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B 3 6TS 110

A HANDBOOK OF THE
FUNGUS DISEASES OF
WEST INDIAN PLANTS

(WITH SIX ILLUSTRATED PLATES)

BY

KEITH BANCROFT, B.A.

LONDON :
GEO. PULMAN AND SONS, LTD.,

THAYEK STREET, \V.
1910.

OF THE

UNIVERSITY

OF

AGR1C.
LIBRARY

LONDON

WILLIAM WESLEY & SON
28 ESSEX STREET, STRAND.

A HANDBOOK OF THE
FUNGUS DISEASES OF
WEST INDIAN PLANTS

BY

KEITH BANCROFT, B.A.

It

(Barbados Scholar, 1905 ; Major Scholar of Trinity

College, Cambridge, 1908 ; Assistant

Mycologist to the Federated

Malay States)

PUBLISHED PRIVATELY BY THE AUTHOR

AGRIC.

PREFACE. LIBRARY

DURING the past year the author of the following pages
has been engaged, by kind permission of the Director of
the Royal Gardens, Kew, in mycological work at the
Jodrell Laboratory. This work, carried out under the
guidance and advice of Mr. George Massee, V.M.H., Chief
Assistant at the Royal Herbarium and Plant Pathologist
to the Board of Agriculture, has included a study of a
considerable mass of material sent to Kew from various
tropical colonies, and has led the author to make for his
own use a general survey of the principal West Indian
fungus diseases of plants, and also of other tropical fungus
diseases. The following pages are published with the hope
that they may prove useful as a summary to workers in
tropical agricultural departments, and that there may be
set before the planters in the West Indies an account of the
pathological effects caused by their fungus pests and an
indication of the methods of treatment which have been
recommended from time to time.

It has been thought fit to include along with the diseases
which have been reported to occur in the West Indies the
more important diseases of the same crops when they
are cultivated in other parts of the world.

The introduction contains some general remarks on
parasitic fungi, a brief discussion of the methods of treat-
ment most commonly in use for fungus diseases and an
indication of the more important problems which are
connected with the study of plant pathology in the West
Indies at the present time.

A diagnosis of each parasitic fungus has been given
wherever it was possible to do so, and, in the more
important diseases, the methods of treatment which have
been actually recommended, or which would appear likely
to prove effective, have been included.

7151

The more important references have been appended
under each disease, and six illustrated plates have been
prepared.

The ground covered by the parts dealing with West
Indian parasitic fungi is much the same as that contained
in a paper recently contributed to the West Indian
Bulletin, published in Vol. X., No. 3, of that journal under
the author's name, and entitled " Fungi Causing Diseases of
Cultivated Plants in the West Indies." A word of
explanation, therefore, appears necessary with regard to
certain not inconsiderable differences between that paper
and this book. Owing to the loss of time incident to
transmitting the paper to England before its publication in
the West Indian Bulletin, the author was not referred to in
connexion with certain modifications and alterations which
were made by the Imperial Mycologist to the West Indian
Department of Agriculture ; the paper published in the
West Indian Bulletin, therefore, did not altogether express
the author's views on the fungus diseases of the West
Indies.

The author is much indebted to the Director of the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew, for his kindness in permitting
the work to be done at the Jodrell Laboratory, and to
Mr. George Massee for the great kindness which he has
shown in directing the work.

INTRODUCTION.

General. —-The fungus diseases of the West Indies may
be said to furnish no exception to the general statement
that the plant diseases of tropical countries are very
numerous, and apparently more formidable than those of
the temperate regions. Although there has been no actual
instance of an epidemic approaching in magnitude the
classical example furnished by the leaf disease of the coffee
plant in Ceylon in the years 1875-1885, yet considerable
loss has been suffered from time to time owing to the
attacks of fungi. The best-known instance is probably the
" rind fungus of the sugar cane," Trichosphaeria Sacchari,
which did considerable damage to the sugar industry in
the years 1895-1900 ; second to this isMarasmius Sacchariy
" root fungus of the sugar cane," which was especially
prominent in Barbados in 1904; Diplodia cacaoicola, "die-
back and brown pod fungus of cacao," and Phytophthora
omnivora, " black pod fungus of cacao," have also caused
much damage to the cacao industry in the Islands.

Several of the parasitic fungi of the West Indies have a
wide area of geographical distribution ; Diplodia cacaoicola
and Phytophthora omnivora have been reported to occur
practically wherever the cacao plant is cultivated, Trichos-
phcBria Sacchari occurs in India, Java, Mauritius and
Queensland, Colletotvichum falcatum, " red rot fungus of
sugar cane," is known in India, Java, Hawaii and Queens-
land, Sphcerostilbe flavidum, " leaf fungus of coffee," is
spread over tropical America, and many others are less
widely distributed. The diagram on the opposite page
indicates the distribution of some of the more important
parasites of sugarcane and cacao.

The two most important plant industries of the West
Indies are the cultivation of sugar cane and of cacao ; other
crops which are cultivated for export are banana, cotton,
orange, lime, coffee, and coconut, while others still, such as
eddoe, yam, sweet potato, breadfruit, and mango are grown
principally for internal consumption. Of these crops sugar
cane and cacao suffer more severely from the attacks of
fungi than any of the others ; and the fungus pests of cacao,
principally on account of the perennial nature of the plant,
are more difficult to cope with than those of the sugar
cane.

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The area of cacao under cultivation in the tropics is,
comparatively speaking, large and continues to increase
from year to year ; this must eventually lead to very severe
competition, and those countries will hold their own which
have efficient methods of cultivation, good and cheap
labour, etc., which can produce the best varieties and last,
but by no means least, which are able to keep their pests
under control. It is for this reason that the fungi parasitic
on cacao should demand the most careful attention of the
mycologist.

Methods of Treatment. — Throughout the tropical world
it is gradually becoming more generally recognised that
careful treatment of plant diseases is necessary for the
successful cultivation of economic plants. As with the
study of human and animal pathology, so with plant
pathology, the practice resolves itself into the careful
observation of the causes and symptoms before the remedial
means can be suggested. For the successful treatment of
fungus disease a knowledge of the life-history of the fungus
causing the disease is of primary importance, in order to
know when to attack the fungus, how to diminish the
conditions which are most favourable to its development,
and what parts to destroy so as to prevent it from continuing
its existence in some future period.

Those methods of treating fungus disease which are most
commonly practised may be summarised as follows : —

i. The destruction of diseased material, which is best
effected by burning the diseased parts or by burying them
in pits, with or without the addition of lime, should always
be practised ; it resolves itself into the diminution of the
number of spores by which the fungus reproduces itself.
In some cases it is necessary to destroy the whole plant,
in others only certain parts of the plant need be destroyed.
Diseased material should never be thrown on the manure
heap ; if this is done a recurrence of the disease is
secured.

ii. Parts taken from diseased plants should never be
used for propagation. Cuttings, bulbs, seeds and tubers
produced by diseased plants, if planted, only serve
to perpetuate the disease. The disease caused by
Trichosphaeria Sacchari was widely spread by the use of
cuttings which were taken from diseased plants.

iii. The application of fungicides may be practised in
two ways, either as a preventive measure, i.e., before
the disease has appeared, or as a curative measure, i.e.,
for checking the disease after it has made its appearance.

The former is by far the more effective measure ; it should
always be practised when the disease occurs in the neigh-
bourhood or when it has occurred on the plantation in
previous years.

The fungicides which are most commonly in use may be
enumerated as follows : —

Sulphur, which is applied in the form of " flowers of
sulphur " by means of an instrument of similar construction
to a " powder-puff."

Liver of Sulphur ; applied in the form of a solution of I Ib.
in 40 gals, of water by means of a spray.

These two fungicides are in general use for superficial
moulds.

Bordeaux Mixture, consisting of quick lime (4 Ib.), copper
sulphate (4 Ib.), and water (50 gals.) The quick lime should
be in lumps, so as to ensure its having been recently prepared.
The copper sulphate should contain as much as 98 per cent,
pure sulphate of copper. The mixture is best prepared
as follows : — Into a * wooden vessel, such as a tub, whose
capacity is 25 gals., 4 Ib. of copper sulphate are dissolved ;
the solution is effected by suspending the copper sulphate,
wrapped in a piece of coarse sack, below the surface of the
water by tying it to a pole which is laid across the top of
the tub. In another tub, holding 25 gals., 4 Ib. of quicklime
are slacked ; the water is added slowly at first and the
solution is finally made up to 25 gals. The solutions of
copper sulphate and lime are then poured together into a
tub whose capacity is 50 gals. ; during the process the
mixture is stirred, and a final stirring of three minutes
duration is made after the solutions have been mixed.
The mixture is now tested with the blade of a knife or with
any other piece of iron ; if a red deposition of metallic
copper is formed on the surface of the iron, more lime
must be added. The mixture must be fresh when it is
used and should always be strained immediately before it
is transferred to the spraying apparatus. The spraying
machine should have a fine nozzle ; it is essential that in
spraying a cloud of the mixture should be produced which
is capable of remaining suspended in the air for a time
before it finally settles on the plant. The nozzles recom-
mended by the Board of Agriculture (England) are
" Vermorel," which has several modifications, " Mistry "
and " Mistry Junior," of American make. Bordeaux
mixture is in general use for some diseases of cacao, for
some diseases of the cotton plant and for several others.
It is the cheapest and most effective fungicide known.

*A metal vessel must not be used.

Ammoniacal Carbonate of Copper, prepared by mixing
i oz. of carbonate of copper with 5 ozs. of carbonate of
ammonia, and dissolving the mixture in I quart of hot water.
When thoroughly dissolved, 16 gals, of cold water are
added. This solution is a clear liquid and can be used in
place of Bordeaux mixture in private or public parks,
conservatories, &c., where appearances have to be con-
sidered.

Quicklime is used for sterilising the soil, especially during
attacks from root fungi.

Carbon Bisulphide, has proved itself a very effective soil
steriliser. It is being extensively used in Germany and in
other parts of Europe at the present time ; the difficulties
connected with its transport by water over long distances
have prevented its use in most of the Colonies ; but when
these difficulties are overcome it will no doubt be generally
used for treatment of fungi which inhabit the soil.

There are other fungicides which are more or less in
general use, such as iron sulphate, Condy's fluid (potassium
permanganate), formalin and paraffin, while others are used
in special cases.

iv. The isolation of a diseased area, which is effected
by surrounding that area with a trench six inches wide
and of depth varying according to the distance below
the surface to which the fungus can spread, is in general
use for the treatment of root fungi.

v. A rotation of crops, which consists in growing for
a certain period on the soil one or more crops which are
immune to the fungus present in the soil, resolves itself
into an attempt to " starve out " the fungus, and, when
properly applied, is an effective method for treatment of
root diseases.

vi. The sealing of all wounds which are made
during pruning or through other causes should always
be practised. The wounds are best sealed with a mixture
of coal tar and clay made in such proportions as to form
a thick paste, and applied by means of a brush. This
practice, accompanied by the production of a vigorous
growth on the part of the plant, is effective in preventing
attacks from wound parasites.

vii. The selection and propagation of immune
varieties and the production of resistant varieties by
hybridisation constitutes a highly scientific method which
has given good results.

In the above the more general methods which are in use
for the treatment of fungus diseases have been enumerated.
The work of plant pathologists is continually providing

fresh measures for the treatment of plant diseases, and many
of these have proved to be eminently serviceable in the past
ten years. Where special methods of treatment have been
recommended for individual cases these will be found along
with the diseases which are treated in the other part of this
work.

Problems requiring attention. Of the problems which
are connected with the plant pathology of the West Indies
at the present time, the more important may now be
briefly indicated.

The most important question, perhaps, which concerns
the subject of mycology in the West Indies at the present
time is the life-history of some of the fungi which are
parasitic on cacao. The more serious diseases of cacao are
caused by Diplodia cacaoicola, Phytophthora omnivora,
Nectria Bainii^ and Nectria Theobromae (along with
Calonectria flavida}. Of these only the life-history of
Phytophthora omnivora is known, that of the others remains
to be completed. In the case of the canker fungus, Nectria
Theobromae, Mr. Van Hall considers that the canker of
cacao in Surinam is caused by a Spicaria-formt which is
capable of giving rise to a Fusarium-form ; the same
observer regards the Nectria spp. as being saprophytic, i.e.y
as being incapable of affecting living parts and as being
only able to derive their nutriment from parts which have
been previously rendered lifeless. Whether this applies to
the canker disease in the West Indies or not, it is not
possible to say. A conidial form of the nature of a Spicaria
may reasonably be assumed to lead up to some more
highly developed form, and the occurrence of the Nectria
on the dead parts does not necessarily mean that it is a
saprophyte ; in fact, the perithecia of the Nectria would
normally be expected to occur on the dead parts of the
plant, after these had been killed by the mycelium in its
conidial phase or phases. Mr. A. Howard's investigations
on Nectria Theobromce in Grenada show that a form which
produces unicellular conidia and a Fusarmm-form are found
to precede the Nectria on the diseased stem. The form
with unicellular conidia was not, however, sufficiently
thoroughly described for it to be identified. The work
conducted in the Jodrell Laboratory at Kew has shown
that the product of the ascospore is a Cephalosporium-ttxm.
Finally, the life-history of Nectria theobromicola, a new
species which is parasitic on cacao in West Africa, has
recently been shown to be made up of a Cephalosporium-
form and the Nectria, The conidial form has been shown
to be capable of infecting the stem of the plant and of

10

passing into the Nectria, the ascigerous stage. From these
observations it would appear to be reasonable to assume
that the life-history of the canker fungus of cacao may
resolve itself into a Cephalosporium-Fusarium-Nectria life-
history ; but this must be regarded as being little more
than mere speculation in the present state of our know-
ledge. At any rate it represents a line of investigation
which may be followed.

No less than the canker fungus does the die-back fungus,
Diplodia cacaoicola,) require further investigation. This
fungus occurs almost wherever the plant is cultivated, but
it causes more damage to the plant in the West Indies
than in any other country. At present it is regarded by
several authors as being synonymous with no less than
four other species, viz., Botryodiplodia Theobromae,
Patouillard, Macrophoma vestita, Prilleux and Delacroix,
Lasiodiplodia nigra, Appel and Laubert, and Botryodi-
plodia elastica, Fetch, the fungus finally resolving itself
into Lasiodiplodia Tkeobromae, Griffon and Maublanc. It
will no doubt be generally accepted that the present
Diplodia cacaoicola only represents a stage in the life-
history of an ascigerous fungus. Recent investigations of the
fungus at Kew have shown that from the stroma in which
the perithecia of Diplodia are embedded a Fusarmm-form
is produced when the perithecia are in a young condition
and before they become erumpent. There is, however, at
present no indication of an ascigerous stage. A knowledge
of the life-history of this and of the canker fungus may
considerably alter the methods which are now practised in
treatment of the two diseases.

The question of the identity of Thielaviopsis ethaceticus,
" pineapple fungus of sugar cane," as a definite unit or as
a stage in the life-history of Trichospharia Sacchari is an
interesting problem which should lend itself readily to
investigation.

A careful investigation of the crops which are used in
rotation with sugar cane is a problem of great importance.
At present it would appear to be probable that some of
the crops which are used for this purpose are not entirely
immune to attacks from Marasmius Sacchari.

Finally, the different capacities for resisting fungus
disease and adverse climatic conditions possessed by the
different varieties of the cotton plant is worthy of mention.
Some improvement may be expected from the selection of
the existing varieties and from the production of new
varieties by hybridisation.

II

PHYCOMYCETES.

MUCORACE.E.

RHIZOPUS NIGRICANS, EHR.
(Soft Rot of Sweet Potato).

A disease of the tubers of the sweet potato has been
reported to be caused by this fungus in New Jersey.

The disease is sometimes met with in the field, but is
much more frequent among stored potatoes. When attacked,
the potatoes become soft and are worthless. In the
storehouse the disease spreads rapidly from infected to
healthy tubers.

The fungus effects an entrance at a wound on the tuber
and develops especially after the tuber has been stored. It
makes its appearance on the diseased parts in the form of
a black mould.

The following remedial measures have been recom-
mended : —

The storing of the tubers in a well-ventilated room at a
temperature of 70° or more.

Careful examination at repeated intervals for any soft
potatoes and their immediate removal from the storehouse.

Diagnosis : — Sporangiferous hyphae erect, in fascicles of
3-10, springing from stoloniferous hyphae which give off
rhizoids at corresponding points; sporangia globose, blackish-
olive, granular, 100-300 microns diamr. ; columella hemis-
pherical ; spores broadly elliptical or globose, grey, variable
in size, 8-14 microns diamr. ; zygospore subglobose or tun-
shaped, 150-200 microns ; epispore brown with rounded
warts.

HALSTED : Some fungus diseases of the sweet potato " ;
New Jersey ', Agric. College Exp. Station, Bull. 76, Nov.
28, 1890.

PERONOSPORACE.E.

PHYTOPHTHORA OMNIVORA DE BARY.
(Black Rot of Cacao Pods).

The disease has within recent years become much more
general and destructive to pods of the cacao plant in
Trinidad. In addition to occurring in the West Indies the

13

fungus is known as a parasite on the cacao plant in Ceylon,
St. Thome (West Africa), Samoa, Java, Philippines,
Cameroons, and tropical America

When a pod is attacked the shell darkens first at one end,
the darkening then spreading over its entire surface. The
mycelium permeates and destroys the entire substance of
the pericarp of the fruit and often attacks the seeds as well.
Attacked fruits are usually rendered valueless.

The conicfial form of reproduction of the fungus appears on
the surface of the pod as a white mould. Infection probably
occurs either at the stigmatic or at the basal end of the pod.

Sexually produced oospores are formed in the tissues of
the pod and are capable of enduring a period of rest. They
are liberated when the pod decays.

The fungus has not been reported to occur on any plant
other than cacao in the West Indies ; but in England it is
known as a parasite on many different kinds of plants,
more especially when they are in the "seedling condition."

All diseased pods should be removed from the tree, and
these, along with any pods which may have fallen, and
husks or shells which may be lying about, should be buried
in pits with lime. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture has
given very good results, as may be shown from the
following : —

In Ceylon, in 1902, ninety-six per cent, of the cacao
trees were attacked chiefly by Phytophthora omnivora, and
from fourteen to sixty-two per cent, of the pods were
diseased ; in 1903 the percentage of fungus pods was seven,
and in 1904 the percentage was four. The expenditure
was more than covered by the increased value of the crop
and the disease reduced to a minimum in three years.

Spraying should commence when the pods are just
" set " and should be repeated at intervals of three weeks
until they are near maturity.

Careful and thorough pruning is of special importance in
connection with this disease ; it ensures good access of light
and air to the lower parts of the plant, and thereby
diminishes those conditions of dampness and darkness
which are especially favourable for the development of the
fungus.

Diagnosis : Hyphae variously branched, haustoria absent ;
conidiophores slender or sparingly unilaterally branched ;
conidia lemon-shaped, varying in size from 25 by 20 microns
to 60 by 40 microns ; oospore globose, smooth, yellowish-
brown, 20-30 microns diameter.

HARTIG AND SOMERVILLE : Diseases of Trees, p. 38.

MASSEE : Kew Bulletin, p. I, 1899.

14

F. C. VON FABER : Die Krank. und Parasit. des Kakao-
baumes, S. 197, 1909.

Phytophthora sp. has been reported to cause a blackening
and decay of fruits of the Para rubber plant in the Malay
States.

RIDLEY : Agric. Bull, of the Straits and Federated Malay
States, Vol. V., No. n, 1906, p. 397.

PERONOSPORA TRICHOTOMA, MASSEE.
(Disease of Colocasia).

Colocasia esculenta, the tubers of which yield an impor-
tant food, is known in Barbados as " eddoe," in Jamaica
as "coco," and in Trinidad as "tania." The disease was
described by Mr. Massee in 1888, having been reported to
occur on " cocos " in Jamaica in that year. The tubers of
the plant are the parts affected. When the disease is in
its incipient stages the cut surface of a tuber shows a
number of bright yellow spots on it, the spots corres-
ponding with the vascular bundles. Later, the spots
become brown or blackish and the intermediate portions of
the tuber are tinged brown, shewing that the fungus has
spread to the ground-tissue separating the vascular
bundles. The fungus effects an entrace at a wounded
surface, usually where the skin of the tuber has become
broken.

Conidia are produced superficially on the tuber, and
the oospores are formed in the decaying tissues. Destruction
of the diseased tubers (by burying or burning) is recom-
mended ; a rotation of crops would also, no doubt, prove
to be advantageous in combating the disease.

Diagnosis : — Mycelium thick ; haustoria clavate ;
conidiophores fasciculate, 2-3 times dichotomously divided;
conidia small, obovate or subglobose, 12 by 10 microns,
oospore globose, epispore brown with anastomosing ridges,
35-40 microns in diameter.

MASSEE : Journ. Linn. Soc. XXIV., p. 45, 1888.

PERONOSPORA CUBENSIS, BERK. AND CURT.
(Cucumber Mildew.)

In addition to the cucumber the fungus attacks melon,
squash, pumpkin, etc. A delicate white mould forms on

15

the under surface of the leaves, and the disease may often
prove to be very destructive if it is allowed to go on
unchecked.

The disease has been recorded in the United States of
America and in Japan.

Spraying with dilute Bordeaux mixture or with a solution
of " liver of sulphur" is an effective remedy.

Diagnosis : — Forming very delicate patches on the under
surface of the leaf white ; conidiophores dichotomously
branched, ultimate branches acute, straight, spreading ;
conidia hyaline, elliptical, 25-32 by 18-20 microns.

MASSEE : Text Book of PL Dis., p. 80, 1907.

BERK. AND CURT. : Journ Linn. Soc. Vol. X., p. 363.

PERONOSPORA HYOSCYAMI, DE BARY.
(Tobacco Mildew).

The fungus is a destructive parasite on cultivated
tobacco in Queensland ; it has also been reported from
California.

Spraying with dilute Bordeaux mixture has been found
to be effective in checking the spread of the disease.

Diagnosis: — Forming dirty, greyish-violet tufts on the
under surface of the leaf ; conidiophores 300-500 microns
high, 5-8 times dichotomously branched near the apex,
ultimate branches diverging, short and awl-shaped ; conidia
small, elliptical, ends obtuse, pale dingy-violet, i5-24by 13-18
microns ; oospore unknown.

MASSEE : Text Book of PI. Dis. p. 81, 1907.

DE BARY : Ann. Nat. Sci. Vol. XX., p. 123.

PYTHIUM PALMIVORUM, BUTLER.
(Bud Rot of Coconut.)

In addition to the coconut the fungus also causes a
disease of palmyra and areca palms in India.

The first symptom is the turning white of a whole
leaf situated usually near the centre of the "crown."
Next, the unopened leaf in the centre of the " crown "
becomes likewise discoloured. Finally, the central shoot
rots and the whole crown falls. When a plant is once
attacked it rarely recovers.

BUTLER : Memoirs of the Pusa Institute, Bull. No. 9,
1908.

16

CYSTOPUS CONVOLVULACEARUM, SPEG.
(Leaf Mould of Sweet Potato.)

The disease has not been reported to occur in the West
Indies, but it is well-known in New Jersey, U.S.A.

Pale spots appear on the leaves ; they are followed by-
brown patches which become darker in colour. On the
under side of the leaves a white mould is formed.

Diagnosis : — Spots on both sides, small, dark coloured ;
acervuli white to pale-coloured, or light yellow, at first
covered by the epidermis, then erumpent to free, compact,
pulverulent; apical conidium slightly larger than the
others, all conidia globose-elliptical or globose-cubical,
15-20 by 12-13 microns, hyaline ; oogonia not seen.

HALSTED: New Jersey Agric. College, Expt. Station,
Bull. 76, 1890.

ASCOMYCETES.

PERISPORIACE.E.

UNCINULA SPIRALIS, B. & C.
(Powdery Mildew of Grape Vine).

The disease was first observed in England in the year
1845, and has since then spread over Europe ; it is identical
with the well-known mildew of the vine in the United
States of America ; it has also been recorded in Barbados.

The leaves and grapes are attacked by the fungus ;
white spots appear on the infected parts and these become
later brown and withered. Withering of the infected
leaves soon occurs ; the grapes, however, continue to grow
at places which are not attacked until their coat ruptures,
and then they shrivel up.

" Sulphuring " is the method of treatment generally
practised. It consists in dusting powdered sulphur over
the plant when it is threatened with attack. The sulphur
may be dusted by hand, but it is better to use a " puff."
The operation should be repeated as frequently as possible.

Diagnosis : — Mycelium arachnoid, amphigenous, often
evanescent ; perithecia minute, scattered, globose, blackish-
brown, appendages 10-20, variable in length, septate,
occasionally forked, tips loosely and spirally twisted, basal
portion coloured ; asci ovate, pedicellate ; spores 4-6,
elliptical, ends rounded, 20 x 8 — 10 microns.

MASSE : Text Book of PL Dis. p. 92, 1907.

17

PENICILLIUM Sp.
(Black Heart or Core Rot of Pineapple).

Pineapples in Antigua were reported in 1901 to be
suffering from this disease ; a similiar disease occurs in
Queensland, where the " Smooth Cayenne " variety is said
to be frequently attacked.

A diseased fruit, as a rule, ripens unevenly, segments or
groups of segments here and there remaining pale-green in
colour ; if the fruit is cut open black patches can be seen
extending from the outside towards the centre, each patch
corresponding with a pale-green spot on the surface.
Later on, brown patches appear on the surface of the fruit
which becomes shrunken in places.

A species of the genus Penicillium occurs in the
diseased fruitlets (" eyes "), and this fungus is thought to be
the cause of the disease. In Queensland inoculation
experiments have shown that the fungus can only effect an
entrance at a wounded surface, and punctures produced by
insects are considered to provide a point of entrance. In
the West Indies two insects commonly occur in the
diseased " eyes " ; the one is a mealy bug (Dactylopius
sp.) and the other a mite. It has been suggested that by
puncturing the rind these may afford a means of entrance
for the fungus. The disease, however, requires careful
investigation.

Some species of Penicillium are known to be capable of
penetrating into fruits, and, to use the late Professor De
Bary's expression, " this they do the more easily, the
further the fruits are from the condition of full vital
energy." Penicillium italicum and Penicillium olivaceum
are the causes of " ripe rot " of the orange, citron, etc.,
and Penicillium glaucum of the grape.

STOCKDALE : West Ind. Bull., Vol. VIII., p. 161.

MELIOLA SPP.
(Sooty Mould of Orange).

The leaves, and sometimes the fruit also, of the orange
are frequently covered by a black incrustation which con-
stitutes the mycelium of a fungus belonging to the
Perisporiaceae. The mycelium forms a compact mem-
brane on the upper surface of the leaf, which frequently
cracks and peels off in patches. The fungus is not
parasitic, but merely follows aphides and other insects

18

which secrete " honey-dew." Injury is done to the trees
by preventing the leaves from performing their proper
functions, and fruit covered by the fungus is frequently
rendered unsaleable. The black incrustations occur where-
ever the orange is cultivated, and are caused by different
species of the genus Meliola in different countries.

Messrs. Swingle and Webber have demonstrated that
resin-wash is effective, since it destroys the " honey-dew "
secreting insects. It is important that the spraying should
be done when the insect is in the larval stage. Fumiga-
gation with hydrocyanic acid gas is also very effective ;
the treatment should last for about forty-five minutes, and
should be done when the temperature is low.

SWINGLE and WEBBER : U.S. Dept. Agvic., Div. of
Veg.Physiol. and Pat hoi., Bull. No. 8.

MASSEE : Text-Book of Plant Diseases, p. IOO.

DIMEROSPORIUM MANGIFERUM, SACC.

( = CAPNODIUM MANGIFERUM, C. & B.)

(Black Blight of Mango.)

This is a black, incrusting, non-parasitic fungus which
forms black patches on both sides of the leaves of mango.
The fungus spreads somewhat rapidly, and by forming a
coating over the leaves prevents them from carrying out
their assimilating functions. It is certain that the fungus
follows such insects as secrete " honey-dew." The method
of treatment is, therefore, similar to that recommended for
the sooty mould of orange {Meliola spp).

Diagnosis : — Mycelium incrusted, effuse, sometimes
almost covering the entire surface of the leaf, amphigenous,
velvety, intensely black ; perithecia globose-pyriform,
rounded at apex, mouth absent ; asci obovoid, rounded at
apex, 48-50 by 30 microns ; spores 8, hyaline, elliptical,
slightly constricted at the septum, 12-15 by 5-6 microns.

MASSEE : Text Book Plant Dis., p. 103.

COOKE & BROOME : Grev., IV., p. 117, pi. 63.

SPHAERIACE^:.

TRICHOSPHAERIA SACCHARI, MASSEE.
(Rind Fungus of Sugar Cane.)

Attention was first called to the fungus in Trinidad in
the year 1893. At the end of the last century the disease

19

was very prevalent in the West Indies, where it almost
paralysed the sugar industry for a time ; in addition to
occurring in the West Indies it has been reported from
India, Java, Mauritius and Queensland.

The fungus gains access to the interior of the cane at a
wounded surface, such as the broken end of a lateral shoot
or leaf base, but more especially through the wounds
made by the moth- borer insect (Diatr&a saccharalis) and
sometimes also the shot-borer (Xylebortis perforans). In
the interior of the cane the fungus follows the course of the
vascular bundles, and when the disease is in its incipient
stages the pulp of the cane shows a number of bright-red
longitudinal streaks. Later on, the fungus spreads to the
tissue separating the vascular bundles and the whole of the
pulp becomes much reddened. Finally, the cane dies and
decays.

Black curved tendrils make their appearance on the
surface of the diseased cane, oozing out from conceptacles
situated below the epidermis and consisting of unicellular,
pale-brown conidia. This is known as the Melancomum
stage of the fungus. The conidia are for rapid repro-
duction and can reproduce the fungus without the
intervention of any of the other spore-forms.

Later on, lining the cracks and crevices in decaying canes
an intensely black, velvety layer is produced consisting of
conidia of what is known as the macroconidial stage of the
fungus. A microconidial form also occurs and is similar
to the macroconidial form, developing from the same
hyphae, but owing its peculiarities probably to light,
exposure, etc.

Finally, the ascigerous stage makes its appearance on the
dead or more or less decayed canes.

The following measures have proved effective in checking
the disease : —

Careful collection and burning of all diseased canes which
yield, as a rule, but little juice.

The use of cuttings for replanting which are free from
disease.

The sterilisation of cuttings, or " cane plants " as they
are often called, by soaking in dilute Bordeaux mixture
before planting.

The raising of resistant varieties of sugar cane.

Diagnosis : — Melancomum stage — conidia produced in
perithecia formed under the epidermis, unicellular, pale
brown, cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 14-15 by
3'5~4 microns.

Macroconidial stage — conidia produced in chains, origi-

20

nating within the ruptured apex of a hypha, terminal
conidium globose, 20-25 microns, the others barrel-shaped,
18-20 by 12 microns, blackish-brown.

Ascigerous stage — perithecia broadly ovate, blackish-
brown, sparsely clothed with long, dark, rigid hairs ; asci
cylindrical : spores 8, hyaline, continuous, elliptic-oblong,
8-9 by 4 microns ; paraphyses absent.

MASSEE : Annals of Botany, 1893, p. 5115.

HOWARD : Annals of Botany, Vol. XIV, p. 617 (1900),
Vol. XVII, p. 373 (1903).

(Pineapple disease). — Pineapples which have been packed
for storing or shipping frequently show signs of fungus
disease. The fungus most commonly present is Tri-
chosphceria Sacchari. The diseased " pines " are soft and
watery, and emit a distinct odour of ethyl acetate. The
fungus can only effect an entrance at a wound, such as a
bruise on the surface or the cut end of the fruit-stalk.

STOCKDALE : West hid Bull., Vol. VIII, p. 163.

LEPTOSPH^RIA SACCHARI, BREDA DE HAAN.
(Ring Spot of Sugar Cane.)

Occurs in the West Indies, Java and India. The disease
commences in the form of small purplish spots on the leaf;
these spots increase in size and, as they expand, dry up in
the centre. Each spot takes the form of a ring or band
which is purple or brownish and outside of which is a yellow
area of the leaf. Finally, the spots become large and
elongated and frequently run together.

On the surface of the leaf the hyphse produce 3-4-septate
conidia ; these have been shown by Mr. Breda de Haan
to be capable of infecting living leaves. A second spore-
form appears in the form of black dots on the upper
surface ; the dots are arranged in rows and are visible to
the naked eye.

Burning all diseased leaves is effective in checking the
spread of the disease.

Diagnosis : — Perithecia 140 microns diamr. ; ascospores
3-septate, 20-24 by 5 microns, brownish.

BUTLER : Memoirs of Dep. Agric. in India, Vol. I,
No. 3.

WAKKER & WENT : De Ziekten van het Suikerriet
op Java, p. 149.

Melanomma henriquesianum, Bres. and Roum. is
parasitic on the stem of the cacao plant in the island of

21

St. Thome. The perithecia are large and have a very
hard wall ; they are dome-shaped and are produced in the
bark in large numbers.

Diagnosis: — Perithecia pulvinate or almost hemi-
spherical, apparently superficial, but embedded in the
bark, black, carbonaceous, with a very thick wall, about
I mm. broad ; asci cylindrical, stalked, 120-140 by 13-16
microns ; paraphyses filiform ; spores ellipsoid, 4-guttulate
and 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, yellowish-
brown, 22-30 by 9-12 microns.

BRESADOLA : Revue Mycologique, 1891, p. 68.

EUTYPA ERUMPENS, MASSEE.

The death of many trees, including cacao, nutmeg,
Barbados evergreen (Ficus sp.) and several forest trees, is
reported to be caused by this fungus. It occurs in
Trinidad, Barbados and Grenada, and is probably a wound
parasite.*

When a tree is attacked irregular, black patches make
their appearance on the bark ; these have a dull, rough
surface and consist of the stroma of the fungus in which
the perithecia are sunken. The wood of the tree presents
a characteristic appearance on examination ; a cut surface
of the wood shows irregular, black streaks, running more or
less longitudinally, and small, black, roundish patches
scattered here and there. The black streaks and patches
represent the mycelium of the fungus whose growth has
become checked. Figures I and 2 in plate III show
respectively the black patches on the surface of the bark
and the appearance of the cut surface of the wood of an
infected branch.

Diagnosis : — Stroma broadly effuse, forming patches,
innate, then superficial, black inside and outside ; perithecia
ovoid, often compressed by mutual pressure, '5-'8 mm.
broad, ostiole papillate ; asci cylindric-clavate, with a long
stalk, 175-200 by 7-8 microns, eight-spored ; spores
distichous, cylindrical, subreniform, subacute at both ends,
pale olive, 16-18 by 5-6 microns.

Bulletin of Agric. Inform., Trinidad, No. 61, 1909.

Eutypa caulivora, Massee, has been reported to occur on
the Para rubber plant in the Malay States. It produces a
similar effect to the above species, but may be easily
distinguished from it by the characters of the spores.

*Species of the genus Eutypa are generally recognised as being wound
parasites.

22

HYPOCREACE.E.

NECTRIA THEOBROM^E. MASSEE.
(Canker of Cacao).

The disease was investigated by Howard, from Grenada
in the year 1901 ; since then it has been met with in
Trinidad, Dominica, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent. The first
recognisable symptom is the production of a red, gummy
liquid which oozes out from the bark of the tree. If the
bark is cut off the inner tissues are found to be red in
colour, the discolouration extending as far inwards as the
young wood. The area affected by the fungus varies ; it
may take the form of a narrow band which rings the tree, in
which case death soon results, or it may spread in different
directions without encircling the trunk, in which case death
is slower. The branches above the diseased area are cut
off and die, those just above that area dying first.

It is important that further work should be done on the
life-history of the fungus. Two conidial forms have been
reported to precede the Nectria^ one is said to be a
Fusar turn-form, and the other a unicellular form. Obser-
vations made at Kew have shown that the ascospores after
germination give rise to a Cephalosportum-to*m> and
experiments are being conducted with a view to investigating
the parasitism of this form.

A knowledge of the life-history of the fungus must
aid considerably in the recommendation of effective
remedial measures. An excision of the cankered part with
a sharp knife and careful sealing of all wounds with a
mixture of coal tar and clay in the form of a thick paste are
advantageous in checking the spread of the disease.

Diagnosis: — Perithecia gregarious or scattered, super-
ficial, ovate, smooth, with orange-coloured hyphae, red,
with a scarcely prominent minute ostiole, '5 mm. high ;
asci cylindrical, stalked, 8-spored ; paraphyses septate,
hyaline, with a slightly thickened apex, 3 microns wide ;
spores obliquely monostichous, hyaline, ellipsoid, one-
septate, slightly constricted at the septum, 28 — 30x8 — 10
microns.

Recently a bulletin of the Agricultural Department of
Surinam has appeared, in which Mr. Van Hall considers
that the canker disease is caused by a Sflicarta-form which
in artificial media gives rise to a Fusar ium-form, and that
the ascigerous fungus is saprophytic and has no connection
with the disease. It is important to remember that it is of

23

common occurrence in the genus Nectria for the ascigerous
stage to be produced after the substratum is dead and after
the work has been done by the fungus in its conidial
phases.

HOWARD : West. 2nd. Bull., Vol. II., p. 200.

STOCKDALE : West Ind. Bull., Vol. IX., p. 171.

NECTRIA BAINII, MASSEE.
(Cacao Pod Disease).

The fungus was reported to be doing damage to pods of
cacao in Trinidad in the year 1898. Semi-circular blotches
make their appearance on the surface of the pod, and these
parts become soft and watery. Later on, an orange-
coloured mycelium appears, and this becomes studded
with bright red perithecia. The perithecia are said to be
frequently preceded by Fusarium-\\ke. mould which is
whitish in appearance ; experiments conducted at Kew
have led to the conclusion that the ascospores give rise to
a Cephalosporium-term after germination. The parasitism
of the fungus requires further investigation. It is scarcely
possible to suggest remedial measures until the mode of
life of the fungus is known ; spraying with a suitable
fungicide may be efficacious in checking the spread of the
disease.

Diagnosis. — Perithecia gregarious, beset by a yellow or
orange-coloured mycelium, spherical, red, 300-350 microns
diamr. ; asci cylindric-clavate, shortly stalked, 8-spored,
80-90 by 7-9 microns ; spores elliptic-oblong, acute at both
ends, uniseptate, hyaline, 10-12 by 5 microns.

MASSEE : Kew Bulletin, 1899, P- J-

HART : West Ind. Bull., Vol. I., p. 422.

F. C. VON FABER : Die Krankheiten und Parasiten des
Kakaobaumes, p. 216, 1 909.

NECTRIA IPOMOEAE, HALS.
(Stem Rot of Sweet Potato.)

The sweet potato and the egg-plant have been reported
to suffer with this disease in New Jersey. The disease
commences near the ground-line and then spreads into the
stem and roots. The stem withers and becomes covered
with a white mould, the Fusarium condition of the fungus ;
later on, clusters of flesh-coloured perithecia make their
appearance on the diseased stem.

24 '

Diagnosis. — Perithecia in little clusters, conico-globose,
papillate, red ; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored ; spores
hyaline, cylindric-oblong, I -septate, slightly constricted at
the septum.

HALSTED : New Jersey Agric. College Expt. Station
Report, 1891, p. 281.

MASSEE : Text Book of Plant Dis., p. 132.

Nectvia sp.> causes a canker disease of Hevea brasiliensis
(Para rubber) in Ceylon.

Calonectria flavida, Massee, may occur along with
Nectria Theobromce on the cankered stem of cacao or
without it.

Calonectria gigaspora, Massee, has been described from
Trinidad as occurring in the channel made by the moth-
borer in the stem of the sugar cane.

HART : Trinidad Bulletin, 1901, p. 335.

MASSEE : Kew Bulletin, 1906.

Nectria gigantospora, Zimmermann, is recorded as a
parasite on the leaves of Ficus elastica in Java.

Diagnosis : — Spots brown ; perithecia scattered, round,
300 by 200 microns, red-cinnabar ; asci clavate ; spores
constricted at the septum, truncate at both ends, curved,
50 by 9 microns.

ZIMMERMANN : Bull. Instit. Bot.,Buitenzorg, 1901, p. 15.

Nectria striatospora, Zimmermann, was originally
described on the bark of the cacao plant in Java ; it is also
of common occurence in Ceylon.

Diagnosis: — Perithecia superficial, globose, gregarious,
blood-red, with a papillate ostiole, "4 by '3 mm. ; asci
IOO microns long ; spores oblong-ellipsoidal, obtuse at
both ends, slightly constricted at the septum, 23 by 9
microns, with the walls longitudinally striated.

Nectria camerunensis, Appel and Strunk, has been
reported to occur on fruits of cacao in the Cameroons.

Diagnosis : — Perithecia fleshy, gregarious, yellow,
globose-ovoid, *2-'3 mm. diameter ; asci clavate, with a
slender stalk, 60-75 by 12 microns; spores fusoid, acute
at both ends, not constricted, distichous or obliquely
monostichous, 12-15 by 3-4 microns.

25

APPEL AND STRUNK : Centralblatt f. BakteriologuPara-
sitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten, Abt. II,Bd. XI, 1903.

Nectria Jungeri, P. Henn, found on fruits of cacao in the
Cameroons.

Diagnosis : — Perithecia caespitose, sessile or almost
sessile, ovate or mammiform, minutely granulated,
250-300 microns diam. ; asci cylindric-clavate, stalked,
eight-spored ; spores distichous, ellipsoid or oblong,
I -septate, not constricted, rounded at both ends, hyaline,
24-28 by 8-10 microns.

HENN INGS : Fungi camerunenses I ; Englers Bot. Jahrb.
Bd. XXII, 1897, S. 72.

SPH^ROSTILBE FLAVIDUM, MASSEE.
(Coffee Disease of New World.)

This disease has been reported from Guatemala, New
Granada, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Dutch Guiana
and Brazil ; recently the fungus has been found in Dominica.
It is known as " spot " or " small pox " in allusion to the
spotted appearance of the leaves, young shoots and fruits
of infected trees. Scattered circular patches are formed on
the leaves and are equally evident on both sides. The
leaves become yellowish and fall, and in some cases
complete defoliation results. On the shoots the spots
are whitish and more or less elongated.

The conidial form of the fungus (Stilbutn flavidum}
appears on the surface of the spots in the form of yellowish,
pin-like structures, each of which bears conidiophores with
a single conidum at the tip. All attempts to infect coffee
plants with these conidia have failed. The ascigerous
stage is developed on the whitish patches of the stem and
fruit, but not on the leaves. The fungus is concluded to be
reproduced by ascospores only, the conidia being regarded
as effete.

Great attention should be paid to the destruction of the
diseased stems and fruits, since they contain the spores
which serve to carry on the disease. Spraying with
Bordeaux mixture or with ammoniacal copper carbonate
may prove effective in preventing the disease.

Diagnosis. — Perithecia ovate, densely massed into subor-
bicular, irregular patches, slightly reddish, verrucose, with
a slightly prominent, papillate ostiole ; asci cylindrical,

26

abruptly truncate above, 8-spored. Spores hyaline, ellip-
soidal, pointed at both ends, uniseptate, 1 5 by 6-7 microns.

MASSEE : Text Book of Plant, Dis., p. 445.

MASSEE : Kew Bulletin, 1909, p. 337.

NECOSMOSPORA VASINFECTA, E. SMITH.
(Wilt Disease of Cotton.)

The disease was reported in 1900 to be widely distri-
buted through the Southern States of North America,
where the " sea island " and " upland " varieties were said
to be suffering severely with the pest.

A dwarfed growth and unhealthy appearance of the
plants are said to be the first symptoms. Later, the leaves
turn yellow and shrivel at their margins. Some plants die
at once, while others may last through the season in an
unhealthy condition. If the stem of a diseased plant is
cut the wood will be found to be stained brown.

The fungus occurs in the soil ; it enters the young roots,
penetrates to the tap root and then travels up the stem,
blocking the water-conducting tissues.

The progress of the disease is slow, the time taken for
the plant to develop symptoms of the disease is said to be
at least forty days.

The following method of treatment is recommended by
the U.S. Department of Agriculture : —

All diseased plants should be removed and burned.

Spread of the disease should be avoided by not grazing
cattle on an infected field and by thoroughly cleaning tools
which were used on an infected field before using them on
another field.

A rotation of five to six years' duration should be
practised.

Diseased plants should be kept out of the manure heap.

Diagnosis : — Perithecia superficial, globose-conical, red ;
asci cylindrical; spores 10-12 microns diam., continuous,
globose or subglobose, brownish ; paraphyses present.

The wilt disease of okra is also probably caused by this
fungus ; and the fungus is described in the United States of
America as being the cause of the wilt of water melon and
cow pea.

E. F. SMITH : Bull. U.S.A. Dept. of Agric, No. 17, p.
45, 1899.

W. A. ORTON : Bull. U.S.A. Dept.ofAgric., Division of
Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, No. 27, 1900.

27

BASIDIOMYCETES.

UREDINE.E.

UREDO ARACHIDIS, LAGH.
(Ground Nut Rust.)

The leaves of the ground nut, or pea nut, are sometimes
affected with this disease. Small, brownish spots appear
on the under surface of attacked leaves.

Destruction of the diseased leaves and spraying with a
suitable fungicide are to be recommended.

Diagnosis: — Sori small, scattered, on the under side,
surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, brown ; uredospore
ovoid-round, 24-30 microns diamr. ; epispore yellow.

SACCARDO : Sylloge Fungorum. Vol. XIV, p. 394.

Uredo Kuhnii, Wakker and Went, is parasitic on sugar
cane in Java, causing a rust of the leaves.

WAKKER AND WENT : " De Ziekten van het Suikerriet
op Java;' p. 144.

UREDO CANNAE, WINTER.

(Canna Rust.)

The disease was first described from Brazil ; more
recently it has made its appearance in Trinidad, where it
has proved to be a destructive pest to cultivated cannas.
Small, orange-coloured spots are formed on the leaves,
which become discoloured and die.

The destruction of diseased leaves is to be recom-
mended ; spraying with a suitable fungicide should also be
effective in checking the spread of the disease.

Diagnosis. — Sori generally hypophyllous, rarely also
epiphyllous, either densely scattered over the entire surface
or collected in groups, minute, pale yellow, for a long time
covered by the epidermis; spores variable in form,
yellowish, echinulate, 25-46 by 16-23 microns.

MASSEE : Text-Book of Plant Dts.y p. 423. Trinidad
Bull., Vol. III., p. 86.

28

UREDO GOSSYPII, LAGER.
(Cotton Rust.)

The fungus was first recorded in South America
(Ecuador) and has since been seen in the West Indies ; it
has recently caused considerable damage to cotton in the
United States. In the West Indies, however, the disease
does not appear to be a dangerous one.

All green parts of the plant are affected by the fungus.
On the upper surface of attacked leaves small, purplish-
brown, roundish or angular spots appear ; they may be
scattered or confluent in large groups. The leaves dry up
and become brown.

Diagnosis. — Sori formed below the epidermis, then burst-
ing forth; spores ovoid or pyriform, 24-30 by 15-18
microns ; epispore equally thickened, pale yellow, echinu-
late ; paraphyses clavate.

LAGERHEIM : Journal of Mycology, Vol. VII., p. 48.

LEWTON-BRAIN : West Ind. Bull., Vol. VI., p. 117.

HEMILEIA VASTATRIX, BERK. AND BROOME.
(Coffee Leaf Disease.)

This fungus was responsible for the damage done to the
coffee industry of Ceylon from the year 1875 to the year
1885. It is now widely distributed through the coffee-
growing countries of the Old World - India, China, Malay
Peninsula, East Indies, Philippines, Natal and German
East Africa.

The disease in its early stages is indicated by the
presence of discoloured spots which are more or less
circular in shape ; these continue to increase in size, become
pale yellow and are studded with bright yellow clusters of
spores which eventually become orange-coloured. The
spores are confined to the under surface of the leaf.

In addition to the leaves the young shoots and even the
fruit may become spotted.

All diseased material should be carefully burnt, and it is
likely that treatment with Bordeaux mixture would prove
effective.

Diagnosis. — Pustules orange, then rufous ; spores sub-
reniform, attached obliquely at the base, with convex free
surface closely warted and with the two lateral surfaces
which are in contact smooth, 35-39 by 10-14 microns.

29

MASSEE : Text-Book of PL Dis., p. 231.

BERKELEY: Gardener's Chronicle -, p. 1157, 1869.

MORRIS: "The Coffee Leaf Disease of Ceylon and
Southern India."

Hemileia Canthii, Berk, and Broome, which infects
Plectronia campanulata, a wild plant in Ceylon, and
Hemileia Woodii, Kalchbr. and Cooke, which occurs on a
plant allied to coffee in Natal, are very closely allied to
Hemileia vastatrix, and are considered by some as being
identical with it.

USTILAGINE^E.

USTILAGO SACCHARI, RABENH.
(Sugar Cane Brand).

In Java this fungus has been reported to do serious
damage to the sugar cane. Mr. O. W. Barrett has observed
it in Trinidad, where, however, it appeared to be limited
to one or two plantations, and the extent of the damage
done seemed to be of a less serious nature.

The leaves are the parts affected, and more especially
the younger ones which have not yet separated from each
other. The whole of these upper leaves is converted into
a discoloured, projecting structure. From the upper part
of the affected cane, as a rule, no secondary shoots arise,
and those which arise from the lower part become in-
fected in their turn. The discoloured whip-like structure
at the end of an attacked cane becomes dusty black and
contains the spores of the fungus.

Care should be taken to burn all diseased plants as
soon as they are attacked. Cuttings should not be taken
from diseased plants. Soaking the cuttings in Bordeaux
mixture for six hours or more before planting should
prove efficacious in diminishing the spread of the disease.

Diagnosis : — Spore-mass black, spores globose or
angularly globose, 8-18 microns diam., olive brown or
rufous, epispore thick, smooth.

WAKKER AND WENT : DeZiekten van het Suikerriet op
Java, p. 24.

BARRETT : Proc. Agric. Soc. of Trinidad and Tobago,
No. 252.

BUTLER : Memoirs of Dep. Agric. in India, Vol. I, No. 3.

30

GRAPHIOLA PHCENICIS, POIT.
(Date Palm Disease.)

The fungus was originally described on the date palm in
the East and is now known to occur on other palms in all
parts of the world.

Small, raised, dark-coloured spots appear on both sides
of the leaves. The internal tissues of infected leaves are
frequently much damaged.

Diagnosis : — Outer peridium horny, black ; inner peridium
membranaceous, hyaline ; spore-mass yellow ; spores
globose or elliptical, 3-6 microns diam., with a thick epispore,
smooth, hyaline ; filaments 10-15 microns thick.

Ann. Sci. Nat. Botanique, 1824, p. 473.

HYMENOMYCETINE.E.
AGARICACE^:.

SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE, FRIES.
(Sugar Cane Agaric).

This fungus is said to be parasitic on stems of cultivated
sugar cane in the West Indies. It has also been recorded
as a parasite on the mulberry tree.

Diagnosis. — Pileus fan-shaped, very thin, white or grey,
downy, often lobed, 1-2 inches broad ; gills pale-brown with
a purple tinge, split portions of edge of gills revolute ; spores
dingy, 4-6 by 2-3 microns.

MASSEE : Text-Book of Plant Dis.y p. 207.

PRILLEUX AND DELACROIX : Bull du Min. de
No. 5, Sept., 1893.

MARASMIUS SEMIUSTUS, BERK. AND CURT.
(Banana Disease.)

Certain of the banana trees in Trinidad and other of the
West Indian Islands have been reported to be affected by
this fungus. The fungus permeates the tissues of the
banana " stem " and attacks the inflorescence as it is

31

growing up the centre of the leaf-sheaths which form the
so-called " stem." The fructifications of the fungus can
frequently be seen growing in immense numbers on the
surface. Numerous, minute, whitish sclerotia are produced
in the diseased tissues.

Diseased " stems " should not be allowed to lie and rot
on the ground ; the fungus should be removed from the
" stems " as early after its appearance as possible.

Diagnosis. — Pileus J-i inch across, thin, yellowish-brown,
eccentric, concave, then plane, glabrous ; gills wide apart,
thin and dirty white ; stem J-f inch long, thin, with a
flattened foot of attachment, glabrous, 2-3 mm. diamr.

MASSEE : Text-Book of Plant Diseases, p. 206.

BERKELEY: Journ. Linn. Soc., Vol. X., 1869.

MARASMIUS SACCHARI, WAKKER.
(Root Disease of Sugar Cane.)

The disease has caused considerable loss to sugar cane
planters in the West Indies, and was especially prominent
in Barbados in 1904. When a plant is attacked it shows
symptoms resembling those produced by a deficient water
supply. The leaves become dry and withered ; fewer
leaves are produced, and the lower leaves, which normally
fall away from the stem and form " trash " on the ground,
remain attached. The stools are dwarfed and but loosely
fixed in the soil, so as to be easily uprooted. The fungus
attacks the roots, the younger roots being short and red at
their tips. The proper absorption of water and salts from
the soil is checked and the plants, in consequence, show
the symptoms described above. The lowest leaf-sheaths
can be seen to be matted together by a white mycelium.
The fructifications of the fungus appear at the base of the
attacked stools ; they are white, delicate structures.

The following remedial measures have been recommended
by the Imperial Department of Agriculture for the West
Indies : —

1. In the case of badly attacked fields the land should
be thrown out of cultivation of sugar cane for as long as
possible, and other crops not belonging to the grass
family should be grown.

2. All " trash " and old cane stumps should be
destroyed ; trash from an infected field should never be
used for mulching young canes.

32

3- In cases where the disease breaks out in a healthy

field the diseased area should be isolated by surrounding

it by a trench a foot deep.

4. Cuttings should be carefully selected and soaked

in Bordeaux mixture for at least six hours and then

tarred at the cut ends.

Diagnosis : — Gregarious or fasciculate at the base,
variable, flesh membranaceous, persistent ; pileus white,
broadly campanulate, then dingy white and plane or cup-
shaped, 1 5 mm. diamr. ; gills white, simple or bifurcate;
stem central, white, I5mm. long, apex tubiform, base
villous ; spores hyaline, continuous, irregularly oblong, ends
attenuated, rounded, 16-20 by 4-5 microns.

LEWTON-BRAIN : West Ind. Bull., Vol. VI., p. 34.

WAKKER AND WENT : De Ziekten van het Suikerriet
op Java, p. 194.

Marasmius plicatus is reported to cause a root disease
of the sugar cane in Louisiana ; the same species, however,
occurs along with the sugar cane in Java where it is
considered to be harmless.

MARASMIUS EQUICRINIS, MULLER.
(Horse-Hair Blight of Cacao.)

The mycelium of the fungus appears like a tuft of horse-
hair caught in the twigs of the tree. Some of the threads
are closely attached to the bark, and the mycelium
resembles that of the " thread blight " in some respects.
The fungus is known to occur in the West Indies.

Diagnosis : — White to yellowish, pileus membranaceous,
convex, obtuse, 1-2 mm. broad ; stalk I cm. or more
long, bristly, rigid, black, shining, rising from the black,
horse-hair-like mycelium ; lamellae few, separated, paler
than the pileus.

LEWTON-BRAIN : West Ind. Bull., Vol. VI., p. 87.

STOCKDALE : West Ind. Bull., Vol. IX., p. 179.

COOKE: Grevillea, Vol. VI II.

Marasmius sarmentosus, Fr., is the cause of the horse-
hair blight of the tea plant and of several forest trees in
Ceylon.

Marasmius sp. ; the root disease of the sweet potato, and
also of the Guinea corn, imphee and Indian corn, is thought
to be caused by a species of Marasmius.

33

POLYPORACE^:.

POLYSTICTUS HIRSUTUS, FRIES.

This fungus has been found on limes in Dominica ; it is
not clear as to whether it is parasitic or not.

Diagnosis. — Pileus suberose-coriaceous, convex-plane,
with rigid hairs, homogeneous in colour, but zoned with
concentric grooves, white ; spores round, white, becoming
slightly dark in colour.

SACCARDO : Sylloge Fungorum, Vol. VI, p. 257.

FOMES SEMITOSTUS, BERK.
(Root Disease of Para Rubber.)

The disease occurs in the Federated Malay States and in
Ceylon.

The fungus attacks the tap root of the plant, which
becomes soft and finally rots. Deprived of its tap root the
plant eventually dies ; it may, however, continue to live for
a time by absorption of food through the side roots.

The mycelium of the fungus occurs as a white covering
on the diseased root, or sometimes as a network of white
strands. The strands pass upwards and appear above
ground at the base of the tree ; when old they are of a
yellowish colour ; they spread through the soil from one
plant to another.

The sporophore of the fungus appears as a semi-circular
disc at the base of the tree.

Diagnosis. — Perennial, imbricated, woody ; pileus dimi-
diate, about 10 cm. long and 6 cm. broad, at first red-brown
with a yellow, swollen edge, then pale yellow-brown with
concentric, dark-brown lines, smooth, feebly sulcate,
slightly silky with adpressed fibrils ; pore surface orange,
red-brown when old; pores minute, 'o6-'i2 mm. diamr.,
rather widely separated, stratose, 2'5-3'5 mm. long ; flesh
white, woody, with concentric lines of growth curving
from the hymenium to the surface sulcae.

FETCH : " Root disease of Hevea brasiliensis " ; Circ.
and Agric. Journ.^ Royal Bot. Gdns., Ceylon, Vol. Ill,
No. 17, 1906.

RIDLEY: Agric. Bull, of the Straits, Vol. Ill, p. 174.

34

FOMES LUCIDUS, FRIES.
(Root Disease of Coconut.)

Coconut palms in Ceylon have been reported to be
suffering with a disease caused by this fungus. The
symptoms of the disease appear to vary somewhat according
to the situation in which the plants are growing ; in drier
situations the progress of the disease is more rapid than in
well-cultivated, moister places. The outer leaves wither
and droop, remaining suspended around the stem, the tree
produces no fruit, the younger leaves are very small and
yellowish, and, finally, these young leaves wither and the
bud decays.

In addition to attacking the coconut palm, the fungus
is considered to cause a root disease of Areca catechu in
India, and has also been thought to be parasitic on other plants.

It is interesting to note that Diplodia cacaoicola, which
has been said to cause a root disease of the coconut palm
in Trinidad, also occurs in Ceylon on the dead or diseased
roots of the same plant, but is not considered to be the
cause of the disease. Dr. Butler has also found a species
of Botryodiplodia on diseased roots of the coconut in
Travancore.

The following treatment has been recommended for the
root disease in Ceylon : —

Dead or badly diseased trees should be felled, and the
butt end of the stem should be dug out and burnt, together
with the lowest 2 or 3 feet of that part of the stem which
is above ground. A trench, at least two feet deep, should
be dug around the diseased patch, as far away from the
diseased trees as possible.

Diagnosis. — Pileus suberose, then -woody, flabelliform,
sulcate, with a lateral stalk, yellow changing to reddish-
brown ; pores long, minute, cinnamon coloured.

FETCH : Circulars and Agricultural Journal, Royal
Botanic Gardens, Ceylon, Vol. IV., No. 24, 1910.

THELEPHORACE^E.

HYMENOCH^ETE NOXIA, BERK.
(Bark Fungus of Cacao.)

This species was discovered in Samoa in 1875, where it
was reported to occur more especially on the bread fruit
tree, Artocarpus incisa ; recently it has made its appearance
on cacao in West Africa.

35

The fungus takes the form of a brown, incrusted mass
on the trunk of the tree, and usually near the base. It
spreads somewhat rapidly and causes considerable injury
to the plant.

Diagnosis. — Broadly effuse, tenacious and subcrustaceous,
adnate ; hymenium brown, velvety ; setulae cylindrical-
conical, 40-70 by 5-7 microns ; spores ellipsoid, 7 by 4
microns.

MASSEE : " Monograph of the Thelephorea " ; Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot., Vol. XXVII., p. 108.

Hymenoch&te sp., a fungus which attacks cacao, Castilloa,
tea, cotton and other plants in Ceylon has been referred to
the genus Hymenochcete.

CORTICIUM LILACINO-FUSCUM, BERK. AND CURT.
(Pink Disease of Cacao.)

The disease does not appear to be of a serious nature ; it
has been reported from Dominica and St. Lucia,

Pinkish incrustations appear on the branches of the tree ;
they are composed of closely packed, adpressed, fungal
hyphae. The hyphae may penetrate the bark and extend as
far inwards as the young wood ; when the branches are
thus affected, the bark cracks and peels off. The fungus
itself appears to do but little damage, since the bark is
easily renewed ; but it forms places of entrance for other
fungi, notably the cacao canker fungus.

The fungus and the bark adhering to it should be removed
by means of a sharp knife and the wound should be tarred.

Diagnosis. — Hymenophore broadly effuse, entirely adnate
to the substratum, smooth, waxy, with a narrow white
margin, lilac-fuscous ; spores continuous, hyaline ; basidia
tetrasporous.

STOCKDALE : West Ind. Bull., Vol. IX., p. 178.

CORTICIUM JAVANICUM, ZIMM.*
(Bark Disease of Hevea, &c.)

The disease is known in Ceylon, Java, and Southern
India. In Ceylon in addition to occurring on Hevea brasil-
iensis it is found on tea (up-country), plum (up-country J,
orange (low-country) and cinchona ; in Java it occurs on
coffee, ramie, cacao, cinchona, nutmeg, tea, mango,
Castilloa elastica and other plants.

36

The fungus is at first only superficial and forms a pink
incrustation on the bark. Later, the hyphae of the fungus
penetrate the bark and kill it ; the dead bark then peels
off from the wood. The fungus does not appear to
damage the wood directly. The pink incrustation spreads
gradually and may extend for a distance of several feet
over the stem and the adjacent branches. In some cases,
however, where the growth of the fungus is limited, a
cankered appearance of the stem is produced.

The remedies suggested are as follows : —

The removal of the fungus and adjacent bark when it is
small, i.e., in an early stage, and the sealing of the wound.
If the fungus has covered a considerable portion of the
bark and rings the branch the whole branch should be
removed.

On young trees, from one to two years old, the stems
should be cut away below the affected part.

FETCH : " A bark disease of Hevea, tea &c.," Circulars
and Agric. Journ., Royal Botanical Gardens., Ceylon, Vol.
IV, No. 21, 1909.

Corticium calceum, Massee, is said to cause a similar
disease in the Federated Malay States.

HYDNACE.E.

IRPEX FLAVUS, KLOTSCH.

(Root Fungus of Para Rubber.;

In addition to attacking Para rubber in the Straits, the
fungus has been recorded on clove trees in Malacca and is
known to cause injury to the coffee plant in the East. It
has been reported from Java, Ceylon, Queensland and
North America.

The Para rubber trees in the Straits which were attacked
were in a young condition. An examination showed that
the roots were incrusted with a white mycelium and
that the collar of the stem was dead. The fungus is said
to occupy a limited area of the soil in contrast with the
other root fungus of Para rubber (Fomes semitostus) which
spreads rapidly and covers a considerable area.

Diagnosis: — Pileus effuse, spongy, soft, yellow ; margin
reflexed slightly ; teeth compressed, seriate.

RIDLEY:— Agric. Bull, of the Straits and Federated
Malay States ', Vol. V, No. 3, p. 64, 1906

"This is regarded by some as being identical with Corticium li latino- fuscum.

37

FUNGI IMPERFECTI.

SPHAEROPSIDIACE.E.

BOTRYODIPLODIA, SP.

(Root disease of Coconut.)

The leaves first show signs of the disease. They
become wilted.and yellow at their tips, and finally dry up,
blacken and hang down. Shedding of the affected leaves
sometimes results ; the leaf base, however, remains
attached to the tree. The nuts are shed in all stages,
irrespective of size. The stem has a sour smelling, red
discolouration which commences at the level of the ground
and extends upwards.

The roots, when examined microscopically, are seen to
contain a mycelium composed of dark-coloured, septate
hyphae which run between and through the cells. All
tissues of the root appear to be attacked.

The disease occurs in Trinidad and in British Guiana,
and appears to have been but little investigated.
Recently Mr. Hart has reported a disease of the coconut
which he considers to be caused by Diplodia cacaoicola ;
whether the two are identical or not cannot be definitely
said.
STOCKDALE : West Ind. BulL, Vol. IX, p. 363.

DIPLODIA CACAOICOLA, P. HENN.
(Die-back of Cacao and brown rot of Cacao Pods.)

The fungus was originally described from the Cameroons
in the year 1896 ; since then, it has been reported from the
West Indies, Surinam, Ceylon, Java, Samoa, and St.
Thome (West Africa). It has a wide area of geographical
distribution and represents the most serious fungus pest on
cacao in the West Indies.

The fungus attacks both the stem and fruits of the cacao
plant. The disease of the stem is known as " die-back,"
owing to the characteristic dying back of the affected
shoots. The younger shoots are usually first affected ;
later on, the disease spreads to the older branches and
sometimes even to the trunk. Occasionally the diseased
area on the trunk may be limited, in which case a canker

38

is produced. After the branches are dead and even after
they have fallen the fungus continues to produce its
perithecia, which appear as small, black structures bursting
through the bark.

On the pods the disease is known as "brown rot"; it
makes its appearance in the form of a discoloured patch at
one or other end of the pod or at a wound on its surface.
The discoloured area increases in size and extends over the
greater part of the surface. Pods may be attacked in
nearly all stages of development ; young pods, when once
affected, seldom mature ; older pods, however, which are
attacked when near to maturity may be allowed to ripen.

The fungus effects an entrance into the stem only at a
wound ; in the case of the fruit, however, it would appear
that, in addition to entering at a wound, it is also capable
of entering the pod either through the basal or stigmatic end.

Diplodia cacaoicola is regarded by some authors as
identical with other species ; Griffon and Maublanc (1909)
consider Botryodiplodia Theobromce, PAT., Macrophoma
vcstita, PRILL, and DEL., Lasiodiplodia nigra, APPEL and
LAUBERT, and Diplodia cacaoicola, P. HENN, as being
identical ; Petch regards Botryodiplodia elasticce, to which
he has attributed the later stages of a " die-back " disease
of Hevea brasiliensis, as indistinguishable from Diplodia
cacaoicola ; Van Hall considers that the species of Diplodia,
Lasiodiplodia and Chaetodiplodta occurring on cacao are
identical.

The life-history of the fungus is at present incomplete,
and it is most important that it should be thoroughly
worked out. If we are to be guided by the principle of
analogy, then the fungus would be expected to possess a
small, perithecial form belonging to the genus Phoma, or to
some allied form-genus, possibly one or more conidial
forms and an ascigerous form belonging to the Sphceriacece.

A knowledge of the life-history may considerably affect
the method of treating the disease. At present the
remedial measures practised are : —

(i.) Careful cultivation, manuring and pruning, so as to
ensure a vigorous growth of the plant. In a recent
publication Mr. Van Hall considers that only leafless and
unhealthy trees are affected by the fungus.

(ii.) Sealing of all wounds made during pruning and

such as may arise from other causes.

(iii.) Removal of diseased branches (these are to be

cut off at a distance of at least six inches below the

nearest dead end), pods and shells, and their burial in

pits with lime.

39

Diagnosis : — Perithecia scattered, in the cortex, innate,
black; spores ellipsoid-oblong or sub-ovoid, I -septate,
obtuse at both ends, loculi i-guttulate, sooty black, 18-22
by 12-14 microns.

A. HOWARD : West hid. Bull.,Vo\. II., p. 203.

P. HENNINGS : Fungi camerunenses I. ; Engler Bot.
Jahrb., Bd. XXII. , S. 72.

F. A. STOCKDALE : " Fungus Diseases of Cacao " ;
Imperial Dept. Agric. for the West Indies, Pamphlet
Series, 54, 1908.

VAN HALL : Dept. van den Landbouw, Suriname, Bull.
21, 1909.

In addition to occurring on the cacao plant the fungus
is known to cause a disease of the sugar cane, it is said to
grow on Castilloa in the West Indies and to cause a root
disease of coconut in Trinidad.

It is evident that an alteration of the generic nanie can
only be satisfactorily effected if a revision of the allied
genera Diplodia, Lasiodiplodia and Chatodiplodia is made.
At present it is possible to produce specimens of Diplodia
cacaoicola which may be classified under Diplodia, Lasio-
dtplodia, or Ckcetodiplodia. In the above account of the
disease caused by the fungus the old name Diplodia
cacaoicola has been preserved in order to avoid confusion.

Lasiodiplodia tubericola, has been reported to ciuse a
disease of fruits of mango in San Domingo.

Lasiodiplodia sp., is described by Mr. O. W. Banett as
being responsible for the greater amount of the damage
done to pods of cacao in Trinidad. This is probably
identical with Diplodia cacaoicola.

BARRETT : Agric. Soc. Proc., Irinidad and Tsbago,
No. 280.

DIPLODIA RAPAX, MASSEE.
(Stem Disease of Para Rubber).

In July, 1909, a stem disease of Hevea brasiliensis was
reported from the Federated Malay States and was shown
to be caused by the above fungus.

The younger shoots are attacked, turn black and
eventually die ; the disease continues to spread downwards,
and the trunk of the tree becomes affected and finally
perishes.

40

Numerous raised spots make their appearance on the
surface of the bark, these split open and expose the black
perithecia of the fungus which are embedded in a stroma.

The fungus has also been recently received at Kew from
West Africa.

Diagnosis. — Perithecia aggregated, 3-7, globose, black,
finally erumpent, glabrous, 160-180 microns diamr., with
a minute ostiole which scarcely reaches the surface of the
stroma; spores elliptical, obtuse at both ends, I -septate in
the middle, not constricted, fuliginous, 32-35 by 15-16
microns.

RIDLEY: "A New Fungus Pest on Para Rubber";
Agric. Bull, of the Straits and Federated Malay States,
Vol. VIII., p. 310, 1909.

DIPLODIA EPICOCOS, COOKE.
(Coconut Disease).

This fungus was originally described on the leaves of the
coconut palm in India. Recently a leaf disease of coconut
in Trinidad has been attributed to it.

Diagnosis : — Perithecia scattered or almost gregarious,
at length superficial or semi-immersed, globose, black ;
spores elliptical, I -septate, constricted at the septum, brown,
22 by 10-12 microns.

Diplodia sp. ; a species of Diplodia is said to attack ripe
pineapples in the West Indies. It effects an entrance
through the cut end of the fruit stalk, passes up the central
vascular core and spreads to the surrounding pulp. The
perithecia appear as black dots under the rind.

STOCKDALE : West Ind. Bull., Vol. VIII, p. 163.

Sphc&ronema adiposum, Butler, causes a black rot of
sugar cane in Bengal. Dusky red streaks appear in the
interior of the cane and a condition of decay of the interior
sets in. The surface of the cane shows no signs of disease.

This fungus possesses an endoconidial stage.

Diagnosis: — Mycelium densely woolly, black ; fertile
hyphae simple, septate, producing endoconidia ; endo-
conidia of many forms, cylindrical, pyriform or globose,
some hyaline or brown and smooth, others fuscous and
warted, 9-25 by 4'5-i8 microns ; perithecia globose, hairy,
black, with a subfimbriated mouth ; spores hyaline, con-
tinuous, acute at both ends, 6' 5 by 3*5 microns.

41

BUTLER: Memoirs of the Agric. Dept. in India, Vol. I,
No. 3, p. 35.

Phoma Batata, Ell. and Hals., causes a dry rot of sweet
potato in New Jersey. When a root is attacked its upper
end becomes dry and wrinkled. Small pimples appear on
its surface, these being the perithecia of the fungus.

Diagnosis : — Perithecia black, gregarious, sunken ; spores
ovoid, hyaline ; basidia slender.

HALSTED : New Jersey Agric. Coll. Exp. Station, Bull. 76,
1890.

Macrophoma vestita, Prill, and Delacroix, was described
as an injurious parasite on the roots of cacao in equatorial
South America. It is now considered by several observers
to be identical with Diplodia cacaoicola.

PRILLEUX AND DELACROIX : Bull, de la Soc. Myc. de
France, Vol. X, 1894, p. 165.

Phyllosticta bataticola, Ell. and Mart., causes a leaf blight
of sweet potato in New Jersey. White patches appear on
the leaves ; these become darker in colour and bear the
perithecia of the fungus.

Diagnosis : — Perithecia few, minute, black ; spots small,
white with a purple margin ; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 5 by
2 microns.

HALSTED : New Jersey Agric. Coll. Exp. Station, Bull.
76, 1890.

SEPTORIA NICOTIANS, PAT.
(Frog-Eye Disease of Tobacco.)

The fungus forms brown spots on the leaves of the
tobacco plant ; the spots are concentrically zoned and later
assume a white appearance. The disease has been reported
to occur in Jamaica.

Diagnosis : — Spots concentrically zoned, changing from
brown to white; perithecia often hypophyllous, 90-140
microns diamr. ; spores 50-55 by 2-3 microns, hyaline,
3-4-septate.

PATOUILLARD AND LAGERHEIM : " Champignons de
Tequateur," Bull, ae la Soc. Myc. de France, 1892, p. 136.

42

MELANCONIACE^E.

PESTALOZZIA PALMARUM, COOKE.
(Leaf Disease of Coconut).

A leaf disease of the coconut has been reported to be
caused by this fungus in Trinidad and in Cuba. The
fungus appears to be only a weak parasite. The leaves
droop and wither at the tip, yellowish spots appear on
them, and these frequently run together. The colour of
the spots changes to a greyish-white with a greenish-brown
margin. Finally, the internal tissues of the leaves become
destroyed. The leaf-area of the plant is reduced and the
yield of fruit is consequently poor ; the nuts produced are
usually small.

Diagnosis. — Erumpent, blackish, gregarious or scattered ;
conidia fusiform, 15 by 5-6 microns, 4-septate, blackish;
stalk elongated, hyaline.

STOCKDALE: West Ind. Bull., Vol. VI., p. 313;
Vol. IX., p. 371.

COOKE : Grevillea, Vol. V., p. 102, pi. 86.

PESTALOZZIA GUEPINI, DESM.
(Leaf Disease of Para Rubber.)

The fungus has been reported to occur frequently on
the leaves of seedlings of Hevea brasiliensis in Ceylon ; it
appears to do little damage to the leaves, but it kills the
seedling when it attacks the stem at the collar. The
diseased patch takes the form of a white ring surrounding
the stem and bordered by a narrow, red-brown line.

Other fungi which occur on the leaves of seedlings of
Hevea brasiliensis are : —

Helminthosporium Hevece, Fetch.
Phyllosticta Hevea, Zimm.
Gleosporium Elasticce, Cke. and Massee.

The damage done, however, appears to be limited to
small areas of the leaf and is but small.

PETCH : Circulars and Agric. Journ., Royal Bot.
Gdns., Ceylon, Vol. III., No. 21, 1906.

Pestalozzia fuscescens, Sor., var. Sacchari, Wakker, pro-
duces yellow spots changing to a darker colour on leaves
of sugar cane in Java.

WAKKER AND WENT: "De Ziekten van het Suikerriet
op Java" p. 162.

43

COLLETOTRICHUM LUXIFICUM, VAN HALL
AND DROST.

(Witches' Broom of Cacao).

This disease was reported from Surinam in 1898 ; in
1906 it was observed in Demerara.

When a tree is attacked by the fungus hypertrophied
shoots are produced in bunches, the whole structure
assuming the appearance of a witches' broom. These
branches are enlarged, show a tendency to grow vertically
and have well-marked longitudinal furrows at their basal
end. Finally, the whole structure thus formed dies. The
inflorescence is frequently attacked, with the result that
a dense mass of flowers is produced owing to the branching
of many of the pedicels ; the flowers are usually abortive.

The fungus has been shown to be capable of infecting
the fruits directly ; such fruits as are attacked show a
hardening of the shell, swelling of the fruit-stalk and
blackening of the infected area. Diseased pods seldom
mature.

Diagnosis : — Stromata isolated, forming small masses of
a dirty white or sometimes of a rose colour ; conidia
continuous, hyaline, slightly constricted at the middle,
13-19 by 4-5 microns, usually with a very refringent region
in the centre ; setae multiseptate, black or fuscous, 50-120
by 3'5-4'5 microns.

HALL AND DROST : Recuetl des Trav. Bot. Need., Soc.
Bot. NeerL, Vol. IV., p. 243, 1908.

MASSEE: Kew Bulletin, No. 5, 1909.

HOWARD : West Ind. Bull, Vol. II., p. 205.

Colletotnchum Cradwickii, Bancroft, has been recently
found on pods of cacao from Jamaica and is considered to
be a new species. The pods had been killed when in a
young condition, and their shells were rendered exceedingly
hard.

Diagnosis : — Acervuli erumpent, yellow at first, becoming
later pink in colour ; conidiophores hyaline, length at
least greater than that of the conidium ; conidia hyaline,
pinkish in mass, elongated, with a constriction at the middle,
14-17 by 5 microns ; setae straight, rigid, tapering to a point,
2-3-septate, purple, 70-100 microns long by 4-6 microns
broad.

BANCROFT : West Ind. Bull., Vol. X., No. 5, 1910.

44

Colletotrichum incarnattim, Zimm., has been recorded on
pods of cacao which were attacked by Phytophthora om-
nivora.

Diagnosis: — Acervuli subcutaneous at first, then erum-
pent, '15 to '2 mm. long; setae scattered over the whole
of the acervulus, cylindrical or inflated at the base,
sparingly septate, black-brown, 85 by 4-5 microns; conidia
ovoid-oblong, hyaline, 14-19 by 5 microns, granulose within,
pink in mass.

ZlMMERMANN: Centralb.f. Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde
und Infektionskrank., Abt II, Bd. VII, 1901, S. 143.

Colletotrickum Theobromcz, Appel and Strunk, described
on fruits of cacao from Victoria.

Diagnosis :— Spots black, gregarious, 1-1*2 mm. diamr. ;
acervuli erumpent at margin of the spot ; setae filiform,
acute, multiseptate, black-brown, 60-75 by 3 microns ;
conidiophores short, thickened at the base, 10 microns
long ; conidia oblong, obtuse at both ends, straight ;
without guttules, 9-12 by 3-5 microns.

Colletotrichum br achy trie hum, Delacroix, on leaves of
cacao in Trinidad.

Diagnosis. — Spots on upper side, broad, white or greyish,
with a brown margin, subcutaneous and then superficial,
about 1 30 microns broad ; setae few, black-brown, without
septa, curved, 40 by 3-5 microns ; conidia hyaline, ovoid-
cylindrical, attenuated at the base, rounded at the apex,
10-13*5 by 3»3'75 microns; conidiophores short, 4 by 2
microns.

Colletotrichum theobromicolum, Delacroix, also occurring
on fruits of cacao in the West Indies.

Diagnosis. — Acervuli scarcely prominent, up to I mm.
broad, densely aggregated, rose at first, then yellow ;
conidia hyaline, finely granular, cylindrical, often slightly
attenuated at the base and rounded at the apex, straight or
slightly curved, 15-18 by 4-5 microns ; conidiophores more
slender, hyaline, 35-45 by 2*5-3 microns ; setae few,
black, with a single septum near the base, the inferior cell
hyaline and the superior cell dark-brown, 70 by 2*5
microns.

DELACROIX : " Champignons parasites de plantes culti-
v£es dans les regions chaudes " ; Bull, de la Soc. Myc. de
France, Vol. XXL, p. 191, 1905.

45

COLLETOTRICHUM LINDEMUTHIANUM,

SACC. AND MAGN.

(Melon Rust)

The fungus was reported to be injurious to melons in the
United States in 1889; it was said to be very destructive
in hot and moist weather. Brown spots appear on the
leaves at first ; these become darker in colour, and on them
the conidiophores of the fungus appear bearing conidia at
their tips.

The application of ammoniacal copper sulphate was
recommended.

Diagnosis. — Spots almost round, dark-coloured ; acervuli
whitish, inflating the epidermis in the middle of the spot
and becoming finally erumpent ; conidiophores fasciculate,
cylindrical, 45-55 microns long, simple; conidia
acrogenous, oblong, straight or curved, rounded at both
ends, 1 5-19 by 3j-5i microns, hyaline.

U.S. Dept. Agric. Botanical Division, Bull. 8, 1889.

This fungus also occurs on the bean (Phaseolus vulgar is)
in Europe.

COLLETOTRICHUM LAGENAR1UM, E. & HALS.
(Anthracnose of Watermelon.)

This species has been recorded on the following plants : —
watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, pumpkin, and squash.

The disease is well-known in the United States, where
the leaves and fruits of the plants are frequently anthrac-
nosed.

Mr. B. Halsted regards this species as being identical
with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum above.

HALSTED : New Jersey, Agric. College Expt. Station
Reports, 1893, p. 347-

COLLETOTRICHUM FALCATUM, WENT.
(Red Rot of Sugar Cane).

This disease has been reported from Hawaii, West
Indies, Bengal, Madras, Java, and Queensland. When a
plant is attacked the upper leaves lose colour and begin
to droop ; the third or fourth leaves from the unopened bud

are usually the first to be affected in this way. The leaf
commences to wither at the tip and the withering extends
down the margins ; later on, the> whole crown of leaves
withers and droops. As far as these primary symptoms
are concerned the cane may be suffering from excessive
drought ; if, however, the cane be split open, it can be seen
to be reddened at one or two of the lower internodes.
The discolouration appears as red dots or streaks in the
vascular bundles ; these streaks extend so as to form
blotches, and finally the interior of the cane becomes much
reddened. Each blotch has usually a white centre com-
posed of dead cells. The reddening extends down into the
stool and also towards the top of the cane. The cane
becomes light and loses much of its juice ; finally, it turns
dark in colour and the inside becomes deep-brown and
crumbly. When one cane of a stool is affected, infection
of the whole stool usually follows. Infection appears to
take place from below, i.e., either from the soil or from
the parent " cutting."

In some cases the nodes in the middle of the cane maybe
the first to become infected. In other cases the fungus
may attack the roots of the cane or may occur on the
leaves.

The spores are produced on the surface of the cane at
the nodes or in sunken areas of the internodes. The
fungus does not appear to fruit abundantly.

Diagnosis : — Setae sometimes seriate, sometimes in a
pseudo-conceptacle, dagger-shaped, 109-209 by 4 microns ;
conidia sickle-shaped, 25 by 4 microns ; conidiophores
ovoid, 20 by 8 microns, hyaline or fuscous.

WENT: Mededeelingen van het Prcef station, West Java,

1893-

BUTLER : Mem. Agric. Dept. in India. Vol. I, No. 3.

MASSEE : " Root Diseases of Sugar Cane," Kew Bulletin,
No. 48, 1893.

COLLETOTRICHUM AGAVES. CAV.
(Disease of Agave).

A disease of species of Agave is caused by this fungus,
and has been reported from Antigua. Spots are formed
on the leaves, which are darker in colour than the adjacent
parts and which eventually turn brown or grey. The plants
attacked finally die, unless steps are taken to check the
disease.

47

The spore-bearing pustules of the fungus appear on the
diseased area in the form of orange-coloured spots which
are frequently arranged in concentric rings. The fungus
makes its entrance through the stomata or by means of
wounds.

Diagnosis. — Spots circular or elliptical, often becoming
confluent, olive, changing to grey or brown ; acervuli
spherical to oblong, usually breaking through the epidermis
in concentric rings and ejecting orange-coloured masses of
conidia ; setae acute to blunt, light-brown, 3~5-septate,
110-170 by 5-6 microns; conidia oblong to cylindrical,
hyaline, with one or two guttules, 16-31 by 5-6 microns ;
conidiophores erect, hyaline, usually simple, 6-7 microns
broad, but very variable in length in different acervuli.

G. G. HEDGCOCK: Sixteenth Ann. Report, Missouri
Botanical Garden, p. 153.

COLLETOTRICHUM GOSSYPII, SOUTHW.
(Anthracnose of Cotton.)

The fruits, stem and leaves of the plant are attacked by
this fungus, but the most serious damage is done when it
affects the fruits, a loss of as much as 50 per cent, of the
crop has been recorded in Alabama, U.S.A.

Minute, reddish-brown spots appear on the " bolls " ;
these spots increase in size and the inner part of each
blackens, the margin remaining reddish-brown. Pustules
appear in the centre of the spot and give it a grey or pink
colour.

Attacked fruits do not mature properly, they usually
become dry and die without opening, or they open only
slightly at the top.

In some cases the stems of seedling plants are attacked,
the fungus affecting that part of the stem which is just
above ground, and the plant withers and dies as if it were
" damping off." Such leaves as have become in some way
weakened are those which are usually attacked.

The careful selection of non-infected seeds for planting
and the soaking of seeds in a one per cent, solution of
mercuric chloride for one hour have given good results.

Good results should also attend the raising of resistant
varieties.

Diagnosis : Sori orbicular, dark-coloured or covered with
a pink powder ; acervuli erumpent ; conidia irregularly
oblong, hyaline, flesh-coloured in mass, 11-20 by 4'5-5'5

microns ; conidiophores colourless, at least longer than the
conidium, 12-28 by 5 microns; setae single or in tufts,
blackish-brown at the base, almost hyaline at the apex,
septate.

SOUTHWORTH : Journ. of Mycology, Vol. VI., p. 100.

ATKINSON : Journ. of Mycology, Vol. VI., p. 173.

LEWTON-BRAIN : West Ind. Bull., Vol. IV., p. 265.

COLLETOTRICHUM GLEOSPORIOIDES, PENZ.
(Leaf spot, wither tip, etc., of Citrus spp.)

The species of Citrus which are affected by this fungus
are the lemon (Citrus limonuni), the orange (Citrus auran-
tium), the lime (Citrus acidd), and the pomelo (Citrus
Paradisi}. The fungus has been reported to occur in
Florida, Jamaica, Cuba, South America, Malta, Italy and
Australia, and has, therefore, a wide area of geographical
distribution.

The disease commences either at the tip or edge of the
leaf, more rarely it starts at the mid-rib or at an inner
portion. The parts attacked become light green in colour,
and the colour changes later to dark brown. The acervuli
of the fungus are formed on the diseased parts, and are
at first brown in colour, becoming later dark brown or
even black. In this form the disease is known as " leaf
spot."

From the leaves the disease may spread to the younger
shoots. When a shoot is attacked it dies back for a certain
distance from the tip, or it may in some cases die back as
far as the trunk. In the former instance a bud situated
below the dead part usually develops, but if the disease
is not treated the second sprout so formed withers also.
In this form the disease is known as " wither tip."

" Leaf-spot " and " wither-tip " are characteristic patho-
logical effects caused by the fungus, and are produced
when the lemon, orange and pomelo are attacked. In the
case of the lime, however, " anthracnose " of the young
shoots usually occurs. In it the upper portion of a shoot
is cut off and either hangs down or falls away ; the effect
is similar to that caused by a biting insect.

In the lime the blossoms and young fruit are frequently
attacked by the fungus. Older fruits may be attacked,
but those which are more than half mature are seldom

49

affected. When a fruit is attacked a portion of it is
taken out and falls away, just as if it had been bitten by
an insect.

In the lemon the mature fruit suffers most. The fungus
enters usually at a bruise on the surface. A dark spot is
produced, and finally the whole surface of the rind becomes
brown. This is known as " lemon spot."

In the orange and pomelo the fruit is apparently not
affected by the fungus.

The following methods of treatment are recommended
by the United States Bureau of Plant Industry : —

For lime trees, spray with Bordeaux mixture as often as
is thought fit. For " lemon spot," spray with potassium
hydrogen sulphide (" liver of sulphur") after the lemons
have been picked, or with ammoniacal copper carbonate,
7-10 days before picking.

Careful pruning and good cultivation remove all the weak
parts of the plant and are strongly recommended.

Diagnosis. — Acervuli scattered or loosely gregarious,
formed under the epidermis and becoming at length erum-
pent, depressed, blackish ; setae cylindrical, apex rounded,
continuous or sparingly septate, 40-90 by 5-6 microns,
black or dark-coloured ; conidiophores densely fasciculate,
cylindrical, rounded at the apex, continuous, 18-25 by 4-5
microns ; conidia acrogenous, cylindrical, straight, rounded
at both ends, hyaline, with granulose protoplasm, 16-18 by
4-6 microns.

ROLFS : U.S. Dept. Agric. Bull., 52, 1904, Bureau of
PL Indust.

GLEOSPORIUM ALBORUBRUM, PETCH.
(Die-Back of Para Rubber.)

This disease of the Para rubber plant was first
investigated in Ceylon in the year 1905 ; since then it has
issumed more serious proportions, and in 1909 it was
reported to have caused the death of many of the rubber
trees in the island.

The disease may well be divided into two parts, the two
being really separate diseases. The first disease takes the
form of the dying back of the leading shoot of the tree.
The fungus appears to attack that shoot at about the
middle of its length. The place attacked becomes dark
brown, and this discolouration gradually extends over the
whole shoot. The brown patch at first is rather soft, but

50

later it becomes hard and finally assumes a grey colour.
The fungus responsible for this disease is the above species
G. alboyubrum.

If the dead top shoot is not removed another disease
occurs. The dying back extends to the woody stem, and
passes down to the root, when the tree is killed. This
disease is caused by Botryodiplodia elastics, Fetch, which
Mr. Fetch considers to be identical with Diplodia cacaoicola.

The parasitism of the two fungi, Gleosporium alborubrum
and Diplodia cacaoicola (Boiryodiplodia elasticcz) does not
seem to have been investigated, but it would appear from
the published account of the disease that the Diplodia sp.
depended on the previous attack caused by the Gleosporium
sp., and accordingly was little more than a saprophyte, or,
at best, a poor wound parasite. This is not the case with
the die-back disease of the cacao plant ; all the stages in
the die-back of the cacao plant are caused by Diplodia
cacaoicola, and this fungus is believed to be capable of
infecting the pods at either the basal or stigmatic end, so
that it is a wound parasite on the stem, and does not
depend on any other fungus for its existence as such.

FETCH: "Die-Back of Hevea brasiliensis" Circulars
and Agric. Journ. of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon,
Vol. IV., No. 23, 1910.

GLEOSPORIUM AMPELOPHAGUM, SACC.
(Grape Rot.)

This fungus is the cause of a serious disease in European
vineyards ; it has also caused considerable loss to viti-
culturalists in the United States, and it has been reported
to occur in St. Lucia.

The young shoots, leaves and fruits are attacked. On
the leaves small, irregularly scattered, greyish spots are
produced ; sometimes the centre of the spot falls out,
leaving a hole. On the young shoots, tendrils and leaf-
stalks the spots are more elongated. The spots on the
fruits are circular and larger than those on the leaves. The
growth of the fruits is checked, and they finally shrink and
dry up.

Dredging with flowers of sulphur, repeating at intervals
of ten days, has been recommended ; the collecting of
diseased leaves and shoots and the removal of diseased
fruits should also be practised.

5*

Diagnosis. — Spots subcircular, often confluent, centre of
spots greyish or rosy-primrose ; pustules originating
beneath the epidermis, minute, densely gregarious ; conidia
oblong, ellipsoid or ovate, 5-6 by 3-5 microns, biguttulate,
hyaline.

MASSEE : Text-Book of Plant Dis., p. 278.

GLEOSPORIUM MUSARUM, CKE. & MASS.
(Banana Anthracnose).

A disease of ripe bananas was described from Brisbane
as being caused by this fungus ; it has since then been
recorded in the United States, but there is hitherto no
mention of its occurring in the West Indies.

Black spots occur on the fruit and these gradually spread
over its entire surface, causing rotting to take place. When
the spores of the fungus are extruded a roseate tint is im-
parted to the spots.

Diagnosis : — Pustules innate, erumpent, gregarious, with
a rosy tinge ; conidia elongated — ellipsoid, ends rounded,
continuous, hyaline, 10-12 by 4-5 microns, with granular
contents.

MASSEE : Text-Book of Plant Dis., p. 428.

STONEMAN : Bot. Gaz., Vol. XXVI., p. 69.

SEPTOGLCEUM ARACHIDIS, RAC.
(Leaf Fungus of Ground Nut.)

The fungus causes black spots to appear on the leaves of
the ground nut wherever it is cultivated in the Eastern
Hemisphere. The disease spreads rapidly and is said to
cause much damage in some countries.

Diagnosis: — Spots orbicular, black, with a brownish-black
centre, distinctly limited and surrounded by a pale yellow
zone, 4-5 mm. broad in most cases, solitary or numerous
and occupying the greater part of the leaf's surface ; acervuli
arranged concentrically, gregarious, grey-black erumpent ;
conidia elliptic-fusiform, continuous at first, then 2-4
septate, 20-34 by 9 microns, grey.

FETCH : Circulars and Agricultural Journal, Royal
Botanic Gardens, Ceylon, Vol. III., No. 21, 1906.

52

HYPHOMYCETACE^:.

MUCEDINE^E.

PELLICULARIA KOLEROGA, COOKE.
(Leaf Rot of Coffee).

The disease was first noticed in Mysore, S. India, where
it was known as leaf rot or " Koleroga " ; later, Dr. Ernst
found it in Venezuela, and more recently it has been
observed in Trinidad and Jamaica.

The fungus covers the leaf with a filmy, gelatinous
matter ; the mycelium is external. The affected leaves turn
black, rot at their tips and fall off.

A knowledge of the life-history of this species would be
interesting.

The addition of some fungicide, such as sulphur, liver of
sulphur, etc., should act as a preventitive.

Diagnosis: — Effuse, greyish-white, covering the whole
leafs surface ; conidia globose, hyaline, echinulate, 7*5
microns diameter, inserted laterally, sessile.

MASSEE : Kew Bulletin, 1893, p. 67,

HART : West Ind. Comm. Circular, Vol. XXIV., p. 510.

RAMULARIA AREOLA, ATK.
(Areolate Mildew of Cotton.)

The disease was described by Mr. Atkinson from the
United States in 1896. The mildew is confined to areolate
portions of the leaves, the spots being limited by the vein-
lets and presenting a frosted appearance. It seems probable
that the fungus can only do damage to the older leaves.

Diagnosis : — Spots on the under side of the leaf, rarely
on both, pale at first, then darker in colour, 1-10 mm.
broad, irregular, bounded by the veins of the leaf; hyphae
in small fascicles, many-septate, hyaline, 25-75 by 4*5-7
microns; conidia oblong, 1-3 times septate, formed in
chains, 14-30 by 4-5 microns.

LEWTON-BRAIN : West Ind. Bull., Vol. IV., p. 63.

STOCKDALE : West Ind. Bull, Vol. VIII., p. 159.

53

RAMULARIA NEGATOR, MASSEE.
(Disease of Seedlings of Cacao.)

This fungus developed on the cotyledons of seedlings of
cacao from Dominica and Jamaica when the seeds were
planted at Kew ; the fungus was shown to have come from
the West Indies. The seedlings attacked by the fungus
finally died.

Recently the death of seedlings of cacao in West Africa
has been reported to be caused by a fungus disease, and the
material forwarded to Kew showed that the fungus belonged
to the genus Ramulavia ; but from the material received it
was not possible to determine whether the species was
Ramulavia necator or not.

Diagnosis: — Sporodochia superficial, broadly effuse,
filamentous, white ; sterile hyphae creeping, densely inter-
woven, septate, hyaline, 7-10 microns wide, slightly
swollen here and there ; basidia erect, sparsely branched,
the ultimate branches attenuate ; conidia elliptic-oblong,
rounded at either end, 3-septate, scarcely constricted at
the septa, 25-28 by 7-9 microns.

MASSEE : Kew Bulletin, 1907, pp. 243 and 298.

Ramularia Goldiana, Sacc. has been reported to kill
the leaves and twigs of the coffee plant in Brazil.

Diagnosis. — Spots almost circular, with white and
reddish zones ; hyphae filiform ; conidia cylindrical, borne
in chains, hyaline.

SACCARDO : Sylloge Fungorum, Vol. X., p. 554.

DEMATIE^:.

CERCOSPORA NICOTIANS, E. & E.
(Leaf Spot of Tobacco.)

This disease is known in the United States, Sumatra
and Ceylon, and is considered in the two former countries
to cause much damage to the cultivation of the tobacco
plant. In Ceylon the disease is not regarded as being of
a serious nature, since practically no attention is paid to
the " wrapper leaf" cultivation.

Diagnosis. — Spots amphigenous, pale in colour ; hyphae
caespitose, 75-100 by 4-5 microns, septate; conidia 40-75
by 3-3'5 microns, hyaline, curved, often 6-septate.

FETCH : Circulars and Agricultural Journal, Royal
Botanic Gardens, Ceylon, Vol. IV., No. 7, 1907.

54

CERCOSPORA COFFEICOLA, B. & C.
(Coffee Leaf Spot.)

This fungus has been reported to occur on leaves of
the coffee plant in Trinidad.

Spraying with an ammoniacal solution of copper car-
bonate would be effective in preventing the disease ; the
spraying should commence when the leaves are young and
should be repeated at intervals.

Diagnosis: — Spots amphigenous, 2-3 mm. diameter,
light-coloured or white in the centre with a reddish-brown
margin ; hyphae mostly epiphyllous, tufted on the small
tubercular base, 50-75 by 4 microns, 2-3-septate, fuscous,
sometimes elongated to 100 or 350 microns, nodulose and
toothed above; conidia hyaline, 2-4-septate, 75 by 3
microns at the thicker end.

Journal of Mycology -, Vol. IV., p. 5.

CERCOSPORA PERSONATA, ELLIS.
(Leaf Spot of Ground Nut.)

This disease has recently occurred in Dominica. Brown,
almost circular spots are formed on the under surface of
the leaves, about 2-4 mm. in diameter.

Spraying the leaves with an ammoniacal solution of copper
carbonate, as in the above disease, is an effective remedy.

Diagnosis-.— -Hyphae densely csespitose, short, brown,
continuous ; conidia clavate, pale-brown, 3-septate, 30-50
by 5 microns.

ELLIS : Journal of Mycology, 1885.

CERCOSPORA VAGINA, KR.
(Red Spot of Sugar Cane.)

Red spots are produced on the leaf stalk, the spots being
confined to this part of the leaf. The disease is known in
the West Indies, Java, and India.

Several other species of the genus Cercospora occur on
the sugar cane. They are : —

C. longipes, Butler — causing the " brown leaf spot " of
Bengal.

C. Sacchari, Breda de Haan— causing the " eye spot "
disease of Java.

C. acerosum, D. and H. — u black spot " of Java.

C. Kopkei, Kr.—" red leaf spot " of Java.

BUTLER : Memoirs of the Agric. Dept. in India ,Vo\. I., No. 3.

55

FUSICLADIUM, SP.
(Black Canker of Hevea brasiliensis.')

This disease has been reported to occur in Java and in
the Malay States ; at present it is not considered to be of
a serious nature.

The cut ends of branches or stems left by pruning are
the parts which are first affected. Later, the leaves become
dry and yellow and finally fall ; the flow of latex is
diminished and soon ceases. Usually the plant dies soon
after it is attacked.

BERNARD : Bull, du Departement de VAgric. aux Indes
Ne'er I., No. 12, Buitenzorg, 1907.

RIDLEY : Agric. Bull, of the Straits and Federated
Malay States, Vol. VIII, No. 10, p. 441, 1908.

CLADOSPORIUM ELEGANS, PENZIG.
(Disease of Orange).

In addition to the orange the fungus attacks various
species of Citrus. It has proved to be injurious in the
Southern States of America and in Cuba, as well as in
Southern Europe.

The disease appears as white or cream-coloured spots on
the leaves, young twigs and fruits. When the leaves are
badly attacked they become curled and are covered with
warty protuberances.

Spraying with dilute Bordeaux mixture should be com-
menced early and repeated at short intervals.

Diagnosis : — Tufts epiphyllous, gregarious, distinct,
seated on arid spots ; conidiophores erect, fasciculate, simple,
sparingly septate, distinctly sinuous, brown, 160-200 by 5-6
microns ; conidia apical and lateral, continuous or i -septate,
elliptic-oblong, epispore delicately granulated, pale-brown
or yellowish, 18-20 by 5-6 microns.

MASSEE : Text Book of Plant Dis., p. 436.

COOKE & HORN : Bull. 9, Estac. Cent. Agron. de Cuba.

THIELAVIOPSIS ETHACETICUS, WENT.
(Pineapple Disease of Sugar Cane).

The cuttings of the sugar cane are attacked by this
fungus in the West Indies, Java and India. The disease

56

causes great damage in a dry season, when germination
and growth are slow. The fungus effects an entrance at
the cut ends of the cutting, as a rule, but it can enter at
any wounded surface. The fungus pervades the tissues
of the stem ; the interior of diseased stems, on examination,
is found to contain a black mass of hyphae and spores, and
has an odour of pineapple. The growth of the cutting
is checked and the plant dies.

Soaking the cuttings in dilute Bordeaux mixture and
tarring the cut ends have proved effective measures in the
West Indies.

Diagnosis. — Sterile hyphae almost hyaline; fertile
hyphae simple and septate ; conidia of two kinds, the
macro-conidia ovate and blackish, the micro-conidia
hyaline and cylindrical, originating within the ruptured
apex of a hypha. Macro-conidia 16-19 by 10-12 microns.
Micro-conidia 10-15 by 3*5-5 microns.

LEWTON-BRAIN : West Ind. Bull., Vol. VI.

WENT : Archief voor de Java Suikerindustrie, 1893.

Stem-bleeding disease of coconut — is a serious disease
occurring in Ceylon. The principal symptom is the
exudation of a dark-coloured sap from cracks in the bark.
This sap is viscid and forms a thick, dark patch which
soon turns black. The effect of the disease varies with the
age of the tree ; in trees under ten years old the external
patch is small and gives no indication of the extent of
internal decay ; in older trees up to the age of forty years,
the trunk is frequently hollowed out ; on trees over forty
years old the trunk is not materially injured.

The fungus which causes the disease has been shown to
be Thielaviopsis ethaceticus.

The treatment recommended in Ceylon is to completely
cut out the diseased part and to cover the wounded surface
with tar.

FETCH : Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon, Circular, No. 22,
1910.

A pineapple disease caused by the same fungus has been
reported to occur in Hawaii.

TUBERCULARIE^.

FUSARIUM LIMONIS, BRIOSI.
(Foot Rot of Orange.)

The disease is of common occurrence both in Florida
and in Europe ; it has been recently found in Jamaica and

57

in Cuba. In Florida the disease is known as "foot rot,"
and in Italy as " mal-di-gomma." Its presence is indicated
by the exudation of masses of gum near the base of the
trunk. The diseased patches are small at first and gradually
increase in size. The disease spreads to the crown and
main roots and in many cases girdles the tree ; the bark
splits and peels off.

In mild cases a tree may recover, but more commonly it
dies in about two years after infection has occurred.

Good drainage is essential for combating the disease.
The soil should be removed from the base of the trunk
and the diseased patches cut away with a sharp knife, the
wound thus made being sealed with a mixture ol coal tar
and clay. It is of the greatest importance that treatment
should be applied as soon as the disease makes its
appearance.

Diagnosis. — Sporodochia gregarious, confluent, white ;
hyphse spreading, branched, septate ; conidiophores
erect or ascending, oppositely or alternately branched ;
conidia very variable, acrogenous, continuous, or septate
at the middle, or 2-3-septate, oblong, or fusiform, slightly
curved, attenuated, slightly constricted at the septa,
hyaline, 26-27 by 2*4-2*8 microns.

WEBBER AND SWINGLE : U. S. Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 8,
1896

MASSEE : Text-Book of Plant Dis.y p. 332.

MYCELIA STERILIA,*

OZONIUM AURICOMUM, MASSEE.
(Root Rot of Cotton.)

Has proved itself a serious enemy to the cotton growers
of Texas and of the Southern States of North America.
It attacks the roots of the plant, destroying the young
rootlets and the external surface of the older roots,
especially the tap root. The roots become surrounded
with a weft of brown strands of mycelium, and the plant
wilts, turns black and dies.

The fungus travels in the soil, spreading in all directions
from the point first attacked.

Numerous forest and orchard trees have suffered from
root disease caused by Ozonium, but members of the grass

* Including those fungi which possess sterile mycelium only.

58

family and of the genus Primus are immune. The tubers
of the sweet potato are susceptible to attacks from the
fungus.

Ozonium consists of sterile mycelium belonging in most
cases to the genus Coprinus.

The fungus is especially active in waterlogged soils and
such as are feebly aerated. A deeper tillage is often
advantageous in diminishing attacks from the pest, and a
rotation of crops of from two to three years duration, in
which members of the grass family are employed, is a
good means of keeping the pest in check.

MASSEE : Text Book of PL Dis., p. 346, 1907.

Bull. No. 7, Texas Agric. Exp. Station.

SHEAR AND MILES : U.S.A. Dep. Agric., Bureau of
Plant Industry, Bull. No. 102, Part V.

Ozonium sp. has been shown to cause a root disease of
Para rubber in Brazil.

SCLEROTIUM SP.
(Leaf Blight of Coffee.)

Has been reported from Porto Rico. The fungus appears
to attack the root system first and then to ascend the stem
by means of brown or black strands ; when these strands
reach a leaf they spread and form a cobweb-like structure.
The leaf dies, but remains attached to the stem by a
thread of mycelium.

The genus Sclerotium was founded a long time ago for
fungi which possessed masses of hyphae, usually of more
or less definite form, constituting bodies (sclerotia) which
are intended for reproduction. The members of the genus
Sclerotium have in many cases resolved themselves into
species of the genus Sclerotinia.

Porto Rico Agric. Exp. Station Report, p. 399, 1904

APPENDIX.

A. DISEASES DUE TO PHYSIOLOGICAL CAUSES.

MOSAIC DISEASE OF COTTON.

The symptoms of the disease are the withering,
blackening and premature death of the leaves of the plant.

59

They are produced by a lack of vigour on the part of the
plant due to excess of water in the soil, or to the absence
of some essential element of plant food from the soil.
When a hot period, and a rainy one, succeeds a long
drought the progress of the disease becomes very rapid.
The leaves may fall or may adhere to the plant until the
fruit ripens.

When the plant is thus weakened, fungi, which are
incapable of attacking it in a healthy condition, make their
appearance on the leaves. The fungi which occur most
commonly on these leaves are Sphczrella gossypina and its
conidial form Cercospora gossypina, Macrosporium
nigricantium and Alternaria sp.

The treatment for this disease varies according to the
circumstances under which it occurs. If the disease is due
to an excess of water in the soil, a good drainage is to be
recommended. If, however, it is due to the absence of
some essential element of plant food from the soil, then
that element must be supplied in the form of a manure.

The mosaic disease is well-known in the United States ;
a similar disease has been recorded in East Africa.

ATKINSON : " Diseases of the Cotton Plant," U.S.
Dept. Agric. Bull. No. 33, 1896.

RED LEAF BLIGHT OF COTTON.

The foliage of the plant reddens like autumn colouring.
This is exceedingly common in healthy cotton towards
its maturity. It occurs, however, commonly on the
" upland " cotton in the United States when the plant
is young. In these districts the soil is poor. The bolls
produced are few in number and the leaves are shed early.
The disease is due to the absence of potash and nitrogen,
and probably phosphoric acid.

The remedies consist in supplying the constituents which
are lacking.

ATKINSON : " Diseases of the Cotton Plant," U. S. Dept.
Agric. Bull. No. 33, 1896.

SHEDDING OF BOLLS.

This occurs in the case of the cotton plant most
frequently in extremes of dry or hot weather, or during a
change from the one to the other. It may occur, how-

60

ever, under normal climatic conditions, especially if the
plants are too thick, or if, as occurs in some varieties, a
large amount of fruit is produced in proportion to the leaf
surface.

ATKINSON : "Diseases of the Cotton Plant," U.S. Dept,
Agric. Bull., No. 33, 1896.

ANGULAR LEAF SPOT OF COTTON.

In this disease definite spots of the leaf present a
watery appearance ; the spots are bounded by the veinlets
of the leaf. Later, the spots become blackish and then
brown, and are frequently bordered by a blackish area.
The disease was at first thought to be caused by bacteria,
but has since then been attributed to physiological causes.

MELANOSE.
(Disease of Citrus spp.)

The disease appears in the form of small, dark- brown
spots on the leaves, stems and fruits of various citrus trees
in the United States ; it has also been found in Montserrat.
It has been attributed to physiological causes.

The spots increase in size and may split in the centres.
Many of the leaves fall and, in severe attacks, the branches
become twisted and contorted, while the fruit is rendered
unsaleable.

SWINGLE AND WEBBER: U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 8,
Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology.

B. DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA.

There are a few diseases which have been ascribed to
bacteria, but none of them can be said to have been
thoroughly investigated.

BACILLUS GOSSYP1NUS, ATK.
(Rot of Cotton Bolls.;

This commences as a small, brown area within the boll,
usually at a point near the attachment of the boll to the
stalk. The rot spreads through the contents of the boll>
and the exterior then shows signs of disease.

61

Bolls which are attacked when young do not mature ;
older bolls may have only a small part of the lint affected.

No infection experiments appear to have been conducted,
so that the cause of the disease is at present doubtful.

ATKINSON : The Cotton Plant, p. 310.

LEWTON-BRAIN . West Ind. Bull., Vol. IV,, pp. 265
and 345.

BLACK BOLL OF COTTON.

Occurs in Montserrat and in Antigua.

The symptoms may be described as follows : —

The decay of the internal parts of the boll commences
near the base, the seeds swell up and the lint is destroyed.
The bolls are practically spherical and taper to a sharp
point ; they are, as a rule, shed without opening.

A short, non-motile, rod-like bacillus has been found in
the diseased bolls, but no experiments have been
conducted for the purpose of ascertaining whether this is
the cause of the disease or not.
LEWTON-BRAIN : West. Ind. Bull, Vol. VI., p. 119.

BANANA LEAF BLIGHT.

This disease was first observed in Jamaica. A browning
of the vascular strands first occurs ; this is followed by a
blackening of the leaf blade and decay of the whole leaf.
The new leaves are attacked in turn as soon as they make
their exit from the terminal bud.

The disease has been attributed to a bacterium.

EARLE : West. Ind. Bull., Vol. IV., p. 6.

BUD ROT OF COCONUT.

The disease is said to occur in Jamaica, Cuba, British
Honduras, Trinidad, and British Guiana.

The yellowing and dropping of the outer leaves, which
are closely followed by shedding of the nuts, are the
primary symptoms. The whole terminal bud becomes
rotten and the plant dies.

There is no evidence to show that this disease is of
bacterial origin.

West. Ind. Bull., Vol. VI., p. 307.

62

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
PLATE I.-

Phytophthora omnivora.

FIG. i. A transverse section of a pod of cacao shewing conidiophores
emerging at the surface.

FIG. 2. An oospore.
Peronospora trichotoma.

FIG. 3. A branched conidiophore bearing conidia.

FIG. 4. Two conidia more highly magnified.

FIG. 5. An oospore.

FIG. 6. The cut surface of a tuber shewing the black spots which
correspond with the positions of the vascular bundles.
Dimerosporium mangiferum.

FIG. 7. A mature perithecium.

FIG. 8. An ascus with spores.
Uncinula spiralis.

FIG. 9. A hypha producing a chain of conidia.

FIG. 10. Two conidia more highly magnified.

FIG. II. A perithecium with appendages.

PLATE II.

Trichosphceria Sacchari.

FIG. I. A cane shewing the curved tendrils of the Melanconium stage
oozing out from the surface.

FIG. 2. The cut surface of a cane shewing the effect produced by the
macroconidial stage.

FIG. 3. Hyphse producing macroconidia.

FIG. 4. A perithecium.

FIG. 5. An ascus.
Melanomma henriquesianum.

FIG. 6. A piece of bark of cacao shewing perithecia emerging from the
surface.

FIG. 7. A longitudinal section shewing an erumpent perithecium containing
asci

FIG. 8 An ascus.

FIG. 9. A single spore highly magnified.

PLATE III.

Eutypa caulivora.

FIG. I. The stem of Heijea brasiliensis shewing the black, erumpent
patches produced by the fungus.

FIG. 2. The cut surface of the wood of the same plant showing the
production of irregular, black streaks which is characteristic of species of the
genus Eutypa on wood.
Nectria Bainii,

FIG. 4. A perithecium with byssoid stroma.

FIG. 5. An ascus with spores.
Nectria Ipomoea.

FIG. 6. A perithecium.

FIG. 7. An ascus with spores.
Nectria Theobroma.

FIG. 8. Two perithecia.

FIG. 9. An ascus with spores.

FIG. 10. Two spores.
Sphcerostilbe flavidiim

FIG. II. A portion of a leaf of coffee shewing the fertile hyphae of the
Stilbum stage.

FIG. 12. Two fertile hyphse bearing conidia of the Stilbum stage.

FIG. 13. A perithecium.

FIG. 14. An ascus with spores.

63

PLATE IV.

Leptosphczria Sacchari.

FIG. i. A portion of a leaf of sugar cane shewing the ring spots produced
by the fungus.

FIG. 2. An ascus with spores.

FIG. 3. Two spores more highly magnified.
Ustilago Sacchari.

FIG. 4. The apex of a shoot of sugar cane showing the apical leaves
converted into a black, whip-like structure.

FIG. 5. Two spores.
Marasmius Sacchari.

FIG. 6. The base of a cane bearing toadstools of different ages.

FIG. 7. Two spores.
Corticium javanicum.

FIG. 8. Shewing the hymenium of the fungus.

FIG. 9. Two basidiospores.

PLATE V.

Diplodia cacaoicola.

FIG. I. The stem of a cacao plant shewing the perithecia of the fungus
erumpent in groups through the surface of the bark.

FIG. 2. The Fusarium-form which appears on the stroma in which the
perithecia are embedded.

FIG. 3. Two mature conidia of the Fusarium-ioim highly magnified.

FIG. 4. A stroma with two perithecia embedded in it.

FIG. 5. Two spores highly magnified.
Pestalozzia Palmarum

FIG. 6A. Two conidia.

FIG. 6B. A raised spot from which a curved tendril of conidia is oozing out.
Ramularia necator.

FIG. 7. Fertile hyphae bearing conidia.

PLATE VI.

Colletotrichum luxificum.

FIG. i. Section of a pod shewing an acervulus.
Colletotrichiim Cradwickii.

FIG. 2. A pod of cacao shewing the acervuli of the fungus.

FIG. 3. Section of a pod shewing an acervulus.
Colletotrichum falcatum.

FIG 4. Setae, conidiophores and conidia.
Colletotrichum incarnatum.

FIG. 5. Section of a pod shewing an acervulus.
Hemileia vaslatrix.

FIG. 6. Portion of a leaf of coffee shewing a pale-coloured spot with
pustules.

FIG. 7. Two conidia viewed from different sides.

8.

PLATE I.

9.

8.

PLATE III.

3

00

8

5.

PLATE IV.

PLATE V.

4-.

PLATE VI.

INDEX.

Agave, disease of 47

Areca Palm, disease of ... ... .. ... ... 16

Bacillus gossypinus ... ... ... ... ... 61

Banana, anthracnose of ... ... .. ... ... 52

Banana, disease of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 31

Banana, leaf blight of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 62

Barbados evergreen ... ... ... »„. ... ... ... 22

Botryodiplodia, sp.* ... ... ... ... ... 38

Cacao, bark fungus of ... ... ... ... ... ... 21, 22, 25, 35

Cacao, black rot of pods of ... ... ... 13

Cacao, brown rot of pods of ... .... ... ... ... ... 38

Cacao, canker of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 23

Cacao, die-back of stem of ... ... ... ... 38

Cacao, horse-hair blight of ... ... ... ... 33

Cacao, leaf fungus of ... .... ... ... ... ... ... 45

Cacao, pod disease of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 24

Cacao, pod fungus of 44, 45

Cacao, pink disease of ... > ... - ... 36

Cacao, root fungus of ... ... ,. .i*. ... 42

Cacao, seedling disease of ... ... ... ... ... ... 54

Cacao, witches broom of ... ... ... ... ... ... 44

Calonectria flavida ... ... ... ... ... .. ... 25

Caloneetria gigaspora ... ... ... ... 25

Canna, rust of ... ... ... ... ... ... «w : ... 28*

Capnodium mangiferum ... ... ... v.:4.l'. ... 19

Cercospora acerosum ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 55

Cercospora coffeicola ... ,... ... ... ... ••• •.-'"• 55

Cercospora KopKei ... ... ... .„,+*.'. ... • • • v ..<**• « - ' 55

Cercospora longipes ... ... >*». ... ... ••• -•• 55:

Cercospora Nicotiance ... ... ... ... .... . « . - ! • • • 54

Cercospora per sonata ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 55

Cercospora Sacchari ... , ... 55

Cercospora Vagina ... .. ... ... ... 55

Citron, ripe rot of ... 18

Citrus, melanose of ... •«; ... ... ... ... ••• 61

Cladosporium elegans ... uy ... ... ••• ••• ••• 5^

Coco, disease of ... ... :». ••• •»• J5

Coconut, bud rot of •;>.', ,:v"*'? - l6' 62

65

PAGE

Coconut, disease of 41

Coconut, leaf disease of ... ... ... ... ... ... 43

Coconut, root disease of ... ... ... ... 35, 38

Coconut, stem bleeding ... ... ... ... ... 57

Coffee, leaf blight of 59

Coffee, leaf disease of ... ., 29

Coffee, leaf rot of 53

Coffee, leaf spot of 55

Coffee, New World disease of 26

Colletotrichum Agaves ... ... ,.. ... ... 47

Colletotrichum brachy trie hum ... ... 45

Colletotrichum Cradwickii ... ... ... ... 44

Colletotrichum falcatum ... ... 46

Colletotrichum gleosporioides ... ... ... ... ... ... 49

Colletotrichum Gossypii ... ... ... ... ... ... 48

Colletotrichum incarnatum ... ... ... ... 45

Colletotrichum lagenarium ... ... ... ... ... ... 46

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum ... 46

Colletotvichum luxificum ... 44

Colletotrichum Theobromce ... ... ... ... 45

Colletotrichum theobromicolum ... ... ... ... 45

Colocasia, disease of ... ... ... ... 15

Corticium calceum ... 37

Corticium javanicum ... ... ... ... ... 36

Corticium lilacino-fuscum ... 36

Cotton, anthracnose of 48

Cotton, angular leaf spot of ... ... ... 61

Cotton, areolate mildew of ... ... ... 53

Cotton, black boll of -.. 62

Cotton, boll rot of 61

Cotton, mosaic disease of ... ... ... 59

Cotton, root rot of 58

Cotton, red leaf blight of 60

Cotton, rust of ... ... ... ... ... ... 29

Cotton, shedding of bolls of ... ... 60

Cotton, wilt of 27

Cow pea, wilt of 27

Cucumber, mildew of ... ... ... 15

Cystopus Convolvulacearum ... ... 17

Date palm, disease of 31

Dimerosporium mangiferum ... ... ... ... ... ... 19

Diplodia cacaoicola ... ... ... ... 38

Diplodia epicocos ... ... 41

Diplodia rapax ... ... ... ... 40

66

PAGE

Diplodia sp. ... ... ... ... ... ... 41

Eddoe, disease of ... ... ... ' ... ... 15

Eutypa caulivora ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 22

Eutypa erumpens ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 22

Ficus elastica, disease of ... 25

Fames lucidus ... ... ... ... ... 35

Fames semitostus . . . ... ... ... ... .. ... ... 34

Fusarium limonis ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 57

Fusicladium sp. ... ... ... 56

Gleosporium alborubrum ... ... . 50

Gleosporium ampelophagum ... ... ... ... ... ... 51

Gleosporium Musarum ... ... ... 52

Grape, powdery mildew of ... ... ... ... 17

Grape, ripe rot of 18

Grape, rot of ... ... ... ... 51

Graphiola Phoenicis ... ... 31

Ground Nut, leaf fungus of ... ... ... ... ... ... 52

Ground Nut, leaf spot of 55

Ground Nut, rust of 28

Guinea corn, root disease of ... ... ... ... ... .» 33

Hemileia Canthii ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 30

Hemileia vastatrix ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 29

Hemileia Woodii ... ... ... ... ... 30

Hymenochaete noxia ... .. ... ... ... ... ... 35

Hymenochaete sp. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 36

Imphee, root disease of ... ... ... ... ... 33

Indian corn, root disease of 33

Irpex flavus ... ... ... 37

Lasiodiplodia sp. ... .. ... ... 40

Lasiodiplodia tubericola ... ... ... ... 40

Lemon, wither tip, etc. ... ... -.. ... ... 49

Leptosphaeria Sacchari ... ... ... ... ... ••• ... 21

Lime, fungus on ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 34

Lime, leaf spot, etc. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 49

Macrophoma vestita ... .,. ... ... ... 42

Mango, black blight of ... ... 19

Mango, fruit disease of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 40

Marasmius equicrinis 33

Marasmius plicatus ... ... ... 33

Marasmius Sacchari ... 32

Marasmius Sarmentosus ... 33

Marasmius Semiustus .-.- ... 31

Marasmius sp. ... ... ••• ... 33

Meliola spp. ... ... •• ••- 18

67

PAGE

Melanomma henriqiiesianum ... ... ... ... ... ... 21

Melon, mildew of ... ... ... ... ... ... ••• 15

Melon, rust of ... ... ... ... ... 46

Necosmosporavasinfecta ... ... ... ... .. 27

Nectria Bainii ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 24

Nectria camerunensis ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 25

Nectria gigantospora 25

Nectria Ipomoea ... ... ... ... ... ... 24

Nectria Jungeri .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 26

Nectria^. 25

Nectria striatospora ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 25

Nectria Theobroma: ... ... ... ... ... 23

Nutmeg, stem disease of ... ... 22

Okra, wilt of 27

Orange, disease of ... ... ... 5*>

Orange, foot rot of ... ... ... ... ... ••• ... 57

Orange, leaf spot, etc ... 49

Orange, ripe rot of ... ... ... ••• ... 18

Orange, sooty mould of ... ... ... ... ... ... 18

Ozonium auricomum ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 58

Ozonium sp. ... ... ... ... ••• 5$

Palmyra Palm, disease of 16

Para rubber, blackening of fruits ... ... ... 15

Para rubber, black canker of ... ... ... ... ... ... 56

Para rubber, bark disease of ... ... ... ... 36

Para rubber, canker of ... ... ... ... ... 25

Para rubber, die-back of . ... ... ... ... ... 5°

Para rubber, leaf diseases of ... ... ... ... 43

Para rubber, root disease of ... ... ... ... ... ... 34

Para rubber, root fungus of ... ... ... ... ... ... 37

Para rubber, stem disease of ... ... ... ... ... ... 4°

Pellicularia Koleroga ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 53

Fenicillium glaucum ... ... ... 18

Penicillium italicum ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18

Penicilliunt olivaceum ... ... ... ... ... ... 18

Penicillium sp. ... ... ... .. 18

Peronospora cubensis ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 15

Peronospora Hyoscyami ... ... 16

Peronospora trichotoma ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 15

Pestalozzia fuscescens ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 43

Pestalozria Guepini ... ... ... ... 43

Pestalozzia palmarum ... ... 43

Phyllosticta bataticola 42

Phoma Batata 43

68

PAGE

Phylophthora omnivova ... ... ... ... • •• 13

Phytophthora sp. ' '• <.» 15

Pineapple, black Iieart, etc 18

Pineapple, disease of ... ... ... ... ... 21

Pineapple, ripe rot of ... ... ... 41

Plectronia campamelata ... 30

Polystictus hirsutus ... ..- ... ... ... ... ... 34

Pomelo, leaf spot, etc. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 49

Pumpkin, mildew of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 15

Pythium palmivorum ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 16

Ramularia areola ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 53

Ramularia goldiana ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 54

Ramularia necator ... ... ... ... ... 54

Schizophyllutn commune ... ... ... ... 31

Sclerotuim^. ... ... ... ... ... 59

Septoglceum Arachidis ... ... ... .. ... 52

Septoria Nicotiancs ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 42

Sphceronema Adiposum ... 41

Spfuzrostilbe flavidum ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 26

Squash, mildew of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 15

Sugar cane, agaric of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 31

Sugar cane, brand of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3°

Sugar cane, black rot of ... ... ... ... 41

Sugar cane, pineapple disease of ... ... 56

Sugar cane, red rot of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 46

Sugar cane, red spot of ... ... ... ... ... 55

Sugar cane, root disease of ... ... ... ... ... ... 32

Sugar cane, rind fungus of ... ... ... 19

Sugar cane, ring spot of ... ... 21

Sugar cane, rust of ... ... ... ... ... 28

Sweet potato, dry rot of ... 42

Sweet potato, leaf blight of 42

Sweet potato, leaf mould of 17

Sweet potato, stem rot of ... ... ... 24

Sweet potato, soft rot of ... ... ... ... 13

Sweet potato, root disease of .». 33

Tania, disease of ' •••. 15

Tea, horse-hair blight of ... 33

Thielaviopsis ethaceticus ... ... 56

Tobacco, frog-eye of ... ... 42

Tobacco, leaf spot of 54

Tobacco, mildew of ... ... ... 16

Trichosphceria Sacchari ... 19

Uncinula spiralis ... ... 17

69

PAGE

Uredo Arachidis ... ... .. ... ... 28

Uredo Cannes 28

Uredo Gossypii ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 29

Uredo Kiihnii ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 28

Ustilago Sacchari ... ... ... ... ... 30

Watermelon, an thracnose of ... ... . 46

Watermelon, wilt of .. 27

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