Sree =: aa ireseeeoe et: nities Puy lias ¥ in feel et Ry Ms ye ” Mei ea = so poe acs yy , Va Peat Copyright N@IG ef COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT: | Py ass gee ge ri Fi ee Oe pT: Py) ad os ra BF ony ny) , a, 5 Crs ~ a i =a wing eo eS % . a “a - : ta er ae 7 a | = oi . -—e£ = , Pd Vs ==. 2 oe 4 ~ _ =t ‘ ; a : x <2 re “$ A a es ie ee eer Ai nw ~ > — « J | - a ~< > “i a - tid so P -7 es s , eur Aton hee ae te . Aa —_ Ie ae = ‘ 7 aad - > © ¢ = ws j *h t ‘ i 2 o ‘ { “gt , r* ‘ i 3 a i g 4 ; : 0 ‘ . e . ee i ; . = om” : S| het 7 } y = ie Tas * he - P< ‘ a 7 a” , a f s wd] ar * est ar ph: \: { . ” 4 ’ | a le } : =f Sere HOM) WORKS OF PROF. F. W. WOLL. A Handbook for Farmers and Dairymen. Sixth Edition. New York, to1r4. xv+4o90 pp. $1.50. Grotenfelt’s Modern Dairy Practice. American Edi- tion by F. W. Woll. Third Edition, Revised. New York, I9g10. 286 pp. $2.00. A Book on Silage. Second Edition. Chicago, IIl., rg00. 234 pp. (Out of print.) Decker’s Cheese Making, Domestic and Foreign. Fifth Revised Edition, by F. W. Woll. Madison, Wis., 1913. 25 pp. - $1.75. Jointly with Prof. E. H. Farrington. Testing Milk and Its Products. Twenty-second Edition. Madison, Wis., 1914. 297 pp. $1.25. A HANDBOOK FOR FARMERS AND DAIRYMEN Cay" FYwY WOLL} . Professor of Animal Nutrition. University of California WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF WELL-KNOWN SPECIALISTS @With Llustrations SIXTH: EDITION, REVISED TOTAL, SIX THOUSAND ) NEW YORK JOHN: WELEY -& SONS, Inc. Lonpon: CHAPMAN & HALL, LIMITED 1914 CopyYRIGHT, 1897, 1900, 1907, 1908, I914 BY 2 F. W. WOLL SEP -4 1914 THE SCIENTIFIC PRESS ROBERT DRUMMOND AND COMPANY BROOKLYN, N. Y- ©clA379365 Ay ) NS — 3) PREFACE TO SIXTH EDITION. THE present edition of the Handbook has been carefully revised} with a view to including therein only the latest and best information on agricultural topics of importance to American farmers and dairymen. A number of new subjects have been added, and tables and articles have been brought up to date where better data were available. It is hoped that the changes and additions made will further increase the usefulness of this little volume to American farmers and students of agriculture. F,. W. WOLL. June, 1914. PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. Tue effort of the author has been to make this small volume a compendium of useful information on farm and dairy topics. Brief discussions on subjects of importance and interest to farmers and dairymen have been introduced, and useful facts, tables, formulas, receipts, agricultural statistics, etc., are given to such an extent as the plan of the work permitted. Valuable data scattered throughout our agricultural literature, in the publications of our experiment stations and the scientific divi- sions of the United States Department of Agriculture, as well as in other public documents, and in farm papers and standard iii iV PREFACE, works, have been gathered in this Handbook and arranged in such a manner as to make them easily accessible and con- venient for reference purposes. The present volume is founded on the Dairy and Agricul- tural Calendars previously published by the author. Much new material, both original and compiled, has, however, been included, and special articles, tables, statistics, etc., have been verified and brought up to date, making the book, as it is hoped, of considerable value, and securing for it as favorable a reception as was accorded its predecessors. The author takes this opportunity of thanking the follow- ing specialists who have so materially increased the useful- ness of the book by comprehensive, concise contributions on subjects in their particular lines of study: Professors W. H. Caldwell, J. A. Craig, John W. Decker, L. H. Dewey, F. H. Farrington, B. E. Fernow, E. S. Goff, A. W. Richter, H. L. Russell, Thos. Shaw, Wm. P. Wheeler; and Messrs. John Boyd, W. G. Clark, M.D.C., N. S. Fish, J. D. Frederiksen, H. B. Gurler, S. Hoxie, J. Noer, M.D., J. H.- Pickrell, Eo Ee Richards, L. P. Sisson, J. McLain Smith, and C. M. Winslow. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. AGRICULTURE. I. FEEDING STUFFS. PAGE EEO GE Peedi Shits). so-so sialon Scie wale Navn vie Cweie ete I Table Showing Average Composition of American Feeding Stuffs.. 3 Ready Reference Table of Composition of Feeds................ 6 Tieton Ol Cattle MOOS. cca ssc: ss ¥ a0tis So occ b 0.0. bo 0ie omelentials Ir Classification of Concentrates According to Protein Content..... II Heecingeastandards tor Farm Animals. 1). 6 o.)626 sis sisivs ce ccwieecce 12 EEE OPS aOR ey Ee, a en a 14, 16 Calculation of Components of Feed Rations.................... 14 Average Weights of Concentrated Feeding Stuffs. .............. 18 Boadeeauirements Of Farm Animals . J 5.. .fii1. 6 sac cscs « elec c. 18 Mominatanive iViclie Of Cattie? POOUSS si. sce 2s itets stesa $4 508 diedaelelo ea cia bg) Calculated Value of Fruits Compared with Hay, Grains, etc...... 19 Amounts of Different Feeds Required to Equal One Feed Unit.... 194 Pounds of Dry Matter, Digestible Matter, and Digestible Protein fouse Piurnished in Rations for Dairy Cows. .3.:.. + «...<<.s<«. 19b mricessot, Gereals per bushel and per Ton-.2.......«ss<. + ..552.0- eee a1 Regulations for the Government of Dairies and Dairy Farms in the District sot .Coliumibias: wes cee kone fcss pk o chehe tess he ars cane eee eee 7%. IV. FIELD CROPS. Q@uantity of Seed Required*to the Acre....+... 2... .s see 74 Seed Mixtures for Hay and Permanent Pastures................. 75 Important) Data asi to Pield'Cropsa.22 22>). .2. 2 soe eee ee eee a7 The Weight and Average Composition of Ordinary Crops, in Pounds Per AAGres,. sae air ek glad oi plaice fetecettes Wetter ene one Secle = eee 80 Soiling Crops Adapted to Northern New England States.......... 81 Time of Planting and Feeding Soiling Crops... ..........scceces- 82 Replacing. Winter-killed Clovers.c... .Gi.i.'. fois wfc oo cine: «ol eletetets oeehenale 82 Grops for Partial soiling forlllinois. 2 5-1. 02 ee ee ice eee 82 Secession of. soiling Crops tor Dairy Cowss.~ =). a+ see eee 84 Capacity, of Cylindrical: Silos: . ia eee eg 98 Temperattires Injiutious to Plants... .. 2: -@.<% - 2 +0 sane eee ee 99 Best Temperatures for Preserving Horticultural Products,,.,.,,.. 100 TABLE OF CONTENTS. vil PAGE The Preservation of Soft Fruits for Exhibition Purposes.......... 100 The Standards of the Baltimore Canned Goods Exchange....... 102 BeeisaCeSNUSedHin OMIPpINe Pritts ces dics sys aire ees ne ee ee ssaceces 103 VI. SEEDS. Seed-testing for the Farmer, by the late Gilbert H. Hicks, of U. S. Meee OLN TICUIb UTE srl. he bc ap-)eieis % oflejsie1s > aoe stelein. 0 ci eisie 104 Se TEA SEO te tiie ya Ol: SCCUS. noel sre cls ches 4 5d s/sleie's Seles eat ee leah s 106 Meiblevor Germination Otandards, . i... «cisco deles oleae es eedae cee 109 Number, Weight, Cost of Grass Seeds, and Amount to Sow per eset AS Se aoe G scl eies tie geen ors RONS Sees IF Shes Ri ora 109 Notes onthe Adaptability and Uses of Grasses and Clovers....... eet RearniiymOMmGeedsit Properiy, Kept. « <.scc ics be s8 ore oe cleleoave vere Il3 Seedsmen’s Customary Weights per Bushel of Seeds............. II4 meent and size of Garden Seeds... 2.0... 0.25. c ces cee cess wees II5 Average Time Required for Garden Seeds to Germinate.......... Ls en Cs Pros cnt ACTO. 2.25. 2 «ois te eee sana Pale cla deus dietes ales II5 VII. WEEDS. Table of Noxious Weeds. L. H. Dewey, Assistant Potanist U. S. WemampinentrOl ACTiCUltUres css utce eee eee eee 165 Number of Acres Drained by Open Ditches................... 166 Advice to Land Owners About to Construct Drains............ 168 Points to Note in Planning a Drainage System................ 169 Sizes of Drain-pipe Required for Culverts in Proportion to Capacity andpallis 27 25:2 aos ape oic: fetes rence baci eee eee 169 Areas from which } in. of Water will be Removed in Twenty-four Hours by Outlet Tile Drains of Different Diameters and Lengths -with’ Different (Grades? 2c c's 3. = ts ieee eae ete ee 170 Rise of the Slope: tor woo Peet... cee ae sie = i ee ee 171 Quantity of Earth Removed per Rod of Drains of Various Dimen- STOMS. cane Aedes, a. aches latalote dane aie age Pape tose ab) oto be oie ter eee ro 171 Limit of Sizeof Tile to Grade ‘and Length. 2... 3... ..sc0 oeteeere 172 Rainfall, ssa: che 2 ae ee ae es oe oe Oe eee 172 Windmills: Table Showing the*Force and Velocity of Wind...... 173 Number of Square Feet and Acres Irrigated by Windmills of Differest Sives., ices. feiecarvats © sccm = wud nce Vaasa 173 Table Showing Capacity,ot Wandmiulls: .< 5222s... eee oe 174 Table;Showing-Hiconomyof Windmills... = Gee 2 ae oe 175 Nominal Horse-power Required for the Discharge of Given Quantities of Water with Lifts of 10 and 20 Ft.............. 176 . TABLE OF CONTENTS. 1x PAGE Seleregation: Definition of Technical Terms...............0e0000- 176 SERIO IACIEY Ol PADESs. «fee sce oh cites cs Sus cdrsce Shek ole Owielwe 170 inwiot water through Straight Pipes. ... 5:4 2.63... ce oe ne 179 Power Required to Raise Water from Deep Wells by Pumping.. 180 Approximate Cost of Different Kinds of Pipe used for Irrigation. 180 Average Cost per Mile of Constructing Irrigation Canals and LE OR TIELES Ly re oe] at cn OE 1B Pe NG ree 180 Mrinact ron Windmills and PUuMn pS. «22 ss 2 ddare sac clectieleles vous 181 ole, (Canine rama Nesp Wet oie nr re AA a 182 Beer tivacieiSteris ands LATS. ‘ance < cioups dec ood )- DATRYING, I. DAIRY COWS. PAGE On the Origin and Characizristics of the Different Breeds of Dairy Cable et tint rela lok cic) Wee oe ne Oa bik Tove tad nea ee ee 2II ii? Jersey: Cattle. By the-Author See o.s oy eee eee 2IT II. Guernsey Cattle. Prof. W. H. Caldwell, Sec’y.......... 214 III. Holstein-Friesian Cattle. M. H. Gardner, Supt. Adv. Reg. 218 EV. Ayrshites.« (C.-M. Winslow. See’y. <6... 22s ee eee 222 V. Shorthorns as Dairy Cows. By the Late J. H. Pickrell, ST Ae ee ORE PEM EEE ERE iri 224 VI. Red Polled Cattle. By the Late J. McLain Smith, Sec’y 227 Vil; Devon Cattle:. iL: P.-Sisson,/Secy .«.. = ::-1- ~ ase 230 Vill. Dutch Belted Cattle. Hy Bo Richards, Sechy-. -1-e eer 232 IX. BrownSwiss_Cattle.. ..NwS: Fish, Secs. 2c ete eee 234 Mield of Mille and Pat from) Dairy, Cows tc ae ee eee 236 Results of Tests of Dairy Breeds Conducted by American Experi- Ment SCAtiOws..s 2). ois Geneve hse cageibes ohana devers ehorelel oode atele heroes eee 237 Results of Breed Tests Conducted at World’s Columbian Exposi- POAT a SOs seks caon ate eau Be a Sisto ea Bie were re ena ole Se AS eee 238 Results of ‘‘Cow Demonstration”’ at La. Purchase Exposition, St. TEQUIS ROOM, eo 2 Min od ot vita do OU Soc She ENOL ne Tee ee 239 Highest Record for Yield of Fat Made by any Cow in a Public Test TMAIMETICAy 228 Sere cies Scot eve reer ee Olea one) axenOe EL Reena 230 - Official Milk and Butter Records of Holstein Jersey, Guernsey, and IAS ESHITE "COWS Se conve aie « Glee eadange te lone;ee ioncivre Sie preketerenetar sie aoe 240 ResultsvorvEnelish Millemie. Trials) cy.ce..crs:« cicteuss) cvs acters erence eeanenene 241 Requirements for Admission to the Advanced Register of Ameri- can Cattle 'Chibsiy5 ss. 2... selena elie. sais ovate se oneiene, hea Neuere eae 241 Average per Cent of Fat and Production of Milk and Butter Fat by Pure-bred Dairy. Cows; pervBreed... i. 2o5 soe eee ee 242 Average Percentage Composition of Milk from Different Breeds... 242 Method of Judging the Value of Dairy Cows...................- 243 Buying and Selling Cows by Tests of Their Milk................ 244 Pitty Dairy Railesic vv is. ce « melee ieee 250 Relation of Fat to Casein and) Other Solids... = <:2.. smise) oteustele eee 250 Renrtilizing Ingredients in Daimy Products... sq. «sie 2 tees eee 251 Composition, of (Colostrum, 5.5 youre ythin ots oi 0 8 dianeie le testes Goleiens tenon nenE 251 TABLE OF CONTENTS. x1 ; PAGE Composition of Ash of Cows’ Milk and Colostrum............... 251 . Cingeeivece cre WN eS rae en re 252 Table for Converting N. Y. Board of Health Lactometer Degrees to merewenne wsaclometer Degrees’... 5.) hss .ce cede s bales calcccs coe. 255 Temperature Correction Table for Specific Gravity of Milk....... 256 emetic or otal Solids: of Mille.) 0.00.3 02s ce las wee ec eae: 258 Table for Calculating Total Solids from Specific Gravity and Fat.. 260 Calculation of Specific Gravity of Milk Solids................... 261 Beds Or Ma inywerOGuets's boss. sas elslets ptets dias ebb 2b 0 onesie eles 262 Government Standards of Purity for Milk and its Products...... 264 PeERMe MAb Ter eGaie Vidlico ss stecrs cho etal oo Sol anak oe oem oe cae bck es ete a 267 Ranges of the Variations in the Composition of Herd Milk....... 268 Tables for Converting Quarts of Milk into Pounds, and vice versa.. 269 MOMIReEEICES DY NMGASUTES. oo... eis-cis ecw ese abbas bededasecsened 269a Relative Value of Milk and Cream of Different Fat Contents. 26¢b Amounts of Milk, Cream, or Skim-milk to be used in Modifying ORAM EE pis iC ole tag as Scie losreiehe 6 os a tes ereeie kos ahetchs e270 ETM TaRhenttOrmmrOt MMII CS 5s ss:< ca a S'a:c-c a esate ave cats area 0. oe 4, shaverella 271 Rules and Regulations for Care of Cows and Handling of Milk 272 III. CREAM. Percentage Composition of Cream and Other Dairy Products..... 273 Yield of Cream from Milk of Different Richness..........:...... 274 mention er Fer Cent Fat in Cream.: ..... 26.6.6 fe ee ee wee 275 Hand and Power Cream Separators on the American Market, 1913, 27 Formulas for Finding the Fat Content of Cream................ 278 Formula for Diluting Cream to a Desired Fat Content........... 279 Handling and Care of Cream Separators. J. D. Frederiksen, Mer. Miteeiiansen-s Laboratory, Little alls. Nv Yor. oe... .0n0cceee 270 Bermitenioeat im: Centrifugal Slimeamille. . cic gee cee ene ne ees 280 Loss of Butter Caused by Inefficient Skimming................. 285 EM IAA OTIRO Tl OLCATIN 5 econ aie dic tye oo owes vos Sie 5 4 Bays «eds 286 Steam-boiler and Engine Management. Prof. A. W. Richter, of BME Tatty et NONGAIA 5 51... oc des on Se . ep a oe ews 286 On the Preservation of Milk and Cream by Heat. Dr. H.L. Rus- Seileor Wisconsin Experiment Station. .....-. 0.2.2. sseces ences 290 Seeemonstor the sterilization of Milk.. 0.2.2.5. 6. ee eee ee eee 203 Quantity of Water or Ice Required for Cooling Milk or Cream.... 294 ive BUTTER: Butter-making. H. B. Gurler, ex-President Illinois State Dairy- EES JSS OCHRE TR Gah SR Ba eee ce eae ede 205 On the Use of Pure Cultures in Butter- and Cheese-making..... 207 Boyd’s Process of Cream-ripening. John Boyd, Chicago, Ill...... 301 The Alkaline Tablet Test of Acidity in Milk or Cream. Prof. E. H. Bastingeton. of Wasconsin Dairy School........i5..5522265-8 304 Directions for the Use of Manns’ Test for Ascertaining the Acidity a OG Poser cg Fae Mite oilat ob ig) was ahs’ anv v0.8 oe 9 oe 306 Xil TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Percentage Composition of Butter.......... a exepe tere vw ial Stele Ree 307 Average Chemical Composition of Sweet-cream and Sour-cream BS UG GET meted ec dis era dase te esa» =.Gie Wiacete 6 eielaters ale whee ets feet eee 307 Analyses of American Premitim Butters. . <<. 20. ose «= o0-hs sfolseeieere 308 Analyses of Foreign Samples of Butter... .....2.2..csssccceees 308 Commercial Grades Of Butters < cei oc aise 01s cis = eleist> ey ee 309 Fortmula-for Calewlating the Yield of Butter. . 52. 2-nmuieee STE Conversion Factor for Calculating Yield of Butter from the Yield pt Bh E en SIO Ee) et ICE ALI ECA CIO oD Sic ee ee 311 Yield of Butter from roo Pounds of Cream of Different Richness.. 311 Yield of Butter Corresponding to Yield of Butter Fat, per Day and BIST WVCRIE s Glo ee v eiebS wv clase iat wile 6 01 d= sl de 312 Value of a for Specific Gravities 1.019 to 1.0309 .......+. 313 Relation of Fat Content to Acidity of Skim-milk, Milk, and Cream. 313 The Sliding “Scale Overrutt. ..2 sit. (05 sc ou 2 wininnlei ee 214 Comparative Prices of Milk, Cream, Butter-fat, and Butter.... 314 Pounds of Milk Required for Making One Pound of Butter...315, 316 Distribution of Milk Ingredients in Butter-making.............. 316 Score for Judeine Butters: es02.. .. b.. sn chs ea ee 316 Enplish Seale of Points for Judgme Butter..c.. 25.25. ences eee 217 Score in Judging Proficiency of Butter-makers.................. 317 Analyses of American “Dairy Salts. 202 Ss eter oe cle ee 318 Temperatures at which Dairy Products should be Stored in Cold SEOTARE aerate nd abere a cyenanaietencsa wees tevapeaehe oitel chal sth ee re ts a ee em ee LSeN SN Sei Acca Ogio 334 Synopsis of Manufacture of Principal Varieties of Cheese ...... os 338 The ‘Cheese Market of the’ United: States... ss selec esse or 336a Commercial Grades of American Cheddar Cheese............ 336a Quantities of Whey to be Returned to Patrons........... aw eaee TABLE OF CONTENTS. Xill VI. MANAGEMENT OF CREAMERIES AND CHEESE FACTORIES. PAGE Directions for Taking and Preserving Composite Samples of Milk mmG@reaimeries and Cheese Factories. «2.5.02... onc ce cee ees 338 Payment for Milk at Creameries and Cheese Factories........... 340 Methods of Payment for Milk at Cheese and Butter Factories..... 341 Price of Milk of Different Richness per Hundred Pounds......... 343 Directions for Making Dividends in Creameries and Cheese Factories 345 Yield of Butter from 1oo lbs. Milk, according to Different Overruns 346 Mable Showing Average Per Cent of Fat in Milk................ 347 Suggestions to Patrons of Cheese Factories and Creameries....... 349 By-laws and Rules for Co-operative Creamery Associations....... 351 By-laws an@ Rules for Co-operative Cheese Factories............ 354 Rules for Patrons and Instructions to Cream or Milk Gatherers... 356 Poi Til. GENERAL TOPICS. I. CONSTITUTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS. Constitution and By-laws of Agricultural Clubs................. 3590 Constitution of Village-improvement Societies. ................. 364 MeEetLtion Of ROAd LEACues .-0 6.00. Sec ccc cance caneceacces 366 Mo-operatives breeders’ «Association |)... 5 ees csc cece bec ccccne 367a I ee SSR ALSGIIS 6. 5 a aw oi vil cpmi aw via ea wen Bw'e ews 6% w'e'G Bees 3675 Il. MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS AND TABLES. Explanation of Flag and Whistle Signals Adopted by the U. S. \Wieaviln Sie BLUIRSE RCI RRS Ces SOR e nee Oe erat Reon te 368 ¥xplanation of Storm and Hurricane Warnings................. 369 List of Headquarters of State Weather Services................. 370 Merchcimimanc Harntak Hawks and Owls). .cacs cscs es. cbeesee- 370 RSC eilE SPARC eUSSUCC ie ofa ic, ceheiéss c/a-stegia it celedics ss dere w cee ve 371 ETE ae acc ec eh eke

oe s eee eee oe 6t FO IV. STATISTICAL TABLES: United States; Area and Population, roma... + osc eee AIT Canada, Area and Population; 1932...) O46 nia aoe ee ee 411 Normal Mean Temperature of the Air in the United States...... 412 Average and Actual Date of Last and First Killing Frost........ 413 Normal ‘Precipitation in the®United States. (22.2255... eeeereer 415 Meteorological Data-for Canada. ~. sco ace one cies ee eee 416 Comparison of Leading Industries in the United States.......... 416 Areas of Appropriated, Vacant, and Reserved Lands in the United SUAGES: « auc ee is ciel eleie Sle ete circ ete e esate teen oe ok eke etree eee eee 417 Farming Population of the United States, 1880-1900............ 4l7 Number and Classification of the Agricultural Population, 10 Years anid (Overs: Hees va toas ats tos Bea oy agnor hes oe eee eee eee 418 Number of Farms in the United States, and their Value......... 418 Statistics Concerning Farms in the United States................ 419 Statistics of the Principal Crops in the United States in 1912...... 420 Average Agricultural Wages in the United States in 1893-1895.... 424 Industry “Groupsin the) United) States: 5/2. 2c ame ie e 424 Area, Production, and Value of Principal Crops in the United ge SEALS) TOLD: etic: fo Si erent, Sue sien craavebes cnn dikes RS otete taney ee ee 425 The Principal Cereal Products of the United States, 1850-I1910.... 425 Production of Various’ Grops 1 Canada, Toon. = 2)... nee 425 Average Cost per Acre of Raising Wheat, Corn, and Cotton in the Winited States mhCOsser. mus ieee ae tee cts ERO eS oti 2 426 Average Farm Price of Agricultural Products, 1890—-I910.......... 426 Number and Value of Farm Animals in the United States, 1880-1910 427 Values of Farm Property and Products in Canada, I90I.......... 427 Number of Farm Animals and Animal Products in Canada, 190I.. 427 Breeds and Number of Registered Live Stock in the United States, WEG s STA TOOS fede ncrece oss cepeMe c+ obs. © ols he ae tees obs See ene ee 428 Pure-bred Cattle of- Breeds Used for Dairying... 09.22. se. eee eee 429 Number and Average Price of Farm Animals in the United States, BATT AT PE LOM. espave Sten cies iokens tellecel ote 01s Zea steyenee bene eeaete dare sare eo Dairy Statistics for the United States, 1900,,...........--- vets eee TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV PAGE Statistics of Butter, Cheese, and Condensed-milk Factories (Twelfth | j OSOELEEGIE) SSS CIOS 2 gc Espey CURIE NC RET oh ee a a 434 fitter and @heese-making in Canada, 1901. 6. ...ssccccccceccccs 435 iveoleeroduct of the United States, 1912-... hs... ecw eesceene 435 Production of Sugar in the United States, 1870-I9II............. 435 Statistics of Beet-sugar Factories in the United States for 1912.... 436 Production of Cane- and Beet-sugar, I903-IQII.............0.--- 436 Maple-sugar and Sirup, and Sorghum Sirup Produced in the UTeuenard) (SHNEAIGSS TCO CR) SERS ats, PRIOR Race Dear el tae I en 437 Statistics of the Lumber Industry of the United States, 1906...... 437 Poultry and Egg Products in the United States, 1879-1899....... 438 Production,of Honey and Beeswax in the United States, According Pec HSHeMCeEtirns OF T8OQ—T8OOsa. . yk note cise a ste avec need» vi cielee 438 Bees, Honey, and Wax in the United States, 1899............... 438 Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products in the United States, eB TDS TGR A oS Upper ica RCL a NEE Re ce ena 439 Domestic Exports of Butter and Cheese, 1870—19012.............. 446 Exports of Dairy Products from Canada, 1870-1010. .;...<.s+. 446 Mie Bertilizer Industry of the United. States. ..........2.ececc0 447 iaponiseatic. Exports Of Fertilizers in: 1896. ......666. 0.0220 0s oe one 447 Imports of Fertilizers and Fertilizer Materials, 1896.............. 447 Rank of States as Regards Value of Agricultural Products........ 448 V. DIRECTORY OF AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTIONS. Organization of the U. S. Department of Agriculture............ 452 Ministers and Commissioners of Agriculture in Canada........... 453 State Officials in Charge of Agriculture in the United States...... 453 American Educational Institutions Having Courses in Agriculture. 454 Statistics of Agricultural Schools and Colleges in the United States. 456 Ris oF American Veterinary Colleges........5..2...+2...0ucr+es 456 Veterinary and Sanitary Officers in Charge of Live-stock Interests. 456 airy Schools in the United States and Canada................- 457 SL ERS Of IBORES I BOS, 5 BRO eat eee aOR RSECT sno aan tS 457 Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States and Canada. 458 MivetiisimGharce of Rarmers Institutes. .2......6.0:.cecsseces 459 VI. AGRICULTURAL AND DAIRY LITERATURE. MigreminapoLeant. VW OEKSOM Dairying. «<<. .cccicssseeseecsdsess 460 A List of Sixty Agricultural and Horticultural Books............ 462 Hist of American and Foreign Dairy Papers...........ecececees 4604 The Main American Agricultural and Horticultural Papers........ 466 GENTS Ptet tea vein cic) clare ale's sioierselelec © 10 oie edie b o'a.0's cle gee Seeesiee sneee 471 COMPOSITION OF FEEDING STUFEFS, Pasture grass Green clover Green corn Corn silage Fodder Corn Corn stalks Timothy hay Red Clover hay Oat straw Potatoes Mangel-wurzels Carrots Indian Corn Wheat Barley Oats Rye Pea meal Corn & cob meal Corn cob Wheat bran Wheat middlings Rice bran Linseed meal O.P. Linseed meal N.P. Cotton seed meal Cotton seed hulls Gluten meal Malt sprouts Brewers’ grains Chart showing Pounds of Water and of Digestible Matter in 100 lbs. Digestible ! Digestible Digestible Water Protein Carbohydrates Fat ae | mag ———4 SSss 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 200]bs, Ee eS Ee eee SS Ee ee ee er 10 20 30 40 60 60 70 80 90 100Ibgq: PAni asics semeec 4| 7-7! 3-7/16.0] 6.1/59.4| 7.1/88.6)|12.5/46.9] 2.8 Oatihnnlls.. liswees ses ste 1] 7-3] 6.7] 3-3|29.7|52.1| 1.0/86.0]] 1.3/40.1| .6 One dust:cccoeheeooe cee 2| 6.5] 6.9!13.5/18.2/50.2| 4.8/86.6]| 8.9/38.4] 5-2 Bat leyies us ..csm peers 1o/10.9| 2.4|12.4| 2.7/69.8] 1.8/86.7|| 9.5/66.1| 1 2 Barley screenings.. 2)12.2] 3.6)12.3] 7.3/61.8] 2.8/84.2]| 9.3/57.3] 1.8 WINE a cme, saleta aed .|310)10.5| 1.8/1rr.9] 1.8]/71.9] 2.1/87.7]| 9.2/64.9] 1-4 Wheat bran—roller pro- CESS) pact aos eee 12.0] 5 6/16.1] 8.4/53.7! 4.2/82.4]|12.6/44.1] 2.9 Wheat bran—old pro- GESS Pato). eee wee 9/12.0] -4.9]13.0] 8.1/58.2) 3.8/83.1]|10.1|47.5] 2.6 Wheat shorts ......... 12,11.8| 4.6'14.9' 7.4|56.8) 4.5|83.61|11.6145.4] 3.4 Wheat middlings...... 33/12.1| 3-4]15-7| 4-7|60.2| 4.0/84.5||12.2/47.2| 2.9 Wheat screenings... ..| 1c|1t.6} 2.9]/12.5} 4.9|/65.1] 3.0/85.5]| 9.8/51.0] 2.2 Low-grade flour (“red dog’ ib eeerenoG aay ora: 8\10.0] 2.2|15.8] 1.6/67.7| 2.7/87.8]|13.5|61.3] 2.0 EVIE a ae bins wie'ss Hee ee 6! 1.6 1.9|10.6] 1.7|72.5| 1-7|86.5]| 8.3|65.5] 1.2 RVEIDran i)... samen a8 7|11-6) 3.6/14.7) 3.5/63.8] 2.8/84.8]; 9.7/48.0] 1.6 Ryershorts.c... -osebie 1] G-3] 5-9|18 oO] 5.1159.9| 2.8/85.8] 11.9|45.1| 2.6 Buckwheat 2: ssescer. 8)12.6| 2.0/10.0] 8.7/64.5| 2.2/85.4|| 7.7|/49-2| 1-8 Buckwheat bran. 2|/T0.5/W8.0)12.4131.9 38.8] 3.3/86.©] 7.4/30 4| 1 9 Buckwheat shorts.. 2|Er.1] 5.1/27.1| 8.3/40.8] 7.6/83.8] 21.1/33.5] 5-5 Buckwheat midulings.. 6|t2.7| 5.1;/28.2] 4.2/42.3] 7.5}82.2|\22.0/33.4| 5.4 RICO ig etn Sct wide so 10O|12.4| .4| 7.4] .2/79.2| .4|87.2|) 4-8)72.2) se PRICE {DRAM e Me cc eich ate =a 5| 9-7|10.0)12.1] 9.5}/49.9| 8.8)80.3]) 5.3/45.1] 7.3 Rircewinalis ras one ncn oo 3| 8.2/13.2] 3.6 35.7)38.6] — .7/78.6)) 1.6]44-5) 26 Rtce.ponshes. see ec. 3 4 10.0] 6.7 11.7) 6.3]/58.0] 7.3/83.3]' ansienin! 6.5 Peainrealls ote 2 aa). 2ite. 2.6,20.2 14.4|51.1] 1.2/86.9 ot a -9 FEEDING STUFFS. AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF AMERICAN FEEDING STUFFS— (Continued). eH wih AO: Per cent Percentage Composition. Digestible Matter. a ; PE ald : <= » Feeding Stuffs. | 2 Se bale E Q q 6/8).5) 8 5 “ q oe ak| SA) Sha) | a EE el oe a) a log A }ee leg; a 3] 8 $/ 9/83 Sse] 8 /Ss] 8 . o|s| ale] siSa 4 | mel sles! s k a = O° | q | a= Pr enietG: | Glen, | Ge Popo. |: Sorghum seed... .. 10/12.8| 2.1] 9.1] 2.6/69.8| 3.6 85.1] 7.0/52.1] 3-1 room. cold. ..<..... 2|11.5| 3-4.10.2| 7.1/63.6| 3.085.1| 7.4/48.3| 2.9 LEN iss Sree 50| 9.2 4.3|22.6| 7.1/23.2|33.7/86.5|20.6|/17.1/29.0 WWE DEAN ok oc ek ee 5|14.8] 3.2/20.8] 4.1}55-7| 1.4'82.0]/18.3/54.2| 1.1 Slay tilotet: 5 See 8/10.8] 4.7/34.0| 4.8}28.8/16.9!84.5|29.6|17.9|15-9 Miscellaneous Feeds. IMBIG Sprouts... 2... 5| 9-6] 5-9|24.8|11.0/47.0| 1.7/84.5|19.8/36.2| 1.7 Brewers’ grains, wet. .| 15!75.7| 1-0] 5.4| 3.8|12.5| 1.6/23.3] 3.9] 9.5| 1-3 Brewers’ grains, dried.| 5| 7.7] 3-6,22.2|12.3|47-0| 6.3/88.7|16.2/35.5| 5.3 Hominy chops (meal).} 1410.9] 2.5! 0.0] 3.7.64.4| 8.586.6| 8.0|61.0| 7,8 Si 7| 8.3] .9.21.6| 6.8|49.6|12.7\90.8|18.6|48.3|11.1 Cream gluten meal... 5| 8.2] 1.3132.8] 1.7|/42.0/14.1|90.5/29.5 39.6|12.8 Chicago gluten meal..| 3] 9.5| -9!35.8| 1.5/46.8) 5.6)89.6/32.2/44.1| 5.1 Gornvoilheakes ....:.: 3} 9-0] 2.4)24.8| -6.7/43.6|13.5|88.6|22.3/42.6/12.3 Germ meal(corngerm)) 410.4] 3.6,10.0 5.0|64.2| 6.8/86.0] 9.0\61.2| 6.2 Grano-gluten........ 3) 5.7| 2-7/31-0]11.4/34.8/14.2|91.6|26.7|/38.8/12.4 Starch feed, wet...... 12/65.4| +3} 6.2] 3.1|22.0| 3.1|34.3] 5-5|21-7| 2.3 Cotton-seed meal....| 37] 8.2| 7.2'42.4] 5.6/23.8/12.09|84.6|36.9|18.1|12.3 Cotton-seed hulls ....| 10} 9.9] 2.9] 4.2/47.4|33.2| 2.2/87.2] 1.0]26.2/ 1.8 Linseed meal, old pro- LESS ae 2 ee 21] 9.2] 5-7/32-0| 8.9135-4] 7-0|85.1/28.31/32.8] 7-1 Linseed meal, new pro- SESSA Os one ena TA4\I0.1| 5.8}33.2| 9.5|38.5| 3-0/84.1/27.2/32.9 2.7 Palm-nut meal*..... 600/10.4] 4.3)16.8|24.0/35.0] 9.5|85-3]/16.0|52.6| 9.0 Sugar-beet leaves....|... 88.0] 2.4] 2.6] 2.2] 4.4] -.4| 9.6] 1.7] 4.6] .2 Prickly comfrey ..... AE SOr4 la 2-2) Seal eo |e5e0 | <3! ‘Orde 4 AcOb tc? __ DSS SS eee 2 SAas| 220 lbe2.3| 2.6| Oct. 5113 aseres |) ST] o s2 eSEITICING.. cis fos ec eis QOL, eS ese rey | 5.21. 24) -Ss0ieao|| S888 23 VISSER ee co cin es ae ato BOlISAcole oS) adiakes| Less |e) .3\n4.Fllensike2so) . 2 . Apple pomace...... menROsTine Colt D4) 401802) 1. 3/22°S)hm-olre.g} en. Beet molasses. .. ....| 35|/20.8/10.6] 09.1|..../50.5|- ...|68.6] 9.1|/59.5].- -- Bea sce << 5. tvs HOSOrS |) 0|! Sop 224) (6. 3).5.5.01 GLOl) asGll 7. 3} Dried beet pulp...... I] 4.4| 4.1} 8.3|20.0,63.5| -7|91.51 5.8}67.7 Molasses beet pulp...| 1{ 3.7| 4.5] 9.8|18.6.62.7| .7|91.8| 6.6 67.0 Meat-scraps*....... T44\10.7| 4.1|71.2]....| -3/13-7/85-2|68.4] 3/13 Piried blood *........ SOS] Aaya sls cie|s cee 2.5|86.8,58.1). Ss | ae Skimmed milk*...... OGlOORAlT, S7ises eens 4.7} .8) 8.9 3-1) 4.7 etermilk Fj. S) se. 85|90.1| .7| 4.0}. ALO} tl, OS2i3.0|: 4.0] Wiley Se oh 46'93.4' .7!| .o!. ASL sss ol) Ble a7 * 6 AGRICULTURE. READY REFERENCE TABLE OF COMPOSITION OF FEEDS. (HI ts.) The following tables save calculations of percentages, since, the weights and contents being given in pounds, it is only necessary to find the kind and desired amount of a certain feed, and the tables give the-exact food contents in pounds; e.g., 15 lbs. of Green Fodder Corn contain 3.1 lbs. of dry matter, 0.17 lbs. of digestible protein, and 1.9 Ibs. digestible car- bohydrates and fat. es Dl ee eae Gee Ln Pounds of | AS ¢ jee] Qs ge je9F!| AS g |agm Feed. <3 ® |9sU]| -Qe |] OS (Sst age] DB |oad fou ~ AHE @& ~ AHE 04 pe) QAHG ato So |Hdall Pe So [Ho al| $e Oo \Hdd H fon} 2) H @& o) a we & Ay JO ‘= Are KS ‘s A |O Green Pasture Grass grec Grass Ky. eee Grass, Fodders. _ 74.8 tras 19.2 Darcie ens O25 OOO h ors ZO) (KOO 4 Only 0.9 cee Gus ee ey cual tae THROU) On 1h 2.0 T 30 WrOsOo} heii 1.8 |'oe no} ong ORS OO Oe Zor OL i eer 3°28 | 0.15 | 2.4 || 635 qe aeons 1S Aah cra 32 Ols| O)03 Shek 7, BOE Ossie a2 5, 2) WhO eel eee 20's Siete AxO's|"Os4.0%| eee Fag Ono As 7.0 MD. AC ey ee ey PIES BOL Ose | eo 0.0) )o54 5.4 8.7 | On5ol weg BO. saw eiet- 6707/0 560)| 3.3. || Tras WiO.85 O74 I To. 5 a) GMO as BIST ie eres FeO MW Owot | 3a eis 4: 0.35 7. 5 NED oo tow yon eae A Ose oats tore os 8.0 | 0.92 14.) 05.4.) 0760 |. 8 Onna voulylonso 50 | 7a Green Fodder Green Oat Fod- Green Rye Fod-— Fod- Corn; i227 der, 1: 8.7 der, I: 7.2 Py dotted s Des ihorto siiNon Oo WiC OO lho45 0}, 6) "os ior Beers eee ate TO 4) 0.06) 0. 6 Leo | O.r2) x. I, 201 or reriveaeey TOP avote steht 3 eo Fa A oS Bal Ves ae l Bes WhO. ade B:.\3)\ A\ Ory 2h antes TiS ee ee Sa Onee al) ELD Biya Ova Oaleesrek 3:.°5) | O S32 mee QO. Meee tore: A B02 2)||250 FAO NW ORAS || Aare 4.7 10.42) 340 QED ener ere KZ ANC Soil sie O25: | 0.60] 522 5 507] OF 52h ees Or sate ones G22 Woossil sa08 ees ow 7251 10112 4.0 | Oo Oga aes OR Cee FeO sO) | de Si |e eee an ee a gins 8.2) | o. 7a see ow Reng Ae ae Sg: RO 4 aS 2) ne ee. pO. O0U Bas 9.4 10.84 6.0_ Oats and Peas, Bae and Peas, Red Clover 14.2 2 3 E2 | (green) 1: 5.7 Ba wrekteve ce O45 S| (0207) ||.0%.3 Oh |LOm074|) 01-2 O...7 vO JOFnomet i inetteieiey et: T pi). 1E4),| Ont5 PrO Gg Onrg | (Oa: T: 3:5 oo] Ol ences TiO! ie sees! =: 2 Mie | Or 27ilo Tar Zp 0.28 | 0.9 2:50) | O20) tase i Riot Sar Oh ee See Ronn E07 Sinha tele ie) ew. b 4.40/50 .447) 28 20-2 .. Ase OR GAW foo Aa) 0250) 155 5.9 | 0.58 Ss. DED ewe 3 hatte. sq 2) || tev (ater Pe dexa) Bie, O.. FOls £298 7 £3: (iO gis wea eae ZO. a Be ein 6.40.55) 3.4 6.2) Won a4 | ea 8.8, | 6. S37 eas Bie hea eRe Ses Wesel OAOS V4.0 43 2e iO. OG |i -3\52 «|| TOsas | ayeoma ee AO in She x 85 54) IGS “426 8.2 |1.12| 3.6 || 1z.7 11.16] 6.6 Corn Silage, | Corn Stover Si- || Clover Silage, Tie yo! | lage, 1: 16.6 20427 Ce Cae eps tape On7- lio GF 054 OFS 0.0210 43 297 | 0.07 lows et shetta poo o Ts HO MOO! LO. TOM C208 Ons Iv4 | O.EA\| ONG TO! Woes eee 2.0 |O.r2i02 8, MPT.(0%1'O. 00) (. 50 2.8 NiO 29nd ENS eee epe se aepmebatsn| | lar | 2 OW OwOO et ay As,2) OATES ZO rode peyshe ts Bast Or 244 sano Be On 22 .o! 5.6) |JOe Saul ae 2G Wel ereus oie O2OU|sO. 3044 5 ANStes | peepee aya 2a 7 30. WO 0a see BO Versi evocs\ ele FO nO mone Sas Tpeitoten Weta tive fl [msc iay.8y BA. | OJOE Seo BiG Mie petetetase Oe | O04 25) 10.2 Case lor ony say 9.8 10.05] 4.5 BO cehs s ehehes TOW LOL AS 7a 224 10.24% 450: | TT.2) | ea ee FEEDING STUFFS. COMPOSITION OF FEEDS—(Continued). daly=) ue a aago a) SSE OS Ot n a TOON NOME HIND O MOOD H hi C00ARKRRQ00 ae» Mek eee . op ae . Focal ww eel 1. ek ee Ww 670. Gs We) 16 e ee eae -Ayoqie9| o OOH HHANMM ra COOHHHAANM™ By OOOOHHHHA oS HAMMNPTNOND eee ee set | ee 0 A ————————— a MNOMONONMO H m™NHOMNONONO ye AMO aN MOH + On AnM NOOO NnNt+M “uIeJOIg| _- OOHHANAMMST 5 oonKANAMMS m OOOOH HHAAN bye OR AMPMONOD L toe nes ae a ee . . Ww eo. . a eee See ee ef fo ih Un ES) ap aie 2 o00000000 aS) 000000000 i 000000000 aie 000000000 ry | F IO} PW E MM HOMASTOO E AMO TATAMD = AMO ANMAAW Sn AO TAH OW Aiq [e0y| Y COoOnHHAames | & © OCH HuRUualnenien CO00OHHHAA a HMR OH | HOO = SS “ye,7 pu 0 oF aorero ua MI em OO atannaoot a WOO MO AN MQ MINDO AH AO teil igi eel Dae ube 1 6 Stee 6. se Pe eras i ee ek em ye en al 0) es eM Oe ee ke ee -Ayoqie)| OOHHAAMMS - COOH HAAM™ a OCOOHHHHAN Be HAM tINOD OH pera neh || A mn le cence EA 1 wn = nn tOOoO HTN ODMO YT | WO MIND NOMO MNO - OOM nO NtTM|A : mtHOMA OOO “Uld}OIg a) OFOUBUN OT Shasta Las! Bo COHHANMMNYT a HAH MINRAH MIN po OHNAM+tHON ra} 000000000 Si} 000000000 a CO0O0000HHH ene 000000000 3 Leal "Ide a mmtontens a4 MMHO MOATOO iS AnNOMOMOMO A: amnMnoaocatN STS pee 1 eee et ae DSTA aie eg aan Aig [®}0OL e4 COOH NAMSE SEN COHHANMSS 3) OOH RAAMHNST a NTOM OO MNRH WM jaa} HHH Re NN yataap ” SCO) COT EEGh Ex sty ao P-Blielitele Mab ss aN ° HMO ANOOH t HAMANO EHO 6.68 Pe 8 N a on, Wee Se? Se ee Ree, ee @ 4b 0% ©) sae YS aes ae -Ayoqie) a COHN MMPS 8 OOOOHHHHA a OOOOH HHAAN = HA tINOS ROH ee ee ||| a 1 H ise} = H AwWMato MrANO 3° MOH mMADMAT = nRMNATO MEAD mS HAMTNO OO *uldJOIg A COOH HANMNM + OOHHAAMHT 5 OH NSH rc OH. e HAM TMO DOH ie Uy llk) | Matte (Be eye: oe: See ae ce e, ete “ewe . — ote ie ea ec at ete tes Ni tye alll) fetes) ey os, Comets tous Ys ¥ 0900000000 |,_,*" 000000000 S O0O00000HH ce 000000008 oO ial ~ od “10442 8 MHRA AMO tt » a tatoo mnao & NwMatatoNN | FF HW HINO RO AN . ame ot ow: Moh tee et. GY al he i eee” FU OR Pe ae ee AIq [®IOL| & OHA MtNO NO 4 COOHHAAMs | x COOHHAAMM atom ON TOH n |e ll oe Eien Len | Loe IL ee eee PS ee Ak Ee we ge eee Wt ak chin ge rer ae ay edit Oh eae ny nee © - sha MM ERR x. he je Nees ara Oita ers Mee a Cte ote e eee he ea patenl Maa n Cl, oak Sadie tae anecars ok Really all-out awe ewe roy Maes stage tek, BN. Seltton gan 1 ekiieietan vat temeey (e (Ae tern Cech eLoe os, G é CoM . a ya et ea eh ante pers an! Meskipetey ares tak ered “4 Rie. eA ne te eettnen Fas), Setoscaseeer arta he go yl eee ene re OC hake bora Nc Aan | he Oe. Op aye eet od At eel ie ead caren Ueate faa} % ele eete See . ton io ee ee ens on an . . . = ae jai ie) el ce) tau wicca cee Ay NmMOoOMdONONMO NMOMdONONO NMOMDOMOWMO iS] moannonm HH ANAM MYM TS HHAA MMS HHANAMM ST HR RRO AGRICULTURE. COMPOSITION OF FEEDS—(Continued). "7ey pue rs) Salaop sic se A MMOCO AHA AnD MOO H+ Di tate. Ws ae -Ayoqie9 ‘a mt 8 MD ENO 100 Oh Ce S mt SUD SPUN ODO) z OHAMTPHOKNA a COOHHAN YH pecbicicks Pe ee ~ Ne} : ¥ annran too m gS? BGI MInUOME ah OmeleaeS HAM tINO ROO aA A MADO MOAN ‘uleqoig| © RUA CR SINE OO OS Bek COOH HHANM v2: 3 0° 010 0 6 0. C.0"s sf COOH AMHPOO T : Be cata | otters reel eS lars [tee sGNl ca ceel cer histone Lat aA | Gases) nner aie ee a = co00000ONn |%,. O10) 00 0.010010) }Re2) 3OO;ONO10 10 0670 HS 000000000 ss 20 fe a OAT | gt | A OR ee [| Oct eS ee Rs rage: Me eee ee a ae Aig [®10L| atonon to oO ATO AHMODO A ATO AKHMNDA COOHAMYPOH Le ed) foal’ bed ed GN HHH He HAR se ee ba A mMINnoCW AHA | PH A MINOW AH AO ORNMHODO™ AMNMOnRtTHR -Ayoqre9 | Martino; OH Ha tO OH af OHAMTNNODH aie O16. HLT Ite: ee eee a Se Sl O g ono tnrnownwno +0 (bint HAM TINO OO Bea tm HH TO H NCH as HAMO TATOO mua TOIgg| at) SHO OSS he aa) SNe SUR” ea ee ON cat) ei een eee : mi] GOOHHHHAN [Bt] COCOHHHHA “| 000000000 | of0°O 0 0.00 oo gm 4 Bu ae co) sayyey lo aAtOAnHMINKH |v $1900 0 91ND HO 5 nmOMNO0NONM0O sea [| Sesecages | atanotmdtH CC Seal got i WA be ee LF onl CVs, Wr e) Wer Ree eR ees. ee, ee ee oe eet nto eee eer Aiq je0y,|& AtOOH Minna |4 AHO AH MIND A RNS, Bs Gee CO0dHAMYTOH (e) HHA SN Ge raasatee ata ll|e ees oe ow ar eases sues oc iol soare aog camer athe ena = ©0000000H ate O0O000HAHH gh e©00000000 fr} 0090000000 = Lal one “IOVIPW * MO 00H tO ND Z HATO RON 5 tamaanHnonm | O AtTAnO tTH+H Aig j2#30p} O ATOAK MODAN IY WHOM ON TON HAtMHEOOH ST OOOH AMMO Ll on oe on | ON (noe ‘3 prc AUR AR POs areca rant een tee : Pay epee any SA gatas tela eee aC aC a RIM |e a crecimiento w of aattae wae TOM Lies . AEUES Gach! Ieee; a) 7) ee a | eae SS Na PN OS Son TAG at te ee ea ie okies Le ae ao rhe? co ome! Ce ee Nee ee ea aes ee ee CR 5 SH ean n erin Ley al rier a 2 1 Ar eee co) ue) rei Te 5 Ee a a ae eS RE ; a Ni ers A el ae Ca alloc geet sete i ame amr are Pk, jac SES eee OR TR ei (USCA Te ot PGi aries e CHheg cys kat ol 7 yet ence pee feat eee a) a) ale he Ue eee ) Sn Se ee Se Sn ee 2 ge, fe ote O |] ethers in ay NwNMONANMrON NAwmmMoNnnnron NMrOoONnnrOoONM HAMAMMO [lon Len an I Loo le oe eS | Ls ee Le ee | Lal STUFFS, FEEDING COMPOSITION OF FEEDS—(Continued). ee 40 THO Mm HO z H monn Mast | Ha tO N0000 a, HO HO MRHAN a C4 la Te) Oe ee ee we be Cid aw wt oe PT eee. ee eee ole owe Weenies le re Stee ae Ma ee PP) Peat bog LP beet eS Kees OOOHHHaAMS |B OOOHHAAtTH | O OCO0OOHHAM+S | F OO00OHH AMT Se Seg: Be = < pa ° monto0M000 [HM tamomH ato |1qW2} 000000000 Sm] coornnnoandt *uTe}OIg OORNMPTO AN bo °? OORMNHErOMDM Om HN HONDO OOO SH OHMO AMO +A et lly Soetge soatine vasa Met meter ee BSR tat akc at el |e ; Lge gag et oe ee LeU I ey a apahce ate aac ancl Made wo" COD0D0D000OH |O"t| CO0000OHH |4""| COOOHH AMS “ll Q0000HHAM Or No) tee ae gr pe) ; “19 CIN = N HATO MH FOO ei SN UF CNCO ISSO O70 5 NM AO HO ro Su v atOA;orO NRO Arq |e}0 COOK aAmMtORO |% oooHAmMHOO | CoonaAmHtOO |-8 COOHAMTOH Y 4 ee g amMrEMOnNMOO | | HINO NO NO H H AMOMAMHNM | A HamO HOM tO -Ayoqieg |. COOHNA MIS Ba COOHHAAMN pu OOOHHAMHO ° OOOHHHA M+ sees ERLE al O ae Sa =) Srl atanortumno |{§..| anooaanarte ~| moamnaaanm | $l omnaamtno "ulayOIg) i OoO0OnNMTOO pl OOnRnNANAMHTEOD rs] OOHNMTO AN st OHMOANMNMO ; a 000000000 |# ;| 000000000 g ©C0000000H8 & ds CO000HHAM > “| @ do 69 3 *19} 4° 2 Nt 0010 1M HO 00 eA WF OO Nn HO 0% o Nyt O00 mn +O 00 8 1 QO RIO O00 O ee re tame Ban rig seal fee | hae a ce i A pele ite a cand ee. Fy caleah a wha AIq [®4}0J| 3 COOOHAMTOO COOH ANMTtO0 CooGoHAM OR |-a COOOHAMTHOA feo} ~] x ea aontHoMnaa |v HMOANRMATO A Mm FHOO NAO : HATH OND Sey PIp Chae ae eater ea TRO sen BO) fines Wey Sal deren aly een see ||| Bi ws mur N iain chad Papal) Cet A Gee aenarean ins -AYOGIeD| OOOH ANAMMNO & OOOH H NATH (oe) OOOH ANMNO 3 OO0O0OOHHHAM 4 ‘4 ka =| Sate ee ~~ 4 AtTAnOMTON | BO] momnao mdm . Ata noona a Dene Fee “uL9JOIg O00OnHANAMAOO ad ©) ONIN SSS LON ONY 5 OOOH AMACO SOO Le} SL he oh Sac dce Scene tiie t all cate = aay nc vi Weeainaw seca: | erst eras, Soe i A [ela | Me scutes aetee Seba aa re a | ember T° fi eoo00000000 aD: o0000000H - 000000000 Ee ee ae ee he ors | ~ H ee a g “IOV Ge NTO MOMNO x N tA N+OCO a4 NtAOnM TON ig) NA tAD MOMMA Arq yeqoy| © COOHANMHOH = | COOH AMTODO COOHAMTHOM 5 COOHAMPOM ) 4) Ride ate pets tee Ty, NCR a, ae Deg, tues STG ae ot gah - SRG OR nea (Ras ac pee 3 i) Y Rh Bs che | es oe eee Ret vectra varies eee ‘ ee iat n 5 Sa on A ee ete Fiah ao Se eR cant ck «1d patil hy Fanpebcalcucleie nes as eieemtia aes | (Pees 9 | eam aen etna mana oe ie I [ OPT ee Pe en 1 . Pini eilge| yates ea Mi seca Aur Ae pte es A ea a a2 ms Sani es, , (CS 18" ee on 4 * Ve ee | wee Ft es oe ee woe By ee Ore ee, oe MOE erence oh tea thre rte ohne rea etree 4 Q, HAMANN O HAMANN O ANOS IOMmO Oe a Nae -_ Lal Lal oe ee 4 re AGRICULTURE, 10 COMPOSITION OF FEEDS—(Continued). "yey pue HAMOMNHO OH s HMOMMATATNNE a HMMNHOHDMOM en eo] coommw nee Rl \ a ers.cnanre gsr iat cacgige sees ~Ayoqre) So 2% .° S| snoananant | TOOK RMOADN ra tTOnRMOnRTOH “UI1DJOIg OH MMOH TAD we OO SAMO ESE UD = OOH MINOW AO ; 8 ¢ COcoonHNA [Awl GooccooHH o CO00000HH $a eal = 19} CW 58 Sas SCO ESN LD ib>"O cE R SYD) AGO CO ESO GN g A tO MO MNO Aig [eo ooonamtoa AL! cooHnamtoa | COOHAMTOO ot aa ae HAMATAMINN | | atootN1000 Hato N0000 bahay 5 OV OTCLIO ANAC ist, sy COOHAMYPOND | 4 O0O00HH AMS presale lS | 1 a |) wonton oon [ON AtTaAmoOMNTMHDN 1249 NAAaKRD +MO00O “UPTO | Qe] OH OO Oe Conmiet Gyh OOO rt NOS RESO OO Tera =O) Oo ttm rea ee : S| GOOOGOHHaAm TE"! CoG ooOo0Go Il om Gee eu e aon ig qe aS INL i se] SNR NRO 9 SO et a 1S A en ee AIg [®1Oy m CODOOHAMPO COOHAMTHOAO COOHAMTPOR ee ee ee eS eee ee eee ee ee ge + HAFTAMNRAMNM . MH ONO HE M00 1 AMOMADC AAW -Ayoqie) te COOOHHAM+ST |G] COOHHAATH siko COOHHAM+HO G 2 —————— i] oO: yn ~-| MPONHTOMOONH |Gnl CAMnOMRHM [5+] OANaAtdo MNO “uLdJOIg i OH MO ANDO TA ce OH NATHROHNR™M Ow OnN TRANS + . S ©C0O000HHAM 3s ©C00000HHA aie ©C00000HHA ote = 0 "I9}qeW 5 APTADMO MMA [fF 3] A tA MO 00 O ss In Ad RO AN Aiq [810] i, COOHAMPOD ma COGn ama | CODOHAMYPTOA a = A rasta an ah Ce in Pas) ay. 6 St pale CU GenRERG n. Tat) eater Rhee = el AIR 97 gst aan ee ee ° % REL oes Sone ekr g Sh reas Marna e Mt: Ss ceeds n ar OMaMO ea ae mC, 8), eM gel ees peal Mulan wigimie, UW olithos cient Miles | [oem ec Seats ke LoS BEN) sipeewibentcge atlabecce: Vip, aoc 0? ile sills SnreRtiaotees Mer Akiacc AMM eo Ye eee §2 my CUP! ie Che eet eee ae eee rae tae | MM gael oe ee ie Fs er eer | mi ve. (6) er Pee ce hawt) wee al io) B] teres res rherts oe hats re Ay OQ HAMPtMMO BEAM PEO RAM FON O ~ i Leal FEEDING STUFFS. jy. CLASSIFICATION OF CATTLE FOODS. (Linpsey.) A. Coarse Feeds (Roughage). I. Low in protein, high in carbohydrates: (a) 50-65 per cent. digestible: Hays, straws, corn fodder, corn stover, and silage. (5) 85-95 per cent. digestible: Carrots, potatoes, sugar beets, mangels, turnips. II. Medium in protein and in carbohydrates, 55-65 per cent. digestible: Clovers, vetches, pea and bean fodders and brans, B. Concentrated Feeds (Concentrates), III. Low in protein, high in carbohydrates, 80-90 per cent. digestible: Wheat, rye, barley, oats, Indian corn. IV. High in protein, medium in carbohydrates, 80-90 per cent. digestible: Bean and pea meals, gluten feeds and meals, linseed meals, cottonseed meal. CLASSIFICATION OF CONCENTRATES, ACCORDING TO PROTEIN CONTENT: (a) Very rich in protein (about 80 per cent.): Dried blood, meat scraps, cottonseed meal. (b) Rich in protein (25-40 per cent.): Gluten meal, Atlas meal, linseed meal, buckwheat middlings, soja beans, grano-gluten. (c) Fairly rich im protein (12-25 per cent.) Malt sprouts, dried brewers’ grains, gluten feed, cow pea, pea meal, wheat shorts, rye shorts, oat shorts, wheat middlings, wheat bran, low-grade flour (red-dog). (d) Low in protein (below 12 per cent.): Wheat, barley, oats, rye, corn, rice polish, rice, hominy chops, germ meal, 12 AGRICULTURE. FEEDING STANDARDS FOR FARM ANIMALS. (W otFF- LEHMANN.) (Per day and per r1ooo lbs. live weight.) Lal . cot ro. Steers atmestyn stalls) ae oso. canes Steers slightly worked.... .. .... . Steers moderately worked.......... Steers heavily worked., ee ° Fattening Steers, 1st period.. sate 2d oe ee 3d ce Milch cows, daily milk yield, 11 lbs. sé “se se be oe 16.5 be 22 27.6 “ee “ “ee se +e “ce “ce “ec ee ae “ce Wool sheep, coarser breeds........ * finer breeds cannacees . Breeding ewes, with lambs..... ... Fattening sheep, 1st period. Raeiseet: 2d Horses lightly worked.......... ... Horses moderately worked......... Horses heavily worked......... eee Brood sows, with pigs. . Fattening swine, 1st period....... oe 79 2d es @eeerees ae “a 3d ot. Deere Growing cattle: Dairy Breeds, Aver. live weight Age, Months. per head. 2-3 154 Ibs Pee sig 3-6 309 —" eseeras 6-12 Eis} Mnnnancct 12-18 FOS! areaeie see 18-24 EEE: Pheseeet os Total Dry Substance. Nutritive (Digestible) Substances. o?/65/.38 of ee o K EE OF s\Omrit lbs.|1bs.} lbs. 0.7| 8.0] 0.1 1.4/10.0] 0.3 2.0/11.5) 0.5 2.8]13.0] 0.8 2.5|L5.0] Os5 30/545] cOn7 2.7|15.0] 0.7 1.6]10.0] 0.3 2.0/11.0] 0.4 2)..5) 53.0) Ow s 3-3/13.0] 0.8 I.2]10.5] 0.2 I.5|12.0| 0.3 2.9|15.0] 0.5 3-0]15.0] o 3.5|14-5] O60 1-5} 9-5] 0.4 2.O0/11.o}] 0.6 2.5/13.3] 0.8 2e5|/15.5] 0.4 4-5/25-0] 0.7 4.0/24.0] 0.5 2.7|18.0] 0.4 4.0/13.0] 2.0 3-0/12.8] 1.0 2.0/12.5] 0.5 1.8/2.5) 0.4 T.5/12.0] 0.3 Total Nutritive Substances. Nutritive Ratio. os oe ce ce | ee oe oe oe a He Se oe ee eo ery FEEDING STUFFS. ba FEEDING STANDARDS FOR FARM ANIMALS. ( Concluded.) Nutritive (Digestible) Substances. . 5) ° is xs = a Gr =) B w . is (S) ia ps 54 MDE 4 Pare v Qs Seat oe) Ss Aa aes co) Ss og re Bs = e's [Ox <= S| UK] ay s on oo oo Sa on = - eK jo |O |j&@ |e AZ Growing cattl eee hashes tors reo cattle: Beef Breeds. Aver. live weight Age, Months. per head. 2-3 165 Ibs wnteeaiets 23 4.2|13.0] 2.0] 20.0 | 124.2 3-6 BBE ceeee es 24 go5(t228) 1-5) x95q) ||) R467 6-12 SSE esses 25 2.5/£3.2] 0.7] 17.4 | 1:6.0 12--18 750 eeeeee 24 2.0/'2.5] 0.5] 15.7 | 1:6.8 18-24 937 Be eria oi 24 1.8!t2.0] 0.4] 14.8 | 1:7.2 12, Growing sheep: Wool Breeds. 4-6 G2-1bsicse- Joh 25 3-4/15-4| 0-7) 20.5 | I:5.0 6-8 rc eee 25 | 2.8|/13.8) 0.61 18.0 | 1:5.4 8-11 Se eee} 23° | 2-x]22-5) 9-5): 24-8. | 226.0 I-15 Se ee 22 | 1.8/11.2| 0-4! 14.0 | 1:7.0 15-20 Ope tester ae) «22 1.5|10.8) 0.3| 13.0 | 1:7.7 13. Growing sheep: Mutton Breeds. 4-6 66 Ibs Sena 26 4-4|15-5| 0-9] 22.1 | 114.0 6-8 84 we ceeeeee | 26 3-5|15-0| 0-7] 20.2 | 1:4.8 8-11 IOI we 24 3-O]14-3] 0.5] 18.5 | r:5.2 II-15 T2E teases -| 23 2.2|12.6] 0.5| 16.0 | 1:6.3 15-20 154 Occcees 22 2.0/12.0! 0.4 15.0 £20.5 14. Growing swine: Breeding Animals. 2-3 44 Ibs Siero a te? 7.6|28.0] 1-0] 38.0 | 124.0 3-5 99 fr aseeees| 35 | 5-0/23-7 0.8] 30.0 | 115.0 5-6 T2T eeeeees 32 3-7|21-3} 9-4] 26.0 | 1:6.0 6-8 176 Montes Jal 25 2.8\18.7| 0.3] 22.2 | 1:7.0 8-12 265 “ eesveve| 25 2.1/15.3| 0-2] 17.9 | 127.5 1s. Growing fat pigs: 2-3 44 Ibs....... 44 | 7-6/28.0] 1.0] 38.0 | 1:4.0 3-5 TIO‘ eeeeee] 35 | 5-0/23-1 0.8] 30.0 | 1:5.0 5-6 143 feeseeee| 33 4-3|22-3] 0-6] 28.0 | 1:5.5 6-8 198 Foy eee. 3-6|20.5].0-4] 25.1 | 1:6.0 8-12 287 “So ocdes | 26 3-0/18.3] 0.3] 22.0 | 1:6.4 14 AGRICULTURE. RATIONS FOR DAIRY COWS. Digestible. Carbo- Protein hydrates Fat. | Total? a ff Ef |] | lbs lbs Ibs. Ibs. lbs. Woods & Phelps....... 25.0 2.5 12.5 265 | 15.6gp| 150 Wiohl See een seem meieaace 24.5 2.2 3-3 16.2 1:6.9 Wolff's German Stand’, 24.0 2.5 12.5 15-4 1:54 Wolff-Lehmann... ... (See page ms CALCULATION OF COMPONENTS OF FEED RATIONS. Let us suppose that we have at our disposal the following common feeding stuffs: Fodder corn, clover hay, and wheat bran, and that we want to know how much is required to keep a milch cow of 1000 lbs. live weight in good condition and to secure a maximum yield of milk. We will feed 15 lbs. of corn fodder, 5 lbs. of clover hay, and 1o lbs. of wheat bran. According to the table these quantities contain the following number of pounds of digestible matter : Digestible. Dry Matter. : Carbohy- Protein. | dratesand Pate Lbs Lbs. Lbs. TS lbS.of corm MaOdder..- asia se heres 8.7 .38 54 BulbsaGlo Vershawe. eels otis Se AL2 .36 Oyen to lbs) wheaby rail. c.g. . ence cote aeepete eae as tT .8 Glutenkmeale o 34h c he. Cele eee oe eee eee 1.7 .6 Omit y, MEAL cok sw wists oo ote te aye habeeere o eee eae Thad -9 Poca lORIN LE lil tec dee itachi toe ocean ta natch Ld ge xed atenensietine Get Teen) .6 Linseed meal, NEW: PLOCESS sc ae cccvereiitci cis ouster oats .9 Took OLUEPTOGESS Hs stele cperensn eiviclaet- te ei me) MEE ECTIES Ms the. ronaict ae hote eee ale ts Gee tanmerens sel A ey Mixed feed (bran and middlings)............. i6 1.7 Malasses ‘beet, pulps. of cs cgecs se fbe bie Fece ue ara ienene aS ie Water eecen.. teicrie cle syeve tre teks etekecaps ohetekatn ia 5 cane eee .8 tes Matimiid dUNSSA sien sie cele eum, ncrokeretersre = weale seers Te 5 aS Wats Ole ws. aon. sie tiaiae ec iete ee eerie eae eta a ee nee) T 0 TRG eaala tating. 5 oe vs) ose oye eee es CO ee eee at .6 rif Rye feed (rye bran and rye middlings)........ E38 .8 ER We Tite ako she itey cin eos Danie ast rude alse aioe ey 7 River WhOIG: i): ist acn eke castes ene de meso arene) aioe nel ey / .6 Wiheatebrat Aine sen ane eae le ete ne aS 2.0 Wheat feed mixed’ 2... cite atin deuctere ate eves ae .6 I.7 WihGatecorotndur ce ciecieas coco teeree ete sees cause ie Ry | .6 Wheat middlings Ce? foci) s-sverdishe vtete Ore) = aus ee I.2 “8 (standard: )i Greet co c.0' 5 crer .8 r.3 Wiieat, whole. ely. .).%-. ha sad. eae enone T.9 5 FOOD REQUIREMENTS OF FARM ANIMALS. It is generally assumed in comparing the food require- ments of the different classes of farm animals that one cow at pasture will eat about seven-tenths as much dailv as a full-grown horse, or as much as two yearling colts, heifers, or young bulls, or as three to five calves, or four colts taken from the mare, or ten to twelve sheep, or as twelve to twenty three-months-old lambs, or as four to five swine. It may be figured that the quantity of pasture grass eaten by a cow per day, which of course will vary with the season and the condition of the pasture, will equal 25-30 lbs. of good meadow hay or 4o lbs. hay of inferior quality. | FEEDING STUFES. 19 COMPARATIVE VALUE OF CATTLE FOODS. Comparing concentrated foods with coarse feeds, one pound of the former may be considered a food unit; the quantity of grass eaten by one cow at pasture during one day is assumed equivalent to 12 to 13 food units during the early part of the summer, and to 4 food units in the late fall, 10 units being considered an average figure. The following quantities of different feeding stuffs are considered approximately equivalent, as determined by European, largely Danish, feeding experience (Schroll): t Ib. concentrated feed (cereals, mill refuse-feeds, oil meals, etc.) = 23 to 3 lbs. of good meadow hay = 4 lbs. of poorer quality hay = 1o lbs. rutabagas = 123 lbs. turnips = 6 lbs. potatoes = 10 lbs. green fodder = 6 lbs. buttermilk = 6 lbs. skim-milk = 12 Ibs. whey = 1 lb. new milk. (See table on p. 19¢, also Wis. Exp. Sta., Circ. 37.) CALCULATED VALUE OF FRUITS COMPARED WITH HAY, GRAINS, ETC. (Jarra AND ANDERSON.) 100 lbs. of each of the fruits named | 2 : ¢ ; ; & SS : fs below is equiva-| £& 3 es | oa ae) tent ho the! A | i | s olga esa ea 8 Bee ae amounts of the] , 3 5 ey 2) Was Oe lloeices materials given| § | 4 teh te cg Meri ieeitte dee eae inthe columnsto} << | $ E al eS eS Ss 9 Sa the right. Stig Hoos ie (oO. eo ees (ea IS) | | ——_ | —_ ——_ Fresu FRUITS. [755 |Lbs.|Lbs.|Lbs.|Lbs.|Lbs. |Lbs.| Lbs.|Lbs.|Lbs. J3\;0) 0) (= a en Bae olen engmlpaty, | nO. | 1S. | nouns fe) MUAIIOES co sicccce sc. Re OVE 2a oe Ae | Orel sins. |) ky )|) onstee ne 8 PE re AGM sels Omi Lye 20 eno) |/620)-| On eeks a) Lr 2 [ei ee eee ROME OnlesOn lee oelmeese moa | 26) | saaneon |) ra AEEIEIES sc ccs sas 0 8 Aoy |e7alessuezo |p asl 22) | 24 | soeieres lt) 13 EMEICOGS! sti. 0 ou0 + - AGW a 2ee oO meta F2Ord|| Ow] 2200) || Oui el Sipe Wectarines........ ASneoon son leron | 22nieT. 12s. | ore temer | oT 2 [3S can Renee SOu SONS ese 20s ||e2 5a 27 Weaige le Zour Ta! PUES Scio ses ee Pome soniesy esc! 2025.) 27) f 250 20) lad: Watermelons...... Soa at TOME TOsl) Trl) rr | ne, |e ur 8 6 Nutmeg melons. ..] 19 }| 11 | 13 8 9 9 | 10 9 7 5 Driep Fruits. EaGIES 26.2. cis sels CPRNCTO4. | PIs. 7.8) | S88 | S4i los S40) 67 1-48 PAGSTICOLS. 2. 6 oc 00s « LOA EES Witsoe! o0|' o7 03.102 103 A BEACHES. 6s a. ss es LOO Ens | Ess. ess ieos |lor jroo |) on | 72 | 5x [Png 3) eee ro, |x1o, |rz2 |) 83 | og | 80.1 07 | So. | 72 | 5° cs Sh ee et r28irsg | o% |108 |roz |rrx |10o3 | 82 | 50 19a AGRICULTURE. AMOUNTS OF DIFFERENT FEEDS REQUIRED TO EQUAL ONE FEED UNIT. (Wis. Exp. Sta., Circ. 37.) Feed. CONCENTRATES: Corn, wheat, rye, barley, hominy feed, dried brewers’ grains, wheat middlings, oat shorts, peas, Unicorn Dairy Ration, molasses beet pulp...... Wt honeseeG meals ssc. hus on cae teehee ene, Seas Oil meal, Ajax Flakes (dried distillers’ grains), glu- tenereed = SOY, NEADS secs risen. = 5a Ou = her On Name. |< a & a8 Bs Name. = Bly a8 a De sioe. | Oa 18 ho boys) S | 93 lose vam! ¢g = 2a9 vam] § = a9 = Ee ie Es & | a. = ee — ——— Dis, Sis | 32 AGRICULTURE. C.—Sheep. The market classification of sheep varies considerably in the different markets of our country. Ordinarily they are, however, classed as follows: Western wethers, ewes, yearlings, and lambs, and native wethers, ewes, and lambs. ‘These terms are self- explanatory. Western sheep are from the ranges of Montana, Wyoming, and other States beyond the Mississippi, and are strongly impregnated with merino blood.. They lack the middle wool or mutton characteristics of sheep from States east of the Mississippi. Western sheep and lambs weigh lighter and dress out less fat than Eastern stock. The various classes are graded on a range of quality, from common to choice or extra prime. (See Plumb, Farmers’ Bull. No. 184, and Coffee, Bull. No. 129, Li. Exp. Station.) D.— Swine. Prime Heavy Hegs.—These are prime heavy fat-back hogs, weighing 350-500 lbs., the extreme of the fat or lard hog. Prime implies marked evidence of ripeness and maturity. Butcher Hogs are principally barrows; they are used for the fresh-meat trade; about 25 per cent. of the hogs coming to Chicago are of this class; they range in age, with good care and feeding, from about 6 months for the light butchers to one year for the heavy ones. They are subdivided into heavy, 280-350 . Ibs.; medium, 220-280 lbs.; and light butchers, 180-220 lbs. The heavy butchers include prime and good grades, and the two latter subclasses, prime, good, and common grades. Packing Hogs.—These are, as a whole, of a poorer grade than the butcher hogs. They include old brood sows, and all other hogs that are heavy enough for this class and not good enough for the butcher class, except the poorer classes, such as roughs, boars, and coarse stags. About 4o per cent of the hogs on the Chicago market are of this class. They range in age upwards to about 9 months and weigh in the three subclasses, 200-280, 250-300, and 300-500 lIbs., each of these being graded as good, common, or inferior stock. Light Hogs.-.-This class includes all hogs within the weight limits of 125 and 220 lbs., except roughs, stags, and boars, which FARM ANIMALS, ae form separate classes. About 15 per cent of the hogs on the Chicago market belong here. They range in age from 5 to 8 months, and vary considerably in form, quality, and condition, hence the subclasses are of more importance than in the preced- ing classes. 3 Bacon Hogs are used for the production of bacon, which is pork that has been salted and then smoked. English bacon hogs weigh 160-220 lbs. and United States, 155-195 lbs. The latter are graded as choice, good, and common. Light "Mixed Hogs.—This is a somewhat miscellaneous class, comprising about 55 per cent of the light hogs on the Chicago market. ‘This class is the “dumping ground”’ for the outcasts of the two former classes of hogs. They range in age from 5 to 7 months, and weigh 150 to 220 lbs. They are principally used for the fresh-meat trade. Light Light Hogs.—Hogs in this class range in weight from 125 to 150 lbs., and in age from 5 to 6 months. About 25 per cent of the light hogs on the Chicago market belongs to this tlass and are used mainly for the fresh-meat trade. This and the preceding subclass include hogs of good, common, and inferior grades. Pigs range in weight from 60 to 125 lbs., and in age from 34 to 6 months. They are choice, good, or common pigs in proportion to t! eir approach to the ideal of a fat hog. Roughs.—This class includes hogs of all sizes that are coarse, rough, and lacking in condition. The pork from these hogs is used for the c-eaper trade for both packing and fresi-meat purposes. Stags.—These are hogs that were boars beyond the pig stage and have been subsequently castrated. They sell with a dockage of 80 lbs. According to iheir freedom from stagginess and their quality and condition, these hogs are sold in the class with the various grades of packing hogs or with boars. Boars.—These are always sold in a class by themselves, and bring from two to three dollars per cwt. less than the best hogs on the market at the same time. The pork from these hogs is used to supply the cheaper class of trade and also for making sausage. 34. AGRICULTURE. Miscellaneous Classes: Roasting Pigs.—Three to six weeks old and weighing 15 to 30 lbs. T.ey come to market in small numbers and only during the holiday season. They are usually of a very uniform grade and command prices ranging from those paid regular live hogs to that paid for poultry. Feeders.—These are hogs that are bought on the market and taken back to the country to be further fed. This class is of but small importance, as this practice of feeding is followed only to a very small extent. Governments.—These are hogs that are not considered sound in every respect by the Government inspectors, and are retained for further inspection. ‘They are usually bought by local dealers and taken to one of the smaller packing houses, where they are slaughtered under the supervision of an inspector. If their flesh is found unfit for human food, they are tanked and used for fertilizers. Pen Holders are long-legged hogs of poor form, coarse in quality, and much lacking in condition, kept at the stock yards simply for the purpose of holding pens for commission men. Dead Hogs.—These are hogs killed in transit, and are used for the manufacture of grease, soap, and fertilizers. If they weigh too lbs. or over, they sell for 75 cents per cwt.; if less, they furnish no revenue to the producer or slipper, the cost of handling them being held equal to their value. (See Dietrich, Bull. No. 97, Illinois Experiment Station.) Girth in Feet and Inches. agray ad ck seer SEH OL CHIEN ER LOMO ch Gr url tn On 2A tn UrniGilths LR OT, FARM ANIMALS. TABLE FOR ESTIMATING LIVE WEIGHT OF (WHITCHER.) eH me ANnPWNHOH OO COIANUARWNHHOH OO OIIANRWHHOH aH CATTLE. Store Cattle. Lbs. 650 675 700 725 75° 775 800 825 850 875 900 925 950 I000 1050 I1I0o I1I50 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 700 725 750° 775 800 825 850 875 900 925 95° 975 I000 IO50 I100 II50 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 Medium Fat. Lbs. 700 Lbs. 759° 35 Fair Shape. | Good Shape. | Fair Shape. | Good Shape. Lbs. 36 AGRICULTURE. DETERMINATION OF THE AGE OF FARM ANIMALS BY THEIR TEETH. (U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.) Horse.—The horse has 24 temporary teeth. The male has 40 permanent teeth, the female 36 or 40. The smaller number is more usual in females, due to the lack of the tusks. The temporary teeth consist of 12 incisors and 12 molars; the 4 center front teeth, 2 above and 2 below, are called pinchers ; the next 4 are called intermediate or lateral, and the next 4 corner teeth. The permanent teeth consist of 12 incisors, 4 tusks, and 24 molars. The dental star is a yellowish ring appearing next the enamel on the table or crown of the tooth. The following table shows approxi- mately the changes of the teeth with age: ; 3 to 10 days: Temporary pinchers and 3 molars cut. 40 to 60 days: Temporary intermediates or laterals cut. 6 tog months: Temporary corner teeth cut. Ig to 25 months: Leveling of temporary corner teeth. 2} to 3 years: Pinchers replaced by permanent teeth, 3} to 4 years: Intermediates or laterals replaced. 4 to 43 years: Tusks cut. 44 to 5 years: Corner teeth replaced. 5 to 6 years: Leveling of lower pinchers. 7 years: Leveling of permanent intermediates. 8 years: Dental star and notches in pinchers, g years: Dental star in intermediates. 10 years: Dental star in corner teeth. Cattle.—Cattle have 20 temporary and 32 permanent teeth. The temporary are 8 incisors in the lower jaw and 12 molars. The permanent teeth are 8 incisors and 24 molars. Cattle have no incisors in the upper jaw. The table for cattle is as follows: At birth: Temporary incisors appear. 5 to 6 months: Teeth decayed on border. 6 to 7 months: Leveling of pinchers. 12 months: Leveling of first intermediates. 15 months: Leveling of the second intermediates. 18 months: Intermediate incisors become stumps. FARM ANIMALS. at 2 years: Permanent pinchers cut. 2} to 3 years: Permanent first intermediates cut. 3% years : Second intermediates or laterals cut. 4 years : Corner teeth replaced. 5 to 6 years: Leveling of permanent pinchers. 7 years: Leveling of first intermediates. 8 years: Leveling of second intermediates. 9g years: Leveling of corner teeth. 10 to 12 years: Dental star in pinchers and intermediates. 13 years: Dental star in corner teeth. Sheep. —Sheep have 20 temporary and 32 permanent teeth. The table for changes is as follows: I month: Milk incisors appear. 3 months: Milk incisors decayed on border. I5 months: Permanent incisors cut. 2 years: First permanent intermediates cut. 33 months: Second permanent intermediates cut. 40 months: Corner teeth cut. Hogs.—Hogs have 28 temporary and 44 permanent teeth. The table for changes is as follows: At birth: Temporary corner incisors cut. I to 2 months: Temporary central incisors cut. 3 months: Temporary lateral incisors cut. g to 12 months: Permanent corner incisors cut. 12 to 15 months: Permanent central incisors cut. 18 to 20 months: Permanent lateral incisors cut. 58 AGRICULTURE. BODY TEMPERATURE OF FARM ANIMALS, (DaMMANN.) Deg. F. Deg. F. Horse. »22,4632% 90,57101.94) Swinteiss<.6. 52 IOI. 3-104.0 CAL MGw riucem once 100.4°-403.1; {° Deg. iavdecies 99.5—-103.1 SHCED. = s.r. sss IOI.3-105.8 The temperature is greater after exercise than after rest, and in the evening, as a rule, 0.2-1.1° F. higher than in the morning. DURATION AND FREQUENCY OF HEAT IN FARM ANIMALS. (worrr.) If not Impreg- |After BE poe In, In Heat for nated, Heat will Heat wil Recur after Recur after Manes... cc0- 25: ores 5-7 days 3-4 weeks 5-9 days Cows etaieinr ae 2-3 ‘** 3=4. ant 21-28 Ewes..... caetohelsror 2-3‘ 17-28 days 7 months Sows ashe 2-4 ‘ g-12 “* 4-5 weeks* * 8-o weeks at the latest. PERIOD OF INCUBATION OF POULTRY. Name of Fowl. Days. Name of Fowl. Days. Gommon“hens.1..2 2 < 21 Goostes 24S cae eee 30 Pheasantincetsc tts eee 25 Partridge: =. te -cese 24 Duck, common. ...... 28 Duck, Barbarye..-e 30 Rea TOWl- ces 6 ctewtes ier 28 MITES Y sic,ceranens Oe 28 ASrntta Gale i, wierties tavage vue mar 25 FARM ANIMALS, GESTATION CALENDAR. Average Gestation Period. Mares, 484 weeks (340 days, extremes 307 and 412 days). 39 Gows, 4044 “ (283 “ a 240m em SUE) 14) s Ewes, 22 ce SOY re TM4OMao Sa < |) Sows, 16 RE (Cro) oe ZOOM. S43 | ys Time of Mares, | Cows, Ewes, Sows, Service. 340 Days. 283 Days. 150 Days. 112 Days. Jan. »1 Deen 6 Octitro May 30 April 22 se 6 oe Il oe 15 June 4 “cc 27 ooh apr ean 7 20 te 9 May 2 sé 16 oe 21 ee 25 ee 14 “ 7 “ce 2t oe 26 “e 30 “ec 19 “cc 12 as 120 ae Nov. 4 eee fl So ay 57 BRE Ss janes Ss 9 $504 20 Se cA22 Feb.’ s seth LO eee July 4 SCT “ec Io tec 15 ee 19 te. 9 June I ee | ote omen | oS coaeg £20 C25 29 19 II oo 2 ea Dect 4. tha) 24 810 Mar. 2 Feb. 4 a 9 SS 20 Seo Max . 7 aes: = 14 Aug. 3 ee els) ieee Em Eee TA 19 of 8 july “ec 17 “ec 19 ee 24 ee 13 oe 6 Cp ato Rein lv2d ey eye" 18 > II RC Mar. 1 Jans 33 23 16 April I ae 6 “2 8 Ss 228 reg ACK : 6 aes OES 3 Sept. 2 Sete 26 “ce II ee 16 “cc 18 oe 7 “ec 31 a I6 Se pad ie ee i ge Aug. 5 “ 21 Ge 26 se 28 se 17 ia) 10 e206 poe eh Feb. 2 “222 SORTS May 1 April 5 as 7 27 <> 20 co 6 SS) EO cS 2 ae Oet: -2 Se 2r oe It “ec 15 oe 17 te 7 oe 30 —.. r0 "36 E22 se “12 Sept. 4 6c 21 “ce 25 66 27 6 17 se 9 pate 26 the aS Mar. 4 f 22 e 14 et ge May 5 cv eg =. 19 June 5 ssi) < XO S74 Nov. 1 . 24 ee Io ee 15 ec 19 ae 6 ‘ 29 oe “20 Soa ae i Oct: «4 “ 20 ae 25 “ce 29 eé 16 ‘ 9 ae 25 <= "30 April 3 er ne ral ‘“ 30 June 4 +6 Sang “6 19 July 5 ae) eee Dec s a hs 2 “ Io “ce 14 “é 18 ee 6 ac 29 “ 15 “ 19 ‘“ 23 = an Nov 3 So ZO tay = 28 = a6 8 40 AGRICULTURE. GESTATION CALENDAR.—( Continued.) Time of Mares, Cows, Ewes, Sows, Service. 340 Days. 283 Days. 150 Days. 112 Days. July 25 june 29 May 3 Dec: 21 Nov. 13 . ° uly 4 es ee 126 bed 8 u “ee 6s oe ee eae oe ee feces aes ele os 19 ee ee SeP TG Dec, 3 “oe 19 “ee 24 “ec 28 ee 15 8 Be cog See 29 June 2 S9526 ies oe 29 Aug. 3 ee 7 ee 25 et 18 ee “ “a ec Sept 3 -s E en rer; 30 6 83 3 17 e 4 28 ours ag yes pram: * 9 Jan. 2 “ 18 a 23 “ 27 “ 14 ws - ere 122 ce ro July 2 rc UET GS ree: ee pes tts Sept. 2 = 7 a ay oo SOR rae Oct WY 7 a Mar. 1 nbd es 8 ow J2 “ee 17 ee 6 ee 2 Ae i se a Son hae CS arr Feb 4 ft 18 22 pie er, eee ate, S 6 ‘ 23 eG | Aug, x Beh re ane 8 gS 128 Oct. 2 ae 6 ce vob SS 26 Nov. 2 2 7 a *§ Bei toe s 7 stig to oo ir G April 5 aS) 26 AS Sets oy Sear Mars ee 17 oe 22 its 26 ee 15 “é g oe 22 ae 27 ae 31 oe 20 “ 13 428 Nov. 1 Sepeans get ess 1e SxS Dec. 2 As 6 <0 30 oe Hag sé 7 Seed Trae Oe oP iri May 5 *S. V8 ED 8 6 st 4420 te TO April 2 “ 7 “é 21 “cc 25 “ce 15 ot 6é 22 “se 26 ee 30 oe 20 se Ms 97 Deca Oct. Cans oO Ly, a3 31 ee 5 ae 9 “ee 29 ae 2I Directsons.—Find the date of breeding in the first column, and fol- low the horizontal line in which it appears until the date in the proper column (Mares, Cows, etc.) is reached. If bred, e.g., July 26, add one day to the required date; if July 27 or 28, add 2 or 3 days, as the case may be. FARM ANIMALS. 41 FEEDING AND GENERAL CARE OF POULTRY. By Prof. Wm. P. WHEELER, of N. Y. (Geneva) Experiment Station. Of the kinds of land birds and of water fowls under do- mestication the common “‘ barnyard’’ fowls, of one general type, but of countless individual variations, and their pure-bred varieties, are those usually thought of when the subject of poultry is mentioned, and these are the fowls of most general practical interest. It is remarkable that the common fowl, although so widely bred, and for so long, in Europe’and America has no distinctive English name. Ducks, turkeys, and geese constitute greater or smaller portions of the market poultry according to the particular locality and season, but the common fowl, besides produc- ing most of the table poultry, is almost alone called upon for the egg supply. The relative prices of eggs and market poultry, the proximity of markets, as well as the prices of foods, deter- mine the relative profit in keeping larger or smaller breeds, even with eggs as the special object. The meat value of every fowl is of consideration sooner or later, and while the smaller hens will produce eggs cheaper, the greater net profit from hatching to market per hen may be with the larger breed. Most of the pure-bred varieties have their character- istics fairly established, so that it is better business policy to employ them rather than the uncertain mongrels, which, besides their unknown capabilities, are not less likely to suffer from long and careless inbreeding. The fancier who is fitted by judgment and experience to inbreed his stock closely will know how far he can go with safety; but one who finds it necessary to inquire about the advisability of inbreeding had better not attempt any. Among the breeds that lay white-shelled eggs, Ham- burgs, when of vigorous ancestry, probably are the most prolific. They certainly are exceptional layers, although the size of the egg is small. The Hamburg varieties pos- sess in unusual degree pure-bred characteristics. Occa- sional complaints have been made in recent years concern- ing their stamina. 42 AGRICULTURE. For egg production the Leghorns are typical fowls, and where white-shelled eggs are wanted, the Leghorn varieties are more widely kept than any others. The Minorcas, other members of the Mediterranean class, excel the Leghorns in size of eggs, but do not equal them in number. Some strains of several newer breeds are not far from the Leghorn in prolificacy. Of the French breeds the Houdan i is most widely bred in this country, and, for such an excellent table fowl, is an exceptional layer of large white eggs. The Polish, often good layers, have sometimes suffered in vigor because of their beauty, which admirers hesitate to risk matring by introduction of distant blood. Of the Asiatics, which lay brown-shelled eggs, the Langshan is high in favor with practical poultrymen. The Brahma, the largest of the pure breeds, also ranks high and lays large eggs. Those strains, however, bred for early laying are usually much inferior in size to the standard birds. The Cochin varieties are more particularly the pride of the fancier than of the farmer Of the American b.eeds the Plymouth Rock is undoubtedly the most popular. Its type of plumage possessses an unusual strength, even in blood much diluted, and faint reflections of the blue barring are seen in very distant relatives of the pure breed. The perfect markings of the showroom bird are, how- ever, quickly lost. The American breeds lay brown-shelled eggs. Different flocks vary as much as the breeds or varietie in productiveness. Many other breeds and varieties recognized by the American Poultry Association are of considerable economic value, but are less commonly kept. In feeding most farm animals the usual purpose is only to secure meat, wool, milk, or work, and not always is consideration necessarily given to the breeding condition and the breeding season. When poultry is kept for other than fancy purposes, the life of the individual fowl is so short that there is not only an annual necessity of growing young birds with several more or less complete sets of plumage, but egg production virtually FARM ANIMALS, 43 implies continual reproduction, for the ultimate constituents of the egg are, with the exception of the amount obtained from the air, all that are combined in the living chick. The body of a Leghorn pullet, about nine months old, in active laying, contains about 56 per cent of water, 21 per cent of different nitrogenous constituents, 18 per cent of fat, 3 per cent of ash or mineral matter, and 2 per cent of other substances. _ Leghorn hens almost two years old and laying showed an average composition of 55.7 per cent water, 21.6 per cent nitrogenous matter, 17.0 per cent fat, 3.8 per cent ash constituents, and 1.7 per cent other substances. ‘There was found in the body of a mature capon about 41.6 per cent of water, 19.4 per cent nitrogenous matter, 33.9 per cent fat, 3.7 per cent ash, and 1.4 per cent other substances. Notwithstanding the fact that the problem of poultry feeding 1s much more complex than that of feeding most other farm stock, fewer carefully collected data are available in formulating feed- ing standards for poultry than for cattle. The following rations for laying hens are, however, near the average of those that have given best results. They are stated at the rate per 1000 lbs. live weight, to compare with the standards which have been used in feeding other animals. One thousand pounds live weight of laying hens, of about three pounds average weight, require from 65 to 100 pounds of total food, less bulky than that for the cow, or 55 pounds or ' more of water-free food per day, containing about 10 pounds digestible protein, 35 pounds digestible nitrogen-free extract and fiber, and 4 pounds of fat. From this ration the hers would produce generally from 15 to 30 pounds of eggs containing from 5 to 10 lbs. dry matter, one pound of eggs being produced from about 3 lbs. water-free food, one pound of dry matter of eggs for each g lbs. water-free food. For one thousand pounds live weight of he-s of about six pounds average weight, there should be fed from-50 to 8o Ibs. of food per day, containing about 4o pounds of water-free food. There should be in this about 6 pounds of digestible protein, 23 pounds of digestible nitrogen-free extract and fiber, and 2 pounds of digestible fat. 44 AGRICULTURE. The amount of food required per day per hen varies according to the size and somewhat with the season. A smaller hen will eat more in proportion to live weight than a larger one. The difference in amount of food consumed by larger and smaller hens is less when laying than at other times when enough for maintenance only need be eaten. A Coc..in or Brahma hen when laying requires from 4} to 8 ounces of food per day, of which 34 ounces or more is dry . matter. A hen of Leghorn size when laying requires from 34 to 6 ounces of total food, or 3 ounces of water-free food per day. A much larger amount of food in proportion to the live weight is required by the chicks than by the older fowls. The amount of water-free food required for every one hundred pounds live weight fed is 10.6 lbs. at about one pound average weight; at two pounds 7.5 lbs.; at three pounds 6.4 lbs.; at four pounds 5.5 lbs.; at five pounds 5.3 lbs.; at six pounds 4.9 lbs.; at seven pounds 4.7 Ibs.; at eight pounds 4 lbs.; at nine pounds 3.3 lbs.; at ten pounds average live weight 3.2 lbs. The amounts of fresh food equivalent to these weights would be correspondingly greater. These are the amounts taken by growing fowls which normally attain to the higher weights given, and which are still immature and growing rapidly when at five and six pounds average weight. For young chicks the nutritive ratio of the ration fed can be somewhat narrower than those given for laying hens, and for fattening the ration can have a very much wider ratio, although only for short periods. For one hundred hens about 16 quarts of clean water per day is required, especially in dry hot weather. In each dozen eggs there is about a pint of water. A variety of food is essential. Young hens, especially of the better laying breeds, when in full laying, can be freely fed all they will readily eat, but older hens and the young ones when not laying should be fed only enough to keep them eager for food. Salt should be fed mixed with the food, but not large coarse crystals. One ounce of salt per day for one hundred hens is a good proportion. Animal food and green or succulent vegetable food, as well FARM ANIMALS. 45 as grain, should always be fed to hens that are confined. It is very important that ducks should have these foods, especially growing ducklings. Some form of grit should be liberally supplied. A largely grain ration will not contain the lime required by laying hens, and oyster-shells or some other form of carbonate of lime will supply this deficiency. A grass run is better than any substitute in summer, but no run should contain hens in such a number as to kill the grass. Common fowls, especially laying hens, must be kept in moder- ately small flocks. Where large numbers are kept, they should be divided in small lots in separate pens and yards. Ten to twenty in a pen give better results than larger numbers, although flocks twice as large can be profitably managed by experienced poultrymen. The laying hens should be kept separated from those not laying. Hens will not always moult early enough to resume laying before midwinter. Chicks should be hatched in March and April if eggs are to be obtained from the pullets in November. Asiatics, to begin laying in the fall, should be hatched in February and March. The best results in every respect cannot be secured where the average space of open run available per hen is much less than roo square feet. The average floor-space per hen indoors should be about 10 square feet. Exercise is of the utmost importance, especially for laying and breeding stock, and a good way to assure this in winter-time is to scatter the grain in straw or any clean and dry substitute. Dampness is fatal, and dry warm houses free from draughts are essential in winter. The floors should be of dry earth or fine gravel, or wooden floors covered with straw or dry sand. Tke houses should be warm enough to prevent freezing of water, but should not be warmed by heating apparatus more than will insure against freezing. 46 AGRICULTURE. LOSS IN WEIGHT OF EGGS DURING INCUBATION. (STEWART AND ATWOOD.) Directions for ascertaining the loss in weight of eggs during incubation. After placing the eggs upon the trays ready for the incubator, set the trays upon a pair of scales reading to ounces and note the total weight of the eggs and trays. (The trays should be thoroughly dry.) After a few days weigh again. Subtract this from the first weight. This will give the actual loss in the weight of the eggs. Exam ple.—Suppose that you have 208 eggs on the trays; that the first weight with trays is 24 lb. 2 oz., and that on the sixth day the weight is 23 lb. 6 oz. Then the loss in weight is 12 ounces. Now look in the table for the loss in weight of roo eggs for six days. This is ro ounces. Ten ounces multipled by 208 gives 20.8 ounces, which is the calculated loss for 208 eggs for six days. Therefore the eggs have not been losing weight as rapidly as they should, and the eggs should be given more ventilation or the incubator should be removed to a drier location. (It is assumed that the eggs are kept uniformly at the proper temperature.) After the eggs have been tested for the infertile ones, weigh again and proceed as before. Rules—If the eggs have lost too much weight, give more moisture, or less ventilation, but in reducing ventilation great care should be used, as pure air in the egg chamber is abso- lutely necessary. If the eggs have not lost enough weight, open the ventilators, or place the incubator in a drier place. The table shows normal loss in weight of 100 eggs in ounces for the first nineteen days of incubation. Days. Loss in Oz. Days. Loss in Oz. Tickets cise sisal ela teies 1.65 INE cv. svete wiskedecpae AMES 18.60 Beclth aera os oe ae or bf Pee ah ee ays 20.33 OO ee oh rene 4.96 13 ei isiares ae eee 22.50 Arnie letelc ie, aaetai svat ovon~ 6.62 TAl a. ches edest cab arene 23.88 Bie fake otater evs (a Mholaecene 8.28 L528 Shel 25.66 GN Oe .5 certacls Belners 10.00 Eres Sree we ae - 27.44 Aga elepeders ete? eaiie terse lee 1 Ny (he ee MPR Ste pe 29.21 (ees ceca 13.44 OS fice Mas oct 30.00 DISS PRR cette bon TSO WO ces: oslo Oey tees Zzega POs uals tec: oven ae wlohe 16.88 FARM ANIMALS. STANDARD WEIGHTS OF POULTRY. (Am. Poultry Asso.) A. American Breeds. Plymouth Rocks, Barred and Pea-combed Barred...... Ibs. Plymouth Rocks, White.... ‘‘ Wyandottes, Silver, Golden, and OLGA Ibs. Pens ECK:) 4 sae oc ee aS Javas, Mottled and White. “6 Ameriean Dominiques. ..... mS eRe DIMES... .... 052.2... 8% B. Asiatic Breeds. Brahmas, Wight: 2. ..:. ss es: rakmas. Dark: ......3. 2): ab Cochins, Buff, Partridge, White Mariage hi oo eS lbs. LS eS pCO C. Other Breeds of Poultry. Minoreas, Black and White. v ibs. 4e OTEVECOCUTS. . .... 2.22 os se Lad 1D G0 By Dorkings, White.......-... ae Dorkings Silver Gray...... 2 Dorkings, Colored. .......:. Bantams, Game ........... Bantams, Golden Sebright, Sil. ver Sebright, Rose-combed White, Rose-combed Black, and Booted White........ OZ. Bantams, Pekin or Cochin .. ‘‘ Bantams, Japanese and White- crested White........... OZ. EMUISRURTIGS Sys; <,6 = sso Gasie« Stes lbs. | D. Turkeys RNA RI aR the, earns, ss ovate <0 bs Mammaransett........2 BS eee a 5 fa Breed ael.8 | £2 | S82 | Se. Se. reeds. Aaz\=Qa Zo BYy.O aq Oo Sulese| ge | eee | 35 Bae on ae Ne) On "Sigal argo age Nene = cs Oz. lbs Ib..0z, | Ibs ozaiisaz: AnidaltiStana. ike lone aces & 150] 2914 | 5- 6 3 sx) neues 634 Brahma (licht)\....... ... ee ape 120| 2814 | 8-10 44 12 aise o% Cochin iit)? 4.0 hess ede cone 115] 24 8-10 4 9 |5 434) 17% MCTEVENGOEUITi ec sce sc eetre ne: 122| 33 8-9 4 of) 4 144] 71% Dorking (silver gray).......... 130| 2714 | 7-10 5 4lél 42a 634 % dark) s.0< 56-0 deteces 130] 2714 | 6- 9 pee meh ee 644 GAME Aico its oes saree teas ween 100, 24 5- 6 3 1544) 2 734] 4% Hamburgs (silver spangled)...| 239] 2014 | 4- 5 2 34) 2 734) 4%4 ” (golden pencilled).| 225] 1944 |314-4 r 1534, 2 7h6| 414 Hotidanitis..tacece sans veces 125| 26 6- 7 3 7 | 2 x0l4| 634 Da PICCNE co ie ecco Rian 140| 29% | 6-7 3 534| 2 934) 634 BAN Shana soso cea oeice ssincioc ce 115| 27 7-10 4 1434/5 114] 7% Leghorn (brown));.2<... 2.2 190| 22 5- 6 3 15146) 2 1014] 434 page ee Saati s eistaheleinns 180] 2814 |514-7 ymout OCKis sc cccomiecces | 20/2756") 0—-7 Scoteh Gray h.c:.\. os26 APSO EK SEC 140| 29 iy 6 - 3 4%) 2 12 634 Wyandottes..... aireteotate sien o/sters | 140| 25 |516-7 HEREDITY. By Prof. Tuos. SHaw, formerly of Minnesota Experiment Station. Heredity in breeding relates to transmission. It is doubtless governed by fixed laws, but many of these are as yet imperfectly understood. It may be defined as the outcome of the operation of that law whereby properties and qualities of like kind with those of the parents are transmitted to the offspring. This transmission is cer- tainly comprehensive in its character, since it relates to structure, function and qualities, and indeed to every feature of the organization. But in instances not a few there are apparent exceptions to this law of transmission. These, however, are apparent rather than real. They appear to us as exceptions because of the limitations of our knowledge of this great question. These supposed exceptions are doubtless the result of the predominant in- fluence of other laws acting in opposition to the hereditary tendency, and it is characterized as normal, abnormal, and acquired, according to its nature. FARM ANIMALS. 49 The heredity of normal characters means the transmis- sion of those characters which are natural to the type. These may be original traits bestowed upon the species, as for instance, timidity in sheep; or they may have been acquired and rendered permanent by long-continued trans- mission, as in the changed form of all the improved breeds of domestic animals. The heredity of abnormal characters means the transmission of irregular characters, or those which have deviated from the natural and acquired char- acteri§tics of the type. These abnormal characters may appear as malformations of structure, derangement of function, or they may assume one or the other of various forms of disease. [Illustrations of the first are found in certain families with an irregular number of fingers and toes; of the second in the inheritance of deafness, dumb- ness and impaired vision; and of the third, in the reap- pearance in the offspring of certain diseases possessed by the parents, as, for instance, any of the forms of scrofula The laws which govern heredity are those also which determine the results in practical breeding. In practice -the rules which govern it are almost entirely empirical in their origin, since they have been almost exclusively de- rived from the accepted methods of the most successful breeders. Those who have given thought to the question will concede that breeding live-stock is at once a science and an art. They will see in it a sctence in so far as it discovers and systematically arranges those truths and principles which relate to the improvement of live-stock, and it will appear to them an art in so far as they perceive that those principles can be successfully utilized in prac- tice. Itisapparent therefore that the relation between the science and the art of breeding is both close and intimate. Without some knowlege of the former the latter is not likely to be successfully practised, and the measure of success which attends the efforts of the breeder will be largely proportionate to the measure of the knowledge which he may possess of the principles of heredity. Reference has been made to certain laws which govern transmission. Of these three may be considered as funda- 50* AGRICULTURE, mental, viz.: jivst, the law that ‘“‘like begets like’’; sec- ond, the law or principle of variation; and ¢hird, the law or principle known as atavism. Since these Jaws or prin- ciples appear to us to lack uniformity and regularity of action, the art of breeding is in consequence much more complicated and uncertain than it would otherwise be. This want of uniformity and of regularity of action, how- ever, is apparent rather than real. But so long as we are ignorant of the cause or causes of these apparent irregu- larities in transmission, we are unable to prevent them. And yet there is so much of uniformity in the action of these laws that the intelligent breeder cannot be said to play ata game of chance. If well posted in the art, his efforts will in the main be entirely successful. The law that “‘/ike begets like’’ implies that the char- acteristics of the parents will appear in their offspring. This law would seem to pervade all animated nature ; generally speaking it is uniform in its action, but there are some exceptions. Were it not so, examples to illus. trate such a law of heredity and proofs to support it would not have been needed. That the existence of this law was recognized, and that many of its principles were well un- derstood from an early period, finds ample illustration in the breeding operations conducted by the patriarch ]Jazob, in the monstrous forms that were bred for the amusement of the Romans when the decline of the empire was pend- ing, and in the care with which the Arabs kept their pedi- zrees from a remote antiquity. So uniform is this principle of heredity in its action that it may be designated the compass which guides the breeder into the harbor of success. But before he can anchor there he must give attention to certain principles, a close adher- ence to which is absolutely essential to higher attainment in results. He must, for instance, breed to a standard of excellence; he must set a proper value on improved blood; and he must understand the art of selection and the princi- ples of good management generally. Without a standard of excellence in his mind, that is, without an ideal type, the breeder does not himself know what he is seeking. FARM ANIMALS, 51 Without dominant or stable characters, in at least one par- ent, no stability in transmission can be looked for, and without purity of breeding for generations dominant char- acters cannot be secured. Hence the great importance of purity of blood in effecting improvement in domestic ani- mals. Since some inferior animals will occasionally ap- pear, even where the breeding is the most skilful, the necessity will always exist for the exercise of a most rigor- cus selection on the part of every breeder who is to stand on theeupland of success. When aided by judicious selec- tion, the law that like produces like enables us to effect improvement until a certain standard of excellence is reached, to maintain improvement when it has been secured, and to mould new types and form new breeds. By the /ew or principle of variation is meant the ten- dency sometimes found in animals to produce characters in the progeny which differ from those of the parental type. These changes relate to both form and function; in time they may become modifications of the systems of animals. They may be classed as gradual, or general and ordinary; and as sudden, or spontaneous and extraordinary. General variation is that tendency to change from the criginal type which characterizes in a greater or a less de- gree all the individuals of a breed. Illustrations of the principle of general variation may be found, /rs¢, in the tendency of grain to deteriorate which has fallen upon an unkindly soil; and second, in the quick deterioration of the heavy breeds of sheep when confined to unproductive and rugged pastures. Chief among the numerous causes leading to general variation are changed conditions of life in animals, as climate, food, habit, and environment. Some- times these influences act independently and sometimes in conjunction. The principle of spontaneous variation may be defined as that tendency sometimes found in animals to produce progeny more or less unlike either of the parents or the ancestry of these. [Illustrations of the operation of this principle may be found in the occasional production of progeny very unlike the parents or the ancestry in color, form, and other characteristics, and in the existence of horn- less breeds of cattle. 52 AGRICULTURE. By atavism is meant that innate tendency in animals to revert to the original type. It differs from the principle that like produces like in the reproduction of resemblances to an ancestry more or less remote rather than to the par- ents, and differs from spontaneous variation in produc- ing resemblances to an ancestry more remote than the im- mediate parents, whereas the latter produces characters unlike those of the ancestry, whether near or remote. I[I- lustrations of atavic transmission are found in the occa- sional apearance of scars or horns in the polled breeds of cattle bred pure for many successive generations, and in the occasional appearance of tan-colored spots on the ears and face of the American merino. It is evident, therefore, that an intimate knowledge of the principles which govern breeding is highly important to those engaged in the production of live-stock. Hence they should study these with the utmost care and should em- body them in their practice to the greatest possible extent. VETERINARY SCIENCE. ao me VETERINARY SCIENCE. COMMON DISEASES OF FARM ANIMALS. By W. G. Crarx, M.D.C., Marinette, Wis. rE. HORSES. The common method of administering medicine to the horse is in the form of a. drench. In drenching a horse the bottle should be clean, strong, and smooth. The head should be elevated just enough to prevent the horse from throwing the tiquid from the mouth. If the animal refuses to swallow, tickle the roof of the mouth with the finger or the neck of the bottle. Do not rub, pinch, or pound the throat, nor draw the tongue out. These in no way aid the horse to swallow and often do harm. If coughing occurs or by any mishap the bottle is crushed in the mouth, lower the head atonce. Do not attempt to pour medicine through the nose; it is liable to strangle the animal. Irritating substances, as turpentine, should be given in bland fluids such as oil or milk. Warm-water injections are of great value in treating many bowel troubles. A very good injection pipe may be made with about 30 inches of inch rubber hose and an ordinary tin funnel. Oil the hose and insert it in the rectum from 12 to 18 inches, and elevate the funnel above the back and pour in the water. The force of gravitation will carry it into the bowels. Soap and water, or salt and water, may be injected in this manner in quantitities of a gallon or more every hour. Spasmodic Colic. CaAusEs.—Error in diet is the most prolific cause, as improper food in improper quantities at irregular intervals; large draughts of cold water when warm; eating when exhausted ; intestinal parasites; or foreign bodies in the bowels. SyMpPTOMS.—The horse manifests uneasiness, moves forward and back in the stall, looks toward the flank, switches the tail, paws, lies down and rolls; after a little the spasm will subside | and the animal become quiet. Soon the spasm returns with 54 AGRICULTURE. increased severity. As the disease progresses, the animal will become more violent and the intervals between the spasms shorter. TREATMENT.—Always urgent, as it often runs a rapid course, terminating fatally in a few hours. Give as a drench laudanum 1 oz., baking-soda one table- spoonful, sweet spts. nitre I oz., water one half-pint. This may be repeated in half an hour if not relieved. Always give injections of soap and warm water. Blanket the ani- mal and rub the abdomen briskly. If inclined to hang on, apply a paste of mustard to the abdomen and give raw lin- seed oil 1 pt., chloral hydrate 4 dr., dissolved in warm water. Flatulent Colic. The causes and symptoms are similar to those of spas- modic colic. The pain is not so severe at the outset and gradually in- creases in severity as the bowels become distended by gas. No intervals of ease as in spasmodic colic. The abdomen becomes rapidly distended and the animal dies from suffo-~ tation or rupture of the bowels unless soon relieved. TREATMENT.— Usually necessary to puncture with a tro- car and canula, which requires a knowledge of the anat- omy of the parts. Internally give hyposulfite of soda 2 oz., fl. ex. ginger 4 dr., spts. turpentine 4 dr., water 1 pint. Repeat in half an hour if necessary. Give injection of soap and warm water at short intervals. Pneumonia—Lung Fever. . The most common cause is exposure to a coid draught when tired and sweaty. SympToms.—It is usually ushered in with a chill, fol- lowed by fever. The ears and legs are cold, pulse-rate in- creased, labored breathing, elbows turned out, increased working of the ribs, the animal persistently stands, appe- tite usually lost. TREATMENT.— Place in a comfortable well-ventilated box- stall. Blanket warmly, rub the legs and apply bandages. VETEKiINARY SCIENCE. aY8) During the chill give large doses of stimulants, as whisky, alcohol, ginger, etc., at short intervals. {f the breathing is notrelieved in a few hours, apply mus- tard over the ribs, just back of the shoulder-blades. Give nourishing, easily digested food. Keep the animal perfectly quiet. Give }-oz. doses of nitrate of potash in the drinking-water three times daily. After the chill is relieved keep a pail of fresh water before the animal at all times. Azoturia—Black-water. This disease is quite common among farm _ horses, and is due solely to overfeeding on nitrogenous foods and lack of exercise, followed by the accumulation in the sys- tem of waste matters. Symproms.—The animal] is taken from the barn after a few days’ rest on full rations, apparently as well as usual. After driving from half a mile to six or eight miles the herse will begin to lag and sweat profusety. Shortly will begin to golame, usually in one hind limb. If urged on, will soon lose the use of the limbs and fall to the Ground, unable to rise. The urine if passed will Be dark and _ _«coffee-colored. This is a _ diagnos- tic symptom. The muscles over the hips become hard and swollen, and the animal will struggle convulsively and attempt to rise. TREATMENT.—Unhitch the animal as soon as the first symp- toms are noticed and take the horse to the nearest barn. Fold _a woolen blanket and wring out of hot water and place over the hips, covering with a dry blanket. Repeat as soon as it become: cool, and continue this until the more acute symptoms are re lieved. internally give laundanum 1 oz., raw linseed oil one pint, and repeat the laudanum in an hour if the pain is not relieved. It possible, the urine should be drawn with a catheter, as it is rarely passed when the animal is down. Give injections of soapy warm water at frequent intervals. Distemper—Strangles. This is a contagious disease due to a specific virus that very few horses escape. It usually runs a benign course and termi nates favorably. 1D) AGRICULTURE, TREATMENT. —It is not of much use to attempt to check the course of the disease; in all cases proper shelter and nursing are most important. Give laxative sloppy food and apply warm poultices to the throat, to hasten suppuration. In no case give purging or de- pressing medicines. In fact, the whole treatment consists in producing and favoring the discharge of the abscess. As soon as fluctuation can be detected the abscess should be opened. When the disease assumes the malignant form or is complicated, apply to a competent veterinarian. Sprains. TREATMENT.—Rest in a quiet well-bedded stall. Ifthe injury is below the knee or hock and the weather is warm, bathe the part three times daily for an hour at a time with cold water ané rub dry. If above the knee or hock, or the weather is cold, use hot water. After bathing apply a mild stimulant, as spirits of camphor, arnica, etc. If the lameness persists after the active inflammation is re- duced use the following liniment: aqua ammonia and spirits turpentine, 4 0z.; of each linseed oil 8 oz.; mix and apply twice daily with friction. Punctured Wounds of the Foot. In all cases the horn around the seat of the injury should be thinned down and a free opening made for the escape of the products of suppuration. Cauterize the wound with 95 per cent carbolic acid and apply a poultice. Change twice daily and dress the wound with the following lotion: Zinc sulph. 1 oz., sugar lead 1 0z., carbolic acid 4 dr., water I pint. Thrush, The most common cause of thrush is the filthy condition of the stable in which the horse is kept. Muddy yards and roads, also hard work on rough, stony roads may excite this disease. SympToms.—Increased secretion in the cleft of the frog and an offensive odor. After a time considerable discharge takes place and there is rapid destruction of the tissue of the frog. TREATMENT.—Remove the cause, Cut away all diseased tissue and cleanse the foot thoroughly. Take white vitriol 1 0oz., and water 6 ozs. Saturate pledgets of tow or cotton with the solu- tion and crowd into the cleft and each side of the frog. Dress once daily until the dieehorge ceases. VETERINARY SCIENCE, 57 Cuts from Barb-wire, etc. When bleeding to any extent follows a wound, this must first be checked. A moderately tight bandage with oakum, tow, or cobwebs will usually stop the bleeding in a short time. If the blood is bright red and flows in jets,apply a compress between the wound and the heart. If it is dark and the flow regular, apply pressure between the wound and the extremity. Cleanse the wound thoroughly with warm water and a soft sponge. Then dress with a 3 percent 3olution of carbolic acid and apply a bandage so as to bring the edges together. If proud flesh appears, treat it with burnt alum. . II. COWS. Milk Fever. Symptoms. — Dulness, uneasy movements of the hind limbs, head and horns hot; the animal soon becomes weak and unable to rise, head laid back on the flank or dashed to the ground, bowels constipate¢, sensation usually lost. TREATMENT.—Air treatment properly administered under antiseptic conditions has practically removed the danger of this disease. The necessary apparatus, which costs $2 to $3, can be purchased of veterinary instrument dealers or dairy-supply houses. Directions for use accompany the apparatus. PREVENTION.—Do not milk the udder dry at any time for the first few days after calving, withdrawing a portion of the milk at intervals of 4 to 5 hours to relieve distention of the udder. Give a spare diet for a week before and after calving. If con- stipated after delivery, give a purgative dose of salts. Garget. CaAusEs.—Irregularities of diet, overfeeding on stimulat- ing food, exposure to cold, external injuries, as blows, etc. Symptoms.—Seldom attacks the whole udder. Swelling, heat, pain, and redness of the inflamed portion. The milk is curdled, whey-like, and mixed with blood. In severe cases there is much constitutional disturbance. _ TREATMENT.—Endeavor to discover the cause and remove it. The food should be devoid of milk-producing constitu- ents. Draw the milk frequently, using a milking-tube if ) 58 AGRICULTURE. necessary. If the weather is warm, bathe the udder for an hour Or more with hot water. Take fluid extract belladonna 1 oz., glycerin 2 0z.; mix and apply three times daily with mild friction, Give two teaspoon- tuls fluid extract belladonna three times daily. If constipated, give Epsom salts 1 ib., ginger I oz., water I qt. Abortion. The cow may abort from any cause profoundly disturbing the nervous system, inflammation of the internal organs, diarrhea, acute indigestion, blows on the abdomen, expos: ure to cold storms, drinking ice-water, feeding on ergotized grains and grasses, and infection from abortion discharges of other animals. Symproms.—lIf it occurs within the first two months it is not apt to be noticed. During the latter part of gestation abortion resembles normal delivery, except that more effort and straining are present. TREATMENT.—The most important object in an impending abortion is to recognize it as soon as possible and apply preventive measures. Place in a quiet dark stall and check straining by sedatives. Laudanum I oz.; repeat in two hours if necessary; or fl. ex. black haw. in same doses. After an abortion burn the foetus and afterbirth and all litter that is soiled, or bury deeply and cover with quick- lime. Flood the womb with a 2% solution of carbolic acid and wash the external organs once daily with a 5% solution. Separate from the herd for 30 days. In epizootic abortion material benefit has in many cases been derived from phosphate of lime. Small doses (dram) may be given daily in the food. Hoven or Bloat. CausEs.—Overeating, choking, frosted roots, and fermen- tation of the food. TREATMENT.-——In urgent cases tap on the left side at a point equidistant from the point of the hip, the last rib and the processes of the lumbar vertebre, pointing the trocar VETERINARY SCIENCE. 59 or knife downward, inward, and forward. It slight give spts. turpentine I 0z., raw linseed oil $ pt., and place a gag in the mouth. When relieved give a purgative and keep on a light diet for a few days. Diarrhoea in Calves. Always due to indigestion and caused usually by over- feeding or improper food. PREVENTION.—Feed at least three times daily. The milk should be sweet and fed at a temperature of go° to 100° F, The pails used in feeding should be kept sweet and clean. TREATMENT.—Cut down the ration, scald the milk or add lime-water in the proportion of 1 to 5. If the discharges are bright yellow give castor oil I to 2 tablespoonfuls. If there is great weakness give small doses of stimulants (ginger, brandy, whisky). Choking. Common among cattle when fed on roots, etc. To pre- | vent tie the head so that it cannot be thrown up, or withhold dangerous foods. Symptoms.—Head extended, bloating, labored breathing, continuous coughing. If inthe throat there is great distress and the animal may die quickly. If lower the symptoms are not as acute. TREATMENT.—If in the throat remove with the hand. If below reach and the object can be located from the outside, give small drenches of linseed oil and manipulate from the outside. Take time. Do not apply too much force. Usu- , ally best to work the object toward the throat. If unable to remove the object it must be pushed down; | this may be done with a piece of 1-in. rubber-hose, 6 ft. in | length, well oiled, and inserted in the gullet, and gently force the object down. Tuberculosis. ' (] Tuberculosis is an infectious disease characterized by the formation in the various organs of the body of tubercles or 60 AGRICULTURE. nodules, and is due toa specific micro-organism, the daci/lus tuberculosis. Tuberculosis in animals is identical with tuberculosis (consumption) in the human family, the ravages of which are far greater than those of any other disease. The death rate from consumption, which is but one of its many forms, is about one in seven. All domestic animals are more or less subject to the dis- ease. Dairy cattle, however, in consequence of their mode of life and the heavy drain on their system from excessive breeding and milking, are more predisposed to the disease than any other of the domestic animals. CausE.—The essential cause is the specific germ, the tubercle bacillus, without which the disease could not exist. Since the disease is found in the lungsina large proportion of cases, it is evident that tuberculosis is usually contracted by inhaling the germs with the air. It may also be caused by the ingestion of infected meat and milk and by direct inoculation. The development of the disease is favored by anything that tends to impair the general health of the animal, as overcrowding in poorly ventilated stables, hereditary pre- disposition, in-and-in breeding, lack of exercise, errors in diet, etc. ; ' Symptoms.—The symptomsare very obscure, and in some cases where the disease is well advanced there is seemingly little alteration in the health of the animal. The most prominent symptoms are ashort, husky cough, enlargement of the lymph glands around the throat, dulness, capricious appetite, staring coat, and emaciation. Persistent ocestrum or heat, with barrenness, especially when there is a harsh, staring coat and general unthrifty condition, is suspicious. THE TUBERCULIN TEsT.—Tuberculin is a glycerin ex- tract of the soluble products produced by the growth of the tubercle bacillus, concentrated, filtered, and _ sterilized. When properly prepared it contains no living germs and cannot produce tuberculosis. It was introduced to the medical profession by Dr. Koch as a cure for tuberculosis. VETERINARY SCIENCE. 61 Although it has not found practical application as a curative agent, it furnishes us the best diagnostic agent for bovine tuberculosis yet known (see page 69). A summary cf statistics indicates that about 88 per cent of tuberculous animals show the reaction fever on inocula- tion, while go per cent that were declared free from disease on account of the absence of fever did not show on autopsy any signs of the disease. PREVENTION.—The stables should be light and well ven- tilated. «Cattle should be kept from interchange of stalls or stanchions. Breed only from healthy animals. No con- sSumptive person should be allowed to care for stock. Isolate all suspected animals. Such animals should be examined by a competent veterinarian, and if found to be tuberculous the whole herd should be tested. Tuberculous animals should be killed and the carcasses burned or buried deeply and covered with quicklime. Disinfection should be thorough. Remove and burn all litter. Burn sulphur in the closed stable. Wash or spray all woodwork with a solution of corrosive sublimate, one part, to ne thousand parts of water. Corrosive sublimate is a deaaty poison and should be used with care. Whitewash with freshly slaked lime. itl. SHEEP: Scab. Due to parasitic mites which infest the skin. SyMPToMs.—Intense itching, small reddish pimples ap- pear, rupture, and discharge a watery fluid; scabs form, the wool falls out in patches. Large sores sometimes result | from the incessant rubbing. The parasite may be seen with ' a low-power lens. TREATMENT.—Take one pound of tobacco to each five gallons of water and boil until the strength is exhausted from the leaves. Strain and add one pound of sulphur to each five gallons. Allow each sheep to remain in the bath for five minutes, working the solution into all parts of the skin and breaking up the scabs. Place on a slooping rack / and press the liquid out of the fleece, allowing it to run back into the trough. The same dip may be used for ticks. 62 AGRICULTURE. Foot-Rot. Separate the sound animals from the diseased ones and from contaminated pastures and buildings. Carefully semove all diseased horn and foreign bodies and walk the sheep through a trough containing one pound of blue vitriol to three gallons of water. Place the infected flock on a dry upland pasture, if possible. Grub in the Head. This is the larve of a small gadfly (vestrus ovis) which deposits its eggs within the nostrils. It stays there during the winter and spring, often proving harmless, but some- times causing much irritation, a white muco-purulent dis- charge, with dullness and stupor. PREVENTION.—Smear the nose with tar, or feed salt fram two-inch augur-holes bored in a log, the surface of which is smeared with tar. TREATMENT.—Place in a warm building and introduce into the nostrils snuff, a solution of tobacco, or turpentine and olive-oil equal parts, to kill the larve or cause their expulsion by sneezing; or place ina close room and subject to the fumes of burning sulphur for I5 min., as strong as can be endured, once daily for 3 or 4 days. IV. SWINE. Hog Cholera, A specific contagious fever of swine. SymptToms.—The period of incubation varies from three to fifteen days. Shivering, nose hot and dry, later refuses food, lies under the litter, eyes sunken, gait unsteady. Heat and soreness of the skin, with tenderness, red patches and black spots; labored breathing; hard, dry cough; sore- ness of the belly; costiveness, followed by a fcetid diar- rhoea. PREVENTION.—If it breaks out in a herd, kill and bury the diseased. Thoroughly disinfect everything they have come in contact with, using one-half ounce of corrosive sublimate in four gallons of water. Burn all straw and litter. Give the healthy ones clean, dry quarters. If possible, divide up the herd, placing a few in each pen. Allow free access to VETERINARY SCIENCE. 63 wood or animal charcoal and give in the drinking-water ter drops of carbolic acid for each one hundred and fifty pounds of live weight. Take the temperature daily, inserting a clinical thermometer in the rectum, and remove every animal showing a temperature of 103° or over. Kill and bury as soon as the symptoms of the disease are well manifested. Medicinal treatment of the disease is of but little avail. A good dietetical treatment, including a strict obse1 vance of Sanitary principles, is of much more importance than the use of medicines. The pens should be kept scrupulously clean. The food given should be clean, of the best quality, and easily digested. The troughs used in feeding should be thor- oughly cleaned at least once daily. Keep away from in- fected herds, as the germs may be carried on the shoes or clothing. It is said that the virus will blow half a mile on the wind. It may also be spread by birds and dogs. Intestinal Worms. This is one of the most common troubles of swine. SyMPTOMS.—A cough is usually the first symptom noticed; animals have a voracious appetite, yet lose flesh and exhibit general signs of ill health. If the feces are examined the worms or their eggs can usually be found. TREATMENT.—Give one teaspoonful of spirits of turpentine for each one hundred and fifty pounds of live weight once daily in milk oroil. Place common salt where they can have free access to it. Give nutritious, easily digested food. VETERINARY REMEDIES AND DOSES, By W. G. Crarx, M.D.C., Marinette, Wis. Graduation of Doses. Horse. Ox. Dose. 3 years. 2 years. I part, 2 46 oe 2/3 se Rt 9 months. Oye eat 6 months. 3- i E/ae 0. | i-3 ty 1/16—1/32 part, 64 AGRICULTURE. When not specified, the doses given apply to a full-grown horse of medium size. Dose for the ox, from I4 to 2 parts; sheep, {to} part. Animals of a nervous temperament are usually more susceptible to the action of drugs. No agent should be given until sufficiently diluted to prevent irritation of the mouth, and irritants that will not mix with water (turpentine, etc.) should be given in linseed oil, milk, or eggs, after being thoroughly mixed. RAw LINSEED O1L.—Dose: Horse, one half-pint to one quart. Laxative in small doses, purgative in large. Not so active as castor oil. A valuable laxative in young and delicate animals. For calves and lambs it is more gentle and safer than salts. In adults it is the best laxative to use where there is an irritable condition of the bowels, and in all febrile diseases where a laxative is needed. In im- paction of the bowels a pint may be given two or three times daily until relieved, supplemented by warm-water injections everytwo hours. Valuable in cases of choking on account of its lubricating qualities. Castor O1L.—Causes more griping and nausea than lin- seed oil and is more certain in its action. Used chiefly asa laxative for calves, foals, sheep, swine, and dogs. Useful in diarrhoea of calves and other young animals when the discharges are bright yeilow and irritating. Dose for a calf, from I to 4 tablespoonfuls. Epsom SALTs.—For cattle this is the purgative in most frequent and general use. Adult cattle take from 1 lb. tor} lbs. In small doses in febrile diseases it lowers the tem- - perature, improves the appetite, and helps to maintain a healthy and regular action of the bowels. Epsom salts is one of the best antidotes for lead poisoning. When used as a purgative, give from I to 2 oz. ginger with the salts. OIL OF TURPENTINE (SPTS. TURPENTINE).—Dose: Horse, 4toloz. Very irritating to the mucous membrane, and when used internally should be given in oil or some bland fluid. Stimulant and anti-spasmodic. One of the most useful remedies in flatulent colic in the horse, and hoven or bloat in the ox. Also used to kill and expel intestinal worms. When used for this purpose, it is given after fasting in VETERINARY SCIENCE 65 large doses, 1410 2 oz. for the horse, followed in 12 hours by a purgative. Applied externally it is an irritant and is used in many ‘iniments. The following liniment may be used where a mild counter-irritant is desired: Oil of turpentine andaqua ammonia, of each 4 0oz., linseed oil 8 oz. Mix. This lini- ment is used chiefly for rheumatic swellings, sprains, and bruises after the active pain is subdued by fomentations, and for sore throats, as seen in distemper. ALcoHOL.—Dose: Horse, } oz. well diluted, whisky or brandy 2to 40z. Alcohol isa narcotic poison. It first stimulates, then deranges, and ultimately depresses the functions of the brain and spinal cord. It kills, as a rule, by paralysis of respiration. Medicinally itis a very valuable, diffusible stimulant, anti-spasmodic heart tonic and anti- septic. Moderate doses increase the gastric secretions and aid digestion, but large doses destroy pepsin, arrest secre- tion, and interfere with absorption. There is probably no drug more extensively used than alcohol. It is useful in indigestion, spasmodic colic, cases of poisoning by aconite or tobacco. It is valuable in influenza and debilitating dis- eases. In blood-poisoning whisky combined with quinine is one of the most effective agents we have in controlling the temperature and keeping up the strength of the animal. The following is very useful in some cases of indigestion: Whisky I pt., quinine (sulfate) I oz., water I pt. Mix. Give 3 ounces at intervals of 3 to 4 or 6 hours, according to the nature of the case. SALTPETER (NITRATE OF POTASH).—Dose: Horse, 1 tea- spoonful to half an ounce. Large doses are irritant and cathartic and are liable to cause inflammation of the bow- els. Medicinal doses are discretive, alterative, antiseptic, febrifugal, and refrigerant. In febrile, inflammatory, and rheumatic complaints it allays fever, lowers excessive tem- perature, and removes by the kidneys both solid and fluid matters. Dissolved in water and applied externally it ab- stracts heat and is a useful refrigerant. Combined with sulfate of iron it makes an excellent tonic for horses recovering from debilitating diseases. 66 AGRICULTURE. Saltpeter 2:0z., dried sulf. iron 3 oz. Mix> Giveg teaspoonfuls with the feed 2 or 3 times daily. ALuM.—Alum is an astringent. Chiefly used externally. Use a saturated solution in hot water. Applied to the shoulders of horses in the spring it toughens the skin and prevents collar-galls. Useful in healing harness-galls. One of the best lotions to apply to barb-wire cuts and other wounds of a similar nature to prevent growth of proud flesh. Sometimes dusted over the surface in the form of burnt alum ; not so effective as the saturated solution. GINGER.—Dose: Horse, 4 to 1 oz. Ginger stimulates the various mucous membranes with which it comes in contact. Administered internally it increases the gas- tric secretions, facilitates digestion, and checks formation of gas. It is a useful adjunct to many medicines and is given with tonics and stimulants. Combined with purga- tives it diminishes their liability to nauseate and gripe, and also hastens their effect. It is used inall domesticated ani- mals to fulfil those purposes, and is especially adapted to cattle and sheep. CARBOLIC AcID.—One of the best and cheapest disinfec- tants known. For dressing fresh wounds it may be used in from 2 percent to 5 percent watery solution. In oil 1 part to 15. Inhalation of the vapor with steam is of great service in malignant sore throat and abscesses following strangles. Carbolic acid is a narcotic irritant poison, and considerable care must be exercised in its use, as it is liable to become absorbed and produce poisonous effects if ap- plied over a large surfacein a strong solution. It has been highly recommended in the treatment of hog cholera. It may be given to hogs in doses of from 1 to 5 drops well diluted. PINE TAR.—Not much employed internally. It is a good dressing in thrush and canker of the horse’s foot, It is also of special service in foot-rot in sheep. Itacts as a stimulant and deodorizer to foul-smelling wounds and prevents the attacks of flies. LIME WATER.—Lime water is prepared by slaking a small quantity of freshly burned lime with a large quantity of VETERINARY SCIENCE. 67 water, allowing the undissolved matter to settle and pour: ing off the clear solution. This shou!d be kept in tightly corked bottles. Lime water is an alkali and is used in in- digestion, bloat, and diarrhoea, especially among calves. Given with the milk in the proportion of 1:5. Scalds and burns may be treated with carron oil, which is composed of lime water and linseed oil, equal parts. Fresh lime in powder and solution is used in cleansing and disinfecting stables. For this purpose a little carbolic acid may be added fo the solution. SuULFuR.—In large doses it is an active irritant poison. In medicinal doses it is a laxative, alterative, and stimulates secretion. Care should be taken to prevent the animal from taking cold when given sulfur. It opens the pores of the skin and stimulates perspiration. Chiefly used in treat- ing rheumatism and chronic skin diseases. Dose: Horse, + oz. to 2 02. SUPPRESSION OF HOG CHOLERA AND SWINE PLAGUE. (Craic.) CausEes.—Hog cholera and swine plague are caused by different bacteria, but they are equally dependent for the success of their attacks on the unhealthiness of the hogs, due in most instances to unwholesome food and filthy sur- roundings. The causes are so similar and the symptoms are so much alike and often complicated that it will be best to consider the diseases together in what follows. The germs that cause them are easily spread over large terri- tories by being carried by cars, wagons, or the shoes of per- sons that have been among infected hogs. Most frequently the origin of the outbreak may be traced to the importation of hogs from diseased districts or to spread from such centers by running streams. SyMpTOMS.—The first symptoms usually shown in attacks of these diseases are those that indicate fever—a rise in temperature, thirst, loss of appetite, and redness of the skin on the lower partof the neck and inner side of the thigh. Usually a hog so diseased begins to cough when started 68 AGRICULTURE. from its bed. A constipated condition of the bowels changes to diarrhoea as the disease progresses, and this results in a rapid loss of flesh. Dissection generally shows the lungs to be inflamed, the spleen enlarged, or the lining of the large intestine covered with numerous ulcers. PREVENTION.— To protect hogs from attacks of these dis- eases it is necessary to observe the following recommen- dations: The hogs should not be watered at running streams, as the germs are readily carried by these. Per- sons coming from infected districts should not be allowed to go near your hogs, and you should not go among your neighbors’ hogs if they are sick. When other hogs are brought to your farm, assume that they are infected and keep them away from yours at least for six weeks. Observe as much cleanliness as possible in regard to food and sur- roundings. Feed a mixture of foods ina sloppy or soft con- dition, and withhold heavy grain feeding. Disinfect the quarters of the hogs by sprinkling liberally witha five per cent solution (by volume) of carbolic acid, and use a two per cent solution of the same for washing the hogs. TREATMENT.—The hogs showing any of the symptoms described should at once be separated from the others, and put in cheaply constructed quarters, so that the latter mav be burned when no longer required. The well hogs should be removed to disinfected quarters. Give all the hogs the following mixture, recommended by Dr. Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry: W@ed charcoal i... Fis tts cgc cates see ese eer 1 1b Sulturiy ts. aT ae Se a is a RW re Balket ctaeen ss ae ea tiale meee See ane ee wee 2 lbs Baking isoda, so vds's tte Sages. coe oes wae ee or aiee Giavber SeaAlise.s ws tole as Sckeawae woes ee ee I lb. sodium “hy pastlM@ter soe ene cten ses vn = as oases 2 Ibs. Aminmiomy SUG. 20227. eevee eas sho Kiki s oe I Ib. This should be given in soft food in the proportion of a teaspoonful daily to a two hundred pound hog. Remove all refuse from the pens in which the infected hogs were kept, and dig out the old soil, put in fresh earth. disinfect VETERINARY SCIENCE. 69 with carbolic acid solution, and allow the pens to remain vacant for at least six months. The same feeder should not attend the well and the sick hogs unless his shoes are changed after each visit to the sick hogs. The bodies of the dead hogs should be thrown intoa rubbish heap and burned; but if this cannot be easily carried out, along, deep trench should be dug, and when the carcases are thrown into it they should be covered with a layer of quicklime and at least six inches of earth. When the disease has spent itself of has been effaced, the entire mass in the trench should be covered with six inches of quicklime and at least six feet of earth. The place selected for the burial of the hogs should not drain towards a stream, and it would be better to fence it. The dead hogs should never be drawn over the ground, and the wagon used should be washed with a disinfectant. During the last few years the serum treatment of swine plague and hog cholera has been introduced experimentally by the Bureau of Animal Industry of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Although the results so far obtained are very promising, further studies are required before the efficacy and practicability of the method can be considered proved. Farmers whose hogs are attacked by hog cholera, or who fear such an attack, should at once communicate with the Bureau or with the State authorities and ascertain what assistance can be had. DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING TUBERCULIN TESTS. Animals must be kept in as nearly a normal condition as possible during the test. Before injection take four tempera- tures, about two hours apart. Inject in the evening at about nine o'clock; begin taking temperatures eight to ten hours after the in- jection and continue until at least five temperatures, two hours apart, have been taken. In case an animal shows an abnormally high temperature at the end of this period continue taking temperatures until a decided drop toward the normal is noted. _ Arise of 2 to 2.5 deg. F. above the average norma! body tem- | perature, maintained for several hours, is considered a positive 70 AGRICULTURE. reaction, especially when the maximum temperature goes above 104 deg. F. Precaution.—Water before beginning the temperature readings the first day of the test; on the second day give a small quantity (a pailful or so) in barn, if necessary, and turn stock out in the afternoon for further watering. Large quantities of cold water reduce the temperature, and if animals are watered at the usual time in the morning on the day following the injection, marked errors may be caused in the test. (Wis. Exp. Station.) LIST OF DISINFECTANTS. (STERNBERG.) The most useful agents for the destruction of spore- containing infectious material are: 1. /ire.—Complete destruction by burning. 2. Steam under Pressure, 105° C. (221° F.,) for ten minutes, 3. Botling in Water for half an hour. 4. Chlorid of Lime (should contain at least 25 per cent of available chlorin).—A 4 per cent solution. 5. Mercuric Chlorid.—A solution of I-500. For the destruction of infectious material which owes its infecting power to the presence of micro-organisms not containing spores, any of the following agents are recom: mended: 1. #ire.—Complete destruction by burning. 2. Boiling in water for ten minutes. 3. Dry Heat, 110° C. (230° F.), for two hours. 4. Chlorid of Lime.—A 2 per cent solution. 5. Solution of Chlorinated Soda (should contain at least 3 per cent of available chlorin).—A Io per cent solution. 6. Mercuric Chlorid.—A solution of I-2000. 7. Carbolic Acid.—A 5 per cent solution. 8. Sulfate of Copper.—A 5 per cent solution. 9g. Chlorid of Zinc.—A 10 per cent solution. 10. Sulfur Dioxid (this will require the combustion of between 3 and 4 lbs. of sulfur for every 1000 cubic feet of air-space).—Exposure for twelve hours to an atmos- phere containing at least 4 volumes per cent of this gas, iz presence of moisture. VETERINARY SCIENCE, ral RULES FOR DISINFECTION OF STABLES. In Case of Appearance of Contagious Diseases. (TRUMBOWER.) 1. Have all loose litter, hay, and rubbish removed and burned. 2. Have all manure removed to land where cattle have no access. 3. Have all feed-troughs, hay-racks and all woodwork thoroughly cleaned by washing with hot water in which two ounces of carbolic acid to each gallon of water are dissolved. 4. Thoroughly whitewash the whole of the interior of the building with a whitewash containing one pound of chloride of lime to each four gallons of water. Enough freshly burned quicklime should be added to make the wash show where applied. Especially should this be applied te the sides and front of the stalls, feed-troughs and hay-racks (inside and outside). 5. All rotten woodwork to be removed and burned, and replaced with new. 6. All buckets, forks, shovels, brooms, and other objects used about the stable to be washed and covered with the same solution. 7. All drains to be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with a solution of chloride of lime, one pound to four gal- lons of water. 8. In cases of glanders, all harness, poles, and shafts of wagons, neck-yokes and pole-straps should be thoroughly washed with hot water and soap, and afterwards oiled with carbolized oil(one part of carbolic acid toten of oil). Before applying the oil, harness should be hung up in the open air for one week. REGULATIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF Dairies and Dairy Farms in the District of Colum- bia. SECTION 1.—No building shall be used for stabling cows for dairy purposes which is not well lighted, ventilated, drained, and constructed. ge AGRICULTURE. SEc. 2.—No building shall be used for stabling cows for dairy purposes which is not provided with a suitable floor, laid with proper grades and channels to immediately carry off all drainage; and if a public sewer abuts the premises upon which such building is situated, they shall be con- nected therewith whenever, in the opinion of the health officer, such sewer connection is necessary. SEc. 3.—No building shall be used for stabling cows for dairy purposes which is not provided with good and suffi- cient feeding-troughs or boxes, and with a covered water- tight receptacle, outside of the building, for the reception of dung and other refuse. SEC. 4.—No water closet, privy, cesspool, urinal, in- habited room, or workshop shall be located within any building or shed used for stabling cows for dairy purposes, or for the storage of milk or cream, nor shall any fowl, hog, horse, sheep, or goat be kept in any room used for such purposes. SEc. 5.—The space in buildings or sheds used for stabling cows shall not be less than five hundred cubic feet for each cow, and the stalls therefor shall not be less than four feet in width. Src. 6.—It shall be the duty of each person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes to keep such premises thoroughly clean and in good repair and well painted or whitewashed at all times. SEc. 7.—It shall be the duty of each person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes to cause the building in which cows are kept to be thoroughly cleaned, and remove all dung from the premises so as to prevent its accumulation in great quantities. Src. 8.—It shall be the duty of any person having charge or control of any premises upon which cows are kept to notify the health officer, in writing, of the existence of any contagious or infectious disease among such cows, within twenty-four hours of the discovery thereof, and to thor- oughly isolate any cow or cows affected or which may rea- sonably be believed to be infected, and to exercise such VETERINARY SCIENCE. re other precautions as may be directed, in writing, by the health officer. Src. 9.—Any person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes shall provide and use a sufficient number of receptacles made of non-absorbent materials, for the reception, storage, and delivery of milk, and shall cause them at all times to be cleansed and purified, and shall cause all milk to be removed without delay from the rooms in which the cows are kept. Sec. fo.—Every person keeping cows for the production of milk for sale shall cause every such cow to be cleaned every day and to be properly fed and watered. SEC. 11.—Every person using any premises for keeping cows shall cause the yard used in connection therewith to be provided with a proper receptacle for drinking water for such cows; none but fresh, clean water to be used in such receptacle. SEc. 12.—Any enclosure in which cows are kept shall be graded and drained so as to keep the surface reasonably dry and to prevent the accumulation of water therein, ex- cept as may be permitted for the purpose of supplying drinking water; no garbage, urine, fecal matter, Cr similar substances shall be placed or allowed to remain in such en- closure, and no open drain shall beallowed to run through it. SEc. 13.—These regulations shall apply to all premises upon which cow’s milk is produced for sale. Sec. 14.—That any person violating any of these regula- tions shall, onconviction inthe police court of said district, be punished by a fine of not less than five nor more than ten dollars for each and every offense, to be collected as other fines and penalties are collected. (See also p. 272, Rules and Regulations to be observed in the care of cows and the handling of milk shipped to the City of New York.) V4. AGRICULTURE, IV: FIELD CROFES. QUANTITY OF SEED REQUIRED TO THE ACRE, (WarInG.) cae tit fai) ; Designation. yer Designation. rae Wheat.......... If to 2 bu. | Broom-corn.... Ito tem Barley ....cs«. 1¢ to 2} bu. |--Potatoes........ 5 6 Mum Oe A ae 2 to 4. bal Timotuy:. « o « I2 to 24 qts. se ee ree 1 to2 bu. |. Mustard... <3. 8 to 20 ats. Buckwheat...... #to1¢ bu. | Herd grass..... 12 to 16 qts. Millet: ..2..3:c0+0 2. 4014 bu: | Figktormip..2..< 2to 3 lbs. rr 5 SE oa ¢tor bu. | Red clover...... 10 to 16 lbs, Gans i ews sus - I to2 bu..| White clover....° 3 to ae PEAS ince Giniscaiatere 24 to 34 bu. | Blue grass...... 10 to 15 lbs. BICWO. wines s wiaiie I to14bu. | Orchard grass... 20 to 30 lbs, PEAR cs ch cus ve ,ee 4to2z -bu. | Carrots....2.:2 Ao eee BGO os ae eee «2 to2? bu, '|" Parsons. > ceva 6to 8 lbs. When planted in rows or drills: Brooni-corn....<. 1 > toad ba. | Onions: . ...5200 4to5 Ibs. Beas . 5owibiea's Ea 10 2. nu Ganots, o cnc ee -» 2to 24 Ibs, Peas..s+ escocsss IAtOZ bu. | Parsnips,....... see sere Beets....:c0ses@ 4t0 6) Jie SEED USED PER ACRE. (McKeErrow.) Drillea,| Broad- Drillea,| Broad- ac cast, bs. cast, : Bus. Lbs Wheat so. csccens ar 1% 2 Glover (red)... 20 =| oaesiteen 12 @Aatshs cee sashes 2 244 ||Clover (Alsike).....]...00. ee 4 Barleyiyis cas soe see a 134 214. | \Clover (white). 5.21 2 seeks 3 Oa cncnerm bear 2o0c 2 244 ||Clover& ae clover t 2 3 Siow Per Seren Ser 2 IAGGMkESCUE, .2 <0 .-26-| 20. 2 I I 4 2 Sheep’s fescue....... Foe ee ; aw cee 4 2 REGTOD 2c 5.00062 -: 2 CRAY) (Os Sarg er een CAP anya ese Sooner 3 Sune grass Apiiationes a en ane 2 Di OEE wotantetes aa Gate Oe 4 Kentucky blue grass. ek al [ee 8 ABE ee iAr ay 1 reee ern Bee naartna| BaOpGaT ° Italian rye grass.... .| 4 GW | ostestsee eas a] eke cma peereilornese 3 Perennial rye grass.., 6 RT ike ones oe BF TT | Ia ON ee 4 Timothy a 3 3 3 3 oR sex eerets 3 Rough meadow grass 2 2 14 Piped | PES Sertich 3 Wood meadow grass.|...... Ben Wet acciers: satellite ooh i Je eo bel (mes ee Red clover ...... = See AO ee eaae neal lamercemtrse Be iat Bea 2 Perennial red clover. 3 2 I I I 2 White (Dutch) ones 5 5 I I I 2 OASYS ae a ROE SCSeeen (eee I I E cae Mae's Yellow oat grass ouno eadeee BN ersters a Sara [lea ee ee ee I I Og ROS TOES See eetsel (SCC ume! Meme 7 10 Tie © “aces eaze Kerested dog’s-tail’ :..]......)..60.- 2 2 5 Sauchooc BHOCINe sc o's cies s S| | SP eee | Reo 14 7 ee [a ee A S| | OES PUAEEONE ay ciate sssicie's)|(oeisteics' [louse a8 I I 2 5o mos i fo2 oe A ie SS Oe ee ee (eee eer ees 3 nesaeae OSE eee Peer eee 1 eae ones ais” Weataee . 40 45 41 40 38 43 For the Northwest the following mixture will, according to Shaw, be found suitable: Timothy 4 lbs., blue grass 3 lbs., redtop 2 lbs., orchard grass 2 lbs., meadow fescue 1 Ib., tall oat grass 1 Ib., meadow foxtail 1 lb., alsike clover 3 lbs., white clover 2 lbs., lucern (alfalfa) 2 lbs., yellow clover 1 lb., total 22 lbs. And for the States east of Michigan and for the provinces of Canada eastward of Lake Huron: Lucern (alfalfa) 5 lbs., orchard-grass 4 lbs., meadow fescue and alsike clover 3 lbs. each, tall oat grass, timothy, meadow foxtail, and white clover 2 lbs. each, yellow clover I lb.; total 24 lbs. 76 AGRICULTURE. The following mixtures of seeds are suggested for meadows and for pastures by the U. S. Department of Agriculture: A, Hay Mixtures. No. I. Pounds Pall Oat @TaSS«) 5 ja00in0% + 70 PC EROIOL © sis tyes, ais leo 2 30 Sow 35 to 40 lbs. per acre.) No. 2 FCM CO Picstetea'se.0 wmcans se,s 30 PCCRAEU STASS ins, vis axis oe 40 Meadow fescue?. . 2.35. 20 SC Ls Vii ix vc. yee tee wheres Io (Sow 40 to 45 lbs. per acre.) B. Pasture No. I. Kentucky blue grass.... 25 Wihiteicloviersjo. a se6 so. 10 Perennialryesee ueIpuy ‘SII77S 2PPIW “A o$*-So° COQI—O0g |z1—6 eae ee Z1I-8 weo] Apues| ‘idy ‘poq-paag|**** * “oo0eqoy, é I Re) ” Faeo, S Vv P2q-P22S 3 GOL Ie3sng ‘pay suo'T joo'' yof—oz jez—LI sq] 9-b| ,, SI-g |AAvaY ‘BuUOIYS|S AeW—S1 ‘idy|"**** “sjasueyW MOT[OA Sie AS 1eS 0o0S—o00z% ol CTieL | een weol Apueg} © ‘sny—-1I Apn{}°*** * *sdtuiny asoy ‘€ UOULIe) ‘uTeyUNOWL Usain) Sz*1-of° oS€—og |oz—zr| nq oz—-g] ,, oz—S1 WeOT YORY|L Avp—Si -ady|* ** * *sa0zejog oS *z—-SL°1 oz-gI_ |rI-g sib 91=—¢|.,, $ —4 weo, APues sunf—APey | “SuUeaq aITY MM zL°—oF of—gt S1—O1I nq ¥1-1) ,, 9 —7 WweOol UST oz—I oun{|* - "yeoymyong OTIU AA | zQ°—-S9Q 41-91 ov | syoodg-S} ,, 8 —4 wieo] winipey||"deg ‘Aew— adv" dA £L°-zs gz—£e |Sr—o1| ,, £€-z a Qh eal, m4 a oz oun({—idy|**''* * ‘Aopleg Oy MN ge-—se° ge-1e |Sr-11| ,, &-z oy Re=9 WeOT BUOIAS Avy idy|'**** "°° -s1eO zO°—-LL he-91 (oka nq z ef te WeOT ARID) BuTIds IOT[BVy\ *** * * PEOU AA ; UI WBOT piojueg ‘sulweayT L9°—oS °c} ov—ze |Li-v1| ‘syb z1-g|suo} zI-g {ABD IO Apues o£—ol API|’ * “UIOS UeIpUT : ‘sjoysng Pease || : Jeysng tod | . E : atoy tod | ‘aloy ied é "sotjaleA prepurys dol cat ess ie paag jo | aimury ‘TIog ysoq Seas ‘dor jo pury jo o2uey aderaay |Sy\\ qunouly |jo JunoWYy > ‘SaqvIS puvjsuqd man ‘WY Cainqnousy jo juawjiedaq ‘Ss *9Q) ‘SdOUOD GQTHIE OL SV VIVO INVIMOdWI AGRICULTURE. io 6) =~ BSOY AT -1eq ‘[e. ny ‘uoiqey LACN ET teers 1o}yULM uvISsny ‘IUTI IoATIG ‘ABMION ABI) poy Aon L ‘oH “e00q = *234ng qued eyyM ‘JUN ‘piojueg § ‘duruea’y oL*—o1* 00° 1-oF LL°-1$ 1g*—O08 zQ°-1f gh *—oz 0L°-9ov 9*-90" peyY wnipesyy|loo*c1—00°g young ‘wos “Sol OTM “B8OY poy suo'T doy, aJding yond Aasiof MOTTO A z [eIny *‘raqqqoD =‘ yueqing AACN TPH F9415S “SsIJOLIBA PIepUeyS {00° QI-00° zoe *—bo° ‘Taysng isd Piel jo asuey ‘penuyuoj—SAOUO GAIAM OL SV ol oof—0g joz—o1 age Odea th cee weo] Apues]I sunf{—SI ‘1epy|* * * * *sa0jye30g Sc-tI eI Be ee ered a ,, jOtounf—OlAB]|* “SUB=q OTITL MA gIi-f1 z1I—ol » ont ere weo Avid eun{|* * “yeayMyony O1-S oF-Sf} |, zZ-I 2 8 Weo] JUST rit Se a 6 = [ee a NS Le-6 SL—TLjy eG A ai a rp Bulids 10 [Jey °° *** * AopIeEg gf-ol |Fi-zI) ,, &-z es weo] Av[D|I AVY—-OI “lB "°° °° SIVO Lz-9 cv—ov|] ‘nqz-%I] ,, 8 WOT SuOI4S] gdulIds 10 [[Byy*** * * FeO UIBOT obv—SI |oz—g1 *syb g]suoy o1-S Apues 1o yoeTg|] 1 ounf—t ‘udy|** ‘utoo uerpuy “SIIVIG ULIISIA, PUV TVA}]UA) *") xf —I eel eas Me 9 oes @ a 2 8s Ow ss ‘idy—"qoy Cad *LIAOTO ae oe eee s3b 8-9 wy aciaite ete ea clin WeOT ARID eye mereisa cg ~AYJOULLL ‘ACH yoos1—oooljoz—Si}""*"**"*"* *4lay “lU0d WeO] ApuBs| Ie ‘peq-psesg}****** Oo0eBqGOT, zI-OIl jo1I-g SSUVOCA en has Meet anaes WOT 9UOSOWUTT FS nlite ie XP gz—£% |gi—S1} "nq S1-o1] suo} oz—o1 se ANN || Se SS S[osuP I, oof zI—Ol Sq] Cz ay =. S45) pas) we pero WIeO’] Ajn[ "eee *SaIuUIN];, “41ay ‘Sq WeO] Si eg sa S1-g ZO g—r oog—oof |Apues 10 AID A[nf—1eJ| °°" caseqqeg OOS-—OOT |S%=—OL| 9). eI—OD| st oy meol Apues oun{—Avy|seozezod JoIMS oof-SL |zz-¥I She stella Ref tehe weo’y ABIW—Iey|* * * * “se0yeqog Oz F1I-£1 59 ee weo], Apueg oun[—API|"* ‘SuUBaq SITU QI-£1 |o1-g nq §1—£|suoq $ Weo't Ajnf{—oun[}* * ‘yeaymyong ‘sfaysng =| “Az | 4, eles ‘ 2 Y tod | ‘a1oy ied : gies. pete poag jo oInUP ‘Tlog 4s9q Te uABee ‘dor jo puly aseraay |-sy A, yunowy | jo Junowy ; ‘panuluoj—sazvzs apr A ViLVd OINVIWOdWI 79 "SYOWM OZ-QI UI SoINjeUW AT «*S9zeYGg JoyJO AUeU pure ‘eURIPU] ‘stouT][] ‘oro Ul UMOIS dIOUT 9T}}] ING YeoyM BuLUdS ¢ FIELD CROPS. ‘punod Jad z ‘spunogd _ “u0} Jag 4 "SUOT, x uolyT ‘soyd ‘sq[ aty4arvy ‘yrmaooddiyjy| $4°1-04° oz-ol 8-9 | syood S—z oof—o0z Re yy (St ATE yA Ss svadmoy “pi “bs gor *-£0 yOOOT—00g |Oz-gI} 9 04°ZO] suo4 SI-g weo] Apueg|'reyy ‘paq-pses)*** * ‘oooeqoy, doy aiding él 6a ew eae O78 6) xo Zz I-g *Sq] g-z @) 66) G00 a8) See ULeOT yy BT[ YOR] ‘dy “Sny “Goy o”'6 (eo awe *‘sdtuiny, esolopuog Ue OT ‘uorysnd uosuitiy| Sz*I-oo'Tr oog—oov joz—FrI1 ‘ZO O=P|"""" "°°" Apues “YoOryiOr Gay—r “uel "“soojemmoy, G//eenat ad wy aie) eon ke) Oh ei Swe Ov=Lr Sq] L-v 0 @ Gee a (08 2 UIBOT 4UBTT “YORI I APW-1I ‘idy . ‘suryduing QOUIPIAOIg| oo*1-Sz OO0z—OOI |SI—zI| ‘nq zI—orj*°**"*""*" weol Apueg Ajnf{—"1dy|sa0jeyod yaoMg yduiniy ‘ssyq}| oo°1-oF oof—ool |SI-1I1|} “nq oI-g] suo4 zI-g/WeOT BSsOoOCT yYSVT quidy— uel): - $207840g oyejyOg pey| oco°z-SL'1 oof Be=O1 oS eto elie cise, ae yONUL IO wivoTIJOI “Ad y-I “qay|**** °° “suoTUG ‘q1ay “sq OMBUSATLTE se SOO) |e were ee al el ee **|oz—QI “sql 4-z|oof Pas S\ureo] yy ST ‘YOrRy|or AvJY—1I “1eyy|’ SUOTOUTIOe uoysepieyy ‘yong AP IY ‘PLOTJoHeM OI*-10° or VI » -t », O1-9 . - = CIN OG) |e meteuie aseqqeg AO NAT Ne Eanes ene onl ae oo1—06 g-4 yy oI os WOT JUSVT AvW— le} “SUBAq OFT AA BIdsIOdr)| So*1—zS S-g1-L Vv ico ROL < rs "490Q—"deg|** "> * Poe OAT JoqUIM “UUua Ty zL°—Ss° Oz-SI Lt », vz ee ODE le a - Pi yoQ-'dag|***** * “Agpreg ing ‘das ‘yooidjsny sexoy oS *—of ge-I1 Li nq £-I} suo} oI—g|'Aeyo ‘ureo] ARID ‘ACI “Gay “°° Po SRE) “ABO ‘UIBOT AsyINT, ‘Joyseopnyy] oo’ 1-9" oz—6 £P “nq z suo} 8 ORIG 10 ARID ‘daq—dag|*""** * "yeouM oyyorg s,juno[g ‘poaoas-pinoy pees u0y ‘SUIy ALIOYIIP tg*-oF° Lz-L oz-8I *syb g|-309 ‘nq o1 SUIBOT YOR] eun(—qoy|** ‘utoo ueIpuy AapyoS WOT ‘oq SIg Syassny|] ,60°-Lo° yooS—oor |of—oz nq €-1/""" °° "°° | yovjq to Apueg| Sr Avpy—sreyy|**°*** “W0z}0D “SAIVDIS UAIYIROS °C Pec ‘anum deg org oS *—0oz° ob-Sr |{Sz—S1 s}b 9-£ auON purldq eun(—idy}|*** ‘u109 Ige yy ae C20 ie 1 ee Oyu Pa Zz ie? S250 ve sq] S1-g By oL WeOT ARID Avyw—idy eeoeveeee “ACT Aging ayy ‘Yst . ‘pi ‘bs -ueds ‘I0ALJ MOTTEA] zOz*-zoO yoOoI—oog |giI-SI| 9 04°ZO] ,, OI-8 weol Apueg|r1eyy ‘peq-pseg|* *** * “o99eqOL, oS*1-SL° QI-OI |oz—S1) syood €-z| ,, SI-—o1 weoT|StACW—-SIIeyy|* °° °° XBL Mir: cence aeaca nd oool—oos |tz-zz 1 8-9| ,, 22-8 weo, Apues| st Avyg—t ad ‘sfasueyl $z*-So- ooL—o0$ |gI-o1| ‘sy, 9-1] ,, O1-8 yonut Jo weoqjoe Bny--Sr14pnf|**** © “sdruiny, 20 AGRICULTURE. THE WEIGHT AND AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF ORDINARY CROPS IN POUNDS PER ACRE. (WaRINGTON.) Weight of | 4 Crop. Pal eipe = < as = J . a7) Phe & <= on je a ES . = ao — . At a 1/fl/s]/a;e/%|ale43)5. -2)36.91: 8 fx. 24-22 18.0 Meadow hay, 1g tons. ....| 3,360) 2,822] 203] 49] 5.7|50.9| 9.2/32.1]14.4]12.3]14.6|/56.9 a ee fe ff Lf ee ff | Red clover hay, BtONS gJ25.ist. 4,480] 3,763] 258] 102] 9.4/83.4] 5.1/90.1/28.2)24.9] 9.8] 7.0 Beans grain, 30 bu 1,920] 1.613] 58] 77] 4.4]24.3| 0.6] 2.9] 4.2/22.8] 1.1] 0.4 SELAW cls onales 2,240] 1,848} 99] 29] 4.9]/42.8] 1.7/26.3] 5.7] 6.3] 4.3| 6.9 Total crop..| 4,:60} 3,461] 157] 106] 9.3/67.1| 2.3/29.2| 9.9|29.1] 5.4] 7-3 Turnips: root, 17 tons.| 38,080] 3,126) 218} 63}15.2/108.6!17.0/25.5] 5.7|22.4|10.9| 2. heal tn Adetsots 11,424] 1,531] 146] 409] 5.7/40.2| 7.5|48.5] 3-8|10.7|11.2| 5.1 Total crop../49,504| 4,657| 364] 192/20.9|148 8)24.0/74.0] 9.5|33.1/22.-1| 7-7 Swedes: root, 14 tons..|/31,360] 3,349] 163] 70/14.6/63.3/22.8)19.7] 6.8|16.9| 6.8! 3.x NGAP rahi ere 20 45794 706} 75] 28] 3.2|16.4] 9.2/22.7| 2.4] 4.8] 8.3) 3.6 Total crop..|36,064| 4,055) 238] 98/17.8*|79.7 go oi4?4 Q-2|21.7 15-1 7 * Calculated from a single analysis only. FIELD CROPS. 81 THE WEIGHT AND AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF ORDINARY CROPS,.— Continued. Weight of | o S ae Crop. rag |e s 5 : rfl os eae ae tes! —a| Bs a : aa eRe Re = a eS in ev )Elsl/eidlal|ezis sis Har-| Dry. | pe [r= ron a= aa = fs vest. Sant ae ae) ee ek bee ee | PO Ew Mangolds: Ibs. | Ibs. | !bs.}1bs.|1bs.|:lbs.] Ibs.| lbs.| ]bs.| ]bs | lbs.| Ibs. root, 22 tons..|49,280| 5,914} 426] 87] 4.9|222.8/69.4]/15.9|18 3|36.4/42.5] 8-7 Sates ee 18,233| 1,654] 254] 51] 9-1177-9]49-3]27.0/24.2/16.5/40.6] 9.2 Total crop..|67,513| 7.568} 680] 138]14.0|300.7|187.7|42.9|42.5|52.9|83.1/17-9 Potato: tubers, 6 tons |13,440| 3.360| 127] 47| 2.7/76.5| 3.8] 3.4] 6.3/2.5] 4.4] 2-6 Beech: MOOME sacra s 5s sss 2,822| 26] to}....| 4.2] 0.8]12.9] 3.4] 1.5 2.2 leatelitters: .-.1--- >.) 2,975) 206) 30] —- | 8-8} x-6)73.1|10.0] 9-3 53-9 T’l produce.|......| 5,797| 192] 49]....]13-0] 2.4]86.0/14.3]10.8]..../56-1 ‘scotch pine: WOO S27 ers\ ives ove Etahsy We eed penal (oar 2.3, 0.2) gol 1-5) = 0.5 leaeitters.;.s|(ss-3 << 2,845| 42 é 4-3] 1-7/16.8] 4.3] 3-3 5.8 T°! produce 5,720] 57 6.6] r.9]25.8] 5.8] 4.3 3 Spruce fir: es Sane eee O04 ee 2O leer ie oe 36] O54) S. 21-26 |. 23s 2.9 leaf litter..... Fecal 2IOSSIA T2E ores |[s7= ae 4c gies sae |) Oso| esa 44 3 leproduce..}..... Baa LAT oa ee 7-Q| 1.9|62.6] 8.0] 7.0|.--.|47-2 SOILING CROPS ADAPTED TO NORTHERN NEW ENGLAND STATES. (Linpsey.) (For 10 cows’ entire soiling.) Kind. Seed per Acre, a Area. |Time of Cutting Les ae eee 2 DUSIs os, ceach Sept. 10-15 ye. acre May 20—May 30 WVINGAD § ees 3 eb eee be June 1—June 15 Red clover... |20 Ibs... ie a Julyrs—Aug.1| ‘ June 15—June 25 14 bu. redtop... Grass aes ae 1 peck timothy. ( Sept. % acre|June 15—June 30 eee ors SoS tolbs.red clover \ Vetch and oats. ; abel vetch t April 20 1g acre|June 25—July 10 ac ae aa be 30 “ec July to—July 20 Peas and oats. a a ioe Canada t 20 be June 25—July to “ec se ss +6 bees f “a 30 “ July 10—July oo Barnyard millet. .|1 peck: 224% As May 10 %. acre July 25—Aug.10 se SO ae Le See CONE Aug. 10—Aug.20 Soja bean (me- i dium green)....|18 quarts....... 20 ee Aug. 25—Sept.15 CSTE pis Re SG eee eet ee ee Se oss Aug. 25—Sept.1o0 Saag oasis Solace [sabe sieve cis tix ege at oe (oes ance Sept. ro—Sept.2o0 Eluneariancs-- 5. )t DUSHS) 2 6 csi? July i5 i%acre|Sept. 2o—Sept. 30 Barley and peas | 6; eee t Aug. 5 eee Oct. 1—Oct. 20 82 AGRICULTURE. TIME OF PLANTING AND FEEDING SOILING CROPS. (PHELPS) Se ——— Amount of | Avera A pproxt- Approximate Kind of Fodder. Seed mate Time : e per Acre ie Seeding. has rt. Rye fodder... cope ts ea wee tos bu. Sept. & May 10-20 254 Wiheat fodderan.. a.-asnes 2} to 3 bu. | Sept. 5-10 | May 20, June 5 pl GlGVet ats wetusea 20 Ibs. July 20-30 | bee 5-15 4. Grass (from grass- -lands).. June 15-25 5-/@ats and) peas io. te ae! s\y2-bDuseach April 10 : joes 25, July 1c Beat i eri eek on iat ss es 2a , July 10-20 7 ia Ss a AA ee 2: a 30 *<" 20, Augy a 8 sHunearian’ 92.22. ...| ' Dusheis! Junert Aug. 1-10 g. Clover rowen (from 3). : ** 10-20 [Io Sop Dans! . 5 227 Tey: , 1 bushel May 25 “S20; Septas 11 Cow-peas 1 bushe. June 5-10 12 Rowen grass (from ras, Sept. 5-20 lands) ie Aa ** 20-30 13. Barley and peas See Be | 2 bu. each | Aug. 5-10 | Oct. 1-30 ‘The dates given in the tab’e .pply to Central Connecticut and regions under approximately similar conditions. CRIPPS FOR PARTIAL SOILING FOR ILLINOIS DURIVS BMAVDSUMMER,. (FRASER.) Amount | Approx. _ om: Kinds of Fodder. of Seed | Time of Appt ea per Acre. Seeding. Of eee 1. Corn, carlv, sweet, or dent. .-.| 6 qts. May 1 \Tuly 1-Aug. I 2, orn, median dent Ams. | wee iG ak os Sie Aug. 1—-Sept. 30 anat CNG ISAS Ie etn cae tebe Rhee is cases T ue ay ee i=) Sens “LSB OANA Oats iu RST g bier BR oe ia en Shared Te go gies oo ae ©. Oats and Canada peas......: 1 bu. each | April rs | July 1—July 15 (oa ae “f hs Saad ait name geal ae May I 15-Aug. I 7, Rape (Dwarf Essex)..::i.... 4 lbs. a ti OS" Tee ee S53 SCCOME SONWADLO ao acs agonc ote He Apa June 1 | Aug. 1-Sept. 1 Ge hia ea CUMIEGRSOW ITE: ce, 6 ore costars fe Gaeta July x | Sept. 1—Oct. x REPLACING WINTER-KILLED CLOVER. The following brief article gives a list of forage plants that will be found suitable for furnishing green feed for cattle and other farm animals in regions where the clover nas been winter-killed. It was originally published as a newspaper bulletin from the Wisconsin Experiment Station and is written with special reference to conditions in the Norihwestern States. How to set the Qui: kest Pasture.—A field cf oats or barley will furnish the quickest pasture it is possible to obtain, barley being a little earlier than oais. Sow oats or barley FIELD CROPS. 83 .as for a grain crop, and when the young plants are a few inches high, turn in the stock and treat the field as though it were a pasture. If the cattle do not graze ‘he field evenly, run the mower over the patches where the growth is excessive. By keeping the growth short it will last much longer than if allowed to head out. It is recom- mended that, as an experiment, clover and timothy seed be sown with a part at least of the oats or barley, in the hope of securing a stand for next season. The farmer who can pasture his oat or barley field and get a crop of clover started at the same time will be one year ahead. This rec- ommendation must be regarded as an experiment, but it has been successfully tried in a number of cases. Oats and Peas.Let the farmer also put in a patch of oats and peas. Sow a bushel and a half of peas per acre, cover- ing three or four inches deep on light soil, and one or two inches on heavy soil. -After these are planted sow or drill the oats in the usual manner. Cut the green forage for the cattle, or cure for hay. Millet.—For winter hay sow millet or Hungarian grass from the roth to the 30th of June, using from a bushel toa bushel and a half of seed per acre. When the seed-heads are coming into blossom, cut and cure for hay. Millet or Hungarian grass will yield from one ton to two and a half _tons of good quality hay per acre. Horses should not be given over one feed of millet hay per day. Corn Fodder.—Any variety of corn will do for green or dry forage, the early kinds being the most suitable for early fall feed. Sweet corn is very satisfactory because the stalks are softand palatable. Plantin hills or drills just thick enough to decrease the size of the ears to about half their normal size. Begin feeding as soon as the ears are glaz- ing, and continue with the dry forage throughout the win- ter. From three to six tons per acre of winter forage, suit- able for all kinds of farm stock, can be secured from acorn crop grown on good land. (Henry.) AGRICULTURE. pesmber st ATUO 910e a[suIs BP ACM SITY} UT (u0T}eIG JUOTUTIOdX A UrlsuodSsTM ‘EOI “ON UTJeT[Ng 99G) SMOD U9} IOJ Poo} JUTHOONS poos jo yunoure s[dure st peonpoid ssvioy ay} puve ‘(yUsUvUIIOd St YOIYM ‘vj[eI[e ydaoxa) ‘Agjleq pue svad MCS S}eO IDITYy “Ie9A 9Y} J[PY ApIe9u 103 ‘oder pue UIOD JOIMS UDIIBIBAI IOF punois sures 9sn syeo pur sevod Sur}jNO 19}ye pure ‘wuMYsIOs pue ‘u109 Jury ‘ede oy4 10] punors owes osn dAI Bur}jNO Ioqyy *ase1OJ oY} Surpeords oinysed oY} Ul poss 10 “4Yystu ye o1nysed UO SMOO UIN} pu ASP Burinp 9[qe4s Ul poaqy—'syupmay ey ee eee “od BYT * **UIOD JOOMS UdIIBIOAY * “mM Ys1IOG * **utoo JUIT ey Raw One! Oe 6 eee Ceirtt “adey ** -e7Teqe Goro pz sich! oveRalakele Meda pe keane S1eO: *s}Bo pue svog “syeo pure Svog "* **IQAO[O Poy 6) 6.6 a) Sane le) 0) @Nelreler ae “eTTEIIV co. = sie S96 a) 8) 6 een "SAT Teal *doig poor aIN Ye ¥ zVv ie) ‘or 40Q-Sz2 "ydeg | of Ane S°z poos Ala 4IIS UT ; oe COD, |" Sesion 24doS) | Teme CEN alleles tee poos A1sA | poapvoy [Jam Udy MA ox o£ 98 |'o1'4ydeg—Sz-3sny}] I eunl os poos A19A yIIS UT $ ov 98 EG eer al aas gM esol te. 2,8i-3 fpr ee NR poor) 91N4eIN . cv Bi Ghign |) Poceckes eas Si-1-‘sny | ge AR SEZ IBVIOAY Burwm00jq a10jog f«***° gg ftrtcee "sof-Sr Anf [ose feet BBRIIAY Mur uy 2 ze tal Se-S1 Ajnf | S Avy og WSPIOAY yr uy + ze CoP A AC aati Sn all all ts) seinerdal <7 : rs, ISCIOAY yu uy + ze oL |**'S A[nf—Seounf | gi [rudy er I Ie woolq uy f ge eee, io) Aten) de) 6.0) ie ee oun 0 ee sf'e 6h as (oy ey SUIWIOOC[ s10j0q ¥ ge (aie |S eae *SI-1I ounf | oz “re oz 100g BSUIWIOOTG a10Jaq i ge ghz |*°* r ounf-Si Ae | ol -ydasg gor ee gh nat Er Teva SI ANRORE |.) 2k ted ae aC ee “SMO4) | “MO4 | -1eTT Udy, tod | 0} sur] . ’ ‘ roy a8e| poag | -mcg | ‘8UIIIND jo oury ‘aIOV Aqiq AYN ye -aioy | A[req | woj *BUIMOG | rad paag ~SyE[ ed JO 90180 ; sfeq 70. 2UTEL “| spunog eyeurxoiddy CHIATEVSG) *“SMOO AUMIVG WOE SdOUD YNITIOS AO NOISSAINAS FIELD CROPS. 85 d CYLINDRICAL SILOS. Approximate Capacity of Cylindrical Silos for Well- matured Corn Silage, in Tons. (KING.) es ae Inside Diameter of Silo, Feet. aaa An Io 2 TA oP T's PO: TS.) 20. || sar B20 | 24) Gael San) 4|) 26 20 26 38 51 590 67 85 | 105 EES | 227 E36 DSL| Oss 137.7 21 eeAO Ik 55 |.03 f2\900 bro) res eras 74s} On| Last) Loo maiesO) 43 | 50 | 67 | 77 | 97 | 120] 132| 145 | 158) 172| 187.) 202 23 32) 46 | 62 | 72 | 82 |103 | 128| 141] 154] 169} 184| r99| 216 24 | 34°| 49 | 66 | 76 | 87 |r10 | 135| 149/ 164] 179/ 195| 212] 229 BeeiesOu 52 | 7O | Sr ; OO |116 | 143 158] 173'| 190} 206} 224) 242 aomiesen 55 | 74 | 85 | o7 |r23 | r52 168 | 184 | 201 || 200)) 237)| 257 27 | 40 58 78 | 90 |103 |130 | 160|177|194| 212: 231| 251 | 271 28 | 42, Or | 83 | 95 '108 |137 | 169| 186| 204] 223 243] 264) 285 290 | 45 64 | 88 {roo 114 |144 | 178] 196| 215| 235 | 265| 278] 300 Bo | 47 | 98 | 93 |105 |1r9 |15r | 187| 206 |"226! 247 | 269| 202] 315 Bi} 490°} 7° | 96 jrr10 |125 |r58 | 195] 215 | 236) 258| 282] 305] 330 me | 55 73 {ror [115 /131 |166 | 205| 226| 248] 271 295 | 320! 346 Pemmcreninos irsonlirsq (rss (roo | 235.[....|..csleee cls «s ols ccc ee sie BO} 75 (121 |r50 |165 |180 ge | eg SSI pOl Were ato Pn leper | hota fea RELATION OF HORIZONTAL FEEDING AREA AND NUMBER OF COWS KEPT, FOR SiLOS 24 AND 30 FEET DEEP. (KKING.) weve ee | 6 Goosteste Feed for Silo 24 Feet Deep. Rate 1.2 In. Daily. 240 Days. Silo '30 Feet Deep. Rate meSelneOaatliye Feed for 180 Days. Silo 24 Feet Deep. Rate EOO\ in Wadlyis Inside Inside Tons Diam. Tons Diam Feet Feet 48 12 48 ime) 4 BS ie 12 9 Li 9 14 120 19 120 16 144 21 144 18 168 22 168 19 192 24. 192 20 216 20 216 21 240 27 240 23 288 20 288 25 336 2 336 27 384 34 384 20 432 36 432 30 480 38 480 32 Inside Tons. Dian Feet 36 me) 54 13 72 15 90 16 108 18 126 19 144 21 162 22 180 23 216 25 252 27 288 20 22 31 360 33 Silo 30 Feet Deep. Rate 2 In. Daily. Inside Tons Diam Feet. 36 9 54 II Ue 12 ee) 14 108 15 126 z6 144 18 162 19 180 20 216 Or: 252 23 288 25 324 26 360 28 86 RELATION Dimensions. Io X 20 I2X 20 I2X 24 12 X 28 14 X 22 14X24 14 X 28 14 X 30 16X 24 16 X 26 16 X 30 18 X 30 18 X 36 AGRICULTURE. BETWEEN SIZE OF SILOS AND OF COWS THEY WILL NUMBER KEEP. Cows it Will Acres to Fill, Capacity, Tons. 15 pos to pene ee cre. Day. 28 2 8 40 3: II 49 3e 13 60 4 I5 61 4% 17 67 44 19 83 54 22 87 6 23 93 63 24 97 7 26 II9 8 20 151 10g 37 180 124 45 Distance apart, Number of Distance apart, Number of Inches. Plants. Feet. Plants Oe See Oe ore ee 606,960 GGG ss i sha gens ste eee 1,210 MAR ene ciate eyes a it 392,040 OFX 680 5-500 oe 1,031 GIXAO sors clones ewenecev are 174,240 Y XG SSE Os os cents 881 BX Oicuete aici oto fo eatee 77,440 SOS a Sas ae one ane 680 Feet. OOXO sae oka ee ae 537 EE ein crea wee oseaie 43,560 TOKIO ms. s oes ee 435 ET TAS Tie ae 19,3600 TIM UT. . oe 360 OK Ties Ga, Serie oe tela 21,780 12X12 223225 see 302 BOK s/s Es ol svc Selene eRe s 10,890 IZ AIC essere cee 257 2X Bee ae Oase TORS 6,960 LAK UA: cen eee 222 ERM ates ae aie aronte celles 40 14,520 TS Xi Sis cers ec ee eee 103 £104 TR Cee ORS 7,260 LOK TO. 2.2 = > eee ene 170 Beas se once ls dover 4,840 PORK OAS 2 ob a eee 160 LE RR, Oye eee 3,555 19 792 ah ae eee 150 PSs OE he 10,890 TOOK EO cn 0c oe ree 134 Dip} See CaS AIRS 5,445 ROSY Os. Sos oe eee 120 Oe 8 6S hid tae othe a anauetene 3,630 DOK IO. a crawls wis eae 108 AEX ADs a volns onthe) os alist 2.422 DE Re 3 hy. cies eae 60 BAAN, chase Sees cote 2,151 BOX 30. cbs aoe 48 Se Tea gic jak od a ener ene 8,711 23 Xighee .\. vhs ee 40 OR OR GS ek Delete ie ale 4,356 AODCAOS 6 ck sie oe ee 27 BON ae nieuare akevete ai of 2 YO4 KOOX SOw. sa + siege aie teens 17 SP ASR. Sones 2,178 OX 0075 5% sik silo ree - sr BE OCSE cieais cine emer ; 1,742 GOX GOTs cloves c-c slate pe) Ee Secs 6 ale awe o 1,417 FIELD CROPS. 8% NUMBER OF HILLS OR PLANTS ON AN ACRE OF land, for any distance apart, from 10 in. to 6 ft., the lateral and longitudinal distances being un- equal. (Warina.) | way te} 18 | 20 26 38 |4 416 5% ie ae | ins | in. 1 2**-} fe. (2 ft.| “%2 |5 ft.) “po [6 ft. 18 |34848)29040]23232| 19360 20 |31363/26136/20908|17424/15681 26136|21780)|17424| 14520] 13068] 10890 ple 20908|17424|13939|11616| 10454] 8712/6969 3. |17424|14520]11616| 9680) 8712] 7260/5808/4840 344|14935|12446| 9953] 8297| 7467] 6223|4976| 4148/3565 4 |13068|ro890] 8712] 7260] 6534] 5445/4356 3630/3111/2722 444 |11616| 9680] 7744] 6453] 5808] 4840/3872 32262767/2420/2151 !10454| 8712| 6969} 5808| 5227 4356 3484 290412489 2178] 1936/1742 7920| 6336| 5280] 4752| 3960/3168 2640 2263 1980/1760} 1584|1440 7260| 58081 4840! 4356| 3630/2904 2420/2074]1865:1613)1452]1320/1210 YIELD OF A GOOD CROP OF FARM PRODUCTS PER ACRE. (Various AUTHORITIES.) DL le tins a) ClAtS., ce S556 «2 xx - 50DUs. ES ee sabes: | Potatoes .. 222.5 2265. aqoi-«« Meeans, field ......-.«- 20. ** Bates ~ sea moe e's 20 tons Meirkwheat.......... 20 Be Saez ras es 50 bus BEBDGAGE.. 22. --- 26s ations.) Rutabaeas . 22... - - 25 tons | See ey aie TR ak, Sr ee care 25 bus morn (shelled) ......- Galiis*f SOrenunty cs hee: s 5 ro tons i 1 Dale-|.ovcar Deets. (si2. ss. 5th Po hs. ) Seeal-cane- vo 7. 2 52 .- 208 7 2 Sweet potatoes...... 200 bus. ee EG. s! SEARED: 30 hese 2. =) 1200 lbs. ee Sipe) Curmips: <<...) 34 20 tons \ A Dy ae Wheat (spring)... -- 25 bus. ME coo. oc ses a i Wheat (winter). 5... zo," "BOUL ZLI~G |r * see eees *-Burids Aysreq “ul 4 "ur Z1-G | “UL tz-g1 “Ul of "ZO “1 nom o'e'ee «STOR pUmEr *p og—o09g S a ee thle. gp) oa "er ed are, “AINE 04 Judy “ul ry ay 9-? “97 9-t \ “ay 9-+ "ZO 4 Swe @ 6 6 « . *loquinong 9) oL—09 He he) Ohne 6 . **roqure1dag 04 Judy a,ejains uO Ce we pe Wie, fee) | kneel eee ely yseopRolg "ZO 4 eee wwe *IOJBEM ‘ssolg {PY OR=GE a Ts [tequiaydag] Avy 04 “re TK “UL I-$ |"JF¥ OFS IOV) ‘ur gr—zr “UI Of ‘ZO ¢ |" °° ** *puevidn sseiy | uo, =19) 2) (ali i uate a a ects A[N{ 04 Ae “UL Z—1 | “UL QE—OF€ | -uT OE—o€ | *uT zP-OF Quid Fait BMS TEES) *p og “Iaquisydeag 0} Yyo1eyyy “UL I—§ |°}¥0}9 10 S| ‘ut gI—zI ‘UI Of WATT Fad Ne ac rreatiae ete a) OA ftz=p eG Yor) “Dp OFI—OOL | ttt ttt tte ounf pue ACW “Ul —I “47, Ol "at oI-g “5 oI-g “20 TL |otenete el sive ails iansviere uorIpW) "SOUL 9-Ss Tce 8 fe 6 oe ne ote s ounf pue AR ‘ur 4 “ay 04 S ior “Ur ¥z-gI1 “Url gf—of "ZO t ee *ALOOIYD (‘[dy 10 yore sUuLINp oUIeIy ploo 10 poaq *p OSI—ozI | -JOY UT 4ae4Yg) ‘oun, pue ARI “ur ¢ “ut S—f | ‘ut gO£-g1 “4y 9-£ eA ON Sal ii ie EEE Reel (Cyprepy Io Areniqay surinp BS *p of I—-oor | poq4zoy Url 41e4G). ‘ouN{ Oo} JIdy “Ur % | ‘ut gI—¥I | ‘ur of—¥z | ‘ut g£-of “ZOph Ss" STOMOTTTUES) = a 8) ODT SL Mita kav. ce’ = Me) i@icaieelom) al piace ‘oun onl Judy “ul 4 “Sian 034109 “ul tz-91 “ul gf-of SAO BT Ieee Gaaciack cy Ob eee *JOIIeD 5 DEOL OOM (repens ese? s 256,502 eunf pue Ae “UL $ | “UL be-QI | ‘ul gf-bz | “ut oF—-of "ZF. |" 2 > °° “ag By “Sseqqies) i (‘Areniqay surinp poq 4 *p of 1-06 |-joy UT 4Ie4g) “[lIdy pue yor “UL | | “Ul QI-zI | ‘ur of—¥z | ‘ur gf&—-of "ZO ¥ | °° * ° *Ajrva sseqqe) p DIOP SOON eens pin sce aber aunf pue Ae “UL $ | “UL bz—-QI | ‘ur Of—Fz | ‘ur gf—of£ ‘20 $/°** * *sqnoids sfessnig 2) BRO ROO ior cakes eysien Zhe asics ysnany 07 [dy “UL Z—I |"}J0}9O 10S) ‘ur gI—zrI | ‘ur g£-bz SFOSG2 | Se eee oe Noe ae eee sj90q = 8) og—oS Hei ee eres er ele eversiretes aunt pue AR “Or e—2 * SU src SSsuEod a BST Evel” |i “Sas Ge smSasiaisales. sie. s sutids A[1eq “ur S$—€ | “UL of—SI |} ‘ul Fe-zI “4y S-£ og—o9 | ** sjueid ‘snseiedsy SUD NG IC omy (be Acuige eo temorc Wokae neste os surids Aj1eq “UL Z-1 ‘ur S—£ *4J Z-1 | ‘ur ge-of "ZO 1 |" "** ‘pees *snsviedsy SS OEE = OF lta saeer steer e pe gorse ks ise 58 surids Aj1eq “UL £-z “UJ c-1 “4y z-1 “yy P-£ *syb z | woaresnief ‘axoyorj4say : aS CLUTS cy Tigi lies sitean or Re cd cect tgs SF 284 sutids A[1eq “UL Z—1 “yy f-z “qj £-z “ay F-£ "ZO & |" * * saqoyTs) ‘oxoyotWy ‘smoy | “ABINO | “Anno poe ‘yWOoN ‘punoz “suryUe aE, ae es aon aes rapes ae mg heanea | usdQ aes ane jo Pome: ee “qaedy SMOYy I0j ela aiqeiase\ 72 /R EE Ioj Apeay See a me ip os xd 2 eS 4 —Ppuryg 0} sjue[g IO} soueysrq | “uOSsBaS OUIeS 94} payuL[d oq AvU dOID puod—as JO 94e[ B YY} 9}VOIPUT syoxOVI_g *doid Jo woTonpoid oJ poamnbea polzed pue ‘3uyueld azo0y sow yuvd 0} soxoueySIP YIM *YRSU] UL Joos OOLT MO & IO} poatnbar syuLld Jo zvquinu JO Spe—as yo AyFJULNH = CaILLvag) “a THVEL ONILNV Id SsHAaNAGUVS 89 HORTICULTURE, *p oFI—oo! *p ogiI—oz1 "P 0g—09 *p og—of *P OgI—oz1 *P 98-09 "Sth fT "SIA V—z *p ob-—oz *p ovi—oo1 *p ogI-oF1 *p of I-0g *p oFI-—ool *p og—or *p ogi-Sz1I *p oz 1-06 *p oz1—06 *p oS I-—of1 *p ov I-06 *p OoI—og *p 06-09 *p oOzI—oo!l *p oSI-—ozI *p 00-09 *p Ogi—ozI "Pp og—o9 *p oz1—06 "SIA Z—1 a) (ev) 5) e) ans eae (ee Dinetay lenis eunf o4 [dy [4] Indy Ge yoleyy, pue Areni -qo,J suLINp peqyoy ut sjuryd Ajieo yreys) ‘ounf pue APN co 2 © wo ie) es ie eee « see ‘oun O43 [uidy TAQ Sean all fe Cops pedaher “*sulids Ajiva ArtaA 10 *4ydag Bide @ (6 6) G00) Ghee .éh ey 8) eet ere sutids Ajley ee 2 tg agent pue Ar 28 ‘dutids Aj1ea 10 uuINnyny OES) Cte 08 Ube es sutids A[IVy a ) ‘raquieydag™ 04 yore "s ATN[ 04 ABT (jiidy surinp paqyoy ursjurld yrejyg) ‘ounf pure Ae . ie os 2 Str Od TOL Ty (: ont SsuULINp peq4oy ut syurid Ajievs WAV{G) ‘ounf pue Ae CONC ONC RCE Ce He ORC Wot ‘oun, 04 Yolen "te “ABW pue judy ‘+ * -gulids Aj1v9 pue taqur9ydag “ACN 04 Areniq eq pue ummyny ac oe ect oe Ol . "* ABW pue tady ‘ounf pue Ae Cie, C006 SF le ee. & 6 ew a0 “surids Ape "* ‘[raquieydag| “Ae 07 yore eT ED as ae ee Dike aN (yoreyy Sulinp poeqyoy ut $1,[d Ajivo 1181S)" aun f 04 judy Ce ee | *raqureydag o4 Yoreyy eoseeeoeeeseeeees “ARTN 0} YIP ee "APN 04 YoIley ie dy pue-ieyy] “ydog pue‘sny PERMIT BHO GED PALIT | “Ul Z—1 “ul Ltt ial Hrs | | ae A are HoH ——— |'stance. 4 ‘tent: ==. | Stanees lone: IeEnIGt.s) er ett Beret | Perict: Perict: ||Per ct, t.080 10.7 139 1.107 zis 19.7 1.134 31e2 25.5 o8t 19.9 14 I .108 25-7 19.9 135 B15 25 7 082 Son 1423 ifere) 25-9 20.1 136-3127 25.9 083 20 3 14.5 [110 26 1 20.3 137 31.9 26em 084 20.5 14.7 IIt 26.3 20.5 138 225i 26.3 085 20.7 14.9 112 20.5 20.7 139 2263 20.5 .089 20.9 nee 113 26.7 20.9 1.140 32°55 26.7 087 21 2 rs 4 114 26 9 2t 1 +141 32.8 27.0 088 21.4 15.6 115 27 2 21.4 142 33-0 27.2 .089 | 21.6 15.8 116 27.4 21.6 -143 Rohe 27-4 1.090 21.8 16.0 117 27.6 21.8 144 Bie. 27.6 Oy 22.0 16 2 118 27.8 22.0 145 330 27 8 ou2 22.2 16 4 | 119 28.0 22.2 146 33 8 28.0 .093 22.4 16 6 L.120 28.3 22.5 147 34-1 28 3 -094 22 7 16 9 | 121 28.5 22.7 148 34-3 28 5 .095 22.9 17 1 122 28.7 22.9 149 34-5 28.7 .0g6 ea0r B78 | 123 28 9 23.1 E2150 34 7 28.9 -097 22.3 rice lie tee 29.1 23.3 151 34-9 29.1 098 | 235 17-7 125 203-1. 23.5 152 35.1 29 3 909 23.7 179 126 29.5 2357 153 35-4 29.6 100 24.0 18.2 | 127 29 8 24.0 Ge 35-6 29 8 101 24 2 18 4 123 30 0 B42 T55 35 8 30.0 102 24 4 18.6 | 129 30.2 24.4 156 30.0 30.2 103 24.0 | 18 8 Lol ZO 30.4 24.6 157 36 2 30 4 tod} 24.8 TOLONs 131 30.6 24.8 -158 36.4 30.6 105 250 19.2 132 30.8 25.0 -159 36 6 30.8 1c6 25.2 19.4 133 31.0 25.2 1.160 36.9 31.8 96 AGRICULTURE. SPECIFIC GRAVITY, SUGAR CONTENT, AND BOILING-POINT OF MAPLE SIRUP. (CooKE AND HItts.) 1 ' Os wate +o vo > > 20 ook o oo o ZS .: ou © 8 a & 55 - S8 see oO ne & own ae is re] os vGg S See Bo oO 2 as ZO Ors o— ie) © “ a. is} = ~ bog © o Bee aos Guo Cx ay Dom 5 aa aye aaa oon ie) oa A n A < G = a4 25 1.205 44.9 41 215.0° F.| to.olbs. 68 26 I.215 40.8 43 215.1 10.1 72 27 1.226 48.7 45 215-3 10.2 75 28 1.236 50.5 47 215 6 10.3 78 29 1.246 52.4 49 215.9 10.4 82 30 1.257 54-3 51 216.2 JO.5 85 31 1.268 56.2 53 216.6 10.6 88 32 1.279 58.1 54 217.0 10.7 fole) 33 1.290 60.0 56 217.4 10.7 93 34 1.302 62.0 58 218.1 10.8 07 35 Tests 63.9 60 218.6 10.9 100 36 e225 65.8 62 219.5 II.o 103 37 I .337 67.8 64 220.3 retaea 107 38 1.350 69.8 66 227.2 11.2 110 39 1.362 71.8 68 222.0 EE 113 40 1.374 73-7 7° 223.2 Ti 117 41 1.387 75-7 72 224.5 11.6 120 42 1.400 7707 74 226.0 11.7 123 43 TeAUs 79.8 75 227.8 11.8 125 44 1.428 81.8 77 220:7 ti.9 128 45 LoAde 83.9 79 231.8 12.0 132 46 1.457 86.0 8r 234.0 12.1 135 47 vay by ft 88.1 83 2360.3 12.3 138 48 1.486 go.2 85 238.7 12.4 142 ‘* The per cents of sugar given are calculated for a fairly good sirup. The relative values in the last column are based on these per cents, but will be nearly the same for all except the poorest of sirups. The relative value is made use of as follows: A weight of 11 pounds per gallon, and 35° Baumé is taken as the standard; dividing the weight of the sirup by f1 gives the number of standard gallons; multiplying the price that is to be paid for II- pound sirup by the relative value figure, and dividing by roo, gives the price to be paid per standard gallon. ‘‘Example; If 75 cents a gallon is to be paid for 11-pound " HORTICULTURE, 9% sirup, how much should be paid for 671 pounds of sirup testing 31° by the Baumé hydrometer? 671 + II = 61 standard gallons. 75 X 88 + 100 = 66 cents per gallon. 61 X 66 = $41.26, price to be paid.” WEIGHT OF SUGAR OBTAINED FROM 100 LBS. OF MAPLE SIRUP Weighing 11 Ibs. to the Gallon, when Sugared Off at Different Temperatures. (Cooxe anp Hits.) < = 4 z ~ ve = 2 Be en = 2 “Se Et “ae ae Be ae ee ee & fp te bp So = & © fp © & Be ee te os r= es w 3 os = = at ey 23 CD ej LP en Dn ON yg: a OW Zn - Bso | Ss | Bs | Es || Bso | Bs | ws | Bs = < a 4 Fa < a 4 SKahr..| Lbs. Lbs Lbs °-Pahr: |) bs Lbs Lbs 232 XE f 82.0 83.3 238 79-5 78.5 80.7 233 81.9 80.5 82.8 239 79.2 78.4 80.3 234 81.2 80.0 81.9 240 78.7 78.2 79-7 235 80.8 79-5 81.6 241 78-5 77-9 79+3 236 80.5 79-5 a I 242 78.1 77°4 78.9 .O 79.0 0.9 SORGHUM SIRUP OBTAINED FROM JUICE OF DIFFERENT DENSITIES. (CLELAND.) Density Gal. Sirup Density Gal. Sirup of Juice. Obtained from of Juice. Obtained from Cy ae BO gal WUNCE |, 1G ees aisi6 20's 7 ~ gal. juice. 5° Spon ie Gia ates = x 5 a pit vi age eS a5 BO Sah i ecaia ave 6 se = 25. mie Dette lhe EE oe ait os Soha leat Stet 7.5 zt ae BOO site ce as 2 5 ue 3 Sorghum juice usually shows 8° to 10° density; thin semi- sirup is 20° density, heavy semi-sirup is 30°, hot finished sirup is 36° to 38°, and cold sirup about 40° density. (Wiley.) 98 AGRICULTURE. ° TEMPERATURES TO WHICH PERISHABLE GOODS MAY BE SUBJECTED WITHOUT IN- JURY. (U.S. DEparTMENT Lowest Outside og Temperature | &5 iE Ee Ce: a0 -| A iG ois) oo | es Oo 35 | mips mas 8 |ehS | ok Name of Article. [2 BS | ESO | 53 Po! gs | Ogsvliee ae eo OP | Sx So| ge |GSa ; ae 35 £D | Sn | ag 68| Ca | Ene | 8s BP = = ORy = = zx wo sso fan a aaa ahs ba Apples, in bbls .... .] 20 ro. |=6ro | 75 pre) LOOSE stse rears 28 15 | 7-70 4 95 Apricots, baskets....} 35 24 10 70 ASPATAGUS 0. wes == | 20u|> 22 Mao] JO Bamanas: 9 eed. « 50 2 ea | GO Beans: Snape: c--2%8 0) 320] 20 Siem fas Beetsigea 26 20 : 7° Cabbage. early. or late 25 20 zero | 75 Captatoupes......-... | 32 25 10 80 Cauliflower ..... Pr he’ 15 Rese [70 CEIERY. fous 1o | zero 65 Gheeses © ose sates hee 30 25 10 75 Geanberries: . 2... 2.0 28 | 20 ZEFOM a. Gucumbers 2/42 - 255 32 20 “mG, Eggs, bbl’d or crated 30 | 20 zero | 80 Bishe.5-t danse see Sato | ZELO |! Fee en Gs BIOMED s (sie oes <5 = 35 20 4"|—IO es | ae GIN PES=s sec aetna 34 | 20 zero ISA Gree oc et Betetace lees 15 | zero 65 PREETI Ret ore tee wae) 20 20 iF | flere IVEMONS) 3) panne dae}, 32 20 10 75 Mettucey ). ies) eee 26 15 Eade |e) Mandarins... 22... =. 32 | 20 zero | 75 IVE erases mrss cte rare 32 | 28 zero | 75 Olives, in bulk....... 28 25 ZELO) he oo) ear ASGE or frre: 25 20 zero Onions, boxes... ....} 20 15 ZET OH 2 aes OMiGnsS te sesh ae 120 10 55s ESO Oranges’. ses. eri fee 20 zero | 80 Rarsle yan t-262c7-0 se 32 20 soate HES. Parsnips. ... 32 20 Seer ezO Peaches, fresh, b’skets 32 20 10 80 Pitas yy Gags Wie enteion 32 20 : 80 Pineapples io. ac. 5], 32 25 zero | 75 Pimms seh SS 52 zero | 75 Potatoes, Irish .. .. aohie 2s 19 | 80 s Sweet #.. -. aGh |. 26 10 | 80 RAGISHESS 22 9 ee | 2O a5 gitar | ROS UCC eae 20 10 ae go Shrubs, roses, or trees 35 10 |—10 Se Spinach. Etec 15 15 Peay eo Je Strawberries........ 33°). 25 |—to._ | 65 Pancerinesiss: 2.22% 25 15 zero | 70 Thyme. noe “ere 26 10 <42'\|)'90 Tomatoes, fresh...... 33 28 1o | go Turnips, a 15 |e ZERO} 2 slo ate Zs 5 See er te ne TM GMOLING oie Sctee 2 ewte ee | %* ee igen 8 Bea etce Surat, a nets ay ae re Cae aie Sale ee pa Ie globes 2 a Se MaIet ts. wee genes a ee hae Orchard-grass..... Die 114 AGRICULTURE. SEEDSMEN’S CUSTOMARY WEIGHTS PER BUSHEL OF SEEDS. (E. Brown.) Pounds Kind of Seed. per Kind of Seed. Bushel. SAN fea lficine 5 soc ostee esnaie ateaae 60 Millet: Amiber canes. cas6 sive 6 -- 45-60 Barnyard... ose Bent grass: Broom! Cor... ae ee resin Ma wres x ea oat. T0—-20 Common. ).)..2 ct Eee Rhodessland: ies oe ae CrimiSOne sy ee aeeitoe oe ere 60 Rane’. otss fee eee IES VELEN) acortehe latte tae 60 Resctie-ardss..<-s. 6s ee Mammoth. ss ,cess 4 oe 60 RAGE. ons Wace ie ee CORR ote Ge ne See ee 60 Rye grass: Wilt Ge ste ate tate kciancna hee 60 Hrgelish:, .,., 3a: oe eee Mead OW ar acom tetemee 14-24 Spelt... 3.8 .te oo ee 2 By, Bree crete Se ee 12-15 Sunhower a. o.ee SINGS SHS Sct Meee eee eR 12-16 Sweet clover: STRATE ste eee ee oy ee eae 14-24 willed. x. eye Various leaved........ 14-18 Untiilled. |. Acc eee lat eae chit kacen earner 50-60 Sweet corn (acc. to var.). ag) cle SAI erg Oe Se re 48-55 Sweet vernal, perennial. . la US ic) OMe iso SO ree ae 40-60 Weasinteca: 2555, a eee Japan clover: Abia O Pi eee ose eee wlledscy. 45% cities 60 Melvetibean...:.../2: sree Wrhwlled:s) ere 18-25 Vetch: DONMSOnVEraSSe. cabs oie cs 14-28 Heiry. f6.. 2 Roe GE CORN Gs ee ire jalsieuctat 50-60 3] 0) plat cP Wee cos Gi - emilee ys ee. od Oe 60 Water grass, large...... Mepine, Whiter. j....56 oe: em reh 4] AiGlGoote rete aac. Meadow, foxtail.......+5. yat4 || Yellow trefoil. ......... Meadow ‘grass: cE ayy wert ne GN a ene II-14 Rouch stalked! 23:2. . 14-20 OOG air ses cet aie 14-24 Pounds per Bushel. SEEDS. WEIGHT AND SIZE OF GARDEN SEEDS. (VILMORIN. ) Wt.ofa, No. of Wt. ofa) No. ot Qt. of | Seeds Ot. of | Seeds Name. Seeds, in a Name. Seeds, ina Oz Grain Oz Grain Asa ee LL.7 rie} eek Qaois ake 21.4 26 Asparagus bean 29.9 32=42) || Lettuce. ..... 2. 16.7 52 Let a ee 24.3 sats Maizel en. sate os 24.9 T2-3 “2 EClice eee 90-7 3 Muskmelon..... 14.0 4 orecole........ 258 2 19 Mustard, black.. 26.2 45 Broceoli. ...... - 27.2 24 white .]| 29.1 3 Cabbase..)...-- 27.2 19 Nasturtium,tall.} 13.2 T4-5 Caraway man 3 23 dwart| 23.3 I Carrot: Olerawacwe. on use 24-1 |f1o=12 With spines. .. 023 45 Osmtonlarews =) 19.4 16 Without spines| 14.0 62 Bye hens Se a ce 27.2-31.1| t1-4 Cauliflower... .. 27.2 24 gray or field.|26.4—31.1| 3-5 Melee gS icc: 18.6 162 Peamtuteciers es TS c.5 I-2 ROMMCONY 6 oc cs =: res 45 iDyevoyevsis aid So ene 17.5 Io Cress, American..} 21.0 62 Pam pins .. s 9.7 t2 com.garden| 28.4 20 Purslane. oa | 162 Cucumber,com..| 109.4 2 IRaGish: = cee ee 27.2 8 globe 19.4 6 Rhabarbe..is 1s. 3.1-4.7 3 snake Tapas 3 Sashes hese 8.9 6 MOUS esl ec ey 58 Somat lan ape eae 19.8 7 Becmlant .. a... . 19.4 16 Se tlasite ses 72 cee 16.7 6 avon (eS oe a2 30 aera tOk cn. se rr.7 19-26 — fancy. 17.5 I dbibtearhopy 26.0 20 . eee 0:7 1 Watermelon. 17.9 13-4 otirabi S eles 27.2 19 * In 100 grains. + In ro grains. AVERAGE TIME REQUIRED FOR GARDEN SEEDS TO GERMINATE. (Batrey.) Name Days. Name Days. | Name. Days. ISGARIN. Gat. G=Tom||\hConinccys & os oo 5-8 Parsnioe vs oot LO=20 Beet ioe 7-10 || Cucumber 6=n10}- ||. Pepper: ..-s... 0-13 Wabbage...... 6—10\ ||| Endive. ...... 5 — TON Radish. 6 sc) ie 3-6 MPAGLOG. «pss ss 12-18 || Lettuce 6-8 Salsilive ss... 6. 4-12 Cauliflower 6=x0)t|(Onions 204 -/..02- 7—TO: ||| LOMAtO. sea. «- 6-12 Co nn LO—20 || Pea. . 2... tact oe 6=10) |) Murnips o-.6 . 4-8 (BAILEY.) YIELD OF SEEDS FROM AN ACRE. Yield Seedsmen Good Maximum would Figure in ( oe ( am Making Contracts Wheat). Wheat). or et teats SEs 3 Ae oe 600 lbs. 1500 lbs. 500 lbs. Cabbage (2 years).. 250 800 200 PeBGIiM Der... 52.0... 6st I50 4700 100 Marslkcemelon. . 25... 6: 125 600 100 232... 93) eee 900 2500 800 Squash, winter........ I00 400 I00 a Summer i... . 100 700 100 PRWECtACOIN.% < <)c oe os - " 1000-2500 2500-4000 800-2000 (acc. to var.) |) 0) Sea ie eee oe 100 400 100 Watermelon.......... I50 I000 100 AGRICULTURE, 116 *UOTJEAT}ING aso[O |'sdo1d pooy | ‘SuUIpIeS JO “AdIg]:ssov[d a4seM *SPp90S ‘op "eIV 01 “PIN 18919} VIPOIG, ps2M.ood ‘psomuojjng ‘sdoio asuep *TOOM j | VSoptoy | "Inq pues ‘sseid ‘BuIUING ~"AT}[ND}:soinysed Apueg ‘op “AON 9 Ani | *orayMAIOA!-nqiry shiyouey Soysspey ‘sseis ing “ITOWNS ul Suiqqnis |*toom ‘som4ysed ; *Burpads JO [Adq}:soov[d a4s¥\| -speurue :spaeg] 4009 03 ‘Sny| ‘SIM 0} ‘2TH z edde] wmnriyory)|* “oop yeois ‘yooping *Tyey ut surqyyno *yeoyM 19} ; “aT qSIyy :SUIPIGS JO “AdIq|-UIM ‘SMOpRITl ‘puImM ‘sp9eg ‘op ‘OW 0} *9{|zSNJe[OVOUR] snnpreg uoUTUIOD ‘aTystYy} [Ng *ATJ[NO solo *sdoio " ‘Daaaa | ‘9[}}0U BSIOY, {SUTpses AA BOF] | PIO ‘ULB IL) -ayquiny ‘Sspaag] “AON 04 ATn{ ‘O[OD 0} “PI },"UINzeI4so01 WINUPIOS pexveq ‘inq ojeyng *sdo1o ps0y *sdo1d |-poss urei3 pue d ‘suUIpees Jo *AdIg|ureId ‘Splely|sseis ur ‘spaag] +490 04 A[N{ |"1e@9 OF "Yyse A y'PASIU BoIssvig)|****** *preysnur yor[_ “sutppnds *sdo1o psoy "s10C1 | . ‘Teg pue ge’ SIS “ALOIS SUOTEATINID UvaID *Sployurery| Suruuns ‘!spsag] yoQ 07 ‘snNy|"UPY OF “oyY|-UsATe sn[NAjOAUOD -sUIUIOUL ‘pssMpuTg *SUTpaes *yeouM *paas 1 yes *yOOF jo uolTjUusAeIg|suLIdS = Splaty] ureis ut !spaag|ydag 04 Ain{ |"uoP OF UT; -snId ‘evOTYOOUTYOW|-syo09 ‘ssevis preAUIeg ‘point “peas jo uoly *HOTJEOIPPIF, -UT sjyonpolg -Nqlijsiq pue “BUIpseS *snorint “OUIBN [BOTUYyoaL, ‘souleNY UOUIUIOZ JO spoyyey pue yyMoIn uo1jesedoig jo oul, -Uy O10 Jo 90e[g jO spoyyoyq *yueid [eruueted , ‘yueid jetuuerq , ‘yueld [enuuy ;—f ALON “*UOSB9S BSUIMOIS 94} SULINp Spo9M 94} UMOP 93049 pue AYO PuNoIs 9y4 I9AOD TIM yey} ‘s}zeo IO ‘4oTTIUL ‘svodMOd ‘1aAO[O UOSUTIO se ‘dolo [enuue suIOS jo sUTpses AAO e pue wuosves AIp 9Y} SULINp UOTWeATy[NO uUve[o yUReUT st SdoOID BULIoyJOWIS pUe UOTPATINS oyeurIaye AG—z ALON *S84BJG poqyUA dy} UT sWIOSaTqNOI} JsOW BY} SB PopIesoI ore YOTYM speem dAY-AqY Jo ‘sorjsttojoereyo oy} JO oWIOS Y}IM ‘ouIvU [eOIUYO4 PUe UOUIUIOD 9Y44 S}Usseid 9Iqe} SY4T—I ALON ‘omMyNoisy jo Juowuysredeq Sg ‘Q YsIuejog juLisissy ‘AGMAG “YH “JT AG *SQG0U0HM SNOIXON JO ATAVL “SCHUM TIA 117 WEEDS. *S6QI ‘yooqiItax sInyNousy jo *ydaq °S *Q ‘SPI9A, PIdpUNF] OMT lo yQv . Wory IOYNe sy} Aq Poyps-d1 Pue PasuspUO) x ‘OOM ‘SUIMOU ‘SUT |; SM Op 2 9 UT *JOOM -][nd ‘uorearyng pue soinjseg|ut sinq ‘spes0g “sployure.isd “UOTPEATPINI 9}R] ‘smop vow ‘BuIpsas JO *ACIg |: pury ayse AA *puIM ‘Spo9G “suid | “sony -do1io AAvoy pue -sed ‘smopvout *$}OO1 “ATYINO = VULN4 YW]: PURT ayse AA |SsuluUUNI ‘spoI0g ‘BUIPsES JO *ADIg *SOpIspeor | ‘op ‘SUMPT UL SJOOI | “SUMP, +soIny *purm Aq SuIssIp “AIYND|-sed ‘sMmopvayy|Petseo =. spaeg “suid -do1o AAvoy pue *sdo1o ‘ATYNO = ayeULOYY|UTeIs ‘sMOpeoT *spaag| “sutd -doio AAvoy pue “Avy ydooxa ‘AIYND 9yVusoypy|Ssdoso [[e - Splory *S3[904SJOOR | *sdo1o pesoy YIM *ATZTNO *paos ‘pees UID BUIMOG “UoTyeBATYNO sutuing ‘s3urmoyy] :sooe,d “SppoyUurery|/UleIs UL :sp9I9g ‘LOOM ‘sainjsed ayse Ml speutue ‘spaaG) “yeoyM *poos ‘poss uvaID ‘Sppoyureryn|UleLs UT :SpaeG *sdoio Jo uory "ps Pylesle pue -eJOI ‘poos uURsID]eI[eJ[e ‘1aAOCTO|IEAO[O ut :Spa0g ‘pases uve) ‘op ‘op *sdo1o9 pooy ‘oyeyyns § saddoo 7 *psos ‘BUIpses JO “AdIg}] ‘UTeIS ‘splery|Ulreid ur ‘spaeg “surppnds ‘ surd -doio AAvoy pue “SMOpPOU ‘AIYNO szyeUusopYlurels ‘spletgl: purm *sjool Ssutuunt :Sps9¢.. Zz oyeu *ISMOY “AON 04 A[N[{] “WUT, 04 “eT |-TOygZo umsso]souAg |Asdty ‘onsuoz s, punoy_y “oueq -Bo]] ‘[1B} S309 “poom "490 07 AINE "aIDYMAIOA Y |1 SISUSPPUBD uo[t#de7 |--1949nq ‘pooMas.o fT “yynos pure e asua *se1Iq pues ‘d]} “AON OF ‘Sny|'{ “N 0} ‘ey |-UrTToIeO uIMUP[OG]|-J9U T[[Nq ‘9]}7eU IsIOF{’ *ydag 0} A[N[| “atoyMAIOA "AON 07 APT "199 03 A[N[,"YSePM OF “9K *S9}B1S [TV |-xXPsey Pe[Nyoo siweyyuy]* *poomAey ‘Touus;s So oe UINOe TONOeKEIET | “9 9 “USOT es pLEGr "y90p esndst1o xoumny|MOTTAA ‘IOP pein) ‘sseis yornb ‘sseis YoUIM ‘ssBId ‘ydog 0} ‘Sny| “UUTT OF ‘ayy] ¢Sueder unstAdo1sy yoenb ‘sseid yonod *yOOIpat pasuaa |‘poamuoastd “yoryy “JOO 0} ATNL[]OTYO 0} “YT -1e umuriadsoyyry| FeO “[TAMUTOIS ‘UL yasue “AON 03 ‘Sny] ‘Toy MAIOAG|-eUeO hone * © Inq YOTO ‘INC e[x909 pos ‘uotdules esol *ydag 04 A[NL|"YseM OF “PTV M15cM PUB Pate “AON 0} ounf|'A pf 0F°A “N|-AUdtde ‘sny 0} A[NF yseM OF “OW "499 OF enn | ‘3IQ OF “2TN 310 pue *qWuG OF AIN{ UST, 0F “eT -BYyyIs eUIWaysoIsYy|‘aP{IOI = us09 ‘appoo) {*UUNUL|AUTADACT ‘oppop “4ns eynosny|s [TAep ‘teppop J9ACT) ++ -yeoyo ‘Ssoys ;Shulyeoes snuIOIg | *preysnul MOoTTOA [SISUSAIE BOIsserg /PIeISNUr P[TAr ‘yooj1eyg | “a13sty 118 AGRICULTURE. *sdoio urei3 *poos ‘op ‘PUR PezBATIIND|I9AOTO ut !spaag} -AON 0} A[NEL "syonpoid *UOTPEATINS Arrep :soiny “oIyQ pue ysnosoy} : suruing|-sed : spreyuretr *puIM ‘Spaag} *98q 0} 9UNL]|*UUTI 03°C “N! "109309 ‘sdoio osuop 3ut |‘TOOM ‘pur *S[PUIIUP “MOI /UOTPRATN|eysem pue “4[ng|:stouunsL :spaeg} ‘seq 0} ‘IeWW| “PT 0F°O 'N *SHOO0}S ‘oIyQ pure ‘op ‘op -joor ‘Spaag} *4909 0} AN ‘BA OF “ON “Tes ‘UOTPPAT}INI *soiny *Sy904S}OOL ‘surpess jo ‘Aoig|-sed ‘smopvayy |: PUM ‘Spa9ag| “999 OF “SNY] “OPT 94° A “N ‘sdoi9 ‘spoas | Sutieyjouls pue ip ieee’. ula *‘yuoul -Je91} pz yeodai "bony ‘s7u.10ar ‘ysistad =sms0OM JI|'4 ‘on ‘aie, sAepoi| fo uszs ysuif gpl ‘yoeing ‘OI “ON asn SOTO a ‘SOABa] UO Avod | ‘ON YIIM Aep jxou "101 10 ‘%@ ON -dv snijs pinoyg | pemojjoy ‘siyde ‘yuomiee1, «pt ‘JO1 JOJ ‘SON |*JO1 Joy ‘1 ‘ON Bsn | JO; ‘8 “ON ‘uado Jaqje SAep Fi 0} OF ‘1aze] sABp FI O} 01) Yos SVY JInty UZYM|SpPNg-jeoy usyM *ALI9YD punois "LIMSUP [[TM JO oovjins je | Ssayse [vod 10 isnp wajsinoge \fasoja | PkO1 palsis “272909 Era ps | ‘josseul | -vazf 40f ‘o1 oN ‘CON ‘Sulpvoy ‘9 ‘ON ‘SUI |-j001 40} ‘sjuv}d | 427202 ‘agvgasaa “1IMOY a,1yM ivadde |-prayasojog avad |Ajiva Buirias jo |dayz sv ‘pasa.202 -1[neg sWiomM UdaId Jy| -de swioM udv015 J]! ow 4 11 "ON as! szev7g Sunor Poay! ‘aBeqqed “pargy “puo | “49]V7 “PSOUIVAY JUD Jaye SyYoIAaIM |-99S IoIe SYOOM jshfvp OL guam | 40f'10nrspuvgxa zaurs}eadayjz omes yeaday -zvarg gst gvagay| fvay parry, usyy ‘uvog *YJOUtL-SU2L) POP *4I)JOA-{VI] PUY puv gvos u0of | ygquu-prng ‘gus ‘styde 103 *qvos "3 ONT “uogzuf | sof SS sony “uogo |*g on ‘Surpuedxa | soz ‘€ ‘on ‘]]amMS M2UY S]VJIF UY [1 |S camo a10fa) SN{| BAB SpNgq-Jea] UIYy M | OF ULSaq spng uay A ‘addy *quoUNleoty qunoy | qusUea1y psy ‘yuomjvolyT puoosssg AUVGUNHTVO ONIAVUdS) “VUIM}VOT TL, ASAT AGRICULTURE. 124 749279 YsiM ‘samuns |paz,zr2affv nv 3248279 «40f \sayouvsg y2vy “yowsayy |77” 220m *YJ0UL-SU27 jo wed Joye] Sur |-ay ‘yuau | -Y02 puv ‘745779 249219 "yy SI1q -INP9dIM}1O90U0 j-31e917 YI |-/vaz ‘gvos sof |-fvaz puv gv2s -jJesy pue qeos I ‘ON asn am |yeado1 Shep [‘S ‘oar ‘uazzvf |40f ‘1 ‘ony ‘uago | ‘el[Asd toy ‘g*oN jaoy ‘€ ‘on ‘sur aaoid aunf plnoys| zt Jo o1 sayy] savy spvzag 4a1 fp | suossozg axofag ysn[\‘Uado SaAva| J9}JV|-[[aMS d1e spnq sy "eI *poyeoda ‘aap 1Ue PUv 9q 0} pasu Avw ‘amps 40f *auevs 40f *MOP[IUI pue jO1 | 704 40f ‘suoz7Ds Sz quouljeas} WI? 9u3 ‘e tony ‘uanrors |\'t oar ‘paouvapv |10y ‘I ‘ON ‘uado jos Susznzip‘€ ‘opr |aUlIeJOIN Soljaliw~A Jaj}e, 104 st ginaf uay A pjam sz yinsf uayY|SIaMOY I1IOJFIG|‘77ams spng axofag|pue Yoeeg *yugmI}e911 ‘JusMI}e91} *Juat ‘sasvasip snodunf jst yeadai‘aiour | isiy yeadartaiow |-7vaez gst yoag |4of 1 ‘ony ‘evaggv *y901S shep tr 0} ot uy] shep br 03 O1 U]|-a4 Shvp FI 0701 U]\SanvaZ jS4f UsyY Ai3SINN *39492q -pagi4js “yes YIM 40f ‘Fu12,9u-041Nb soura jo sjurol "SOARIT «| -Sout YJzMe pas J2A09 30 yNo |YeoUEeq dei, 10 | -209 samvsf7ys17 |-taquinony qno ‘uvadde s910q =| ‘yo yord ‘aeadde |yzzaz Fu1zzuv7z¢ So ‘ysenbs aurA-ysenbs pjnoys}ssnq ysenbs plnoys] azz 2v s77zy 4220) “uOlaIN ‘ames *yuaue *2dUNfL "25unf 40f *1 ‘Iduny 10F ‘1 gsnSnp z-onr |yeadar'sread |-gva4z pE gvagae | xof ‘1 ‘ony ‘uago |onr ‘umoss-fyvy |‘E ‘oN ‘Sul[[aMs asn suosvas yaa. uz|-de aseasip JI} ‘4azvz7 sdvp vi oz01| acy savamoyf uayf4|a4v0 Seavey “vay | oie SpNQ-Jea] UIYM ‘edeigy ‘teadde Mopyiul ‘Lon yo SUOI]eOIPUr ‘asistag — SULAOML *nuapy Lee se ud}jo se JuoU pimoys “El “ony Soar ‘sutton |40f ‘i tony ‘puvg -je01} pe yeodoy ‘4agv7 shop v1 07 O1\ fo susis ysaf gp|-ea saaveg uayyy|k113IqQaS00H *havssazau Ssusaas sv uazfo sv 9 ONT *a94209-040,0g fo asn ay, qvosgay\ sof hjaasf 9 ‘on asy| *yueld-33q *SyIEUIDY aie ec oemeate ‘\uomjyes1L puyy |‘yewjzeery puosas| ‘juswyzee1y Isa ‘panuzquoJ— AVGNAITVO ONIAVUdS 125 ENEMIES OF FARM CROPS. ‘uayjo JUST —jea1} 4st ywodal om pue wiem aq JoyyeIM plNoys *‘pansas -90 Sv uoos sv JSNA-ISUDAO YJ2M pajra flv sjuvzs 7]v uUAng puv s2Loulay ‘yor A0f ‘arp sfog izqun Apgquanbasf I ‘O\t asm ‘Jane puv mavm ai2oag 49Y4vam prmoys *‘PUnof adv arOUt Ou 714un anurz “SoSvasIp -u02 puv ‘uajqvf snosunj ga2vy szvyag |10oy ‘S “ON uaYynLo1znIANsS A0f | 1ISUOT SAYP $3941 SULAADL ULSIG|O% OJ OL AIIFY Ree Sa *yUoUl}eoLL *syIeM9yY ae *poyjam pAyapleus0 yy Jo uondisosap s0j Lor aded 99S *4adU0) ShYP OZ OJ OL UWL Jus -4va47 FSi zoagoy *IYSI1q 10F ‘1 ‘ON ‘41o7e[ SAep O1 *quduI -1e911 pz yeod -a1 Jaduol sAep 0% *‘JUuSTIvOI L, ywnoy 0} OL Jaq; V ‘sAep 0% 0} OL Ul JUoW -J891}] 4st ysvodoy *ysni OF ‘AT[NJ -quaid 197eM A{d -de ‘A1p SI uoseas J] ‘Juswyee1 pz yeoda1 ‘punoz jr ‘pue ssouoriyy -uv jo swojdurds JOoJ souvd Ye *7uaut pvatg gsrUf qvagat ‘sf vp 0% 07 OL 4a,/p 245219 puv sajjaag A0f “5 ‘ON ‘“YSty sayout Q a4v0 SqUuDIg Uy Af "youy-yI0]9 40f no yooT ‘Juaut -4Va4J pe yvagas ‘4agv7 Shop VL of O% ‘\uomnealy pay y "Jug }e9I} ISI qeadau ‘1aize sAPpor "ysnd 10f ‘Sut -YIINUL 9Y2 Y4LArE ‘ung ‘hap uUayar puv ‘asviz0f fo MOM pasayjvs UY st yNsf AaUfy *ISOUIPIYJUL IOF I ‘ON ‘pouliojs-[[om aie SsaAvI] UIT M *quoul -Je912 4st yeodo1 ‘Jas sey Wns ua ‘9 on ‘Savag -J0 sajq90g UY qouy -Yov7Q A0f YIZDM eyg anutrgzuog ‘saswasip snosunf 40f ‘1 OAT ‘uazqvf anvYy Syvjag uUay ff ‘yUSUI}JVOT TT, puoodaS ‘pann7w0I—" AVGNATVO DONIAVUdS ‘anequey sos ‘sjurjd sunox ‘diuin L "14.31[q pur 104 OJ ‘l°ON ‘Jno suljueld Joye syaoM OMY] ‘oJeMIO], ‘Lon ‘avaodde AzT[O1-FVs[ = Plnoys *A1190qQ -ME11S * ‘gsouseiyjue |*A1I9aqMoqd Joj “E “on uado | ‘A119qQ4, 14 spnq jeol od10Jaq| ‘Arraqdsey *yods yniy pure jvey 1oj ‘I ‘ON ‘aevadde spnq-ulossorq uay M ‘20uInG * “Quvos sof ‘sanoy f7VY D PUY aUO ZI ‘ONT UL SAIQNJ-PIIS 4 VOS "JOUY-YIVIQ YZLM PAVIA D SOYIUVAQ 77v0 anaomay *‘sosvasip snosuny IOJ‘E‘ON “SULTaZ.s are spnq usyM *01e10g *JudTT.waIT, ISA 126 AGRICULTURE. A CHEAP ORCHARD-SPRAYING OUTFIT. (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.) Spraying to control various insect pests, particularly those of the orchard and garden, has reached so satisfactory and inexpensive a basis that it is recognized by every progres- sive farmer as a nec- essary feature of the year’s operations, and in the case of the apple, pear, and plum crops the omission of such treatment means seri- ous loss. The conse- quent demand for spraying apparatus has been met by all the leading pump manufac- turers of this country, and ready-fitted appa- ratus, consisting of pump, spray tank or barrel, and nozzle with use, are on the market in numerous styles and Orchard-spraying Apparatus. at prices ranging from $20 upward. The cost of a spraying outfit for orchard work may, however, be considerably reduced by purchasing merely the pump and fixtures, and mounting them at home on a Strong barrel. An apparatus of this sort, representing a Style that has proven very satisfactory in practical ex- perience, is illustrated in the accompanying figure. It is merely a strong pump with an air-chamber to give a steady stream, provided with two discharge hose-pipes. One of these enters the barrel and keeps the water agitated and the poison thoroughly intermixed, and the other and longer one is the spraying hose and terminates in the nozzle. The Spraying-hose should be about 20 feet long, and may be fastened to a light pole. preferably of bamboo, to assist in ENEMIES OF FARM CROPS. jk | directing the spray. The nozzle should be capable of breaking the water up into a fine mist spray, so as to wet the plant completely with the least possible expenditure of liquid. The two more satisfactory nozzles are those of the Nixvcr and the Vermorel type. A suitable pump with nozzle and hose may be obtained of any pump manufacturer or hardware dealer at a cost of from $13 to $15. If one with brass fittings be secured it will also serve for the application of fungicides. The outfit outlined above may be mounted on a cart or wagon, the additional elevation secured in this way facilitating the spraving of trees, or for more extended operations, the pump may be mounted on a large water tank. PREVENTION OF OAT-SMUT. (Gorr.) The smut of oats, which causes an annual loss to the farmers of the United States amounting in the aggregate to millions of dollars, may be entirely prevented by treating the seed oats before sowing, at a cost for labor and materials which need not exceed five cents per acre of oats sown. Two methods of treatment have been found satisfactory. These we will call for convenience the Formaldehyd Treat- ment and the Hot-water Treatment. The first has the ad- vantage of being the simpler, but it requires a small cash outlay for materials. The second requires no materials or apparatus except what the farmer already has, unless it be a good thermometer. The Formaldehyd Treatment.—Soak the seed oats one hour in a solution.of formaldehyd, made by adding one ounce of formaldehyd to every 3} gallons of water. Place the water in a barrel, or other convenient vessel, add the formaldehyd to it, and pour in one and one-half bushels of seed oats for each 3% gallons of the solution. At the end of one hour, draw off or pour off the part of the solution that is not.ab- sorbed by the oats, and spread the oats on a clean floor to dry. They shculd be shoveled over once or twice a day until dry enough to sow. =_. 128 AGRICULTURE. Formaldehyd is a liquid that may be purchased at drug- stores. Ask for forty-per-cent formaldehyd. It costs from 50 to 60 cents per pint, anda pint contains enough for about 30 bushels of seed oats. It is sold in smaller quantities at 10 cents per ounce. If formaldehyd is purchased in consid- erable quantities, it will be well to have the druggist weigh out one ounce in a smal] bottle, andthen mark on the bottle the height to which the ounce reaches. This bottle may then be used as a measure in adding the formaldehya to the water. The Hot-water Treatment consists in soaking the seed 10 minutes in water ata temperature of 133° F. Heat the water in a large kettle, and close by sink a barrel in the ground to within a foot of thetop. Poura part of the hot water into the barrel, and take the temperature with a good thermometer. Then add either cold or hot water, stirring it inthe mean time, until it shows a temperature of 138°. Put about a bushel of oats in a coarse gunnysack, tie this to one end of a pole and rest the pole over a post, thus mak- ing a lever, by which the sack of oats may be easily raised or lowered. Now dip the sack of oats into the water in the barrel. The water will be immediately cooled, and hot water must be added to keep the temperature about 133°. Let one person attend to the temperature, and another to handling the oats. Keep the oats moving in the barsel. Take them out atthe end of 10 minutes, dip the sack at once in cold water, then spread on a clean floor to dry. Shovel them over three times a day for a few days, when they may be sown with a force drill; or in two or three hours they may be sown broadcast. As the oats absorb - considerable water, it is necessary to sow about half a bushel more per acre than when untreated seed is used. This is on the basis of two and one-half bushels per acre. Two men in one day cam treat enough seed to sow twenty acres. This treatment may also be applied with satisfactory results for the prevention of smut of other cereals than oats, and for prevention of potato-scab, as will be seen from the following article. —e eee ee ee ee ee ee | i. ENEMIES OF FARM CROPS. 129 THE FORMALDEHYD TREATMENT FOR THE PREVENTION OF THE SMUTS OF CEREAL GRAINS AND OF POTATO-SCAB. (Bo tey.) For Wheat, Oats, Barley, and Millet.—Use formalde- hyd (40 per cent solution) at the rate of 1 pound of the liquid to 45 or 50 gallons of water. Use any method of wetting the grain most suited to your means. Sprink- ling and shoveling is as effective as dipping, if carefully - _ done. It is well to treat one day and allow the grain to remain piled up overnight, thus allowing the fumes of the solution to act throughout the pile. Cautions.—(1) In the case of oats or barley the wetting must be more thorough than in the case of wheat, so that the formaldehyd or gas may penetrate beneath the husks of the grain. (2) Do not allow wet grain to remain in a pile long enough to get hot. A very slight degree of fermentation may greatly reduce the yield. for Potato-scab.—Soak the tubers before cutting one hour and a half in a solution of formaldehyd at -he rate of one pound of the liquid to thirty gallons of water; or in a solution of corrosive sublimate, using one pound of the chemical to each fifty gallons of water. Note: The potato-scab fungus lives from year to year in the soil and upon old vines. Hence it is wise totry to keep it off your lands, by treating all seed-tubers. (See Bull. 37, N. D. Experiment Station.) 130 AGRICULTURE. FIGHTING THE CHINCH-BUG BY MEANS OF KEROSENE EMULSION. (Gorr.) Experiments have established the fact that with thorough work according to the directions given below the kerosene emulsion will prevent the invasion of cornfields by chinch- bugs, even though the bugs appear in great numbers. How to Make and Apply the Kerosene Emulsion.—Slice half a pound of common bar soap, put it ina kettle with one gal- lon of soft water, and boil until dissolved ; put two gallons of kerosene in a churn or stone jar, and to it add the boiling- hot soap solution; churn from twenty to thirty minutes, when the whole will appear creamy. If properly made, no oil will separate out when a few drops of the emulsion are placed on a piece of glass. To each gallon of the emulsion add eight gations of water and stir. Apply with a sprink- ling-pot. Every farmer should learn to make this emulsion, as it is a most useful insecticide. It is especially valuable for kill- ing lice on cattle and hogs. Paris green will not kill chinch- bugs. The bugs will be very likely to enter cornfields border- ing grainfields, after the grain is cut. Before they have had time to do this plough a deep furrow along the side of the field they will enter, and throw into it stalks of green corn. When the bugs have accumulated on the corn, sprinkle with the emulsion. Put in fresh stalks and sprinkle whenever the bugs accumulate. If they break over the barrier, as they probably will, run a few furrows a few rows back in the field, and repeat. When they have at- tacked stalks of standing corn, destroy by sprinkling. If the rernedy is tried, it should be used persistently. To kill one lot of bugs and then stop will do little or no good. When the bugs threaten to destroy as much as five or ten acres, it will pay for one of two men to devote their whole time to the warfare. Only a part of each day, however, will be needed. Some corn wil! be lest at best, but the most of the field should be saved FORESTRY. jisgs Le FORESTRY. FORESTRY FOR FARMERS. By Dr. B. E. Fzrnow, late Director of the New York State College of Forestry. There has been much talk about forestry in the U.S., but there has been little application of the teachings of that science. This is easily explained in so far as the lumber- men are concerned, who are in the business of making money by cutting the virgin woods, similar to the mining of ore, but it is less intelligible with the farmer who is pre- sumed to be in the business of making money by the pro- duction and harvesting of crops, which he grows on the soil of his farm. That his wood-lot could and should by him be also treated as a crop seems rarely to have entered his mind. Whether he starts out, as in the prairie portions of the State, by planting a grove, or whether he cuts his wood from the virgin growth which he left after clearing enough for field and meadow, in either case he should fully realize that he is dealing with a valuable crop, which requires and will pay for the attention and application of knowledge in its management, such as a true husbandman would give to it. The Wisconsin farmer, just as his neighbor in Minnesota, living in a State largely covered with timber of great value, has special reason to practise the principles of forestry in order to get the most out of this part of the property both for the present and the future. And those who aze located in the prairie portions have no less need of maintaining a forest growth on some part of their farm asa matter of proper management of their resources. The first thing, as with every other crop, that will have to be decided is on what portions of the farm this wood-crop is best propagated. In deciding about the location of the wood-lot the farmer must keep in mind: 1. ‘That wood will grow on almost any soil, which is unfit for agricultural use; that, although it grows best on the 132 AGRICULTURE. best sites, it is to be mainly considered and used asa “‘ stop- gap” to make useful those parts which would otherwise be waste. 2. Thata forest growth, besides furnishing useful material, is a condition of soil-cover which affects other conditions, namely, of climate and water-flow, and hence its location should be such as to secure the most favorable influence on these. 3. That the wood-crop does not live on the soil, but on the air, enriching the soil in nutritive elements by its decaying foliage rather than exhausting it, and hence that no ma- nuring and no rotation of crops i$ necessary as in field crops; in other words, the location of the wood-crop can be made permanent. A wood growth should therefore be maintained on the farm : a. Wherever the ground is too wet or too dry, too thin or too rocky or too steep, for comfortable ploughing and for farm crops to do well, or for pasturage to last long, or, in general, where the ground is unfit for field and meadow. 6. On the highest portions of the farm, the tops of hills and also in belts along the hillsides, so as to interrupt con- tinuous slopes, which might give rise to such a rush of surface-waters as to gully the ground and make it unfit for field crops or pasture ; the gentler slopes which are liable to washing should at least be kept in grass or terraced for crops to prevent the rush of surface-waters. c. Along watercourses, where narrower or wider belts of timber should be maintained to prevent undermining of banks and washing of soil into the streams if ploughed too close to the border; the shade of a forest growth would also check rapid evaporation of smaller watercourses. d. Wherever the protection by a wind-break against cold or hot winds is desirable, for which purpose the timber belt is of more far-reaching effectthan the wind-break of asingle row of trees ; the reduced evaporation from the fields due to this protection has been known to increase the yield of field crops by as much as 25 per cent. e- On all unsightly places, which impair the general FORESTRY. fae aspect of the farm—and there are few farms without these —a few trees, a small grove, will add to the thrifty appear- ance of the farm, make useful the otherwise waste spots, ai.d serve as shelter to grazing cattle, etc. Altogether, the farmer should realize that husbandry of soil and water is the secret of future success, and that successful water management is best attained by the main- tenance of properly located and well-managed forest areas. There is much extravagant talk about the influence of forests on climate and on rainfall especially. We have but little definite knowledge on these subjects, but it takes no expert, only a little observation, to appreciate the effects of a wind-breaking timber belt on one’s own feeling, and it takes but little reasoning to appreciate that the field crop in the shelter of the timber belt participates in this feeling. The dry winds are the great bane of field crops in the West, because they dissipate the moisture ; a timber belt breaks their force and reduces thereby their evaporating power. Just so it takes no great philosopher to see that when rain falls on naked ground it compacts that ground and by and by prevents itself from penetrating; the water is forced to drain off superficially and rapidly, instead of sinking into the ground and remaining there for the use of field crops. And that the washing and gullying of the soil is alsoa result of this rushing off of surface-waters, due to the clearing away of its plant-cover, requires no wise man to point out ; every farmer experiences it more or less every year. That any one farmer’s neglect or the devastation of any small part of the forest growth should have an influence on the rainfall or climate of the whole country nobody should claim; but the conditions surrounding each particular farm, its local climate, soil, and water conditions, are changed, and finally the aggregate changes make themselves felt over the whole state. Now as to the management of the wood-lot a few hints may be acceptable. The farmer may not necessarily employ the finer methods of managing the wood-crop, but by the mere application of common sense and a little knowledge of tree-life he may do better than he does at present. 134 AGRICULTURE. He should at least observe the following rules: 1. Fire should be carefully kept out of the wood-lot, for it has in no way a beneficial effect. It kills not only the undergrowth, which is desirable because it helps to shade the soil, and injures, if it does not kill, the young tree growth, which is to take the place of the older growth, but the worst effect is that it consumes the vegetable mould which has accumulated by the fall and decay of leaves, twigs, and other vegetation, and which forms the manure, the fertility, of the soil. Fire is to be used only when through bad management or otherwise a dense undesirable undergrowth has come in, which it is too expensive to re- move in other ways when the time for natural reproduction has come or planting is to be done. It must then be used with caution in early spring or late fall, before the brush is too dry, when the’ fire will smoulder rather than burn fiercely and can be kept within bounds. 2. Cattle must be kept out where young forest growth is to be fostered. Sheep and goats especially are of no benefit to wood-crops, but horses and cattle may be allowed to browse through the wood-lot where the young growth has passed out of their reach. Pigs are a benefit by working over the ground and thereby burying seeds, especially acorns; but after the seed is so brought under ground where a young crop is expected to be reared next year they must be kept.out. Altogether, the cattle and farm animals should be kept where you want them, and not where you do not want them. Sometimes, however, the roaming of cattle may be beneficial by keeping down too dense im: penetrable underbrush in young sapling growth. It is better to so cut and manage the old timber that a desirable new growth will spring up than to cut clean and replant. Planting should be done only where there is no desirable natural tree growth. Hence where there is a well- established wood-lot, the whole management of the crop consists in proper cutting. How this is best done cannot be described readily within the short space of this article, but every farmer who is interested in learning the principles of using the axe to FORESTRY, die advantage in reproducing a wood crop or how to establish a wood-lot can obtain from the U. S. Department of Agri- culture, free of charge, a pamphlet entitled ‘‘ Forestry for Fa: mers,” in which in plain language is discussed in detail how trees and forests grow, how to start a wood-crop, and how to manage the wood-lot. It does not exhaust the subject, but merely teaches the first steps, and the thinking farmer will find his way of step- ping farther. NUMBER OF TREES ON AN ACRE. (Ectesrton.) The number of trees needed to plant an acre of ground, at various distances apart, is as follows: 2 ft. apart each way 10,890 | I2 ft. apart each way... 302 Ree SNS, Chee: sce ce 0.3 7#20G" | BS *" ng ae a oe 2G we apatteach way 4,840 |18 “* ‘* dat etete: 2 1 i cia Pee peer Dai Caeye ef SE as Be og) SEO 5 oe ce 6 ce 1,742 22 66 ce “é ai Sar go 6 ce ce a6 a6 I,210 25 ¢é ce «sé ce nee 70 8 oe “6 ce es 680 30 se ce ce ‘ec ee 50 Cs a a 5 cs 435 Rows six feet apart, and trees one foot apart in the row, 7260 trees per acre. . Rows eight feet apart, and one foot apart in the row, 5445 trees per acre. Rows ten feet apart, and one foot apart in the row, 4356 trees per acre. One mile of wind-breaks or shelter-belt requires 5280 trees, or cuttings for a single row one foot apart in the row. tICULTU RE. i AG 136 LL Ev | bz0L*o0 Zz vo°zgr'h gb: LE6‘z SGzgrel saQZ°O. || oS 19‘ 1gZ't SP-0L6'% zLeov | v1SL‘0 | 62% g1*SLott go‘ zgo't zt-by | br1Z:o aL gh: Sheth LE 160'E go'gt | Lorg‘o € $£-zgo'S zQ° 160°E to'gr | boLL:o of 6S -ELotb Ef ore oLzb | 2Sgg'0 9 1g‘ LQS‘h LS°€pr'é Lo: 6b | bl£gZl-o €€ gh SSo'b gz f61'€ gS'gb | SEgL:o0 1z Eg-Zorb ; wh L6r‘€ Lz'gP | gbLL-o 61 £g°16r'b zo Lezte 19°6b | z96L:o Sz Sg:zo1'v | z6-ggz' e1-Zy | zgfZ-o Il Of ace"F | Te nosts ty LY | z1gl:o 8 SS‘gib b ob CofE g6°€S | 6Sgg:0 Sb Ti FOE LS ogtté ggrES | L¥gg°0 te 69°zz6°€ z1°z6CS€ ov:6& | EzEg:o z Le 166‘S gezLPr'e zt vy | virL-o gt z&*L66°€ rg fhgté $g°gS | zhho o gz gl glotb LY 159°E zzo¥ | Litl-o I rs Sirs sl eee eoa cat o1;S9 | Lhbor1 FE 06° zfoth go'tfz sox os <$ ‘ulvi3 § |*rajauIIN9Gq a 20. oy |OUM 49d 91qG0,) 49d (Shier 55h Vea mo | ee | ae ue | a , ‘anjeA lang eect * oruely d19qI30N |" | 9, Se sees “eUROLIOUTY xiie oe ees et *BURIULSITA so1fdsorq|* sihe vin otesery gets teks eiqni snoianGy ” ota onuepy wiayynos “-oyiord 4 "* ‘onuRLYy UsaqiNog see ewer e onueny “o1uRlly U1ayINeS “BIUIOJI[VD OF SEXO] |: "IseOD ONURITY YINOS AEs rc é. “onuely “t 89 4sv09 suey" eA are ee ‘yseod oNURIyY YINOS -°2 “O1oeg JOlWeluy "UO1doy onueity ; Vf sess" GINULIeYyoIRs 139 PSS, ACERS Se Sioa sniu snug see www ee ***ponenbe eAiey se eh wwe teres vuioadsouow ‘ae A ‘sI]BJUapi9oo sniddiunf CPE “**eqyeoley snoi9sngd “"BUROLIDUIY snu| 2 ee ee See ITATenoronG) **esoyitnt sidosoig eq[e snoi9on¢0| * sistaqn’ snug BS0}U9UIO] BAIRD] * _Buloiod eAiey “eplsi snuig Peewee oF VqaEhies|\c “sljerisne snulg SNI|OJI pay sndievs0o197) ° “OUIEN [eoluLjog “*"Snulig snoianQ|* surqseus i lis iiss 1 soeiuure 7 10 YO1e'T a a ery ‘WOW UIS.134 “"""HRO pry aldey resns Sree eser oan’ TOUT Y INO TIO ke Oy mea sulejunoy Auey sally erp lece fietny Ww ekeie d1jURITYV “sI[eUapIooo esny L | ° snqojjs snuld|: B1IGIU BIdIq | **soplo[nwas) snjndog ***“SISUQPBUR) voONST, ee stare see ee eee vuenseqmey snuld|’ Hews ses Aes BBA DT “JepIaD sUYM 10 MO[aX "Bsaz1dy[N1 Uospuapolt’] aa dijny to seidog "|ax DUId 941M tee ee ee ga sonids YOu’ ‘Hse[Sno(] ¥snsiopnasd| * L -INJ “eA ‘eI0]UOD snul< j == rae (@: “* BUPLIUIQeS SUT ]* creer eens BUUoL Oy “IVA ‘SIIES[NA eoliziseD sores piotiuou snjodog *""TINYoiSIp uNIpoxe T "*** *suaatAtaduias vionbas PTA SOROS (fo oy 4 snuld crreere cers ssoppaey snuid “esoulsad SNUIg ***suadund snug PE GIT OOG IN ToRey ep fotze; hale af “"engiow1Aig requivpinbiy Se AU COuOUn SHUN “Th +" StTeqUuapIoIo snuRyy[d papoose “eso1apuod snutd ““erpoyrndod ‘A ‘eq{e vlna “se -*opooRIAded vinjed “ce sees pOBAIIRS) SNIIONO -e0ee coe "oes: BUR ILIDWY SNUIXeI ie Seo ene Shovon@) sais ) tion of s overnor, in April. Massachusetts. ... 1886 | Last Saturday in April. WichIPAN=....0 .. 1885 | Option of governcr. Minnesota....... : 1876 | Do. Mississippi........ 182 | €ption of board of education. MiimsOUll< ..-:..:... 1886 Firs: Friday after tirst Tuesday in April, Montanas..-...°... 1887 Third Tuesday of April. Nebraska. .2 0.5.3. 1872 22d of April P Nevada = ee: 1887 Option of governor. New Ilampshire... 1886 Do New Jersey ... ... 1884 Option of governor, in April. New Mexico....... 1805 Second Friday in March. Brena Work .. odes. - : 1889 First Friday after May 1. North Carolina ... 1893 North) Dakota....... 1884 6th of May. by proclamation of governor. OTIC! ae ae eee 1882 In April, by proclamation of goveinor, Oklahoma «506.50: a Wer ODe alesse ae. 1889 Second Friday in April. Rennsylvania. .... 1887 Option of governor. Rhode Island... . 1887 Do. South Carolina..... Uncertain | Variable. South Dakota...... 1884 Option of governor. . MEDAESSCE >). > 10. 1875 November, at designation of county sup- erintendents. 1S ee eae 1890 22d of February. MieGiInOnte | tks ss 1885 Option of governor. WPAN coe « ee 1892 West Virginia. .... 1883 Fall and spring. at designation of super. intendent of schools. RV ISCONSIM® *... 05... 1889 Option of governor. Wivqmings. 4.2.0. 1888 Do Washington... ... 1892 Do. ——————s ee 140 AGRICULTURE. FOREST-FIRE LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES, (FERNOW.) (See p. 142 for penalties imposed.) Edition of : Bak ‘ State. Gade. Title. Chapter. Section. | NADI an gin winio cl! Con Moe RSOOns« oniel po5e's mes 5h? Were irres ” 4226-8 ’ Arkansas!..,.... | ae ie kn 2 48 1580-4 Caltforniat.....0-<<|P.'C. 2886. .<.. TO ¢. Ul Gawdoeme eee 384 Coloradoys..-. .. ; ae : a ae ae 36 1414 15, 17-18 Connecticut?.....:- GeS. 1888s Sor. 19 99 1458, 1460-2 Delaware’........ Vol AW Mj ntes se oS 93 1-2 LO rida ed osicties Wea WS 879M cial we scare wioiecnciat salen eee 3141 Georpia’ Ss .curc.cs POD 25 ss, seiegs reaiaeell ae arenes hes 10 1456-9 TAO wee. cas aeeceti Pes 9s FOB9s secre 9 Jere oe 6921 DG mOIS #22 3 ce.c ote = RSs F005 healers 25 secs 38 18 Unda ma 2 } ae s A.S. ‘ eae tee te 328 9402-4 Nines Ot atest fl Gr OeetG7Oe.= 2 eliecee te isis car 95 6 Mississippi........ Hey ie cetera Maen ery coe 29 TOQI Missouri..... nor, PEASE SOGA Sie velit eters eesti ake 47 3613 1S. 1847: Burning off permitted when consent of neighbors is secured after 1 day’s notice. 2 Pol. Code, S. 3344-5: Persons firing woods, etc., liable in treble dam- ages, Constable, etc., may order any inhabitants liable to poll-tax to assist in extinguishing fire. 3 Must give notice, before burning off, to all residents within one mile, and can only be done between February 15 and March 31, unless otherwise oidered by county commissioner. 4 Prohibits building fire in woods without owner’s permission, and with- out first clearing away combustibles, and extinguishing fire. 5 Must give 1 day’s notice, before burning off, to adjoining property owners, and then only betwen Feb. 20 and April 1. 6 No law included in Revised Statutes. 7 Ch. 296, S. 1-6, G. S. 1883: Duty of fire wardens to post warnings, extinguish fires, and investigate causes of fires. ® Supervisors and highway commissioners to order assistance in putting out fires; fine $5-$50 for refusal to assist. 9 See act of April 18, 1895. FORESTRY. 141 FOREST-FIRE LAWS— Continued. State. ee of dutle: Chapter. Section. Montana!° tty) PPC Rao tefo) ere | ee 1071-2 INE DTASKA. sa...) . OR Serato ee orietel All eon iete cscs Cc C. g-62 6713 Nicci eer te |G S, TOSn.. >.) ae ee Se - 4794 Newelklampshire.-|P) S; 1891...2-.|) -. - +-+-- 277 3-7 11 2 §1 and sup- New Jersey!},,.... RES ils yin ene Fire. | plements. New-York. <2: «... RS ee CE 14 20 ee pia Carolina!?,.|Vol. 1, 1883....|.-...2.+-.-. 7 52-4 North Dakota. LOGE ener vate tne ts er oun ebeicus ie PSC. 40 7314-15 OO A Saas FRED eT OG Wecarate alll Bere ate eterena = tei) eters vs Aes elec 6334 Rene sey amen SESS TTB 3. acts ve(ilenos laialestess= ii temieeets aire Page 45 : Act of June ERC RRSNV AN AIA Arent OO A Wier Sc kin «\\eanisleRlaeiew plasioadaeacoes } era? Rbodemsland..).. (G'S 1886. oc -+|/ccnscen ei 279 6 South Carolina!’ ./1893........ .. Crim. Stat. 101 151-7 SB iee cote ale, Ef 12.) .\-celesem cera) aoctsie vers ce 2308 Peieesec™. =. 2 IM. & VOC, 1884) --.e-- | cae ee ce ee ee 2277-8 IS GOs a ee eee bey C2880. serv 17 2 669-70 UIRGI i ae (Gad tar 3st) aes RONG oP erase setae 4576 MewmOnt. J-2.....,1894 --.. 2s: 32 213 4034 eRe ik 2 ERO eS a) Wess eee ve 181 3701-2 WESEWVarcinia. i 2 |1891, 2.60025, -. Sais Sondre 2 81-84 Wisconsin ... .... Bp BOB aw) = inven alee rae, «Sie ol wis 4406 Wyoming!§ .. ... Res SemGS 7eteceus leew etal aes arene face 920-2 PMEIZOMAR A. sis. R. S. 1887. ....]----0+--2--- NE OR AB OE EEE 608-9 New Mexico ..... BOCA yoick oh eee [ ster ence eee ee eee 233-14 Oklahoma?® ..... POO a claieee.a'tesia| oe cee scteialer= = , Py Soe t 2269-70 10 Penalty for failing to extinguish camp-fi1e or malicious firing of woods, fine not exceeding $5000, or imprisonment not exceeding 5 years, or both. 11 Ch. 188, G. P. Laws 1888, provides detectives for violators of fire law. Ch. 119, Laws 1892, and Ch. 194, Laws 1894, provide for fire mar- shals and define their duties. 12 Fine $10 for leaving unextinguished camp-fire. Two days’ notice in writing before firing one’s own woods. 18S. 4750-1: Penalty for refusing to assist in extinguishing fires, fine $1o. 14 Requires governor to issue proclamation annually July 1, warning people against forest fires. 16 If turpentine farm, fine $500, or penitentiary 1 year. 16 Owner may fire his own woods after two days’ notice to neighbors. 17 Ch. 27. Laws 1892: Duty of county sheriffs to extinguish fires. 18 Permits firing grass and sage-bush March, April, and October, if kept within control. 19 Camp-fires, and regulations for burning off prairies, etc., Ch. 37 (enacted 1890) provides penalties for setting fires and failure to extinguish. 142 AGRICULTURE. | FOREST-FIRE LAW S— Coztinued. PENALTY. PRESCRIBED BY STATE Lave Alabama.—Fine $10-$200; if turpentine forest, $1oo-$1000, or hard labor for not more than 12 months. Arkansas.—Fine $25-$300, or jail 1o-60 days, Liable for doubie damages. California,—Fine not more than $1000, or jail not more than 1 year, or both. Colorado.—Fine $30-$300. or jail 15 days to 3 months, or both If on State lands, $50-$500, or jail 20 days to 6 months. Connecticut.—Fine $20-$200, or jail 2-6 months, or both. Fine $1-$s0, or jail not more than 30 days. Delaware,-—Fine $25. Florida.—Fine not more than $roo, or jail not more than 60 days. Georgta,—Fine not more than $1ooo, or 1 year in chain-gang, or both. idaho,—Misdemeanor. Illinots,—Fine $5-$100. Indiana.—Fine $53-$100, to which may be added imprisonment not more than 30 days. /Jowa.—Fine not exceeding $500, or jail not exceeding 1 year. Kansas.—Fine $30-$500, or jail 10 days to 6 months, or both. Kertucky.—Fine $100, or in discretion of jury. Loutsiana,—Fine $5-$500. Maine.—Fine not exceeding $roo, or jail not exceeding 30 days, or both. Massachusetts.—Fine not more than $100, or jail not more than 6 months. Michigan.—Fine not more than $1oo, or jail not more than 1 year, or both. Minnesota.—State prison 6 months to 2 years. Mississippi.—F ine $20-$5co, or jail not more than 3 months, or both, Missouri —Fine not more than $500, or jail not more than 12 months. Mfontana.—Fine not more than $1000, or jail not more than 1 year, Nebraska.—Fine $5-$100, and jail 1-6 months. Nevada.—Fine $200-$1000, or jail ro days to 6 months, or both. New Hampshire.—Fine $10-$2000, or imprisonment not more than 3 years. New /Jersey.—Fine not more than $100, or jai) not more than r year, or both. New York —Fine not exceeding $1000, or imprisonment not exceeding 1 year. North Carolina.-- Fine $50. North Dakota.—Wilful. a misdemeanor ; negligent, fine $10-$100. Okto.—Fine not more than $100, or jail not more than 20 days, or both. Oregon.—Fine $10-$1000, and in certain cases penitentiary not exceed, ing 1 year. Pennsylvania.—Fine not more than $300, or jail not more than 1 year. or both. FORESTRY. 13> Rhode Island.—\Imprisonment not exceeding 2 years. South Carolina,—Fine $5-$100, or jail not more than 30 days, South Dakota.—Fine not more than $200, or jail not more than 1 year, or both. Tennessee.—Forfeit $100 to prosecutor and fine $5-$50 (S. 2277, Code Sup. 1893). Texas.—Fine $50-300. Utah.—Misdemeancr. Vermont.—Fine not more than $500, or penitentiary not more than 5 years. Virginia.—Fine $5-$100, and jail 1-6 months. West Virginia.— Fine $10-$1000, or jail not more than 12 months, Wisconusin.—F ine not more than $500, or jail not more than 1 year. Wyoming.—Fine not more than $500, or jail 30 days to 6 months. Arizona.—Misdemeanor. If on State or U. S. lands, fine not more than $1000, or jail not more than 1 year, or both. New Mexico.—Fine $60-$500. Oklahoma.--Fine $10-$500, or jail not more than 1 year, or both. 144 AGRICULTURE, X. MANURES AND FERTILIZERS. It is a matter of common experience among farmers that the soil is impoverished by continuous cropping, and the yields obtained therefore gradually decreased. The decrease in yields can only be prevented by applications of farmyard manure or commercial fertilizers; ploughing and thorough cultivation of the soil bring the land in a better mechanical condition and increase the amount of available plant food present in the soil, but these operations are not sufficient to maintain the fertility of the land so that it will yield equally well from year to year under otherwise favorable conditions. Every crop harvested contains certain quan- tities of fertilizing ingredients, and taking away these amounts in general leaves the soil in a poorer condition for the production of crops than it was before. The fertilizing ingredients of which the soil is thus liable to be robbed are potash, phosphoric acid, nitrogen, and sometimes lime. They are not present as such in the soil, or inthe fertilizers applied to the soil, but in chemical com- binations with a large variety of compounds. The soil will contain nearly all the different elements which chemists have so far succeeded in isolating, but it is mainly the three elements, potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, which are apt to be decreased in the soil below the amounts required for the nutrition of crops, or at least of maxi- mum crops. In rational fertilization the effort therefore always is toreturn to thé soil such quantities of fertilizing ingredients, in the shape of farmyard manure or com- mercial fertilizers, as will restore the loss sustained by the withdrawal of the crops harvested. Other mineral ingre- dients contained in the crops need not generally be re- turned to the soil, since they are nearly everywhere pres- ent in abundance. MANURES AND FERTILIZERS. 140 It is the grand work done for the farmer by agricultural chemistry during the past half century which has ex- plained the causes of the decreased fertility of land due to continuous cropping, and has given the remedies for maintaining the fertility. The latter are as follows: First, by selling only such products from the farm as will deprive the soil of the smallest quantities of fertilizing in- gredients, i.e., manufactured products, like milk, cream, butter, meat, eggs, rather than grain crops, hay, etc. The tables given on pp. 148-151 show the amounts of fertilizing ingredients removed in farm products of various kinds and deserve a close study by all farmers. Secondly, by carefully saving the manure produced by stock—both liquid and solid (the former by the use of ab- sorbents, peat, land plaster, kainit, superphosphate, shav- ings, etc., or by building special cisterns for storing it; the latter by placing it under shelter, guarding against leakage) —and returning it to the land; asthe products sold off the land also contain certain quantities of fertilizing constituents, the loss must be repaired by purchase of concentrated food stuffs, at least three fourths of whose valuable ash ingredi- ents will go into the manure and thus be saved forcrops. Thirdly, by following a rational system of rotation of crops, and by frequent culture of leguminous crops,— clovers, peas, beans, etc.,—since these are able to so fix the free nitrogen of the air as to render it of value to ani- mals and plants. APPROXIMATE LOSSES OF FERTILIZING MATE. RIALS IN DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF FARMING. (SNYDER.) System of Farming. Nitrogen. ere Potash. ; Ibs, Ibs. lbs. pe rain-fAarining, os. cen02ke- +s oo «0 5600 2500 4200 Mixed grain- and general farming... 2600 1000 1000 Mixed potato- and general farming.. 2300 1000 2400 StOck-farming. 5 ccescsae wip \iteiaiale e's goo 50* 60 Dairy-farming........... eee ene 800 75* 85 146 AGRICULTU RE. The figures given show the approximate losses on a 160-acre farm under the different systems of farming. With stock- and dairy-farming, as well as partly in mixed grain- and general farming, the loss of nitrogen may be avoided by growing clover. In stock and dairy-farming, therefore, no loss of fertility will occur under these con- ditions when all the skim-milk is fed on the farm and a part of the grain is exchanged for more concentrated milled products, but there will on the contrary be a constant gain of fertility to the soil. (See Bull. 41, Minna. Bap: Station.) AVERAGE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AMERICAN SOILS. (K1nNG.) : ) cB To ; he Os od As 5 aed eB S FA ae Ee DS a * S ams) oY ok BS © OL wa bm TOe a s =| w os Per, ct." Per ct: | Per ct.) Per ct...) Per ct. (Perera sheumerm Sandy soils...| 93.21 | 2.61 .121 .O51 .085 .048 -087 Clayey soils 68-21 |) | 6558 -319 .128 -617 -450 -141 Humus soils 35.89 13.94 -639 - 109 3-786 -886 -150 Loess soils....| 68.85 | 1.21 -435 -165 5.820 3-692 +200 Humid soils...| 84.03 | 3.64 -210 -Ogt -108 +225 -iKre Arid soils..... 70.57 | 4-95 +729 +204 1.362 1.411 -117 Fertile soils contain the following percentages of different components, according to Snyder (averages for 200 samples): Per cent Per cent Insoluble: matter...) 20. o. 7OLOse lh AltdimMinid. oo. oot oe eee 5.20 Potash ss > 12 Cabbage «..:2;.,008 25 Beggs: ccameansn he 10 Carrots... sss yene 10 AMOUNT AND QUALITY OF MANURE PRODUCED BY STOCK. The various classes of farm animals will produce about the following quantities of solid and liquid manure during a year, viz.: Solid Manure. Liquid Manure. ERGs sone Sos mies Oa ee ead ae in 12,000 lbs. 3,000 lbs. EO cite vic ew aw lob ce Ra Ae aes 20,000. ** 3,000 ‘* PREREE Sai nthadesniriis Sloe vi ohio Sid Lass 700; -** 380 ‘ Pr te anit sceictaasi ahs ate kn ae sons 1,500 °°" ij200, #5 Since a considerable portion of the manure is lost while the animal is working or is out-doors, the quantities secured in the manure-pile will not come up to these figures. The quantities of urine voided by farm animals during twenty-four hours are on the average as follows, accord- ing to Wilckens: cows, 15-20 lbs.; horses, 20-27 Ibs.; sheep, 2 lbs.; swine, 7-9 lbs. The capacity for liquid manure-tanks or cisterns intended to hold the fluid excre- ments of a herd of a certain size may readily be calculated on a basis of these figures (see tables on p. 182), 6000 lbs. (about 720 gallons) of urine per 1000 lbs. live weight of cattle, is a liberal estimate. The quality of the manure produced will depend on the character of the feeding and the kind of stock kept. Rich feeding produces a rich manure, since, as shown in the table given below, only a relatively small portion of the valuable fertilizing ingredients of the food is retained in MANUKES AND FERTILIZERS. 153 the bodies of the animals, or is taken away in the products sold. Rich feeding, therefore, has a beneficial influence in two directions, larger yields of products being obtained, and a better quality of manure being produced. COMPOSITION, AMOUNT, AND VALUE OF MANURE Produced by Different Kinds of Farm Animals. (Resuits of experiments conducted at Cornell University Experiment Station.) | Amount and Value per Analysis and Value per Ton of _ 1000 Ibs. Live Weight Mauure. per Diy. oe it ; ie ; D ; Me coe ge pak = oO, * ue) : OG £7 to —% = Ca bee D nek “ ae : Piss pees |. 2 Ses she bee adeee = so | 2d 5 526 az |=ao = 7 | eas a. 2a sll ra 35 1S) |e kas eS es Cee : sce saa St | Per ct. | Per ct.) Per ct.| Per ct. | Cents Sheep ..| 59.52 77 9-39 -59 |3.30 44.1 7.2 |$6 09 Calves 77-73 50 17 259. | 2oa0| ~ 6778 6.7 2445 Pigs 74.13 84 39 -32 3-29 83 6 16.7 | 60.88 Cows ...| 75.25 ‘43 29 is 2.02 74.1 8.0 29.27 Forses .| 48.69 -49 26 48 2.21]; 48.8 7-6 27.74 Q@UANTITIES OF NITROGEN AND ASH CONSTITU- ents Voided by Animals or Obtained in Animal Prodacts. (Lawes and GILBert.) Percentage of Ash Percentage of Nitrogen. Constituents. Obtain-|,,_; Voided : Voided ed as Voided as In Total Obtained as Excre- : as Solid]; ~~. as Live Animal Buccs Liquid] Excre- Weight | ment or Prod- eat Excre-| ment. ar Milk Perspira- uct. ment. ; tion. Horse at rest .. | None. 43.0 57-0 100.0 | None. 100.0 Horse et work. None. 29.4 70.6 100.0 None. 1c0.9 Fattening oxen. 3-9 22.6 73-5 96.1 2.3 07-7 1. ttening sheep. 423 16.7 79.0 05:7 3-8 96.2 lvattening pigs. 14.7 22.0 63:3 85.3 4.0 g6.0 Bliking COWS....| 24.5 18.1 57-4 755 10.3 89.7 at 44 Cents per pound. * Valuing nitrogen at 15 cents, phospNoric acid at 6 cents, and potash 154 AGRICULTURE, PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZING MATERIALS. Name. Moisture. Alge (Lyngbhia majuscula).| 16.26 A Riot (as ee ea 5.88 AAT Oa Sete cae a piaraitio isis cee etcror ane Ashes, anthracite coal.. Se DituiMmin Oust 2se= sale a or ellime-ktline es; saan 1545 ‘© wood, leached....... 30.22 st ““ unleached....| 12.50 iB Wecteq hielo beagle Ones ame ices ee 40.09 PSOME-ASMGUE ctor ete lesion ier 7-00 Bone- lack sais cise assist 4.60 ee GISSOLVY. Cee aerteyall air) acs BOgeemMeal cc. s cc ehales scSelas 7+50 S SS GISSOLVEG <2). sa8)|| (eer aed eee tree LGM Lats. areil eres. os ** fromieluewtactory|. 2... «2 SAT Martbes ve cieh oes seis 5 sate 2s)! sieleve Caribbean guano.. real) Gest Gaston POulacer sas yassitech a. 9.50 Cotton-hullvashesy--- se. 7.80 Cor ‘ton- seed meal, decort.. 7.75 “"undecort..|....-. ei ee alelewue me nidss 24.27 ID Re GSDLOOGS sees wae eerie 12.50 Wired Gish amano merente tale. 12.75 Eel-grass (zostera trade de, 81.19 Gasilime®,. areal e2Z2e/2e Horn and hoof waste. BaCwEL 10.17 AV SB soe 26 anobne | 3b 2%) Kelp (Laminaria) .. cece sites OT S75 ISMESELILE ecicle Sosnimes jie sere rents 22.70 Krugite.. asia psiciee, Crests 4.82 Lobster shells.... .....--.-.. 7.27 Mans; Keemtuelkys je... 1.59 ty Maryland and Virginia] 1.50 ‘* New Jersey oe sand| 1.50 ‘© North Carolina.. 1.50 Miéat'scrap) 3.) aes. utes 12.09 Mona Island guano ........ 13.32 NAG Tcl SRE SOC TA ase, Je 50.00 Mud, salt. Bee sce so.0 cla eke Se jean EL27 | creince «ll = sive oe |) eee ree sraiereie | ees Pea (ee scy/sh) er ces) 8.20] £.31] 2.37| x<.24]| Seco! eee BSE POC ol treet te: a 35.89] 44.89 SEROrs| Do uOd eee Seles ae oe 28.20). - ere sietete teal eeteictet= I5.40| I.30| £7.00|.---cr 405), viele aes -40| 7.69] 23525)|. cach -_--+--—-~ 2.60 . 13-53 17.60) seens O020) te ciel, 2 atelles ee 20:10]! oases TieiZO} Sie. oteevel| rare dalle penestees 20).90|| 4006 spies 13.60) .- oie el ee 2.82 etek B42) 5.6 o'er |i. o:0iee]] sete ane men WALK Oe eee) re AR AP Ueki 3-52] 22.24 ieee Ay Gee ame eae lees -2 || 3-34 taeierays 125] 2s save | oo wee |) ene sek ONES MeSpy Ace sOd facie ac -I-4/ I-9 nie sie 0 aie 2--Te5] eee] e eee ee [Og 5-45 TOSAA| |: ............. gt mycoarse fish, bone,.tankage, and ashes................ 2.8 im cotton-seed meal and castor pomace................ 4 in mixed fertilizers, if insoluble in ammonium-citrate By) (UST eg ee See ae Ape 2 Potash— as high-grade sulfate, and in forms free from muriate.... 5% 23 iS tyete s BS ae ea nee ere eee 4t im cotton-seed meal and castor pomace................ 5 The manurial constitutents contained in feeding stuffs may be valued as follows: 0 PELE TAGE 3 ae Ee Se 20 PAREN IRIO Re eco etek ol ate sits o¥c oe ease ee | Potash as Ce we Seo Pe eee Ce OVS CE ORAS GeCeCveeeeoeoueCeegce @ 5 160 AGRICULTURE. CONVERSION TABLE FOR CALCULATING FER- TILIZING INGREDIENTS. Amount of ee ee ee 2 ce ee eC ee ec eevee wre oe eeeeeee ee a Potash (anhydrous)... ...... Sulfate of potash. Aidt Sees Muriate of potash... ...... Phosphoric acid (anhydrous). erect er eee eess ee “ce Mono-calcium phosphate ... Di-calcium phosphate. .. ... Tri-calcium phosphate... .. Lime (calcium oxid)......... “ec i oe ied Multiplied |Gives Corresponding Amount by of LI e . i] Lal > OH ui Un & Wo Wo aie. wh anne a — i ils oe Ammonia. Nitrate of soda. | Sulfate of ammonia, Nitrogen. sulfate of ammonia. Chlorid of ammonia, Nitric acid. Nitrate of soda, Protein. Nitrogen. Ammonia. Nitrogen. Ammonia, Sulfate of potash. Muriate of potash. Potash. Tri-calcium phosphate. Di-calcium phosphate. Mono-calcium phosphate. Tri-calcium phosphate, Phosphoric acid. Tri-calcium phosphate, Carbonate of lime. Sodium chlorid. PRICES OF NITRATE OF SODA ON THE AMMONIATE BASIS. Figured on Basis 380 lbs. Ammonia in One Ton Nitrate of Soda. Price per Price per Cwt. of Ton of Nitrate. Nitrate. $1.80 $36.00 1.85 37.00 1290 38.00 1.95 39.00 2.00 40.00 2.05 41.00 2.10 42.00 2.15 43.00 2.20 44.00 2.26 45.00 2.30 46.00 2.36 47.00 2.40 48.00 2.46 49.00 2.50 : Price Am- monia per Lb. as Nitrate. Ph |29090000000006000 -0047 -09073 . 1000 .1026 -1052 .1078 Bits key~ ieee git I157 -1184 11210 - 1236 .1263 .1280 eee pals (Chilean Nitrate Works.) Equivalent Price Am- Equivalent monia per |Cost of Nitro- Ton Unit. gen per Lb. $1.894 $o.115 1.946 0.118 2.000 ©.122 2.062 0.125 2.104 0.128 2.156 OlTsr 2.210 0.134 2.262 QO. 037 2.314 0.140 2.868 0.144 2.420 0.147 2.472 0.150 2.626 O,E83s 2.578 0.156 2.6380 0.150 + AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 161 XI. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. REASONS FOR TILE-DRAINING LAND. (CHAMBERLAIN.*) Land should be drained, because: 1. Tile drainag> makes all tillage and ':arvesting operations easier and more rapid, physically and mechanically. 2. Drainage removes both the excess surface-water, and the surplus water in the soil and the subsoil. 3. Drainage prevents loss of fertility by surface wash. 4. Drainage will add fertility to the soil with each rainfall. 5. Drainage helps to warm the soil as well as to dry it, giv- ing best conditions for plant growth. 6. Drainage 1 ngthens the season of tillage, crop, growth, aria harvest. 7. Drainage increases the extent of root pasturage. 8. Drainage helps to disintegrate the soil and make pulveri- tation possible. g. Drainage greatly diminishes the effect of frost in heaving out wheat, clover, etc., in winter and spring. 10. Drainage on clayey soils helps the crops to resist drought better. 11. Drainage often, though not always, diminishes the sud- denness and violence of floods. 12. Drainage, both open and with tiles, improves the health of a region. *Tile Drainage, by W. I. Chamberlain, Medina. Ohio, 1891, 35 cents. 162 AGRICULTURE, NOMBER OF RODS AND OF TILES PER ACRE, WITH DRAINS AT VARIOUS DISTANCES APART. (Scort.) er Distance Rods F P ‘ E Between |isbgvards)| “igch | vginch | agioch | spine the Drains. | per Acre. : ee ex ec. Feet 15 176 2004 2680 2489 2323 18 146 2420 2234 2074 1936 21 125 207 IQI5 1778 1659 24 IIo 1815 1676 1555 1452 27 07 1613 1480 1383 12go 30 88 1452 1340 1244 1161 33 80 1320 1219 1131 1056 36 72 1210 1117 1037 968 39 67 1117 1031 957 893 42 62 1037 958 888 829 SIZE OF TILE PIPES Required for Draining under Average Conditions. (WarING.) The drains being laid four feet, or more, deep, and laid on a well-regulated fall of three inches in a hundred feet: For ZACTECS cecssscccecescce 14-inch pipes se 8 ee eeeeeeveceeeoe eee 2+ 3p F = 20 = @eeeeeeese ee eeeee 34 ee =: AO a anne lince saw Rien eo “s BEGG Use hve pisbeicice s eaelaerasis (hte ec = SE Ee ela elie S'warels weiba e 20 Zn = These drains will remove the water fast enough for all prace tical purposes, even after heavy storms; if the pipes are securely laid, the drains will only be benefited by the occasional cleaning they will receive when running ‘‘ more than full.” ee AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, 163 Table of Size of Tile Pipe of Main Drain. CMcConnELt.) 2S ee Ee eee Acres Drained. Fall. 3-inch | 4-inch | 6-inch | 8-inch | 10-inch] 12-inch Tile. Tile. Tile. Tile. Tile. Tile. a ee —_—__—_—_ POOGMr ~ 20h..ceec-o.} 18.6 26.8 74.4 150.0 | 270.0] 426.0 Seer JOelncs asc. 15.1 21.8 60.4 128.0 | 220.8] 346.0 Feet uate AOE s<'se.0 212 6 12.9 18.6 51.6 108.8 | 189.6] 208.4 r tt th 50.eeeeeeeee| 19 | 317.0 | 47.7 98.0 | 170.4 | 269.0 sae iS aeode pec O50 15.6 43-4 go.o |} 156.0] 246.0 Lye 718)» SO EOHOIOE 10.0 14.5 39-9 83.0 144.4 228.1 ae BOwacsts oe: 9-3 13.4 37-2 77.0 135-0 213.0 Bay cs Deleeodae cre 8.1 12.6 35.0 72.5 127.0) ) 200.5 et EGOEeiaie sisicle hs 11.9 Barn 69.2 120.6 190.5 Loe tg Wr ree cere 6.7 9-5 26.6 56.0 97-3 154.4 Tg 200 tee nee es 5-7 8.2 22.8 48.0 83.9 132.5 Be} 250s eae ress. AK 7-5 20.4 42.4 74-4 117.0 Seren SOP) = 3- = 2 += - 4-6 6.9 18.4 38.2 65.5 107.0 29 | 4002... Aart 5-9 16.5 32.6 60.3 90.7 I OS telat eiate aie) > 307, 5.2 14.8 30.1 54.0 81.6 Met L000. oo. nese: 3+3 407 ae 28.0 48.6 74.0 I # 2 SOO sehiece 2.9 aon ayy 24.0 41.9 65.0 I NOOO = s1ste\eve a0) os 2.6 3-7 10.2 21.2 372 56.0 re i XS00.0i- 2.1 3.0 8.5 16.8 30.8 47.0 ee fe OGO. oc da: 1.9 2.8 7-4 15.0 25.0 40.8 Rule for Obtaining Size of Main Pipes.—Multiply the square root of the number of small drains (of fair average length) by the diameter of small pipes; the quotient gives the diameter of main. If the distance apart of drains in feet be denoted by J, that in links by Z, and the length of drains in chains per acre by C, then 164 AGRICULTURE. NUMBER OF ACRES WHICH A TILE OF A GIVEN DIAMETER AND PER CENT GRADE WILL DRAIN WHEN USED AS AN OUTLET. (Exuiortt.) Table 1.—Discharge of Tile from 4 to 20 inches in Diameter on a Grade of 1 foot per 100 feet. Discharge in Discharge in Diameter of : Diameter of : : Cubic Feet : Cubic Feet Tile, Inches. per Second. Tile, Inches. per Second. 4 0.16 12 3.40 6 ©.49 15 6.29 8 TV LE 18 10.37 9 1.53 20 13.85 10 2.05 Table 2.—Grades per 100 feet, and their Square Roots. Grade in Grade in Grade per Square Grade per Square roo Feet | inches | Root of || roo Feet | Jnches | Root of in Feet. imated). Grade. in Feet. imated). Grade. 0.04 % 0.200 0.40 434 0.632 -05 56 +224 “45 538 -671 -06 34 +245 .50 6 +707 +08 % 2299) “55 654 -742 -09 I 300 .60 7% 775 +10 ig 316 65 7% -806 -12 1% -346 +70 834 -837 itd 134 +374 +75 9 . 866 16 2 - 400 -80 y% 894 -18 24 «424 85 10}4 +922 20 ae °447 +90 eer, +949 25 3 «500 -95 1114 .975 30 3% 548 1.00 12 1.000 35 434 592 To determine the number of acres that a tile main of given size and grade will drain, multiply the discharge of the tiles, according to size (see Table 1), by the square root of the grade upon which it is proposed to lay the main (Table 2). When it is desired that the main shall carry 1 inch in depth per acre in twenty-four hours, multiply this result by 24; if one-half inch, multiply by 48 ; if one-fourth inch, multiply by 96. (Farmers’ Bulletin, No. 40.) AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 165 NUMBER OF ACRES DRAINED BY TILES REMOVING 1/4-INCH DEPTH OF WATER IN 24 HOURS. . (ASHBAUGH.) Grades. Diameters of Tile Drains, Inches. Per |In. per cent. | Rod. 3 4 6 8 TO 1 F325) £5, | 18 | 20 |. 22)| 24 0.03 = AE ee tepepeeey beter Aap Mate 59 IOQ| 159] 205] 254! 3190 0.05 see Sees | 200" 40 -)75.) F3r|, 219) 2641 -332| 4x 0.10 is 4 7 | 19 | 40 | 69 |109 | 186] 289] 373] 471| 582 0.15 a 4 9 | 24 | 40 | 85 |132 | 232] 355] 458] 577| 713 ©.20 ¢ 5 | 10 | 28 | 56 | 97 |153 | 264) 410] 529] 667! 823 0.30 > 6 | 12 | 33 | 60 |r19 |188 | 322] 502] 648] 808}1008 0.40 43 7 | 14 | 30 | 79 |138 |216 | 371] 580| 748] 942\/1165 0.50 I 8 | 16 | 44 | 80 |154 |246 | 416] 648] 838)1050/1300 o.60 1+5 9 | 17 | 48 | 97 |169 |266 | 457] 710] orrl1154/1422 0.70 i¢ 10 | 19 | 50 |105 |182 |287 | 488] 768] 988|\1242\1549 0.80 1i5 IO | 20 | 55 |114 |195 |307 | 526) 822/1050|1332\1645 0.90 1¢ 10 | 21 | 50 |119 |207 |326 | 558] 872/1123|1414|1747 I.00 Ir | 22 | 62 |126 |218 |343 | 589] 917|1176/1405|1838 2 oo ae 13 | 28 | 75 |153 |267 |419 | 722|1123]1450/1824/2256 2.00 4 ES | SE 88 [178 |309 |485 | 832\1297/1676|2110 2594 3-00 | 51 | 19 | 30 |107 |216 |377 |503 |1020|1589]1957| 2592 4.00 74¢ | 22 | 45 |123 |253 |437 |683 |1176 5.00 ot 25 | 50 |138 |280 |486 |765 7-50 | 14% | 30 | 61 |169 |344 10.00 1oté a5 71 |195 The table is based on*Poncelet’s formula, and refers to drain- age of ground water only. If surface water is also to be removed, as in the case of ponds without other outlets, the tiles will drain safely only one-half to one-third the number of acres given in the table. When a part of the land in the watershed is rolling, not requiring tiling, count only one-third of such rolling land in addition to all of the low, flat land, in getting the size of tiles to remove ground water only. If it is not practicable to use such a large tile as is required to carry a large amount of surface drainage, a broad shallow depres- sion, cultivated or kept in grass, may be maintained alongside of the drain to carry the surface overflow from heavy rains. A 12-inch tile may thus often be used in place of the expensive 15-inch or 18-inch tile. 166 AGRICULTURE. Depth of Water, 3 feet. NUMBER OF ACRES DRAINED BY OPEN DITCHES. Depth of Ditch, at least 4 feet. Average Width of Water, Feet. Depth of Water, 5 feet. Grades. Per | Feet per seme! Mile 0.02 1,0 0.04 Ces | 0.06 3.2 0.08 4.2 ©.10 ee OnnS 4.8 OQ: 2051) 70.16 Ona lo Tae OF 30° 1/15. 8 On4081%27 20 ©.50 | 26.4 oO. 60 | 31.7 ©. 70.) 37.0 OF SO ei 2).\2 ©.90 | 47.5 5 20 1570 2240 2250] 4700 2770| 5770 aa 1950| 4820] 6670 5360} 7440 TaD 6600] 19000 7870} 21800 5300] 17500] 24600 5850] 19400| 26800 6740); 22200) 30800 ma 500] 24800] 34800 | 27200] 37600 7800] 29400] 41200 Grades. P Feet : rs ee per 4 6 8 Io cent. | Mile 0.02 1 OFAN lire Oy iara| Hoy oct 7125 970 0.04 2 Ar 400| 690] 1000 1360 °.06 3.2 492| 850] 1260 1690 0.08 Av ae Bi7i2 980| 1460 | o.10 ets: 636] 1100] 1630 2180 O-15 Pe 791 | 1330] 2010 2979, O20) || O40 905| 1560] 2310 4720 ©. 25 13.2 | 1020] 1740] 2669 o.30 | 15.8 | 1100| 1970] 2900 ura 0.40 | 21.1 | 1300] 2290] 5050 0.50 | 26.4 | 1475] 2550| 5620 50 o.60 31.7 | 1600] 2790] 6230 | 16500 0.70 | 37.0 | 1720| 3010] 6650 | 1 0.80 | 42.2 | 1850| 4850] 7170 | IgI00 0.90 | 47.5 | 1955| 5140] 7550 | 20100 1.00 | 52.8 | 2050] 5400] 7980 390 5300 7470 ae. 18400 21400 23700 30200 35000 39000 42700 49400 55300 60400 Depth of Ditch, at least 64 feet. Average Width of Water, Feet. T5 5000 7200 17600 20400 23400 28700 33000 37500 40700 47000 20 30 7150 23800 TRe -. 20400 | 33500 24700 | 40800 30000 | 48800 33400 | 54500 40500 | 66700 47000 | 77000 53000 | 86000 57000 | 94000 67000 50 43800 62500 75500 88000 98000 I 20000 I 39000 I 55000 170000 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 167 NUMBER OF ACRES DRAINED BY OPEN DITCAHES— (Continued). Depth of Water, 7 feet. Depth of Ditch, at least 9 feet. Grade. Average Width of Water, Feet. t Per Fee per 8 IO I5 20 30 50 cent Mite ©.02 I.0 2300 4700 16600 28000 48000 88500 eT ©.04 Dy. 4850 6740 23400 35400 58000 106000 > a a os 0.06 Boe 5920 17000 29600 43400 72000 } 129000 0.08 Ae 6940 I9I0O 34200 50000 83000 | 150000 ©o.10 os 77.20 21800 38400 56000 92600 | 167000 Sree Ons Phos: 19400 27000 47200 68500 I12000 | 202000 0.20 | 10.6 22400 31300 54200 78700 I30000 | 235000 (B15. LUST S| (mh he BR? 25000 34800 60500 88000 146000 o.30 | 15.8 27400 38200 66200 96500 O40) | 25 ar 31700 44100 0.50 | 26.4 35400 Depth of Water, 9 feet. Depth of Ditch, at least 114 feet. Grade. Average Width of Water, Feet. Per Feet cent. PeD fe) Is 20 30 50 Mile. ©.02 TO 6550 27800 40800 69500 I27000 are eee ©.04 eT 18500 34400 50000 83500 157000 0.06 a2 22600 41600 61000 103000 193000 0.08 4.2 26300 48300 71000 I20000 221000 0.10 es: 30400 54000 79100 132000 244000 — 0.15 ie 37300 66100 96200 162000 298000 ©.20 10.6 42900 76200 104000 O.25 ae 2 48000 85300 125000 0.30 HSe.8 52500 93200 ©.40 2TE¥ 60800 The above tables are calculated by Kutter’s formula, using a “coefficient of roughness” equal to 0.03, as recommended for channels in moderately good condition, having stones and weeds occasionally. For ditches in first-class condition, the number of acres may be increased about 25 per cent. The tables have 168 AGRICULTURE. been calculated for ditches having sides with slopes of one foot horizontal to one foot vertical, but are approximately correct for other slopes. The capacity of the ditches has been made as follows, the ditches to run not more than 8-10 full for the capacities men- tioned: Above the upper heavy line, # in. depth of water per 24 hours. Between the heavy lines, 4 in. depth of water per 24 hours. Below the lower heavy line, } in. depth of water per 24 hours. Local conditions may vary the size needed, and it is necessary to consult a drainage engineer in each case. ADVICE TO LAND OWNERS ABOUT TO CONSTRUCT DRAINS. (ASHBAUGH.) 1. Employ a reliable drainage engineer to make surveys, and plan your system of drainage. Otherwise you are very liable to throw away part of your money. 2. Require from your drainage engineer a complete map or plat of your drains, showing the exact location, sizes, grades, and depths. Remember that your drains wi!l be out of reach (except at much cost and trouble) after they are covered. 3. Make your drains of ample size. Drains which are too small fail when you need them most, in wet seasons. 4. Put your tile down to a good depth. Other ise they will not draw well to any considerable distance. Make them four feet deep in the lowest ground if possible. The extra cost of good depth is small in proportion to the total cost. 5. Have your drainage engineer inspect the work during construction and test the grades of the dr ins and see that the work is well done. Many tile become choked with mud because not laid true. 6. Be sure to protect the outlet. Build a bulkhead wall of brick or stone to hold the end. Also use a piece of iron pipe at the end, if tile is not too large, or for large drains use a few feet of sewer-pipe cemented. 7. If you are obliged to construct an open ditch, make it at least five to seven feet deep, if possible, to give good outlets tor tile, and to avoid choking up. Neen SEs 2 — — = ™ AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 169 8. The bottoms of open ditches should be at least three feet wide, and the sides should be given slopes of at least one foot horizontal to one vertical to avoid choking. Dirt should not be piled near the edges of the bank. POINTS TO NOTE IN PLANNING A DRAINAGE SYSTEM, 1. Character of the land, as swampy, low, sloping, dry, etc., also retentive or open, depth of surface soil, condition of sub- soil, etc. 2. Acreage of various kinds just described, their location relative to drains, etc. 3. The outlet, its character, capacity, depth, protection re- quired for tile, etc. 4. Fall or grade for mains, submains, and laterals, with depth of cutting required. : 5. Various expedients, such as the use of cut-offs across necks of land, to save distance and gain fall. 6. Your drainage engineer should be competent to handle these problems. SIZES OF DRAIN-PIPE REQUIRED FOR CULVERTS IN PROPORTION TO CAPACITY AND FALL, (ELpDRIDGE.) EE eee Fall in 100 Feet. Se SS eee 3 Inches. 6 Inches. 9 Inches, —————— ee ee eee eee Gallons per Minute. e re 6 inches 120 183 224 se 265 17 460 2 os 355 503 617 12 se 463 655 803 me 730 1033 1273 Tan. 1282 1818 2224 18 ee 2022 2860 3508 24 4152 8 5671 7202 170 AGRICULTURE. AREAS FROM WHICH 1/4 INCH OF WATER WILL BE REMOVED IN 24 HOURS BY OUTLET TILE DRAINS OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS AND LENGTHS WITH DIF- FERENT GRADES. (ELLIOTT.) Grade per roo ft. in Decimals of a Foot (with Approx. Equiv. in Inches). 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.16 Diam- (¥ in.). (x ine): (13; in.). (x4 in.). (2 in.). eter of ee Tile in Length of Drain in Feet. Inches. 1000 | 2000 | 1000 | 2000 | 1000 } 2000 | 1000 } 2000 | 1000 | 2000 Acres of Land Drained. Rita sais 729 r4s0| 19 24/15/71 20.8) 16.7) 20.6) 39: Gl 22 rine Oe dae 28.0] 22.2] 29.0] 24.8} 31-2] 20.4) 32.5] 27.3) 34 06lesaes Towner Al.1| 32:7) 44.1) 30.4) 45.0) 38.7) 47-7): 4075) Scenes Sint < 57.3| 45:6] 61.4] 50.7) 64.0] 53.0] 66.5] S70) 7x22) 6256 Odin s 46.5 *61.2|) 82.21 68.2) 85.0) 72-3) 80.1176. 3\ oS -sieesee TO sys srs 3 09.5] 79.5|106.7| 88.5]111.2] 94.0)115.6] 99. 2/123.9|108.9 Teoh: sect 156.1/124.9]167.7|130.3|174-8]/147.9, 181.7/156. 2/194.6|171.6 TAG sistas 228.7/183.7|245.3|204.3 25 On 217.4/265.8 229.7|284.9/251.7 ie em 317.8 255.9|341.4/284.6/355.4| 302.5 369.5/310.7/306.3/350.4 Deke verses 424.0|342.51456.4|/381.3/475.-7 405.5'404.4|428.1|520.1 470.1 200. 551.6|444.0|501.5/405.8/616.4 ails ics. called ice), Grade per 100 ft. in Decimals of a Foot (with Approx. Equiv. in Inches). 0.20 0.25 0.30 | 0.40 0.50 Bias ( 2} in.). (3 im:): (3% in.). | (4% in.). (6 in.). éteroL,|- 7... ee =a Tile in Length of Drain in Feet. Inches. 1000 | 2000 | 1000 | 2000 | 1000 } 2000 | 1000 | 2000 | 1000 |} 2000 Acres of Land Drained. iB ewes 23,51, 20.0) 925,.1| -22).7) 26.7| 24,5] 20. 5|, 27. 5| 62.0 goes OS3.545 37-0}| 33-0] 30:6] 35-0}. 42.0) 38.6) 46.4) 43.5] so0lsuay ee oF So tee 54. 3| 4825] 59.0] 52.8) On. 6) 56.7| 68.2) 63.8) 74AcoNmoer Senne 75.6] 67.7] 80.9] 73.6) 85.8] 79.9] 95.0] 89.1|103.3|] 98.0 Op os ct I0r.4| 90.7/108.4] 98.6)114.9]106.0]127.0/119.4]/138.1/131.3 TOs ss ake 131.6/117.9|140. 6/128.1/149. 3}137-6|165.2/155.3|170. 2]170.5 TRS eth ds 206. 8/185. 6)221.1/201. 8/234. 5/216.9] 259. 2|244.1|281.8|268.6 TA gee 302.5/272. 2/323. 51296. 1/343. 51318.11370-7|358. 2|412-.0]303.9 TOeiers 420.6) 370.11449.0/412. 2/477-41442.9|527.8/408.41573-.7|548.8 TO ext 562. 2/508. 1/601 .8/552.5/638.1/503.7|705.2|/668.0]767.41735.1 Dome 729. 2/660. 3|780.0|718. 2/826.09|771.1]914. 7/807. 8]004.5]054.¢@ Three feet of soil above the top of the drain has been assumed, The grade, length of drain, and openness of soil are important factorg in the capacity of a tile drain for discharging soil-water. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Lee RISE OF THE SLOPE FOR 100 FEET. (Warinc.) Table I. gives the rise of the slope for roo feet of the horizontal measurement. Table II., the rise of the slope for 100 feet of its own length. Table No, I. Table No. II. Deg. Feet. Deg. Feet. Deg, eet. Deg. Feet. 5 "8.749 50 119.175 5 8.716 50 76.604 10 17.633 55 142.815 Io 17.365 55 81.915 15 26.795 || 60 173-205 5 25.882 60 86.602 20 36.307 65 214.451 20 34-202 65 go.631 25 46.631 || 70 274.748 25 42.262 7° 93.969 3e 57-735 75 373-205 30 50 75 96.593 35 70.021 80 567.128 35 57-358 80 98.481 40 83.910 85 I143.010 40 64.279 85 99.619 45 100 45 | 70.711 Example.—lf the horizontal measurement is 100 feet, and the slope is at an angle of 10°, the rise will be 17.633 feet. If the sloping line (at an angle of 15°) is 100 feet, it rises 25.882 feet. QUANTITY OF EARTH REMOVED PER ROD OF DRAINS OF VARIOUS DIMENSIONS. § (Scortt.) Mean Width of Drains. e ‘a Seite baer. “| Ins fins jeloedh Do.-| in.-|.Iaod) In, | Te.+) In| In 33 7 8 9 TOM | SDE se etan (ecole) 4 asus |e xO Tle re o oh a v Cubic Yards. A 24 0.89] 1.02] 1.14] 1.27] 1.40] 1.53] 1.65] 1.78] 1.91] 2.04] 2.16] 2.29 3 1.07| 1.22] 1.37] 1.53] 1.68] 1 83} 1.98] 2.14] 2.29] 2.24] 2.60] 2.75 3164 1.25] 1.42] 1.60] 1-78] 1.96] 2.14] 2.32] 2.49] 2.67] 2.85] 3.03] 3.21 A 1.42| 1.63] 1.83] 2.04] 2.24] 2.44] 2.65] 2.85] 3.05] 3.26] 3.46] 3.66 5 1.78] 2.03] 2.29] 2.54] 2.80] 3 3-560) 3-82] 4.07] 4.33] 4.58 | egw “Tf a 4-ft. drain be cut 14 in. wide at topand 4 in. at bot- tom, the mean width will be g in., and the quantity of earth excavated in cutting each rod will be 1.83 cubic yards; if 172 AGRICULTURE. the same drain be cut 18 in. at top and 8 in. at bottom, tne mean width will be 13 in., anda 2.65 cubic yards of earth will have to be removed in cutting eacb rod: so that if tne digging of the drain costs 6 cents per cubic yard of earth moved the narrow drain will cost Ir cents per rod, and the other nearly 16 cents per rod, showing the cost to be one half larger, quite unnecessarily. ‘‘ The same table will be found useful in helping to fix the relative prices of deep and shallow drains; but it must be recollected that the deeper drains will be increased in cost not only by reason of the greater quantity of earth which has to be moved, but also because of the increased labor of lifting the earth to the surface from a greater depth.” LIMIT OF SIZE OF TILE TO GRADE AND LENGTH. Size of | Minimum | Limit of Size of Minimum | Limit of Tile in | Grade per } Length in Tile in Grade per | Length in Inches. | roo Feet. Feet. Inches. 100 Feet. Feet. 3 -09 800 8 .05 3000 4 205 1600 9 O5 3500 5 205 2000 Io O4 4000 6 O05 2500 Er 04 4500 7 -O5 2800 I2 04 5300 RAINFALL. (McConneLL.) Inches | Cubic | Imperial] Tons |} Inches | Cubic | Imperial} Tons of Feet | Gallons per fe) Feet | Gallons per Depth. per per Acre. || Depth. per per Acre. cre. Acre. Acre. Acre. I 3,630 | 22,635 | ror.1 7 25,410 | 158,444 | 707.7 2 7,200 45,270 | 202.2 8 29,040 | 181,072 808.8 3 10,890 | 67,905] 303.3 9 32,670 | 203,714 | 909.9 4 14,520 | 00,539] 404.4 Io 36,300 | 226,349 | ro1r.o 5 ES -150) | FL 740 505 .a5 II 39,930 | 248,984 | 1112.1 6 21,780 | 135,809 | 606.6 12 43,560 | 277,619 | 1213.2 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Eis TABLE SHOWING THE FORCE AND VELOCITY OF WIND. (Warinc.) eee EEE EAE NE EE SSDSRESERE ERE RRE ERE REREREEEEE eeeeeneeenenneeenee : Lbs. Press- Miles Feet : er per Hour. |per Minute. beaut: Description. i 88 005 Barely observable. : a cas ; Just perceptible. 4 352 .080 Light breeze. 5 440 +125 : 6 528 .180 Gentle, pleasant wind 8 a 2320 10 880 +500 . = pine ape ; Brisk blow. ae ne tee t Very brisk. 30 2640 4.500 = : 35 3080 6.125 High wind. 40° 3520 8.000 - 45 3960 10,125 t Very high. 5° 4400 12.500 Storm. 5280 18.000 Great storm. 80 7040 32.000 - Hurricane, ornado, uprooting trees, sweeping = | ons 50.000 4 off buildings, etc. NUMBER OF SQUARE FEET AND ACRES THAT A First-class Windmill can Irrigate One Inch in 8 Hours, Raising the Water 10,15 or 25 Feet. (A. R. Wo trFr.) 10 Feet. 15 Feet. 25 Feet. Size of Windmill. Sq. Ft. |Acres} Sq, Ft. |Acres} Sq. Ft. [Acres ee | | S| ee - 83 ft. diam, of wheel..} 11,736.34] .269] 7,824.74] 180] 4,744.74] .109 10 ; = 37,161.74] .853] 24,774.75] +569] 14,767.83] .339 = - Pa : --| 66,765.16] 1.533] 44,509.85] 1.022] 26,134.57] .600 Beer ce ge = 85,982.05] 1.974] 57,321.11] 1-316] 34,757.03] -798 16 E : ee : 120,106.14] 2.757] 80,070.76] 1.838] 49,742.00] 1.142 18 om ve z is --| 192,446.10] 4.418] 123,164 58| 2.827 75,215-14| 1.727 20. ‘“ eee ice ra 238,395.08] 5.473] 158,930.31] 3.649] 90,211.50] 2.209 2 mw we tg. | 4101038-09] 9-413] 273,359-24] 6.275] 163,533 37] 3-75 3° -- | 831,686.24]19.093] 561,797.56|12.883] 331,752.96] 7-616 ren Eg ae AGRICULTURE, 174 fo oMo odo eo ele she asezqc) “padiv3qQ oq [[! Aa yNsay sry yorgm suling 4eq sod sinoy jo Joquiny aSeIIAVY ‘podolaaaq Jamod -aslop {ny -asy) jenpy quojeainby 1bL-gz | OPE*L. | Szl-6r geo'Sr | Pgu’6r | gher1€ Ilu'zr | Sgr-Lr | 12h bz "yy 00% | “ay OST | “yj Cor “yy 2 "yy 0S jo uolqeaalq ue 02 aINGIW Jad pasiey 419184 Jo suol[ed (‘4410 “AY ‘v) Igl*z1z oS6°bz1 "yy Sz gt ” » gt ” ao» OF gr ” ao «$I gt ” oy gt gt ee es! got ” 99 ZI gt ” 29 or or [294M "3-¥8 *mnoq Jod i SOTA EN Shri uoljyeusisaog jo AyDO[I A ‘STTINGNIM HO ALIOVdVO DONIMOHS WIDVE 178 zee gz'v fo} a 90° So'e So-z ber €rL‘er Sz c+ gS°€ | or go: ol*t oL*t : 62° L6v‘L a ‘ os TAY ; oF €g:z | Lo" | got S€-r SE*1 8 19° 198°S » ow SF | TA © 6°S €¢-z | Los | gor 1-1 Sx°r 8 1¥° gfg‘é » oy QF A ms g's €g'1 | Lo: go* SLe SL: 8 ge gol‘z 2» 4» OF AT 2 6°€ zg’ | to: 90° 9f° f° 8 1Z* gtctz » oo oF lil = g's ol: bo° 90° ASE of: g zr° 1S1‘r as 55 108 Il : o'Sr Oo" ro" go" Se Sz° 8 ror olf Joo “33-F8 I = aie = —sa cs “i ‘(nue ‘nus ‘pasie zs ae rod g5 ye (49M01] 3q I[LAK 2 grant momel® ‘g0ue ysoo sig [PUR ‘dund "11M 4yjuend ‘padojaazq| = «mopy “4 Jo 10\J -pus}i Vv jo %S) uo!}eIO -pulM JO 1SO9 sty} yqorgM tamod sod 199 Gz 7 ps $}]U99 JO] -aidaq pue | SUrpnpour3sod | ‘guring -as10}] pasivy WHA ul ‘samod qe ; n : bd =) ! siieday so | 3849) ySO) ISI Aeq Ing JIJeM J a paral uO sdJaj}UT 104 tod asf), Jeny jo uorjeusisoqg 4 sino yuo suo]e =) osuodxq jo coat -PAINDY eo ee *anoy tod s}ua9 ul aseIIAV od ‘pedojaaeg Jamog [njosyQ jenqoy jo asuedxy | oO rrr ec = (aa10M "UY “V) “STTINGNIM WO AWONOOHW DONIMOHS WIAVE 176 AGRICULTURE. NOMINAL HORSE-POWER REQUIRED FOR THE DISCHARGE OF GIVEN QUANTITIES OF WATER WITH LIFTS OF 10 AND 20 FEET. (Scort.) - : Gallons Nominal H.P. Nominal H.P. ge Pipe, Discharged per | required fora required fora 4 Minute. 1o-foot Lift. 20-foot Lift. 3 100 x 2 5 350 y ; 350 2 4 6 500 244 5 7 759 3 6 8 1000 4 8 10 1500 6 Io 12 2300 8 14 14 2800 10 16 15 3300 12 20 18 6000 20 35 IRRIGATION. (Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) A water right is the right or privilege of using water for irrigating purposes, either in a definite quantity or upon a prescribed area of land, such right or privilege being cus- tomarily acquired either by priority of use or by purchase. In many parts of the arid region a water right is an exceed- ingly valuable property. The average value of the water rights of the entire arid region, as determined by the cen- sus of 1890, was $26 per acre, and there are fruit-growing districts in California where water rights have been sold at as high as $1500 per miner’s inch, or from $100 to $500 per acre, according to the amount used on any given area of land. The duty of water is the extent of the service it will per- form when used for irrigating purposes, that is, the num- ber of acres a given quantity of water will adequately irri- gate under ordinary circumstances. This is usually from Ioo to 200 acres for each second-foot. Where water is abundant the duty has been known to be as low as 5a acres, and where very scarce as high as 500 acres, to the second-foot. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 1 i A A mtner’s inch is theoretically sucha quantity of water as will flow through an aperture I inch square in a board 2 inches thick under a head of water of 6 inches in one sec- ond of time, and it is equal to 0.194 gallon, or 0.£259337 cubic foot, per second, or to 11.64 gal., or 1.556024 cubic ft., per minute. Theamount of water flowing through a given aperture in a given time varies, however, with the head of water over the opening, and also with the form of the opening. In Colorado the miner’s inch legalized bystatute equals 11.7 gal. per min. The California miner’s inch, how- ever, equals only 9 gal. per min., 100 Colorado inches being, accordingly, equal to 130 California inches. One hundred Colorado inches will cover an acre to a depth of 5.2 ft. in 24 hours; 100 California inches will cover the same area only to a depth of 4 ft. inthe sametime. Fifty California inches are, therefore, approximately equal to 1 second. foot, and 50 Colorado inches equal to about three tenths more. An acre-foot of water is the amount required to cover an acre of ground to adepth of 1 foot. This is 43,560 cubic feet, or 325,851.45 gal. Its weight is 1213 tons 2113 pounds, at 2240 pounds to the ton. The amount of water required tocover an acre of ground to a depth of I inch is 3630 cubic feet, or 27,154.29 gal. Its weight is I0r tons 362? pounds, at 2240 pounds to the ton. A second-foot is the most satisfactory because the most definite unit of measurement for flowing water. It is used by the U. S. Government in the gauging of rivers and streams, and is rapidly superseding the miner’s inch in the measurement of water for irrigation. It is the quantity rep- resented by a stream 1 foot wide and 1 foot deep flowing at the average rate of 1 foot per second. In other words, it is r cub. ft. per second, 60 cub. ft. per min., 3600 cub. ft. per hour, etc. A stream flowing continuously at the average rate of 1 second-foot would carry in one day of 24 hours 86,400 cub. ft., or 646,316.9 gal., sufficient to cover 144% acres toa depth of 1 ft. Flowing continuously for one year of 365 days, such a stream would carry 31,536,000 cub. 178 AGRICULTURE, ft., or 235,905,678.7 gal., sufficient to cover 723444 acres toa depth of 1 ft. The sub-humid region is the strip of country running north and south between the arid region, where irrigation is absolutely necessary to the successful prosecution of agriculture, and those portions of the United States in which the rainfall is usually sufficient for agricultural pur- poses.. It includes portions of North Dakota, South Da- kota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas, and may be described as a region where irrigation is not always necessary, but where agricultural operations cannot, with any assurance of success, be undertaken without it. The average value of the irrigated land in farms in the United States was ascertained by the census of 1890 to be $83.28 per acre, and that of the non-irrigated land in farms $20.95 per acre. The average annual value of the agricultural products of the irrigated land was ascertained to be $14.89 per acre irri- gated, and that of those of the non-irrigated land $6.80 for each acre improved. The average first cost of the irrigated land, including purchase money, water rights, etc., was ascertained to have been $8.15 per acre, and the average annual cost of the water supply $1.07 per acre. The total vaiue of the irrigated farms of the United States, as reported by the farmers themselves, was, in round figures, $296,850,000, an increase of $219,360,000, or 283 per cent, upon their cost, including land, water right, fences, and preparation for cultivation. The total value of the productive irrigating systems was found to be $94,412,000, an increase of $64,801,000, ©, 279 per cent, upon their cost. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 179 CARRYING CAPACITY OF PIPES, GALLONS PER MINUTE. (Witcox.) Sia eae | oda jae | ae | ge} ge Sizeof | *9 | &Q | Hg on: cg i 3 m 3 m8 Pip. | 3" | = | e= | a> | a2 | se | s® | se be Oy £3) 45 So On oe Ou oy Suv f+ co cw ew ££ cu ou ow 7 Cleo asl TQ TO “7 Os * A. tO. H i.) (a0) he) Oo Lal a ioe] 3 inch. ee 19 23 32 40 16 64 79 ae as 27 | 33 47 66 8r 93 131 163 ios 75 105 129 183 224 258 364 45° Bs 153 209 265 275 460 527 750 923 “ae 205 200 355 503 617 712 1,006 | 1.240 FO 267 373 43 655 803 926 E,300) |i sx,013 be. 422 596 730 7,033 1,273 1,468 2.076 | 2.554 cass 740 | I,o2t | 1,282 1,818 | 2,22 2,464 3,017 | 4,467 a gal 1,168 | 1,651 | 2.022 2,860 3,508 4,045 5-704 | 7,047 Za" 2.396 | 3.387 | 4.155 | 5.874 7.202 | 8,303 | 11,744 | 14.466 BO, 4,187 | 5,920 | 7,252 | 10.557 | 12,580 | 14,504 | 20,516 | 25,277 FLOW OF WATER THROUGH STRAIGHT PIPES Flowing Full, in Gallons per Minute, (COLLET.) 22 Head of Water Divided by Length of Pipe. Be |: = 1 1 1 3 5 8 1 A 100 30 pas 10 10 10 10 10 4 tal Meera ee ; - 024 036 +046 06 0°77 086 (Se) ae - . 056} 075 .08c .124 158 18 Meera ier) ©. |(sisievsia's 14 2 -26 net! +44 50 4 5H ee 31 -44 +52 72 g2 I 04 g | «22 nae ere! 1.2 0:5 2.0 2.6 2.9 + | -46 .70 Teo) stss ae eat 4.1 Sag 60 4 i33|'> 1.98 20149 Fick 8.9 11.7 15 16.9 I 2.76) 14-55 6.1| 10 14.8 18.4 24 31 35 1H 4-96] 7.36) 10.8] 18 26 32 42 54 61 Tt 7FuO3) AN.FS)|. 1732) 20 al 51 67 36 97 1} i 17.4 25.5| 42 61 76 100 128 144 2 16.0 | 24 26 59 86 106 140 179 202 eho, 29 43 63 |104 151 188 246 315 354 3 46 69 yor |166 240 298 390 500 562 4 98 144 210 1344 498 617 808 1033 \1162 5 173 254 370 ©|606 876 1085 1419 1815 2040 6 227 404 589 (959 1389 1720 2248 2876 3230 If the diameter be doubled, nearly 5.8 times the quantity can be passed 180 AGRICULTURE. POWER REQUIRED TO RAISE WATER FROM DEEP WELLS BY PUMPING. (App.esy.) Gallons of water raised per hour..... | 200] 350] 500] 650] 800] 1000 Height of lift for one man, in feet...]| 90} 51 36 28 22 18 ay oy ke donkey, in feet| 180] 102 72 56 45 36 “ ee “er es “c horse, ee 630 357 252 196 154 126 “sé ae “ec se “e H. ize steam, athe t 990] 561 396 | 308 242 198 APPROXIMATE COST OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF PIPE USED FOR IRRIGATION. (Wixcox.) eo 2 - ; M : vo ) = & S Aw ae al ae ee ae a: a. oaks cap cas sas a“ ¢ O Ay rw YG Sf ee San | EQS] oe I = pQ jaa) Q oueetS a. = oc aa = a a T= | on co) a Ga | go= | 8" 1] 88 | ass | 24 | 8 4 =" | 8H6 | Sno | 2H | BO = 2 @ A n a nu o 4 | vO ee = O 6 $o. 32 $0. 41 $o.52 | $o.724 | $o.16} |........] $o.312 8 42 25x .62 1.04 WBF No arionys: 20 10 53 .60 85 1.42 33) Alsiemerarees 26 12 -63 -68 -98 1.84 ATE cae seae 32 14 -69 75 1.17 2.30 5 | $0.74 38 16 -82 -93 1.25 2.83 68% -94 45 18 -QI 1.00 1.43 3°37 £24 1.08 53 20 I.00 1.14 1.63 3.97 964 1.22 60 22 1.05 1.30 1.85 4.62 1.21 1.32 -68 YG ate lore etre 1.46 2.00 agi} 1.374 1.40 -80 AVERAGE COST PER MILE OF CONSTRUCTING IRRIGATING CANALS AND DITCHES. (Eleventh U. S. Census.) Paser 5 Feet] 5 to 10 Feet | 7% Feet and States and Territories. Over in n Width. in Width. Width. Général averare..oc.. ce: $481 $1,628 $5.603 AT IZONA ows cic ice Sra nee ea a eres $471 $1,674 $5,274 CANTOPNla, | cece de ote iss aw ess oe 885 5,057 eye Colorados...stsicc ete ee eects 380 r5%31 5,258 UE Ey ris es Soe piciete atetors lc oe 205 810 1,320 MOntanas er. cles Mess cw shes - 325 800 2,300 Nevadals is .Seaidese oe te cmieneee 200 150% ote) meee New Mexico.........- th - 310 581 6,666 OReP ON eo s5s'scledeawewaatee eee 260 1,060 1,300 EAS. sts ciate sie 6 we an Bigiwielore cise ere 493 1,025 3,072 Washington. Swe Seceeceet 285 1,236 2,571 WAVOMING OR ieee tions ctonale ieeeiaes 837 3.884 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Si CAPACITIES OF WINDMILLS AND PUMPS. (IRRIGATION AGE.) Sizes of Irrigation Mills and Pumps best Adapted for each other to Work Successfully under Ordinary Conditions. a. = ; iz a Poa Bers|) S 3 & 9 . a 4 ee: = a fo) WH wo we “OO =a ph ore we ouv , oa Os re) Onn 2 g on Bet aa md O N rho oy pun ners iS _ |\wov ial com eo cot rs a | ce bl Poe Te] Sd 540 23 ~g Ud Oa 5, SIRE a Secs Sees oul oo |-5 So.) oo o = a. cw cea oS 25 oa JU ei ‘N Oo Oo oe BPN get eS E40 | Me n QA A 4 < < < < n under 1o-foot Miils, 10 8 30 Io 1} 3,660 | 87,840 aeiaic | s-see dete 6 5 co) 6 50 Io 14 2,580 SEZ letelere clerelelliarciaeteta ete Io 4 75 10 2 ragewrer ||| “eile larcaaaee ceccccce 12-foot Mills. I2 10 30 12 4+ 7,500 | 180,000 103 90X75 12 8 50 12 3+ 6,300 | 151,200 86 90X60 12 6 75 12 14 2,700 64,800 37 60X40 12 4 125 12 $ 1,320 31,680 18 50X30 14-foot Mills, 14 12 30 14 63 10,620 | 254,880] 146 | 125X800 14 10 5° 14 43 7,260 | 174,240] 00 90X75 14 8 75 14 2} 4,620 | 100,880 63 75X50 14 6 125 14 1} 2,940 | 71,560 40 65X40 14 4 175 14 I 1,680 40,320 23 50X 3¢ * Amount of land that can be covered 1 ft. deep with windmills work- ing at the rate of r5 hours per day for 300 days in the year. ered 1 ft. deep. + Capable of holding water for 24 hours’ continuous pumping. These sizes should have 4 ft. depth of water, height of bank 5 ft., width of base 16 ft., 2 ft. of water below discharge-pipe not included. ‘These reservoirs to connect with additional reservoir by overflow-pipe in order to utilize full capacity of mills and pumps. Overflow-reservoir should be of 1- and 2- acre capacity, 8 ft. deep, banks g ft. high, base of bank 4s ft., acre size 209 ft. on each side, corners rounded; 2-acre size 209 X 418 ft. Acres cov- 182 AGRICULTURE. THE CALIFORNIA WEIR TABLE. (W' cox.) Miner's |! Miner’s Miner’s| | Miner’s Pda Inches. || Depie: Inches. Dente: Inches. | am Inches. | | 4 or | 3% 2.56 | 78 7.04 1234 15.27 14 04 [4 2.69 734 7.22 13 15.72 34 07 | 4% 2.88 7% 7-40 1314 16.18 ly 12 || 434 2.93 8 7.58 1344 16.64 58 17 || 436 3-07 8g 7-76 || 1394 | 17.10 34 cae? | Nis qe 3.19 814 7-93 || 14 17-57 % 127. 4 48 3-33 || 83% 8.12 1414 18.04 I 133 434 3347 814 8.30 || 14 18.52 4 +39 | 4% 3-61 85g 8.48 || 1434 19.00 114 .46 5 3-75 834 8.67 15 19.48 138 “54 36 3-89 8% 8.86 || 1544 19.98 114 62 514 4.03 9 9-05 156 20.47 15g .69 | 536 4.18 olf 9-23 1534 20.97 134 77 |, 258 4-32 934 9-42 || 16 21.47 1% 86 || 5% 4.47 936 g 62 || 16lg 22447 2 +95 534 4.62 || 90% g 8 || 17 23.50 244 1.04 5% 4.77 || 9% 10.00 | 17% 24654 244 Tors 6 4.92 | 934 10.19 18 25.58 23 1.22 6lg 5.08 9% 10.39 1814 26.65 24 1.32 6'4 Cae NN Veen Co" Io 59 19 27 74 29% 1.42 || 638 5-39 104 10 99 || 1946 | 28.83 234 1.52 64 5-54 10% 11.30 | 20 29.95 2% 1.63 69% 5-71 || 1084 11.80 || 20g 3.07 3 1.74 | 63% 5.87 II 12.22 || 2t 32.21 3'8 1.86 | 6% 6.04 1114 12.65 || 21% 33-36 3% 3.07 boars 6.20 | oe 13.06 | 22 34.52 338 2.08 | 74% 6.37 1134 13.50 || 2244 35-70 3448 2.19 7\4 6.53 || 12 13-94 || 23 36 90 398 2.31 73% 6.70 1214 14.38 || 23% 38.10 334 2.43 74 6.87 || 1244 14.82 || 24 39-32 CAPACITY OF CISTERNS AND TANKS, in Gallons, for Each Twelve Inches in Depth. (A, R. Wo LFF.) Diameter in | Gallons. || Diameter in | Gallons. || Diameter in} Gajjons. Feet. Feet. Feet. 1.0 5.87 6.5 248.23 II.o 710.90 2.0 23.50 7.0 287.88 11.0 777-95 2.5 36.72 7-5 330.48 12.0 846.03 3-0 52.88 8.0 376.00 13.0 992.91 Bis 71.07 8.5 424.48 14.0 1151.54 4:0 94.00 9.0 475-89 15.0 1321.92 4°5 118.87 9-5 530.24 20,0 2350.08 5-0 146.88 10.0 587.52 25.0 3672.00 5-5 177-72 10.5 647-74 30.0 5287.68 6.0 2I1.51 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 183 Capacity of Cisterns in Barrels, Per Foot in Depth. (Hatt.) Square Cistern. Circular Cistern. Barrels. . Barrels. 5 feet by 5 feet holds awe site 5.92 5 feet in diameter holds..... 4.66 & ‘ s os Gt ee fe, eae PE 8 avec ccas E56X0 Bin C2: SE sf Sie ence L5s29 gs. Pes Soc welnewe tks 30 RS J a 19.390 ONS hn csclcces 23274 | 10. as 23-74 ROAD-MAKING, (CampBeELt.) Drainage.—Perfect drainage, first of the foundation of the roadbed, secondly of the road surface, are the points in road-making on which too much stress cannot be laid. The first is accomplished by underdrainage, tile drains being laid at a depth of three or more feet below the sur- face on each side of the roadbed at the foot of the grade and parallel toit. Care should be taken to fit and settle the tile in the trench so that, when refilling with earth, they will not be displaced. Asa rule 2$- to q-in. tile will be sufficient. The joints should be close, and the grade a true line. Loose joints and an uneven grade allow silt to pass into the tile and remain there, destroying the drain. Surface drainage is accomplished by open drains on each side of the grade, having sufficient capacity to drain, both the roadbed and the land adjoining. With open drains and with tile drains make and maintain a free outlet to the nearest watercourse. A drain without an outlet is useless. Crowning the Road.—The graded portion of the road should be wide enough to accommodate the travel upon it, and not greater, the slope being uniform, not heaped in the centre. The crown should be well above the overflow of storm water, and should have a grade sufficient to shed water readily to the open ditches on either side. Do not round it up so as to make the grade steep and dangerous, under the mistaken impression that better drainage will thereby be secured. Nor should it be so low as to allow water to stand upon it in depressions. Under ordinary circumstances one inch or one inch and a half to the foot is 184 AGRICULTURE. a proper grade; that is, a roadbed twenty-six feet wide should be from thirteen to twenty inches higher at the center than at the side. Quality of Gravel.—The gravel should preferably be sharp, clean, and of uniform size. Pit gravel usually con- tains too much earthy matter, and where the latter is in excess, the gravel, as a road-making material, is useless. Lake gravel is apt to be rounded, water-worn, and lacking in the necessary earthy matter to make a solid and compact surface, but is generallya better road material than pit gravel. A coating of pit gravel with a surfacing of creek gravel is a goodcombination. All large stones should be removed, as they will work to the surface, and will then roll loosely or form rough protuberances. Placing the Gravel.—The gravel should be spread evenly over the surface of the sub-grade to a depth of six or eight inches, and to the required width, then rolled with a heavy roller. Rolling should be performed in showery weather, as it is impossible to consolidate dry earth or gravel. The heavier the roller the better will be the results, but ifa heavy roller cannot be obtained, a light roller is much bet- ter than none. The roller should be passed over the sur. face until the gravel or earth is so compact as not to be displaced and rutted by the wheels of a wagon passing over it with an ordinary load. The surface must be main- tained smooth and hard, to shed water and resist wear. Every municipality should have a roller, but whether one can be obtained or not the gravel should not be left ina heap just as it falls from the wagon. Spread it evenly. Repairs.—Gravel roads already constructed will need re- pair. By the use of road machinery, scrape the surface and cut off the corners, which will have formed at the foot of the grade by the washing down of dusty material from the crown of the road. Loosen the surface, particularly that part of the traveled portion and where the road is rutted, with picks, or, if possible, with road machinery ; then apply a coating of gravel, and roll thoroughly. It is of more im- portance, however, to see that the drains are not obstructed in their course and that their outlets are free and open.* * See Farmers’ Bulletin, No. 9s, ‘Good Roads for Farmers,”? Washing ton, 1899, AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. - 285 IMPORTANCE OF GOOD ROADS. It is estimated that it costs a farmer more to haul a bushel of wheat than it does a railroad to haul a ton; that our poor roads cost the farmer at least $15.00a year for every horse, and that good earth roads would save more than half the cost of hauling, and good permanent roads more than three quarters of it. (GILMORE.) force Required to Draw a Load on Different Kinds of Roads. Steepest |Draught on a Level Com- Force Grade (rise pared with that on Dif- Required to} per 100 ft.) ferent Grades. Rise in Draw a Gross} on which feet per 100 feet. Load of Vehicle will 2240 Pounds. not Roll Back. Genes eon ron |, rae jens Pounds Feet Earth road....... 200 8.9 I | 1.3] x-7| 2.0] 2.3] 2.7 KGanvelig sta... < ac 143¢ 6.4 Ears Oles.4|e220l) set Macadam road... 65 2.9 52-0] Sarl 4. u}) Sek) Onn Telford Sra stoi 46 2.0 Dl sestescON sea Oso} O62 Plank on! carace 41 1.8 a |P2eOl 4231) 5.01-7-5| 9-5 Stone trackway.. 12} 5 1 | 6.4/11.7/17.1/22.3|27.5 TRACTIVE FORCE REQUIRED LOR CARRIAGES of one ton, on a level road. (McConne tt.) Force of Trac- Description of Road. tion per Ton. RMS Galant a cavedaccccanseeseaqcsaseesses ~& LDS; PE MIAGe OAVGMICUL coils cccaseveecacsecscvess 33 “* eM tereIZCd TOAM sce. ccescs secs sesecca ss 44 to 67. *f Seem Ke, NAG ANd Gry 2. access ceccesasessess 68°“ 5. - SRR Ce ty Sen teleiaralaeaisno.t desi ele sie acicen COO Mepn AtHOCOMPMACL LOAM < esiciccscwc'sie cee civiceecdeass IIGQ IST AVEL. 5 i ca,o% RON set ceeds vohw esis owes 06 sce, ESO Pee mC OLAVENY ss cena dec c ast vsce cs vecsescics 210 ®. Ordinary by-road.:...... Bre ie ws sons earn creine sae 27 Beenie. Te Wiy-PTAVELIED . - . csxas cece c cscs dese 320 “* Pie ikeuse sandy road: .s.:.. A. DO le ais his Ba Sarasin ABP A horse produces his greatest mechanical effect in drawing a load 24 miles per hour with a tractive force of 150 lbs. 186 AGRICULTURE. FRACTION OF THE WEIGHT OF A VEHICLE AND LOAD REQUIRED TO MOVE SAME ON A LEVEL ROAD. (Morw.) Character of the Vehicle. -O a : un vate ' ~~ ae 5 a0 . op a =ey Character of the Road. ort 0.5 ous i). Been rt | ee MN Yn Sas Oo [aan ca OO ot O'S nH oo = aa |esv nen ease BO |2 45 coe Scan ‘ oy x: = 9° ' a . on ae a Firm soil, covered with gravel | : 2 ; 4to6inchesdeep.. .. .. | 3 a 8 Firm embankment. “ covered 5 wiih gravel1}to1Zinch. deep.| re 11 10 10 Earth embankment, in very : z good condition... . at 29 36 26 Bridge ae of thick oak ; ; ; Platkottens +3 7o | ae 14 a2 Broken-stone Road: Waik | Trot.| Walk. | Trot. In very good condition, very : : dry. compact and even . 7's BY as ai 49 42 A little moist or a little dusty..| 45 ai a4 7 af 27 Firm, but with ruts and mud.| sk BT ay 1s 28 19 Very bad. ruts 4 to 4} inches deep, thick mud. 7 z a ee: ' x Kade thick mu I i ved id ia 12 | Sante iz 10 SVS. ale peers : eae a Good pav ement, coy at oo os EY an BS a9 covered with 1 1 mucier eA: ds Bo 45 33 as aa TRACTIVE POWER OF HORSES AT DIFFERENT SPEED. (Trautwine.) The average traction of a horse on a level and actually pulling for ten hoursinthe day may be assumed as follows: Miles per hour, | Lbs. Traction. Miles per hour. Lbs. Traction. 3 333.33 2} TII.72 I 250 24 100 14 200 2} 90.91 14 166.66 3 83.33 1} 142.86 3t 71.43 2 125 4 62.50 If the horse works for a smaller number of hours, his traction may increase as the hours diminish, down to about 5 hours per day and for speeds of about from 1 to 3 miles per hour, \y AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 187 EFFECT OF INCLINATION ON TRACFEFIVE FORCE, (U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULIURE.) Rate of Angle with the | Tractive Force, Equivalent eee: Length of Level Inclination. Level. Pounds. Gand an Mace. ierel e7 on’ —60"” 38 1.00 1 in 509 o 6) 53 42 1.10 1 iN 100 (oe ey henge 58 1.52 1 in 80 Ge qe US 63 1.66 1 in 60 © 457) “1S 71 1 87 r@M) so rT oS 16 78 2.05 rin 40 Eos aS 7 88 2.30 iin 30 he lof eS irs 104 272 rin 25 2) 17) "26 118 3.10 rin 20 20 ct "or 138 3.63 Leiner ts Ba 48ie or 171 4.50 1 in 10 5 6.26 The table gives the tractive force necessary to draw I ton over the best macadam road of various grades, and the equivalent length of each mile of grade in miles of level road. The effect of the inclination can be calculated from the following formula: n R=F+aW, where / = force required to draw the load on the level, @ = the grade, expressed by a fraction, W= the weight of the load in pounds, A = force required to draw the load up the incline in question. According to Gillespie, if a horse can pull on a level 1000 pounds, on a rise of I foot in 1 foot in 100 feet he draws goo lbs. 25 feet he draws 540 lbs. 50 6s aé ce 810 ce 24 ace «ec ce 500 oe 44 eé sé oe 750 “ce F 20 “ce “ae 6eé 400 «e 40 ac ce ee 720 oe Io ce ac 6 250 ce 30 ee “6 ce 640 “6 188 AGRICULTURE. EFFECTS OF SURFACE ON TRACTIVE FORCE. (Various Authorities, compiled by HERRING.) Tractive Tractive Description of Road. Force, Description of Road. Force, Lbs. Lbs. IGOOSCISATIO Mt satan sece ee 448 Very hard and smooth Loose gravel (deep)...... 320 macadam".. ..\.0. «Gb ste 46 Loose gravel (4 inches) .. 222 Best macadam?. <> ..4ssue= 52 to 32 Common gravel road.... 147 Cobblestone, ordinary ... 140 Goodteravelisr css cece us 88 Cobblestone, good. ..... 75 Hard-rolled gravel....... 75 Belgian block. ..<. oem 56 to 26 Ordinary dirt road..... és 224 Belgian block in Paris . 54 to 34 FATA icc we coh eels ses ee 112 Belgian block, good.. 344 Hard, dry dirt road...... 89 Stone block, ordinary... aes go Macadam, little used.....| 140to9g7 || Stone block, good....... 45 Macadam, bad)..2..<25<.% 160 Stone block, London..... 36 Macadam, poor... .<. .< 112 Asphalt..< <3: 2%). eeeeeee 17 Macadam, common...... 64 Granite tramway ....,...| 12} to 13$ Good macadam, wet..... 75:to.42 |) Iron railway... ..:secese 8 to 114 Best French macadam 45 The velocity is in all cases taken at 3 miles per hour. COST OF HAULING FARM PRODUCE IN THE UNITED STATES. a | = o A pe) a Aad 2S =» On, wi ogn © 228 Om ea ee ei: |Bof | On [ee o5 | o%n | of | Cod dp % Bp OE wo | OFF fy aHo aod elie Dw ow S o 2 is O50 Po row Ss oRH < < < & Miles Lbs Cents Eastern States; vs s.cesesse ss oo chee 35uc 5-9 2216 32 $x.89 Northern Statess se. accj cscs acs cess - Be Oaaslis.cive nce 27 1.86 Middle-Southern States..... eee sana s SALAM icodntess 31 2.72 CottonyStates vane cece css obtcs Maeese 12.6 1397 25 3-05 Prairie States: oo. seeve se saane ts dere 8.8 2409 22 1.94 Pacific Coast and Mountain States....| 23.3 2197 22 %.12 Averages for the United States....| r2.1 2002 25 $3.02 * Middle States. The total weight of farm products in 1895 was estimated at 219,824,227 tons ; if the forest products hauled over the public roads be added to this, we get 313,349,227 tons, which at $3.02 per ton, makes a total for the annual cost of AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 189 hauling on the public roads of $946,414,665. Nearly, if not quite, two-thirds of this vast expense may be saved by road improvement, and this at a total cost not exceeding the losses of 3, or at most 4, years by bad roads (Circ. 19, Office of Road Inquiry, U. S. Dept. Agr.). TRANSPORTATION ON THE FARM. (U.S. Dept. Agr.) An ordinary wagon drawn by two horses will carry at each load 1 ton to 14 tons of hay, grain, manure, etc , over a good road; with four horses, 3-4 tons. According to dis- tance, the number of loads in a day should be as follows: Number of Loads Hauled per Day. No. >of Loads with No. of Loads with Distance. Mics Ose, Distance. Hiece) (Oueu. Eighth mile.. ... 16-18 Tit Ot HEA AlN Lares crecvetes- Sere == 10-14 8-12 Quarter mile .... 12-16 10-14 'Mile to mile anda half. 6-9 5-7 LABOR ONE HORSE IS ABLE TO PERFORM at different rates of speed on canals, railroads, and turnpikes. (Drawing force, 83} Ibs.) (Warina.) Useful Effect for 1 Day, drawn x mile. Duration of Spe:d per | Day’s Work, Hour, miles. hours. On aCanal, |Ona Railroad,|On a Turnpike, tons. tons. tons. Vg 11% 520 15 14 =) 8 243 g2 12 3% 6 154 82 Io 4 446 102 72 9 5 2 9/10 52 57 7-3 6 2 30 48 7 4 19 41 5 8 14 12.8 36 4:5 9 9/10 9 32 4 10 34 6.5 28.8 3.6 PERFORMANCE OF ONE TEAM AND PLOUGH IN A DAY, IN ACRES AND TENTHS. (Warinc.) we E wi. 4 & w.S 283 aes | sz 283 5. | Aer a S20 S20 = 5S es 3 O'S Acres. 3 Oe Acres. oe Acres, sae s5° BS = 5 3 |PS ES E 2 4.8 54% 13.2 2 6.0 6 14-4 3 7-2 644 15.6 3% 8.4 7 16.8 4 9.6 7% 18.0 444 10.8 19.2 190 AGRICULTURE. THE EFFECT OF WIDE WAGON-TIRES, The effect of wide and narrow tires for wagons is well illustrated by the following results of carefully conducted experiments by the Studebaker Wagon Co., South Bend, Ind. In the trials given in the second column 1}-inch tires had been substituted for 4-inch tires. (Agr. of Pa., 1894; see also Mich. Exp. Sta., Bull. 165; Mo. Exp. Sta., Bull. 13, and Utah Exp. Sta., Bull. 4.) Width of Tires. 4 inches, | t4 inches. lbs. lbs. Weight of wagon and load i 7.2. 2 st aenacs. encom =r 4345 4235 Draft to start load on block pavement.... ..... .. 350 300 Draft to move load at a dead pull on block pave- EVA Gearstay ee) acetate. essay tata a Petmce ter paetes retreat ya ehs fev leats aber eral b tole) 75 Draft to start load on good hard, sandy road.. 700 725 Draft to move load at a dead pull on even p hard, sandy road ... 275 300 Draft to start load on ‘good level gravel road.. 600 650 Draft to move load at a dead "Cems on Bigeet: level gravelroad ... A 175 175 Draft to start load on muddy ado ee oe 800 goo Draft to move load at a dead pull on muddy road.. 550 500 AVERAGE QUANTITY OF STONE REQUIRED PER YEAR TO KEEP 10 FEET OF ROAD, WIDTH = 20 FEET, IN REPAIR. (HeErscuet.) Cub, ft. Cub. yds. 1. Good material and heavy travel....... 15-20 = .55- .74 2. Good material and medium amount of EPA V CLS, 5% a aleisis Sere was ote age wists els wiee’s 10-15 = .37= 55 3. Good material and light travel........ 5- 10:== 18207 4. Medium material and heavytravel.... 20-25 = .74- .92 5. Medium material and medium amount ag eey SEE PEER Ce Oe Ore 15-20 = .55— .74 6. Medium material and light travel..... IO-I5 = .37- .55 7. Third-rate material and heavy travel.. 25-30 = .g2-I.Io 8. Third-rate material and medium amount OE Crawl) < xipx aicges Oricta > tua ® ete oleic 20-25 = .74—- .92 9. Third-rate material and light travel... 15-20 = .55- .74 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 191° INTERIOR DIMENSIONS OF FARM BUILDINGS. (McConneELt.) Length.|Breadth.| Height. ft ft. ft PPLE OE ars oti cletercle-s/claicsicleia's sv aSitiseg Tele ais cle ais 6 40 20 20 EC SULA) eatin, 5 cis si cieiaja ies On ode ease 6 sioye:ae eee 60 20 20 Gattle feeding-boxes, double.................. Io 20 8 ce +e vy SINGIO: a cbs ceae selene sre Io 10 8 eattie-sheds, for each animal... ...c0.s..s-s>. 5 5 8 Seatnt=SHeEUS VelC:. CACHIATCI ss... sae seaceatieece 8 20 10 Cow-stable, for each cow, double............. 4 30 10 te 5 cokes re soe SINPIEE asec ade ncce 4 20 10 CEL. co S Ey eR OM Cee OE Ree Ie Taree eam ee 20 20 Io Holdevards. tor each animal. .... 6560s osce oc. 5 30 6 RERToARIENIS VAN RCP neees cic icfos.o: sie) cisions a's Sloane cicisiedinibie:acisis 30 20 8 AUER UA anes ci2 ars wi aja'v,« a/aie'e sldicia’s Sieleieicinie aiejeis :animals. . 3.57 ««eiese oe ore 6 10 8 HAOMIN GV IMOUSC act ence si sar seiseeesicise's sess. A 18 18 9 SSO AOVISE eer aioe) lee ob cou siodaaaeincce seen 20 20 10 Staple. for each NOLse: oes. e.s. SRC oe 6.5 18 10 RGRISUOPRE MP oe eee tecte sc eecewcteee cen eete 18 18 9 General dimensions of other apartments...... Hers 18 9 64 ft. allowed to the length of the stable for each horse in it and 7 or 8 ft. for every pair of cows in cow-stable. Horses must each have 1200 cu. ft. of space, and cattle 800 cu. ft., where stalled in stables. Cattle-boxes to be sunk 2 ft. below surface and raised by a dwarf wall 1 ft. above. Cattle-folds and sheds should have a length of 5 ft. for every animal they are intended to contain; when covered, 150 sq. ft. allowed to every head. The pigsties have small open areas attached to each. RECIPE FOR WHITEWASH. Slake half a bushel of unslaked lime with boiling water, cover during the process to keep in steam, strain the liquid through a fine sieve or strainer, and add to it a peck of salt, previously dissolved in warm water, three pounds of ground rice boiled to a thin paste and stirred in while hot, half a pound of Spanish whiting, and one pound of clear glue, previously dissolved by soaking in cold water and then hanging over a slow fire ina small pot hung ina larger 192 AGRICULTURE. one filled with water. Add five gallons of hot water to the mixture, stir well, and let it standa few days, covered from dirt. It should be applied hot, for which purpose it can be kept ina kettle or portable furnace. The east end of the White House in Washington is embellished by this white- wash. It is recommended by the government for white- washing light-houses. A pint of this wash mixture, if properly applied, will cover one square yard, and will be almost as serviceable as paint for wood, brick, or stone, and is much cheaper than the cheapest paint. Coloring matter may be added as desired. For cream color add yellow ochre; pearl or lead, add lampblack or ivory-black; fawn, add proportionately four pounds of umber to one pound of Indian red and one pound of com- mon lampblack; common stone color, add proportionately four pounds raw umber to two pounds lampblack. TABLE OF CUT NAILS. (TRAvtwinz.) Length,|No. per Length,|No. per Name. Inches.| Lb. | Name. ‘Inches.}| Lb. **Common”’ nails /2- -penny I 716 ro-penny| 3 66 g-) - tine 14 626 12- 3 50 ae 1t 440 || 20- ‘f 4 32 Pa 14 300 || 30- “* 44 19 Benies 1} 210 4o- ‘ 5 16 Bo ts 2 163 5o- _*s 5t 13 qa0 ss 2h 123 Go5. 78 6 10 as 24 93 Finishing-nails... |4-penny 14 470 1o-penny| 3 84 Pe 1} age) tae 3 65 G18 2 196 Boe 4 50 Bev s 24 116 Slating-nails.....|3-penny 1} 280 5-penny 1% 160 Fie 13 200 6 ™ 2 128 Pence-=nails\..2 45 |se- eee ee 2 BOW be sroteeiieree 24 48 magne 2} 66 iofoto ers 3 40 ayoin focoie) sists 24 60 Cutispikesicccascc| eesti 3 29 =e 53 8 An 34 21 504 6 spot cos 4 5 ul dl\| ole wrotavetele ole 6} 6 Sle jeraleiaee 44 DS ails oe craters 7 5 HUMAN FOODS. 193 XII. HUMAN FOODS. COMPOSITION OF HUMAN FOOD MATERIALS.* (ATWATER.) Ordinary food materials, such as meat, fish, eggs, potas toes, wheat, etc., consist of— Refuse.—As the bones of meat and fish, shells of shellfish, skin of potatoes, bran of wheat, etc. Edible Portion.—As the flesh of meat and fish, the white and yolk of eggs, wheat flour, etc. The edible portion con- sists of water and nutritive ingredients or nutrients. The principal kinds of nutritive ingredients are protein, fats, carbohydrates, and minertl matters. The water, refuse, and salt of salted meat and fish are called non-nutrients. In comparing the values of different food materials for nourishment they are left out of account. Classes of Nutrients.—The following are familiar examples of compounds of the four principal classes of nutrients. ( Albuminoids, e.g., albumen (white of eggs); casein (curd) of milk; myosin, : | the basis of muscle (lean meat); | Proteids.4 gluten of wheat, etc. | Gelatinoids, e.g., collagen of tendons; | ossein of bones; which yield gelatin PROTEIN. [OL gilue; ete; | Meats and fish contain very small quantities of so-called ‘‘extractives.” They include kreatin | and allied compounds, and are the chief ingre- dients of beef-tea and meat-extract. They | contain nitrogen, and hence are commonly | classed with protein. Fats, e.g., fat of meat; fat (butter) of milk; olive-oil; oil of corn, wheat, etc. Carbohydrates, e.g., sugar, starch, cellulose (woody fiber), etc. Mineral matters, e.g., phosphate of lime, sodium chlorid (com- mon salt), etc. * Extracts from ** Foods, Nutritive Va‘'ue and Cost ” (Farmers’ Bulletin No. 23), and “‘ Food and Diet’’ (U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Year Book, 1894). See also Farmers’ Bull. No. 142, and-Circ. No. 49, Rev., Office of Exp, Stations. 194 AGRICULTURE, The Fuel Value of Food.—Heat and muscular power are forms of force or energy. The energy is developed as the food is consumed in the body. It is measured in the laboratory by means of an apparatus called the calorimeter. The unit commonly used is the calorie, the amount of heat which would raise the temperature of a pound of water 4° F. Instead of this unit, some unit of mechanical energy may be used, e.g., the foot-ton, which represents the force re- quired to raise 1 ton 1 foot. One calorie is equal to very nearly 1.53 foot-tons. The following general estimate has been made for the average amount of potential energy in 1 pound of each of the classes of nutrients: Calories. In: i;pound.of protein oj. 6 sdisje hea. oo sehen In. apound Of fats oy Se aoe cee ee ee In 1 pound of carbohydrates............... 1,814 In other words, when we compare the nutrients in re- spect to their fuel values, their capacities for yielding heat and mechanical power, a pound of protein of lean meat or albumen of egg is just about equivalent to a pound of sugar or starch, and a little over two pounds of either would be required to equal a pound of the fat of meat or butter or the body fat. Ways in which Food is Used in the Body.—¥ood supplies the wants of the body in several ways. It either— Is used to form the tissues and fluids of the body; Is used to repair the wastes of tissues; Is stored in the body for future consumption; Is consumed as fuel, its potential energy being trans- formed into heat or muscular energy, or other forms of energy required by the body; or, In being consumed protects tissues or other food from consumption. Uses of the Different Classes of Nutrients.—Protein forms tissue (muscle, tendon, etc., and fat) and serves as fuel. Fats form fatty tissue (not muscle, etc.) and serve as fuel. Carbohydrates are transformed into fat and serve as fuel. S HUMAN FOODS, 195 All nutrients yield energy in form of heat and muscular strength. In being themselves burned to yield energy the nutrients protect each other from being consumed. The, protein and fats of body tissue are used like those of food. An impor- tant use of the carbohydrates and fats is to protect protein (muscle, etc.) from consumption. Definition of Food and Food Economy.—The views thus presented lead to the following definitions: (1) Food is that which, taken into the body, builds tissues or yields energy; (2) the most healthful food is that which is best fitted to the wants of the user; (3) the cheapest food is that which furnishes the largest amount of nutriment at the least cost; (4) the best food is that which is both most healthful and cheapest. We have, then, to consider the kinds and amounts of nutrients in different food materials, their digestibility, and the kinds and amounts needed for nourishment by people doing different kinds of work. In general, the animal foods have the most of protein and fats, while the vegetable foods are rich in the carbo- hydrates, starch, and sugar. The lean meats and fish abound in protein. Cheese has so large a quantity of protein because it contains the casein of the milk. Among the vegetable foods, beans and peas have a high proportion of protein. The proportion in oatmeal is also large. In wheat it is moderate, and in corn meal it is rather small. The materials with, the highest fuel value are those with the most fat, because the fuel value of the fat is, weight for weight, two and one-fourth times as great as that of either sugar, starch, or protein. Hence fat pork and butter lead the other materials in fuel value. The fat meats in general stand high in this respect. So also dothe grains, flour, and meal, as they have large quantities of carbo- hydrates. Potatoes are quite low in the list in respect to fuel value as well as protein, principally because they are three-fourths water. For the same reason, milk, which is seven-eighths water, ranks low in respect to both protein and fuel value. 196 AGRICULTURE. Dietaries and Dietary Standards.--As the outcome of a great deal of observation and experiment, nearly all in Europe, standards have been proposed for the amounts of nutrients and energy in the daily food required by different classes of people. Those of Prof. Voit, of Munich, Germany, are most commonly accepted by specialists in Europe. Voit’s standard for a laboring man at moderately hard muscular work calls for about 0.25 pound of protein and quantities of carbohydrates and fats sufficient, with the protein, to yield 3050 calories of energy. ‘Taking into account the more active life in the United States, and the fact that well nourished people of the working classes here eat more and do more work than in Europe, and in the belief that ample nourishment is necessary for doing the most and the best work, I have ventured to suggest a standard with 0,28 pound of protein and 3500 calories of energy for the man at moderate muscular work. (For list of dietary standards, see p. 203; also Farmers’ Bull., No. 142, P- 35-) Calculation of Datly Dietartes.—Due regard for health, strength, and purse requires that food shall supply enough protein to build tissue and enough fats and carbohydrates for fuel, and that it shall not be needlessly expensive. On the basis of the standards for dietaries given on page 175, various combinations of food materials for daily dietaries may be made by calculations from the table, showing percentages of nutrients, etc., in food materials (p. 169). Thus if a dietary for a man at moderately hard muscular work is to be made up of round beefsteak, butter, potatoes, and bread, it may be calculated as follows: Protein. Calories. : Pounds Round steak:....2-- 1 pound contains......... .18 855 BMtten: 32. ).ta» 2 cate 7! I pound contains......... OI 3,615 FOtalLOeSr nae steele. 1 pound comtains......... .019 325 Wiheat- bread ®t.) ..42. ‘Y pound-contains:. ...< 45: .088 I,280 Round'steak...:2.-3..: 13 OUNCES CONTA sa. cic - c.clere ‘14 695 Buttterss. toes toaent 3 ounces contain.......... ec 680 Potatoes....... os vode 6 ounces contain... .. a a eS % % LEGGHS ISTE GS a ee oa ee 20.0 |49.6]30. 4|15.6|14.0]...... 0.8 Showlder:.;....<... eine reir 12.6 |55.8|31.6/17.0|13.7|.....- 0.9 @huckrib-.-.... 586 6 Gog ,caos 14.6 |49.5|35.9|15.0/20.1|...... 0.8 RELI orto cis sin sic,ni sieve a aa'n sh Gaeee 21.0 |38.2,40.8|12.2/27.9].....- 0.7 iels sisietale TS ek |50.0| 56 23]/15 005.0) \orren) ore 0.7 PEM eae use ag ais~ sie ietelsielee 15.8 |41.5|42.7|12.6|29.5|... «- 0.6 Side, without kidney fat..| 17.3 |44.2|38.5|15.0|23.7|..---- 0.8 Pork: Shoulder roast, fresh........ 14.6 |43.0|42.4|13.6|28.0]...... 0.8 Ham, salted, smoked ....... ED-4 |36-9|52.8|14-8)34..6)- 35.5 2.4 NSIDTOICE MER ehiecine cee Seca. prahs ate ome 38 2 [44.617 2|15.1| 1.2]...... 0.9 Turkey .....-...-.0. eee cee eee cone 32.4 '44.7|\22.9|16.1| 5-0|-.-.5- 0.9 Eggs, in See Se 6 eR aia 13-7 163.1 23.2|12.1|10.2|.....- 0.9 Fish, etc.: Flounder, whole........| 66.8 !27.2| 6.0} 5.2] 0.3] ..... 0.5 Bluefish, dressed........ 48.6 |43-o|rr.1| 9.8] 0.6]...... 0.7 Codfish, dressed .. .... 29.9 |58.5|11.6|10.6| 0.2|.-.... 0.8 Shad, whole........ - Sa HUMAN FOODS, 199 PERCENTAGES OF NUTRIENTS, ETC., IN FOOD MATERIALS.—Coxtinued. Edible Portion. Nutrients. Food Materials. : ; = c . cae oF an fae Oe a5 | 52 = i/o | 2 |8|eb| ga | ie Seal Animal Foods, Edible Portion. % % % % % % Mutton: Side, without kidney fat..| 53-5 | 46-5 | 16.9 |28.7]...... 0.9 Pork® Shoulder roast, fresh.:...... 50.3 1/49-7 | 16.0 132:8).....- 0.9 Ham, salted, smoked........| 41-5 | 58-5 | 16.7 |39.1]...... 2.7 Par rsalted 2 1.c.cenccnnee| T22t) 87-9 | 0.9) 182.8) 35... 4.2 See TEN IACIIG S| oc vc:s< sert'sdeecieee 41.2 | 58.8 | 13.8 |42.8 2.2 Be QUSPNE Fa a oi eoeee--| 62-4 | 37-6 | 18.8 |15.8)...... 30 Chicken 2a ee Sa he Pete ae 72.2 ° 27.8 | 24.4 | 20 Be} ay! Durkey.,.°.; ee Sauer aan momen 66.2 | 33.8 | 23-9 | 8-7 +-| 1.2 cat, 5 Sie ee aol eee SOp za Ta. (AGs5) 7s <. °.8 IVI Tre de tc cyoics ss oie cei So SORE bat 87-0 ||43-07| 3-6 | 4.0] 4.7 | 017 Ete eon Asie se> < Seca nanmaasne -| 10-5 | 89.0] 1.0 185.0) 0.5 | 3.0 Oleomargarine...... ae wid eerie 110 | 89 5| 0.6 [85.0] 0.4] 3.0 Cheese: Full-cream....... Fiscal 8052) Od. Si |28ogn 35.51) 198 4 4c2 Sican-millcu.: ...2 52. Sitige) eee 7a5e-7:1. 38.4 )'6 8)" 8.9 | 4.6 Fish: Flounder..... eee eal Ose aetSe On| ta On [HOU aio. 13 PATEL ea ee tae ec aciecclce Sita ial fe uistast | | oteiarend Iron aia aes Thay Gocitishece tes ee coe) Oe eg. 4a|) We S| 'O-4 1.2 Si i eae eee | 70.6 | 29.4 | 18.6] 95 1.3 MCR ET ON oon: wan ntsc siacen| Jos) 20-6 )) 18.2). 7.2) -20- r.3 | SN ONC aS See ce ees Ree arse eae ter loesei oe ole. « « Pat Salmons sce + < : P|) 6360 In so.4 | er 6.1304 Ted SAE eGYs bans Sep eReCCO aes Ia Hee Ba fs --e- | 2h.4 |G-3 1 6 Hermie, Salt; 2 sos. Se A | 34-6 -- | 36.4 [15.8 15 Mackerelssalticso:. acs ..ca2.0s goa minees salietge Se 120 valle. er 26 PROV SCCES: cece) aacas Saseteec HS 7 ore 12.9. |): 6.07 || t-2|| Si7 0) 2:0 Vegetable Foods. Wheat flour.. nee eee een SuleG 7 Sulp ir .O: |r onl7 4). Galt Oss alam flour (wheat).. Pieces pees Ser cO- ON Ela 7. thE 9) Fiala ko ee HOwr owsecce aks eadteak epee eee S659 | Giz" | O-8|-78s7° |. 0:7 BMeKWMEALHIOUL. & = scictsenc sae s.csc se CO eosSa4 le (Oro) | £.4) a7 00k 1.0 WMatmedliw. csc ora ce entree es seein 7 OmleO2-4. | ro. a -|--7.0| 6.2.1) = 2-0 Daan eo skcr ses ce cies!) 25-0 | 6560 | G.2''| 3.8] 70.6 | “E-4 HCOMEN Sales cisisie acinela'cie ele aieeies So es NE? 4a S70 7.4 | 041 79-4] 0.4 ete enna eco cen iesa | O77 [20-7 | 1.7) 56.4 29 BEANS. 1-5 «6 eH acienion coment en (eke On| cO724= Wee 3ar, | 220] Sov2le sien Potatoess oc asics PCO C EOI OOTTC) bat? {cde Tan (pica ae 2.1 || 0.1] 17.9 1.0 SIWECEIDOLALOCS |. ea viccesinssicces Sasi) 7i-k | 20.0 m5) 1014) 20-0) |) aeceo WPUGHIPS <<. < cao. oes SS TI SAP CIES | Haake ee ed fas CoA) T.2 | O72) (a2 1.0 MEATTOUS cases cin ciciss lemcece Seer eSoron|errs4) | 1-1. | O24 "Szgi| a0 MODLOIIS cere heaves cievaiaisie siaiwerse/se fee S7mOn re: Ae |e Pe4h |, O23) £O. Tala O70 2) ics ee eed or 87.2 | 12.8 | 2.2] 0.4] 9.4] 0.8 Green pedas.... ... eee one 2-0 |e 44% | 0-0) KO-On |) word) GrECIMCOGIeee. dacce eee eee nee SE6s i Loe7e| | 2eO sl Ear 03.251) [0.6 SOM ACQES octosicisers io sinele «i aiaia bite Average of 14 mechanics’ ‘families in Conn., Nedeokenn. andeind | Average of rz negro families i in Ala.¢ Average of 5 Irench-Canadian families in Chicag «. SOLU N Es RES op ete ey Average of 14 professional men’s families in Conn , Pi Ind., and Ill Siac aete Average of rf families of Russian Jews in Chicago, IN eee ee eres SEM EO Re Av. of 4 Italian families i in Chicago. Ill. age Averaze of 11 poor families in N. ¥. Gity; Av. otf 12 laborers’ tamilies in N. Y. City Average of 8 Bohemian families in Chi- cavo, Ill.t RCO ae ite Average of 2 laborers’ families in Pitts burs Pa. Nery poor . * Average of o studies. | Cost, Cents. 19 TT Protein, Grams. 95 Carbo- Grams. Fuel Val- hydrates, 308 | o a ue. Calo- ries. 4045 3690 3515 3465 3375 3365 3325 3095 3060 2915 2905 2855 2485 t+ Average of 5 studies. ¢ Food purchased; in the other averages the food actually eaten is given, 204 AGRICULTURE. DIAGRAMS OF CUTS OF MEAT. Sirloin Porterhouse RumP\ 50 ibs. 60 Ibs. ‘| at 20 cts. K RR WG WAN AACS SN ; oh : yg Prime of Rib» Ribs Plate ~ 80 lbs, Ss \ se L&ects. . wv Ny \ AY fan hi Z Wh ae uo A : was Wy 4 Mey Diagram I. A Good Steer'’s Carcass, as Cut Up and Priced in the Eastern Market. A good 1200-pound steer will dress about 800 pounds of beef cut up as above—715 pounds salable cuts, with 85 pounds of fat, bone, and waste. The diagram illustrates what the breeder and feeder should aim to produce in the conformation of the beef- and mutton-producing animal, so that the highest possible per- centage of the carcass will be cuts of the high-priced class, thereby giving the best possible return for food consumed. (McKERROW.) The methods of dividing up the carcasses of slaughtered animals into parts, and the terms used for the ‘‘cuts,” as these parts are commonly called, vary considerably in dif- ferent localities. The accompanying diagrams will make clear the terms used in the table Composition of Human Foods (pp. 197-199). HUMAN FOODS. IV. Diagram of Cuts of Pork.* ZZ (A * U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. SS 205 206 AGRICULTURE. LIVE WEIGHT AND DRESSED WEIGHT OF STEERS OF DIFFERENT BREEDS AND AGES. (Henry.) (Smithfield Show, 1888-95.) Live No. of Aver. | Weighti= =. Breed and Age. Ani- | Avert. | Daily at my essed mals. | AS€- | Gains. |Slaugh-|Weight. tering. Days Lbs Lbs. WFPemnCGs Shorthorn, 1 year olds.. 5 642 2.11 1355 66.1 2 - s : 18 963 1.92 1842 67.5 3 16 1321 1.72 2251 69.4 Hereford, the beh 16 663 1.07 1308 65.1 Ba en oY pie 1020 1.78 1817 67.2 oa te 8 1349 1.64 2218 69.2 Devon, i BS 19 634 1.75 1112 66.0 2 oe ‘ 19 1045 ToS 1583 67-7 3 F 16 1311 1.37 1796 67 3 Aberdeen Angus, 1 ‘“ Oe 26 668 2.04 1366 65.4 ie Mee te 21 1008 1 74 1765 66.7 3 4 2 1346 £250 2138 67 4 Sussex, I 17 677 2.15 1452 65.4 2 sr re 18 989 1.86 1837 68.2 aad ae he 12 1285 1.61 2064 68.0 Red Poll, Bian: = 12 1002 1.64 1631 65.7 ar ese ef 6 1362 1.49 2022 65.8 Galloway, Cie as a 7 1027 1.64 1688 64.5 Cele 4 1344 1.47 1969 | 64.8 PROPORTION OF BEEF TO THE LIVE WEIGHT OF CATTLE, (McConneE t.) Per Cent of Beef. Live Weight, Pounds SS eS Avoirdupois. Class I. | Class II. |Class III Ilerters pense coats --e..| Under 2520 70.72 66.169). |seceameeoe SlGCrscuts Meck De ae *S 2520 69.71 66.69 ieee DECEIS... os eae: Bote wake anes 1680-2100 66.68 63.65 63.66 FIGEIS Hic caoes Semen 1400-1680 66.68 63.65 63.66 Steers. =>... 2. ams tetas rae oS 1400-1680 62.65 60.62 57.62 Hetters:. 5... i4.. 2st tee oe 1260 -1400 62 65 60.62 57-62 Stelrs: s.50>:: Sate Nemec of 1260-1400 57 61 54.59 51.56 PAGIIEDS oo nye. s econ nee 1120-1260 57-61 54-59 51.56 DLEORS. Ls s0 sc! See cae eee 1120-1260 53-50 50.53 48.50 RlGiHEIS sc. 2 ioc ct se nancasting 980-1120 53-56 50.53 48.50 HMetlers <<. 3500. ee eee Under 29800 {| sete «| Aaa 45-47 HUMAN FOODS. R07 COMPARATIVE RESULTS OBTAINED WITH FATTENING ANIMALS, (Lawes anp GIzert.) (a) Per 100 lbs. live weight per week. Received by Animal. Results Produced. Total | Digestible ele ae Dry Increase Dry Organic Feat acd Manure in Live Food. Matter. Wark, Produced.| Weight. Ibs. Ibs, lbs. lbs. Ibs. Oxern > ..- 12.5 8.9 6.86 4.56 seeitia] Selo aeeee 16.0 12.3 9.06 510 1.76 PPV OSE, aielere cies os 27.0 22.0 12.58 ARSE 6.43 (6) In relation to food consumed. peers Live On 100 Ibs. of Dry Food. Weight. Per 100 re oe TOS Consumed Dry Diy lbs. Dry On, Fate for Heat Manure Increase Food. Meee. and Work. | Produced. | Yielded. lbs. Ibs. lbs, lbs. Ibs. ORE Me soy sec. 9.0 12.7 54-9 36.5 6.2 SINCE) OS oaarieeee II.o 14.3 56.6 31-9 8.0 PGS vec? as 23.8 29.2 46.6 16.7 17.6 LIVE WEIGHT AND GAINS MADE BY SWINE. (HENRY AND SANBORN.) Per 1oo Lbs. Live ? No. of ; i Feed Weight. Live wan. eS Feed pay per Lb. Weight. | mals. |Weight.| Eaten. | Made. of Gain. Feed Gain Eaten. Made. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs Lbs. Under so 59 B77, Peek +701 3-30 6.13 1.86 50-100 gti 75:5 eae -900 3-70 4.41 1.19 | I00—150 119 126.1 4-29 1.029 4-17 3.40 -82 | 150-200 138 176.2 6.45 f.123 Bos 3.66 -64 | 200-250 65 STE 6.89 1.287 535 3.22 -60 250-300 41 266.4 7.64 1.457 5-24 2.87 -55 300-350 12 333.0 |. 6.02 1.352 4-45 1.81 +41 AGRICULTURE. 08 2 BI yore seesee ever ee**SoUlJS9jJUI PUB YOPUIOJS JO S}uUdIUOD 0) A iecammrcmiras romani te) 1810 Ayo ie Hi | ‘6 ** @e ee sees eeeeeeeeeeeeGerers eee . ee eee ee ew ewe s[leaqug Ex |isrrsessereseseerseiees sete ansuoy pu ‘s89] ‘Peat “UIIS ee eee ee + OOS SOF FOR HOse el tesa ee FOO IOS sre roy (3 “AUVAWAS ©*001| O'OOI| O*O00I1| O*OOI}] O'OO1} O*OOI|] O'OOI] O'OOI|] O*OOI; O'OOI} O'OO!I eee OOOOH SOBE Sees BORE HEHHHH + HH woes Be es BION: to 6:0 £*o0 I'o S-o gO €-r g'? Pr I°z 1°? Foose es cc rT gt eo EO QO OR ELOY] 1'zg | gtzZ | 1°ZS | ges | b-6b | E-Sb | E-Eb | Or0g | E-0g | L°SS | HL J°*"°"" Fey Aaupiy pue shouply Surpnyjour ‘s19q1enb snoy Gis. | Zr (ote | gto |e f-2°h foe. [bre ieSee 1 Gre [She ee ee aa eee ee ee. | GE 1 ea ulee | 62 [ee | ee | ee prer | Sex [ore [rstesget tas Sesceeeesers ses sia oIUO 2 INOUN ene ueagaE bo }ear (Str lore | Ee 1 See fee | eer fase foe | Sb. |: oteersoneensonsesssesehses oyrajugl: InOut eee Z°Oo z°o 1 Wax @ | b eal © | Z°o z*o 2°o £:o zo z°o z‘o (ee eeeeee ©0808 . C808 FECT EEH' eee48 ee ee SER ar be fol) > ntacin Verne {en ete z°o zZ‘O £-o £-o £:o0 P'o S+o S‘o S-o COCR COOL COSH OES CHOBSSOEHSHEHTEHS- FHF 2H © ‘useiydeiq L°1 g°z o'l €°r4 fez €-z am A g'tI Er €°r1 Cer se-+ 0 © eeeeoeeseoeoesd 260 e0- ees* 75D prIC-]1e0 pue JIAVT 6°0 ber O'l Oo’! zi Cer Grr PA d 9°90 Lo L‘o 10 cece cccccccccccscoescoe cveseese sodid puIM pue ssun’y £-o So Zo f-o to £-o v°o go c-o So t:o SCC COSHO SEH EESOFT SHSSEBs See eSeSSesSHesees Wises Ge)! to S+o : . z f : 4 S:o 9°0 9:0 OO OOOO OOOOH OOF SOHEEH OHS SOTH SOLE: oe yeTN. pue onsuo e@eee- Ant g°2 z°€ Le £- 9+ gt | Q°% AE A Q°% eC eeeeeees COSC CHOSOSHSEF FESR ESHER EHFH EEE Oe Sega e@eses eovere ze gt o'r Cr gb eroseteoeee cere eel nee wet COCO SCOHSHOOESH OOOH OHHH SOSH HESHS EHHH See + Se a 4} 0) [OOM erecees e200 gt o'r €-+ Lev os seeeeeleecees ree eeeees Se cena eee ecchaecseurdca sae ghtn nna Tae 9 esol ¢ 7 “ . . 6'1 I I 6°! see ee eeesoces sees esse ese8 +e F008 quiol [e1quie 0} s3o S'9 AYE O's £°6 9°6 9° ao pel bg eee. C0 eeee eres 0ee+ soe rene ossees*"Sq JOY pue = g°t €-Z A e ze g°t 6°€ 6°¢ 8° 6°E or Ly -eeecese OS TOE OOO OE I BONS OGL A TOG YETOYES | * o'br |¥orSz |¥org1 |yo'L gover [Yo'Sxr jyorgr [°*ee" ese eeee sees eoesSoUrsajuT PUB GOEMOIS JO SjUs}uO) gorS |yorL |yoror |yorer |% Deen nents nea saassassessaacaascecacaaaceaeaacammmaaacmamman (LUHATIDH GNV SAMVT) ‘INIMS CONV ‘dH GHS ‘HILLVO WO SLUVd SNOINMVA AHL FO SNOILDHOdOUd 209 HUMAN FOODS. a Eee “et e@eeeeeseeeeeeese eereerveceer SH A II A MCR OCH Af 0) O*OOI; O° OOT) O*OOI|] O*OOI! O'OO1] O*OOI1] O'OOI| O*00I| O'OOI}] 0001! Ooo! Te} Ne, bth | 6:09 | o'gh | or FS | z Sg | g°zZ | o°SZ | g:oZ | ESS | b hq | L EL |: corr eeeccccecccccs one 66's ees eve eRe NES Sie aay ete Tey to 9°90 9'° Lo re) I'I €-1 I'l g'0 6'0 ZL HOO HOO OOOOH OOO SOOO EOE OOOH OHH EOOE HEH Hs eee see USV L:6 € ZI Z OL L°11 ¢ +1 r‘'L1 O'9I fe) Li S:t1 S:LZ1 9°61 eee eee ee oe 90ue}sqns a[Osn|AL c:Sr Zz gz z’cr g* ft cS: 61 0°6 L°S €°xz +62 z‘li €-S OOO OCOOEOHOe COOE OEE CoE EOC EEE Ee Seeeeseseeesseoes ey (\LVAW (SYHHOLNG) ‘SSHNO@ LNOHLIM HSATA AO SLUVd OO NI o'or bor o'lz o°'6z 1°¢C€ S:€2 zee o'er o:S€é o'gt “o'ge. 8 RRO See HORSES SOSH SOSH HHH BEEBE EFEOS J S1EIOy, Lezeé Otel 6°1z g'tz 8°92 8°92 b*9z z°ve Ss: lz g' 6z 0'9z SOOT OSH er sees erseneeseseses See ae 08 eee cL EET OTEIAAY €°Z 1's ‘“SHNO@ GNV LVH LNOHLIM SSVOUVO AO HSATH 9*bg Cc: +Z I°S9Q 9° 6S €-¢S b°6r €'oF bz9 g'to 9°gS L: Lr (Oe BOOS SHOE HEE EOE HOES See eeeeenes =“ {EIO, ——_— ———_ | | | —_—__| - — | | | | LL S°z Ler 0'8 8°9 6b TW ore v'% c'+ 6°% €°z% iN anata, athopeie ey co I) 40 ON pue uinjUusMIO UO je yy 6°¢€ 6°r tb gt bz 6°r O'L zz Ge Sz o'z ee ee ee ee ee ee ee er sfoupry uo wy b aA S-o1 S:oz Lor 0°38 e-€ o'Z% os JE PI 6°L o'Z ee OOOOH OOO e ee eeeeeeeeeeese sees eeesens “Yysepy ut ey OG o's zs g:¢ 6°S 9°9 read, £°6 1°Z €-Z p:Z "eee eee eeee eee reese eeeeseee C8 sees eeeeeeers .. Sauog BO'ov |shgh joy Le |yor6z |y1EE |yS EE |ys'EE |Zor€h |fo-St |yo-gE |yorg€ |-° to uees eet ee eee SSUOG) PUY Fey INOUITAR TSO (‘OLA ‘WALNAWO AO LVa ONIGNIONI ‘LHOIGM Gassauu) “SSVOUVOD AO SLNAUNLILSNOD hx Seiler cea |= maslimrer vate tA lah clea? ae aa : | aea@ierh!| - [rk] oe] p o e | re | ae __— “< > _ =} eh _— ae : 9 “OUIMS eos ia *xO ~ Eis > AERTS CIR! 210 ——=— oo og ‘I oL*z 0g°z o6'z ust: oft lor € oS ‘+ o6°€ ob + og'h i ir nanan [e10.L or'o |S1°0 Sz'o |Szo |6z-0 |6z'0 |6z°0 |oS*o |gzo |zE-o |FE‘O [rerseeeseerees* nine o1u0qieo pur ‘ulio[yd ‘prioe d1anj[NS Gis ea er US ide. ac zo'o zo*Oo ZO'O FAeme) zZO'O 10'°O 10°O 10'O ZO'O OOOO ROO OOH Ee Heme eae COREE OOOH OHH eeeerss wee BOIS loo o1'O Z1‘oO €y ro) tro cro Sto Lo'o ZI‘O Cy oO tite ee eee eee he Ved Cat ee ree Se ee O1'o Sr ° €1'o bro Sr1°o gt‘o g1‘o \6z°0 bi fe} g1'o gio ie hte ein ak ge ee OOO CR LOSE ROC DON O.o 4 EB) €o0'0 Sc'o to'o boo to'o too Soo go'o So'o go o goo ee eens eee. ceeeeees ied eiabedkd hag tne COC OOM Se yuleste pa Ll:o Cicer C1r’L 61°r 1€°T CE-1 or:'1 C6'1 FL: 96 I VIS OO CHOSE H SHEESH ESOS HEHE SHORES SHH SHH eee awry] €L:o Ol‘! 60°I €1'r Corl 6z°1 er bol gS'1 gl I ZO'L se eee reer eres ees C8280 Suess See ee DIS d110ydsoyud “IVWINV HAIT AO SLUVd OO! NI SHHLLVW IVYANIN ©°001] 0o*001| 0*001| 0*001| o'co1] O*'001| O:o01}] O'001| 0001] O'O0T] O'CO1|**** tt F8 es sttt tees sees tees oe ebm rg yp (OTS 6°f+F 6°ZS E-cp 6:°0S 6°9S z‘to S-Lo g'to S-6P o°'6S z 99 ee eo ee ee ee i ae ee 13}eM 6°. 6-z re ec gt ova? o'r gb a zs 6's eee ee ee eee eee ee ee eo ry SY, @¢11 o SI Ziel 6'£1 o'9l bp Lr € gt 5, gt 9 cr (<: QI z‘6L ee ee ee ee) ARP Se Oesicin 989s 8 STG ries Csr z‘be pit 6-1¢€ €-1z S-S1 Z‘Ol I'v S-of ¢ Li LZ 8 ee ee ee ce i a rs Wey ‘SHNILSALNI GNV | HOVWOLS HO SLNHLNOO SSHUT ANVS AHL ©'001] 0'001| 0'001| ot 001}" 0*001] O:o001| O:001] O OaI|] O'oOOI| O' C01] O COT|** 79°87 887 FATT ABET tees Sete eeeeeee core ce oes [e10L o's ol Or Sr | O°OL.|so-2 O°zr | O'S1 | O-gr | "ser eeeeeeseeeee* se *S5uTIsaZUL PUB YOBUIOJS JO SJUS}UO o'zr 6°€S fom ote gtr LoS £ €¢ g'9S 1°09 oa Zz os E-bs ie ary iis ASTRA gt L:z grz 6'z ze ee $c Ch 6°¢ beb 8 p seer eee weer enseeee Ves eeeemes ta Cane REN NS SRN ey O’lIl 6°€1 O'OL Z°Zl roe 8 FI $C. € S1 Z°€1 o°Sr g°S1 se OOH Pertwee HEH Coes He eee see eeeseesseusees ulow1g zor YS Zz ge Le BL°Qe Ze 'Qt Ye €1 49 8 1 C1 %3 "Qe %6 FI 41 ZL re ee ae PAs | ‘STVWINV FZAIT AO NOILISOdWOD mo) ste met et a oe al esl es | ASP oe | eo te ee eo a ee a pe ee ae a | a2] Be) oe FICS eA *IUIMG ‘daays xO | ‘penurqwoJ— NIMS GONV ‘dHOHS ‘WILLVYO AO SLUVd SQAOINVA AHL AO SNOILHOdOUd _— PART Il. DAIRYING. I. DAIRY COWS, ON THE ORIGIN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DIFFERENT BREEDS OF DAIRY CATTLE. I. JERSEY CATTLE. The origin of the Jersey cattle, like many of our other improved breeds of live-stock, is not known with cer- tainty. Lhe theory is that they descend from cattle brought from the Scandinavian countries to Normand) France, during the tenth century or before, whencc the y were introduced into the Island of Jersey, off the French coast. The breed has been kept pure on this Little island for a longer period than any oth:r English breeds, as a result of the enactment in 1789 of a law forbidding im- portations of foreign cattle into the island. According to Flint, Jerseys were first imported into this country about 1838, but heavy importations did not begin until after 1850. The following is a description of typical Jersey cows: Head fine and tapering; cheek small; throat clean; the muzzle fine and encircled with a slight stripe; the nostril high and open; the horns smooth, crumpled, not very thick at the base, tapering, and tipped with black; ears small and thin, deep orange color inside; eyes full and placid; neck straight and fine; chest broad and deep; bar- rel hooped, broad and deep, well ribbed up; back straight from the withers to the hip, and from the top of the hip to the setting on of the tail; tail fine, at right angles with the back, and hanging down to the hocl.s; skin thin, light color, and mellow, covered with fine soft hair; forelegs short, straight and fine below the knee, arm swelling and full above; hind quarters long and well filled; hind legs 212 DAIRYING. short and straight below the hocks, with bones rather fine, squarely placed, and not too close together; hoofs small; udder full in size, in line with the belly, extending well up behind; teats of medium size, squarely placed and wide apart, milk veins very prominent; color is generally cream, dun, or yellow, with more or less white. The Jerseys are generally considered a butter-producing breed, and justly so. The milk produced isasarule richer in fat and solids than that of any other breed, but the quantity yielded, on the other hand, is apt to be lower. Milk from good Jersey cows often contains over six per cent of fat, the average being about five per cent. Produc- tion of rich milk has been the primary aim of Jersey breeders; in 1881 the secretary of the American Jersey Cattle Club wrote: ‘‘ The sole office of the Jersey cow is to produce the largest possible amount of rich, highly colored cream from a given amount of food. Everything else in connection with the breeding of the race is, or should be, incidental.’’ The highest yields of butter-fat or butter, in case of Jersey cows as well as other dairy breeds, are not, how- ever, apt to come from cows producing exceptionally rich milk, but rather from such producing an exceptionally large quantity of good milk; generally speaking, an ex- traordinarily high fat-content is accompanied by a small milk yield. Typical Jerseys generally have a high-strung, nervous temperament, and in order to do their best must receive good care; they cannot be abused as to feed or treatment without injury; for this reason they will only prove a suc- cess in the hands of intelligent feeders who care for and take an interest in their stock. The dairy type predomi- nates, viz.: a wedge-shaped, deep-chested body, with good digestive organs, large full udders, well-developed milk-veins, and a soft, mellow skin. The cows are gentle and docile, while the bulls have the reputation of being hard to handle, and often ugly and dangerous after a couple of years’ service. The maximum yields of milk and butter produced by Jersey cows are given on page 240, the table giving the DAIRY COWS. ei official records. In the breed-tests conducted by the ex- ‘periment stations in Maine, New Jersey, and New York (Geneva), the Jerseys have ranked among the first, but have seldom beenthe foremost. Astheaverage of all tests of dairy breeds up to date, we notice that the Jerseys rank after the Shorthorns and the Guernseys in total yield of fat during a full period of lactation, and after Guernseys in the cost of producing one pound of fat; they rank first as to richness of milk produced. Inthe English milking trials conducted by the British Dairy Farmers’ Association, the Shorthorn cows have generally led the Jerseys in the total quantities of fat produced per day, and other breeds have also, on the average, given better results than these. The Jerseys came out victorious in the breed-tests con- ducted at the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893; they produced more milk, butter-fat, butter, and cheese, and gave a higher net gain than either of the two other breeds competing (Guernsey and Shorthorn); the Guernseys, on the other hand, led as regards the cost of the food con- sumed. Also in the Dairy Cow Demonstration at the La. Pur- chase Exposition in St. Louis, in 1904, the Jersey cows produced more butter-fat, on the average, than either of the other com- peting breeds, and at a lower feed cost per pound (see p. 239). The champion Jersey cow in this demonstration, Loretta D., produced in 120 days 5802.7 lbs. milk; average per cent of fat, 4.82; 280.16 lbs. butter-fat, equivalent to 330 lbs. of butter, and an average daily production of 2.334 lbs. butter-fat. The American Jersey Cattle Club was organized in July, 1868; the Herd Register of the club, the first volume of which was published in 1871, has been issued in seventy-two volumes up to date, including in all 92,000 bulls and 244,000 cows. Register of Merit of Jersey Cattle gives records of all Jersey cows and bulls entered in the Register of Merit, which was established by the club in 1903; the latest volume published is Vol. III, containing entries to Nov. 10, 1913. The present Secretary of the American Jersey Cattle Club is R. M. Gow, No. 324 W. 23d St., New York City. 214 ‘ DAIRYING. II. GUERNSEY CATTLE. By Prof. W. H. CaLpweELt, Peterboro, N. H., Sec’y Am. Guernsey Cattle Club. The Guernsey breed takes its name from the Island of Guernsey, one of the Channel, or sometimes termed Alder- ney, Islands. The origin of the Channel Island cattle, while somewhat involved in controversy, is generally be- lieved to have come from stock originally from the French provinces of Normandy and Brittany, and that the founda- tion for the Guernseys was laid by crossing the Normandy bull on the Brittany cow. It is very interesting to turn to the Island of Guernsey, cut off as it is from the main land by the little strip of sea, and protected on all sides by a rough, rocky coast, and note the characteristics which we find there that have played so important a part in moulding the character of the Guernsey of to-day. There the shrewd, careful, sturdy people have labored many years to produce a cow that should excel in butter production. Their labors have been rewarded in the Guernsey, which is noted the world over for producing butter of the highest natural color and with the least outlay for cost of feed. Fate might have been different with these people but for their insular situation, pride of self-government, habits and customs, which led them to zealously fight invasions, and even as early as 1789 to take measures against the fraud- ulent importation of stock. In 1826 came more stringent laws, that prohibited importation to the island except for slaughter. It thus isolated the islanders and their cows from the cattle kingdom. The striking appearance of the Guernsey is at once seen in its rich yellow skin, which has always been noted as the characteristic of a good butter-cow. Inappearance they are rangy, deep, business-looking& animals, witha particularly quiet, gentle, tractable temperament, free from nervous- ness. The prevailing color is a delicate shade of fawn with white markings, and cream-colored nose; and their most remarkable characteristic of richness is apparent in the DAIRY COWS, B15 golden color around the eye, on the udder and teats at base of horn, and at end of the bone of tail. Until recently Guernseys in America were kept chiefly for family use. They were introduced into private dairies around Philadelphia as early as 1840, and since that time no other breeds have been permitted to replace them. The gentlemen who first introduced Guernseys had no motive to advertise them. They esteemed their golden-colored products so highly that they were kept for the supplying of families with the best milk and butter that could be pro- duced. About 1865 a few Guernseys were introduced by the importers, which laid the foundation of some of our herds of to-day. A few years later the Massachusetts So- ciety for the Promotion of Agriculture, realizing the great promise of the breed, imported some and distributed them at a public sale to dairymen in the State. A few years later a number of Connecticut farmers joined together and sent a man to the island to bring overalot. It soon became obvious to these gentlemen that some organization was necessary to preserve the purity of these cattle and to encourage their recognition. Accordingly on February 7. 1877, the American Guernsey Cattle Club was organized in New York City. At that time there were about one hun- dred and fifty pure-bred Guernseys in the country, whose pedigrees could be traced without question to importation fzom the island. At present there are about 60,000 animals in the Register. In the last few years—in fact since the World’s Fair Dairy tests in 1893, and the work at the New York and New Jersey Experiment Stations—great interest has been taken in the Guernseys. More entries and trans- fers have been recorded, and more members have joined the Club than at any similar period in its history. The public are just realizing the straightforward work that has been quietly done for the last quarter of a century, and find in a study of it that there are many valuable records to the credit of the breed. These are all the more valuable as the Guernsey has not been forced for high records, but haye honestly won their way. The best records reported of Guernseys are those of Lily 216 DAIRYING. of Alexandre, No. 1059, and Imp. Bretonne, No. 3660. Lily of Alexandre gave 12,855} pounds of milk in one year; and two months before calving tested 7.2 per cent of butter-fat. Bretonne gave in the year ending October 20, 1894, I1,21g pounds of milk. Her milk was tested carefully once a month by taking a composite sample of eight consecutive milkings. The lowest test was 5.2 per cent and highest 6. per cent butter-fat. Her milk yielded 602,8j, pounds of butter-fat, or equivalent to 753,5, pounds of butter con- taining 80 ver cent butter-fat. She is a large, well-built ~ow, and weighed at the close of her year’s work 1150 pounds. In addition the cow Fantine 2d, No. 3730, owned by Mr. Chas. Solveson of Nashotah, Wis., gave in one year, besides dropping a fine calf and being dry four weeks, 9748 pounds of milk, the lowest test being 5 and the highest 5.6 per cent butter-fat, which would yield a year’s record of 516.6 pounds butter fat or 602 pounds of butter. Mr. Ezra Michener of Carversville, Pa., owns the cow King’s Myra, No. 5339, who has just completed the year’s test under the direction of the Guernsey Breeders’ Association and received their first prize. She is four years old, and gave in the year 8611 pounds of milk, which yielded 539 pounds of butter. Nearly a hundred cows have been re- ported that have made a record of 14 pounds or over of butter a week, and several that have made exceedingly fine single-day tests, as one cow, Pretty Dairymaid 2d of Guernsey, No. 6366, who in an official test gave in three consecutive days 61 pounds 2 ounces, 62 pounds 12 ounces, and 52 pounds and g ounces of milk, a total of 176 pounds 7 ounces. Their ability to produce butter-fat and butter at a low cost demands the careful attention of the dairymen. At the New York Experiment Station several of the dairy breeds are being carefully tested. The annual report of the director, which was recently issued, gives the result of the first two periods of lactation. In both instances the Guern« seys produced butter-fat at the least cost, as the following shows: DAIRY COWS. DLT Their ability to produce butter-fat and butter at a low cost de- mands the careful attention of the dairyman, Atthe N, Y.(Geneva) and N. J. Exp. Stations several of the dairy breeds have been carefully tested. In both instances the Guernseys produced but- ter-fat at the least cost, and the same result was obtained in the World’s Fair test, 1S9r, as the following shows: COST OF BUTTER-FAT PER POUND, CENTS, N. Y. (Geneva.) ; : World’ Breed. Lactation Period. New Jersey.* ee First. Second. (GMEEUSEY. neces cess 50 18.4 15.6 T5-3 reo SETSEVecteis = 0 - 26.3 26.4 22.4 aatate MOVE NAST EE ol oc syicisicsi eine © 23.0 19.0 ate Am. Holderness.... .. 26.3 22.8 * Cost of butter per pound. This shows the Guernseys to be the most economical producers of butter; and such golden-yellow butter, too! The American dairyman, in his endeavor to improve his own herd and collectively to improve the herds of his sec- tion, naturally takes a great deal of interest in the grade dairy cow. In the progressive dairy sections the influence which pure-bred bulls exert is readily acknowledged. They intensify the good qualities of the breed to which they belong, and make such a section a desirable place for the seeking of good family and profitable dairy cows. The value of the Guernsey bull in effecting this improvement has been well understood for many years, and especially is it realized to-day in the desire to secure in the dairy cattle of America greater physical strength and more profitable butter production without reducing size or sacrificing rich- ness of milk production. Mr. Lewis F. Allen, in his writings several years ago, spoke especially of his experience with the Guernsey for grading. He said his experience was good, large-sized animals, free and persistent milkers, and 218 DAIRYING. the making of the first quality butter for private family o1 hotel use. He believed that on a whole the Guernseys were more Satisfactory for the dairy than any which in his forty years’ experience he had ever had. His cows had good square udders, well set front and behind, teats of good size and easy to grasp. The Herd Register is published by the American Guern- sey Cattle Club, whose headquarters are at Peterboro, N. H. The breeders of Guernseys have always been harmoni- ous in letting their favorites win their way by their own straightforward efforts in the dairy. By addressing the Secretary of the Club at Peterboro, N. H., further informa- tion will cheerfully be furnished. III. HoOLsTeIn-FRIESIAN CATTLE. By Matcoitm H. GarpNER, Delavan, Wis., Supt. Advanced Registry Holstein-Friesian Association of America. The cattle known in America as Holstein-Friesians belong to the shorthorn, low-land race, native to the fertile lands of Europe bordering on the North Sea; of which race, from the dairy stand- point, the Holstein-Friesian family is the most highly developed. These cattle might have been better named Friesian, since I'riesland, and the neighboring provinces of Holland, is the central home from which this breed of cattle has been so widely disseminated over the Gld World, and from which some 10,000 head of foundation stock has been brought to America. The Friesian people are among the most conservative of the Ger- manic race; still holding to and speaking among themselves the old Friesian language, although also able to speak Dutch, the official language of Holland. They have been equally conserva- tive in holding to their ancient industry of cattle-rearing, an occupation for which their low-lying lands are especially fitted; and as Tacitus speaks of them nearly 1900 years ago as cattle breeders, paying a tribute in cattle and hides to the Roman Empire, so we find them to-day making dairy husbandry their main industry. Holding mainly to one occupation down through the centuries, and passing the business from father to son, it would be strange indeed if their breed of cattle did not reach a very high degree of development; so it is in no way surprising that we should find these Friesian dairymen possessed of a breed DAIRY COWS. 219 of cattle which, as an all-around dairy breed, is superior to any other breed known. While the Holstein-Friesians are essentially a dairy breed and are so regarded in America, yet as an all-around dairy breed the matter of beef and veal must not be lost sight of, and in Holland these*are very important points. There few cattle are allowed to pass their seventh year; but before they pass out of their prime they are fattened and sold as beef. Prof. I. P. Roberts in speaking of Holstein-Friesian beef said: “I ate it for three weeks, and the English beef for two; and while not so fat as the short-horn, it was to my taste superior.’? The breed reaches full growth and maturity at about five years of age; reach- ing full height at between two and one-half and three years of age, and each year for the two following years adding about one and three-fourth inches in length, three-fourths of an inch in width of hips, and two inches in girth of chest. Mr. S. Hoxie, former Supt. of H.-F. Advanced Registry, states that the average measurements of cows upwards of five years of age received to entry in the fourth volume of the Advanced Register were as follows: ‘‘Height at shoulders, 51.8 inches; height at hips, 53 inches; length of body, 64.9 inches; length of rump, 21.4 inches; width of hips, 21.9 inches; width at thurl, 19.6 inches; girth at smallest circumference of chest, 75.6 inches.’”? The average weight of these cows was 1262 lbs., and the average measure- ments are those of what might be deemed a typical animal of what is technically known as the milk-and-flesh form of the breed, the form most popular in America. The first association of breeders of these cattle in this country was formed in 1871, the first herd-book being published the following year. ‘The present Holstein-Friesian Association was formed in 1885 by the union of two earlier associations, and is now the largest association of breeders of pure-bred dairy cattle in America. How many H.-F. cattle there are now living is unknown; but since the juncture of the two old associations in 1885, over 180,000 females and 96,000 males have been recorded. The H.-F. Advanced Regizler, based for entry upon individual merit, was established in 1885; 23 volumes having been pub- lished, containing entries of over 18,500 cows and 1300 bulls. The age of any female is computed as that at the time of last calving 220 DAIRYING. or aborting, and the requirements for entry vary with the age, being not less than 7.2 lbs. butter-fat in seven consecutive days for a heifer calving at just two years of age or younger, and in- creasing proportionately to not less than 12 Ibs. butter-fat for a cow calving at five years old or older; there being no increased requirements for increased age after a cow reaches the age of five years. Only bulls having four or more daughters which have been entered in the Advanced Register on official records of butter-fat are accepted for entry. The rules for the entry of cows in the H.-F. Advanced Register are very stringent, being designed to place every H.-F. record beyond even a shadow of doubt. Every milking during the period of test is watched, weighed, sampled, and tested by a representative of a State Agricultural College; and thus, because of resulting expense, the bulk of its records are for short periods, mainly for one week. It will be readily admitted that 18 Ibs. of butter-fat will make 21 lbs. of the best of butter, or an average of three pounds butter per day when 18 lbs. of fat is produced in seven consecutive days, and that very few cows other than Holstein-Friesian have ever under strict rules produced such an amount. ‘The records of the H.-F. Advanced Register show that 224 H.-F. cows have produced officially in excess of 18 lbs. butter-fat; of which 82 cows have produced between 18 and 19 lbs.; 64 cows, between 19 and 20 lbs.; 46 cows, between 20 and 21 lbs.; 15 cows, between 21 and 22 lbs.; 8 cows, between 22 and 23 lhs.; 6 cows, between 23 and 24 lbs.; 1 cow, between 24 and 25 lbs.; 1 cow, between 25 and 26 lbs.; and 1 cow, over 27 lbs. It must be remembered that while many of these records were made by cows much under five years of age, there were a large number of records made by two and three-year-old heifers, which were, considering age, proportionately as large, yet fell short of the 18-Ib. limit required for this list. As to the per cent of fat in average H.-F. milk, 1545 cows and heifers of all ages entered in the 17th volume of the H.-F. Advanced Register, of which more than one-half were heifers, produced in seven consecutive days an average of 376.7 lbs. milk, containing 12.75 lbs. butter-fat, showing an average of 3.39 per cent fat. There were 71 cows and heifers producing over 18 lbs. butter-fat; and these cows averaged 540.9 lbs. milk, DAIRY COWS. 221 containing 19.758 lbs. butter-fat, showing an average of 3.65 per cent fat. Eighty-three H.-F. cows and heifers have made 30-day official records exceeding 72 lbs. butter-fat, of which 24 made from 72 to 76 lbs.; 27, from 76 to 80 lbs.; 18, from 80 to 85 lbs.; 6, from 85 to go lbs.; 6, from go to 100 lbs.; 1, from t00 to 110 lbs.; and 1 made over IIo lbs. of butter-fat. A few H.-F. cows have been officially tested for longer periods; and one cow produced in roo days over 284 lbs. fat, while a heifer under three years of age produced over 227 lbs. in the same*length of time. At the World’s Fair at St. Louis, where three Missouri H.-F. breeders pitted their individual herd against the pick of the Jersey world, one H.-F. cow produced over 282 Ibs. fat in 120 days, surpassing the foremost Jersey by over two pounds; and since then a H.-F. cow has produced officially over 316 lbs. fat in the same time. One H.-F. cow has produced over 453 lbs. fat in 1824 days, while another produced over 721 lbs. fat in one year. This last was owned by the Michigan Agl. . College. Prof. Oscar Erf, Kansas Agl. College, writes that one of their H.-F. cows has produced nearly 16,000 lbs. of milk in one year, testing from 3.2 to 3.7 per cent fat, and that at the end of the year she was still giving from 25 to 30 lbs. milk per day; while Prof. A. L. Haecker, Nebraska Ag]. College, states that a heifer calving at just past three years has given in 39 weeks 15,063.9 Ibs. milk, containing 492.05 lbs. butter fat, and that she was still giving 45 lbs. milk per day, with 13 weeks before her in which to complete the year’s record. A heifer, calving at just past three years of age, in semi-official test under the rules of the Wisconsin Exp. Station, produced in one year, 13,213.6 lbs. milk containing 584.080 lbs. butter-fat. Many H.-F. cows have made very large private records; but it is not the practice of the H.-F. Association to report private records. It has been asserted by some persons illy posted as to the facts, that while H.-F. cows did yield large quantities of milk, the milk was below standard in quality. Ten gallons of milk per day, by weight 84 lbs., might be considered more than any cow could ever produce; yet under the strictest official test 4o H.-F. cows have yielded in excess of 588 lbs. in a period of seven consecutive days. ‘This herd of 40 cows, of which some were not of full age, produced in a period of seven consecutive days 25,032.2 lbs. milk, containing 821.497 lbs. butter-fat; thus showing an average B22 DAIRYING. of 3.28 per cent fat. The average for each cow was 625.8 lbs. milk, containing 20.537 lbs. butter-fat, equivalent to 89.4 lbs. milk (over 104 gallons) per day, and nearly 24 lbs. of commercial butter per week. After such proofs of large production of both butter-fat and of milk, and showing that even in the largest yields of almost incredible amounts of milk the content of butter- fat was ro per cent in excess of the usual legal requirements, further comment would seem unnecessary. Owners and breeders of Holstein-Friesian cattle base their claims for the superiority of this breed over all other dairy breeds mainly on the following points: First, that the Holstein-Friesian is a large, strong, vigorous cow, full of energy and abounding in vitality; second, that her physical organization and digestive capacity are such that she is able to turn to the best advantage the roughage of the farm, converting the same into merchantable products; third, that she yields large quantities of most excellent milk, fit for any and all uses, and especially well fitted for shipping purposes; fourth, that heredity is so firmly established through her long lineage that she is able to perpetuate herself through the production of strong, healthy calves; and fifth, that, when for any reason her usefulness in the dairy is at an end, she fattens readily and makes excellent beef. TV. AYRSHIRES. By C. M. Winstow, Brandon, Vt., Secretary Association of Ayrshire Breeders. The original home of the Ayrshire cow is in Scotland, in the county of Ayr. This county has always been noted for its dairy industry and the thrift of its inhabitants. The soilis strong, giving good pasturing and abundant crops, the climate is rough, and people and cattle hardy. The Ayrshires began to attract the attention of dairymen jn other parts of the world some sixty years ago, and there was an importation made into Canada and the New England States, where they are bred in considerable numbers and highly prized. They have been sent South, and are said to endure the heat better than any other breed. They also are said to stand the cold of Canada better than any other dairy breed. The Ayrshire cow is of medium size, weighing about one thousand pounds, of blocky build, low on legs, and usually DAIRY COWS. 220 spotted in color, being red and white as a rule, though sometimes nearly red or nearly white. They are hardy and healthy, endur- ing changes of heat and cold with little discomfort, and quickly adapt themselves to surrounding conditions. They perhaps show to the best advantage where the food-supply is limited and they are compelled to hunt for a full supply. It is claimed for the cows of this breed that they will give the largest return of dairy product for food consumed of any of the dairy breeds. ‘There has never been much said or done by the owners of Ayzshires to bring their merits to the attention of the public. They are a popular cow for the milkman, because they are econom- ical producers and give milk of good quality that satisfies the trade. High-grade Ayrshire cows always command the highest fancy price in Brighton, to go into the stables of milk producers. It is said by the milk inspectors of Boston that they have no trouble with the milk from Ayrshire herds, it being up to the 13 per cent total solids required by Massachusetts law. The average yield of Ayrshire cows is a little over 6000 Ibs. of milk in a year, on ordinary dairy food and care, but there are a large number of individual cows with authenticated records all the way from 7000 lbs. to over 12,000 lbs. of milk in a year. It is only within a very few years that the Ayrshire Breeders’ Association instituted a system of official tests, and only a few of the breeders have entered their herds, consequently we have the records of a comparatively small number of cows, but enough to show that the Ayrshire cow is by nature a wonderful dairy cow both in milk and butter production, and that it would be an easy matter to produce families of phenomenal cows adapted to the production of either butter or milk. The association has confined itself chiefly to the yearly tests, believing that it is the long period that shows the staying quality of the breed and the true value of a dairy cow. We have in the ordinary work of the dairy found a number of cows that gave from fourteen to nineteen pounds of butter in seven days, and from sixty to nearly roo pounds in the month. We have compiled from the official files of the association tests the following yields from individual cows: Milk.—78 cows gave over 8000 lbs. of milk in a year; 51 cows gave over 8500 lbs, of milk in a year; 43 cows gave over gooo lbs. of milk in a year; 17 cows gave over 9500 'bs, of milk in a year; 224 DAIRYING. 14 Cows gave over 10,000 lbs. of milk in a year; 7 cows gave over 10,500 lbs. of milk in one year; 6 cows gave over 11,000 lbs. of milk in one year; 4 cows gave over 11,500 lbs. of milk in one year; 2 cows gave over 12,000 lbs. of milk in one year; I cow gave over 12,500 lbs. of milk in one year. Butter.—181 cows gave over 300 lbs. of butter each in one year; 87 cows gave over 350 lbs. of butter each in one year; 33 cows gave over 400 lbs. of butter each in one year; 13 cows gave over 450 lbs. of butter each in one year; 5 cows gave over 500 lbs. of butter each in one year; 1 cow gave nearly 550 lbs. of butter in one year; 1 cow has for the last five consecutive years dropped five calves and given an official record of 52,000 lbs. milk and 2130 lbs. butter. The Ayrshire, being a dairy cow, has never been claimed for beef or even for a general-purpose cow, but her easy keeping- qualities and hardy disposition cause her to lay on flesh rapidly when dry, and she will probably return to her owner in beef the full cost of raising her. Farmers who fatten calves for veal tell me the calves are small when born, but grow rapidly, so that when of age to sell they are large and heavy for their age and are good handlers. V. SHORTHORNS AS Dairy Cows. By the late J. H. PickrE.L, Springfield, Ill., Secretary American Short- horn Breeders’ Association. Away back in the early history of this country, there were occasionally cows imported from England. Buffalo and wild game were abundant for meat, but milk, butter, and cheese did not come that way. As creatures of circumstances, cows were in demand. Soon after the Revolutionary War, cattle that were pure- bred Shorthorns were imported into Virginia, and after- wards, in 1797, found their way into Kentucky. The cows were said to be great milkers, and are reported to have given as much as 32 quarts of milk per day, and were called by the natives ‘‘ the milk breed.’’ Later importa- tions with more particular reference to their beef qualities were made, but, in spite of all that had been fed into them with that end in view, many of the cows developed into remarkably heavy milkers, and were very noted for their large yield of a good quality of milk. The late L. F. Allen, in his history of ‘‘ American Cat- tle,’”’ published in 1868, says: ‘‘ We have numerous well- DAIRY COWS. 225 authenticated instances of their (Shorthorns) giving six, seven, eight, and even nine gallons a day, on grass alone, in the height of their season, and yielding fourteen to eighteen pounds of butter per week, and of holding out in their milk in proportionate quantity, as well as other breeds of cows, through the year. Cows so much larger in size than other kinds should be expected to give more than smaller ones that consume less food, and without as- serting that they do give more, in proportion to their size, it iseclaimed that when educated and used for the dairy chiefly, they give quite as much as others. That the in- herent quality of abundant milking exists in the Short- horns, no intelligent breeders of them need doubt. Our own observation in more than thirty years’ experience with hundreds of them, first and last, under our own eyes, is to ourself evidence of the fact, both in thoroughbreds and grades.” The Columbian dairy tests, though made under un- favorable circumstances, proved the milking qualities of Shorthorns. I say unfavorable, because the matter was not taken hold of soon enough by the American Short- horn Breeders’ Association, under whose auspices the ex- hibit was made, to select the best cows in every instance so as to have them bred to produce and have them at their highest flow of milk at the proper time. As a conse- quence, cows had to be picked up that had produced at hap-hazard, and were not in every instance the best that might have been used, if selections had been made in sea- son to have them bred soas to have them produce just prior to the tests. But with all these disadvantages, the two strictly acknowledged dairy breeds—bred for that purpose almost exclusively—which were selected with the greatest care, so much sothat it is doubtful whether they could be duplicated, had but little the advantage of the Shorthorns in the general ‘‘ round-up,’’ as a few comparisons will prove. In test No. 1 (cheese), with 25 cows of each breed, the score stood as follows: ORSE TS ne + tr LR fete cee ee 906.1 points SG BIG TIAS: S icicter ote eieiks as oa 8 e oo. qa5-5 5%. RIOT NSSY SG). Ssuiea eles co 8 Jas eeese S7r-q, ‘ 996 DAIRYING. In the score for perfection of 100 points flavor was counted 35 points. Shorthorns headed the list by taking 504.3 points. ORSC VE tates 9 cunts viene ne vo ee eee AQT. Sree Crt E RSE Ys = nal inin gis Sain eae wale EG 489.4 “‘ The cost of production was: Sifort HOES, soa‘ quate Se Oe he eee $g9. 36. WETSEY Sin ors eee ete ia Ae) ees oo "98.14 GUETUGE US. oc cece meee ater nei ats eee 76.25 The champion cheese cow of the Jerseys netted...... $6.97 sie op = “<_« ** Shorthorns nettedia) soseg i s me s*. Sf) (Grennseys area: In the second test, 90 days, for butter, loss and gain in live weight, where maintenance was counted against the cows, the net gain was for Jeeseys (25 COWS)c: os iiawiae vo sarees $1,323.81 tiiernseys (25COws). voces wean e eee 997.63 Shorthorns (a4 cows )ic sss > ae. tes QII.13 To produce this result it cost the foe Ek Ree ee ee ern es $587.87 ShoOrthHormist@ays ..1 ssn. t sp ee sb ae es ees 506.50 SHEENSeys (25). .9 kts ab sasha akions 487.25 The champion Shorthorn cow (Nora) produced 3679.8 Ibs. of milk. Jersey (Brown Bessie) Bi 3634 | 2 = pee Guernsey (Materna) “e 3548.8 ‘* “ When reduced to gain in the products over cost of pro- duction, the account stood as follows: PECRER LOW. cory e a acs c= se Dimes Bales Soon $73.22 Gilerneey COW 5 oreo ds ote s «= aloe eoees 57.82 SWOPE OW sees tarn Solan Giro ale w./a'e viet oie 52.63 Again, in tests 2, 3, and"4 (Guernseys were not in test No. 4) the three best Shorthorns (one in each test, including the two-year-old heifer) gave...... 5861 lbs. Whiie the Jerseys of the same description gave.-. 5330 ‘‘ Showing in favor of Shotthorns,...«*-2 < cei0 2 4 | 6612 | 233.0/3.67 LG fae 94-9 26.8 New JERSEY: WEESCY emis. ccs « 271) 35) 76905 | 370:3)/4.09| 1651 87.1 17.9 Gumernscy ....-. 4] 41 7446 | 379.0|5.00] 14.9 78.1 15-3 Holstein.. .... 3 3 | 8455 | 300.2/3.55 19.3 79-3 22.4 PAY TSIITEGs sci « - 4| 4 | 7461 | 275.3|3.69 15-0 76.0 20.6 Short Horn... 3) -3110457 |es90-3i9-791) r5=4 79.2 20.6 Averages for all Breeds and Lactation Periods. Wersey §......... =| Oo} LSU) y579) || S06. 115.40] 13-9 94-7 ya Guernsey ........ 8 | 10 | 6210 | 322 9/5.20 T\a5 82.8 15.8 PAOISCEIN: . =... -... g.| 10 | 8215 | 282.0|/3.43 17.2 74.7 21.5 Ayrshire.........] 10 | 20 | 6909 | 248.5/3.60 ry let 78.5 21.5 ShorteHorn &....... 4 | 5 | 8696.| 345.4|3.97 E403 78.7 19.4 MEVGN ......---. 301) 5 | 3984) | 183-3460] 10.3 94.0 20.5 American Hol- GEENESS 52 .u.2.. 2| 4 | 572r | 213.113.73 IL.2 76.0 20.1 Bltotali css cakis 45>] 72 238 DAIRYING. The animals included in the foregoing breed tests rank on the average as follows: 1. As to yield of fat: Shorthorn, Guernsey, Jersey, Hol- stein, Ayrshire, American Holderness, Devon. 2. As to cost of producing 1 lb. of fat: Guernsey, Jersey, Shorthorn, American Holderness, Devon, Holstein and Ayrshire. 3. As to yield of milk: Shorthorn, Holstein, Ayrshire, Guernsey, American Holderness, Jersey, Devon. 4. As to cost of producing 100 lbs. of milk: Holstein, American Holderness, Ayrshire, Shorthorn, Guernsey, Devon, Jersey. 5. As to cost of food: Devon, American Holderness, Guernsey, Jersey, Shorthorn, Ayrshire, Holstein. 6. As torichness of milk: Jersey, Guernsey, Devon, Short- horn, American Holderness, Ayrshire, Holstein. RESULTS OF BREED TESTS CONDUCTED AT WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 1893. A. Breed Test No. | (Cheese Test), May 10 to 2s. Milk Fat Price of Pro- Pro- Cheese, Cheese Cost duced, duced, ‘'bs. per lb., of Net Ibs. Ibs. cents. Feed. Gain. BE ELSCYS# (icra Sac 13,2906.4 601g1r 1451.8 13.36 $98.14 $119.82 25 Guernseys...... 10,938.6 488.42 1130.6 11.95 76.25 88.30 25Short-horns..... 12,186.9 436.60 1077.6 13,co 99.36 81.36 B. Breed Test No. 2 (Ninety-day Butter Test), June 1 to Aug. 29. Butter Price of credited Butter. So eTSCVS. ead diem 73,488.8 3516.08 4274.01 $1747.37 $587.50 $1323.81 25 Guernseys...... 61,781.7 2784.56 3360.43 1355-44 484.14 997.64 24 Short-horns...... 66,263.2 2409.97 2890.87. 1171.77. 501.79 gto.12 AVERAGES PER DAY PER COW. | Fat, Cost of per cent. Food. JOCLSEVSip2. ss satis ee 32.7 1.56 4-78 26.1 cts, Guernseys =--20. «1 27.5 1.24 4.51 2555, Me Short-horns.. ..... 30.7 1.12 3.64 29.2% ae C. Breed Test No. 3 (Thirty-day Butter Test), Aug. 29 to Sept. 28. Butter Price of credited Butter. M5 WENSCVS.ccissen 13,921.9 685.81 837.21 $385.59 $111.24 $274.13 15 Guernseys...... 13,518.4 59%96 724.17 329.77 92.77 237.00 x15 Short-horns..... 15,618.3 555-43 662.67 303.69 104.55 198.89 D. Breed Test No. 4 (Heifer Test), Sept 30 to Oct. 20. a NEFSCYSis uc. zeae 3356.6 155.38 194.23 $77.69 $34.44 $56.28 6 Short-horns...... 2581.0 97-89 122.36 48-95 23.53 47-42 DAIRY COWS. 239 RESULTS OF “COW DEMONSTRATION” AT LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION, ST. LOUIS, 1904. (farrincToNn.) Average data for number of cows aa. per day (av. for 120 days) Butter-fat per ae Lise wee Solids not fat per day, lbs. .. Fee cost per qt. of milk, cts. ee ib) butter, cts: . Data for best cows: Malle per day. libs: 5.0... 2... Mer eent tat in mill, .......°. Butter-fat per day, lbs. ..... olids not fat per day lbs... Brown- Hol- Jerseys. Short- Swiss. steins. horns. 15 25 28 53-4 AL.5 34.6 3-43 4.70 3.80 506 1.832 1.936 W277 4-24 3.63 2.98 24 T.07 1.16 132 13-5 10.5 15.3 67-5 48.4 43.4 a5 4.8 4.0 ZFS 2.334 1.737 Te 7 4.36 Soule. HIGHEST RECORD FOR YIELD OF BUTTER-FAT During Twenty-four Hours Made by any Cow in «a Public Test. At a Fair. Brienz, Brown-Swiss, 11 years old, weighing 1395 lbs. Average daily yield of TRU Ceyscier ee acres yrs, tenses Sr.-% lbs. Average daily yield of LOLA eee eee ee earth hae Average per cent of fat imeday s mille... ..: 3.81 (American Dairy Show, Chicago, 1891; 3-day test.) (March 1-2, 1908. At Home. DeKol Witkop Wayne 2d, No. 58,700, H.-F. H. B. Vaeld of milk-:- >. 70.7 Ibs. s SEO Ee eee Ana gers: Average per cent of fatin day’smilk.. 6.75 7-day test, Feb. 29—Mar. 7, 1908, conducted by the Cornell Univ. (N. Y.) Experiment Station; total yield for week, 484.5 lbs. milk and 23.095 lbs. fat; average per cent of fat in milk, 4.77); test commenced 6 days from last calving; age of cow, 6 years ro months). Ennead 240 DAIRYING., OFFICIAL RECORDS FOR MILK AND BUTTER-FAT Breed. (A) MILK RECORDS. . Ayrshire...... Brown Swiss.. Guernsey..... Holstein...... MESHEYs ace cb as oe Shorthorn.... Red Polled.. (B) BuTTER- FAT RECORDS. Ayrshire.... Brown Swiss. . Guernsey..... Holstein...... JOSEY cs vias < 2 Shorthorn.... Red Polled... PRODUCTION. : Twenty-four Year. Thirty Days. } Seven Days. Hea: Auchenbrain Same, eeeee eeceeeeveleeeeeeeeeeee Brown Kate 2322.9 Ath, 23,022.0 lbs. College Braaiii saccnrereis eters wllseeoers Me ote onion vura 2d, 2577 9,460.6 lbs. |_ May Rilma |Murne Cowan Same. Sania 22,701 19,597 564.8 Ibs 82.1 lb 19,673.0 lbs.| 2361.5 lbs. A : : = Pietertje 2d, Riverside Same, Margie New- 3273411, Sadie De 902.1 lbs. | man, 76,312 30,318.5 lbs.| Kol Burke, 136.5 lbs. 70,708 3707.2 lbs. Eminent’s Hector's |Jacoba Irene;|s2aee eae eee ; Bess, 209,719|Fairy Belle, 146,443 18,782.9 lbs. 179,909 444.1 lbs. 1641.9 lbs. Rose of Glen-| Daisy Oxford]Rose of Glen- Same, side, 1788 lbs. side. 62.8 lbs. 18,075.2 lbs. 434.1 lbs. IPEAar SATB 884) vic We see 8 Popsey 34d, Hera N-6, 13,160.1 lbs. U—43, 9689 3505 393.25 lbs. 63.5 lbs. .| Auchenbrain| Gerranton Same, Same, Brown Kate Dora 2d, 23.03 Ibs.* 3.29 lbs.# 4th, 23,853 917.60 lbs. 102.04 lbs. College Bra- ee eeeereeeeseee Vita 2.2577 798.16 lbs. May Rilma, Same, Same, Golden Elsie 22,761 103.03 lbs. 24.4 |bs.f 2d, 33,422 1073.41 lbs. 3.70 lbs. Banostine IK. Pp. Pon- Same, eeeeeeeeseee Belle de Kol,| tiac Lass, 35.34 lbs. 90,441 106,812 1058.34 lbs.| 137.19 lbs. Sophie I9th Hector’s Sophie roth alayelelaintetre of Hood Fairy Belle, of Hoo Farm, 179,909 Farm, 180,748 83.63 lbs. 189,748 999.14 lbs. 25.44 lbs Ruth 3d, FVOSetOL ee ld one a lee lee J ateigta eee 20,440 Glenside, 706.63 lbs. 63.45 lbs. Bear, 24,888 Same, Nina, 26,710| Hera, N-6, 603.66 lbs. 68.85 lbs. 17.80 lbs. 3505 3.86 lbs. * Aver. production calculated from 30-day record. } Tied with Murne Cowan, 19,597. DAIRY COWS. 241 RESULTS OF ENGLISH MILKING TRIALS. (Averages of breed-tests conducted at the annual dairy shows of the Brit- ish Dairy Farmers’ Assoc., 1879-98, inclusive.) Aver- Total Solids. Fat. rs) a Preed Yield of} Fat Live ie : Milk | Yield Per Yield Pee l Pee Weight. t o°f€ cE Garces lsOvcGuiecnce lore. | Gebe | ence. | eres emote o°€€ | 6-zE | Z:2€ Gage b°zé ct E-cS oe +€ Obl to esa ace. || O cou S°eSa| Poze 4) Sisk Eel Worse HP Or 1k | exc > ose cea Ponte Pete Some €€ OveeaO res! eotea| Ole | ote syle wee Le a| eote eine One | iOtoe L°of g' of Sof Sof bof ze MPTE NO Oe | OHOl |NONOe. 15-06 || "Poe 5°06 les-oc-| iOb sl soro& || 6.Oe 3°62 L-62 g 62 9°62 S62 1€ o'o£ | 6°62 | g°6z | L°6z | g:6z | #62 | E-6z | z-6z | 1°62 | 1°62 | O62 | 6'gz 8° gz L°3% L gz 9° gz of o'6z | 6°gz | g:gz | L°gz | g*gz | S:gz | P'ge | E-gz | S'gz | r°gz | o-gz |] oO gz 6:Lz g lz gi lz L-lz 6z o'gz | 6°22 | g°Zz | L:Le | o Le | Sd | ble | E-LZe | ele} r:Ze | ole | o-Lz 6°92 9° 9% 8°92 L:gz gz o'4ze | 6°92 | g*o% | Lege | 9:92 | S*gz | Foe | E-ge | z-g% | Soe | I'Oz I'gz 0'9% 6°Sz% 6°Sz g°Sz lz Oozs|O'senlmerGouimese | O%se | Seal yecen EeSa terse deenoenlan ae r°Sz o'Sa 6° bz 6 bz gi bz gz GrsseiGere.|.orre, || (soveq! OPbe Ove \ec*re! | Pore pe ren sot he s|emne 1'bz oo bz o bz 6°€z g tz Sz Orve | O%Ge || geee | Lies | oste |.o°6e |-S"ter| Pes | eres e-cez I ets a sess 1°€z o' fz 6-zz 6°zz tz e°€z | G22 | g-ze | graze | L-zz | g-ze | Sze | bez | E-2z | Erez | see Zz 1'az O*Z% O°Z% 6°12 €z Ore |(O2Ts"| .Oens "etre | 21s isons |se re | htc stata iccre leo ne BIZ I'iz O°1z Co 4 6°02 Ze O"1z || 6%0z% || 6:02 || g-0z | Z:0z | g:0% | S*oz | Foz | E*oe | E-oz | Zoz Z*O@ 1°0% 0*0z% 0°0% 6°61 1z Osoc"| O16rs| O'6r || o%6r | 26x sor or | SeOns ay" Gre re On et Ox |) c0n z°61 1°61 1°61 o°61 o'61 oz 09 6S gs Zs gS S$ vS €s 2S 1S os 6% gt Ly ob SP ‘SUIPeIY 19}9TI0}0eT ‘GreyusIYyey Ss901d9q Ul) FIJI JO ainyetadwiay, CHA) “MTINW HO ALIAVYHDS OFM dS YHOU Wid yD NOLDOWUYOO WU LV ad WOE 257 MILK. ‘6°1€ ‘Surpwas pI}091309 ! "yf of9 72 ore ‘paarasqo ‘'3'9 | Sulpeas 19}9W07}0¥] pa}991109 dy} SI J@9U SUUINIOS [VOT}19A pue equozloy ay} sayM sindy 33 ‘sainsy JO MOL yeqwozioy IsAy 9y} Ul Joye] EY PUL 31qe} ay} JO UWINIOS [eOI}DA ySIY 91 UT JOWIOJ 9Yy} PUY * A[!a sy} jo ainjeitodmay} ay} Jo yey} pure JajJawW0}9" BY} JO Suipeas 9y} FHVL “A 009 WIJ Of UIT OF y[w oy} Jo sinqzeroduai 9q} Sulig—'SNOILOaaIG E-Ze | 2 LE | o LE | grgE | 2°9€ | Sof bof Sage TG e 6°SE g° St g'St G°se €:SE zSe ce E-of | x°g€ | O'9E gis ( g'SE | SSE (Sete ose o'St 6°ve g bt Ove o:ve a 15 z be $e e:ce | r°Se | 6 ve | Z°¥E | gvE | Seve ear z‘be ove 6° ee Gnce g tf G°eé ES FA €€ eve | ove | GEE | LEE | gE | HEE tet rantsts Ovec 6°ze L°zé g zt G°ze (SUAS zak ze , rE | or E | giz | grze | S°zt poze | z°zk 1°ze 6r1€ gif Lone core veTe €-1€ zr1e € rzEé | 6Gr€ | gr€ | g'2 | Sif C916 | erent ToLe 6°0f got Lot S*of bot EOF Toc of o'1f | 6*0€ | L'0€ | Sof f HOF | E°oe z°of 1°of 6°62 L-6z 9° 6z S62 +: 6z £:62 1°62 6z 6:6z | g°6z | £62 | S*6z b-6z | z:6z | 1°62 | 0°62 3° ge L‘ gz Q gz S: gz vegz | E'gz 1° QZ, gz 6:gz | 2:gz | 9°92 | ¥' gz €-9z | o°gz | 1°gz O° gz g Zz L:Le g' lz G-Lz blz €-Le 1°Lz lz gilz | LLe | ghz pele | €:Le | ole | rhe o' Lz Q°9% “L902 9 gz GS-92 €+9% z°Qz 1°Q@ gz Begs. 9°08 \9 9s eh 9e.| S99 1 2°08 0'9z% 6°S% L°S% g Sz G:Sz $:Sz% €-Sz% a°Sz 1°SS cz L:Sz | g*Sz | S°Sz | €°Sz z'Sz | 1°Sz | o'Sz 6: L’vz g be S:bz + bz €'bze abe I'+z +z L-vz | o'bz | bbz | Eve | ebe i've | ove g° ez L& g £% Gz b fz €°fz ots I°ez €z Se. \oS°Se |) vote | etez | ette: | rte o' fz Q* cz [Loeera g' ze a 4 ¥°2z €°2z% Z'2s Tce Zz : g*zz | S°2z bce | Eves | see | 1°ts | O'S gz L°1z g' lz ie «4 biz €*1z S°1S T* 1S Iz giz | S*1z €-1z | siz | r1°1z | o-1z | 6°02 L°0% g'0% G-0% F°0% €-0z% Z°O@ Z'O@ 1'0% oz SZ +L €L aL tL oL 69 89 Lo 99 S9 ae) €9 z9 19 a “SUIpPeIyY 19}9W0}0"T » ‘QGreyuesyey $99139q Ul) AINA JO camjesoduta yy, Sn ee ee (penuz4Ho))—YWWW AO ALIAVED OLEH dS WO QISVL NOLWMOWUHOO AWALVUAd WoL 258 DAIRYING. CALCULATION OF TOTAL SOLIDS OF MILK. The relation existing between the various components of the milk is such as to make possible the calculation of the percentage of solids not fat, and total solids, in a sample of milk when the fat-content and the specific gravity (lactom- eter reading) of the milk are known. Several formulas have been worked out by chemists in different parts of the world, by the application of which the total solids may be calculated from the percentage of fat and the specific grav- ity of the milk. We give here Babcock’s formula, pub- lished in the twelfth report of Wisconsin Experiment Station. a r) Xe where s = specific gravity of the milk and / per cent of fat found. Whens and fare known the per cent of solids not fat in the milk may be calculated by means of this formula. in order to avoid making the lengthy calculations in every case, tables for solids not fat are given on the following pages; results obtained by the formula given above, or by means of the following tables, will come within a couple of tenths from the actual percentages present, when reasonable care is taken in the determinations of fat and specific gravity (or lactometer reading). Short formulas. The following formulas for solids not fat and for total solids are derived from the data given in the following tables. Z=lactometer reading at 60° F. (specific gravity X I000 — 1000); f= per cent of fat in milk. Solids not fat = ( Solids not fat = a+ af Total solids = at £2. MILK, ao Rule: To find per cent of solids not fat, add two tenths of the per cent of fat to one fourth of the luctometer reading. To find per cent of total solids, add one and two tenths times the per cent of fat to one fourth of the lactometer reading. Results obtained by using the short formulas will agree very closely with those derived from the general formula, or from the tables published below, and may be safely relied upon in practical work. The tables cover a range of .o to 6.0 per cent of fat, and from 26 to 36 lactometer reading. If intermediate values for fand Z are at hand, corrections in the percent of solids not fat found may easily be made, with .o2 per cent for every tenth of one per cent of fat, and .25 per cent for every lactometer degree. Example: Given f= 207 per cent and / = 32.5. By referring to the table we mudethat 7 — 3.6 and £ = 32 will give 8.73 per cent of solids not fat; correction for fat-content, .oI per cent (3.67 being nearer 3.65 than 3.70), and for lactometer reading. 12 per cent; corrected per cent solids not fat, 8.86. 260 DAIRYING. TABLE SHOWING PER CENT OF TOTAL SOLIDS IN MILK. Corresponding to Quevenne Lactometer Readings and Per Cent of Fat. (Bascock, modified by LEACH.) Pe ee a ee ee Per) ~ Lactometer Reading at 60° Fahrenheit. 24 Ct ODO0O0O0 ODOnmMDDnD oo LS} w w al SCODDD ODOOOU) aS oo ° ooo0o°o ‘Oo UW HH oo tN °o a aS ve} a» Ke) oO Ke) as et ° Lal Ke) et fo) es eS BHA RR -43] 9.68 9.93 10.18/10. 43 10.68 bs Oe oe oe | aS wn OOOOO OOCOMMCO MmMMmMO “74747 ~+1~) 2 Rarer ° SOOD0D OCOWOO CO MNMMMO Mo-+1~1~1 he) nn HHA RA Ww ie OODOOOD OOD MOO CMCOMmWMCO COr~I~IsI5I S757 5747 cae Mie ae es OL look oh ch oem oh oh oh oh ec) CmOnmnn oocmnrI~I Is ~75) a ane Ca Es Pi yd Ke) NNNNNEBHH HHH RWNHO OWMYIAN PWHHO CHUAN AWHHO OCMYANH AWHHO OCHNYAN AwWHHO NHHOHNHN ~] nn H ° ° oo oO oo HH HH oo Ny oo wn ve) H HHH fo} ooo°o"w U1 coal ic} cS H H ° ° ~I Ww mn Ke) H H La ° ° an °o & H H H ° Nd Ve) On [e) H H a H uw al Lal uo H tal H H x aS n ° Lan] eal N Lal ° On Lal on COOOD OCOO0O DO MMMM MHMOY WIVIT WIKaa ve} wn : ie) on lanl (o} tw Lal ° p Ve) Loe | ° x] 5 Lal ° vo) oO Loni ts | to rN Lael Loe | n jo) Lan] LI a] on Lal © ° [o) Lal Sy to na NNHONNN NNNNND HH La | ° on Ke) H ° Co ns Lan] H ° Ke) | KA (és) on La | H nN f°) Lal Lae [ee} U1 Lon | Ny H (2) Low | tO WwW wn Lal NO Oo La | H N HO CNT OO Oo OO TO.OS5|1L. 20 I. A0\2i.71T (1D. 00/12. 21/12. 46|/12.72|12.07) a3. IT. O8/11.33/11. 58/11. 83/12. 08/12.33]/12.58/12.84/13.00/13. II. 20/11. 45/11. 70) 11.95|12.20|/12.45]12.70/12.96/13. 21/13. IL.32|11.57|/11.82|12.07|12.32/12.57|12.82/13.08/13.33|13. II. 44|11.69|11.94|/ 12.19/12. 44|/12.69/12.94/13.20/13.45/13. I1.56]11.81/12.06/12. 31/12. 56/12. 81/13 .06/13.32/13.57/13. I1.68/11.93|12.18|/12.43}12.68|12.93]13.18/13.44/13.69/13. I1.80]12.05|12.30 12.55|12.80/13.05|13.31|13.56]13. 82/14. II.92/12.17|12.42,12.67|12.92|13.18]13.43|13.68]13.94/14. 12.04|12. 29/12.54/12.79|13#04|13.30]13.55/13.80]14.06/14. PAR WWWWH WHWWW ooMm AIMHBWHND “TOW Oo MOL N BWNHHO OONAMU HBWNHHO OONAMUW HBWNHHO OMIT080N PWNHHO OMNTAM PWNHHO HAHAH WWWWW WWwWWW WH HO BA MILK. 261 TABLE FOR SOLIDS— (Continued). io Lactometer Reading at 60° Fahrenheit . Per p of Bath 27 28 29 30 35 a2 33 34 35 30) ||EFat 12.16/12. 41/12.66/12.91|13. 16/13. 42/13.67|13.92|/14.18]14.43/4. 12. 28}12.53|12.78]13.03|13.28]/13.54/13.79|14.04|14.30|14.55|4. 12.40|/12.65/12.90|13.15|13.40|13.66/13.91/14.16|14.42|14.67 I2.52)12.77|13.02|13.27|13.52|13.78|/14.03|14.28|14.54|14.79 12.64|12.89/13.14|13.39|13.64)/13.90|14.15|14.40|14.66]14.91 4 4 4 I2.76|13.01|13.26/13.51/13.76/14.02|14.27|14.52|14.78]15.03/5 12.88/13. 13/13.38|13.63)13.89|/14.14|/14.39|14.64|/14.90]15.15]5 13. 25|13.50|13.75|14.01|14.26|/14.51|14.76|15.02115.2715 13. 12|/13.37|13.62|13.87|14.13|14.38|14.63|14.88|15.14]15.390]5 13.24|13.40|13.74|14.00|14.25]14.50|14.76|15.01|15.26]15.51/5 13 .36)13.61|13.86|)14.12|/14.37|14.62|14.88)15.13/15.38]15.63)5 13..48|13.73|13.99|14.24|14.49]14.75|15.00|15.25|/15.50|15.75/5 13.60|13.85|14.11\14.36|14.61/14.87/15.12|15.37|/15.62]15.87/5 13.72|13.97|14.22|14.48|14.74|14.90|15.24|/15.49|15.74|15.99015 13.84|14.10|14.35|14.60|14.86]15.11/15.36/15.61|/15.86]16.12/5 Gone Cnc es OLR Ore 16 COST oNen iH oo i} DH nnnnin UNannn HPHHEHLH ° tal w 96/14. 22/14.47114.72/14.98115.23115.48115.73/15.98)16. 24| 6 Correction for Tenths of Lactometer Readings. Difference. O DOI AAR W NH . cl mn M4 OV CALCULATION OF SP. GR, OF MILK SOLIDS. (FLEISCHMANN.) : Stang ad t | Sp. gr. of milk solids = S = Sa ae Ss where s=sp. gr. of milk, ¢= solids of milk. In pure whole milk S varies but little, viz., between 1.25 and 1.34. When 5S comes above 1.34, the milk is suspicious; if above 1.40, it has been skimmed (see page 313). DAIRYING. 262 Cs oc O° ST £°6 cz°e $0). wae eee Cr‘zr “'*** *sqqgasnyorsse yy 9 v (z) (z) oe oe he 60 O'gI Sz°6 ¢°¢ $(0, S16 ml ee S‘zZI ae WU'eae ee) a ree puelAie yy ie ACME i ae on | PAUCNY wie Mae hm: MSs eee ese k's 6) oe 2°.) aes see eae o'gI eee ew ee cg-¢ $°3 Cy rar ee ee ee Sua aNe owe 6. 6 bal wl, 6 a (z) (z) see see eee O'gI 0'sS cue $°g Cs i ee rr) "+ euvIsIno’yT ZI VI 19L°92 O'3z 10S $°z2g O's 9z°6 S2ice S29 S°er joer" ts) gongs ZI VI (z) (z) 10S 0°08 |,0‘gI $z°6 Sz-€ S°3 aLeTt | "eS sore SSeeewaed ee Be hs aa eeeKexens Cet aCe ee eee Jee Lyla roys) o'91 Dae See oe O Ra ees On Ore)? =e 08 Som ere eee eee 8 1S ‘Lz 0'gz 10S $°zg O'gI 9z'6 Aaa $°g SO Ee Ge eee eee eee eee g (z) (z) 10S $°z2g O'gI Sz°6 ore $°g Se it ose sae 8.8 ‘0 SEO TREE ZI TI (z) (z) of $°zg O'gI £°6 faa 9 0°38 2°15 Ces) 9), 86 el atk e Leon epi Ce i . Loe 0° 9z UR 6 Se) Wall) pee Oeste lle ae vim set we pe . ore $°8 Soir os ais w © Bis "6 TeMeTT ZI VI 199° Lz O° gz 70S $°zg O'gI $z°6 rap $°8 Sa 1 09 Bi lpseigs SENET TS StetanCols) SUS arabe Pieters ZI 5 Lek pO°Se yos $°zg O'sSI $2.6 Sean STE} AS ANpen 7 Ul pCO Ty *e ploy eevee eee ee Bp © 6 816 6-8-8 ee Oe Re sts pe) ce le, aha ee). 646: Boe o'°€g 0°02 S16 Cie foyeto' S‘czr “erIquinjod JO JOII4SIG, “SPIBPWEIS OVeIGION eye = ei RE a areal see aE ‘OIE MELD errr eee eetle ree eeeoe . S e076 | ©. Vive er chis [ene isle eve.e 0°O9I 6 & 6.8 Gc°e SQ Cy sini are, 68) 6 ay ee qnoryoouuo7y ZI VI . * ef ee 10S re) 08 ¢ O'OI 6.8 8° # (0).6 o7-} ie) Ore a) Byte Paes) 8 Ws ele ae BOb ae *** OperolOd miei sein eysisiie ZI (z) (z) TOSS |in0-08 O*gI a8 oe S89 Sins Weer heroes ie eBluIOsIeD *poydope ssulny [elepoy Ss a) ee ie **sesueyly “SPLBPUEIGHODETS ONT = ll” hell cee ae een ie ey en enone oe SUOZ LUN ‘Spl pUeqS 9381S ON ; pees cur eie § “BUS CEng FO “Id “40 “Ad 90 “Ad =°90 “Id | 40 “Ad 40 “Id | 9D “Ad 1°30 “2d | °30 “Id | 40 “Id | 30 “Ad “Jey “Je “ye “Ved *SPHOS ‘yeu “yeu “Jey “SPT[OS “ye you *SPTTOS TeIO.L TPO, SPOS | [®IOL Se *S37B1S “GQnN oe ( yiniy “(ule “aI ‘asoou) |. ‘ “xII , : et peeuencSs iat 9 pzoygng |-uree9 ee ATIN ‘WIPIID SOT ato (einy[norsy jo "ydeq "sg *n) *eT6T ‘SLOAGOUd AYIVAG HOA SGUVAGNVLS IVOAT 263 MILK. [#303 Jo yusd sod S°LzZ ‘yey ey “Quad Jod zi sprjos ‘ounf pue Aey Uy gy Jod LL ‘spijos yuao sed gz—-Sz ye} quad 19d g*Z ‘spljos yuao sed Sz—bz epnio Ul sprjos yuso ied ZI 0} puodseaisoo ysNyY or “petOTOD Aqferoyrljse JT 5 *9t109 YSN gs =, JOT1Y,, JUSO sod co ULYY IOUT YON , “4YBIEM AG g ‘“UDAIB plepueyS OI6I ‘yej +jue0 Jod bz ‘spyos ,,‘y]IWI pojeiodeagq,, ‘!H]IW pasuspuod pousazyaaMs IO} prepurys SIYT, » -1934Nq IOJ_, “yueo sod Eve ‘yvj} snjd spijos [ej0} ‘yue0 Jad gL ‘yey; Fath VI (er) 0° 8z 10S $°Z8 O'gI SoG See Te | Kea a @ 5 a's a 6 60 6 VI 0's 0° 3z 7 oS | Sze | O'sgI o0'o OS S°g eo 6 © "Splepurys 93819 ON BL ee. Ss pis, 6 . . . . oe 2. @ 2816 4 oe of me Sek 8 (eu Ogi €°6 cz ¢ SZe9 O25 a AO 8 (z) (3) Svat S‘Z8 O°SI $z°6 Sze $°g Yai . iW! By of wile 6: im: ore eee @ 6 ‘c/l'@ = ww i870 @ ey) ie tate Cre a sls 6 Su wee « . C2 6) ac :0'°.¢ 0) @) D4 18 Use ere Sere ane fe. ole $z°‘6 Pat C221 ZI VI (z) (z) 10S 0°08 O°gI 0'°6 oi 0'6 ojerant . dat VOY tom (oy Say mm Sele Ss). 6 ef 6.8 (8s\6.. D201 G.6 8/8). (a, wile, e.oe. ee Oba ia e ep @ a erie & se. sc SNe 8 eee. le Lo at Sy Sg oe ue) 1) O°gI e/@,a @.0, 6 os - os eee CeTTr *"Splepuerys 97819 ON Os 08 b+ se Ss 8 a Ot a ee . os 0 6 Cat lot ut) Ke 6 (shes © a eet, Gee o'9! ee ee (opis cr S 6 ees: Lome hd eoreeeeeaee , VI BE 6.0l9) ares qs eee, © © oe 6 6 ne 0°03 O°sgI $°g 6 me Uy a a-68, 6 a" (oyiet Aid ZI VI ae) 6) 6 6 Cos lea 80.8) s silie » a) 6+6 © ORs Me CO, ee O'gI yes eyeve D> o’e a 47846, 6 wie oe elie 0 ss 5 eoeeereereee VI fee10.0.8 © ee eee 10S $z°g 0'O7 © 'e.'9 6.9 e Sal $°3 CL°IL iki VI 29L°LB| 0°92 10S Sz°g O°gI $z°6 cous SL'°g O'2I "Splepueysg 9304S ON eoreer ee eese ZI (z) (z) 1SV Ey ae 0°O7 eee eee cries SL‘6 oO’°eI pas @ 6 iw 6 6%) 6 cI “es eeeee 6 bi ae B56 «6! 6 8 8 © oe ee ewe chee es 6 ee eee eee O2F eee eee CE AN ‘sprjos *yeJ quod Jed gd ‘spyjos yuao sad gz !4ej yUd0 :yejJ yuso Jod 6°L ‘spljos yuo sed bz-€z 1, ities “YIU epNio Ul sprjos queso sed S§*r11 0} puods :yodal ON «g *yuao Jod gL ‘yey queso tod Sz ‘Buryeur "Spl]OS [¥}0} UO paseq je} jo odeYUsOIAg | 2. eva? aaele 8 terecrs: *SUIIOA Hees 0s 0% SISO OSE AK PPS tat eI **BIUIBIT A 4SOM S'e".8) eee @ “*UOBULYSE AA . it Gece MODULI NG 22s 2A * Spear Ste Nar styc tate lee Teh "SEXO |, vt sees ens + a5ssouttE T, “++5++-eIoneq YINOg “*euTjole) y NOG ‘to+++ + DuBysT apouy ne eees ©) OgTsr OnaOg sees -eluBATASUUag TE Oe eee ee LO MAT a re teeesss puogRTAG SOR SIIL! 7a “+++ + -eioweq qION "oo * **euljOres) TION teense estes Depeaan pa soso s SaNSO Maly Vs sss soorKayy MON “eee ewe **Aasiof MON “** orrysdurepy MAN Freeeeees sepyspiqan INE! 06 lati Co fry tteeeeeees srmosstpy ewww eee * Idd Ississtpy treeeees sepqosouurpy ris cues StS BS OLIn 264 DAIRYING. GOVERNMENT STANDARDS OF PURITY FOR MILK AND ITS PRODUCTS.* A.—Milks. 1. Milk is the fresh, clean, lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy cows, properly fed and kept, excluding that obtained within fifteen days before and ten days after calving, and contains not less than eight and one-half (8.5) per cent of solids not fat, and not less than three and one-quarter (3.25) per cent of milk-fat. 2. Blended milk is milk modified in its composition so as to have a definite and stated percentage of one or more of its con- stituents. 3. Skim milk is milk from which a part or all of the cream has been removed, and contains net less than nine and one-quarter (9.25) per cent of milk solids. 4. Pasteurized milk is milk that has been heated below boiling, but sufficiently to kill most of the active organisms present, and immediately cooled to 50° Fahr. or lower. 5. Sterilized milk is milk that has been heated at the tempera- ture of boiling water or higher for a length of time sufficient to kill all organisms present. 6. Condensed milk, evaporated milk, is milk from which a considerable portion of water has been evaporated, and contains not less than twenty-eight (28) per cent of milk solids, of which not less than twenty-seven and five-tenths (27.5) per cent is milk-fat. 7. Sweetened condensed milk is milk from which a considerable portion of water has been evaporated and to which sugar (sucrose) has been added, and contains not less than twenty-eight (28) per cent of milk solids, of which not less than twenty-seven and five-tenths (27.5) per cent is milk-fat. 8. Condensed skim milk is skim milk from which a considerable portion of water has been evaporated. 9. Buttermilk is the product that remains when butter is re- moved from milk or cream in the process of churning. * Proclaimed by the Secretary of Agriculture, June 26, 1906. (Cire. No. 19, Office of the Secretary, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) MILK. 265 10. Goat’s milk, ewe’s milk, et cetera, are the fresh, clean, lacteal secretions, free from colostrum, obtained by the complete milking of healthy animals other than cows, properly fed and kept, and conform in name to the species of animal from which they are obtained. B.—Cream. 1. Cream is that portion of milk rich in milk-fat, which rises to the surface of milk on standing, or is separated from it by centrifugal force, is fresh and clean, and contains not less than eighteen (18) per cent of milk-fat. 2. Evaporated cream, clotted cream, is cream from which a con- siderable portion of water has been evaporated. : C.—Milk-Fat or Butter-Fat. 1. Milk-fat, butter-fat, is the fat of milk and has a Reichert- Meissl number not less than twenty-four (24) and a specific feeot less th Se gravity not less than 0.905 Cy; D.— Butter. 1. Butter is the clean, non-rancid product made by gathering in any manner the fat of fresh or ripened milk or cream into a mass, which also contains a small portion of the other milk con- stituents, with or without salt, and contains not less than eighty- two and five-tenths (82.5) per cent of milk-fat. By acts of Congress approved August 2, 1886, and May 9g, 1902, butter may also contain added coloring-matter. 2. Renovated butter, process butter, is the product made by melting butter and reworking, without the addition or use of chemicals or any substances except milk, cream, or salt, and contains not more than sixteen (16) per cent of water and at least eighty-two and five-tenths (82.5) per cent of milk-fat. E.— Cheese. 1. Cheese is the sound, solid, and ripened product made from milk or cream by coagulating the casein thereof with rennet or lactic acid, with or without the addition of ripening ferments 266 DAIRYING. and seasoning, and contains, in the water-free substance, not less than fifty (50) per cent of milk-fat. By act of Congress, approved June 6, 1896, cheese may also contain added coloring- matter. 2. Skim milk cheese is the sound, solid, and ripened product made from skim milk by coagulating the casein thereof with rennet or lactic acid, with or without the addition of ripening ferments and seasoning. 3. Goat’s milk cheese, ewe’s milk cheese, et cetera, are the sound ripened products made from the milks of the animals specified by coagulating the casein thereof with rennet or lactic acid, with or without the addition of ripening ferments and season- ing. F.—Ice Creams. 1. Ice cream is a frozen product made from cream and sugar, with or without a natural flavoring, and contains not less than fourteen (14) per cent of milk-fat. 2. Fruit ice cream is a frozen product made from cream, sugar, and sound, clean, mature fruits, and contains not less than twelve (12) per cent of milk-fat. 3. Nut ice cream is a frozen product made from cream, sugar, and sound, non-rancid nuts, and contains not less than twelve (12) per cent of milk-fat. G.— Miscellaneous Milk Products. 1. Whey is the product remaining after the removal of fat and casein from milk in the process of cheese-making. 2. Kumiss is the product made by the alcoholic fermentation of mare’s or cow’s milk. MILK. 267 ADULTERATION OF MILK. The legal standards adopted in the different States of the Union determine the limits for fat or solids, below which the milk offered for sale must not fall. Where no control sample can be taken of a suspected sample of milk, calcula- tions of the extent of the adulteration practised are made on basis of the legal standard in each State. Whenever possible, a control sample should be secured on the prem- ises of the suspected party, and subjected to analysis. If the control sample contains appreciably less fat or solids not fat than did the suspected sample, the latter was skimmed or watered, or both skimmed and watered.* SKIMMING.—I. If a sample is skimmed, the following for- mula will give the number of pounds of fat abstracted from 100 lbs. of milk: Fat abstracted = x = legal standard for fat— /f,. (1) f being the per cent of fat in the suspected sample. In this and following formulas the percentages found in the control samples, if such are at hand, are always to be substituted for the legal standards. II. The following formula will give the per ceat of fat abstracted, calculated on the total quantity of fat originally found in the milk: J X 100 * = 10° ~ jeg. stand. for fat’ * an WATERING.—I. If a sample is watered, the calculations are most conveniently based on the percentage of solids not fat in the milk: Per cent extraneous water in milk s X 100 leg. stand. for solids not fat’ (IIT) = x = 100 — s being ine per cent of solids not fat in the suspected sample. Example.—A sample contains 8.5 per cent of solids not fat ; if the legal standard for solids not fat be g per cent, Beak 100 100 = 5.6, will give the per cent of extraneous water in the suspected sample of milk. I ———————————————————_—————— _ *Sce Farrington-Woll, Testing Milk and its Products, 22d Ed., app. I1i—117. G 268 DAIRYING, II. Watering of milk may also be expressed in per cent of water added to the original milk, by formula IV: Per cent water added to original milk 100\X leg, stand.for solids not tal Se —— Ss In the example given above, 2 _ 00 = 5.9 per cent 00 8.5 of water was added to the original] milk. WATERING AND SKIMMING.—If a sample has been both watered and skimmed, the extent of watering is ascertained by means of formula III ; and the fat abstracted found ac- cording to the following formula : Per cent fat abstracted leg. stand. for solids not fat leg: stand. ior soldi Example.—A sample of milk contains 2.4 per cent of fat and 8.1 per cent solids not fat; then = 4=leg.stand.for fat — S : ‘ 8.1 X 100 extraneous water in milk = 100 — —— = 10 per cent an tat abstracted — a ne 4 = .33 per cent. S| 100 lbs. of the milk contained 10 lbs. of extraneous water and .33 |b. of fat had been skimmed from it, RANGES OF THE VARIATIONS IN THE COM- POSITION OF HERD MILK. (Fveiscumann.) The specific gravity (expressed in degrees) may go above or below the yearly average by more than Io per cent. The per cent of fat may go above or below the yearly average by more than 30 per cent. The per cent of total solids may go above or below the yearly average by more than 14 per cent. The per cent of solids not fat may go above or below the yearly average by more than I0 per cent. _, ~ MILK. 269 TABLE FOR CONVERTING QUARTS OF MILK INTO POUNDS. Ots. Lbs. Ots. Lbs. Ots. Lbs. Ots Lbs. I 2.55 29 62.3 57 122.4 85 182.5 2 ise 30 64.4 58 124.5 86 184.6 3 6.4 31 66.5 59 126.6 87 186.8 4 8.6 32 68.7 60 128.8 88 188 9 5 10.7 33 70.8 61 130.9 89 I91 0 6 12.9 34 73-0 62 133.1 go 193.2 7 15.0 35 75+1 63 135-2 gi 195-3 8 17.2 36 773 64 137-4 92 . 107.5 9 19.3 37 79-4 65 139+5 93 ' 199.6 fe) 21.5 38 81.6 66 141.7 Gf. 208 8 ul 23.6 39 83.7 67 143-8 95 203.9 12 25.8 40 85-9 68 146.0 96 206.1 13 [927.9 41 88.0 69 148.1 07 208 .2 14 30.1 42 go.2 7° 150.3 98 210.4 a5 | 32-2 43 92.3 qi 152-4 99 212.5 16 343 44 04-5 72 154-6 100 214.7 17 | 36.5 45 96.6 73 156.7 200 429.3 18 38.6 46 08.7 74 158.8 300 644.0 19 40.8 47 100.9 75 161.0 400 858.6 20 42.9 48 103.0 76 163.1 500 1073.3 21 45-1 49 105.2 77, 165.3 600 =288 o 22 47.2 50 107.3 78 167.4 700 1502.6 23 49-4 51 109-5 79 169.6 800 1717.3 24 Bates 52 111.6 80 171.7 goo } 1931.9 25 S37, 53 113.8 81 173-9 1000 2:46.6 26 55-8 54 115.9 82 176.0 27 58.0 55 118.1 83 178.2 28 60.1 56 120.2 84 180.3 TABLE FOR CONVERTING POUNDS OF MILK INTO QUARTS. ‘Lbs. | Qts. Lbs. | Ots. Lbs. Qts. Lbs. Ots. I 47 29 13-5 57 20.6 85 39-6 2 93 30 14.0 58 27.0 86 40.1 3 1.40 3 14.4 59 27-5 87 40.5 4 1.86 32 14.9 60 28.0 88 41.0 5 2.33 33 15-4 61 28.4 89 41.5 6 2 80 34 15.8 62 28.9 go 41.9 7 3-26 35 16.3 63 29.4 gt 42.4 8 2 ay [5 36 16.8 64 29.8 92 42.9 9 4.19 37 17.2 65 30-3 93 43-3 10 4.66 38 17-7 66 30.8 04 43.8 II Sie te 39 18.2 67 ab.2 95 44-3 12 5-59 40 18.6 68 Bits) 96 44-7 13 6 06 41 19.1 69 32.2 97 45-2 14 6.52 42 19.6 7O 32.6 98 45-7 15 6.99 43 | 20.0 71 33-1 99 40.1 16 7.46 44 20.5 72 33-6 b Core) 46.6 17 7-92 45 | 21-0 73 | . 34-0 200 93-2 18 8.39 46 | 21.4 74 34-5 300 139.8 19 8.85 47 21.9 75 35-0 400 186.4 20 Q.32 48 22 4 76 35-4 500 233.0 21 9-79 49 22.8 72 35-9 600 279.6 22 10.3 50 23.3 78 36.3 700 326.2 23 10.7 sI 23.8 79 36.8 800 372.8 24 L1,2 52 24.2 80 37-3 goo 419.4 25 31.7 53 2407 81 37°79 1000 466.0 20 sO 54 25-2 82 38.2 27 12.6 55 25.6 83 38.7 28 re Bi 56 26.1 | 84 39.1 269a DAIRYING. MILK PRICES BY MEASURES. (N. Y. Farmer.) Cents per Cents per | Cents per Cents per Cents per Cents per Quart 40-at. roo Pounds Quart ae 100 Pounds ; Can. : ; Can. : I.100 44 51.162 20375 05 I10.465 L. p25 45 52.325 2.400 96 I11.628 To E50] 46 53.488 2.425 07 TI2, 704 P75 47 54.051 2.450 98 113.053 I.200 48 Se Soa 2.475 99 TES.eELo 1.225) 49 56.9076 2.500 Too 116.279 I.250] 50 58.1890 2.525 IOI 117.442 r.275 51 59.302 2.550 102 118.605 1.300 52 60.465 Pt is 103 119.767 Lag25 53 61.627 2.600 I04 120.930 r350 54 62.790 2.625 105 122.003 To 75 55 63.953 2.650 106 123 #256 I. 400 56 65.116 2.6075 I07 124.419 r.425 57 66.270 2.700 108 125.581 1.450 58 67.441 2.725 109 126.744 1 ew Wy 5 590 68.604 25750 I10 127.907 I.500 60 69.767 2.775 III 129.070 T2525 61 70.930 2.800 Tre 130.4238 Tego 62 72 00)3 2.825 113 131.305 me 575 63 7S 25S 2.850 I14 132.558 1.600 64 74.418 2.875 I15 133.9720 r.625 65 75.581 2.900 116 134.884 1.650 66 76.744 2.925 117 136.047 1.675 67 77-907 2.950 118 137.200 1.700 68 79.060 BOTs I19 138.372 Ter25 690 80. 232 3.000 I20 L30e5 35 r.750 7O 81.305 3.025 T2r 140.608 Ler 71 82.558 3.050 I22 141.861 1.800 72 $3. 725 Z2O75 123 145023 1.825 73 84.883 3.100 124 144.186 1.850 74 86.046 3.125 125 145.340 1.875 75 87.200 an 55o napoy 140.512 I.go0o 76 88.372 3.875 127 147.675 1.925 TEI 80.535 3.200 128 148.837 I.950 78 90.607 3.225 120 150.000 1.975 79 91.860 3.250 130 TS LeLOs _ 2.000 80 03.023 32275 131 152.326 2.025 81 04.186 3.300 E32 153-4890 2.050 82 05-349 3-325 133 154.651 2.075 83 06.511 2350 134 155.814 2.100 84 07-674 3-375 135 156.077 2.125 85 08.837 3.400 136 158.149 2.550 86 I00.000 3425. % 13% 159.303 22975 87 IOI.163 3-450 138 160.4065 2.200 88 102.325 3.475 1390 161.628 25225 89 103.488 3.500 I40 162.791 2.250 90 104.651 3.525 141 163.054 2.275 [op 105.814 3.550 142 T65 2007 2.300 Q2 106.077 OW IL) 143 166.2790 2.325 03 108.139 3.600 144 167.442 2.350 04 I0Q. 302 35625 145 168.605 MILK. 2695 MILK PRICES BY MEASURES.— Continued. Cents per Cents se Cents per Cents per seus ae Cents per Quart. 5 as * 1ro0 Pounds. Quart. ‘can * |roo Pounds. 3.650 146 169.768 B70 75 1590 184.884 3.675 I47 D7O). O08 E 4.000 160 186.047 3.700 148 172.093 4.025 161 187.210 eae 25 140 173). 250 4.050 162 188.373 3-750 150 174.419 4-075 163 189.535 Ea A EST i ey Ai easper 4.100 164 190.698 3.509 ns :2 T7O.7AS AEs 165 191.861 3.825 153 L77.1.007 4-150 166 193.024 3.050 I54 179.070 4675 167 194.187 Be o75 HSS 180. 233 4.200 168 105-349 3.990 156 181.396 4.225 169 196.512 BO25 7 182.5590 4-250 170 197-675 3-950 158 183.721 42275 T7E 198.838 RELATIVE VALUE OF MILK AND CREAM OF DIFFERENT FAT CONTENTS. (FRASER ) The table gives the relative value per quart and number of quarts in a dollar's worth of milk or cream of different fat contents, calculated according to the food value of 3-per-cent. milk at 5 cents per quart. Price per No. of Price per No. of — fae & Quart, Quarts eH ete Quart, Quarts Certs. a Dollar. : Cents. a Dollar. cole | oN Ste: 25.7 17 75.5 6.4 4 Bas 28.6 18 TOie3 67% 2 Aes 23.8 19 Type) 5.9 3 here) 20.0 20 Toes 5.0 4 So7 ERS 21 18.4 Mer 5 6.5 is ay! 22 TO)./2 ee: 6 ees E3j\59 23 20.0 5.0 ir) 8.0 72. 5 24 20.7 4.8 8 ef Tes 25 21.5 Wee 9 Oe EOS 26 22.2 4.5 Io TO.2 9.8 27 23.0 4-3 iin LE20 9.0 28 ox eT | 4.2 I2 11.7 8.5 20 24.5 4.1 13 Le LS 8.0 30 25.2 4.0 14 E32 70 31 26.0 3.8 15 I4.0 Gee 32 20.7 By, 16 14.7 6.8 270 DAIRYING. AMOUNTS OF MILK, CREAM, OR SKIM MILK TO BE USED IN MODIFYING MILK. (PEeEarson.) The amounts of cream or skim milk that are to be used in modifying normal milk may be calculated by use of the follow- ing simple method: Draw a square and write at the two left-hand corners the percentages of fat in the milk and the cream or skim milk that are to be mixed. In the centre place the percentage required. The differences between the latter figures and those at the left- hand corners are then placed at the two corners with which they stand in line. The two right-hand figures will represent the proportions of milk and cream or skim milk that should be weighed out in making the modified milk. Pee eae OT Er gS Ge A al aoe Example.—How much 5 per cent milk must be added to milk containing 3.5 per cent fat in order to raise its fat content to 4 per cent? In this case A=3.5, B=4, and C=5 (see above); then B—C=1.0 and A—B=.5. = 100= 66.7 and 2x 100= 3.33. To make, say, 1000 lbs. of 4 per cent milk 667 lbs. of 3.5 per cent and 333 lbs. of 5 per cent milk must therefore be taken. This method of calculation may be used to advantage in- modifying or standardizing milk or cream, with either cream, new milk, or skim milk, whether a product of a higher or lower fat content is wanted than that at hand. MILK, 241 STANDARDIZATION OF MILK. (ERF.) QUANTITY OF Skim MILK TO BE ADDED TO, OR SUBTRACTED FROM, 106 PouNDs oF MILK TO MAKE MILK OF A DESIRED PER CENT. OF Fat. Desired Per Cent. of Fat. 3.25 3.50 v.75 4.0 4 25 4.50 4.75 5.0 (3. |— 7,.693)—14.285|— 20.000|— 25.00 |— 29.412/— 33.333|— 36.842|— 40.000 ; 3.1;— 4 616/—11.428/—17.333|— 22.50 |— 27.059|— 31.111|— 34.737|— 38.000 = | 3.2/— 1.539)/— 8 571\—14.666/— 20.00 |— 24 706) —28 888]— 32.632|— 36.000 = |3.3/+ 1.539/— 5.714,—12.000|—17.50 | —22.353)/— 26.666|— 30.527|— 34 000 = 34/+ 4.616/— 2.857|— 9.333|—15 00 |— 20.000/— 24. 444|— 28.422|— 32.000 3.5|+ 7.693/— 0.000\— 6.666)—12 50 |—17.647|\— 22.222|/— 26.317|— 20.000 E | 3 6/+10.760/+ 2.857/— 4.000/—10.00 |— 15.294/— 20 000|— 24.212/— 28.000 w | 3 7/+13.837/+ 5.714/— 1.333)— 7.50 |—12.941|— 17 777|— 22.107|— 26.000 im | 3.8)+16.914/+ 8.571 + 1.333\— 5.00 |— 10.588|— 15.555|— 20.000|— 24.000 & | 3.9/+19.991/+ 11.428 + 4.000;— 2.50 |— 8.235|— 13.333]— 17.897|— 22.000 8 4 4.0/+ 23.068/+ 14.285 + 6.666/— 0.00 |— 5.882)—11.111)— 15.792|— 20.000 2 | 41/4 26.145)+ 17.142 + 9.333/+ 2.50 |— 2.429 — 8.888/— 13.687)— 18.000 = 4 2/+ 29.222)+ 19.999 +12.000)}+ 5.00 |— 0.076— 6.666|— 11.582/— 16.000 . | 4 3)/+32.299|+ 22.856 + 14.666)+ 7.50 |+ 0.076\— 4.444;— 9.477|— 14.000 = | 4.4/4 35.376) + 25.713 + 17.333/+10.00 |+ 2.429 — 2.222|— 7.372|— 12.000 G | 4.5)+38.453/+ 28.57 |+ 20.000) + 12.50 |+ 5.882,— 0.000)— 5.267)— 10 000 7, | 4.6/4 41.530/+ 31.427 + 22.666)+ 15.00 |+ 8.2354 2.222)— 3.162/— 8.900 © | 47/444 607|+ 34.284 + 25.333/4+17.50 |+10.588 + 4.444/— 1.057|— 6.000 PY | 4.8/4 47.684|+ 37.141 + 28.000/+ 20.00 |+ 12.941 + 6 666/4+ 1.057;/— 4.000 4.9/4 50.761|+ 39.998 + 30.666|+ 22 50 |+17.647 + 8 888/+ 3.162|— 2.000 (5.0) +53.838 Tesi +25.00 |+20.000 +11111/+ 5.267}— 0.000 To find the pounds of skim milk to be added or removed, trace the vertical column of the desired per cent of fat to where the horizontal column representing the per cent. of fat in the milk on hand intersects; the result will be the number of pounds of skim milk to be added or removed to too lbs. of milk, as indicated by a plus or minus sign before the figure (see Ill. Bull. No. 75). 272 DAIRYING. RULES AND REGULATIONS to be observed in the care of cows and the handling of milk shipped to the City of New York. (Dept. of Health, City of New York.) The Cows.—1. The cows must be kept clean. 2. Manure must not be permitted to collect upon the tail, sides, udder, and belly of any milch-cows. Stables.—1. Cow stables must be well lighted and ventilated. 2. Floors must be tight and well drained. 3. Manure must be removed from the stalls and gutters before the morning milking and also before the afternoon milking, where the cows remain in the stables all day. 4. Walls and ceilings must be kept clean. 5. The ceiling must be so constructed that dust and dirt therefrom shall not readily fall to the floor or into the milk. 6. Stables must be whitewashed at least once a year. The Water-supply.—t1. The water-supply used in the barn and for washing milk utensils must be free from contamination. The Milk House.—1. A milk house must be provided which is separated from the stable and the dwelling-house. 2. It must be kept clean and must not be used for any purpose except the handling of milk. The Milkers.—1. No person having any communicable dis- ease, or one caring for persons having such disease, must be allowed to handle the milk or milk utensils. | The Uiensils.—1. All milk-utensils, including pails, cans, strainers, and dippers, must be kept thoroughly clean and must be washed and scalded after each using. The Milk.—1. Milk from diseased cows must not be shipped. 2. The milk must not be in any way adulterated. 3. The straining of milk must be done in the milk house only. 4. All milk must be cooled to a temperature not above 55 deg. F. within two hours after being drawn, and kept thereafter below that temperature, and must be cooled to 50 deg. or less if not delivered at the creamery twice daily. 5. The use of any preservative or coloring matter is an adul- teration, and its use by a producer or shipper will be a sufficient cause for the exclusion of his milk from the City of New York. CREAM. : QU bi 67 ee A: PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF CREAM. (Kénic.) eee a UUEE EEE EEE EEE EES Mean of 47 Waedvece: Minimum. Maximum. PURER Se Ae cca opel o's wav evale Oe 67.61 43.04 83.23 Mee ints rats so 6 0a | 23.80 E527 30.19 Casein, Albumen, etc....... 4.12 ToS 8.10 0 UR Serre te ee ee 3.92 62 6.23 aS. SCSI 153 Aa EO Specific gravity, 1.100 100.00 PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION CF DAIRY PRODUCTS, (6n1c.) sUpyes : = = u os 3 : So z ui E Specific Sa A | a= De == | ee Gravity. pee ere as eb [ha Skim- milk, grav- ity creaming . 56 | 90.43 sO7|) 3.20 || 4.74 -70 1.0357 ee iugal. skim- milk.. Ve 7 | go.60 2006900) silee.29 74 1.0350 Buttermilk. Settee ters 57. | 90.12] 1.09] 4.03 4-04 72 1.0348 eva os. + «| 46 | 03.38 32 .86 | 4.79 -65 1.0272 Preserved milk... Ae NeS7AO7|eseonle saa oA 74: 74 1.0313 Condensed milk. (no sugar added)| 36 | 58.99] 12.42| 11.92 |14.49 | 2.18 Condensed milk, (sugar added)...| 64 | 25.61] 10.35] 11.79 |50.06*] 2.19 Scherff’s condens- emilee ss ..-... 5 | 72-87| 6.62] 8.20 |10.63 | 1.68 |Lactic Alco- Koumiss (from acid. _ hol. mares’ milk) .. 43 | go-44| 4£.46| 2.24 E77 -42 -Q1 1.91 Koumiss (from cows’ milk). ...| 1 89.20] 1.83] 2.66 | 4.09 43) SEE 1.14 | RED ise «50.5. A es 4d 13.400 [2-4 .68 | 1.02 -75 * 13.84 per cent milk-sugar, 36.22 per cent cane-sugar, 274 YIELD OF CREAM FROM Fat in Milk, Per Cent. A PRADA AHA WHWHW WHWWW ° CONIan PWNHHO COONAN PWNHHO DAIRYING. RICHNESS. Per Cent of Fat in Cream. 35 | 40 | 45 | 50 | 55 Number of Pounds of Cream from 1000 lbs. of Milk. 244} 195 et DAO) EON JO77| 280 43) O51. 56. ae 253| 201 | 168!1151] 120] too} 89 75| 07) Goll ss 261 | 208| 173 | 156] 124] 104] o2 78| 60) 62 | 56 268] 215 |179| 161 | 129] 107] 95 So) 72) OA SRsS 277| 22x | 184] 166/ 133| 110] 97 83| 74] 66 | 60 286 | 228] 190] 171 | 137 | 114 | 100 85| 76] 68 | 62 204.) 235 |. 100 | 176 | 141) 117) Tog 88] -78| 70 | 64 303 | 242] 201 | 181 | 145 | 120 | 106 90] 80] 72 | 66 311 | 248 | 207] 186| 149 | 124] 109 03). S2 7a oF SIO | 255 ere | ror | res r2]7 | rr2 95} 85] 76 | 60 328] 262 | 218] 196] 157 | 130] 115 08) -S7l- 787s 336 | 268 | 223 |\207 | 16T | 134) Fx7)| 100} 489) SO ys 345 | 275.| 220| 206| 165 | 137 | 120 | 103] on) 82 95 353| 282] 235 | 211 | 169 | 140] 123] 105 04| 84 | 77 361 | 289 | 240] 216| 173 | 144] 126] 108} 96] 86 | 78 370 | 205 | 246| 221 1177 |147|1209| r10} 98) 88 |} 80 378 | 302 | 251 | 226| 181 | 150 | 132 { 113| 100] go | 82 387 | 3090] 257 | 231 | 185] 154]135]| 115] 102| 92 | 84 395] 315 | 263] 236] 189/157 | 138 | 118| 105| 04 | 86 403 | 322 | 268] 241 |] 193] 161 | 140] 120] 107] 96 | 87 412 | 329 | 274] 246| 197] 164 | 143 | 123] 100] 98 | 89 MILK OF DIFFERENT 60 270 CREAM. gle | Leov | ocSh | bebe | Cree | eczb | rab | orob | 6g | grZE | Leg | SSE | w-HE | EEE | arse | rE | 6 "UIRDID) OY} UI IVY JO JUaD Jag IZ br E'+ ae 4 Ih oth 6°€ grt LE g°t Kats iets pac oe Ts opts ‘areal *yus0 13d “ATMAL 84) UL ey Jo aD Jeg (Aurel 19iyy) *qua0 sod z* sve uaye} Sulaq H[IW-wIys ay} Jo JU9}U0D JJ ay} ‘MIeIID 999 Jed oz-6 pue yw oy} UT yeh Ud. gad S*¥ 0] o'€ 0} Surpuodsais09 weasd Ul yj Jo JUad Jad JY} SMOYS 9G} SUIMOT[O}J dy J, ‘AVAHO NI LVA CNGO WHd AO NOLLVWTIOAOTWO Re ad Ps eee 276 DAIRYING. LIST OF HAND AND POWER CREAM SEPARATORS ON THE AMERICAN MARKET, 1913. Name. Capacity per Hour. A. Hanp or Datry SEPARA- — TORS. 1. De Laval Improved Farm Separators. Nosi saber, Le. =k 5-17, BD ies ieee YE A ie gare 135-1350 Nos, 19, 20 and 25— Steam Purbine. ....... 675-1350 2. U. S. Cream Separators. INOS: 210) 10, 208,17, 16; 15, 14, 12, Interlocking SLAB peer, Saearera Sa 175-1350 Nos. 15, 14, 12—Inter- locking Style Turbine.| 750-1350 3. The Empire Cream Sepa- rators. INOS: Al 42.43, 4420-82 350-800 Nos,’ 32,82, 33, 324.35, 36—Center Feed Em- DIVE DISCH des Vee wes 200-1050 4. Sharples Tubular “A” Cream Separators. INOS: 1502523; 4520; O.~..-+ 3 225=050 Nos. 5, 7, 10—Dairy Steam Labulare -<).... 500-1000 5. The ‘‘Eclipse’’ Cream Separators. INOS? Ti 25 (352A, Seale a a 400-1600 6. The American Cream Sep- ~ ie) a Lhe . Simplex arators. Nos. 10, 11, 12—Ameri- can: Wonders... 7.4 Nos. I, 2, 3—American Eow-Dowitte 2. oes Reid Disc Bracket Cream Separators. IN QS asl 802 a eet ane eT a ae 400-700 300-600 Link Blade Cream Separators. Nos. --35 5; 4%s “Ds Hand“Power. .:. "ees Noss,:7,...9, Sear BiMess > ge - heya 350-1100 700-1100 9. The National Cream Sep- arators. i INGSH2254204.-20; 28h hc ; 325-800 10. The.Iowa Dairy Separa- tors. INOS S255 30,3 5s sh agersuece 500-850 Retail Price. eeu 100-175 sete II0-150 37-75-47. 50} Manufacturer or Agency. The De Laval Sep- arator Co., Wee Vermont Farm Machine Co., Bellows Falls, Vt. Empire Cream Separator Co., Bloomfield, N. J. The Sharples Sep- arator Co., West Chester, Pa. The C. L. Chap- man Cream Sep. Works, Erie, Pa. 125-300 |15.95-24.95|{ American Sep. Co., Bain- bridge, N. Y. ( |A. H. Reid Cry. & 45-65 Dairy Supply | Co.,.Pinlaeeas AP | D. H. Burrell Co., Little Falls, rro—1z0 | |~N.Ye | National Dairy 60-100 Machine Co., | | Goshen, Ind. { Iowa Dairy Sepa- 75-100 rator Co., Water- | | loo, Iowa. —— eC. OO CREAM. 200 LIST OF HAND AND POWER CREAM SEPARATORS. (Continued.) Name. 11. Peerless Cream Separa- tors. Nos. 5, 7,9 PY Sa Pt et Ot en 12. The Cleveland Separators Nos. 0, I, 2, 3 (models DB Giles acces: 13. Great Western Cream © Separators. Nos. 20, 30, 40, 60, 70, (ONC) 2) A eae, COC ROO cic 14. Blue Bell, Dairy Maid, and Lily Cream Sep- arators. Nos. I, 2, 3, 4—Blue Bell and Dairy Maid. Nos. I, 2, 3, 4, 5—Lily 15. New Improved Golden Harvest Separator. AB SOMLE Girepey a oh Sok och ciicto ts, 52 16. Economy Chief Separa- tors. USEVLCSs ceeres gcc overs ores « 17. The King Sanitary Cream Separators... .. NGS 28 4068 8 fo ce ais oe 18. Wisconsin Dairy Cream Separators. Nos. By As 5s 6, y aa Gearless Victory..... 19. The Milwaukee Cream Separators. SUSHLES Mare o Naku cies tetera ove 20. The Standard Cream Sep- arators. INjOSS “33 534 6) 0, 4 22—— Champion Hand Caatyel ai ee ee ee Automatic gasoline en- gine and cream sepa- rator combined...... 21. The Beatrice Cream Sep- oo POS 20425047 gb oases 22. Anker- iHolth ‘SoH Balanc- ing Separators. Nos. 3, 5, 7,9 er eer eee Capacity per Hour. Lbs. 500-900 350-800 300-900 350-850 350-1050 350-900 |29. 250-600 250- 800 350-900 500—900 350-1200 738 550-1000 300-900 2 7 4. -65-42.35 Manufacturer or Agency. Retail Price. Peerless Cream Separator Co., Waterloo, Iowa. The Cleveland Cream Separator Co.,Cleveland, O. 40-60 65-105 | ( Rock Island Plow 55-110 Co., Rock Island, | Ill. Co. of America, Chicago, Ill. { Montgomery 80-47.00 | Ward & Co: Chicago, IIl. | Internat. Harv. Sears, Roebuck, cee Chicago, { King Separator 95-48.80 | ae Buffalo, AN. .. Starch Bros. Co., La Crosse, Wis. The Milwaukee Separator Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 40-75 50-60 | Standard Separa- tor Co., Mil- waukee, Wis. 65-110 Co.,Lincoln, Neb. Anker-Holth Mfg. Co., Port Huron, Mich. e Beatrice Creamery 55-105 ve Lee, 278 DAIRYING. LIST OF HAND AND POWER CREAM SEPARATORS. (Continued.) Name. Capacity Retail Manufacturer per Hour. Price. or Agency. 23. The Galloway Cream Sep-| Lbs. arators. The Wm. Gallo- Nos. I, 2, 10, 14, 16, 18} 200—1200|29.75-91.00 way Co., Waterloo, Ia. B. PowER SEPARATORS. I. De Laval Separators. ‘‘Alpha”’ Nos. 1, 2, Belt}3500—5000} 500-750 “*Alpha”’ Nos. 1, 2, Tur- DiINe Aree er ees eee 3500-5000] 525-800 ‘*Alpha’’ Acme Belt.... 2000 350 ‘*Alpha'’ Acme Turbine} 2000 375 The De _ Laval Standard Belt. /...5..% I300 250 Separator Co., Standard Turbine...... 1300 275 New York. Centrifugal Milk Clari- fier, Belt, Nos. 115, 120| 8—12,000 Centrifugal Milk Clari- fer? Vuirbine | 6.2 .s: 8—12,000 2. U. S. Cream Separators. Nos. 12, 14, I5—Turbine| 750-1350] 110-150 ,|Vt. Farm Machine Nos. 1, o—Turbine.....|/2300—3000]......... { Co., Bellows Nos. 1, o—Belt........ 2300—-3000|.......-- Falls, Vt. 3. Tubular Cream Separators l Nos. 16, 26, 32, 40— The Sharples Sep- Minrbines ! cen. as 1500-4200] 200-360 arator Co., West Nos. 15, 25, 33, 41— Belt}1500-4200| 200-360 Chester, Pa. 4. ‘‘Simplex"’ Separators. Nos. 24, 3, 4—Turbine.|1200—3500| 200-500 Nos. 23, 3, 4—Belt.....|1200-3500| 225-500 [ Nos. 7, 9, 11—Dairy PRG DINE Sit <5 swiss ele 700-1100] 110-130||D. H. Barrell & Milk Clarifier, Belt or Co., Little Falls, UMETINE es, cee outs eee 12000 500 Ne We Whey Separator, Belt or Turbine (2 sizes)...... 3500-4500| 350-500 5. Victory Cream Separator. 800 85 so Bee La FORMULAS FOR FINDING THE FAT CONTENT OF CREAM. Fleischmann’s formula: Per cent fat in creaam=f.= eee t= fay where R= per cent of cream obtained, f = per cent fat in milk, f; = per cent fat in skim-milk; or roof AR L= -B, i CREAM, 219 where “= per cent of fatin butter, 2 = yield of butter from 100 lbs. of milk, 4 =percentage churning. Under ordinary conditions of creaming these formulas may be simplified to J, = 6.677 —1.42, and /, = 5.778. Formula for finding the per cent cream to be separated when a certain fat content in the cream is wanted (Fleischmann): Desc, © Swe 9 eo ee Jf. ji, and f2 = per cent of fat in full milk, skim-milk, and cream, respectively. Formula for diluting cream to a desired fat content: Separator skim-milk to be added = x = Cea rs 2 c being the pounds of original cream of a fat content of f,, and /, the fat content wanted in the cream. HANDLING AND CARE OF CREAM SEPARATORS, By J. D. FreperrkseEn, Little Falls, N. Y., Manager Chr. Hansen’s Laboratory. In selecting a separator,local conditions, space at dis- posal, nearness to its manufacturer who can put it up, be held responsible, and quickly attend to repairs, etc., may be of importance, and the following points should be considered: Thorough Separation. — All manufacturers claim that their machines do perfect work, but they do not always come uptothe claims. Under normal conditions the meas- ure for thoroughness of separation ts the contents of butter-fat in the skim-milk as ascertained by the Babcock test. The best modern separators skim practically absolutely clean, and there is now no excuse for anything but perfect skimming. With normal milk at the proper temperature run into the machine at the rate of the capacity claimed for it, o sepa- rator should leave more than 0.1% of butter-fat in the skim- milk, which is the smallest percentage that can be ascer- tained by the Babcock test with accuracy. The table below gives the grand averages for the per- centages of fat found in the trials of a number of the leading separators, conducted at the experiment stations of Delaware, Cornell (N. Y.), Vermont, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. 280 DAIRYING. PER CENT FAT IN CENTRIFUGAL SKIM-MILK. Averages of Trials at American Experiment Stations. Style of Separator. Per cent Number Fat in of Trials. | siim-milk. Butter Accummatores:..c-4cccccas ste gees ce teces II 5a | Golumbia Cream: Separator...) ce.ee< Gees aes. 19 .12 Reid’s Impr. Danish Separator 500 fe eee 2.05 TES a wae Gian cc 5-44 32 wisteiwarae Sy ip eae he) 2 eee 2.64 Reso atsnaca) ve, 06 4.83 FAn tesa ae ee 2.56 Be Para stad = 4.58 Bi are Stave ae as, v 2.48 IVS oP acelace eine om 4.35 BOF yeas 3s ray ee eee ane 4.14 BG ted alee: 255 Beicaocenee swale ® 3.95 BE Stale eg cab Seats 2.29 Ao PS, ae ED 3.78 Ale cisive 2 sie ei aha 2.23 eee. sateyc feign oo Oe 78 Aa ee ae Pee Sh7 = Re eH 3.47 The two preceding tables are based on ordinary creamery experience, I pound of fat in the milk producing 1.15 pounds of butter. 316 DAIRYING. NUMBER OF POUNDS GF MILK REQUIRED FOR MAKING ONE POUND OF BUTTER. (Kircuner.) Lbs. Butter per | Lbs. Milk per x Lbs. Butter per | Lbs. Milk per x toc lbs. of Milk. | lb. of Butter. too lbs. of Milk. lb. of Butter. 2.4 41.67 3.8 26.32 2.5 40.00 3-9 25.64 2.6 38.46 4.0 25.00 2.7 37 +04 4-1 24-39 2.8 35 71 4-2 23.81 2.9 34.48 4-3 23.26 3-0 33-33 4-4 22.73 3. 32.26 4-5 22.22 B32 31.25 4.6 21.74 3-3 30.30 4°7 21.28 3-4 29.41 4.8 20.83 3°5 28.57 4-9 20.41 3-6 27.68 5.0 20.00 S57, 27.03 55 18.18 DISTRIBUTION OF MILK INGREDIENTS IN BUTTER MAKING. (Cooxe.) . rs Proportion a a 4 5 of the Total as ; OD 5 th) Milk Fat 29, = TR het = = < | found in the a fy O < |S < Product. lbs Ibs. | Ibs. |1bs.] Ibs.} Iks. tooo Ibs. of whole milk..../130.0 | 40.0 | 26.0 |7 0 |49-5| 7-5 800 lbs. of skim-milk. ...] 78.0 | 2.4 | 22.0 |6.0 |41.2| 6.4 6 200. lbs) Ol creams ons oa))-5220)| 372001) co in. ol) O29 |onen 94 187 lbs. of buttermilk.....| 14.91 8 3.77) -O4|) 0-3) 0tax 2 430301DS; :Of, DUECET «mach 37-09] 36.8 s23i. pCO esate oe g2 SCORE FOR JUDGING BUTTER GENERALLY ADOPTED IN AMERICAN CONTESTS. PUAVOE Gioia So Cale sa me oP hace 45 (ara TGs wo Hogi. 5 ese Ree 25 GRD ES 5 cea, sacs wi xe as ww ae eee 15 et ee ere ee ec IO Packing (style). 2:05 62 sok eae ee 5 BUTTER, a This score has been adopted in judging butter exhibits at various State fairs and dairymen’s conventions during late yeats; in some cases the score has been changed to 50 for flavor and 5 for salting, otherwise as above, or to flavor 40, grain 30, with other points as above. Minimum number of points entitling exhibitors to a premium: Wisconsin Dairymen’s Association, 93, 95, and 94 points, for dairy, separator creamery. and gathered-cream butter, respectively. New York State Fair, 75 points. ENGLISH SCALE OF POINTS FOR JUDGING BUTTER. (McConne tt.) Perfection, I00. 25 Flavor: nutty, aromatic, sweet. 20 Moisture: as free from beads of water as possible. 10 Solidity: firm, not melting easily, nor softening. 25 Texture: closeness of grain, distinct fracture; not greasy. 10 Color: natural, even. to Make: remaining points, cleanliness, salting, nicely ao put up, etc. SCORE IN JUDGING PROFICIENCY OF BUTTER: MAKERS. (Adopted by British Dairy Farmers’ Association.) Butter-making. Preparation of EREATHeS na tee Ser fa PS ALCI MN OsaeR ake cre eee an, ore oa (sian faSnesc - 5 SVAULEE ASUS sree) fe sez oo Se VEAAMTOCIP). acai, cree Saved whe yotarciee. 15 Mentilation/of churn.,..-2.. <<... 4 | Flavor and color.. 7 Judgment and skill in churning.. 15 | Texture and freedom from moist- Washing butter in churn... ..... 10 ure. Se dy ce 5 we ea aay, Bisesol Stratmeben «ons cic:cctas:cisen ei0) 4 Cleaning mierisle: otek sae 4 ee tt MeLMVOMelets. acjciersic scceccls . 7| Rapidity and cleanliness of work- Bier UMICLCT-WOIKEL. cveccucctae Ff ING. c cess ease. svn cadivaveattean 1S a1": DAIRYING. ANALYSES OF AMERICAN DAIRY SALTS. (In Per Cent.*) : = - rs) | 2 o ns ov U ro) . re a2 Mol ae = vo aS 3 = =] re) fe = 3) % ik oe is} oa oO > fe) se — O x a af = wie = Name of Brand. G n S) 8 S é is: 5 | 34 g g “o 5 % 5= be Ba) So) 8) 3 ee ime 2 Ss) on (e) 1 a Bu S a as « i 9 aS | oo EMC raiate sielatsiestas ieee 98.39] 1.22 .12 .07 03 #17 | Oae | 24 Anchor. ...... sie eu ciate 07-79| 1.48 .28 .08 06 31) |Eer25a|er IAShtonth ee woes: ome) QGLOLien.A2 sh 20 16 03 -18,)) 5703) aao Bradleverctcncccenic -| 98.27] .90 .40 .07 102 -34 | -876 | 63 Canfield &Wheeler....| 98.18] 1.2 .22 12 4 -23 |1.062 | 26 Diamond Crystal.....] 99.18] .54 | .19 } .05 03 -or | .880 | 33 TAD POC oe pas h rete cvs erates 98.58] .66 54 «10 02 T0.| .09339.|™ 42 GENCKER A. owen ees |) 98-27) 1.12 | 22g |! “507 o4 16 | .875t| 317 FLV IMS ae ts jer nie alee 98.19] 1.44 aud .10 02 II 907 | 28 WECM ON Moris sie sere eicie 98.15] 1.31 .39 .08 ol 06 |r.o94t| 25t ILOne;State.ia: citachens 98.24] 1.46 .06 .08 06 Io |1.072 28 Vacuum Pan...... e+-| 98.00] 1.15 36 ait .03 31, | o7 Hu eee Warsaw .s ...5..- 24.21 g.06 | 20.80 | 41.01 4-92 (@Gat)eene ct. 25.29 9.10 | 20.98 | 29.21 3.88 Centrifugalskim-milkcheese| 50.5 | 43.1 2.2." (eee 52 DISTRIBUTION OF INGREDIENTS IN CHEESE: MAKING, (Cookz.) Total Casein | Milk- : Fat. and Ash. Solids. Albumen) 20: ss ____ | Per cent | Per cent | Per cent | Per cent | Per cent CHPERE.: os cists ee 54-2 90.6 77-4 5.0 36 Cheese-press drips... 9 -4 6 Las I WIDEY-o2- 652635 Sh eee 44-9 9.0 22.0 03-5 63 CHEESE. ao. DISTRIBUTION OF FERTILIZING INGREDIENTS IN CHEESE-MAKING. (Cookz.) Nitrogen. |Phosphoric Acid Potash. Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. 1000 Ibs. of whole milk........ 5.30 1.90 1.75 Boos: Of WhEY...)....%.. 002.5%. 1.35 1.23 1.63 POOWDSHOL CHEESE...,.....<:.65.5 0. 3-95 65 12 YIELD OF CHEESE FROM MILK OF DIFFERENT FAT CONTENTS. Yield of | . | Vield of : Per cent valent from Milk per | Per cent Fat Cheese from Milk per in Milk. | roo Lbs. of | 1OUP4Of || in Milk. | 100 Lbs of | Found of Milk. Pret Milk. Gest. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. ° 55 18.2 3 9-15 TEor = 6.55 15-3 ~ 10.8 03 2 8.0 12.5 5 12.4 oa The quality of the cheese and its food value improve with the increase of fat in the milk from which it is made. (Decker.) FORMULAS FOR FINDING YIELD OF CHEDDAR CHEESE. The approximate yield of green cheddar cheese from 100 Ibs. of milk may be found by multiplying the per cent of fat in the milk by 2.7; if f/ designate the per cent of fat in the milk, the formula will therefore be: Wield or icheese.== 2.7/7. The factor 2.7 will only hold good as the average of a large number of cases. In extensive investigations during three consecutive years Van Slyke found that the number of pounds of green cheese manufactured for one pound of fat in the milk varied from 2.51 to 3.06, the average figures ,being 2.73, 2.71, and 2.72, for 1892-94, respectively. For cured cheese the factor will be somewhat lower, viz., about 2.6 on the average. If the percentage of solids not fat and of fat in the sam- ple of milk are known, the following formula, published by Dr. Babcock in the twelfth report of the Wisconsin Ex- 3392 DAIRYING. periment Station, will give close results (s = solids not fat; jg fat): Yield of green cheese = 1.58(4s +.91/). This formula is based on a water content of 37 per cent in the cheese; it may be readily changed to suit any par- ticular per cent. The average percentages of water in green cheese in Van Slyke’s investigations referred to above were 36.41, 37 05, and‘36.70 per cent for the years 1892-94, respectively. If the percentages of casein and fat in the milk are both known, the yield of cheese may be calculated from the fol- lowing formula, which will give fairly correct results: Yield of cheese = 1.1f -+ 2.5 casein, (Babcock.) YIELD OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF CHEESE FROM 100 LBS. OF MILK, (Fteiscumann.) — Green Cured Cheese. Cheese. lbs. lbs Soft full-cream cheese intended for immediate Consumption ys toe Peet 25-33 sees swe oe Very soft full-cream cheeses (Brie, Camembert, Neafchateletcains.. non be tae tee ee 18-22 12-15 Somewhat firmer, full-cream soft cheeses (Lim- DuLrper, Nemondon cheese, ete re) a9 2 13-16 Q-11 Soft half-skim cheese (Limburg), 13 lbs. butter and 12-13 Q-11I Soft skim cheeses (a Za Brie, ( amembert, Livarot. Backstein, etc.), 3-3.4 lbs. butter and... ..... 7-5-12 6.5-9 Roquefort cheese (made from sheeps’ milk)...... 18 I2-14-5 Full-milk, from” American and English cheeses, Q-I1 8-9 and .75 lbs. whey-butter. Full-milk from Dutch and Swiss cheeses........ 8-11 7-10 and .7s5 lbs. whey-butter. Half-skim firm cheeses, 1.6 lbs. butter and..... «z 7-10 5-8 Skim-milk cheese, 3-3.5 lbs. butter ree ieteleiare 5-7 4-6 Sour-milk cheese, 3-3.5 lbs. butter and.. Sisinoiee 7-5-9 5-6 scandinavian *! Gamimelost’s 22 5206 ce cee cckeet] -Qi5=528 2-3 and 3-3.5 lbs. butter. Whey cheese: C= Miysost?) 2-4\sccne cctices cecal s 6-7 se os weiner ats and butter and skim-milk cheese. Whey in manufacture of full-cream cheese, 73-88 Ibs., average 81 Ibs. “sé oe fe ee half-skim 66 72-80 “ te 76 “ ee “ ‘* skim cheese 66-76 “ of "2 hate ce Under similar conditions 5-7 lbs. less of whey are obtained in the manu- facture of soft cheese than in that of firm cheese. The Zoss sustained in the manufacture of cheese amounts on the average to 3 lbs. per 100 lbs. of milk, not considering tbe ‘osses incurred in the turing of the cheese. CHEESE. AVERAGE LOSS OF AMERICAN CHEDDAR CHEESE IN CURING, (Bascock.) 333 wm & , Total Total pe | rod | Average | No. of | Weight | Weight Loss. SO peered. Be: cese-! Green. Cured. Days. Days. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. | Per Cent. I 1-19 6 19 2,812 2745 7O.5 DORE 2 11-20 16 242 75356.9 FOP 7T AO 27909 eo 3 21-30 25 298 8,530-5 8,160.4 | 370.1 Oey 4 3u-60 4 417 12,353-3 | £1,684.4 | 668.9 Sev te 5 Over 60 141 172 6,244.4 5)730.0 | 508.4 8.11 Lormleniwuniber of cheese in preceding trials 22... .... 2... . 235. Average weight of green cheese ......... Se a ee gOneuL DS: & temperature of curing-room...,.. 61° F. (range 55-70°). is humidity of airin curing-room ...... 59 per cent. LOSS IN WHIGHT OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF CHHESE DURING CURING, (Martiny.) Per Cent. Swiss (Emmenthal) — made from whole milk will lose in........ 5 months 8-14 = ‘* half-skimmed milk will lose in 8 re 15-20 ss Skim-milk will lose. in-...=... 6 = 12-15 Tilsit— made from whole milk will lose in........ 4 7 12-25 Dutch (Gouda)— made from whole milk will lose in........ 3 i 20-28 ee 6 skim acé cé ce ee 4 ce 15-25 American Cheddar— made from whole milk will lose in........ 2 = 5 sé ce ce “oe ee ee Oe 4 ce 6-7 Limburger or Remoudon— made from whole milk will lose in........2} ‘‘ 16-28 Brick cheese— made from skim-milk will lose in........ a 15-30 Camembert, Brie, Neufchatel, eic.— made from whole milk will lose in........ 2 . 20-35 Sour-milk cheese— made from whole milk will lose in..... ere eh 50-60 DAIRYING. dd4 ess oS°S go°s (iS rS°S | 6r°S ghs obs bbs Eps Tee ‘ IF "| SOIT! | #6708 | Feror | spot poor | egtar ||. Seige | “Star |. coon aul eae orgs | EF gh-s rr'S eyes ibs 6E£°S Lec Gens E'S ze°s 1£°S at : OF €6°0C | 62°OL | 99°OF &9 OT 68 OL | 96 OL gl OL 00°OT 98°6 616 09°6 oF fetes TESS of"S ges gz'S b2-S ce*s 12'S 61°S QiEs at , 6¢ 24 OL | b9°OE | 0S OF 98 OL 26 OL OL°OT L6°6 $8°6 0L°6 29°6 bE 6 6's 12'S 61°S gis gi°S VAS ors 1r°S 60'S Lo's go's aint ' 8's I9°OL | SP OF | PE OT Te" OL 80°OT ¥6'6 18°6 89°6 gc'6 Ch6 66°6 8's 60°S LoS go's to's zo"S 00'S 66°+ L6°+ c6°+ bob zO't | , LS 9FOL | G&Or | 61 OF cO*OT 666 8L°6 696 eo"6 68°6 96°6 gl'6f L's L6:+ So-+ b6°+ zo'h 06+ 83°F Lo'h Sg v Eger zg’ b ae: 9's O& OF | 2T-0L | 80°0F 06°6 L4°6 696 0S°6 LE °6 FG'6 TL6 86°8 9 So-r tg:+ zg h og'F gl'P gol’F SZ eL°P LY ol '¥ 89 a ; o's cl Or TO°OL =| 88 6 cL°6 c9°6 8P'6 CE6 CG 6 60°6 96°8 GR'8 <6 ober oL*h 69+ Lo? So°v tg'h zg'h o9'+ Qgs-F LS°F STA . FE 66 6 98°6 Jom 69°6 9b 6 6&6 066 90°6 €6°8 08°38 29°8 | re og"? gs'b =| Loeb oop ES*¢ S++ oS + ght ob Sth aa 6's #86 0L'6 29°6 EP'6 18°6 8L°6 c0"6 168 4°8 g9°8 6o'8 ee gh b g? + cht ebb ibs 6£°+ get gf? beh €+¢ 1£°4 | eé 39°6 ce'6 cP 6 866 oT 6 “N'6 68°R oL°8 €9°§ 6P°8 96°38 f os (gfe 2 be ty 1f° 62°F Le ¥ gz'b ba'v zz°V 1z'v 6x't ) : TS €9°6 68°6 9%°6 9 a) 00°6 28°8 4°8 09°8 LP°8 FEB lees se | bor eee 1z'+ 61°+ Litt Sree brev Zev oy 60°F Lorb | : os [vee j tee | 6 | 26°8 F9°8 [L°2 89°28 oh°8 1g°2 aI'e goes | 08 ‘WwAIJO; OS cs FS S$ 6& 1é 0¢ 66 86 LG 96 ‘yey jo quay qua‘) Tor "sd0189q 1919NI0}9eT 13d ; (oqa ‘€ ‘z ‘1—ad 4} |[euIS UT) (019 ‘g ‘ge ‘1 —adAj adie] UT) ¢ te ‘(49 rar OR = SH[!M Jo an[ PA VS9a9 JATIL[AY ‘(Ft + —— )gS*1 = asaayo jo plarx (‘MD0Davg) “T .09 2% aAQIOWOIONT VUUBAON? JO SSuIpvoly puY 3B zy JO WWIaD J9Iq 01 Surpuodsaiz10H SHIA JO INTVA VSVVYD VANV[OY Pue WITA AO “Sd'T OOF WOU HSHHHO HO ATHIA 303d CHEESE. V¢ 6'F 8'F oF gg'4 60 FL girl 48° SI bg'Z GL SI EAS OTs 4° Sl ob:Z IP’ SI Lek co &L SreZ 10° €T to'Z C8°Gl 10'9 08°S 6L°9 €9°GT 49°9 REST GS-9 CE SL €P-9 9L'GL 1£°9 T0'GL 61°9 ce it go°9 04° TI b6°S gc It zg°s 68° LT OLS Zone @ 9g mee Ree PL ST zg*L 6S" EI Ose PP Sl ge:Z 8c &T Send ol gt med L661 10°Z IL Or 6g°9 99 °GL LL'9 6P SG $9°9 re Gl Sg:Z CL él CLOL 09 §I 1g'Z crs OneZ 08 °&I BEE PI 'St bel 66° ¢eL rae/4 £8°G oo'Z 49° oT 88°9 eo ol 949 98 °SI b9"9 GEG GG zS*9 FO aT ob'9 68° IT het) GL IT epee) Soil £0'9 GP I och ron 62°S GEIL L9°S 26°0 WO wrt OT HR / Or +O inxF BO OO cs" ol’ 69° go" Es 98 5 >) Ses Diet Le, ol LZ ol 9 ol 9 “ol 19 (corey § Ao) 20° oS ° 16° © cl 9 I gt9 Oui Ces 09° 9 cP 10° bi 6 6g° PL’ LL 66° Sg: PS IT 9 as IT 3) oI S I S or S$ ot 1g Z 6P €I 69°4 €°S1 LS °L SI°sI SP-Z c0°§T BES. 48°61 (oy AuyA TZ ra go'Z coal 96°9 OP Gl ¥g°9 ccd & zL£'9 60°8I 09°9 €6°1 gr'9 sl IT gt*9 oO IT bz'9 LP 11 A ie) Ig I 60°S OI It £9: 00 IT SLs c8 OL €g'S OL OF 96°11 gs"9 08 IL gr-9 co IT bt: 9 = HQ mi~ aa Oe Son moO onl OHO HOO Oe nm mn Seo O- Wt QA ond +O WW OV fe} nl RIT tt 8é TT It’9 co TT 61°9 40°11 Lo'9 e6OL $6°S 92 OL zg°s 19°OL oL°S cr Or gs°S 0& OL Ld ate c6 Gl zg'L 61 GL oS*Z #9 GI gt LZ Stal gz'Z €6 ol €1°2 Lol 10°Z 0 GT 68°9 98 IT LL'9 Pemlel s9°9 coll teri 0) PTT Ha co It 629 60° TE L1'9 #6°OL So'9 4 OL 8.0 9 OL eae 8P OL g's c& OL gS LT Ol et 68% 19° ihe 99°CT to) A I¢el LEME get Genk 06 cl ry aay 4 F0'GI oo 68° TT 88°9 EL It 9£'9 8g° It ¥9°9 cP IT zS°9 246° TT org Gen ge 82°9 96° OT g1°9 18°01 tog ¢9 OL 16°S 6F OL 62°S FE" OT L9'S 61 OL cs:s 60 °OL bol 0 st +S mo OQ ~ oma alae SOMO HO-—OTO aot on es 09 6°9 8°¢ £3 9°¢ og re &@g Gg: Ls 0¢ 6'F 8'F LY oF th ty Sy oe DATRYING. a “+siea 9914} UT suadry SyJO[9 UL pouleiq | 09-oF ‘M[LU Jo Jawnb 0} youusoi doip © Syyim Zz 01 Mvorto I $YyjO[D Ul poureiqd *spjnour usdo UI pouleid ‘su]UOUI OM) Ul odIy ‘SyooM XIS Ul OdIt $spjnow uado ui pauieig *sppnow uado \'T paurriq ‘puvy Aq WeA0Ig pind ‘durpylvos ON ‘pind JaomMsS_,, ‘ypra-aniys ATR *SSOUYIY Ol vus IOyip -uMmoiq poyured y[ru-carys Aplivdg ‘YO UMLUIpP WLS % Jo ‘poppe wroio vuxy ‘uu I e1yxo $pa-tsap piano Ayepy ‘uadoO J ” ihe $s 99 ” *.[ oO8-O 3B UdAO UI pag ‘oz. ‘pappe ASYM INOS : yd49*\ Hs $ pasn jJouUSI 3... ul %oS *SHIUIOW oo1-oF| yw daaq |93'4A\ Wi | PME oS oF $9 S9 Je) 09 09 ao pe npvsy}4Pis}nO ) aw |euon *paijddy aanssoig “P9PPV WES ‘padojsanq | PIV “BULIAIS Jo Sulyeoig *Bulyood ul 91n} -viodwa | uolje[Nseog IO} PeMo| o9 oS 1-09 cr ol ie ° ye paijouusy -|Y auiy 0} pajoog ATH Ss ,SuUIUaAq “Upsauied sree eee’BlOZUOSIOL) ****(QIB9I9) SIPAI94) sores StoluImo[No) Rialto ha ‘eeeeeesqigquiames) On e.aalnis eet a marti tees eese *-+-dojunq se eee baie C10) le | iO er i “Aqiaqd st8888*e7eO7F STTTAL *-***(a1qnop pue a] SUIS) Jaysaonoj5) Pee eee ee YOqTTS Fie eeee eee gos De ea ag | “8 yy «~TANIpPIW “**Buruadri Apirg —aitysoyy Soni sa CTTINNODON) ‘ASUAHO @O SHILAMIVA IVdIONINd JO ANYALOVAONVA FO SISHONAS CHEESE. 336a THE CHNES!: MARKET OF THE UNITED STATES. (‘THOM.) Yield of Hard Cheeses. Milk. Cheese per} Ripening. 1oolbs. Milk English cheddar (best) ....... Whole milk Q-II 6-12 mo. Canadian or American cheddar| Whole milk Q-II 3-12 mo. LEGIT ae Soe ee Low fat 8-11 Long period SSE! 4.6 4 Lie pe eer rare Low fat 8-11 Long period REURMIPES AIT Pe cs) oa: /alo ssi: Se 33s Low fat 8-11 2-3 years Sorr or FANCY CHEESES. WHOM ETIIDETIG Co oe cnc ce bese eos 3.5-4% fat 12-15 4 weeks SRO OU A Toorop ct. ee obs ees: Whole milk Q-II 4 months Sin Pong ofc) Whole milk 8-10 3-6 months Amer.‘' Neufchatel’’ and Cream| Mostly poor | 12-14 (?) | Eaten fresh in fat Market- Retail Price per Pound. Hard Cheeses. able — Period. Europe. Us. English cheddar (best)....... 6 mo. or more | $0.22—-26 |..-e-eeeeee Canadian or American cheddar Months ong o.14-18 [2G ATT ies oleae waren een arate Very long ©.15-24 0.33 RMISCUMEE ION SiS ain ca crc erbie aie ose 2 Very long 0. 24-28 0. 26-35 IPS IT Sle O eee eee Very long SE nd oem ae te oS Sort or Fancy CHEESES. ROEREMI DEI bay yes aie) sis see 10 days ©. 26-36 0.50-70 ‘Ga piniie) | ee eee I-2 mo. O.23-24 0.45 RSREOMI (DEBE )eti4es cc cee eles 2 mo. (?) 0.25-35 0 .45-60 Amer.‘ Neufchatel’’ andCream| Few days BORE TEE OM. o 20-60 _ * London, October, 1905. COMMERCIAL GRADES OF AMERICAN CHED- DAR CHEESE. (Ontario Derr. or AGRICULTURE.) First Grape.—Flavor.—Clean, sound, and pure. Body and Texture.—Close, firm, and silky. Color.—Good and uniform. Finish—Fairly even in size, smoothly finished, sound and clean surfaces, straight, and square. Boxes.—Strong, clean, well made, and nailed. Ends to be of seasoned timber. . Close fitting. Weights stenciled or marked , with rubber stamp. SECOND GRADE.—Flavor.— Fruity,” not clean, “turnipy,” or other objectionable flavor. Body and Texture.—Weak, open, loose,“ acidy,” too soft, too dry. Color.—Uneven, mottled, or objectionable shade. Finish.—Very uneven in size, showing rough corners, black mold, dirty or cracked surfaces, soft rinds. Boxes.—Too large in diameter; top edre of box more than 3 an inch below the top of the cheese. Made of light material. Ends made of improperly seasoned material. 336b DAIRYING. TuHirD GRADE.—Flavor.—Rancid, badly “off,” anything inferior to Second Grade. Body and Texture-——Very weak, very open, showing pinholes or porous, very “‘acidy,” very soft or very dry. Color.—Badly mottled, or very objectionable shade. Finish.—Anything worse than second grade. Boxes.—No question of boxes sufficient to make Third Grade if other qualities are good. EXPLANATIONS.—It would be impossible to define exactly the qualities or defects which may appear in cheese. The standards given are intended to indicate the range of quality for the different grades rather than to establish hard and fast rules to guide the grader. The expression ‘‘good color” means that the color must be of proper shade. There are cheap, inferior cheese colors used which do not give the proper shade, no matter what quality is used. The expression ‘‘clean surfaces” in the definition for First Grade does not exclude from that grade cheese with a slight growth of blue mold, although it is desirable that the cheese should not show any signs of mold. ‘Black mold” (see defini- tion for Second Grade), is simply the advanced stage of the ordinary blue mold. The following scale of points will indicate the relative values of the different divisions of quality: Flavor, 4o; body and tex- ture, 30; color, 15; finish and boxing, 15; =100. It is obvious that a defect in flavor of a certain degree counts nearly three times as much in determining the grade as a defect in finish or boxing of the same grade. Cheese which are strictly sour, or otherwise inferior to Third Grade, will be designated as “Culls,”’ for which there is no classification. Any lot of cheese shall be considered third grade if it shows three or more defects of Second Grade class. If there are not more than 15 per cent of defective cheese in any lot, the inferior ones may be sorted out and classed sepa- rately. If more than 15 per cent are defective, the classification for the defective cheese may apply to the whole lot. This does not apply when inferior cheese have been properly marked so as to be identified, in which case the inferior cheese shall be treated as a separate lot. CHEESE. Doe WHEY TO BE ALLOWED AT CHEESE FACTORIES FOR QUANTITIES OF MILK FROM 30 TO 360 POUNDS. (Roczertson.) The figures in the columns denote the inches of whey. Weight of Diameters of Milk-cans in Inches. Milk in Pounds. 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 30 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 35 2 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 7 40 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 45 3 4 4 4 4 5 6 y! 8 50 3 4 4 5 5 6 z 8 9 55 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 60 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 II 65 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 70 iF 5 6 7 7 8 10 II 13 75 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 80 5 6 7 8 8 10 IL 12 15 85 6 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 16 go 6 7 7 9 9 II 12 14 17 95 6 7 8 9 10 II 13 15 13 100 7 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 19 105 7 8 9 9 ret 13 a 16 19 110 Fi 8 9 10 II 13 15 17 20 115 8 fy) Io 10 12 14 16 18 2 120 8 9 10 Il 12 14 17 19 22 125 8 9 10 II 13 15 17 19 23 130 9 10 II 12 13 16 18 20 24 135 9 10 er 12 14 16 1g 2I 140 9 10 12 13 14 17 20 22 145 10 Il 12 13 15 17 20 23 150 10 II 12 14 15 18 21 24 155 10 II 13 15 16 19 22 100 I 12 13 15 16 19 22 165 11 12 14 15 17 20 23 170 II 12 14 16 17 20 23 175 12 13 15 16 18 21 24 180 12 13 15 17 18 22 24 185 12 14 15 17 19 22 190 13 14 16 18 19 23 195 13 14 16 18 20 23 200 13 15 17 18 20 24 205 14 15 17; 19 2 338 DAIRYING. VI. MANAGEMENT OF CREAMERIES AND CHEESE FACTORIES. DIRECTIONS FOR TAKING AND PRESERVING COMPOSITE SAMPLES OF MILK IN CREAMER- IES AND CHEESE-FACTORIES. (FARRINGTON). The modern creamery and cheese-factory uses the Bab- cock test for determining the quality of the milk delivered by each patron. The most common and satisfactory method of paying for the milk according to its test is to take a small sample of each lot of milk each day, pour this into a cov- ered glass jar containing a small amount of some preserva- tive, and at the end of a week or ten days test this composite sample. The essential features of the process are given in the following directions: I. Provide a pint or quart jar or bottle for each patron. 2. Label each bottle with a number, giving the same number to a patron on the milk-recording sheet. 3. Composite-test sample-bottles made for this purpose with a tin cover and numbered brass tag wired to the neck of each bottle can be obtained of creamery supply-firms. 4. These sample-bottles should be placed on shelves within easy reach of the man at the weigh-can, and pro- tected from the light. 5. Asmall quantity of powdered potassium bichromate, corrosive sublimate, formaldehyd, borax, or preservaline is nut into each clean bottle, to keepthe mitk from souring until testing-day. Some of these preservatives are put up in tablet form, each tablet containing the necessary amount to use in one sample. 6. After each lot of milk is poured into the factory weigh- can and weighed, a small amount of it is dipped from the can and poured into the proper sample-bottle. 7. These samples are usually taken with a small (1-0z-) CREAMERIES AND CHEESE FACTORIES. 339 tin dipper, a Scovell sampling-tube, or froma drip in the conductor-spout. 8. Each lot of milk sampled must be sweet, containing no clots, lumps of curdled milk, or small butter-granules. The sample should be taken just as soon as the milk is weighed, and while it is evenly mixed. g. The use of a small (1-oz.) tin dipper for taking the composite sample has been proved to be practically correct. As the quantities of milk delivered from day to day by each patron vary but little, the error introduced by taking the same amount of milk for each sample is too small to be worth considering in factory work, and this method of composite sampling is usually adopted in separator cream- eries sand in cheese-factories, where the payment of the milk is based on its quality. 10. When it is desired to vary the size of the samples ac- cording to the quantity of milk delivered each day by a patron, it is necessary to use a ‘‘milk-thief”’ or a Scovell sampling-tube. In using either of these tubes, the size of the sample is regulated by the amount of milk in the weigh- can. In all cases cylindrical sampling-cans must be used. 11. Continue adding asample of each patron’s milk to his particular jar every time he delivers milk, for a week or ten days ; then test this composite sample. 12. The composite sample-jars should be kept covered, to prevent loss by evaporation, and in a cool, dark place. Every time a new portion of milk is added to the jar it should be givena horizontal rotary motion to mix the cream already formed in the jar with the milk, and to rinse off the cream Sticking to its side. Unless this is done every time fresh portions of milk are added to the jar the cream on the milk becomes lumpy and sticks in patches to the side of the jar, thus making it nearly impossible to evenly dis- tribute this cream through the entire sample. 13. Composite samples having patches of dried cream on the inside of the jar are the result of carelessness or igno- rance on the part of the operator. 14. A test of the composite sample takes the place of the daily tests of each lot of milk and gives accurate informa- 340 DAIRYING. tion regarding the average quality of the milk delivered by each patron during the period of sampling. 15. The weight of butter-fat which each patron brought to factory in his milk during the time covered by the sam- pling is obtained by multiplying the total weight of milk delivered during the sampling period by the test of the composite sample, divided by Ioo. PAYMENT OF MILK AT CREAMERIES AND CHEESE FACTORIES.* Numerous systematic and extensive experiments by vari- ous scientists have proved that the value of milk for both butter and cheese production stands in direct proportion to ‘ts fat content. Patrons of separator cheese and butter factories should therefore receive payment for the milk de- livered by them according to the percentage of fat in the milk, i.e., according to the quantity of fat delivered in their milk. The same applies to gathered-cream factories as well. The tables given on pp. 305-306 will aid in the calculation of the value of milks of different richness, according to prices agreed upon. In paying for the milk delivered by patrons, four, or, essentially, three, different methods are followed at different factories, all of which are just to all parties concerned. The methods and the directions for using the tables in each case are given below. The tables and discussions entered upon are largely taken from Ver- mont Experiment Station Bulletin No. 16. * See Farrinzton-V’oll, Testing Milk and its Products, 22d Ed., pp. 203-216, 286-289. 2 CREAMERIES AND CHEESE FACTORIES. 341 METHODS OF PAYMENT FOR MILK AT CHEESE AND BUTTER FACTORIES. 1. A certain price is to be paid per one hundred lbs. of milk containing a definite per cent of fat (e.g., $1.00 per 100 lbs. of four percent milk). By referring to the second half of the table on p. 271 we find $1.00 opposite 4.00 per cent of fat; the figures in the samecolumn as $1.00 then give the value of 100 lbs. of milk containing percentages of fat rang- ing from 3.00 to 5.00; e.g., 100 lbs. of 3 per cent milk is worth 75 cents, of 4.5 per cent milk $1.13, of 5.40 per cent milk $1.35, etc. 2. A certain price is to be paid per pound of fat delivered. If 21 cents is the price agreed upon we multiply .21 by three, and the product, .63, gives the amount in dollars to be paid per 100 lbs. of three per cent milk. The column in which the figure .63 occurs opposite 3.0 per ct. is then to be used in the calculations as long as the price is paid, and 3.5 per cent milk will be paid with 73 cents per Ioo lbs., 5.3 per ct. milk $1.10 per 100 lbs., etc. Example: Patron A delivers 840 lbs. of milk during one week, containing, according to the test made, 4.3 per cent fat. Ifthe price agreed upon per ~cund of fat was as be- fore stated, he is to receive go cents per 100 lbs. of milk, or $7.56 in all. Patron B, sending 625 lbs. of milk testing 3.45 per cent, will receive 6.25 X .72 = $4.50, etc. In the table only tenths of per cents are given; 3.45 being half-way between 3.40 and 3.50, for which percentages 71 and 73 cents areto be paid respectively, we multiply by the mean of the two vaiues, or .72. If atest differs less than five-hundredths from any percentages given in the table, the nearest figure is chosen. 3. Patrons are to be paid what ts received for the butter, less a certain amount for cost of making and marketing. Multiply each man’s milk by the per cent of fat it contains, and the sum of the several products will be the total amount of fat contained in the day’s milk. Divide the pounds of butter made from the milk by the pounds of fat it contained, to oz DAIRYING. find how much butter each pound of fat makes. Multiply- ing the amount received per pound of butter, less the cost of making, etc., by this last result will give the amount to be paid for each pound of fat delivered. Example: Suppose the patrons furnish milk containing in all 4oo lbs. of fat, which made 460 lbs. of butter, selling for 27 cents per pound. The expense of making the butter is found to be, e.g., 4 cents per pound. 27-4 = 23 cents; 460 divided by 400 equals 1.15; 23 multiplied by 1.15 equals 26.45, which is the amount, in cents, to be paid per pound of fat delivered; 26.45 X 3 = 79.35, or nearest 79 cents, is then the money to be paid for 100 lbs. of 3 per cent milk, and (see table) go cents for 100 lbs. of 3.40 per cent milk, $1.24 for 100 lbs. of 4.7 per cent milk, etc. 4. A certain price is to be paid per 100 lbs. of milk of average quality. Find the total fat contained in the milk as before; divide this amount by the total weight of milk delivered, and the result will be the average per cent of fat in the milk. Starting from this per cent at the left of the table, go to the right until the price per 100 lbs. agreed upon is reached; the perpendicular column in which this figure is found is the one to be used. Zxample: Suppose milk of average quality is to be paid $1.00 per hundred pounds, and the farmers furnish 8500 lbs. of milk, containing in all 440 lbs. of fat; 440 divided by 85.00 then equals 5.18, the number nearest to which in the table is 5.20 per cent. To the right of 5.20 per cent $1.00 is found in the column headed .58, which column would be the one to use. CREAMERIES AND CHEESE FACTORIES. 343 PRICE OF MILK OF DIFFERENT RICHNESS PER 100 POUNDS. ot Price per roo lbs. of Milk, in dollars and cents. 3-00 | I.00 -07 .04 -gt 88 .86 83 .8T -79 77 Beto! | 5.03 | Z.00 .97 94 .Q1 .89 .86 .84 .82 :79 Baze | 1.07 | 1-03 | 1.00 107, 94 -OI -89 . 86 85 .82 Reap re 1O |} T.07 | F103 T.00 .97 -94 -92 .89 .87 -84 B40) 1.13) | 1.10} 1.06 1.03 1.00 107 -94 -92 -go 87 BasOuleh. 7) T.r3 |) 1-00 1.06 1.03 | 1.00 .O7 -95 -93 .89 B:6o) 1.20) | 2.16 | r.12 1.09 100. |'2.O3 -| E200 07 -95 92 B70 Wee 23, 1-19 | 1.16 Ente T£5Q) ||) E2OO! || T2034) 1.00 -98 94 Beeon| ©-27 | r.23 | 1.T9 Lats Del2.\-4209.} «1.00 03 | 1.00 97 Beo0n| 2-30) 1.26.) 1.22 1.18 i, ts) jak. Li | 1.06.) £06 | F203; |, 1.00 aeod | E233 | 1.20 |. 1.25 1.2t TiS [r.0s | eet | n 08 |) 7200) |) tos Weron| i .37 | 1.32 | 1.28 1.24 TOT NSE | wsty || Pekin BeOOu| shes Aeeo T.40) | 1.35 | 1.31 E.27 EEDA Ee 2O) | eto? 3 eka LA Kel Es | 1.07 eso) £48 | 11.39) | 1-34 1.30 MeO aises) | ale. | ate | re 04s taco AAO 347 hol<42-| 1.98 iets E20) | ts20) |el.220)) Dero) 0 .LOn |) tore Benoni er-50') 1.45 | t<41 1.36 Hos Leap Were 25 (kee ToL ie cess meoomer.53)\) 1.48 | U.44 1.39 Te Tag Eason t.e5 2k mL, Aaron Lah7) | 0.52) | Le47 1.42 Tess o Inde Beste. 20) E240 | m0 Aaco!, 1.60} 1.55 | 1.50 1.45 nga tall Sy sets call 3 Coe ped Way ge Yo Fa |B) = Va ae AeOONeeOa) | 1.59 | 1.53 1.48 Tegel} Eaqon |) Pss0 i tosgn |) be. 29u|) Ke25 Byaoser.07) | r.6r | 1.56 Tease Ag PreqsalescaO eer gon ts qen tt. 2o Reto, 2o7O | 1-65 | 1.50 nS E50 4 2.40, [242 .]) G30) | £.3 1.30 Eeeoult.73 | 2.66 | £.63 1.58 Pessoa) |e ae hake. 33 BesOn aie! Wena7T | T.66 Fomor PeSON |r het a7 |) Beda eAOK) Desh 5.40 | 1.80 | 1.74 | 1.69 1.64 Psu) Las4. | e500 £47. | ti4e | oagd ERSOn aos) Ls 77 | ke ge 1.67 Too roy tse. 5O |r. 45 ie teak gaoon| 1-67) | 1-980) |\ 1:75 1.70 TOs som. Gol re 560) (jx 524 |, reas. Lede 5.70"|-1-90 | 1.94 |, 1.78 73 EOS aOR |i Vesa) Le5Sal Oso naa BOON EOS] E-o7 | Teor 1.76 Lo7t |e PeO0 | £100 7}) 1.57 4) be5o |adegG Senon | LeO7a 1.9L} Tod. 1.79 taza |r. 69 |) T.64-)' Tbo 4 TSO. 5e 6.00 | 2.00 | 1.94 | 1.88 1.82 TVG Rage poz || D.O2 iit. 5oi i) wa54 3.00 275 -73 -7t .70 .68 .67 soe 64 .63 6x 3.10 78 -75 iB 72 +70 .69 .67 66 -65 -63 3.20 .80 -78 76 75 7 “71 .69 -68 .67 5 Bea -83 .80 -78 TT, <5 -74 -72 .70 -69 .67 3.40 85 .83 81 79 “97 .76 +74 73 By -69 3.50 .88 85 .83 .82 “79 -78 -76 75 73 7 3-60 -go -88 .85 84 .82 80 270 77 -75 73 3-70 -93 +90 .88 .86 .84 “23 .80 -79 =77 -75 3.80 +95 -93 -9o -89 86 -85 .82 .8r -80 =77, 3-90 -98 -95 -92 -OL -88 87 -85 -83 .82 -79 4.00 | I.00 -97 -95 -93 QI -89 .87 85 .84 .81 4-10) || 1.03. | 100 :97 -96 -93 -Qt .89 .87 86 83 4 20 | 1.05 | 1.02 | I.00 .98 -95 -94 -QI +go -88 -85 430) |=1-00 | 1.05 || 1.02 1.00 -98 -96 -93 iQ2n 6.90 -88 4.40) | I.XO || £.07_| 1.05 1.02 I.00 -98 +95 -94 -92 -go d44 DAIRYING. PRICE OF MILK PER 100 POUNDS.— Continued. Pets Fat. Price per roo lbs. of Milk, in dollars and cents. 1 AsO Latsel caLOu| t207 1.05 1.02 | 1.00 -97 .96 -94 92 AsOOu Garo, eter.) |r ro I 07 I.05 | 1.02 | 1.00 -98 96 94 Ae7Or | XerOu| tars | core 1.09 1.07 | .04 | 1.027] .00 -98 -96 A,cOlerezo |. 07 |) Tene bap T.09,.| 1.07 | 1:07 || “Tr02ul amos -98 45900) |- 1-23y| 2.20) | 1.27 1.14 I.1Ir | 1.09 | 1.07 | X04 |exvozulaeco 5.00 | 1.25 | 1.22 | 1.19 1.16 1.14 | 11 | T.09 | z.08 | rrosniereoc Beno | meeo |p aaed ) ron T1G9 1.16 | 1.13 |. 2.21 | T.00) | GeoGelee oy Be2Ou|t-30 | 1.27) |) 0.24 [.21 E.18%|)-1.16) | Tg || 15x 1e | aeasieaeon Gegiey dias seule) |) Geto: 1.23 1.20 | 7.18. | “aiz5:| 2223 | tenon emeos BadOuer.o5, || te32) | 1.20 1.26 E23 | 1.20") 2.17 | D.a5y | ee oe CacOuleegon| kasd fade se 1.28 Lede | 7.22 | 1:20 | 1.473) rena eee B.OO Nit gu Ta37) lakes: £230 +| 1.27 | 1224 | @.22 |) 1 260s reeled Ka || Ag Ie ta9O) |) 1290 Td [E.30 | 1.27 | 1.24. | 1i2rs) terouparare BaoO |e te45. |) ta4n i) 0-30 1.35 1-32 | 129 | 2.26 |) 1.237) erescelemead B90 | 1.48.1) Teag | LAE 1.38 1234 /°2.3r | 1.28.) 1526) | esas 6.00 | 1.50 | 1.46 | 1.43 1.40 1.36 | 1.33 |) 1.30 | 2-28) | apeheieees 3.00 -60 -59 58 57 -56 -55 “54 53 one 53/2 .50) 3.10 .62 .61 60 +59 -58 ay -56 755 54) 2253) ease 3-20 -64 8} 62 61 -60 -59 -58 a7, ‘55 ) 854 Gees 2.80 .66 .65 64 63 .62 .60 -59 -58 357 a SOEs 3-40 68 67 66 -65 63 .62 .61 .60 =59)) 58), 257 3.50 -70 -69 68 66 .65 64 -63 .62 -65), ©. 59) 58 3.60 a72 71 7O -68 .67 66 65 -64 -62] .61] .60 3-70 «7A 73 71 -79 -69 68 -67 -65 -64| .€3) .62 3.80 -76 275 73 -72 -7 +70 -68 .67 -66|5 G5) eGR 3.90 -78 77 75 -74 -73 -71 70 .69 .67| .66) .65 4.00 80 -79 a7 .76 -75 -73 -72 -7I .69| .€8) 67 4.10 82 81 79 .78 -76 -75 <7 272 71 70| .68 4.20 -84 .83 81 .80 -78 -77 £95 -74 a78 7H ZO 4-30 .86 84 83 -82 .80 -79 “77 76 -74| .73) 72 4.40 .88 86 85 -83 .82 .80 -79 -78 76 VEAL ok 4.50 go .88 87 85 -84 .82 81 79 =79\\) agOleags 4.60 -Q2 -9o 89 .87 .86 -84 83 -81 -80| 278) 297 4.70 -94 -Q2 gl -89 88 -86 84 83 81 80] .78 4.80 -96 -94 93 .gI -go 88 . 86 85 -83} .81| .80 4.90 98 -96 94 -93 QI -go .88 .86 -85|- .83] .82 5.00 | I.00 .98 .96 -95 -93 -Q1 -90 .88 -86) .85] .33 GLO") &ro2 ||. Sr 06 -98 .96 -95 -93 -92 -9o -88] .86] .85 BE2a) | (T2O4 | 2002) ||| x00 -98 -97 -95 -93 -92 -9o} .88] .87 5.30 | t-06) | 5204, | 1-024} 100 +99 -97 -95 -93 -92] .Qo| .88 5 40 | 1.08 | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.02 | I.00 -99 -97 +95 -05 92| .go BGO at e1O. OS 12,008) O40 1.0241 500 -99 97 +95 3] .92 500) (Ur. 12) fMEO | T.0on|1t.00 4) Zoo4 | m.02) |) ms00 .98 “97 .G5|_08 5o7Ou| etd |e re |) ero: eres a) 5-00 || F044 .027| 62.00. ~98| <97| 105 5280 | rinO | aire | aere@ O99) 1.07 | 605.7) Teo, ero25)) woo 98] .97 5:90 | 2.18 | 1.16 | 1.13) | Elan | 1.09 | 1.07] 1.05 | 5.04], 1-02|07-apiEos 6foo)|"'1/20 | 4:18) 5-15 | ©.13) | 2eTE | 2-09 |! 1-67] Z-e5 "| 2 203|Seocineas CREAMERIES AND CIIEESE FACTORIES. 345 DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING DIVIDENDS IN CREAMERIES AND CHEESE FACTORIES According to the Per Cent of Fat in Milk Delivered. (S. M. Bascock, in ‘‘ Hoard’s Dairyman.”’) Find the amount of fat contained in the milk of each patron for any period desired, by multiplying the pounds of milk expressed in hundreds by the per cent of fat found by the test. Add together the amount of fat from all the patrons, thus obtaining the total pounds of fat delivered at the factory. Deduct the expenses of manufacture, etc., from the money received from sales, and divide the re- mainder by the total fat. This gives the price to be paid for each pound of fat. Multiply the pounds of fat de- livered by each patron by the price; the product will be the amount which he is to receive. If it is desired to know the number of pounds of butter made from each patron’s milk, divide the total yield of but- ter by the total fat delivered; the quotient will be the amount of butter made from one pound of fat. The fat delivered by each patron multiplied by this figure will give the pounds of butter to be credited to each patron. The accompanying table gives the butter yield from 100 lbs. of milk, when the pounds of butter from one pound of fat range from I.10 to 1.20, and for milks containing from 3 to 6 per cent of fat. To use the table find in the upper horizontal line the number corresponding most nearly to the number of pounds of butter from one pound of fat. The vertical column in which this falls gives the pounds of butter from 100 pounds of milk containing the per cents of fat given in the outside columns. Example: A creamery receives during one month 250,000 lbs. of milk, which contained 9531 lbs. of fat; the yield of butter for the same period was 10,983 lbs., which sold for 29 cents per pound, bringing $3185.07. The expense for making, etc., was four cents per pound, amounting to $439.32, leaving $2745.75 to be divided among the patrons. Dividing this sum by 9531, the total number of pounds of fat gives 28.8 cents per pound for the fat. This multiplied by the number of pounds of fat in each patron’s milk gives the amount which he should be paid. 346 DAIRYING. The number of pounds of butter, 10,983, divided by 9537, the number of pounds of fat, gives 1.152 pounds of butter from each pound of fat. The column headed 1.15 in the table is nearest to this ratio, and will therefore give the butter obtained from roo lbs. of milk containing different per cents of fat. If a patron delivered 9420 lbs. of milk containing 3.2 pet cent of fat during the pericd considered, his milk would have contained 301.44 lbs. 0. “at, which at 28.8 cents per pound would have amounted to $86.81. It would have made 301.44 X 1.152 = 347.26 lbs. of butter. In the column headed 1.15 in the table, opposite 3.2 per cent of fat, we find 3.68, which is the number of pounds of fat from 100 Ibs. of this patron’s milk. The error from the use of the table in this way will never amount to more than 4 ounce per 100 lbs. of milk. | Vield of Butter from One Hundred Lbs. of Milk, in Lbs. Lbs. of Butter per Pound of Fat. : 2 of Z md a U1O} TTL | Xsr2 | ©.r3 | X-14- | 1.15] T.26) Ka07|) 218) epee ie a _ wads bene ih ee Sr eee | 3-0/3-30] 3-33 | 3-36 | 3-39 | 3.42 | 3-45 | 3-48 13.51 |3-54 [3.57 1-60 3-0 3-1/3-41] 3-441] 3-472] 3.503] 3-534] 3-565] 3-596/3.627/3.658/3.68913.72| 3.1 3+2/3-52| 3-552] 3-584] 3,616] 3.648) 3 680) 3.712/3 744) 3.776|3 808/3.84) 3.2 3-3/3-63} 3-663] 3.696) 3.729] 3.762] 3.795] 3 828/3.861/ 3.894/3.927|3-96| 3.3 3-4/3+74| 3-774) 3-823] 3-842) 3.876] 3-910] 5.944/3-978/4.012/4.046]4.c8] 3.4 3-5|3-85: 3 33 3-920] 3 955] 3-990} 4 025] 4.060]/4.005/4.130/4.165)4.20] 3.5 3-6/3.96) 3.996] 4.032] 4.068) 4 104] 4.140] 4.176/4.212 4.248 4.284]4.32] 3.6 3 7|4-97| 4-107] 4.144] 4.181] 4.218 4-255) 4-292)4-329/4-306|4.403]4.44| 3.7 3 814.18] 4.218] 4.256] 4.294] 4.332] 4-370] 4.408|4.446|4.48414.522 4.56 3.8 3-94-29 4-329) 4.395) 4.407) 4 445) 4-485] 4-524)4 503/4.602/4.641)4.08] 3.9 4 014-40] 4.440] 4 480] 4.520] 4 560] 4.609] 4.640/4.680]4.720]4.760|4.80] 4.0 4-1/4-51! 4-551] 4-592] 4-633] 4-674] 4.715) 4.756/4-797|4-838/4.870/4.97| 4.1 4-2|4-62) 4.602] 4.704] 4-746] 4.788) 4.830] 4.872/4.914/4.956|/4 998)5.04] 4.2 4.3/4-73) 4 773] 4-816] 4-859] 4-902] 4.445] 4.988)5.031/5.074|5.117|5-16) 4.3 4 414.84) 4.884] 4.928] 4.972] 5.016] 5.069] 5.104/5.148/5.192|5.236/5.28) 4.4 4-5,4-95| 4-995] 5-040] 5.085] 5.130] 5.175] 5.220/5.265/5.310/5.355|5-40| 4-5 4 5]5.06] 5.106) 5.152] 5.98] 5-244] 5.290] 5.336/5.382|5.428|5.474,5-52| 4.6 4+ 715+17 5 207] 5 264] 5.301) 5-358] 5-405] 5-45215.499!5.546|5.50315-64] 4 7 4.8/5-28] 5.328] 5.376] 5.424] 5-472] 5.520] 5.508/5.616|5.664)5.71215.76| 4 8 4-95-39] 5-434] 5 488) 5-537) 5-520} 5-635) 5.684|5.733|5.782/5.831/5.88) 4.9 5-0]5-50] 5.550] 5.600] 5 650] 5.700] 5.750] 5 800 5 -850]5 goo!5.950/6.00] 5.0 5-1|5-61| 5.661) 5.712) 5-703] S 814] 5.805] 5.91615.967/6.018|6.060/6.12| 5.1 5-215.72| 5.772| 6.824] 5.876] 5.928] 5.980] 6.c32/6.084/6 -136/6.188/6.24| 5.2 5-3|5-83| 5-883] 5.935] 5.985] 6.042 6.095| 6.148|6. 201|6.254/6.307|/6.36] 5 3 5-415-94| 5-994] 6 048] 6 102] 6.156) 6.210] 6 2645/6 318]6. 37216. 426/6.48| 5.4 5.5|6.05]| 6.105] 6.160) 6.215] 6 270] 6.325] 6.380/6.435|/6.4g0 6.545 6.60] 5.5 5 -6/6.16| 6.216] 6 272] 6.323] 6.384) 6 440} 6.446]/6.552|6.608/6 664/672] 5.6 — 5.7|6-27| 6.327] 6.384] 6.44t] 6 498 7-55>| 6 612/6 669)6.726)/6.783/6 84) 5.7 — 5-8/6 38] 6.438] 6 496] 6.554] 6.612) 6.670} 6 728 0.786 6.844|6.902|/6.96| 5.3 | 5.9/6.49] 6.549] 6.608] 6.667} 6 72C| 6.735] 6.84416.903/6.962]7.021|7.08] 5.9 6.0|6.60] 6.660] 6.729! 6.780) 6.840) 6.go00 6.96017 .020 7-08017.140|7.20| 6.0 © » CHEESE, 347 TABLE SHOWING AVERAGE PER CENT OF FAT IN MILK, (Partly after Martiny.) . ~ a — ~ Sum of 2 Sum of F Sum of 5 ae} O Pay O oe = a om 5 = oD x = hod gv a oO | Ok g i 2 |} a he 2 2) eh Meee ee tess | 8) els 8 | 8 | Bl al al oH \<_ oH al & < onl & & Zz w + inp) | wn + fon) wD + ~m 55 os 73} 9 Beli)" 24s fara TOROS oulh ‘os|aconl? fr rte | pane 2 2 2 2 22} 2.22 20 . Oe Ouls eEM ert alee 2 2 3 3 27 | 2994 ae C4 On pan eek eS 3 3 3 33 | 3-34 28 O|lex I ol pepe bees) 5 3 4 4 38"). ssa I ott fo) I 2 2 2 3 2 4 4 4 42 4-17 pee Eh 2S) a Be oS 6 z 8 9 83 | 8.34 3 2 8 4 5 6 7 ) 10 It 13 E225 | 12.50 "ome zee sl Op lire dt Preval eee ey | fries 18 20 23 25 .| 2.50 || 25.04 I YR. 5 | 10 | 15 | 20} 25 | 30 35 40 45 5° 5-00 | 50.00 6% || $x | $2 | $3 | $4| $5 | $6) $7 | $8 | $o | $ro | $x00 | $1000 4 DAY. O'|= O20) 60/4507". fo) I I I 7 67 Siar” Oisoglefou eae) «ates oi I I I T ¥3)) @2.33 TS" ne OMG I I I I I 2 2 2 20} 2.00 TOm > -? Ch a | fe oa Vas fos beg 2 2 2 3 27 | 2.67 20 2 I Toa Tah Mee ews a2 2 3 3 3 33) gee 24 2 NTS os mee FR 2 3 A 4 4° | 4.00 I MO Tie paren} ole aS 4 4 5 5 50 | eyeau ZF ese ra each] eae Yl ae”) Page|) 7 CHIEN rte’ Io | 1.00 | 10.00 ahirey Bo Ch) Sate Ob Gril ro) Me VRE 12 14 15 E.50:) 15.08 Gi ae Bol MOM eon exe sen oe 2 24 27 30 | 3.00 | 30.00 Tas 60) 22] 28ial) 24) 307] 36 42 48 54 60 | 6.00 | 60.00 1% $x | $2 | $3 | $4] $5 | $6) $7 | $8 | $9 | $ro | $roo | $x000 4 DAY Ol) On|) SOM) ONlmrOn| 0 ° ° fo) ° 8 77 Sie Ou} Oa] For} os" fou) yo I I I 1 15 1.55 wae ie |) 0") foal cos) keri a I I 2 2 23°} 2.3% 2( Snes Orono | or eal 2 2 2 3 31M sarc 20 # Ae "ee a fees ea 3 3 4 38) |) send 24 CeOu| ant I 2| 2 z g) 4 5 46 | 4.62 1 MO.. fo) 1 2 D 3 3 4 4 5 6 58 5.83 2 Tle 2a es al esa eel 8 9 10 TQ: | Tero ameo7, nee 2a SAR ale | 7 Om Gin eaeeS 14 16 8 || 2.75. | T7550 623e0 al Sas) Er eras S18 clear |iekoc 28 32 35°-| 32gosl 35teo TAVR vere Fle Tal 2. [628 es s5n |e 49 56 63 70 7.00 | 70.00 MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS AND TABLES. 383 TABLE OF WAGES BY THE WEEK. (Computed cn a basis of ten hours’ labor per day.) o bo | 7 2 5 | 8 9 I 2 3 4 5 6 2 Hr.| Hrs. | Hrs. | Hrs. | Hrs. | Day. ;Days.| Days. Days. Days.|Days. $3 |.05 }| .10 -25 | 40 -45 5On)|) x.00 I.50| 2.00 | 2.50 3.00 4 |.062| .133 23ge. hae 00 662| 1.334| 2.00] 2.662 3 33%] 4.00 5 |.084] .162 41% .662 .75 834| 1.662] 2.50] 3.334 4.16%] 5.00 6) (510) || «20 H5Onh e6O0l) 90) t.0On| 2500 3.00] 4 00 , 5.00 6.00 7 |.113| .233 | .583| .933 1-05 | 1.163] 2.333] 3.50] 4.66% 5.83%] 7.00 8 |.134| .262 - 663; 1.00% 1.20 | 1.333| 2.662] 4.00] 5.334 6.662] 8.00 Quleiss ego 7 Gel ehezOn a235) | ete5On|n goon) 1450] 6.0m, 7450) g.oo 10 2) .334 | .834| 1.334 1.50 | 1.662| 3.333] 5.00] 6 662 8.333] 10.00 iI |.184] .362 .g1z| 1.462 1.65 | 1.834] 3.662] 5.50) 7-334 9.16%) 11.00 12 |.20 | &40 LOO) Lr OOulL 1 .G0. | 2.00N) 4.00 6.00} 8.00 10.00 | 12.00 13 |.212| .43% | 1.084] 1.724 1.95 | 2.1602| 4 333! 6.50| 8.662 10.833] 13.00 14 |.234| .462 | 1.162) 1.862 2.10 | 2.333] 4.662] 7.00] 9.334 12.66%! 14.00 5 3.25 | -50 | 1.25 | 2.00} 2.25 | 2.50 | 5 0c | 7.50\10.00 :12.50 | 15.00 I@ |.262] .532 | 1.334) 2-133 2.40 | 2.662, 5.334; 8.00/10 662 13.334! 16.00 ¥7 |.283) .562 | 1.412) 2.262 2.55 | 2.83% 5.662) 8.50 11.334 14.162! 17.00 18 |.30 | .60 1.50 | 2.40 | 2.70 | 3 00; 6.00 | 9g 00|12.00 15.00 | 18.00 19 |.312| .63% | 1.584] 2.534 2.85 | 3.162 6.333] 9.50/12.662 15.834! 19.00 20 |.334| .662 | 1.6632) 2.662 3.00 | 3.333| 6.662) 10 00) 13 334 16.662! 20.00 24 |.40 80 2.00 | 3.20 | 3-60 | 4.00 | 8.00 | 12.00,;16.00 20.00 | 24.00 TABLE OF WAGES BY THE DAY. (Computed on a basis of ten hours’ labor per day.) 25C. 37#c. | soc. | 62gc. | 75c. | 874c. | $1.00] $r.123 | $1.25 4 hour.,| .or} -o1t .02 .034| .03$ .043 .05 .058 .o6L tee .o24 .03% .05 .061| .074 .083 10 .11} .124 Bl ghee .05 .o7} .10 ar2y|| 205 .174 .20 .224 -25 Shas -124 .18% B25 .314| .374 -432 -50 -562 .62} gas .20 -30 40), —.50 60 -70 .80 .90 | $1.00 rr a .22$ -33% -45 -564| .674 . 783 -go | r.ort I.124 1 day.. 25 374 -50 624| .75 .874 |$r.00 T.12} E.25 2 days. 50 75 |$1.00 |$1.25 [$1.50 | $1.75 | 200] 2.25 2.50 ge .75 | $1.12} | 1.50 | 1.874] 2.25 | 2.624 | 3.00 | 3.374 | 3-75 ig B00 50 | 2.00 | 2.50 | 3 00 3.50 | 4.00] 4 50 5.00 Bite 1.25 1.87¢ | 2.50 | 3 124] 3.75 4-374 | 5.00] 5.624} 6.25 (Sy ae I.50 2.25 3-00 | 3.75 | 4.50 S25 6.00 6.75 7-5¢ $1.373| $1.50 $1.62}. $1.75 |$1.874| $2.00 |$2.124| $2.25 | $2.57} 3 hour..| .o6% .074 .083) .083] .o9% .10 . 108 .113 .11g Ted et: =15 -162| .173| .18% .20 .2t+ .224 .23% Sage 25 30 -324|> -35 374] . -40 424 45 474 Bab ee .688| 75 .814| .872] .938| $z.00 |$1.062! $1.124 | $x. 18% 8 “ $1.10 | $1.20 |$1.30 $1.40 |$1.50 | 1.60 | 1.70] 1.80 1.90 ee 1.23%] 1.35 1.464] 1.573] 1.68%] 1.80 r.91d| 2.024 | 2.13% 1 day...| 1.374} 1.50 1.624] 1.75 | 1.874] 2.00 2.12$| 2.25 2.374 2 GAYS 2.780|) 320m -43.255|\3.50. | 3.75.1 A-deI] ION *AjUO sie9dA Areurps0 0} satjddy OZ1 611 QII “ir gII Sir bil ery ZIr Ill Oll 06 68 88 4g | 6S 98 | 8S Sg | 2g rg | oS €g | Ss eg | PS 1g | €S og | 2s 62 } 1S gl | oS LL | 6+ gf | gt SZ | Lb vZ | oF €Z | SP Cla he 12 | &# of | 2 69 | 1+ 89 | oF Lg | 6€ 99 | 8€ Sg | LE tg | gf rsron || She zg | RE Toy iecw og | zt Se Bese elas = ‘'SHVHA OME NIHDIM SHLVYA NHOAMOLHd SAVG HO HZHAWIN RE 1€ of of 6z 6z gz gz lz Lz 9z gz Sz Sz ¥z $z €z ez Zz ae IZ ve oz oz 61 61 QI QI Lr Lr gi gt Si St ti VL €1 to ZI ZI II ir OTs) OL 6 6 8 8 Z L 9 9 S S v + € is z z | ed —_ f 5 - MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS AND TABLES. 3895 BOMESTIC POSTAGE. First-class. . Letters and other matter, whclly or partly in writing, and matter sealed or otherwise closed against inspec- tion, 2 cents for each ounce or fraction thereof. Post cards, and postal cards, 1 cent each. “Drop letters,’ r cent for each ounce or fraction thereof when mailed at post-offices where letter carrier service is not established and at ofiies where the patrons can not be served by rural or star route carriers. A “drop letter” is one addressed for delivery at the office where mailed. Letters deposited in boxes along a rural or star route are subject to postage at the rate of 2 cents an ounce or fraction thereof. There is no drop rate on mail other than letters. Second-class—Unsealed. Newspapers and periodical publica- tions of the second class, when sent by others than the publisher or a news agent, 1 cent for each four ounces or fraction thereof, on each separately addressed copy or package of unaddressed copies, to be prepaid by stamps affixed. To be ertitled to the rate of 1 cent for four ounces, copies of newspapers or periodical publications must be complete. Partial or incomplete copies are third-class matter. Third-class—Unsealed. Printed matter, 1 cent for each two ounces or fraction thereof, on each individually addressed piece or parcel. Fourth-class—Unsealed. Merchandise, 1 cent for each ounce or fraction thereof, on each individually addressed piece or parcel, except seeds, bulbs, roots, scions, and plants, on which the rate is 1 cert fcr each two ounces or fraction thereof. Concealed 1: aller. Matter of a higher class e ic!osed with matter of a lower class subjects the whole package to the higher rate. For knowingly concealing or enclosing any matter of a higher class in that of a lower class, and depositing or causing the same to be deposited in the mails, at a less rate than would be charged for such higher-class matter, the offender is liable to a fine of not more than one hundred dollars. FOREIGN POSTAGE. The rates of postage applicable to articles for foreign countries are as follows: 386 GENERAL TOPICS. Cents. Letters for England, Ireland, Newfoundland, Scotland and Wales PET. OUNCES © tavaiiic Mist tes a hile Ie iOS SOL een eee Letters for Germany by direct steamers, per ounce............ Letters for all other foreign countries, and for Germany when not dispatched by direct steamers: Hor the first ounce or fraction of an Ounce. ... ~. «4 esa soe F 5 For each additional ounce or fraction of an ounce........... 3 2 4 NN Single postcards (including souvenir cards), each............. Replivapost cards seache. cjcic a5 cxviow sais coccalerete e310 acorn ee ee ee Printed matter of all kinds, for each two ounces or fraction of two OUTICES MORTAR E pegs Siete ake ce eis ae tae ea cepa cae 3 .csatena eee I Commercial papers, for the first ten ounces or less............ 5 For each additional two ounces or fraction of two ounces.... I Samples of merchandise, for the first four ounces or less....... 2 For each additional two ounces or fraction of two ounces.... I Registration fee in addition torpostage.. ....-«. ++ seme eee Io PARCEL POST, FOR U. S. AND POSSESSIONS. Weight limit, 50 pounds (first and second zones), 20 pounds (other zones). Size,length and girth combined, 72 inches. 4 ozs. or less,1I cent an ounce, regardless of distance. Over 4 ozs. at following rates, a fraction of a pound being considered a full pound. | ; Zone. Distances. First Pound. | Each Addi- tionalPound. ocalsncize (within P. O. District) 5 cents I cent Mirsts.. ate within 50 miles Se ae sie alg Second.... 50-100 miles esi: sae shtind: se.<0 150-300 ‘‘ Ope: 2 TES Fourth... . 300-600 ‘* (ee Aare 1 Oitiel keep S 600-1000 ‘‘ Sse 6° 2s Sybgel ceeepenes Io000-1400 ‘* Ones Stee Seventh... 1400-1800 ‘‘ ra TO nar Eighth.... Over 1800 ‘‘ Tyas 72 8 Address of sender, preceded by the word ‘‘From,’’ required. In- surance against loss not to exceed $25, 5 cents extra; and not to _ex- ceed $50, 10 cents extra. Money OrpDER FEES.—For Money Orders in denominations of $100 or less, the following fees are charged: Orders not exceed- ing $2.50, 3c.; over $2.50 to $5, 5c.; $5 to $10, 8c.; $10 to $20, 10c.; $20 to $30, 12c.; $30 to $40, 15c.; $40 to $50, 18c.; $50 to $60, 20c.; $60 to $75, 25c.; $75 to $100, 30c. INTERNATIONAL OR FOREIGN MONEY-ORDER FEES. For orders of $10, or less toc. | Over $50, not exceeding $60, 60c. Over $10, not exceeding $20, 20c. | Over $60, not exceeding $70, 70c. Over $20, not exceeding $30, 30c. | Over $70, not exceeding $80, 80c. Over $30, not exceeding $40, 4oc. | Over $80, not exceeding $90, 90c. Over $40, not exceeding $50, 50c. | Over $90, not exceeding $100, $1. Express Money Orders may be bought of the leading express companies at the following rates: Not over $2.50, 3c.; $2.50 to $5, 5c-; $5 to $10, 8c.; $10 to $20, 10c.; $20 to $30, 12c.; $30 to $40, 15c.; $40 to $50, 18c.; $50 to $60, 20c.; $60 to $75, 25¢.; $75 to $100, 30c.; over $100 at above rates. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 387 Ill. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. CUSTOMARY SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. I. Weights. A. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. x1 ton = 2000 pounds (Ibs.)} ;* s Ib. = 16 ounces (02z.) = 256 drams = 768 scruples = 7680 grains; I OZ. = 16drams= 48scruples= 480 grains; - 1dram = 3scruples= 30 grains; 1scruple = io grains, B. APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHT, FOR DRUGS, 1 lb, = 12 0z. = 96 drams = 288 scruples = 5760 grains; 10z.= 8drams= 24scruples= 480 grains; 1dram = 3scruples= 6o0grains; rscruple = _ 20 grains. Cc. TROY WEIGHT, FOR JEWELS AND PRECIOUS METALS, zlib. = 12 0z. = 24 carats = 240 pennyweight (dwt.) = 5760 grains; £0Z. = 2carats= 20dwts. = 480 grains; 1Carat = 1o dwts. = 240 grains; 1 dwt. = 974 grains, II. Measures. A. LINEAR. z mile = 8 furlongs (frigs.) = 80 chains = 320 rods = 5280 feet 3# z furlong =10chains = 4orods = 660 feet: tchain = 4rods= 66 feet; rrod = _ 16} feet: 1 chain = 100 links; 1 link = 7.92 inches} z yard = 3 feet = 36 inches; 1 foot = 12 inches. B. SURFACE. 1 square mile = 640 acres; it acre = 10 square chains = 160 sq. rods = 4840 sq. yds. = 43,560 square feet. * y long ton = 20 imperial hundredweights (cwt ) = 2240 pounds. + 1sea mile (Admiralty knot) = 6080 feet, or 1.1515 statute mile. 388 GENERAL TOPICS. C. CAPACTYY, I. DRY MEASURE. + bushel = the volume of 77.627 lbs. of distilled water at 4°C.; « bushel = 4 pecks = 8 gallons = 32 quarts = 2150.4 cubic inches; apeck =2gallons= 8quarts= 537.6 “ 7 tgallon = 4quarts= 268.8 % we 1 quart = 672°" i 2. LIQUID MEASURE. tgalion = the volume of 8.3388822 lbs. = 58,373 troy grains of distilled water at 4° C.;* 1 gallon = 4 quarts = 8 pints = 32 gills = 231 cubic inches; iquart =2pints= 8gills= 57.75 “‘ ee m pint = <2 illsi= 28:88) "* Metric System of Weights and Measures, 1. LINEAR MEASURES. 1 meter (m) = ro decimeters (dm)= too centimeters (cm) = 1000 millimetes" (mm) = .t decameters (Dm) = .or Hectometer (Hm) = .oor Kilometea (Km) = .ooor Myriameter (Mm). iid 1 Mm = 1o Km = 100 Hm = 1000 Dm = 10,000 m3 tKm= 1oHm= 100 Dm = 1,000 m3 tHm= zo Dm =." Joo mi. 1Dm= tom: &M = 10dM = 1roocM = 1ocomm; 1dm= tocm= toomm; rcnH = to mm. 2. SURFACE MEASURES. 1 Are (a) = 100 square meters (sq. m.) = .or hectare (ha) 5 1 Are = 18q. Dm. = 100 square m 3 1 sq. Km = 100 Ha = 10,000 A = 1,000,000 Sq. M5 BS 1oo A = 10,000 Sq. M3 rA= Ioo sq. m. 3. MEASURES OF CAPACITY. g liter (1) = 1 cubic decimeter (cdm) = 1,000 cubic centimeters (c. c.) = o.oot cubic meter (cbm) = 10 deciliters (dl) = 100 centiliters (cl) = .o1 hectoliter (hl). 1 Hl = 10 D1 = 1001 = 1,000 dl = 10,000 cl; 1DI= 1ol= 100dl= 1,ccochs rl= s20dl= 100¢. 4. WEIGHTS. 1 kilogram (kg) = 100 decagrams (Dg) = tooo grams (g); 1 gram = 10 decigrams (ag) = too centigrams (cg) = 1,000 milligrams (mgy, tton = tooo Kg = 100,000 Dg = 1,000,0c0 g 3 too Kg = 10,000 Dg = _ 100,000 g § 1Kg= 1oo Dg = 1,000 g. * ; Imperial gallon = 277.274 cub. inches, or .16046 cub. foot; it equals 1.20032, OF very nearly 15 U. S. liquid gallons. zr cub. foot = 1728 cub. aes, Pee eee, Se PS ‘WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Biot!) Conversion of U. S. Weights and Measures to Metric, Inches to Millimeters. "+ 25.4001 Meter to Inches. P= 39-3700 Sq. Inches to Sq. Centmr. 6.452 Sq. Centime. to sq. in. .1550 —— Cubic In. to Cu. Centmr. 16 387 Cu. Centmrs to Cubic In. 0610 ' o-_ —_ ‘= a Fluid Drams to Cu. Centi- meters. 3-70 Cu. Centi- meters to Fluid Drams, i= «27 Grains to Milligrams. E= 64.7989 Milligrams to Grains. .01543 uintals to ounds Av. 220.46 -~ Cubic Centimeter. and vice versa. LINEAR. Feet to Meters. -3048 Meter to Feet. 3.2808 Yards to Meters. 9144 Meter to Yards, 1.0936 SQUARE, Sq. Feet to Sq. Decimeters. Square Yards to Square Meters. g. 290 .836 Sq. Meters Square Meters to Sq. Feet. to Square Yards. 10.764 1.196 CUBIC, Cubic Yards to Cubic Meters. Cubic Feet to Cubic Meters. .0283 .765 Cu. Decimeters Cubic Meters to to Cubic Inches. Cubic Feet, (GE, O23 35.314 CAPACITY. Fluid Ounces to 29.57 -9464 Centiliters to Liters Miles to Kilometers. 1.6094 Kilometer to Miles. 6214 Acres to Hectares. -4047 Hectares to Acres. 2.471 Bushels to Hectoliters. 13524 Cubic Meters to Cubic Yards. 1.308 Quarts to Liters. Gallons to Liters. 3.7854 Decalitersto Hectoliters Fluid Ounces. to Quarts. Gallons. to Bushels, -338 1.0567 2.6417 2.8377 WEIGHT. F : Avoirdupois Avoirdupois nm Troy Ounces Ounces to Grams, er on to Kilo- to Gina, rams. 28.3495 -4536 31-1035 Kilograms to Hectograms to Kilograms to Grains. Ounces Av. Pounds Av, 15432.36 3.5274 2.2046 Milliers or Tonnes tc Pounds Avy. 2204.6 Kilograms to Ounces Troy. 32.1507 390 GENERAL TOPICS. Ne Re eH He ce ee KILOGRAMS CONVERTED INTO POUNDS AVOIRDUPOIS. Kilos, ° I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2.0 .o00] .022| .044] .066) .088] 110] .132 154| .176 oI .220| .-243! <265) .287| - eso] vo vs =o Fees re eS =< ite Sar =o 25 | dO | Sa | #Q | BH | 20 |] 556 | Sa fu O QQ 4 O 4 e) ie) I 29.6 338 95 1.06 3-79 .26 28.3 .063 2 59.1 .676 1.89 2.11 7.57 25} 56.7 125 3 88.7 1.014 | 2.84 3.17 I1.36 -79 85.1 -188 4 118.3 1.352 3-79 4-23 15.14 1.06 113.4 +250 5 147.9 1.690 4-73 5.28 18.92 Hee 141.8 2313 6 177.04 2.028 5.68 6.34 22.71 1.59 170.1 3375 7 207.0 2.366 6.62 7.40 26.50 1.85 198.5 -438 8 236.6 2.704 ST 8.45 30.28 2.11 226.8 +500 9 266.1 3-042 8.52 Q-51 34.07 2.38 255.2 563 392 GENERAL TOPICS, TABLE OF RECIPROCALS OF NUMBERS. The reciprocal of a number is the quantity obtained by dividing one by that number. Recip- Recip- r Recip- Recip- No. rocal. i. Poca No. rocal. me rata I I «00000 26 -03846 51 .O1g61 76 -O1316 2 ©. 50000 27 +03704 52 .01923 77 -01299 3 sees! 28 .03571 53 -01887 78 -01282 4 «25000 29 -03448 54 .o1852 79 .01266 5 «20000 30 -03333 55 .o1818 80 -O1250 6 . 16667 31 -03226 56 -01786 8r -01235 7 -14286 32 -03125 57 -03754 82 .O1220 8 »12500 33 +03030 58 .O1724 83 -O1205 9 -IIIII 34 -02041 59 -01695 84 -O1TgO Io . 10000 35 -02857 60 .01667 85 -o1176 II «OgogI 36 .02778 61 .01639 86 -O1163 12 -08333 ay +02703 62 .O1613 87 -O1149 13 .07692 38 .02632 63 -01587 88 .01136 14 +071 43 39 .02564 64 -01563 89 -O1124 15 .06667 40 .02500 65 .01538 90 -OIIII 16 .06250 41 +02439 66 sOISIS gl -O109Q 17 .05882 42 -02381 67 -O1493 g2 -O1087 18 +05556 43 202326 68 -O1471 93 +O1075 19 .05263 44 .02273 69 -O1449 94 .01064 20 -05000 45 .02222 70 +01429 95 -O1053 21 .04762 46 -02174 71 -01408 96 +O1042 22 -04545 47 .02128 72 -01389 1 OFF -OIO31 23 -04348 48 .02083 73 .01370 98 -O1020 24 -04167 49 .02041 74 +O1351 99 .OI1OIO 25 +4000 50 «02000 75 -01333 100 +OI000 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 593 COMPARISONS OF FAHRENHEIT, CENTIGRADE (CELSIUS), AND REAUMUR THERMOMETER SCALES. Fahren- Centi- ; Fahren- Centi- An heit. grade Reanmur. heit. | grade Réaumur. +212 +100 +80 +158 +70 +56 211 99-44 79-56 157 9-44 55.56 210 98.89 79.11 156 68.89 55-11 209 98.33 78.67 155 68.33 54-67 208 97-78 78.22 154 67.78 54.22 207 Q7 22 77-78 153 67.22 53-78 206 96.67 eI 152 66.67 53-33 205 g6.11 76.89 151 66.11 52.89 204 95-55 76.44 150 65-55 52.44 203 95 76 149 65 52 202 04-44 75-56 148 €4.44 51.56 201 93.89 ApS 147 63.89 Bro u 200 93 33 74.67 146 63 33 50.07 199 92.78 74-22 145 62.78 50.22 198 92.22 73-78 144 62.22 49-78 197 gi .67 73-33 143 61.67 49 33 196 OL.11 72 89 142 61.11 48.89 105 90.55 72-44 T4I 60.55 48.44 194 go 72 140 60 48 193 89.44 71.56 139 59-44 47-56 192 88.89 ie ut 138 58.89 47-12 TQI 88.33 70.67 137 58.33 40.67 190 87.78 70.22 130 57 78 46.22 18a 87.22 69.78 135 57-22 45-78 188 ~ 86.67 69.33 134 56.67 45-33 187 86.11 68.89 133 56.11 44.89 186 85-55 68. 44 132 55+55 44-44 185 85 68 131 55 44 184 84-44 67.56 130 54-44 43-56 183 83.89 67.11 129 53-89 43-11 182 83.33 66.67 128 53-33 42.67 181 82.78 66.22 127 52.78 42.22 180 82.22 65.78 126 52.22 41 78 179 81.67 65-33 125 51.67 41-33 178 81.11 64.89 124 ieee 40.89 177 80.55 64-44 123 50-55 40.44 176 80 64 122 50 40 175 79-44 63.56 121 49.44 39 56 174 78 89 63.11 120 48.89 30.11 173 78.33 62.67 119 48.33 38.67 172 aI, 62.22 118 47-78 38.22 17 Byeee 61.78 117 47-22 37-78 170 70.67 61.23 116 46.67 37e3 169 70.11 60.89 1I5 40.11 36.89 168 75 55 60.44 114 45-55 36.44 167 75 60 113 45 36 166 74-44 59-50 112 44-44 35 56 165 73.89 59-11 TIt 43.89 is cutie 164 72-33 58 67 110 43-33 34-67 163 72 78 58.22 109 42-78 34022 162 71.22 57-78 108 42122 3087 161 71.67 57-33 107 4 67 33-33 160 71.11 56.89 | 106 41.11 32 89 159 70.55 56.44 || 105 40.55 32-44 394 GENERAL TOPICS. COMPARISONS OF FAHRENHEIT, CENTIGRADE (CE LSIUS), AND REAUMUR THERMOMETER SCALES.— Continued. Fahren- Centi- Fahren- Centi- heit. grade Réaumur heit. grade Réaumur, +104 +40 +32 +50 +10 +8 103 39-44 31.5 49 9.44 7-56 102 38.89 31.01 48 8.89 720% 101 38.33 30.67 47 8.33 6.67 100 37-78 30.22 46 7-78 6.22 99 37.22 29.78 45 7.22 5.78 98 36.67 29.33 44 6.67 5+33 97 36.11 28.89 43 6.11 4.89 96 35-55 28.44 42 5°55 4-44 95 35 28 41 5 4 94 34-44 27-56 40 4°44 3-56 93 33-89 27.11 39 3-89 3-11 92 33-33 26.67 38 3+33 2.67 gI 32.78 26.22 37 2.78 2.22 go 32.22 25.78 36 2.22 1.78 89 31.67 25-33 35 1.67 1.33 88 3I.11 24.89 34 1.x 0.89 87 50-55 24-44 33 0-55 0.44 86 30 24 32 ° 85 29.44 23-56 31 —0.55 0.44 84 22.89 23018 30 Viep iy 0.89 83 28.33 22.67 29 1.67 reg c2 27.78 22 22 28 2.22 1.78 81 27 22 21 78 27 2.78 2.22 &o 26.67 ego 26 3.43 2.67 79 26.11 20.89 25 3-89 3218 78 25.55 20.44 24 4-44 3-56 77 25 20 23 5 4 76 24.44 19-56 22 5+55 4-44 75 23.89 19.11 21 6.11 4.89 74 23.33 18.67 20 6.67 5.33 73 22.78 18.22 19 722 5.78 72 22.22 17.78 18 7.78 6.22 71 21 67 17-33 17 8 33 6.67 7o 21.11 16.89 16 8.89 7-11 69 20.55 16.44 15 9-44 7-56 68 20 16 14 10 67 19.44 15-56 13 10.55 8.44 66 18.89 15.15 12 II.IL 8.89 65 18.33 14.67 II 11.67 9.33 64 17.78 14.22 10 12.22 9.78 63 17.22 13-78 9 12.78 Io 22 62 16.67 13.33 8 13.33 10.67 61 16.11 12.89 7 13.89 II.It 60 TSS 12.44 6 14.44 11.56 59 15 12 5 15.00 12 58 14.44 11.56 4 15-55 12.44 57 13.89 1i.1y 3 16.11 12.89 56 13.33 10.67 2 16.67 To 55 12.78 10.22 I 17.22 13.78 54 12 22 9.78 ° 17.78 14-22 53 11.67 9.33 —I 18.33 14.67 52 TP. 12 8.89 2 18.89 15 11 51 10.55 8.44 3 19-44 15-56 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 395 COMPARISONS OF FAHRENHEtT, CENTIGRADE (CELSIUS), AND REAUMUR THERMOMETER SCALES.— Coxtinued. Fahren- Centi- Fohren- Centi- heit. grade Reaumur heit grade. as ae | | ee) Ree eee ee —4 —20 —16 —23 — 30.55 —24.44 5 20.55 16.44 24 Shion 24.89 6 Fe 16.89 25 31.67 25.33 7 21.67 17-33 26 32.22 25.75 8 22.22 17.78 27 32-75 | 26.22 c 22.78 18.22 28 33-33 26.67 10, 23.33 18.67 29 33-9 27.11 II 23.89 19.11 30 34-44 27-56 12 24.44 19.56 31 35 28 3 5 20 32 35-55 28.44 14 25.55 20.44 33 36.11 28.89 15 26.11 20.89 34 36.67 29.33 16 26.67 21.33 35 37-22 29.78 17 27.22 21.78 36 37-78 30.22 18 27-78 22.22 37 38.3 30.67 19 28.33 22.67 38 Bfsiateloy Qr.18 20 28.89 23.11 39 39-44 24.56 2 29.44 23.56 40 40 32.00 22 30 24 Formula for Converting Degrees Centigrad: to Fahrenheit, and vice versa: n° C.= bs + 32] | ae : wr = (P= 3\ Xo 3 For Degrees Kéaumur, substitute 4 for the figure 5 in the preceding formulas. 396 GENERAL TOPICS. GOVERNMENT LAND MEASURES. In the system of government survey, lines running north and south are drawn parallel to a fixed line (principal me- ridian) at a distance of six miles apart; these are called range lines. At right angles with these, other parallel lines (town lines) are drawn, which then run east and west. The two sets of lines form squares containing 36 square miles each, called fownships. A certain number of townships form a county. Each square mile of a township is called a section, containing 640 acres, and these are numbered regu- larly 1 to 36, commencing at the northeast corner, as shown in the accompanying diagram. Section 16 in each township is set apart for school purposes. Sections are divided by lines running north and south, and east and west, into guarter sections, designated as the northeast quarter, northwest quarter, southwest quarter, and south-east quarter of the section. These quarters con- tain 160 acres of land each, and are again divided into quarters, each containing forty acres, which is the smallest sub-division recognized ia government survey. Lands are usually sold in tracts of forty acres, or a multiple thereof, except in case of land bordering on lakes, which are frac- tional secticns and may contain more or less than forty acres. These are called government lots. TOWNSHIP. SECTION. N. W. NEY | NEY Quarter, swy | SEY of of NEY | NEY 5. W. S.E: Quarter. Quarter. The description of a 40-acre lot would then, for example, read as follows: The northeast quarter of the northeast quarter of section I in township 24 north, range 7 west. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 397 TO MEASURE CORN ON THE COB IN CRIBS. (WaRING.) When the Crib is Equilateral. RuLe.—Multiply the length in inches by the breadth in inches, and that again by the height in inches, and divide the product by 2748 (the number of cubic inches in a heaped bushel), and the quotient will be the number of bushels of ears. Take two thirds of the quotient for the number of bushels of shelled corn. Lxample.—Required the number of bushels of shelled corn contained in acrib of ears, 15 ft. long by 5 ft. wide and 1o ft. high. Solution: 180 in. (length) & 60 in. (width) X 120 in. (height) = 1,296,000 + 2748 = 471.6 heaped bushels, two thirds of which is 314.6 bushels, shelled. When the Crib is Flared at the Sides. Multiply half the sum of the top and bottom widths in inches by the perpendicular height in inches, and that again by the length ininches, and divide the product by 2748; the quotient will be the number of heaped bushels of ears. Take two- thirds of the quotient for the number of bushels of shelledcorn, HAY AND STRAW IN MOWS OR STACKS. Four hundred and fifty cubic feet of hay is roughly esti- mated as a ton, but there is great variation in the ratio of weight to volume, ranging from less than 400 to 500 cu. ft. | according to the kind of hay, time of cutting, and height cf mow orstack. In general, the finer the stalk of the plart, and the larger the mow, the heavier the hay; also, of course, the more closely packed in putting away, and the nearer the bottom of the mow the heavier. Grass allowed to stand till nearly ripe before cutting will be the lighter; loose hay in loft will take toward 500 cubic feet to the ton; in case of timothy hay about 420, and in case of clover hay, about 500 cubic feet will make a ton. One ton of straw will measure 600-1000 cubic feet, according to kind of straw and length of time in stack or mow. The longer the time in stack, the smaller the number of cubic feet per ton. In estimating by measurement, multiply together the fig- ures representing the length, width, and height of hay, and 398 GENERAL TOPICS. divide the product by the number of feet in aton. For ex- ample, if the hay is 4o ft. long, 16 ft. wide, and 18 ft from the bottom to the top of the mow, and the bulk agreed is 450 cub. ft. to the ton, the mow will contain 4o XK 16 & 18, which equals 11,520 cub. ft.; 11,520 divided by 450 equals 25.6, or 252 tons. The following table is fromthe American Agriculturist Table for Finding the Value of Hay. 1/2) Mo} 5 $4 $5 $6 $7 $8 $9 $10 | $rx A. 50 | 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.25 0.28 qo | 0.14 0.18 0.21 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.35 0.39 go | 0.18 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.36 0.41 0.45 0.50 100 | 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 300 0.60 0.75 0.Yyo 1.05 1.20 135 1.50 1.65 400 | 0.80 1.00 I.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 500 1.00 1.25 I.50 1.75 2.00 2525 2.50 2.75 700 1.40 1.75 2.10 2.45 2.80 sats 3.50 3.85 900 1.80 2.25 2.70 3-15 3-60 4-05 4-50 4-95 1000 | 2.00 2.50 3.00 3-50 4.00 4-50 5.00 5-50 1200 2.40 3.00 3.60 4-20 4.80 5.40 6.00 6 60 1500 3-00 3-75 4-50 5.25 6.00 6.75 7.50 8.25 1600 | 3.20 4.00 4-80 5-60 6.40 7.20 8.00 8.80 1700 3-40 4.25 5.10 5-95 6.80 7205 8.50 9°35 1800 3-60 4-50 5.40 6.30 7.20 8.10 g.00 9-90 1900 3.80 4-75 5.70 6.65 7.60 8.55 9.50 10.45 2000 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 g-00 10.00 I1.00 n Bo} = $12 $13 $14 $15 $16 $17 $18 oF 5° 0.30 0.33 0.35 0.38 0.40 0.43 0.45 70 0.42 0.46 0.49 0.53 0.56 0.60 0.63 (ole) 0.54 0.59 0.63 0.68 0.72 0:77 o.8t 100 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 300 1-80 1.95 2.10 2.25 2.40 2.55 2.70 400 2 40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3-20 3-40 3.60 500 3-00 3-25 3.50 3-75 4.00 4.25 4-50 700 4.20 455 4.90 5-25 5.60 5.95 6.30 felere) 5.40 5-85 6.30 6.75 7.20 7.65 8.10 1000 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 g.00 1200 7.20 7.80 8.40 g.00 9.60 10.20 10.89 1500 g.0o 9-75 10.50 Il .25 12.00 12.75 13.50 16co 9.60 10.40 11.20 12.00 12.80 13.60 14.40 1700 10.20 II.05 Ir.g90 12.75 13.60 14-45 15.30 1800 10.80 11.70 12.60 13.50 14.40 15.30 16.20 1900 11.40 12.35 13.30 14.25 15.20 16.15 17.10 2000 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 399 Annual. The price per ton of 2000 lbs. being known, it is easy to find the value of any fraction of a tonat $4 to $18 per ton. If a farmer has 1565 lbs of hay on his wagon, and the dealer has bought it at $7 per ton, he finds by looking across the table from 1500 lbs. to the column at the top of which is $7, that the value of 1500 lbs. at $7 is $5.25, the value of 6olbs. 2I cents, and the value of 5 lbs. 2 cents, making a total of $5.48. To find the value of any fraction of a ton at $7.40, $7.60, $7.80, etc., find the value at $7 and add to it one tenth the value at $4, $6, $8, etc. STRENGTH OF HEMP ROPES. Hemp rope, I in. in circumference, is calculated to sus- tain a weight of 200 lbs.; 1} in., 450 lbs.; 2 in., 800 !bs.; 2% in., 1250 lbs.; 3 in., 1800 lbs.; 4 in., 3200 lbs.; § in., 5000 Ibs.; 6 in., 7200 lbs. Hemp is considered twice as strong as manila, and wire rope twice as strong as hemp. ( Year- book U. S. Dept. Agric.) The diameters corresponding to the circumferences given are, in the preceding order: .318, .477, .636, .795, .955, 1.27, 1.59, and I.gI inches. THE STRENGTH OF MANILA AND WIRE ROPES. (Cornell Univ.) Manila Rope. Manila Rope. _ eed: 4 strands, Sarge peels Rope. 36 in. long. 36in. long. Bese oS. Circum-} Breaking |! Circum- | Breaking |! Circum- he of Breakirg ference. Load. ference. Load. ference. ‘neeealarg Load. ins. lbs. ins. lbs. ins. Ibs. 1.625 1,750 2.825 4,250 I.062 6 6,285 2.25 3,080 B2375 6,050 1.375 19 I1r,850 PAS 4,750 35 7.700 1.563 19 12,590 2.812 5,400 PMs II,I40 1.595 19 19,500 3.188 6,800 4.825 14,020 1.780 19 19,150 3-625 7,635 5-375 16,550 1.938 19 21,510 4-375 8,980 3.188 TETOOD Nites, chaes, ststie te lie sapevy suse ella a 5,'cleter/s te ATS 11,870 Cap ea RO Oise Wes te ete gualic usiatia seeks e fiatedekehereis) « SeaL25 TG LO Obesilll eie eer Forse let Poses as ro willl So asushauseliercvs aiajote/alltetetoetote re 25562 BE 5 Om tote che) Neloasi| acevo: seventies a a,eve SolhAGe BEORs OEY Ome tinea tetera sommes ee crave fe ay ote Ul ove rat eile's oil oe weielo tees [ates see arora 4.188 FEAT oS Client wage rete atone ae sycaero ahs | ieus aie, vic oie||(s-e.0(ele:eictafia eve Sone 400 GENERAL TOPICS. LEGAL WEIGHTS OF GRAIN, SEEDS, ETC. The table shows the number of pounds per bushel ree quired by law or custom, in the sale of articies specified, in the several States of the Union. | e 3 f = 3 a oO! . o| |. States. my gt my Pee rc ig Pe 4/2] 3| 5 ry ed RS es ad dP esd ie rey) =| 31a] El £]-81 2] S| 6] Sls eee eo] BS] Oj oO] 0} GS) S] Of Hill al] FB] MY] ales 1m) ol0 O10, 0/a| 4} El] an] a} al ole Wannee erate rane 48| 48]...] 56 50] 52! 32] 60].. | 6o0]...]} Go] 62 45 New Hampshire. .......|...]... ...| 56 50]...| 32] 60] 56] 60 .| 62 eae Nienmontere. tae sso: o--| 48] 48]...] 56 -..| 52) 32] 60] 56] Go] 70} 60} 62] Go] 45 Massachusetts... ...... 48| 48].. | 56 50] 52 32] 60] 56] 60] ..|...} 60] 60} 45 Rhode Island © 2.........| 48}..<|.2.|, 56 50] 50] 32| Go] 56] Go) .. yi cleo ieeeteee Connecticut, .o.2. 5. e-+e+| 48] 48]...] 56 50] 50 32] 60] 56] 60)...] 50] 60}...) <4. New York: ..,.3< aiesteaiore 48| 481 0.1] 58) 201 «+01 32] 60] 56], 60]|::a)eee|) O2|pGolane New-_ Jersey 2..).5. +<...2|'48) 50] ..|-56-.- |57| 30] 60] 56] Gol [cont one penne Pennsylvania . sips Hewes’ 47] 40] +0150. 148) 50}, 30) 00]. GO) Collec ce dem 62) ne ee aloie| sep! oy e| 501481 o0| - se]! 2=\ses10OO| sree: latte hele eters aa Maryland... wie'| a'sills-ea |: oho s ofate «| 20) 50] 66K] Ol ocho eee eee District of Columbia... 47| 48|...| 56. 48] 57) 32] 56] 56] Go| so] 55] 62] 60} 45 Vit PIA: Cee Sie cic as: cieik 48] 52]...| 56! 50] 57, 32] 60] 56] Go]...] 56] 60} 64] 45 West Virginia...........| 48] 52] 80] 56!...]...] 32] 60] 56] 6o]...]... 60] 6o| 45 North Carolina..... se see) 48] 50] 0:1 54(e4G]..0) 3O-.-| 5G) Gol « cai ecllleren OM lens South Carolina..........| 48] 56] 80] 56: 50) 57, 32] 60] 56] 60] 50]... 60] 60}... Georem 2.0) 6.5)... » -+-1 47] 521 80] 56) 48] 57] 32] 60] 56] 60) 56] 55].-.| 60) 45 Florida ........0..05 ««-| 48] 48]...| 56] 48] 57) 32| 60] 56] 60]...] 55] 60] 60} 45 Alabama. cones eoseee! 471 48)...1 56, 48] 57| 32] 60] 56] Gol...] 55| 60] 60] 45 Bee epal, be ae o. oof 48]...1...] 56) 48] ..| 32] 60] 56] 60]...]...| 60] 60] 45 PGOUNERAMAL. 5 cic. Se 48] 52].-.| 56) 50/ 57| 32| 60] 56] 60}...| 50] 60} 60) 45 ppeenl Os eelkewietee pew eee 48) 52]...| §6 50]...| 32] 60] 56] 60]...]...| 60 45 aho eseecceees--| 48) 42/...| 56)...]...] 36] 60} 56] Go]...].. | <7e'={ OO ere Washington. Saontducmac: 13 a er a are ese ee 60 = sfo) ari l5er ose]. a) 4o California. ....0sses+02e+| 50) 4o]...| 52]. ..}e..| 32] e05| 54] Golescls enleecfecelecs Drcraus dStore 46) 42|...| 56)...|...| 36] 60} 56] Gol...|...1..-] Bole... Oklahoma..............+.| 48] 42|...| 56|...| 52| 32] 60] 56] 60]...| 60]...| 60} 47 United Statess .c00 006... bs 42| 80] 56 va ..| 32] 60 £6| 6].. ABest ican) hoe WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 401 \ICOMMERCIAL GRADES OF GRAIN. (Minneapolis and Duluth Grain Inspection Board.) AVE ACE. No. 1 Hard Spring Wheat.—No. 1 Hard Spring Wheat must be sound, bright, and well cleaned, and must be composed mostly of Hard Scotch Fife, and weigh not less than fifty-eight pounds to the measured bushel. No.1 Northern Spring Wheat.—No. 1 Northern Spring Wheat must be sound and well cleaned; it may be composed of the hard and soft varieties of spring wheat, but must contain a larger proportion of the hard varieties, and weigh not less than fifty-seven pounds to the measured bushel. No. 2 Northern Spring Wheat.—No. 2 Northern Spring Wheat must be reasonably sound and clean and of good milling quality, this grade to include all wheat not suitable for the higher grades, and must weigh pot less than fifty-six pounds to the measured bushel. No. 3 Spring Wheat.—No. 3 Spring Wheat shall comprise all inferior, shrunken spring wheat, weighing not less than fifty-four pounds to the measured bushel. No. 4 Spring Wheat.—No. 4 Spring Wheat shall include all inferior spring wheat that is badly shrunken or damaged, and must weigh not less than forty-nine pounds to the measured bushel. Rejected Spring Wheat.—Rejected Spring Wheat shall include all spring wheat grown, badly bleached, or for any other cause unfit for No. 4 Wheat. Note.—Hard, flinty wheat of good color, containing no appreciable admixture of soft wheat, may be admitted into the grades of No. 2 Northern Spring and No. 3 Northern Spring Wheat, provided weight of the same is not more than one pound less than the minimum test weight required by the existing rules for said grades, and provided further that such wheat is in all other respects qualified for admission into such grades. 402 GENERAL TOPICS. WESTERN WHITE AND RED WHEAT. No. 1 Western White-—No. 1 Western White shall be sound, well cleaned, plump, and composed of the western varieties of white wheat. | No. 2 Western White.-—No. 2 Western White shall be sound, reasonably clean, and composed of western varieties of white wheat. . No. 3 Western White.—No. 3 Western White shall be composed of all western white wheat fit for warehousing, weighing not less than fifty-four pounds to the measured bushel, and not sound enough or otherwise unfit for the higher grades. Rejected Western White.—Rejected Western White shall com- prise all western white wheat fit for warehousing, but unfit for higher grades. NotE.—Western Red Wheat and Western Wheat shall cor- respond in all respects with the grades of Nos. 1, 2, 3, and Rejected. WINTER WHEAT. No. 1 White Winter.—No. 1 White Winter shall be sound, well cleaned, reasonably plump, and composed of the white varieties. No. 2 White Winter.—No. 2 White Winter to be sound, reasonably clean, and composed of the white varieties. No. 1 Red Winter.—No. 1 Red Winter to be sound, well cleaned, reasonably plump, and composed of the red varieties. No. 2 Red Winter.—No. 2 Red Winter to be sound, reason- ably clean, and composed of the red varieties. No. 1 Winter.—No. 1 Winter to be ound, well cleaned, reasonably plump, and composed of the mixed white and red winter. No. 2 Winter.—No. 2 Winter to be sound, clean, and composed of the mixed white and red winter. No. 3 Winter.—No. 3 Winter shall comprise all winter wheat fit for warehousing, weighing not less than fifty-four pounds to the measured bushel, not sound enough or otherwise unfit for No. 2 of the other grades. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 403 Rejected Winter.—Rejected Winter fit for warehousing, but otherwise unfit for No. 3. DuruM (MACARONI) WHEAT. No. 1 Durum.—No. 1 Durum shall be bright, practically sound, and well cleaned, and be composed of Durum, com- monly known as Macaroni Wheat. No. 2 Durum.—No. 2 Durum must be reasonably sound and clean, and of good milling quality. It shall include all Durum Wheat that for any reason is not suitable for No. 1 Durum. No. 3 Durum.—No. 3 Durum shall include all wheat that is for any cause unfit for No. 2. No. 4 Durum.—No. 4 Durum Wheat shall include all wheat that is badly bleached and grown, or for any cause unfit for No..3- MIXED WHEAT. In case of any appreciable admixture of Durum, Western, Winter or Western White, and Red Wheat, with Minnesota Grades of Northern Spring Wheat, or with each other, it shall be graded according to the quality thereof, and classed as Nos. 1, 2, 3, etc., Mixed Wheat, with inspector’s notation describing its character. H..: CORN. No. 1 Yellow Corn.—No. 1 Yellow Corn shall be sound, yellow dry, plump, and well cleaned. No. 2 Yellow Corn.—No. 2 Yellow Corn shall be three-fourths yellow, dry, reasonably clean, but not plump enough for No. r. No. 3 Yellow Corn.—No. 3 Yellow Corn shall be three-fourths yellow, reasonably dry, reasonably clean, but not sufficiently sound for No. 2. No. 1 White Corn.—No. 1 White Corn shall be sound, dry, plump, and well cleaned. No. 2 White Corn.—No. 2 White Corn shall be seven-eighths white, dry, and reasonably clean, but not plump enough for No. I. No. 3 White Corn.—No. 3 White Corn shall be seven-eighths 404 GENERAL TOPICS. white, reasonably dry and reasonably clean, but not sufficiently sound for No. 2. No. 1 Corn.—No. 1 Corn shall be mixed corn of choice quality, sound, dry, and well cleaned. No. 2 Corn.—No. 2 Corn shall be mixed corn, dry, reasonably clean, but not good enough for No. 1- No. 3 Corn.—No. 3 Corn shall be rained corn, reasonably dry and reasonably clean, but not sufficiently sound for No. 2. No. 4 Corn.—No. 4 Corn shall include all corn not we: and not in heating condition that is unfit for No. 3. ITL. OATS. No. 1 White Oats——No. 1 White Oats shall be white, dry, sweet, sound, clean, and free from other grain, and shall weigh not less than thirty-two pounds to the measured bushel. No. 2 White Oats.—No. 2 White Oats shall be seven-eighths white, dry, sweet, sound, reasonably clean, and practically free from other grain, and shall weigh not less than thirty-one pounds to the measured bushel. No. 3 White Oats.—No. 3 White Oats shall be seven-eighths white, dry, sweet, sound, reasonably clean, and practically free from other grain, and shall weigh not less than twenty-nine pounds to the measured bushel. No. 4 White Oats.—Shall include all oats not sufficiently sound and clean for No. 3 White Oats, and shall weigh not less than twenty-five pounds to the measured bushel. Yellow Oats.—The grades of Nos. 1, 2, and 3 Yellow Oats shall correspond with the grades of ‘Nos. 1, 2, and 3 White Oats, excepting that they shall be of the yellow varieties. No. 1 Oats.—No. 1 Oats shall be dry, sweet, sound, clean, and free from other grain, and shall weigh not less than thirty- two pounds to the measured bushel. No. 2 Oats.—No. 2 Oats shall be dry, sweet, sound, reasonably clean, and practically free from other grain, and shall weigh not less‘than thirty-one pounds to the measured bushel. No. 3 Oats.—No. 3 Oats shall be all oats that are merchantable and warehousable and not fit for the higher grades. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 405 No. 1 Clipped White Oats.—No. 1 Clipped White Oats shall be white, dry, sweet, sound, clean, and free from other grain, and shall weigh not less than forty pounds to the measured bushel. No. 2 Clipped White Oats.—No. 2 Clipped White Oats shall be seven-eighths white, dry, sweet, sound, reasonably clean, and practically free from other grain, and shall weigh not less than thirty-eight pounds to the measured bushel. No. 3 Clipped White Oats.—No. 3 Clipped White Oats shall be seven-eighths white, dry, sweet, sound, reasonably clean, and practieally free from other grain, and shall weigh not less than thirty-six pounds to the measured bushel. bye RYE. No. 1 Rye.—No. 1 Rye shall be sound, plump, and well cleaned, and shall weigh not less than fifty-six pounds to the measured bushel. No. 2 Rye.—No. 2 Rye shall be sound, reasonably clean, and reasonably free from other grain, and shall weigh not less than fifty-four pounds to the measured bushel. No. 3 Rye.—All rye slightly damaged, slightly musty, or from any other cause unfit for No. 2 shall be graded as No. 3. V. BARLEY. No. 1 Barley.—No. 1 Barley shall be plump, bright, clean, and free from other grain, and shall weigh not less than forty- eight pounds to the measured bushel. No. 2 Barley.—No. 2 Barley shall be sound and of healthy color, not plump enough for No. 1, reasonably clean, and reason- ably free from other grain, and shall weigh not less than forty-six pounds to the measured bushel. No. 3 Barley.—No. 3 Barley shall include all slightly shrunken and otherwise slightly damaged barley not good enough for No. 2, and shall weigh not less than forty-four pounds to the measured bushel. No. 4 Barley.—No. 4 Barley shall includé all barley fit for malting purposes not good enough for No. 3. No. 1 Feed Barley.—No. 1 Feed Barley must test not less than 406 GENERAL TOPICS. forty pounds to the measured bushel, and be reasonably sound and reasonably clean. No. 2 Feed Barley.—No. 2 Feed Barley shall include all barléy which is for any cause unfit for the grade of No. 1 Feed Barley. Chevalier Barley.—Nos. 1, 2, and 3 Chevalier Barley shall conform in all respects to the grades of Nos. 1, 2, and 3 Barley, except that they shall be of a Chevalier variety, grown in Montana, Oregon, and on the Pacific Coast. No Grade.—All Wheat, Barley, Oats, Rye, and Corn that is in a heating condition, too musty or too damp to be safe for ware- housing, or that is badly bin-burnt, badly damaged, exceedingly dirty, or otherwise unfit for store, shall be classed as No Grade with inspector’s notation as to quality and condition. VI. FLAXSEED. All flaxseed inspected shall be classed according to quality and conditions as follows: No. 1 Northwestern Flaxseed.—Flaxseed to grade No. 1 Northwestern shall be mature, sound, dry, and sweet. It shall be northern grown. The maximum quantity of field, stack, storage, or other damaged seed intermixed shall not exceed twelve and one-half (124) per cent. The minimum weight shall be fifty-one (51) pounds to the measured bushel of commercially pure seed. No. 1 Flaxseed.—No. 1 Flaxseed shall be northern grown, sound, dry, and free from mustiness, and carrying not more than twenty-five (25) per cent of immature or field, stack, storage, or other damaged flaxseed, and weighing not less than fifty (50) pounds to the measured bushel of commercially pure seed. No. 2 Flaxseed.—Flaxseed that is bin-burnt, immature, field damaged, or musty, and yet not to a degree to be unfit for storage, and having a test weight of not less than forty-seven (47) pounds to the bushel of commercially pure seed shall be No. 2 Flaxseed. No Grade Flaxseed.—Flaxseed that is damp, warm, moldy, very musty, or otherwise unfit for storage, or having a weight of less than forty-seven (47) pounds to the measured bushel of commercially pure seed shall be No Grade. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 4064 GRADES OF HAY AND STRAW: (National Hay Association, 1909.) me aA. Choice Timothy Hay.—Shall be timothy not mixed with over one-twentieth other grasses, properly cured, bright, natural color, sound, and well baled. No. 1. Timothy Hay.—Shall be timothy not more than one~ eighth mixed with clover or other tame grasses, properly cured, good color, sound, and well baled. No. 2, Timothy Hay.—Shall be timothy not good enough for No. 1, not over one-fourth mixed with clover or tame grasses, fair stb, sound and well baled. No. 3, Timothy Hay.—Shall include all hay not good enough for other grades, sound, and well baled. Light Clover-mixed Hay.— Shall be timothy mixed with clover, the clover-mixture not over one-fourth, properly cured, sound, good color, and well baled. No. 1, Clover mixed Hay —Shall be timothy and clover mixed, with at least one-half timothy, good color, sound, and well baled. No, 2, Clover-mixed Hay. — Shall be timothy and clover mixed, with at least one-third timothy, reasonably sound, and well baled. No. 1, Clover Hay.—Shall be medium clover, not over one- twentieth other grasses, properly cured, sound, and well baled. No. 2, Clover Hay.—Shall be clover, sound, well baled, not good enough for No. I. _ .No Grade Hay.—Shall include all hay badly cured, stained, thrashed, or in any way unsound. Choice Prairie Hay.—Shall be upland hay, of bright natural color, well cured, sweet, sound, and may contain 3 per cent of weeds. No. 1, Prairie Hay.— Shall be upland, and may contain one- quarter midland, both of good color, well cured, sweet, sound, and may contain 8 per cent of weeds. No. 2, Prairie Hay.—Shall be upland of fair color, and may contain one-half midland, both of good color, well cured, sweet, sound, and may contain 123 per cent of weeds. No. 3, Prairie Hay.—Shall include hay not good enough for other grades and not caked. 4066 GENERAL TOPICS. No. 1, Midland Hay.—Shall be hay of good color, well cured, sweet, sound, and may contain 3 per cent of weeds. No. 2, Midland Hay —Shall be fair color or slough hay of good color and may contain 123 per cent of weeds. Packing Hay.—Shall include all wild hay not good enough for other grades and not caked. No-grade Prairie Hay.—Shall include all hay not good enough for other crades. Choice Alfalfa —Shall be reasonably fine, leafy alfalfa of bright green color, properly cured,sound, sweet, and well baled. No. 1, Alfalfa.—Shall be coarse alfalfa of natural color or reasonably fine, leafy alfalfa of good color, and may contain 5 per cent of foreign grasses, must be well baled, sound, and sweet. No. 2, Alfalfa —Shall include alfalfa somewhat bleached, but of fair color, reasonably leafy, not more than one-eighth foreign grasses, sound, and well baled. No 3, Alfalfa.—Shall include bleached alfalfa or alfalfa mixed with not to exceed one-fourth foreign grasses, but when mixed must be of fair color, sound, and well baled. No-grade Alfalfa.—Shall include all alfalfa not good enough for other grades, caked, musty, greasy, or thrashed. B. STRAW. Na. 1, Straight Rye Straw.—Shall be in large bales, clean, bright, long rye straw, pressed in bundles, sound, and well baled. No. 2, Straight Rye Straw.—Sha!l be in large bales, long rye straw, pressed in bundles, sound, and well baled, not good enough for No. 1. No. 1, Tangled Rye Straw.—Shall be reasonably clean rye straw, good color, sound, and well baled. No. 2, Tangled Rye Straw.—Shail be reasonably clean, may be some stained, but not good enough for No. 1. No. 1, Wheat Siraw.—Shall be reasonably clean wheat straw, sound, and wel! baled. _ No. 2, Wheat Straw.—Shall be reasonably clean, may be some stained, but not good enough for No. 1. No. 1, Oat Straw.—Shall be reasonably clean oat straw, sound, and well baled. No. 2, Oat Straw.—Shall be reasonably ciean, may be some stained, but not good enough for No. 1. WIrIGHTS AND MEASURES. 407 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES (TRAUTWINE.) \ l Average Specific Gravity. Average Weight of 1 cu. foot, in Pounds. —E ae Aluminum . Spl dehs tata dat ptorstan 3 arcteae ieee Oe Anthracite, Te es 84, usually... Ey areata: arsi er /eisiei ava e e's 1.5 93-5 broken, of aby’size, loosé’.. ...- «=. 52-56 (A tonyloose, averages from 40 to 43 cubic feet.) Ash, American UAT EC TT Yor atc ciata trac lcitias «\s\e/e,a/slnielviniels 61 38. “oS area ull aGla gonsocaaadosecer 752 47- Asphaltum,, 1-1.8........ccesccessceseors ce cceceeee i4 83.3 Pa CINCO Vig ieraice stair) iw of dnjo w winis sieicicieiceea! oleic eee é .96 60. Brass (copper and zinc) Cast 76 —Osd emer ayn 8.1 504. Bronze (copper 8 parts, tin 1 part, gun metal), 8 3. Pe EE agictiwee oats revise se csusea pis Spates ren coe se 8.5 529 Bament Peis COLMAN. .cos0<0 doccieneic+ coe sens 3a0¢ 81-109 Charcoal, of pines and Oaks.........---ceee ee sees sa 15-16 henry. perfectly Gry ...5....- ce cccesccssece onesie .672 42. CHeSIAMEPELIeChly GLY sj. ssc. ccac coos cccccnee ss .66 41. Coal, bituminous 1.2-1. Gl £SUlsponoecedapcaadjode See 1.35 84. Broken, of any Size, lOOSE. 2: ..- -.2-ss0c esse 47-52 (A ton occupies from 43 to 48 cubic feet.) SBQUPEE, CASE, C:0-0.0 nate Beas € CQ hy = ‘s o 3 cI ee OR Pe o2| a Le S dete aed) wea = = 58 To eee: Moe Le eae g ao : 5 So: eee iY Game 4 ~~ WV 4 VY ~~ het R = fx fy Oo a oO I $ 4.87 | $ 0.24 | $ 0.19 | $ 0.40 | $ 0.52 | $ 0.27 | $ 0.20 2 9-73 48 39 .80 1.03 5A 41 3 14.60 71 58 1.21 1.55 -80 61 4 19.47 +95 77, 1.61 2.06 1.07 81 5 24.33 I.19 -97 2.01 2.58 1.34 1.02 6 29.20 1.43 1.16 2.41 3.09 1.61 1.22 7 34.07 1.67 1.35 2.81 3.61 1.88 1.42 8 38.93 I.go 1.54 3.22 4.12 2.14 1.62 9 43-80 2.14 1.74 3.62 4-64 2.41 1.83 10 48.67 2.38 1.93 4.02 5.15 2.68 2.03 20 O7233 4.76 3.86 8.04 10.30 5.36 4 30 146.00 7 okA 5-79 12.06 15.45 8.04 6.09 40 194.66 Q-52 7-72 16.08 20.60 10.72 8.12 50 243-33 II.go 9-65 | 20.10 | 25.75 13.40 10.15 b Core) 486.65 23.80 19.30 40.20 51.50 26.80 20.30 STATISTICAL TABLES. IV. STATISTICAL TABLES. 411 AREA AND POPULATION OF THE UNITED (Thirteenth Census.) STATES, 1910. States or Land | popula- States or Land | Popula- Territories. | Atea. tion Territories. Are tion Sq. Mi q. Mi Adjabama). <5 « 51,279/2,138,0903||N. Hampshire.. 9,031 430,572 Arizona... ...| 113,810} 204,354||New Jersey.... 7, 51A\ 2,537,107 Arkansas..... 52,525|1,574,449|| New Mexico...]| 122,503 327,301 Galtorniay 2...) 155,052125377,549|)New York.°... 47,054] 9,113,614 Colorado® *,.-. . 103,658] 790,024||/N. Carolina.... 48,740| 2,206,287 Connecticut .. 4,820|1,114,756||N. Dakota... 70,183 577,050 Delaware..... TOS) 202232 2||Ohion. ses. ce. 40,740] 4,767,121 D. of Colum 60| 331,069||Oklahoma..... 69,414| 1,657,155 Ploridias.. oN 3k 54.800) 75 2:000||Orepons. 2)... «.<.- 95,007 672,705 Georgia... .. 58,725|2,609,121||/Pennsylvania. . 44,832] 7,665,111 Iola) a¥o) ae eee 83,354] 325,504||Rhode Island. . 1,067 542,610 IN eiste) ee 56,043}5,638,591||S. Carolina... . 30,495] 1,515,400 acianae. . ss. 36,045]2,700.876||S. Dakota..... 76,868 583,888 Wawa ci. sss 55,580|2,224,771|| Tennessee. .... 41,687] 2,184,789 ISAS I zt oss S17 7H Es090940)|\"Pexasia. . 2. .s.. 262,398| 3,806,542 Kentwelay. 9. | A0,181|2,280,9005||\Utah.......... 82,184 Aire Nis Louisiana.....] 45,409]1,656,388||Vermont...... 9,124 355,950 INE Win =e BOISOS\ (7A28711| Vireinia. oc... 40,262| 2,061,612 Maryland.... 9,941|1I,295,346|| Washington.... 66,836| 1,141,990 Massachustts 8,039|3,366,416||W. Virginia.... 2A022| (1.227 15O Michigan.....} 57,480]2,810,173|| Wisconsin..... 55,2560] 2,233,860 Minnesota....| 80,858]2,075,708|| Wyoming...... 97,594 145,905 Mississippi . 46,362|1,797,114 an Missourt. .... 68,72713,293,335 hotaleea 2,973,890/91,9072,206 Wiontana. .. .. 146,201| 376,053 Nebraska... ...| 76,808/1,1902,2T4||Alaska......... 590,884 64,356 Nevada on) 2s ¢ 109,821 Se SG ea Waller Sere cha) 6,449 I9I,909 Porto (Ricou. «25. 3,435] 1,118,012 AREA AND POPULATION OF CANADA, 1911. Provinces Land Provinces Land : and Area, ae and Area, rene Districts. Sq. Mi ; Districts. Sq. Mi Ontario. . . | 365,880|2,523,274||Pr. Ed. Island... 2,184 93,728 Ouehee.s.< a4 - 690,865/2,003,232||Saskatchewan. .} 243,382 492,432 Nova Scotia. .| 21,068] 492,338||Alberta....... 252,925 374,063 N. Brunswick.} 27,911} 351,88c!/Yukon........ 206,427 8,512 Manitoba... .| 231,926] 455,614||N. W. Territ’s..|1,207,926 18,481 Brit. Colum... 353,416] 392,480 GENERAL TOPICS. G2 | eT z'gs Sees £°oF 6°9£ g 6€ £°2S g*1¥ 6'zt DOr6e $°6£ 0°9z 6° ve L‘or 6'9F g' Zs 1°9S oid 6°SS z‘ov g'1b “AON Sto S:og 12s €'gb g° OF BF 9 z°bS ) ao) Cece gr2s S*aPr bly Sisi5 g: Ls 6°Lo 9°49 E-gL z*SqQ 8°98 gos pO +OO nw OH mS OR mo ™ NH O mo an ieee cow INO oo t~+~NOtA Hw om oad wnwthn nR OO NNO” ‘das ‘sny “Atn[ T"69) || %-FO) | "V"00 S-9S zes b:oS EZR || En0e SRE |) CME €: 64 » EA OULS Eales +: 6F 9° S¥ gor | O68. We ) PTO.) || 0-05 g Lb g Lt L:Sz ree. |* ropysio) © |f sCe}efe hci z*6P LiF abe S2ozate 9° gf £-oL 1°ZQ ace £-9P g:zr |° f HUN oe eee eer eter eer ae ee eee thee eeee eorere . Carter 2 9*19 2S rey za || —agtetey aly roy Hl Orcom mance vets OcGen eo cee he cman Pet o'19 z°2S Loft g*Sz reketans 4h Erol g 09 g°oS 1°gf €°Sz g°tr | “EQ POLES, g‘ob Z'1z o'9 z ‘ S19 (Od) €-ov 6°92 €°61 alt 6°S9 €°9S z‘ tr ze L'9z Live "\ a°El z°Sg Sass 6 tr feicetes | fester = ie $*62 z°eL o'Llg 9°9S c:2S SOF) |e 6 gL o°éZ L-a9 z°gS 2°SS HEN |i 9°08 6:9L o°€L 4°99 g°SO bo 6°QL S-oL L°19 neg gos (oy 2/0 zak SiN ¥40) £°1S tote} 7 gist gacoem|y g°z9 Opes beh TesiGc 1°gz g*gz |° ‘aunf{ | ‘Aew | idy | sew | ‘qeq | ‘uel (neding JayieVaM “S “Q) (‘qoyUIIGRY Svotsoq uT) sree **OISIY IseOD ‘eq YINOS ****UO1sayY ISPOD “ORY 2|/PPIW MIO T SO 0 (09 ho} | yseo7y ‘OEP "N “"neole[d UlsyiION OO Ba IO DI gi clan hes (2) he oN Ah 4 Sicioie siesleipisel BOB Tey usayInosg PICO OO Oa Kon ts ujoyynos eavalcieaard leita OCoTS PIPPI ee ee edo[s UIOYIION eeeee OLIGO OV RET eA LINOSSI AJ seers area iddississr saddq beets eeereter ess pIOMRG YON seveesees*tOlday oye todd) eeeeee “** TOLBay aye] JIMO'T ***gassauuay pue Aal[eA O14O eeeee EC COMME Fo nash ey yyny soM S9qe1sS JIN seq ‘eeeeeeeeeesepinsuludad BPO dq ore 69 ee SSIBIG OIVUEINY INOS rereeeeesaieys O1NURITV SIPPLAL te eeeeeseesaqeiSg purlsouyq MON eeeeereeereee "SUOISTAIC, EE , ‘SHLVLS GHULINO AHL NI YIV AHL AO HHOALVHRHdWAL NVAW TVWHON STATISTICAL TABLES. 413 AVERAGE AND ACTUAL DATE OF LAST AND FIRST KILLING FROST. (U. S. WEATHER BuREAU.) State. LOMA EL. Son cass, eracele Kentucky... .. ... MS OUISTATI AN 6 cress creo es “e Manyland: Mar. 1 April 5 Nov. 2 GainOr ances ee occeay Mar. May 8 Oct. 2 Chicago. ccscnce April 23 | May 25 Sept. 27 Springfield... 5... April 16 | May 25 Sept. 13 Indianapolis.... ... April 17 | May 21 | Sept. 26 Des Moines......... .| April 24 | May 3: Sept. 12 DuUbuUGgues ac. sen 89 SORA OST aye] JaMo7y Eg*gb || 1S°€ | HL°E | gb-z | Lor€ | SgE | Lovh a € | 6bh | cz-b | 18th |-- secre" ** QassouUaT pue Aal[eA O1YO goS || x8"E | 6z°€ | SESE -|.gorh | Eg"h | 2£-h)| S6°E gg°f ed $9181S o1yURl1V 21PPIIL vh-o€ || SS°E | Cov | 06 F |} GFE | Heh | OL E | Irek git see ee ewes ooeeres $9}81S purlsuq MON Ev Ly || gb-€ | xx | LEE | EL-¥ | 6S°E | Go°h | Sg'h | os | 10°h | SE-E | Sg°E OLE: lire elerk eiwisvenieinr sie <¢ sie S EIGN MR SSAN SS-gS || 9S°+ | Eo'H | ggrz | Sorh | zS°S | S1*g | 21'S | Eeh | OS'? ge°S | eL oP i orton) <9 see sss Sone Sey eL sates LL-oS || t1°z | Loz | vg:b | Sz°L | €o'g | 6B°9 | Q0°9 | ggrh | Fore | 12z°z | Hgrz JOS, || cle” ee siahersisiria cic. Seis MSUliod, & Dizol #1°SS || Eg°€ | Exe | Or- | GES | ogg | Sz°g | ge'S | Orb | ELE | EQre CL- 6) TSP: | Pelee eeisies nc esis Gah ICOM wily Lone 69°£ : cose 6E°€ € ‘gaq | ‘Aon | 1390 | ‘adag | ‘Bny | “Anf |ounf | Avy] cady | sep | gag | ‘uef *SUOISTATIC —- va a a a el (neoing sJoy1eaM 'S A) (‘soqour ul) ‘SHLVLS GALINQ AHL NI NOLLVIId Idd IVWUON 416 GENERAL TOPICS. METEOROLOGICAL DATA FOR CANADA, Province or City. Normal Mean Temperature of the Air. Monthly Temperature. Lowést. Ontario wr... 2 wejescisee) puogy “* *OOTXOTT MON "+++" @peIOJOD DS ee A TNIUCL OAL ANY onbatey Shave BuRquo ‘*Byoxeqd WON “-ejoyxeq YyNOS “BysviqaN "* “SesuBy “+++ Lmossrpy «i Waele. opie, Stickel "eMOT "* * -eIOsaUUTY "* "+ * UISUOOST MM eres srounnyy vos se ss puRrpuy Nilere’ a <@ “URBIYOIL (is 9305 Seas TOPICS; GENERAL 422 LOE Es ZOOL SIg TSS LS mss: Is gs OcVr'st Bzo'r SvZ voz‘ toz‘s LV ge €LT7‘QI VSi't 883 ie, ei VPE'e ge cv viz'v zs¢e 99z O1Q‘I oSL't Sipe. cid tenes oe Leg‘S cvs L8e orr‘e glz'e zs Zen CLOG VEZ cVI aie L oor't Ome a) > || Se = Aa Wr 24 LOZ 10 10g 0068 OD re | Pa ee ane TIg‘€ 192 602 b6o'! Seat SI il eee eo ee LLO vs ev Soler £zZO'! 1 a Neco Seek LOS ZLe's gie vEez7™ V1 9£6 Cle I vio'V £7Z bor Soot! 006 Oil a5 =) || Reais: £ge‘'9 Ige £62 oh at ome f oSS‘z Oiesr ff onli eaasie eos CDSS 1 688 IvL SELES Sgz'g so SRI O8z‘g S25) Ige vor'z vVI'Y Le Lays obVr't 96 zl oll OOI'I 1G eect et OE Lie OV LES. SETS vor'g1 £39'9z oz I€I ocv‘ol 1zs ZO£ VSs‘g 9£6'6 COs <> lit ee ee O16‘'L8 o006's ozl'y fe1l‘ee OgI‘ge oge osT't 01g‘6 OfV OLE OzO'I 19v'‘z CAE a Pg Scale Sov't 99 gs cor SoS 1 Cee CHIT IS Viet tt Ter bar) VIg‘zI gos LLY SEZ. ogee Corr | oases te OL re Sirsan O10‘! Z00'% orgs gz boe 06£'6 9z9 10s Gale Oge'z LI Vz vos‘6r gcV'i Lee: a2 ar QQOI‘fz LYE Ig *SIe]]O Ne : *S1P]]0 ; . *SIP]JO en x SUOL | 4 ‘Sal0y hel ee x Sfeusng | ,"so1oy tema | “ACY *$904810g gL ¢ seem eet 6 AS en EE Oi ee She Relea alee oe a cee zs Zz ) ©. 0y¢) oe! eter Pee ig a sm “gassouuoL cere) aan gps «@ S- CEo. 0) 6m 2S 6 2.4.2. 0 OF Be Oe €- as) sae “SsesueylIy gli Orie. eee flere sence kA ea @ Fin celte va oe > ae eset ale hese Oe Pras, Fes 3 : ° manseve sonece eieny as *\ TG ES en p S iechia "ia, waist Suiduel|imyialtonteneris . rahecene o 8 @ aa ee ct a ce eee . eT Cee t ee arm ee i} <, "eplloly « ‘ems «8 6 of eee ewe SE Oe eae Lo OeIS) Pec ty ee ee ee CON te eer bu Mar eet OSCR Mk tY kD *eull[oles) yynosg sT/erw\a) vi (6. (# -0y.e|]\ eae erie) -e . CHOC e gk me ty “*euljoled YON oSz OL te Meso weer as eae BIUIBILA gor Y 6 ois: pele. lee. fe. ») eae puryAre py a\faie\e ele aieue,||)\h) atie a6 Tt ee [ine ayein ge as a8 eee Z61 2p Ps sm lw 8 6) fe, ve) oe elueA[ASUUOg Ree wl steheuaiiie -si[e) le wre es . pie katte Ney Rane) chart ASSL MIN zeu'z zg rTP ewe OCU a Ce a *yIOX MON (ie ¥ Ch pee . 7 O08 in ew ee eo ee e Gp © 2 6 @ *qynorpyoouUuo, Vad oot Teg Oat We Foe Mey Seu | Ca Cad toe . Pikes e. -. ow 16) ee * pueysy apogry Bi atvifieh aye is. ceall/ pia) orale . 61,0. o;_o Awe hee Sijesnyoesse fy csp | aM VPC CnC CINE 378i C JUOULII A QZ tap eee eae ‘aatysdure MIN Sor Regi |e Er cack area ol oi hiseerer seat aure yy «Spysng | ,‘saroy ‘ALOJIIIAT, 10 94e49 Aoyleg LS (“panusquwoD) ‘sI6T “SHLVLS GALINA AHL NI SdOUO TVdIONIYd AHL AO SOLLSILVLS 423 STATISTICAL TABLES. $69'9S8 OSss‘e zov'zs Szv'ivi Iv2‘Li LEo'eI VPS'gI 109‘0V bvo'Lyv zgz‘gl ogs‘ev zS1‘Iv Ser'6z oSv‘ov gee‘zs 169‘zLl Igv Szgie geL‘i LoL‘I QEO'! 189 £zo'! PZe gev Soo‘! 6S8 giz‘t ors zL9g eo Sor ovt'z €v1'yv zso'yv IvS‘z 000‘ goz'e Zgs'‘ze ggiie gzo'V *pez}IuI0 000 ‘spuesnoy}4 Ul passoidxqy 8I9‘I 160S‘9 SIE. gg0'V g4g'1 ZQ7‘I ToL L OSI Ses Taree vz6 evra bog‘I VVE'z V1Ig‘'v oor‘ gos'‘s teL'g 19z‘6 ELg‘1i ZOL'R 6S6'T R90'ST Ivo‘rr Q16'6 OSL‘goe ZER‘O7S LSO'ZI1 VZ3‘EzTZ NO Ws mart Da ULSCR CRD ECE i {5 i 2jnis peyuy Gower EE Let colt icip(@) PC et eMC) Tha) oa *elulojIed Gi duck a tioaeh war etronatisataneies “u0S2IO adie! &Nucte ceuie Was mata ‘UOTBULYSE MA a 6 016: Piel, ey ewan) eons Ren aane euozIly \|\o:8) Ge: las toe Ken hee eeae OOlxe yy MIN eave, G18, Ue PAPO eT a: Woru “ope1ojog news * *BUTUIOA A #16 <0) (6,0) an wy. Chien PLPOr “BueqyUuofy Ave picdtiet of © oie . “BjOoxeqd YON Soe Cot are es “ejoHeCd yynog Cee er ni ee ast een “exSPIGIN OCT at ae) Chat RR 6 ea “sesuey hina ae emer +++ “tmosstfy Sturisr TTC) | aaah atte toss s sspqosauuTyAy Mg aciie COR gM +++ WISUOOST AA Meteere eeeeeeee eS gtounty yep aan eeeeeees + + pueIpuy Lig oe SOM 8 520} 1019) 4 AV) BY aaah 9 Wa ee as Tone ashe Ue Same COLT BY 424 GENERAL TOPICS. AVERAGE AGRICULTURAL WAGES IN THE U. S. IN 1893-1895, INCLUSIVE. (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.) Per Month for Per Day in Per Day other Season or Year. Harvest. than Harvest. Years. ‘ . : With | Without With | Without With |Without Board. | Board. | Board. | Board. | Board. | Board. itel OTe ey oye es $13.29 | $19.10 | $1.03 $1.24 $0.60 $0.89 TOO ss kote bua 12.20 17.74 -93 i ds? 63 . 81 TSO5c os hice I2.02 17.60 -92 apd 62 81 INDUSTRY GROUPS IN (Twelfth Census.) THE UNITED STATES. Number of Av. Number | 44 Establish- Capital. of Wage Sq ments. Earners. fad Food and kindred prod’cts 61,2606 $937,686,610 311,717 4 MEStMNES we. iss Bem Stk 30,048 1,366,604,058| 1,029,910 I Iron and steel and their PLOdUCESHs oe kc es es 13,806 I,528,970,076 733,008 2 Lumber and its manuf’ res. 47,054 045,934,505 540,872 4 Leather and its finished PLOMUCES: 3. cues 16,980 343,000,513 238,202 |10 Paper and printing...... 26,747 557,610,887 207,551 8 Liquors and beverages... 7,861 534,101,049 635072) wale: Chemicals and allied pr’cts reas 498,282,210 TOL,A So, Vrs Clay, glass, and stone pr’ts 14,809 350,002,367 244,987 fe) Metals and metal prod’cts other than iron and stee! 16,305 410,646,057 190,757 |1I pI ISACCOL, us = Sse eee 15,252 124,080,871 142,277 |12 Vehicles for land transpor- AO ne = Soe econ se TO,Ir2 306,671,441 316,157 6 Shipbilding>.: se.'a- . 1,116 77,302,701 46,78L {15 Miscellaneous industries . 20,479 I,348,920,721 483,273 5 andatrades: <5 sy.25).k 215,814 302,442,255 550,130 3 Value of Products. am Wages. | Gross. Net. of Food and kindred prod’cts} $128,667,428)2,273,880,874| 1,750,811,817| I MERGES Ay Sala cri eats ccess ee 341,734,3900|1,637,484,484| 1,081,961,248] 2 Iron and steel and their Products, 22 2. o (aie Sek 381,875,400/1,703,4900,908| 0983,821,918| 3 Lumber andits manuf’res.| 212,124,780|1,030,695,350| 547,227,860] 6 Leather and its finished Products. 4) gE ae. te) 09,759,885] 583,731,046] 329,614,996|1r Paper and printing......| 140,092,453] 606,317,768] 410,798,101| 7 Liquors and beverages... 36,046,557| 425,504,167| 340,157,618|10 Chemicals and allied pr’ts. 43,250,292] 552,707,877] 372,538,357| 8 Clay, glass, and stone pr’ts} 109,022,582] 293,564,235] 245,447,118|14 Metals and metal products other than iron and steel 06,749,051| 748,705,464] 371,154,446] 9 MODACCOLRS sik ee ae cee 40,852,484| 283,076,546] 264,052,573|12 Vehicles for land transpor- tation a. Aaa eee 164,5590,022| 508,524,510| 250,622,377|13 Slnikoingeol(Gbhales, Gree ee ae 24,830,163 74,578,158 42,492,518|55 Miscellaneous industries. . atid: trades. =. &. iso che 202,746,162] 1,074,002,204 288,118,421! 1,1483,615,478 633,791,538 FIT, TOAREN 5 a4 Ave. Ave. Total Pro-| otal Total Ave. Farm Wale Crop. faricon © |. Ore, Value, Yield |Price per|ner Acre ; Acres.* | Dollars.* |per Acre.| Unit. Dolla Cents. : Indian corn. .bu.]3,124,746 | 107,083 |1,520,454 2022 sas 7 14.22 Wheat, ~ 730,26 45,814 555,280 15.9 76.0 12.08 Oats, mr |S 48.337 37,917 452,469 37.4 31.9 II.93 Barley, ~_ | 223,824 7,530 112,957 29.7 50.4 14.97 Rye, <: 35,064 2AEr7 23,636 16.8 66.3 Weel Buckwheat fy 19,249 841 12,720 ZPLERO 66.1 Eee iy | Potatoes, “* | 420,647 3,711 212,550 | 113.4 50.5 57 27 Hay, tons 72,6091 49,530 856,605 rely Lu 7O mere ss Cotton {bales 15,693 36,045 732-420) |= 20757 8.8 18.28 Tobacco, Ibs.) 962,855 1,226 104,063 | 785.5 10.8 84.83 Flaxseed bu. 28,073 2,851 32,202 9.8 EEAay Tms24 Rice, ie 25,054 723 23,423 34.7 93-5 32.44 | Hops f, Worsal a, “OGRA O77) Iss ae eae ee] ee ae a (a eee, Act lei a aera * Expressed in thousands; 000 omitted. + Dollars. t Data for rortr. THE PRINCIPAL CEREAL PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. As Shown by the Census Returns, from 1850 to 1910. Cen- Indian Wheat. Oats. Barley. Rye. Buck- sus Corn. wheat. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. 1850) 592,071,104|100,485,944| 146,584,179} 5,167,015,)14,188,813| 8,956,912 1860| 838,792,742/173,104,924|] 172,643,185 15,825 ,808|21,101.380 17,571,818 1870| 760,944,540|287,745,626] 282,107,157| 29,761,305/16.918,795| 9,821,721 1880/ 1,754,861,525 459,479,505| 407,858,909] 44,113,495/10.831,595|11,817,227 1890| 2,112,327,547|468,373,968| 800,250,666| 78,332,076|28,421,308 12,110,349 1900} 2,666,324,370 658,534,252) 943,380,375|119,634,877|25,568,625 11,233,515 1910 2,552,189,630 683,379,259) 1,007,142,980/173,344,212/20,520,457|14,849,332 1 « STATISTICAL TABLES, 425 AREA, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE OF PRINCIPAL CROPS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1912 (U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) PRODUCTION OF VARIOUS CROPS IN CANADA, 1912. Flaxseed Corn (maize) BOtALOeS ss. ieee aus. Turnips and other roots.. ‘* Hay and clover, Fodder corn Sugar beets Crops Total Yields. WWineGatoS. ose bu.| 199,235,000 Barley.e . 3... 9: a 44,014,000 MO SUES Syst. a5 Se) ae . |, 305,733,000 BV Gone cee Sorat are’ “sf 2,594,000 easier tetas ae 3,773,500 BEATS) 50 ora oh-c0' 8 -& 1,040,800 Buckwheat.... ‘‘ 10,193,000 Mixed grains... ‘‘ 17,952,000 PUNE Ate S00 2s ud Soo, Sie, 3a. Total Yields. CCA Ce 2 Ei 8 I 1,681,500 16,569,800 1,343,000 | 7,505,000 1,189,000 2,858,900 426 GENERAL TOPICS. AVERAGE COST PER ACRE OF RAISING WHEAT, CORN, AND COTTON IN THE UNITED STATES, 1893.* (U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) : Cotton, | Cotton, Wheat. | Corn. | 1), nd. | Seana Rent OP ands oh cies aeicis'. Oe efor sersne $2.81 | $3.03 $2.88 $2.36 Manure.or fertilizers. 53. - 2-- «4. «es. 2.16 1.80 1.46 3-75 Preparing ground 1.87 1.62 2.81 3-65 COUN es -hce. sseecemibie r dist siete cite gé ele eis <2 38 Sowing or planting) 2.2265... > 37 42 .28 46 Cultivating ys. 40.o6.ee- si leer be 1.80 7.3% oleae tars Harvesting, gathering, or picking.. 1.19 D220 4 3.27 ely, nrasbiiree's Goehe wc ce Gael dee eee 1.20 ieiaie Sc 5 Ginning and pressing. =. fees sess bs ee £565 2.61 FAOUSIN Oem osetia syriap teres bee ster =37, 550 F saat Repairing umplementSe.: -.... ase a 42 +42 Marketing, \f2<. +. #a's2 cuasoniem Meicebe -76 1.26 64 eps Other expenses..... BS ptee. as, atais Scie aiiere aay 5a NOtale cane 22 evs wae eielaes, wes PLESOO slupi Tis 7) Leena $21.95 AVERAGE FARTI PRICE OF VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ON DEC. 1 IN EACH YEAR FROM 1890 TO 1910. (U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) Crop. 1890 1895 1900 1905 I9IO $ $ $ $ $ Corn pembushel. . 2. oso 0506: | (0 2253'"| 10.357. Oe 2s5 0.480 Wheat Tn Sects tes See 4838 7.500 610 .748 . 883 Rye pe Pe peak Ree .629 .440 2 Ee. OTE he Oats ele er eae (reg 2a . 199 .258 201 -344 Barley Daron yh AE | .648 1237) . 408 .403 .578 Buckwheat -o . -.4ce ee eee i) FAR \ ee 55S . 587 661 Drish Oba Sie eee eine ET . 266 .A31 O17 557 Flay periton:22 =. <2 -tomecee Fan fea! 8.35 8.89 8.52 12,20" Cotton perilb..: a2. = me .086 SO7OS | eee .105 .142 Leaf tobacco, perdb....... .077 SO8O lest de 085 093 * Data for wheat and corn consolidated from returns from nearly 30,000 leading farmers scattered throughout the United States. The data for cotton were secured in 1897, and are the averages of returns from over 3400 planters, STATISTICAL TABLES, 427 NUMBER UNITED AND VALUE OF FARM ANIMALS IN THE STATES, 1880-1910. (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.) Farm Animals.| Jan. 1, 1880. | Jan. 1, 1890. | Jan. 1, 1900. | Jan. 1, 1910. ed Horses, number II,201,800 14,213,837 13,537,524 21,040,000 value..| $613,206,611| $978,516,562| $603,960,442| $2,276,363,000 Mules, number 1,729,500 2,332,027 2,086,027 4,123,000 value..| $105,048,319| $182,394,009| $111,717,092| $494,095.000 Milch cows, No. 12,027,000 15,952,883 16,292,360 21,801,000 value..| $279,809,420| $352,152,133| $514,812,106| $780,308,000 Other cat., No. 21,321,000 36,849,024 27,610,054 47,279,000 value..| $341,761,154| $560,625,137| $680,486,260| $917,453,000 Sheep, number 40,765,900 44,336,072 41,883,065 57,216,000 value.. $90,230,537| $100,659,761| $122,665,913| $233,664,000 Swine, number 34,034,100 51,602,780 37,079,000 47,782,000 value..| $145,781,515| $243,418,336 $85,472,321] $436,603,000 Total value of farm animals.| $1,576,9017,556|$2,418,766,028 |$2,228,123,134 |$5,138,486,000 VALUES OF FARM PROPERTY AND PRODUCTS IN CANADA, 1901. (Census of root.) Farm property, 190t. Agricultural products, 1901. Worst welwe.. .-. 2... . Srey TO2-OSe y/o LOtal Value. slit oc cia. 6 $364,906,866 Land and buildings... 1,403,269,501 | Field crops........... 194,953,420 Implements and ma- Fruits and vegetables .. 12,094,900 EMIMCEY soso 5 6 se 108,665,502 | Nursery stock sold in IR IGISE See 118,270,418 WeAtas so iles sae ts 469,501 WinlGhmcOwS:. ..52- 2» « 60,237,970 | Live stock sold in year. 52 755.375 Other horned cattle... 54,107,341 | Meats, etc., of animals SIEGE Io yn eee 10,490,504 slaughtered onfarm. 22,951,527 SIWUNESS Rae eee ae ¥6,445,.702 | Dairy products. /.....- 66,470,053 IPOTUTEG V2.1 nal@atsleicis Sa « « 57 2k OOOMU NW OO Ls: c-30. 2 ciel si << avaeuszs 1,887,064 IFCESER etetnya: Sake eis wis oc FEE. | ISLS oe. aie sacds, ore stekel axe 10,286,828 Honey and wax......-. 356,816 Maple sugar. <6 s<<< « ‘ 1,780,482 NUMBER OF FARM ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN CANADA, 1901. (Census of 1901.) Horses over 3 yearsold.. 1,304,910 | Cattle, killed orsold.... I,II0,209 Horses under 3 years old.. 272,583 | Sheep, killed orsold.... 1,342,288 Mile GOWS: 5 a, 2s 4eua250 ere 2,408,677 | Swine, killed orsold.... 2,555,413 Other horned cattle...... 3,167,774 | Poultry, killed or sold .. 7,063,597 erates at a 2,510,239 | Butter, home made, Ibs. 105,343,076 OWN Ge ee eke ie cc se-eveeronle E7022,058 | Wool, IDS... 23.-.)- 0. o3- 10 657,597 PotalGinvor eres coe ae see ESO HOOr) LONE Ys MOSes is sae sss ese 3,500,567 Elives of bees. is.) is. =< -0s PICT G I ey Payal (al Dy efeisy | (0 OY Pe A ONION OO 84,132,802 428 GENERAL TOPICS. BREEDS AND NUMBER OF REGISTERED LIVE STOCK IN THE UNITED STATES, DEC. 31, 1905. (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.) : mb iving: eis Regis- Number Living Breed. Mal tered ale. |Remale.| Male. |Female. Cattle: Aberdeen-Angus............ 38,188] 48,604] 27,496] 34,004 IG rSRate, +22. ajc ad ane ee 9,689] 20,883 * * WOT ota rec nohres cite ete uae 8,084] 13,717 3,500] 10,000 Diteh-belted..... <2 eco. Ss 573) 1,265 - Gallowaveot csc ieee ae Oe 16,620] 11,080 8,370 6,480 HESS S 3 i255 Oreos, ee, 10,683] 19,889] 6,000] 12000 Fleretotde is. sek eee ee 112,782| 115,620] 45,000] 69,000 Holstein-Friesian........... 46,031] 95,037| 14,190] 31,756 ere rat tas chee ae atk 71,007] 193,078 ss ” Polled Dirham > i2....%.... 4. 5,403| 6,460] 3,035} 4,845 Red sPolled. 4. bys see ieee 14,601] 25,006 5,500] 10,500 WNOCLNOL. Sens sola ane 249,800] 391,600] 87,430] 176,220 SELLE Sa RUS ROE nO olay mean Dee AD 78 185 5° 100 SWASS, STOW. cle. chsusvelleroiy <> 2,150 3,050 300 I,500 Horses; Cleveland Bay... 37.35... 1,236 502 1,050 400 Clydesdale... 5 oe hstk 2k 12,370 Coach Hrenchss ato eee 130 4 125 4 * Germatisn.- ee ew 1,656 246 I,500 225 A Oidenburszceoeee 260 23 190 14 Draft, Belgian. . 2... Pe ew. 2,056 266 2,055 265 ead Bes yale aes ee RS 9,000 5,000 TAACKIOV os son Sect e ti oe ae 726] 1,542 684] 1 416 MGrpAn ioe ocet bike ae 5 021 2,880 3,765 2,100 Percheroneet 2 wees. tee. 1,640 1,400] 19,000] 12,000 re int toy Isl St tee Neg em oes 928 102 913 04 Saddle Horse, American.... 2,529| 3,549 - * DHEvIANG eEOnYs eens et aoe 24300)" 4 Si50D 2,000] 2,500 nitespre © teal. Hote eres oe 6,062| 2,148 * SOL St ae ee ew 1590 88 150 Thoroughbred: -2c seek. ee 45,309 *¥ * Trotter, American.......... 42,597| 152,700 53 . Jacks: and) Jennies... ... 5+ I,000 750 750 500 prcep: Cheviot. Sees. ee ek 10,700 575| 2,650 ( Cotswolds kde erie. 36,610 14,000 Dorset Hoste ce sacs tes i,305| 37703 I1,000| 2,800 Hampshire Down........... 5,573) 12,844 3,000 9,000 ACESLET te cet venchas io cuarttoketatcoe 3,538 5,437 2,972 4,567 iLinecolni hereon. ots ee 5,754 8,246 4,100 5,900 Merino (Delaine, Ohio.) ..... 9,401 6,900 a i ante) Pere oe 8,000! 14,300 2,500| 8,000 a ™ Pal\iiesenes 5,054] 11,250 1,500 3,000 * ‘ See Re a 6,805] 11,590 I1,500| 5,000 co > SIRES) 2 7, cece ke 34,075 = oO" Germati) s 6 sees I62 IQI 105 175 =" (Spanish, Mieh:):. * I2,550| 37,700 400 4,300 au @ detek Ohio)". ). ss 16,601] 33,384 2,842 8,035 ne No 7,916} I1,912 280| 1,875 ide Bn sett) Se 1,275| 1,500 100 200 io; : Ws et 217,850 * * Oxtard Down... 42 32,708T * * * No data. + Estimates for 1904. STATISTICAL TABLES. 429 BREEDS AND NUMBERS OF REGISTERED LIVE STOCK IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued. Regis- | Number Living. Breed. aoe tered ale. |Female.| Male. |Female. Sheep (Continued). PURO SWNIEE soe eters che .a verse deere 100,000! 134,000] 20,000! 40,000 PION OWI. <2 5,5 1k sve ole aie she 19,033 10,200 Sralivgiiie: 2os ae Al eee eet 1013 55° Hogs: Pep tite Re Ge we, CE? 2 88.080 33,000 LANES TNC EAD od aaa a 1,225 2,115 275 575 Chester, Ni obi oe Saat eee 5,665} 8,012 600] 2,000 GOs Mp Rs cute cts 3,403 9.000 1,800 6,200 Duroc Jersey (Jad. ye ee 8,026| 18,450 * a JEU exten ororee 21,800] 55,000 30,000 Hampshire (Thin Rind)... .. 204 540 Ess 387 Poland China: (ill.): t2.5 2... 52,331| 130,620| 27,000] 68,000 ey pun Clie Eres sare 32 000} 72,000] 10,000] 23,000 cy nes Nit) ene 39,208] 03,234 2,000| 18,000 be oe iC henin:)) 691 1,030 400 600 piamMWOLtI feces. ccs seis esele = 1,949 1,200 Sorel Gh ee ae J 3,640 2,000 3,200 * No data 7 Estimates for 1904 PURE-BRED CATTLE OF BREEDS USED FOR DAIRYING. (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.) Estimates of numbers living in the United States, r905, and values of same, SS SS ENT oT Hep rae Ep Beas ik ay. er oO. al er Oo. ale Breeds. Regis- | Liv- | per Breeds. Regis- | Liv- per tered. | ing. |Headt tered. ing. |Headt Ayrshire... <.| 30,572| * $100 || Jersey ... .| 265,885 * $100 ce Neal Swiss.| 5,3009| 1,800 75 ||Polled Dur- Devon. 2. 21,801| 13,500 75 ham 11,863 8,780 80 ; Bs Belted 8s5\ 200 | Red Polled. 39,607| 16,000] 150 Guernsey. ...| 30,572, 18,000} 140 || fShorthorn| 641,400) 263,650] 170 Aolstein-Frie- Sidi eevee 141,068) 45,055| 130 * No data. + Figures published 1903. t Chiefly beef stock. GENERAL TOPICS. 430 og'or | 66£e‘e Ors Beg‘! 00°6 ose ob: s£ S6V't oL'9 OzS'‘I ov's £6V'z oo'L err 06°9 ZQv'i 0g'9 gSv'1 06's gLg or’ 2 QRgiI oS"g Sol OL se Se eer ool 9£8 03°6 see oz‘ It gs os ‘zi Of Dor 00° £1 og! 0g °zI IQL oo'rI | gs oS'vI | VI oo eI ori Occ cr LOI oL'zi zs 06°zI¢} IOI *2011g 4 19q ‘IOAY | -WnN “QUIMS or’? sere 00'v OzEe'I oft IZg o1'e bel ov'z Of1 06°72 £L0'% 00°Z ny A OC4e g0z OI‘'z Cor On 6Il 06°! 6gI Og °Z ve Dla. IgI oo'v oS 09° Stz ol’? g 00's $98 of°s If 00's SLg8 (Oyenees) 1Z o1's L og 'v ve 09°V LII 06°? ev oz‘ Vg¢| OgI ddlIg 4 19q ‘IOAY | -uInN ‘daeays 0g'6z | Ig 0o°S2>eSSS 00°62 Tee O6*gI | ofS OCeZT |FoOo0S, 0922..| sa0's oo'zI | Vr ov’ or Izs O1‘Oo! ses oz'zI | 994 oo'Ir | L990 Oo VI | Site OO! Vinitone oz‘'€z | 6S7 og'tz | ozI og'€2 | 61 og'£2 } VIO Ole cee |O0 00°zz | OL8 oS "Zz IZ OOO err 06°61 | Ig Of °gI ggI oo'vz | 99 OZ" 1z¢}| 66 ‘Q0lId 4% 19q JoAy | -wny 00°oSs { 698 Og’ ge | o6€ oo0°72y | of% ODES | oo 09° gz zoe 06°6€ | PEoO'rL 00°62 ILZ OL’Lz | VEV oo'Lz | 9Q6e 0o'OQ£ | EzZI oS'gz | zov OS [abe | Sor OI'O€ | zZ1€ oo've | Sve 09g'zv | ggI OC USV UI Se 09g'9v | £r6 og SS | .orr 00'oS | Sov‘r OLFT Re | Qen OSS ZS 62 OOsTe | son oS'ty | Soz 00'°sv | 96 oo‘ org) LSI ‘ddI g 4 19q ‘IOAY | -WnN ‘213929 IYO ‘SMOD YON OO‘IEI bz 00°O?I 62z 00°QzI ZI 00°6zI glz oo’ Sit £Ez 0oO’OrT vel oo'*LzI cer oo rit Ogz OO*IeI oLz 00°zSI 9z oo'ISI ore oo'ILI SOI 00° StI OgI 00°98zI 09 ooO’*cvVviI ta 00° SzI 9 00°61 tr 00°69I v oo LSi¢| "O0LIg 4° 19q ‘IoAy | -wny “SONJA (‘oinqnousy jo ydeq ‘Ss ‘qQ) ‘T AWVONVES ‘SHLVLS GHLINO WHHL NI STIVWINVY WHVA JO BOINd ADVUAAV GNV WAEWON “ET6r 0O*O£I | 76g oo'vor |} €tv OO'OII | VgI oo'S1r | ose 00°68 oLz 00°78 IQI‘I 00'Lg LgI 00°26 Qfz 00°9OI | OVI oO’sII €s 0O'SzI | OLI 00°9QOI | Ove oo’gII | €or o0o'zor | VE OOS ESI | Sz oo'LYI | 06 oo*Le1 | 609 OOS Lar oo'vrI | OI 0o'9rI | VO oo'LziI | vg oo'ez1 | ov 00°O£I¢) OII alg x 10q ‘laAy | -WInN *SOSIO PFT UIE tS ER SS LAOUITG aia: * SAXON Guar ee Gree **RIUIBITA qSOM : “*"* *99ssouuay Ce hile ies 0 + Spero Vaan seen Mae onciaere “* **BUPISINO'T Peas pre nis, *tddississtfy torseeees -emmeqEry bats nis a Ea ws ae ee ee BIBOI94) “"** **BuT]O1ed YINOSG pie ae “BuT[OIeD) YION Ce eC a ek a pe Pe ee Dw BIUIBIL A: oe 60.0 2 ale ere pueyAre jy sv orite ere Sibley ‘QIBMETOC oT SSS ab eluvA[ASUUdg oe” whl eee *Aasio MIN Vigaserec ase oe + “yI0K MON qnoryoeuUd +) Wea ree puelsy Ipoyury ope reer. ti S}JOSNYOBSSE JT clei shatehonel ats yUOUIIO A Oi nan ‘oitysdure Fy MIN aule *“SOTIOPIIIOT, pure soze4s 431 STATISTICAL TABLES. 000‘60I1‘fo0o¢ 000‘6LL‘zozg og'°f IZ oL°¢ £00‘z og’e vVvg'z o2'v Ios 00'v IS6'z oo’ LQvV't Co) aa 066'T OLE OLS'‘t OLS oof‘ 09°f San or’? zly'v ole TI's 06°€ £62 oI'v £6S ov'v Zge 09°? gIe oc’? oSo‘r OLS Ovz‘I ov'b |soLlS ost Zz or's gfo'r 09°? HAP o£? 6£1‘z *po}jIuI0 000 ‘spuesnoy} ur possoidxq y 000'Sto‘Orog of£0‘9£ oo0'egl‘zz6g L6v‘oz ooo'Sbz'srs¢ O00'zzz‘glz‘zg If*bvzi¢ 00° Lor 00'°O£1 00° Lor OO 211 00° SOI 00° S6 00°26 00 ‘OI 00°06 00 ‘ror 00° 601 00°60! 00° IPI 00'SII OOvol 1 oo' rit oo’ Lit oo‘ vzI 00°gzI oO‘ Ie! oo‘ I€I 00°¢zI 00°'6£1 LL°o1rg| LoS‘oz 00'tg gsl 00° OO! £os 00°66 ZOZ 0O‘OII | 662 OO OU imoce 00°Lg SZ 00°£6 SEI 00°gl SOI 00°ss I61 00'Lg Vze 00°9L LS1 00° £6 vse olo yn ap t ZIl 00°SOI zol 0O* 101 Lao 00° 201 660‘I oo’ IOI | gor 00°OZI | goS‘I 00° £Z1 778 OO'I£I | $og 00‘°OZI | zgv‘I oo'LiI | 9fg oo LEI | org "7 OnTea [eIO]L, eWOYyelyAO Fete eee eee BIUIOINeD el ete! tae: fcire) fee bell “u0s2IQ) aaa etinveteets “UOJSBUIYSe M “yeqn Sar aatveumhere Tone euoziiy oe Oa SC 8, eBoy “BULUIOA OCR MOSUL oat) Pot ?h. i) euequo yy “+55 Biomed WON “+++ --BloMeG YINog pte a if6) 0) Terres Shel otk '« ‘sesuRry © ae teers sven u ees "EMOT eueean "sueSIyoryy GENERAL TOPICS. 432 Aq poytodeay sseay) “OOG6T e066, 9) 0 8 fo Bi-e..6:18 $+z0'o€ gears ToL Slot 6er'eze gig‘orr'r FE PRT Ie TCO Nasr a Seen I ZLS ‘Qe SzS‘QP 610'Sgz‘e €zg‘o0z Oot rLi‘iIv zQgs‘zzV‘or (ofa st ziL‘ozg‘s zbS‘osz 6zg‘O1 O10‘ 10S‘b epey es @ 06) eG) a. 2 esPgee gi Lise groress zor'scv 60e‘19t'P Bie tae Lele erie aw bor'se1 oe 0 6g 6 ee ® . 000'8z OSL‘SPr £9g9‘FgI otl‘ecbe Srb16z Egv‘gor'gI Leg'cbe'v gcr‘got boz‘cea‘ Le radeongy Seen: on feetr | laa agh eg eaes BgT‘oge't ESL‘*QLI SOvecsane ODTes S076 Sghieze zie'Sso've og’ FOr zS6‘gOI oLS‘zer Sud ed 6) Rae 8 ee Bere gtc‘% 090‘3h wearer b, A ess) te aye ee ISL‘¢ 6 2 ae eee “-. ©oo'SI vor 689‘696 foe rae €zg‘ov Sob‘ geg't LSz2°Sov- x Pgi‘tor O£gQ‘gQS‘T £vs‘glot% ggs ‘orev Let LE Ise. 00g‘z1 Sge'gt SLS‘ggq1 Bone Le Soe'ee fg0'vev ooo'O! PLe*ge LSE*L. “spunog “spunog ‘spunog *SOTLOJOR “SULIe YY *SOTLOJOR YY zLo'vSVr'z oll‘6o0S'Sr gtz'1gg'gt org'gglir gO0'TSo‘og zgz‘ogo'V z99‘900'6 ELi‘vLi'gr Ozz‘gi0'F 1gt‘gvPy‘o€ zLLiobg‘1Iv Bgz'Ogs' 19 SrZ‘Sor's goe‘zro'rs oSt'eor'zs git‘ozs*z pov'rrir'str StH‘ gge'I gLvic 6F6‘6z9‘I OgL*1OS'P zgricco'V ogee Sg‘oz QgSeSgs re LIE‘OLE PoO‘1z1‘O1 ‘spunodg “SUE Aq pojstodayy 194jnNg briz‘g69'St SSL*Loz‘gsze Sge‘oto'Lo gor‘Lro'voft gto'L19‘00f Clg r LS Sox LiS‘oto'vo9 881'9gs'00 i a GI lO) 2 FeS* 11s Os 5 fz1‘O06'bbze obz'zlLg*Ses SSg‘tor'ge Ofz‘LSr'egz SO6‘gor‘LS¥ gPO'czir°S1 ZES‘*QEV‘'ZQ ber‘otrg‘o OFE‘OSg Bgz‘Igg ez ZO‘ 1S0'SO I11‘ovTy'ge IVL‘PSg‘eSt £6E'19R‘G6o01 Oo1‘gSote £o1‘zgg'S6 “SUOT[C) *poonpolg >I (onsteQsus iT Ay 7) ‘SSHLVIIS GHLINDA WHEL YHOU SOLLSILVIS AYIVG g46'690'T ogt‘zro'st1 £1S‘bgo'g ogr'ezg‘g1I Lgo0‘fob‘gt PYL'Sgg‘zr g09'gzz‘s bVEe‘zQr'g S1o‘gol't¥ of S‘S30‘6 zoO'zg4‘II oLg‘giS‘le LVL‘VOS'T FOS‘OEL‘S1 6019‘8£9‘6z LOLeve'1 oS °v sors £o09‘gor't g0o'ogl Log‘z0o'r Bg1‘obo's 100‘gLL‘e tZP'ger‘er OSh‘z10‘9 coLl‘ors L90‘o19‘9 *SIVTIOG ‘aonpolg ALLEC] Jo SEN gfo'sr Oge'Sg£ Q1e‘60z ZEg ess So0‘egS zgS‘hgr bgz‘Lvr zOS‘eLr SIg‘hgr Szo'vge gsb'oLg gvo'ezr'1 £gq‘orl ghz'vl£s tgg9‘Loo'r 6z0'1S beo'glz ofg‘gl Dae) L 16S‘ze VEV‘QzI QII‘Oor Stz‘Lote LLS‘ZLe S9O‘L1 fgz‘olz *“TaquInNy “IIAO pue sivax z “SMOD) ATE eee . oe <= SURI S.ege: 0) *TINOSSTIAT ** + dd ississty "+ * “BqOSOUUTIL Ce Se “UBSILOTI “S}JOSHY ESSE * + oe “purlAre yy OUR * *"BUBISINO'T ‘* “AxyonqUuey "tos “sesuey reese ee pMoT “AIOPILIOT, UeIpUuy ss e5® © “BreipUy OAC soy. 1) eres 6 OnEIIE e\6' 6s) 8) ** "BIBIOOL) tnt ew be ae ee " *BIQUINTOD JO JOLIASI - Saemelaq ** -qnoloouu0) "* * * “OpElOTes . ° . >" BIUIOTITBO "* *sesueyly ‘** -BuoZLy "+ -BWUeqRelLy ‘S9ILOPIIIAT, pue soyeqg 5) 43 STATISTICAL -TABLES, HzF'zlLO'1gz zS6‘zve'o OoPIgl 1L6'Szg‘gz1 ogg‘ zIr zlLo‘6oL‘tr1 ooo‘! ogg‘ghLiLl ogg ‘or Ler oor r coo'ss Corer hey OLI'VLY‘I 00z2‘9S 10z‘g OLL‘ozy frp‘ loz‘or boS‘Sor‘1 g4£‘o9 4zeS‘oS1‘gr 60f'Szz ooo‘oor IVL‘g1I oS1‘og oog'f1e oft clt‘ot 601‘6QS‘S ob h'ELY Ge LOC 5 grr‘iogr 661‘60S'F £Rg'gz eSs‘bzo'e ILS‘g9 LLE‘bve Off'Pvor zgo'ro of b‘bgz QrS‘gzrt‘oer IgS‘oSO'tz LS93‘z£6 Lvo‘otLi1lz ggo'zLLic SOo'PEL‘OII o0o0S‘6z zoS‘€1g‘Ig ooo'IPr Izbv‘gor'e Tes OL1 IQge'esVH‘zz Vie O1S°e bid‘esz2 SOr‘evr non 2ei1- Le LSe‘Slo'r oozes 1£9‘Lgo‘'g (os ier oLz'veo's zov‘ezg ogl‘gzL‘11 LE aia teh gpa ef Lope ¢ 06z*zoz7'1S ofe'ecO'Ser oSL‘vor‘6es gzz‘I111‘0g 1St‘bgz‘goz ILQ°QII 00% PSS*Eg8g LY‘oel tr Oz1'e16‘gr gorele's ofg‘Soo‘or goLl'Peg‘gt TZI‘Z1IQ‘S zor‘ 100'Lb 969‘100'6z oL0‘oor' Lt LEv‘oS1'g 9RO' REP Sgo'iz2‘rs oSh‘Lor'g Ose'rgl‘g 6Oz‘1SS‘oL S1g‘gl1‘6 zog‘e16‘9I OLE TEL VL Looe 1e fge‘VOg'S I1g‘Sge‘g €zS‘OoS OSggIS‘HE bLo‘zot'ggz'l oS g*lor‘zoe Sgloso'elo gzl'006‘60g‘F Sov'gti1‘zov CLO LVE'LZEQ'T PLO 12 T'S boc'vle'zly 099‘198'tg SiP‘zg1‘os gzPr‘ggo'Sor tze‘cvo'cvi zvo'bve21'Sz Bog ere 1% 196‘QfE'LHI SLO‘trhz‘o0 gzS‘1fo0' Pry ols caO.e L QIg'Elo' Lev B90'zgs gh €Sg'6cr'Ly F6L‘oLle'SzPr og7‘She‘et OrL'SzS‘6g ZSe'66L‘zLs LSg‘Goo't SSo'vrZ Zs o6S‘tzLl‘og tLo‘gvr'y 110'LLPo61 oS$z‘gog‘6z gSe‘Loz‘1g OVeolze‘10z gvoLzP'se SL44°SOL* HHI g4g‘r6 gos £19‘12v IZL‘OLl‘oz eS 1‘*ggo's 109‘gI1g‘e +60'600‘9 Oge'1z£‘O clO°eeS't QLG6fo1S‘S1 99¢'gz0'R ggoS‘ISt'y Selizec'e LOL eeorr o1r‘oge‘Se eS6‘oss‘e ELo'r1gt‘z Lzg‘ege'Sz ra Ss Gat I oder 4 LOE‘SLI‘O SSI°PLVy'ss fcr‘ oor 6o8'gth'g ele. roses L6Oe‘eer gor‘sos‘s bLo‘OE Lt 8zS‘O08 g£z‘00g‘z bgz‘obt'g OLE SQe't ggz‘gor'e gzo'r cal zLz‘gr LO£‘866 109‘Soz@ wee Lor QLQ‘Igz b6r‘olz $o00‘S9 €zo'1L19g glo're: beo‘olz Pgo'gzt ogg‘tz ELL‘evo Lvp'zzer zSQ‘Sgr O£7'Q18 SOs Sau gLI‘ees gog‘roS't SLL‘OI Lob‘ <£str gfo'sir gog‘tt VAL) oat a eee SSz‘Ogof'clr "S9}B1G pou, UOISTATC] U194S9 AA UOISTAIC, [B1Juag “Ss “UOISTAIC[ [B1}U9D “Ny ‘ UOISIAIC, O1FURITV “S “UOISIATC] OFURTIY “N eae yy “eASelLY BUTULIOA AA * “UISUOOST a 6) S's 9,6 “BIULSILA 4SoM oe Guy eunes ““UOPSUTYSE AA oS) 6 8 Fa ieee a6 “SIULS ILA "* "quoUulta A eda alee «BP sora 43 Se «cor fteeers | *aagsontOT, “""eBjoyeqd yynog "oo" “eulfores) yynoS “te * + DURIST opoUury ** “elueAyTASUUdg So) ee cates gat COC tay “BUOYRIAO Ne gies oe chad acim "* e{oHed YON **eulforley YyIONy Sm CaCI ‘40% MAN ee hes “OOTXOf MONT is) ota 2 ere ‘AOSIO[ MONT “altysdureyy Many MeteE ee 2, eyseiqany 6 Oly a! Oite. die chow eye CTOs ea) oc) th ecu) see eee 434 STATISTICS OF GENERAL TOPICS. BUTTER, CHEESE, AND CON DENSED-MILK FACTORIES IN THE UNITED STATES, ¥ (Twelfth Census.) Totals for the United States. Number of ee See, Mi oer Capital employed, total. : . dollars Fy Vo Plana ee a, er enn tots as ee er ane Biunldings. co ee oe eee oe bee Long | Louisi- | Other Tons. ane South. States. 1870-71 400]! 75,392| 4,208 1880-81 500 |121,867 5,500 1890-91 3,459 |215,844| 6,107 1900-O1 | 76,859 |275,579| 2,891 IQIO-II |455,511 |306,000} 11,000 oe Total. Porto ., | Philip- Rico. | Hawaii.|_ pine Islands. ITOR ZOAG: cad Soke | 87,465 270,769 61,715 | 41,870 '205,508 436,960 50,000 |125,000 136,035 536,445 72,800 |321,461 | 55,244 804,834 312,357 |506,090 |147,016 | 1,737,974 436 GENERAL TOPICS. STATISTICS OF SUGAR-BEEKT FACTORIES California.... Colorados=. >. Michigan..... Idaho and Utah. .} 1 OF hands a Wis: oer Other States United States.... IN THE UNITED STATES FOR 1912. (U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) re) re] u t : ‘ 5) 2 ) = 5 ; pes: o Pp jon Q Ss bad ws oo. v © Me) o 8 : os ie) es a 3 3 > or O is o os ork Sh te a leg eee eee Se ete 2 |e ee p20) 8 | 2 |) sete A x no Ky. FOO, F234) 23.4 27/32 405) 23). 3 U.S. OSsarG 2 eae 16,538,260| 24.21 PEO WOO = 536 oc stele slats Calif. 650,678 |100.0 | 10,978,759| 16.64 EU PA era s shevaie «, occ Ark. 140,819 | 31.0 1,774,394] 12.60 U.8: Ags OHS eid cle 6,102,886] 13.46 Chestmutie seic.0 0:0 cisco Penna 73,0906 | 18.0 1,268,980] 17.36 WIS) AC an ivere cle ce 7,128,864] 17.49 Basswood............ Wisc 162,155 | 43.0 2,890,178] 17.82 ie BPIONS 3 |e as 6 7,029,950] 18.66 LEY Oe ne RC RII Ee Wise 151,063 | 40.8 Ao AN OSS U.S BORA aa. ler erent 6,384.705| 17.24 GHEY 6 VE ee Oe ts Wash. 236,648 | 66.2 4,415,054| 18.66 U.S. PES ANC \[tas. 5 oe 6,484,600] 18.12 EMPCIKOGY, acne ais ete ere > eae Amik: 23,304 | 15.8 002,201] 38.62 a ; . y e LAS TOMI |. 25-5 k 4,508,583| 30.42 otal hardwoods..... oS 47,315,401 SS BOLtLWOOUS: 25-4 <. 3 U.S. |30,235,245 621,151,388) 16.60 438 GENERAL TOPICS. POULTRY AND EGG PRODUCTS IN THE UNITED STATES. (Tenth to Twelfth Censuses.) 1870. 1880. 1890. Production of eggs, dozen...| 456,911,960 | 819,722,916 | 1,293,810,186 Priceper dozen. GCEMtSs sicc 6 ol scccepigceta = a6 sll os sieeve reese eae rap pee Value of putty Ps i le oie kee Ae Ae eae $1 36,801,877 BES oie Guy stelle erate wis eile eiosaveLe a > ll houorens 45m Weis Reo $144,286,158 Poultry on hand, June 1: 7 Chickens? . 5.0m ae 102,265,653 | 258,873,125 233,508,085 SEUGKE VS ele a 0)» one oe . oO1o‘ogLi‘t pos P< \. “hee s, 2 ee . ean 6 82.0 oe ae ie i. * SSOP to yeour *]OUT ‘19y1O PEg'Svo'r 16S‘9f0'8 _&g6' ZQI : pees tye 53. 0) Nee es WeaUILeSeSTIES pue asesnesg goLl‘or1‘sit Siw aye oe a. 6 AN eS e ha © paral ee ie a oa Be) 6250 eh SLRs Oe eke ee wee ae) Le oy e Fes Ouse 9) @ 8% New oe Ae . TS eel SLE‘OVE ers‘'s6s‘e eevee Sd 6 Me 0? evecare) we RAs. '¢ ie) @ eqe:re Ke eae ht erat go ee eg he Cadena gin Lor‘oz6'1z gzg'pzo'e€z 6 16a vaWwelne . <6 aha OM Gm m.-8'eyley a. eye) ‘atl! . o- w aja es: (elede & epee ls) 6 16) 0). ee kon eee oe “'"Jo0g 34eOyy S0P' rok tt 3 008 ‘ova Sc Vt a ont ZOI gd60'ggL' Les spunod:****** ‘sinj uey} Joyyo ‘suTys pue soprpy{ Sl cor eee é oie 8 a Mee PAT Loven Wal ec ae et eT ee . * elech 6 U0) eka "90038 ONS I94}0 pu SBUI}INS Spl TIL ‘Ocv'T = 8 6 s* 6) s\@ 5 . . . Izv‘Szo‘r £g6‘gLI gi spunod’ 6.e S10 Bw ee Ola be Orel © Sipe ene Maes 6 0. ft, ashe eae: “Tey 6z£‘ogt'V oe a) eine . . Soz‘€Q6 Oe cele so ae, oO Se PO war ae | (Cy ee et Pett aes tiyo Wrwiy ts) cod ct 3904s dveos We pue ‘asPoIHy * . “ee ee Lzo‘Lvo'€é SLO 1ob'e ES oh burgh oT 6 Ie AGRO OR a biwe were tal (e *I9Y40 ITV eae © W816 Ce Cl) @ Ge aie we eles eee eee ae gvV 060'FS16'V oe @. 0 (el eh ere AG) .6 30.0 el we epee) PARC e Te eis s. uUIIv|49 vIL‘veo's geet "ie of SIL‘Sge'z gOLiezo'V spunod* s**t sect? SS UTSEO SSBEnES 6) Ole » 6) elsie « 6 ef «|| wc Oo ee eens oe eee ZvViI‘zol DP sre ewe eo arate See) © wife: a: wie (ene wim, ef a. Of), Sine: wy a) (eye! er elena) (en ea aer iS, *SPOUUDT LoS‘zle Cccp‘ Mies ¢ eoeeeeeeeseeeeeeetoseeeereee eee ee eee es "* (eqang woT}e41UtT) SULesIVUIOs[O glo'ver‘er ber'Lov‘gzt a ee edge ee exces "TIO O9TO ‘STIO ogg‘egi's gggizzS‘z9 ele ee 6 Ue sh “eee ee see ee ewer eer eens SD) CEO COS ho log qkoleluoloray. joudtq | Itt‘'o6o'zs Sog‘sSc*zes cower eee er eee oe ele ee eee eee eee eee teeta Maa Biot Mathai Meee MOTE Ay 05 15 GENERAL TOPICS. 442 .“sponpoid urei3 Joyj0,, Ul pepnpouy y 6S9'Erg‘6s ogh‘196'EL Coz‘ vee ZIO'VLE'S PgS‘LLY'gz ziz‘ogr‘oe Legiziz‘z O£1‘669'z vre'v grs‘s Ne lbs ores oe oes or.e aw Sfq‘S€1‘t Cos‘ Liz OLV‘ESo'r LSE‘779'% OSV‘ LS6'gz S6L‘g£o'or gf6‘Ly Szv'es Lv. OgI . ase 8 el) acy A Seen ee oe fee ee ee . 666‘Loz‘I zv2‘sgs'‘t eek eae ean . re L6g‘QI16‘E OSz‘oSI‘ILt See @ «9 eas © Sele @ 19) @ le, o's (wie 6 1p) 8 we . TOOL Tr goe‘ssi . . ri Ps eae Rie eee eo wre of . Ses pone © ¢ © ee ib) (o) 6: 6h10) 8) 1986 a Be . GELT‘O€ 6z£‘g0V SEQ‘EQG‘O£L @ © 6.8.6 & 6.58 © 2 2 6.4 6 5 Ese LLe‘sv 0 .e 88.6495 Gree eve ‘ats SE6‘8090 he) 6 Gne. £0 oe eh) whe a @ £00‘'gzg‘sSt Sp ¢ © eve? bs, « 0, ye 8 ie ew 8 EOS‘6ri'v a 6. 6. Be aa: bake). 8 1a 2 © Lot ‘96 a:.9, 2 ine 18 Whar Or My eT Ba sey Loe‘Soz‘gz e./6: 0 80190 (se eue 61a les 6 ELZ7‘C19'8z ri.) we tw ee a) pile) eo BAe) a *‘sre]]oq *sre]jogq ‘anye A *AqIQUENG ‘onje A “AqQUeNG *sj10dxq *syioduly (‘panunuo)) “"UIBIS [CIOL te ee Tk JR Ys ea hy eee ssapou My Ae OER Maori ie Rat. 8 6 Pees eres rere sees snes sgapg i See) ee eileen Sree & em ie © (ezIeUut) ulog PE genes eens eens es So auauMAOng sjaysnq~ a, OBE eKe Gale oe eu 6m 8) Shee © eee Aare g :UTBIL) *“SJINPOAT UIDAD PUD UDA) Ke ee ee ee iIesns-odei3 pue ssoon|y SOE NS a ee Cee tae a *BUdSUIL) SPUNOG 2 "***papyotd 10 poAteseid ‘1easulDy ere oii OR LTR @ . ave ee we ++ sannr eevee reews eee er ewe eee sins er PeATOSore: es Bere ee .e"¢)a a a2) 6 UV Oe WS OSS fw eae Se *potip Io ysorj ‘Spiny ‘SINNT PUD SPINAL *‘panuyuoj—aagllvW AIAVLAOAA “ ‘2IGT“TI6T ‘SLOAGOUNA TVHOALTIOOIMYOV AO SLHOdXA GNV SLYOdUWI 4 «a A, Qa + STATISTICAL TABLE "peqeys JON Glo Cys.aie euelece @ 6 LEO'ZEL'Y gzo'r1£z‘gor I£6‘906‘9z 4) 606) © @ eve 8 Ba) 6 - EVL‘'VEs‘gz o> ae Cy eee we eee ow) eS. 6 aie pelea ¢ *S]IO a1qe as0A Te1OL S6zL ‘PPL se’ Oe, ark We el OF eh 6 6 Se oge‘zoSs‘e ive ewe ww Be ede e WW ce. Gil @ 16'S. QleV87 Os *yelquessa 10 a[IyBlOA ae, QLI‘PyUl‘oze Piety en lar oe tt eco OW a et ha 9 ‘ZVyz'es Wet Yes Me, bat oe Gib he wesw ele l| @ le (6: a) © Cre are ovens *possoidxa IO oar ‘aTqeyasoa ‘SIO SOLIQce ys 609'S86 gvL‘voz ogt'g suo} S06 0:0) '@ ee BW Oke ay Ow At ee ee Be OMB, Oe Oke meee soxeo- 110) Sozterp a ae ee es We TrS'6660‘z ece on Sore a8 e meses) 268 || 0s By Samal (py ewenenrT oe ee eee Were rere ear a erera er *yooys AJosIn . . Om 6s: ae ae Ae a oO a's Boe Oe) OY Are 8) oe) 18 6£9'8 a eo a Sa ek ey Se) Ps eed ed Spee). © (es «18 eee _* ee @e e “* D6 68 BL. Yo we *yOoeI}x9 VC 606'10g‘¢ Fell Mutaanterey ceeeinniaraiat ker % Soo! ‘bee fea). lgce Sree ener cae V+ t esses ss sgronbiyT ooyooye [eqOL 0gz‘gge oz1‘'LsSo6 TST are verw Wkly: Urea ’e ee era? Be suoy[e3° . @ ce sre 6) 8 ia dom i ae oe Pe purway oe Cpt “*SOUTAA OI€‘I9OI'I Cielae Sl bia) ‘ee, 6 Wie ee a ere 9z6'6 gis SoS'SZ1‘L Px eer eeewe Pat . Cpe) Cy tt Coe *sronbty He OfE'VLz‘z ogs‘rgo'r gzz‘cov'g gEL‘osg‘e suoyjes-Joord’ sss ccs szratds poayjtystqd ‘2joyorjp ‘séonbirT oe ew aeeee 6. wean 6 6)ie abe a we bs eke ve) \8, ww xe, Se 6gL‘60E‘T Szz‘zgS'vl e * os fe 0) 6 Ce 6.6 b Ome Boe te eee . **4JOOI-9OTIOOVT wee oe Sete hs bee & © ee 8 | 6. 6) Mee @ ah ee eee a we 8 crresi ys Lgo‘ssg‘l va ef RH 8h Says tate te Palco a ACA CMCC es TOUTE SoS'gto'v £Qg‘O0Or'z1 eves I€c‘t Ccl‘100's% SPUTIOG ©. 56 4 Sit Re aan ee ovo‘oso'L O€FL‘Gs O£z‘ELy‘g Voo'669 suoy BuO ts fe Ne Ns nel ee ae * ©..07 Oy OLs She is @ «© 66 = CleuP wh te ee tee Cet “eee ow noe de 8 (0 ee oP Pree «6 ce eee 8" A Oe) ie 6.5.8 6:6, 5 _6. 6. 6.8 00 ele v-. *peup *sosselry ISQ'S60'ecI SC MOROM Cris. erent yet eurteabier staan ita ew: te ehied eiiaaie verte’ Ch itiet “*syonpoid ulei3 pue urei3 [eIOL zO6'19z‘fg a’ = Ue: Ny me Leria 6) 0 08; ef a . 6I8‘OI1'6 afd (Oke ae R NSU bay ae ale 60.48 oe . ye". ‘syonpoid urei3 e1oL ogS‘ffe‘1 Pier ey. ee Tet cet ee ae en Sat $89° giv" e PH eh MERE RS Po Pa A Cl a ey ee eG a Oe vic». 6 «8.0 6.0 6.6.00? oe ioy10 gS1‘16L4‘e tm Ys Oe RAO Cel pa . ae he SPlOMRLE Ue .ejemeie! ef a) we Smarts emeeens me up) were) les eye, 6) mba ey a) eee suotyeredoid ynyspeorg VLO‘'IOO'I gzgitl ewe. le 8 ie 6) 660 0a ere ee een eo 8 ee ee *suO} *[ asnjor AiaMaIq pue "ystq £zf‘9g 9690‘'@L g60's Ty ffl h sTeysnq Wat ak ti Oe a MY em a ee alias) HANG SLI "OCe VY voS'‘tTri G) SRO 8 oe < is: Sere! ene Gee e. [ede eaicel Ge a eeSE. -e (0 a ae suo} suo] . "090 ‘sBul[ppru uPlg gog‘z1o'zs G) O90. 16 Gee. 6-48. 2) @ 0 Oe ee gbe‘sog +, 8. Pas CV ae Ta Vn ee ee Wet Set Pd OE Ven POC ved ek ee CT Ze TY ‘moy prs zee AN eran fA Pin 2s spunod’o4a ‘TJeoTUIaA ‘TUOIvOR NT :syonpoid ayers GENERAL TOPICS. 444 €gLivoz'l rete Te CRO St darn ron LS6'z IL'gIt Pyar Yat Wer i tat TY UL CeCe it Oe ZLO‘I8Q‘E PEeo'res‘6L OLO‘SIS‘S11 £6E‘gr19'voI'y Lo! 1gg'e ‘ ‘ Szr‘Lie SIPv‘'vga's eae re Oe \ PSo'Lor‘S11 BLOrPEO‘6gO'b SSO'6ES‘z 9g6‘orv1‘6I CNS (148 he A Ores BB e ee . ult Yer ar a 9£g‘tgo Ibp‘e1s'6 gLg‘L6r‘t £17‘ 8zQ‘Qz OSS‘II o£o'r zoLl‘oS zLi‘ol 1ob‘sg6't OV L'trg'€3g Sot‘glVv LEV'Ivg'St €zo'vl A cio ecea 8) aa igh ALR eh ARNIS AR ce OLE RLOAS gbS‘o1 ‘£9 Z08‘368'% Chee RN PC Dt Ye aa at ee zLr‘ivg'Sz poe [6 a ey O oe 8 04) SL ears 0$z‘989 “eee COM Cal ar io Teer TY Wa L19‘z9Q6'z 26.0 Cle ee) 8 o 8 & 8a 66 . ee anes) a tere 18 . eece . eee . . LSE*Sor't POEOgE'II oes Sgt Dn Sain cee ees LLo‘oov't 1zg‘zlo've ogl‘zI eze'v oS$z‘S66'z1 90g‘ Irg* 9 oor'lel gLL‘ogo‘t9 Oe eb ape) aie 8) ae Rune [eels 16 leleede sacs ooeeee CYL LS Z8Q'VLE‘I 9£1‘660'9 LErsrectes ha | Suns 4 (2.8) 0.6 Aue is 6 8 ee - . . SzL'vLo'I > oa 8 6.8 8.6.8) 5.8 8) ee LLg‘6vS revere Cit ra PUThryey ety ... ss seve. Saal a etajehela we cin aia Leese at T54, O10. sa 5: 25e)0 Cotton-seed meal and cake.........s. ssseees 325.61 3,170 9.74 | GURNEE S23 3 AO CNRS Oe eae ie ere e+] 5,072.29 52,697| 10.39 Kieserite, cyanite, ad Wexnaike vee Ss. 67,192.91| 320,765 4:77 NE IMIE RE pie seria anes ale ss Dass setein sisieisre ais nie «in| 20 O> 76, 302 3-57 WS CACM earaiiae ioucialcie ethan Sedo)" 5s Beccles i 1S, 9n1-50 52,867 5.93 Phosphates, crude or native.......-. ae et eieres 20,562.29| 153,370 7.46 BOLash pe nNibinte/Ofs cia cccs otc eed te wscn eoee----| 43,439.35| %5372,743| 32-60 Potash, SUlsatevOlars« « evivisieias segs <= eceeces-| 75423.07| 269,810| 36.34 Soda, nitrate of, or cubic nitrate......... ... 145,450.64) 3,870,734| 26.61 All substances, ‘not otherwise specified......] 40,259.95{ 460,160 11.43 PROLAl ee saiciclo ae slectesisiareeaee: ac sees «++ /3755733-931$7-376,615| $19.04 GENERAL TOPICS. 448 Frio‘ Lge‘gog otg'gSe'rgrs Yy £19‘16g‘Le Esg’Lyl‘seg oFS‘obz‘z1¢ zQOL‘i1eo'1rg ote‘ SFO'6ges gze‘gsz'gzgd *sayeyg poyluy ‘an[eA [BIOL £fo's oh‘ hg sgo'os L's zSS‘ozg‘sg UISUOOST zfs‘Lvo'bzg Lg6'cblL‘izy O1g‘ggS‘Sz¢g SSS‘LIQ'Sgg BYOSOUUTW, gtotrec‘* rghit! Szg‘gSe‘ree Ool‘zzg‘Fge “Lgt'bzzg euro fed) YON Igh‘ii1gz¢g UISUOOST MA gIP‘eco'ry BIUTBITA 4S9\\ BYOSOUUTPL | zgo‘gb0'I¢ eyoyxeEq YWON Pgs‘g6o'Lizg COL‘CSS TIS oFS‘foo'zy eyoxeq yyNoSs z60'6zO'z1¢ yIOX MON L 16'LS6'0zg eyoxeq yNog gro'zsl'1S¢ Ege'zre'sg vog‘ozg‘Si¢ eB OSOUUTIY Pro'OLi‘ozgy Ql6'gzz‘zz¢g eruropyed Erz‘1Sz‘1S¢ ge L'6Lo'gsg zPE'OSL'og uesIyor}y gbra‘zro'org eMOT oze*eh lL‘ 10¢$ oryo BzS‘OOE IS euljoreg yyNog “1 1E'Q0F ¢ uestyoln CIE LOL'Ig yIOX MON “$£6'910'9$ UISUOOST Sgg‘IfGO°LI¢ UISUOOST AA CQLiCEL 1E$ eyOVq YON Sof‘ghz‘19¢ Linosstf{ *payL (‘snsuag 433124.) PSo'LO6t ‘6g Ser'61o0'S 1g eluvaAlAsuueg | YIOX MON ohh Lec'ssg YIOX MON LEV'VSL'VoIg$ OLL‘VIS‘LES elueaAlASuueg gLo616‘Lrig Ogh'rro'rs eUPISINO'T ogg‘ Sro'r¢g eluevaA[ASUUdg 1So‘zgS‘1¢ LEL‘SHo'zg yIOK MON gho'erh'zg UISUOOSTM Lygiolo‘zy eluvA[ASUUOg OF Liozz‘ Ly eYOSOUUTL EzL‘Shoforg erostoyeP Leo‘rsz‘eeg 610'060'9f¢4 gbotrog‘osg |. Be OSOUUT, Lol‘ L6z‘Log pEgissgizeg To6‘SLo‘Sr1¢ |, #959 sg09B10g ‘ose1Oj pues AVY * S[B0100 TV re tees gory “‘yeoymyong eee eee es | eee ‘Aging reese S18 299 9 -aBoUAL ‘u10o ueIput *doi9g “S$ LONGOUd TWHOALTAOIMSV HO WOITVA SGUVOUH SV SHLVIS FO MNVU 449 STATISTICAL TABLES. 898‘ Og0'G01¢ LLg‘ofo'szy oFg‘ISL‘Eeg LIS‘ecp re 1% 106‘tz9‘61¢ gbs‘goLioleg — zlo‘vol'ocg obz'eze'eg Brrioli‘creg ooz‘oLg‘6r1¢ -_ bz9‘gg0'S¢$ sassouua £Ez‘COz‘ 1g stoull] URSIYOT “e1z'Ssh'sg stoutl[] 02661 THIMOsstifyy ETg‘ESo'gze SPg‘SLo't¢y *SallojORy Je PaloAllep sjeeq-1esns Surpnjouy | ‘ul09 Ijey pue UsAIS Apvol[e 9SOY} BSUIPNOUT xy LOg‘Szg'S¢ orgo OFo' gor‘ Ig Aosiof MON Tig'gldicg stoul] ZQOL‘OS E'S uesiyoly “Lgv'zoz ‘Id sesuey ESS'EgS'hee sesueyiy |euror1eg yynos olg‘bog¢y £So'LLOg TddIssisstyjy SBXOL, ZzE‘EOH Lev'sl¢ a u0S2IO yO K MON PLz‘FgQ0'6g LOL‘ove‘ org PIUIS IEA stounl] Soz‘ges‘1g “6£0'Lgg'Ig euloley yynos| eweqriTy ELo'gi1‘og UISUOOST MA PiL'cor'ig sjjosnyorsse “gir'itiog oryO “oze' 100‘g¢ i oryo zcor‘oge ‘ig PMOT LLo‘ogo'chg BUIeqRLV coo'6oh'1g BuUlegqReiTy gsc‘zzzd exseiqon ger‘g6o'11g wesTYoI S10'6g9‘ Tre sexo] IgI‘1gt‘og Ogf'ofS'lLg eluvA[ASUUDg UBBIYOIW “6bz'0gg' Ig LSe'Lol‘i1¢ UeSIYOTN oryO “POrgLOLG zlz‘crS‘o1¢ BIUBA[ASUUO yYIOXR MON 60g'Fgg'6g ts “obs brg'si1g eluvA[ASUUOg yIOX MON “6ge'zev'zg gSS‘*g6e'S¢ eyoxeg yynog| eyoseuuty - zeS* 1g6'ghg “Ibeizfo'bsg BIB1IOI) Iddississtj[ boLl'ogh'1¢ zgz‘Lzg'big BID1IOS4) eUBISINO'T “egr'Soeg IghLlgs 4ein Wes “ Lov'FS$'z1g “po6'zeg'S1g ormuo eluvA[ASUUO J ggrioc lig gSOforr'zy SlUIBITA euljole) YON gordo‘ le (SWIIPj UO 4nd) YIOR MON |Sponpord ysaro0y7 yuk ae $ “++ ssqimgy rewg Peas S},poid preyoig ERG | vee mye Ed 1+ pagsxepy FREESE |ovoyn) “Cote eee f° "+++ 9ueo-re3Nng ee "** *sqyaoq-resng ea. ek 4 “** *)sotqeqose A. SAS | soovrod woms SSz‘Ooe‘zlLyg Lzg‘ege'seg oryO L1g'16g'9£1g Evers rls elueA;ASuUad g6O'PoLl'sSeg LOO‘gSE'rs Sesuryy Lol'Lzo'zeeg LOg‘vog‘e1g ; euvIpUy nn ee so ee os zoo LeefoL it gLL‘roz‘gt a orp] i) eee eines FL 1€1'ShLigosg | zge'SzL‘rzg 4 glk a Fis, OOr'gLV'Ig| Log‘’gSo'SLE ie) LIM Osstf og een a es & ogS‘z1g‘g61s zVg‘Vor‘eig o euUleqRly EPE'SSO'Q6gg bro'ssz'zrg BYLOSIUUTIN IvofoSo'glofet| Lestove'srirg BYSPIGQON "saqeig poy ‘an[eA [eIOL “URES 450 IzL‘6OLl‘ozy UISUOOST AA £00‘zL1‘'gh euelpuy Ogr'eer're eluevA[ASuUag SEO'SeS‘org LInosstjl Sgh'gSz‘org yea, 1gS‘1v1‘6zs elueA[ASUUdg " L06'oL 1‘egt sTounly Log‘gz1‘vi¢ Id IssIsstfy VEEESLEDS SESUP voo‘orS‘ogr¢ Linosstfq “UF oLlg‘g1S‘Lz¢g BMOT "600° Lg "8g ogg sor cesi et o1yo yod‘gLo‘Li¢ sesuey Pis‘evo‘org OOTXO. MON zzS‘zro'ozd UISUOOST gOr' gb ‘zeg eYSVIGCIN > z gt ses o. State Agricultural College. ..... Fort Collins Connecticut. . ..| Conn. Agricultural College... ...|! Storrs Delaware. . aves Delaware Collesen. 22" ota. ee Newark State College for Colored Stud’ts.} Dover IDifevate lye be ee University: of Florida. =sso... Gainesville Florida State Normal and Indus- trialGolleges sence say ene Tallahassee Georeians. cess State College of Agriculture and Mechantt Arts as erie ata Athens State Industrial College... ...... Savannah Wid alia: id.5 snot sc University of Iidahors. 2. 22)... .6s' Moscow Lilivirevor Ce reese University of Illinois. .......... Urbana Midiana. :.......- Pirdae Uimivicrsiuvacu-r ate Lafayette EO Waveie cece acorehe State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. .......... Ames Kansas; cdf: Kansas State Agricultural Col- NEEM tnt arn weteataee ioe cee | Manhattan Kentucky. Se. Agricultural and Mechanical : Colese rt areas etter Lexington State Normal School for Colored NS ULIGLOMIES Ae = terri. 14 ce Ree oa Frankfort Bouisianas = <<. State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College....... Baton Rouge Southern University and Agri- oe and Mechanical Col- Ee ie a Me Fah (Vee a tah ke een ord EP New Orleans Maines sie The nena OL Mametnn se Orono Maryland...... Maryland Agricultural College. ..| College Park gi Anne Academy, Eastern Maryland Agricul. Coll...| Princess Anne Massachusetts. . Massichusetts Agricultural Col- SA See eee, eae oot Amherst Michigan. ...... Michigan State Agricultural Col- ic Mie eT edema mtn re. Agricultural College Minnesota. ..... The Riaiciiie of Minnesota. Univ. Farm,S. Paul Mississippi... .. Agricultural and Mechanical Col- Agricultural College ege. Alcorn Agricultural and Mechan- ical Colleges eso ihiss es laciens Alcorn | Missaunni? oss . i: Prairie View State Normal School Agricultural College of Utah. ... University of Vermont and State Agricultural College......... Virginia Agricultural and Me- chanical College and Polytech- HMICHERASHIEMEG) ocr aches aes Hampton Normal and Agricul- tinal Institutes cies sins ue ok The State College of Washington West Virginia University. ...... y 5 West Virginia Colored Institute. Wisconsin. : University of Wisconsin. ....... yoming.:..... University of Wyoming........ Locality. New Brunswick State College Ithaca W. Raleigh .| Greensboro Agricultural College Columbus Stillwater Langston ' Corvallis State College Mayaguez Kingston. Clemson College Orangeburg Brookings. Knoxville College Station Prairie View Logan Burlington Blacksburg Hampton Pullman Morgantown Institute Madison Laramie 456 GENERAL TOPICS. AMERICAN VETERINARY COLLEGES. CALIFORNIA VETERINARY COLLEGE, San Francisco, Cal. NATIONAL VETERINARY COLLEGE, Washington, D. C. CHICAGO VETERINARY COLLEGE, Chicago, IIl. McKILLip VETERINARY COLLEGE, Chicago, Ill. VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, IOWA STATE AGRICULTURAL CoLLEGE, Ames, Iowa. SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Boston, Mass. Kansas City VETERINARY COLLEGE, Kansas City, Mo. AMERICAN VETERINARY COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE oF NEw York, New York City. New YorRK COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SURGEONS, New York City. VETERINARY COLLEGE, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, N. Y. SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Columbus, O. VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, Philadelphia, Pa. ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE, Toronto, Canada. McGitt UNIVERSITY, Department of Comparative Medicine, Montreal, P. Q., Canada. LIST OF STATE VETERINARIANS. State or Post-office State or Post-office Territory. Address. Territory. Address. Alabama... ...- Auburn INevadar ne Reno INTAZONA. fatels sacs Phoenix New Hampshire | Concord Arkansas. . sh). Fayetteville New Jersey... .| Trenton Gahifornia® ...)2 = Sacramento New Mexico. ...] Las Vegas Delaware...... Wilmington New York... .. Albany IQ tovats aes ere Lake City North Carolina .| Raleigh Georgia’. a es Atlanta North Dakota Fargo VidahGrrercs sss a0 Boisé GhiG."ae 24 tedater Columbus iimois- oe =... ©. Princeton Okjahomac. oe Guthrie Ibsta re yers gee ee Lafayette Oreson:: = eee Portland TOW 28 ee. Forest City Pennsylvania. ..| Philadelphia eansassen ie. ose Peabody Rhode Island...| Providence Kentucky..... Louisville South. Carolina..| Clemson College Louwisiana...... Baton Rouge South Dakota. .| Huron Maines. 32%. < Saco Tennessee. ..... Murfreesboro Marviand =<.) Chestertown exases Micrel Corpus Christi Massachusetts. .} Boston Utahyesers sock Heber City Michigan. ..... Saline Vermont..3)2-4. Morrisville Minnesota. ....| Minneapolis Virginia. .::..s2 Blacksburg Mississippi. ....| Agricul. College Washington....} Pullman Missouri. ......| Columbia West Virginia. .| Charleston Montana... ...| Helena Wisconsin...... Madison Natheactea = he 1 eee Ss Al «ree cee See DIRECTORY. DAIRY SCHOOLS IN 457 THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, State or : State or : Peeiace. Location. Piavince. Location. PIAA.» » 65 «2 Tuskegee North Carolina..| Raleigh Colorado. .| Fort Collins North Dakota. .| Fargo Connecticut. ....| Storrs OniGw eee nee Columbus Geode tee Experiment Oregons . (7... 62 Corvallis IGG (G) ta Moscow Pennsylvania. ..] State College NOMIORS oo sje ss 5. Urbana South Dakota. .| Brookings diana... 33.6.3 Lafayette Mexastnn «as, College Station ICR OS eee Ames (ON ole tae Logan Mensas. onc. 5 Manhattan WVermont:..... ... Burlington Mame... Tass .5.. Orono Wat einitas ss. «26 Blacksburg Maryland. ...... College Park Washington....| Pullman Massachusetts. ..| Amherst Wisconsin. .....] Madison Michigan, ...... Agricultural Col.}| Ontario. ....... Kingston Minnesota. ..... St.Anthony Park Sibu Maxence sen Guelph Mississippi. ..... Agricultural Col. Op eee nN Strathroy TSSOUbla siete +: Columbia Quebec. =... <- St. Hyacinthe Nebraska. . 2.4). . Lincoln New Brunswick.| Sussex New Hampshire.} Durham Nova Scotia... .| Nappan. INGw MOnke 3.0. - Ithaca Manitoba...... Winnipeg SCHOOLS OF FORESTRY. YALE ForREST SCHOOL, YALE UNIVERSITY, New Haven, Conn. BILTMORE ForEsT ScHooL, Biltmore, N. C. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ForEsT ScHoor, Ann Arbor, Mich. Howarp UNIVERSITY FoREST SCHOOL, Cambridge, Mass. IowA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANICAL Arts, Forestry Course, Ames, Iowa. UNIVERSITY OF Marne, Department of Forestry, Orono, Me. MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Department of Forestry, Agricultural College P. O., Mich. UNIVERSITY OF MINNEsOTA, Forest School, St. Anthony Park, Minn. UNIVERSITY OF CaLirorniA, Forest School, Berkeley, Cal. 458 GENERAL TOPICS, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. State. Alabama (College)is=- 57). 25). Alabama ( Canebrake)ie¢ etc: Alabama (Tuskegee). ........ Alaska. é%3 aie = 0 es 6 © 7e © 0.0 © © cos 0 Connecticut (State)... ...-. Connecticut (Storrs). |). 3-5 = Louisiana Louisiana Louisiana Maine... writen dele; © Sw Le.S jee ee 2! © owe sow in @ 6 Ut Bis 6 ple se Sesame «© a 6, 6% 8a eee awe ecieownecavanees ow 6 Sie 6 Owe 2 6 = Gem «© == = KSugatnc OL. (State)... eee eee GNOSEY Sc ccc ates Bs) 6, Sele 9) ee) wu es @ @ eee Meiivilcdncdipeeitee ee Ui cor ae cee Maseachusettse.icc.c << ccc. Michigan. Sige) wir Je a ee by) te. eye at, 10L'OlL are. Minnesotan: .<¢ sth heron esto IMIESSISSI POPs saquevnts, were ot el oeedaee Missount (College) se Wo 22h: Masson: (GHiit) 5 cyomi er crstees oe Montana. New Ham So Une © carla elem se (opp ere fe Gale te ele) ew wee e axe Gare SHIRE .3. kis ots kyle New Jersey (State).......... New Jerse New Mexi 'y.( College) os 2%). sc CONC Sree. tee ete INeway onk( State). Sc. tes eee 1882 Bast Lansing;:. 0p nner 1888 Univ. Farm, St. Paul..... 1888 Agricultural College....... 1888 Columbia... jAc8. bet 1883 Mountain Grove.t oc. c00 1900 Bozeman. = cao eee 1803 Lincoln. ’.tinn of humidity in, 326 ATA “INDEX, Cheese, domestic exports of, 1870-1905, 446 factories, co-operative, by-laws and rules for, 354 in the United States, statistics of, 434 management 338 whey to be allowed patrons of, 337 loss in weight during curing, 333 manufacture of, 319 market of the United States, 336a score for judging, 329 standard of purity, government, 265 Cheere making, distribution of ingredients, 330 fertilizing ingredients, 331. use of pure cultures, 207 synopsis of manufacture of principal varieties, 336 varieties and analyses, 330 yield from 1oo lbs. of milk, 332, 334 Chester White pigs, 27 Cheviot sheep, 26 Chinch-bugs, fighting the, by means of kerosene emulsion, 130 Cisterns, capacity of, 182, 183 Clark, W. G., M.D.C., Common diseases of farm animals, 53 Veterinary remedies and doses, 63 Cleveland Bay horses, 22 Clover, winter-killed, replacing, 82 Clovers, notes on adaptability and uses, 111 Clydesdale horses, 22 Coins, foreign, value of, 400 Cold storage, temperatures for dairy products in, 318 Colostrum, composition of, 251 ash, composition of, 251 Components of cows’ milk, calculation of, 250 Composite samples of milk, directions for taking and preserving, 338 Composition and weight of ordinary crops per acre, 80 of ash of cows’ milk and colostrum, 251 butter, 307, 308 colostrum, 251 commercial fertilizing materials, 154 cows’ milk, variations in, 249 cream, 273 dairy products, 273 dairy salt, 318 different parts of same milkings, 249 feeding-stuffs, 1, 3, 6 live animals, 208 milk of different breeds, 242 morning and evening milk, 240 morning, noon, and evening milk, 249 sweet- and sour-cream butter, 307 various kinds of milk, 248 Concentrated feeding-stuffs, weight of, 18 Condensed milk, composition, 273 INDEX. AU5 Condensed-milk, butter, and cheese factories in the United States, 434 Constitution and by-laws of agricultural clubs, 359 breeders’ associations, 367a dairy test associations, 367b road leagues, 366 village-improvement societies, 364 Contagious diseases, rules for treatment in case of, 71 Conversion factor for calculating yvield of butter, 311 of U. S. weights and Measures to Metric, and vice versa, 389, 391 foreign money to dollars and cents, 410 table for calculating fertilizing ingredients, 160 pounds of milk into quarts, and vice versa, 269 Cooling milk or cream, water or ice required, 294 Corn, cost per acre of raising, 426 commercial grades of, 403 Corn on the cob, measurement of, in cribs, 397 Cost of irrigating canals and ditches, 180 raising wheat and corn, per acre, 426 Cotswold sheep, 26 Cotton, average cost per acre, 426 Cows, buying and selling by tests of their milk, 244 care of, 245, 272, 350 diseases of, 57 See also under Dairy Cows Craig, Prof. John A., Characteristics of breeds of live stock, 21 Cream, application of viscogen, 292 calculation of per cent fat in, 275 composition of, 273 formula for diluting, to a desired fat content, 279 finding fat content of, 278 gatherers, instructions to, 356 ice required for cooling, 294 of different fat contents, relative value of, 270 yield of butter from, 31r preservation of, by heat, 290 quantity of water or ice required for cooling, 294 telative value of, 260a ripening, Boyd’s process of, 301 separators, capacity of, 282 economy of, 281 handling and care of, 279 list of, 276 power required for skimming 1000 Ibs. milk, 281 standard of purity, government, 265 standards for, 262 standardization of, 286 use of alkaline tablet test with, 304 yield from milk of different richness, 274 Creameries and cheese factories, directions for making dividends in, 345 suggestions to patrons of, 349 Creamery associations, co-operative by-laws and rules for, 351 management of, 338 476 INDEX. Crops, farm, enemies of, 121 field, important data as to, 74, 77 fertilizing materials in, 150, 151 soiling, 81, 82, 84 various yields per acre, 91 weight and average composition of, per acre, 80 Culverts, sizes of drain-pipe required for, in prop. tocapacityand fall, 169 Curd test, the Wisconsin, 322 Curing of cheese, losses in, 333 rooms, humidity in, 326 Cuts of meat, diagrams of, 204, 205 Dairy breeds, composition of milk from, 242 i results of tests of, 237-241 cattle, origin and characteristics of breeds, 211 pure-bred, in the United States, 429 COWS, 2II advanced register of, requirements for admission, 241 dry matter, digestible matter and digestible protein to be furnished in rations, 19) methods of judging the value of, 243, 244 pure-bred, average per cent of fat and production, 242 rations for, 12, 14, 16 size of silo for different number of, 86 soiling crops for 84 yield of milk and fat from, 236, 230, 242 farms, regulations for the government of, 71 papers, American, 464 main foreign 465 products, American analyses of, 248 composition of 273 exports of, from Canada 1868-10904, 446 the United States, 1870-1905, 446 | fertilizing ingredients in, 251 legal standards for, 262 standards of purity, government, 264 temperatures for cold storage of, 318 rules, fifty, 244 salt, analyses, 318 schools in the United States and Canada, 457 statistics for the United States, 1900, 432 test associations, constitution, 367b Dairies and dairy farms, regulations for the government of, 71 Dairying, 211 more important works on, 460 pure-bred cattle, used for, in the U. S., number and value, 429 Dates of killing frost, 413 Days between dates within two years, number of, 384 Decker, Prof. John W., How American cheese is made, 319 Dentition of farm animals, 36 Detection of bad milk, 322 Devon cattle, 230 INDEX. Avy Dewey, L. H., Table of noxious weeds, 116 Dew-point, table of, 327 Dietaries, 196 daily, calculation of, 196 Dietary standards, 196 studies, American, summary, 203 Digestion coefficients, 2 Dimensions, interior, of farm buildings, ror Directory of official agricultural institutions, 452 Diseases of farm animals, 53 Disinfectants, list of, 70 Disinfection of stables, rules for, 71 Distance table for planting vegetables, 88 tree-planting, 90, 138 Ditches, open, number of acres drained by, 166 Dividends, directions for making, in creameries and cheese factories, 345 Dorset sheep, 26 Doses, veterinary, graduation of, 63 Drainage systems, points to note in planning, 169 Draining of area of land by tiles, removing 4 in. depth of water in 24 hours, 165, 170 area of land by open ditches, 166 land, reasons for, 161 Drains, of various dimensions, earth removed for 171 advice to landowners about to construct, 168 Duroc-Jersey swine, 27 Durum wheat, commercial grades, 403 Dutch belted cattle, 232 Duty of water, 176 Economy, pecuniary, of food, 200 Egg products in the U. S., 1879-90, 437 Eggs, loss in weight, during incubation, 46 Engine management, 280 Engineering, agricultural, 161 English milking trials, results of, 241 Essex swine, 27 Exhaustion of fertilizers, 156 Exhibition purposes, preservation of soft fruits for, 100 Experiment stations, agricultural, in the U. S. and Canada, 458 Exports, agricultural, in the U. S., 1904-1905, 439 domestic, of butter and cheese, 446 Fair tests of dairy cows, 230, 243 Farm, transportation on the, 180 Farm animals, body temperature of, 38 characteristics of breeds of, 21 common diseases of, 53 constituents of carcass, 200 determination of age of, 36 , estimated number on farms and ranches, 1905, 430 feeding-standards for. 12 478 INDEX. Farm animals, food requirements of, 18 gestation period, average, 39 heat in, duration and frequency, 38 in Canada in 1901, 427 in the United States in 1870-1900, 427 live, composition of, 208 market. classes of, 28 Farm buildings, interior dimensions of, 191 crops, enemies of, 121 products, fertilizing constituents of, 147 cost of hauling, 188 yield of, per acre, 81 Farmyard manure, amount required to replace ingredients abstracted by various crops, 152 composition, amount, and value, 153, 155 Farmers, forestry for, 131 Farmers’ institutes, officials in charge of, 450 Farming population of the United States, 417 approximate losses of fertilizing materials in different systems, 145 Farms in the United States, statistics concerning, 419 Farrington, Prof. E. H., The alkaline tablet test for acidity in milk or cream, 304 Fat content of milk from pure-bred cows, 242 Fat, relation of, to casein and other solids of milk, 250 Fattening animals, comparative results obtained with, 207 Feeding and general care of poultry, 41 standards for farm animals, 12 stuffs, chart showing manurial value of, 147 composition of, 1, 3, 6 comparative value of, 19 concentrated, classification, r1 weights of, 18 fertilizing constituents, 147, 148 manurial value, 147 ready reference table of composition, 6 valuation of, 20 Feed rations, calculation of components of, 14 Feed unit system, I9a Fermentation tests, 322, 324 Fernow, Prof. B. E., Forestry for farmers, 131 Fertilizer industry of the United States, 447 laws, states having, 158 Fertilizing constituents of feeding-stuffs and farm products, 147, 148 materials, commercial, composition, 154 conversion table for calculation, 160 equivalent quantities of, 157 in dairy products, 251; in different crops, I51 in raw materials and chemicals, trade value of, 159 losses of, in different systems of farming, 145 voided by animals, 153 INDEX. 479 Fertilizing materials withdrawn by various crops, 150, 151 Fertilizers, 145 commercial, composition, 154 exhaustion of, 156 imports and exports, 447 industry of the U. S., 447 valuation of, 158 Field crops, 74 important data as to, 77 Fish N. S., Brown-Swiss cattle, 234 Flag signals adopted by the U. S. Weather Bureau, explanation of, 368 Flaxseed commercial grades of, 406 Food economy, 195 fuel value, 194 Foods, human, 193 Food materials, human, composition of, 197, 198 nutrients furnished for 25 cents in, 201 pecuniary economy of, 200 Forcing calendar, a vegetable, 93 Foreign coins, value of, 409 Forestry, 131 for farmers, 131 schools of, 457 Forest fire laws in the United States, 140 Formaldehyd treatment for the prevention of smut of cereal grains and of potato scab, 127, 129 Formulas for calculation of total solids in milk, 258 yield of butter, 311 converting degrees Centigrade or Réaumur to Fahrenheit, and vice versa, 305 diluting cream to a desired fat content, 279 finding adulteration of milk, 267 fat content of cream, 278 quantity of water or ice required for cooling milk or cream, 204 yield of Cheddar cheese, 331 Frederiksen, J. D., Handling and care of cream separators, 279 French coach horses, 22 Frost, killing, dates of average and actual, 413 Fruit and vegetable garden, a combined, 92 Fruit packages, kinds of, 94 Fruit trees, distances apart, 90 longevity, 90 time required to bear fruit, 90 Fruits, soft, preservation of, for exhibition purposes, 100 calculated value of, compared with hay, grains, etc., 19 temperatures for preserving, 100 Fuel value of food materials, 194 of woods, 136 Fungous diseases of plants treatments for 121 Galloway cattle, 24 480 INDEX. Gardener’s planting table, 88 Gardner, M. H., Holstein-Friesian cattle, 218 Gerber fermentation test, the, 324 Germination standards of seeds, 109 of vegetable seeds, time of, 90 Gestation calendar, 39 period in farm animals, 39 Goff, Prof. E. S., Treatments for insect and fungous diseases, 13% Government land measures, 396 standards of purity for milk and its products, 264 Grades of butter, commercial, 309 grain, commercial, 401 barley, 405 com, 403 durum wheat, 403 flaxseed, 406 oats, 404 rye, 405 wheat, 401 hay and straw, 406a Grades per 100 ft., and their square roots, 164 Grain, commercial grades of, 4or Grains, prices of, per bushel and per ton, 20 Grass seeds, amounts to sow per acre, 109 number, weight, and cost of, 109 Grasses, notes on adaptability and uses of, 111 Guernsey cattle, 214 Gurler, H. B., Butter-making, 295 Hackney horses, 22 Hampshire sheep, 25 Hand separators, list of, 276 flauling farm products, cost of, 188 Hawks and owls, beneficial and harmful, 370 Hay in mows or stacks, reckoning amount and value of, 397 Hay, commercial grades of, 406a seed mixtures for, 75 Heat in farm animals, duration and frequency, 38 Hemp ropes, strength of, 390 Herd milk, ranges in composition of, 268 Heredity, 48 Hereford cattle, 24 Hicks, Gilbert H., Seed-testing for the farmer, 104 Highland sheep, 27 Hills, number of, on an acre of land, 87 Hog cholera, suppression of, 67 Holidays, leral, 375 Holstein-Friesian cattle, 218 Hon+y ail bees vix ia th2 United States, production of, 43% Horse, determination of age, 36 > INDEX, 481 Horse, labor done by, 18 Horse-power, 290 required for discharge of given quantities of water, 176 separating 1000 lbs. of milk, 281 ey, Hotses, dentition of, 38 diseases of, 53 heavy, 22 light, 21 market classes of, 28 Horticulture, 88 Horticultural books, a list of, 462 products, best temperatures for preserving, 100 Hot-water treatment for smut, 127, 128 Human foods, 193 composition, 198 Humidity in cheese-curing rooms, 326 relative, in curing-rooms, table showing, 327 Hurricane warnings, 360 Ice required for cooling milk or cream, 294 Ice-cream, standard of purity, government, 266 Imports, agricultural, in the U. S., 1904-1905, 439 of sugar into the United States, 436 Inches reduced to decimals of a foot, 390 Incubation, loss in weight of eggs during, 46 Industry groups in the United States, 424 Indian corn, commercial grades of, 403 Insects, injurious, treatments for, r21r Interest tables, 382 Irrigated land in farms, value of, 178 Irrigating canals and ditches, cost per mile, 180 ) Irrigation, 176 efficiency of windmills for. 173, 181 pipes, carrying capacity. 179 cost of, 180 Jersey cattle, 211 Kephir, composition of, 270 Kerosene emulsion, 122, 130 2 Kilograms converted into pounds avoirdupois, 390 Koumiss, composition, 270 standard of purity, government, 266 Lactometer, 254 scales, comparison of, 255 Land, acres of appropriated, vacant, and reserved, in the = S., 417 Measures, government, 3096 Legal holidays, 375 Legal standards for dairy products, 262 weights of grain, seeds, etc., 400 Leicester sheep, 26 Lincoln sheep, 26 Live animals, composition of, 210 482 : INDEX. Live mineral matters in roo parts, 210 Live stock, characteristics of breeds of, 21 registered, breeds and number of, in the U. S., 428 Live weight of cattle, estimation of, 28 London purple, 122 Loss of butter from inefficient skimming, 285 cheese in curing, 333 Losses of fertilizing materials in different systems of farming, 145 Lumber industry of the U. S., statistics, 437 Main pipe, rule for obtaining size of, 163 Manila ropes, strength of, 390 Manns’ test, direction for use, 306 Manure, amount and quality produced by stock, 152 amount required to replace ingredients abstracted by various crops, 152 Manures and fertilizers, 144 composition, amount, and value of, from diferent farm ani- mals, 152, 153 valuation of, 158 Manurial value of feeding-stuffs, 147, 148 Maple sirup, specific gravity, sugar content, and boiling-point, 96 production of, in the United States, 1890, 437 sugar obtained from, 97 production of, in the United States, 1905-1906, 435 Market classes of farm animals, 28 Marschall! rennet test, 319 Maturity table for vegetable seeds, 90 Meat, diagrams of cuts, 204, 205 Merino sheep, 25 Mineral matters in 100 parts of live animals, 210 Milch cows, diseases of, 57 Milk, adulteration, 267 ash, composition, 251 average composition, with variations, 249 bad, detection of, 322 calculations of components, 250 ae total solids, 258 care of, 246 composition of, from different breeds, 242 different parts of the same milkings, 249 various kinds, 248 cream, butter-fat, and butter, comparative prices, 314 fertilizing ingredients in, 251 gatherers, instructions to, 356 ingredients, distribution of, in butter-making, 316 cheese-making, 331 measures, prices of, 269a modified, amounts of cream or skim-milk used in making, 270 morning and evening, composition of, 240 morning, noon, and evening, composition of, 240 of different fat contents, relative value of, 270 payment of, at creameries and cheese factories, 340 : INDEX. 483 Milk, power required for skimming 1000 lbs., 281 preservation ot, by heat, 290, 293 price of, per 1000 lbs., 343 prices. by measures 272a products, standards of purity for, 266 quantity of water or ice required for cooling, 294 records, official, 240 relation of fat to casein, and other solids of, 250 relative cheese value of, 334 required for making one lb. of butter, 315, 316 rules for handling, 272 skimming and watering of, 267, 268 solids, calculation of, 250, 258, 260 solids, calculation of specific gravity of, 261 specific gravity of, temperature correction tables for, 256 standards, 262 standards of purity, government, 264 standardization of, 271 table for converting pounds of, into quarts, 269 quarts of, into pounds, 269 finding average per cent of fat in, 347 testing, a chapter on, 252 use of alkaline tablet test with, 304 variation in composition, 268 watering of, 267 yield and composition of, of different breeds, 242 Milking trials, English, results of, 241 rules for, 245 utensils, care of, 247 Milkings, composition of different parts of same, 249 Miner's inch, 177 Money, conversion table, 410 foreign, value of, 409 order fees, 386 Monrad rennet test, the, 319 Mutton, diagrams of cuts, 205 sheep, 25 Nails, cut, table of, 192 New York Board of Health lactometer, comparison with Quevenne lactometer, 255 Nitrate of soda, prices of, on the ammoniate basis, 160 Nitrogen voided by animals, 153 Noer, J., M.D., What to do in case of accidents, 377 Noxious weeds, table of 116 Number of plants for an acre of ground, 86, 87 trees On an acre, 135 Nutrients, 193 furnished for 25 cents in food materials, 201 Nutritive ratio, 2 Oats, commercial grades of, 404 Oat-smut, prevention of, 127 484 INDEX, Official milk- and butter-fat records, 240 Orchard-spraying outfit, a cheap. 126 Ounces reduced to decimals of a foot, 390 Oxford sheep, 26 Overrun of butter, 309, 314 Parcel post, 386 Pasteurization of milk and cream, 290 Pastures, permanent, seed mixtures for, 75 Patents, how issued, 371 Patrons of creameries, rules for, 356 Patrons of chees2 factories and creameries, suggestions to, 346 Payment of milk at creameries and cheese factories, 340 Percheron horses, 23 Perishable goods, temperatures injuring, 98 Pickrell, J. H., Shorthorns as dairy cows, 224 Pipes, carrying capacity of, 179 cost of, for irrigation, 180 straight, flow of water through, 179 Plant diseases, treatments for, 121 food, proportion recommended for different crops, 158 Planting table, a gardener’s, 88 Plants, temperatures injurious to, 99 Plants, number of, for an acre of ground, 86, 87 Plowing, performance of team in, 189 Poisoning, antidotes in cases of, 380 Poland China swine, 27 Population, agricultural, number and classification, 417 Pork, diagram of cuts of, 205 -Postage, domestic, 385 foreign, 385; parcel post, 386 Potatoes, relation of sp. gr., dry matter, and starch content of, 95 Potatoes, prevention of scab, 129 Poultry and egg products in the United States, 1879-1809, 437 breeds of, 47, 48 feeding and care of, 41 period of incubation, 38 standard weights of, 47 Pounds converted into kilograms, 390 Power required for discharge of water, 176 to raise water from deep wells, 180 separators, list of, 276 Precipitation, normal, in Canada, 416 the United States, 415 Preservation of horticultural products, best temperatures for, 100 milk and cream by heat, 290 soft fruits for exhibition purposes, 100 Preservatives for soft fruits for exhibition purposes, 102 Prevention of oat-smut, 127 smuts of cereal grains and potatoes, 129 Pumps, capacities of, 181 Pure cultures, use of, in butter- and cheese-making, 297 INDEX. 485 Purity staadards of seeds, 106 Quevenne lactometer, 255 Rainfall, 172 Rations for dairy cows, practical, 14, 16; standard, 12 dry matter, digestible matter, and digestible protein in, rgb. farm animals, 12 Reciprocals of numbers, 392 Record, highest, for yield of fat, 230 Records, milk- and butter-fat, official, 240 Red-polled cattle, 227 Rennet tests, 319 Richards, H. B., Dutch belted cattle, 232 Richter, Prof. A. W., Steam boiler and engine management 286 Road leagues, constitution of, 366 Road-making, 182 Roads, drainage, 18% Roads, different 1-*-4s ot. force required to draw a load on 185 186 good, importanc: ~&s5 gravel for, 184 repairs, 184 stoue required for maintenance of, 190 Ropes, strength of, 300 Russell, Prof. H. L., Preservation of milk and cream by heat, 200 Rye, commercial grades of, 405 Salt, American dairy, analyses of, 318 Second-foot of water, 177 Seed mixtures for grass, clover, hay and permanent pastures, 75. 76 quantity required per acre, 74, 77 testing for the farmer, 104 vegetable, quantity required per acre, 90 Seeds, 104 germination standards, 109 grass, number, weight, cost, and amount to sow per acre 100 purity, 105 purity standards, 106 vegetable, time of germination and maturity table 90 vitality, 113 weights, legal, 400 seedsmen’s, 114 Separator skim-milk, per cent fat in, 280 Shaw, Prof. Thomas, Heredity, 48 Sheep, breeds, 25 determination of age of, 36 diseases of, 61 fine-wooled, 25 market classes of, 32 mutton, 25 proportions ot the various parts of, 208 Shire horses, 23 486 INDEX, Shorthorn cattle, 24, 224 Shropshire sheep, 25 Silos, cylindrical, horizontal feeding area for different ee herds, && capacity of, 85 relation between size of, and number of cows they will keep, 86 — Sirup, sorghum, obtained from juice of different densities, 97 Sisson, L. P., Devon cattle, 230 Skim-milk, composition of, 273 per cent fat in, 280 Skimming of milk, detection of, 267 inefficient, loss of butter caused by, 285 Slope, rise per 100 feet, 171 Smith, J. McLain, Red-polled cattle, 227 Smut of cereal grains, prevention of, 129 oats, prevention of, 127 Sodium nitrate, prices of, on the ammoniate basis, 160 Soiling crops adapted to Northern New England states, 81 succession of, for dairy cows, 84 time of planting and feeding, 82 Soils, American, analyses of, 146 Solids of milk, calculation of, 258 sp. gr. of, 261 tables for obtaining, from specific gravity and per cent of fat, 26c Sorghum sirup obtained from juice of different densities, 97 produced in the United States, 1899, 437 Southdown sheep, 25 Specific gravity of buttermilk, 273 cream, 273 maple sirup, 96 milk, 249 milk solids, 261 potatoes, 95 skim-milk, 273 various substances, 407 woods, 136 temperature correction tables for, of milk, 256 Spraying calendar, 123 outfit for orchards, 126 Standard rations for farm animals, 12, 14 varieties of poultry, 47 Standards for dairy products, 262 of purity of seeds, 106 for milk and its products, government, 264 Standardization of cream, 286 milk, 272 Starch content, dry matter, and sp. gr. of potatoes, relation of, 95 equivalent, 2 Statistical tables, 411 Steam boiler and engine management, 286 Steers, diagram of carcass, 204 INDEX. 487 Steers, live and dressed weights of, 206 proportions of the various parts of, 206 Sterilization of milk and cream, 290, 293 Storm and hurricane warnings, 369 Straw, commercial grades of, 406a Sub-humid region, 178 Suffolk horses, 23 sheep, 26 Sugar in the United States, production, 436 factories in the U. S., statistics of, 436 imports, 1901-1905, 436 Swine, breeds, 27 determination of age by their teeth, 36 diseases of, 62 live weight and gains made, 207 market classes of, 32 plague, suppression of, 67 proportions of the various parts of, 208 Tainted milk, causes of, 322 Tamworth swine, 27 Tanks, capacity of, 182 Temperature correction tables for specific gravity of milk, 256 Temperature of the air, normal mean, in Canada, 416 the United States. 412 farm animals, normal, 38 Temperatures injuring perishable goods, 98 for preserving horticultural products, 100 injurious to plants, 99 Test associations, dairy, constitution, 367b Testing milk and other dairy products by Babcock’s method, 252 Tests of dairy breeds at American experiment stations, 237 British Dairy Farmers’ Assoc., 241 La. Purchase Exposition, 239 World’s Columbian Exposition, 238 Thermometer scales, comparisons of, 393 Thoroughbred horse, the, 21 Tile, limit of size to grade and length, 172 Tile draining land, reasons for, 161 pipe of main drain, size required, 163 Tiles, discharge of, on different grades, 164 number required per acre, table showing, 162, 163 of acres drained by, of different diameters and per cent grade, 164, 165 size required for drainage, 162, 163 | Tires, wide, effect of, 190 Tractive force required for carriages, 185 of horses at different speed, 186 effect of inclination on, 187 surface on, 188 Trade values of fertilizing ingredients, 159 Transportation on the farm, 189 488 INDEX. Tree-planting, distance table, 138 Trees, number on an acre, 135 Trotter, the American, 21 Tuberculin tests, directions for making, 69 United States, agricultural experiment stations in, 458 imports and exports, 439 population, 411, 418 products, prices of, 1890-1905, 426 schools and colleges, 454 wages, 1893-1895, 424 e area and population, 411 areas of appropriated, vacant, and reserved land in, 417 bees, honey, and wax produced, 438 beet-sugar factories in, statistics of, 436 production, 1903-1906, 436 breeds and number of registered live stock, 428 butter, exports, 1870-1905, 446 factories, statistics of, 434 cattle, pure-bred, used for dairying, number and value, 429 cereal products, principal, 425 cheese factories, statistics of, 434 exports, 1870-1905, 446 comparison of leading industries, 416 condensed-milk factories, statistics of, 434 cost per acre of raising wheat, corn, and cotton, 1893, 426 crops, principal, statistics of, 420, 425 dairy schools 457 statistics for 1900, 432 Department of Agriculture, organization, 452 educational institutions, 454 farm animals, 430 farming population, 417 farmers’ institutes, officials in charge, 459 farms in, number of, and their value, 418 farms, statistics concerning, 419 fertilizer industry, 447 imports and exports, 1896, 447 forestry schools, 457 industry groupsin. 424 live-stock interests, veterinary and sanitary officersin charge of, 456 number and value of farm animals, 427, 430 of farms in, and their value, 418 of pure-bred cattle used for dairying, 429 of registered live stock, 428 officials in charge of agriculture, 453 poultry and egg product, 1880-1900, 437 precipitation, normal, 415 production and value of principal crops, 425 production of honey and beeswax, 438 tank of states in as to value of agricultural products, 443 soils, analyses of, 146 INDEX. 489 Wnited States, statistics of butter, cheese, and condensed-milk factories, 434 statistics of farms. 419 principal crops, 420, 425 sugar crop in the United States, 435 factories, beet, statistics of, 436 production of beet- and cane-, 436 temperature of the air, normal mean, 412 value of principal farm products, 425 veterinary colleges in, 456 wages, agricultural, 1893-1895, 424 wogl product, 435 Valuation of feeding-stuffs, 20 manures and fertilizers, 158 Value of foreign coins, 409 Veal, diagram of cuts, 205 Vegetable and fruit garden, a combined, 92 Vegetable forcing calendar, a, 93 Vegetable seed required per acre, 90 time of germination and maturity table, 9e Vegetables, usual distances for planting, 72 Veterinary colleges, American, list of, 456 remedies and doses, 63 science, 53 Victoria swine, 25 Village-improvement societies, constitution of, 364 Viscogen, 292 Vitality of seeds, 113 Wages, agricultural, in the United States, 1893-1805, 424 by the week and the day, table of, 383 Wagon tires, wide, effect of, 190 ‘Water, acre-foot of, 177 carrying capacity af pipes, 179 duty of, 176 flow through straight pipes, 179 miner’s inch, 177 power required for discharge of, 176 to raise, from deep wells, 180 required for cooling milk or cream, quantity, 204 right, 176 second-foot, 177 Watering of milk, detection of, 267 and skimming, detection of, 268 Weather Bureau, the, explanation of flag signals adopted by, 368 services, state, list of headquarters of, 370 Weeds, 116 noxious, table of, 116 Weight of cattle, estimation of, 35 eggs, loss in, during incubation, 46 Weights of poultry, standard, 47 490 INDEX. Weights and measures, 387 conversion table, 380, 391 customary system of, 387 metric system of, 388 Weights, legal, of grain, seeds, etc., 114, 400 seedsmen’s customary, per bu. of seeds, 114 Weir table, the California, 182 Wheat, cost per acre, of raising, 426 commercial grades of, 401 Wheeler, Prof. Wm. P., Feeding and general care of poultry, 42 Whey, composition of, 273 standard of purity, government, 266 to be allowed patrons, 337 Whitewash, recipe for, 191 Wind, force and velocity of, 173 Windmills, capacity, 173, 174, 181 economy, 175 square feet and acres irrigated by, 173 Winslow, C. M., Ayrshires, 222 Winter-killed clover, replacing, 82 Wire ropes, strength of, 3990 Wisconsin curd test, 322 Woods, fuel value and specific gravity, 136 Wool product of the United States, 1905, 435 World’s Columbian Exposition, results of breed tests at, 238 World’s Fair, St. Louis, results of breed tests at, 239 Yield of butter, formula for calculating, 311 from roo lbs. cream of different richness, 31f Cheddar cheese, formula for calculating, 331 cheese from 100 lbs. of milk, 332, 334 fat, highest record, 230 milk and fat from dairy cows, 237 of dairy breeds, 237-242 Yields, average, per acre of various crops, 87, 91 Yorkshire swine, 27 be Se es « a eine 7 PS ~s ~* =) ? s . 4 a ; ‘ _ ~~ m4 t 2 ’ : coe ee OU = we) 5 ae - € i nee 7 ‘ , a : s re a * Se. =< . ¥: - 5 # 2 ew > i? : J = S: A : - Sm D : Z D »* a nd a f : a5 é - t o ? ma & : “ “ i : A a , . ra J ~a ‘ + i ied r 4 we ‘= jal £ 5 ; a hg P par aa Mae 1 * tS ~~ oe i F nnn