VOL. 2, 2010 | 7 ISSN 0973-1555
- —Alalteres
A PEER REVIEWED INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL
HALTERES ISSN 0973 -1555
(Web: http://antdiversityindia.com/halteresentomology_research_journal) Editorial Board Chief Editor: Dr. Himender Bharti (India)
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CONTENTS
Comparative study on improvement in Pollen Collection Technology Shazia Raja, Elizabeth Stephen Waghchoure, Rashid Mahmood, Ghulam Sarwar, Farida Iftikhar and Muhammad S 1d iques MUMaWaAl cree cree: cercscccc ces octets secctccenscconcsscoscha sascrevvscesersaacecsvsnscectvaasens secccesszdacerassadeessvsacetcasscaccrsaenacrastacceresTicacaert sytceetsaantet 1
Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas M. Nayyar Azim, Shabir Anmad Reshi and Ajaz Hassan Rathel...............::ccccsesssccceseseeeeesseeseeceeeseeeeeseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeaaeeeeaeeeseenne A
Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Macrophya Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Symphyta; Tenthredinidae: Tenthredininae) M.S: Sainiiand! Es Kaul ccsts ccc cs secccee cs secede c cea ceed etceen ie cevcececce nec cces sede ccetacssuatesteessousavevees setessesdetsvesg tacdervgdeveusosedsestpacseesats scetearesedeveusces 24
Lucilia calviceps Bezzi, new record from India (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with a revised key to Indian species Meenakshi Bharti :& Hiromui Kurahashi..2c...ccccccccccscccccccesceccsaxscccsessscsteatsccoassadececesstescesssesssssccessdcoousasscesuaicecoassstesessessasscecassencoeurs ts 29
Impact of egg retention on walking behavior of Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Muhammad Shakeel, Ahmed Zia, Abid Farid and Zakir HuUSSA@iIN..................ccccceccsscceecccneceeccueeseeeceeeceeccaeeceeecaeccseceueeceeceeeeseeeeees 31
Role of honeybees and other insects in enhancing the yield of Brassica campestris var. sarson JS -TaralGsiPooja Shanini ae. 22cck sissccceccscessctageseccocsecdasasssessaeseccccuasacuscacacwdccsaesecsagestesicesves saeaccsscasoussteteeiaes Ccddvarseicacecossantatececasiwasssssvens 35
Diversity of Aphidoidea in Rawalpindi Division (Punjab) Pakistan, with a list of host plant studied Ahmed Zia, Soaib Ali Hassan, Anjum Shehzad and Falak NaZ.............ccccccceceeccccccceeseeeeeececceeeueceeeeceeeeeeuaeeeeeeeeeeeuaaeeeeeeeeeueauaeeeeeres 38
Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Himalopsyche Banks (Trichoptera: Spicipalpia; Rhyacophilidae: Rhyacophilinae) MESS S alma Wau rieoo2ec cc cesssscscccctccess fevevevassstccessaeccutacessessaucasecsedss costs cetceses sac canettaees tueeccnnrs vee vasteassactsaeevuve fase coheed cag teste stecnunsiaverse? 44
Influence of foraging rate and speed of Apis species (Hymenoptera) on Brassica campestris var. sarson JS alaratandiRoojais hartniatysiiiccchscecccessuscccctvscccetesecessvscecsavnsastauecs eset ditteccocdendesvsszccaeesseeuvcseseeerastescstanausasceritissiesseveconstaceuadezesicetiees 49
SEM structure of mandibular sensilla in the carpenter ant, Camponotus compressus (Fabricius) (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) Deepak D. Barsagade, Dnyaneshwar B. Tembhare and Seema G. Kadu........ccccccccccccessssssssseeceesessscssnesceceeecessssessaeseeeeeeesssaes 53
A contribution towards the insect fauna of Vadodara, Gujarat (India): The Order Hemiptera Dolly Kumar ‘and! (Bhumika Natduesccsc..secccccccesesceetieccestsssecceevececcasessessscctssosaccesscasonedesaieececctssssusnsetsunensss¢ssobscsdeceassssansacciaddsstesssaecei« 58
Natural parasitism of leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on vegetable crops in Kashmir (India) Deen MohammadiiBhatvand. Re Cx Blhag ates ci sccccccceccetssscoscssseascesesvscnsenssossisicastesssetuvasesasvacsestssnerssssueevessceveessscasnetssvesteixscvatetestsies: 64
Bioecology of Til Hawk Moth, Acherontia styx Westwood ReMeAtinwarcandiMiP: Gu ptasvecececcvrcscssacecsceesscezssoes ccs suena vevvies suecsetuarcaissssetsa: seeessishanesoeussesut cua set desceevete race essotiessviadsectetetsceetitresiees 70
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Comparative study on improvement in Pollen Collection Technology
Shazia Raja*, Elizabeth Stephen Waghchoure, Rashid Mahmood, Ghulam Sarwar,
Farida Iftikhar and Muhammad Sidddique Munawar
Honeybee Research Intstitute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan. (#e-mail: shazia_raja2002@ yahoo.com)
Abstract
A newly designed pollen trap for beehives is disclosed. The trap includes a single wooden frame, mounted in the frame are two screens having two meshes (0.5mm in size with 0.7mm distance between them) that are fine enough to dislodge granules of pollen from the bees as they crawl through it. The pollen drops down through the screens into pollen tray. This construction permits the pollen trap to virtually occupy all the area of hive to promote good ventilation for dry pollen. The frame fits in the bottom of the hive by inserting it from back side and can be removed easily when not needed. After designing the new trap a trial was laid down on 11/02/2009 in the premises of HBRI on eight colonies. All the colonies selected were alike with respect to number of frames and bees present in them. The colonies were divided into two groups. On the first group the entrance trap was clipped while on the second group the newly devised bottom trap was fitted. The weight of pollen collected was compared and it was found to be significantly different from each other. The total yield of pollen from entrance trap and the fixed bottom trap in gm were found to be 12.55 + 1.66 (Mean + SE) and 22.5 + 1.25 (Mean + SE) respectively. The honey extracted from hives fitted
with both types of traps was also compared and no difference was observed in their weight.
Keywords: Pollen, Trap, Bees, Colonies.
Introduction
Pollen, sometimes incorrectly called as flower sperm is a fine to coarse powder consisting of micro gametophyte or pollen grain which produces the male gamete of seed plant. It is bee’s major source of protein, fatty substances, minerals and vitamins (Gary, 1975).
Bee pollen is the flower pollen collected by alll honeybees for the purpose of feeding their larvae in the early stages of development. Collected flower pollen is accumulated as a pellet in pouches (pollen baskets) on the rear legs of the bees and it is the mixture of these pellets that comprises bee pollen (Campos et a/., 2005). The bees mix the pollen grains with a sticky substance that is secreted from their stomach, which allows the pollen to adhere to their legs in pollen baskets in order to safely transport to their hives. Bee pollen is one of the richest and purest natural foods ever discovered, and the incredible nutritional and
medicinal value of pollen has been known for centuries.
The pollen collected by bees is superior to the pollen collected directly from plants as the bees are extremely discriminate about selecting the best pollen from the millions of grains that are present, bees only select those grains that are rich in all the nutrients, especially nitrogenous materials. Traps for collecting pollen pellets from legs of honey bees have been designed to trap pollen reserves. These traps vary greatly in size, appearance, and method of installation on the hive. Incoming pollen can be sampled for studies of foraging activities of bees and for identifying and classifying pollen sources. Stored pollen is a basic ingredient of pollen supplement for feeding bees. This pollen supplement provided by the beekeeper stimulates brood rearing when the natural pollen stored in comb is unavailable or inadequate in the
hive.
Pollen traps called pollen guards were first used by Farrar (1934) to prevent bees from bringing pollen into the hive. Todd and Bishop (1940) improved these guards by changing the grid from perforated metal to 5-mesh hardware cloth. For pollen identification studies Nye (1959), constructed a trap that fits underneath the hive and had an opening on the side for removing the tray filled with pollen. A trap that was inserted in the front entrance for obtaining small samples of pollen in short time was developed by Stewart and Shimanuki (19771).
Pollen traps vary greatly in design and positioning on the hive, but the basic principle is same i.e. a grid to remove the pollen from the bees and a tray to collect them.
Moisture in the pollen may be a serious problem in areas where humidity is high, so the traps should be weather proof and installed carefully to keep out moisture. Pollen should only be collected from disease free colonies and trapping should be done only during pollen flow of one quarter pound per day. During major nectar flows, pollen trapping is unprofitable as grids slow down bee activity which ultimately reduces honey production.
Freshly trapped pollen is perishable and it may be dried, frozen, or mixed with other materials and stored. For drying, the pollen should be spread On porous surface at a depth of one-half inch in an enclosed ventilated room and allow it to air dry. More rapid drying can be achieved in oven at 100 degrees F maximum. It can also be stored by putting it in paper bags in deep freezers below freezing temperatures.
Materials and Methods
The present work has been carried out in Honeybee Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre Islamabad, Pakistan during February-March 2009. We went under a series of steps before designing a new type of trap for collection of pollen from standard deep bottom hives. Initially, a double screen grid with a distance of 1.7mm was made (design no.1) but it did not
Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
proved to be effective as it disturbed the movement of bees from one screen to other and ultimately we did not collect any pollen. Then it was improved by removing one mesh from it (design no. 2). When this trap was checked the objections from the first designed pollen trap were removed but another serious problem arouse i.e. time consumption in the installation, as every time we have to remove the top covers of hive while inserting the pollen trap, which is not economical in terms of time spent by beekeeper on other management practices especially in spring season.
The design and location of the pollen trap on the hive may be changed to meet the prevailing needs and climatic conditions. Ease of installation, colony manipulation, minimum disturbance, cleanliness of pollen and size of tray should be given special attention while designing any trap. Thus keeping in view the above mentioned facts a further change was made in the trap (design no. 2) by making the grid which fits permanently in the hive and to collect pollen, just insert the single mesh (metal/plastic as both proved effective) which fits into that grid and when not needed can be removed easily.
The design of no. 2 trap was further modified by using double mesh screen and keeping the distance of 0.7mm between them. Finally, the structure of pollen trap was made strong by using fine wood of Pinus walluchiana and inserting it from the back side so that it will not cause any hindrance to the incoming bees. Thus, the bees enter the hive through an opening at the front of hive and while passing through the mesh grid, most of the pollen pellets dislodged from the hind legs of the returning bees, fall into a tray covered by screen that allows the pollen pellets but not the bees to pass. The size of holes is also a crucial factor as it must not damage bees or restrict their normal flight activity. It is hoped that this new design of pollen trap produces reliable, consistent results and overcomes some of the problems encountered with other designs of traps.
Pollen Collection After designing the new trap a trial was laid
Comparative study on improvement in Pollen Collection Technology 3
down on 11/02/2009 in the premises of HBRI on eight colonies. All the colonies selected were alike with respect to number of frames and bees present in them. The colonies were divided into two groups. One group of four colonies had the entrance trap fitted at the entrance and on other four the newly devised bottom trap was fixed.
Each trap was fixed on the hives at 10am and removed at 2pm. The experiment was continued for three weeks and data was taken twice a week. The pollen collected each day was stored in plastic bottles and weighed.
A total of 40 samples of pollen were collected from the hives by using pollen trap in front of the hive for 4hrs interval throughout the experiment. These pollen samples were removed from the hind legs of honeybees on a rack fitted in a tray inside the trap, as bees pass through the trap, the loads on their legs fell down. After 4hrs interval traps were removed and pollen loads were collected, weighed and spread on the clean white paper for sorting. The pollen of different colour was stored in small glass bottles.
A field survey was conducted and bees with pollen loads on their legs were collected from different plants. The pollen loads were then pushed off the hind legs into individual specimen of poly- thene bag. The bees were released unharmed or sometimes killed by using the killer bottle. These colours were matched with those pollen pellet trapped by pollen traps, which helped in identify- ing the source of pollen.
Results and Discussion
To analyze our data we used SPSS statistical programme version fourteen in which the approach is rather different as the statistics are not displayed on the spread sheet but in separate windows. Comparisons between means were made using the least significant difference (LSD) at 0.05 probabilities (SPSS). For statistical data, standard descriptive statistics were performed for each of the quantitative parameters.
The dependence of honeybees on pollen in several ways is well documented (Stanley and Linskens, 1974, Wille et a/., 1985). Pollen is used primarily as a source of essential aminoacids
required by honeybees (De Groot, 1953) in protein synthesis. In our study we worked on the newly devised pollen trap fitted on Apis mellifera colonies. The brood rearing capacity of Apis mellifera is known to be improved by the addition of pollen ash to a chemically defined diet (Herbert and Shimanuki, 1978). The nutritional status and biochemical composition of the royal jelly as influenced to a large extent by the type of pollen nutrition (Stanley and Linskens, 1974), may affect the composition of food fed to honeybee larvae.
The use of pollen trap in pollen studies is not a new phenomenon. Wille et a/., (1985) reported that the weight of pollen collected by a colony, calculated from amounts collected in pollen traps, varies from 10 to 25kg/year. The mean weight of pollen collected from the entrance clipped pollen trap ranged from 0.5 to 49.0 gm and for the newly devised fixed bottom trap the range was 6 to 45gm respectively. The Lavene’s Test for equality of variance showed the P value greater than 0.05 so the weight of pollen collected was compared by using non parametric Mann-Whitney U Test and it was found that they were significantly different from each other (Mann-Whitney U = 512.5, P <0.00). The total mean yield of pollen (gm) from entrance trap and the fixed bottom trap were found to be 12.55 + 1.66 (Mean + SE) and 22.5 + 1.25 (Mean + SE) respectively (Fig. 1).
The pollen brought in by the bees at Rothamsted during 1945 and 1946 has been collected daily by using a newly designed pollen trap and it was found that legumes, rosaceae trees/ shrubs and forest trees share 54, 15 and 11 % of the total collected pollen (Synge, 1947). Cundill (1986) tested a simple trap at three locations in Scotland and collected data at monthly intervals for three years which showed a clear link between pollen and the dominant plant species of the area. In our study after matching the colour of pollen colleted from trapped bees while foraging plants with that of pollen collected in pollen traps also showed a positive relationship between the pollen and prominent botanical sources of the area around the experimental trial. The results obtained also show some important pollen colours as follows;
Lallemantia royleana
Linum usitatissimum
The colour of pollen can help in identifying the plants present in the area (Kirk, 1994). This method is usually accurate and can often identify the pollen to genus and species level but it is time consuming and requires expertise.
In order to evaluate the use of three different types of traps referred as entrance, bottom and board, an investigation carried out in Poland (Bobrzecki and Wilde, 1987) showed that total pollen collected in 1986 was 2.47, 0.69 and 0.70 kg respectively for bottom, entrance and board traps. In 1987 the corresponding figures were 1.58, 0.50 and 0.41kg. They also found that amount of pollen did not lower the amount of honey produced which is in agreement with our results as we also did not find any difference in the amount of honey harvested from hives fitted with different traps
Sillipum sp
Callestemon citrinus Yellowish green
Euphorbia sp. Reddish yellow
Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
Sea green Green
Yellowish green
(One Way ANOVA, F |, ,. = 16.59, P > 0.001). The mean weights of honey (kgs) produced from colonies fitted with front and fixed bottom trap were 10.43 + 2.51 (Mean + SE) and 8.51 + 1.39 (Mean + SE) respectively (Fig. 2).
Pollen traps have been used extensively by the various beekeepers during the summer months to collect surplus pollen brought in by the bees which can be used in the following spring to stimulate brood rearing at a time when pollen is in short supply.
Stephen and Robert (2001) indicated that honeybees respond to deficiencies in the quantity or quality of their pollen reserves by increasing the gross amount of pollen returned to the colony, rather than by specializing in collecting pollen with greater pollen content.
Comparative study on improvement in Pollen Collection Technology 5
They also suggested that colonies may respond to changes in their pollen stores by adjusting the numbers of inexperienced to experienced foragers within their foraging populations.
The newly designed trap used in our study does not fit at the existing entrance but is placed at the bottom of the hive which allows the bees to have easy free access without getting crowded or aggressive. This ensures that they can replenish or collect their own pollen stores in good quantity. This trap is designed for beekeepers to allow them
25
20
10
Weight of honey in Kgs
Front Trap Bottom Trap
Fig. 1: The weight of pollen collected from the entrance fitted pollen trap (T1) and newly devised fixed bottom trap (T2).
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge Mr. Maqbool and Mr. Qurban, Senior Scientific Assistants, Honey Bee Research Institute for designing and testing the new pollen trap at various stages of fabrication. We are also thankful to Mr. Qurban, Mr. Riaz, Mr. Umar Daraz and Mr. Zafar for collecting pollen from traps and foraging bees on plants.
References
Bobrzecki, J. and Wilde, J. 1987. The influence of pollen trapping by 3 types of pollen traps on the development and productivity of honeybee
to keep the trap on the hive throughout the summer and collect the pollen on alternate weeks or after every 2-3 days of week without disturbing bees and avoiding labour of putting and removing traps every time. The surplus pollen should be collected every other day and stored properly as a byproduct for feeding colonies when required.
However, this requires more critical evaluation by future experiments involving collection of pollen over several months from single and mixed plant populations.
Weight of honey in Kgs
Front Trap Bottom Trap
Fig. 2: The weight of honey harvested from hives fitted with front and newly devised fixed bottom pollen trap.
colonies. CABI Abstracts. Poland: Akademia Rolniczo-Techniczna, Olsztyn.
Campos, M. G. R., Stephen, B. A. M., Teresa, S. and Yannia, M. 2005. International Beekeeping Congress, Nov. 13-18. Banglore, India.
Cundill, P. R. 1986. A new design of pollen trap for modern studies. Journal of Biogeography 13: 83-89.
De Groot, A. P. 1953. Protein and amino acids requirements of the honeybee (Apis mellifera). Journal of Comparative Physiology and Ecology 3: 197-285.
Farrar, C. L. 1934. Bees must have pollen. Gleanings Bee Culture 62: 276-278.
Gary, N. E. 1975. Activities and behaviour of honeybees. In: Dedant, C. and Dedant, C.P. (eds.). The Hive and the Honeybee. Illinois: Dedant and Sons, Carthage 185-262.
Herbert, A. W. and Shimanuki, B. 1978. Mineral requirements for brood-rearing by honey bees fed a synthetic diet. Journal of Apicultural Research 17: 118-122.
Kirk, W. D. J. 1994. Recording the color of pollen loads. Bee World 75: 169-180.
Nye, W.P. 1959. A modified pollen trap for honeybee hives. Journal of Economic Entomology 52: 1024-1025.
Stanley, R. G. and Linskens, H. F. 1974. Pollen. Biology, bio-chemistry, management. NewYork: Springer- Verlag 100-109.
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Stephen, E. and Robert, W. 2001. The influence of pollen quality on foraging behaviour in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 51: 53-68.
Stewart, J. D. and Shimanuki, H. 1971. Rapid-sample pollen trap for honey bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 63: 1350.
Synge, A. D. 1947. Pollen collection by Honeybees (Apis mellifera). Journal of Animal Ecology 16: 122-138.
Todd, F .E. and Bishop, R. K. 1940. Trapping honeybees gathered pollen and factors affecting yields. Economic Entomology 33: 866-870.
Wille, H., Imdrof, A. Buhlmann, G. Kilchenmann, V. and Will, M. 1985. Pollen gathering and population dynamics of three liebfled bee colonies. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 92: 897-914.
Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas
M. Nayyar Azim*, Shabir Ahmad Reshi and Ajaz Hassan Rather
Section of Entomology; PG Department of Zoology; University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006 (J & kK). (#email: mnayyarazim@yahoo.com)
Abstract
Tribe Oedipodini is redefined. Key to genera of Oedipodini found in Kashmir and diagnostic characters of each genus are given. Key to species wherever necessary along with their habitats are also given.
Keywords: Biodiversity, Oedipodini, Kashmir.
Tribe Oedipodini Scudder, 1875
The tribe Oedipodini can be characterized as follows:-
Body somewhat sturdy; antennae always filiform; fastigial foveolae present or absent, if present they are never contiguous in front, often they are small or triangular, more rarely oblong trapezoidal, but not quadrangular; frons vertical; pronotum usually without lateral carinae, if present, they are weak and less developed, median carina in some species high; tegmina and wings well developed, tegmina with spurious median vein strong, in some species absent or weak; wings often brightly marked with different shades of blue, dark blue, red or yellow, quite often with a black band; arolium small.
Key to genera of the tribe Oedipodini Scudder found in Kashmir
1. Dorsum of pronotum without x-shaped
Dalton tier eastanaacanenelsaenetahcagraa apheareeaats Z ----Dorsum of pronotum with x-shaped DAMEN hy rncuaeet etches Serceaag chen Oedaleus Fieber
2. Median carina of pronotum intersected by two
trANSVEFSE SUICI. «2226.52.25. dorsee eecteecse verse cau ovens enn 3 ---Median carina of pronotum entire or intersected by only one transverse SUICUS ...................:::06008 5
3. Body small to medium size; median carina of pronotum not forming teeth like projection
See eae tetas tak te casey Satie aaeeg (ieee ate teem ened eee 4 ---Body small; median carina of pronotum forming teeth like projections................... Trilophidia Stal
4. Frontal ridge flat or with a depression near median ocellus; pronotum longer than its width, with angular posterior margin............ 9 ----Frontal ridge with a groove throughout its length; pronotum as long as or shorter than its width, with widely rounded posterior MAC CIN geet ian ar eserswonses Cr OlLVIUis 1 IEDEr
5. Pronotum with well developed median AMIN etree ee ce dee ee ) ----Pronotum with weak median carina.............. she Resta weapreptiaesip a sat puteDIO HIE AAAI ON Aiolopus Fieber
6. Median carina of pronotum not excised at BOSICHION SUICUS 5 ..c.ceeo5ccs dies setseceletse coneeectetrs ¢
----Median carina of pronotum slightly excised at DOSTONION SUICUS 2. ve, Gasscgumisdertansarcsemcescest del 8
7. Antennae longer than head and pronotum together; frontal ridge shallowly sulcate; pronotum not crest like, angulated behind with the tip rounded (0) epee eaten Peer ne tet cree nt Dittopternis Saussure ----Antennae shorter than head and pronotum together; frontal ridge flat; pronotum crest like, acutely angulated behind.......................:::08 Rebpeslearteesece nanan eae et Gastrimargus Saussure
8. Antennae about as long as head and pronotum together; frontal ridge flat; median carina of pronotum equally raised in prozona and metazoan, slightly excised by posterior transverse sulcus; wings without a dark transverse band; thorax ventrally with dense hairs................... eh se catesteaive Savaaunadgseueesensceee veer Locusta Linnaeus ----Antennae slightly longer than head and pronotum together; frontal ridge sulcate; median carina of pronotum strongly raised in prozona and moderately in metazoan, deeply excised by only one transverse sulcus; wings with a dark transverse band or the band may be weak or absent; thorax ventrally without dense PG EO Se cee cn cceencs recede Oedipoda Latreille
9. Tegmina with spurious median vein strongly approaching M apically; wings usually with a dark DAG inseutiase utdecutetsesns Sphingonotus Fieber ----Tegmina with spurious vein at equidistant from M and CuA; wings without a dark band AE RAEN Ror tet tr rcor Leptopternis Saussure
10. Pronotum with small sparse tubercles, lower margin of hind femur with long dense hairs Sasa che ece nas caey auentn mens Pternoscirta Saussure ----- Pronotum without small sparse tubercles, lower margin of hind femur without long dense (are: aici an aue nian ire Epacromius Uvarov
Genus Oedipoda Latreille
Oedipoda Latreille, 1829. In Cuvier, R. Anim. Ed., 2,0. 180,
Type-species: Gryllus caerulescens Linnaeus (= Gryllus caerulescens caerulescens)
Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
Ctypohippus Fieber, 1852. Kelch. Orth.
Oberschl.,pp 2. Distribution: Asia, Europe, N. Africa.
Diagnosis: Small to medium sized insects: antennae filiform, slightly longer than head pronotum together; fastigium of vertex concave, with raised lateral carinulae; fastigial foveolae present; frontal ridge sulcate; pronotum with median carina sharp, distinctly raised, sharply intersected by posterior transverse sulcus; lateral carinae often present, strongly interrupted by transverse sulci and obliterated in metazoan, dorsum rugose and tuberculate, metazoan longer than prozona, its posterior margin angular; mesosternal interspace longer than wide; tegmina and wings fully developed, wings with dark band, base of wing brightly coloured; arolium small; male with supra-anal plate elongate, angular, cercus conical, subgenital plate conical with obtuse apex, epiphallus with narrow bridge and bilobate lophi; female with ovipositor valves short, tips recurved, ventral valve with external lateral projection.
The genus can easily be distinguished in having pronotum with median carina deeply excised at posterior transverse sulcus and dark band of the wing usually sends off a branch towards the base of the wing.The genus is represented by two species in Kashmir.
Key to species of Oedipoda Latr. Found in Kashmir
1. Tegmina with apical half hyaline; wings with dark band narrow reaching upto the posterior wing MALIN. sons cee Oedipoda himalayana Uvarov ----Tegmina with only apex hyaline; wings with dark band wide, reaching upto the mid of posterior wing margin ............. Oedipoda miniata miniata (Pallas)
Oedipoda himalayana Uvarov
Oedipoda himalayana Uvarov, 1925. Mission Babaull Inde, Acrididae, 22. Oedipoda himalayana Uvarov; Bei-Bienko And Mischenko, 1951. Acad. Nauk.SSR,235.
Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas 9
Distribution:Kashmir,Afghanistan, Uzbekistan.
This species has been recorded from Kashmir by Bei-Bienko and Mischenko (1951), but the present authors could not collect any specimen of this species.
Material examined: IARI,New Delhi collection, India: Kashmir, Rising Gorg,6000ft, 2F, 04.x.1923 (Fletcher).
Oedipoda miniata miniata (Pallas) (Fig. 1) Gryllus miniatus Pallas, 1771. Reise. Russ. Reiches., 1: 467.
Oedipoda miniatus (Pallas), Chopard. 1922. Fauna de France. 3: 134,163.
Distribution: Southern Europe, Kazakistan, West Siberia, Asia, North Africa. The general morphological characters are same as described under genus. The genitalic characters are as follows:-
Males having supra-anal plate with wavy apical margins, tip nearly rounded, cercus elongate, broader at base, narrow apically; epiphallus with bridge narrow, undivided medially, ancorae broad in the middle with pointed tips, lophi bilobate; female with supra-anal plate broad, subtriangular, slightly truncated on sides near apex, covered with setae; subgenital plate with posterior margin wavy, setae present , egg guide short about one and a half times longer than wide; ovipositor valves shorter than lateral apodeme, with blunt tips; spermatheca with apical diverticulum short, pre-apical diverticulum long, much broad, sac like with a tubercle like projection facing towards the tip of apical diverticulum.
Material examined: 5 F, 2 M, Kashmir: Kupwara, Karnah, Gundi Gujran on grass, 9.ix. 2005 (Shabir A. Reshi).
Habitat: The specimens of this species have been collected from stony soil with sparse grassy vegetation.
Remarks: This subspecies has been recorded for the first time from Kashmir.
Genus Sphingonotus Fieber
Sphingonotus Fieber, 1852. Kelch.Orth. Overschles, 2; Fieber, 1853. Lotos, 3: 124. Type-species: Gryllus locusta caerulans Linne.
Distribution: Cosmopolitan
Diagnosis: Medium sized insects; antennae filiform, slightly longer than or about as long as head and pronotum together; fastigium of vertex concave, with lateral and sometimes with median carinulae; fastigial foveolae present, sometimes indistinct; frontal ridge shallowly sulcate; pronotum saddle shaped, narrowed and constricted in prozona, median carina low, thin sometimes indistinct and intersected by three transverse sulci, lateral carinae absent, metazoan longer than prozona, its posterior margin obtusely angular, with almost rounded apex; mesosternal interspace longer than wide; tegmina and wings fully developed, spurious median vein of tegmina more convex than the adjacent sector R and M and apically comes closer to M than CuA, wings with coloured base, often with a dark Band of varied length; spurs of hind tibia not specialized; arolium small; male epiphallus with moderately narrow bridge, large ancorae and with bilobate lophi.
The genus can easily be identified on the basis of median carina of pronotum never raised in prozona; female with subgenital plate having acute posterior margin; ovipositor short, with moderately robust valves, ventral valve with externo-lateral projections. In Kashmir the specimens of this species are found in stony soil and wings are usually with a dark band. The genus is represented by four species in Kashmir.
Key to species of Sphingonotus found in Kashmir
1: Mesosternal interspace narrow, less than twice as wide as long; wings with dark transverse band well developed and broad ..................... Z -------- Mesosternal interspace wide, twice or more as wide as long; wings with dark band diffused...... Sphingonotus kashmirensis Uvarov
10
2 Wings sky blue near the base ............. 3 --------- Wings colourless near the base....... hee een Saree Sphingonotus savignyi Saussure
oe Smaller species; wings with dark transverse band distinctly wide, hardly attenuating LOWArGS DOSIGTION CNG icc sccsdccciass steededeohesats .. Sphingonotus balteatus himalayanus Uvarov -------- Larger species; wings with dark transverse band never wide, conspicuously attenuating beyond middle and towards its posterior end........... S. longipennis Saussure
Sphingonotus kashmirensis Uvarov Sphingonotus kashmirensis Uvarov, 1925. Mission Babault Inde, Acrididae, 18pp.
Distribution: Kashmir, Eastern Afghanistan.
The species has been described and recorded by Uvarov (1925) and Bie-Bienko and Mischenko (1951) from Kashmir. However the present authors could not collect any specimen of this species from the region.
Sphingonotus savignyi Saussure (Fig. 2) Sphingonotus savignyi Saussure, 1884.Mem. Soc. Geneve, xxviii (9):198,208.
Distribution: India, Pakistan, North Africa, Arabia, Palestine.
The characteristic features of this species same as described under genus and in the key to species.
Material examined: 5 F, 4 M, Kashmir: Kupwara, Karnah, Gundi Gujran on grass, 9.ix.2006 (Shabir A. Reshi); 1 F, 2M, Baramulla, Gurez, Dawar on grass,16.ix.2006 (Shabir A. Reshi).
Habitat: The specimens of this species have been collected from stony soil having patches of grassy vegetation.
Remarks: This species has earlier been recorded from Kashmir by Bie-Bienko and Mischenko (1951).
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Sphingonotus balteatus himalayanus Uvarov Oedipoda balteata Serville, 1839. /ns. Orth.734. Oedipoda latifasciata Walker, 1870. Zoologist, 28: 2299.
Sphingonotus amaranthinus Saussure, 1884.Mem. Soc.Phys.Hist.Nat. Geneve, 28(9): 205.
Sphingonotus bifasciatus Innes Bey, 1919. Bull.Soc.Ent.Egypte, 11: 45,48.
Sphingonotus balteatus himalayanus Uvarov, 1923./.Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 29: 646.
Distribution: India (Kashmir), Pakistan, Arabia, Egypt.
The species has already been described by Bei-Bienko and Mischenko (1951).
Remarks: This species has earlier been recorded by Kirby (1914) from Kashmir. The present authors however could not collect any specimen of this species from the region.
Sphingonotus longipennis Saussure (Fig. 3)
Sphingonotus longipennis Saussure, 1884. Mem.Soc.Phys.Hist.nat. Geneve,28(9):197-203 Sphingonotus Indus Saussure, 1884. /bid.204.
Distribution: India, Pakistan, Africa, Europe.
The charateristic features of the species are same as described under genus and in the key to the species except in the followings:-
Male with supra-anal plate subtriangular, lateral margins curved medially, cercus elongate, more than twice as long as wide, with rounded apex; subgenital plate wide, flattened, wider than long, apex obtusely rounded, epiphallus with bridge narrow and undivided medially, ancorae broad in the middle, lophi bilobate; female with supra-anal plate subtriangular, covered with setae apically, subgenital plate with wavy posterior margin, setae absent, Jannone’s organ present, ovipositor with dorsal valve much shorter than lateral apodemes, spermatheca with apical diverticulum short, tubular and narrow, pre-apical diverticulum long and sac like.
Material examined: 15 F, 8 M, Kashmir: Kupwara,
Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas 11
Handwara, Shatgund Payeen on grass, 6.1x.2005 (Shabir A. Reshi); 4 F, 9 M, Kupwara, Handwara, Shatgund Payeen on grass, 11.ix.2006 (Shabir A. Reshi).
Habitat: The specimens of this species have been collected from the stony soil having sparse vegetation along the river bank.
Remarks: This species has earlier been recorded from Kashmir by Bie-Bienko and Mischenko (1951). But the material collected by the authors slightly differs from the description given by Bie- Bienko and Mischenko in having hind tibia without dark band, instead it is having white band. It also differs from the description given by Kirby (1914) in having median carina present on pronotum.
Genus Oedaleus Fieber
Oedaleus Fieber, 1853. Lotos., 3: 126 (as subgenus of Oedipoda Serville). Oedal/eus Stal, 1873. Recens. Orth., 1:123 (as subgenus of Pachytylus Fieber). Type-species: Acrydium nigrofasciatum Degeer.
Distribution: Africa, Arabia, S. Europe, Middle East, erstwhile USSR, China, Oriental region, Australia.
Diagnosis: Medium sized insects; antennae filiform, longer than head and pronotum together; fastigium of vertex flat or slightly concave with obtuse lateral carinulae, with or without median longitudinal carinula; frontal ridge flat or shallowly sulcate with marginal carinulae diverging ventrally, reaching or nearly reaching upto clypeus; pronotum with obtuse median carina, often intersected by posterior transverse sulcus, lateral carinae absent, dorsum with x-shaped pattern, metazoan equal to or little longer than prozona, posterior margin rounded or angular; mesosternal interspace wider than long, widening posteriorly; tegmina and wings fully developed, spurious median vein approximately equidistant between M and CuA, sometimes closer to CuA than M at base, wings usually with a dark band; hind femur with external ventral
knee lobe acutely rounded; arolium of medium size or small; male with supra-anal plate angular, cercus conical with obtuse apex, subgenital plate conical with obtuse apex: females with ovipositor valves robust, curved, ventral valve with elongate external lateral projection, spermatheca with sac like apical diverticulum with or without a short pre apical diverticulum.
The genus can easily be distinguished from other genera on the basis of having a light x-shaped marking on the dorsum of pronotum.
The genus is represented by three species in Kashmir.
Key to species of the genus Oedaleus Fieber found in Kashmir
1. Dark band of the hind wing reaches anteriorly to the anterior margin; spermatheca with small apical diverticulum ............0...jccccceec eee ce cee eens 2 ----Dark band of the hind wing not reaching to the anterior margin; spermatheca without apical diverticulum......... Oedaleus abruptus (Thunberg)
2. Pronotum with posterior transverse sulcus placed behind the middle; hind wing pale pink at base ...... ee Oedaleus rosescens Uvarov ----Pronotum with posterior transverse sulcus placed at the middle; hind wing pale yellow at base Fas ita tearelecitaacet Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss)
Oedaleus abruptus (Thunberg) (Fig. 4)
Gryllus abruptus Thunberg,1815. Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb.,5:233.
Pachytylus (Oedaleus) abruptus Stal, 1873.Recens. Orth.,1:127. Oedaleus (Oedaleus) abruptus Saussure,1884.Mem. Soc.Phys. Hist.Nat.Geneve, 28(1): 117.
Oedaleus abruptus 1910.Syn.Cat. Orth. 3: 226.
(Thunberg), Kirby,
Distribution: Afghanistan,India,China, Myanmar, Nepal, Srilanka, Thailand.
The distinguishing characters of this species are same as described under genus and in the key to species.
Material examined: 3 F, 1 M, Kashmir: Kupwara, Handwara, Shatgund Payeen on grass, 27.ix.2006 (Shabir A. Reshi); 4 F, 5 M, locality same as above, 03.x.2006 (ShabirA Reshi).
Habitat: The specimens of this species have been collected from the cultivated field having mixed vegetation of maize, sorghum and grasses along the river bank.
Remarks: This species has been recorded for the first time from Kashmir (India). Earlier, Perwin et al. (1985) recorded it from Muzaffarabad (POK).
Oedaleus rosescens Uvarov Oedaleus rosescens Uvarov, 1942. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 9(11): 589.
Distribution: Pakistan.
India (Rajasthan, Punjab), N.E.
Material examined: 4 F, 3 M,Kashmir: Kupwara, Handwara, Shatgund Payeen on grass, 27.ix.2006 (Shabir A. Reshi).
Habitat: The specimens of this species have also been collected from the cultivated field having mixed vegetation of maize, sorghum-= and grasses along the river bank.
Remarks: This species has also been recorded for the first time from Kashmir.
Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss) (Fig. 5) Pachytylus senegalensis Krauss, 1877. Sber. Acad. Wiss. Wien.,76(1): 56.
Ctypohippus arenivolans Butler, 1881. Proc. Zool.Soc.Lond.85.
Pachytylus mlokoziewizteki 1884.Annl.Soc.Ent.Belg., 28:105.
Bolivar,
Distribution: NorthAfrica, erstwhile USSR, Middle East, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India.
Material examined: 4 F, 2 M, Kashmir: Kupwara, Handwara, Shatgund Payeen on grass,27.ix.2006 (Shabir A. Reshi).
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Habitat: Same as in above mentioned two species.
Remarks: This species has also been recorded for the first time from Kashmir.
Genus Trilophidia Stal Trilophidia Stal,1873. Recens. Orth., 1:131. Type-species: Trilophidia cristella Stal
Distribution: Ethiopian region, Oriental region and some parts of Palaearctic region
Diagnosis: Smaller sized insects; antennae short, slightly or distinctly widened apically, usually longer than head and pronotum together; fastigium of vertex concave with truncate apex and undulated lateral carinulae; fastigial foveolae irregularly triangular or oval, sometimes indistinct; frontal ridge sulcate; pronotum with median carina distinct in prozona with two teeth like projections due to deeply incised anterior sulci and it seems to be bidentate in profile, lateral carinae irregular, forming small teeth like lateral tubercles in front of first sulcus, strongly diverging or sometimes weak in metazoan, metazoan longer than prozona, slightly inflated, posterior margin rectangular with obtuse apex; mesosternal interspace wider than long; tegmina and wings fully developed, tegmina with spurious median vein come closer to M than CuA apically, hind wings without band, slightly coloured or colourless at base; female with spermatheca having short apical and large sac like pre-apical diverticula; ovipositor valves short, with robust curved valves, ventral valve with small rounded externo-lateral projection.
This genus can easily be distingmiened from other genera on the basis of having two teeth like projections on prozona of pronotum.
The genus is represented by a single species in Kashmir.
Trilophidia annulata (Thunberg) (Fig. 6) Gryllus annulatus Thunberg,1815.
Mem.Acad. Sci.St.Petersb., 5: 234.
Oedipoda cristella Stal, 1860. Engenic’s Resa. Orth.Stockholm, 3: 344.
Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas 13
Epacromia aspera Walker, 1870. Cat.Derm. Salt. Br. Mus., 4: 775.
Distribution: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Srilanka, Myanmar, China, South East Asia.
Material examined: 1 F, 3 M, Kashmir: Baramulla,Uri,Uranbuha on maize, 13.ix.2005 (Shabir A. Reshi); 4 F, 5 M,Kupwara,Karnah, Gundi Gujran on grass, 24.ix.2005 (Shabir A. Reshi); 3 F, 3 M, Srinagar, Dachigam National Park on grass, 12.x.2006 (Shabir A. Reshi).
Habitat: The specimens of this species have been collected from the fields having mixed vegetation of maize, sorghum and grasses and from the fields having short grasses and thorny vegetation.
Remarks: This species has earlier been recorded by Hollis (1965) from Kashmir, later Bhat & Qadri (1999) recorded it from Dachigam National Park.
Genus Acrotylus Fieber Acrotylus Fieber,1853. Lotos, 3: 125. Type-species: Gryllus insubricus Scopoli.
Distribution: Asia, Australia, Africa, South Europe.
Diagnosis: Small or medium sized insects; body covered with hairs; antennae filiform, longer than head and pronotum together; fastigium of vertex concave with margins raised; fastigial foveolae usually present , triangular in shape, sometimes indistinct; frontal ridge wide, sulcated, narrowing upwards, pronotum constricted just before middle, with well developed median and irregular tuberculate lateral carinae, which are sometimes absent in metazoan, median carina intersected by two transverse sulci, metazoan longer than prozona, its posterior margin broadly rounded; tegmina and wings fully developed; spurious median vein of tegmina close to CuA at base but at apex it is close to M; wings coloured at base with or without a dark band: hind tibia with inner pair of spur longer than outer pair.
The genus can easily be distinguished from other genera on the basis of having pronotum with
indistinct median carina on prozona intersected by two transverse sulci, posterior margin broadly rounded.
The genus is represented by a single species in Kashmir.
Acrotylus humbertianus Saussure (Fig. 7) Acrotylus humbertianus Saussure,1884.Mem. Soc. Phys.Hist.Nat.Geneve, 28(9): 189.
Distribution: India, Pakistan, Srilanka, Afghanistan.
Material examined: 4 F,6 M, Kashmir: Baramulla, Gurez, Dawar on grass,16.ix.2006 (Shabir A. Reshi).
Habitat: The specimens of this species have been collected from rocky soil having sparse vegetation.
Remarks: This species has earlier been recorded by Bei-Bienko and Mischenko(1951) from Kashmir.
Genus Aiolopus Fieber
Aiolopus Fieber, 1853.Lotos.,3:100.
Epacromia Fischer, 1853.Orth.Eur., 296,360. Aeolopus (Sic) Kirby, 1910. Syn. Cat. Orth.,3: 120 Aeoloptilus Bei-Bienko, 1966. Zool. Zh.,45: 1793. Type-species: Gryllus thalassinus Fabricius
Distribution: India, Australia, Europe and Africa.
Diagnosis: Medium sized insects; antennae filiform as long as or longer than head and pronotum together; fastigium of vertex elongated, slightly concave with well developed lateral carinulae; fastigial foveolae present, elongate trapezoidal anteriorily reaching the fastigium of vertex; frontal ridge flat, more rarely with a groove: pronotum with median carina thin, low intersected by one transverse sulcus in front of the middle, lateral cannae absent, metazoan longer than prozona, its posterior margin obtuse angular, with rounded or obtuse apex; mesostemal interspace slightly wider than long; tegmina and wings fully developed; spurious median vein of tegmina sharp, strongly approaching M on the apex or nearly touching it; wings without dark band near the base colourless or slightly tinted; male with supra-anal plate elongate angular, cercus narrow conical with obtuse
apex; subgenital plate subconical with obtuse apex.
The genus can easily be separated from other genera on the basis of having pronotum with prozona constricted and without lateral carinae.
The genus is represented by single species in Kashmir.
Aiolopus thalassinus (Fabricius) (Fig. 8) Gryllus thalassinus Fabricius, 1781. Species Insectorum, 1:367.
Distribution: Ethopian region, North-West India, Palaearctic region.
Material examined: 4 F, 5 M, Kashmir: Kupwara, Handwara, Nowgam on grass, 28.vili.2004 (Shabir A. Reshi); 8 F, 6M, Srinagar, Dachigam National Park on grass, 11.ix.2004 (Shabir A. Reshi); 2 F, 7 M, Baramulla, Palhalan on maize, 28.x.2005 (Shabir A. Reshi).
Habitat: The specimens of this species have been collected from the grassy fields.
Remarks: This species has been recorded from Kashmir for the first time.
Genus Dittopternis Saussure Dittopternis Saussure, 1884. Mem.Soc. Phys.Nat. Hist. Geneve, 28(9): 52,125. Type-species: Dittopternis ceylonica Saussure
Distribution: India, Srilanka, Australia, South Africa.
Diagnosis: Medium sized insects; head broad; antennae longer than head and pronotum together; fastigium of vertex concave, longer than broad; frontal ridge sulcated; pronotum with median carina intersected by the principal sulcus before the middle, front border truncated, hind border rectangular with tips rounded; tegmina and
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wings fully developed, tegmina long, narrow densely reticulated, opaque beyond the middle, wings with base coloured followed by a curved black band, wings reaching beyond the abdomen; hind tibia with external apical spine absent, spines yellow with tips black, inner pair of spurs at the apex comparatively longer than the outer pair, upper carina of hind femur with spinules; male epiphallus with bridge broad , ancorae with tips pointed, lophi bilobate; female with ovipositor valves having blunt tips.
The genus Is represented by a single species from Kashmir.
Dittopternis venusta (Walker) (Fig. 9) Oedipoda venusta Walker, 1870. Cat. Derm. Salt.Br.Mus., 4: 740.
Distribution: India.
Material examined: 5 F, 5 M, Kashmir: Baramulla,Uri,Chandanwari on maize, 8.ix.2004, (Shabir A. Reshi).
Habitat: The specimens of this species have been collected from Maize fields adjacent to forest.
Remarks: This species has been recorded for the first time from Kashmir. Earlier Sharma and Gupta (1977) have recorded it from Jammu region of J & K state.
Genus Gastrimargus Saussure Gastrimargus Saussure, 1884.
Mem. Soc.Phys. Nat. Hist. Geneve, 28(9): 109,110.
Type-species: Gryllus verescens Thunberg
Distribution: Asia, Australia, Africa.
Diagnosis: Medium to large sized insects; antennae filiform, about as long as or shorter than head and pronotum together; fastigium of vertex with truncate apex and well developed lateral and weakly developed
Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas 15
median carinulae; fastigial foveolae if visible elongate and triangular; frontal ridge flat, wide with obtuse lateral carinulae; pronotum longer with sharply raised median carina which is sometimes entire and sometimes cut by only weak posterior sulcus, lateral carinae absent, x-shaped marking absent, rarely present, metazoan longer than prozona, its posterior margin acutely angular; mesosternal interspace wider than long; tegmina and wings fully developed, reaching beyond the apex of abdomen; spurious median vein closer to M than CuA throughout its length, dark band of the wings variable, basal area of the wing pale blue, pale greenish, yellow, pale yellow or bright sulphur yellow.
The genus can easily be separated from other genera on the basis of having pronotum with median carina raised, crest like, entire or intersected by one transverse sulcus, posterior margin acutely angular.
The genus is represented by two species in Kashmir.
Key to species of Gastrimargus Saussure found in Kashmir
1. Median carina of pronotum distinctly intersected by posterior transverse sulcus: inner margins of hind femur blue black in GONOUM catia ctee nhc aagnies G. africanus Saussure ----Median carina of pronotum not distinctly intersected by posterior transverse sulcus; inner margins of hind femur dirty yellow in COMO sta au eeerd eee G. marmoratus Thunberb
Gastrimargus africanus Saussure (Fig. 10) Oedaleus (Gastrimargus) marmoratus var. africana Saussure, 1888.Mem. Soc. Phys. Nat. Hist. Geneve, 30(1): 39.
Distribution: India: Kashmir, H.P.,Bihar,Goa, Pakistan, Africa, South of Sahara, S.W.Africa.
Diagnosis: The characteristic features of the species are same as described under genus and in the key to species.Some additional
characters are as follows:
Hind tibia reddish apically, the inner pair of spurs longer than outer pair; male epiphallus with large bridge, lophi bilobate; female with supra-anal plate subtriangular, sugenital plate with posterior margin wavy, egg guide long, dorsal ovipositor valve with incurved blunt tip, as long as lateral apodeme, ventral valve with concave depression.
Material examined: 6F,3M, Kashmir: Kupwara, Handwara,, Nowgam on grass, 28.vili.2004 (Shabir A. Reshi); 6F, 3 M, Baramulla, Uri, Chandanwari on grass, 13.ix.2005 (Shabir A. Reshi); 2F,11M, Srinagar, Dachigam National Park on grass, 22. ix.2005 (Shabir A. Reshi).
Habitat: The specimens of this species have been collected from the grassy range land surrounded by forest and from fields having mixed vegetation of grasses and bushes.
Remarks: This species has earlier been recorded from Kashmir by Bhat & Qadri (1999). Mahmood and Yousuf (1999) also recorded it from POK.
Gastrimargus marmoratus (Thunberg) Gryllus marmoratus Thunberg, 1815. Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb.,5: 232.
Distribution: India: Kashmir, Assam; Japan. The collected specimens fully agree
with the description given by Bei-Bienko and
Mischenko (1951) and Ritchie (1982).
Material examined: 3 F, 4 M, Kashmir: Baramulla, Uri, Chandanwari on grass,01.ix. 2007 (Shabir A. Reshi).
Habitat: The specimens of this species have been collected from range land surrounded
by forest.
Remarks: This species has earlier been
recorded from Kashmir by Bei-Bienko and Mischenko (1951).
Genus Locusta Linnaeus
Locusta Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat.,1: 431. Oedipus Berthold, 1827.Weimar, /Indistr. Compt.,402.
Pachytylus Fieber, 1853.Lotos, 3: 121. Type-species: Gryllus (Locusta) migratorius Linne.
Distribution: All over the world.
Diagnosis: Large sized insects; antennae filiform, about as long as head and pronotum together; fastigium of vertex slightly concave, not delimited anteriorly from the frontal ridge and extending roundly over into it; frontal ridge wide, flat, slightly constricted and depressed at the median ocellus; median carina of pronotum slightly concave or arcuate, intersected by posterior transverse sulcus, metazoan slightly longer than prozona, its posterior margin almost rounded or obtusely angular; mesosternal interspace about as long as wide or slightly longer; thorax ventrally with dense hairs making tomentum; tegmina and wings fully developed; spurious median vein of tegmina closer to CuA than to M, wings without dark band; male with supra-anal plate angular, cercus with obtuse apex, subgenital plate conical with subacute apex; female ovipositor short, robust with curved valves, ventral valve with angular, external, lateral projections. The genus can easily be separated from other genera on the basis of having thorax on the ventral side covered with dense hairs; wings without dark band; body robust.
The genus is represented by a single species in Kashmir.
Locusta migratoria Linnaeus (Fig. 11) Gryllus (Locusta) migratoria Linnaeus,1758. Syst.Nat. 1(10): 432.
Distribution: India, Pakistan, Kazakistan,
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Africa, Southwestern Pacific.
Material examined: 3 F, 2 M, Kashmir: Baramulla,Gurez, Dawar on maize,18.ix.2004 (Shabir A. Reshi).
Habitat: The specimens of this species have been collected from maize fields along the river bank (Kishan Ganga) at an altitude of 8000ft.
Remarks: This species has been recorded for the first time from Kashmir (India). Earlier, Mahmood and Yousuf (1999) recorded it from POK.
Genus Leptopternis Saussure Shingonotus (Leptopternis) Saussure, 1884. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et D’Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, 28(9): 193. Type-species: Oedipoda gracilis Eversmann
Distribution: From Northwestern Mongolia and Dzungaria to Sahara.
Diagnosis: Medium sized insects; antennae filiform, longer than head and pronotum together; fastigium of vertex concave, lateral carinulae present; fastigial foveolae present, triangular; frontal ridge shallowly concave; pronotum with linear median carina, lateral Carinae absent, dorsum crossed by three sulci, metazoan longer than prozona, its posterior margin obtusely angular; mesosternal interspace wider than long; tegmina and wings fully developed, wings without dark band; male with supra-anal plate elongate and angular, cercus narrow, conical with obtuse apex, epiphallus with a narrow bridge, ancorae large, lophi bilobate; females with acutely produced ovipositor valves.
The genus is represented by a single species in Kashmir.
Leptopternis gracilis (Evermann) Oedipoda gracilis Evermann, 1848. Addit. Fisch.Waldh. Orth.Ross.,10.
Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas 17
The species has been recorded from Kashmir by Bei-Bienko and Mischenko (1951). Later, Mahmood and Yousuf (1999) recorded it from POK. However, the present authors could not collect any specimen of this species.
Genus Pternoscirta Saussure Pternoscirta Saussure, 1884. Mem.Soc. Geneve, 28(9): 52,127.
Type-species: Pternoscirta cinctifemur (Walker)
Distribution: Oriental region.
Diagnosis: Medium sized insects; ventral part of body and legs with long dense hairs; head short, somewhat rugose; vertex short, wide, flat; fastigial foveolae not reaching to the anterior margin of fastigium; pronotum slightly roughened with small sparse tubercles, median carina distinct, moderately raised: opening of tympanal organ widely uncovered; spurious median vein of tegmina comes closer to M than CuA apically, wings coloured basally, dusky on the apex and along the anterior margin, dark band absent; hind tibia with inner pair of spurs longer than the outer pair; arolium nearly equal to half the length of claw.
The genus is represented by a single species in Kashmir.
Pternoscirta caliginosa (DeHaan) Acridium (Oedipoda) caliginosum De Haan, 1842. Temm. Verh. Orth. 161.
Distribution: India (Kashmir, Sikkim), South China, Malacca.
Remarks: The species has been recorded from Kashmir by Bei-Bienko and Mischenko (1951). However, the present authors could not collect any specimen of this species.
Genus Epacromius Uvarov
Epacromius Uvarov, 1942. (1941). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 67: 337,338. Type-species: Epacromius tergestinus Charpentier
Distribution: Palaearctic & Oriental regions.
Diagnosis: Medium sized insects; body slender; fastigium of vertex with apex rounded; fastigial foveolae well developed, elongated; frontal ridge flat or shallowly sulcate at least in males; pronotum with median carina thin, low, lateral carinae absent; mesosternal interspace open; tegmina and wings fully developed, spurious median vein of tegmina often irregular, extending along the middle field or runs moderately close to M apically; male subgenital plate flattened.
The genus is represented by a single species in Kashmir.
Epacromius coerulipes (lvano) Epacromius coerulipes |lvano, 1887. Trudy obshchestva Ispytatelei prirody Khar’ Kovskogo Universiteta, XX\|: 348.
Distribution: Europe, Kazakistan, Australia, Hungary, Mongolia, Korea, China.
Remarks: The species has been reported from Kashmir by Bei-Bienko and Mischenko (1951). However, the present authors could not collect any specimen of the species.
Acknowledgements
The authors are greatly indebted to Prof. R. C. Bhagat, Head, P.G. Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar. Thanks are also due to Chief Wildlife Warden, Kashmir, for granting permission to visit Dachigam National Park. We are also thankful to the government authorities for their help and co-operation in carrying out the survey in far flung and disturbed areas of the state.
Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
18
eS 1 mm 7 mm Spermatheca, 0 Subgenital plate, o Hind wing, fe)
3 mm
lmm Supra anal plate, Q Pronotum, Q
ca TA
2 mm Supra anal plate, Oo Meso and Metasternum, 0) Epiphallus, of Fig. 1: Oedipoda miniata miniata (Pallas) 5 1 mm Spermatheca, 0)
1 mm
Subgenital plate, Q Epiphallus, O”
Fig. 2: Sphingonotus savignyi Saussure
Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas
ers Fi) a ; i es ; ~ aes hag fet § fhe tay Fi —, °. er 3 \ {| \ wn a Vogl \ f iby 3 | } ; ‘ ee ae wat, ‘ Fi Tes if | } ae waar: Wilson. OMe kt OG 4 i eects Tre “ i a ocean ee “, mannan 1 “mm Imm Supra anal plate, 0
Spermatheca, 0)
rol a a ci a eas : f "3 "eh agement z Poa ad en nas : te “ a ee “i, ou Cs ‘s ‘ f (7 MSN ty a SFY 1 mm 7 if wf Ventral valve, Q =. le a i H we iy Or cs asseaaranaasatammenale oe U : ha il i 1 mm a ey ol Subgenital plate, ? a TTI sr, wa ee Ny PP ny we " 1 mm
Dorsal valve, 0
Fig. 3: Sphingonotus longipennis Saussure
2mm
wut |
1 mm
Subgenital
Spermatheca, 0)
Epiphallus, Co
Fig. 4: Oedaleus abruptus (Thunberg)
| mm
plate, Q
19
Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
20
wut |
1 mm
Epiphallus, O°
1mm Subgenital plate, 9
Spermatheca, 2)
2mm Ovipositor valves, Q
Fig. 5: Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss)
Wu |
\., e [ ~ \
ppemmallces, 2 Subgenital plate, Q
4 mm
1 mm Meso and Metasternum, 0)
Pronotum, 0)
Epiphallus, ©”
i ig ieee ccs, \inneaasnanan - sone ee bag wate % ip rs ee 2 mm ie ee
Ovipositor valves, 0)
Fig. 6: Trilophidia annulata (Thunberg)
Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas
“a 2 |
1mm Ovipositor valves, Q
wu |
1 mm Subgenital plate, ?
Spermatheca, Q Epiphallus, 0
Fig. 7: Acrotylus humbertianus Saussure
1 mm 1 mm 2 mm Subgenital plate, ? Ovipositor valves, 0
Epiphallus, (a
wu
Spermatheca, QO
Fig. 8: Aiolopus thalassinus (Fabricius)
2 mm Supra anal plate, Q
5 mm
Ventral ovipositor valve, 0)
Dorsal ovipositor valve, 0)
Fig. 9: Dittopternis venusta (Walker)
21
22 Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
1.5 mm 2mm
Supra anal plate, 0 Supra anal plate, O
ae wn 1 mm
4 mm ————= Epiphallus, ©
Ovipositor valves, 0)
Fig. 10: Gastrimargus africanus Saussure
wut |
1 mm 2 mm
Spermatheca, O ee + Subgenital plate,
Epiphallus, O
5 mm Ovipositor valves, 0)
Fig. 11: Locusta migratoria Linn.
Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas 23
References Bei-Bienko, G.Y. and Mischenko, L.L. 1951. Locusts and Grasshoppers of USSR and_ adjacent
countries.Vols. 1, 2. Jarusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations.
Bhat, G. Aand Qadri, M. Y. 1999. Fideletic status and micro distribution of orthopteran populations in grassland of Dachigam National Park, Kashmir. Oriental Science 4(1): 8-23.
Bhowmik, H.K. 1985. Outline of distribution with an index catalogue of Indian grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). Records of Zoological Survey of India 78:1-51.
Hollis, D. 1965. A revision of the genus Trilophidia Stal (Orthoptera:Acridoidea), Transactions of Royal Entomological Society London 117(8): 245-262.
Kirby, W.F. 1914. The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma Orthoptera (Acrididae). New Delhi: Today & Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers.
Mahmood, K. and Yousuf, M. 1999. New records of Oedipodinae (Acrididae: Orthoptera) From Azad
Kashmir with the description of new species. Journal of Orthoptera Research 8: 271-275.
Mischenko, L.L. 1936. Revision of Palaearctic species of the genus Sphingonotus Fieber (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Eos Madrid 12(1-2): 65-192.
Perwin, R., Ahmad, H. and Ahmad, M. 1985. Host and food plants of some acridid Grasshoppers in Pakistan, Records Zoological Surveyof Pakistan 10(1-2): 101-109.
Ritchie, J.M. 1982. A taxonomic revision of the genus Gastrimargus Saussure (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Bulletin of British Musuem Natural History 44(4): 239-329.
Sharma, B. and Gupta, N. 1997. Identification key to the short horned grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from sub-shivalik plains of Jammu. Journal of insect Science 10(1): 5-7.
Uvarov, B. 1925. Records and descriptions of Indian Acrididae (Orthoptera). Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7(9): 480-509.
Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Macrophya Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Symphyta; Tenthredinidae: Tenthredininae)
M.S. Saini’ and L. Kaur?
Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India. (‘email: saini20@hotmail.com) (?email: lakhwinderkaur.kaur@gmail.com)
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis was performed for 14 species of the genus Macrophya (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) using the phylogenetic analysis package PAUP, based on 15 of the morphological characters most commonly used for Macrophya species identification. Species descriptions were derived primarily from “Indian Sawflies Biodiversity” vol. II (Saini 2007). Parsimony analysis, using equally weighted characters, produced 48 trees. The results are discussed in terms of evolutionary trends or biological maxim that “nature prefer to modify the already existing structures
so as to cope with new needs.”
Keywords: Phylogenetic analysis, Macrophya, Evolutionary trends.
Introduction
The genus Macrophya (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) is widely distributed genus with its representatives available in almost all main regions of the globe. With regard to its affinities, it shares most of its characters with Pachyprotasis Hartig. Even within Macrophya the range of characters is so wide that time to time many of its subgenera were proposed (Malaise, 1945) and because of no distinct boundaries they all got merged (Ross, 1937 ; Gibson, 1980). Today none of its subgenus is considered to be valid (Abe & Smith,1991). The genus Macrophya was first described by Dahlbom (1835) as a subgenus of Tenthredo Linnaeus, on the basis of body shape, length and form of antenna. He divided this subgenus into two subsections “A” and “B”. Hartig (1837) applied names to these two subsections using 7. (Macrophya) for subsection “B” and T.(M.) (Pachyprotasis) for subsection “A”. Both of these were later recognised as valid genera by Westwood (1840).
The genus is characterized by venation as in Pachyprotasis, but the anal cell may have a cross vein. Malar space mostly shorter than the
diameter of an ocellus. The hind legs are strongly built, and the knees reaching and mostly exceeding the apex of the abdomen (Saini, 2007). The larval stages feed on variety of wild herbs, shrubs & trees. Generally adults feed on pollen, flower nectar or leaf juice exuding from wounds caused by strong mandibles. However, many robust species indulge in zoophagy (Cameron,1882; Rohwer, 1913; Benson,1938: Malaise,1945:; Naito,1988 and Goulet, 1996).
The purpose of present study is to trace the long evolutionary history which modified generalizations into specializations of extreme form to suit the circumstances in which subsequently insects dwelled. Parsimony analysis is used to investigate phylogenetic relationships among Macrophya species, using data based on morphological characters most commonly used for Macrophya identification.
Materials and Methods
Species descriptions were derived primarily from “Indian Sawflies Biodiversity” vol. II (Saini, 2007) and the characters used in the
Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Macrophya Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Symphyta; Tenthredinidae: Tenthredininae) 25
analysis were those given comparably for all, or 6) Median fovea (0 = broad and shallow, 1 =
almost all, species. Tenthredo Linnaeus was also indistinct , 2 = absent).
included in the analysis as the outgroup. 7) Circumocellar furrow (0 = fine, 1 = distinct, Phylogenetic analysis was performed using 2 = indistinct).
the package PAUP version 3.1.1. (Swofford,1993). 8) Postocellar furrow (0 = indistinct, 1 = absent,
In total 15 morphological characters were used in 2 = distinct, 3 = fine).
the phylogenetic analysis. These were :- 9) Postocellar area (0 = flat, 1 = subconvex, 2
= raised).
1) Clypeus incision (0 = subsquarely incised, 110) Antenna length (0 = two times or more than = circularly incised, 2 = incised with irregular two times of head width, 1 = antenna length anterior margin, 3 = incised with truncate less than two times of head width). bottom, 4 = clypeus triangulary incised). 11) Mesoscutellum (0 = raised, 1 = sub
2) Anterior margin of labrum (0 = rounded, 1 = convex, 2 = prismatic, 3 = flat, 4 = truncate, 2 = slightly emarginated). pulvinate).
3) Malar space (0 = shorter than diameter ofan 12) Mesepisternum (0 = roundly raised, 1 = ocellus, 1 = longer than diamater of an obtusely raised). ocellus, 2 = linear, 3 = inconspicuous). 13) Subapical tooth of claw (0 = subapical tooth
4) Frontal area (0 = below level of eyes , 1 = at of claw longer than apical one, 1 = subapical level of eyes). tooth of claw is shorter than apical one,
5) Supraantennal tubercles (0 = raised, 1 = 2 = subapical tooth is subequal to apical
indistinct).
one).
Table-1: Presence or absence data for fifteen characters for 14 species of the genus Macrophya as used in the phylogenetic analysis; Tenthredo Linnaeus is included as an outgroup.
Character number
+ falafel st elz fof olsols {zl slaelas [mM andreasiSaniandvasu [+ [o[2|a[+[ ofo[o[ [+ fo [+ [o [t
a ea RAEI CSI EI ECW EW EAE CE CEE [us tormosanaronwer | +|+Jo]afo| rola] 1]1 fo fo ]2|1|+ [u gopeshwariSainietar [+ [1[o[ofo| of+[ofolo [2 [1 ]o fol aise sonore Le trfatelof olttetata fe iy ate fr [inscueonisCaneon [0 [0
Ea oreo Tan ac a Loe Cu naga Saniandvesu_| 1 [0[1[1]1] 11 ]2[ 1]0 [4 [1+ 10 [a [ut planeta ocsay [2 Tololof of fa to[tfo lz [1 Pot [2 [i pompinentsase To folifof of ifofi {fo fr fo fof fo [iu psewenonat senietal sfolofol rf ofr fatale fs fx fo fr fs roo [+ fo
M. verticalis Konow
No
26 Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
14) Metabasitarsus (0 = as long as following 15) Wing appearance (0 = clear, 1 = hyaline, joints combined, 1 = longer than following 2 = yellowish hyaline, 3 = dusky hyaline, joints combined). 4 = smoky hyaline).
M. pompilina M. maculicornis
M. pseudoplanata
Tenthredo = 5 1289
M. khasiana
36894
0>1 0>1 Q>1 Q>/ 0)
M. planata
SYEDIDYED)| M. verticalis
M. rufipodus A>} fot) Start
M. andreasi
569%
235678
M. manganensis
129 fi
IQ o7Qol PoE tito) (|
/
[>f} 94 Po) 27
M. formosana
1 D1 Qo} pf
M. naga
35679 ff
M. brancuccii
DL gt!) |
Fig. 1: Strict consensus tree for 14 species of Macrophya derived from the 48 most parsimonious trees calculated from the data in Table 1 ; outgroup = Tenthredo Linnaeus. Character of the ingroup have been optimized by fast transformation as implemented in PAUP. Character numbers are above the hashmarks; state changes are shown below with the respective primitive and derived conditions reported by a ‘>’. Apomorphy shown by filled hashmarks and pleisomorphy by open hashmarks.
Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Macrophya Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Symphyta; Tenthredinidae: Tenthredininae) 27
Results
Parsimony analysis, using equally weighted characters, produced 48 most parsimonious trees (MPTs). Exact analysis by implicit enumeration (the ‘i.e.’ command of PAUP, which finds almost — parsimonious solutions) of the data in Table 1 resulted in formation of many cladograms which differed only at some places due to presence of more evolutionary events. Successive weighting was applied as a check of the reliability of the results. The main objective of phylogenetics is to correctly reconstruct the evolutionary history based on the observed character divergence between organisms. For estimating phylogenetic trees the most widely used PARSIMONY method (which hold the shortest tree to be the best estimate of the phylogeny) was used. Parsimony method is also called “Occam’s Razor” after William of Occam, a 14th Century English philosopher who advocated this minimalist problem solving approach of “shaving away” unnecessary complications. The principle of maximum parsimony is to search for a tree that requires the smallest number of evolutionary changes to explain the differences observed among the OTU under study. As discussed by Goloboff (1991) the term parsimony is still regarded in two different ways by cladists: 1) as the principle of seeking the cladogram with the greatest explanatory power, given the weights the character deserve. 2) as the principle of seeking the cladogram with minimum length under equal weights.
Discussion
In Fig.1 M. maculicornis is separated from Tenthredo by character five and there occurs formation of derived or apomorphic character. Similarly, all characters shown in cladogram by which taxa are separated from one another and if there occurs formation of apomorphy then that character is shown by filled hashmarks and pleisomorphy by open hashmarks in the cladogram.
Tenthredo got separated from all other taxa by characters 3, 6, 8, 9 and 11 and there occurs formation of derived character and M. pompilina
got separated from the latter by character 1 and character 5. Character 1 and character 5 both show apomorphy. So, sign 0>3 or 0>1 shows that there is formation of a derived character from the ancestral character. M. pseudoplanata and M. khasiana got separated from M. pompilina by characters 1, 2, 8 and 9. Similarly, M. pseudoplanata got evolved by character 5 and 8 and M. khasiana by character 1. M. gopeshwari and M. regia got separated by characters 1, 9, 10 and 14 and M. regia evolved due to characters 1, 5, 6 and 9. M. planata, M. verticalis, M. rufipodus, M. andreasi, M. manganensis, M. formosana, M. naga and M. brancuccii got separated from all above taxa by characters 1,5, 7 and 9. M. planata and WM. verticalis again separated from another by characters 1, 2, 7, 10, 13 and 15. The both taxa also got separated by some characters. M. planata by character 1 and M. verticalis by characters 10 and 15. M. rufipodus, M. andreasi, M. manganensis, M. formosana, M. naga and M. brancuccii got separated from M. planata and M. verticalis by characters 4 and 6. M. rufipodus got evolved due to character 8, 9, 11 and 15 and similarly, all other taxa got separated from other taxa due to presence of new characters present in them. So, extremely specialized forms descended by gradual changes leads to accumulation of certain appropriate features which represents body organization acquired to become complex so as to meet requirements which also underlies the biological maxim.
References
Abe, M. & Smith, D.R. 1991. The genus — group names of Symphyta (Hymenoptera) and their type species. Esakia, Fukuoka 31: 1-115.
Benson, R.B. 1938. On the classification of sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). The Entomologist's monthly Magazine, 75: 110-113.
Cameron, P. 1882. A monograph of the British phytophagous Hymenoptera vol. |. London: The Ray Society.
Dahlbom, A.1835. Conspectus Tenthredinidum, Siricidum, Oryssinorum, Scandinaviae, quas Hymenopterum familias. Hafiniae: Kong! Swenska Wetenskaps, Academiens Handlingar 1-16.
28
Gibson, A.P. 1980. A revision of the genus Macrophya Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Tenthredinidae) of North America. Memois of the Entomological Society of Canada 114: 166.
Goloboff, P.A. 1991. Homoplasy and the choice among cladograms. Cladistics, 7: 215-232.
Goulet, H. 1996. Revision of the Nearctic species of the arcuata group of the genus Jenthredo with notes on the higher classification of the Tenthredinini (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, Gainesville 29(2): 1-135.
Hartig 1837. Die Familien der Blattwespen und Holzwespen. Berlin: Haude und Spener.
Malaise, R. 1945. Tenthredinoidea of South-Eastern Asia with a general zoogeographical review. Opuscula Entomologica, Lund supplement 4: 1-288.
Naito, T. 1988. Systematic position of the genus Rocalia (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) feeding on fern spores, with description of a new species from
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Japan, Kontyd, 56(4): 798-804.
Rohwer, S.A. 1913. Notes on the feeding habits of adult sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 15: 148-149.
Ross, H.H. 1937. A generic classification of the Nearctic sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). IIlinois Biological Monographs, 34: 173.
Saini, M.S. 2007. Indian Sawflies Biodiversity (Keys, Catalogue & Illustrations) vol. Il. Subfamily Tenthredininae Sans Genus Tenthredo L. Dehradun: Bishen Singh, Mahendra Pal Singh Publishers.
Swofford, D.L. 1993. PAUP: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony version 3.1.1. Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey, Chamapaign.
Westwood, J.O. 1840. Synopsis of the Genera of British Insecta. In: Westwood, J.O. (ed.). An Introduction to Modern Classification of Insects, 2: 158.
Lucilia calviceps Bezzi, new record f
i
om India (Diptera: Calliphoridae),
with a revised key to Indian species
Meenakshi Bharti" & Hiromu Kurahashi?
1. Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala, (Pb.) 147002 India. (email: adubharti@yahoo.co.in) 2. International Department of Dipterology, Hikawadai 1-2-21, Higashikurume City, Tokyo 203-0004, Japan. (email: MLB15110@nifty.com)
Abstract
Lucilia calviceps Bezzi is newly recorded from India, a revised key is provided with all
the Indian species.
Keywords: Lucilia calviceps, New record, India, Revised key.
Introduction
Flies of genus Lucilia are generally called the green bottles. According to Kurahashi (1966) the genus Lucilia has been divided into three groups based on its evolutionary trends; i.e. richardsi group, cluvia group and fumicosta group. Out of these, the richardsi group is the most primitive (with maximum plesiomorph characters) and the fumicosta group being the most advanced one. The Indian fauna comprises of all the three groups but is dominated by Oriental elements (62.5%) followed by Palaearctic (25%) and Neotropical Nearctic (12.5%).
In Fauna of British India Diptera vi (Calliphoridae) by Senior White et. a/., (1940) genus Lucilia was represented by six species from India. At present this genus Is represented by 8 species, Lucilia bazini seguy (Nandi, 2004) and Lucilia calviceps Bezzi being the new records from this region. The previous key (Senior White et. a/., 1940) is modified in order to incorporate the newly recorded species from India.
Key to the Indian species of Lucilia
fe Basicostal Scale Yellow, post sutural acrostichial 3 - - - ---------------------- (2) ---------- Basicostal Scale brown or black: post sutural acrostichial 2 - - ------ ----------- (3)
Z. Abdomen arched in profile; sternites with tuft of long hairs; hypopygium prominent; parafrontalia bare or almost bare except for frontals and fronts-orbitals in female - - ------------- ~------------ ---- Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann)
------------ Abdomen not arched in profile, sternites without tuft of long hairs, hypopygium inconspicuous; parafrontalia in female with short decumbent bristles among frontals and parafrontals - --------------------------
3. Alar squama always white or creamish in colour (never infuscated); lower squama may be white or infuscated - - ------------------- (4)
<= Alar squama and thoracic squama infuscated -------------------------- (5)
4. Alar squama creamish with a tuft of yellowish white hairs at inner lower margin; thoracic squama pale, brownish on disc - - - - - - wren eee -- ---- Lucilia bazini seguy
ao-n----- Alar and thoracic squama predominantly white -------------- Lucilia illustris (Meigen)
30
aa-------, Alar squama white; lower infuscated Lucilia oon ees enero wen aeoceces ampullacea Villeneuve
5. Anterior pair of post sutural acrostichial more advanced than 2" pair of Post sutural dorsocentral- - - - - -- Lucilia porphyrina (Walker)
--------- Anterior pair of Post sutural acrostichial on the level or slightly posterior than 2" pair of post sutural dorsocentral -- ------------------ (6)
6. Male frons broader than the distance between two posterior ocelli; female parafacialia broader than the width of 3 antennal segment - - ----------------- Lucilia papuensis Macquart
--------- Male frons smaller than the distance between two posterior ocelli; parafacialia as broad as or narrower than the width of 3° antennal segment in female - - ------------------- (7)
7. Eyes in male separated at narrowest point by less than the width of anterior ocellus; parafacialia yellow — grey dusted, narrower than the width of 3 antennal segment in female. - - - - ween eee eee ---- Lucilia hainanensis Fan
---------- Eyes in male separated at narrowest point more than the width of anterior ocellus; parafacialia silver-grey dusted; as broad as width of 3” antennal segment in female. - -------------- ----------------- --- Lucilia calviceps Bezzi
Lucilia calviceps Bezzi
Lucilia calviceps Bezzi, 1927:238. Type localites: Espiritu Santo and Epilsland, New Hebrides [Vanuatu] Length: 8.0-9.0 mm
Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
Material Examined
India: 1 female, Gugga, UNA, Himachal Pradesh, 600.mts, 6.X.2009; 3 males Dharampur, Himachal Pradesh, 450mts, 14.X.2009; 1 male, Bari, Himachal Pradesh, 450mts, 15.x.2009; 1 male, Kotla, Himachal Pradesh, 470mts, 7.x.2009: 1 female, Kotla, Himachal Pradesh, 470mts, 7.x.09.
Distribution
India (Himachal Pradesh), Philippines (Luzon), Malaysia (Malaya, Borneo), Papua New Guinea, (New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville |.), Vanuatu Loyalty Islands and New Caledonia.
References
Kurahashi, H. 1998. Lucilia bazini Seguy, newly recorded from Peninsular Malaysia (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Medical Entomology and Zoology, 49(3) : 231-232.
Kurahashi, H. 2001. The blowflies recorded from Srilanka, with descriptions of two new species (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 7(2): 241-254.
Kurahashi, H. and Afzal, M. 2002. The blow flies recorded from Pakistan with the description of one new species (Diptera Calliphoridae). Medical Entomology & Zoology, 53(2) : 231-230
Kurahashi, H. and Thapa, V.K. 1994. Notes on Nepalese Calliphorid flies (Insecta: Diptera). Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 45: 179-252.
Nandi, B.C. 2004. Checklist of Calliphoridae (Diptera) of India. Record of Zoological Survey of India, Occassional Paper No. 231: 1-47.
Senior White, R., Aubertin, D. and Smart, J.1940. The Fauna of British India, including remainder of the Oriental region. Diptera vi, Family Calliphoridae. London: Taylor and Francis.
Impact of egg retention on walking behavior of Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Muhammad Shakeel’, Ahmed Zia’, Abid Farid? and Zakir Hussain‘
1. University of Agriculture, Peshawer. (email: shakeelkhanmarwat@yahoo.com) 2. National Insect Museum-NARC, Islamabad. (email: sailyedahmed@yahoo.com) 3. Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA). (email: abidfarid@nifa.org.pk) 4. IPDM Laboratories Directorate of Agriculture Northern Areas-Gilgit. (email: zakirentomologist@yahoo.com)
Abstract
In the present study effect of egg retention on walking behavior of females of Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was investigated under laboratory conditions by using a computer based, Abid’s trackmove software. Results revealed that 3 days old wasps showed significant increase in their walking activity for searching host eggs as compared to 1 day and 2 days old wasps respectively.
Keywords: Trichogramma, Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae, Walking behaviour, Egg retention.
Introduction
Egg parasitiods of genus Trichogramma are employed worldwide for biological control of insect pests (Smith, 1996). Searching for their host under natural conditions, long-range dispersal and delayed oviposition is often noticed in Trichogramma females (Wright et a/., 2001; Kuske et al., 2003). In many field and laboratory studies recorded range of dispersal is even several meters (Brar et al., 2000; McGregor et a/., 2000; Mehetre and Salunkhe, 2000; Wang et a/., 2000). For host oriented search, dispersal is mainly achieved by walking (Noldus et a/., 1991).
Egg retention or delayed oviposition is demonstrated as refusal to oviposit (Monje et a/., 1999: Silva and Stouthamer, 1999: Carriere and Boivin, 2001; Hoffmann et a/., 2001; Hansen and Jensen, 2002). Dissections and behavioral observations have showed that such females had a lot of mature ovarial eggs but parasitization was blocked at the stage of arrestment and host recognition (Pavlik, 1993; Reznik et al., 1997,
1998). Earlier studies suggest that percentage of time spent in movement by Trichogramma females, delaying oviposition due to unavailability of suitable host eggs was slightly higher, than those for ovipositing females with readily available host eggs (Reznik and Umaraova, 1991).
In all previous studies movement activity was only recorded in the presence of host eggs. Thus the increase in time spent during movement could be assessed by time expenditure for parasitization. Besides host, stimuli also had a strong direct influence on the female’s behavior (Gardner and Lenteren, 1986; Nordlund, 1994; Schmidt, 1994). Reznik et al/., (2001) demonstrated that oviposition by a group of simultaneously emerged Trichogramma females was observed to be uniformly distributed in time because of egg retention. Egg retention is thus accompanied with intensive movement activity and this mechanism seems to be even more adaptive when hosts are unavailable.
32
Relationships between walking behaviour and reproduction has never been investigated in the past. According to Dingle and Winchell (1997) spontaneous movement activity is better option for measure of dispersal. In view of this, present study has been designed to study walking behavior in females of Trichogramma chilonis during egg retention without providing host eggs.
Materials and Methods
Females of Trichogramma chilonis of age 1, 2 and 3 days were set to walk separately over specially designed grids made on an arena in order to observe their search for hosts (no host eggs were provided). Accuracy of the result depends upon size of grids. Smaller the grid size, accurate will be the results. Grids were numbered in a specific pattern on which computer operates the software (Abid’s Trackmove). Grids on which data could be taken easily were selected and a transparent cover slip of 6.6 x 6.7cm with thin boundaries was used to avoid escape of wasps out of the grids. Each day 10 wasps were released singly and observation time for every replication was kept constant i.e. 3 minutes. As the wasps start moving over the grids, software was started and numbers of grids traveled were entered. The whole experiment was carried out under controlled laboratory conditions for temperature, humidity and uniform diet etc.
Results and Discussion
Table 1 shows that all the ten replications for 1 day old wasps have significantly less waking activity than those of 2 and 3 days old wasps
Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
respectively. The total distance covered and velocity attained by 2 days old wasps was higher than those of 1 day old ones and they even stayed for less time in the grids and their velocity without stay points was also greater. Same is the case with 3 days old wasps; they showed more higher velocity and covered more distance than those of 2 days old wasps. Their stay inside the gird was least and the velocity without stay points was maximum as compared to 1 day and 2 days old wasps.
Increased walking’ activity of Trichogramma_ chilonis wasps on each successive day was observed as to be a reaction for host search for parasitization and it increased with the passage of time due to egg retention resulting pressure build up in ovaries. Therefore, 3 days old wasps showed greater walking activity over 2 days and 1 day old wasps respectively.
Present study clarifies and confirms some queries of the previous studies, e.g. a study on the walking behaviour of Trichogramma females suggests that walking behavior of Trichogramma species (average speed, percentage of time spent moving etc.) and their movement only depends on environmental conditions, primarily on temperature (Fournier and Boivin 2000; Suverkropp et a/., 2001). However in the current study it was observed that physiological state of female can also be important. As all observations were collected under controlled conditions (temperature, humidity, diet, etc.) so difference in velocity and distance covered was observed as direct effect of egg retention. In another study with provision of non preferred hosts among preferred
Table-1: Walking behavior of Trichogramma chilonis females observed in relation to egg retention.
Replications (Wasps Released/Day)
Velocity Without Stay
3.216 cm/sec 3.531 cm/sec
Total Stay Time
43.29 sec
39.67 sec
Impact of egg retention on walking behavior of Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) 33
ones, it was observed that increase in movement and dispersal in parasitizing Trichogramma females was a direct consequence of their search for appropriate host. In accordance to it, present study without provision of any host eggs suggests that increased movement was due to the direct effect of pressure build up in ovaries of female wasps due to egg retention and in result of this, females accelerate their search for host eggs. Each next day this search was increased because the eggs get mature in the ovaries and were needed to oviposit at the earliest.
References Abid’s Trackmove, Accessed online at http:// www. nifa. org. pk/software.html.
Brar, K.S., Khosa, S.S., Sekhon, B.S. 2000. Host searching capacity of laboratory reared and field collected populations of Trichogramma chilonis \shii. Journal of Biological Control 14: 29-33.
Carriere, Y. and Boivin, G. 2001. Constraints on the evolution of thermal sensitivity of foraging in Trichogramma: genetic trade-offs and plasticity in maternal selection. American Naturalist 157: 570-581.
Dingle, H. and Winchell, R. 1997. Juvenile hormone as a mediator of plasticity in insect life histories. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 35: 359-373.
Fournier, F. and Boivin, G. 2000. Comparative dispersal of Trichogramma evanescens and Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in relation to environmental conditions. Environmental Entomology 29: 55-63.
Gardner, S.M. and Lenteren, J.C. 1986. Characterization of the arrestment responses of Trichogramma evanescens. Oecologia 68: 265-270.
Hansen, L.S. and Jensen, K.M.V. 2002. Effect of temperature on parasitism and host-feeding of Trichogramma turkestanika (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on Ephesia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 95: 50-56.
Hoffmann, M.P., Ode, P.R., Walker, D.L., Gardner, J., van Nouhuys, S. and Shelton, A.M. 2001. Performance of Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) reared on factitious hosts, including the target host, Ostriniua nubilalis
(Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Biological Control 21: 1-10.
Kuske, S., Widmer, F., Edwards, P.J., Turlings, T.C.J., Babendreier, D. and Bigler, F. 2003. Dispersal and persistence of mass released Trichogramma brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in non-target habitats. Biological Control 27: 181- 193.
McGregor, R., Caddick, G. and Henderson, D. 2000. Egg loads and egg masses: parasitism of Choristoneura rosaceana eggs by Trichogramma minutum after inundative release in a commercial blueberry field. BioControl 45: 257-268.
Mehetre, S.T. and Salunkhe, G.N. 2000. Studies on host searching capacity of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, an egg parasitoid of tomato fruit borer. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities 25: 102-103.
Monje, J.C., Zebitz, C.P.W. and Ohnesorge, B. 1999. Host and host age preference of Trichogramma galloi and T. pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) reared on different hosts. Journal of Economic Entomology 92: 97-103.
Noldus, L.P.J.J., van Lenteren, J.C. and Lewis, W.J. 1991. How Trichogramma parasitoids use moth sex pheromones as_ kairomones: orientation behaviour in a wind tunnel. Physiological Entomology 16: 313-327.
Nordlund, D.A. 1994. Habitat location by Trichogramma. In: Wajnberg, E. Hassan, S.A., (eds.). Biological control with egg parasitoids. Wallingford, UK; CAB International: 155-163.
Pavlik, J. 1993. Variability in the host acceptance of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubialis Hbn. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in strains of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae). Journal of Applied Entomology 115: 77-84.
Reznik, S.Ya. and Umarova, T.Ya. 1991. Host population density influence on host acceptance in Trichogramma.. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 58: 49-54.
Reznik, S.Ya., Umarova, T.Ya. and Voinovich, N.D. 1997. The influence of previous host age on current host acceptance in Trichogramma. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 82: 153-157.
34
Reznik, S.Ya., Umarova, T.Ya. and Voinovich, N.D. 1998. Egg retention in the presence of a host in Trichogramma females. Journal of Applied Entomology 122: 555-559.
Reznik, S.Ya., Voinovich, N.D. and Umarova, T.Ya. 2001. Long-term egg retention and parasitization in Trichogramma_ principium (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae). Journal of Applied Entomology 125: 169-175.
Schmidt, J.M. 1994. Host recognition and acceptance by Trichogramma. In: Wajnberg, E. and Hassan, S.A., (eds.). Biological control with egg parasitoids. Wallingford, UK; CAB International: 165-200.
Silva, |.M.M.S. and Stouthamer, R. 1999. Do sympatric Trichogramma species parasitize the pest insect Helicoverpa armigera and the beneficial insect Chrysoperla carnea in different proportions? Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 92: 101-107.
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Smith, S.M. 1996. Biological control with Trichogramma: advances, successes, and potential of their use. Annual Review of Entomology 41: 375-406.
Suverkropp, B.P., Bigler, F. and van Lenteren, J.C. 2001. Temperature influences walking speed and walking activity of Trichogramma brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Journal of Applied Entomology 125: 303-307.
Wang, Z.Y., Zhou, D.R. and Hassan, S.A. 2000. The dispersal distance and activity rhythm of Trichogramma ostriniae in greenhouse. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica 27: 17-22.
Wright M.G., Hoffmann, M.P., Chenus, S.A. and Gardner, J. 2001. Dispersal behavior of Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in sweet corn fields: Implications for augmentative releases against Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Biological Control 22: 29-37.
Role of honeybees and other insects in enhancing the yield of Brassica campestris var. sarson
J.S.Tara & Pooja Sharma*
Department of Zoology, University of Jammu, Jammu (Tawi) 180006, J&K, India. (#email: puja80_sharma@yahoo.co.in)
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative effects of pollination on fruit set; number of seeds per siliqua and mean weight of 100 seeds were compared in controlled and open pollinated plants of sarson. Percent fruit set, number of seeds per siliqua and mean seed weight of 100 seeds were significantly (P<0.01) higher in open pollinated viz., 8.09, 9.37 and 141.86 than in controlled ones. Moreover, seeds of open pollinated plants were larger in size and viable than controlled ones. The crop was visited by many insect pollinators but Apis dorsata followed by Apis mellifera and Apis cerana were observed to be the most common pollinating species.
Keywords: Pollination, Brassica campestris var. sarson, Apis dorsata, A. mellifera, A. cerana.
Introduction
Rapeseed mustard is the second most important edible oilseed crop in India after groundnut. Among rapeseed, Brassica campestris var. sarson is a self compatible crop and is generally considered to require insect pollination for better seed production (Mc Gregor, 1976; Free, 1970). These insects belong to orders viz., Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Thysanoptera (Michener, 1974). Of these, Hymenopterans are the most important agents because of their high energy requirements and tendency for collecting provisions for their brood in the form of pollen and nectar. It is considered that services rendered by bees in pollination of fruits, vegetables, legume and other seed crops are worth many times the return, which bee keepers receive in the form of honey and bee wax (Mattu et a/., 1994). Bees provide the most suitable conditions for pollen selectivity, thereby, increasing the viability, weight and germination of the seeds (Kozin, 1972). Alderman and Angelo 1933, also suggested the role of pollinating insects in getting good quality crops.
Materials and Methods
Studies were conducted at Hiranagar in district Kathua, Jammu division to know the qualitative and quantitative effects of pollination on sarson flowers in terms of fruit set, number of seeds per siliqua and seed weight (Verma and Partap, 1993).
Flowering started in the second week of January 2006.One colony each of Apis cerana F. and Apis mellifera L. were placed in the field when 15-20% of the flowering had already occurred. Plants with unopened floral buds were enclosed in insect mesh nets for self and wind pollination and open flower buds left for self pollination, pollination by wind and insects. Two sites were randomly selected in the field area having 10-12 plants, for each of the experimental designs as under:-
1) Affect of pollination on fruit set; 2) Affect of pollination on number of seeds per siliqua;
Number of fruits (Siliqua_)
Number of buds
X 100
36
The number of seeds per siliqua was counted before harvesting period.
3) Affect of honeybees and other insect on fruit quality;
Qualitative effect of honeybees and other insect pollinators on fruit quality was studied by collecting the ripe seeds. It was assessed in terms of increase in weight of seeds, measured with the help of micro electric balance. For this, 100 seeds were collected from each experimental design and mean weight of 10 samples with 100 seeds was found. The data so obtained was analyzed Statistically.
Results and Discussion
Seed yield data so obtained is presented in the Table 1, which reveals that fruit set was 79.96% in controlled experiment, while it was 88.05% in open pollinated flowers. This shows an increase of 8.09% in open pollinated flowers as compared to controlled ones. Similarly, mean
Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
number of seeds/siliqua was 10.24 and 11.20, while mean weight of 100 seeds was 0.172 and 0.416 gm in controlled and open pollinated experimental designs respectively. These figures show an increase of 9.37% of seeds/siliqua and 141.86% of mean weight of 100 seeds in open pollinated flowers than controlled ones.
These results are in conformity with the already recorded observations of Chand and Singh (1995) on Brassica juncea and Mishra et al. (1988) on Brassica campestris var. sarson.
Further, Khan and Chaudhary (1988) emphasized upon the view that insect pollination led to the formation of well shaped larger grains and more viable seeds than self pollinated plants. The present investigator, also reconfirms these observations of the op. cit. workers, where the seeds of open pollinated plants are larger and viable than net caged ones. Some similar observations were reported by Singh (1997) on Brassica juncea and Singh et al., (2004) on var. toria.
Table-1: Qualitative and quantitative effect of open pollination upon control pollination of plants of Brassica campestris var. sarson*
79.96 88.05
10.24 0.172 0.416 141.86
*= Open pollinated > control (P< 0.01)
Weight (g)
Conclusion
Qualitative and quantitative data reveals significant (P<0.01) increase in percent of fruit set, number of seeds/siliqua and mean weight of 100 seeds in open pollinated flowers than in controlled flowers, covered with muslin cloths. Thus insects, especially the bees are the cheapest source for
8.09
11.2 9.37
increasing the yield of oilseed crops.
References
Alderman, W.H. andAngelo. E. 1933. Self and cross sterility in plum hybrids. Proceedings of Society of Horticultural Sciences 29: 118-121.
Role of honeybees and other insects in enhancing the yield of Brassica campestris var. sarson 37
Chand, H. and Singh, R. 1995. Effect of pollination by Apis cerana Fabr. on yield of mustard, Brassica juncea Linn. Indian Bee Journal 57(4): 173-174.
Free, J.B. 1970. Insect Pollination of Crops. London: Academic Press.
Khan, B.M. and Chaudhary, M.!. 1988. Comparative assessment of honey bees and other insects with self pollination of sarson in Peshawar. Pakistan Journal of Forestry, 38(4): 231-237.
Kozin, R.B. 1972. Pollination of Entomophilous
Agricultural Crops by Bees. New Delhi:
Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Mattu, V.K., Devi, M. and Mattu, N. 1994. Pollen spectrum of some honeys of Kashmir (India) as determinant of honeybee forage. Indian Bee Journal 56(3-4): 132-141.
McGregor, S.F. 1976. Insect pollination of cultivated crop plants. USA: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Michener, C.D. 1974. The Social Behaviour of Bees. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Mishra, R.C., Kumar, J. and Gupta, J.K. 1988. The
effect of mode of pollination on yield and oil
potential of Brassica campestris L. var. sarson with observations on insect pollinators.
Journal of Apiculture Research 27(3): 186-189.
Singh, Y. 1997. Role of honey bees in farm production, agricultural growth and rural reconstruction in India. Indian Bee Journal 59(1): 24-30.
Singh, B., Kumar, M., Sharma, A.K. and Yadav, L.P. 2004. Effect of bee pollination on yield attributes and seed yield of toria (Brassica campestris var. toria). Environment and Ecology, 23(3): 571-573.
Verma, L.R. and Partap, U. 1993. The Asian Hive Bee Apis cerana, as a Pollinator in Vegetable Seed Production (An Awareness Handbook). Nepal: Internatinal Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) Kathmandu.
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Diversity of Aphidoidea in Rawalpindi Division (Punjab) Pakistan, with a list of host plant studied
Ahmed Zia’, Soaib Ali Hassan”, Anjum Shehzad? and Falak Naz?
1. National Insect Museum, National Agriculture Research Centre, |slamabad — Pakistan. (email: saiyedahmed@yahoo.com) 2. Pir Meher Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi — Pakistan. (email: sohaib_hassan50@yahoo.com) 3. National Insect Museum, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad — Pakistan. (email: nim.anjum@gmail.com) 4.National Insect Museum, National Agriculture Research Centre, |slamabad — Pakistan. (email: falakO5@yahoo.com)
Abstract
Aphids were collected from different hosts in four districts of Rawalpindi Division (Punjab), Pakistan. A total of 700 specimens were collected, yielding eight species under eight genera. Details regarding valid names, body size, distribution and general body characters of collected specimens alongwith their host plants are discussed in this paper. Richness and abundance of species was also studied. Further surveys are needed to unhide the existing fauna of Aphidoidea from the area.
Keywords: Diversity, Aphidoidea, Pakistan, Punjab, Rawalpindi.
Introduction
Aphidoidea includes small soft bodied insects, commonly called aphids, blackflies, plant lice or greenflies. They are serious pests of crops, vegetables, ornamental plants and fruits. They suck cell sap and inject toxic saliva into plant tissues which may result in curling of leaves, appearance of discoloured spots on the foliage, blighting of buds and dimpling of fruits (Hashmi, 1994). Honey dew is released on plant leaves which results in development of sooty mould which hinders its photosynthesis (Blackman and Eastop, 2000).
In Pakistan, lot of work has been done on the biology and population dynamics of aphids but only fewer taxonomic studies were carried out uptill now. Taxonomy of Aphidoidea in Pakistan was studied by Das (1918), Munir (1953), Khaliq (1965), Awan (1973) and Nasir (1989). A need for comprehensive survey was felt and present study was under taken to make an authentic and updated record of Aphidoidea inhabiting Rawalpindi division of Punjab province, Pakistan.
Materials and Methods
Extensive sampling was done during the years (2007-2008) to collect adults of Aphidoidea. All the four districts i.e Rawalpindi, Chakwal, Jehlum and Attock with twenty localities (five from each district) were visited (Fig. 1). Details of collection sites is as follows:-
Rawalpindi Division (Punjab):
1) District Rawalpindi: Kahuta (L1), Mandra (L2), Gujar Khan (L3) Taxila (L4), Islamabad {NARC Research Farms (L5)}.
2) District Chakwal: Talagang (L6), Choa Syedan Shah (L7), Kallar Kahar (L8), Tman (L9), Mogla (L10).
3) District Jehlum: Dina (L11), Sohawa (L12), Mangla (L13), Pind Dadan Khan (L14), Khewra (E15):
4) District Attock: Hazro (L16), Hassan Abdal (L17), Fateh Jang (L18), Pindi Gheb (L19), Jand (L20).
Diversity of Aphidoidea in Rawalpindi Division (Punjab) Pakistan, with a list of host plant studied 39
Aphids were collected from cereal crops, grasses, vegetables, weeds and fruit trees with an ordinary camel hair brush, by jerking the plants on white paper sheet and by netting in some cases. Their search was followed by deep observation of symptoms on plants such as presence of coccinellids and other aphid predators, ant associations, rolling and yellowing of infested leaves and development of black sooty mold. They were brought to the laboratory of National Insect Museum and were preserved in 80% alcohol. After making their slides, specimens were identified following Eastop (1961), Stroyan (1977), Martin (1983), Blackman and Eastop (1994); and Blackman and Eastop (2000). Voucher specimens were deposited in National Insect Museum, NARC- Islamabad.
Results and Discussion
Thirteen different hosts grown in twenty five different localities of four districts of Rawalpindi division were sampled to collect adults of Aphidoidea. A total of 700 adult aphids were collected that provides a record of eight aphid species identified under eight genera. Details regarding valid names, body size, distribution, general appearance and host plants for collected species are presented (Table 1).
Richness of species was observed (Fig. 2), which shows presence of all the eight species in Rawalpindi district. However minimum number of species i.e five species were recorded from district Jehlum. Abundance of species was also studied (Table 2) showing Lipaphis erysimi, Brevicoryne brassicae and Rhopalosiphum padi as dominant and abundant species of Rawalpindi district and Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum as common species of Jehlum district. However Brevicoryne brassicae also appeared to be a prevalent species of district Attock. Prociphilus oleae appears to be very rare and was recorded only from a single locality of Rawalpindi district. Due to huge diversity in topography and flora of the area, further surveys can add more species of Aphidoidea.
To study the diversity of Aphidoidea in each area, diversity index following Menhinick (1964) was calcultaed (Fig. 3) which shows highest aphid diversity in district Chakwal however minimum was calculated for Attock. District Chakwal is rich in flora and almost all the major crops and a wide variety of vegetables and grasses are grown here, which may be a possible reason for higher aphid diversity in this area. In contrast to this Jhelum is less fertile and more mountainous as compared to Chakwal, which favours less development of Aphidoidea due to host unavailability.
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Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
40
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Diversity of Aphidoidea in Rawalpindi Division (Punjab) Pakistan, with a list of host plant studied 43
Rawalpindi Chakwal
Districts of Rawalpindi Division
Jehlum Attock
Fig. 2: Richness of Aphidoidea in Rawalpindi Division (Punjab), Pakistan.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to National Insect Museum, NARC-Islamabad, Pakistan for providing funds for the collection surveys and services for exact identification of Aphidoidea.
References Awan, K. B. 1973. Aphidoidea of Lyallpur. M.sc. thesis, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Blackman, R. L. and Eastop. V. F. 1994. Aphids on the world’s trees: An identification and information guide. Wallingford: CAB International.
Blackman, R. L. and Eastop. V. F. 2000. Aphids on the world’s crops: An identification and information guide. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Das, B. 1918. Aphididae of Lahore. Memoirs of Indian Musuem 6: 135-274.
Eastop, V. F. 1961. A study of the Aphididae (Homoptera) of West Africa. London: British Museum of Natural History.
0.34 0.33 0.32
ey 0.29
Chakwal Jehlum Attock
Districts Visited
Rawalpindi
Fig. 3: Diversity Index Calculated
Hashmi, A. A. 1994. Insect pest management. Pakistan: Pakistan Agriculture Research Council, Islamabad 1: 200-201.
Khaliq, A. 1965. A study of the Aphididae (Suborder, Homoptera; Order Hemiptera) of Peshwar District. Ph.D. thesis Department of Entomology University College of Agriculture, Peshwar.
Martin, J. H. 1983. The identification of common aphid pests of tropical agriculture. Tropical Pest Management 29: 395-411.
Menhinick, E.F.1964. A comparison of some species individuals diversity indices applied to samples of field insects. Ecology 45: 859-861.
Munir, A. H. 1953. Aphididae of Lyallpur. M.sc. thesis, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan.
Nasir, A. 1989. Aphidoidea of Punjab. M.sc. thesis, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Stroyan, H. L. G. 1977. Hand book for the identification of British insects, Homoptera, Aphidoidea, Chaitophoridae and Callaphididae. London: Royal Entomological Society.
Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Himalopsyche Banks (Trichoptera: Spicipalpia; Rhyacophilidae: Rhyacophilinae)
M.S. Saini’ and L. Kaur?
Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India. (‘email: saini20@hotmail.com) (?email: lakhwinderkaur.kaur@gmail.com)
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis was conducted for 19 species of the genus Himalopsyche (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) using the phylogenetic analysis package PAUP, based on 12 of the morphological characters most commonly used for Himalopsyche species identification. Species descriptions were primarily taken from literature contributed by Morton (1900), Martynov (1930, 1935, 1936), Kimmins (1952) and Schmid (1963,1966). Parsimony analysis, using equally weighted characters, produced 27 trees and the strict consensus tree derived from these identified two groupings are to be present in all 27 trees. The results are discussed in terms of evolutionary trends or remarkable
diversity of genitalic types in the males.
Keywords: Phylogenetic analysis, Trichoptera, Himalopsyche, Genitalic types.
Introduction
The small genus Himalopsyche originated in the Oriental region and was first described by Banks (1940). All the species occur in Oriental region with exception of H. phryganea (Schmid,1989) which is distributed in North America. So all species except H. phryganea are thought to have been designated as endemic Oriental species. From the Oriental region this genus is represented by 38 species out of which 19 are from India alone. Indian species are mainly contributed by Morton (1900), Martynov (1930,1935,1936), Kimmins (1952) and Schmid (1963,1966) to the tune of 1,3,2 and 13 species respectively. On the basis of so many morphological affinities this genus Is closely related to Rhyacophila, of which it seems to be a specialized off shoot.
When viewed from the economic point of view, larvae of this group are important and beneficial components of the trophic dynamics and energy flow in the lakes, rivers and streams they inhabit (Resh and Rosenberg, 1984). This group is considered the most useful and important aquatic organisms for monitoring climatic
changes and are widely used in bio monitoring surveys. Parsimony analysis is used to investigate phylogenetic relationships among Himalopsyche species, using data based on morphological characters most commonly used _ for Himalopsyche identification.
Materials and Methods
Species descriptions were derived primarily from literature contributed by Morton (1900), Martynov (1930,1935,1936), Kimmins (1952) and Schmid (1963,1966) and the characters used in the analysis were those given comparably for all, or almost all, species. Rhyacophila Pictet was also included in the analysis as the outgroup.
Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the package PAUP version 3.1.1. (Swofford, 1993). In total 12 morphological characters were used in the phylogenetic analysis. These were:-
1) Inferior appendage (0= uniarticulated, 1= biarticulated). 2) Preanal appendage (O=completely fused
with segment X, 1= free from segment X).
Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Himalopsyche Banks (Trichoptera: Spicipalpia; Rhyacophilidae: Rhyacophilinae) 45
3) Anterior Claw (0 = symmetrical, 1 = 6) Anal Sclerite (O= apically bifid, 1= apically asymmetrical). not bifid).
4) Preanal appendage (O= present, 1= absent). 7) Median lobes of segment X (0= partly fused,
5) Anal Sclerite (O= pointed and narrowing towards apical end, 1= rounded and blunt 1 = completely fused at towards apical end).
of their length).
ww] do
Table 1: Presence or absence data for twelve characters for 19 species of the genus Himalopsyche Banks as used in the phylogenetic analysis; Rhyacophila Pictet is included as an outgroup.
Character number Species +] ols 4| 5] 6 fe 9/10} 11] 12
imacosrreaniawrosermarees Le [ofel aaa [e[o [3 a a a Er raooore aoinaneinontes [eft Sa Ph fo Le Finapere donecnpascmmaress [| 6[@] af 9| a] °
Himalopsyche gyamo Schmid 1963 Himalopsyche hierophylax Schmid 1966
Himalopsyche horai Martynov 1936
Himalopsyche lanceolata Morton 1900 Himalopsyche lepcha Schmid 1963
Himalopsyche lungma Schmid 1963
Himalopsyche maitreya Schmid 1963 Himalopsyche malenanda Schmid 1963
Himalopsyche phedongensis Kimmins 1952
Himalopsyche tibetana Martynov 1930
Himalopsyche todma Schmid 1963
Himalopsyche yongma Schmid 1963
Rhyacophila Pictet 1834 (Outgroup)
46 Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
8) Anal sclerite (0=Anal sclerite with long 9) Segment IX (O= quite prominent forms a root invaginated upto half of segment roof over segment X, 1 = reduced does IX, 1 =Anal sclerite with short root not not form a roof over segment X). invaginated into segment |X). 10) Paramere (0= absent, 1= present).
H. dolmasampa
Rhyacophila
H. gyamo
H. bhagirathi
H. malenanda
H. angnorbui
H. yongma
H. amitabha
H. yatrawalla 3 4 ff 44 7] H. hierophlyax
H. lephca,
H nhedanoencic
H. biansata,
H. digitata, H. horai,
H. lanceolata
Fig. 1: Strict consensus tree for 19 species of Himalopsyche derived from the 27 most parsimonious trees calculated from the data in Table 1; outgroup = Rhyacophila Pictet. Character of the ingroup have been optimized by fast transformation as implemented in PAUP. Character numbers are above the hashmarks; state changes are shown below with the respective primitive and derived conditions reported by a ‘>’. Apomorphy shown by filled hashmarks and pleisomorphy by open hashmarks.
Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Himalopsyche Banks (Trichoptera: Spicipalpia; Rhyacophilidae: Rhyacophilinae) 47
11) Scape to pedicel ratio (O= If scape length is less than half of pedicel length, 1= If scape length is more than half of pedicel length).
IATS : MB: OATS’ (0= If MB ratio greater than IATS but smaller than OATS, 1= If MB ratio smaller than IATS but greater than
OATS). * I[ATS-Inner Apical Tibial spur, MB-Meta basitarsus, OATS— Outer Apical Tibial Spur
12)
Results
Parsimony analysis, using equally weighted characters, produced 27 most parsimonious trees (MPTs). Successive weighting was applied as a check of the reliability of the results. The main objective of phylogenetics is to correctly reconstruct the evolutionary history based on the observed character divergence between organisms.
For estimating phylogenetic trees the most widely used PARSIMONY and MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD methods were used. Parsimony method also known as “ Occam’s Razor” after William of Occam, a 14" century English Philosopher who advocated this minimalist problem solving approach of “shaving away” unnecessary complications and the principle of maximum likelihood, is a tree with the highest likelihood and is the best estimate of the true phylogeny. The species Himalopsyche todma differs from all other species of Himalopsyche by the single character of apically bifidation of anal sclerite (character 6). To further investigate the MPTs the majority rule consensus method was used.
Discussion
In Fig.1 H. todma got separated from Rhyacophila by character 12 and H. todma differed from all other species of Himalopsyche due to apically bifidation of anal sclerite. Similarly, all characters are shown in cladogram by which taxa got separated from one another. The derived consensus tree identified two groupings to be present in the cladogram. The first group was
composed of two unique species H. gyamo and H. bhagirathi. They grouped on the basis of shape of anal sclerite. The second group contained nine species H. hierophylax, H. lepcha, H. phedongensis, H. biansata, H. digitata, H. horai, H. maitreya, H. tibetana and H. lanceolata. They clustered together due to biarticulation of inferior appendage. H. do/masampa got separated from H. todma by characters 6, 9 and 10. All characters showed apomorphy. So sign 0>1 showed that there was formation of derived character from ancestral character. H. gyamo and H. bhagirathi got separated from H. dolmasampa by character 5. H. gyamo got evolved by characters 9 and 10 and H. bhagirathi by character 11. H. /ungma and H. malenanda got separated by characters 9 and 10. Character 9 showed apomorphy and character 10 showed pleisomorphy. H. malenanda got evolved due to characters 5 and 12. Character 12 showed maximum evolution. H. angnorbui and H. yongma got separated from H. malenanda by characters 4, 5 and 12. H. yongma got evolved by characters 4 and 10. H. amitabha got separated from latter by characters 4, 10 and 12. Similarly, H. yatrawalla got separated from H. amitabha by characters 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 11. All the characters showed pleisomorphy. H. hierophylax got separated from H. yatrawalla due to presence of characters 1 and 12 and got evolved by characters 3, 4, 10, 11 and 12. Only the characters 3 and 4 showed apomorphy. H. /epcha and H. phedongensis got separated from H. hierophylax but they both shared the same characters. H. biansata, H. digitata, H. horal, H. maitreya and H. tibetana got separated from H. phedongensis by character 12 and they all shared the same characters but H. /Janceolata developed new character 10 and got separated from H. biansata, H. digitata, H. horai, H. maitreya and H. tibetana. To conclude, this can be said that species of genus Himalopsyche Banks exhibit a remarkable diversity of genitalic types in the males.
References
Banks, N. 1940. Report on certain Neuropteroid insects from Szechwan, China. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 88: 173-220.
48
Kimmins, D.E. 1952. Indian Caddisflies VI. New species and a new genus of the family Rhyacophilinae. Annals & Magazine of Natural History 5(12): 347- 361.
Martynov, A.V. 1930. On the Trichopterous fauna of South China and Tibet. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 2: 65-112.
Martynov, A.V. 1935. On a collection of Trichoptera from the Indian Museum |. Records of the Indian Museum 37: 93-209.
Martynov, A.V. 1936. On a collection of Trichoptera from the Indian Museum II. Records of the Indian Museum 38: 239-306.
Morton, K.J. 1900. Description of new species of Oriental Rhyacophilidae. Transactions of Entomological Society of London Part |: 1-9.
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Resh, V.H. and Rosenberg, D.M. 1984. The ecology of aquatic insects. NewYork: Praeger Publishers.
Schmid, F. 1963. Quelques Himalopsyche indiennes (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae). Bonner Zoologische Beitrage 14: 206-223.
Schmid, F. 1966. Le genre Himalopsyche Banks (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae). Annales de la Sociztz Entomologique de Quebec 11(2): 123- 176.
Schmid, F. 1989. Les Hydrobiosides (Trichoptera: Annulipalpia). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique supplement Entomologie 59: 1-154.
Swofford, D.L. 1993. PAUP: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony version 3.1.1. Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey, Chamapaign.
Influence of foraging rate and speed of Apis species (Hymenoptera) on Brassica campestris var. sarson
J.S.Tara and Pooja Sharma*
Department of Zoology, University of Jammu, Jammu (Tawi) 180006, J&K, India. (#email: puja80_sharma@yahoo.co. in)
Abstract
Foraging rate and speed of three species of Apis cerana, A. mellifera and A. dorsata were studied in the fields of sarson at Pallimore and Hiranagar at three different hours of the day viz., 0900, 1200 and 1500 hours in order to determine the number of flowers visited per bee at a particular time. At both Pallimore and Hiranagar, A. dorsata spent significantly more time than A. cerana and A. mellifera at 0900hours, whereas no significant (P>0.05) differences were observed between the three Apis species at 1200 and 1500 hours of the day. However number of flowers visited/bee/minute by A. mellifera were significantly (P<0.05) more than A. dorsata and A. cerana at 0900 and 1200 hours at Pallimore but no such significant differences (P>0.05) were observed at 1500 hours of the day. Similarly at Hiranagar, A. mellifera visits significant (P<0.05) number of flowers/ minute at 1200hours than A. dorsata and A.cerana, whereas at 0900 and 1500 hours no such significant differences were observed (P>0.05).
Keywords: Apis cerana, Apis mellifera, Apis dorsata, Brassica campestris, Foraging.
Introduction
Insects are of prime significance in pollination of agricultural and horticultural crops. These insects belong to order Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Thysanoptera (Michener, 1974). Among hymenoptera, honeybees are considered as the most efficient pollinators of cultivated crops because of their floral fidelity (Wells and Wells, 1983 and Waser, 1986), potential for long working hours (Sihag, 1990), presence of pollen baskets, maintainability of high population, micromanipulation of flowers and adaptability to different climatic conditions (Verma and Partap, 1993).
Materials and Methods
Time spent per flower and number of flowers visited per minute were taken as the indicators of foraging rate and speed respectively. Time spent by a worker bee of A.cerana and A. mellifera on sarson flower and number of flowers visited per minute was recorded with the help of a stop watch having an accuracy of one tenth (1/
10") of asecond. These observations were taken thrice a day at 0900, 1200 and 1500 hours and were repeated for a week in each field under good climatic conditions.
Results and Discussion
Three species of Apis were monitored for their foraging rate and speed at three different hours of the day i.e. 0900, 1200 and 1500 hours at both the fields as shown in Table 1 and Figures 1, 2, 3 & 4. It reveals that Apis cerana and A. mellifera coincide in their foraging rate and speed at 0900, 1200 and 1500 hours i.e. there is no difference in their foraging rate and speed. For A. dorsata the foraging rate and speed remains the same at 1200 and 1500 hours but at 0900 hours A. dorsata spent more time than A. cerana and A. mellifera. This may be due to large body size of A. dorsata and also due to partial opening of the flowers in the morning hours.
These results are in agreement with Verma and Partap (1993) who noted no significant differences in the time spent and number of flowers
Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
50
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Influence of foraging rate and speed of Apis species (Hymenoptera) on Brassica campestris var. sarson 51
Time spent/bee/flower(sec) [a NO. of flowers visited/bee/min
| a
Fig.1: Variations in time spent/bee/flower(sec) by Apis Fig.2: Variations in number of flowers visited/bee/min. by cerana, A.mellifera and A.dorsata at different hours of Apis cerana, A.mellifera and A.dorsata at different hours
the day on sarson crop at Pallimore, Kathua. of the day on sarson crop at Pallimore,Kathua. 4 4 ‘ 14 3 ae “ le = Cc sf! i= - be oO ~ (2) o ] ; g - $s _ g £.0 2 Fa = = = 24-3 3 2 D $ 3 & o - = 5, ¢ 1.5 a a Zz = 4 lia 1 od x“ = ~ iS fa et 8 me - = 1 a PSDr* Vo 12006 oo ba Rie 1520
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52
visited by A. cerana and A. mellifera on mustard bloom. Murrell and Nash (1981) also reported that A. cerana spent less time per floret than A. florea, whereas Apis dorsata was intermediate in its foraging speed (mean 4.5 sec/floret). Time spent and number of flowers visited by A. cerana indica was reported as 4.61+0.13 sec/flower and 13.3 flowers/min by Adlakha & Dhaliwal (1979).
The variations in foraging rate and speed of A. cerana, A. mellifera, A. dorsata and A. florea may be due to different amounts of nectar and pollen present in various flowers as time spent per flower depends upon the amount of nectar present and morphology of flower (Pyke et al., 1977).
Conclusion
It has been concluded that by placing both the colonies of bees (A. cerana and A. mellifera) and nesting of A. dorsata near by the fields of Brassica campestris increases the number of flowers visited per bee at a particular time, hence increases the pollination and enhances the yield.
Acknowledgements
Special thanks are due to Dr. V.K.Mattu, Department of Biosciences, H.P. University, Shimla and Dr. V.V.Ramamurty, Principal Scientist, Entomology Division, IARI, New Delhi for their immense support.
References
Adlakha, R.L. and Dhaliwal, H.S. 1979. Insect pollination of seed cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) with particular reference to the role of honey bees. Indian Bee Journal 41: 13-16.
Kakar, K.L. 1981. Foraging behaviour of insect pollinators of cauliflower bloom. Indian Journal of Ecology 8(1): 126-130.
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Kumar, L. 1998. Foraging ecology and behaviour of Apis cerana F. and A. mellifera L. in pollinating apple and cherry flowers. Ph.D. thesis. Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India.
Michener, C.D. 1974. The Social Behaviour of Bees. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, Press.
Mohr, N.A. and Jay, S.C. 1988. Nectar and pollen collecting behaviour of honeybees on canola (Brassica campestris L. and Brassica. napus L.). Journal of Apiculture Research 27(2): 131-136.
Murrell, D.C. and Nash, W.T. 1981. Nectar secretion by toria (Brassica campestris L. var. toria) and foraging behaviour of three Apis species on toria in Bangladesh. Journal of Apiculture Research 20(1): 34-38.
Pyke, G.H., Pulliam, H.R.and Charnov, E.L. 1977. Optimal foraging a selective review of theory and tests. The Quarterly Review of Biology 52: 137-154.
Sharma, S.K. and Singh, J.R. 1999. Pollinating efficiency of Apis dorsata F. and Apis florea F. on carrot (Daucus carota L.). Indian Bee Journal 61(1-4): 75-78.
Sihag, R.C.1990. Seasonal management of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies in Haryana (India). Indian Bee Journal 52 (1-4): 51-56.
Verma, L.R. and Partap ,U. 1993. The Asian Hive Bee, Apis cerana, as a Pollinator in Vegetable Seed Production (An Awareness Handbook). Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu.
Waser, N.M. 1986. Flower constancy: definition, cause and measurement. American Naturalist 127(5): 593-603.
Wells, H. and Wells, P.H. 1983. Honeybee foraging: optimal diet, minimal uncertainty or individual constancy behaviour. Journal of Animal Ecology 52: 829-836.
SEM structure of mandibular sensilla in the carpenter ant, Camponotus compressus (Fabricius) (Formicidae: Hymenoptera)
Deepak D. Barsagade*, Dnyaneshwar B. Tembhare and Seema G. Kadu
Department of Zoology, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur India-440033. (#email: dr_ddbars @ rediffmail. com)
Abstract
The moutparts in all polymorphic forms of carpenter ant, Camponotus compressus (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are adapted for grasping and feeding the prey. The mandibles are unsegmented, strongly sclerotized, large, shovel like, cuticular and powerful structures. The mandibles consist of dorsal sensilla trichoidea DT-I, DT -Il and DT-III and on the ventral side VT-I, VT- Il and the Sensilla basiconica VB in female and workers, while similar type of sensilla are found in male except sensilla basiconica. Each mandible consists of four incisor and three molar teeth in female and workers while only two incisor teeth are present in male.
Keywords: Camponotus compressus, SEM, Mandible, Sensilla.
Introduction
In most of the ant species, the mouthparts are adapted for grasping and feeding the prey (Snodgrass, 1935; Dumpert, 1972; Richard and Davies, 1987; Chapman, 1982,1998 ). Paul et al. (2002) reported that the receptors of taste are situated in the lower pair of jaws in the ants which distinguish different flavors of sweets and aromatic liquids. Galewski (1971) reported small peg-like sensilla on the dorsal surface of mandible in water beetle, Dytiscus arew. Mayhe-Nunes and Lanziotti (1995, 2002) reported the presence of seven teeth in female and workers while only two in male on the mandibles of ant, Mycetarotes carinatus suggesting sexual dimorphism. In the adult ants the mouth parts are equipped with mechano and chemoreceptors (Gotwald, 1969; Wheeler and Wheeler, 1970; Paul, 2001; Paul et a/., 2002). The present work therefore,has been undertaken to explore the surface ultrastruture of mandibles and different types of sensillae present on it in all polymorphic form of the carpenter ant, Componotus compressus.
Materials and Methods
The carpenter ant, Camponotus compressus colony was excavated from the semidried soil and the mandibles were removed carefully from polymorphs and fixed in 70% alcohol for 12 hours. The dehydrated mandibles were transferred to cold acetone, dried at room temperature, mounted on the carbon coated metallic stubs at different angles and proceeded for platinum coating in the Poloron gold coating automatic unit separately. Finally, the manibles were scanned under Jeol (JSM 6380A) scanning electron microscope (SEM) at desirable magnification at the Instrumentation Centre of Vishveshvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT) Nagpur, India.
Results
In the carpenter ant, Camponotus compressus the mandibles are unsegmented, strongly sclerotized, large and shovel like cuticular mouth parts bearing strong basal three molar and
54
four distal incisor teeth in the female and workers while there are only two incisors in the male (Fig. 1,4). They differ in size among queen, male and workers (Table 1). They are indeed larger in worker, medium sized in female and small in male ants.
1. Sensilla in the Female Ants
On the dorsal as well as ventral surface of mandibles of female, two types of sensilla are observed viz., trichoid and basiconic sensilla. Trichoid sensilla (ST) are classified into five types as the dorsal sensilla trichoidea DT- |, DT- Il, DT- Ill and ventral sensilla trichoidea VT- |, VT- II while the basiconic sensilla (VB) are located on the ventral side only.
In female the dorsal surface of dentition bears sensilla trichoidea (DT-l) (Fig. 1,2) while sensilla DT-II| are long arising from a broad base and narrow towards the tip. The sensilla DT-III are short, pointed and curved towards the tip. The DT- | and DT-II scattered through out the dorsal surface (Table 2).
All over the ventral surface of mandibles, two types of trichoid sensilla are observed the VT- | and VT-II towards the dentition. The VT-I are long, slightly curved with pointed end. The VT-II sensilla are also long and pointed towards the tip lying on the marginal ventral surface. The postero ventral surface shows the basiconic type of sensilla, VB. The basiconic type of sensilla project from a slightly raised bulbous circular base and bears a pointed curved terminal end (Table 2).
2. Sensilla in the Male Ants
The dorsal surface of mandibles shows trichoid type of sensilla (Table 2) differentiated into three dorsal trichoid sensilla DT-I, DT-II and DT-III. The DT- | are lying on anterodistal margin of dentition while DT-II| and DT-lIIl are scattered throughout the dorsal surface of the mandibles (Table 2).
Similarly, the ventral surface of mandibles shows trichoid sensilla differentiated into VT- | and VT- Il types and are located towards the marginal ventral surface similar to that of female except in size (Fig. 3,4). The basiconic sensilla are totally lacking (Table 2).
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3. Sensilla in the Worker Ants
On the dorsal and ventral surfaces of mandibles, the trichoid and basiconic sensilla are observed. The trichoid sensilla on the dorsal surface are differentiated into DT-I, DT-II and DT-III and on the ventral surface into VT-I and VT-II types (Table 2). The sensilla DT-I are present on marginal area of the dorsal region of mandibles. The sensilla DT-II are long, slightly curved, pointed and DT-III are short, scattered throughout the dorsal surface (Fig. 5,6).
The ventral surface of mandibles shows trichoid sensilla differentiated into VT-I and VT-II types on the anteroventral margin and the basiconic sensilla (VB) on the posteroventral surface. The morphology of sensilla is similar to that of female except for difference in size (Table 2).
Discussion
In the carpenter ant, Camponotus compressus, the mandibles are large and powerful tools for prey catching, fighting, digging, seed crushing, wood-scraping, grooming, brood care and trophallaxis (Hdlldobler and Wilson, 1990; Gronenberg et al/., 1998; Paul, 2001). In the Camponotus compressus, the mandibles are similar in structure to that in the ant Mycetarotes carinatus (Mayheée-Nunes and Lanziotti, 1995; 2002). In Camponotus compressus, dorsal side of mandibles possesses tnichoid sensilla, DT- 1, DT- Il and DT- II which are densely distributed while VT-I and VT-II predominate ventral side and the sensilla basiconica, VB are found only in female and worker mandibles. The trichoid sensilla and small peglike sensilla basiconica, on the dorsal and ventral surface of mandibles in Dragon fly were reported as the mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors respectively (Corbiere Tichane, 1971; Petryszak, 1977; Zacharuk, 1980; Kapoor, 1989; Wazalwar and Tembhare, 1999). The similar type of sensilla basiconica are also present on the mandible of carpenter ants, Camponotus compressus. The presence of seven teeth, four incisors and three molars in female and workers while two incisor teeth in male carpenter ants, Camponotus compressus suggest the species specific modifications of the mandibles in accordance with feeding habit and sexual dimorphism as found in ant, Mycetarotes carnatus (Mayhé Nunes and Lanziotti, 1995, 2002).
SEM structure of mandibular sensilla in the carpenter ant, Camponotus compressus (Fabricius) (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) 55
Table-1: Morphological observation on mandibles of adult polymorphic forms of Camponotus compressus
aie Width (mm) ae Total engin (mn) Anterior region | Posterior region | Female | 1.315 + 0.086 0.7 + 0.0056 0.5 + 0.004 Zz Male 0.405 + 0.0076 0.172 + 0.003 0.0778 + 0.006 3; Worker | 1.925 +0.071 i 1.016 + 0.008 0.889 + 0.021
Table-2: Morphological observations on the sensilla of mandibles of adult polymorphic forms of Camponotus compressus
DT-III Sensilla
VI A8E
VB Sensilla
Dorsal region | Length | Width | Ventral region | Length (wm) | (4m) (um)
Female | Sensilla 133.34+| 8.574 | Sensilla 243.48+
Trichoidea |24.5 5.43 Trichoidea | 25.43
DT-I VT-I
Sensilla 83.344 | 8.35+ Sensilla 60.86+
Trichoidea_ | 14.5 1.56 Trichoidea 12.4
DT-II VT-II
Senaila | 41.674 | 4.082% | Sensilla 10.424 |
Trichoidea | 8.2 0.56 Basiconica 1.56
DT-I
VI-I
Trichoidea | 11.54 | 0.032 Trichoidea | 23.54 DT-I | VT-I Sensilla 44.454 | 1.864 Sensilla 16.674 | 09714 Trichoidea | 5.41 0.045 Trichoidea 3.87 0.015 DT-II VT-II Sensilla 19.45+ | 1.11+ Trichoidea 2.65 0.22 DT-III
3 | Worker | pcusilla 296.132| 20.14 Sensilla 367.82+ | 16.41+ Trichoidea | 25.5 4.32 Trichoidea | 45.3 2.75
Sensilla 137.94+ Trichoidea 18.4 1.82 Trichoidea 15.31 2.02 DT-II VT-I
Sensilla 74.074 | 6.75+ Sensilla 13.314 | 0.394 Trichoidea [52 0.95 Basiconica 2.76 0.035 DT-ILI VB
56
Figure:
Figure: Figure:
Figure: Figure:
Figure:
NO
Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
X43 SGxm Gea 2
X126 166m G66 3
XZ7GB SBxm B86 34 5a
SEM photomicrograph of dorsal surface of mandible showing four incisors (IC) and three molars (MO) teeth types of sensilla trichoidea DT-I, DT-Il and DT-IIl in female. Magnified view of fig. 1 showing sensilla DT-| and DT-II on middorsal region in female. SEM photomicrograph of dorsal surface of mandible showing two IC and three types of sensilla DT-l, DT-Il and DT-Illon middorsal region in male.
SEM photomicrograph of ventral surface of mandible showing sensilla trichoidea VT-I and VT-Il in male.
SEM photomicrograph of dorsal surface of mandible showing IC and DT-I, DT-Il and DT- lil in worker.
Magnified views of fig. 5 showing sensilla DT-I arise from circular basal ring in worker.
SEM structure of mandibular sensilla in the carpenter ant, Camponotus compressus (Fabricius) (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) 57
References
Chapman, R. F. 1982. Chemoreception: The significance of receptor number, Advances in Insect Physiology 16: 247-356.
Chapman, R. F. 1998. The insect structure and function (4th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Corbiere Tichane, G. 1971. Ultrastructure de |’ equipment sensorial de la mandibule chez la larvae du Spephyes lucidus Delar (Coleoptera, cavernicule de la sous-famille des Bathyscinae). Zeitschrift fuer Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie 112: 129-138.
Dumpert, K. 1972. Alarm stoffrezeptorem auf der Antenne von Lasius_ fluliginosus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zeitschrift fuer Verglei chende Physiologie 76: 403-425.
Galewski, K 1971. A study on morphobiotic adaptation of European species of Dytiscidae (Coleoptera). Bulletin entomologique de Pologne 61: 487-702.
Gotwald, W. H. Jr. 1969. Comparative morphological studies of ants with particular reference to the mouthparts (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Memoirs of Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Ithaca New York 408: 1-150.
Grogenberg, W., Hdlldobler, B., Alpert, GD 1998. Jaws that snap: The mandible mechanism of the Mystrium. Journal of Insect Physiology 44: 241- 253.
H6lldobler, B. and Wilson, E. O. 1990. The Ants. Cambridge: Belknap Press.
Kapoor, N. N. 1989. Distribution and innervations of sensilla on the mouthparts of the Carnivorous stonefly nymph, Paragnetina media (walker) (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 67(4): 831- 38.
Mahye Nunés, A. J. and Lanziotti, A. M. 1995. Sinopse do genero Mycetarotes Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), com a descricao de duas especies novas. Boletin de Entomologia Venezolana 10: 197-205.
Mahye Nunés, A. J. and Lanziotti, A. M. 2002. Description of the female and male of Mycetarotes carinatus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Seropedica Comparative Biology 26-171.
Paul, J. 2001. Mandible movements in ants. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 13(1): 7-20.
Paul, J. P., Flavio, R., Hdélldobler, B. 2002. How do ants stick out their tongues? Journal of Morphology and Embryology 254: 39-52.
Petryszak, A. 1977. The sense organs of the mouthparts in Libellula depressa L. and Libellula quadnimaculata L. (Odonata). Acta Biologica Cracoviensia series Zoologia 20: 80-100.
Richarads, O. W. and Davies, R. G. 1987. Imm’s General Textbook of Entomolgy Tenth Edition Vol. 2 Classification and Biology. London: Chapmann and Hall.
Snodgrass, R. E. 1935. Principles of insect morphology. New York: Mc Graw Hill.
Wazalwar S.V. and Tembhare, D.B. 1999. Mouthparts sensilla in Dragon fly, Brachjythemes contaminata (Fabricius) (Anosoptera: Libelllidae). Odonatologia 28(3): 257- 271.
Wheeler, G. C. and Wheeler, J. N. 1970. The larva of Apomymma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche 77: 276-279.
Zacharuk, R.Y. 1980. Ultrastructure and function of insect chemosensilla. Annual Review of Entomology 25: 27-47.
nett
A contribution towards the insect fauna of Vadodara, Gujarat (India): The Order Hemiptera
Dolly Kumar* and Bhumika Naidu
Department of Zoology,Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002. (#email:dollymsu@gmail.com)
Abstract
Present study was undertaken to assess the diversity of the Order Hemiptera as well as its extent of changes in species composition from one habitat to another. Both agricultural fields and urban ecosystems were studied as there are 62 gardens and agricultural fields all around Vadodara. The results show that this city sustains a good diversity of 58 species, 51 genera and 22 families of hemipterans. Agricultural fields and urban areas had higher abundance and diversity of the families viz, Pentatomidae, Coriedae, Reduviidae and Aphididae, whereas families Lophopidae, Cicadidae, Dinidoridae and Acanthosomatidae were less in number. Turnover diversity along habitats was
found to be same.
Keywords: Pentatomidae, Agro and urban ecosystem, Species diversity, Percentage population.
Introduction
According to recent estimate about 80,000 Hemipteran species are present worldwide. In India 77 families having 6500 species are found. Out of these, 2421 species are endemic to India (Alfred, 2003). Over 200 species belonging to 14 families are aquatic and semi aquatic, while remaining are terrestrial consisting of 6,300 species from 63 families (Ghosh, 1998). Keeping in view the importance of this group comprehensive survey was made on Hemipterans of Vadodara District (eastern part of the state of Gujarat in western India, located at 22°11’ N latitude and 73°07’ E longitude). The present study was undertaken with the purpose; to record the biodiversity of the Order Hemiptera in and around Vadodara, to find the extent of species composition changes in different habitats and to record the food plants of these insects and their conservation for the sustainability of these insects.
Materials and Methods
Survey sites were chosen based on accessibility and location within an eco region. Four different types of habitats were selected on the
basis of ecological factors, flora, type of soil, surrounding environment and anthropogenic activities, to get an insight of the best possible insect diversity. Study was conducted during the
period from 2005 to 2007.
a) Study sites
17 Agricultural fields: all around Vadodara (AF).
2. Community gardens: Sayaji Baug and Lal Baug (CG).
a: Fragmented habitat: University campus and Laxmivilas Palace compound (FH).
4. Residential areas: New and old city area (RA).
b) Collection method
Insects were collected throughout the year. Each study area was visited twice every month (7 am to 9am and 5 pm to 7 pm) on the same day. At all the sites excepting agriculture fields, quadrats of 10m x10m were laid, while quadrats of 10m x 5m were laid in agricultural fields to decrease the sampling error. In Sweep net method each quadrat was covered/swept several times. Every sweep
A contribution towards the insect fauna of Vadodara, Gujarat (India): The Order Hemiptera 59
was repeated after a gap of 10 minutes and 10 sweeps were performed each time. Hand collection was also carried in grass, shrubs, flowers, leaf litter, bare ground, tree bases, under stones, in field margins and tree trunks.
c) Identification
Insects collected were identified using keys available in Richard and Davies (1997), Borror et a/. (1992), Leffroy (1909) and Ananthkrishnan and David (2004) and standard manuals. The identified material was confirmed from Entomology Division of Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI), PUSA , New Delhi.
d) Data analysis
The raw data of all the sampled sites from the field diaries of three consecutive years was transferred on to an electronic format in spreadsheet layout (Microsoft excel). The data was finally analyzed to calculate important value indices from all the sampling sites. The diversity indices were calculated by Species diversity and richness version 2.65 (Handerson, 2003). The richness of species within habitats was calculated using Shannon Weiner index (H) of alpha diversity index ( H=" P.log.P). For measuring extent of change in species, from one habitat to another Whitaker’s, and Wilson’s index were calculated:- Whittaker index a, = S/a—1 Wilson index a,= g (H) + I(H)/2 a
Results and Discussion (Pertaining to Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 and Figure 1) Insects recorded during present study belong to 22 families, 51 genera and 58 species. Out of these 7 families, 11 genera and 13 species belong to Homoptera while 15 families, 40 genera and 45 species belong to Heteroptera. It has been found that in Hemiptera, family Pentatomidae was maximum (17%), followed by Coriedae (15%), Reduviidae (10%), Aphididae (8%), Lygaeidae (7%) and the remaining 17 families were less abundant with the percentage of 2 to 5. Pentatomid bugs like Halys dentatus, Eusarcocoris montivagus, Nezara graminea, Piezodorus rubrofasciatus, Plautia fimbriata, Eucanthecona furcellata were
found in all the habitats, due to availability of their food plants viz., Morus alba (white mulberry), Trifolium species (Clovers), Casuarina equsetifolia and graminaceous plants. Eysarcocoris montivagous was found on Morus alba, mimics the face of human beings; Halys dentatus camouflages with the trunk of trees like Casuarina, Mangifera indica (Mango), Moringa oleifera (Drumsticks) etc. to escape from predators like Sparrows, crows, woodpeckers, drongo etc. Insects like cicada, white flies, negro bugs were found in and around agricultural fields. Overall percentage composition of such insects has been found to be less. Fragmented habitat represented the maximum species richness (57 species) followed by community gardens (53), agricultural fields (52) and minimum in residential areas (46) (Table 3). Value of Shannon Weiner index was less (3.85) for fragmented habitat as compared to that of Community gardens (3.86). Evenness index value of fragmented habitats is also less (0.94) as compared to gardens (0.95). Berger Parker dominance index for community gardens is minimum (0.03) showing that all the species in community gardens were evenly distributed. The Whittaker’s and Wilson index (Beta diversity) of all the selected sites is almost identical, suggesting that the species turnover in Vadodara is same in different habitats.
The results of this study point towards the threat to biodiversity due to growing anthropogenic activities. Species diversity and richness varied all along the four study sites. It was found that fragmented habitats could support maximum number of bug species presumably due to heterogeneity of habitat as well as a wide range of hosts (vegetation). Residential areas of city were found to sustain a least number of species, due to lack of vegetation cover and intense anthropogenic activities. Main food plants of Hemipterans in agriculture fields are wheat, paddy, sugarcane, pigeon pea, gram etc., though vegetables of family Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae are preferred.
During the 3 year study period, pest species (aphids, tree and leaf hoppers, white flies, red cotton bugs, leaf footed bugs etc.) in agricultural fields were found to increase every year. The
60
increase in pest population could be attributed to excessive use of Dimethoate and Carbofuran to control aphids and jassids; Fenvelarate and Deltamethrin for Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura in the agricultural fields of Vadodara rendering the pests resistant to pesticides. An immediate plan to advocate selective use of pesticides and looking for alternative pest control methods must be employed at the earliest.
Decline in the number of species of Belostomatidae, has also been recorded. Belostoma indica and Sphaerodema annulatum, the two aquatic bugs, predaceous on frogs and snails in the water bodies are decreasing in numbers. With heavy discharge from industrial and domestic sector plus constant spilling of polluted
Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
water from chemical factories into river Vishwamitri, deteriorates its water quality, causing death of frogs and snails. Ohba and Nakasuji, (2006) in Japan suggested that the conservation of frog populations is very important for the preservation of Lethocerus deyrollei, and for the maintenance of biodiversity within rice field ecosystems, frogs and other aquatic animals are major foods of these giant water bugs. Therefore, shrinkage of wetland Hemiptera should be prevented by treating industrial effluents properly instead of draining them into river. Habitat destruction due to urbanization and conversion of forest land into agricultural fields should be restricted to prevent the biodiversity loss.
Table- 1: Total No. of Families, Genera and Species.
Heteroptera
[s[retuniee [8 2 E 6 18 [Dindordae | 1 «dt +s Pa Peters 20 {| Genidas.. <i ee a 21 [ Belostomataas | 2 «| 2 + z_[Nevdee ot 1 i 1 —s
—/]Ph }/—4]] -9=] =
A contribution towards the insect fauna of Vadodara, Gujarat (India): The Order Hemiptera 61
Acknowledgements
Authors are thankful to ODr.V.V._ identification. The authors are indebted to late Ramamurthy of Indian Agriculture Research Professor. N. Radhakrishnan for his teachings of Institute, Delhi for confirmation of insect insect identification.
Table-2: Checklist of Hemiptera within different habitats of Vadodara.
ee LTS pe CP a Platypleura octoguttata Fabricius, 1798 f= f- fd
Membracidae Oxyrachis tarandus Fabricius 1798
Leptocentrus taurus Fabricius 1803
Cicadellidae Idioscopus neviosparsus Linnaeus ae Nephotettix nigropictus Stal 1870 Hp
Aphididae Aphis gossypie Glover pe oa a cc co ee ee [Anns re Boyer de Fonscoonbe eer > | + | + | + [ tiaus porscos Sueer76 | *# f * | | |
a
Pyrilla perpusilla Walker P+ [ + [ + | +
ee eee oe cen [ Aconaspis sve Osten tooe | | + (| | ‘tl ee Oe Ee oe es
ae ee
Prostemma flavomaculatum Leth
Onchocephalus annulipes Stal, 1855
Cimicidae Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, 1758
oe eas Seer ee ; [Bevares wneutous Tunbew > | +
Dysdercus cingulatus Fabricius,1775
Pyrrhocoridae
Antilochus coqueberti Fabricius, 1803
Coriedae Riptortus linearis Fabricius, 1775 ee Cletus bipunctatus Westw ae ely
62
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Table-2: Continued
[onisonsse | Aspongopus anus Famrens, ws [+ | + | > |_| ; [ contosoma tstcea Waner 187» | = | = [= Coptosoma siamicum Walker nee Se a ea [Pecos nwosens remnant [oT [= [rans denis Faeus 78 =P ep tr nse Le Placosternum Taurus Fabricius, 1781 | Placosternum Taurus Fabricius, 1781 = | + | + [| + | + | Crna pa Ferenn vee [=f >] > FT [Pow imorteFabrews rer | | | ees wa OPP [esansse | Gysnus nacus Weswooa vea7_ <> | + > | =| Pryenann | Aronia wow sa. en | » |] > a EL a I
| Belostomatidae | Belostoma indicum Lep.et serv
Sphaerodema annulatum Fabricius SS Nepidae Laccotrephes maculates Fabricius ot there eas
Plataspididae
Table-3: Species diversity and evenness in all the study sites.
Diversity Agricultural Community Fragmented Residential measure Fields Gardens Habitats Sites
Hirao sid ets 8 feo fom ose ome
A contribution towards the insect fauna of Vadodara, Gujarat (India): The Order Hemiptera 63
Percentage composition of families of Hemiptera in Vadodara
2% 2% 3% 2% 3% 9 a 5%
2%
@ Cicadidae Membracidae Cicadellidae 0 Aphididae Aleyrodidae 0 Fulgoridae
f{ Lophopidae OO Reduviidae @ Cimicidae Lygaeidae
0 Pyrrhocoridae
© Coreidae
£3 Dinidoridae Acanthosomatidae Scutelleridae | @ Plataspitidae Pentatomidae Cydnidae
O Hydrometridae
© Gerridae
& Nepidae
0 Belostomatidae
10%
Fig.1: Overall percentage composition of Hemipteran families.
Table-4: Beta diversity index between all study sites.
RA-AF
0036
References
Alfred, J.R.B. 2003. Diversity, dimension and significance of insects: an overview in the Indian context. India: Proceedings of the National Symposium on Frontier Areas of Entomological Research Nov. 5- 7, IARI, New Delhi.
Ananthkrishnan, T.N. and David, B. V. 2004. General and Applied Entomology, Second edition. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill publishing company limited.
Borror, D.J., Triplehorn, C.A. and Johnson, N.F. 1992. An introduction to study of insects. U.S.A: Sixth edition. Saunders College publishing.
Environmental information system central pollution control board, annual report 2000-2001. Accessed online
at http://www.cpcbenvis. nic.in/upload/ Annual Reports/ Annual Report 5 annual report.
Ghosh L.K. 1998. Faunal diversity of India: Hemiptera. Envis center, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta 234-235.
Handerson, P. 2003. Practical methods in ecology. First edition. U.K: Blackwell publishing company Oxford.
Leffroy, H.M. 1909. Indian insect life. Calcutta: Thacker Spink and Co.
Ohba, S. and Nakasuji, F. 2006. Dietary items of predaceous aquatic bugs (Nepoidea: Heteroptera) in Japanese wetlands. Limnology 7(1): 71-73
Richards, O.W and Davies, R. G. 1997. Imms’ General Textbook of Entomology, Tenth edition, Volume 2. New Delhi: B. |. Publication Pvt Ltd.
Sabnis, S. 1967. A Study of the flora & vegetation of Baroda and environ including account of the Cyperaceae of Gujarat, Ph.D thesis submitted to The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
Thirumalai, G., Radhakrishnan, C. and Suresh Kumar, R. 2003. A synoptic list of Gerromorpha (Hemiptera: Insecta) known from Kerala,. In: Rajiv K. Gupta (ed.), Advancements in Insect Biodiversity, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur 299-312.
Natural parasitism of leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on vegetable crops in Kashmir (India)
Deen Mohammad Bhat* and R. C. Bhagat
Entomology Research Lab., P G Deptt. of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, J&K India-190006. (“email: din_ento@yahoo.co.in)
Abstract
The present paper reports the occurrence of 7 hymenopteran parasitoids of Agromyzid leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) for the first time from Kashmir (India). The various parasitoids recorded are 5 eulophids (Chrysocharis horticola Mani, Diglyphus horticola Khan, Diglyphus sp., Pediobius indicus Khan and Euderus agromyzae) and 2 braconids (Opius sp. and Dacnusasp.). Dacnusa sp. is also a new parasitoid record of C. horticola for India. Some field observation have been made on the seasonal occurrence, distribution and percentage of parasitoids of C. horticola recorded in various vegetable crop fields in different areas and regions
of Kashmir.
Keywords: Hymenoptera, Parasitoids, Chromatomyia horticola, Eulophidae, Kashmir.
Introduction
Agromyzid leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (=Phytomyza horticola) is a pest of economic importance on several vegetables in both the temperate and tropical regions (Spencer, 1973). It is more common in the Mediterranean area and occurs widely throughout Asia (Gencer, 2005). The larvae of this species feed within the leaves of the host plant and this feeding can severely reduce yield and/or kill the plant at high fly density. In Kashmir Valley (India), C. horticola was earlier reported infesting some vegetable crops like, pea, kale, mustard, rape, turnip, radish and some ornamental flowering plants (Zaka-ur-rab, 1981 and Bhagat et a/., 1989). Many parasitoids are known to attack C. horticola in vegetable ecosystem in other parts of the world and some previous reports in this connection have been given by Mani (1971), Khan (1985), Chen et al. (2003) Gencer (2004 & 2005) and Purwar et al. (2003). However, no published record has been found on the parasitoid complex of C. horticola on vegetable ecosystem in Kashmir. Thus the
objective of this study was to determine parasitoids of C. horticola occurring in Kashmir (India).
Materials and Methods
Field study was carried out during the year 2005-2006, in 5 districts of Kashmir Valley viz., Baramullua, Badgam, Ganderbal, Srinagar and Pulwama, selecting two sites from each district. The sites visited for sample collection were: Sumbal & Sopore (Baramulla); Bugam & Narkarah (Budgam); Nunar & Kangan (Ganderbal); Idgah & Danderkah (Srinagar) and Hispora & Pampore (Pulwama). The miner fly infested leaves of vegetable plants; Brassica campestris, B. oleracea acephala, B. o. gongylodes, B. rapa, Pisum sativum, Alium cepa and Malva sylvestris were collected. The sampling was repeated weekly from May to August, which is the period when the infestation of C. horticola occurs on vegetable crops in Kashmir (Zaka-ur-rab, 1981 and Bhagat et al., 1989). In each sample, 100 infested leaves
Natural parasitism of leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on vegetable crops in Kashmir (India) 65
were randomly collected from each study site. The leaf samples were brought to the laboratory and kept in plastic culture container/rearing jars, covered with muslin cloth, till the emergence of adult flies or their parasitoids. The laboratory temperature was maintained at about 25-30 °C with relative humidity of 60-70%. The emerged flies or parasitoids were collected from the containers and preserved in 70 % ethanol or as dry material. The identification of parasitoid specimens was carried by using work of Mani (1971), Hyat (1985), Khan (1985) and Wharton et al. (1997). Number of specimens for each species was counted and percentage of each parasitoid was estimated.
Results and Discussion
Frequent visits to vegetable growing areas were conducted over the 2 years period of the survey, providing ample opportunity to make general field observations. C. horticola was recorded infesting 7 vegetable crops viz., mustard (Brassica campestris), kale (B. oleracea var. acephala), knoll-khol (B. o. var. gongylodes), turnip (B. rapa), pea (Pisum sativum), onion (Alium cepa) and malva (Malva sylvestris). Among these crops, malva and onion are 2 new host crop records of Chromatomyia horticola for Kashmir (India). In 2005, the survey of these vegetable crop plants from May-August yielded 1004 adult specimens of C. horticola. Like wise in 2006, 999 adults of Chromatomyia horticola were recovered. Higher numbers of leaf miner adults emerged from leaves collected from B. campestris and P. sativum. During the two years of this investigation in the Valley, the infestations of Chromatomyia horticola were observed more serious during the month of May when limited control was exerted by parasitoids. As shown in table 1, the monthly mean number of Chromatomyia horticola recovered in the months of May was much higher than that of total parasitoids. Tsumou et al. (2008) have also reported C. horticola as a serious pest in slightly cooler season (May) in Japan.
Also the figures 1 & 2 show that the mean number of adult Chromatomyia horticola emerged during the months of June and July were less as compared to the total monthly mean number of
parasitoids recovered. However, the monthly mean of Chromatomyia horticola in the months of May was much higher than that of total parasitoids.
During the course of this investigation, a total of 7 hymenopteran parasitoid species were recorded on the leaf miner, C. hortcola. These included 5 eulophids, Chrysocharis horticola Mani, Diglyphus horticola Khan, Diglyphus sp., Pediobius indicus Khan, Euderus agromyzae and two braconids, Opius sp. and Dacnusa sp. The parasitism of C. horticola by the afore mentioned parasitoids is the first report from Kashmir. Dacnusa sp. is also a new record of parasitoid of C. horticola for India. The summary of parasitoids of Chromatomyia horticola recovered from various vegetable crops is provided in table 1. As seen in table 1 & 2, a total of 645 parasitoids were recovered in 2005, out of which D. horticola and Diglyphus sp. together were 407 (230+177) forming 63.10 % (35.66 % + 27.44 %) of the total parasitoids. Likewise in 2006, a total of 607 parasitoids were recovered out of which, these two parasitoids together were 387 (225+162) forming 63.77% (37.06 %+ 26.68%) of the total parasitoid collection. So, D. horticola and Diglyphus sp. were recorded as the most common parasitoids of C. horticola in Kashmir (India) and hence considered to be the most important natural enemies of the Chromatomyia horticola in this region. Purwar et a/. (2003) have also reported D. horticola as the dominant parasitoid of C. horticola on P. sativum in Himachal Pradesh (India).
As depicted from the table 2, Opius sp. and DacnuSsa sp. were recorded to be the least common parasitoids of C. horticola in both the years of study in Kashmir. Also the table 1 and figures 1 & 2 show that the mean number of adult Chromatomyia horticola emerged during the months of June and July in both years, 2005 and 2006 were less as compared to the total monthly mean number parasitoids recovered. The parasitoids of C. horticola remained active in the field mostly from May to July but the highest activity of these parasitoids was witnessed during the month of June when most number of the parasitoids were recorded; 329 out of 645 (51%) in June 2005 and 305 out of 607 (50%) in June
Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
66
June and July as the period of highest activity of the parasitoids of Chromatomyia horticola on pea in Japan.
2006. This study is in agreement with Tsumou et
al. (2008) who have also witnessed the months of
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67
Natural parasitism of leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on vegetable crops in Kashmir (India)
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68 Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
Table-2: Percentage emergence of parasitoids from Chromatomyia horticola during 2005-2006 survey in Kashmir
Number of % age of Individuals || Parasitoids
2005 2006 | 2005 2006 24 15 3.72 2.47 26 24 4.03 3.95 35.66 37.06 27.44 26.69 13.95 13.18 8.68 11.20 6.51 5.44
Parasitoid species
Opius sp.
Dacnusa sp.
Diglyphus horticola Diglyphus sp.
| Chrysocharis. horticola
56 42
68 33
Pediobius indicus
Euderus agromyzae
Total parasitoids
Table-3: Host-Crop Complex of hymenopteran parasitoids of Chromatomyia horticola recorded during 2005-2006 survey in Kashmir (India)
Hymenopteran Parasitoid Host Plants of C. horticola
Family 1. Braconidae
Opius sp. B. campestris
Dacnusa sp. B. campestris, P. sativum
Family 2. Eulophidae
Diglyphus horticola A. cepa, B. campestns, B. 0. acephala, B. o. gongylodes,
B. rapa, M. sylvestns, P sativum
Diglyphus sp. A. cepa, B. campestns, B. 0. acephala, B. o. gongylodes, B. rapa, M. sylvestns, P sativum
Chrysochanis horticola A. cepa, B. o. Acephala, B. o. gongylodes, P. sativum
Pediobius indicus Khan A. cepa, P. sativum, B. o. acephala
Euderus agromyzae A. cepa, B. campestris, B. 0. acephala, P. sativum
Natural parasitism of leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on vegetable crops in Kashmir (India)
M 160 0) 140 n t 120 1 100 y ve Chyomatomyia 80 a horticola M60 Fea oN «Total parasitoids e& 40 . a 2 " n os RW
May June July August
YEAR 2005
Fig. 1: Seasonal abundance of the leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola and its parasitoids collected on various vegetable crops in Kashmir Valley from May to August 2005.
<-oFeerersaso8g e = Qo
80 “ Chromatomy:a
horucola
Total parasitoids
as ou om 38
May June July August
YEAR 2006
Fig. 2: Seasonal abundance of the leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola and its parasitoids collected on various vegetable crops in Kashmir Valley from May to August 2006.
69
References Bhagat, K. C., Masoodi, M. A., Bhat, O. K. and Koul, V. K. ' 1989. Kale, Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC, a new host plant of Chromatomyia horticola Goureau from Kashmir. Journal of Insect Science 2 (2): 173-174.
Chen, X., Lang, F., Xu, Z., He, J. and Ma, Y. 2003. The occurrences of leaf miners and their parasitoids on vegetables and weed in Hangzhou Area, Southeast China. Biological Control 48:515—-527.
Gencer, L. 2004: A Study on the Chalcidoid (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) Parasitoids of Leaf miners (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Ankara Province. Turkish Journal of Zoology 28:119-122.
Gencer, L. 2005. Chalcidoid parasitoids of Chromatomyia horticola (Gour.) (Dip. Agromyzidae) in Sivas Province, Turkey, Journal of pest Science 78:41-43.
Hyat, M. 1985. Family Eulophidae, In: Subba Rao, B.R. and Hyat, M. (eds.). The Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of India and adjacent countries part-1 Review of families and keys to families and genera. Oriental Insects 20: 1-430.
Khan, M. A. 1985. New descriptions of eulophid parasites (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) of agraomyaidae in India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 82(1): 149-159.
Mani, M.S. (1971): Some chalcidoid parasites (Hymenoptera) of leaf-mining Agromyzidae (Diptera) from India. Journal of Natural History 5:591-598.
Purwar, J. P., Mall, P. and Mittal, V. 2003. Hymenopterous parasitoids associated with the pea leafminer, Chromatomyia horticola Goureau, on pea. Pest Management and Economic Zoology 11 (1):89-91.
Spencer, K.A. 1973. Agromyzidae (Diptera) of economic importance. UK: The Pitman Press.
Tsutomu, S., Makoto, D., Haruki, K., Shuji, K., Yohsuke, T. and Keitaro, S. 2008.Seasonal abundance of hymenopteran parasitoids of the leafminer Chromatomyia horticola (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and the impact of insecticide applications on parasitoids in garden pea field. Applied Entomology and Zoology 43 (4): 617-624.
Wharton, R.A., Marsh, P. M. & Sharkey, M. J. 1997. Manual of the new world genera of the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Washington, D. C: Special Publication. of the International. Society of Hymeneopteretists 1: 1-439.
Zaka-ur-Rab, M. 1981. Studies on Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Kashmir, India, some interesting palaearctic species. Bulletino del Laboratorio di Entomologia agania, (Filippo Silvestri), 38: 133-137.
Bioecology of Til Hawk Moth, Acherontia styx Westwood
R.M. Ahirwar* and M.P. Gupta
Jawahar Lal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh-472 001 M.-P, India. (*e-mail: an. manoher@yahoo.com)
Abstract
The bioecology of til hawk moth, Acherontia styx Westwood was studied on Sesamum indicum (Linn.) variety TKG-22 under field and lab. condition during 2004-06. The eggs were globular in shape, yellow in colour with 0.70-0.95 mm in size. The incubation period of the eggs was 2-4 days with the neonate period of 10-15 minutes. There were five larval instars and length of the completely developed larva was 68-79 mm with larval period of 20-21 days. The maximum larvae were obtained during late August to September. The pre-pupal and pupal periods were 3-4 and 14-23 days respectively, with pupae conical in shape. The mating was always at morning (0.07-0.10 minutes) followed by oviposition (24 to 36 hours) with fecundity of 5-8. Life span of the adult was 3-5 days, total life cycle was completed in 39-52 days. Mean adult emergence (%), sex ratio and growth index were 95 to 100%, 1:1 and 2.64 to 2.27 respectively. There are only three generations in a year. The plants were infested to the extent of 31.6% by this insect. Maximum damage is caused during September-October.
Keywords: Bioecology, Acherontia styx Westwood.
Introduction
Sesame Sesamum indicum Linn. is the oldest indigenous oilseed crop of the world and also a major oilseed crop of India. This crop is attacked by 29 species of insect pests in different stages of its growth (Biswas et a/., 2001).
Til hawk moth, Acherontia styx Westwood is a Sporadic pest but voracious feeder of sesame crop at larval stage. The larvae feed voraciously on leaves and defoliate the plants; and is capable of inflicting heavy damage at times. Only one larva is enough to denude the whole plant.
The present work is a novel approach in Bundelkhand Zone of Madhya Pradesh, which has not been studied before or explored elaborately. But, some work done on its bionomics has been reported by Mehta and Verma (1968), Lefroy (1990), Rai et a/. (2001), Sharma and Choudhary (2005) and Atwal and Dhaliwal (2005). The present investigations conducted on different aspects of the bioecology of this insect are reported in this research paper.
Materials and Methods
Studies on the bionomics of til hawk moth, Acherontia styx Westwood were undertaken in the field in ambient conditions during July to December of 2004,2005 and 2006. For laboratory experiments, the cultivated sesame variety, TKG- 22 and JI-7 were grown in glass jars. Full fed caterpillars were collected from the field of sesame crop and reared in glass jars and Petri dishes (7.5 cm diameter) on sesame leaves and fruiting bodies. The leaves/flowers were changed daily up to the second instar larval stage. Thereafter, buds, flowers, capsules and leaves were provided as food for the later larval stages. The matured larvae transform into pupae inside the bud and sometimes in deep dry soil available in fields, placed in glass jars/Petri dishes in the lab. Moths emerging from pupae were released in lantern globes containing cotton swabs dipped in 20% glucose solution. Sexes were examined by different morphological characters and moths were
Bioecology of Til Hawk Moth, Acherontia styx Westwood
kept under constant watch for studying mating, oviposition behaviour and egg laying.
Freshly laid eggs were counted and placed on fresh sesame leaves with the help of moist soft camel hairbrush. Observations were recorded on their colour, size, shape and incubation period. Duration of each larval instar, body segments and legs were recorded. Measurements of various stages were taken under the binocular with the help of ocular micrometer. However, advanced larval stages and pupae were measured with the help of Vernier callipers.
For adults, emerging from the above (the group being reared from freshly laid eggs), mating period, oviposition period, fecundity per female, pre pupal, pupal period of larvae and longevity of male and females were recorded.
Results and Discussion
The eggs (Fig.1a) are generally laid singly on the upper as well as lower surface of leaves. An adult female lives 3-5 days and lays only 3 to 8 eggs at different intervals, sometimes up to two days. Freshly laid eggs are greenish white in colour and measure 00.70 to 00.80 mm but they turn yellow during the incubation period when they grow to 00.90 to 00.95 mm (Table 3).
The incubation period varies from 02.00 to 04.00 days with subsequent hatching of eggs. The eggs are oval (1.2 x 1.5mm), shiny, smooth and pale green, changing to yellowish green just before hatching. Laid singly on the under and upper surface of leaves on peripheral twigs, usually hatching three to five days later (http:// www.styx.htm). The pale-yellow larvae emerge in 2-5 days reported by Rai et a/. (2001); Sharma and Choudhary (2005); Atwal and Dhaliwal (2005). Year wise observation and the mean range is given in Table 3.
There are five larval instars in addition to the neonate larva, which is the newly hatched instar from the egg after completion of incubation. The neonate larva is a cylindrical white coloured instar with a conspicuous projection at the hind end of abdomen, referred as ‘dunk’. This stage feeds on its own egg case in the beginning and
71
after 10-15 minutes on the leaves. The nascent larva measures 03.50 to 04.00 mm x 00.35 to 00.50 mm whereas fully fed larva before moulting to the 1stinstar grows to 04.50-05.00 mm x 00.60-00.70 mm. The dunk is white and measures 02.50-03.00 mm in full grown nascent larva, Table 3. After about 20 minutes the larva moults to 1° instar (Fig.1 b).
The first instar larva (Fig. 1c) is yellowish green in colour with black dunk and measures 09.00-12.00 x 01.00-01.50 mm. This larval instar persists for 115.00-130.00 hrs and when fully fed it measurers 18.00-22.00 x 02.00-02.40 mm with yellow green head and thorax; and dark green abdomen. Three pairs of thoracic legs on 1‘-34 thoracic segment and four pairs of prolegs on 6"- 9" abdominal segments are observed. A fifth pair of prolegs is seen on the 13" abdominal segment. All legs are shiny brown in colour. The dunk, in this instar, is black and measures 02.90 to 03.00 mm. The larva feeds voraciously by scrapping on leaves but stops feeding some time before moulting to the next instar. Feeding and moulting period is shown in Table 2 and 3.
The second instar larva (Fig.1d) is also green in colour just as the first instar but the dunk changes to dark reddish black measuring 25.00- 35.00 x 03.40-04.20 mm. This instar persists for 73.00-77.00 hrs and moults to the third instar. Before moulting, the fully fed larva measures 36.20-45.00 x 04.50-06.00 mm. The hook like dunk in this stage is dark reddish black and measures 05.50-06.00 mm long and has a width of 00.35- 00.40 mm (Table 2 and 3). The legs develop minute black spots and this instar feeds on soft parts of branches in addition to leaves.
The third instar larva (Fig. 1e) is quite big in size, 50.00-55.00 mm x 06.30-06.50 mm when newly moulted and 57.00-60.00 mm x 06.60-07.00 mm when fully fed. The dunk also grows accordingly and measures 06.50-07.00 mm x 00.45-00.50 mm (Table 3). The body colour is green with light yellow ‘V’ shaped marks on the abdomen and minute tubercles laterally on the terga. Thus this instar looks plump, decorated with a pleasant mixture of soft colours. It voraciously feeds on the leaves and branches and almost
72
entire plant is denuded within 24 hrs. (Fig.10,p). It also feeds on pods. The third instar lasts for 74.40 to 77.30 hrs including the feeding (66.40 to 70.00 hrs) and moulting (06.40 to 07.30 hrs) periods (Table 5).
The fourth instar larva (Fig.1f) has the same body colour as the previous instar and measures 61.20-64.40 mm x 07.10-07.40 mm having a cylindrical shape. The dunk changes its colour to yellow and measures 08.00 mm x 00.52 to 00.60 mm in size (Table 2). The head looks like that of a grasshopper with blackish yellowgreen colour. One pair of spiracles is situated laterally on the thorax and seven pairs on abdomen (4" to 10" segments). The last pair of spiracles is seen on the 11° segment. There are seven sharply defined yellow oblique lateral stripes on segments 5 to 11, each stripe edged above with dark blue region, sharply defined at the common edge but diffuse dorsad. Dunk is canary yellow, true legs black, prolegs and claspers green and anal flap green edged with yellow. Spiracles are oval, yellowish white with a central black slit, the whole bordered with brownish-green. The fourth larval instar lasts for 44.40-48.00 hrs including the feeding period of 34.40-40.00 hrs and moulting period of 08.00-10.00 hrs (Table 5). The fully fed larva before moulting is of 65.00-73.00 mm x 07.60-8.00 mm size (Table 2). This instar is a voracious feeder of leaves and only one larva is enough to denude the whole plant.
The fifth instar larva (Fig.1g) is again a colourful plump cylindrical creature as the earlier stage and measures 74.20-75.50 x 08.20-08.70 mm. Full fed caterpillar measures 77.20-82.00 x 09.00-10.00 mm with dark yellow dunk of 08.00- 08.50 x 00.70-00.80 mm. The 5" instar larval duration is 68.00-78.30 hrs including the feeding and pre pupation period (Table 3 and 5).
Mehta and Verma (1968); Lefroy (1990): Rai et al. (2001); Atwal and Dhaliwal (2005); and Sharma and Choudhary (2005) observed that the full grown caterpillar is bright green in colour with light oblique yellow strips on each side and a horn like process on hind end of the body, which measures about 90-100mm in length and 1cm in width, coinciding with the present study.
Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
Cannibalism has been observed when the moth is reared in the laboratory and is quite frequent in the fifth instar, when more than one larva is reared in a Petri dish, one attacks the other (Fig.1h). The attack is made by the older larva. After some resistance the younger one is injured and fluid oozing out of the injured terga of thoracic region is sucked by the winner. Thereafter, the injured is completely consumed leaving only the head capsule along with the prothorax. Also, during moulting process, the exuviae are completely consumed by the moulted caterpillars.
The mean larval period varies from 19.75 to 19.99 days in field conditions. The larval period of first generations during 2004, 05, and 06 were 19.83+0.66, 19.99+0.51 and 19.75+0.19 days respectively (Table 4).
Larval period is usually long and may last two months or more reported by Mehta and Verma (1968); Lefroy (1990); Rai et a/, (2001); Atwal and Dhaliwal (2005) but Sharma and Choudhary (2005) reported it to be of 14-21 days, which is in agreement with the present study.
Pre pupa (Fig. 11), full-grown last/fifth instar larva stops feeding and burrows in 04.00-6.00 cm deep funnel in soil with head forwards. It forms an oral cell for pupation, shrinks in size and curves to a semilunar shape. Then abdominal and thoracic legs are lost and finally the head capsule is casted out and a pre pupa is formed. It is conical, dark yellowish green coloured measuring 40.00-41.00 x 05.00-05.30 mm (Table 3). The pre pupal duration varied in the three years of study and is found to be 78.00, 86.00 and 79.30 hrs for 2004, 05, and 06 respectively (Table 5).
At the end of this period a conical, soft, shining blood red coloured pupa is formed with two black eyes on the anterior end, which is the head region (Fig. 6j,k). Abdomen is distinctly marked in 9 segments, the terminal segment ending into a spine like structure. Sexual dimorphism can be seen in the pupa by the presence of genital and anal pores in the 8" and 9'" segments respectively in male and on 7" and 9" segments in the female. The pupal duration ranges from 14.00 to 23.00 days (Table 3). According to Lefroy (1990); Rai
Bioecology of Til Hawk Moth, Acherontia styx Westwood
al., (2001); Atwal and Dhaliwal (2005); Sharma and Choudhary (2005), the full grown larvae burrow about 15cm deep in the soil and form an oval cell for pupation. The pupal period lasts for 15-21days in summer, coinciding with the present study. Larval and pupal developmental period (A) is recorded to be 32.85-43.65 days (mean 38.12+1.89 days) (Table 3).
The Adult moths are large, robust thick set with a wing span of 34.90 to 39.90 mm. These moths are commonly known as hawk moth, sphinx moth or death’s head moth based on structural and behavioral characteristics. Adult hawk moths are also, called “robbers of honey” because they rob honey from honeycomb. The moths are swift fliers and often make hawk like darts to a source of light at dusk. The forewing of moth is decorated with a mixture of dark mottled brown and grey patterns with dark or black wavy markings and a prominent yellow spot on each wing. The abdomen is yellow in colour, hind wings are yellow greyish with black marks and large vertical line. The pro thorax carries a characteristic whitish and reddish brown mark, which appears like a human skull.
A pair of large, black and transparent eyes and a pair of spring like thin antennae are present on the lateral sides of head of both sexes. Male adults measure 30.00 to 30.02 mm (mean 30.00+0.0047 mm) in length and 34.00 to 35.02 mm (mean 34.90+0.21 mm) in width with an expanded wing (both wing span about 7 cm). Females are longer, being 37.05 to 38.00 mm (mean 37.72+0.24 mm) in length and 39.00 to 40.02 mm (mean 39.90+0.21 mm) in width with an expanded wing (both wing span about 8 cm) (Table 3). Males are smaller than the females. The sexes are identified by the presence of shiny greyish tuft on thorax with one pair of black dots in males. Females are larger in width and have shining reddish grey tuft like a human skull on the thorax (Fig.1m,n). Mehta and Verma (1968); Atwal and Dhaliwal (2005); Sharma and Choudhary (2005) have also recorded similar features in adults.
The adult emergence (B) percentage was 95 to 100, 98 to 100 and 92 to 100 (mean range 95 to 100 + 0.87 percent) during the 3 consecutive
73
years of study respectively. Moths emerged from pupae during night with male and female sex ratio of 1:1.
Male and female moths after emergence, rest for a while on branches and soil and then undertake short flights in search of food. Next night again, the male moths undertake flight, first in search of food for 2.00-4.00 hrs and then engage in characteristic high speed directed flights in search of pheromone plumes. During this time females are inactive, releasing pheromones only. Pre mating period has been recorded as 21.00 to 24.00 hrs (mean 22.70+1.13 hrs). The mating is complete within 00.07 to 00.10 minutes (mean 0.087+0.0057 minutes) as shown in Table 3.
After mating, the pre oviposition period is 11.00 to 15.00 hrs (mean 12.45+1.53 hrs). Oviposition period (egg laying time) ranges between 24.00 to 36.00 hrs (mean 27.60+4.73 hrs.) with post oviposition period of 01.50 to 03.00 days (mean 02.12+0.46 days). During oviposition period the female moth lays eggs singly on the leaves. Eggs are laid in early mornings only. Fecundity per females has been found to be 05.00 to 08.00 eggs (mean 06.49+0.72) during all three seasons of study (Table 3).
Longevity of males and females ranged from 02.00 to 03.00 days (mean 02.56+0.16 days) and 03.00 to 05.00 days (mean 3.76+0.39 days) respectively (Table 3).
Growth index (B/A) was found to be 02.79 to 02.38, 02.27 to 02.65 and 02.49 to 02.17 in three consecutive years respectively (Mean range 02.27 to 02.64+0.078).
Total Life span of adult from egg laying to adult stage was completed in 38.92 to 39.14 days during all three seasons of study (Table 4). One generation was completed during August to October each year of study. Similar, results were reported by Mehta and Verma (1968): Atwal and Dhaliwal (2005); and Sharma and Choudhary (2005).
Nature and extent of damage: Maximum percent damage to flowers caused by larvae of Acherontia was 31.6% during late September (38" standard meteorological week) and minimum (3.8%) at begining of September (34 S.M.W.) (Fig. 2).
74 Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
The percent damage of flower is positively negatively correlated with the minimum correlated with the maximum temperature but temperature, relative humidity and rainfall (Table1).
_ | |
(e) (f) Fig. 1: (a) Eggs of Acherontia styx Westwood (b) Neonate larva (c) First instar larva (d) Second instar larva (e) Third instar larva (f) Fourth instar larva
Bioecology of Til Hawk Moth, Acherontia styx Westwood 75
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76
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Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
Jonesy on udensnisnusyiNsseNeUSEUSOUPLEILHUORIEPU POPLUcRCERUERUHCELENtOHROLLNA TRE MINSHNMANMMRI Hush
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Sa Plant damage
Per cent plant damage
— D << = @ — oe D oP)
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Fig. 2: Mean per cent damage of flowers caused by Acherontia styx
Bioecology of Til Hawk Moth, Acherontia styx Westwood 77
Table-1: Correlation coefficient between per cent damage of plant and weather parameters
‘Weather Parameters. a | : Acherontia larvae. MaximumTemperature (°C) | 0.840957* MinimumTemperature (CC) a ee 0.43453 at RelativeHumidity (%) | -0.85999
| Rainfall (mm) | 055669 |
*Significant@ 0.05 probability
Table-2: Mean*(+SEM) size of egg to larval stage of Acherontia styx Westwood during 2004-06
Matured
Young Neonate larva Full fed
Dunk
Young 1* instar larva Full fed Dunk
Young 2™ instar larva Full fed
Dunk
Young
3” instar larva Full fed Dunk Young
4" instar larva Full fed
Dunk
5" instar larva
Dunk
*Mean of 10 individuals
Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
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80 Halteres, Vol.2, 2010
References Atwal,A.S. and Dhaliwal, G.S. 2005. Pests of Oilseed Crops. Directorate of Extension, Ministry of Food & Agricultural Pests of South Asia and Their Agriculture, India.
Management. 229-231. Rai, H.S., Gupta, M.P. and Verma, M.L. 2001. Insect pests Biswas, G.C., Kabir, S.M.H. and Das, G.P. 2001. Insect pest of sesame and their integrated management. of sesamum (Sesamum indicum Linn.) in Indian farming 30-32. Bangladesh, their succession and natural enemies. Indian Journal of Entomology 63: 117- Sharma, S. and Choudhary, A. 2005. Introductory Agriculture 124. Entomology. New Delhi: Mahamaya Publishing House. Lefroy, H.M. 1990. Indian Insect Pest. New Delhi: Today & Tomorrows Printers and Publishers. Shingidae of the Eastern Palaearctic-Acherontia styx (Westwood, 1847). Accessed online at http:// Mehta, P.R. and Verma, B.K. 1968. Plant Protection. www.styx.htm (04/06/2007).
HALTERES—a peer reviewed journal (published by Organisation on Conservation and Biodiversity-CSBD) focuses on entomological research with the thrust areas: insect taxonomy/bio-diversity, biology, evolution, biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics, physiology and conservation etc.
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Halteres CONTENTS
Comparative study on improvement in Pollen Collection Technology Shazia Raja, Elizabeth Stephen Waghchoure, Rashid Mahmood, Ghulam Sarwar, Farida Iftikhar and Muhammad Sidddique INR iM ere eee cee ceo a as x a nme nah pay nec en svar sccsncirbcnssndesnanasueatsasauassesasararseussasaeseeceserasseasacs 1
Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas M. Nayyar Azim, Shabir Ahmad Reshi and Ajaz Hassan Rathet...........c:cssssssccsesscsnseceseneeseseeensnsessnsneeeeneneseneenssaeeessaeseessaeaeeenesaseesecssasseeasasasaeeesatanaees t
Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Macrophya Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Symphyta; Tenthredinidae: Tenthredininae) Ua en Pei CU RAIN Vee ce ec CEE cc ence ves okcal Siw guiKaairsndeivanesinnaaneuneynecaes4guacuanecuassussaanusavedessansessens 24
Lucilia calviceps Bezzi, new record from India (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with a revised key to Indian species Meenakshi Bharti & Hiromu Kurahashi...............s.sscscscsssesesessssssssssesssssesnescscsnenensscacscensseneneesansneneaeaesusnenenedseneneseneasaesessaeeuacsaeusesacacessueecaseneseseesenens 29
Impact of egg _ retention on walking behavior of Trichogramma_ chilonis (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae) Muhammad Shakeel, Ahmed Zia, Abid Farid and Zakir HUSSAIN............c:cccssessssssessssssesesssesessnssssscscasedsecssansesessssseesasaeeeesesaeenacacaseeeneaseeeaeataeesees 31
Role of honeybees and other insects in enhancing the yield of Brassica campestris var. sarson Apa R Rex Eh RE MIEN FM RU ENON CSE eo eee ae a ee eo eases ens eo SKM nase svakeaitacvovenensvarsenseccessesestessneeseeaeseroreas 35
Diversity of Aphidoidea in Rawalpindi Division (Punjab) Pakistan, with a list of host plant studied Ahmed Zia, Soaib Ali Hassan, Anjum Shehzadand Falak Naz...........:cccsssssssssssscsecseneneesseseesensessnsesceaenesassaenecssaassseetaesecseeaeaeeaeesseeaeensaeeas Fceeeee 38
Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Himalopsyche Banks (Trichoptera: Spicipalpia; Rhyacophilidae: Rhyacophilinae) IS te SAN RT RR Nc oe nau ee aed =e Cac aoe hss tah wah eaisi eno vetscsnsvobseNnoneeeneenensnenseneersonsracataess Sp eickwnareit’ 44
Influence of foraging rateand speed of Apis species (Hymenoptera) on Brassica campestris var. sarson pI en Ni Iced NNR TE CONN AIEN AUN Rc ec sons aS GH Nero cw See i cereus wasn ones eo Ta nnsoenoengennaaecnvaanescanracscuaneratsasasacoesssasossetoresers 49
SEM structure of mandibular sensilla in the carpenter ant, Camponotus compressus (Fabricius) (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) Deepak D. Barsagade, Dnyaneshwar B. Tembhare and Seema G. Kadu...............c:csscescecesssseeseneesessseeeseneeesseesseseaeeeesesaeeasseeateeseeesaeeaseasaeeataeees 53
Acontribution towards the insect fauna of Vadodara, Gujarat (India): The Order Hemiptera un POS MOAN nA MUON CAFR MN ODT eA) PN AA osc eae at eat co siya eb mee cece eu semea nico neste wv oen cadence saxGeeencesensneaeseranseeereenaennenscarenncensvaseaeaseaears 58
Natural parasitism of leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on vegetable crops in Kashmir (India) PEAESea Wa Pate AcANPAN Tica CHIEN ned ANVER FR. C= EX AG At on sccm ec ecnscxcaesonsannsnaxanunensesnsscnnconsneasensnnscorecncuanncncnaensesnsnaneeasensneasacesnueceaseaserasssensaseceesecacaesssesacecsssscacees 64
Bioecology of Til Hawk Moth, Acherontia styx Westwood Bean TOE TION ITO ea RATT PMN a RUNES eds Nt er eG aR aceon val nish ence dca an ctdenevnciamanienesupoanestiinnsaeanessetésneacaneaesarsenseess 70