HALTERES | ISSN 0973-1555 (Web: http://antdiversityindia.com/halteresentomology_research_journal) Editorial Board Chief Editor: Dr. Himender Bharti (India) Email: himenderbharti@qmail.com/himenderbharti@antdiversityindia.com BOARD OF EDITORS Dr. K. Eguchi (Japan) Dr. Seike Yamane (Japan) Dr. V. V. Ramamurthy(India) Dr. Sudhir Singh (India) Dr. John R. Fellowes (UK) Dr. Sriyani Dias (Sri Lanka) Dr. A. S. Sohi (india) Dr. Simon Robson(Australia) Dr. Florian M. Steiner( Austria) Dr. Joachim Offenberg (Denmark) Dr. Bergert Steiner(Austria) Dr. Meenakshi Bharti (India) Dr. P.D. Rajan (India) JUNIOR REVIEWERS/EDITORS Mr. Yash Paul Sharma Mr. Irfan Gul Mr. Aijaz Anmed Wachkoo Mr. Rakesh Kumar Published by Organisation for Conservation and Study of Biodiversity (CSBD) in collaboration with ANeT-India {regional concern of ANeT-International Network for Study of Ants, Head Office:Institute for Tropical Biology & Conservation University Malaysia, Sabah Locked Bag 2073, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia} Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India-147002 Email : csbdngo@gmail.com/himenderbharti@antdiversityindia.com http://www. antdiversityindia.com/anet-india (http://antdiversityindia.com/csbdan_ngo) Ld Cover Design: Mr Amandeep Singh {Copyright: CSBD & ANeT-India} Printed at : Western Printers, Patiala — Ph. : 0175-2224261 CONTENTS Diversity of the ground inhabiting ant fauna at Department of Atomic Energy campus, Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu) T. Ramesh, K. Jahir Hussain, M. Selvanayagam and K. K. Satpathy..................ccccssscccssscccssssccsssscsecsees 1 Diversity and Abundance of ants along an elevational gradient in Jammu-Kashmir Himalaya - | maezencor Bharti and Yash Paul Sharma...........cccccssccscscccssssscsssssscstccconsacccsssssssnscccccccessssnsscccbocccesssscsssccnecessses 10 Influence of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans Parasatization on the Protein profile and RNA content of Apis mellifera L. worker brood Pooja Badotra, Neelima R. Kumar and Shalini Sharma....................:.:sssssscceccccssssssesecceccsscscsccecucessseeeees 25 Diversity of Odonata in District Poonch and Sudhnoti of Kashmir Valley — Pakistan, with a new record for the country Muhammad Ather Rafi, Muhammad Rafique Khan, Ahmed Zia and Anjum Shehzad.................. 28 Seasonal Patterns of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Punjab Shivalik Himender Bharti, Yash Paul Sharma and Amritdeep Kaul.................ccsccssscccsccscscccsscccsccsscecescossscossees 36 Occurrence of Odonata in Northern areas of Pakistan with seven new records Ahmed Zia, Muhammad Ather Rafi, Zakir Hussain and Muhammad Naeéei............ccccsccseccccsscee 48 Influence of Foraging time, Flight activity patterns and Duration of a foraging trip of Apis species (order: Hymenoptera) on Brassica campestris var. Sarson | Se eee Need ADEA FIBER AGATITV AS 03,55 cisyo0ucesnasosccccuussuascessusvessaacnnsobecccsccsscssadseseseveustonsoasessacasecsuscscenscecseacuassseses 57 Some notes on medically important flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from India Meenakshi Bee MMRN Pe epee esac ye cache vse Sec sayn cess nbbecscocdssuheaveveniid dacedarscboxesdaadilivbccedesbusbeesiaseubdocauseitessessaeccpedeanes 66 Biochemical changes in the midgut during metamorphosis in Apis cerana indica Deepak D. Barsagade, Kalpana M. Kelwadkar and Mangala N. Kadwey..............scccscsssssssssssssssssssssecseses 72 a \ ‘ ‘| 4 gion : ag Pa 4 fio né'stene ache 8 Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 Diversity of the ground inhabiting ant fauna at Department of Atomic Energy campus, Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu) T. Ramesh’, K. Jahir Hussain’, M. Selvanayagam’ and K. K. Satpathy',* 1. Environmental and Industrial Safety Section, Safety Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam-603102 (Tamil Nadu) 2.Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy (LIFE), Loyola College, Chennai-600 034. (e-mail: satpathy@igcar.gov.in) Abstract Ant sampling was carried out in different locations of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) Campus at Kalpakkam during dry season (March — June 2008). Pit-fall traps and hand-picking methods were used to collect ants from 20 different sampling sites. A total of 31 species, 15 genera, and 5 subfamilies of ants were collected. The Myrmicinae were the most common, with 7 genera and 16 species, followed by the Formicinae (4 genera and 8 species), the Ponerinae (2 genera and 2 species), the Pseudomyrmecinae (1 genus and 4 species) and the Dolichoderinae was represented by only 1 species. Interestingly 86.6% of the genera, 83.8% of the species, and 92.4% of the individuals collected belonged to three subfamilies (Myrmicinae, Ponerinae, and Formicinae). The five most species-rich genera were Monomorium, Camponotus, Tetraponera, Crematogaster and Tetramorium. The taxonomic structure of the myrmecofauna sampled, resembles that of Western and Eastern Ghats and other tropical regions in two ways: Firstly, many rare species and a few abundant species: Secondly, the dominance of subfamilies such as Myrmicinae, Ponerinae and Formicinae. The species accumulation curve indicated that the likelihood of getting more number of species in DAE campus and this finding was supported by rarefaction curve Keywords: Ant diversity, Ground-inhabiting ants, Pit-fall trap, DAE Campus, Kalpakkam. Introduction The use of indicator taxa, i.e. taxa that are theoretically representative of other taxa at a given site, has become important in studies of biodiversity in light of the need for rapid, reliable and cost-effective assessments that can be used in conservation and monitoring programs (Oliver and Beattie, 1993 and Kerr et al., 2000). Determining the level of diversity of these groups should permit predictions about the other taxa to be present (Pearson and Carroll 1998, Lawton et a/.,1998, Lindenmayer, 1999 and Kerr et a/., 2000). Traditionally, majority of studies used vascular plants and vertebrates as indicator taxa (Agosti and Alonso, 2000). However, recently the importance and appropriateness of using invertebrate groups Diversity of the ground inhabiting ant fauna at department of Atomic Energy campus, Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu) 2 have been recognized (Pearson, 1994, Oliver and Beattie, 1996a and 1996b). Ants in particular are an excellent choice for use as an indicator taxon (Longino and Colwell, 1997 and Agosti and Alonso, 2000) due to their high local diversity, numerical and biomass dominance in almost every terrestrial habitat. Moreover, their important functions in ecosystems, organization in communities that are sensible to variations in the environment, relatively good base of taxonomic knowledge, and ease of sampling (Carroll and Janzen, 1973, Holldobler and Wilson, 1990, Bestelmeyer et a/., 2000, Brown, 2000 and Schultz and McGlynn 2000) are also responsible for their choice as indicator species. Ground-inhabiting ants are particularly promising group as they represent a large portion of the myrmecofauna. The ant fauna of India remains relatively unexplored (Rastogi et al., 1997). Barring a few isolated studies, very little information is available on ants in India, especially bio-ecology and their usefulness as bioindicators of environmental health. Site-specific reports are essential because biodiversity profile varies regionally. Studies on ant faunal diversity in Tamil Nadu still remains rudimentary. Hence, an attempt was made to study the diversity pattern of ground inhabiting ._ Cocitnbatore ; Fig.1: Map showing study area and sampling ant fauna of DAE Campus at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu. This exercise assumes greater significance considering the fact that DAE Campus is going to be a nuclear complex soon. Thus, it in imperative to take stock of present biodiversity status for future impact assessment studies. Materials and Methods Study area The DAE campus at Kalpakkam encompasses seashore and a vast plain area of the Bay of Bengal. The coastal system forms the complex natural site where intense interactions occur among land, sea and atmosphere.The unique interaction throws biological consortia peculiar to this system. It spreads through the biologically diverse and productive habitat for native flora and fauna and aesthetically blended with introduced vegetation. All the study sites were located inside the DAE campus. Totally 20 representative sampling sites comprising of different landscapes viz., undisturbed scrub jungle, near water bodies, riparian woods, sandy area, casurina monoculture, area with meagre native vegetation and building area (Fig.1) were selected for the study. locations Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 Methodology Ant sampling was carried out in different locations of the DAE Campus during dry season (March — June 2008). Pit-fall traps and hand- picking methods were used to collect ants in different sampling sites. Pit-fall trapping method permits foraging workers to be captured and provides information on the species present in the sampling area. The trap consisted of a one- liter plastic jar with an opening of 7cm in diameter and was placed at ground level. Six pit-fall traps were installed in a more or less straight transect line with each trap approximately 10mtrs apart. Each jar carried 25 ml of 0.05% methyl parathion. The traps were set up between 15.00 and 17.00 hrs and were collected on the next day evening. Ants trapped in the jars were preserved in labelled containers of 70% alcohol. In addition to trapping method described above, an intensive all-out- search to physically collect representative of as many species of ants as possible was made in each sampling unit. In hand-picking collection, two observers walked randomly around each transects (site viz) and to fhe extent possible, the effort involved in this process was kept same. Ants associated with leaf litter were also collected qualitatively to cover overall species spectrum, quantitative collection method was not preformed because leaf litter was not available at many locations in sandy area of the campus. No attempt was made to estimate abundance by these methods. Data collected through pit-fall was taken to quantify abundance. Collected ant species samples were identified primarily based on Bolton (1995) and Fauna of British India, Bingham (1903). Some specimens were sent to specialist to confirm their identity. Results Taxonomic structure of the fauna A total of 31 species, 15 genera, and 5 subfamilies of ants were collected. The Myrmicinae were the most common, with 7 genera and 16 species, followed by the Formicinae (4 genera and 8 species), the Ponerinae (2 genera and 2 species), the Pseudomyrmicinae (1 genus, 4 species) and the Dolichoderinae was represented by only one species. Interestingly 86.6% of the genera, 83.8% of the species, and 92.4% of the individuals collected belonged to three subfamilies (Myrmicinae, Ponerinae, Formicinae) (Table-1). Table-1: Total number and percentage of species, genera, and individuals collected per subfamily. 29:61 a ma 31 100 O es Diversity of the ground inhabiting ant fauna at department of Atomic Energy campus, Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu) 4 The five most species-rich genera were Monomorium (5 sp.), Camponotus (4 sp.), Tetraponera (4 sp.), Crematogaster (3 sp.) and Tetramorium (3 sp.). Out of 15 genera recorded these five genera collectively contribute 70.28% of total species encountered (Table-2). Twenty one species could be identified to the species level: Diacamma rugosum, Camponotus variegates, Solenopsis invicta, Crematogaster subnuda, Tapinoma melanocephalum, Myrmicaria brunnea, Camponotus sericeus, Pachycondyla sulcata, Plagiolepis longipes, Monomorium scabriceps, Monomorium floricola, Paratrechina longicornis, Oecophylla smaragdina, Monomorium destructor, Camponotus compressus, Monomorium latinode, Pheidole latinoda, Tetraponera rufonigra, Meranoplus bicolor, Tetraponera nigra, Tetramorium walshi. Patterns in species richness The number of ant species found in each Table-—2: Species richness of genera. Subfamily Camponotous Formicinae Myrmicinae Ponerinae Dolichoderinae Oecophylla Paratrechina Plagiolepis Crematogaster Meranoplus Monomorium Myrmicaria Pheidole Solenopsis Tetramonum Diacamma Pachycondyla Tapinoma Tetraponera QO ei Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 sampling unit varied from six to ten in most samples, with an average of eight (Fig.2). In the first sampling unit itself, 13 species were encountered. To know the accumulation pattern and area vs. species relationship, species accumulation curve was plotted. The graph (Fig. 3), indicated increase in record of new species with the increase in sampling attempts. More than 60% of the species were recorded at 8" sampling effort and even at 9" sampling attempt the graph showed increasing trend which clearly indicated the possibility of getting more species. Michaelis-Menten type model describes well about the accumulation of species records as the number of sampling attempt increases. This model has clearly demonstrated that, with increase in sampling attempts the likelihood of adding new species is most likely. Fig-4. depicts the rarefaction curve using MMMean and Coleman curve estimators of species richness. Michaelis-Menten model and Coleman curve were used for sampling data after randomizing them 50 times using the procedure of Colwell (1997). This indicated that the sampling area was rich enough to fetch 44 speices and as the average for all sites was 34 species. hil ere eons oO 7 8S 9) 10 NT) 12° 13" 14." 15! 16.17 18 19 20 Sampling units Fig.2: Distribution of number of species encountered in each sampling unit. No. of Species 6 B E35 &E 39 6S = ll 20 28 eels r 80 1 ( ce ZS ae. ony 0 5 10 15 20 Effort (No. of sampks) Fig.3: Species accumulation curve. 50 5 45 8B 40 4 4 35 5 30 B25 4 § 20 31S H 10 4 ao 5 0 i ‘ir 0 5 10 15 0 Effort (No. of samples) [—-—MMRuns Mean —#—Cok Rarefaction Fig.4: Rarefaction curves of performance of Michaelis-Menten richness estimators (MM Mean) and Coleman curve as a function of randomized sample accumulation. Pattern in species abundance profile The number of individuals trapped in pit- fall ranged from 24 to 142 with an average of 60 (Fig.5). Abundance was high at sampling sites 1, 11 and 14 because certain common species Viz., Diacamma rugosum, Camponotus variegates, Myrmicaria brunnea, Pheidole spp. dominated those sites. When the relative abundance of species was plotted against the rank, the plot often lead to approximately straight line. The more horizontal the line, the more equitable the distribution. In the present case rank order abundance plot demonstrated that a small number of very abundant species and a large number of rare species were captured (Fig.6). Diversity of the ground inhabiting ant fauna at department of Atomic Energy campus, Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu) 6 No. of individuals 123 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Sampling untis Fig.5: Abundance profile of ants collected at different sampling units at DAE campus. — i) 3 s 4 Abundance S | + " 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Rank (Mbst common species to most rare species) Fig.6: Rank order abundance plot of ant fauna at Kalpakkam. Discussion The results indicate that the diversity of the ground-inhabiting ant fauna of DAE campus was relatively high (31 species and 15 genera), as compared to that of other regions of Tamil Nadu with a similar sampling effort and methodology (Vinodhini et a/., 2003, Rajagopal et al., 2005, Kaleeswaran, 2006 and Ramesh, 2007). Where as comparatively high diversity was reported from western Ghats and localities of Bangalore (Gadhakar et al/., 1993, Rastogi et al., 1997, Sunil Kumar et a/., 1997, Anu and Sabu 2007, and Varghese, 2008). This difference in diversity could be due to inadequate studies in Tamil Nadu. Moreover, the differences in richness could possibly result from interactions existing between the ant fauna of the surrounding vegetation and associated fauna present at that specific geographical location. A more complete and comparative study of the biodiversity of the ant fauna of the state may throw more light on this aspect. The taxonomic structure of the myrmecofauna sampled, resembles that of Western and Eastern Ghats and other tropical regions in two ways. Firstly, many rare species and a few abundant species were collected (Malsch, 2000). Secondly, the subfamilies such as Myrmicinae, Ponerinae, and Formicinae were dominant. The Myrmicinae alone accounted for nearly 50% of the genera, species, and individuals sampled (Gadagkar et al.,1993, Rastogi et a/., 1997, Anu and Sabu, 2007, Ramesh, 2007 and Ward, 2000). However, the relative importance of the Ponerinae and Formicinae subfamilies in the ants collected, differed with that of ants collected in both the Atlantic forest and the Amazonian forest. In these two regions, the Ponerinae subfamily was significantly predominant (Majer and Delabie, 1994, Delabie et a/,, 2000, Vasconcelos and Delabie, 2000 and Tavares, 2002). The species accumulation curve showed increasing trend even after 50% of sampling efforts, this clearly indicates that the likelihood of getting more species were bright. This was supported by rarefaction curve (Fig. 4), which clearly indicated that, sites like undisturbed scrub jungle might provide up to 44 species of ant. Common richness indices provide rather abstract figures, thus it is appropriate to use extrapolation methods to estimate the total number of species from empirical sample that make up the community under study since complete inventories are practically impossible. Hence, Michaelis-Menten mathematical model and Coleman curve were used. Various studies have shown that estimators such as the MMMean and Coleman rarefaction are more Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 reliable when compared to other estimators (Colwell and Coddington, 1994 and Sanjayan et al., 2002). Overall abundance pattern in different sites varied considerably due to their habitat heterogeneity and species composition. This was evident in certain sampling sites 1, 11 and 14 were common species viz., Diacamma rugosum, Camponotus variegates, Myrmicaria brunnea, Pheidole spp. dominated. As observed by many workers (Malsch, 2000 and Ramesh, 2007) species abundance pattern indicated a relatively small proportion of abundant species against large number of rare species. Acknowledgements Authors are thankful to Dr. Himender Bharti, Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala, for help in identification of ant specimen. Authors are grateful to Dr. Baldev Raj, Director, |GCAR and Dr. P. Chellapandi, Director, Safety Group for their continuous encouragement and support. References Agosti, D. and Alonso, L. E. 2000. The ALL Protocol: A Standard Protocol for the Collection of Ground- Dwelling Ants, In: Agosti, D., Majer, J. M., Alonso L. E. and Schultz T. R. (eds.). 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Broad-scale patterns of diversity in dwelling Ants: Case Studies from the World's leaf litter ant communities, In: Agosti, D., Majer, Rain Forests. Curtin University School of J. M., Alonso, L. E. and Schultz, T. R. (eds.). Environmental Biology Bulletin, Perth, Australia: Ants: Standard Methods for Measuring and 59-69. Monitoring Biodiversity. Smithsonian Institution, Washington and London: 99-121. Vinodhini, J., Karthikeyan, K.A. M., Malaikozhundan, B., Janarthanan,S. and Suresh, P. 2003. Ants of Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 ‘ Diversity and Abundance of ants along an elevational gradient in Jammu- Kashmir Himalaya - | Himender Bharti* and Yash Paul Sharma Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala (Pb.) India-147002. (#e-mail: himenderbharti@gmail.com/himenderbharti@antdiversityindia.com) (www.antdiversityindia.com) Abstract Ant diversity was studied at an altitude of 1000mtrs and 2000mtrs above mean sea level along an elevational gradient in Jammu-Kashmir Himalaya. Ants were collected with the help of pitfall traps, winkler’s and hand collection along a transect of 250mtrs at each site. Species richness was estimated with the help of Colwell’s EstimatorS. Subfamily Myrmicinae has been found to be 66%, followed by Formicinae 26.81%, Ponerinae 4.84% and Dolichoderinae 2.35%. The data generated reflects that with decrease in temperature and humidity, composition of species changes as in case of Myrmicinae, the generalist species are replaced by more high altitude specialists like Myrmica and Aphaenogaster. In case of Formicinae, the interpretation resembles Myrmicinae as cold specialist Formica increases in abundance. But interestingly, thé overall almost same at both the elevations. abundance increases from 1000mtrs to 2000mtrs with number of species Keywords: Ants, diversity, species richness, species abundance, elevational gradient, estimation indices, Jammu-Kashmir Himalaya. Introduction Since the origin of Biogeography, many important studies have been carried on diversity of Insects along elevational gradients. But among insects, ants have been used more frequently by various workers in recent times. Himalaya is listed as one of the biodiversity hotspots, harbours a number of endemic species since its origin in Paleogene period about 70 million years ago (Bharti, 2008). Within the Himalayan range, the area of Jammu- Kashmir is biogeographically most complex and diverse. Since the recognition of elevational gradients by Linnaeus, these continued to serve as a heuristic tool and natural experimental site for generations of scientists; Van Humboldt (1849), Darwin (1839, 1859), Wallace (1876, 1878) and Whittaker (1960) to mention a few. Wheeler (1917), Weber (1943) and Gregg (1963) observed ants at high elevations above 2000 meters in mountains of North America, Sudan and Colorado respectively. According to Hutchinson (1959), Preston (1962a and 1962 b), Connell and Orians (1964), MacArthur (1965, 1969 and1972), Brown and Lomolino (1998) and Sanders (2002) there are two general predictions of how species richness and elevation are related; either species richness decreases monotonically with increasing elevation or richness peaks at mid elevations due to Diversity and Abundance of ants along an elevational gradient in Jammu-Kashmir Himalaya - | nN increase in productivity. Rahbek (1995), while studying the elevational gradients of species richness emphasized on the importance to discriminate between patterns reflecting recent diversification and those reflecting long term accumulation of species. During extensive studies on elevational gradients in Madagascar, Fisher (1996a and 1996b, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2002 and 2004) concluded that species richness is peaked at mid-elevation and emphasized that it could be the result of the mixing of two distinct, lower and montane forest ant assemblages. Samson et al. (1997) surveyed ant communities along an elevational gradient in the Philippines extending from lowland dipterocarp forest (250m) elevation to mossy forest (1750m) and found that very few ants occur at high elevations in the tropics. From Sabah, Borneo, Bruhl et al. (1998) studied stratification of ants in a primary rain forest. They observed dominance of Myrmicinae (39.9%) followed by Formicinae (31.5%), Ponerinae (11.5%) and Dolichoderinae (10.2%). Later, Bruhl et a/. (1999) monitored altitudinal distribution of leaf litter ants along.a transect in primary rain forest on Mount Kinabalu. The number of ant species decreased exponentially without evidence of a peak in species richness at mid-elevation. Gunsalam (1999),Yamane and Hashimoto (1999), Noon-anant (2003) and Watanasit (2003), found that a combination of various ant sampling methods yield better results in the evaluation of ant species. The role of scale and species richness in defining the hierarchical theory of species diversity was discussed by Whittaker et al. (2001). Lomolino (2001), Sanders et a/. (2003) discussed the patterns of ant species richness along elevational gradients in an arid ecosystem and role of area, geometry and Rapoport’s rule in species richness. While, Xu et al. (2001) observed ant communities and their species diversity with altitudinal zonation on west and east slope of Gaoligongshan Mountain in China. Watt et a/. (2002) worked on the effect of diversity and abundance of ants in relation to forest disturbances in Cameroon and supported the view that deforestation can reduce arthropod species richness. Araujo and Fernandes (2003) monitered the distribution of ants along altitudinal gradients from 800m to 1500m, while Robinson et al. (2003) studied wood ant (Formica lugubris) population in Upper Dearne Woodlands, to investigate relationship between ant activity and factors such as light level, slope and vegetation. Schonberg et al. (2004) analysed arboreal ant species richness in primary forest, secondary forest and pasture habitat of a tropical Montane Landscape. More recently, Gunawardene et al. (2008), Kumar and Mishra (2008), Malsch et al. (2008) and Sabu et a/. (2008) monitored ant species richness along elevational gradient, in lowland forests and in agroecosystems. in one of the significant contributions, Nogues-Bravo et al. (2008) assessed scale effects and human impact on the elevational species richness gradients. From Himalaya, Bharti (2008) analysed altitudinal diversity of ants and found that about 45% of Himalayan ant fauna is endemic to this region. The present study is the first contribution dealing with diversity and abundance of ants from Himalaya. Materials and Methods The sampling sites for the study were spaced by an altitude of 1000 meters, since a shift in an altitude of 1000 meters in Himalayan region has pronounced effect on temperature, precipitation, humidity, decomposition, vegetation etc. (Mani, 1962). For this study, the sampling was carried using standard protocols Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 for ant collection along an elevational gradient following Fisher (2004). At each elevation, 50 pitfall traps and 50 leaf litter samples (winkler’s) were used in parallel lines, 10 meters apart along 250 meter transect. The site for each transect was chosen in the interior of forest with the intent of sampling representative microhabitats found at each elevation. Leaf litter samples were sifted ina1mxim quadrant, every 5 meter along the transect using a litter sifter (Bestelmeyer et a/., 2000) through a wire sieve with square holes of 1 cm x 1 cm. Ants and other invertebrates were extracted from the sifted litter during a 48-hour period in mini- winkler sacks (Fisher, 1999, 2004). The litter samples were shaken with the help of machete to agitate the invertebrates, hence increasing the potential for further collection from the litter. The pitfall traps consisted of test tubes with an 18mm internal diameter and 150mm long, partly filled to a depth of about 50 mm with soapy water and 5% ethylene glycol solution, inserted into PVC sleeves and buried with the rim flush with the soil surface, provided with a lid to prevent rainfall from flooding the traps. Material was collected after 48 hours and stored in 70% ethanol. In addition to above mentioned methods, ants were also collected by hand picking method. Ants were then separated from other invertebrates, pin-mounted and identified to species level. Data analysis Data was analysed by Incidence-based coverage estimator (ICE), species observed (Mao Tau). Chao 1, Chao 2 and bootstrap mean. Species richness and Alpha diversity was estimated by using Shannon wiener, and Simpson's D diversity indices. The program EstimateS (Colwell, 2006) was used to calculate these standard estimators. Results and Discussion A total of 1,446 ants belonging to 19 species were collected. Ponerinae and Dolichoderinae are represented by single genera each, while Myrmicinae and Formicinae by 5 genera each. More than half of the species belong to subfamily Myrmicinae (66%), followed by Formicinae (26.81%), Ponerinae (4.84%) and Dolichoderinae (2.35%). Hand collection yielded maximum number of specimens (45.27%) followed by Winkler’s (28.81%) and Pitfall Trap (25.92%). At 1000mtrs (Table -1, Graph-1, Pi chart- | & Ill) subfamily Myrmicinae was found to be maximum (49.96%). Genus Crematogaster represents 47.56% of the total catch and majority of the specimens were collected by hand picking method followed by winkler’s and pitfall. Subfamily Formicinae represents 34.40% with genus Camponotus forming the bulk with 37.56%, again hand picking method was found to be most effective followed by winkler’s and pitfall. Subfamily Dolichoderinae and Ponerinae are represented by single genus. But in case of Ponerinae maximum catch was found to be in winkler’s collection and in terms of number of specimens, Ponerinae out numbered Dolichoderinae. This fact could be attributed to the humidity present in leaf litter. At 2000mtrs (Table-2, Graph-2, Pi chart- ll & IV) subfamily Myrmicinae represents 79.64%, genus Myrmica as the dominant one with 88.10%. Subfamily Formicinae (20.36%) is mainly represented by Formica (72.32%). Two species of Camponotus, one each of Formica and Lepisiota have been found at both the altitudes. At 1000 mtrs, the average temperature was 22°C and relative humidity 52%. The total catch in terms of number of specimens was 665 (Table-1), while with temperature 13.7°C and relative humidity 45%, Diversity and Abundance of ants along an elevational gradient in Jammu-Kashmir Himalaya - | 13 the total catch has been found to be 781 at 2000 mtrs. Species richness by different indices have been depicted in table-5 and species abundance and effectiveness of sampling methods by Sobs (species observed) Mao Tau (Graph-5) while Alpha diversity indices have been depicted in Table-6. The data generated reflects that with decrease in temperature and humidity, composition of species changes ;as in case of Myrmicinae the generalist species are replaced by more high altitude specialists like Myrmica and Aphaenogaster. |In case of Formicinae the interpretation resembles Myrmicinae as cold specialist Formica increases in abundance. But interestingly, the overall abundance increases from 1000mtrs to 2000mtrs with number of species almost same at both the elevations. At this point of time, it is difficult to conclude that with more increase in altitude, the number of species and abundance would increase, but Bharti (2008) has observed that with increase in altitude in Himalaya, genera like Myrmica, Lasius, Aphaenogaster and Temnothorax gradually dominate the ant fauna and are represented by maximum number of endemic species, with Myrmicinae most speciose subfamily followed by Formicinae. Table-1: (Showing data at 1000 mtrs) Crematogaster rogenhoferi rogenhoferi Mayr La Messor himalayanus (Forel) __z7 Pheidole indica Mayr ne Formicinae Camponotus compressus compressus (Fabricius) Camponotus thoracicus (Fabricius) [Camponotus dichrous Andre] Polyrhachis lacteipennis lacteipennis Smith, F. Formica truncorum truncorum (Fabricius) [Formica truncicola Nylander] Pee | Lepisiota capensis capensis (Mayr) aaa Tapinoma melanocephalum Dolichoderinae | melanocephalum (Fabricius) Sia Odontoponera transversa transversa ae (Smith, F.) Species Hand — Pitfall See Myrmicinae Crematogaster subnuda subnuda Mayr Winkler’s 0.82% 21.69% reer [ 5.11% 14.85% 28.38% 29 100° 5.11% oO _ ie) a 3 g Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 44 @ Hand 0 collection f S @ Pitfall P trap e C i m # Winkler's e n : f SS OS FS } ae 9 ro ee N g \ oa & & Rs << & é 3 oe rod ey > x § $ > eee g s eC a s & Graph-1: (Showing the no. of specimens per species at 1000mtrs) Diversity and Abundance of ants along an elevational gradient in Jammu-Kashmir Himalaya - | 15 Table-2: (Showing data at 2000 mtrs) Hand Pitfall Total | Total %age within collection| trap age | subfamily Aphaenogaster smythiesii smythiesii (Forel) 4 48% 11.90% Myrmica smythiesii 217 78% 34.89% smythiesii Forel Myrmicinae (0) . ° 79.64% 100.00% pn thoracicus (Fabricius) 1.28% 6.29% [Camponotus dichrous Andre] Camponotus compressus 0.38% 1.89% compressus Fabricius Formica truncorum 112 | 14.39% 70.43% truncorum (Fabricius) case 26% 1 | 1268 [Formica truncicola Nylander] Formica sanguinea Latreille Formica fusca fusca Linnaeus Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 | -_ af : : @ Hand Collection I 4 ee oy eee Ba | : in E w Pitfall : aed i if Winkler’s n | | | Wa ae aN Aer Gay ae wW 2 Swe er we K LN | @ ¢ ry g ¢ &” @ 2 a ee s OP £ ESS SE a? A ef & ¢ & Se 6 ae be Fo a JS g ys ae vv x Ye ws AMOR Je? Sa Sag 9 i ny Soe OY oP $e FE Seon xd | so oS at Pe se Y € ny s s o” ‘. . go 2 G RY OP Vv Sy eee g oO < | Ng o ye eS (? Graph-2: (Showing the no. of specimens per species collected from 2000mtrs) Diversity and Abundance of ants along an elevational gradient in Jammu-Kashmir Himalaya - | 17 Table-3: (Showing combined data at both elevations) Hand Pitfall Winkler’s| Total Total collection] trap “*hage i Crematogaster subnuda Myrmicinae |Crematogaster| ., pnuda Mayr 20 3 32 5.11% 111 296 20.52% | 4 Crematogaster sagei (5 Genera, 9 Crematogaster rogenhoferi rogenhoferi Mayr 30 12 2.90% Aphaenogaster| APhaenogaster smythiesii smythiesii (Forel) Myrmica My Diiea Syst 74 smythiesii Forel 128 1 ia cea u Camponotus thoracicus Formicinae Camponotus | (Fabricius) 4 [Camponotus dichrous Andre} : Camponotus compressus NO 3 N S © o o Le) =, | 57 12 37 372 NO compressus (Fabricius) 26 Formica truncorum truncorum (Fabricius) 102 [Formica truncicola Nylander] eee Formica sanguinea Latreille Formica fusca fusca Linnaeus Lasius - 9 3 = ® .— ae j Lasius alienus (Foerster) | : ai Lepisiota capensis : Lepisiota capensis (Mayr) 20 i Polyrhachis lacteipennis 25 Polyrhachis | Jacteipennis Smith, F. 22 Ww & = a NO N W = er — on NO — (oe) oO (oe) x Dolichoderinae| Tapinoma Tapinoma melanocephalum melanocephalum (Fabricius) . Odontoponera transversa Odontoponera transversa (Smith, F.) 373 1 2 375 18 Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 wee Hand collection —w— Pitfall wong Winkler’s oad eeenneanmannndtoneenanneannaaenaeannehatanitensannnnmtamnemmmmmanarereeeeeeee ene (4 UU} esuaasues essorsuet eL2UOdOJUOPO | (snpuqey) unjeydasouejtu winpeydarouejau ewourde ¢ 4 ‘Ypus sluuadiayse] smuuadiayoe] sipseysAjog (4AR Aj) Sisuade sisuades eyoisiday i (493S.190 4} snuUaHe snise] SNARUUIT] CISN, CISHY PIMUIOY ® ayjiage] eauindues eonus04 (snp uiqey} wns02UNA WNsOIUNAY eD1LULI0 4 {snpuiqe4} snssasduio0a snssasduiod snjouodue) {snpuiqe4} sndpes0uy snyouodwe> 2 {J.10 4) snueAR|PLUNY JOSSaqAyy * sAeyy eoipur ajopryd JAR [AY PSOBN4s VILA [AY ‘ds edWUAWy pP1O4 MSANPALUs HHSarp Aus ELLA HY / (Jos04)usatp Aus nsanpAtus sayseSouaeydy ake py uayoyya8ou uayoyuaSos sayseZoyewiar BM] [2404 1ades 1aSes 19yseSoewwa1) aAe A) epnuqns epnugns JayseSoqeuia.s5 ionas thods at both the elevat ion me f collect iveness o combined) (Showing Abundance and effecti Graph-3 Diversity and Abundance of ants along an elevational gradient in Jammu-Kashmir Himalaya - | 19 Table-4: (Showing relative humidity and average temperature at both elevations) 2000 mtrs A3:7-GC = 10 00mtrs | Bs / a oli )000mtrs Temperature Relative humidity Specimens | ty | Graph-4: (Showing correlation of temperature and humidity with species abundance) Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 20 Table-5: (Showing the species richness by different indices) Samples ACE Chao 1|/Chao 2 | Jack 1 | Jack 2 | Bootstrap Mean Mean {Mean Mean_ | Mean Bitfalcaps 2d) ee a oe a ee 9 19 19 19 | 18.33 19.15 Individuals (computed) sae Naina le ll ie Tika ee remelting a te Sl a . | a) | wm SODS (Mao | : Tau) oO | | 2 | - fi—abundance — p | | | m | 100 - aisasscoa-becbndtsossteotescosveseoussiesestsoussSonessvossaonsdaconssvodsictousasssnsseoudssvonuietcasscsouspsoiaee teaeetbasasssacesvanssotaiteoskastolSaauiscues tesansosoudeeiontostaatC a Semcon eect TRSan ions 5 | Hand coliection Pitfailtrap Winkler’s Graph -5: (Showing the species abundance and effectiveness of sampling method by Sobs (Mao Tao)) Table-6: (Showing Alpha diversity indices) Diversity and Abundance of ants along an elevational gradient in Jammu-Kashmir Himalaya - | 2 Effectiveness of collection methods at 1000mtrs % Myrmicinae | #€ Formicinae : | % Dolichoderinae 2 : # Ponerinae Pi chart-l Pi chart-lll Effectiveness of collection methods at 2000mtrs Myrmicinae # Formicinae Pi chart-ll Pi chart-IV Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 Acknowledgements For present study, the grant (No. SR/50/ AS-65/2007) sanctioned by Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi is gratefully acknowledged. 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Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 - Influence of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans Parasatization on the Protein profile and RNA content of Apis mellifera L. worker brood Pooja Badotra*, Neelima R. Kumar and Shalini Sharma Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh. (“email: pooja_badotra@yahoo.co.in) Abstract Protein profile and RNA content of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans infested Apis mellifera L. worker brood was studied and compared with non- infested brood. It was observed that total protein concentration in whole body extract was higher in non-infested pupa. The number of protein fractions obtained on SDS-PAGE were however more in the pupa infested with mite. The concentration of RNA was higher in healthy pupa as compared to infested one suggesting reduced transcription of genes encoding peptides and proteins. Keywords: Apis mellifera, Varroa jacobsoni, Protein profile, Worker brood. Introduction The ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans is today regarded as the most serious malady of honey bee colonies. V. jJacobsoni was first detected by Dutch acarologist Jacobson on the Eastern honey bee, Apis cerana (Oudemans ,1904). A. cerana has been recognized as the mite’s native host. Delfinado (1963) collected specimens of V. Jacobsoni from A. mellifera brood in Hong Kong in 1962. This was the first report of the utilization of A.mellifera as an alternative host by V.jacobsoni. Varroa feeds on the haemolymph of adult bee, larvae and pupae. Haemolymph is probably lost at a variable rate in each bee, depending upon the time of feeding by parent mites and their progeny in relation to the bees development. Cacho et al. (1996) studied the effect of Varroa parasitization on the glycoprotein expression of A. mellifera spermatozoa. They (Cacho et al., 1996) compared the lectin binding patterns of the spermatozoa of non- parasitized and parasitized bees and observed that presence of Varroa altered the expression of glycoprotein on the spermatozoa.Yang and Cox-Foster (2005) reported that infestation by Varroa led to reduction in the transcription of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides and immunity- related enzymes causing immunosuppression in the infested bees. The present investigation were undertaken to study influence of parasitization on the protein profile of the infested worker pupa and to compare the RNA content of the infested and healthy pupae Influence of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans Parasatization on the Protein profile and RNA content of Apis mellifera L. worker brood B in order to understand the pathophysiological changes exhibited by the infested bees. Materials and Methods Samples of A.mellifera worker brood were drawn from the colonies maintained by Department of Zoology, Panjab University Chandigarh. Arandom sample of 10 infested and 10 non- infested worker pupae (brown eye stage) was taken for each test after brushing off the bees from the comb.Each pupa was taken in 1ml of PBS and electrically homogenized. Estimation of total protein in the infested and non-infested sample was done following Lowry’s standard procedure (Lowry et al.,1951). The protein types and protein fractions were determined by standard SDS-PAGE technique (Laemmli,1970). For the estimation of RNA the procedure of Schneider (1945) was utilized. Results Protein concentration was found to be higher (0.260 + 0.0030mg/ml) in whole body extract of healthy pupa as compared to 0.176 + 0.002mg/ml in the pupa infested with mite (Results are mean + SD. Values are significantly different from control at p<0.0001). A total of ten bands corresponding to different protein fractions were observed in worker brood not infested with mites. The molecular weights of these proteins ranged between 38.0 to 97.6kDa while the distance traveled was in the range of 0.8 and 5.6 cm. In case of infested sample on the other hand, twelve bands were observed (Table1). Table-1: Protein types in non- infested and infested worker pupa of A. mellifera as observed by SDS-PAGE . Apis mellifera \ate pupa Non-infested Apis mellifera \ate pupa Infested Distance travelled (Cm) Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 Comparison of electropherogram of infested and non-infested sample revealed that the protein types with molecular weights of 65.2 and 40.7kDa were absentin case of non-infested brood of A. mellifera. The proteins fraction of 97.6, 90.2, 88.1, 79.4, 70.7,67.5, 59.3, 48.1 and 38.0kDa were common in both cases. The RNA concentration in whole body extract of non-infested late worker pupa (brown eye) was found to be 0.017 + 0.002mg/ml as compared to 0.008 + 0.003mg/ml in late worker pupa infested with mite (Result are mean + SD Values are significantly different from control at p<0.05) . Discussion Physiological interference due to mite infestation was reported by Ball (1997) who observed depletion in host hemolymph as a consequence of feeding by the mite. The reduction in total proteins (estimated by Lowry's method) of the infested pupal extract observed during the present study could be a consequence of hemolymph depletion .However the protein types established by SDS-PAGE were two more in the infested than in the non- infested brood. The additional proteins are ‘perhaps contributed by mite feeding or could be produced by the host in response to the presence of the parasite. The later however seems unlikely because the RNA content of the parasitized pupa was observed to fall Suggesting reduced transcription of genes encoding for polypeptides. Bees parasitized by V.jacobsoni have been reported to the immunosupressed due to reduction in the synthesis of immunity related enzymes as reported by Yang and Cox-Foster (2005). Acknowledgements Research Facilities provided by Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh are gratefully acknowledged. References Ball, B. 1997. Varroa and virus. In: Munns, P. and Jones, R. (Eds.).Varroa! Fightthe mite, —_ International Bee Research Association, Cardiff, UK: 11- 15. Cacho, E.D.E.L., Martii, J.1., Josa, A., Quitez, J. and Sanchez-Acedo, C. 1996. Effect of Varroa jacobsoni parasitization on the glycoprotein expression in Apis mellifera spermatozoa. Apidologie 27: 87-92. Delfinado, M.D. 1963. Mites of the honey bee in south- east Asia. Journal of Apicultural Research 2: 113-114. Laemmli, U.K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227: 680-685. Lowry, O.H., Rosenbrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry 193: 265-275. Oudemans, A.C. 1904. On a new genus and species of parasitic acari. Notes from the Leyden Museum 24: 216-222 Schneider, W. C. 1945. Phosphorus compounds in animal tissues. Extraction and estimation of deoxypentose nucleic acid and pentose nucleic acid. Journal of Biological Chemistry 161: 293. Yang, X. and Cox-Foster, D.L. 2005. Impact of an ectoparasite on the immunity and pathology of an invertebrate :evidence for host immuno- suppression and viral amplification. Proceedings National Academy Sciences 102: 7470-7475. Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 2 Diversity of Odonata in District Poonch and Sudhnoti of Kashmir Valley — Pakistan, with a new record for the country Muhammad Ather Rafi', Muhammad Rafique Khan’, Ahmed Zia* and Anjum Shehzad‘ 1. National Insect Museum, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad — Pakistan. (email: a_rafiam@yahoo.com) 2. University College of Agriculture, Rawalakot — Kashmir. (email: mrafiquekhan58@gmail.com) 3. National Insect Museum, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad — Pakistan. (email: saiyedahmed@yahoo.com) 4. National Insect Museum, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad — Pakistan. (email: nim.anjum@gmail.com) Abstract Detailed surveys were carried out from two districts viz. Poonch and Sudhnoti of Kashmir Valley during summer seasons of 2007 and 2008 to make an updated record of inhabiting Odonata. Ten localities were selected on the basis of variables keeping in view the habitat requirements of Odonata. The present study provides a record of 16 Anisopterous species spreading to 9 genera and 29 Zygopterous species spreading to 14 genera. Among these Lestes patricia is a new record for the country. The distribution, synonymy, richness and abundance of the species are discussed in this paper. The Kashmir Valley is rich in insect biodiversity, the odonate fauna of this valley needs to be further explored. Keywords: Odonata, Poonch, Sudhnoti, Kashmir Valley. Introduction The Kashmir valley is the liberated part of State of Jammu and Kashmir. It lies between longitude 73° — 75° and latitude of 33° — 36° and is spread over an area of 13,297 Km?. The topography is mostly hilly and mountainous alongwith valleys and plains. Climate is highland subtropical. Districts Poonch & Sudhnoti are mostly mountainous and lie at the foot hills of Himalayas. District Poonch has an area of 855 Km? , however Sudhnoti is spread over 569 Km? (IPAK, 2008). Odonates are important predator of serious pests in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. They consume noxious flies, mosquitoes, aphids, jassids, bollworms (Fraser, 1933) and black flies (Subramanian, 2005). They are good indicator of the condition of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (Brown Diversity of Odonata in District Poonch and Sudhnoti of Kashmir Valley — Pakistan, with a new record for the country 2 1991). Odonata themselves may also be significant prey items of birds, fishes and some other invertebrates such as spiders and predatory coleopterans (Kapoor, 1985). Previously, Laidlaw (1915) and Fraser (1933-34) reported odonata from subcontinent, Kanth (1985), Khaliq (1990), Khaliq et al. (1994), Ali (1995), Yousuf et a/. (2000) studied Odonata of different districts of Kashmir valley. Khaliq and Siddique (1995), Khaliq et a/. (1990) and Khaliq et al. (1995) studied the odonates of Poonch district of Kashmir Valley. However, during the year 1995, Poonch was divided into two individual parts i.e Poonch and Sudhnoti. No significant work has been done on the odonate fauna of the area after partition. It is important to know the existing fauna of both the districts individually. The area has greater biodiversity and is rich in water resources. In view to this, it was planned to extensively explore the Odonata of Poonch and Sudhnoti to make an updated and authentic record. Materials and Methods Five sites (Fig.1.) were selected each from the district Poonch and Sudhnoti of Kashmir Valley. The sites were selected on the basis of variables which may be important according to Clark and Samway (1996) in influencing the distribution of adult Odonata. Among Poonch [Datot (L1), Hajira (L2), Rawalakot (L3), Banjosa (L4), Abbaspur (L5)] and Sudhnoti [Tattapani (L6), Palandri(L7), Azad Pattan (L8), Goraha (L9) and Tararkhal (L10)] were surveyed during the summer season of two consecutive years (2006 & 2007). Methods of sampling were based on Wahizatul-Afzan et. a/. (2006) with minor additions. The collected specimens were brought to Odonata section at National Insect Museum, Islamabad —- Pakistan. The preservation methodology was based on Borror & White (1970). All the collected specimens were identified by running them through taxonomic keys. The taxonomic literature by Fraser (1933 - 1934), Khaliq (1990) and Subramanian (2005) were followed. Voucher specimens have been deposited in National Insect Museum , NARC — Islamabad. Results The study provides a record of 45 species of Odonata including, 16 Anisopterous species identified under 9 genera and 3 families (Table 1) and 29 Zygopterous species identified under 14 genera and 8 families (Table 2). Among Anisoptera, (7Trithemis pallidinervis) is first time recorded from Poonch district. However in Zygoptera (Lestes patricia and L. viridulus) are first time reported from both the districts. Among these, Lestes patricia (Zygoptera) is a new record for country’s Zygopterous fauna. Richness of species (Fig. 2) was observed, which shows that 45 species of Odonata were recorded from district Poonch. However from Sudhnoti, 37 species were collected. Abundance of species (Fig. 3) was also taken into consideration, showing Orthetrum triangulare triangulare (Anisoptera), Agriocnemis pygmaea (Zygoptera) as one of the most common, abundant and widely distributed species of the area, recorded from seven and nine localities respectively. Amongst Anisoptera (Anax nigrolineatus) and Zygoptera (Ceriagrion cerinorubellum) appear to be less common or even rare and were recorded from single locality only. Due to lot of topographic diversity and aquatic habitats, further surveys can unhide more species of Odonata from these areas. Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 Table 1: Valid names, Synonyms and distributional details for the collected Anisopterous species. [ Famiy | Species | Symone tt [uz [its | a [us [es | [is [io [| Libellula triangularis Selys, 1878 eae a Libellula delesserti Selys, 1878 : Libellula melanica Selys, 1883 hit eae Pseudothemis nignfrons Matsumura, 1898 um 5 ¥ La + ed a “Ye: Orthetrum ganeshii Mehrotra, 1961 Orthetrum chandrabali Mehrotra, 1961 Libellula pruinosa Burmeister, 1839 Libellula neglecta Rambur, 1842 Libella clelia Selys, 1878 a me + Orthetrum schneiden Forster, 1903 Libellula sabinaDrury,1770 O. sabina Libellula gibba Fabricius, 1798 Drury, 1770 Libellula leptura Burmeister, 1839 : Libellula ampullacea Schneider, 1845 =i in Lepthemis divisa Selys, 1878 + Orthetrum nigrescens Bartenev, 1929 Orthetrum viduatum Lieftinck, 1942 O. glaucum Libeliula glaucum Brauer, 1865 Brauer, 1865 Orthetrum gangi Sahni, 1965 op + AL ot Sympetrum ; he : a Libellula basilaris Palisot de Beauvois, 1805 meridionale Selys, 2 re : Tramea basilaris Acisoma ascalaphoides Rambur, 1842 Palisot de Acisoma inflata Selys, 1882 + + + + Beauvois, 1805 Acisoma vanegatum Kirby, 1898 O. pruinosum neglectum Burmeister, 1839 | L/bellula petalura Brauer, 1865 Libellulidae + Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata Fabricius, 1787 Libellula sexmaculata Fabricius, 1787 Libellula festiva Rambur, 1842 Libellula infernalis Brauer, 1865 Tnthemis festiva Rambur, 1842 Trithemis proserpina Selys, 1878 *T. pallidinervis Sympetrum pallidinervis Kirby, 1889 Kirby, 1889 Trithemis dryas Selys, 1891 ae + + Crocothemis Libellula servilia Drury, 1773 servilia Drury, Libellula ferruginea Fabricius, 1793 4. zh Bay apr 1773 Libellula soror Rambur, 1842 Crocothemis reticulata Kirby, 1886 C. erythraea Libelfula erythraea Brullé, 1832 Brulle, 1832 Libellula rubra de Villers, 1789 (nec Muller, 1764) Libellula ferruginea Vander Linden, 1825 + + ae (nec Fabricius, 1775) Libellula coccinea Charpentier, 1840 Libellula inquinata Rambur, 1842 Crocothemis chaldaeora Morton, 1920 | Pantala flavescens | Libellula flavescens Fabricius, 1798 Fabricius, 1798 Libellula viridula Palisot de Beauvois, 1805 Libellula analis Burmeister, 1839 Libellula terminalis Burmeister, 1839 Sympetrum tandicola Singh, 1955 Gomphus lineatus Selys, 1850 Onychogomphus lineatus Selys, 1854 Lindenia lineata Kirby, 1890 Mesogomphus lineatus Fraser, 1924 Mesogomphus lineatus Viswanathan & Varadaraj, 1985 Gomphidae Rambur, 1842 x 0) Diversity of Odonata in District Poonch and Sudhnoti of Kashmir Valley — Pakistan, with a new record for the country 31 Table-1: Continued oe [ome Tm [efoto le [elle |e [a [oo Anax immaculifrons Rambur, 1842 Anax bacchus Martin 1908 Anax guttatus 1921 Anax fumosus 1923 Anax nigrolineatus 1935 A. nigrolineatus Fraser, 1935 Aeschna parthenope Selys, 1839 Anax julius Brauer, 1865 Anax bacchus Hagen, 1867 Anax major Gotz, 1923 Anax parisinus Rambur, 1842 Anax geyn Buchholz, 1955 Anax jordansi Buchholz, 1955 A parthenope Selys, 1839 *New Record for the district Table-2: Vaild names, Synonyms and distributional details for the collected Zygopterous species. pri) tse ree ef] [| [oe] Lestes thoracicus ier i Inoeoee 2 OG TE Ueno cd ee Pa Calvert, 1901 L. umbrinus Orolestes motis Baijal and Agarwal, Selys, 1891 1955 a3 7 = Paracypha unimaculata, Fraser 1949 Libellago unimaculata Walker, 1853 foal eal nana Cowley, 1937 | Selys, 1853 Libellago quadrimaculata Walker, 1853 R. trifasciata Libellago trifasciata Walker, 1853 Selys, 1853 Aristocypha tnfasciata Laidlaw, 1950 R. hilaryae Fraser, 1927 R. immaculata Selys, 1871 Pseudagrion Archibasis ceylonica Kirby, 1891 Coenagrionidae | rubriceps Selys, 1876 | PSeudagnon flavifrons Needham and Gyger, 1939 P. laidlawi Fraser, 1922 Chlorocyphidae | R. quadrimaculata Aristocypha quadrimaculta Laidlaw, 1950 oe ee CES aes Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 2 Table-2: Continued jFamty FP. decorum Agrion decorum Rambur, 1842 Rambur, 1842 P. hypermelas + Selys, 1876 P. spencei Fraser, 1922 Ceriagrion Agrion cerinorubellum Brauer, 1865 cerinorubellum Pyrrhosona cerinorubellum Brauer, 1865 Brauer, 1865 Aciagrion hisopa Pseudagnion hisopa Selys, 1876 Selys, 1876 Aciagrion aciculare Lieftink, 1929 Ischnura musa Bartenev, 1913 Ischnura gangetica Laidlaw, 1913 Morton, 1907 Agriocnemis nainitalensis Sahni, 1965. Coenagrion needhami Navas, 1933 Ischnura forcipata |. elegans Vander Agrion elegans Vander Linden, 1820 Linden, 1820 Ischnura lamellata Kolbe, 1885 !. aurora Brauer, Agrion aurora Brauer, 1865 Agnion delicatum Hagen, 1876 1865 Ischnura delicata Hagen, 1876 Micronympha aurora Kirby, 1890 + Nanosura aurora kennedy, 1920 Ishnura bhimtalensis Sahni, 1965 |. senegalensis Agnion senegalensis Rmbur, 1842 Rambur, 1842 Enallagma brevispina Selys, 1876 + Agriocnemis Agrion pygmaeum Rambur, 1842 pygmaea Rambur Agnocnemis australis Selys, 1877 1842 Agriocnemis velaris Selys, 1882 + ERS PE EIiRAR RnR BL) a ES i ee ee een iS Agron kagiensis Matsumura, 19114 Agniocnemis hyacinthus Tillyard, 1913 Rhodischnura nursei Morton, 1907 Ischnura nursei Morton, 1907 Calicnemis atkinsoni Selys, 1886 Platycnemis marginipes Rambur, 1842 Platycnemis lacteola Selys, 1863 Psilocnemis marginipes Selys, 1863 Psilocnemis striatipes Selys, 1863 Copera acutimargo Krug, 1898 Disparoneura bhatnagn Sahni, 1965 ice Ev EE + Platycnemidae Tillyard, 1917 Copera marginipes Rambur, 1842 or ee EE ee eee eee ee eS iS 4 + En Diversity of Odonata in District Poonch and Sudhnoti of Kashmir Valley — Pakistan, with a new record for the country 3B Table-2: Continued Libellula chinensis Linnaeus, 1758 Agrion nobilitata Fabricius, 1776 Agrion chinensis Guerin, 1829 Calopteryx disparilis Rambur,1842 Calopteryx chinensis Rambur, 1842 Calopteryx sinensis Walker, 1853 Neurobasis c. chinensis Fraser, 1934 Neurobasis chinensis Linnaeus, 1758 Euphaeidae Selys, 1853 Baydera indica Selys, 1853 Epallage indica Selys,1853 * New record for districts ° New record for the country Pakistan Fig.1: Map of District Poonch and Sudhnoti, Kashmir Valley. Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 <3 o no] Ns ° ° o 4 a Ay 3 o is) a] Se ° ° Z Fig.2: Richness of Species Observed in Poonch & Sudhnoti Districts of Kashmir Valley. 5 Localities Visited orf WV WPA BDA AQ COW! Fig.3: Abundance of Species observed in Poonch & Sudhnoti Districts of Kashmir Valley. Acknowledgements All the expenses during collection of Odonata in the current study were beared by National Insect Museum, Islamabad — Pakistan. References Ali, M. 1995. Survey of insect pest of rice from district Poonch and evaluation of the potential of dragonfly feeding in captivity. B.Sc. thesis, University College of Agriculture, Rawalakot, Valley of Kashmir. Borror, D. J. and White, R. E. 1970. A field guide to the insects. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. Brown, J. K. S. 1991. Conservation of neotropical environments: Insects as indicators. In: Collins, N.M. & Thomas , J.A. (eds.). The conservation of insects and their habitats, London, Academic Press: 349 — 404. Clark, T. E and Samways, M. J. 1996. Dragonflies (Odonata) as indicators of biotope quality in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Journal of applied ecology 33: 1001 — 1012. Fraser, F. C. 1933. Fauna of British India (Odonata), Ceylon and Burma, Vol. 1, London: Tayler & Francis. Fraser, F. C. 1934. Fauna of British India (Odonata), Ceylon and Burma, Vol. 2, London: Tayler & Francis. IPAK. 2008. Investment oppurtunities in Valley of Kashmir (IPAK), 2008. Accessed online at http://www.pmajk.gov.pk/pdf_files/Investment conference Kanth, Z. 1. 1985. Odonata of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. M.Sc. thesis, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Kapoor, V. C. 1985. Prespectives in insect systematics. Indian Council of Agricultural Research,New Delhi. Khaliq, A. 1990. Taxonomic studies on Zygoptera (Odonata) of Pakistan. Ph. D. thesis, Department of Agricultural Entomology, i University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Khaliq, A. and Siddique, M. 1995. Rice field Odonata in Poonch and Bagh districts of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Notulae Odonatologicae 4(6): 106. Khaliq, A., Shah, W. H., Iqbal, Z. and Mahmood, K. 1990. Damselflies (Zygoptera: Odonata) of district Poonch. Pakistan Entomologist 12(1-2): 90-91. Diversity of Odonata in District Poonch and Sudhnoti of Kashmir Valley — Pakistan, with a new record for the country Khaliq, A., Ayub, M., Nafees, M. A., and Maula, F. 1994. A collection of Odonata from Gilgit and Baltistan,. Kashmir with three new species for Pakistan. Notulae odonatologicae 4(4): 68— 69. Khaliq, A., Aslam, S., and Anjum, S.A. 1995. Description of the naiads of six species of Odonata from Poonch Valley of Azad Kashmir. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 27(1): 71 — 76. Laidlaw, F. F. 1915. Notes on oriental dragonflies in Indian museum. Record of Indian Museum 11(1-3) :197- 199. Subramanian, K. A. 2005. Dragonflies and damselflies of Penisular India - A field guide. Project Lifescape. Indian Academy of Sciences, Banglore, India. Wahizatul - Afzan A., Julia, J. and Amirrudin, A. 2006. Diversity and distribution of dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) in Sekayu recreational forest, Terengganu. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management 1(2): 97-106. Yousuf, M., Abbasi, L. M. and Khaliq, A. 2000. Description of a new allotype of Bayadera longicauda Fraser (Euphaeidae: Odonata) from Azad Kashmir. Pakistan Entomologist 22(1-2): 45 — 46. Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 b Nesncensnscnntan Seasonal Patterns of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Punjab Shivalik Himender Bharti*, Yash Paul Sharma and Amritdeep Kaur Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala (Pb.) India-147002 (himenderbharti@gmail.com/himenderbharti@antdiversityindia.com) (www.antdiversityindia.com) Abstract Seasonal patterns of Ants were analysed in five seasons in Punjab Shivalik range of North-West Himalaya. Various collection methods like Pitfall traps, Winkler’s, Fish bait and Hand picking were used. 40 species belonging to 8 subfamilies have been observed for seasonal patterns and subfamily Myrmicinae followed by Formicinae were found to be dominant. Temperature and Relative humidity have been correlated with seasonal patterns. Keywords: Seasonal patterns, Ants, Shivalik, Disturbed ecosystem, Anthropogenic activity, North-West Himalaya. Introduction Various studies have been carried on community composition on ants, their habitats, foraging behaviour and other ecological aspects. However, studies dealing specifically with seasonal patterns of ants are comparatively few. To start with, Davidson (1977) studied foraging ecology and community organisation in desert seed-eating ants. Levings (1983) studied the seasonal, annual and site variations in the ground ant communities of a tropical forest. Zorilla et al. (1986), while studying structural characteristics of an ant community during succession observed that ant communities in the pastures present a sequence of successional variation. Andersen (1986) worked on diversity, seasonality in ant community organisation of ants at woodland site in South- eastern Australia. Fellers (1989) observed daily seasonal activity in woodland ants. Johnson (1992) monitored seasonal structure of ant communities. Belshaw and Bolton (1993) studied the effect of forest disturbance on leaf litter ant fauna and concluded that most primary forest leaf litter ant species continue to survive in parts of the agricultural landscape which has largely replaced their original habitat. Byrne (1994) observed the correlation between availability of nests and soil type. Fellowes (1996) discussed community composition of Hong Kong ants with respect to spatial and seasonal patterns. Smith et al. (1997) studied variation in structure and function of ant communities during stress and disturbance. Rico-Gray et al. (1998) observed richness and seasonal variation of ant-plant association mediated by plant derived resources in Mexico. Whitford (1999) studied seasonal and diurnal activity patterns in ant communities in vegetation transition region of New Mexico. Seasonal Patterns of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Punjab Shivalik Retana and Cerda (2000) observed the patterns of diversity and composition of Mediterranean ground ant communities. Vanderwoude et al. (2000) observed long term ant communities responses to selective harvesting of timber from spotted forest in Southeast Queensland. Clough (2004) worked on the factors influencing ant assemblages and ant community composition in a subtropical sub- urban environment and concluded that ant communities in sub-urban environments respond to disturbance in a similar manner to ant communities in tropical forest and rainforests. Touyama and Kameyama (2004) worked on foraging behavior with relation to temperature. Coelho and Ribeiro (2006) expressed the response of ant species assemblage to contrasting types of forests in Brazil. Recently, Basu (2008) analysed seasonal and spatial patterns in ground foraging ants and observed that all ant species showed marked seasonality. Suwabe ef a/. (2008) assessed difference in seasonal activity pattern between non-native and native ants in subtropical forest of Okinawa Island, Japan. With this state of affairs, the present study was aimed to generate knowledge about seasonal patterns of ant species in Punjab Shivalik. The area chosen for study is a disturbed ecosystem, subject to anthropogenic activities. The Punjab Shivalik extends between river Ravi in north and river Ghaggar in south; (between latitude 30°34’ 10.82" and 32°33’ 02.95"N; longitude 74°50’ 30.30" and 76° 57.26"E). The Punjab Shivalik is about 280 km long with variable width of 5 km to 12 km. The Shivalik experiences koeppen’s cwg category climate (Mittal et a/., 2000) based on annual and monthly means of temperature and rainfall. This is characterized by humid, tropical and dry winter, extreme seasonal temperatures, long dry-short wet season and potential evapotranspiration exceeding precipitation, which varies from 800 to 1200 mm annually. The Punjab Shivalik falls in the sub- moist to humid and less hot region. The temperature in the area varies from about 2°C in winters to a maximum of about 42°C in summers, and the annual rainfall varies between 400 to 600 mm (Tiwana and Jerath, 2006). Champion and Seth (1968) categorised the forests of Punjab Shivalik into following types: 1. Northern dry mixed deciduous forests, 2. Chir- Pine Forests, 3. Dry deciduous scrub forests, 4. Khair and Dalbergia sissu forests, 5. Dry Bambo brakes, 6. Subtropical Euphorbia scrub. On the basis of texture, climate, topography and denudational process, the soil of Punjab Shivalik is divided into following types: 1. Grey- Brown Podgolic and Fores soil, 2. Kandi soil. Materials and Methods For collection of ants different sites (Talwara, Hajipur, Chohal, Ropar, Pathankot, Jugial) falling in Punjab Shivalik were visited. The selected sites were visited frequently/ repeatedly so as to cover different seasons of the year and five seasons are recognised in the state of Punjab (Mavi and Tiwana, 1993); Summer season Mid April to end of June Rainy season Early July to September Autumn season September to end of November Winter season Early December to end of February Spring season March to Mid April For collection of ants following methods were used: Pitfall traps were placed, made up of test tubes (with an 18mm internal diameter and 150mm long) partly filled to a depth of about 50mm with soapy water and 5% ethylene glycol solution. Leaf litter samples were sifted in a Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 1m x 1m quadrant, every 5 meter along the transect using a litter sifter through a wire sieve with square holes of 1 cm x 1 cm and placed in mini Winkler’s sac (Fisher, 2004). Ants were then extracted after 48 hours. Ants were also collected by hand picking method i.e. searching logs, stumps, dead and live branches, twigs, low vegetation, termite mounds and under stones. To increase the effectiveness of this study sampling sites were chosen interior into forest. Temperature and Relative humidity of the above mentioned areas were recorded during different seasons of the year. Collected specimens were preserved in 70% alcohol to prevent degradation. The collected specimens were mounted on triangles, as per standard procedure in ant taxonomy. Dry specimens bearing all relevant data are kept in wooden boxes. For identification, Bolton (1994) and Bingham (1903) were followed and the identified material was compared with reference collection housed in the laboratory. Table-1: (List of species collected during Summer Season) Crematogaster Pachycondyla Ponerinae Harpegnathos Leptogenys Odontoponera Subfamilies GENUS, Imaeuietuinels Name of Species Pheidole latinoda angustior Forel Pheidole indica Mayr Pheidole spathifera aspatha Forel Pheidole Meranoplus Meranoplus bicolor (Guerin-Meneville) Myrmicaria Myrmicaria brunnea brunnea Saunders Myrmicinae Tetramorium walshi (Forel) Monomorium Monomorium criniceps (Mayr) Monomorium glabrum (Andre) Monomorium destructor (Jerdon) Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus) Monomorium indicum indicum Forel Messor Messor instabilis (Smith, F.) Crematogaster subnuda subnuda Mayr Pachycondyla luteipes luteipes (Mayr) Pachycondyla tesseronoda (Emery) Pachycondyla bispinosa Smith, F. Pachycondyla nigrita nigrita (Emery) Pachycondyla rufipes rufipes (Jerdon) Harpegnathos venator venator (Smith, F.) Leptogenys diminuta laeviceps (Smith, F.) Odontoponera transversa transversa (Smith, F.) Seasonal Patterns of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Punjab Shivalik Table-1: Continued Subfamilies | Genus Name of Species | Cerapachyinae Cerapachys Cerapachys longitarsus (Mayr) Oecophylla Oecophylla smaragdina smaragdina (Fabricius) Lepisiota Lepisiota frauenfeldi integra (Forel) Lepisiota opaca pulchella (Forel) Cataglyphis | Cataglyphis setipes (Forel) Formicinae Camponotus Camponotus parius Emery Camponotus compressus compressus (Fabricius) Camponotus rufoglaucus rufoglaucus (Jerdon) Camponotus sericeus sericeus (Fabricius) | Polymachis Polyrhachis lacteipennis lacteipennis Smith, F. Paratrechina longicornis longicornis (Latreille) Bothriomyrmex Bothriomyrmex wroughtonii wroughtonii Forel yopinoie melanccepnaliin melanocephalum (Fabricius) | Chronoxenus | Chronoxenus myops (Forel) Dorylinae Dorylus Dorylus orientalis orientalis Westwood Dorylus labiatus Schuckard Aenictus pachycerus pachycerus (Smith, F.) Pseudomyrmecinae Tetraponera Tetraponera allaborans (Walker) Tetraponera rufonigra (Jerdon) Dolichoderinae Table-2: (List of species collected during Rainy Season) Subfamilies | Genus Name of Species Pheidole latinoda angustior Forel Pheidole Pheidole indica Mayr Pheidole spathifera aspatha Forel Do Meranoplus bicolor (Guerin-Meneville) Myrmicinae Myrmicaria brunnea brunnea Saunders Tetramorium walshi (Forel) Monomorium Monomorium criniceps (Mayr) Monomorium glabrum (Andre) Monomorium destructor (Jerdon) Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus) Monomorium indicum indicum Forel Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 4 Table-2: Continued Subfamilies SGionitist sini) waar Name of Species protor aaa Messor instabilis (Smith, F.) Crematogaster Crematogaster subnuda subnuda Mayr Pachycondyla Pachycondyla nigrita nigrita (Emery) Pachycondyla rufipes rufipes (Jerdon) Ponerinae Harpegnathos Harpegnathos venator venator (Smith, F.) | Leptogenys Leptogenys diminuta laeviceps (Smith, F.) Pachycondyla luteipes luteipes (Mayr) Pachycondyla tesseronoda (Emery) Pachycondyla bispinosa Smith, F. Odontoponera Odontoponera transversa transversa (Smith, F.) Cerapachyinae Cerapachys Cerapachys longitarsus (Mayr) Oecophylla Oecophylla smaragdina smaragdina (Fabricius) Lepisiota Lepisiota frauenfeldi integra (Forel) Lepisiota opaca pulchella (Forel) Formicinae Cataglyphis Cataglyphis setipes (Forel) Polyrhachis Polyrhachis lacteipennis lacteipennis Smith, F. — Camponotus parius Emery Camponotus compressus compressus (Fabricius) Camponotus rufoglaucus rufoglaucus (Jerdon) Camponotus sericeus sericeus (Fabricius) Dolichoderinae Bothriomyrmex Bothriomyrmex wroughtonii wroughtonii Forel Tapinoma Tapinoma melanocephalum melanocephalum (Fabricius) Dorylinae Dorylus Dorylus orientalis orientalis Westwood Dorylus labiatus Schuckard Pseudomyrmecinae Tetraponera Tetraponera allaborans (Walker) Tetraponera rufonigra (Jerdon) Paratrechina longicornis longicornis (Latreille) / Seasonal Patterns of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Punjab Shivalik Table-3: (List of species collected during Autumn Season) Subfamilies re Name of Species Pheidole Pheidole latinoda angustior Forel Pheidole indica Mayr Pheidole spathifera aspatha Forel Meranoplus Meranoplus bicolor (Guerin-Meneville) Myrmicaria Myrmicaria brunnea brunnea Saunders Myrmicinae Tetramorium walshi (Forel) Monomorium criniceps (Mayr) Monomorium glabrum (Andre) Monomorium destructor (Jerdon) Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus) Monomorium indicum indicum Forel Messor instabilis (Smith, F.) Crematogaster Crematogaster subnuda subnuda Mayr Pachycondyla Pachycondyla luteipes luteipes (Mayr) Pachycondyla tesseronoda (Emery) Pachycondyla bispinosa Smith, F. Pachycondyla nigrita nigrita (Emery) Ponerinae Pachycondyla rufipes rufipes (Jerdon) Monomorium Leptogenys Leptogenys diminuta laeviceps (Smith, F.) Odontoponera Odontoponera transversa transversa (Smith, F.) Oecophylla Oecophylla smaragdina smaragdina (Fabricius) Lepisiota Lepisiota frauenfeldi integra (Forel) Lepisiota opaca pulchella (Forel) Formicinae Cataglyphis Cataglyphis setipes (Forel) Camponotus Camponotus parius Emery Camponotus compressus compressus (Fabricius) Camponotus rufoglaucus rufoglaucus (Jerdon) Camponotus sericeus sericeus (Fabricius) Polyrhachis Polyrhachis lacteipennis lacteipennis Smith, F. Dolichoderinae Bothriomyrmex Bothriomyrmex wroughtonii wroughtonii Forel 41 Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 42 Table-3: Continued Subfamilies GC ORUS ener Name of Species Tapinoma Tapinoma Tapinoma melanocephalum melanocephalum (Fabricius) Dorylinae Dorylus Dorylus orientalis orientalis Westwood Dorylus labiatus Schuckard Pseudomyrmecinae Tetraponera Tetraponera allaborans (Walker) Tetraponera rufonigra (Jerdon) Table-4: (List of species collected during Winter season) ES Formicinae Paratrechina longicornis longicornis (Latreille) Lepisiota frauenfeldi integra (Forel) Dolichoderinae Tapinoma Tapinoma melanocephalum melanocephalum (Fabricius) : Table-5: es of species collected during Spring Season) Subfamilies Name of Species Pheidole Pheidole latinoda angustior Forel Pheidole indica Mayr Pheidole spathifera aspatha Forel Meranoplus bicolor (Guerin-Meneville) Myrmicinae Myrmicaria brunnea brunnea Saunders Tetramorium walshi (Forel) Monomorium Monomorium glabrum (Andre) Monomorium destructor (Jerdon) Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus) Monomorium indicum indicum Forel Crematogaster Crematogaster subnuda subnuda Mayr Seasonal Patterns of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Punjab Shivalik Table-5: Continued Subfamilies | Genus Name of Species Ponerinae Pachycondyla Pachycondyla luteipes luteipes (Mayr) Pachycondyla tesseronoda (Emery) Pachycondyla bispinosa Smith, F. Pachyconayla nigrita nigrita (Emery) Pachycondyla rufipes rufipes (Jerdon) Odontoponera Odontoponera transversa transversa (Smith, F.) Oecophylla Oecophylla smaragdina smaragdina (Fabricius) Lepisiota Lepisiota frauenfeldi integra (Forel) Lepisiota opaca pulchella (Forel) Cataglyphis Cataglyphis setipes (Forel) oe Camponotus compressus compressus (Fabricius) Camponotus rufoglaucus rufoglaucus (Jerdon) Camponotus sericeus sericeus (Fabricius) Polyrhachis Bothriomyrmex Bothriomyrmex wroughtonii wroughtonii Forel Dolichoderinae — Tapinoma : Tapinoma melanocephalum melanocephalum (Fabricius) Table: 6 (Showing number of species collected w.r.t. temperature in different seasons of the year [2007-2008]) Formicinae Polyrhachis lacteipennis lacteipennis Smith, F. Paratrechina longicornis longicornis (Latreille) Number of Temperature °C Average Species temperature °C Collected Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 Results and Discussion During the present study a total of 40 species have been recognised from Punjab Shivalik representing 8 subfamilies namely Myrmicinae, Ponerinae, Cerapachyinae, Formicinae, Dolichoderinae, Dorylinae, Aenictinae and Pseudomyrmecinae. Representatives of subfamilies Myrmicinae, Formicinae and Dolichoderinae were found throughout the year. These subfamilies were able to withstand extreme temperature fluctuation ranging from 2.26°C to 36.54°C (Table-6). All the 8 subfamilies were reported during summer season with Myrmicinae representing 29.16% of the total catch followed by Formicinae (25%) (Table-1, Graph-1). Dorylinae, Aenictinae and Psuedomyrmecinae were scanty. Rainy season was also dominated by subfamilies Myrmicinae and Formicinae. In autumn season, seven subfamilies were recorded, but no representative of subfamily Cerapachyinae was recorded. Extreme temperatures of winter were braved by subfamily Myrmicinae, Formicinae and Dolichoderinae. Within subfamily Myrmicinae genus Monomorium and species Monomorium destructor was the only representative that was found throughout the year. In subfamily Ponerinae, genus Harpegnathos was found only during summer and rainy season and no representative of Ponerinae was found in winter season. Similarly, subfamily Cerapachyinae was found only in Summer and rainy season. Genus Lepisiota, Camponotus and Paratrechina of subfamily Formicinae were found throughout - the year. Genus Tapinoma of subfamily Dolichoderinae was found in all the seasons of the year, whereas genus Chronoxenus was collected only during summer season. In subfamily Dorylinae, genus Dorylus, the only representative of the subfamily reported during this study was found missing in winter and spring season. Similarly, genus Aenictus (single representative) of subfamily Aenictinae was found in summer, rainy and autumn seasons. Genus Tetraponera representing subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae from Punjab Shivalik was found only during summer, rainy and autumn seasons. : So, it can be concluded that species richness was maximum during summer season (36.54°C - 20.81°C), as a total of 40 species representing 24 genera and 8 subfamilies were collected during this season, whereas in winter season (19.6°C - 2.26°C) only 5 species belonging to subfamily Myrmicinae, Formicinae and Dolichoderinae were reported. eMymmicinae gPonernae OCerapachy:nae oF omicinae g Dolichoderinae p Dorylinae pAenictinae f Pseudomyrmecinae o oe £ o oe a s on — oe @ an a Ee Summer Rairy Autume Winter Spring Seasons Graph-1: {Percentage representation of Subfamilies in different seasons of the year (2007-08)} — Qa Oo mo coe] Ss oO ~ oOo E es Bs eS , & B SPARRO ON TR DOT Yage of Sub-family Myrmicinae [ped oo QoQ BERRA Summer Autumn = Winter = Spring Seasons Graph-2: {Percentage representation of Subfamily Myrmicinae in different seasons of the year (2007-2008)} Seasonal Patterns of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Punjab Shivalik pPachycondyia a Hampegnathos DLeptogenys pOdorteponera ee eee ¢ : = : “ 9 Q 2 E é $ 2 0 » 7 9 °) ki > ste ES NOS Summer Rainy «= Autumn = Witter «= Spring Seasons Graph-3: {Percentage representation of Subfamily Ponerinae in different seasons of the year (2007-2008)} —_ — = Mm = = oD = fm = Yaage of Subfamily Cerapachyinae ~ = mw oa f hanes) Ramy = Autumn = Winter Spring Seaons Graph-4: {Percentage representation of Subfamily Cerapachyinae in different season of the year (2007-2008)} DCataglyphis oO Camponetus wPolhachis a Paratrechina wage of Subfamily Formicinae Summer = Rainy = Autumn = Winter ~=— Spring Seasons Graph-5: {Percentage representation of Subfamily Formicinae in different seasons of the year (2007-2008)} Bothnomy mex w Tapinana OChronoxerus Yaage of Subfamily Dolichoderinae Summer Ray = Auturnn Winter Spring Seasons Graph-6: {Percentage representation of Subfamily Dolichoderinae in different season of the year (2007-2008)} Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 9 : = fa 0 a) = E & Fe) =] ) & 0 Q ) Ww x Summer Rainy Autumn = Winer Spring Seaons Graph-7: {Percentage representation of Subfamily Dorylinae in different seasons of the year (2007-2008)} BaAenicius Yeage of Subfamily Aenictinae Summer Rainy Autumn == Winter Spring Seasons Graph-8: {Percentage representation of Subfamily Aenictinae in different seasons of the year (2007-2008)} wage of Subfamily Pseudomymecinae Summer Rainy ~=— Autumn = Winter. «= Spring Seasons Graph-9: {Percentage representation of Subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae in different seasons of the year (2007-2008)} References Andersen, A.N. 1986. Diversity, seasonality and community organization of ants at adjacent heath and woodland sites in South-Eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 34: 53-64. Basu, P. 2008. Seasonal and spatial patterns in ground foraging ants in a rain forest in the Western Ghats, India. Biotropica 29 (4): 489-500. Belshaw, R. and Bolton, B. 1993. The effect of forest disturbance on the leaf litter ant fauna in Ghana. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 656- 666. Bingham, C. T. 1903. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. Il. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. London: Taylor and Francis. Bolton, B. 1994. Identification Guide to the Ant Genera of World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Seasonal Patterns of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Punjab Shivalik Byrne, M.M. 1994. Ecology of twig-dwelling ants in a wet lowland tropical forest. Biotropica 26: 16- We; Champion, H.G. and Seth, S.K. 1968. Revised Forest Types of India. New Delhi : Govt. of India Publications. Clough, E.A. 2004. Factors influencing Ant assemblages and ant Community composition in a Sub tropical-suburban Environment. Ph.D. thesis, Griffith University, USA. Coelho, I.R. and Ribeiro, S.P. 2006. Environment heterogeneity and seasonal effects in ground- dwelling ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) assemblages in the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, MG, Brazil. Neotropical Entomology 35(1): 19-29. Davidson, D.W. 1977. Foraging Ecology and Community organization in Desert Seed-Eating Ants. Ecology 58 (4): 725-737. Fellers, J.H. 1989. Daily and seasonal activity in woodland ants. Oecologia 78: 69. Fellowes, J.R. 1996. Community composition of Hong Kong ants. Ph.D. thesis, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Fisher, B.L. 2004. Diversity patterns of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) along an elevational gradient on mounts Doudou in South-western Gabon. California Academy of Sciences Memoir 28: 269-286. Johnson, R.A. (1992) Soil texture as an influence on the distribution of the desert seed-harvester ants Pogonomyrmex rugosus and Messor pergandei. Oecologia 89:118-124. Levings, S.C. 1983. Seasonal, Annual and among-site variation in the ground ant community of a deciduous tropical forest : some causes of patchy species distribution. Ecological Monograph 5 (4): 435-455. Mavi, H.S. and Tiwana, D.S. 1993. Geography of Punjab. India: National Book Trust. Mittal, S.P., Aggarwal, R.K. and Samra, J.S. 2000. (eds.). Fifty years of Research on Sustainable Resource Management in Shivaliks Chandigarh : Central Soil and Water Conservation Research Centre, 506pp. Retana, J. and Cerda, X. 2000. Patterns of diversity and composition of Mediterranean ground ant communities tracking spatial and temporal variability in the thermal environment. Oecologia 123 (3): 436-443. Rico-Gray, V., Garcia-Franco, J.G., Palacios-Rios, M., Diaz-Castelazo, C., Parra-Table, V. and Navarro, J.A. 1998. Geographical and seasonal variation richness in the ant-plant interations in Mexico. Biotropica 30: 190-200. Smith, T.M., Shugart, H.H. and Woodward, F.I. (eds.). 1997. Plant Functional Types: Their Relevance to Ecosystem Properties and Global Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Suwabe, M., Ohnishi, H., Kikuchi, K.K. and Tsuji, K. 2008. Difference in seasonal activity pattern between non-native and native ants in subtropical forest of Okinawa Island, Japan. Ecological Research, DOI 10.1007/s11284- 008-0534-9. Tiwana, N.S. and Jerath, N. 2006. Biodiversity in the Shivalik Ecosystem of Punjab. Dehra Dun : Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. Touyama, Y. And Kameyama, T. 2004. Foraging activity of Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) in Japan during winter season, specially in relation with the temperature. Edaphologia 74: 27-34. Vanderwoude, C., De Bruyn L.A.L., House, A.P.N. 2000. Long-term ant community responses to selective harvesting of timber from spotted Gum (Corymbia variegata) dominated forests in South-east Queensland. Ecological Management & Restoration 1 (3): 204-214. Whitford. W. 1999. Seasonal and diurnal activity patterns in ant communities in a vegetation transition region of Southeastern New Mexico. Sociobiology 34 (3): 477-491. Zorilla, J.M., Serrano, J.M., Casado, M.A., Acosta, F.J. and Pineda, F.D. 1986. Structural characteristics of an ant community during succession. Oikos 47 (3): 346-354. Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 Occurrence of Odonata in Northern areas of Pakistan with seven new records Ahmed Zia’, Muhammad Ather Rafi’, Zakir Hussain’ and Muhammad Naeem‘ 1. National Insect Museum, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad — Pakistan. (email: saiyedahmed@yahoo.com) 2. National Insect Museum, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad — Pakistan. (email: a_rafiam@yahoo.com) 3. Department of Agriculture, Gilgit— Northern Areas, Pakistan. (email: zakirentomologist@yahoo.com) 4. Department of Entomology, Pir Meher Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi — Pakistan. (email: naeem18ap@yahoo.co.uk) Abstract The study was undertaken to explore the Odonata (Dragonflies & Damselflies) of Northern Areas of Pakistan. The area has an assemblage of high mountains with unlimited water resources in the form of rivers, streams, springs and melted snow. New records of Odonata need to be explored from the area. The surveys were carried out during the months of April —- August for four consecutive years (2004 — 2008). Help was also taken from the collection housed at National Insect Museum, Islamabad. Valid names alongwith their synonyms, distribution, habitat description and abundance for all the collected species are discussed in this paper. As total, 21 genera spreading to 37 species of Odonata, comprising of seven new records for the area including one new record for the country have been presented. A checklist for the area has also been included. Keywords: Odonata, Dragonflies, Damselflies, Northern Areas, Pakistan. Introduction The Northern areas of Pakistan have an area of 72,496 sq. kms. Physiographically, it includes a set and series of high ranges of mountains (i.e Himalayas, Karakorum and the Hindukush) which are separated by the intervening valleys (Survey of Pakistan, 1997). Odonata of Northern areas are not well investigated in the past. In this regard, a need for comprehensive taxonomic work on Odonata of the area was felt and the present study was undertaken to record the un-explored Odonate fauna of Northern areas of Pakistan. Odonates are economically important insects. They are predaceous both as larvae and adult. The larvae are aquatic and are found in all types of water bodies ranging from soaks and seepages to lakes, streams, rivers, temporary pools and water-filled holes of trees (Trueman and Rowe, 2001). Larvae are known to consume tadpoles, fish fry, and mosquito Occurrence of Odonata in Northern areas of Pakistan with seven new records 49 larvae (Boyd, 2005). Adults normally feed on small insects, including beetles, moths (Silsby, 2001), mosquitoes (Pedigo, 2002) and black flies (Subramanian, 2005). In Pakistan, they are known to feed on jassids, thrips (Ali, 1983), stem borers, leaf folders and leaf hoppers (Najam, 1984). They are highly sensitive to habitat disturbances, thus play a vital role as bio-indicators (Clausnitzer, 2003). According to Trueman and Rowe (2001) there are 6500 named species of Odonata so far described all over the world. In past, Jehangir (1997) studied the Odonata of Gilgit and Baltistan and recorded 21 dragonfly and 7 damselfly species. Hussain (2006), reported 9 dragonfly species and a single damselfly species from districts Gilgit and Astor. In contrast to above, there is a lot of potential to explore un-seen Odonate fauna of the area. Materials and Methods All the districts of Northern areas of Pakistan were surveyed during four consecutive years (2004 — 2008). As a total 46 different sites under 7 districts (Fig.1.) have been visited for collecting the adults of Odonata. Northern areas (Gilgit and Baltistan): Gilgit Territory: District: Diamer (Goru, Chillas, Darail, Goner Farm). District: Astor (Rama, Boomroy, Youghum, Gorikot, Pakora, Moorghulum). District: Hunzanagar (Hunza, Aliabad, Borath Lake, Sost). District: Gilgit (Juglote, Danyore, Sultanabad, Chinar Bagh, Gilgit, Kashroat, Sonikot, Chinar Bagh, Aliabad). District: Ghizzer (Gackhuch Bala, Gackuch Zireen, Saling). Baltistan Territory: District: Skardu (Sat Para, Kharmang, Shangrilla, Shigar, Skardu, Gol, Mehdiabad, Hussainabad, Oolding, Newranga, Sundus, Ashkoli). District: Ghanche (Khaplu, Bara, Balghar, Yougo, Surmo, Kharko, Hushe, Chumik). Collection was done during the months of April to August (2004 — 2008). Methods of sampling were based on Wahizatul-Afzan et. al. (2006) with minor additions. When catching over water, dip nets were used. However for collection on wing or while siting over any dry surface or vegetation, aerial netting was done. The collected specimens were killed in glass bottles containing cotton swab moistened with ethyl acetate. The killed specimens were then shifted to paper envelopes for bringing them to laboratory. The preservation methodology was based on Orr (2003). Adults were softened by giving them a water bath in hot water, after softening they were properly set by using setting boards. The collection was then identified under microscopes {Labomet CZM4 (4X)} following the taxonomic keys of Fraser, (1933 — 34) and Subramanian (2005). The identified specimens have been deposited in National Insect Museum, NARC — Islamabad. Results The surveys revealed a collection of 37 species of Odonata including 28 Anisopterous species spreading to 15 genera and 09 Zygopterous species spreading to 6 genera (Table 1). As a whole seven species viz. Sympetrum fonscolombei, S. commixtum, S. meridionale, Orthetrum taeniolatum, O. glaucum, Mortonagrion gautama and Libellago greeni are recorded for the first time from this area. Amongst these Mortonagrion gautama is new to the country record. Abundance of species was also observed, which showed that Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 Crocothemis servilia (Anisoptera) and /schnura forcipata (Zygoptera) are the most common and abundant species of the area, recorded from 16 and 23 different localities respectively. However amongst Anisoptera (Aeschna juncea, Ophiogomphus reductus, Diplacodes lefbvrei, Orthetrum taeniolatum and Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata) and Zygoptera (Libellago greeni and Mortonagrion guatama) appeared to be less common or rare and were recorded from single locality only. Discussion The Northern areas of Pakistan are eDanyore Kashroat nikot « Gilgit US ne Arabian Sea bestowed upon with variable habitats having lot of water streams and springs. Further collection surveys can unhide the existing but un-explored species of the area. Acknowlegments The authors are thankful to Mr. Muhammad Irshad (Consultant, National Insect Museum, Islamabad-Pakistan) for his thought provoking guidance during the whole collection trips to Northern areas of Pakistan. Also the services provided by National Insect Museum, Islamabad in exact collection and identification of Odonata are highly appreciable. Districts of Northern Areas, Pakitan Hunzanagarg = - a =< a Fig.1: Map - Northern areas of Pakistan showing all the surveyed localities. Occurrence of Odonata in Northern areas of Pakistan with seven new records 51 Table 1: Collected species of dragonflies along with their synonyms, distribution and habitat description. sna] seencnanee | __Srowme | _Sitibuion norton areas Aeshnidae Rambur, 1842 Aeshna juncea Libeliula juncea, Linnaeus, 1758 Gilgit {Astor (Rama, Boomroy)}. Collected from standing water Linnaues 1758 Aeshna Americana Bartenev, 1929 spots with lot of grassy vegetation Baltistan {Ghanche (Baighar, Collection was made from poorly vegetated Kharko, Yougo, Surmo), Skardu banks of slow running water streams, some (Shigar, Hussainabad, New | specimens were also collected while sitting - Ranga, Olding, Sundus)}. on small rocks within water and from smail bushes near streams. Found flying along running water, field areas and from the marshy spots. Anax bacchus Martin 1908 Anax guttatus 1921 Anax fumosus 1923 Anax nigrolineatus 1935 Aeschna parthenope Selys, 1839 Gilgit {Gilgit (Juglote, Darel, Itisa flier an Anax parthenope Anax julius Brauer, 1865 Chinarbagh, Juglote, Kashroat)}, about pri webs Tiokuuxetors poeceee Anax bacchus Hagen, 1867 Baltistan {Skardu (New Ranga), Shegar| both streams and springs water. Anax major Gotz, 1923 Anax parisinus Rambur, 1842 Gilgit {Diamer (Goru), Astor (Rama)}, Baltistan {Skardu (Gackuch Bala)}. Anax geyn Buchholz, 1955 Anax jordansi Buchholz, 1955 Cordulegasteridae Calvert, 1893 Baltistan {Ghanche (Balghar)}, Found among tall and high vegetation Gilgit {Gilgit (Chinar Bagh), beside water sources. Hunzanagar (Sost )}. Anax nigrolieatus 1935 Gomphidae Rambur, 1842 Ophi 3 Asingle male and afemale was reductus Calvert, | Gergen ome Baltistan {Skardu (Shangrilla)). collected while mating at the 1898 meg? edges of stagnant weedy water spot near Shangrilla Lake. Libeliulidae Rambur, 1842 Specimens were collected as they were sitting on small rocks within and around water spots. Acisoma ascalaphoides Rambur, 1842 | Gilgit {Diamer (Chillas)}. Acisoma inflata Selys, 1882 Acisoma vanegatum Kirby, 1898 Libeliula erythraea Brullé, 1832 Libellula rubra de Villers, 1789 (nec Miller, 1764) Libeliula ferruginea Vander Linden, 1825 (nec Fabricius, 1775) Libellula coccinea Charpentier, 1840 Libellula inquinata Rambur, 1842 Crocothemis chaldaeora Morton, 1920 The species was found among the grasses and bushes present aside standing water lake and along siow moving water streams in diferent areas Baltistan {Ghanche (Balghar, Kharko, Surmo), Skardu (Shigar, Olding, Shangrilla)}; Gilgit (Hunza). erythraea Brulle, 1832 Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 Crocothemis servilia Drury, 1773 Diplacodes lefebvrei Rambur, 1842 Libellula quadnmaculata Linnaeus, 1758 Orthetrum anceps Schneider, 1845 i Orthetrum brunneum brunneum Fonscolombe, 1837 Orthetrum cancellatum Linnaeus, 1758 Orthetrum chrysostigma luzonicum Burmeister, 1839 °Orthetrum glaucum Brauer, 1865 Orthetrum pruinosum neglectum Burmeister, 1839 Libellula servilia Drury, 1773 Libellula ferruginea Fabricius, 1793 Libellula soror Rambur, 1842 Crocothemis reticulata Kirby, 1886 Libellula lefebvrei Rambur, 1842 Libellula parvula Rambur, 1842 Libellula flavistyla Rambur, 1842 Libellula tetra Rambur, 1842 Libellula concinna Rambur, 1842 Libellula morio Schneider, 1845 Diplacodes unimacula Forster, 1906 Diplacodes limbata Fraser, 1949 Libellula quadripunctata Fabricius, 1781 Libellula maculata Harris, 1782 Libellula ternaria Say, 1839 (part) Libellula quadrimaculata asahinai Schmidt, 1957 Libellula relicta Belyshev, 1973 Libellula anceps Schneider, 1845 Libellula rambuni Selys, 1848 Libellula brunnea Fonscolombe, 1837 Libellula cancellata Linnaeus, 1758 Libellula chrysostigma, Burmeister, 1839 Libellula barbarum Selys, 1849 Orthetrum todii Pinney, 1970 Libellula glaucum Brauer, 1865 Orthetrum gangi Sahni, 1965 Orthetrum glaucum Kirby, 1890 Orthetrum nicevillei Kirby, 1894 Libellula pruinosa Burmeister, 1839 Libellula neglecta Rambur, 1842 Libellula petalura Brauer, 1865 Libella clelia Selys, 1878 Orthetrum schneideri Forster, 1903 Table-1: Continued Baltistan {Ghanche (Balghar, Kharko, Yougo, Khaplu), Skardu (New Ranga, Shigar, Hussainabad, New Ranga, Sundus, Bara, Shangrilla, Skardu, Oolding)}, Gilgit {Gilgit (Danyore, Juglote), Diamer (Chillas)}. Baltistan {Skardu (Oolding)}. Baltistan {Ghanche (Kharko, Yougo), Skardu (Shigar, Hussainabad, Sundus, Bara)}, Gilgit {Astor (Rama, Boomroy)}. Baltistan {Ghanche (Balghar, Kharko, Yougo, Khaplu, Surmo), Skardu (Shegar, Hussainabad, New Ranga, Sundus)}, Gilgit {Diamer (Chillas), Gilgit (Chinar Bagh, Juglote)}. Baltistan {Ghanche (Balghar, Khaplu), Skardu (Hussainabad, Sundus, Shangrilla, Skardu, Shigare, Ashkoli)}, Gilgit {Gilgit (Juglote, Chinarbagh, Danyore, Kashroat)}. Baltistan {Ghanche (Balghar, Yougo, Surmo), Skardu (Shigar, Sundus, New Ranga, Shangrilla, Olding)}. Gilgit {Gilgit (Juglote)}, Baltistan {Skardu (Shangrilla)}. Baltistan {Ghanche (Balghar, Yougo), Skardu (Olding)}, Gilgit {Gilgit (Chinarbagh), Diamer (Chillas, Darail), Astor (Boomroy)}. Baltistan {Skardu (Shegar), Mehdiabad}. Gilgit {Astor (Yougham)}. Found flying over fast running water streams, sitting on submerged grasses, swampy places along banks of streams. Caught from the margins of weedy ponds. It is mountaneous species and was recorded from standing water ponds. Some of the specimens were collected while they were perching on the long grassy vegetation. Collection was done from fresh water streams and grassy vegetation around spring water ways. Specimens were also found sitting on dead bushes and rock stones. ‘Collection was done from Standing as well as from moving water of streams and springs. Collected from miscellaneous spots i.e. water lakes, from weeds growing on the banks of very slow running water ways and from water standing in empty tree holes and other pits with water. Collected from spring water spots with a lot of lush green vegetation growing around it. Found preying over minute insects hiding between grassy bushes around fresh water sources. Recorded from ponds and some other spots with standing water. Occurrence of Odonata in Northern areas of Pakistan with seven new records o Table-1: Continued Distribution in Northern areas Habitat description Orthetrum sabina Drury, 1770 °Orthetrum taeniolatum Schneider, 1845 Orthetrum triangulare triangulare Selys, 1878 Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata Fabricius, 1787 Pantala flavescens Fabricius, 1798 mendionale Selys, 1841 Traemea virginia Rambur, 1842 Tnthemis aurora Burmeister, 1839 Trithemis festiva Rambur, 1842 Libellula sabina Drury, 1770 Libellula gibba Fabricius, 1798 Libellula leptura Burmeister, 1839 Libellula ampullacea Schneider, 1845 Lepthemis divisa Selys, 1878 Orthetrum nigrescens Bartenev, 1929 Orthetrum viduatum Lieftinck, 1942 Libellula taeniolata Schneider, 1845 Orthetrum hyalinum Kirby, 1886 Orthetrum brevistylum Kirby, 1896 Orthetrum garhwalicum Singh and Baijal, 1954 Libellula triangularis Selys, 1878 Libellula delesserti Selys, 1878 Libellula melanica Selys, 1883 Pseudothemis nigrifrons Matsumura, 1898 Orthetrum ganeshii Mehrotra, 1961 Orthetrum chandrabali Mehrotra, 1961 Libellula sexmaculata Fabricius, 1787 Libellula flavescens Fabricius, 1798 Libellula viridula Palisot de Beauvois, . 1805 Libellula analis Burmeister, 1839 Libellula terminalis Burmeister, 1839 Sympetrum tandicola Singh, 1955 Diplax commixta Selys, 1884 Libellula flaveola, Fonscolombe 1837 Libellula meridionalis Selys, 1841 Libelfula hybrida Rambur, 1842 Diplax meridionalis Braur, 1868 Sympetrum meridionals Meyer, 1874 Libellula virginia Rambur, 1842 Libellula aurora Burmeister, 1839 Trithemis soror Brauer, 1868 Trithemis adelpha Selys, 1878 Trnthemis fraterna Albarda, 1881 Trithemis congener Kirby, 1890 Libellula festiva Rambur, 1842 Libellula infernalis Brauer, 1865 Trithemis proserpina Selys, 1878 Gilgit {Gilgit (Juglote, Danyore)}. Baltistan {Skardu (Shangrilla)}. Gilgit {Gilgit ( Juglote, Kashroat), Diamer (Chillas, Darail)}, Baltistan {Ghanche (Hushe, Chumick)}. Baltistan {Skardu (Oolding)}. Gilgit {Gilgit (Kashroat, Sultan abad)}. Gilgit {Astor (Moorgulum, Gorikot)}. Gilgit {Astor (Yougham, Boomroy, Pakora)}. Gilgit {Astor (Pakora, Gorikot)}. Gilgit {Gilgit (Juglote), Ghizer (Saling)}. Baltistan {Skardu (Skardu, Shegar)}. Gilgit {Gilgit (Danyore, Juglote)}. In both the collection spots there was standing water with muddy and swampy areas around it. Captured from standing as well as very fast moving water spots. Specimens were collected from different standing water spots. They were not recorded from any running water spot in the visited areas. The specimens were collected from variable spots i.e standing water spots, moving water spots, long grasses and dry branches of some dwarf plantations. Found flying and feeding around standing water areas. This is mountainous species and mostly found around standing water Sitting in bushes and grass. Recorded from the dry branches of plants present along the margins of ponds and some small standing water points. Specimens were collected while they were perching in sunlight, eartier in the afternoon. The collection was done along the banks of streams. The specimens were busy in feeding, mating and hunting while flying near the muddy banks. The spot was also having grasses which were submerged in the stream water. Collected during mating, while sweeping the net blindly in the air with in a crop field. Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 5A Table: 2 Collected species of damselflies along with their synonyms, distribution and habitat description. Distribution in Northern areas Habitat description Chlorocyphidae Cowley, 1937 01. | “Libellago greeni Micromerus greeni Gilgit {Gilgit (Danyore)}. Recorded while mating within a grassy Laidlaw 1924 Laidlaw, 1924 spot along moving water. Gilgit {Gilgit (Danyor)}. Found in stagnant water pond at Danyore. The pond was surrounded by thick as well as thin long and dwarf vegetation. The species was recorded when it was busy in preying over minute insects. *Mortonagrion Indagrion gautama Fraser, 1922 gautama, Fraser Ceriagrion Agrion coromandelianum Fabricius, coromandelianum 1798 Fabricius, 1798 Agrion cerinum Rambur, 1842 Collected while hovering stagnant water and from vegetation grown aside water streams. Gilgit {Diamer (Darail, Chillas)}. Agrion cyathigerum Charpantier, 1840 Agrion annexum Stephens, 1835 (nec Charpentier, 1825) Agron pulchrum Hagen, 1840 Agrion charpentien Selys, 1840 Agrion annexum Hagen, 1861 Enallagma robustum Selys, 1875 Enallagma continentale Belyshev, 1956 Enallagma nigrolineatum Belyshev and Haritonov, 1975 Baltistan {Ghanche ( Kharko, Yougo), Skardu (Shigar, Hussainabad, New Ranga, Olding, Sundus, Shangrilla)}, Gilgit {Hunzanagar (Hunza)}. The species was found feeding among the grasses and bushes present aside standing water lake and along slow moving water ways. cyathigerum Charpantier, 1840 Agrion aurora Brauer, 1865 Agrion delicatum Hagen, 1876 Ischnura delicata Hagen, 1876 Micronympha aurora Kirby, 1890 Nanosura aurora kennedy, 1920 Ishnura bhimtalensis Sahni, 1965 Found flying among thin vegetation present alittle distant to water streams. Also collected while sitting on swampy places. Sometimes found between the submerged vegetation along streams and springs. Ischnura aurora Gilgit {Diamer (Darail, Chillas)}. Brauer, 1865 Collection was done from grassy vegetation around water spots Baltistan {Skardu (Gol, Shigar, Husainabad, New Ranga, Olding, Sundus), Ghanche (Kharko)}, Gilgit {Diamer (Darel), Gilgit (Juglote, Danyore, Kashroat, Chinar Bagh), Ghizer (Saling)}. Ischnura elegans Vander Linden, 1820 Agrion elegans Vander Linden, 1820 Ischnura lamellata Kolbe, 1885 Baltistan {Ghanche (Balghar, Kharko, | It is acommon species of the region and : Yougo, Khaplu, Surmo), Skardu (Gol, | thus collected from a variable number of paaiieloh ek pabcee . 965 Satpara, Shigar, Hussainabad, New] ecological habitats including grasses a etre epee 4 933 Ranga, Shangrilla), }, Gilgit { Diamer | growing among stagnant water and along ConagOD epuaves: (Chillas (Goner farm, Darel, Goru ), Gilgit | running water, some times found among (Chinar Bagh, Danyore, Sonikot, | thick and dense vegetation present aside Juglote), Astor (Rama), Hunzanagar | and a little.away from water streams. Also (Borath Lake), Ghizer (Gackuch Bala, | found flying among small grasses present Gackuch Zireen)}. a little distant to water streams. Ischnura forcipata Morton, 1907 Ischnura musa Bartenev, 1913 Ischnura senegalensis Rambur, 1842 Agrion senegalensis Rmbur, 1842 Baltistan {Ghanche (Balgar)}. Caught from grassy and swampy spot. Enallagma brevispina Selys, 1876 Collection was done from spots with high grassy vegetation. Some specimens were collected along water side as well as some from nearby small mountains. Megalestes major Selys, 1962 * New record for Country ° New record for Northern areas Occurrence of Odonata in Northern areas of Pakistan with seven new records Check list of Odonata of Northern areas of Paksistan SUB ORDER ANISOPTERA Family: Aeshnidae Rambur, 1842 Genus Aeshna Fabricius 1775 ~ Aeshna juncea Linnaues 1758 Genus Anax Leach, 1815 Anax immaculifrons Rambur, 1842 Anax nigrolineatus Fraser, 1935 Anax parthenope Selys, 1839 Family: Cordulegasteridae Caivert, 1893 Genus Cordulegaster Leach, 1815 Cordulegaster brevistigma Selys, 1854 Family: Gomphidae Rambur, 1842 Genus Ophiogomphus Selys, 1854 Ophiogomphus reductus Calvert, 1898 Family: Libellulidae Rambur, 1842 Genus Acisoma Rambur, 1842 Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur, 1842 Genus Crocothemis Brauer, 1868 Crocothemis erythraea Brulle, 1832 Crocothemis servilia Drury, 1773 Genus Diplacodes Kirby, 1889 Diplacodes lefebvrei Rambur, 1842 Genus Libellula Linnaeus, 1758 Libellula quadrimaculata Linnaeus, 1758 Genus Orthetrum Newman, 1833 Orthetrum anceps Schneider, 1845 Orthetrum brunneum brunneum Fonscolombe, 1837 Orthetrum cancellatum Linnaeus, 1758 Orthetrum chrysostigma luzonicum Burmeister, 1839 Orthetrum glaucum Brauer, 1865 Orthetrum pruinosum neglectum Burmeister, 1839 Orthetrum sabina Drury, 1770 Orthetrum taeniolatum Schneider, 1845 Orthetrum triangulare triangulare Selys, 1878 Genus Palpopleura Rambur, 1842 Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata Fabricius, 1787 Pantala flavescens Fabricius, 1798 Genus Sympetrum Newman, 1833 Sympetrum commixtum Selys, 1884 Sympetrum fonscolombei Selys, 1840 Sympetrum meridionale Selys, 1841 Genus Traemea Hagen, 1861 Traemea virginia Rambur, 1842 Genus Trithemis Brauer, 1868 Trithemis aurora Burmeister, 1839 Trithemis festiva Rambur, 1842 SUB ORDER ZYGOPTERA Family: Chlorocyphidae Cowley, 1937 Genus Libellago Selys, 1840 Libellago greeni Laidlaw 1924 Family: Coenagrionidae Kirby, 1890 Genus Mortonagrion Fraser, 1920 Mortonagrion gautama Fraser 1923 Genus Ceriagrion Selys, 1876 Ceriagrion coromandelianum Fabricius, 1798 Genus Enallagma Charpentier, 1840 Enallagma cyathigerum Charpantier, 1840 Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 Genus /schnura Charpentier, 1840 /schnura aurora Brauer, 1865 Ischnura elegans Vander Linden, 1820 Ischnura forcipata Morton, 1907 /schnura senegalensis Rambur, 1842 Family: Synlestidae Genus Megalestes Selys, 1862 Megalestes major Selys, 1962 References Ali, H. A. 1983. Study on the population and feeding habits of dragonflies on insect pests of cotton. M. Sc. thesis, Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Boyd, S. 2005. Damselflies and dragonflies. Scientific Illustration Major, University of Georgia, Athens. Accessed online at http://www. discoverlife.org/nh/tx/Insecta/Odonata/ Clausnitzer, V. 2003. Odonata of African humid forests —areview, Cimbebasia, 18: 173 — 190, Georgia, Athens. Accessed online at http:// www.discoverlife.org/nh/tx/Insecta/Odonata/ Fraser, F. C. 1933. Fauna of British India (Odonata), Ceylon and Burma, Vol. 1. London: Taylor & Francis. Fraser, F. C. 1934. Fauna of British India (Odonata), Ceylon and Burma, Vol. 2. London: Taylor & Francis. Hussain, Z. 2006. Taxonomic studies of Odonata of district Gilgit and Astor, Northern Areas — Pakistan. M.Sc. thesis, University College of Agriculture Rawalakot, Pakistan. Jahangir, A. 1997. Taxonomic studies of Odonata of Gilgit and Baltistan areas. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Najam, M. A. 1984. Population and feeding habits of dragonflies on insect pests of rice. M. Sc. thesis, Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Orr, A. G. 2003. A Guide to the Dragonfly of Borneo: Their Identification & Biology. Malaysia: Natural History Publications (Borneo). Pedigo, L. P. 2002. Entomology and pest management. 4'" ed. Singapore: Pearson Education. Silsby, J. 2001. Dragonflies of the world. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute Press. Subramanian K. A. 2005. Dragonflies and damselflies of Penisular india - A field guide. India: Indian Academy of Sciences. Survey of Pakistan, 1997. Atlas of Pakistan. Pakistan: Directorate of Map, Govt. of Pakistan. Trueman, J. W. H. and Rowe, R. J. 2001. Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies). Accessed online at http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Odonata &contgroup=Pterygota Wahizatul-Afzan A., Julia, J. and Amirrudin, A. 2006. Diversity and distribution of dragonflies (insecta: odonata) in Sekayu recreational forest, Terengganu. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management 1(2): 97-106. Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 ‘Sa Influence of Foraging time, Flight activity patterns and Duration of a foraging trip of Apis species (order: Hymenoptera) on Brassica campestris var. Sarson J.S. Tara and Pooja Sharma* P.G. Department of Zoology, University of Jammu (J&K) 180 006 Dr. J.S. Tara, Department of Zoology, University of Jammu. Ms. Pooja Sharma C/o Dr. J.S. Tara, Department of Zoology, University of Jammu, Jammu (J&K) 180 006. (*email: puja80_sharma@yahoo.co.in) Abstract Foraging behaviour of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera was studied at two field stations- Pallimore and Hiranagar in district Kathua of Jammu region (J&K), in order to determine their potential for working hours in the fields of sarson. Single colonies of each species were placed in the fields till the end of flowering. Commencement of the foraging activity of Apis cerana (0624+0.91 and 0622+0.55 hrs) was significantly earlier (P<0.0001) than A. mellifera (064840.68 and 0645+0.98 hrs) at both the fields respectively. However in the evening, A. cerana mean timings: 184240.84 and 184441.07 hrs, ceased its foraging activity significantly later (P<0.001) than A. mellifera mean timings: 181341.06 and 181742.10 hrs respectively at both the fields. For flight activity patterns, A. mellifera reached its maxima (0800-1400 hrs) before A. cerana (1000- 1200 hrs) at Pallimore, while at Hiranagar peak activity of Apis cerana lies between 1000-1300 hours and that of A. mellifera lies between 1000-1400 hours. Duration of foraging trip was significantly more (P<0.05) in A. mellifera (24.14 minutes) than A. cerana (22.97 minutes) at Pallimore, but no significant differences (P>0.05) were observed at Hiranagar for A. cerana (23.77 minutes) and A. mellifera (24.54 minutes). Keywords: - Apis mellifera, Apis cerana, Brassica campestris, Foraging. Introduction Honeybees are the most efficient pollinators of cultivated crops because of their floral fidelity (Wells and Wells, 1983 & Waser, 1986), potential for long working hours (Sihag, 1990), presence of pollen baskets, maintainability of high population, micromanipulation of flowers and adaptability to different climatic conditions (Verma and Partap, 1993). The use of bees for pollination purpose is increasing day by day in different parts of the world. It is considered that the services that bees render to agriculture in the pollination of fruits, vegetables, legume and other seed crops are worth many times the return which bee- keepers receive in the form of honey and Influence of Foraging time, Flight activity patterns and Duration of a foraging trip of Apis species (order: Hymenoptera) on Brassica campestris var. Sarson 58 bee-wax. Materials and Methods Foraging behaviour of Apis cerana and A. mellifera species of honey bees were studied by placing single colony of each of these species in sarson crop, till the end of following. Foraging time Foraging time of Apis cerana and A. mellifera was assessed in terms of timing of commencement and cessation of fight activity and was observed by recording the time when the first bee started its flight in the morning and last bee ceased in the evening. This data was recorded for a period of seven days during the full bloom (Verma and Dulta, 1986; Verma and Partap, 1993 and Kumar, 1998). Flight activity patterns Flight activity was measured in terms of number of worker bees of A. cerana and A. mellifera leaving the hive per minute. These observations were recorded daily at regular hourly intervals from 0700 hrs. in the morning to 1800 hours in the evening. From the recorded data peak hours of foraging activity were calculated for both A. cerana and A. mellifera in terms of maximum number of foragers leaving the hive at particular hours (Kumar, 1998). Temperature and relative humidity were also recorded at the time of taking bee counts in the crop fields. All these observations were taken for a period of 7 days in each field. Duration of a foraging trip Duration of a foraging trip was studied randomly by marking 20 worker bees each of A. cerana and A. mellifera with nail polish of different colours on their thoracic region. The interval between bees leaving and entering the hive was recorded with the help of a stop watch (Mattu, 1982). In total, 10 observations were made daily during different hours of the day. These observations were repeated regularly for 7 days during the blooming period, in each study locations. The bees were regularly marked depending upon their casualities. Results and Discussion Foraging time Bees moving out for the collection of nectar and pollens for their colony are called as the foragers. They forage for specific time of the day in the field. The data regarding the commencement and cessation of foraging time of Apis cerana and A. mellifera is presented in the Table 1. The mean timing of commencement of the foraging activity of the Indian hive bee, Apis cerana was 0624+0.91 and 0622+0.55 hrs, respectively at Pallimore and Hiranagar fields which was significantly earlier (P<0.001) than the European hive bee, A. mellifera whose mean foraging activity starts at 0648+0.68 hrs at Pallimore and 0645+0.98 hrs at Hiranagar field. However in the evening, A. cerana mean timings: 1842+0.84 and 1844+1.7 hrs ceased its foraging activity significantly (P<0.001) later than A. mellifera mean timings: 1813+1.06 and 1817+2.10 hrs, respectively at both the fields. Thus average duration of foraging activity lasted for 12.17+0.22 and 12.21+0.15 hrs for A. cerana & 11.64+0.16 and 11.72+0.18 hrs for A. mellifera respectively at both fields. These observations are in conformation with the earlier reports of Kapoor and Dhaliwal (1989) on cauliflower at Hissar, Verma and Partap (1993) at Nepal for B. juncea. Verma and Partap (1993) also studies the foraging timing of A. cerana on cauliflower, cabbage, radish and lettuce at Nepal and concluded that it starts its foraging activity early in the morning and ceases late in the evening. These differences in the mean timings of the commencement and cessation of foraging Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 activity may be due to differential interactions between genotype of the two species and the environment (Kumar, 1998). Table-1: Commencement and cessation of foraging time of Apis cerana and A. mellifera. Pallimore Duration (in hours) 12.18 11.65 12.21 11.72 | *A.c.= Apis cerana; *A.m. = Apis mellifera. Flight activity patterns Indian and European hive bees were monitored for their foraging activity patterns at regular hourly intervals from 0700- 1800 hrs at both the fields as shown in Tables 2 & 3 and figure 1 & 2. The flight activity patterns of Apis cerana and A. mellifera at Pallimore and Temperature (°C) humidity (%) 5 Pallimore Hiranagar arameters : A. cerana A. mellifera | A. cerana 1000-1200 0800-1400 | 49009-1300 | 1000-1400 20.63-24.20 | 45.51-25.34 | 19.57-24.46119.57- | 72.86-59.43 | 77.28-53.86 | 78.43-60.71| 78.43-53.43 Hiranagar stations, presented in the tabulated form revealed A. mellifera reached its maxima (0800-1400 hours) before A. cerana (1000-1200 hours) at Pallimore while, the peak period of two species coincides at Hiranagar. A. mellifera Influence of Foraging time, Flight activity patterns and Duration of a foraging trip of Apis species (order: Hymenoptera) on Brassica campestris var. Sarson is @) Mishra ef al. (1988) observed peak foraging activity of A. cerana between 1300-1400 hrs on mustard bloom. Thakur et al. (1982) recorded peak foraging activity of A. mellifera and A. cerana at 1200 hrs and smaller peak activities vetween 1400 hrs and 1500 hrs on musta.d bloom. Chand et al. (1994) during their studies reported maximum peak activity of A. cerana indica at 1500 hrs. and 1600 hrs. and that of A. mellifera at 1300 hrs. on Brassica juncea. Peak periods of A. cerana was recorded as 1200 hrs. -1400 hrs. on cauliflower in Solan, H.P., by Dhaliwal and Bhalla (1980). Maximum peak activity of Hymenopterans and Dipterans were recorded at 1400 hrs. by Priti and Sihag (1997) on cauliflower, Hissar. These differences in foraging activity patterns of A. cerana and A. mellifera may be due to the difference in the genotype and Pallimore Parameters A.cerana| A.mellifera Duration of a foraging trip | 2297/4040 (minute) 24.14+0.38| S environmental interactions (Kumar, 1998). Duration of a Foraging Trip Foraging data on sarson crop showed that A. cerana spent on an average 22.97+0.40 minutes and 23.7740.44 minutes for a single foraging trip at Pallimore and Hirangar, whereas this duration was 24.14+0.38 minutes and 24.54.035 minutes for A. mellifera at both Pallimore and Hiranagar respectively. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that duration of a foraging trip (interval between the number of bees leaving and entering the hive) was significantly (P<0.05) more in A. mellifera than A. cerana at Pallimore. But no significant (P>0.05) difference was observed between A. cerana and A. mellifera at Hiranagar shown in tabulated form as: - Hiranagar A.mellifera | X+S.E A.cerana X+S.E. 23.7740.44 | 24.5440.35 |NS, X+S.E = Mean+Standard error about the mean; S = Significant (P < 0.001; 0.05); NS = Non-significant (P > 0.05) These differences may be due to small size of the flower of Brassica campestris where A. mellifera spent more time in collecting nectar and pollens as compared to A. cerana. These results of the present author are in agreement with earlier findings of Verma and Partap (1993) who reported that duration of foraging trips of A. mellifera (25.29+0.57) was more than A. cerana (23.24+0.22). Verma and Partap (1993) also observed duration of foraging trips of A. cerana as 26.8 minutes on cauliflower, 23.8 minutes on cabbage, 22.1 minutes on radish and 15.6 minutes on lettuce in Kathmandu, Nepal. Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 Pallimore (No. of bees leaving the hive/minute) Time in | 0700 | oso00 | 0900 | 1000 | 1100 | 120011300 | 1400 | 150011600 | 1700 | 1800 (aaa 30.71 | 33.86 |32.14 | 38.71 | 24.71| 26.571 20.57 | 19.29 7.43 | 643 | 5.29 | 2.86 Relative humidity; Peak foraging activity: 1000-1200 hours in A. cerana; 0800-1400 hours in A. mellifera 74.71 77.28 | 71.57| 72.86 64.57 | 59.43 59.57(53.86 | 59.96 155.71 174.71 170.28 Temperature; R.H. i © 1421 1551 |18.5 20.63h2.54 |242 | 24.7 25.34 | 25.17 | 25.11/22.17 |o144 ip ae 45.43 | 39.14 43.14| 40.00 43) 41.00 | 30.00 | 21.29 757 |486 [157° | T |14.21 15.51 118.5 |20.63 22.54 [242 |247 95 34 | 25.17 | 25.11 | 20.17 | 21.14 Table-2: Flight activity patterns of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera on sarson bloom at different hours of the day, at © o © - 8 a aS . ro rane 2s | 8 ® Qa. o~ rol 5 x<é& ef rf x R Influence of Foraging time, Flight activity patterns and Duration of a foraging trip of Apis species (order: Hymenoptera) on Brassica campestris var. Sarson 440081 BLO OU Yf —F— PULIAD ‘yy —o— OOZb =69suO0St = =64ud0St = JuoOrL = suode, suooz) 440OLL 440001 440060 440080 440020 “enyjey ‘asounjed ye Aep ay} JO SINOY JUBJOYIP Je WOO]q UOSJES 0} UOI}EISJ Ul BsayijalW Sid pue eueslsd sidvy jo Susayjed Ayaoe yyHiy4 : 1614 z= ° ° ai a © © wo (2 ° = ‘2 ° fe ad = = Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 Hiranagar (No. of bees leaving the hive/minute) Table 3: Flight activity patterns of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera on sarson bloom at different hours of the day, at Time in Apis cerana 0700 | 0800 | 0900 | 1000 | 1100 | 1200 | 1300 1400 | 1500]1600 | 1700 | 1800 51.00 | 41.43 | 53.14] 42.86 | 38.86 |25.43 |20.71 a7y [1-29 40.43 | 32.14 | 22.71 | 1757 | 15.00 a 3.29 63.93 | 60.71| 53.43 531 53.57172.14 | 68.43 | p34 24.46 125.06 | 25.17 | 24.64/22.16 | 51.90 11.91 68.00 | 78.43 | 68.43 | 63.93} 60.71]53.43 }53.1 | 53.57 72.14 168.43 73.57 Temperature; R.H. 14.36 | 15.63 |18.36 | 19.57)21.68 | RH. {73.14 | 75.57 | 68.00| 78.43]68.43 com a, %o x app, [057 | 097 1086 [125° + mellifera + Apis. Ae 13.57 | 17.29 |21.86 | 33.29 | 30.14 Relative humidity; Peak foraging activity: 1000-1300 hours in A. cerana; 1000-1400 hours in A. mellifera % = percentage; T Influence of Foraging time, Flight activity patterns and Duration of a foraging trip of Apis species (order: Hymenoptera) on Brassica campestris var. Sarson piafijau'y —am— DUDI2. “y eat 44OOSt JYOOZE JUOOOL 44YOOSL J44YOOv! JYOOEL 44OOTL JYUOOLL JYOOOL 440060 440080 440020 ‘enyjyey seHeuespH je Aep ay} jo sunoy jusiayip ye Wwoo|q UOSJeS 0} UO}E|a1 Ul BsayjaW SIdy pue eueIaD sidy jo susayed AyAnoe YyHIj4 :7614 | -) = | =) N — 0S | Oo —— 4. = o Ld = Cc o °o Cc ° o Q £ > NN Cc wi Enzyme concentrat Amylase Invertase Protease Lipase Stages [NE 2 ee Se i Fig.5 Estimation of enzymes in larval and pupal Fig. 6 Effect of midgut extract on midgut activity stages during post-embrvonic development. in V-instar larva. 84.000 65,2300 43,000 29,000 21,100 14,300 6,500 3.000 KD MARKER I i iti iv v PMW-L vil Vin Fig. 7 : SDS-PAGE analysis of the midgut extract of larvae of Apis cerana indica showing the presence of protein pattem. Abbreviation: i- first instar, H- second instar, Hl ~ third instar, IV - fourth instar and V- fifth instar, Vi-early pupa, VIl- mid pupa, Vill-late pupa. Biochemical changes in the midgut during metamorphosis in Apis cerana indica 77 Discussion During the post embryonic development, the differentiation of midgut epithelial cells occurs in honey bee (Chapman, 1985a and 1985b and Cruz-landim and Cavalcante, 2003) while in the successive development, replacement of larval midgut epithelial cells to adult by formation of new epithelium is found in Apis cerana indica (Barsagade and Kelwadkar, 2008). In the last larval instar the midgut epithelial cells, produce various digestive enzymes that help for the food digestion in Apis mellifera (Cavalcante and Cruz-Landim, 2004). During larval development midgut cells are replaced by the other cells depending upon death of larval digestive cells, proliferation of regenerative cells occurs in order to constitute a new digestive epithelium in the adult, Apis mellifera (Geogorc and Bowen, 1997) and in Apis cerana indica, (Barsagade and Kelwadkar, 2008). The midgut columnar epithelial cells containing the biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and Proteins are actively engaged in the protein synthesis in order to secure various digestive enzymes during the _ larval—pupal metamorphosis (Fuji, 1979, Wigglesworth, 1972 and Chapman, 1998). In Apis cerana indica, total DNA, total RNA, total proteins and total carbohydrates were intensely demonstrated in the nuclei and perikarya of columnar epithelial cells, as found in Apis florea and Apis mellifera, described by earlier workers showing their role in protein synthesis (Pearse, 1968; Ban and Prezlec, 1974). The similar role of these biomolecules may be played in the protein synthesis during metamorphosis in Apis cerana indica. Various biochemical tests reveal the presence of amylase, invertase, protease and lipase activity in the midgut of larvae of Apis cerana indica which are very specific in their activity (Horie, 1970, Banergee and Saxena, 1983, Wajiro et al., 1984 and Zufelato et al., 2004). The higher level of enzyme acid phasphatase activity in the larval peritrophic membrane in Apis mellifera is mostly used for digestion (Cavalcante and Cruz-landim, 2004). Similarly, activity of other fourteen enzymes was determined in the midgut of Apis mellifera and these enzymes were alfa-amylase, 4 alfa- glucosidase, 3 protease, 5 amino peptidase, lipase etc. (Banerjee and Sexena,1983). According to Mahmoud (2007), the high food metabolism level depends on the protein concentration in the midgut and haemolymph, it may reflect the digestion level with acid phasphatase and other digestive enzymes. The present investigation reveals that the concentration of biomolecules viz. total DNA, total RNA, total protein and total carbohydrates in the fifth instar larvae of Apis cerana indica, shows initial depletion and then a significant rise because of involvement of total protein consumption in the midgut for synthesis of digestive enzymes. The study also supports the findings of earlier works, showing the amylase, invertase, proteases and lipase activity during the larval- pupal metamorphosis in Apis cerana indica. Cavalcante and Cruz-landim (2004), noticed the mass range of different proteins varying form 19 to 142 kDa, increased greatly from larvae to pupae and tends to decrease during pupation, until the phase of brown eye pupae and increased again in the pupae with pigmented body (pharate adult). In Apis cerana indica, 11 bands were observed, among which six bands were predominant ranging from 26-65 kDa, found in the midgut extract of developing larvae and pupae, supporting the earlier studies. Halteres, Vol.1, No.1, 2009 References Applebaum, S. W., Harper, |. and Bondi, A. 1964. Amylase secretion in the larvae of Prodenica litura F. Insecta. Comparative biochemistry and Physiology 13: 107-111. Ban, A. and Przelec 1974. 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CS Ri RinnenGin Gorse, - mn * ' a sf | ee 4) aa 6) iy . oy AE F dele y's ; t R » eer ne a 2 ai “ Sele TN : ONES | Terasnhe ta : ‘ ; rs { oi i ¢ . , th m4 : . ¥ : ss ' HALTERES — a peer reviewed journal (published by Organisation for Conservation and Study of Biodiversity-CSBD) in collaboration with ANeT-India (International Network for Study of Ants) focuses on entomological research with the thrust areas: insect taxonomy/bio-diversity, biology, evolution, biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics, physiology and conservation etc. Only those manuscripts are considered for publication, which provide the following declaration duly signed by all authors: “That the findings/interpretations presented in the manuscript are original in nature except where stated otherwise and no part of work has been submitted for publication elsewhere, and that all authors have agreed to submission, hold ethical and moral responsibility regarding authenticity of work”. 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