QL34 AT W5 Wilcox, Edwin Mead A handbook of Nebraska grasses Edwin B. Matzke Library ae eee ; BULLETIN NO, 148. THe UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA. LIBRARY NEW YOR BU LL, LE TIN 3OTANICA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION NEBRASISA. VoLuME XXVII, ArTICLE VY. A HANDBOOK OF NEBRASKA GRASSES Wirnh ILLusrrarepd Keys ror THEIR IDENTIFICATION, TOGETHER Wirs A GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THEIR STRUCTURE AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE, By E. MFAD WiILcox, GEorGE K. K. LINK, AND VENUS W. POOL. DISTRIBUTED APRIL 1, 1915. LINCOLN, NEBRASKA U. 8. A. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OF NEBRASKA, THE GOVERNING BOARD. (YME REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY.) HONORABLE PHILIP L. HALL, Lincoln. HONORABLE WILLIAM G. WHITMORE, President, Valley. HONORABLE FRANK L. HALLER, Omaha. HONORABLE VICTOR G. LYFORD, Falls City. HONORABLE EDWARD P. BROWN, Davey. HONORABLE JOHN E. MILLER, Lincoln. THE STATION OFFICERS. SAMUEL AVERY, PH. D., LL. D., Chancellor, ex officio. K. A. BURNETT, B. Sc., Director; Animal Husbandry. C. W. PUGSLEY, B. Sc., Director of Extension Service. J. S. DALES, M. PH., Financial Secretary. FRANK C. DEAN, A. B., Bulletin Editor. THE WORKING STAFF. E. MEAD Wiccox, PH. D., Agricultural Botany. EK. W. Upson, PH. D., Agricultural Chemistry. L. W. CuHass, M. E., A. E., Agricultural Engineering. *R. K. Buiss, B. 8. A., Animal Husbandry. J. H. Gatn, M. D. C., Animal Pathology. J. H. FRANDSEN, M.S. A., Dairy Husbandry. LAWRENCE BRUNER, B. Sc., Entomology. T. A. KTESSELBACH, A. M., Experimental Agronomy. H. C. Fittry, A. M., Farm Management. W. J. Morrizy, M. For., Forestry. *R, A. EMERSON, D. Sc., Horticulture. R. FE. Howarp, A. M., Horticulture. G. A. LOVELAND, A. M., Meteorology. W. P. Snyper, M. S., Superintendent of Experimental Substation, North Platte. C. B. Les, A. M., Associate in Animal Husbandry. Howagp J. Gramuicu, B. Sc., Associate in Animal Husbandry. M. H. Swenk, A. M., Associate in Entomology. GEORGE K. K. Link, A. M., Assistant in Agricultural Botany. H. A. McComs, B. Sc., Horticulturist of Experimental Substation, North Platte. L. L. Zook, B. Sc., Assistant in Dry Land Agriculture, U. S. Department of Agriculture, North Platte. J. W. Carvin, B. Sc., ASsistant.in Agricultural Chemistry. P. B. Barker, A. M., Assistant in Agronomy -(Soils). Erwin Hort, B. Sc., Assistant in Agronomy (Crops). J. A. Ratcrirr, B. Sc., Assistant in Experimental Agronomy. L. B. STURDEVANT, A. M., M. D., Assistant in Animal Pathology. E. G. Woopwarpb, A. M., Assistant in Dairy Husbandry. J. R. Cooper, B. Sc., Assistant in Horticulture. C. A. Heim, B. Sc.. Assistant in Experimental Agronomy. FLORENCE A. McCormick, PH. D., Assistant in Agricultural Botany. H. E. Vasey, A. M., Assistant in Agricultural Botany. JAMES Cowan, M. E., Superintendent. Experimental Substation, Valentine. Fritz Knorr, B. Sc., Superintendent Experimental Substation, Mitchell. H. L. Nyr, Foreman Demonstration Farm. Culbertson. * Resigned. CONTENTS. RI RMT a ney 1 2S isl ship 2 W'n-os oe GN e's 8 2 SE ae Es ee er I SADE’ SIGS AOE, LN OVE alg oe oem oss ss a ele wale» vo. vows sce AR UNS UO eg anita inte Sich va’ s s.p bb ak see oe 6 0% a ye OR Sg, Oe ae a | oe SSR A ae eae SA sn tse We eee PAGE 5 A HANDBOOK OF NEBRASKA GRASSES. BY E, MEAD WILCOX, GEORGE K. K. LINK, AND VENUS W. POOL." INTRODUCTION. The true grasses belong to the one family Poaceae, often called Gramineae, and constitute a very well defined natural group of plants. This family comprises upward of 3,000 species distributed among about 300 genera. From the economic point of view the family is of supreme importance thru the fact that here belong the cereals, which supply a large part of the food of man, and the forage grasses which are so important as feed for our domesticated animals. The genera and species are for the most part separated by artificial characters—a fact which renders their study and iden- tification extremely difficult even for the expert. The experience of the authors has convinced them that much of this difficulty is to be credited to the “keys” found in our common manuals. Theoretically a key is intended to assist one in properly identi- fying a plant, but actually many of the keys, upon close inspec- tion. are found to contain so many vague and contradictory statements that they can be depended upon only by the expert who, on account of his working knowledge, makes slight use of the keys. It occurred to the senior author some years ago that an illus trated key might solve many of these difficulties. An accurite illustration conveys a more definite idea of any particular struc- ture and leaves less room for doubt than any number of words. In fact, the serious and annoying inaccuracies of most keys to the grasses became more and more apparent as the work of pre. paring the illustrations progressed. The authors are fully con- vineed that illustrated keys of the type here employed will prove useful in many other groups of plants. The nomenclature here employed is largely that of the seventh edition of Gray’s Manual—tho our purpose has not been to insist upon any particular name but to provide means whereby the student can with some certainty attach to any given plant some one name which has been properly authorized. * Resigned November 1, 1911. BUL. 148, AGR. EXP. STATION OF NEBR. VOL. XXVII, ART. V. 6 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. The present key includes most of the species known to occur in Nebraska, tho a few of minor importance and very restricted distribution have been omitted. There are provided also some data on the economic value of certain of the most important species. The illustrations for the grass keys have been drawn expressly for this publication. They are derived in part from actual authentic specimens and in part redrawn in modified form from various manuals and monographs. The authors have made free use of the manuals, monographs, etec., included in the Bibli- ography and take this opportunity to commend these publications to the attention of all who wish to learn more of our common erasses. It is hoped that the keys here presented will facilitate the study of the grass flora of Nebraska by farmers and students. STRUCTURE OF GRASSES. The grasses are herbs (rarely shrubs or trees) with extensive fibrous root-systems. They may be perennials with rhizomes (fig. 1, A) or sympodia (fig. 1, B), or annuals with sympodia. The extensive system of rhizomes enables these plants to form a “sod” and may render their eradication difficult. The primary root soon disappears, its function being taken over by numerous secondary roots which arise from the nodes. Lees abe They have cylindrical stems with hollow internodes and generally swollen closed nodes (fig. 2). In some species, such as maize and sorghum, the stems are filled with pith. The leaves are 2-ranked, narrow, parallel-veined (tig. 3) and consist of two parts, the sheath (fig. 3, C) and the blade, (fig. 3, A). The sheath with its margins over. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 7 lapping, or, rarely grown together, envelopes the internode for more or less of its length (fig. 4). At the junction of the sheath and the blade, on the inside, is an erect membranaceous, hyaline, or hairy appendage, called the ligule (fig. 38, B). The flowers are grouped in spicate, racemose, or paniculate inflorescences which in turn are composed of partial inflores. eences, the spikelets (fig. 6). Figure 5 shows diagrams of a typical spike, raceme, and panicle. In an inflorescence, the branches are generally sub- tended by bracts (in grasses such bracts are wanting). In a spike (fig. 5, B) the flowers are sessile on an elongated main axis, the rachis; in a raceme (5, A) the flowers are stalked and borne on the rachis, in a panicle (5, C) the rachis bears racemes later- ally. The flowers, generally perfect (rarely unisexual) (figs. 6 and 7), are arranged in spikelets which consist of a shortened axis. the rachilla (figs. 6, A, and 8 A), and 2 or more 2-ranked bracts (figs. 7, A, and 8). Ss A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. Usually the lowest bracts are empty and are then called glumes (fig. 8, F). Sometimes the glumes are absent or there may be 3-4 glumes. In the axil of each succeeding bract, the lemma (fig. 8, E) is a flower (fig. 8, B, C), which is subtended and usually enveloped by a bract, the palea (fig. 8, I). The 12) Piss: lemma often bears a stiff bristle, the awn, which is covered by backwardly turned hairs. A flower consists of 3 stamens (sometimes 1, 4, or 6) (fig. 7, B), an ovary (fig. 7, D and 8, B), composed of three carpels which bear two feathery papillose stigmas (fig. 7, C), and the lodicules. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. ) The fruit of grasses is called a caryopsis, having the pericarp and seed coat intimately united. The embryo lies in contact with the endosperm (fig. 9, A) by means of its cotyledon. The part of the cotyledon next to the endosperm is the seutellum (fig. 9. ©), serving as an absorbent organ in germination. The starch, oil, and protein of the endosperm and embrvo render the fruit of grasses of high economic value. Fig. 8. DIRECTIONS FOR USE OF THE KEYS. A good hand lens will be found a necessity in the study of the grasses. The beginner should carefully study the statements under “Structure of Grasses” (p. 6). With a specimen of the grass before him he is then ready to begin the work of identifi. eation. As an illustration we may select the awnless brome grass, Bromus inermis. We begin with the “Tribe Key to the Grasses” (p. 11). At the top of the page are found three lines, each describing a cer- 10 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. tain group of grasses. We must decide which of the three lines best describes our grass. Since in our grass the spikelets are in a panicle, like the ex- treme right-hand drawing of figure 10, we refer next to the lines below marked “3.” We must here decide whether the spikelet in our grass has one or two or more flowers. Since this spikelet evidently has more than one flower, as shown in the extreme right-hand drawing of figure 12, we turn next to the lines marked “7” (p. 14). Here our decision is required as to the character and location of the awn on the lemma. By consulting the two figures we see plainly that this grass belongs to the tribe FESTUCEAE (p. 44). Our plant being “erect” we turn to “2” below. The rachilla is found to be “naked,” 7. e., without any silky hairs, so we refer to “3.” With the aid of a lens the “lemma” must be examined to determine the number of its ‘nerves’ or veins. Evidently it has “S-many,’ aS shown in the right-hand drawings of figure 65, and hence we turn to 10” (p. 49). Our plant is described by the second line under “10” so that we turn to “11” (p. 49). The lemma will be found to be “rounded on the back,’ which takes us to “14” (p. 50). The lemma being “naked at the base,” we go to “15” (p. 51). Here we find that the second line under ‘15” describes our erass and we turn to “16” below. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 1] The exact location of the style with reference to the tip of the ovary must next be determined. This brings us to the genus Bromus. To determine the exact species of Bromus we must refer to the key to the species of this genus (p. 60) and proceed in the above manner to find the name of the plant before us. TRIBE KEY TO THE GRASSES. FIG. PAGE 1. Spikelets sessile, alternating on opposite sides of Ee ee Pere eee ae HorDEAE 10) (i 1. Spikelets sessile or somewhat pedicellate, on one NE RMN oon ace Ga yk greta Win sb » 10 12 Figure 10. NY \ ; WY, WF My, : NN Vv ’ \ \ HORDEAE. 2. ON De ee CHLORIDEAE 11 4] ee ES | i PANICEAE 11 15 Figure 11. CHLORIDEAE. PANICEAE. 12 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. o. spikelets -witi-one perteer Mower... 4-2 eee 1 > & a! =! ke = 5. Spikelets with two to many flowers.............. Figure 12. 4 ds 4. Spikelets, at least some of them, imbedded in the: Tachis,” fs aus See eee MAYDEAE [Tripsacum dactyloides is the only species of this tribe in¢luded mirthisikeyds 252 e cee 4. Spikelets free, none imbedded...............0 Figure 13. MAYDEAE (7'ripsacum dactyloides). 5. FIG. PAGE 12 12 14 13 94 13 1] A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 13 BIG, PAGE 5. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and perfect, the other pedicellate and staminate, empty or reduced to DU AMMISOCUD, «aie 6 acre a's ca pkas ANDROPOGONEAB 14 14 I eee rae 6 14 Figure 14. ANDROPOGONEAE. 6. ee A ee ee re ORYZEAE 15 22 ES gle eS Seen eo see aaa one AGROSTIDEAE 15 24 Ee ate a ip ee a ee PANICEAB 15 15 SES tee au a es PHALARIDEAB 15 93 ie em ORYZEAE. AGROSTIDEAE. PANICEAE, PHALARIDEAE. 14 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE 7. Awn, if present, straight and arising at or near the apex of the’ lemma 22.2.2. s-e ee FESTUCEAE 16 7. Awn always present, straight or twisted and arising midway between the base and the apex.. AVENEAE 16 Figure 16. 4 FESTUCEAE. AVENEAE. ANDROPOGNEAE. 1. Spikelets arranged ina panicles: 22... 2.3. 2 1. Spikelets arranged in silky racemes.............. 3 2. Pedicellate. spikelet’ wanting: -... 2-05.52... A. x aitgadeg ore oe Bee ee Sorghastrum nutans 17 2. Pedicellate-spikelet. present... 2 2s25.25-0 ee 5 at eP a EIEN we ce heer Andropogon halepensis 17 Figure 17. Sorghastrum nutans. Andropogon halepensis. 3. t4 59 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 15 FIG, PAGE 3. Racemes single.............. {ndropogon scoparius 18 79 IE SUMNER tre DC oi. wl wila tle ew Kt we bd we ses 4 4. Fourth glume with long twisted awn......... SEEER Nts s aleve bab ota By 9 Andropogon furcatus 18 79 4. Fourth glume with short straight awn........ a ee ee fee ee Andropogon hallii 18 7) Figure 18. Andropogon scoparius. Andropogon furcatus. Andropogon hallii. | Macemes scattered (224. .4.4 2k ee Sos eae eee 4 2 17 Figure 21. P Jf yy fo \ y 7 { y t Woe AN % h os Ca s\ ; 7 Vem At f pe s AW ; WV Les a Digitaria sanguinalis. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 17 FIG, PAGE 4. Glumes awned......... Behinochloa crus-galli 22 8) 4. Glumes not awned...... Paspalum stramineum 22 90 Figure 22. Echinochloa crus-galli. Paspalum straminenm. 5. Spikelet surrounded by thickened spines.......... oP Oe Oe Pe eee ee Cenchrus tribuloides 23 83 5. Spikelet surrounded by bristles................. 6 23 18 Figure 23. Cenchrus tribuloides. for) 18 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE 6. Bristles downwardly “barbed... :)...o222.)). eee Setaria verticillata 24 92 Figure 24. Setaria verticillata. * Second glume-shorter than whe third? 43s. eee Pie aide BIS TS Leake ene a oe Co ee Setaria glauca 25 92 ’. Second glume equaling the third....Setaria viridis 25 92 Figure 25. Setaria glauca. Setaria viridis. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 19 PANICUM. FIG. PAGE apiece pointed at The Ttip..............55.5.. 2 26 _omemerers TOUNGeO at the tip..............++---: { 26 20) Figure 26. 2 4. 2. First glume not over one-fourth the length of the spikelet...... Panicum dichotomiflorum 27 8) 2. First glume about one-half the length of the CN 0 roe aie ia ia ole gna Sa oa mAs Soin do 27 20 2. First glume two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the spikelet....Panicum virgatum 27 0) Figure 27. . | Panicum dichotomiflorum. 3. Panicum virgatum. 20 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE 5. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long or less: blades not crowded Low ard “the *Dase. «sce aes Panicum capillare 28 89 3. Spikelets 2.5-5.0 mm. long; blades crowded toward the base. sec. 2 Sse ee Oa ee 4 28 4. Spikelets 2.6-3.3 mm. long; panicles erect..... Dee tte er Panicum barbipulvinatum 28 89) 4. Spikelets 4.5-5.0 mm. long; panicles drooping aoe has oe ee ae ee Panicum miliaceum 28 90 Figure 28. hi II\\ \| > Panicum capillare. Panicum barbipulvinatum. 5. spixelets less:than 2 mm:oan leneth=— 22 eee 6 5). Spikelets more than 2.5 mm. in length........... 7 21 6. Spikelets 1.8-1.9 mm. long; blades with long spreading hairs on the upper surface; first glume triangular, one-third to one-half length of spikelet...... Panicum praecocius 29 90) 6. Spikelets 1.6-1.8 mm. long; blades with short appressed hairs on the upper surface; first glume, not triangular, about one-third ie we Panicum huachucae 29 89 Figure 29. Panicum praecocius. Panicum huachucae. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 21 FIG, PAGE 7. First glume one-half the length of the spikelet.... oy AS Se ae ee eee ene are Panicum leibergii 30 89 7. First glume less than one-third the length of the a Oe NE 2 Se eee a eae 8 30 8. Spikelets densely hairy.. Panicum wilcorianum 30 90) 8. Spikelets sparsely hairy to smooth........... Panicum seribnerianum 30 90 210. eS Se ea) Oe eee, Oo 8) SS n—< fi if fe if Aang Panicum leibergii. Panicum wilcoxianum. anicum scribnevianum. 22 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. ORYZEAE. FIG, PAGE 1. Upper spikelets pistillate, some long-awned; lower spikelets staminate, awnless....Zizania aquatica 31 94 iL, Spikelets all alike and awnless...=-42c. eee Z 2. Spikelets 2.5-3.0 mm. long....Leersia virginica 31 88 2. Spikelets 4-5 mm. long....... Leersia oryzoides 31 88 Figure 31. Aizania aquatica. Leersia virginica. Leersia oryzoides. . -—~ A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 2t PHALARIDEAE. FIG. PAGE 1. Third and fourth glumes awned upon the back... . LS EEE Se Pee Anthovanthum odoratum 32 7) 1. Third and _ fourth glumes rudimentary, not NIA Ee cag hb gs yo waste a % ¥iy.4 us wlan wig ot 2 2. First and second glumes with wing-like keels. AS ne ere Phalaris canariensis 32 90 2. First and second glumes not winged......... Fe NCES din atlinre S's. 0% Phalaris arundinacea 32 90) Figure 32. Anthozanthum odoratum. Phalaris canariensis. Phalaris arundinacea. 24 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. AGROSTIDEAE. ; FIG, PAGE 1... Spikelets =in-a: ‘close: spike. is a= os eee eee 2 33 1. Spikelets in'an open or contracted panicle....... 4 33 | Figure 33. 2. 2. Glumes awnless 34 @ 2. Glumes awned a. Glumes. with a long slender wir 222. cco sees ee ae ae ARO Romagna Polypogon monspeliensis 34 91 3. Glumes with a short abrupt awn..Phlewm pratense 34 90 Figure 34. Alopeeurus geniculatus. Polypogon monspeliensis. Phleum pratense. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE 4. Lemma awn-pointed or with terminal awn..5 35 4. Lemma awnless or with a dorsal awn........ 8 35 27 Figure 35. yf i, 5. 8, 5. Rachilla prolonged behind the palea............. Brachyelytrum erectum 36 81 6 36 26 Rachilla not prolonged behind the palea Figure 36. Brachyelytrium erectum. Se ite | A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE 6. Lemma long and narrow with three awns..... ee here eee AR A a Fc Aristida 37 3() 6. Lemma narrow with one long twisted awn.... ndash hile Sh, 6 dct noeeee hee en eee Stipa 37 32 6. Lemma short and narrow, awn-pointed or with a slender awn ...............Muhlenbergia 37 33 6. Lemma broad, the short awn falling soon after HOWENING: “i o:4.t me. Ss See tee ee ee ee ee 7 37 w ft WT No} YY j / ‘ / ~ \ / % Py ae < \ i SF ¥ | 4 y~ / My SS / doy & \ / 4 a ney (e& ( 4 3 i ae \ — | Oryzopis micrantha, Figure 38. Kriocoma cuspidata, 2 eas Aristida. Muhlenbergia. de - LIeMMAarSMmOOthy 225. ae ee Oryzopsis micrantha 39 89 . Lemma with long silky hairs...Hriocoma cuspidata 39 86 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 27 FIG, PAGE 8. Lemma with long basal hairs............... 9 39 8. Lemma without basal hairs................ 10 39 28 Figure 39. 9. Lemma awned; basal hairs abundant............ OS ee ene ee Calamagrostis 40 35 9. Lemma awnless; basal hairs not abundant....... BEE eta “at sce are boa ss We Calamovilfa longifolia 40 83 Figure 40. Calamagrostis. Calamovilfa longifolia. 28 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE 10. Flower not plainly pedicellate............ jy ieee: | 10. Flower plainly pedicellate- 22.5 - nae 124i 29 Figure 41. f\ : at. 11. Lemma shorter than or equal to the glumes...... ese Saha Rc awe agi Gack wR TRS cats Soom Ui ies REM Agrostis 42 36 11. Lemma longer than one or both of the glumes.... wis Be iar od sn edeatenn Glove aa wie ee eR eee a Meee Sporobolus 42 37 Figure 42. Agrostis. Sporobolus. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 29 FIG, PAGE 12. Panicle contracted at maturity; first glume shorter than the second. .Cinna arundinacea 43 83 12. Panicle open at maturity; first glume equal et Et: ONS Eglo = + 4A or 29 Cinna latifolia 43 S35 Figure 43. Cinna arundinacea. Cinna latifolia, 30 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. ARISTIDA. 1. Awns twisted at the base into a spiral column.... PR ee eet at eet ag eS Aristida tubereulosa 1, AWS NOt twisted al che wwaSeis = eee ee ye 2, Central awn coiled sat the base-=. oo ee Ee eae ee a hs eet Aristida basiramea 2. Central awn not coiled at the base: 222.2 ee 3 3. First glume one-third the length of the second.... er name eC ee ee .. Aristida longiseta 5. First glume about equaling the second........... 1 Figure 44. FIG. PAGE 44 80 dt 80 44. 80 OL Aristida tuberculosa. fristida basiramea Aristida longiseta. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. Sl FIG, PAGE 4. First glume 5-7 nerved....... lristida oligantha 45 eran WIDING 1-0 TOTVOU . Glumes nearly equal in length to the lemma suri tus nem cel canen eae ee Muhlenbergia mexicana 3. Glumes longer than the lemma and awned........ Lia Ree noe Selene Muhlenbergia racemosa 4. Ghimes-equal-to the lemma. =. =. 25.6 2 Stee pe eee Muhlenbergia sylvatica 4. Glumes one-half as long as the lemma........ Se eae a 4 eae ees Muhlenbergia tenuiflora 4. Glumes less than one-fourth as long as the lemintial S46 see ee Muhlenbergia schreberi Figure 49. Fae - ae { | I / pa esse y | j | Ve << \ i ae | 1 / \ \ /} NI \4 ¢ I \ | ee ear. Vv \ y/ Muhlenbergia Muhlenbergia Muhlenbergia Muhlenbergia mexicana. racemosa. sylvatica. tenuiflora. FIG. PAGE 49 88 49 89 4!) Ss) 49 S9 49 89 Muhlenbergia schreberi. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. BD CALAMAGROSTIS. FIG. PAGE 1. Panicle open, branches spreading................ ES eae ee Calamagrostis canadensis 50 S35 L-ranicle narrow-or contracted.................. 2 2. Leaves flat; basal hairs about equaling the ONS see sp as 54 Ss Calamagrostis inerpansa — 50 SS 2». Leaves rolled together in drying: basal hairs half as long as the flower................. ee EI aia, sieve i655: t Calamagrostis neglecta 50 S33 Figure 50. f F f\ \ ‘ fA Calamagrostis Calamagrostis Calamagrostis canadensis, inexpansa, neglecta. 36 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. AGROSTIS. FIG. PAGE i... Palea conspicuous...) 225225) 2 AGT OSs Cota 78 1. -Palea. very small or wanting: Gs. (oe 2 2. Panicle narrowe. oa ese ae Agrostis exarata 51 78 2. Panicle: diftusely spreadiies 47s pee 3 3. Culms weak, usually spreading on the ground..... Jilin tae aE, hohe tee” ay gear Agrostis perennans 51 78 a 78 Agrostis Agrostis Agrostis Agrostis alba. exarata. perennans. hyemalis. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. SPOROBOLUS. FIG. PAGE NI ORINOCO oc eis cs S sle'y ws 8S b.6.0 Fetes oe ce oe a 2 RO SA ee en ee nea 3 2. Spikelets 3-5 mm. or more in length.........3 2. Spikelets 3 mm. or less in length............ t 5. Palea long awn-pointed.......... Sporobolus asper 52 93 3. Palea not long awn-pointed; panicles conspicuous ie RO ae coer Nporobolus vaginiflorus 52 93 4. Sheaths inflated and including panicles...... Piatiale Sata Mah ae wae Nporoebolus neglectus 52 93 4. Sheaths not inflated....Sporobolus brevifolius 52 933 Figure 52. a 7 / -* : yd o A ] Z fe H/ y 2 if A , « Ly if : id ? ; ig | | | \/ y i / Sporobolus Sporobolus Sporobolus Sporobolus asper. vaginiflorus. neglectus. brevifolius. ». First glume about equaling the second........... 6 58 38 ». First glume one-half as long as the second........ 7 58 IS Figure 53. 7 Ji BS A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE 6. Perennial with alone rhizome... =. eee Fas ee wf: = Bee Sed ee Nporobolus asperifolius 54 93 6: Amma. 255460 Se ee Sporobolus confusus 54 93 v7. First glume awn-pointed....Sporobolus heterolepis 54 933 « First slime not -awmpomted 2). S- 4. ee aR a gh ERAT eich Ate coe ks Sporobolus cryptandrus 54 933 Figure 54. Pp} c cs . LES a \ \ aes Nae XY s} -— \ x tay? \ \ ooo nN Sk Se yf ie Sy ee 3| 2 (— NA F Y 4 ‘ ee. s y hy WP Pee f aes NAF ees fa ae a rn | VV Se SNe NG b [\ 4 \ | fee —_ \ ” . LP \ F i aoe 5 Ny 4 WH ; / a ( if Nay han ee. yy sy | # Vy / x Wye" , \V \! m\Y \ / aN f y a | Sporobolus Sporobolus Sporobolus Sporobolus asperifolius. CONFUSHS. heterolepis. cryptandrus. | Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 39 AVENWAE. FIG. PAGE 1. Awn of second glume hook-like..... Holceus lanatus 55 S7 1. Awn of second flower not hook-like.............. 2 5D 1() Figure 55. ~ Holeus lanatus. 40) A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE 2. Upper fiower of spikelet perfect; the lower Slammin ate. o.-2..e eee Arrhenatherum elatius 56 80 2. Flowers all perfect, or the upper ones stam- WR 04 SAR ee Bie cake ep 3 3. Spikelets lessthan %2'anmny lomeis ss. ee ee ee ere re A Deschampsia flecuosa 56 S4 o. Spikelets more than 12 mm. long......z tvena fatua 56 SO Figure 56. Arrhenatherum elatius. Deschampsia flexuosa. Avena fatua. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. CHLORIDEAE. 1. Spikelets, with staminate flowers, in conspicuous spikes; pistillate flowers partially included in SORRY, MARIN RINGS 6 55h 5. 4 5, 0

9 4:5 Figure 59. Schedonnardus paniculatus, 5. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 4:3 FIG. PAGE 5. Rachilla extending beyond the flower and bearing ge PRE AA Se Ere te 2 te a ee 6 60 4:3 5. Rachilla not extending beyond the thower........8 60 44 Figure 60. / x. 6. Spikes numerous...... Bouteloua curtipendula 61 SU SE S| ae 2 7 7. Rachilla with tuft of long hairs at the base........ OD SE ee ae Bouteloua oligostachya 61 S1 7. Rachilla without tuft of long hairs at the base.... TE one GSO a Slice’ wie Br%, 96s #202. Bouteloua hirsuta 61 SI Figure 61 Bouteloua oligostachya Bouteloua hirsuta. AA A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE S. Rachilla not extending beyond the upper spike- LEE, 2s reno nae oie Beckmannia erucaeformis 62 80 &. Rachilla extending bevond the upper spike- os er ae eee rt Ses hc EE to “) 9. Spikes more than 5 em. long, Spartina michauxiana 62 93 9. Spikes less than 5 cm. long. ...... Spartina gracilis 62 92 Figure 62. if, Beckmannia erucaeformis. Spartina michauxiana. Spartina gracilis. FESTUCHANL. 1. Plants prostrate: spikelets in terminal clusters surrounded by stiff leaves....Munroa squarrosa 65 SJ 1. Plants erect; spikelets in loose or contracted panicles: 2.2 coe eae Ree Ree eee 2 63 45 vy We ot = \% Lz “dd Vv Q " . 4y) ; a &> =. <— ro A \ Wie nies ES > ELE > < Ss Ss O = = ae S47. Ss; =F, ke on Y —. = ) NUMAN — 7, p we — A I ‘ ~& A : TA» — Munroa squarrosa. 2. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 45 h1G. PAGE ”. Rachilla clothed with long silky hairs exceed- ing the florets........ Phragmites communis 64 on) 2. Rachilla naked, or with short hairs.........3 64 Figure 64. Phragmites communis. ; a 3. Lemma 1-3-nerved or nerveless.................. 4 65 46 INS Oy 2g 10 65 49 — 46 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE 4. Lemma hard; seed beaked and protruding be- yond the glumes-and -lemmia.. 722. sone SE ee ate hes eoe Diarrhena diandra 66 84 4. Lemma soft; seed not beaked nor protruding. .5 66 Figure 66. Diarrhena diandra. 5. ». Lateral nerves:or the lenmmachairy.2). 1. ee ACT DESL SERA RN Ee nee Triplasis purpurea 67 4 ». Lateral nerves of the lemma smooth.......... 62 67 AT Figure 67. Triplasis purpurea. 6. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 47 PIG, PAGE 6. Lemma hairy at the base....Redfieldia flexuosa 68 I 6. Lemma not hairy at the base............... 7 O68 Figure 68. Le > Redfieldia flexnoxa. ‘p 7. Second glume very unlike the first....Sphenopholis 69 52 et A a oe rr S 69 48 Figure 69. Sphenopholis. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE 8. Panicle dense and spike-like, Koeleria cristata 70 87 8. Panicle: Open. «227. ee see eee eee 9 9. Spikelets 2-flowered; aquatic...Catabrosa aquatica 70 83 9. Spikelets 3-many-flowered ; terrestrial...Hragrostis 70 52 Figure 70. =< x cS ar 2 =" Sout SSeS vk he ors Seat = _~ AE Tay eS 5 eee Eragrostis. Koeleria cristata. Cutabrosa aquatica. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 49 VIG. PAGE 10. Spikelets with upper flowers sterile and folded about each other oa A ae Melica nitens TI 88 10. Spikelets with the upper flowers perfect, nar- a Oa a ap LE #) Figure 71. Melica nitens. is 11. Lemma compressed and keeled................ 12 2 50 11. Lemma rounded on the back.................. 14 TZ 50 Figure 72. 12. 0) A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE 12. Panicle contracted... 7.4. Distichlis spicata 3 84 13. Panicle open .s\22. 42225 445452 eee 13 13. Lemma awned or awn-pointed..Dactylis glomerata 73 84 Poa 73 91 fs ff; Distichlis spicata. Dactylis glomerata. Poa. 14. Lemma with a basal tuft of hairs; aquatic. . Leo coe Teepe Scolochloa festucacea 17 92 14. Lemma naked. at the bases... 5.24.20 52e2 15 14 dl Figure 74. NScolochloa festucacea. 15: A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 15. Apex of lemma acute, entire, pointed, or awned.. Sra ADS hi-iied eras ale ce 6-016) a ai. 0.8! &'e.8. w% Festuca 15. Apex of lemma 2-toothed, awn below the apex; or awnless and broadly rounded or obtuse at the SCR han a ely Mw Ces balin G2 dele ne8 ok + a 16 16. Stvle attached below the apex of the ovary. . Sata rama fo wees Glace Saronic 00 4's Bromus 16. Style attached to the apex of the ovary... .17 Figure 75. kL Festuca. 16. 17. Lemma obscurely 5-nerved....Puccinellia airoides 17. Lemma prominently 6-7-nerved............... 18 18. Second glume 1 mm. long....@lyceria nervata 18. Second glume 2.0-3.5 mm. long.............. Sih rk ae ee ar Glyceria grandis se } ae . “a> ta ¥ 60 1 Si ST Puccinellia airovides. Glyceria nervata. Glyceria grandis, an A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE SPHENOPHOLIs. i. Panicle “denses. 5: eae Sphenopholis obtusata TT i Panicle longer! eo eee Sphenopholis pallens 77 Figure 77. ! Sphenopholis obtusata. Sphenopholis pallens. ERAGROSTIS. 1. Lemma with obscure lateral nerves.............. 2 8 1. Lemma with prominent to conspicuous nerves....4 78 Figure 78. 95 93 D3 54 A Handbook 0} Nebraska Grasses. 52 FIG, PAGE 2. Spikelets 2-5-flowered..... Hragrostis capillaris 79 86 2. Spikelets more than 5-flowered..............8 79 D4 Figure 79. y Kragrestis capillaris. 3. pul A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE 3. Spikelets 6-20-flowered; panicle 15-30 cm. long.... DRessieire' 5 Sasa are one ee te eae ee ee Eragrostis pilosa 80 86 3. Spikelets 10-40-flowered ; panicle 3-6 cm. long...... ares eo tne es a Tragrostis hypnoides sv 86 Figure 80. Eragrostis pilosa. Bragrostis hypnoides. 4. Spikelets less than 3 mm. wide.............. 5 4. Spikelets’ 3mm: or more wider. 2 >. 4-2 2--see 7 56 ). Sheaths overlapping........ Hragrostis pectinacea 81 86 ). Sheaths shorter than the internodess...2 2... <2 6 Si 55 Figure 81. Hragrostis pectinacea. 6. L Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. DD PIG. PAGE 6. Panicle narrow, 3-6 ci. long; spikelets 10-40- | ree Eragrostis hypnoides 82 S6 6. Panicle 6-24 cm. long; spikelets 3-15-flowered. . era Tata W es ie tala Si ates a a Hragrostis pilosa &2 S6 Figure 82. Eragrostis hypnoides. Pragrostis pilosa. 36 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE 7. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; panicle 5-15 Cll. JONG. ae ee ee Eragrostis megastachya 83 7. Sheaths overlapping; panicle 22-67 cm. long....... 1 Sk RT ah ead SR ee eee Eragrostis trichodes 88 Figure 838. Eragrostis megastachya. EHragrostis trichodes. 86 &6 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. POA. Lemma without basal hairs............ Poa annua Prema Wrenn) PANEL WAITS. >. bc. na cc che cca cee ee ws 2 Figure 865. = < ee, Ey . ye SIMA Mite, PELL s --_- rt ea yp S \ Poa annua. 2. Culms greatly flattened; flowers usually broader above than below the middle...... Poa compressa aoe 2S we urs. 8° 6746's 6 wee). . 4. O@. 818-6 a8 2. Culms rounded, not greatly flattened........: Figure 8&6. p IY Poa compressa. PIG. SD 8H PAGE 91 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE 3. Intermediate nerves distinct......... Poa pratensis 87 on 3. Intermediate nerves not distinet....P0a nemoralis 87 91 Figure 87. Poa pratensis Poa nemoralts. KESTUCA. I Leaves 2 min. wide or less, involute when dry..... 2 88 59 if Leaves 4 mm. wide or more, flat when dry........ 4 88 60 Figure 88, bf ay A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 2. Spikelets 5-13-tlowered.. .../'estuca octoflora TR PeIRMERE GAPTIOWELOO ooo eee ce ns 3 3. Panicle close, contracted, expanding while in bloom SR ate emt. ace eects Sta ayes axe Festuca ovina 3. Panicle open and spreading........ Festuca altaica Figure 8&9. ¢ Wh eo) Y ¢ wd sf U1) ot ‘ ; we) 4 Y hea 4 sf M Y) 4 \ i % 7 Whe ae v ve . | y \ f (7 d 4 "\ te ie 4 | wy | VF | / ea J Ny . i/ } VW Wl | Cat, | v 4 [| \f | } ty ly / I \\ t. Festuca octoflora. Festuca ovina. EILG, SY) PAGE ST Festuca altaica 60 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG, PAGE 4. Spikelets 5-10-flowered......... Festuca clatior 90 86 4. Spikelets 3-5-flowered.......... Festuca obtusa 90 87 Figure 90. Sa Festuca elatior. Festuca obtusa. BROMUS. 1 Hirsi -olme “nerveds- 5 42 oe eee eee 2 Oe 61 1, Pirsb elume Served: oso sneaks ee ee ee a Oil 63 Figure 91. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. Awn shorter than the lemma or wanting; tall eR a es Ba eee Awn longer than the lemma; low annuals..... Bromus tectorum oe 2S 8 @ @ 6 R816 6.4 a 6. 8 @ a8 2 a, 8S 68 Se Bromus tectorum. FIG. 92 92 =>) PAGE 62 82 62 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE B Zz : : 3. Lemma with awn 1 mm. long, awn-pointed, or awn- HESS oes ace tea ies hansen eee Bromus inermis 93 81 3. Lemma with awn 6 mm; long or more. ..-.....-.7 4 4. Culms stout; branches of the panicle more or less spreading or drooping. .Bromus ciliatus 93 81 4. Culms slender; branches of the panicle erect. . eee ede eee ae ST eR A Bromus erectus 98 81 Bromus inermis. Bromus ciliatus. Bromus erectus. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 63 FIG, PAGE OND spre win sg.-9% wo! hia'a!'s 6 bisa voeis aoe 0 9c0 seie 94 5. Lemma awnless or with short awn; nearly as long ee oi site ie wa ecaty Bromus brizaeformis OA SI . Ce Se Pag ow és é U / 6. Bromus brizaeformis. Sa 7 95 64 CG RAMEN or 8 Q O95 65 Figure 95, 64 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. I . Lemma covered with short appressed hairs........ ert eer Bromus hordeaceus t. Lemma covered with long silky hairs............ 8 8. Second glume 3-nerved........ Bromus porteri 8. Second glume 5-7-nerved....... Bromus kalmii Figure 96. FIG. PAGE 96 81 96 82 96 82 Bromus hordeaceus. Bromus porter. Bromus kalm7i, A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 65 FIG. PAGE OE SO ee oe a eee 10 97 66 9. Awns strongly bent near the base.... .......... enrich Whale Ws:s eck Sidhe ey. cce s Bromus squarrosus YT 82 Figure 97. 10. Bromus squarrosus. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE 66 1:0: ‘Sheaths smooth: :. 2.25.6... Bromus secalinus 98 82 LO: Sheaths shait ys. ite see Bromus racemosus 98 82 Figure 98. Bromus racemosus. Bromus secalinus. HORDEAE. 1. Spikelets solitary in the notches of the zigzag TACHA 35 ccc h staat arin MES hee Oh a Oe ee ae Ay S) Aor ae 1, Spikelets 2-6 in each notch of the zigzag rachis, Figure 99, 67 HS A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 67 FIG. PAGE 2. Spikelet with its edge to the rachis..... Lolium 100 70 2. Spikelet with its side to the rachis..Agropyron 100 71 Figure 100. Agropyron. Lolium. 68 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE 3. Spikelet 1-flowered, with two aborted spikelets.... a ia,c Save See areas eee ee eerie c= ene Hordeum 101 76 3. Spikelet 2-many flowered—*. 2.2 -.046. 4.5) eee ee 4 101 Figure 101. de os! ee eee Hordeum. 4. 4. Glumbes minute or none....... Hystriz patula 102 87 4. Glumes usually equaling the lemma..........5 102 69 Figure 102. Hystriz patula. }. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 69 FIG. PAGE SS OM ERTAUOID go's win ale ee © Sick sive ecw as Elymus 103 73 ». Rachis articulated and fragile. ....: Nitanion hystrix 103 92 Figure 103. Elymus. Sitanion hystrix. 70 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. LOLIUM. FIG. PAGE 1. Lemma awn-pointed or awnless..... Lolium perenne 104 89 i Lemma: lone aw ned) tre6- 6 on ae tee Cee, eee 2 2. (Giume shorter-than the lemma. 2... .2. eee OW ia fae are een tee cee Lolium multiflorum 104 89 2. Glume as long as or exceeding the lemma.... Lolium temulentum 104 89 \ Lolium perenne. Lolium multiflorum. Lolium temulentum. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. AGROPYRON. a SE TS Le LE ies Te a 2 105 INE WORUMOVEING Se eek cmeeeehaceweecsd LUB Figure 105. 2 2. Spikelet 3-7-flowered......... Agropyron repens LOG 2. Spikelet 7-13-flowered.......Agropyron smithii 106 Figure 106. Agropyron repens. Agropyron smithii. (2 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. FIG. PAGE 3. Lemma long-awned...........2 Agropyron caninum 107 Ler 3. lemma short-awned, or awnless, «1.02. 7see 4 4. Spikes 8-20 cm. long; green or straw colored basis Sigler eras. Ge gS vit eerie ogee Agropyron tenerum 107 78 4, Spikes) 3-10vem. lone; purplish’ \es esse eee Pe ee eer em Stat Agropyron biflorum 107 rere Figure 107. Ys Agropyron caninum. Agropyron tenerum. Agropyron biflorum. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 73 ELYMUS. FIG. PAGE 1. Lemma awonless or awn-pointed.................. Et ee bee ere Elymus condensatus 108 85 1. Lemma conspicuously awned................... 2 108 Elymus condensatus. 2. Spikelets divergent from the rachilla of the ENDS Sg rg et See ek dies ah ein ss nies sO AO 74 2. Spikelets appressed to the rachilla of the nar- IN sare tn ear 15 Cyn best awe eS 6 109 75 Figure 109. NY YY, 74 Oo: SDlke: Slender. oo. oh wen ae eee ee Elmyus striatus 110 3. Spike stout A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. ee —— —— ——— SAS << SY Elymus striatus. 4, ay, 6.20). (o8 ef fe! 0; 8, ee} ere a ene, Me) 6). 0) 36, Nena” Te el) alte Lelteltal tel tele tar ile hla FIG. 4 110 4, Lemmarsmoovhs s: 3.5.5 2.2078 Elymus virginicus 111 4. ALemmanrough: or hairy 3: tea ace eee Figure 111. Hlymus virginicus. so) let PAGE 86 SO 75 —fS A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. re) FIG. PAGE 5. Spike loosely flowered; long pedicelled........... a i SE See ee Elymus canadensis 112 85 5. Spike densely flowered; included at the base...... WA SR ree ee et ree ee Blymus robustus 112 S6 Figure 112. Elymus canadensis. Elymus robustus. 6. Spikelet 3-6-flowered.......... Blymus glaucus 115 SS 6. Spikelet 1-3-flowered......... Elymus macounii 1138 85 Figure 113. Elymus qlancus Elymus macounii 76 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. HORDEUM. 1. Spikes bushy; with spreading awns Hordeum jubatum 114 1. Spikes narrow; with nearly erect awns Oe: 8. el (a ee ere 10 Te, (eC oF p 1S) n0' 0) 07 62.016 Le) © e: 6. es a ©, 0 Se+e.6) (6 [ie ele, te Hordeum pusillum 114 Figure 114. = ABS NANG fi AV — = —— < ») ne Z, \\ < RIG. PAGE 87 87 Hordeum pusillum. Hordeum jubatum. | Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. aw NOTES ON ECONOMIC GRASSES. No grass can be grown under cultivation on any large scale unless it is possible to secure its seeds in sufficient quantity and at a reasonable price. The failure of many otherwise very de- sirable species to seed freely under cultivation makes their use quite impossible. The use of grasses for specific purposes depends upon various other characters, only one of which is here mentioned. Rhizomes of many perennial grasses are continued by the formation of shoots from the lower nodes of the flowering shoots. The method by which these shoots are formed determines whether the grass will be a “bunch” grass or a sod or “turf” grass. The buds mentioned develop within the sheath and if they continue their growth enclosed by the sheath they are called intra-vaginal. Such grasses are apt to form bunches or tussocks. On the other hand, if these buds early break thru the sheath, then extra- vaginal shoots result and these spread the grass over a consider- able area by means of the resulting stolons. This type of grass will form a more or less compact turf or sod. Moreover, bunch grasses would be of little value as sand binders in comparison with grasses of the latter type. The following notes have been compiled to serve as an in- troduction to further study and experimentation with our na- tive grasses. The Department of Agricultural Botany desires to receive specimens of our native grasses and information con- cerning their behavior. Such specimens will furnish us more accurate data regarding the distribution of our various grasses thruout the several counties. AGROPYRON. 1. Agropyron biflorum. Purple Wheat Grass. (Fig. 107.) A slender perennial of western Nebraska. . Agropyron caninum. Awned Wheat Grass. (Fig. 107.) An erect grass sparingly naturalized in cultivated ground and meadows. The bearded nodding heads _ re- semble somewhat heads of wheat. Unlike Couch Grass this species has no rootstocks. It may readily be propa- gated by the seeds, which are easily gathered. 3. Agropyron repens. Couch Grass. (Fig. 106.) A stout perennial grass which forms a dense sod by means of its extensive system of rhizomes. It is a valu- able hay grass, but, like Western Wheat Grass, it soon bo =~ 9: A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. “binds itself out” and the sod must again be broken to restore the vield. It should prove to be a valuable sand- binding grass on railroad embankments and other places subject to blow-out. It is ordinarily considered a nox- ious weed, the eradication of which is very difficult. . Agropyron smithvi. Western Wheat Grass. (Fig. 106.) In the western part of the State this is one of our most valuable grasses. It is an erect perennial resembling in many respects Couch Grass, but on account of the bluish color of its foliage often receives the name “Bluestem,” a name, however, which should be reserved for species of Andropogon. . Agropyron tenerum. Slender Wheat Grass. (Fig. 107.) This is a perennial bunch grass of the western prairies. The seed can ordinarily be secured on the market, and its cultivation may be expected to increase in the future. It produces a large amount of forage and ripens an abun- dance of seed. AGROSTIS. . Agrostis alba. Redtop. (Fig. 51.) This is an upright hardy perennial whose rhizomes form a rather dense sod. The existence of many forms of this species has led to much diversity of opinion as to the value of the grass under cultivation. The taller forms may be cut for hay, while the low-growing sorts are un- surpassed lawn grasses. It prefers a rather moist soil and should do best when sown with clovers or other grasses. It prefers a rather moist soil and should do best when sown with clovers or other grasses. In low ground it often drives out the native grasses. Agrostis exarata. Northern Redtop. (Fig. 51.) This is a variable species found in the wet places in the western part of the State. Some of the forms are to be recommended for cultivation on account of their heavy foliage and vigorous growth. . Agrostis hyemalis. Hair Grass. (Fig. 51.) A well-known slender grass of the early summer found thruout the State. The panicle is often blown about like a tumbleweed. Agrostis perennans. Thin Grass. (jig. 51.) This species is much like Agrostis hyemalis but flowers much later in the season. Cass County. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 7 ALOPECURLS. Ll). Alopecurus geniculatus. Water Foxtail. (Fig. 38, 54.) A low slender rather procumbent perennial grass of eastern Nebraska. In that region in low pastures and meadows it provides excellent grazing. One of the forms of this grass is a good turf grass. ANDROPOGON. 11. Andropogon furcatus. Big Bluestem. (Fig. 18.) This is a very tall perennial that formerly was very abundant on the prairies thruout the State. In the west- ern counties it still forms a very important part of the native hay and when cut early is relished by stock. Un less the moisture supply is adequate it does not seed freely, and this is a serious defect of any grass when cultivated for hay. 12. Andropogon halepensis. Johnson Grass. (Fig. 17.) This is an introduced grass long grown in the South and to a limited extent in our southern counties. It de- velops a very extensive system of rootstocks and in the South it is nearly impossible to eradicate it when once established. 3. Andropogon hallii. Colorado Sand Grass. (Fig. 18.) This is a stout erect perennial which makes a luxuriant growth in the Sand Hills where it can be recommended as a sand-binding grass. It must be cut early if to be used for hay and, tho more woody, is perhaps as valuable as the Big Bluestem. 14. Andropogon scoparius. Little Bluestem. (Fig. 18.) This rather slender perennial is a common prairie grass thruout the State. It is often associated with other species of Andropogon and with them may constitute a large part of the native prairie hay. The stems are gen- erally reddish in color. l ANTHOXANTHUM. 15. Anthoranthum odoratum. Sweet Vernal Grass (Fig. 32.) A perennial sweet-scented grass with slender erect tufted stems. The bitter taste of its leaves renders it somewhat unpalatable for stock tho a small amount adds a rather pleasant fragrance to hay, Its earliness gives it some value as a pasture grass, SO 19. Bi): a9 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. ARISTIDA. Aristida basiramea. Tufted Triple Awn. (Fig. 44.) An erect, tufted, much-branched perennial common in the Sand Hill region. Aristida gracilis. Slender Beard Grass. (Fig. 45.) A slender tufted annual of northern Nebraska. Aristida longiseta. Dog Town Grass. (Fig. 44.) A slender densely tufted, wiry perennial found in dry soils in western Nebraska. Aristida oligantha. Prairie Triple Awn. (Fig. 45.) In poor dry soil over most of the State. Aristida purpurea. Purple Beard Grass. (Fig. 45.) A common perennial prairie grass thruout the State. Aristida tiuberculosa. Wong-awned Poverty Grass. (Fig. 44.) A rigid. much-branched perennial in dry sandy soil. Kearney County. ARRHENATHERUM. Arrkhenatherwm elatius. Tall Oat Grass. (Fig. 56.) This is a tall loosely-tufted perennial which makes an early growth, thus rendering it of some value in pastures. It grows rapidly and is very drouth-resistant. It does not form a good sod and must therefore be sown with other species. AVENA. Avena fatua. Wild Oats. (Fig. 56.) This is an erect glabrous annual found in waste places. It is generally regarded as a serious weed pest—particu- larly since its stiff twisted awns are rather troublesome to stock. BECKMANNIA. Beckmannia crucaeformis. Slough Grass. (Fig. 62.) A stout, tall. erect. coarse perenmal growing in tufts along river banks and irrigation ditches. When young it is readily eaten by stock. It is particularly well adapted for low irrigated alkaline soils. Common in~- western Nebraska. BOUTELOUA. Bouteloua curtipendula, Tall Grama Grass. (Fig. 61.) A tall densely tufted perennial with tough perennial roots. The hav is readilv eaten by stock, which, however, A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. SI on the range prefer the Blue Grama Grass. Its many basal leaves render it a rather valuable pasture grass in dry regions and it cures readily when cut for hay. Thruout the State. 26. Bouteloua hirsuta. Black Grama. (Fig. 61.) This is one of the common tufted perennial grasses of our western Sand Hills. When abundant it forms excel- lent pasturage, its dense tufts and fine leaves being much relished by stock. Thruout the State, but most abundant westward. 27. Bouteloua oligostachya, Blue Grama. (Fig. 61.) This is the commonest and most valuable species of Grama Grass on the Great Plains. It is a slender, erect, tufted perennial with strong rootstocks and numerous basal leaves. No other grass withstands the tramping of stock as does this. and it is thus unsurpassed for grazing purposes. The leaves are short and crowded at the base of the short stem producing dense cushion-like masses pressed close to the ground. It is often improperly called Buffalo grass. It is very drouth-resistant and very com- mon thrnout the State. BRACHYELYTRUM. 28. Brachyelytrum erectum. Bearded Short Husk. (Fig. 36.) A slender perennial with unbranched stems in open wooded regions. BROMUS. 29. Bromus brizaeformis. (Fig. 94.) A slender, erect, tufted annual with nodding panicles of very large spikelets, introduced from Europe. 30. Bromus ciliatus. Swamp Chess. (Fig. 93.) On good soils in wooded parts or shady pastures, it should make a vigorous early growth. Common. thruout the State. 31. Bromus erectus. (Fig. 93.) Introduced from Europe. Valley County. 32. Bromus hordeaceus. Soft Chess. (Fig. 96.) An erect or ascending annual or biennial found in fields and waste places. 33. Bromus inermis. Awnless Brome Grass. (Fig. 93.) This is an erect vigorous, hardy perennial with strong creeping rootstocks enabling it to form a thick and firm sod. It is a native of Europe introduced and widely cul- 82 — 38. s) ode 4(), A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. tivated in many parts of the State for hay. The strong perennia! character of this grass and its great drouth- resisting power are qualities which recommend it for gen eral cultivation particularly in semiarid regions. This drouth-resistance was proved for this grass as much as 30 vears ago in Hungary where it is still called Hungarian brome grass. It thrives well on loose, sandy soil but on better soil larger yields may be expected. When well established it is not injured by spring and fall frosts. It should be remembered that this grass is often not easily eradicated, and it is, therefore, not specially adapted for use in a short rotation. In the western part of the State, it is highly prized for its sand-binding ability and for this purpose it is very often employed. Bromus kalmti. Wild Chess. (Fig. 96.) This is a rather stout perennial found in central and northwestern Nebraska. Bromus porteri. Wild Chess. (Fig. 96.) This species is very closely related to Bromus kalinii. It is a perennial found only in northwestern Nebraska. . Bromus racemosus. Smooth Brome Grass. (Fig. 98.) A rather slender annual introduced from Europe. I preduces hay of rather good quality. Lancaster County. Bromus secalinus. Chess. (Fig. 98.) This is a well-known introduced annual weed of grain fields and waste places and now found practically thruout Nebraska. It was introduced in agricultural seed into the various parts of the State. The idea commonly entertained by many farmers that wheat degenerates into Chess is utterly without foundation in fact. Bromus squarrosus. (Fig. 97.) Introduced from Europe and now reported from Box- butte and Howard Counties. . Bromus tectorum. (Fig. 92.) A low tufted annual which is fast becoming a common weed in the eastern parts of the State. It was introduced from Kurope. BUCHLOE. Buchloe dactyloides. Buffalo Grass. (Fig. 57.) This, the genuine Buffalo Grass, is claimed to have formerly been much more abundant on the prairies than at the present time, It forms numerous, creeping, branch. 41. 42. 45. 44. 45. 48, A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. Ss ing stolons, similar to those found in Bermuda erass, which root at the nodes, each joint thus forming a new tuft. Thus a close mat of fine leaves is formed which may cover considerable areas. It is unsurpassed for winter pasturage and is considered one of the best grasses for sheep pastures. Throuout the State, but most abundant in the western counties. CALAMAGROSTIs. Calamagrostis canadensis. Yellowtop. (Fig. 50.) A stout native prairie grass of the western half of the State. It often occupies rather large areas to the exclu- sion of other grasses and may then vield considerable hay of fine quality. It grows best in rather low moist meadows and has done well under cultivation. Calamagrostis inerpansa, (Fig. 50.) A rather stout erect grass reported from Buffalo, Custer. and Thomas Counties. Calamagrostis neglecta. Pony Grass. (Fig. 50.) A rather slender, erect native perennial on prairies more common in the western part of the State. CALAMOVILEA. Calamovilfa longifolia. Long-leaved Reed Grass. (Fig. 40.) A stout long-leaved grass forming an extensive system of rhizomes. It is unsurpassed as a sand-binder for the semiarid regions tho of little or no forage value. Common in the Sand Hill region. CATABROSA. Catabrosa aquatica. Water Grass. (Fig. 70.) A rather soft and weak aquatic grass of central and western Nebraska. CENCHRUS. Cenchrus tribuloides. Sand Bur. (Fig. 23. A common annual weed thruout the State. If cut before the “burs” are formed it makes good hay. CINNA. . Cinna arundinacea. Wood Reed Grass. (Fig. 45.) A tall native perennial common in woods and wet meadows—particularly in the eastern part of the State. Cinna latifolia. (Fig. 48.) A perennial somewhat smaller than the preceding species. S4 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. CYNODON. 49. Cynodon dactylon. Bermuda Grass. (Fig. 58.) A creeping perennial that grows readily in poor, sandy soils where other grasses will not thrive. It is very widely cultivated in the South and should prove useful as a sand- binding grass in many places. It is extensively grown as a lawn grass in the South and is propagated thru the use of pieces of the sod. DACTYLIS. 50. Dactylis glomerata. Orchard Grass. (Fig. 73.) ol, A valuable perennial introduced grass often found escaped from cultivation. It is a bunch grass and makes a rapid, early growth, producing an excellent quality of hay. Its common name is based upon the ability of the grass to make a good growth in shady situations. To counteract its well-known tendency to form tussocks, often consider- ably raised above the ground, it should be sown with some other grass, preferably awnless brome grass or meadow fescue. It cannot be recommended for the drier soils of western Nebraska. DESCHAMPSIA. Deschampsia flexuosa. Wood Hair Grass. (Fig. 56.) A slender, erect, native perennial of little value except in woodland pastures as it grows well in shaded ground. It yields an inferior coarse forage which, when young, is eaten by stock. It shows a tendency to form tussocks. DIARRHENA. 52. Diarrhena diandra. (Fig. 66.) In moist shaded places in eastern Nebraska. DIGITARIA. 53. Digitaria sanguinalis. Crab Grass. (Fig. 21.) 54. This is a well-known introduced annual often found in cultivated fields and constituting, particularly in eastern Nebraska, one of our worst lawn weeds. During the latter part of the season it makes a very rapid growth and may take absolute possession of a lawn. It is less common in the western counties. DISTICHLIS. Distichlis spicata. Salt Grass. (Fig. 73.) This is an erect wiry grass with an extensive svstem of A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 85 rootstocks which often form such a compact sod as to render if a nnisance in farming lands. It is a good sand- binder, but otherwise has no agricultural value. It thrives in alkali soils even when the ground is heavily crusted with alkali. Thruout the State. HCHINOCHLOA., »». Nchinochloa crus-galli.. Barnyard Grass. (Fig. 22.) This is a rank-growing annual weed well-known in rich, cultivated ground, particularly about dwellings. It is so thoroly dispersed thruout the State as sometimes to appear to be indigenous. The species presents several quite dis- tinct forms, each having its own peculiar qualities. One of these has been cultivated in several places and is valuable for green feed and silage, but is too coarse and succulent to make good hay. ELEUSINE. dG. Bleusine indica. Goose Grass. (Fig. 58.) A coarse tufted annual generally regarded as a weed. particularly in lawns and about dwellings. Introduced from Europe and not common. ELYMUS. Elymus canadensis. Wild Rye Grass. (Fig. 112.) A stout, smooth perennial which probably has some agricultural value altho it has not been very thoroly tested. It is very abundant on the prairie, low flats, and along the smaller streams thruout the State. When cut early it should form a good quality of hay, tho the frequent pres- ence of “ergot” might render its use for this purpose dangerous. 58. Elymus condensatus. Giant Rye Grass. (Fig. 108.) A stout tufted perennial grass of central Nebraska com- mon in wet alkali soils and along streams. the banks of which are often protected from erosion by its. rootstocks. This grass should also be of service as a sand-binding grass along railroads, ete. When young it makes good hay and when allowed to stand it provides considerable winter forage on the range. 59. Blumus glaucus. (Fig. 113.) In moist soil. Central Nebraska. 60. Elymus macounii. Macoun’s Lyme Grass. (Fig. 113.) A perennial grass of northwestern Nebraska | -~] SO 61 62. 63 64. 65. 66. 69. £0: A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. Elymus robustus. (Fig. 112.) A stout leafy perennial in rich moist soil in central and western Nebraska. BHlynus striatus. Dennett Grass. (Fig. 110.) A slender tufted perennial of the central and northern counties. Elymus virgivicus. Lyme Grass. (Fig. 111.) A stout perennial of the eastern and northern counties. ERAGROSTIS. Hragrostis capillaris. (Fig. 79.) An erect tufted grass of dry fields in eastern Nebraska. Hragrostis hypnoides. Creeping Meadow Grass. (Figs. 86, 82.) This grass has prostrate much-branched stems. Occurs in low wet places, particularly along streams in eastern Nebraska. Eragrostis megastachya. Stink Grass. (Fig. 85.) A showy much-branched annual which emits, when fresh, a strong unpleasant odor. A common weed thruout the State. Eragrostis pectinacea. Comb Grass. (Fig. 81.) A rather pretty weed common in dry fields except in the extreme western part of the State. Eragrostis pilosa. Slender Meadow Grass. (Figs. 80, 82.) A slender decumbent introduced grass occasional in waste places. Lancaster and Sheridan Counties. Hragrostis trichodes. Blow-out Grass. (Fig. &3.) This is a pretty grass of sandy soils and in blow-outs in central and western Nebraska. It has given good results under cultivation and promises well as a hav grass tho the foliage is rather wiry. ERIOCOMA. Hriocoma cuspidata. Indian Millet. (Fig. 38.) A rather slender native perennial bunch grass which thrives in dry sandy soil, even in typical sage-brush land, and is much esteemed for grazing. Western Nebraska. FESTUCA. estuca altaica. Rough Fescue Grass. (Fig. 89.) Festuca elatior. Meadow Fescue. (Fig. 90.) This perennial grass is a native of Europe. but has long =~) ol ° A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. ST been cultivated in various parts of the United States and is now thoroly naturalized. Its drouth-resistance recom. mends it for use in Nebraska where it can be employed as a pasture grass. Sowing with orchard grass has proved successful. It does best on moist soils rather rich in humus. Festuca obtusa. (Fig. 90.) A rather stout, erect, glabrous perennial in open woods and thickets of the eastern counties. Festuca octoflora. Slender Fescue. (Fig. 89.) An erect annual, in sandy soil thruout the State. Festuca ovina. Sheep’s Fescue. (Fig. 89.) An erect, tufted perennial found on prairies thruout the State and apparently indigenous in many places. GLYCERIA. Glyceria grandis. Reed Meadow Grass. (Fig. 76.) An erect, tall aquatic grass of the Sand Hill region of central and northern Nebraska. Gilyceria nervata. Fowl Meadow Grass. (Fig. 76.) An erect aquatic grass widely distributed. HOLCUS. Holeus lanatus. Velvet Grass. (Fig. 55.) An introduced perennial. It is not liked by stock, but may be of some value on soils where better grasses will not grow. Generally considered a weed. HORDEUM. 9. Hordeum jubatum. Squirreltail Grass. (Fig. 114.) A striking and rather pretty annual weed found thruout the State. . Hordeum pusillum. (Fig. 114.) A slender erect perennial in dry or alkaline soils thruout the State. HYSTRIX. Hystrir patula. Bottle Brush. (Fig. 102.) A slender tufted perennial of fertile moist soils of east ern Nebraska. KOBLERIA, Koeleria cristata. Prairie June Grass. (Fig. 70.) An erect, perennial bunch grass of the prairies and open meadows. For early forage it has some value and SS A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. under irrigation it makes good hay tho the yield is low. Common thruout the State. LEERSIA. 83. Leersia oryzoides. Rice Cut Grass. (Fig. 31.) S4 ) Or S6. 6) —I 89. A rather stout grass in wet soils thruout the State. . Leersia virginica. Virginia Cut Grass. (Fig. 31.) A slender decumbent grass common in wet soils thru the eastern counties, but not found in the extreme western part of the State. LOLIUM. . Lokum multifiorum. Italian Rye Grass. (Fig. 104.) A biennial or perennial introduced plant and one of our well-known hay grasses for rich and rather moist lands, particularly in the eastern counties. It is a rapid grower and forms a good turf. It starts earlier, grows more rapidly, and has lighter green foliage and taller, coarser stems than the Perennial Rye Grass. For temporary ineadows it can be recommended but is of too short dura- tion for permanent pastures. The seed is generally rather free of impurities and can ordinarily be secured on the market. Lolium perenne. Perennial Rye Grass. (Fig. 104.) This perennial has been cultivated in England for up- ward of two centuries. Like the Italian Rye Grass it prefers moist and rich loam and clay soils. In this region it cannot be considered as at all the equal of timothy for hay or other purposes. . Lolium temulentum. Bearded Darnel. (Fig. 104.) An erect generally rather stout annual in waste places and cultivated grounds. MELICA. Melica nitens. Melic Grass. (Fig. 71.) An erect grass found at a very few points in eastern Nebraska. MUHLENBERGIA. Muhlenbergia mexicana. Wood Grass. (Fig. 49.) A much-branched, spreading or ascending grass found in Shaded meadows and along streams in many parts of the State. 90 * . | 23. = i | 6. 99. 100. 101. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 89 Vuhlenbergia pungens. Blow-out Grass. (Fig. 47.) A tufted rigid native perennial in dry soils of the Sand Hills and prairies of western Nebraska. Muhlenbergia racemosa. Wild Timothy. (Fig. 49.) This is an upright, sparingly-branched perennial with rootstocks covered with thick scales. It is an excellent hay grass when grown under suitable conditions. Common in wet soil thruout the State. Muhlenbergia schreberi. Nimble Will. (Fig. 49.) A prairie grass. Cherry, Holi, Lancaster, and Valley Counties. Muhlenbergia sylvatica. (Fig. 49.) A perennial in woods and on banks of streams. Harlan County. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora, (Fig. 49.) An erect perennial in rocky woods. Webster County. MUNROA. Munroa squarrosa. False Buifalo Grass. (Fig. 63.) A low much-branched annual not liked by stock. Com- mon in the Sand Hill region and often found in blow-outs. ORYZOPSIS. Oryzopsis micrantha. Mountain Rice. (Fig. 38.) A slender erect perennial in woods and along streams in the extreme northern and western counties. . PANICUM. Panicum barbipulvinatum. (Fig. 28.) An erect grass freely branching at the base. Common in the western counties. Panicum capillare. Old Witch Grass. (Fig. 28.) This is an annual with coarse branching stems and hairy leaf sheaths. In cultivated ground it often becomes a troublesome weed. For fall feed on stubble it may have some value. Common thruout the State. Panicum dichotomiflorum. (Fig. 27.) A weedy annual grass of the eastern counties. Panicum huachucae. (Fig. 29.) _In prairies. Buffalo, Cherry, Hall, and Holt Counties. Panicum leibergii. (Fig. 30.) A slender perennial in dry or moist soil. Dixon and Stanton Counties. 90 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 102. Panicum miliaceum. European Millet. (Fig. 28.) This is a branching annual which has long been eulti- vated in Asia and Europe and to a limited extent in the United States. When cut in flower it furnishes a large amount of excellent green feed for stock. 103. Panicum praecocius. (Fig. 29.) On dry prairies. Custer and Hall Counties. 104. Panicum scribnerianum. (Fig. 30.) An erect branching perennial thruout the State. 105. Panicum virgatum. Switch Grass. (Fig. 27.) A stout, erect, unbranched perennial found on prairies thruout the State. When cut before ripe it produces a very valuable hay. 106. Panicum wilcorzianum. Wileox’s Panic Grass. (Fig. 50.) Common in the Sand Hill region of central Nebraska. PASPALUM. 107. Paspalum stramineum. Beard Grass. (Fig. 22. A perennial frequent in sandy soil thruout the State. PHALARIS. 108. Phalaris arundinacea. Reed Canary Grass. (Fig. 32.) A stout perennial of wet soil widely distributed thruout the State, particularly in the eastern counties. 109. Phalaris canariensis. Canary Grass. (Fig. 32.) An erect annual grass often found along streets in towns. soxbutte, Kearney, and Lancaster Counties. PHLEUM. 110. Phlewm pratense. Timothy. (Fig. 34.) This is the best known and most largely cultivated hay grass in the northern States where it has become thoroly naturalized. On dry soils only light yields can be expected. It is often sown with other grasses or one of the clovers. PHRAGMITES. 111. Phragmites communis. (Fig. 64.) One of the tallest of our native grasses, in ponds and along streams thruout the State. The stems often run along the ground for as much as 40 feet, striking root at each node. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. ‘)] POA. 112. Poa annua. Low Spear Grass. (Fig. 85.) A low spreading, introduced annual weed which has made its appearance in eastern Nebraska. 113. Poa compressa, Canada Blue Grass. (Fig. 86.) This is a slender perennial of bluish-green foliage often confounded with the genuine Kentucky Blue Grass from which it may be distinguished by its tlattened, decumbent. wiry stems, shorter leaves and shorter, narrower and smaller panicles. It it adapted to somewhat more sterile soil than Kentucky blue grass, but on the whole it is scarcely to be recommended for Nebraska. Thruout the State but not common. 114. Poa nemoralis. Spear Grass. (Fig. S87.) A tufted, erect, perennial grass of western Nebraska. 115. Poa pratensis. Kentucky Blue Grass. (Fig. 87.) This is a well-known perennial grass native of parts of North America and now much grown as a pasture grass. it is in fact the champion pasture grass of the limestone region of Tennessee and Kentucky. With us it is uni- versally employed as a lawn grass where it makes a firm sod. It is better adapted for use in pastures than as a hay crop. However, it is a shallow-rooted plant. not at all suited to drouthy conditions. POLYPOGON. 116. Polypogon monspeliensis. Beard Grass. (Fig. 34.) An introduced plant in fields and waste places. Kearney County. PUCCINELLIA. 117. Puccinellia airoides. (Fig. 76.) A tufted perennial in alkali soil. Chevenne, Dawes, and Sioux Counties. REDFIELDIA. 11 v0 . Redfieldia fleruosa. Blow-out Grass. (Fig. 68.) This is a stout perennial native to the sandy soils of the West. Its deeply penetrating and widely spreading rootstocks render it the sand-binding grass par excellence. It is in fact a typical blow-out grass well worthy of tria! where drifting sand becomes troublesome. A common grass thruout the Sand Hill region. 121. 123. 124. 126. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. SCHEDONNARDUS. . Schedonnardus paniculatus. Wild Crab Grass. (Fig. 59.) A low weedy grass in dry places thruout the State. SCOLOCHLOA. Scolochloa festucacea. Sprangle Top. (Fig. 74.) A stout, erect perennial in wet ground or shallow water. Grant County. SETARIA. Setaria glauca. Yellow Foxtail. (Fig. 25.) An erect annual and, like Setaria viridis, often appear ing in quantities as a weed in alfalfa fields where it has been introduced in alfalfa seed. A common weed thruouf the State, but most abundant eastward. Setaria verticillata. Bristly Foxtail. (Fig. 24.) An introduced annual weed often found near dwellings. Its bristles are barbed downward, and this feature enables its heads to cling to clothing and other objects. In the eastern part of the State but not common. Setaria viridis. Green Foxtail. (Fig. 25.) A common weed of fields and waste places where it flow- ers somewhat earlier than the vellow foxtail from which it may further be distinguished by its greenish bristles. It is a common annual weed found thruout the State. SITANION. Sitanion hystrix. Wild Rye Grass. (Fig. 103.) A low tufted perennial species of western Nebraska, resembling somewhat squirre!tail grass. Dry soil in west- ern part of the State. SORGHASTRUM. Sorghastrum nutans. (Fig. 17.) Common on prairies thruout the State and of consider- able value for hay. It is a stout perennial forming a large proportion of our western prairie hay. Its long root-leaves provide forage of good quality. During dry weather it does not seed freely. It does best on the richer prairie bottoms. SPARTINA. Spartina graciiis. Little Cord Grass. (Fig. 62.) A pretty grass of western Nebraska in saline marshes, but of little or no value for forage. 128. 129. 138. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 93 Spartina michauriana. Slough Grass. (Fig. 62.) This grass makes a rather coarse hay and must be cut when young. It is well adapted for sand binding on ac- count of its strong, scaly rootstock. In wet places thru- out the State—-but most common in the southeastern counties. SPHENOPHOLIS. Nphenopholis obtusata. Early Bunch Grass. (Fig. 77.) A tufted perennial—often growing in moist soil. It is readily eaten by stock and supplies a considerable amount of forage of good quality. Common on prairies thruout the State. Sphenopholis pallens. Eaton’s Grass. (Fig. 77.) On wooded bluffs thruout the State. SPOROBOLUS. . Sporobolus asper. (Fig. 52.) Sandy soil thruout the State. . Sporobolus asperifolius. Prairie Grass. (Fig. 54.) A low perennial grass of dry prairies in the western half of the State. . Sporobolus brevifolius. (Fig. 52.) An erect, slender, tufted grass in dry soil—thruout the State. . Sporobolus confusus. Prairie Grass. (Fig. 54.) An annual found only in western Nebraska. . Sporobolus cryptandrus. Prairie Grass. (Fig. 54.) A common perennial grass of dry sandy prairies— thruout the State. 5. Sporobolus heterolepis. Wire Grass. (Fig. 54.) Not common, tho found occasionally in eastern and northern Nebraska. Sporobolus neglectus. Small Rush Grass. (Fig. 52.) In dry soil. Brown County. . Sporobolus vaginiflorws. Southern Poverty Grass. (Fig. 52.) An annual grass of roadsides and waste places in east- ern Nebraska. STIPA. Stipa comata, Needle Grass. (Fig. 46.) A well-known grass of the High Plains of western Ne- braska. It is often very troublesome to sheep and other domestic animals. 94 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 129. Stipa spartea. Porcupine Grass. (Fig. 46.) This resembles the preceding species, but is stouter and like it is a great pest to sheep. It is most abundant in the eastern Nebraska prairies. 140. Stipa viridula. Feather Bunch Grass. (Fig. 46.) Occurs thruout the State—particularly in western coun- ies. a TRIPLASIS. 141. Triplasis purpurea. Sand Grass. (Fig. 67.) A low annual grass of the Sand Hill ravines of north- western Nebraska. TRIPSACUM. 142. Tripsacum dactyloides. Gama Grass. (Fig. 13.) A stout, coarse, perennial of moist soil in southeastern Nebraska. When voung it is much liked by stock. ZIZANTIA. 143. Zizania aquatica. Indian Rice. (Fig. 31.) An annual grass growing in ponds and along streams thruout the State. The nutritious grain is often eaten by birds. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 95 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AGROSTOLOGY. PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRI- CULTURE AND STATE EXPERIMENT STATIONS. ANON. 1895. Grasses as Sand and Soil Binders; Alphabetical! List. Yearb. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1894: 580. 1897. Miscellaneous Notes and Descriptions of New Species of Grasses. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 4: 36- 39. 1899. Recent Additions to Systematic Agrostology. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 15: 1-10. 1902. Grasses and Forage Plants for the Year 1901. Yearb. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1901 : 672-673. 1903. Wav, Pastures, and Forage Crops. Yearb. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1902 : 721-722. 1913. Grass Demonstrations in the South. Cire. Bur. PI. Ind. U. S. Dept. Agr. 110: 3-5. BALL, ©. R. 1900. Grasses and Fodder Plants on the Potomae Flats. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 28: 1-18. 1902. Johnson Grass: Report of Investigations Made Dur- ing the Season of 1901. Bul. Bur. Pl. Ind. U. S. Dept. Agr. 11: 1-24. Fig. 1. 1902. Winter Forage Crops for the South. Farmers’ Bul. U.S. Dept. Aer. 147: 1-36. Figs. 1-24. 1903. Pearl Millet. Farmers’ Bul. U. S. Dept. Agr. 168: 1- 16. Figs. 1-3. 1914. The Grain Sorghums; Immigrant Crops That Have Made Good. Yearb. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1913: 221-238. Pls. 29-35. Figs. 1-12. Beat, W J. 1886. Making a Lawn—Mixed Lawn Grasses Analyzed. Bul. Mich. Exp. Sta. 11: 1-10. 1886. Replies to Questions About Grasses. Bul. Mich. Exp. Sta. 16: 1-7. 1891. Comparing the Yield of Old Meadows with Those Re- cently Seeded. Bul. Mich. Exp. Sta. 77: 1-6. Bennett, R. L. 1900. Permanent Meadow and Pasture Plants—Bermuda and Orchard Grass, Bul. Ark. Exp. Sta, 61: 12-16, 96 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. BENTEEY. 4 dh. 1898. A Report Upon the Grasses and Forage Plants of Central Texas. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr: 10:1-38. Figs. 1-14. 1898. Cattle Ranges of the Southwest; History of the Ex- haustion of the Pasturage and Suggestions for Its Restora- tion. Farmers’ Bul. U. S. Dept. Agr. 72:1-32. Figs. 1-9. 1899. Progress of Experiments in Forage Crops and Range Improvement at Abilene, Tex. Cire. Div. Agrostology U.S: Dept. Asr: 23: 1-20, Kis Tf, 1902. Experiments in Range Improvement in Central Texas. Bul. Bur. Pl.-Ind. U. S.-Dept. Agr. 13-42-72, 2igaaeee Figs. 1-6. Burrus, B.C: 1893. Grasses and Forage Plants. Bul. Wyo. Exp. Sta. 16 : 223-246. Cassipy, J., and O’ Brine, D. 1890. Some Colorado Grasses and Their Chemical Analysis. Bul. Colo. Exp. Sta) 1221515 \itlust: Coo Or 1908. Change of Vegetation on the South Texas Prairies. Cire. Bur. Pl. Ind. U. S. Dept. Agr. 14: 1-7. Corton, J. 8. 1905. Range Management in the State of Washington. Bul. Bur. Pl. Ind. U. 8S. Dept. Agr. 75: 1-28. Pls. 1-3. 1910. Improvement of Pastures in Eastern New York and the New England States. Cire. Bur. Pl. Ind. U. S. Dept. Ager. 49 2410. Piss 1-2: Crozier, A. A. 1894. Millet. Bul. Mich. Exp. Sta. 117: 1-64. Ilust. Dayvvods B: 1902. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California: Notes on the Grasses and Forage Plants and Range Conditions Bul. Bur. Pl. Ind. U.S. Dept. Agr. 12: 1-817 Plssaes Figs. 1-4. DintMAN, A. C. 1913. Grasses for Canal Banks in Western South Dakota. Cire. Bur. Pl. Ind. U. S. Dept. Agr. 115: 23-31. Figs. 1-2. GARMAN, H. 2 1900. Kentueky Forage Plants —The Grasses. Bul. Ky. Exp. Sta. 87: 55-122. Tllust. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 97 GARMAN, H. 1902. Kentucky Forage Plants—The Clovers and Their Allies. Notes on True Grasses in the Plots in 1900-1901. Analyses of Forage Plants from the Plots. Bul. Ky. Exp. Sta. 98: 1-61. Tllust. GrirFirus, D. 1901. Range Improvement in Arizona (Cooperative Experi- ments with the Arizona Experiment Station). Bul. Bur. Pl. Ind. U. 8. Dept. Agr. 4:1-31. Pls. 1-6. Figs. 1-5. 1902. Forage Conditions on the Northern Border of the Great Basin, Being a Report Upon Investigations Made During July and August, 1901, in the Region Between Winnemucca, Nevada, and Ontario, Oregon. Bul. Bur. Pl. Ind. U. S. Dept. Agr. 15:1-60. Pls. 1-6. 1905. Forage Conditions and Problems in Eastern Wash ington, Eastern Oregon, Northeastern California. and Northwestern Nevada. Bul. Bur. Pl. Ind. U. S. Dept. Agr. 38:1-52. Pls. 1-9. 1904. Range Investigations in Arizona. Bul. Bur. PI. Ind. U. S. Dept. Agr. 67: 1-62. Pls. 1-10. 1912. The Grama Grasses: Bouteloua and Related Genera. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 14: 348-428. Pls. 67-83. Figs. 19-63. HALLIGAN, C. P. 1913. Starting a Lawn. Cire. Mich. Exp. Sta. 20: 139-142. Illust. Harris, F. S. 1913. Pastures and Pasture Grasses for Utah. Cire. Utah Exp. Sta. 15: 35-41. Tllust. Henperson, L. F. 1903. Grasses and Forage Plants in Idaho. Bul. [Idaho Exp. Sta. 38: 193-256. HitiumMan, F. H. 1896. Field Notes on Some Nevada Grasses. Bul. Nevada Exp. Sta. 33: 1-13. Hircucock, A. §. 1901. Bermuda Grass. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 31:1-6. Figs. 1-2. 1903. North American Svecies of Leptochloa. Bul. Bur. PI. Ind. U. S. Dept. Agr. 33: 1-24. Pls. 1-6. 1904. Methods Used for Controlling »nd Reclaiming Sand Dunes. Bul. Bur. Pl. Ind. U. 8. Dept. Agr. 57: 1-36. Pls. 1-9. 98 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. Hircucock, A. S. 1905. North American Species of Agrostis. Bul. Bur. PI. ind. U.S. Dept) Aer. 68-4268) Piss ai Hircucock, A. §., and CHass, A. 1910. The North American Species of Panicum. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 15: 1-396. Figs. 1-307. Hirrcucock, A S8., and CLorutier, G. L. 1899. Native Agricultural Grasses of Kansas. Bul. Kans. Exp. Sta. 87: 1-29. Hircucock, A. §., and Westeate, J. M. 1901. Forage Plants for Kansas. Bul. Kans. Exp. Sta. 102: 179-220. Illust. Horm, T. 1897. Some American Panicums in the Herbarium Berolin- ense and in the Herbarium of Willdenow. Bul. Div. Agros- tology U. S. Dept. Agr. 4: 17-23. Figs. 7-15. JoNnES, L. R. 1902. Vermont Grasses and Clovers. Bul. Vt. Exp. Sta. 94: 137-184. Figs. 1-32. Kwrarney, T. H. 1895. Notes on Grasses and Forage Plants of the South- eastern States. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 121-28... Pigs: 4272 1898. A Revision of the North American Species of Calama- grostis. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 11: 1-42. He,t. KENNEDY, P. B. 1899. Smooth Brome Grass. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. 8. Dept. Agr. 18:1-9. Figs. 1-2. 1899. Experiments with Forage Plants in Ontario. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 20: 1-3. 1900. The Structure of the Carvopsis of Grasses with Refer: ence to their Morphology and Classification. Revised Edit. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 19: 1-44. Pls. 1-5 1909. Cooperative Experiments with Grasses and Forage Plants. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 22: 1-86. Pis:-Ll3: ie: 1903. Summer Ranges of Eastern Nevada Sheep. Bul. Ney. Exp. Sta. 55:1-56. “Pls. 1-31. Kennepy, P. B., and Doren, S. B. 1901. A Preliminary Report on the Summer Ranges of Western Nevada Sheep, Bul, Nev, Exp. Sta. 51: 1-57. Pls, 1-26. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. yy Keyser, A. 1913. Variation Studies in Brome Grass (A Preliminary Report). Bul. Colo. Exp. Sta. 190: 1-20. Pls. 1-19. KILLEBREW, J. B. 1898. Grasses and Forage Plants. Bul. Tenn. Exp. Sta. 11: 1-141. Knapp, 8. A. 1910. Suggestions for Setting Permanent Pastures with Bermuda Grass as the Basis. Bur. Pl. Ind. U. 8S. Dept. Agr. 4 pp. Knigut, H. G., Hepner, F. E., and NELSON, A. 1905. Wyoming Forage Plants and Their Chemical Com- position. Studies No. 1. Bul. Wyo. Exp. Sta. 65: 1-52. 1906. Wyoming Forage Plants and Their Chemical Com- position. Studies No. 2. Bul. Wyo. Exp. Sta. 70: 1-76. Pigs. 1-31. 1908. Wyoming Forage Plants and Their Chemical Com. position. Studies No. 3. Bul. Wyo. Exp. Sta. 76: 1-120. Figs. 1-50. 1911. Wyoming Forage Plants and Their Chemical Com- position. Studies No. 4. Bul. Wyo. Exp. Sta. 87: 1-152. Figs. 1-44. Lyon, T. LL. 1899. Hungarian Brome Grass. Bul. Nebr. Exp. Sta. 61 : 35-63. Lyon, T. L., and Hrrcucock, A. 8. 1904. Pasture, Meadow, and Forage Crops. Bul. Nebr. Exp Sta. 84: 1-66. 1904. Pasture, Meadow, and Forage Crops in Nebraska. Bul. Bur. Pl. Ind. U. S. Dept. Agr. 59: 1-61. Pls. 1-6. McCarrny, G. 1890. The Best Agricultural Grasses. Bul. N. C. Exp. Sta. 73: 1-100. Tllust. McCartnuy, G., and Emery, F. E. 1896. Forage Grasses and Hay-Making. Bul. N. ©. Exp. Sta. 125 : 37-87. MELL, P. H. 1886. Wild Grasses of Alabama. 35 pp. 25 pls. 1889. Grasses of Alabama and Their Cultivation. Bul. Ala. Exp. Sta. 6:35 pp. 25 pls. LOO A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. MerriLu, EK. D. 1901. Some Arizona Grasses. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. 8S. Dept. Agr. 32: 1-10. 1901. Aristida purpurea Nutt., and Its Allies. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 34: 1-8. 1901. Some Species of Grasses Published by S. B. Buckley. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 35: 1-2. 1901. Some Changes in Nomenclature. Cire. Div. Agros: tology U. S. Dept. Agr. 35: 5-6. 1902. The North American Species of Spartina. Bul. Bur. Pl Ind.-Us S. Dept. Agr>9=1-16: Mixer, M. F., and HurcuHinson, C. B. 1913. Grass Investigations in the Ozark Upland. Bul. Mo. Exp. Sta. 108: 89-138. Tllust. Nuany, G.-C. and Traci Ss. M. 1888. Report of an Investigation of the Grasses of the Arid Districts of New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah. Bul. Div. Botany U. 8. Dept. Agr. 6: 1-61. Pls. 1-30. NELSON, A. 1898. The Red Desert of Wyoming and Its Forage Re- sources. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 18: «-72. Pls. 1-5. Figs. 1-24. 1899. Some Native Forage Plants for Alkali Soils. Bul. Wyo. Exp. Sta. 42: 23-45. 1901. The Brome Grasses of Wyoming. Bul. Wyo. Exp. Sta. 46: 1-21. I[llust. NELSON, A., and NELSON, E. E. 1903. The Wheat Grasses of Wyoming. Bul. Wyo. Exp. Staq00 les4, SPis: aco: OAKLEY, R. A. 1913. Some New Grasses for the South. Yearb. U. S. Dept. Agr, 1912: 495-504. Pls. 65-70. OGDEN, E. L. 1897. Leaf Structure of Jouvea and of Hragrostis obtusi- flora. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 8: 12-20. Pls: 3-0: PAMMEL, L. H. 1897. Notes on the Grasses and Forage Plants of Lowa, Nebraska, and Colorado. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. 8. Dept. Agr. 9:1-47. Figs. 1-12. 1905. Quack and Wheat Grasses. Bul. Ia. Exp. Sta. 83: 397- 416. Figs. 1-7. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 101 PAaMMEL, L. H. 1905. Soil Binding Grasses. Bul. Ia. Exp. Sta. 83: 417-421. Figs. 8-9. PamMMEL, L. H., Batt, C. R., and ScrrBner, F. L. 1904. The Grasses of Iowa. Part Il. Supplementary Rpt. la. Geological Survey 1903. XIII, 436 pp., 270 figs. PamMMEL, L. H., Weems, J. B., and Scripner, F. L. 1901. Grasses of Iowa. Part IT. Bul. Ta. Exp. Sta. 54: 71- 344. Figs. 1-137. 1901. Pastures and Meadows of Towa. Bul. Ila. Exp. Sta. 56: 385-592. Figs. 138-220. 1901. The Grasses of Towa. Bul. Ia. Geological Survey 1:525 pp., 220 figs. (A Reprint of Buls. Ta. Exp. Sta. 54 and 56.) Preer, C. V. 1905. Grass Lands of the South Alaska Coast. Bul. Bur. Pl. Ind. U. S. Dept. Agr. 82:1-38. Pls. 1-4. 1906. North American Species of Festuca. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 10: 1-48. Pls. 1-15. 19135. Sudan Grass, a New Drouth-resistant Hay Plant. Cire. Bur. Pl. Ind. U. S. Dept. Agr. 125: 1-20. Figs. 1-6. Pirruck, B. C. 1898. Grasses and Forage Plants. Bul. Tex. Exp. Sta. 46 : 1011-1030. Ryppere, P. A. 1895. Flora of the Sand Hills of Nebraska. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 3: 133-203. Pls. 1-2. Ryppere, P. A., and SHear, C. L. 1897. A Report upon the Grasses and Forage Plants of the Rocky Mountain Region. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. 8. Dept. Agr. 5:1-48. Figs. 1-29. Sampson, A. W. 1915. The Reseeding of Depleted Grazing Lands to Culti- vated Forage Plants. Bul. U. S. Dept. Agr. 4: 1-34. Pls. 1-8. Figs. 1-4. 1913. Range Improvement by Deferred and Rotation Graz, ing. Bul. U. S. Dept. Agr. 34:1-16. Pls. 1-5. ScRIBNER, F. L. 1889. Grasses on Mountain Meadows and Deer Parks. Bul. Tenn. Exp. Sta. 2*: 59-67. 1894. Hungarian Brome Grass. Cire. Div. Botany U. 8. Dept. Agr. 1:1-4. Fig. 1. 102 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. ScRIBNER, F. L. 1895. Grasses as Sand and Soil Binders. Yearb. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1894: 421-436. Figs. 100-110. 1896. Grass Gardens. Yearb. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1895: 301- 308. Figs. 68-69. 1896. Grasses of the Salt Marshes. Yearb. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1895 : 325-332. Figs. 75-79. 1896. Useful and Ornamental Grasses. Bul. Div. Agros- tology U. S. Dept. Agr. 3:1-119. Figs. 1-89. 1897. List of Grasses Collected by E. Palmer in the Vicinity of Acapulco, Mexico, 1894-5. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 4: 7-11. Figs. 1-4. 1897. American Grasses. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 7:1-331. Figs. 1-302. 1897. New or Little Known Grasses. Bul. Div. Agrostology U.S. Dept. Agr, 835-1 Bie. 1897. Chaetochloa Scribn., nom. noy. Bul. Div. Agros- tology U. S. Dept. Agr. 4: 38-39. 1897. The Genus I[xzophorus. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 4:5-7. Pls. 1-2. 1897. Paspalum scabrum Scribn., sp. nov. Bul. Div. Agros- tology U. S. Dept. Agr. 4: 36. 1898. Division of Agrostology. Yearb. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1397 6075. eile 1898. American Grasses I. Revised Edit. Bul. Div. Agros- tology U. S. Dept. Agr. 7: 1-331. Figs. 1-302. 1898. Lawns and Lawn Making. Yearb. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1887 : 355-372. Pls. 8-14. 1898. Economic Grasses. Bul. Div. Agrostology U.S. Dept. Agr. 14:1-85. Figs. 1-91. 1898. Deseription of New or Little-Known Grasses. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 11: 42-58. Pls. 1-17. Figs. 1-12. 1899. Southern Forage Plants. Farmers’ Bul. U. 8S. Dept. Agr. 102:1-48. Figs. 1-14. 1899. New Species of North American Grasses. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 16:1-6. Figs. 1-2. 1899. Cooperative Range Grass and Forage Plant Experi- ments at Highmore, S. Dak. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. 8. Dept. Agr. 21: 1-10. 1899. Grass and Forage Plant Investigations on the Pacifie Coast. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 22: 1-7. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses, 1033 ScrRIBNER, F. L. 1899. Sand-Binding Grasses. Yearb. U. 8S. Dept. Agr. 1898 : 405-420. Pls. 28-30. Figs. 110-120. 1899. American Grasses II. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. 8. Dept. Agr. 17: 1-349. Figs. 303-627. 1899. New Species of North American Grasses. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. 8S. Dept. Agr. 9: 1-7. 1900. Economic Grasses. Revised Edit. Bul. Div. Agros- tology U. S. Dept. Agr. 14:1-85. Figs. 1-91. 1900. Progress of Economie and Scientific Agrostology. Yearb. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1899: 347-366. Figs. 5-9. 1900. American Grasses I. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. 8. Dept. Agr. Edit. 3. 7:1-319. Figs. 1-302. 1900. New or Little-Known Mexican Grasses. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. 8. Dept. Agr. 19: 1-4. Fig. 1. 1900. Miscellaneous Notes and Descriptions of New Species. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 24: 39-50. Figs. 1-10. 1900. American Grasses III. Bul Div. Agrostology U. 8. Dept. Agr. 20: 1-197. Figs, 1-137. 1901. Grasses in Elliott’s “Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia.” Cire. Div. Agrostology U. 8. Dept. Agr. 29:1-12. Figs. 1-4. 1901. Range Grass and Forage Plant Experiments at High- more, S. Dak.; Report of Progress. Cire. Div. Agrostology U.S. Dept. Agr. 33: 1-5. 1901. List of the Publications of the Division of Agros- tology. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. 8. Dept. Agr. 36: 1-8. 1901. American Grasses II]. Revised Edit. Bul. Div. Agros- tology U. 8. Dept. Agr. 17: 1-349. Figs. 303-627. 1901. New or Little-Known Grasses. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 30: 1-8. 1901. Our Native Pasture Plants. Yearb. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1900: 581-598. Pls. 76-79. Figs. 75-85. 1902. Records of Seed Distribution and Cooperative Experi. ments with Grasses and Forage Plants. Bul. Bur. Pl. Ind. U.S. Dept. Agr. 10: 1-23. ScRIBNER, F’. L., and BAL, C. R. 1900. Studies on American Grasses. Miscellaneous Notes and Descriptions of New Species Bul. Div. Agrostology U.S. Dept. Agr. 24: 39-50. Figs. 14-25. 104 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. ScCRIBNER, EF. L., and MERRILL, E. D. 1900. Studies on American Grasses. The North American Species of Chaetochloa, Bul. Div. Agrostology U.S. Dept. Agr. 21:1-44. Figs. 1-24. 1900. Studies on American Grasses. Some Recent Col- lections of Mexican Grasses. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 24:5-30. Figs. 1-7. 1900. Notes on Panicum nitidum Lam., Panicum scoparium Lain., and Panicum pubescens Lam. Bul. Div. Agrostology U.S. Dept. Agr. 24: 31-88. Figs. 8-13. ScRIBNER, F’. L., and Smits, J. G. 1897. Some Mexican Grasses Collected by E. W. Nelson in Mexico, 1894-95. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 4:11-16. Figs. 5-6. 1897. Native and Introduced Species of the Genera Hor- deum and Agropyron. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 4: 23-36. 1897. Ichanthus lanceolatus Scribn. and Smith, sp. nov. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Div. Dept. Agr. 4: 36-37. PI. ~ D. 1897. Hlymus robustus Scribn. and Smith, sp. nov. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 4: 37. 1897. Hlymus intermedius Scribn. and Smith. Bul. Diy. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 4: 88. SEWALL, J. A. 1892. Grass and Forage Experiment Station at Garden City, Kans. Rpt. U. 8S. Sec. Agr. 1891 : 342-344. SHEAR, C. L. 1900. Studies on American Grasses. A Revision of the North American Species of Bromus Occurring North of Mexico. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 23: 1-66. Figs. 1-40. 1900. Rescue Grass. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. 8S. Dept. Aer. 26:1-4. Fig. 1. 1901. Field Work of the Division of Agrostology: A Review and Summary of the Work Done Since the Organization of the Division, July 1, 1875. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 25: 1-67. Pls. 1-28. SHEPARD, J. H., SAuNDERS, D. A., and Knox, W. H. 1901. Native and Introduced Forage Plants. Bul. S. Dak. Exp. Sta. 69: 1-54. Figs. 1-10. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. 105 SmiraH, J. G. 1895. A Note on Experimental Grass Gardens. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. 8S. Dept. Agr. 1: 1-4. 1896. Forage Conditions of the Prairie Region. Yearb. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1895: 309-324. Figs. 70-74. 1897. Meadows and Pastures: Formation and Cultivation in the Middle Eastern States. Farmers’ Bul. U. 8. Dept Agr. 66: 1-24. Figs. 1-9. 1898. Experiments in Range Improvement. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. 8. Dept. Agr. 8:1-5. Fig. 1. 1899. Grazing Problems in the Southwest, and How to Meet Them. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 16:1- 47. Figs. 1-9. 1899. Forage Plants for Cultivation on Alkali Soils. Yearb. U.S. Dept. Agr. 1898: 535-550. Figs. 125-128. 1899. Meadows and Pastures: Formation and Cultivation in the Middle Eastern States. Edit. 2. Farmers’ Bul. U. S. Dept. Agr. 66: 1-28. Figs. 1-9. 1899. Studies on American Grasses. A Synopsis of the Genus Nitanion. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 18:1-21. Pls. 1-4. SmyvH, E. A. 1897. Grasses. Bul. Va. Exp. Sta. 81: 101-114. SPILLMAN, W. J. 1900. Forage Plants in Washington. Bul. Wash. Exp. Sta. 41: 1-60. Sprace, F. A. 1902. Forage Conditions of Central Montana. Bul. Mont. Exp. Sta. 36: 1-40. Figs. 1-23. Tracy, 8. M. 1892. Cooperative Branch Stations in the South. Rpt. U. 8. Sec. Agr. 1891 : 344-351. 1894. Forage Plants for the South. Farmers’ Bul. U. 8. Dept. Agr. 18: 1-30. Figs. 1-17. 1898. A Report upon the Forage Plants and Forage Re- sources of the Gulf States. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. 8. Dept. Agr. 15: 1-55. Figs. 1-20. 1900. Agrostological Notes. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. 8. Dept. Agr. 27: 1-10. 1901. Notes on Calamovilfa. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. 8. Dept. Agr. 35: 2-3. 1901. Three New Species of Panicum. Cire. Div. Agros- tology U. S. Dept. Agr. 35: 3-4. 106 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. TRACY, Ss. M. 1901. A New Species of Poa. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. 8. Dept. Agr. 35: 4-5. TROOP, J. 1889. Grasses of Indiana. Bul. Ind. Exp. Sta. 29: 1-42. Illust. VASEY, G. 1883. Grasses of the United States; Being a Synopsis of the Tribes and Genera, with Descriptions of the Genera, and a List of the Species. Special Rpt. U. S. Dept. Agr. 63: 1- 47, 1884. Agricultural Grasses of the United States. Special Rpt. U. S. Dept. Agr. 32. 1885. Grasses Needed for Agriculture in the United States, and the Necessity for Experiment Stations. Misc. Special Rpt. U. S. Dept. Agr. 9: 168-173. 1886. Report of an Investigation of the Grasses of the Arid Districts of Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado. Bul. Div. Bot. U.S. Dept: AcreL: 1519) Pics tas. 1887. Grasses of the South: A Report on Certain Grasses and Forage Plants for Cultivation in the South and South- west. Bul. Div. Bot. U. S. Dept. Agr. 3: 1-63. Pls. 1-16. 1889. Agricultural Grasses and Forage Plants of the United States, and such Foreign Kinds as Have Been Introduced, With an Appendix on the Chemical Composition of Grasses by Clifford Richardson and a Glossary of Terms Used in Describing Grasses. Revised Edit. Special Rpt. U. S. Dept. Agr. 32: 1-148. Pls. 1-114. 1890. Grasses of the Southwest. Bul. Div. Bot. U. S. Dept. Agr. 12': 50 pls. 1891. Grasses of the Southwest. Bul. Div. Bot. U. S. Dept. Agr. 127: 50 pls. 1892. Grasses of the Pacific Slope. Bul. Div. Bot. U. S. Dept. Agr. 13': 50 pls. 1892. Monograph of the Grasses of the United States and British Columbia. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 1-89. 1893. Grasses of the Pacific Slope. Bul. Div. Bot. U. S. Dept. Agr. 13°: pls. 51-100. 1893. Descriptions of New or Noteworthy Grasses from the United States. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 267-280. 1893. Descriptions of New Grasses from Mexico. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 1: 281-285. 1893. Notes on Some Pacific Coast Grasses. Contrib. U. 8S. Nat. Herb. 1: 265-266. A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. LOT VInaLL, H. N., and Batu, C. R. 1913. Feterita, a New Variety of Sorghum. Cire. Bur. PI. Ind. U. S. Dept. Agr. 122: 25-32. Watrous, F. L., Grirrin, H. H., and Payne, J. E. 1901. Bromus inermis. Bul. Colo. Exp. Sta. 61: 1-10. Wesreate, J. M. 1904. Reclamation of Cape Cod Sand Dunes. Bul. Bur. PI. Ind. U. S. Dept. Agr. 65: 1-38. Pls. 1-6. Witiiams, C. G. 1911. The Farm Grasses of Ohio. Bul. Ohio Exp. Sta. 225: 151-174. Tllust. Witiiams, T. A. 1895. Forage Plants. Bul. S. Dak. Exp. Sta. 45: 1-19. 1896. The Renewing of Worn-Out Native Prairie Pastures. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 4:1-4. Figs. 1-4. 1897. The Renewing of Worn-Out Native Prairie Pastures. Revised Edit. Cire. Div. Agrostology U. 8S. Dept. Agr. 4:1-4. Figs. 1-4. 1897. Timothy in the Prairie Region. Yearb. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1896: 147-154. Figs. 29-30. 1897. Grasses and Forage Plants of the Dakotas. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. S. Dept. Agr. 6:1-47. Figs. 1-11. 1898. A Report upon the Grasses and Forage Plants and Forage Conditions of the Eastern Rocky Mountain Region. Bul. Div. Agrostology U. 8. Dept. Agr. 12:1-78. Figs. 1-30. 1899. Sorghum as a Forage Crop. Farmers’ Bul. U. S. Dept. Agr. 50: 1-19. 1899. Millets. Yearb. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1898: 265-290. 1899. Millets. Farmers’ Bul. U. S. Dept. Agr. 101: 1-28. 1899. Poa fendleriana and Its Allies. Cire. Div. Agros- tology U. 8. Dept. Agr. 10:1-6. Fig. 1. 1900. Succulent Forage for the Farm and Dairy. Yearb. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1899: 613-626. 2 pls. WituiaMs, T. A., and SHEPARD, J. H. 1894. Native and Introduced Forage Plants. Bul. S. Dak. Exp. Sta. 40: 1-208. Pls. 1-58. Witson, N. E., Drnsmorg, 8. C., and Kennepy, P. B. 1906. Native Forage Plants and Their Chemical Composi- tion. Bul. Nev. Exp. Sta. 62:1-41. Figs. 1-22. Wooton, E. 0. 1896. Some New Mexico Forage Plants. Bul. N. Mex. Exp. Sta. 18: 57-95. 108 A Handbook of Nebraska Grasses. Wooton, EH. O., and STanpLey, P. C. 1912. The Grasses and Grass-like Plants of N. Mex. Bul. N: Mex. Exp, Stay Si e17o.. Winst: REPORTS OF THE NEBRASKA STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. (1885-1900. ) Barns. 1892. The Grasses of Northwestern Nebraska. Rpt. Nebr. St. Bd. Agr. 1891 : 130-134. Bessey, C. E. 1886. Grasses. Rpt. Nebr. St. Bd. Agr. 1885: 84-91. 1887. The Grasses and Forage Plants of Nebraska. Rpt. Nebr. St. Bd. Agr. 1886: 204-237. Pls. 1-10. 1888. The Grasses and Forage Plants of Nebraska. Rpt. Nebr. St. Bd. Agr. 1887: 140-152. Pls. 1-20. 1889. Annual Report of the Botanist Upon the Grasses and Forage Plants of Nebraska. Rpt. Nebr. St. Bd. Agr. 1888 : 131-142. 1890. The Grasses and Forage Plants of Nebraska. Kpt. Nebr. St. Bd. Agr. 1889: 144-173. 1 pl. 1891. A Dozen Grasses and Clovers for Nebraska. RKpt. Nebr. St. Bd. Agr. 1880: 100-108. 1892. A Preliminary List of the Grasses of Nebraska. Rpt. Nebr. St. Bd. Agr. 1891 : 124-130. 1892. Some Grasses of Boxbutte and Scotts Bluff Counties. Rpt. Nebr. St. Bd. Agr. 1891: 134. 1892. Some Grasses of Southwestern Nebraska. Rpt. Nebr. St. Bd. Agr. 1891 : 134-137. 1893. tisc o3lss Bak cee eee ee Deschaontpsids lePUOse.- ai svn. aoe eee Digr7 end QUnard 25 ee eee iste o yi D1 EE I 56 ee at i le a web Ke oles fi nd EE ee a NM io aia wis cig'e's oe pvt ep ob 6 6's 1l4 EES ETE TCC TE 114 eee Pee eee 102 OU CO . so 209 oe she Me 6) —— COLT] Z% _- te 116 Index. Tndian” Millet ye Ce eee Indian: Rice? for s5500 Ses Ce eee eee TnflOrescence:~ 4. -24 oe Se ee Frahan tye “Grass: sos. 5.0. oa a eee oe Johnson Grase- fen... Se ee eee Jine Grass, “Prairie 2) 9 at eee eee Kentucky -Blue? Grass: 1. 33.230 See ee ee KOCtEr Uh: -CLISUQt = Sok ea ES ee ee Weald ns 5 2, oe Se es occa Soe eg eee ee PROTA: GR a ene he et rcp eet ees econ allan eee ECCKSUE OVYCOIDES Pe 2 ae oe Le VCCYSIG OU QUINCY wee Sage eee ae ee LHe Ge ek A Se eae Ba ee eee tnttide Bhiestént 5... oases ao oa eee Lrtile Cord Aarass soca eee eee, ee POdICWIES si) aos ee Sree eee ete cee ae EOL HAUT CLLOT UNS. 5 noe cara a ee ee LOL PCrENNE 5. 50k Nose ee Se se eee LOLA: LORVULCNTUNG | 55 d.3 Suse epee ae Long-awned. ‘Poyerty Grass; 325220 yao eee Long-leaved Heed? Grass — <7. gs ee et hee Gow Spear 4a rose Aree. swat pees eee nee eyine GiaSscas Ghee ce a -Rainke oe ee ne oi bymne Grassy. Maceui’s i552 3a eee ee ee Macoun's. lyme Grass 2.2 wise a ae ee MEY ee ab an civ ted chico ea pee ee ae Meadow: WeSGues 2. octane gh ok ne Oe ree Meadow. Grass; Creeping 4i..c6 ee a eee : Meadow “Grass, Paw l +. ie s353 oe ote ee Meadow: Grass... Reed’ 2. .c..5 ree eee Meadow (arass\. Slender 5.4 22. secre eee MeliG Grass 5 Sad lG se Ser hota ee ee BEACH MATES oie pce hele coe se ore eee hee Millets Nauropeant +3..2055; seu eer a ee ee Nout ain Wee), soho er a ae ee re ee Muhlenbergia. mexicana .. 32. di 6e ee ca ws So: HM uhlenver Gia: PUnGens coe ee Muhlenber gia TACEMOSG 6.ncan da 522 2- as ae Muhlenber guy SCnrevers <<. ek ee ee Muhtenbergia- syluatviced = bb O88 Oo w8 Te oe bch alka wee Bee aoe Ee et ce SW gy pst de ve Se et alee wes Old Witch Grass ........ NS A bs es, Salita ly Ee ee ES eS or ee De) * I eg cw tial iW eueas TAR EL Ge re rer Paniceae Panicle Panicum barbipulvinatum Panicum capillare Panicum dichotomiflorium Panicum huachucae Panicum leibergu Panicum miliaceum Panicum praecocius Panicum scribnerianum Panicum virgatum Panicum wilcoxianum Paspalum stramineum Perennial Rye Grass Phalarideae Phalaris arundinacea Phalaris canariensis Phleum pratense Phragmites communis Poa annua Poa compressa Poa nemoralis Poa pratensis Polypogon monspeliensis Pony Grass Porcupine Grass Sein ae Cee wie 2.8 6. 88 Oe) oe a 86 s-O Ge ete 0 2 & sie) 8 eee ree nee or ee Se ws ele eS Seo 68 ee @ owe Se @ ae © =e fac S'S ee 6) e/a ee ae ce’ é.e aoe ae ee ee lee ee he Saat OS re Cw “ee A te Wwe et ok ne Pu Oe fen Vie fae ee Oe rh Oe he en ee ee Oe a a ee ge Poi ees Oe Cie we Cs Ere sO moe Cee, pw BS eo ech POSTE Ss ee bee, oe ee 2 eS ee | ie wee Ob Ce eee Sein ee ee ee a oe ie. Ose ene ee Se: es a a eo rae ewe Ce ree 6 8,8 aia Sate o.6 08.06 ® Caw ea eee be eee Sb ee es ae 8.6 bum 6 bee eee ee a OSA eb ee ee ae 2. Olek e Soe woe -e Soe SOs we Oe Sb ee ee re ee eee Se Se ee ae SO Ore, Se Gi pe: oe) ate: « eee ee we ee we Oe es eS OR Se Bee Cie 26 we Seles 6 yore Ge Ge 8 eS a oA. 6 ® eee eee a eee ee Oe ew ee Oe pS. ee .'Oo © 2 Bae Oe Coe a eee eee. Cle es ae oS @ ce oe woes On ele ee ee en 6 ee a SB es & pre Bw ae @ 2 eae Oo. Oe woe ele ee eee oce: Oe alae ae! ® eae oor ee ee 2 6 Cp ees 's 2's 2 6.6 #.6%e © er foe eee eee eS he oe eS oe. Se oe a ae Oe oe Paw ee © i eS Bie eo eee 6). 6.8 8 ee eo ee ee ee Oe Cee £ Ss Be eC 6.6.8. 8 6,4. 8 8 o Poverty Grass, Long-awned ......... 118 Index. FIG Poverty. Grass, Sotithern. «...4.. ieee eee a2 Prairie Grace” (cs eos x acest OE eer ee ete DA Prairie JunecGeass s5.45 oe n yee eee: TO Prairte Triple Awa is accceuises oe 45 PHCCINCLUG GHYOIEOS. sh oe ae ee ee T6 Purple BeardGrass. 2 occa cee eee 45 Purple Wheat Grass). 2275 ger -otoths ee eee 107 FULCOIMG. 6 o1e scat sa a iavc eto oe oa eee Le ee eee D Revenant 6 rhs ,s west Mave agente Be eee eee ee 6 Rachis ? bcc fas cacti ke) hee ey eee eee ed jeldia flewwOsa. i202. ee eke «te eee 68 ERC OEOD 2355s Ao Sci etnie a DE ee are a 1 Kedtop,. Northen: J. 4-s22..acuiee ee 51 Reed Canary *Grass: 22. se. nae ee eee eee eee 32 Reed: Grass, Lone-leaved) 225524 c052 ae ee 4() heed Grass, i Wood cot.o2 822 ee ee ee 43 eed -.Meadew Grass: 372... 40% ace ese 76 PCH IZOHIG). * 3 cshe sa ow balesaecn ceed eee ee pe 1 mace - Cut Grass-<5 o 2s sche eee eo eae eee 3 Rough Mescue-Grassiecc..: jc eee ae 89 hush (Grass Small’. Ss cstencss oe cee eee ae a2 Rave Gar ass, x Gaaaih 6 Fic yo. cee eh a ae eee 108 mye: Grass, otal WAN, psc, ee tee, een eee ee 104 RyevGrass’ Perennial cya sc couse errs 104 RVOG Bass) Wala Sct + 23+ a tse cram, Sete eee eee £03, 2 SRE GRASS: 6 oo Siti SE uth, Strokes, Seats en pe eee eee T Seu ALT, ei ee oa a aracats thar oe ee Reema nee eee 23 DS Tae AGUS oa) eurcctees a toe ebeae Pon emerataee Bae eee ene vi Sail CRASS. AC OHOACO opera daveke nls aouge hone teen 18 SCheEdOnnargus. PONICWLOLUS =. Ae tee eee a9 SCOlLOCRIO “;CSUNCOCED) 4 oc Sron i cee ee ee T4 Cure LimM *. 51 case 4: GS axel cles Sea he ate rte ceases nee apr ects 9 SCCOTUG GUO GW: 20 an, 3-0) da yemnn seul mus Been ele 20 SCLIUrIG VERTICLGUG 0s 3.5 fac sraicee eee ee 24 SCLC OWNS oC os sn re sk ea ee oe ee 29 BOMIG@EVUNS = ye8 5 = enel Fie ave Oye: auth sea gear eee One eee eee 3 Sheep Ss: M'ESCUe’ Chas 25.4 se eee eee SI SOMO’ WYSITIG DIIINORED ODEUSGEG onc 6 cn einen wees ccaes I EE er Esk gar at ue Mok b-0 @ 0 OE Ce OT EE Ree ee ee eee eee ES Tote ali) fa a catciey, un ap bl Ge 6 eps id on ae Awan oreo Ob b's Kye net Rg ee a NIE ea aor wig’ do's a¥s'o Bi Ok.k Neca oe peas Rael oy i ig ai Wier eal paises 0 wdrae,3 I ea 3 ee TE See eS Se ee GE ES ee rg ae ES CE a ee IN Se FE ee a SCUNE GOCTUIOIGES 2. ccc ewe w te cess Indew. ES a 119 PAGE SU, 93 93 82 81 92 93 92 I=] Ce . - ~~ ww ww ww ™ 120 Index. FIG PAGE Vebvet Girgss. 3-2) Sie ano to ee ee 5, 87 Vernal Gass, Sweet)... Sie eee TO 83 Mestern. Wheat (Grasses i. See oe ee 107 78 Wiest Gass, A wmed sae ccd fo ote es aoe 107 77 Wheat Giass, Purple sos. oh. .5 sss eee ke aoe 107 77 Wiest *Grass. Slender “ss. Seewrrerteae ote 107 78 WihGat (Grass. WeStenn oo care ons nea ee 106 78 Wateoxs Hante- Grass coo. ooo eee a) 90 WGP CHESS: -. 5c petit ore oes tae tea ee eae 96 82 Wild “CEA GLASS Gob okt Sona as ee ee D9 92 Val O ails 5 eee eel ce nun ee eee a ean D6 80 Maldive. Grasse osc 2 ta senses eee aee: 103 sie? 85, 92 Wal MPI OU Vcc whe ee ens eS ee re ae 49 89 RNAI GRICASS «5 sues dsreriodsa he es ae ae ee 54. 93 Wateh Grass. Od 2s) .c. eee Me ake epee 28 89 WhO OG MASS canteens. cack ays Sie eet cee Sie ee eee 49 88 BBO y RY 8 ECS Wie 8 os ey da aR ne eee tok ty Te Re Toe 56 84 WiGdestveed “Crass 2. a so a eee ee ee 43 83 Merlo LeOx al Lenn ten Soke ene Seer 25 92 Wellow Copy — o-..2-.) teas cs tee ee ree D) 83 LAGORUE OGWCICU A? aie -¥ nee noe tem ook Re ee O1 94 (1-19-’15—10M.) ae OL 34. oe gen Wilcox, of Nebrask iit) WM | i | | : HA HI Hl UL 3 2 | ow UU 8) DG 75 ‘ ) 1