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HAMPSTEAD HILL,

WORKS BY J, LOGAN LOBLEY, F.G.8.,

Professor of Physiography and Astronomy, City of London College.

^et*lcatet» bti "^^^miixi ^ermi^iffi^n to ^{» ^afc^ttj tijc ^iite of ^tttln*

In 8vo, tastefully printed on superior paper, and appropriately bound in cloth

extra, gilt. With Maps and numerous Illustrations on plate-paper.

Price I2S. 6d., post free.

MOUNT VESUVIUS.

* ^* As this work is the most valuable and co?nplete treatise upon Mount Vesuvitis,
and unequalled as a book of reference both for the scientist and the popular reader,
orders should be placed early with any bookseller.

" A SUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT TO POPULARISE THE SCIENCE OF GEOLOGY."

Recently Published. In Crown 8vo, cloth extra, price 2S. 6d., post free.

GEOLOGY FOR ALL

LONDON: ROPER & DROWLEY, ii, LUDGATE HILL, E.G.

keat's seat.

HAMPSTEAD HILL

3t6 structure, flDatcrial6, anb Sculpturiua

J.'^OGAN LOBLEY, F.G.S., &c.,

PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOGRAPHY AND ASTRONOMY, CITY OF LONDON COLLEGE ; AUTHOR OF
"mount VESUVIUS," "GEOLOGY FOR ALL," ETC.

THE FLORA OF HAMPSTEAD,

BY

HENRY T. WHARTON, M.A., M.R.C.S., F.Z.S., &€.

AUTHOR OF " SAPPHO," KTC.

THE INSECT FAUNA OF HAMPSTEAD,

BY

THE REV. F. A. WALKER, D.D., EE.S., F.E.S., F.R.G.S , &c •

AUTHOR OF "l'oRIENT," " NINE HUNDRED MILES UP THE NILE," ETC.

AND

THE BIRDS OF HAMPSTEAD,

J. EDMUND HARTING, F.L.S., F.Z.S. cScc. ^ y^ ^

AUTHOR OF THE BIRDS OF MIDDLESEX, ETC. f\^

g0nh0n X
ROPER AND DROWLEY, ii, Ludgate Hill, E.G.

1889.

^^i:ik\'

OB

uu

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Preface . ,. . . . . , . . n

HAMPSTEAD HILL:—

CHAPTER I.

THE ENVIRONS OF LONDON ...... I3

CHAPTER n.

HAMPSTEAD HILL ITS STRUCTURE . . . . . 19

CHAPTER HI.

HAMPSTEAD HILL — ITS MATERIALS — THE LONDON CLAY . . . 22

CHAPTER IV.

THE LONDON CLAY — ITS ORIGIN, EXTENT, AND (iEOLOGICAL POSITION . 28

CHAPTER V.

THE LONDON CLAY — ITS FOSSILS — ITS HISTORY . , • '35

CHAPTER VI.

THE LONDON CLAY — CONDITIONS OF ITS FORMATION • • • 43

CHAPTER VIT.

THE BAGSHOT SANDS ....•• 47

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VIII.

PAGE

HAMPSTEAD HILL — ITS SCULPTURING . . . . .52

CHAPTER IX.

HAMPSTEAD HILL ITS SUBSTRUCTURE . . . . .56

Well Sections in the Neighbourhood of Hampstead . . . 6i

Lists of Fossils from the London Clay of the Parish of Hampstead . 64

Bibliography of the Geology of Hampstead . . . .71

THE FLORA OF HAMPSTEAD .
THE INSECT FAUNA OF HAMPSTEAD
THE BIRDS OF HAMPSTEAD
POSTSCRIPT ....

75
81
87
98

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate L— Keat's Seat ....

„ II.— Map

„ HI.—" Jack Straw's Castle " (Summit of the Hill)

5, IV. — Old Houses in Church Row

,» V. — Hampstead Shells

„ VI.—" The Spaniards "

„ VII. — Section Across the Thames Valley

„ VIII. — Vale of Health

„ IX.— Vertical Section

Frontispiece
Opposite Page i6

22
28

32

40

44
52
56

PREFACE.

The recent great development of Hampstead as a residential
locality has made the well-known Middlesex hill really a part of
the metropolis. But although now joined to London, it still
possesses many of those charms of Nature usually sought much
further afield, and Hampstead Hill remains a happy hunting-
ground for the naturalist.

That London has within its borders an area where the Botanist,
the Entomologist, and the Ornithologist, as well as the Geologist,
may profitably pursue their favourite studies in the field, is a
remarkable fact ; and to draw attention to this interesting feature
of the great city, as well as to give the residents of Hampstead an
increased pleasure and an additional interest in their delightful
neighbourhood, is the object of the following pages.

The first section of this little book consists, with a few alter-
ations and additions, of the matter of a series of articles that
appeared in The Hampstead and Highgate Express, to the
courteous proprietor of which my thanks are due for permission
to reprint those articles, and for the use of some of the blocks
required for the illustrations.

I have also to thank the Council of the Geologists' Association
for allowing me to avail myself of the Geological Map of Hamp-
stead which appeared in the third volume of the " Proceedings "
of that Association, in illustration of a Paper by the late Mr.
Caleb Evans, F.G.S.

12 PREFACE.

It gives me much pleasure to acknowledge my great obligations
to Dr. Wharton, the Rev. Dr. Walker, and Mr. J. E. Harting for
very kindly furnishing me with their Lists of Hampstead Species,
which derive a value both from not having been previously pub-
lished and from the scientific position and long experience of their
Authors.

J. L. L.

City of London College,
August, 1889.

HAMPSTEAD HILL.

CHAPTER I.

THE ENVIRONS OF LONDON.

When an English summer brings glorious English summer
weather, which in some years, however, is slow in coming, the
thoughts of Londoners instinctively turn to almost every place
except their own wonderful town — to the sea-side, to the
" Lakes," to Scotland, to Wales, to Killarney or the splendid
coast of Wicklow, to the Rhine, to Switzerland — but still a
few who are not altogether Philistines have visions not so far
afield. To these there are sufficiently attractive charms in
Greater London, that belt of greenery and red brick encircling
the vast metropolis and wedding town to country with an
emerald and ruby ring.

On every side of London this magnificent environment
of the nation's capital is the wonder and delight of our north-
country cousins, whose too often grimy towns and smoke-
laden atmospheres seem as unfriendly to fine timber and
luxuriant foliage as Nature is supposed to be to a vacuum.
The wooded vales of Chislehurst, the heights of Norwood
with their crystal crown, the Surrey commons, and the oak-
studded glades of Richmond commanding the broad vale of

14 HAMPSTEAD HILL.

Thames rich with elm groves in alto relievo, the Castle Hill
of Ealing, the classic hill of Harrow, the minor but no less
beautiful Wembly and Dollis Hills, with Kingsbury's secluded
fields and ancient church and the finest lake in the south of
England lying between, all give to denizens of the great city
of the Thames spots of beauty close at home. Another sweep
of the wide circle holds in its embrace the grand old glades
of Greenwich and of Epping Forest, the green meadows and
slopes of Tottenham, Southgate, and Hornsey, with the spire-
crowned hill of Highgate sparkling with its mansions of the
olden time. But that which most adorns this splendid zone
of light and life is picturesque Hampstead. It connects the
two great sweeps of the circle and completes the whole ring
with a brilliant and worthy gem.

How lovable and enjoyable and comforting to the spirit
is such English scenery as that which encompasseth the great
city. Not so the cold and awful Alpine peaks of rock and
snow, nor the desolate and barren summits of our own mountain
regions. These are by all means to be seen and explored,
for the impressions they leave on the mind are deep and soul-
elevating, but they are scarcely scenes to pass a life-time
amongst, at least by Englishmen, who, doubtless, mentally
moulded by their habitual environment, are most content
where verdant vales and wooded gentle slopes delight the
eye and assure the mind of peaceful repose and comfortable
abundance. And who can see Hampstead itself without
admiring the neighbourly contiguity of its houses and their
picturesque groupings and settings, the opulent appearance
^nd beauty of its outer villas and mansions, and the luxuriant
foliage with which they are surrounded, and, above all, the
great open Heath, which, from its commanding position and
elevation, gives on one side a view of the town-filled valley of

THE ENVIRONS OF LONDON.

15

the Thames, and, on the other, a magnificent prospect of a perfect
country landscape. Well may the inhabitants be proud of their
town and its noble Heath.

The Heath, indeed, has a national importance, for it has
long been a place of healthful and invigorating recreation for
the people of London. To compare small things with great,
the hill mass of Hampstead with its heath-crowned summit
is as markedly prominent in Middlesex as is Switzerland in
Continental Europe, and, as a consequence, it may be said
that as that land of mountains has become the " playground of
Europe " in like manner is Hampstead, so to speak, the
playground of the English metropolitan district. But how
few of the multitudes of people, who every year visit Hamp-
stead and enjoy its breezy Heath, remember that their pleasure
and the beauty and characteristics of the place and its surround-
ings are due to the internal structure of the hill, and the character
of the ground below their feet.

MAP TO ILLUSTRATE THE GEOLOGY OF HAMPSTEAD.

A. — Bagshot Sands.

B. — Upper Sandy London Clay.

C. — London Clay (Main Bed).

— Jack Straw's Castle.

— Hampstead Heath.

— Well, Lower Heath.

—Child's Hill.

— Burgess Hill.

—Well Walk.

—Conduit Spring.

— Belsize Park.

— Shaft, North London Railway.

—West Heath.

— Flagstaff.

— Leg of Mutton Pond.

— Church Row.

14.— Vale of Health.

15. — Hampstead Ponds.

16.— North End.

17. — Piatt's Lane.

18.— West End.

19. — Frognal House.

20.— Oakhill Park.

21. — Parish Church.

22. — Shaft, Midland Railway,

23. — Haverstock Hill.

24. — Finchley Road.

25. — Brick fields.

26. — Kidderpore Hall.

27. — High Street.

28. — Roslyn Bank.

29. — Flask Walk.

30. — Downshire Hill.

31. — Willow Road.

Plate 11.

MAP TO ILLUSTRATE THE GEOLOGY OF HAMPSTEAD.
2

CHAPTER II.

HAMPSTEAD HILL — ITS STRUCTURE.

The hill of Hampstead and its structure, with its consequent
surface features and characteristics, are so interesting and in-
structive that the locality has become, as it were, classic ground
for London geologists, who have often assembled on the Heath
to listen to a dissertation on the ground beneath them. Dr.
Wetherell, Professor Prestwich, Professor Morris, Mr. Whita-
ker, and Mr. Caleb Evans, and other well-known geologists,
have made Hampstead the theme of numerous papers and
lectures. The last-named gentleman, the late Mr. Caleb Evans,
F.G.S., a resident of Hampstead, from his attentive observation
of every instructive section displayed in the district through
many years, was the acknowledged master of the subject. By
him and by the late Professor Morris, Hampstead Heath was
made enchanted ground, for both those genial teachers' greatest
pleasure was in imparting to youthful students, on the ground
itself, the knowledge of it they so richly* possessed. So in-
teresting and instructive, indeed, is Hampstead Hill, that few
places in England are more frequently referred to in illustration
of physiographical teaching in London schools, for here can be
seen an example and an illustration of clay and sand deposits,
of hills formed by circumdenudation, of valleys of erosion, of
outliers, of the cause of springs, of the formation of marshes,
and the sources of rivers, as well as of the dependence of plants

HAMPSTEAD HILL.

and vegetable growth upon the character of the ground beneath
the surface. How useful It would be if the German custom
of taking the pupils of schools out to see and study instructive
localities were followed in England. Not only would it be
immediately instructive, but it would promote habits of
observation of general educational value, and, at the same
time, greatly interest and delight the pupils, diversify, and
make more attractive their school life, and thereby give them
greater zest and energy for their general work and study.

But, although Hampstead is highly interesting and instruc-
tive, the structure of the hill Is very simple, since the whole
consists of only two great beds of material called " Formations,"
one lying on the other almost horizontally. The lower one,
which forms the great bulk of the hill, is an inimense mass of
clay, and the upper one, which forms the heath-covered summit,
consists of sands ; thus the whole hill is made up of clay and
sand.

The former of these two great beds, the clay, is part of
the main mass of the formation called the " London Clay,"
which extends eastwards from Hungerford, in Berkshire, to
the sea-coast at Harwich, and constitutes by far the greater part
of the extensive area formed by the two counties of Middlesex
and Essex. The other and upper of the two great beds, the
sand, is, on the other hand, a detached and outlying portion
of the formation called the " Bagshot Sands," the main mass
of which, as the name indicates, occupies the district around
Bagshot in Surrey, and forms the extensive barren heaths and
commons about that place, Woking, Aldershot, Frimley, and
Sandhurst, but not extending uninterruptedly further eastwards
than Chertsey and Weybridge.

The London Clay forms the whole of the ground of Hamp-
stead up to about 360 feet above sea-level, and supports the

ITS STRUCTURE. 21

Bagshot Sands which form the uppermost part of the hill, in-
cluding the area on which the higher portion of the town of
Hampstead stands. All the higher levels of the Heath are
consequently on the sand, the sterility of which was the cause
of so large a tract of land near the metropolis remaining un-
enclosed. Hence it is that the existence of the Heath and
its appropriation to the people for ever as a public recreation
ground, is the direct result of there being here a patch of
the Bagshot Sands capping the London Clay forming the mass
of the hill.

As the extreme elevation of the hill is 443 feet above
Ordnance Datum, the Bagshot Sands have here, consequently,
a maximum thickness of about 80 feet. The uppermost
beds of the London Clay, to the thickness of about 50 feet,
are sandy, becoming more so as the junction with the overlying
Bagshot beds is approached. There are therefore three more
or less distinct deposits: (i) the typical London Clay forming
the base and the great mass of the hill ; (2) the Upper
Sandy London Clay above, and (3) the sands of the Bagshot
Sands formation capping these and forming the summit of the
hill.

This simple structure of Hampstead Hill will be at once
seen from the diagram, Plate VH,, representing an ideal section
through the hill and across the valley of the Thames from the
Chalk Country of Bucks and Hertfordshire on the north to the
Chalk Downs of Surrey on the south.

CHAPTER III. -

HAMPSTEAD HILL ITS MATERIALS — THE LONDON CLAY.

Of the material of which the great bulk of Hampstead Hill is
composed, it will be necessary to speak somewhat in detail,
since, although its general features are commonly known from
the many excavations for building and other purposes which daily
reveal the stiff tenacious character of this great mass of clay,
yet its composition, peculiarities, and especially its extraordinary
and most suggestive contents, are not by any means so well
known as they ought to be. And there is one simple character
of importance that Is not at all revealed by ordinary excavations,
and that is its colour. This may seem a curious and unwarrant-
able assertion, but it is nevertheless true, since the colour of the
clay exposed in excavations that only penetrate the bed near the
surface is not the colour of the mass of the clay. The colour
usually seen is, as everybody knows, a yellowish brown, but this is
due to a change that has taken place from contiguity to the surface
which has allowed the oxygen of air and water to act on the
iron matter disseminated through the clay in a manner precisely
analogous to the familiar rusting of Iron by water or dampness.
Thus it is that only the uppermost beds are of the well-known
brown colour, while the deeper beds that have been protected
from this oxidizing Influence are of quite a different hue. The
true unaltered colour of this lower clay is a greyish blue, which

Plale in.

ITS MATERIALS— THE LONDON CLAY, 25

may be seen whenever a deep excavation or well-sinking pene-
trates to a considerable depth below the surface.

The change of colour produced by the complete oxidation
of disseminated ferruginous matter is conspicuously seen when
bricks or tiles made of blue clay are burnt, red or reddish bricks
or tiles being the result. The iron matter in the unaffected
deep clay is, however, an oxide, but only a first oxide, that
is, it is a compound of iron with less oxygen than it is capable
of combining with, and is hence called a protoxide, but the
compound that gives the brown colour is one in which there is
a larger proportion of oxygen and it is hence commonly called a
per-oxide. It has, moreover, in addition to the oxygen, a certain
amount of water combined with it, and so is called a hydrated
per-oxide. But when blue-clay bricks are burnt, the iron is
not only thoroughly oxidized, but is rendered anhydrous or devoid
of water, and this it is that produces the bright red, not brown,
colour which is the delight of modern architects and now so
much in favour, and perhaps nowhere more so than at Hampstead,
where in Fitzjohn's Avenue and in the new buildings of the
High Street we may always see a conspicuous illustration of
this interesting and beautiful chemical phenomenon.

The substance of the clay, as indeed of all clays, is a
compound of a very different character. It is none other than
a combination of the substance of sand, or silica, or quartz, the
same as rock crystal or ** pebbles," with an oxide of that very
light, silvery metal we know as aluminium. Thus it is that the
basis of the clay is alumina. Now, although aluminium is a
light, white metal, alumina is a mineral of the hardest and
most intractable character, the next hardest, indeed, to the
diamond. In its commoner form it is called corrundum, and
its powder emery, but, in its finest and brightest form, in its
apotheosis so to speak, it is none other than the ruby and the

26 HAMPSTEAD HILL.

sapphire. So we find that the substance of these splendid
gems of almost adamantine hardness, is the basis of the soft
and despised clay which, in wet weather at all events, we so
much dislike our feet to come in contact with. The pure
silicate of alumina is kaolin, a fine white clay called ** china-clay "
from being used for the manufacture of porcelain, and this,
when mingled with impalpable sllicious powder, with such
compounds of iron as have been mentioned, and with other
substances in a finely divided condition, and permeated
throughout with a certain amount of water, constitutes ordi-
nary clay ; and such is therefore the composition of the London
Clay of Hampstead.

But besides the substances that make up the body of the clay
itself, and only separable by chemical analysis or separately visible
by microscopic aid, there are some which form considerable
embedded masses, but quite separate and distinct from the clay,
and some in such quantities as to be of economic value. One
of these distinct substances appears in the form of large, roughly
circular masses, sometimes as much as three feet in diameter,
and of considerable thickness in the centre, but gradually
diminishing towards the circumference, thus forming bi-convex
lens-like bodies. These are called " septaria " or '* cement
stones," the latter name being given to them because they are
employed for the manufacture of the so-called *' Roman cement,"
which was so much used in pre-Ruskin days for stuccoing the
outsides of brick-built houses, their value for this purpose
being due to the material of which they are composed being
an admixture of calcareous and clayey matter. They are formed
by the natural concentration and aggregation of the calcareous
matter contained in the surrounding clay ; and, on account of
internal shrinkage, radiating fissures or cracks from the centre
with transverse minor cracks are produced, and these become

ITS MATERIALS— THE LONDON CLA V. 27

filled up by calc-spar deposited by its crystallization from
solution in water which has reached them by percolation from
the exterior. Septaria, therefore, on being cut through, present
a number of divisions bounded by sej>^a (hence the name) or
partitions of calc-spar, and the hard substance forming the mass
between taking a dull polish, some are available for small
ornamental table-tops.

Beautiful crystals of Selenite or crystallized sulphate of lime
are also very abundant in the more exposed portions of the
clay, where this substance is separated from the clay, or rather
produced, by a natural chemical process. The crystals are often
almost transparent, and sometimes perfectly so, frequently double,
and quite regular in form, and are usually in rhomboidal prisms
with bevelled sides. Selenite is the crystalline form of gypsum
and alabaster, and is much softer than calc-spar, which is the
corresponding crystalline form of carbonate of lime.

Iron Pyrites, a compound of sulphur and iron, although
not an abundant mineral in the clay of Hampstead, is so in
the London Clay of other areas, especially the Isle of Sheppey,
where, from the rapid destruction of the cliffs by the sea, it is
collected in sufficiently large quantities from the shore to supply
a manufactory of copperas. It frequently encrusts fossils, but
often quickly decomposes on exposure, and so destroys the
specimens. This mineral is very abundant in Nature, and
sometimes occurs in beautiful crystals, and so gold-like that they
are often eagerly secured under the belief that they contain
the precious metal. Iron Pyrites is, however, of little com-
mercial value, and is not used as an ore of iron.

During the progress of the Archway excavation at Highgate,
a curious soft resinous mineral was found in the London Clay,
and called " Highgate Resin," and from its resemblance to the
gum copal, '' Copaline."

CHAPTER IV.

THE LONDON CLAY — ITS ORIGIN, EXTENT, AND GEOLOGICAL

POSITION.

The London Clay, as a rule, is too stiff for ordinary brick-
making operations, but where it has been exposed to weathering
action for a long time it may be used for brick and especially
for tile-making. The Upper Sandy London Clay is, however,
extensively employed, as at the large brickyard below Caen
Wood. The ordinary clay is used at West Hampstead and at
Willesden Green, and a brickyard some years since was worked
at Child's Hill. Brick Earth of the Thames Valley, a much newer
deposit than the London Clay, is, however, the usual material
employed at the brick-works near London.

The primary origin of clay is to be found in the decomposition
of the felspar composing in part granitic and other felspathic
rocks, by the action of the carbonic acid gas of the atmosphere,
but a knowledge of the conditions of the accumulation of any
particular bed of clay forming, in whole or in part, what is known
as a "geological formation" can only be approached by attention
being given to the organic remains found embedded in it, and by
an acquaintance with its geographical extension and relative
position to other formations. Though the London Clay bears
that name on account of its constituting so much of the district
around the metropolis, it has a much greater extension than the
neighbourhood of London or even of the Thames Valley.

Plate IV.

OLD HOUSES IN CHURCH ROW,

THE LONDON CLAY. 31

The London Clay is an important member of the Tertiary or
newest of the three great divisions of the Sedimentary rocks. In
England the Tertiary rocks (clays and sands are '' rocks " in
geology) occupy now two distinct areas, separated by a con-
siderable distance from each other. These areas are called
" Basins " from the beds having an inclination from both sides
of the area towards the interior, and thus we have the " London
Basin " and the " Hampshire Basin." The latter includes the
southern portion of Hampshire and the northern portion of the
Isle of Wight, and is separated by the Chalk area between Win-
chester and Basingstoke from the London Basin which extends
eastward from the foot of the Marlborough Downs, both south
and north of the Thames, to the sea, and, broadening eastwardly,
it forms a more or less triangular area between the Chalk of
Hampshire, Surrey, and Kent on the south, and the Chalk of
Bucks, Herts, and Suffolk on the north.

The whole of the Tertiaries are divided into the Eocene, or
lowest and oldest, the Miocene, the Pliocene, and the Post-
Pliocene, the uppermost and newest, and the London Clay is a
# member of the lower division of the Eocene group of strata.
The lowermost formation of the Eocene in England is called the
Thanet Sands, and reposes on the Chalk the uppermost of the
Secondaries. The Thanet Sands are followed by the Woolwich
and Reading Series, and in Kent by the Oldhaven Beds. Over-
lying these formations, which are collectively named the Lower
London Tertiaries, is the London Clay, a much more considerable
deposit than either of the others. This vast accumulation of
argillaceous matter extends, as before stated, from Hungerford in
Berkshire to the German Ocean, its most eastern point being at
Harwich, its greatest southern extension is near Canterbury, and
its most northern at Sudbury on the northern border of Essex,

32 HAMPSTEAD HILL.

It occupies parts of Berkshire, Hampshire, Surrey, and Kent,
forms almost the whole of Middlesex, and by far the greater part
of Essex.

Thus we see that the clay of Hampstead Hill is by no means
an isolated mass, but that it, is merely an elevated portion standing
above the general level of the present surface of a very extensive
formation, the whole of which must therefore have been produced
by deposition in one sea and during one epoch of time.

Plate V.

VOLUTA.

Nautilus.
(Greatly reduced.

Cassidaria.

ROSTALLARIA.

Pectunculus

Triton.

HAMPSTEAD SHELLS.

{Fossils from the London Clay.)

All the above figures except that of the Nautilus are drawn from specimens taken from the clay
of Hampstead by the Author.

3

CHAPTER V.

THE LONDON CLAY — ITS FOSSILS — ITS HISTORY.

About fifty years ago a few young men, ardent naturalists and at
the same time sociable and friendly, as ought always to be the
case with lovers of Nature, formed the " London Clay Club," and
devoted themselves not merely to convivial suppers but also to
the study of the great bed of clay on which London stands and
especially to that of its fossils. The late Professor Morris, the
first occupant of the Goldsmid Chair of Geology at University
College, was one of the little band, so was Dr. Bowerbank of
fossil-sponge fame and founder of the Palceontographical Society,
and so was Dr. Wetherell of Highgate. To the last-named
gentleman all geologists and naturalists are greatly indebted for
what we know of the ** life of the period," as geologists say, that
is, of the creatures that lived at the time that the London Clay
was being deposited at the bottom of the sea, for during the time
Dr. Wetherell lived at Highgate the Archway Road was formed,
and, this cutting through the hill at the level of the most fossil-
iferous zone of the London Clay, was the cause of a very large
number of fossils being disinterred.

With assiduous care the Highgate member of the London
Clay Club collected and preserved every fossil he could obtain
from the Archway cutting, not only by his own hands, but also
by stimulating the friendly aid of the workmen, who were
delighted to keep for "the doctor" every shell and every frag-

36 HAMPSTEAD HILL.

ment of organism that pickaxe and spade revealed. Thus have
been preserved for the instruction of future generations (the
collection is now safe practically for all time in the British
Museum) the remains of the animals that lived where London
now stands, long before those Alpine peaks we call " the ever-
lasting hills " were in existence.

These animals were all marine ; they all lived in a salt-water
sea such as washes the London Clay shores on the coast of
Essex to-day. And that sea must have continued receiving
muddy sediment during an immense period of time, for the
accumulated mass was 500 feet thick.

The present thickness of the London Clay varies very much,
local thinning being due to eroding or denuding agencies that
have taken away to the sea by means of rain, streams, and rivers,
from areas which are now comparatively low-lying, the greater
portion of the original thickness. Besides, however, local
thinnings, there is a general diminution of the thickness of the
deposit towards the west. The greatest thickness occurs in the
Isle of Sheppy, where it is found to be about 470 feet. At
Hampstead, where the London Clay is overlain by the next
succeeding formation, the Bagshot Sands, there is presumably the
full original thickness of the deposit in the Middlesex area, and
it is here about 400 feet thick.

The data given by the details of the sections exposed by
wells that have been sunk in various parts of the district show
clearly that the thickness depends upon the elevation above sea-
level, and that therefore the thinning process has taken place on
the top, and, consequently, has been due to denudation, or the
wearing away of the surface by weathering action, which at a few
points has spared portions of the next newer deposit, and so the
original thickness of the London Clay at those places is shown.
Thus at Whitaker's Brewery, Camden Town, the London Clay

THE LONDON CLAY— ITS FOSSILS—ITS HISTORY. 37

is 140 feet thick ; at Camden Town Station (L. & N. W. R.),
144 feet; at the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, 155 feet;
at Cricklewood, 2 1 2 feet ; and at the old well at the bottom of
the Lower Heath, 289 feet.

At Hampstead Heath, at Harrow, and at High Beach in
Essex, remnants of the Bagshot Sands form the summit of the
land, and hence at these points the full thickness of the London
Clay in those districts remains^jr At the Crystal Palace, Sydenham,
the whole of the once overlying Bagshot Sands has been taken
off, but a portion of the uppermost bed of the London Clay, the
Upper Sandy London Clay, caps the hill, so that had Sydenham
Hill not been worn down quite so much it would have had at the
summit a patch of Bagshot Sands like Hampstead Hill.

Since the London Clay forms a member of the Tertiaries
of the Hampstead Basin, it may be safely concluded that it has at
one time extended over the Chalk area lying between the two
Tertiary Basins. There has therefore been a continuous bed of
the London Clay from Harwich to the Isle of Wight, where
portions may be seen in White Cliff and Alum Bays. But that
was not its extreme extent by any means, for it is represented on
the other side of the Channel, in France, near Dieppe, and also in
the neighbourhood of Dunkirk, while some beds in the Belgian
area appear to be of the same age, and were doubtless deposited
in the same sea.

What changes in the geography of this part of the European
area are told to us by this superficial glance at the extension of
the London Clay ! for it tells of continuous continental land with-
out the English Channel, without the straits of Dover, without
the white cliffs of Albion, and without the Solent and Spithead to
insulate the Isle of Wight. But it tells much more than this and
of an earlier epoch. It tells of the time when the whole of the
area it now occupies was sea, and from its utmost extension

38 HAMPSTEAD HILL.

we learn the minimum extent of the sea in which It was de-
posited.

And still more even than this may be learned, from the fossils
which are embedded in it, of geographical changes. For, since
they show the kind and character of the organic life of the
London Clay sea, so also do they indicate clearly to us the
general climatal conditions of the area of the sea ; or, in other
words, they tell us whether the sea was a warm one or a cold
one.

The London Clay furnishes an abundant and interesting fossil
Fauna, and a less abundant but still interesting fossil Flora. The
fossil Flora, or assemblage of plant remains, is almost exclusively
confined to the Isle of Sheppey area, where large quantities of
fruits have been found fossil. The fruits have evidently been
similar to those now growing on the banks of tropical rivers, and
which at certain seasons almost cover the surface of their waters.
Many species have been described by Dr. Bowerbank from the
Sheppey London Clay, but the genus best represented greatly
resembles the Nipa, so abundant on the banks of the Ganges,
and is therefore called Nipadites. The , inference from the abun-
dance of these remains of land plants in the Isle of Sheppey,
and their limitation to that area, is that in that neighbourhood
debouched a river, which, after running through lands covered
with palms and other tropical vegetation, brought the fruits which
had fallen on its surface to the sea, to the bottom of which they
in due course sank and so were embedded in the accumulating
sediments.

The fossil Fauna of the London Clay, though abundant, is
subject to remarkable restrictions, both as to area and vertical
position. Thus the higher Classes, those having backbones, or
the Vertebrata, the reptiles and fishes in fact, are almost exclusively
confined to the Kentish area, while the distribution of the lower

THE LONDON CLAY— ITS FOSSILS— ITS HISTORY. 39

Classes, those without backbones, the Invertebrata, or what are
commonly, though very incorrectly, called ** shell-fish," to which
nearly all the fossils of the Hampstead area belong, is thus
described by Professor Prestwich : " It would appear that although
a great proportion of the fossils range at intervals vertically
throughout the London Clay, yet their development is very
different in different zones, being abundant in some, and scarce
in others, whilst each zone is further marked by a few charac-
teristic species ; thus forming distinct, although nearly related
groups."

The Vertebrata consist chiefly of reptiles and fishes. So
numerous are the remains of turtles in the London Clay of
Sheppey that no less than seven species have been described,
although only two species are now known to be living in all the
seas of the globe. In the class of fishes, eighty-eight species are
recorded from the Sheppey area and only six or seven from
the Hampstead district. Many of these were quite similar in
character to fishes now living though not the same in specific
detail.

Of all the localities in the Middlesex area, Highgate, as has
been intimated, has proved by far the most prolific of organic
remains. The very large number of 180 named and described
species were obtained from the Archway excavation by Dr.
Wetherell. These were disentombed from a bed about 130 feet
below the level of the summit of the hill, doubtless the same bed
which has proved to be prolific of fossils at Hampstead but
probably lower than the Sheppey zone. This bed was cut into
in 187 1, when a sewer was being constructed along a portion
of the Finchley Road at Child's Hill. Mr. Caleb Evans obtained
sixty species from this excavation. He described the beds as
consisting of a yellowish clayey sand, to the depth of 12 feet,
with few fossils, but passing down first into a dark-grey clayey

40 HAMPSTEAD HILL.

sand and then into a sandy clay, at the base of which was ordinary
stiff clay. In the sandy clay fossils were in great abundance,
but of these a few species very largely predominated. By far
the most abundant were a Valuta and a small bivalve shell, a
PeclMnadus. I myself, in a very short time — less than half an
hour — obtained from this excavation over a hundred of these
shells. Though not found at this spot the beautiful Nautilus
shell is characteristic of this zone, and was conspicuous at High-
gate. From this it will be seen that this fossiliferous bed is at
about 130 feet below the summit of the Heath, ot* about 300 feet
above sea-level.

An excavation in high ground near Child's Hill, in 1866, was
also described by Mr. Evans. Here the base beds of the Bagshot
Sands gradually became more clayey and contained a great
amount of water. Lower down these beds passed into the sandy
clay containing again the Voluta and the Pectunculus in great
numbers. This sandy clay extended along Piatt's Lane and the
Finchley Road nearly to New West End. Between Child's Hill
and North End the sewers traversed the water-bearing stratum,
but at one spot, in the swampy ground by the " Leg of Mutton
Pond," the fossiliferous bed was reached. Mr. Evans writes : '' A
similar succession of strata was seen in 1862 in drainage works in
Frognal Lane. The upper part of this exposure showed the
yellow Bagshot Sand at Frognal House. Lower down the lane,
near the entrance to Oak Hill Park, the dark-grey sand was seen,
and at the corner of the lane leading to the Parish Church and
near the Priory, the sandy clay." Let us hope that there are
many residents in Hampstead who will emulate the habit of
observation and the single-minded desire to record facts of Nature
which Mr. Evans so markedly possessed.

Plate VI

CHAPTER VI.

THE LONDON CLAY — CONDITIONS OF ITS FORMATION,

Of our children who pick up shells on the sea-shore and bring
them home to Hampstead as trophies of their, to them, great
but delightful travels and adventures, how few there are who
know that sea shells are in the clay on which their homes are
built. But the Hampstead shells are like those they only see
in the sea-side shop, and cannot find with all their industrious
search on the beach below, for they are similar to the beautiful
West Indian shells so temptingly displayed for sale, and thus
these shells teach the interesting fact that warm climatal condi-
tions prevailed during the formation of the clay of Hampstead,
for living volutes and nautili we know are only to be found in
tropical or sub-tropical seas. This conclusion is confirmed by
the remarkable fossils of the Isle of Sheppey. The many
remains of turtles there found, together with the abundance of
fossil tropical-like fruits have led some to the conclusion that
torrid conditions obtained, but the small size of the volutes and
other warm sea shells seem to indicate rather a moderately
warm or sub-tropical sea, but certainly one much warmer than
that which now washes the shores of the British Islands.
Although not a very deep sea, there is reason for supposing
it to have had a depth that would allow of a considerable
variation of temperature, and have much warmer water where
shallow near the shore than at its greater depths, by which

44 HAMPSTEAD HILL.

both sub-tropIcal and temperate marine creatures might find
waters of the temperature they required.

The warmer cHmate of this area at the period of the forma-
tion of the London Clay has formed the subject of much
discussion, and various ways of accounting for it have been
suggested. Some suppose a change in the position of the
earth's axis, some a greater heat of the sun ; but it should be
remembered that changes of geographical outlines of land and
sea produced by those slow and long-continued upward and
downward movements of the earth's surface, which, in some
region or another, have always been going on, will account for
much climatal alteration. By supposing a sea closed to all
northerly currents of cold water, and open to the south-west
by which it would receive the full benefit of those warm flows
from the mid-Atlantic which even now raise the temperature
of the water on our southern and western coasts, we may easily
account for a very considerable increase of temperature at a
particular epoch.

Plate VI r.

9UM0Q apjoj^.

^ morp^jy

'mcrj[o^ ^pxisAlg.

9num(j^ ud/ny

5 '"mn

if) qyv^sfhuv]^

t3i

^

|Vi

'^nr^A T^-j^g:-

&muj^

<u 4) 0) aj CQ
HE-HH

;^ i

6-- ^

rt P^ a, 2 3 '-•

<u ^ a; o <u 1!
^ ^ ^ g

CHAPTER VII.

THE BAGSHOT SANDS.

It is now time, however, to say something of the sands which
give so marked a character to the summit of the hill. They
are so well and conspicuously displayed, and therefore so well
known, that a description of their appearance is scarcely neces-
sary. Their prevailing colour is yellow of various shades, but,
like the clay, they undergo a change in this respect with ex-
posure to weather — not, however, by increased oxidation, but by
having their colouring matter removed. The yellow sand is
coloured, as is, indeed, all brown and red sand, by each grain
being coated over by a thin film of iron-oxide, the grain itself
being a particle of white quartz or colourless rock-crystal ; in
each case, however, silica — a grain, in fact, which is a fragment
of some old granitic or quartz-bearing rock or quartz rock itself,
some quartz vein, or some previously existing bed of sand or
sand-stone. When, therefore, this thin film or coat of colour-
ing matter is worn off, or taken off by exposure to the weather,
the sand becomes white or whitish. In some places there is
sufficient iron-oxide to cement the sand together into a ferru-
ginous concretion, producing irregular-shaped masses of varying
hardness. Occasionally, too, some thin clayey seams are to be
found interstratified with the sands. The grains themselves
are more or less rounded or sub-angular, as it is termed, giving
evidence of some amount of wearing action on a sea-shore.

48 HAMPSTEAD HILL.

It is stated that a fragment of a fossil shell was found in
a ferruginous concretion in the sands at Hampstead, but with
this exception there is no record of organic remains having
been found in these beds, and this is quite in accordance with
the unfossiliferous character of the sands of the same age in
other areas. By remains of organisms, therefore, the sands do
not afford evidence of the climatal conditions under which they
were deposited, though they themselves tell us something of
the geographical changes that were occurring in this part of
the world at the time of their deposition and immediately pre-
ceding it, but the fossils and position of clay and limestone
beds of similar age in England and abroad reveal to us a w^on-
derful story.

Grains of sand are much larger and heavier individually
than the particles forming clay, and consequently sink to the
bottom of water in which both may be suspended earlier,
and therefore in the sea nearer to the shore than the very
minute clay particles. Hence these sands were deposited in
shallower water than the clay below, and, as they are in the same
area, it is evident that the sea bottom must have risen between
the clay period and the sand period, and that this elevation
of the sea bottom and consequent shallowing of the sea was
gradual is told by the upper beds of clay becoming more and
more sandy until the sands, pure and simple, are reached.
Thus we read and learn from the simple fact of the sands of
Hampstead being above the clay of Hampstead, the geo-
graphical changes that took place in this area long long
before history began to be written.

The sands on the Heath have been excavated for a long
period for economical purposes, and consequently the old
natural level has not been preserved. An enormous amount
of sand has thus been artificially removed from the north-west

THE BAGSHOT SANDS. 49

side, giving a much lower level than that of the summit-road,
and leaving some of the older trees standing on isolated mounds
with the roots in many cases exposed. The picturesque clumps
of Scotch firs which have attained large dimensions, attest the
suitability of these trees to the ground on which they grow so
well, while the oak and elm are to be looked for on the lower
levels where clay and sandy clay form the subsoil.

As has been previously stated, the capping of sands on
Hampstead Heath is an outlying patch of the Bagshot Sands,
quite cut off from the main mass of the formation which occu-
pies an extensive area in Surrey, Berks, and Hants. The
Bagshot Sands are everywhere very sterile, and are chiefly
covered , with heaths and commons and pine-woods. They
give to us those extensive wastes round about the junction
of the three counties just named that have been found so
useful for military and other purposes requiring large areas of
ground of little or no agricultural value.

The " Hampstead Oudier," as it is called, is one of the
best examples of an outlier since it is so distinct from the
surrounding beds, so limited in area and so well exposed. Its
presence, besides marking the top of the maximum thickness
in this area of the underlying London Clay, indicates the
original extension of the great sheet of the Bagshot Sands
to the north side of what is now the Thames Valley, and the
amount of denudation that has taken place between this point
and the Surrey beds, by which the present levels and form of
the ground of the London area have been produced.

From this it is seen that in the middle of the Thames Valley
about 400 feet thickness of solid material has been removed
to form the present bed of the river. The amount of material
removed lessens as the northern or southern boundaries of the
Thames Valley are approached, and at Hampstead, Highgate,

4

50 HAMPSTEAD HILL.

and Harrow, we find the relative level of the previously con-
tinuous and far-extending sheet of super-imposed and over-
lying Bagshot Sands.

Hampstead is not, however, a portion of the northern
boundary of the Thames Valley, but a hill which, with the
adjoining one of Highgate, forms a hill-mass standing within
the great Thames Valley some distance to the south of the
bounding ridge, and, having evidently been the result of denu-
dation on all sides, forms a good example of a hilly mass left
standing above the surrounding country by circumdenudation.

The Bagshot Sands generally constitute the middle division
of the English Eocene Tertiaries, which is represented by most
important massive and wide-spreading rocks on the continent
of Europe and in Asia and Africa, for to the Middle Eocenes
belong the well-known Paris building-stone, the Calcaire gros-
sie7% extensive beds in India and the Nummutitic Limestone of
Egypt used by the builders of the Pyramids. And as rocks of
later age form portions of the Alps as high as 5,000 and
6,000 feet above the level of the sea, as well as large portions
of the Himalayas, the highly-interesting and important fact is
ascertained that the sands of Hampstead Heath and, indeed,
all the materials of Hampstead Hill were deposited before the
most prominent features of the present surface of the Old World
came into existence.

On the surface of the highest part of the Heath, near the
Spaniards, will be found some rounded pebbles, thought to be
remnants of gravels similar to those which lie on the hill-tops
on the north of Middlesex, and named by Mr. Whitaker '' Pebble
Gravel." They are doubtfully attributed to glacial action, and
deemed to be the oldest of the Glacial Deposits. One or two
patches on the northern side of the hill have been referred to
the Glacial Period, but, with these possible exceptions, the Glacial

THE BAGSHOT SANDS. ^i

sands and clays seem to have been denuded from the Hampstead
area. Undoubted Glacial beds occupy extensive areas in the
neighbourhood of Finchley and Hendon, and at Muswell Hill, and
on the west at Ealing.

CHAPTER VIII.

HAMPSTEAD HILL — ITS SCULPTURING.

Subsequent to the Glacial Period, the extensive denudation
occurred that completed the excavation of the great Thames
Valley, as well as that of the subsidiary and lateral valleys of
the Brent, the Yedding, and the Colne, In the middle and west
of Middlesex, and of the Lea on the eastern side of the county.
The land in this district was thus left sculptured as we now see It,
with Hampstead, Highgate, and Harrow Hills standing In the
midst, and preserving remnants of the great sheet of Bagshot
Sands.

The sculpturing produced by water action Is beautifully seen
around the Heath. From the summit, valleys radiate to the
north-west, to the south-west, to the south-east, and to the east.
Each of these valleys gives rise to springs in its upper part
by the outflow of water from the base of the sands, consequent
upon the stoppage of vertical percolation by the impervious clay
beds below. From these outflows of the water of the summit-
sands are produced sources of a feeder of the Brent, of the
Bayswater and Westbourne, and of the Fleet River. Of these
streams the affluent of the Brent Is the only one now flowing
along its original natural channel, which may be seen below
the Leg of Mutton Pond, forming a very beautiful example
of a "valley of erosion."

Just below the junction of the Bagshot Sands and the London
Clay, and on the area occupied by the Upper Sandy Clay, will be
found in the valley on the West Heath commencing below the
flag-staff, near Jack Straw's Castle, and opening out to the north-

Plate VIII.

fcuo

HAMPSTEAD HILL— ITS SCULPTURING. 55

west some marshy ground. This has recently been partly
drained, and so deprived, to some extent, of its natural character,
to the great regret of many naturalists, but still, especially in the
winter, a true river source is well exemplified. The drainage of
the uppermost part of this valley is collected in the Leg of
Mutton Pond, and afterwards passes on through the miniature
valley of erosion before-mentioned to feed the Brent. The old
Bayswater and Westbourne stream had its source in the south-
west or Oak Hill and Frognal valleys, and the sources of the
Fleet on the south-east now supply the Vale of Health Pond
and the ponds on the Lower Heath.

Besides the streams above-named, the sands of the Heath
supply by their drainage the water for several well-known springs,
which issue on the town side of the hill and mark the uppermost
level of the clay. The Conduit Spring near to Rosslyn Bank was
long known as a source of good water, but is now injured by the
shaft of the railway tunnel. The chalybeate spring near Well
Walk has been famous since the beginning of the last century.
The chalybeate character of the water is due to the iron oxide of
the sands through which the water percolates. It has now but a
very small flow, yet the chalybeate impregnation of the water
is still very decided. The occurrence of springs or outflows of
water round the hill will therefore serve, where no exposure of
the beds are to be seen, to determine the approximate position of
the junction line between the pervious Bagshot Sands and the
underlying London Clay. It follows also that dampness of
foundations at a high level, a cause of surprise to many, will be
easily accounted for by the geological conditions and structure of
the hill. This important line of junction may, however, be
actually seen at various points where exposures of the lower strata
of the sands occur, notably at North End, at Oak Hill Park, and
at the brickyard between Hampstead and Highgate.

CHAPTER IX.

HAMPSTEAD HILL ITS SUBSTRUCTURE.

Regarding Hampstead Hill as standing on a base loo feet
above Ordnance Datum, its substructure or foundations, so to
speak, for i,ooo feet in depth is a composite one, as is shown by
the vertical section (Plate IX.). There is first the lower portion of
the already-described London Clay with its basement bed, 400
feet, then the Woolwich and Reading Beds below of 60 feet, with
the underlying Thanet Sands of 30 feet thickness. Below all
these beds lies the great Chalk formation, having here a total
thickness of about 650 feet, but divisible into the Upper Chalk
with flints, 250 feet ; the Lower Chalk without flints, 340 feet ;
and the Chalk Marl, 60 feet. At the base of the Chalk series
there is a comparatively thin bed of 20 feet, called the Upper
Greensand, and this rests upon the Gault Clay, which makes up
the remainder of the 1,000 feet of strata underlying the base
of Hampstead Hill.

The Woolwich and Reading Beds are very variable, but yet
display in the western, or Reading, area a decided difference of
character from that of the beds in the eastern, or Woolwich, area.
This difference is sufficiently distinct and important, since it
indicates a geographical difference of conditions of deposition, to
justify the use of the two names, Woolwich and Reading, for the
designation of the formation as a whole. The fossils of this

Plate IX.

Hampstead-heath.

Bagshot Sands

London Clay

Woolwich and Reading Series
Thanet Sands

Upper Chalk with Flints

Lower Chalk without Flints

Chalk Marl
Upper Greensand

•'r-

^:^^:^^'

TIIZSIZ

j^Xu

T±f^.

Gault.

80 feet.

400

60 ,,
30 „

250

340

60 „

20 ,,

VERTICAL SECTION UNDER HAMPSTEAD HEATH.

(Showing the formations from th^ Surface to the Gault.)

ITS SUBSTRUCTURE. 59

series clearly lead to the conclusion that the material forming the
beds was deposited under both marine and estuarine conditions,
the latter prevailing in the eastern area, where, at Charlton, near
Woolwich, river and estuarine shells may be found in great
abundance ; so abundant, indeed, are they, that some beds are
almost entirely composed of them.

Although the Thanet Sands are purely marine in origin, they
were deposited in a small sea, and have a very limited extension.
Thickest in the east (in the Isle of Thanet — whence their name),
they gradually thin out to the westward, and do not seem to
extend further in that direction than to the neighbourhood of
Ealing. There are not many exposures of these beds on the
north of the Thames ; but on its southern bank at Charlton, Erith,
and Upnor, they are well seen showing, by artificial sections — the
sands being extensively worked for iron-casting purposes —
exposures of buff-coloured loamy sands 70 or 80 feet thick.

The very important Chalk formation, which has a maximum
aggregate thickness of upwards of 1,000 feet, and an extension in
England from Dorsetshire to the Forelands and from the South
Coast to Flamborough Head, is of such a remarkable character
that much could be said about its origin, its composition, and its
structure. It may, however, suffice for these pages to state that
it is a great accumulation of calcarious matter formed by minute
animals that lived in a deep and open sea, such as the present
Atlantic Ocean, in which it has been ascertained that a similar
deposit is now being formed.

This Chalk underlying the Tertiary beds below Hampstead
Hill, as will be seen from the section (Plate IX.), is not only con-
tinuous with the chalk of Watford and Hertfordshire on the
north, but also with the chalk of Croydon and Surrey on the
south. Dipping to the south, it extends quite under the valley of
the Thames, and then, gently rising, comes to the surface at

6o HAMPSTEAD HILL.

Croydon, thus forming a basin in which repose the later-formed
Lower London Tertiaries and the still later London Clay.

Underlying the whole of the Chalk, the Upper Greensand and
the Gault extend quite comformably, as geologists say ; that is,
they have the same angle and direction of dip, and are conse-
quently parallel with the Chalk above. The former of the two,
the Upper Greensand, though in the main sandy, has some
valuable beds of stone, partly calcareous, called " Fire-stones."
The green grains giving the name ** Greensand " consist of a
silicate of iron.

A more important formation is the Gault, which has a thickness
in some places of 200 feet, and, being a fine, blue clay, is largely
worked, where it is at the surface, for the manufacture of tiles and
red bricks.

It is the basin-like extension of the porous, and therefore
water-bearing and water-yielding, Chalk overlying a great bed of
impervious clay (the Gault), and covered by a great bed of im-
pervious clay (the London Clay), that constitutes this formation
the great reservoir of water available for the supply of the
inhabitants of the Thames Valley whenever wanted ; and it is this
geological structure of the valley of the Thames that gives the
conditions necessary for the formation of those " artesian wells "
which at present furnish so easily and so continuously an
abundant supply of the purest water to our great breweries and
other large manufactories. The water of the concave porous
chalk strata lying between the impervious beds of clay rises freely
in borings at places lower than the level of the super- saturation of
the chalk where that. rock forms the surface, and where it receives
the water from the rainfall of Hertfordshire, Kent, and Surrey.

WELL SECTLONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD.

6i

WELL SECTIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF HAMP-

STEAD.^

The following measured sections obtained by well-sinking will
show the ascertained thickness of the beds below eight points in
the neighbourhood of Hampstead. By far the most important is
the Kentish Town section, obtained by a boring for water for the
New River Company, which gives the thickness of the beds to a
depth of 1,302 feet. A summary of the details of this section,
taken from Professor Prestwich's paper in the Quarteidy Journal
of the Geological Society, vol. xii., gives the following measure-
ments as arranged by Mr. Whitaker : —

Kentish Town Well.

Surface of the ground 174 feet above Thames High Water Mark.
Shaft 539 feet, the rest bored.

London Clay ....
Woolwich and Reading Beds
Thanet Sands ....
Chalk with Flints (Upper Chalk) .
Chalk without Flints (Lower Chalk)
Chalk Marl ....

Upper Greensand ....

Gault

Sands, Sandstone, Clayey Sands, Clays, and Conglo-
merates of doubtful age, prevailing colour red .
Lower Greensand (?)

Total

Ft.

In

236

0

61

6

27

0

244

6

341

0

59

3

13

9

130

6

^Z^^

From the " Geology of the London Basin," by WiUiam Whitaker, B.A., F.G.S.

62

HAMPSTEAD HILL.

Camden Station, London and North- Western Railway.
Ordnance Datum. Sunk i8o feet, the rest bored.
of 150 feet below the ground.

About 100 feet above
Water rose to a height

Made Ground

London Clay

Woolwich and Reading Beds ....
Thanet Sands

Ft. In.

18 0
144 0

64 0
8 0

To Chalk

In Chalk

234 0
166 0

Total

Camden Town, Whitaker's Brewery.

London Clay ....
Lower London Tertiaries . .

To Chalk . . ....

400 0

Ft. In

140 0
70 0

210 0

Cricklewood, near Hampstead. 157 feet above Trinity High Water Mark
Water level about no feet down.

Ft. In

Loam and Gravel ....

13 0

London Clay

212 0

Plastic Clay . . . .

45 0

Thanet Sands . . . . . '

21 0

To Chalk .....

291 0

Hampstead, Lower Heath.
320 feet, the rest bored.

About 230 feet above Ordnance Datum. Sunk

London Clay, 289 feet :

Brown Clay ........

Blue and dark brown Clay with septaria .
Clay sandy and with vegetable remains .
Basement Bed, Rock with green grains and many
fossils ........

Ft. In.

30 o

170 o

84 o

5 o

WELL SECTIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD. (^t,

Lower London Tertiaries, 89 feet : . Ft. In.

Plastic Clay ........ 40 o

Sand . . . . . . . . . 49 o

Thin bed of flints.

To Chalk . . • 378 o

Hard Chalk 40 o

Soft Chalk, with water . . . . . . . 40

Hard Chalk, no water 28 o

Total ........ 450 o

Haverstock Hill, Orphan Working School. About 170 feet above Ordnance
Datum. Shaft 230 feet, the rest bored. Water rose to 196 feet below the
surface.

London Clay

Woolwich and Reading Beds

Thanet Sands . . . . .

To Chalk

KiLBURN Brewery. Water rose to within 150 feet of the ground.

Ft. In.

Blue London Clay ....... 235 o

Mottled clay, pebbles, and sand . . . . 45 o

To Sand Spring 280 o

Regent's Park, Zoological Gardens. ? 128 feet above Trinity High Water Mark.

Ft.

In,

223

0

61

0

28

0

312

0

London Clay

Reading and Thanet Beds

To Chalk .

Ft.

In.

155

0

69

0

224

0

64 HAMPSTEAD HILL.

LISTS OF FOSSILS FROM THE LONDON CLAY OF THE
PARISH OF HAMPSTEAD.^

The following Lists of Fossils (except that of the Child's Hill
species) have been compiled from the "Geology of the London
Basin," by Mr. Whitaker ; the papers in the "Transactions" and
" Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society," by Professor Prest-
wich ; the " Monographs of the Palseontographical Society," by
Professor Bell, Charles Darwin, F. E. Edwards, Professor Rupert
Jones, and Searles V. Wood.

I have also taken advantage of the recently completed splendid
arrangement of Type Collections of Mr. Wetherell and Mr.
Edwards in the British Museum, facilities for the examination of
which have been very kindly afforded me by the chiefs of the
Geological Department, Dr. Woodward and Mr. Etheridge. My
especial thanks are due to these gentlemen for giving me access
to the MS. records of the British Museum not hitherto published,
from which many of Mr. Edwards's species have been obtained.

The Child's Hill list is from an examination of the collection
of the late Mr. Caleb Evans, together with MS. records which
have been most kindly placed at my disposal by his brother, Mr.
John Evans. These records have been of service also in the
completion of the Haverstock Hill list.

The nomenclature of the Foraminifera is the most recent and
given on the authority of Messrs. Sherborn and Chapman, " Journal
Roy. Micro. Soc," series 2, vol. vi.

^ From "The Geology of the Parish of Hampstead," by J. Logan Lobley, F.G.S.,
&c., in the "Transactions of the Middlesex Natural History Society" for 1886-7.

LISTS OF FOSSILS

65

Upper Sandy London Clay.

Fossils from Child's Hill. (With the exception of Ophiura WetherelH, from
excavation for sewer in Finchley Road near Burgess Hill.)

Cephalopoda.
Nautilus sp.

Gasteropoda.
Actason simulatus, Sow.
Buccinum labiatum, Sow.
Bulla constricta.
Calyptrsea trochiformis. Lam.
Cancellaria Iseviuscula, Sow.
Cassidaria nodosa, Brand.
Conus concinuus, Sow.
Dentalium sp.
Fusus asper, Sow. (?)
„ bifasciatus, Sow.
„ complanatus, Sow.
„ Iseviuscula, Sow.
„ pseudo-porrectus.
„ trilineatus, Sow.
Murex coronatus, Sow.

„ cristatus, Sow.
Natica labellata, Lam.
Pleurotoma abnormis, Edw.
denticula, Bast,
fasciolata, Edw.
parilis, Edw.
teretrium, Edw.
Wetherelli, Edw.
Pyrula Greenwoodi, Sow.
Ringicula turgida, Sow.

Rostellaria lucida, Sow.

Scalaria sp.

Solarium canaliculatum, Lam.

Triton argutus.

Turritella imbricataria, Lam.

Voluta nodosa, Sow.

Lamellibranchiata .
Astarte rugata, Sow.
Avicula media, Sow.

„ papyracea. Sow.
Cardium nitens, Sow.
Cytherea tenuistriata, Sow.
Modiola depressa, Sow.

,, elegans, Sow.

„ subcarinata. Lam.
Nesera inflata, Sow.
Nucula compressa, Sow.
Panopaea intermedia. Sow.
Pecten corneus. Sow.
Pectunculus decussatus, Sow.
Pinna affinis, Sow.
Solen affinis, Sow.

Brachiopoda.
Lingula tennis. Sow.

Echinodennata .
Ophiura Wetherelli, Forb.
Spatangus sp.

Main Bed of the London Clay.
Fossils from the Lower East Heath. (Well sinking for Water Company.)

j Bulimus ellipticus, Sow.
I Cancellaria laeviuscula, Sow.
5

Gasteropoda.
Actseon simulatus, Sow.

66

HAMPSTEAD HILL.

Cyprsea oviformis, Sow.
Dentalium anceps, Sow.
„ nitens, Sow.
Pleurotoma Koninckii, Nyst.
„ Selysiij De Kon.
„ simillima, Edw.

„ terebralis, Lam.

Pyrula Greenwoodi, Sow.

„ nexilis, Lam. (?)
Rostellaria lucida, Sow.
Scalaria reticulata, Sow., not Brand.
Solarium patulum. Lam.
(?) Voluta nodosa, Sow.

Lamellibranchiata.
Anomia scabrosa, Wood.

„ tenuistriata, Desh.
Area impolita. Sow.

„ nitens, Sow.
Astarte rugata, Sow.
Avicula arcuata, Sow.
„ media, Sow.
„ papyracea, Sow.
Cardium nitens, Sow.
Corbula Regulbiensis, Mor.
Cryptodon angulatum, Sow.
Leda amygdaloides, Sow.

„ partim-striata, Wood.
Modiola depressa, Sow.

„ elegans, Sow.
Nucula Bowerbankii, Sow.
„ compressa, Sow.
„ similis. Sow.
„ Wetherelli, Sow.
Panoaepa intermedia. Sow.
Pecten corneus, Sow.

„ duplicatus, Sow.
Pectunculus decussatus, Sow.
Pinna affinis. Sow.
Teredo antenautae, Sow,

Brachiopoda.
Lingula tenuis, Sow.
Terebratulina striatula, Sow.

Polyzoa,
Cellepora.

Crustacea.
Cythere (?) barbata, Sow.
Pollicipes (?)

Scalpellum quadratum, Darwin.
Xanthopsis Leachii, Desm.

Annelida.
Vermilia crassa. Sow.

Echinodermata .
Cidaris Websteriana, Forb.
Pentacrinus subbasaltiformis, Mill.
„ Sowerbyi, Weth.

Actinozoa.
Dasmia Sowerbyi, M. Edw.
Graphularia Wetherelli, M. Edw.

Foraminifera.
Clavulina (Textularia) communis, d'Orb.
Cristellaria (Nodosarina) cultrata, Montf.
„ „ Italica, Defr.

„ „ rotulata, Lam.

Dentalina Buchii.

„ communis, d'Orb.
„ elegans, d'Orb.
„ spinulosa, Mont.
Marginulina Wetherelli, Jones.
Miliolina (Quinqueloculina) triangularis,

d'Orb.
Nodosaria Badensis, d'Orb.
„ raphanistrum, Linn^.
„ raphanus, Linne.
Planorbulina Akneriana, d'Orb.
„ Ungeriana, d'Orb.

„ Haidingeri, d'Orb.

Pulvinulina Boneana, d'Orb.
Trochamm inaincerta, d'Orb.

LISTS OF FOSSILS

67

Fossils from Haverstock Hill.

Cephalopoda.
Nautilus centralis, Sow.

„ (Aturia) zic-zac, Bronn.
Gasteropoda.
Actaeon simulatus, Sow.
Bulla sp.

Cancellaria laeviuscula, Sow.
Cassidaria carinata, Lam.
Cerithium Charlesworthii, Prest.

„ Londinense, Edw. MS.
Conus concinuus, Sow.
Dentalium acuticosta, Desh.
„ bisiphonatum, Edw.

„ subcaniculatum, Edw.

Euliraa angustior, Edw. MS.
Fusus bifasciatus, Sow.
„ coniferus, Sow.
„ interruptus, Sow.
Natica labellata, Lam.
Pisania dubia, Edw. MS.
Pleurotoma dissimilis, Edw.

„ teretrium, Edw., var.

culata, Edw.
Pyrula Greenwoodi, Sow.

„ Smithii, Sow
Rissoa ?

Rostellaria lucida. Sow.
Scalaria antiqua, Edw. MS.
„ perforata, Edw. MS.
„ sororcula, Edw. MS.
Solarium canaliculatum. Lam.
Voluta elevata, Sow.
„ nodosa, Sow.
„ Wetherelli, Sow.
Lamellibranchiata.
Anatinella tenerima, Edw. MS.
Anomia scabrosa, S. Wood.

(Excavation for Tunnel of the Midland Railway.)

Area impolita. Sow.

„ nitens. Sow.
Astarte rugata. Sow.
Avicula media, Sow.

„ papyracea. Sow.
Cardium semigranulatum, Sow.
Corbula globosa, Sow.
Cyprina planata, Sow.
Leda amygdaloides. Sow.

„ partim-striata. Wood.
Neaera inflata. Sow.

„ triradiata, Brit. Mus. Cat.
Nucula Bowerbankii, Sow.

, Wetherelli, Sow.
Ostrea gryphovicina, Wood.
Pecten corneus. Sow.

„ duplicatus. Sow.
Pectunculus decussatus. Sow.
Pholadomya margaritacea. Sow.
Pinna affinis. Sow.
Syndosmya splendens. Sow.
tuber- Tellina sublavis, Edw.
Teredo antenautae, Sow.

Brachiopoda.
Terebratulina striatula, Sow.

Crustacea.
Hoploparia sp.
Xanthopsis sp.

Annelida.
Ditrupa sp.
Vermicularia Bognoriensis, Mant.

Echinodermata.
Hemiaster Branderianus, Forb.
Pentacrinus subbasaltiformis. Mill.

Actinozoa.
Dasmia Sowerbyi, M. Edw.
Leptocyathus elegans, M. Edw.

68

HAMPSTEAD HILL.

Stephanophyllia discoides, M. Edw.
Turbinolia Prestwichii, M. Edw.
Websteria crisioides, M. Edw.

Fora?nintfera.
Dentalina communis, d'Orb var.

„ spinulosa, Mont.
Marginulina similis, d'Orb.
Miliolina (Triloculina) trigonula, Brit. Mus.

Miliolina (Quinqueloculina) sp.
Nodosaria consobrina, d'Orb.

„ pauperata, d'Orb.

„ raphanistrum, Linnd.

„ raphanus v. zippii, Reuss.

„ soluta, Reuss.
Textularia carinata, d'Orb.

Fossils from Primrose Hill.

Aves.
Sternum of a small wader.

Reptilia.
Trionyx sp.

Pisces,
Lamna elegans, Agassiz.
Otodus obliquus, Agassiz.

Cephalopoda,
Nautilus centralis, Sow.
„ regalis, Sow.
„ Sowerbyi, Weth.
„ Urbanus, Sow.
„ (Aturia) zic-zac, Bronn.
Gasteropoda.
Actaeon crenatus, Sow.
„ simulatus, Sow.
Aporrhais Sowerbyi, Mant.
Bulimus ellipticus. Sow.
Bulla attenuata, Sow.
Cancellaria laeviuscula, Sow.
Cassidaria nodosa, Brand.

„ striata, Sow.
Cerithium Charlesworthii, Brest.

„ Londinense, Edw. MS.
Chemnitzia sp.
Cypraea oviformis, Sow.
„ Wetherelli, Edw.

(Excavation for Tunnel of the London and North-
western Railway.)

Dentalium anceps. Sow.

Eulima subulata, Sow., not Mont.

Fusus bifasciatus. Sow.

„ carinella, Sow.

„ coniferous. Sow.

„ curtus, Sow.

„ interruptus, Sow.

,, regularis. Sow.

„ trilineatus. Sow.

„ tuberosus. Sow.
Metula juncea. Sow.
Murex cristatus. Sow.
Natica labellata. Lam.
Nerita globosa. Sow.
Ovula (?) antiqua, Edw.
Phasianella (?).
Phorus extensus, Sow.
Pisania lineatissima, Edw. MS.

„ dubia, Edw. MS.
Pleurotoma acuminata, Edw.
„ denticula. Bast.

„ helix, Edw.
„ teretrium; Sow.

Pyrula angulata, Edw.

„ Smithii, Sow.

,, tricostata, Desh.
Rissoa (?).

LISTS OF FOSSILS

69

Rostellaria lucidia, Sow.

Scallaria reticulata, Sow., not Brand.

Sigaretus canaliculatus, Lam.

Solarium patulum, Lam.

Triton fasciatus, Edw.

Turritella imbricataria. Lam.

„ scalaroides, Sow. (?)
Typtus muticus, Sow.
Voluta elevata. Sow.

„ protensa. Sow.

,, trfcorona. Sow.

„ Wetherelli, Sow.
Lamellibranchiata.
Anomia tennistriata, Desh.
Area impolita, Sow.

„ nitens, Sow.
Astarte rugata. Sow.
Avieula areuata. Sow.

„ media. Sow.

„ papyracea, Sow.
Cardium Plumsteadiense, Sow.
Corbula globosa, Sow.
Cryptodon angulatum, Sow.
„ Goodhallii, Sow.
Cyprina planata, Sow.
Leda amygdaloides, Sow.
„ minima, Sow.
„ oblata, Wood.
Modiola elegans. Sow.
Nesera inflata. Sow.
Nucula Bowerbankii, Sow.

„ Wetherelli, Sow. ,

Pecten duplicatus.
Pholadomya margaritacea. Sow.
Pinna affinis, Sow.
Protocardium nitens, Sow.
Syndosmya splendens, Sow.
Teredo antenautse, Sow.
Verticordia sulcata. Sow.

Brachiopoda.
Terebratulina striatula, Sow.

Polyzoa.
Flustra crassa, Desm.
Nidulites sp.

Crustacea.
Archseocarabus Bowerbankii, M'Coy.
Dromilites Lamarckii, M'Coy.
Hoploparia Belli, M'Coy.
Thenops scyllariformis, Bell.
Trachysoma scabrum, Bell.
Xanthopsis Leachii, Desm.

Annelida.
Ditrupa plana. Sow.
Serpula prismatica. Sow.

„ trilineata. Sow.
Vermicularia Bognoriensis, Mant.

Echinodermata.
Pentacrinus Oakshottianus, Forb.
„ subbasaltiformis, Mill.

Actinozoa.
Dasmia Sowerbyi, M. Edw.
Graphularia Wetherelli, M. Edw.

Fossils from other Places in the Parish.

Gasteropoda.
Bulla sulcifera, Edw. MS. ; Hampstead

Railway.
Cassidaria striata, Sow. \ Belsize.

Cassidaria sulcaria, Desh. ; Hampstead

Tunnel.
Dentalium bisiphonatumj Edw. ; Hamp^

stead Railway*

70

HAMPSTEAD HILL,

Dentalium subcaniculatum, Edw. ; Hamp-
stead Railway.

Litiopa primseva, Edw. ; Hampstead Rail-
way.

Murex subcoronatus, d'Orb ; Kilburn.

Phorus extensus, Sow. ; Belsize Lane.

Pleurotoma fasciolata, Edw. ; Kilburn.
,, teretrium, Edw. : Kilburn.

Pleurotoma taeniolata ; Kilburn.
Pyrula angulata, Edw. ; Belsize Lane.
Voluta nodosa, Sow. ; Kilburn.

Lamellibranchiata.
Nucula compressa, Sow. ; Hampstead
Tunnel.
„ lamellata, Edw. MS.; Hamp-
stead Railway.

Basement Bed of the London Clay.
Fossils from Lower Heath. (Well sinking.)

Pisces.
Otodus teeth.
Fish scales.

Gasteropoda.
Aporrhais Sowerbyi, Mant,
Natica labellata, Lam.
Pleurotoma sp.

Lamellibranchiata.
Cardium Laytoni, Mor.

„ nitens, Sow.
Cytherea obliqua, Desh.
Nucula sp.
Panopaea intermedia, Sow.

In addition to the species included
from " Hampstead

Gasteropoda.
Aporrhais Margarini, De Kon.,

speciosa.
Bulla decollata, Edw. MS.
Cancellaria aveniformis, Edw. MS.
Cerithium suturale, Edw. MS.
Chrysodomus fasciatus, Edw. MS.
Euthria nanatiphora, Edw. MS.
Ficula subangulata, Edw. MS.
Murex subcristatus, d'Orb.
Pisania lineatissima, Edw. MS.
„ transversaria, Edw. MS.
Pleurotoma crassa, Edw.

)j helix, Edw., var. rinca.

„ symmetrica, Edw.

in the above Lists the following are recorded as
," locality not further specified.

var.

Pleurotoma terebralis, Lam., var. concinna,
Edw.
„ terebralis, Lam., var. ditropis,

Edw.
„ teretrium, Edw., var. crebri-

linea, Edw.
„ teretrium, Edw., var. nanodis,
Edw.
Scalaria cylindrica, Edw. MS.
„ cymsea, Edw. MS.
,, reticulata, Sol., var. depressa,
Edw. MS.
Solarium pulchrum, Sow., var. primsevum,
Edw.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GEOLOGY OF HAMPSTEAD. 71

Lamellibranchiata.
Astarte tenera, Morris, var. Hampsteadi-
ensis, S. Wood.

Astarte filigera, Edw.
Corbula pisum, Sow.
Nucula consors, S. Wood.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GEOLOGY OF HAMPSTEAD.

Geological Survey of England and Wales :

Memoirs, vol. iv.. The Geology of the London Basin. By-
William Whitaker, B.A.
Guide to the Geology of London and the Neighbourhood. By

William Whitaker, B.A., F.G.S.
Map — Sheet, " London and its Environs."
Horizontal Section, Sheet 79.
Proceedings of the Geologists Association :

On the Geology of Hampstead, Middlesex. By Caleb Evans.

Vol. iii., p. 21.
On a New Section of the Upper Bed of the London Clay.

By Caleb Evans, F.G.S. Vol. ii., p. 283.
Reports of Excursions to Hampstead. Vol. ii., p. 40 ; vol. iii.,

p. 67; vol. iv., p. 155; vol. v., p. 160; vol. X., p. 148.

By Caleb Evans, F.G.S., and J. Logan Lobley, F.G.S.
Geological Society, Quarterly Journal :

On the Thickness of the London Clay ; on the Relative Position

of the Fossiliferous Beds of Sheppey, Highgate, Harwich,

Newnham, Bognor, &c. ; and on the Probable Occurrence

of the Bagshot Sands in the Isle of Sheppey. By Joseph

Prestwich, Jun., F.R.S., F.G.S., &c. Vol. x., p. 415.
On the Boring through the Chalk at Kentish Town. By Joseph

Prestwich, F.R.S. Vol. xii., p. 124.
On the Pebble Beds of Middlesex, Essex, and Herts. By Searles

V. Wood, F.G.S. Vol. xxiv., p. 464.

72 HAMPSTEAD HILL.

Proceedings of the Geological Society :

On the Hydrographical Basin of the Thames. By the Rev. W.

D. Conybeare. Vol. i., p. 145.
Observations on the London Clay of the Highgate Archway.

By N. T. Wetherell. Vol. i., p. 409.
On Ophiura found at Child's Hill to the N.W. of Hampstead.
By N. T. Wetherell.
Transactions of the Geological Society :
Observations on a Well dug on the south side of Hampstead
Heath. By N. T. Wetherell. Series 2, vol. v., p. 131.
Transactions of the Middlesex Natural History Society :
The Geology of the Parish of Hampstead. By J. Logan Lobley,
F.G.S., F.R.G.S., &c., 1886-7, p. 64.
Philosophical Transactions, 1792, p. 115:

Description of Kilburn Wells and Analysis of their Water. By
J. S. Schmeisser.
London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine, series 3, vol. ix., p.
462 :
Observations on some of the Fossils of the London Clay, and
in particular those Organic Remains which have been recently
, discovered in the Tunnel for the London and Birmingham Rail-
road. By Nath. Thomas Wetherell, Esq., F.G.S., M.R.C.S.
Magazine of Natural History, series 2, vol. ii., p. 625 :
Highgate Resin. By N. T. Wetherell.

The Ground Beneath Us. By Joseph Prestwich, London.
The Topography and Natural History of Hampstead. By J. J.

Park (1818).
View of the Agriculture of Middlesex, 2nd ed. Account of Soils,

Wells, &c. By J. Middleton (1813).
An Account of the Neutral Saline Waters recently discovered at

Hampstead. By T. Goodwin (1801).

THE FLORA OF HAMPSTEAD

By henry T. WHARTON, M.A., M.R.C.S., F.Z.S., &c. '

In this list of the plants known to occur in the district, the
authorities for the names are omitted, since the order and nomen-
clature of " The London Catalogue of British Plants " (8th ed.,
1886) are followed throughout. Varieties are not noted, as they
have never been sufficiently worked out. Hence one plant.
Ranunculus aquatilis, stands under its old name. Trimen and
Dyer's ** Flora of Middlesex" (1869) has been freely used.
Doubtful plants are passed over. Collectors extirpate rarities,
but Maiantkemtim grows abundantly in a certain part of Caen
Wood. There is still much left for conscientious investigators to
add. Out of the 1,760 Phanerogams enumerated in " The London
Catalogue," only 455 species appear in this list.

RANUNCULACEiE

Berberide^ :

Anemone nemorosa.

Berberis vulgaris.

Ranunculus

aquatilis (varieties un-

Nymph^ace^ :

determined).

Nuphar luteum.

hederaceus.

Nymphaea alba.

sceleratus.

Pap AVERAGES :

Flammula.

Papaver Rhoeas.

auricomus.

Chelidonium majus.

acris.

FUMARIACE^ :

repens.

Fumaria officinalis.

bulbosus.

Crucifer/e :

arvensis.

Nasturtium officinale.

Ficaria.

„ sylvestre.

Caltha palustris.

„ palustre.

74

HAMPSTEAD HILL.

Barbarea vulgaris.
Cardamine amara.

„ pratensis.

„ hirsuta.
Erophila vulgaris.
Cochlearia Armoracia.
Sisymbrium officinale.

„ Alliaria.

Brassica nigra.
„ Sinapis.
), alba.
Capsella Bursa-pastoris.
Senebiera Coronopus.
Lepidium ruderale.

„ campestre.
Raphanus Raphanistrum.

ViOLARIEiE :

Viola palustris.
„ odorata.
„ sylvatica.
„ tricolor.

POLYGALEiK :

Polygala vulgaris.

CARYOPHYLLEiE :

Lychnis diurna.

„ Flos-cuculi.
Cerastium quaternellum.
„ semidecandrum.
„ glomeratum.
„ triviale.
Stellaria media.

„ Holostea.

,, graminea.

„ uliginosa.
Arenaria trinervis.

„ serpyllifolia.
Sagina procumbens.
Spergula arvensis.
Lepigonum rubrum.

PORTULACE^ :

Montia fontana.

HYPERICINEiE :

Hypericum perforatum.
„ quadrangulum.

„ humifusam.

„ pulchrum.
Malvace^ :

Malva moschata.
„ sylvestris.
„ rotundifolia.

TiLIACEiE :

Tilia vulgaris.

LiNEiE :

Linum usitatissimum.

GERANIACEiE :

Geranium molle.

„ pusillum.

„ dissectum.

„ Robertianum.

Oxalis Acetosella.
Ilicine^ :

Ilex Aquifolium.

CELASTRINEiE :

Euonymus europaeus.

RHAMNEiE :

Rhamnus Frangula.

SAPINDACEiE :

Acer Pseudo-platanus.
,, campestre.
Leguminos^e :

Genista anglica.
Ulex europseus.

,, nanus.
Cytisus scoparius.
Ononis repens.
Medicago lupulina.
„ maculata.

Trifolium pratense.

THE FLORA OF HAMPSTEAD.

75

Trifolium medium.
„ arvense.
„ repens.
„ procumbens.
Lotus corniculatus.

„ pilosus.

Ornithopus perpusillus.

Vicia hirsuta.

„ Cracca.

„ sepium.

Lathyrus Nissolia.

„ macrorrhizus.

Rosacea :

Prunus communis.
„ Avium.
„ Padus.
Spiraea Ulmaria.

Rubus Idseus (varieties not distin-
guished).
Geum urbanum.
Fragaria vesca.
Potentilla Fragariastrum.
„ Tormentilla.
„ reptans.
„ Anserina.
Alchemilla arvensis.
Poterium Sanguisorba.
Rosa canina.

„ arvensis.
Pyrus torminalis.
,, Aria.
„ Aucuparia.
„ communis.
„ Malus.
Crataegus Oxyacantha.

SAXIFRAGEiE :

Saxifraga tridactylites.
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium.

Droserace/e :

Drosera rotundifolia.
Halorage/e :

Callitriche vernalis.
„ hamulata.

LVTHRARIEiE :

Lythrum Salicaria.
Peplis Portula.
Onagrarie^ :

Epilobium hirsutum.

„ parviflorum.

„ montanum.

„ tetragonum.

„ obscurum.

„ palustre.
Circaea lutetiana.
Cucurbitace^. :

Bryonia dioica.
Umbellifer-<e :

Hydrocotyle vulgaris.
Sanicula europaea.
Apium nudiflorum.
„ inundatum.
Sison Amomum.
Sium erectum.
.^gopodium Podagraria.
Pimpinella Saxifraga.
Conopodium denudatum.
Anthriscus sylvestris.
^thusa Cynapium.
Angelica sylvestris.
Heracleum Sphondylium.
Caucalis Anthriscus.
Araliace^e :

Hedera Helix.

CORNACEiE :

Cornus sanguinea.

CAPRIFOLIACEiE ;

Adoxa MoschateUina.

76

HAMPSTEAD HILL.

Sambucus nigra.
Viburnum Opulus.
„ Lantana.
Lonicera Periclymenum.

RUBIACE^ :

Galium verum.
„ Mollugo.
,, saxatile.
„ palustre.
„ uliginosum.
„ Aparine.
Asperula odorata.
Sherardia arvensis.
Valeriane^e :

Valeriana dioica.
„ officinalis.
DiPSACE^ :

Dipsacus sylvestris.

„ pilosus. :
Scabiosa succisa.
„ arvensis.
C0MPOSIT.E :

Eupatorium cannabinum.
Solidago Virgaurea.
Bellis perenne.
Gnaphalium uliginosum.
„ sylvaticum.

Bidens cernua.

„ tripartita.
Achillea Millefolium.

„ Ptarmica.
Anthemis nobilis.
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum.

„ Parthenium.

Matricaria inodora.

„ Chamomilla.
Tussilago Farfara.
Senecio vulgaris.
„ sylvati

Senecio erucifolius.
„ Jacobaea.
„ aquaticus.
Arctium minus.
Carduus nutans.
Cnicus lanceolatus.
„ palustris.
,, arvensis.
Serratula tinctoria. ,
Centaurea nigra.

,, Cyanus.

Lapsana communis.
Picris hieracioides.

„ echioides.
Crepis virens.
Hieracium Pilosella.
,, murorum.

„ vulgatum.

„ umbellatum.

„ boreale.

Hypochaeris radicata.
Leontodon hirtus.
„ hispidus.

„ autumnalis.

Taraxacum officinale.
Lactuca muralis.
Sonchus oleraceus.
„ asper.
„ arvensis.
Tragopogon pratensis.
Campanulace^ :

Jasione montana.
Campanula rotundifolia,

VACClNIACEiE :

Vaccinium Myrtillus.
Ericace^ :

Calluna Erica.
Erica Tetralix.
„ cinerea.

THE FLORA OF HAMPSTEAD.

n

Primulace^ :

Primula vulgaris.

„ veris.
Lysimachia vulgaris.

„ Nummularia.

„ nemorum.

Anagallis arvensis.

OLEACEiE :

Fraxinus excelsior.

Ligustrum vulgare.
Apocynace^ :

Vinca minor.
Gentiane^ :

Erythraea Centaurium.

Menyanthes trifoliata.

BORAGINE^ :

Cynoglossum officinale.
Symphytum officinale.
Myosotis caespitosa

„ palustris.

„ arvensis.

„ versicolor.

CONVOLVULACEiE :

Calystegia Sepium.

SOLANACEiE :

Solanum Dulcamara.
„ nigrum.

SCROPHULARINE^ :

Verbascum nigrum.
Linaria Cymbalaria.

„ vulgaris.
Scrophularia aquatica.

,, nodosa.

Limosella aquatica.
Digitalis purpurea.
Veronica hederaefolia.

„ agrestis.

„ arvensis.

if serpyllifolia.

Veronica officinalis.

„ Chamaedeys.

„ montana.

„ scutellata.

,, Anagallis.

,, Beccabunga.
Euphrasia officinalis.
Bartsia Odontites.
Pedicularis palustris. .
,, sylvatica.

Melampyrum pratense.
Rhinanthus Crista-galli.
Verbenace^ :

Verbena officinalis.

LABIATiE :

Mentha hirsuta.
Lycopus europseus.
Thymus Serpyllum.
Nepeta Glechoma.
Scutellaria galericulata.

„ minor.

Prunella vulgaris.

Marrubium vulgare.

Stachys Betonica.

„ palustris.

„ sylvatica.

„ arvensis.
Galeopsis Tetrahit.
Lamium purpureum.

„ album.

„ Galeobdolon.
Ballota nigra.
Teucrium Scorodonia.
Ajuga reptaus.
Plantagine^e :

Plantago major.

„ media.

„ lanceolata.

„ Coronopus.

78

HAMPSTEAD HILL.

CHENOPODIACEiE :

Chenopodium polyspermum.

„ album.

„ ficifolium.

„ rubrum.

„ glaucum.

Atriplex patula.
„ hastata.

POLYGONACE^ :

Polygonum Convolvulus,
aviculare.
Hydropiper.
Persicaria
lapathifolium,
amphibium.
Bistorta.
Rumex conglomeratus.

„ sanguineus.

„ palustris.

,j obtusifolius.

„ acutus.

„ crispus.

„ Hydrolapathum.

„ Acetosa.

„ Acetosella.

EUPHORBIACE^ :

Euphorbia Helioscopia.

„ amygdaloides.
' „ Peplus.
Mercurialis peremus.
„ annua.

URTICACEiE :

Ulmus montana.

„ campestris.
Humulus Lupulus.
Urtica dioica.

„ ureus.
Parietaria officinalis.

CuPALIFERiE :

Betula alba.
Alnus glutinosa.
Carpinus Betulus.
Corylus Avellana.
Quercus Robur.
Castanea sativa.
Fagus sylvatica.
Salicine^ :

Salix fragilis.

„ alba.

„ purpurea.

„ viminalis.

„ Smithiana.

„ cinerea.

„ aurita.

„ Caprea.

„ repeus.
Populus alba.
„ tremula.
„ nigra.

CERATOPHYLLEiE :

Ceratophyllum demersum.
Conifers :

Taxus baccata.
Pinus sylvestris.

HYDROCHARIDEiE :

Elodea canadensis.

ORCHIDEiE :

Listera ovata.
Orchis Morio.

„ mascula.

„ maculata.

iRIDEiE :

Iris Pseudacorus.
Crocus vernus.

AMARYLLIDEiE :

Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus.

THE FLORA OF HAMPSTEAD.

79

DiOSCORE/E :

Potamogeton crispus.

Tamus communis.

CYPERACE.E :

LiLIACE/E :

Scirpus setaceus.

Ruscus aculeatus.

„ sylvaticus.

Polygonatum multiflorum.

Eriophorum augustifolium.

Maianthemum Convallaria.

Carex pulicaris.

Convallaria majalis.

„ disticha.

Allium ursinum.

„ paniculata.

Scilla nutans.

„ vulpina.

Paris quadrifolia.

„ muricata.

JUNCACE^ :

„ echinata.

Juncus bufonius.

„ remota.

„ glaucus.

„ ovalis.

„ effusus.

„ Goodenowii.

„ supinus.

„ panicea.

„ lamprocarpus.

„ glauca.

„ acutiflorus.

„ pilulifer.

Luzula pilosa.

„ pendula.

„ maxima.

„ sylvatica.

„ campestris.

„ binervis.

„ multiflora.

„ flava.

TYPHACEiE :

„ hirta.

Typha latifolia.

„ paludosa.

Sparganium ramosum.

Gramine^ :

Aroide^e :

Phalaris canariensis.

Arum maculatum.

„ arundinacea.

Acorus Calamus.

Anthoxanthum odoratum.

Lemnace/E :

Alopecurus agrestis.

Lemna trisulca.

„ fulvus.

„ minor.

„ geniculatus.

„ gibba.

„ pratensis.

„ polyrrhiza.

Milium effusum.

ALISMACEiE :

Phleum pratense.

Alisma Plantago.

Agrostis canina.

Butomus umbcllatus.

„ alba.

NAIADACEiE :

„ vulgaris.

Potamogeton natans.

Aira carophyllea.

„ polygonifolius.

„ praecox.

„ perfoliatus.

Deschampsia cjespitosa.

8o

HAMPSTEAD HILL.

Deschampsia flexuosa.
Holcus mollis.

„ lanatus. .
Trisetum flavescens.
Arrhenatherum avenaceum.
Sieglingia decumbeus.
Phragmites communis.
Cynosurus cristatus.
Catabrosa aquatica.
Melica uniflora.
Dactylis glomerata.
Briza media.
Poa annua.

„ nemoralis.

„ compressa.

„ pratensis.

„ trivialis.
Glyceria fluitaus

Glyceria plicata.

„ aquatica.
Festuca sciuroides.

„ ovina.

„ elatior.
Bromus giganteus.

„ asper.

„ sterilis.

„ racemosus.

,, mollis.
Brach'ypodium sylvaticum.
Lolium perenne.

„ temulentum.
Agropyron repens.
Nardus stricta.
Hordeum pratense.
.. . murinum.

THE INSECT FAUNA OF HAMPSTEAD.

By the Rev. F. A. WALKER, D.D., F.L.S., F.E.S., &c.

The subjoined List of Insects occurring in the parish of Hampstead
represents the result of careful observation during the last four
years. Nearly all the species here specified can be verified by
reference to my cabinet of insects taken by myself. Those in-
dicated by an asterisk have not come under my own notice, but
were observed and taken by Mr. John Cother Webb, an ex-
perienced entomologist and a careful observer.

I have found the hedgerow that skirts the Midland Railway in
the field leading to Child's Hill a good locality for Hymenoptera
and likewise Diptera. Hampstead Heath has been famed for its
Hymenoptera. In former days, as a resident at Highgate, I was
far better acquainted with the northern than the southern end of
Hampstead, when Bishop's Wood and the palings skirting the
Caen Wood estate in Hampstead Lane were favourite resorts
of mine in pursuit of Entomology. It would be interesting to
ascertain if Vanessa poly chloros, which I have not found in South
Hampstead, still occurs in Bishop's Wood as it did thirty years
ago. Cynthia (or Va^tessa) Hampstediensis was caught on Hamp-
stead Heath ; but Kirby, in his general list of butterflies, gives
Cynthia Hampstediensis as a synonym of Junonia vellida, which
is a species found in Java, Sumatra, and Australia. According to
this statement the insect in question would be an instance of a

6

82

HAMPSTEAD HILL.

foreign butterfly, accidentally shipped in the chrysalis state, having
come to London with foreign produce, unless some one had
imported pupae and let the insects fly as soon as they emerged. I
have, however, a dim recollection of hearing my father state that
C. Hampstediensis was a North American species allied either to
our Painted Lady or Small Tortoiseshell.

Much still remains to be done, particularly by any specialist
who would work up the TinecE among the Lepidoptera, and the
more minute species among the Coleoptera.

Pieridce.
Pieris brassicae.
„ rapse.
„ napi.
Anthocharis cardamines.
Gonepteryx rhamni.

SafyridcB.
Satyrus janira.
Coenonympha pamphilus,

Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera (Butterflies).

Lyccenida.
Polyommatus Alexis.
Chrysophanus phlaeas.

Vanessidcd.
Vanessa lo.

„ Atalanta.
„ cardui.
„ urticae.
HesperidcB.
Pamphila Sylvanus.

Lepidoptera Heterocera (Moths).

Sphingidoe.
Macroglossa Stellatarum.
Sphinx Ligustri (larva).
Smerithus Populi.
„ Tiliae.

Zygcenidce.
*Zyg8ena Filipendulse.

Zeuzeridce.
*Cossus ligniperda.
'''Zeuzera ^sculi.

CheloniidcB.
*Chelonia Caja.
*Arctia Menthastri.
*Arctia lubricipeda.

BomhycidcB.
*Bombyx neustria.

HepialidcB (Swifts).
Hepialus lupulinus.

,, humuli.

LiparidcE.
Liparis salicis.
Liparis auriflua.
Orgyia antiqua.

Cuspidates.
Pygaera bucephala.
Cerura vinula.
Cilix spinula.

THE INSECT FAUNA OF HAMPSTEAD.

83

Lepidoptera Heterocera (Moths) continued —

Noctuce.

Halia wavaria.

'''Leucania lithargyria.

Biston hirtaria.

„ pallens.

Melanippe montanata

"'Hydroecia nictitans.

„ fluctuata.

*Xylophasia lithoxylea.

„ subtristata.

„ polyodon.

Rumia crataegata.

'''Mamestra persicariae.

Hemerophila abruptaria.

*Phlogophora meticulosa.

Chimatobia brumata.

"Euplexia lucipara.

*Uropteryx sambucata.

'''Mania maura.

*Selenia illunaria.

Catocala nupta.

*Ennomos angularia.

Plusia gamma.

*Phigalia pilosaria.

Acronycta psi.

"Amphydasis betularia.

Mamestra brassicae.

*Anticlea derivata.

Charoeas graminis.

*Tanagra chaerophyllata.

Tryphoena pronuba.

Tortrtces.

Apamea gemina.

Tortrix heperana.

Tapinostola fulva.

Penthina ochroleucana.

Noctua glareosa.

Tineina.

Tseniocampa stabilis.

HyponeineutidcB.

Caradrina blanda.

Hyponemeuta padellus.

Miana strigilis.

Pterophorus pentadactylus.

Acronycta megacephala.

Deltoides.

Bryophila perla.

Hypena proboscidalis.

Apamea basilinea.

Pyralidos.

Euclidia mi.

Botys verticalis.

Heliodes arbuti.

Pyralis fimbrialis.

Geofneters.

Hydrocampidce.

*Boarmia repandata.

Cataclysta lemnata.

Boarmia rhombordaria.

Crambidce.

Camptogramma bilineata.

Crambus tristellus.

Crocallis elinguaria.

„ patellus.

Abraxas grossulariata.

Neuroptera (E

)ragon-flies, &c.).

, / ^schnidcB. 1

/ Agrionidce.

1"

iEschna cyanea.

0 yj Agrion puella.

SS"

Libellulidce.

2iaj " elegans.

P

Libellula depressa.

^ \ Pyrrhosoma minium.

84

HAMPSTEAD HILL.

Neuroptera

(Dragon-flies, &c.) continued —

PhryganidcR (Stone-flies).

Chrysopa septem-punctata.

Halesus stellatus.

Panorpidce. (Scorpion-flies).

Leptocerus niger.

Panorpa germanica.

Platipennia.

„ communis.

Sialis lutarius.

Larvae of Ephemeridae.

Chrysopidce (Golden-eyed flies).

„ Agrionidae.

Chrysopa phyllochroma.

„ Phrygania.

Hymenoptera.

Bombus sylvarum.
„ senilis.

Apis Ligustica (Ligurian hive-bee).

ChrysididcB.

„ latreillelus.

Chrysis ignita.

„ subterraneus.

Vespidce.

J3

„ hortorum.
„ pratorum.

Ground- J Vespa vulgaris,
wasps. \ „ germanica.

1^

„ lapidarius.

Polynerus quadratus.

„ derhamellus.

Nomada alternata (parasitic).

:3

„ lapponicus.

Chalcidites (Parasites of pupa of

„ lucorum.

Vanessa urticae).

„ terrestris.

» sp.

„ muscorum.

Ichneumonid(B.

^ Apathus vestalis (parasitic).

Ophion luteum.

Megachile circumcincta.
„ centunailaris.

Lampronota setosa.

s

„ bellator.

^

„ ligniseca.

„ murina.

2
^

„ willughbiella.

sp.

1=:

Osmia rufa.

Ichneumon flavoniger.

° 7
2 ^

„ senea.

Formicidee.

0)

Andrena albicans.

C Formica nigra.

s,

„ nitida.

Ants. • „ umbrata.

„ nigro-3enea.

I „ flava.

o

„ xanthura.

Trichiosoma vitellina.

Anthophora acervorum.

Cryptus ornatus.

ApidcB,

Selandria annulata.

Apis mellifica (Hive-bee).

Dipt

era.

Eristalis arbustorum.

Eristalis pertinax.

„ tenax.

„ intricarius.

THE INSECT FAUNA OF HAMPSTEAD.

85

DiPTERA continued —

SyrphidcR.

Melanostoma mellina.

Syrphus pyrastri.

(U

Musca (Lucilia) Caesar.

„ luniger.

+3

Calliphora erythrocephala.

„ ribesii.

„ greenlandica.

„ balteata.

s

„ vomitoria.

„ corollse.

Haematopota pluvialis.

Helophilus pendulus.

Polietes lardaria.

„ frutetorum.

Olivieria lateralis.

„ trivittatus.

Scatophaga stercoraria (Dung-fly).

Sphaerophoria taeniata.

Empis scutellata.

Hyetodena.

„ livida.

Tabanus autumnalis.

,, tessellata.

Platychirus clypeatus.

Culex pipiens (Common Gnat).

„ fulviventris.

Ptychopteryx contarainata.

„ albimana.

Leptis scolopaceus.

Bibio Marci (St. Mark's

Fly).

Sarcophaga sinuata.

„ hortulanus.

„ melanura.

Syritta pipiens.

„ haemorrhoidalis.

COLEOPTERA.

Harpalus seneus.

Telephorus flavilabris var.

Clivina fossor.

„ testaceus.

Xantholinus linearis.

Cetonia aurata.

Quedius tristis.

Coccinella bipunctata.

Creophilus maxillosus.

„ septem-punctata (Lady-

Philoxuthus laminatus.

.

birds).

„ Dsneus.

Carabus violaceus.

Aleochara fuscipes.

„ nemoralis.

Philobius uniformis.

„ monilis.

Malachius bimaculatus.

Mycetophaga 4 — pustulata.

Agriotes linearis.

Crioceris asparagi.

Bembidium.

Pterostichus madidus.

Luthrobium fulvipenne.

„ vulgaris.

^ rn

Telephorus bicolor.

„ cupreus.

'3 "^ H

„ lividus.

Nebria brevicollis.

„ flavilabris.
,, melanurus.

Argutus vernalis.
Argutus amara.

86

HAMPSTEAD HILL,

Pyrrhochroa rubens

beetle).
Stenus.
Ocypus olens.
Clytus mysticus.
Phytoecia cylindrica.
Hylobius abietis.
Balaninus turbatus.

Tropicoris rufipes.
Pantilius tunicatus.
Ptyelus bifasciatus.
Tettigonia viridis.
Oncognathus chenopodii.

COLEOPTERA

(Cardinal

continued —

Water-beetles.
Gyrinus natator.
Agabus bipunctatus.
Henophorus aquaticus.
Hydrobius fuscipes.
Acilius sulcatus.
Haliplus lineatocollis.
Hyphidrus ovatus.
Hydroporus planus.

Hemiptera (Bugs).

Water-bugs.
Notonectaglauca (Water Boatman).

„ lutea.
Nepa grisea (Water Scorpion).
Gerris thoracica (Water Measurer).
Larva of Gerris.

Orthoptera (Grasshopper, &c.).
Blatta orientalis (Cockroach). I Pezotettix pedestris (Field Grass-

Forficula auricularia (Earwig). I hopper).

Myriopoda.

Lithobius forficatus.
Geophilus longicornis.

Epeira diadema.
Phalangium longipes.
Drassus cupreus.

Arachnida.

Julus.

Tegenaria domestica.
Lycosa rapax.

Entomostraca.

Porcellio scaber (Common Wood-
louse).

Armadillo vulgaris (Pill or Armadillo
Wood-louse.

THE BIRDS OF HAMPSTEAD.

By J. E. HARTING, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

In spite of the fact that Hampstead now forms part of the great
metropolis with which it is connected by long lines of houses, it
still preserves enough of its rural character to attract many species
of birds. This is due not only to the proximity of Lord Mans-
field's woods and to the unenclosed portions of heath which,
happily, still remain, but to the number of old gardens which
contain shrubberies and trees of goodly size, with here and there
an open lawn affording good feeding ground at early dawn for
many a feathered visitor. Looking out at daybreak upon one of
these open spaces, we have often been surprised at the number
of Blackbirds, Thrushes, Starlings, Chaffinches, Robins, Hedge
Sparrows, and Tits in sight at one time, while during the summer
months it is no uncommon thing to find the shrubberies tenanted
by Willow Wrens, Redstarts, Spotted Flycatchers, and other
migratory birds which find a temporary home there. Even the
Reed Warbler has been known to find its way into Hampstead
gardens, and make its cup-shaped nest amongst the lilac bushes.
W^ith these annual summer migrants rarer visitors now and
then appear in the shape of a Ring Ouzel, or Golden Oriole, but
they do not stay long. Finding no congenial spot in which to
bring up their young, they pass on in search of haunts more suited
to their respective habits, or, as unfortunately it too often happens,

88 HAMPSTEAD HILL.

to meet the fate which invariably threatens all brightly-plumaged
birds.

From the proximity of the Hampstead and Highgate woods
numbers of small birds find their way into the gardens, at first
visiting those on the outskirts of the town, and gradually pushing
on as far as any vegetation appears to attract them, until the
smoke-begrimed trees and the absence of insect life begin to warn
them against further advance.

In the winter Fieldfares and Redwings appear in the garden
trees and join the ranks of the resident Thrushes upon the lawns
at daybreak, the Redwing being often mistaken for the Song
Thrush by those whose eyes are unaccustomed to note the
distinguishing characteristics of birds. Amongst the rarer winter
visitors may be mentioned the Crossbill, which has several times
been met with at Hampstead, usually during frost, frequenting the
fir-trees to extract the seeds from the cones. Twenty years ago
it was no uncommon thing to find both Snipe and Jack Snipe on
the lower part of the Heath in winter, and such is their affection
for old haunts that it would not surprise us even now to meet with
one at daybreak on the ground they used to frequent. It would
be useless to look for these and many other species there during
the day, but they may still drop down as of yore in the twilight,
and after resting all night and feeding in the morning betake
themselves to quieter or less disturbed haunts.

In the following list an attempt has been made to give some
idea of the great variety of bird life which may be noted in the
neighbourhood of Hampstead, not, of course, in a single day, but
by observation during the year, by those who are sufficiently ac-
quainted with birds to detect them by their note, flight, or peculiar
movements when on the ground, or amongst the trees. For this
purpose it is desirable to distinguish those which are more or less
resident throughout the year from those which are periodical visi-

THE BIRDS OF HAMPSTEAD. 89

tors in summer or winter, and from those, again, of such rare
occurrence that their advent can neither be prophesied nor
explained.

Those who may desire to have fuller information than can
be well afforded in these pages, may be referred to a little book
entitled "The Birds of Middlesex," in which Hampstead is
frequently mentioned in connection with many interesting birds
observed there. ^ The indication of this source of information, it
is hoped, will excuse the brevity with which the subject is here
treated.

RESIDENT SPECIES.
Sparrowhawk, Accipiter nisus. Bred in Caen Wood in 1876.
Kestrel, Falco tinnunculiis. Bred in Caen Wood in 187 1 and 1873.
Barn Owl, Strix flammea. For some years a pair frequented an avenue, where

they reared their young, in June, 1873. I^^ 1880 one was seen. In 1881 none.

In 1886 a pair again appeared.
Tawny, or Brown Owl, Strix aliico. Nest found in 1869.
Long-eared Owl, Otiis vulgaris. Once common in the Hampstead Woods. Nest

in Caen Wood, 1871.
Mistletoe Thrush, Turdus viscivorus. Not uncommon.
Song Thrush, Turdus musicus. Nesting in the gardens.
Blackbird, Turdus merula. Common. A pied one visited a garden on Haverstock

Hill for three years in succession.
Hedge Sparrow, Accentor ?nodularis. In gardens and shrubberies.
Redbreast, Erithacus rubecula. Generally a pair or two in most gardens of any

size where there are large shrubs.
Stonechat, Saxicola rubicola. On the Heath; usually observed in summer, but

a few stay the winter.
Dartford Warbler, Melizophilus undatus. Seen on the Heath, October, 1870.

A pair seen same place, May, 1872.
Goldcrest, Regulus cristatus. May be looked for amongst larch and spruce fir.

The nest has been found at Frognal.
Great Titmouse, Parus major. Common.

^ "The Birds of Middlesex." By J. E. Harting. 8vo, pp. 284. Published by
Gurney and Jackson, Paternoster Row.

90 HAMPSTEAD HILL.

Blue Titmouse, P. r^;'?^/(?«j. Common. Occasionally building in odd places. There
were two nests one summer at Roslyn, Hampstead, one in a lamp-post, the
other in a letter-box.

Coal Titmouse, P. ater. A pair nested for several years in a garden on Haverstock
Hill.

Marsh Titmouse, P. palustris. To be distinguished from the last named by the
absence of a white spot on the nape. Has been found in Caen Wood.

Longtailed Titmouse, P. caudatus. In the woods and thick hedgerows, and in
similar haunts with the Goldcrest. Rarely builds near houses, though the late
Mr. G. Daniel has recorded the discovery of a nest of this bird in a large willow
tree in a garden at Bayswater (cf. Bennett's ed. White's "Selborne," p. 171,
footnote).

Pied Wagtail, Motacilla lugubrts. Common about the ponds on the Heath, and
in large gardens where there are lawns. Nest found at Frognal. (See list of
Summer Migrants.)

Meadow Pipit, Anthus pratensis. Mr. Mitford is of opinion that the majority
leave for the breeding season, and are common again in autumn and winter,
but in 1877 and 1878 he found pairs breeding on West Heath, Hamp-
stead.

Skylark, Alauda arvensis. Not so common as formerly. During the winter
months, when these birds flock, large numbers are netted by the London bird-
catchers.

Common Bunting, Emberiza miliaria. May be heard and seen in the fields below
the Hampstead Woods.

Blackheaded Bunting, E. schcsnichis. In the summer of 1880 a pair nested on
the wet, rushy part of the west side of Hampstead Heath,

Chaffinch, Fringilla ccelebs. A curiously-made nest covered with little bits of
newspaper was found at Hampstead by Mr. Mitford, who also has some eggs
of this bird of a pale blue colour, without spots.

House Sparrow, Passer domesticus. The commonest bird in Hampstead. For
many years the young sparrows about the George Inn were remarked to be
pied, but apparently assumed the normal colour at their autumnal moult.

Tree Sparrow, Passer montanus. In June, 187 1, the late Mr. Blyth ("Zoophi-
lus ") obtained three half-fledged Tree Sparrows which were taken from a nest
in the hole of a tree at Hampstead. (See The Zoologist^ 1877, p. 24, and 1888,

P- 355-)
Hawfinch, Coccothraustes vulgaris. Frequently observed in Bishop's Wood and
Caen Wood, where at one time it used to breed regularly, the nest being gene-
rally placed on the horizontal bough of an oak. It feeds on beech-mast, and

THE BIRDS OF HAMPSTEAD, 91

on the seeds of the hornbeam, sycamore, and maple, and visits the gardens in
search of green peas, of which the young birds are very fond.

Greenfinch, Coccothraustes chloris. Not very numerous, but may be seen flocking
with Sparrows in the winter, occasionally coming into the gardens in spring and
summer.

Goldfinch, Carduelis elegans. Can hardly be called a resident now, though
formerly no doubt it was so. For this the London bird-catchers are much to
blame. It is now most often seen when on migration in little parties in the
autumn.

Siskin, Carduelis spinus. A flock was seen in autumn near Caen Wood, feeding
on the seeds of an alder, and a pair had a nest there in the summer of 1853.
On August 9, 187 1, a bird-catcher took one without a call-bird in Caen Wood.
It must be considered a spring and autumn visitor rather than a resident, and
its nesting here is very exceptional.

Linnet, Linota cannabina. In a Linnet's nest on Hampstead Heath two eggs of
the Cuckoo were found.

Bullfinch, Pyrrhula europoea. The custom of laying the hedges has almost
driven the Bullfinch away, but it may still occasionally be seen on the outskirts
of the woods. A pair had a nest one year in a summer-house belonging to
Lord Mansfield, and brought up the young.

Starling, Sturnus vulgaris. Next to the Sparrow perhaps the commonest bird
in the district, nesting under eaves and in holes of decayed trees. Numbers
are netted in autumn by the London bird-catchers for the use of members of
the gun clubs who profess to find sport in shooting them from traps.

Rook, Corvus frugilegus. There were at one time three rookeries at Hampstead.
In 1880 only two, and these much reduced in numbers; but a new one was
commenced that year in the Hampstead Road at Chalk Farm. In 1880, near
the rookery by St. Stephen's Church, a notice-board was put up on one of
the trees stating that the adjoining house was to let. All the Rooks then
deserted the place but one pair which remained and built a nest, but others
came from the upper rookery and pulled the nest to pieces. In 1883 the
old one at North End still flourished. In 1887 there were eight nests in the
rookery at Chalk Farm.

Carrion Crow, Corvus corone. For more than fifty years a pair of these birds
have bred at Mr. Basil W^ood's at Hillfield, and were still there in 1887.

Jackdaw, Corvus monedula. Frequenting the church towers and old trees on the
Roslyn Park Estate. Often seen in company with Rooks.

Magpie, Pica rustica. For some years there was a Magpie's nest in a tree that no
boy could cHmb, by Mr. Gurney Hoare's house at the Grove, but the birds

92 HAMPSTEAD HILL.

were wantonly shot by a wretched bird-stuffer, and although the survivor twice
brought home a new mate, the bird-stuffer, who ought to have been pro-
secuted, killed them one by one, and none have been seen there now for
some years.

Jay, Garrulus glandarius. At one time used to breed regularly in Bishop's Wood ;
but is now believed to be extinct there.

Green Woodpecker, Picus viridis. Formerly not uncommon in Lord Mans-
field's woods; now rarely seen in Caen Wood. In October, 187 1, one was
observed upon a tree near the Heath.

Great Spotted Woodpecker, Picus major. Used to breed annually in Caen
Wood. Now a rare bird in the district. Observed at Squire's Mount in
May, 1867, and last observed at Hampstead in spring of 1868.

Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, Picus minor. More often observed than any
other species of Woodpecker. Noted in Bishop's Wood, Caen Wood, The
Priory, Frognal, Roslyn Park, and in a large elm by St. Stephen's
Church.

Tree Creeper, Certhia fajuiliaris. Now and then seen in gardens at Hamp-
stead. A very silent and undemonstrative little bird. To be looked for on old
and decayed trees, round the trunks of which it creeps stealthily in search of
lurking insects.

Wren, Traglodytes Europoeus. In old gardens and shrubberies, and about wood-
stacks. A nest of this little bird in a garden on Haverstock Hill was built
in a hole in a wall and was not domed.

Nuthatch, Sitta coesia. One of the few birds which has not decreased in numbers
of late years. Not uncommon in spring and autumn where large trees abound,
particularly about North End.

Kingfisher, Alcedo ispida. Has been observed on the Regent's Canal, in the
Botanical Gardens, and other places close to Hampstead, and in May, 1872,
a nest was found in the bank of a pond near Caen Wood.

Ringdove, or Woodpigeon, Columba palu7nbus. A few pairs generally build in
Lord Mansfield's woods. At one time quite common in Bishop's Wood.

Stock Dove, Columba oenas. Comes in flocks to Caen Wood in autumn, when
the beech-mast is plentiful.

Pheasant, Phasianus torquatus. Still found in Bishop's Wood.

Partridge, Perdix cinerea. Generally half a dozen coveys or so are reared in the
fields below Bishop's and Turner's Woods, and in September, 1868, a brace
were shot early in the morning on the Heath !

Peewit, or Lapwing, Vanellus cristalus. Breeds at no great distance from
Hampstead, but can hardly be regarded as more than a passing visitor.

THE^BIRDS OF HAMPSTEAD. 93

Moorhen, Gallinula chloropus. Now and then one in the fields below Hampstead,
and in Lord Mansfield's ponds.

SUMMER MIGRANTS.

Red-backed Shrike, Lanius coUiirio. On the outskirts of the woods, and in thick
hedgerows.

Spotted Flycatcher, Miisdcapa grisola. In some years very common. On
park palings and lower branches of trees, darting into the air after passing
insects.

Pied Flycatcher, Muscicapa atricapilla. Rare. There were two pairs in
Bishop's Wood, in May, 1859. Nest found in 1866. Bird seen in May,
1867. Four young in August, 1868.

Ring Ouzel, Turdus torquatus. Observed feeding on the berries of the moun-
tain ash in a garden on Haverstock Hill, in September, 1865. Seen also at
Caen Wood.

Redstart, Ruticilla phcenicurus. In some years common.

Whinchat, Saxicola rtihetra. On the Heath.

Wheatear, Saxicola xnanthe. Lower Heath and gravel-pits. The late Mr. G.
Daniel (many of whose observations are quoted in the footnotes to Bennett's
Edition of White's " Selborne ") had a Wheatear which was taken at Hamp-
stead on February 14, 1834. Unless this bird had remained throughout the
winter, as some affirm that it does {e.g.^ Jesse, in a footnote to his edition
of White's " Selborne "), this is the earliest date for its appearance which has
been noted.

Grasshopper Warbler, Acrocephalus locustella. On the Heath, and breeding
in Bishop's Wood. In July, 1866, a nest was cut out of mowing grass.

Sedge Warbler, A. phragmitis. Caen Wood pond.

Reed Warbler, A. streperus. Nesting in gardens — in lilac bushes — far from
water.

Nightingale, Sylvia luscinia. Common every year in Bishop's Wood and Caen
Wood. A great number used to be caught every spring at Highgate by
London bird-catchers.

Blackcap, S. atricapilla. Common in Bishop's Wood and Caen Wood, and visit
ing gardens at Frognal and Belsize Park. Feeds much on ivy-berries.

Garden Warbler, »S. hortensis. In some years very common around Hamp-
stead. A fine songster. Will sit at evening in a high oak-tree or thick bush,
like a Nightingale, and maintain a continued warble for ten minutes without
a pause.

94 HAMPSTEAD HILL,

Whitethroat, Sylvia ctnerea. ISeen regularly every summer in woods and

Lesser Whitethroat, S. airruca.) hedgerows.

Wood Wren, Phylloscopus sibilatrix. In woods only, nesting on the ground.

I In woods and gardens, the former species being the
commoner of the two. A pure white Willow
Wren, in the collection of Mr. F. Bond, was
taken some years ago in the Highgate Woods.
White Wagtail, Motacilla alba. In April, 1866, a pair observed at the pond on
the Heath. One, in the collection of Mr. F. Bond, was procured at Hamp-
stead in the summer of 1868.
Yellow Wagtail, M. raii. Annual summer visitor, frequenting the Heath and
open fields, especially where there are sheep ; also on railway embankments.
(See list of Winter Visitors.)
Tree Pipit, Anthus arhoreus. Common in summer. Breeds in the more open

parts of Bishop's and Turner's Woods.
Wryneck, Jynx iorquilla. Heard commonly about the Hampstead Woods at the

time of its arrival in April.
Cuckoo, Cuculus canorus. An annual summer visitor to the Hampstead Woods.
The eggs have been found on the Heath in the nest of a Linnet. On
September 29, 1872, a young Cuckoo, full fledged, was caught by a cat in a
garden in the Adelaide Road, and was taken to Mr. F. Bond, who then
resided there, and in whose collection it is now preserved.

^vfMA.o^.Htrundo rustica.] . . .,,.,..

AT r^T, Tj i- h Nesting every year m suitable localities.

Martin, Chehdon uroica. ) ^ j j

Sand Martin, Cotile riparia. Used formerly to breed regularly on the property
of Lord Mansfield at Caen Wood Farm, where an old sand bank was com-
pletely riddled with their holes, but the bank slipped and they deserted the
place. In June, 1863, and again in 1871, some eggs were taken from holes
in a pit-bank on the Heath.

Swift, Cypselus apus. Seen flying round the church steeples and high over the
houses, but not ascertained to breed anywhere in the Hampstead district.

Nightjar, Caprimulgus Europoeus, In the summer of 1852 the eggs were found
in Caen Wood, and this bird used to breed annually in Bishop's Wood, the
eggs being often placed at no great distance from the main road.

Turtle Dove, Turtur auritus. A regular summer visitor, a few pairs breeding in
the woods. There was a nest in Bishop's Wood in 1887.

Quail, Cotumix vulgaris. In the summer of 1866 two broods of Quail were
reared in the fields below Hampstead. In 1870 three nests of eggs were
mown out in a large grass field between Highgate Hill and, Pond Street

THE BIRDS OF HAMPSTEAD. 95

Station. In 187 1 a few birds were heard calling; in 1872 none. (See Zoologist^
1871, p. 2728.) A Quail was heard calling below West Heath on June 14,
1877. In the summer of 1881 their unmistakable note was again heard in
the fields adjoining Parliament Hill, where in the following year a brood was
hatched and the empty egg-shells discovered.

Landrail, Crex pratensis. In the fields just referred to the Landrail used to
breed regularly every summer, and perhaps does so still.

Common Sandpiper, Totanus hypoleums. During the period of its migration in
spring and autumn this bird may be looked for in the early morning along the
banks of ponds and streams, particularly on the Brent, within an easy walk
from Hampstead. At the same season of the year many other wading birds
are heard passing overhead, such as the Green Sandpiper, Redshank, and
Ringed Plover, which regularly visit Kingsbury Reservoir and its tributary
streams.

Gulls and Terns of various species pass about the same time, but at too great
a distance to be named with certainty.

WINTER VISITORS.

Short-eared Owl, Otus accipitrinus. On the Lower Heath, rough fields, and
rushy ground.

Fieldfare, Turdus pilar is. \\xi the fields in open weather; coming into the gardens

Redwing, T. iliacus. J during frost and snow.

Grey Wagtail, Motacilla sulphiirea. An uncertain winter visitor. Has been
seen at the Heath pond.

Snow Bunting, Emberiza nivalis. In November, 187 1, a flock of fifty or sixty
" Snow-flakes " stayed for some time about the Leg of Mutton Pond on
Hampstead Heath.

Brambling, Fringilla montifringella. Appears towards the end of autumn in small
flocks. Caen Wood used to be a favourite spot for them, and numbers are
sometimes taken by the London bird-catchers. Looks like a Chaffinch on
the wing, but always distinguishable by the white rump.

Hooded Crow, Corvus comix. Has been observed on at least two occasions at
Hampstead in winter.

Woodcock, Scolopax ncsticula. About November a few drop into the Hamp-
stead Woods, where, one summer, a nest of the Willow Wren was found
lined with a few Woodcock's feathers, showing that the winter visitor had
remained until the arrival of a summer guest, and had possibly nested there
too.

Snipe and Jack Snipe occasionally visit the Lower Heath.

96 HAMPSTEAD HILL.

OCCASIONAL AND RARE VISITORS.

Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus. Winter, 1857.

Hobby, F. subbiUeo. Bishop's Wood, 1863; Hampstead Heath, August, 1864,
May, 1869, and May, 1872.

Merlin, F. cesalon. Hampstead Heath, winter, 1857.

Goshawk, Astur palumbarius. A young male captured at Hampstead on
September 3, 1872, was preserved by Burton, of Wardour Street.

Grey Shrike, Lanius excubitor. Occasionally in winter. Sometimes caught by
the bird-catchers when striking at their " call-birds."

Golden Oriole, Oriolus galbula. Seen at Frognal and Sandfield Lodge, during
May, 1862.

Black Redstart, Ruticilla tithys. Caught at Hampstead by C. Davy, bird-
catcher, April 14, 1869, identified by E. Blyth and R. Mitford. In the
autumn of 1868 a pair seen in Culverhouse's brickfield; female caught and
deposited in the Zoological Gardens.

Waxwing, Ampelis garrulus. In November, 1866, there was a remarkable immi-
gration of this species. Three were shot out of a flock on Hampstead Heath.
Seven were seen and one shot at Highgate in December, 1866, and others
were seen at Hampstead, in January, 1867.

Rock Pipit, Anthus obscurus. Rarely found inland, except during the period of
its migration in spring and autumn. One, in the collection of Mr. R. Mitford,
was taken by a bird-catcher on Hampstead Heath in November, 1871.

Richard's Pipit, Anthus richardi. The specimen of this bird, from which the
coloured figure in Gould's " Birds of Great Britain " was drawn, was caught in a
net at Highgate, October 4, 1866, and between that date and the end of Novem-
ber, 1866, four more were taken in the same neighbourhood. In October,
1869, three more (all immature) were caught at Hampstead by bird-catchers
in the employ of Mr. Davy, of Kentish Town. Two of these are preserved
in the collection of Mr. F. Bond.

CiRL Bunting, Emberiza cirlus. Seen on Hampstead Heath in April, 1855,
April, i860, and June, 1872. It has several times been met with at Hendon
and Kingsbury. The call- note of the male resembles that of the Lesser
Whitethroat.

Mealy Redpoll, Linota linaria. In the autumn of 1866 a few were met with on
the Heath.

Lesser Redpoll, Z. rufesceus. Occasionally seen in autumn hanging about the
birch-trees. In October, 1887, several little flocks were observed.

THE BIRDS OF HAMPSTEAD,

97

Twite, Z. flavirostris. In October, 1866, a few of these birds were observed
about the Heath, in company with Linnets.

Scarlet Grosbeak, Pyrrhula crythrina. A hen bird of this rare species was
taken at Caen Wood on October 5, 1870 {fide Bond, Zoologist^ 1870, p. 2383 ;
see also Yarrell's " British Birds," 4th ed., ii. p. 173).

Crossbill, Loxia curvirostra. A rare and uncertain visitor. Generally in small
flocks in winter. Observed at Hampstead in Scotch fir-trees in 1855,
1859, 1868, and 1880. In February, 1880, a little flock visited the fir-trees
by the Spaniards.

Hoopoe, Upiipa epops. In the summer of 1830 one was shot near Caen Wood.
In the spring of 1866 one was observed on the embankment of the Kentish
Town Railway, and two were shot in 1875 in Gospel Oak Field near Hamp-
stead.

The absence of any considerable pools, and the distance from any river, save
the Brent in the adjoining parish of Hendon, sufficiently explain the scarcity of
water-fowl in the district under notice. All that can be claimed or expected at
the present day is the occasional glimpse of a passing flock travelling high over-
head en route for haunts more congenial to their habits.

-^

POSTSCRIPT.

The foregoing Lists bear witness to the great amount of Natural
History interest that may be found in the metropolitan area ; and
a very striking illustration of there being no lack of avian visitors
to the immediate neighbourhood of London homes is furnished
by the following List of Birds that have been seen in the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park — an area much nearer to the
centre of the metropolis even than Hampstead — to which my
attention was very kindly called by Mr. William Sowerby, F.L.S.,
the secretary of the Royal Botanic Society.

List of Birds observed in the Gardens of the Royal Botanic Society,

Regent's Park.

{From No. 4 0/ the Quarterly Record of the Society.)

Blackbird.

Linnet.

Thrush, Song.

Blackcap.

Nightingale.

„ Missel.

Bullfinch.

Partridge.

Tit, Great.

Chaffinch.

Quail.

„ Cole.

Chiffchaff.

Redpole.

„ Blue.

Cuckoo.

Redwing.

Tree Creeper.

Fieldfare.

Reed Warbler.

Water-wagtail.

Flycatcher.

Robin.

Wheatear.

Garden Warbler.

Rook.

Whitethroat.

Goldfinch.

Siskin.

„ Lesser.

Greenfinch.

Sparrow, House.

Wren, Gold-crested.

Jackdaw.

„ Tree.

„ Willow

Kingfisher.

Hedge.

„ Wood

Lark, Sky.

Starling.

Yellowhammer.

„ Pipit.

Swallow,

. POSTSCRIPT, ' 99

I have great pleasure In adding the following interesting com-
munication received for publication after the above was in type,
from the illustrious and venerable Professor Sir Richard Owen,
K.C.B., respecting the birds visiting the grounds of his residence.

Sheen Lodge, Richmond Park.
August 31, 1889.
My Dear Professor, —

Since it may be of interest to the readers of your forthcoming
work, * Hampstead Hill,' as showing the variety of avian
species found In the neighbourhood of London, I may men-^
tlon that my friend, the late Mr. Gould, our most distinguished
ornithologist, was a frequent visitor ; and on one special
occasion, accompanied by a common friend, Mr. Broderip,
who made zoology his chief recreation after the dry labours
of the Bench, devoted a May-day to making a list of the birds
that visited the garden. I made a list of the species, and
communicated it to the weekly journal called The Garden.

The list contains upwards of sixty species.

******

Sincerely yours,

Richard Owen.
Prof. Logan Lobley, F.G.S.

100 POSTSCRIPT.

Just before going to press the following note reached me from
Dr. Henry Wharton : —

ADDENDUM TO THE FLORA OF HAMF^STEAD.

Solanacece : — Atropa Belladonna.

A single shrub of Deadly Nightshade, of exceptional size, grows
by the side of the Midland Railway a quarter of a mile north
of Mill Lane. Some workmen, on Sept. 22, 1889, found its
berries so sweet and palatable that they ate large quantities,
and gave many to their friends, some of whom made a pie of
them. In all, ten people, adults and children, were taken to
St. Mary's Hospital, most of them half-blind and in a violent
delirium ; but they all recovered. The discoverer ate quite
half a pint, but subsequent vomiting saved him from the worst
consequences. The plant must have been brought by the
railway from some calcareous district, for it occurs nowhere
else in Middlesex nearer than Harefield.

'UNWIN BKOTHKRS, THE GKESHAM PRESS, CHILWOKTH AND LONDbts

WILLIAM WESLEY AND SON,

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