Kansas City, resulted in an
average of $373 for 113 females and $292 for
seventy-one bulls. The top price, $3,995, was
paid by the Wabash Stock Farm Company
for the Improver bull Good Cross, 120,180.
The average of 1384 head was $341.70.

1902.—In Mrs. Alice Morse Farle’s volume
on Colonial Gardens, published this year,
she says that the largest apple tree in New
Engiand is at Cheshire, Conn., its trunk
measuring, one foot above all root enlarge-
ments, thirteen feet eight inches in cirecum-

T2 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.
ference. Its age is traced back 150 years. 1902.—Ard. Patrick, a son of St. Florian,
She also says that at the old Rhode Island] owned by John Gubins, won the English
home of Bishop Berkeley, who died in 1753,| Derby, Rising Glass being second. The time
the apple trees of his day are yet standing. | Was 2:42%,.

1902, January 30th and 31st.—Sale of 1902, March 6th and 7th.—Imp. Spicy
Poland-China swine by Winn & Mastin, of| Clara, Shorthorn yearling heifer, Interna-

Mastin, Kas.
of $124.27.

1902, February 4th and 5th.—During
Aberdeen-Angus cattle sale at Chicago, IIll.,
the average for twenty years was broken,

for an averag2 of
bulls and females,

105 head sold for an average

eighty-two head selling
$674.45,

This included

ONWARD, 4th—Famous Hereford bull.

1902, February 5th.—‘‘Blackcap Judy,” the
famous Aberdeen-Angus yearling heifer, was
sold for the record price of $6,500. C. H.
Gardner, of MBlandinsville, Ill., was her
owner, and M. A. Judy & Son, of Willianis-
port, Jnd., her purchasers.

1902, February 5th.—New high mork in
prices of Aberdeen-Angus bulls established.
“Prince Ito,’’ sold by M. A. Judy & Son, cf
Williamsport, Ind., to B. R. Pierce, of Cres-
ton, Ill., for $9,100.

1902, February. 15th.—Sale of Percheron
horses by J. W. & J. C. Robinson, of Wich-
ita, Kas. Twenty-three head made an aver-
age of $468.70.

1902, February 25th to 27th.—Combination
sale of Hereford cattle at Kansas City. Top
price of sale, Mrs. Cross’ bull, Royalty’s
Java, soJd for {${656.. The bull average,
thirty-nine head, was $208.45. The female
average was $318.15 for ninety-six head.
Average for 135 head, $286.45.

1902.— Boston Work Horse Parade Associ-
ation held in this year, and the pioneer in
holding work horse parades in this country.

PAT RYAN OF RED CLOUD—Champion
Galloway bull at the Chicago International
Show, 1906.

1902, February 28th and March 1st.—-Dis-
persion sale of Hugh Paul Galloway cattle at
South Omaha. The twenty-four bulls aver-
aged $208.10, and eighty-nine females
9178.60. The 113 head made a general
average of $184.85»

tional prize winner, sold to Geo. Harding &
Son, of Waukesha, Wis., for $1,500. At a
Chicago sale of Shorthorns the general aver-
age was $499.80 for eighty-nine head,

1902, March S8th.—At Chicago, Red Polled
cattle sale by A. F. & J. F. Dobler, of
Girard, Pa. ‘Tor price, $600, for the cow
Mayflower, 2d. Average for fifty-seven head,
$189.20.

1902, March 18th.—Dispersion sale of
Shorthorn cattle at Kansas City by Col. W.
kh. Nelson—fifty-six head—average, $340.35.

Top price for Imp. Lavender Lilly, sold to
D. R. Hanna for $1,600, next price being
$1,590 for Tmp. Miranda and cow calf by

the same buyer.

1902, March 18th and 19th.—Combination
Aberdeen-Angus cattle sale at Omaha by
Chas. Wscher, Jr. Average for 111 head,

$213. Top price, $1,110 for Isabella, 4th, of
Millsland, 21,891, and female calf, paid by
KE. Reynolds «& Son, of Prophetstown, Ill., to
EK. T. Davis, of Iowa City, Iowa.

1902, March 24th.—Sale of forty-one Short-

horns by Ff. R. Stangland, of Marathon,
Jowa. Average, $485 per head. Top price,
$1,775, for 20th Linwood Victoria and cow
calf, paid by C. C. Bigler & Son, of Hart-
wick, Iowa.

1902, Mareh 25th.—Shorthorn cattle sale
hy H. F. Erown, of Minneapolis, Minn.
Average of ‘thirty-five head, $750. Top
sales: Imp. Juno and bull calf, $1,550, paid
by W. H. Dunwoody, of Minneapolis, Minn.;

buli Royal Banner, 150,993, bought by W. O.
Carpenter, of Pukwana, S. D., at $1,505.

1902, March 25th and 26th.—Hereford
cattle sold by T. F. Bi. Sotham and others.
Average for 148 head, $323.25. Top price,
£1,650, for Corrector cow Galatea, 107,723,
bought by G. E. Ricker, of Ashland, Neb,

1902, March 27th.—Hector Cowan, Jr., of
Paulliana, Iowa, sold forty-nine Shorthorns,
averaging $512.05. Top price paid by Jonn
Rasmus, of Lake City, Iowa, for the cow
Dalmeny Princess, 9th.

1902.—-Cattle in Ireland, 4,782,221 head,
the largest number known in that country.

1902, April 1st—Farmers’ and Stockmen’s
Business Directory issued by Philip H. Hale,
St. Louis, Mo.

1902, April 3d.—Geo. M. Woody sold fifty-

Tour Shorthorn cattle for an average of
$399.10. Top price, $1,750, paid” by yA;
Schaffer & West Bros., of Estherville, Ia.,
for Imp. Lily of the Valley, 17th.

1902, April 14th.—Shorthorn sale at
Chicago by George Bothwell, of Nettleton,
Mo., and fifty-four head averaged $479.50.

Notable sales included the bull Nonpareil
of Clover Blossom, 153,672, at $1,710, paid.
by Geo. Harding & Son, and the bull Non-
pareil Hero, 170,793, at $1,710, bought by
H. Hagenfeldt, of Storm Lake, Ia.

1902, April 17th.—Sale of Shorthorns by
a. W. Brown & Randolph Bros., of Indi-

anola, Ta. The average for forty-nine head

was $584.30. Notable sales included Vic-
toria of Village Park, 3d, and bull ealf,
bought by N. A. Lind, of Rolfe; Wa stor
$3,500, and Imp. Gazelle, sired by Royal
Star, for $2,105, paid by Bigler & Son, of
Hartwick, Ia.

1902, April 29th and 30th.—At Syracuse,

N. Y., W. CGC. Hunt’s second semi-annual sale
of Holstein eattle. Average of ninety-nine
head, $103.

1902, May 1st and 2d.—At Sioux City, Ia.,
initial combination sale of Herefords. The
113 head averaged $229.40.

1902, May 3d.—At Sioux City,
bination sale of Shorthorns. Average,
$366.80 per head. Notable sales included
Imp. Dalmeny. Regina, 5th, sold by G C.
Bigler & Son to Henry Weiss, of Westphalia,
Kas., for $1,375, and May Queen, with cow
calf, hought by John Rasmus, of Lake City,
Tla., for7$i,825:

1902.— Great corn ecrop of the _ United
States; officially, 2,523,648,312 bushels, from
93,043,613 acres.

Ia., com-

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 73

= —— ————— —S-

1902, May 13th and 14th.—Combination | Bloomer, 2d, 23,218, and Edgewood Belle,

sale at Indianapolis, Ind. Herefords, sixty- | 22,260, hoth consigned by Cantine Bros. &
two head, sold for an average of $392.35, | Stevenson, of Holstein, Ia.

including Miss Java, 2d, 94,200, and cow

calf, consigned by Mr. Daugherty, of

Wabash, Ind., and sold to Ed. Hawkins, of

Earl Park, for $3,500. Shorthorns, sixty-

four head, averaged $422, including 55th

Duchess of Gloster, consigned by E. E.

Souers, of Warren, Ind., and bought by Geo.
Harding & Son, of Waukesha, Wis., for
$2,105.

GENTRY LARS—A famous Hereford bull.
Prize winner at many shows. Stock bull at
Grandview Herefords. Owned “by iG) G;

Comstock & Son, Albany, Mo.

1902, May 17th to 21tst.—Ohio Shorthorn
Sales: H. G. Walker, of New Madison,
thirty head: average, $107.70; E. S. Kelly,
of Yellow Springs, thirty-six head, average,
$590.40; top price, $1,625, paid by W. L.

Woed, of Wiliiamsport, O., for Imp. Missie,

158th; C. L. Gerlaugh, of Osborn, O., thirty-
three head: average, $610; top price, the
bull Master of the Ring, 171,376, sold to

J. T. Rvan & Son, of Irwin, la., for $1,705;
W. I. Wood, of Williamsport, O., forty-four
head; average, $350; top price, female Imp.
Proud Fancy, sold at $2,050 to W. T. Miller
& Sons, of Winchester, Ind.; top-priced bull.
Choice of the Ring, sold to Brown & Ran-
dolph Bros., of Indianola, Ia., for $1,550.

1902, May 22d and 23d.—Cambination sale
of Werefords ty C. A. Jamison, of Quincy,
Ill., and others at Chicago. HEighty-three
head averaged $323. Top price was $2,100,
bid for Lady Wiltona, a daughter of Dale,
by Ed. Hawkins, of Earl Park, Ind.

1902, May 2Sth.—Shorthorn cattle sale at
Morning Sun, Ia. R. G. Robb & Son’s
average $386.40 for twenty-eight head; A.
Alexander’s average for twenty-five head
$526. including the cow Mary of Bluff View,

sold to Korns & Lee, of Hartwick, Ia., for
$1,230.
1902, May 30th and 31st.—Linden Grove,

sale of imported Jerseys by T. S. Cooper, of
Coopersburg, Pa. The 168 head averaged
£349.60. The sale included the champion
bull Flying Fox, sold to T. W. Lawson, of
Boston, Mass. ,for $7,500. The highest price
for a female was $3,109, for the cow Lady
Fontaine’s Rosette, 162,120, fur $3,100.

1902, June.—Straight Texas steers sold on
the Chteago market at $7.65 per 100 pounds,
the record price. Shipped by Ed. Farmer,
of Fort Worth, Tex.

1902, June 3d.—N. A. Lind, of Rolfe, Ia.,
sold fifty-five Shorthorns for an average of
$766.20. Top price. $3,800, paid for the
cow Red Crest, sire Imp. Scottish Chief, sold
to C. Cc. Bigler & Son, of Hartwick, Ifa.

1902, June 5th and 6th.—Shorthorn cattle
sale by C. C. (Bigler & Son, of Hartwick,
Ta. The 115 head sold for $94,715, an aver-
age of $823.60 per head. The sale included
thirty-one head at $1,000 to $2,500, not
including the cow Wild Eyes, 61st, sired by
Airdrie Duke of MHazelhurst, bought for
$3,040 by G. W. Brown & Randolph Bros.,
of Indianola, Ta., for $3,040.

1902, June 10th and 11th.—At Chicago,
combination Angus cattle sale. 101 head
averaged $312.10. Top prices: $2,000 paid by
Silas Igo, of Palmyra, Ia., for the cow Belle

1902. June 1&th.—Indianapolis combination
sale of Polled Durham cattle. Average of
fifty-two head, $424.70. Top price, cow
Golden Heather, sold to J. F. Jennings, of
Streator, Ill., for $3,525.

1902, July 4th.—Major Daingerfield broke
the record for a mile and five-eighths over

the_ track at Sheepshead Bay, N. Y., in
2:47 3-3 He had 123 pounds up.

1902, July 5th.—At Brighton Beach, N.Y.,
Gold Heels established a new Derby record
of 2:03 4-5, the fastest over a circular track.

1902, July 50th.—Bonnibert captured the

mile and one-eighth running record by going

the distance in 1:51 at :Brighton Beach,
N. Y. The record of 1:51 1-5 was formerly

held by Watercure.

1902, July 39%th.—Sale of Shorthorns by A.
Chrystal at Marshall, Mich. Top _ price,
$1,500, for Imp. Lady Bell, 3d, and female
calf, bought by E. G. Stevenson, of Detroit,
Mich. Average for sixty-seven head, $266.95.

1902, August.—Native beef cattle sold at
Chicago up to $9.00 per 100 pounds.

1902, August 3d.—Pueblo (Colo.) Stock
Yards opened for business. The officers are
as follows. C. G. Warner, President, of St.
St. Louis, Mo.: N. Douthitt, Vice-President
and General Manager, of Kansas City, Mo.;
(Oe ley Robinson, Traffic Manager; W. H.
3urnett, Superintendent, of Pueblo, Colo.

1992, August 5th.—Brady Union Stock

Yards at Atlanta, Ga., organized.
Tt. B. Brady; Vice-President,
Secretary, J. M. Brady.

President,
John Oliver;
Opened for business

November 10th, 1902.
1902, August 13th.—Shorthorn sale at
Hamilton Stock Yards, Canada. The fifty-

eight head averaged $425.43. Top sale, the
Imp. Wanderer’s Last, consigned by Captain

T. EE. Robson, of Ilderton, Ontario, and sold
to Geo. Bothwell, of Nettleton, Mo., for
$2,005.

1902, August 16th.—Lord Derby, bay
gelding, by Mambrino King, dam Claribel,

by Almant, Jr., established the mile trotting
record to wagon in a race of 2:05%, beating
the the previous record of 2:10, held jointly
by John A. MckKerron and The Monk.

1902, August 18th.—The Musketeer nego-
tiated seven-eighths of a mile at the Sara-
toga, N. Y., track in 1:25.. This was the
best running record over a circular track.

fe

Bak THR

ELECTIONEER — FAMOUS TROTTING
SIRE. By Hambletonian. Sire of Arion,
2:07%; Sunol, 2:08%; Palo Alto, 2:08%; and
many others with fast records. From pho-
tograph picture taken in 1873 by Schreiber
& Sons, Philadelphia, Pa.

1902, August 21st.—At a sale of Poland-
China swine by Shallenburger & Cox, of
Ohio. Mr. L. Lukens, of Disco, Ill., bought
the five-year-old boar, Big Chief Tecumseh,
2d, for $2,100.

1902, August 24th.—Lou Dillon trots the
first mile in 2:00 at Readville, Mass.

74

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1902, August 27th and 28th.—Hereford
cattle sale at Des Moines, Ia. The seventy-
two head averaged $218. Top price of the

HPATHERBLOOM—tThe greatest
of them all, with Donelly up.
photo by Schreiber in 1902.

jumper
Copyright

1902, September ist.—The fastest running
time for a mile and three-sixteenths was
made at Chicago by Scintillant, II., the
mark being 1:57 2-5.

1902, September 2d and 3d.—Sale of Here-
ford cattle at Hamline, Minn. The sixty-one
head seld for an average of $225.

1902, September 4th.—sale of Shorthorns
at Hamline, Minn. Forty-eight head aver-
aged $450.50. Top price, $1,500, for N. A.
Lind’s bull Fearless Victor, 174,014, bought
by John Lister, of Conrad, Ia.

1902, September 4th.—First public sale of
Berkshires at the Ohio State Fair. Average

of forty-four head, $28.75; top price for
boar, $70; for sow, $100.
1902, September 9th.—-Shorthorn sale by

Mrs. Virginia C. Meredith and J. G. Robbins
& Sons at Cambridge City, Ind. Average of
thirty head, $419.65. Top price, $1,200, for
Imp. cow Maggie, 12th, sold to E. E. Souers,
of Warren, Ind.

1902, September 16th.—£€xtraordinary sale
at Indianapolis, Ind., of Herefords owned by

Clem Graves, of Bunker Hill, Ind. The
forty-three head averaged $1,007. Top
prices include the bull Crusader, 86,596,

by Ed. Hawkins for $12,000. The cow Dolly,
2d, 61,799, also bought by Ed. Hawkins for
$7,000.

1902.--On September 29th,

d the sheep re-
ceipts at the Chicago Union

Stock Yards

were 59,362 head, breaking all previous
records for a single day’s run at any
market.

__ 1902, October 7th and 8th.—At Chillicothe,
Mo., F. B, Sotham inaugurated a series
of high-class stock cattle auction sales by
selling 2,000 head of young cattle frrom the
Panhandle of Texas.

1902, October 9th.—Shorthorn sale by
Charles E. Ladd, of North Yamhill, Ore., at
Spokane, Wash. Average for’ thirty-nine
head, $330.25. Top price, $1,009.

1902, October 14th to 16th.—Shorthorn
combination sale at Victor, Ia. Average for
105 head, 379.20. Top price, $1,140, for
cow Victoria of Hill Farm, 8th, consigned
by C. C. Bigler & Sons, and sold to E. S.
Kelley, of Yellow Springs, O.

1902, Octoher 15th.—Sale of Polled Dur-
hams at Indianapolis, Ind. Average for
forty head, $128.90.

1902.—During the week ending October
18th, 162,459 head of sheep arrived at the
Chicago Union Stock Yards, the largest on
record for 2 similar period.

1902, October.—Western grass range cattle
sold at $7.40 per 100 pounds; record price.

1902, October 16th and 17th.—Combination
sale of Hereford cattle at Indianapolis, Ind.

Average for 104 head, $497.05. Top price,
$1,509, paid by S. H. Godman, of Wabash,
Ind.. for the cow Beryl, 103,641, consigned
by BE. A. Nave, of Attica, Ind.

1902, October 20th to 25th.—Berkshire

swine at auction at Kansas City. Average

of sows, $58.60; average of boars, $48.60;
average of eighty-seven head, $53.70.
1902, October 21st.—At Memphis, Tenn.,

Cresceus placed the two-mile trotting record
at 4:17 in his trial against Onward Silver’s
mark of 4:28.

1902, October 21st and 22d.—Combination
sale of Herefords at Kansas City., Mo. The
average of ninety-six head was $304.40. Top
price, $1,005, for Columbus, 29th, consigned
by Benton Gabbert, of Dearborn, Mo., and
bought by H. McEldowney, of Chicago
Heights, Ill.

1902, October 21st and 22d.—Aberdeen-
Angus cattle sale at Kansas City, Mo. Aver-
age of ninety-eight head, $176.10.

1902.—All leading live stock markets
broke the one-day cattle receipt record.
Chiecago’s total on December Ist was 36,553
head. The big day at. Kansas City was
September 16th, when 29,216 head were
receivec. Omaha’s largest total was on
September 29th, when 13,228 head arrived;

while the St. Louis record was 12,193 head,
made September 23d.

1902, October 23d.—Sale of Galloway
cattle at Kansas City, Mo. Average for

forty-seven head, $153.60. Top price, $1,115,
paid by O. H. Swigart, of Champaign, IIl.,
for the cow Dorothea, 18,673, consigned by
C. N. Moody, of Atlanta, Mo.

1902, October 23d and 24th.—Shorthorn
cattle sale at Kansas City, Mo. Average of
sixty-six head, $247.50.

1902, October 28th.—At Memphis, Tenn.,
Direct Hal and Prince Direct, both sons of
Direct, 24,113, paced a mile as a team

against time and set a new mark of 2:05%.
The record prior to this was 2:08, made by
John R. Gentry and Robert J. in 1897.

1902, October 28th and 29th.—Red Polled

cattle sold at Chicago by Captain Y. T.
Hills, of Delaware, O. Average for ninety-
two head, $283.30. Top-price female, Popsey,
sd, sold. for $1,125 to ©. S.> Carr, of iim
Grove, W. Va. Top-price bull, Popular, 856,
sold to J. H. Smith, of Chillicothe, O., for
$1,200.

“ se

THE INTELLIGENT HEAD OF MOKO—

Famous trotting stallion, sire of futurity

winners.

1902, October 21st to 25th.—Sale of
Poland-China swine at Kansas City, Mo.
The, boar average was $58.70; sows, $61.50;
average of 161 head, $60.50.

1902, September 20th.—Sale of Percheron
horses by H. G. McMillan, of Rock Rapids,
la. Mare average, $267.40; stallion average.
$630.70; average of forty-two head, $452.
Top price for a stallion, $1,175.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

75

1902, October 31st.—The stallion Cresceus

trots two miles in 4:17, establishing a
world’s record.

1902.—Lowest wheat, in August, 68%
cents; highest, in September, 95 cents.

1902, October 31st.—At Los Angeles, Calif.,

Zambra. bay gelding by McKinney, dam by
fairmount, broke the _ five-mile trotting
record in a race against four other horses.
He brought the time down to 12:24. It
formerly was 12:30%, the record of Bishop
Hero.

1902, November.—Fort Worth Stock Yards
formally opened for business with support
of modern packing houses. President, J.
Ogden Armour; Vice-President, E. F. Swift;
Secretary, O. W. Matthews; General Man-
ager, W. B. King.

1902, November 5th and 6th.—Aberdeen-
Angus combination sale. Average of seventy-

nine head, $387.40. Top price, $1,050, for

Imp. cow Pride of Aberdeen, 167th.
1902.—As a test of endurance, in the

summer of 1902 Colonel Baskakov, of the

Russian Headquarter Staff, undertook to ride
from St. Petersburg to Odessa, a distance of

1,716 versts (1,128 miles). Using two horses,’

an English bred one and
nately,

an Arab, alter-
he performed the journey in twelve
days, an average of ninety-four miles per
diem, and brought in both mounts in good
condition, though neither had been subjected
to any preparatory training for the under-
taking.

1902, November 12th.—Sale of Shorthorn
cattle by J. W. Smith & Son at Allerton, Ia.
Top price paid by Randolph Bros. & Igo, of
Indianola, Ia., for the cow Missie May, 2d
was $2,000. Five females sold above $1,000
per head.

1902.—Twenty-six auctions of pure-bred
eattle held at Chicago, Ill.,embodying the
six leading beef breeds and embracing 1,789

head, sold for a total of $611.817, or an
average of $342 each.
1902, December Sth and 9th.—Combined

sale of Herefords at Kansas City, Mo. Aver-
age for seventy-six head, $227.05. Top price,
$1,000, for the bull Hesiod’s Best, 120,055,
eonsigned by Benton Gabbert, of Dearborn,
Mo., and bought by G. E. Reynolds, of
Kansas City, Mo.

1902, December 1Sth.—Hereford sale at
Wabash, Ind. Average for sixty-three head,
$225.70. Top price, $1,300, for the cow
Clotho, 18th, 117,714, consigned by Wabash
Stock Farm Company, and sold to Ed. Haw-
kins, of Earl Park, Ind.

1902, December 19th.—Sale of Percheron
horses at Kansas City, Mo., by D. R. Hanna.
Mares, twenty-one head, averaged $313.80,
nine stallions averaged $570; average of
sale, $392.

1902.-—Calf receipts at Chicago, IIl.,
phenomenal, the total for the year,
251,747 head, establishing a new record.

1902.-—The year’s sheep record of all
markets was hroken at Chicago, Ill. During
the year the total aggregated 4,515,716 heag.

1902, December 13th.—lLargest receipts of
ears in One week at the Union Stock Yards,
Chicago, 8,474.

1902, December.—Chicago International
Live Stock Xxposition. Grand champion
beef animal, the Polled Angus steer, Sham-
rock; weight, 1,805 pounds as a two-year-
old. Fed by the Iowa Agricultural College.

1903, January ist.—United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture estimate of number of
farm animals: 17,105,227 milch cows, 44,-
659,206 other cattle, 46,922,624 hogs, 63,964,-
896 sheep, 16,557,373 horses, 2,728,088 mules.

1903.—Promising new fruits illustrated
and described in Year Book, Department of
Agriculture: Akin apple, Terry apple, Heley

were
viz..

peach, Welch peach, Splendor prune, Sugar
prune, Headlight grape, Cardinal straw-
berry.

1903, April 1S8th.—Holstein-Friesian cham-
Pion cow Sadie Vale Concordia, A. R. O.,
1,124, produced under official test 694.3
pounds of miik in seven days, containing 30
pounds 10.16 ounces of butter; also produced
in thirty days 2,754.6 pounds of milk, con-
taining 123 pounds 10 ounces of _ butter.
Owned at time of test by Messrs. McAdam
& Von Heyne, of Brothertown Stock Farms,
Deansboro, Oneida county, N. Y.

1903, June 9th.—New York spot cotton,
12.40 cents per pound; highest in fifteen
years.

1903, June 11th.—At Chicago Shorthorn
sale, average $371.25 for forty-eight head.

Imp. Lord Banff sold by George E. Ward, of
Sioux City, Ia., for $2,105 to M. E. Jones, of
Williamsville, Tl.

1903, June 12th.—New York auction sale
of working coach horses realized an average
of $707 per head. The horses had been used
in working the coach Pioneer between New
York and Ardsley. Among the buyers were
Harry Payne Whitney, G. G. Haven, Jr., and
other well-known whips. The former paid
the top price, $4,750 for one pair. Several
others were sold singly at $1,000 to $1,800.

1903.—At Chicago, June 13th and 14th,
Canadian Shorthorn sale. W. C. Edwards,
of Rockland, Ontario, forty-five head; aver-
age, $448.90; John Dryden, of Brooklin, On-
tario, nineteen head; average, $565; M. H.
Cochrane, of Hillhurst, Quebec, eighteen
head: average, $683. Top price, $2,110, paid
ty W. H. Dunwoody, of Minneapolis, Minn.,
for the bull Imp. Golden Mist, 182,753. In-
cluding fifteen females by Geo. Harding &
Son, of Waukesha, Wis., averaging $502,
the grand average for ninety-eight head was
$536.40.

1903, June 14th.—One thousand dollars
paid for a peony called Jenny Lind, named
after the Swedish Nightingale. Sold by C.
Betschler, of Canal Dover, O., to C. W
Ward, of Queens, N. Y. This peony blossoms
early and is about eight inches in diameter.

1903, June.—Kansas City Stock Yards
flooded by high water. Business suspended
fourteen days.

1903, June 15th.—Armour Packing Com-
pany commenced operations at the St. Louis
National Stock Yards.

1903, June 15th.—St.
received 10,028 fresh
cattle receipts for one

1903, July.—History
Dates first issued by Philip H. Hale,
Louis, Mo.

Joseph Stock Yards
eattle, the largest
day on that market.
of Agriculture By
Gs

LOU DILLON, 1:58.

1903, July 11th.—At Cleveland, O., Lou
Dillon broke the world’s record for trotting
mares by one-fourth of a second, going the
mile in 2:03%. It was the second fastest
mile ever trotted, Cresceus alone having a
better mark. Millard Saunders was in the
sulky, and two runners accompanied the
little mare around the track. She reached
the first quarter in 0;31%, and the half in
1:01%.

1903, July 18th.—The first bale of new-
crop Texas cotton was sold this day at the
Galveston Cotton Exchange for $136, and
bought by C. Fisenburg. It weighed 470
pounds, and the price was a little less than
°9 eents per pound. ‘The bale was raised in
Zapata county, one of the southern Rio
Grande counties, where cotton was not
raised before this year.

1903, August 17th.—Record run of cattle
on the Chicago market; 36,727 head received
this day.

7

6

1903, August 19th.—At New York, Dan
Patch broke the world’s pacing record at
Brighton Beach by going a mile in 1:59,
flat. The fractional times were: Quarter,
0:2914; half, 0:58%; three-quarters, 1:29.
The best previous record was 1:59%4, held
jointly by Dan Patch and Star Pointer.

1903.—In this year the United States and
Canada made a record by canning 10,679,809
eases of tomatoes, each case containing
two dozen standard cans.

1903, September 9th.—At Syracuse, N. Y.,
the world’s record for trotting geldings was
broken by Major Delmar, its holder clipping
a second from his own mark and _ three-
quarters of a second from the former
world’s record established by Cresceus. Alta
P. McDonald drove the gelding. Time by
quarters—0:313%,; 1:0134; 1:31%; 2:01%4.

1903, September 2S8th.—Cattle receipts at
Chicago the largest on record for one day—
44,445 head.

MAJOR DELMAR, 1:59%.

1903, October 10th.—At Lexington, Ky,
Major Delmar reduced trotting record, ex-
hibition mile to wagon, to 2:03%. Immedi-
ately after the performance of Major Del-
mar, Lou Dillon, driven by her owner, C. K.
G. Billings reduced the record to 2:01%.
Time—Quarter, 0:31; half, 1:01; three-
quarters, 1:30%4,; mile, 2:01%.

1903, October 10th.—Charmante of the
Gron, 14,442, Guernsey cow, owned by H.
McK. Twembley, finished the year’s test,
making a year’s record of 11,874% pounds
of milk, which contained 676.46 pounds of
butter-fat, which, being churned and salted,
would make 789.2 pounds of merchantable
butter for the year.

1903, October 24th.—At Memphis, Tenn.,
Lou Ditlon, the peerless trotter, owned by
Cc. K. G. Billings, of Chicago, and driven by
Millard Saunders, again proved her right to
the proud title of Queen of the Turf by
trotting a mile under adverse conditions in
the remarkable time of 1:58%. The daughter
of Sidney Dillon was paced by a runner,

and another followed closely to urge the
mare to a supreme effort. A strong wind
from the north swept down the _ back |

stretch, and it was not expected that she
could ent anything from her former wonder-
ful record. The quarter was reached in 30
seconds: the half in 0:591%4; the third
quarter was passed in 1:28%; and
gallant little mare passed under the wire in
1:538%. The timers were Bud Doyle, Fred
Hartwell and John Dickerson, and _ the
watches all agreed to a fraction.

1903.---Segis Inka, 36,617, Holstein-Friesian
cow. sold at Averill & Gregory sale to Dr.
Wm. N. Landon, of Syracuse, N. Y., for
$1,600; highest-priced female of this breed
at auction since 1888.

1203, October 24th.— At Narragansett
Park. Prince Alert clipped a quarter of a
second from the world’s pacing record for a
half mile. The Prince was driven by Mart
Demarest.

1903, October 24th.—At Memphis, Tenn.,
Dariel, a bay mare, by Aleander, driven by
A. McDonald, paced a mile in 2:004%. The

the |

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

former pacing record for a mare was held
by Fanny Dillard, 2:03%.

1903, October 24th.—At Memphis, Tenn.,
Hquity and The Monk, from the stable of
Mr. C. K. G. Billings, of Chicago, were sent
a miie against 2:12, trotting to pole
record. The two horses were driven by Mr.
Billings in faultless style, and passed under

the wire in 2:09%\%4.

1903, October 27th.—Major Delmar trots
in 1:59%, establishing the world’s gelding
record,

1903.-—‘‘Country Life in America’’ for this
year says that the annual sale of cut roses

in the United States amounts to about
$6,000,000; carnations, ‘$4,000,000; violets,
$750,000: and chrysanthemums—a _— short-
season crop—-$700,009. The annual produc-
tion is estimated at $!00.000,000 each for
roses and carnations and $50,000,000 for
violets.

1903, December 51st.—D. Rankin, of
Tarkio, Mo., concluded a purchase of 3,500

stock cattle and feeders on the Kansas City
market, shipping them out in 125 ears. Con-
sidered a record purchase of this character
by one man.

1903, December.—Chicago International
Live Stock Exposition. Champion beef steer
the grade Hereford steer Challenger. Weight,
1,750 pounds. Fed and exhibited by the
Agricultural Experiment Station, Lincoln,
Nebraska.

1903. — Grain production of :he year:
2,244,177,000 bushels corn, 637,822,000 bushels
Wheat, 784,094,000 bushels oats, 131,861
bushels barley, 29,363 bushels rye.

1903.—Highest wheat, September, 93 cents;
highest corn, July and August, 53 cents;
highest oats, July, 45 cents. Lowest wheat,

March, 70% cents; lowest corn, December,
41 cents; lowest oats, March, 31 cents.
1904, January Iist.—United States De-

partment of Agriculture estimate of number
of farm animals: 17,419,817 milch cows,
630,144 sheep, 16,736,059 horses and 2,757,-
916 mules.

1904.—Promising new _ fruits mentioned
and illustrated in Year Book of the United
States Department of Agriculture: Bloom-
field apple, Doctor apple, Rossney pear, Mil-
lennial grape, Perfection currant, Delmas
persimmon.

1904, January 11th.—Largest receipt of
cars in one day at the Union Stock Yards,
Chicago, 3,228.

1904, March ist.—Auction sale of jacks
and jennets by IL. M. Monsees & Sons at
Smithton, Mo. Top price for a jack, $1,500;
average for twenty-nine head, $581.

MISSOURI JOSEPHINE SARCASTIC—
DAUGHTER OF MISSOURI CHIEF
JOSEPHINE. Milk record for six months,

as a two-year-old: 7,037 pounds. This is
334 pounds higher than her dam’s record at
the same age. Bred and owned by the
University of Missouri.

1904, March 24th.—In the open market at
Chicago a roan Shire draft gelding was sold
for the record price of $660. According to
the Drovers’ Journal, this champion roan

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 77
drafter was consigned by William Gray, of 1904, June 18th.—At Cleveland, O., before
Mechanicsville, Ta., and purchased by | a crowd of 19,000 horse lovers at the Glen-
Armour & Co. at the) highest price paid in| ville track, Lou Dillon, the trotting queen,
the open market for a drafter for commer- | driveit by her owner, C. K. G. Billings, was
cial’ use, The gelding was four vears old | sent a mile to wagon to beat the amateur
and weighed 2.210 pounds. This champion |] record of 2:10. The mare made the distance
drafter was bred by Perry Terrill, of Oxford |in 2°0614. The last quarter was made in
Mills, Jones county, Ia., and was sired by] thirty seconds
the imported Shire ‘Stallion Ringmaster, and 1904, June 25th.—Worid’s Fair Trotting
whose dam_was sired by the imported Shire} fandicap (at St. Louis Fair Grounds), mile
stallion Ringleader. This gelding fulfilled) and a quarter, won by Colonial Girl. ‘Time,
the promise of his high quality by winning | 9-991. Stake worth $41.400
the blue ribbon in his class at the Interna- py : Pes iat ==
tional Live Stock Show. rea, eee eee te oom eg

7 r ,| Gay s rece so orses and mules i 1e ot.

1904, April ist.—-Geo. H. Northrup, of] |ouis National Stock Yards, 4,242 head,

Raceville. Washington county, New York, i 2 =
reported having sold nineteen Rose Comb 1904, September 29th.—Great sale _ of
Minorca fowls. for 100, breaking the hunters and hounds, the property of Foxhali
world’s record in poultry sales. Victor, the Ee Keene, at the stables of Van Tassell &
first-prize cock at Chicago, brought $1,000, Kearney, New York City. light American-
and Headlight. 2d, the second-prize cock at bred cross-country horses sold for $20,300, an

Chicago, brought $500. The buyer was Henry

Schultz von Schultzenstein, of Berlin,
Germany.
1904. — Louisiana Purchase Exposition

opened April 50th and elosed December Ist.
Live stock exhibit the greatest ever recorded
in history.

1904, June 15th.—-The
Stock Yards received 31
Texas and Southern cattle

St. Louis National
ears, 8,857 head,
a reeord day in

quarantine cattle.

1964, June iSth.—At Cleveland, O., Mr. C.
K. G. Billings rode Charlie Mac a mile to
saddle in an effort to break the amateur
world’s record of 2:19%4. The record was
towered to 2:17%.

1904.—At the Louisiana Purchase Expos!-
tion, through the resourcefulness and energy
of Mr. Will B. Otwell, 8,000 Illinois farmers’
boys exhibited a grand pyramid, consisting
of 1,000 small pyramids, each containing ten
ears of pure-bréd corn.

HOLSTEIN

COW—JOLIE JOHANNA.
ten years old, in the ninety-day demonstra-

At

tion ‘test at St. Louis, she gave 5,064.4
‘pounds of milk and 169.99 pounds of butter-
fat, equivalent to 212.48 pounds of butter, an
average daily yield of 2.36 pounds of butter.
She was first-prize cow at the St. Louis
World’s Fair, champion senior female at the
World’s Fair, and grand champion female of
the Holstein breed at the same Fair. Her
official test made on the World’s Fair Ground
at St. Louis was 544.6 pounds of milk, 19.61
pounds of butter-fat, the equivalent of 23
pounds and 14 ounces of butter in seven con-
secutive days. JOLIE JOHANNA is owned
by the State Agricultural College of Colo-
rado.

1904.—The stallion Carmon, 32,917, Ameri-
can Trotting Register, 16 hands; weight.
1,200 pounds in fair condition, was selected
to head the stud to establish a breed of
American carriage horses. Carmon was bred
by Hon. Norman J. Colman, of St. Louis, Mo.

1964, June i1S8th.—At Chicago, without
feeling the touch of the whip or spur and
running entirely on his own courage, High-
ball, the three-year-old colt which W. M.
Scheftel brought to Chicago from the East,

won the American Derby at Washington
Park. The time, 2:33, equals tne best time

ever made for this event.

average of $2,537 per head, and a pack of
imported English fox hounds brought $6,150.

JERSEY COW—LORETTA D. As cham-
pion cow of all breeds in the St. Louis Fair
Contest. LORETTA D. is the latest grand
champion of the Jersey breed. In the contest
of 120 days this cow gave 5,082.7 pounds of
milk, 4.8 per cent. fat, yielding 280.16 pounds
butter-fat, equivalent when salted to 330.04
pounds of commercial butter.

1904, October 13th.—-End of dairy cow
demonstration at World’s Fair, St. Louis.
Loretta D., 141,708, owned by the estate of
W. S. Ladd, Portland, Oregon, winner in
contest. In 1S7 days Loretta D. produced
9,214.7 pounds of milk, a daily average of
«9.3 Pounds, giving 414.64 pounds of butter-
fat, equal to 490.12 pounds of commercial
butter, an average of 2.62 pounds of butter
per day. Loretta D. is a high-bred Jersey
cow.

1984, October 21st.—The Monk and Equity
trot a mile in 2:07% at Memphis, Tenn.,
establishing the world’s team reeord.

JERSEY
SIE. This
of heading

BULL—SILVERINE COOMAS-
bull had the distinguished honor
the champion Jersey herd at the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition. He was first-

prize winner wherever shown and never
beaten by any bull of his age. Presented
here as a typical Jersey bull of the highest
quality.

78

1904, October 24th.—At the Chicago Union

Stock Yards, Mr. I. M. Newgass made a
record by selling a matched pair of bay
araft geldings, the team weighing 4,480
pounds. The sale was made to Mr. H. k.
Bloodgood, of Boston, and the price was
£1,000 for the pair.

1904, October 25th.—At Memphis, Tenn.,
Prince Wirect and Morning Star pace in
2:06, making world’s amateur team recor,
driven by (. K. G. Billings.

1904, October 26th.—Dan Patch establishes
world’s pacing record at Memphis, Tenn.,
reducing the mark to 1:56.

1904, December,.—-Chicago Internation+l
Live Stock Exposition. Grand champion beef
animal the Aberdeen-Angus steer Clear Lake
Jute. fed and exhibited by the Minnesota
Agrieultural bixperiment Station. Live weight

at thirty-eight months, 1,895 pounds.
1904.—Grain production of the year:

552,400,000 bushels

139,749,000

rye.

horses and

181,341
Louis

2,467,481,000 bushels corn,
wheat, 894,595,000 bushels oats,
bushels barley, 27,242,000 bushels

1904.—- Largest receipts of
mules at any market in one year,
head, received this year at the St.
Nationa! Stock Yards.

1904.—Highest wheat, September,
and December, $1.22; highest corn, Novem-
ber, 58% cents; highest oats, February, 46
cents. Lowest wheat, January, 81% cents;
lowest corn, January, 42% cents; lowest oats,
October and December, 28% cents.

1905, January ist.—United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture estimate of number of
farm animals: 17,572,000 milch cows; 43,-
669,000 other cattle, 47,321,000 hogs, 45,170,-
000 sheep, 17,058,000 horses and 2,889,000
mules.

1905,— Promising new
and illustrated in the Year Book of the
United States Department of Agriculture:
Virginia Beauty apple, Carson apple, Crocker

October

fruits mentioned

pear, Everbearing peach, Golden’ plum,
Riley, Scioto and Pringle Damson plums,
Trapp Avocado pear, Eulalia Loquat.

Grand champion ear of corn.

1905.—At the meeting of the Iowa Corn
irowers’ Association held at Ames, [a.,
in January, an ear of corn grown by Mr. H.
J. Ross, of Farragut, Ia., was declared the
grand champion of the show. It was sold

at auction and was bought by Jno. 'T. Alex-
ander, of Chicago, for eleven dollars.
1905, February.— The National Farmer

and Stock Grower, of St. Louis, Mo., started

the agitation against the high rate of
interest charged upon farm loans.
1965, Mareh 6th.—Largest receipts of

horses in one day at the Union Stock Yards,
Chicago, 2,177 head.

1905, March 11th.—lLargest
horses in one week at the Union
Yards, Chicago. 4,768 head.

1905, March 11th.—Largest receipts of
horses in one month at the Union Stock
Yards, Chicago, 18,448 head.

1905, April 17th.—C. M. Rand, a horse
dealer, sold the highest-priced ecar-load of
draft horses on the Kansas City market to
this time. The car-load contained sixteen
head that weighed 1,600 to 2,150 pounds,
and brought $230 to $275, or an average
price of $251.51. The horses were shipped
in from Iowa. f

1905.—In a three-mile running race at

receipts of
Stock

Oakland, Calif., Saturday, April Sth, the
American record for that distance was low-
ered by I[lie, a four-year-old son of St.

Cario, owned by C. Stubenford. Carrying 99
pounds, Elie defeated Dr. Leggo, the favor-
ite, Veterano, Orchan, Barney Dreyfus, Fly-
ing Tornado and Grafter, and covered the

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

three miles in
having been Drake

5:22,

the best previous time
Carter’s record of 5:24,

made at Sheepshead Bay in September, 1834.

HEAD OF MY LADY DAINTY—Typical
New York saddle mare of the best class,

1905, April.—M. H. Tichenor & Co., of
Chicago, sold May Morning, a_e golden

ehestnut saddle horse, five years old, fifteen

hands high, to J. H. Moore, for $3,650. This

was at a New York auction and reported -
to be the highest price paid for a saddie

horse on the auction block.

1905, April ?7th.—A pair of big mules sold
for $540 at the St. Louis National Stock
Yards by Campbell & Reid and Western Sale
Stables Company, reported as being the
highest-priced pair sold in the open market.

1905, May 2ist.—lLargest receipt of calves
in one week at the Union Stock Yards,
Chicago, 15,910 head.

1805, July.—-An arbitration award by the
King of Italy respecting the Anglo-Portu-
Zuese frontier in Africa, apportions the last
piece of vacant or unappropriated land on
that continent. It also awarded the last
piece of land available for colonization in
the known world, Africa being under gov-
ernment control.

JOE PATCHEN, by
Patechen Wilkes. Holder of paeing record
for fastest two-heat race by a Stallion, 2:03,
2:02%4. Sire of Dan Patch, champion
harness horse.

2:01%—Black horse,

1905,
seen at
Platter,

the best mules ever
St. Louis were marketed by Frank
of Chillicothe, Mo. They were a
ripping big pair, weighing over 3,200
pounds, and were good all over. The best
evidence of this was that they brought $540.
One of these mules was what was properly
designated ’’a cracker-jack.” She was said
by every dealer to be the best mule they
had ever seen, not in a month, or a year,
but their whole experience. She weighed
1,690 pounds, and had the shape, the
quality, the stvle, bone, foot and everything
to make her a remarkable mule. Several
dealers bid $325 to $330 for her alone. The
mules were bought by Mr. Platter from Fen
Brovles, of Chula, Mo.

1965, May.-——-Largest
one month at the
Chicago, 62,74” head.

oy f

1905, August.—Reciprocity
Chicago for the purpose
irade in farm and ranch
foreign nations.

1905.—In the month of
received 314,560 packages
largest arrivals to that time.

1905, August 17th At Decatur,
Broncho paces in 2:03144, making

May.—Two of

in
Yards,

receipts of calves
Union Stock

Conference at
of encouraging
products with

York
the

New
butter,

July,
of

Ill., The
a world’s

record for mares.

QUEEN ESTHER, 3,038—ESSEX SOW.
First-prize winner and sweepstakes sow at
the St. Louis Fair, 1902, the only time
shown. Her pigs were first-prize winners in
i901, also in 1902. Bred and owned by
Peter Miller & Son, of Belleviile, Il.

1905,-—At Spiingfield, Ill., on November
2d, a sale of Shire horses was held by J.S.
Wright and Storey & Son. The five stallions
averaged $417, and the top price was $975,
paid by Wm. Spears, of Tallula, Ill., for
Lord Bob, a six-year-old stallion, sired by
Dandy Dick. The best price for a female
was $410, paid by C. G. Spence, of Assump-
tion, Ili., for Forest Belle, a four-year-old,
sired by Rampton.

1905, September 30th.—During the year
ending on this day, the Guernsey cow Yeska
Sunbeam gave 14,920.8 pounds of milk,
averaging 5.74 per cent. fat, equal to 857.15
pounds of pure butter-fat and equivalent to
1,905 pounds of merchantable butter, this
Leing the world’s otlhcial butter-fat record
made under public supervision.

1905, October 7th.—In a contest against
time the famous champion harness horse,
the stallion Dan Patch, established a
world’s record by pacing in 1:5514. This at

Lexington, Ky.

1905, October.—Largest receipts of sheep
in one month at the Union Stock Yards, ;

Chicago, 690,956 head.

1905, November.—The FEastern stable of
show horses belonging to Mrs. J. B. M. Gros-
yenor being sold at auction, brought a total
of $54,250 for twenty-eight head, which is
an average of $1,937.50 per head. The car-
riage team, The Baron and The President,
sold’ to Dr. Js G. Lyman for $8,000. "Pow
Wow and Tomahawk, another pair, sold for
ws 00 .to. J. &., Denny, “of Pittsburgh, Pa.
The high price-for a single animal was
$2,809. paid for Petroleum, a 15% black
gelding, bought in for Mrs. Grosvenor.

1905. At New York, on November 22d,
Cresceus, the famous trotter, was sold in
Madison Square Garden for $21,000 to M. W.
Savage, of Minneapolis, Minn, who also owns

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

Ne

79

Patch,
The only
of New

5,000

Arion,
other

York,

people

Dan and other famous horses.

bidder was P. H. McGuire,
who offered $20,000. Nearly
were present to see the sale.

1905.-—During the year the pure-bred stock

sales at the Chicago Union Stock Yards
umounted to thirty-five, at which 584 head
of cattle were sold at an average of $161.90
per head. The Shorthorns were 120; aver-
age, $215.25. Herefords, 142; average,
$137.20: Aberdeen-Angus average, $156.08;
and Galloways, fitty-six head; average,
$155.70.

1905, December—International Live Stock

fox position
Blackrock,
weighing

lowa

at Chicago. Campion beef steer

Aberdeen-Angus, two-year-old,
1,650 pounds. He was fed at the
Agricultural College and was sold at
5 cents a pound.

1905..—The eanning of corn in the United

States and Canada reached a total of
13,418,665 cases, each case containing two
dozen standard cans. Iowa led the list,
with 2,557,104 cans.

1905, December 5th.—At Van Tassell &

Kearney’s action stables, New York City, five
hundred thoroughbred horses were sold
under the hammer when Watercress sold for
$71,000.

1905.— Grain production of the year:
2,707,993,000 bushels corn, 692,979,000 bush-
els wheat, 953,216,000 bushels oats, 131,-

551,000 bushels barley and 28,486,000 bushels
rye.

1905.— Highest
highest corn, May,
July, 34% cents.
77% cents; lowest
cember, 40 cents;
25 cents.

1905.—Promising new fruits mentioned and
illustrated in the Year Book of the United
States Department of Agriculture: Magnate
apple, Oliver red apple, Rabun apple, Early
Wheeler peach, Banner grape, Josephine
persimmon and the Chappelow Avocado or
Tropical pear.

1905.—L.argest
year at the
127,250 Read.

al,e

1906, January ist.—United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture estimate of number of
farm animals: 19,794,000 milch cows, 47,068.-
{00 other cattle, 52,103,000 hogs, 50,632,000
sheep, 18,719,000 horses and 3,404,000 mules.

wheat, February,
64% cents; highest oats,
Lowest wheat, August,
corn, January and De-
lowest oats, September,

$1.24;

_in one
Chieago,

of horses
Yards,

receipts
Union Stock

TH PERUHEHRON HORSE from LaPerche,
France, is the most numerous breed of draft
horses in the United States.

1906.—The draft-horse sale held = at
Bloomington, Ill, January 4th and 65th,
under the management of C. W. Hurt,

resulted in a general average of $362.95 for
fifty-three head. The eighty-nine stallions
average $424.25, and sixty-five mares aver-
aged $311.55. The Percheron stallion Pru-
dent, sired by Hercules, sold at $1,650 to J.
Cc. Good, of Flannagan, Ill.; Germain, sired
by Odeon, sold for $1,040 to Emanuel Cross,

380

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

of Adrian, Mich.; and Pedroe, sired by San-
sonnett, 2d, sold to Wm. Rumney & Sons, of
Somonauk, Ill, for $1,005. The top-price
mare, Colly P., sired by Powerful, sold to
Wm. Zumdahl, of Forrest, Ill., for $635.
1906, January.—Ohio Chief, HPPA a
Duroc-Jersey boar, was sold by 'S. E. Morton,
of Camden, Ohio, for $2,000 to Mr. B. J.
Harding, of Macedonia, Wis., this represent-

ing the record. price for a Duroc-Jersey
boar. Ohio Chief was bred and raised by
Mr. Morton and was first-prize boar, two

years old and over, and reserve senior cham-
pion at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.

1906, January.—In this month the St.
Louis National Stock Yards received 29,821

horses and mules, a world’s record.

1906, February 2d.—At a public sale of
Duroc-Jersey swine, Helen Blazes, IIl., a
daughter of Tip Top Notcher, out of Helen
Blazes, bred by H. E. Browning, of Ripley,
Ill., was sold for the record price of $1,900
to J. Coy Roach, of Girard, Il.

1906.—On February 5th, at Omaha, Mark
M. Coad, of Fremont, Neb., sold American-
bred Percheron horses under the manage-
ment of John S. Cooper. At the sale seven-
teen two and three-year-old stallions sold
for $10,100, averaging $594.15, and eleven
mares Drought $3,860, an average of $351,
while the twenty-eight head averaged
nearly $500. The top price was $1,000, paid
by M. B. James, of Aurora, Neb., for the
stallion Albion, and E. K. Miller, of Hamp-
ton, Neb., paid $600 for Lady Beatrice, the
top-priced mare.

1906.—At a sale of Shorthorn cattle held
at Perth, in Scotland, Lord Lovat sold the
bull Broadhooks Champion to Mr. Miller, an

Argentine exporter, for 1,500 guineas Eng-
lish money, equal to $75,000 in American
money.

1906, February.—The grand champion fat
steer at the Western Live Stock Show, a
yearling Shorthorn, weighing 1,150 pounds,
was sold to J. D. Miller at 33 cents a
pound, the highest pricee ever paid for a
steer in Colorado. The steer was fed and
exhibited by the Colorado Agricultural Col-
lege.

SUSAN CUMBERLAND—Junior champion

Shorthorn female at the American Royal
Show of 1909. Exhibited by D. R. Hanna, of
Ravenna, Ohio.

1906.—-At Vandalia, Ill, February 25th,
G. G. Council sold forty-two head of hogs at
a public sale at an average of $258 per
head. The hogs were Berkshires. This was
said to be the world’s record. Another high
price was set in the sale of Baron Duke,
Viftieth, which brought $1,600. This hog was
sold to W. S. Corsa, of Whitehall, Ili.

1906.—In Mareh some public sales of
Poland-China swine were at strong prices.
E. H. Ware, at Douglas, Ill., sold fifty-four
head at an average of $119.33, with a top
price of $380. E. L. Jimison, at Oneida, T11.,
sold fifty head at $116 per head, with $910
the top price, paid by Frank Walgemuth, of
Elgin, Ill., for Keep Sake, a Keep On
boar; J. C. Hanna, of Middletown, Ia., soid
forty-four head at an average of $119.69,
with a top price of $320. Line Lukens, of
Disko, Ill., sold sixty head at $104.23 per
head, the top price at the sale being $600.

1906, March.—A notable sale of mules
was effected at Atlanta, Ga., by Herren,
Bradbury & Co. There were twenty head,
averaging $452.50. One pair of show mules
included in the lot brought $1,150 and were

ORPHAN BOY—Grand champion jack at

the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904.
Exhibited by L. M. Monsees & Sons, of

Smithton, Mo,

1906, March 6th.—At the sale of jacks and
jennets held by L. M. Monsees & Sons, of
Smithton, Mo., several records were broken,
as follows: Highest-priced jack at auction,
Good Nature, two years old, sold to Wm.
Van Sweringen, of Holton, Kas., for $1,600.
Highest average for jacks, $856.30 per head
for thirty head, and largest total amount
of sale, $31,990. The jennet average was
$169.72 for twenty-seven head. High Style,
a four-year-old jack, sold to the Goodrick
Stock Farm, of Eldon, Mo., for $1,510; and
Beston, a three-year-old, sold for $1,425 to
J. W. Stokey, of Gansing, Kas., for $1,425.
The best price for a jennet’ was $565 for
Toddie, bought by R. E. Deere, of Buffalo,
Missouri.

1906, March 7th.—At Green Bay, Wis., the
Hagemeister Stock Farm sold fifty head of
Percheron horses for an average of $501.50.
The sixteen stallions included three at
$1,000 and upward, and the average was
$612.50; and thirty-four mares averaged
$501.50. The top-price stallion was $1,250,
paid for Etclaireur, a six-year-old, sold to
Con. Keef, of Depere, Wis. The best price
for a mare was $900, paid by Fred Pabst, of
Milwaukee, Wis.

1906, March 19th.—A. J.
of Roscoe, Ill., sold
Masterpiece, 77,000,
sale. the purchaser
Whitehall, Ill.

1906, April.—At a combination sale of
trotting horses held by the Biair-Baker
Horse Company, of Indianapolis, Ind., Grace
A., 2:12%, by Anderson Wilkes, topped the
market for trotters at $5,000, while the
grand young mare. Alfalfa, 2:114%, by Argot
Wilkes, brought $3,800, the top price for
pacers. Numerous sales were made between
$1,000 and $2,000.

_ 1906, April 3d.—At the St. Louis National
Stock Yards the McFarlane Commission
Company sold twenty-one head of mules for
Ratz Bros., of Red Bud, Ill., for an average
of $237.50, the record price for a load of
mules sold on consignment in the market.

1906, May ist.—lLargest receipts of calves
in one day at the Union Stock Yards,
Chicago, 9,284 head.

1906, May 17th.—At the annual Spring
Show held on the Island of Jersey, the cow
Karank, the winner of the English Jersey
Cattle Society gold medal, established a
butter record for the island. She made
three pounds six and one-half ounces of
butter in twenty-four hours, the best ever
reached in a public test on the island.
Karank is owned by Mr. G. L. Gruchy; was
seven years old and 123 days in milk. There
were eighty-one entries in the contest.

Lovejoy & Sons,

the Berkshire boar
for $2,500 at private
being W. S. Corsa, of

1906, May 15th.—Close of otficial year in
testing Holstein-Friesian cows for advanced
registry. During this official year 1,545
Holstein-Friesian cows and heifers of all
ages were officially tested for a period of
seven consecutive days or longer, producing
for the seven consecutive days 581,959.5
pounds of milk, containing 19,701.3 pounds
hutter-fat, and showing an average of 3.39
fer cent. fat. The average weekly produc-
tion for each animal so tested was 376.7
pounds milk, containing 12.75 pounds
butter-fat, equivalent to 53.8 pounds milk,
or over twenty-six quarts daily, and nearly
fifteen pounds of the best quality of butter
per week for each cow.

HON. JAMES WILSON, of Tama county,
Iowa, United States Secretary of Agri-
eulture. He served the longest term of any

Secretary of Agriculture.

1906, June
sale of the herd of

19th-21st.—The dispersiou
Shorthorn cattle estab-
lished by G. M. Casey, of Clinton, Mo., and
later known as the Tebo Land and Cattle
Company herd, took place at Kansas City,
Mo. The result was an average of $3008.60
for 166 females, an average of $1,1,91.35
for eleven bulls, and a general average of
$377.75 for 177 head. The bulls Included the
grand champion Choice Goods, 186,812, sold
at $5,500 to Howell Reese, of Pilger, Neb.
Two sons of Choice Goods sold at $1,500
each. The top price for females was the
imported cow Marengo’s Lavender Countess
with heifer calf by Choice Goods at foot
and sold for $2,150 to C. E. Leonard & Son,
of Bell Air, Mo. The grand champion cow
Ruberta also sold to Howell Reese at $1,324.
Thirty-one of the get of Choice Goods sold
at the sale for $18,734.85. The total amount
realized at the sale was. $63,337.

1906. June.—De Kolle Creamelle, 59,15S,
Holstein cow owned by D. W. Field, of
Dutchland Farms, Montello, Mass., finished
a hundred-day milking test, giving 19,017
pounds of milk, 2.84 per cent. fat, or 284
pounds of butter-fat, equivalent to 335
pounds of merchantable

butter. This cow
is claimed to hold the largest official single-
day milk record, 119.4 pounds of milk; the
largest seven-day record, 780.3 pounds of
milk: the largest thirty-day record, 3,200.3
pounds of milk; the largest sixty-day record,
6,251 pounds of milk; the largest ninety-day

record, 9,454 pounds of milk; and the
largest hundred-day record, 10,017 pounds
of milk. The hundred-day milking record
was nearly equal to twelve gallons of milk
per day.

1906, June 29th..—The President signed
the bill passed by Congress and introduced

by Hon. W. A. Rodenberg, of Illinois, which
extends the time of live stock in transit
without unloading from a limit of twenty-
eight hours to a maximum of thirty-six
hours. This is to be done upon written
request of the owner or person in charge of

the particular shipment.

1906, June 29th.—Congress passed a law
providing for an appropriation of $3,000,009

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

81
to defray the expenses of enlarged inspec-
tion of American live stock and live stock

products, the same to be as formerly under
the control of the United States Department

of Agriculture. For a long time the bill
was delayed through a determined effort to
change existing methods and saddle the

salaries of the government inspectors upon
the stock raisers of the country by first
charging it up to the packers, who would
simply buy all stock subject to inspection
and clearance certificate, thereby shifting
a direct tax of so much per head upon all
live stock sold in market to be paid by the
owner thereof. The happy result whereby
eighty millions of people pay the tax and
the government pays and controls its own
inspectors was largely due to the House
Committee of Agriculture and more espe-
cially to Hon. James W. Wadsworth, of
New York state, to whom the farmers and
stock raisers are under great obligation.
1906, August.—In England the American

eleven-yvear-ola mare Grace Greenlander,
2:1814, reduced the trotting record for three

miles in a race and over a half-mile track
to 7:15%. The fractional time was: Half,
1:11; mile, 2°23; one and one-half miles,
2:36; two miles, 4:50; two and one-half
miles. 6°04; three miles, 7:15%; making the
second mile in 2:87 and the third in
2:25%. Three other horses started, two of
which did not finish. while the third came

in about 20 yards behind.

1906.— At Readville, Mass, August 31st,
the seven-year-old mare Ecstatic paced a
mile in 2:01%, reducing the- record for a

pacing mare in a race.
1906, August 25th.—At Galesburg, IIl., the
bay mare The Broncho distinguished herself

by pacing a mile in 2:00%, establishing
the one-mile pacing record for a tmare
against time.

1906, August 25th.—At Readville, Mass.,

the pacing gelding Bolivar, by Wayland W.,

2°1216, dam Belle W., by Conn’s. Harry
Wilkes, negotiated a mile in a race in
2:00%, equaling the performance of Prince
Alert in 1901.

1906, August 29th.—At Readville, Mass.,
the gelding My Star reduced the gelding
pacing record for a new performer to
2:08 %.

1906.—At Libertyville, Ill., September 7th,
the brown stallion Solon Grattan trotted a
mile in 2:10'4 on a half-mile track, thereby

establishing a record.

1906, September 12th.—-At Syracuse, N. Y.
the bay mare Sweet Marie trotted a mile in
a race in 2:03%, establishing a world’s
record.

1906.— At Columbus, Ohio, September 17th,
the brown mare Italia established a record
for a new performer by pacing a mile in
2:04%.

SWEET MARIE, 2:02.

1906, September 18th.—At Columbus, Ohio
the hay filly Brenda York, by Moko, pace+l
a mile in 2:08%4, thereby establishing a
record for three-year-old fillies.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1996, September 21st.—At Columbus, Ohio,
Sweet Marie, in her ninth year, in a contest
against time, negotiated the trotting mile in

2:02. She went the first quarter in 0:30;
the half in 0:59%; and three-quarters in
1:30. Sweet Marie was driven by Alta
McDonald.

AMERICAN GIRI-—A famous prize-win-
ning bay saddle mare, bred by J. D. & L. B.
Smith, of New Berlin, Ill. Foaled in 1892.

Owned later by W. J. Roe, of Oshkosh, Wis.

1906.—At Columbus, Ohio, September 21st,

The Abbe, black colt, by Chimes, trotted a
Mile in 2:10:44, giving him the joint claim

te record made by Arion in 1902.

1906, September 26th.—The First Cow
Test Association organized in Newago

county, Michigan. The plan is that fifteen
or twenty dairymen form an association and
pay $1.90 per cow per year to help defray
the expenses of the test. A competent
person is hired to make the tests. By this
means records are kept and the good dairy
cows become Enown and bred from and the
unprofitable cows are sent to the butcher.

1906, October 6th.—lWLargest receipts of
sheep in one week at the Union Stock Yards,
Chicago, 179,490 head.

1906, October Sth.
exhibit car started on
Railroad. Was on the road twelve days;
stopped fifteen times and held eighteen
meetings; forty-nine lectures were delivered;
4,089 persons attended the meetings and
14,250 people visited the car. It was in
charge of John T. Stinson, Agricultural
Agent; C. M. Lewelling, Poultry Speaker;
Henry Steinmesch, Expert Poultryman and
Judge. R. M. Washburn, State Dairy Com-
missioner, delivered addresses on -dairy
subjects.

1906, October 9th.—At a sale of Western
fanyve horses held by Campbell & Reid and

Edueational poultry

the Missouri Pacific

Western Sale Stables Company at the St.
Louis National Stock Yards, 3,442 horses
were sold at auction in six hours, establish-

world’s record. J. Tobe Ward and
P. M. Gross officiated as auctioneers. These
horses brought $172,0000. A load of these
Western range horses sold for $111.00 round,
the highest price ever paid for a load of
range horses at public auction.

1906, Octceber 16th.—-‘‘First Apple Day”
set apart to be celebrated every year so long
as time shall last. This was by the Ameri-

ing a

can Apple Growers’ Congress at their
annual meeting held at St. Louis. The
officers’ President, Henry M. Dunlap, of

Savoy, Ill.; Vice-President, W. R. Wilkinson,
of St. duours: Secretary, “I! Cy wWalsh,-of
Hannibal, Mo.; Treasurer, Wesley Greene, of
Des Moines, TIa.; Statistician, John A.
Stinson, of Springfield, Mo. Apple Day is
the third Tuesday in October.

1906, October.—The Joseph A. Maxwell
Mule Company, of St. Louis, Mo., consigned
twenty-seven mules to the opening of the
Fiss, Doerr & Carroll Grand Pavilion in New

York City, where they were sold at auction
Ly electric light on October 25th at 8 p. m.,
following the sale of a lot of Percheron
horses. They were sold by the pair at a
range of $525 to $750, two pairs of them
bringing $750 each. These mules stood 16
to 17.1 hands, and the average weight was
1,590 pounds, which is 30 pounds more
than the average weight of a 16-hand mule.

1906, October 2d.—At Lima, O., George
G., bay gelding, trotted a mile against time

on a half-mile track in 2:08%, thereny
establishing a world’s” gelding half-mile

track record.

1906. November 7th.—Near Lawton, Okla.,
a negro girl from Hill county, Texas, picked
705 pounds of cotton in one day. She was
but fifteen years old, and this was claimed
to be a world’s record for cotton picking,
considering age, size and sex.

1906.—On November 29th, Sweet Marie,
the famous trotting mare, with the record of
2:02, was sold at Madison Square Garden
for $14,000 to EK. T. Stotesbury, a Philadel-
phia banker. Sweet Marie was’ bred by
Frank C. Shumaker, of Los Angeles, Calif.

1906, November.—Mr. J. Ogden Armour
bestowed $5,000 annually to be distributed
at the International Live Stock Exposition

of Chicago and to be competed for by the
State Agricultural Colleges. This provides

for twenty scholarships to be known in his
name. In making the presentation Mr.
Armour said: ‘It is my desire that the
recipients of the scholarships be limited to
boys whose parents are unable to give them
the advantage of an agricultural education.”

1906, November.—Jos. A. Maxwell Mule
Company, of the St. Louis National Stock
Yards, sold a pair of five-year-old, seal-
brown mules, 17 hands high, the team

weighing 3,710 pounds. These were bought

by Robert Harrington and shipped by him
to Atlanta, Ga., where they were resold for
$1,000.

1906, December.—International Live Stock
Exposition. Grand champion beef steer of
the show the pure-bred Hereford calf Peer-
less Wilton, 39th’s Defender, eleven months
old; weight, 975 pounds. The first calf
awarded this high honor. A great exampie
of baby beet. Bred and fed by F. A. Nave,
of Attica. Ind.

es

DRAGON—First-prize Percheron stallion.

1906, December.—International Live Stock
Expecsition. The two-year-old Percheron
stallion Dragon, first-prize winner, sold by
McLaughlin Bros. to Mr. H. G. Spohr for
the record price of $5,000.

196, December.—International Live Stock

Show. Grand champion, Aberdeen-Angus
bull Vala’s Rosegay. Grand champion
female, Bileen Lass. Grand champion
Shorthorn bull, Whitehall Marshall; female,
Welcome of Meadow Lawn. Galloways——
Senior champion, Pat Ryan; female, Myrtle
of Avondale. Herefords—Senior champion

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 83
bull, Princeps, 4th; female, Heliotrope. 1907, January.—Mr. A. C. Van Meter, of
Polled Durhams—Senior champion bull, | Elkhart, Ill., shipped fourteen mules in over
Grover Abbotsburn; female, Lady Abbots. |the Mlinois Traction System. It was the
burn. Red Polls—Senior champion bull, | first shipment of the kind over the new
Water Boy; female, Jessie. road. The load of mules sold at sight to
. - Mr. Adolph Heiman for $235 each. -From

H.—CHESTER WHITE SOW.
Two years old. Champion at the Illinois
State Fair, 1905. Exhibited by W. A.
Hoover, of Oskaloosa, Iowa.

CLARA

24th.—From London,
England, the first consignment of English
apples was sent to the Red Sea by G.
Hodges, of the Covent Garden Market, to
Port Sudan. The apples were packed care-
fully in barrels, containing 120 each, all of
the same quality and _ size. The _ sorts
selected were as follows: Wellingtons, Blen-
heims, Queenings and Greenings.

1906, December

1906.—Largest receipts of calves in one
year at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago,
413,269 head.

1906.—Largest receipts of sheep in one
year at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago,
4,805,449 head.

1906.—Grain production of the year:
2,927,416,000 bushels corn, 735,261,000 bush-

els wheat, 964,905,000 bushels oats, 178,916
Sy

bushels barley and 33,375.000 bushels rye.
1906.—Highest wheat, May, 94% cents;

highest corn, June, 54% cents; highest oats,

June, 42% cents. Lowest wheat, August and

September, 69% cents; lowest corn, Febru-
ary and March, 39 cents; lowest oats,
March, 28% cents.

1907, January l1st.—United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture estimate of number of
farm animals: 20,968,000 milch cows, 51,566,-
000 other cattle, 54,794,000 hogs, 53,240,000
sheep, 19,747,000 horses and 3,817,000 mules.

GINGERBREAD MAN—SADDLE GEL-
DING. Winner of six championships and
other prizes in 1911. Owned by T. H. Son-
nenburg, St. Louis, Mo. Ridden by Mr.
Jno. T. Hook.

circular of McFarlane Commission Company,

St. Louis National Stock Yards.
1907.—Promising new fruits mentioned

and illustrated in the Year Book of the
United States Department of Agriculture:

Delicious apple,
cherry, Miller
and Sandersha

1907.—In this year 13,070,963 cases of eggs
were the total received at New York,
Chicago, 3oston, St. Louis, Cineinnati, Mil-
wWwaukee and San Francisco. Largest of
record to date.

1907.—Grain production of
2,592,320,000 bushels corn, 634,087,000 bushels
Wheat, 754,443,000 bushels oats, 153,597,000
bushels barley, 31,566,000 bushels rye.

1907.—Highest wheat, October, $1.05%4;
highest corn, October, 66% cents; highest
oats, September, 564% cents. Lowest wheat,
January, 71 cents; lowest corn, January,
39% cents; lowest oats, January, 33% cents.

1907, March i1st.—Henry Gill, a veteran
horse dealer had eleven loads of domestic
horses on sale at the Chicago market in one
week. They were all from Iowa.

1907, December. — First National Corn
Show. Grand prize for the best ten ears of
corn won by Mr. L. B. Clore, of Franklin,
Ind., with his exhibit of Johnson County
White.

Lambert
persimmon

Nnsee
persimmon,
Mango.

apple,
Ruby

the year:

BEST TEN EARS OF CORN exhibited at
First National Corn Show at Chicago, 1907.
Exhibited by L. B. Clore, of Franklin, Ind.

1907, December.—The National Farmer
and Stock Grower, published monthly at St.
Louis, Mo., was the first farm paper to offer
quantities of champion seed- corn as_ sub-
scription premiums. The yellow corn used
in the campaign was grown by Mr. D. L.
Pascal, of Iowa, and the white corn by Mr.
L. B. Clore, of Indiana.

1908, January 1st.—United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture estimate of number of
farm animals: 21,194,000 milch cows, 50,073,-
000 other cattle, 56,084,000 hogs, 54,631,000
sheep, 19,992,000 horses and 3,869,000 mules.

1908.—Promising new fruits mentioned
and illustrated in the Year Book of the
United States Department of Agriculture:
Patten apple, Bennett apple, Williams
apple, Augbert peach, Champion peach,
Eaton raspberry, Peter’s Mango, Lonestar
and Kawakami persimmon.

1908.—Grain production of the _ year:
2,668,651,000 bushels corn, 664,602,000 bush-
els wheat, 807,156 bushels oats, 166,756,000
bushels barley and 31,851 bushels rye.

1908.—Highest wheat, May, $1.11; highest
corn, May and September, 82 cents; highest
oats, July, 60% cents. Lowest wheat, July,
84% cents; lowest corn, December, 56 cents:
lowest oats, August, 46 cents.

84

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

1909, January i1st.—United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture estimate of number of
farm animals: 21,720,000 milch cows, 49,379,-
000 other cattle, 54,147,000 hogs, 56,084,000
sheep, 20,640,000 horses and 4,053,000 mules.

1909.—Promising new fruits mentioned
and illustrated in the Year Book of the
United States Department of Agriculture:
Mother apple, Coffman apple, Diploma cur-
rant, Carrie gooseberry, Winfield raspberry,
Victor Roselle or ‘Jamaica Sorrel.”

1909. -Union Stoek Yards at Portland,
Oregon, opened for business in the month of

September. Stock is received both by water
and rail.
1909, November 2d.—A ship-load of Aus-

sterilized and chilled by the
arrived in London after be-
transit. It was chilled
instéad of the usual
degrees. The shipper

tralian
linley

meat,
process,
ing seventy days in
at 30 to 31 degrees
freezing at 10 to 15

was Mr. John Cooke, of Melbourne, Aus-
tralia.

1909.—Grain production of the year:
2,552,190,000 bushels corn, 653,350,000 bush-
els wheat and 1,007,129,000 bushels oats,
173,321,000 bushels barley and 29,520,000

bushels rye.

1909.—Highest wheat, June, $1.60; highest
corn, June, 77 cents; highest oats, May, 60%
cents. Lowest wheat, August, 994 cents;
lowest corn, January, 58%, cents; lowest oats,
August, 36% cents.

GOLDEN GLCW —CHESTNUT SADDLE

MARE. 15.2 hands high; daughter of Rex

Peavine, a son of Rex McDonald. Sold
recently for $2,100 at Lexington, Ky., to

Mr. Chester W. Chavin, of New York City.
The price is said to Le the highest ever paid
for a saddle mare at auction.

1910, January ist.—United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture estimate of number of
farm animals: 21,801,000 milch cows,
279,000 other cattle, 47,782,000 hogs, 5,
000 sheep, 21,040,000 horses and 4,123,000
mules.

1910.—Promising new fruits mentioned

and illustrated in the Year Book of the
United States Department of. Agriculture:
Lowry apple, Kinnard apple, Payne peach,

Hoosier raspberry, Dugat orange, Family
Avocado, Tamopan persimmon and Cecil
Mango.

1910, September 22d.—At the age of 85
David Rankin, of Tarkio, Mo., died. Born,
May 28th, 1825, in Sullivan county, Indiana.

He lived to be the most notable farmer of
his day and the owner of the largest tracts
of rich land. He raised a million bushels of
corn on 19,000 acres in one year, but above
all he was a stockman, marketing hogs and
cattle of his own raising and feeding.

1910.—Grain production of the year:
2,886,260,000 bushels corn, 635,121,000 bush-
els wheat, 1,186,341,000 bushels oats, 173,-

832,000 bushels barley, 34,897,000 bushels rye.

MR. R. A. JAMES, of Charleston, Ill., ex-
hibitor of the best ear of ‘corn of the
National Corn Exposition of 1910.

1910.—Highest wheat, July, $1.29%4; high-
est corn, January, 68 cents; highest oats,
February, 49 cents. Lowest wheat, Novem-
ber, 86% cents; lowest corn, December, 444
cents; lowest oats, October, 29%, cents.

DAN PATCH, 1:55 — Pacing stallion.
Champion harness horse of the world.
Owned by Mr. M. W. Savage, of Minneap-
olis, Minn,

Note by the Editor and Compiler.—
Having collected the material for the

History of Agriculture by Dates and placed
it in pamphlet form we are convinced that
the work is a collection of seraps which will
require considerable effort to correct and
improve. It is, however, an original work,
and by printing the subject of each item in
bold-faced type there is practically no need
of an index. The History of Agriculture by
Dates is sold at a fair price for what it is, a
foundation work, to be published year after
year, and be made better every time.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 5

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By F. A. Waugh. This work is
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in

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Twentieth thoronghly revised and
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Richly illustrated by nearly 800 en-
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American Grape Growing and Wine
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The American Peach Orchard.

By F. A. Waugh. This book is in-
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Peach-growing Geography, Climatol-
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Get the Trees, Orchard Planting,
General Management, Cover Crops,
the Use of Fertilizers, Pruning and
Renovation, Insect Enemies, Dis-
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Marketing the Crop, the Family
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Status, Choosing Varieties, Variety
Catalogue, the Nectarine, Utilizing
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Animal Breeding.

By Thomas Shaw. This is the first
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Barn Plans and Outbuildings.

This book contains chapters on the
economic erection and use of barns,
grain barns, horse barns, cattle
barns, sheep barns, corn houses,

86

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

smoke houses, ice houses, pig pens,
granaries, ete. There are likewise
chapters upon bird houses, dog
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By Thomas Shaw. This is the first
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weil as by all who are interested in

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Price, $1.00. Hale Publishing Co.,

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Coburn’s Swine Husbandry.

By F. D. Coburn. New, revised
and enlarged edition.

and the prevention and treatment
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Cranberry Culture.

Ry Joseph J. White. Contents:
Natural history, history of cultiva-
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ground, planting the vines, manage-
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and difficulties overcome, picking,
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Dadd’s American Reformed Horse
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The breeding,
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The Dairyman’s Manual.

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Farm Arithmetic,

By Charles W. Burkett, formerly
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For the first time in book making a
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280 pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth. Price,
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Soil and Crops of the Farm.

By George HE. Morrow, M. A., and
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the soil are described in popular
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Beginner’s Guide to Fruit Growing.

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HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

87

The Book of Corn.

By Herbert Myrick, assisted by A.
D. Shamel, EH. A. Burnett, Albert W.
Fulton, B. W. Snow and other cap-
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of maize in America and elsewhere,

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The Book of Wheat.

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The Business of Dairying.

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Farm Crops.

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it is a plain, practical and reliable
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land is made ready until the harvest
product is sold. Contents: Good Soils
Back of Good Crops, How Rotations
Help Out; Crop Yields and Proper
Culture; Wheat Crops For Stock
Feeding; The Silo, Silage and Soiling

Crop; Every Farmer a Plant Breeder;
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Gardening For Pleasure.

By Peter Henderson. A guide to
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Land Draining.

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88

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

Making Poultry Pay.

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Management and Breeding of Horses.

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The Management and Feeding of

Cattle.
By Prof. Thonias Shaw. The place
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apparent when it is stated that it is
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trated. 5%x8 inches. 496 pages.
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Modern House Plans For Everybody.

By S. B. Reed. This useful volume
meets the wants of persons of mod-
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$250 up to $8,000, and adapted to
farm, village or town _ residences.
Nearly all of these plans have been

tested by practical working. Pro-
fusely illustrated. 243 pages. 5x7
inches. Cloth. Price, $1.00. Hale

Publishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave., St.
Louis, Mo.

The New Egg Farm.

By H. H. Stoddard. A practical,
reliable manual vpon producing eggs
and poultry for market as a profit-
able business enterprise, either by
itself or connected with other
branches of agriculture. It tells all
about how to feed and manage; how

to breed and select incubators and

brooders; its lakor-saving devices,
ete. 140 original illustrations. 331
pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth. Price,
$1.00. Hale Publishing Co., 3550
Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.
The Nut Culturist.
By Andrew S. Fuller. A treatise

on the propagation, planting and cul-
tivation of nut-bearing trees and
shrubs adapted to the climate of the
United States, with the scientific and
common names of the fruits known
in commerce as edible or otherwise
useful nuts. Illustrated. 290 pages.
ox7 inches. Cloth. Price, $1.50.
Hale Publishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave.,
St. Louis, Mo.

Peach Culture.

By Hon. J. Alexander Fulton. The
best work on peach growing. It has
been thoroughly revised and a large
portion of it rewritten, bringing it

down to date. Illustrated. 204
pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth. Price,
$1.50. Hale Publishing Co., 3550

Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

Quimby’s New Beekeeping.

By L. C. Root. The mysteries of
beekeeping explained. Combining
result of fifty-years’ experience with
the latest discoveries and inventions
and presenting the most approved
methods, forming a complete work.
Illustrated. 271 pages. 5x7 inches.
Cloth. Price, postpaid, $1.00. Hale
Publishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave., St.
Louis, Mo.

Insects and Insecticides.

A book by Clarence M. Weed.D.Sc.,
Professor of Entomology and Zoology,
New Hampshire College ot Agricult-
ure. A practical manual concerning
noxious insects and methods of pre-
venting their injuries. 334 pages,
with many illustraticns. 5x7 inches.
Cloth. Price, $1.50. Hale Publish-
ing Co,, 3550 Vista Ave.,St.Louis,Mo.

Fumigation Methods.

By Willis G. Johnson. A timely,
up-to-date book on the practical ap-
plication of the new methods for
destroying insects with hydrocyanic
acid gas and carbon hisulphide, the
most powerful insecticides ever dis-
covered. It is an indispensable book
for farmers, fruit growers, nursery-
men, gardeners, florists, millers,
grain dealers, transportation com-
panies. college and Experiment
Station workers, etc. Illustrated.
313 pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth-bound.
Price, $1.00. Hale Publishing Co.,
3550 Vista Ave., St. louis, Mo.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 89
Grape Culturist. pliances for the garden, orchard,
By A.S. Fuller. This is one of the| Woods, house, barns and outbuild-
very best of works upon the culture| ings. In every instance there is a
of the hardy grapes, with full direc-| clear, complete description with
tions for all departments of propaga-| illustrations. 5x7 inches. 288 pages.

lent engravings, illustrating plant-
ing, training, grafting, etc. 282 pages.
5x? inches. Cloth. Price, $1.50.
Hale Publishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave.
St. Louis, Mo.

Greenhouse Construction.

By L. R. Taft. A complete treatise
on greenhouse structures and ar-
rangements of the various forms and
styles of plant houses, for profes-
sional florists as well as amateurs.
All the best and most improved
structures are clearly described. The
modern and most successful methods
of heating and ventilating are fuliy
treated upon. Special chapters are
devoted to houses used for the grow-
ing of one kind of plants exclusively.
The construction of hotbeds and
frames receives appropriate atten-
tion. Over 210 pages. 5x7 inches.
Nicely bound in cloth. Price, $1.50.
Hale Publishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave.,
St. Louis, Mo.

Greenhouse Management.

By L. R. Taft. This book forms
an almost indispensable companion
volume to ‘Greenhouse Construc-
tion.’”’ So minute and practical are
the various systems and methods of
growing and forcing roses, violets,
earnations and all the most import-
ant florists’ plants, as well as fruits
and vegetables, described, that by a
careful study of this work and the
following of its teachings, failure is

almost impossible. Illustrated. 328
pages. 5x7 inches. Nicely bound in
cloth. Price, $1.50. Hale Publish-

ing Co., 3550 Vista Ave.,St.Louis, Mo.

Guenon’s Treatise on Milch Cows.

By Thomas J. Hand, Secretary of
the American Jersey Cattle Club. A
treatise on the bovine species in gen-
eral. An entirely new translation
of the last edition of this popular
and instructive book. With over 109
illustrations, especially engraved for
this work. 131 pages. 5x7 inches.
Cloth. Price, $1.00. Hale Publish-
ing Co., 3550 Vista Ave.,St.Louis,Mo.

Handy Farm Devices and How to
Make Them.

By R. Cobleigh. This book con-
tains directions for making things
for almost every conceivable farm
purpose, including appliances for the
care of horses, cattle, sheep, hogs,
poultry and bees; gates, fences, ap-

ing Co., 3550 Vista Ave.,St.Louis,Mo.
Harris on the Pig.

By Joseph Harris. The points of
the various English and American
breeds are thoroughly discussed, and
the great advantage of using thor-
oughbred males clearly shown. The
work is equally valuable to the
farmer who keeps but few pigs and
to the breeder on an extensive scale.
Illustrated. 318 pages. 5x7 inches.
Cleth. Price, $1.00. Hale Publish-
ing Co., 3550 Vista Ave.,St.Louis, Mo.

Herbert’s Hints to Horse Keepers.

By the late Henry William Her-
bert (Frank Forrester). This is one
of the best and most popular works
on the horse ovprepared in _ this
country. A complete manual for
horsemen, embracing: How to breed
a horse; how to kuy a horse; how to
break a horse; how to use a horse;
how to feed a horse: how to physic
a horse (allopathy or homoeopathy) ;
how to groom a horse; how to drive
a horse; how to ride a horse, ete.
Beautifully illustrated. 425 pages.
hx — inches; Cloth, “Price; $1250:
Hale Publishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave.,
St. Louis, Mo.

Homes For Home Builders.

Edited and arranged by W. D.
King, architect, of New York. Farm
and village house plans, also plans of
barns, stables, poultry houses, etc.,
in great variety. 251 pages. 5x7
inches. Bound in cloth. Price, $1.00.
Hale Publishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave.,
St. Louis, Mo.

Soiling Crops and the Silo.

By Thomas Shaw, Professor of
Animal Husbandry at the University
of Minnesota. How to cultivate and
harvest crops; how to build and fill
a silo; how to use silage. The
newest and most valuable of all
bocks for the dairyman. It tells all
about growing and feeding all kinds
of soiling crops that have been found
useful in any part of the United
States or Canada—climate and soil
to which they are adapted, rotation,
sowing, cultivating and _ feeding.
Also about building and filling silos,
what to use and how to fill and feed
it. Illustrated. 364 pages. 5x7
inches. Cloth. Price, $1.50. Hale
Publishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave., St.
Louis, Mo.

90

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

Farm Deveiopment.

By Willet M. Hays. It takes up
farming as a vocation, tells about the
geological history of the earth, ex-
plains the way soil is made, describes
the manner of selecting afarm home,
how to subdue the land, how to drain
and irrigate, and how to build roads,
bridges and fences. The author is
one of our leading agricultural
educators and has been a foremost
worker in introducing agriculture
in the common schools. Profusely
illustrated. 514x8 inches. 392 pages
Cloth=. By smail; “postpaid, + $2250:
Hale Publishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave.,
St. Louis, Mo.

Farm Machinery and Farm Motors.

By J. B. Davidson and L. W.
Chase. Farm Machinery and Farm
Motors is the tirst American book
published on the subject of Farm
Machinery since that written by J. J.
Thomas in 1867. This was before
the development of many of the more
important tarm imachines and the
general application of power to the
work of the farm. Modern farm
machinery is indispensable in
present-day farming operations. and
a practical book like Farm Machinery
and Farm Motors will fill a much-felt
need. Although written primarily as
a text-book, it is equally useful for
the practical farmer. Profusely
illustrated. 5144x8 inches. 520 pages.
Handsomely bound in cloth. Price,
$2.00. Hale Publishing Co., 3550
Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

The Saddle Horse.

A complete guide for riding and
training. This is a complete and
reliable guide book for all whoa
desire to acquire the accomplishment
of horsemanship and who wish to
teach their animals how to perform
various feats under the_ saddle.
Illustrated. 5x7 inches. Cloth. Price,
$1.00. Hale Publishing Co., 3550
Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

Farm Manures.

By Chas. E. Thorne. This is the
most complete and exhaustive work
of the kind ever published on the
production and handling of animal
manures. It tells in concise form
the essential things that every
farmer and tiller of the soil should
Know. A plain, practical account of
the effects of various kinds of
manures on the soil and the composi-
tion of farm crops and of the effect
of different fertilizing elements on
their growth. The hook will not
only interest practical farmers, but
intending farmers who feel the call

to go on the land and grow crops.
Illustrated. 5x7 inches. 300 pages.
Price. $1.50. Hale Publishing Co.,
3550 Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

Talks on Manures,

By Joseph Harris, M. S. A series
of familiar and practical talks be-
tween the author and the deacon, the
doctor and other neighbors, on the
whcle subject of manures and fertil-
izers, including a chapter especially
written for it )y Sir John Bennet
Lawes, of Rothamsted, England. 366
pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth-bound.
Price, by mail, postpaid, $1.50. Hale
Publishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave., St.
Louis, Mo.

Turkeys, and How to Grow Them.

Kdited by Herbert Myrick. A
treatise on the natural history of
turkeys; the various breeds and the
best methods to insure success in the

business of turkey growing. Illus-
trated. 154 pages. 5x7 inches.
Cloth. Price, $1.00. Hale Publish-

ing Co., 3550 Vista Ave.,St.Louis, Mo.

Gardening For Profit.

By Peter Henderson. The standard
work on market and family garden-
ing. The successful experience of
the author for more than _ thirty
years, and his willingness to tell, as
he does in this work, the secret of
his success for the benefit of others,
enables him to give most valuable
information. The book is profusely
illustrated. 376 pages. 5x7 inches.
Cloth. Price, $1.50. Hale Publishing
Co., 3550 Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

Farm stock.

By C. W. Burkett. There are few
men in the country better qualified
to write on this subject than Pro-
fessor Burkett, late Director of the
Kansas Hixperiment Station, and now
editor of the American Agriculturist.
The writer handles, in a brief, yet
practical and thorough manner, the
breeding and feeding, care and man-
agement, of all classes of farm stock.
The chapters on beef, mutton and
pork making show how the small
breeder can make money. For the
average farmer there is no book on
farm stock just like it. Written in a
simple, straightforward way, with
all technical terms and expressions
fully explained, it is designed for
the average farmer, yet the largest
breeder can prefit by using it as a

guide. Fully’ illustrated. 5x7%
inches. 350 pages. Bound in cloth.
by mail, postpaid, $1.50. Hale Pub-

lishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave., St.

Louis, Mo.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. 91
The Forage and Fiber Crops in|Cloth. By mail, postpaid. Price,
America, $1.50. Hale Publishing Co., 3550

By Thomas F. Hunt. This book is
exactly what its title indicates. It is
indispensable to the farmer, student
and teacher who wishes all the latest
and most important information on
the subject of forage and fiber crops.
Like its famous companion, ‘“‘The
Cereals in America,’ by the same
author, it treats of the cultivation
and improvement of every one of the
forage and fiber crops. With this
book in hand you have the latest and

most up-to-date information avail-
able. Illustrated. 428 pages. 5145x8
inches. Bound in _ cloth. Price,
postpaid, $1.75. Hale Publishing

Co., 3550 Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

Forage Crops Other Than Grasses.

How to Cultivate and Use Then.
By Thomas Shaw. Scon forage crops
other than grasses will be grown
from sea to sea. This new departure
may revolutionize the stock and
dairy business of America. Professor
Shaw’s book telis all about it—just
what has been done, how it was done
and how any and every farmer can
do likewise. Scientifically accurate,
the book is intensely practical.
Illustrated. 287 pages. 5x7 inches.
By mail, postpaid, $1.00 Hale Pub-
lishing Co., St. Louis, Mo.

Forest Planting.

By H. Nicholas Jarchow, LL.D. A
treatise on the care of woodlands
and the restoration of the denuded
timber lands on plains and moun-
tains, full instructions being given
for forest planting of our various
kinds of soil and subsoil. Illustrated.
250 pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth-bound.
Price, $1.50. Hale Publishing Co.,
3550 Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

The Horse; How to Buy and Sell.

By Peter Howden. Giving the
points which distinguish a sound
from an unsound horse. This
volume abounds in general informa-
tion, stated in so clear and simple a
manner as to enable anyone to intel-

ligently buy and sell a horse. 131
pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth. Price,
$1.00. Hale Publishing Co., 3550v

Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

How Crops Feed.

By Prof. Samuel W. Johnson. A
treatise on the atmosphere and the
soil, as related in the nutrition of
agricultural plants. The volume—
the companion and complement to
“How Crops Grow’’— has been wel-
comed by those who appreciate the
scientific aspect of agriculture.
Illustrated. 376 pages. 5x7 inches.

Vista Ave., St. Louis, IJo.

How Crops Grow.

By Prof. Samuel W. Johnson. A
treatise on the chemical composition,
structure and life of the plant. A
guide to the knowledge of agricult-
ural plants, their composition, their
structure and modcls of development
and growth; of the complex organi-
zation of plants, and the use of the
parts; the germination of seeds, and

the food of plants obtained both
from the air and the soil. Illus-
trated. 416 pages. 5x7 inches.

Cloth-bound, by mail, postpaid, $1.50.
Hale Publishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave.,
St. Louis, Mo.

The Ice Crop.

A book by Theron L. Hiles. How
to harvest, ship and use ice. A
complete, practical treatise for farm-
ers. dairymen, ice dealers, produce
shippers, meat packers, cold storers,
and all interested in ice houses, cold
storage and the handling or use of
ice in any way. Including many
recipes for iced dishes and bever-
ages. The book is illustrated by cuts
of the tools and machinery used in
cutting and storing ice, and the dif-
ferent forms of ice houses and cold

storage buildings. Illustrated. 122
pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth. Price,
$1.00. Hale Publishing Co., 3550

Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.
Insects Injurious to Vegetables.
A book by F. H. Chittenden, 8.C.D.

A complete, practical work, giving

descriptions of the most important

insects attacking vegetables of all
kinds, with simple and inexpensive
remedies to check and destroy them,
together with timely suggestions to
prevent their recurrence. Profusely
illustrated. 5144x8 inches. 300 pages.

Cloth. By mail, postpaid, $1.50.

Hale Publishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave..

St. Louis, Mo.

Fruit Harvesting, Storing, Marketing.

Vee Ae. Walch... Avs practical
guide to the picking, storing, shipping
and marketing of fruit. The prin-
cipal subjects covered are the fruit
market, fruit picking, sorting and
packing, fruit storage, evaporating,
canning, statistics of the fruit-trade,
fruit package laws, commission
dealers and dealing, cold storage,
ete. No progressive fruit grower can
afford to be without this most valu-
able book. Illustrated. 232 pages.
5x inches.” Cloth. ~ Price, $1:00-
Hale Publishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave.,
St. Louis, Mo.

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

Swine in America.

By F. D. Coburn. This great book
on hog raising is a guide to every
grower and a text-book to every
student. What he had already done
for alfalfa, Mr. Coburn now has done
for swine. This great industry is
treated in his new work, ‘‘Swine in
America,’ in a most exhaustive
manner. Every phase of hog raising
is considered from a practical stand-
point, and the latest contributions to
the science and art of handling and
managing hogs weighed and _ dis-
cussed in this important work down
to the hour: of publication. If you
have anything at all to do with hogs,
get this book. This book contains
650 pages, 6x9 inches, bound in fine
silk cloth, gold stamping, making
it one of the handsomest and most
attractive agricultural books now
before the _ public. Price, $2.50.
Hale Publishing Co., 3550 Vista
Ave., St. Louis, Mo.
First Principles of Feeding

Animals.

By C. W. Burkett. As indicated
in its title, the book discusses the
fundamental and first principles of
feeding the animals of the farm. It
is of simple construction, takes up
the subject step by step, making it
possible for the practical man or
student to understand clearly and
fully both the science and the prac-
tice of this important subject. Illus-
trated. 348 pages. 5x7 inches.
Cloth. Price, $1.50. Hale Publishing
Co., 3550 Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

Farm

Vegetable Gardening.

By R. L. Watts. This complete,
concise and authentic book covers
every phase of vegetable gardening
and is especially well organized as a
text-book and equally valuable as a
handbook for practical growers. It
treats fully the questions regarding
soils, fertilizers, manures, irrigation,
insect enemies and fungous diseases,
construction of hot-houses, cold-
frames, seed growing, vegetables
under glass, marketing, ete. Illus-
trated 5%x8 inches. 525 pages.
Cloth. Price, $1.75. Hale Publish-
ing Co.. 3550 Vista Ave.,St.Louis,Mo.

The Farmer’s Veterinarian.

By Charles William Burkett. This
book abounds in helpful suggestions
and valuable information for the
most successful treatment of ills and
accidents, and disease troubles. <A
practical treatise on the diseases of
farmi stock, containing brief and
popular advice on the nature, cause
and treatment of disease, the com-
mon ailments and the care and

management of stock when sick. It
is profusely illustrated, containing a
number of half-tone insert illustra-
tions and a great many drawings
picturing diseases, their symptoms
and familiar attitudes assumed by
farina animals when affected with dis-
ease, and presents, for the first time,
a plain, practical and satisfactory
guide for farmers who are interested
in the common diseases of the farm.
Illustrated. 5x7 inches. 288 pages.
Bound in cloth, by mail, postpaid,
$1.50. Hale Puhlishing Co., 3550
Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

Plums and Pium Culture.

By Prof. F. A. Waugh. A complete
manual on all known varieties of
plums and their suecessful manage-
ment. Plum culture is one of the
most complicated of fruit specialties,
and Professor Waugh is one of the
best known of the specialists, and
this work represents in an unusual
degree the original discoveries of the
author. Nevertheless, the discoveries
and practical experience of others
have not been disregarded. The
book will be found indispensable to
the scientist, to the nurseryman and

to the cultivator. Illustrated. 391
pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth. Price,
$1.50. Hale Publishing Co., 3550
Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.
The Study of Breeds.

By Thomas Shaw. Origin, his-
tory, distribution, characteristics,
adaptability, uses and standards of

excellence of all pedigreed breeds af
cattle. sheep and swine in America.
The accepted text-book in colleges.
and the authority for farmers and
breeders. ‘!llustrated. 371 pages.
9X7 inches. Cloth. Price, $1.50:
Hale Publishing Co., 3550 Vista
Ave., St. Louis, Mo.
The Potato.

By Samuel Fraser. While the prac-
tical side of potato culture has been
emphasized, the scientific part has
not been neglected, and the informa-
tion given is of value, both to the
grower and the student. It is the
most complete, reliable and authori-
tative book on the potato ever pub-
lished in America. Illustrated. 200
pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth-bound,
postpaid, 75 cents. Hale Publishing
Co., 3550 Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

The Soil of the Farm.

By John Scott and J. C. Morton. A
handbook of the processes included
in the management and cultivating
of the soil. 107 pages. 5x7 inches.
Cloth. Price, $1.00. Hale Publish-
ing Co.,3550 Vista Ave., St.Louis,Mo.

The Cereals in America.

By Thomas Hh. Hunt; Me esi:
Agri., Professor of Agronomy, Cor-
nell University. If you raise five

acres of any kind of grain you can-
not afford to be without this book.
It is in every way the best book on
the subject that has ever been
written. It treats of the cultivation
and improvement of every grain
crop raised in America in a thor-
oughly practical and accurate
manner. The subject matter includes
a comprehensive and succinct trea-
tise of wheat, maize, oats, barley,
rye, rice, sorghum (kaffir corn) and
buckwkeat, as related particularly
to American conditions. Illustrated.
450 pages. 5%x8 inches. Cloth.
Price, $1.75 by mail, postpaid. Hale
Publishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave., St.
Louis, Mo.

Practical Fioviculture.

By Peter Henderson. A guide to
the successful propagation and culti-
vation of florists’ plants. The work
is not for florists and gardeners only,
but the amateurs wants are con-
stantly kept in mind. It also com-
prises a very complete treatise on
the cultivation of flowers under glass,
or in the open air, suited to those
who grow flowers for pleasure as
well as those who make them a

matter of trade. Illustrated. 325
pages. 5x7 ‘inches. Cloth. Price,
$1.50. Hale Publishing Co., 3550

Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

Profitable Poultry Production.

By M. G. Kains. This book shows
how poultry can be made more prof-
itable. From cover to cover the
book is written with the one aim of
aiding the poultry raiser to make the
most money from the farm flocks;
hence special emphasis is laid on
marketing both poultry and eggs as
well as on breeding and feeding.
Illustrated. 5x7 inches. 288 pages.
Cloth. Price, $1.50. Hale Publish-
ing Co., 3550 Vista Ave.,St.Louis,Mo.

Weeds of the Karin and Garden.

By L. H. Pammel. The enormous
losses amounting to several hundred
million dollars annually in the
United States caused by weeds stim-
ulate us to adopt a better system of
agriculture. The weed question is,
therefore. a most important and vital
one for American farmers. This
treatise will enable the farmer to
treat his field to remove weeds. The
bock is profusely illustrated by pho-
tographs and drawings made _ ex-
pressly for this work and will prove
invaluable to every farmer, land
Owner, gardener and park superin-

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

93

tendent. 5x7 inches. 300 pages.
Cloth. Price, by mail, postpaid, $1.50.
Hale Publishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave.,
St. Louis, Mo.

Profitable Stock Raising.

By Clarence A. Shamel. This
book covers fully the principles of
breeding and feeding for both fat
stock and dairying type. It tells oz
sheep and mutton raising, hot-house
lambs, the swine industry and the
horse market. Finally he tells of
the preparation of stock for the
market and how to prepare it so that
it will bring a high market price.
Illustrated. 5x7 inches. 288 pages.
Cloth. Price, $1.50. Hale Pub-
lishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave., St.
Louis, Mo.

The Book of Alfalfa.

History, Cultivation and Merits.
Its Uses as a Forage and Fertilizer.
The appearance of the Hon. F. D.
Coburn’s little book on Alfalfa a few
years ago has been a profit revela-
tion to thousands of farmers through
out the country, and the increasing
demand for still snore information on
the subject has induced the author
to prepare the present volume, which
is, by far, the most authoritative,
complete and vaiuable work on this

forage crop published anywhere.
Illustrated. 336 pages. 6%x9inches.
Cloth. Price by mail, postpaid,
$2.00. Hale Publishing Co., 3550

Ave., St. Louis, Mo.
Foundations of American Grape Cul-
ture.

By T. V. Munson. This book is
original, clear and practical, besides
being the most accurately scientific,
clear and practical work upon Amer-
ican grapes, suited to all sections of
the country. It will be a fine money
inaker to every practical vineyardist
who reads it, and a delight and help-
mate to every home that grows a few
vines about the house, on the trees,
on walls or arbors, or garden trellis.

Illustrated. 7144x10 inches. 250
pages. Cloth. Price, $2.00. Hale

Publishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave., St.
Louis, Mo.

Play and Profit in My Garden.

By E. P. Roe. The author takes
us to his garden on the rocky hill-
side, and shows us how out of it,
after four-years’ experience, he
evoked a profit of $1,000, and this
while carrying on pastoral and liter-

ary labor. Illustrated. 350 pages.
bx inches. Cloth. Price, 19-250.
Hale Publishing Co., 3550 £4Vista

Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

94

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES. ~

The Fruit Garden.

By P. Barry. A standard work on
fruit and fruit trees, the author
having had over thirty-years’ practi-
cal experience at the head of one of
the largest nurseries in this country.
Invaluable to all fruit growers. IJ1-
lustrated. 516 pages. 5x7 inches.
Cloth. Price, $1.50. Hale Publish-
ing Co., 3550 Vista Ave.,St.Louis, Mo.

Profits in Poultry.

Useful and ornamental breeds and
their profitable management. This
excellent work contains the combined
experience of a number of practical
men in all departments of poultry
raising. It is profusely illustrated
and forms a unique and important
addition to our poultry literature.
352 pages. 5x7 inches. Bound in
cloth. Price, $1.00. Hale Publish-
ing Co., 3550 Vista Ave.,St.Louis,Mo.

The Science and Practice of Cheese-
making.

Byes ) Vale SivkewandorCy yAY
Publow. <A treatise on the manu-
facture of American cheddar cheese
and some other varieties; intended
as a text-book for the use of dairy
teachers and students in class-room
and work-reoom; prepared also as a
handbook and work for reference for
the daily use of practical cheese-
makers and cheese-factory operations.
This is a work which represents both
the scientific and practical sides of
cheesemaking and which, in respect
to authorship, has been prepared
under unusually faverable auspices.
Illustrated. 5x7 inches. Cloth. Price,
$1.50. Hale Publishing Co., 3550
Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

Systematic Pomology.

By F. A. Waugh, Professor of
Horticulture and Landscape Garden-
ing in the Massachusetts Agricultural
College, formerly of the University
of Vermont. This is the first book
in the English language which has
ever made the attempt at a complete
and comprehensive treatment of sys-
tematic pomology. !t presents clearly
and in detail the whole method by
which fruits are studied. The booi
is suitably illustrated. 288 pages.
5x inehesses Cloth, serice,. 951.010)
Hale Publishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave.,
St. Louis, Mo.

Farm Drainage.

By Judge French, of New Hamp-
shire. The principles, process and
efforts of draining land with stones,
wood, ditch-plows, open ditches, and
especially with tiles; including
tables of rainfall, evaporation, filtra-

tiou. excavation, capacity of pipes,
cost and number to the acre. 384
pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth, $1.00.
Hale Publishing Co., 3550 Vista Ave.,
St. Louis, Mo.

Making Horticulture Pay,

By M. G. Kains. This book con-
tains a simple, concise but adequate
discussion of soils and their care,
fertilizers and fertilizing, water and
its control, and the function of culti-
vation. Then follows a discussion
of fruit plantations and their care.
the various orchard fruits of temper-
ate North America, and the small
fruits of this region. The vegetable
garden is treated generally, and then
the various vegetables are taken up
individually. After a general chapter
on spraying, the volume closes with
a chapter on ornamentals for the

home grounds, gardens, the house
and the greenhouse. Illustrated.
5x7 inches. 288 pages. Cloth. Price,
$1.50. Hale Publishing Co., 85596
Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.
Small Fruit Culturist.
By Andrew S. Fuller. The book

covers the whole ground of propa-
gating small fruits, their culture.
varieties, packing for market, ete.
It is very finely and thoroughly illus-
trated, and makes an admirable
companion to ‘‘The Grape Culturist.”
298 pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth. Price,
$1.00. Hale Publishing Co., 3550
Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

Pear Culture For Profit.

By P. T. Quinn, Practical Horti-
culturist. Teaching how to raise
pears intelligently, and with the best
results, how to find out the character
of the soil, the best methods of pre-
paring it, the best varieties to select
under existing conditions, the best
modes of planting, pruning, fertiliz-
ing, grafting and utilizing the ground
before the trees come into bearing,
and, finally, of gathering and pack-
ing for market. Illustrated. 136
pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth. Price,
$1.00. Hale Puktlishing Co., 3550
Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

Cider Maker’s Handhook.

By J. M. Trowbridge. Contents:
The properties of cider apple juice:
apples, varieties aud tests; apparatus
for making cider: pasteurization; old
method of cider making. It is a
complete guide for the cider maker

on a large or small scaie. Illus-
trated. 119 pages. 5x7 inches.
Bound in cloth. Sent prepaid for
$1.00. Hale Publishing Co., 38559

Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

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S a nice, clean, general farm publication, full of practical, interesting and
instructive information. It contains good reading for all the family. It is
very useful to general farmers, to vegetable and fruit growers, and especially
so to cattle, hog and sheep raisers and feeders, to horse and mule raisers and
dealers, and it contains more good poultry facts than most of the poultry papers.
The best live stock illustrations appear in THE NATIONAL FARMER AND
STOCK GROWER. There are thirty-two pages, four columns to the page. It
is published monthly.

Send us Fifty Cents and we will send you THE NATIONAL FARMER AND
STOCK GROWER for one year, and we will also send you a copy of HALE’S
HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE BY DATES.

THE HALE PUBLISHING CO., 3550 Vista Ave., ST. LOUIS, MO.

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~ | Book of :
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Ae A se
si, | EDITION OF 1912. >. a
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it NOW READY FOR DELIVERY. oad
nie 74
ae True to Life Pictwres Reproduced From Photographs Taken in the a4
woe Principal Show Rings of the American Continent by at
xk the Greatest Animal Artists. bce
he i ute
ate 0 i] | vik |
| aye ats |
| ato 8 i Sind
~ |OneThousand Champions, |
we x |
BAYS eR RET Te atx
fe a6
ae Winners in Annual Live Stock Contests at State and National Fairs ste |
Dice and Expositions. a
ule =e
aS cee: is a new edition of the most valuable book ever published @ i
aie in the interest of high-class stock raising. The pictures in THE AX |
| ate BOOK OF LIVE STOCK CHAMPIONS are of famous animals. ie
ave There are sweepstakes and championship winners at State, National utc
$4 and International Fairs and Expositions. These include individual és
ate awards in breeders’ competitions, also herds with prize-ring honors; sie
Re the beef cattle include grand champion steers and car-loads; the te!
she dairy cattle include record makers and large producers of milk and aS |
| atx butter; the horses include thoroughbred, trotting, coach, draft, me
lees hunters, ponies, jack stock, etc. Hogs, sheep and goats are repre- xe!
a sented by the best in every breed. The book is elegantly bound in hed
xt blue cloth, 352 pages, with nearly 750 separate and distinct illustra- oe
zaN tions, one, two, five or more champions to the page. ae!
se There is not a second-class animal or inferior picture in the ze
xt book. Every animal is a record-maker, record-breaker, famous sire, ca
ate mother of champions, or winner in the prize ring. x
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4 e nts
«| Issued S Supplement. | =
* | Issued as a Souvenir Supplement. | <:
aS ——aEre a | EE ALLER TEAR ER EES EE SEE IPE SR ET
xe THE BOOK OF LIVE STOCK CHAMPIONS is published as a ae}
3k Souvenir Supplement to THE NATIONAL FARMER AND STOCK 4
te GROWER, issued monthly at St. Louis, Mo., a splendid, clean, xt
aN general farm publication, full.of practical, interesting and instructive as
se information. It contains good reading for all the family. It is 5774
we very useful to general farmers, vegetable and fruit growers, and xt |
mS especially so to cattle, hog and sheep raisers and feeders, horse and aes
isk mule raisers and dealers, and it contains more good poultry facts wie |
aby than most of the poultry papers. There are thirty-two pages, four se
a | columns to the page. Me
| yx +4 es
* | Special Inducements. a
aK AN EXTRAORDINARY OFFER. As
+ oy
ie We offer the first ten thousand copies of this edition at One se
sk Dollar per copy, including a two-year subscription to THE x
ae NATIONAL FARMER AND STOCK GROWER. The first ten cd
sk thousand copies are handsomely printed on coated paper and xe
se elegantly bound in blue cloth, with gilt title. No finer volume was 45
3K ever offered. Send One Dollar with your order to se
si THE HALE PUBLISHING CO., 3550 Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo, 3h
a : ne
i sal TIA GOO) SAE Pee I BC STS a a 74
ry = : : : . iy ‘ whe why

IBRARY OF CONGRESS
3 .GREATEST.

Sidiscrintion Propositicli

Co-operative Clubbing Arrangement.

Four Great Papers
For One Year .

For Only One Dollar.

FOUR STERLING, UP-TO-DATE
SPECIAL FARM PAPERS.

THE NATIONAL FARMER AND STOCK GROWER

—issued monthly—a magnificent guide and coun-@
_sellor in all branches of farming, grain growing,

fruit growing, dairying, stock raising and feeding,
_ markets, ete.

SEK

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IM

nie ute
SEK

SHIRE

$x
4

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ae

=

SRK

THE AMBRICAN SWINEHERD—issued monthly—
a leader in its class. The hog paper, the pig paper,
ythe brood-sow paper and _ strictly first-class in
meaiteaching how to top the market by producing top
~~ Dogs.

THE SHEPHERDS’ JOURNAL is devoted to
Sheep husbandry on the farm and on the range.
It is equally valuable for the breeder as for the
' herdsman. It is issued monthly, printed on
elegant paper, splendidly illustrated and edited
by practical men.

THE RELIABLE POULTRY JOURNAL—the largest, ~
33 best and most elegant poultry journal issued in the
United States. Great on breeding points, and splendid
articles on raising, feeding and shipping poultry. THE
}RELIABLE POULTRY JOURNAL is distinctly practical
in all articles. The writers are thoroughly expert in
their particular branches of Poultry Husbandry and
retain the peculiar quality of being good instructors.
Bb. You gain something every time you read THE
'~ RELIABLE POULTRY JOURNAL.

ube
7-07

The four papers above mentioned ought to be on every farm and

se ranch. Taken singly they cost $2.00 a year. By our co-operative
ate clubbing arrangement we are enabled to offer all four papers one
a year for One Dollar. Address us =f once without fail.

THE HALE ee ENG CO., 3550 Vista Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

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