Wl ANDBOOK OF Res pi rati o " National Academy of Sciencl&^l National Research Council W:%.^^^ 01 [D II II (I (I II II II II II II II G 11 II Marine Biological Laboratory Library Woods Hole, Mass. Presented by r, ^. ^auni^ers Co. July, 1959 11 (I c II II II II II II II c II II I I I I 3S^^^Q^^^^^^^f3E3E3l i HANDBOOK of RESPIRATION Analysis and Compilation by PHILIP L. ALTMAN JOHN F. GIBSON JR., M.D. CHARLES C. WANG Edited by DOROTHY S. DITTMER RUDOLPH M. GREBE Prepared under the direction of the Committee on the Handbook of Biological Data DIVISION OF BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL W. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY Philadelphia and London © 1958, BY W. B. Saunders Company COPYRIGHT UNDER THE INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT UNION All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced in any manner without written permission from the publisher, except/or any purpose of the United Stales Government. Made in the United Stales of .America Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 58-13138 Foreword The Handbook of Respiration is the sixth in a series of publications*, each containing information, chiefly tabular, in one or more fields of the biological sciences. These handbooks have been prepared under the general direction of the Committee on the Handbook of Biological Data, Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Academy of Sciences--National Research Council. The information for the present Handbook was prepared and contributed by leading authorities in the field of respiration. The data were assembled, tabulated, and edited by the Handbook staff, then critically reviewed and authenticated by experts in the areas covered in this volume. On behalf of the Committee, acknowledgment is made to the numerous scientists who have been so liberal with their time and advice; to Wright Air Development Center United States Air Force, the National Institutes of Health of the Public Health Service, the Division of Biology and Medicine of the Atomic Energy Commission, the Office of Naval Research, the Office of the Surgeon General of the Army, and the Array Chemical Center, for generous support and cooperation, which have made possible the production of this book. The Air Force participa- tion in this undertaking was carried out under Contract No. AF 33(61 6)- 3972 with the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. J. W. Heim, Aero Medical Laboratory, Wright Air Development Center, served as contract monitor. THE COMMITTEE ON THE HANDBOOK OF BIOLOGICAL DATA Theodore C. Byerly, Chairman W. H. Larrimer. Executive Secretary David B. Dill Charles M. Goss Frank G. Hall J. W. Heim Paul E. Howe Paul J. Kramer Milton O. Lee L. A. Maynard** Royal Shanks '^O Oswald Tippo \<^. • ».,a /I/ Atmospheres. Ill Absolute pressure, Ib/sq in. /3/ Pressure at given altitude vs pressure at sea level. /4/ Density at given altitude vs density at sea level. Contributors: (a) Haber, F., (b) ZoBell, C. E. References: ( 1] Willis, R. G., National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Tech. Rept. No. 147, 1922. ( 2] Diehl, W. S., National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Tech. Rept. No. 218, 1925. [3] Bromdracher, W. G., National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Tech. Rept. No. 538, 1935. [4] Warfield, C. N., National Advisory Com- mittee for Aeronautics. Tech. Rept. No. 1235. Tech. Note 1200, 1947. 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPIRATORY MEDIA The solvents, water or nitrogen, through which exchange of O2 and CO2 occur, are the primary substances mechanically inspired by animals that actively ventilate the respiratory organ. Values in parentheses are relative coefficients with O^ as unity. Media Variable Aquatic (H2O) Atraos pheric (N2) Ocean Fresh Sea Level 6000 m (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 Temperature, °C -2.0 to 30.0 2.0-32.0 0.7-15.7 -28.1 to -15.1 2 Pressure, total, mm Hg 760-760,000 760-20,000 760 347.5-360.2 3 Density, g/L 10271, 200c loooi, 40c 1.223-1.290 0.649-0.659 Concentration 4 H2O, vol % 100.00 100.00 1.002 1.002 5 Nz. vol % I.03I, 150c I.33I. 150c 78.03 (STP) 78.03 (STP) 6 CO2, vol % O.O2I, 150c O.O3I, 150c 0.03 (STP) 0.03 (STP) 7 Oi, vol % 0.58', 150c O.72I, 150C 20.99 (STP) 20.99 (STP) 8 Salts, 0/00 34.481 0.181 9 pH 7.5-8.4 3.2-10.6 10 Inert gases, vol % Traces Traces 0.95 (STP) 0,95 (STP) Partial Pressure (Tension) 11 H2O, mm Hg 12.79, 150c 6.10, 40c 6.403, 150c 0.72^, -150c 12 N2, mm Hg 593.02 (STP) 593.02 (STP) 593.02 (STP) 281.064 (STP) 13 CO2, mm Hg 0.23' (STP) O.23I (STP) 0.23 (STP) 0.1l4 (STP) 14 Oi, mm Hg 159.521 (STP) 159.521 (STP) 159.52 (STP) 75.614 (STP) 15 Inert gases, mm Hg 7.46 (STP) 7.46 (STP) 7.46 (STP) 3.424 (STP) 16 Total pressure, mm Hg 760.00 (STP) 760.00 (STP) 760.00 (STP) 360.20 (STP) Diffusion Coefficient (ml/min/sq cm x cm at 760 mm Hg, 20°C) 17 N2 0.000018^ (0.53) 18 CO2 0.000785^ (23.1) 19 O2 0.000034 (1) u.o /I/ Averages of many determinations; vary widely with conditions of measurement. /2/ Varies, but never absent and always of biological significance. /3/ Calculated for 50% relative humidity. /4/ Calculated. /5/ Calculated from measured value for O2 (20OC) and relative coefficients (18°- 19°C). Contributor: McCutcheon, F. H. References; [1] Heilbrunn, L. V., "General Physiology," Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1952. [2] Hodgman, C. D., "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics," Cleveland: Chemical Rubber Publishing Co., 1948. [3] Krogh, A., J.Physiol., Lond.22:391, 1919. [4] Pearse, A. S., "Animal Ecology, " New York: McGraw-Hill, 1939. [5] Sverdrup, H. U., Johnson, M. W., and Fleming, R. H., "The Oceans," New York: Prentiss- Hall, 1946. 6. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPIRATORY MOLECULES Values, unless otherwise indicated, are for standard conditions (STP) of temperature (0°C) and pressure (760 mm Hg). Type Weight (O = 16) Diameterl cm X 10-8 Density g/L Mean Free Path era X 10-^ (750 mm Hg) Collision Frequency (20OC) Average Velocity cm X 100/sec Water Solubility vol % STP 200c 40OC (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) (J) 1 2 3 4 N2 H2O CO2 O2 28.02 18.02 44.01 32.00 3.15-3.53 3.0-5.0 3.34-3.40 2.92-2.98 1.251 0.005-0.0302 1.977 1.429 8.50 5.56 9.05 5070 6120 4430 454 566 362 425 2.35 171.3 4.89 1.54 87.8 3.10 1.18 53.0 2.31 /I/ Range indicates variations with method of measurement (e.g., viscosity, heat conductivity). Ill Water vapor in saturated air, i.e., in equilibrium with water, at 0°C and 30°C. Contributor: McCutcheon, F. H. References: [ l) Dorsey, N. E., "Properties of Ordinary Water Substances in All Its Phases," New York: Reinhold, 1940. [2] Hodgman, C. D., "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, " Cleveland: Chemical Rubber Publishing Co., 1948. 7. COMPOSITION AND PARTIAL PRESSURE OF RESPIRATORY GASES: MAN Values in parentheses conform to estimate "d" of the 95% range (cf Introduction). Gas Water Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Reference vol% mm Hg vol % mm Hg vol% mm Hg vol % mm Hg (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) (J) Ventilated Gas 1 Inspired oi ±5.72 79.02' 596^ 20.95' 158^ 0.03' 0.30^ B.D, F, H, i;C,E,G. 1.2 2 Alveolar oi 47" 8O.40I 573" 14.00' lOO^ 5. 60' 40< 2 3 Expired oi 474 79.20' 5654 16. 30' 116" 4.50' 324 2 Tran sported Gas 4 In arterial blood 83(81-86) 47 0.975 573 19.6(17.3-22.3) 94 48.2(44.6-50.4) 40 B.3;C,F- H,2;D, E, 1,4 5 In capillary blood 83(81-86) 47 0.975 573 ±1 to 22.35 ±1 to 945 ±44.6 to 57.75 ±40 to 50 B, 3;C.2: D, E,4;F- I,a b In tissue fluid 83(81-86) 47 0.975 573 ±0.185^ ±305 ±3.0465 ±505 B, 3;C,2; D, E.4;F- 1,5 7 In venous blood 83(81-86) 47 0.975 573 12.9(11.0-16.1)'' 40 54. 8(51. 0-57. 7)<' 46 B,3;D, E, 4;C, F-I,2 HI Dry air. Partial pressure in mm Hg = vol %/ 100 x 760 mm Hg (Dalton's law), /2/ Ambient air; slight varia- tions exist. Vol % = 100 X (partial pressure in mm Hg)/760 mm Hg (Dalton's law). /3/ "Alveolar" air, actually last part of expired samples. /4/ Physiological air, normal temperature (37°C), and standard pressure (760 mm Hg). /5/ Variable, depending on blood flow, tissue activity and relation of sample to capillary length or field. /6/ Internal jugular. Contributor: (a) McCutcheon, F. H. References: [ 1] Krogh, A., "The Comparative Physiology of Respiratory Mechanisms, " Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1941. [2] Nims, L. F., in Fulton's "Textbook of Physiology, " Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1949. [3] Albritton. E. C "Standard Values in Blood, " Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1952 (average from Table 67). [4] Albritton, E. C, "Standard Values in Blood, " Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1952 (average from Table 94). [5] Albritton, E. C, "Standard Values in Blood, " Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1952 (average from data for plasma, Table 94). 8. PRESSURE- DEPTH GRADIENT IN THE SEA Hydrostatic pressure increases with depth at approximately 0.1 atmosphere per meter, the exact value being affected by salinity, temperature and latitude of the water. Salinity is expressed in parts per thousand (°/oo). Salinity, °/oo Temperature, °C Pressure atm/m' ueptn, m Latitude 30° Latitude 60° (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 0 32 0 0.099141 0.099403 2 0 32 20 0.098831 0.099092 3 0 35 0 0.099375 0.099638 4 0 35 20 0.099052 0.099314 5 5000 35 0 0.101757 0.102026 6 5000 35 5 0.101660 0.101929 J_ 10,000 35 0 0.103952 0.104225 /I/ 1 atmosphere • 1.01325 bars. 1.03327 kg/sq cm, 14.696 Ib/sq in. 760 mm Hg. Contributor: ZoBell, C. E. 9. PRESSURE EQUIVALENTS Atmospheres mm Hg Absolute Ib/sq in Gauge ib/sq in Diving Depth ft (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 1 760 14.7 0 0 2 2 1520 29.4 14.7 33 3 3 2280 44.1 29.4 66 4 4 3040 58.8 44.1 99 5 5 3800 73.5 58.8 132 6 6 4560 88.2 73.5 165 7 7 5320 102.9 88.2 198 8 8 6080 117.6 102.9 231 9 9 6840 132.3 117.6 264 10 10 7600 147.0 132.3 297 Contributor: Behnke, A. R. 10. PARTITION COEFFICIENTS OF VARIOUS GASES AT 37-38°C Adapted from Kety, S. S., Pharm. Rev., Bait. 3:5. 1951. Partition coefficient = the ratio at equilibrium in which a given substance (gas) distributes itself between two or more different solvents. Gas Water Gas Blood Gas Tissue Blood Oil Water Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (f) 1 Acetone 333.0 CI 2 Acetylene 0.850 0.795 B,2;C,3 3 Argon 0.0295 5.3 B-E,4 4 Chloroform 4.6 7.3 1.1 (brain) 0.9 (liver) 110.0 B-C,5;D,6,7;E,8 5 Cyclopropane 0.204 0.457 35.0 B-E.9 6 Divinyl ether 1.32 41.3 B-E,10 7 Ethylene 0.089 0.140 1.2 (brain) 1.0 (heart) 14.4 B-C,2;D,11;E.9 8 Ethyl ether 15.5 14.9 1.14 (brain) 3.2 B-C, 12;D, 13;E.9 9 Helium 0.0097 0.0098 1.7 B,E,4;C, 14 10 Hydrogen 0.018 3.1 B-E,4 11 Krypton 0.051 9.6 B-E,a,b 12 Neon 0.011 B,4 13 Nitrogen 0.0144 0.0147 1.1 (brain) 1.1 (liver) 5.2 (fat) 5.2 B-C, 15;D. 16.17;E, 18 14 Nitrous oxide 0.440 0.466 1.0 (brain) 1.0 (heart) 3.2 B. 19;C-D, 20.21;E 9 15 Radon 0.17 125.0 B-E,4 16 Xenon 0.097 20. 0 B-E,4 Contributors: Bartels, H., and Opitz, E. References: [l] Widmark, E. M., Acta med. scand. 52:87, 1919. [2] Grollman, A., J. Biol. Chem. 82:317. 1929. and Chapman. C. B., Fed. Proc. 9:124, 1950. (4] Lawrence. J. H., Loomis, W. F., Tobias, F. H., J. Physiol. j05: 197, 1946.15] Moore, B.. and Roaf, H. F., Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Nicloux, M., and Yovanovitch, A.. C. rend. Soc. bid. 91: 1285, 1924. [7] Tissot, M. J., ibid McCoUum, J. L., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 40:305. 1930. "T?] Orcutt, F. S., and Seevers, M. H., (10) Ruigh, W. L., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 40:608, 1939. (11) Harmel, M. H., Pharm. Rev., Haggard, H. W., J. Biol. Chem. ^5: 1 31 . 1923. [13] Haggard, H. W., ibid 59:771, 1924. and Schilling, C. W.. ibid 113:649. 1936. [15] Van Slyke, D. D., Dillon, R. T., and ( 3] Taylor. H. L. C. A., and Turpin 73:382, 1904. [6] 60:195, 1906. [8] ibid 59:206, 1937. Bait. 2:1. 1951. ( 12 [ 14] Hawkins, J. A. Margaria, R., ibidj^:571, 1934. [16] Campbell, J. A., and Hill, L., Quart. J. Exp. Physiol., Lond. 23:219. 1933. [17] Campbell, J. A., and Hill, L., J. Physiol. 21:309, 1931. [18] Tobias, C. A., Jones, H. D.. Lawrence, J. H., and Hamilton, J. G., J. Clin. Invest. 28:1 375, 1949. [ 19] Siebeck, R., Skand. Arch. Physiol., Berl. 21:368, 1909. [20] Kety, S. S., Harmel, M. H., Broomell, H. T.. and Rhode, C. B., J. Biol. Chem. r73:487, 1948. [21] Eckenhoff, J. E., Hafkenschiel, J. H., Harmel, M. H., Goodale, W. T., Lubin, M., Bing, R. J., and Kety, S. S., Am. J. Physiol. 252:356, 1948. 1 1. DEPRESSION OF Oz AND COz SOLUBILITY BY VARIOUS SALTS IN WATER Aq = solubility depression per unit M concentration of salt. Values of A are for salt concentrations up to 0.3 M. Salt AaOz AaCOi Salt Aa02 AaCOz (A) (B) (C) (A) (B) (C) 1 Sodium chloride 0.0073 0.111 6 Sodium biphosphate 0.218 2 Potassium chloride 0.0069 0.087 7 Potassium biphosphate 0.00113} 0.00087 0.185 3 Potassium fluoride 0.0078 8 0.155 M NaCl 0.0172 4 Sodium bicarbonate 0.0081 9 0.119 M NaCl 0.0132 5 Lactic acid 0.0003 III Corrections for physiological substitute- solutions. Contributors: Bartels, H., and Opitz, E. References: [ Column B] Sendroy, J., Jr., Dillon. R. T.. and Van Slyke, D. D., J. Biol. Chem. 105:597, 1934. 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E o < : - < < - . -J ; o - -n -o « _; -g -g. -^ •1 h-, cr- <* (U ™ IN in ■ Q 1:; 5 -o s — Q^-"'-r-'r- nl - fc CQ A"3 ^^ ^ C Hi -■ ad ^ „ S • 0, Q, 2: o^ -J fvi 6 . . < -^ CO - a* CT^ s: rvj ^';^ 00 W) O^ T3 CT^ O^ i^< O . , — , o -^i vO Irg loo ^ 5 CO — ' ^ o in -. rr^ rsi W in *j \X m|CQ 13. DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS AND PERMEATION COEFFICIENTS D = "true" diffusion coefficient in sq cm/min ( f^ = -O-zr — 5-); c = concentration in ml gas (STPD) dissolved per ml ? t a x'^ liquid; t = time in min; x = distance in cm. D' = permeation coefficient in sq cm/min/atm: volume of gas {ml, STPD) diffusing per unit lime (min), area (sq cm), and thickness (cm), if the difference in partial pressure of the diffusing gas is 1 atm in the direction of the gas flow. D = , where a is the Bunsen solubility coefficient, ml gas a (STPD) dissolved per ml liquid at a partial pressure of 1 atm. The temperature coefficient of D in the range 15-40°C is in most cases nearly 2% °C [1,2], and temperature coefficient of D' nearly 1% per oc in the same range. [ 3] Part I: O^ AND CO^ IN VARIOUS FLUIDS AND TISSUES Unless otherwise stated, values of D and D' were recalculated from data in the references, with the aid of solubility coefficients given in these tables. Substance lAT Temp, °C "TbT D X 10"* lev TdT X 10' "TeT Reference TfT Oxygen 1 Water 25 15.1 0.0283 4.3 B-E, 2 2 Water 37 19.3 0.0239 4.6 B-E,2 3 Serum 1 25 11.9 0.025 3.0 B-C,2;D,4,5;E,a,b 4 Serum 37 15.25 0.021 3.2 B-C,2;D,4,5;E,a,b 5 Serum protein solution, 8%^ 25 11.1 0.025 2.8 B-C, 6.7;D,calc. by a, b from 4,5 ;E, a .b 6 Methemoglobin solution, 8%^ 25 11.2 0.025 2.8 B-C,8;D,calc.bya,bfrom 4.5;E,a b 7 Serum protein, 30% 25 4.6 B-C, 6, 7 8 Methemoglobin, 30%' 25 5.5 0.032 1.8 B-C, 8;D, calc.by a.bfrom 4,5; E, a b 9 Muscle, frog 20 4.5 0.03l4 1.4 B-C,E, 3;D,4,5,9 10 Muscle, frog 37 7.0 0.0235^ 1.655 B-C,a,b;D.4,5;E,3 11 Connective tissue, frog 20 3.7 0.0314 1.15 B-C,E,3;D,4,5 12 Connective tissue, dog 37 5.75 0.02354 1.356 B-C,a,b;D,4,5;E. 3 13 Chitin 20 0.13 B,E.3 14 Gelatin, 15% 20 2.8 B,E,3 15 Rubber 17 0.57 B-C, 10 16 Rubber 20 0.77 B,E, 3 Carbo n Dioxide 17 Water 20 10.657 0.878 93.5 B-E. 11. 12 18 Water 37 15.38 B-C, calc.bya,bfrom 11,12 19 Muscle, frog 22 11.77 0.78 91.0 B-C, 13;D, 14;E,a,b 20 Muscle, frog 22 6.8 0.78^ 53.07 B-C,a,b;D-E, 14 21 Muscle, dog 22 6.0 0.787 47. 07 B-C,a,b;D-E, 14 22 Muscle, smooth, cat 22 6.4 0.78 50.07 B-C,a,b;D-E,14 23 Connective tissue, frog 20 5.3 0.777 41. 07 B-C,a,b;D, 14;E,3 24 Diaphragm, dog 22 3.6 0.737 26.5 B-C,a,b;D-E, 14 25 Nerve 22 0.7l7 0.78 5.5 B-C, 13;D, 14;E,a,b 26 Skin, frog 22 4.2 0.737 30.57 B-C,a,b;D-E, 14 27 Skin, acidified 22 5.7 0.787 44.77 B-C,a,b;D-E, 14 28 Rubber 17 0.517 0.93 4.8 B-C, 10;D-E,a,b 29 Rubber 22 0.51 0.937 4.87 B-C,E,a,b;D, calc. by 14 from 15 Q serum III Solubility of O2 at 25°C was calculated from the value for whole blood [5] and the ratio 7— r — . . ,» 0.908 [4]. IZl For the solubility coefficient of O2 in 8% serum protein solution and in 8% methemoglobin solution, the value for serum was taken (4]. HI For the solubility coefficient of O2 in 30% methemoglobin, the value for erythrocytes [4] was taken. /4/ Solubility of whole blood was used [4,5] as the partition coefficient ( — rr — j-) for most gases is too close to 1.0 [9]. /5/ Value for D' is calculated from 9 E, assuming a temperature coefficient for D' of 1% per°C[3]. Ibl Value for D' is calculated from 11 E, assuming a temperature coefficient for D' of 1% per oC [3]. /7/ Value di- rectly determined. /8/ Value for D is calculated from 17 C by assuming a rise of D by 2% per °C [2. 1 1 ] . Contributors: (a) Bartels, H., (b) Opitz, E. References: [l] Carlson, T., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 33:102, 1911. [2] Gertz, K. H., and Loeschcke. H. H., unpub- lished. (3] Krogh, A., J. Physiol., Lond. 52:391, 1919. [4] Sendroy, J., Jr., Dillon, R. T., and Van Slyke, D. D., J. Biol. Chem. 1^:597. 1934. [5] Dill, D. B., and Forbes, W. H., Am. J. Physiol. ^1:^85, 1941. [6] Kreuzer, F., Helvet. physiol. pharm. acta 8:505, 1950. [7] Kreuzer, F., ibid 9:388, 1951. [8] Pircher, L., ibid 10:110, 1952. |9) Kety, S. S., Pharm. Rev., Bait. 3:1, 1951. [10] Daynes, H. A., Proc. Roy. Soc, Lond., A 97:286. 1920. [11] Carlson, T., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 33:1027, 1911. [12] Hafner, G., Wied. Ann. Physik. 60:134, 1897. (13) Fenn, W. O., Am. J. Physiol. 85:207, 1928. [14] Wright, C, J. Gen. Physiol. r7:652, 1934. [15] Glazebrook, R. T., "Dictionary of Applied Physics, " vol V, London: MacmiUan Co., 1923, 10 DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS AND PERMEATION COEFFICIENTS (Concluded) Part U: VARIOUS GASES RELATIVE TO O2 AS UNITY D' gas D gas D Oz D' O2 ' Absolute values for O2 obtained from Part I of this table. G.,Ur,tr^^^^ Temp OC Absolute Value 02 H2 He N2 CO CO2 Reference D D' D D' D D' D D' D D' (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) (J) (K) (L) (M) (N) 1 Water 20 D = 13.7 X 10-4 1.62 0.91 0.94 D,H,1;J,2 2 a = 0.0239 3 D' = 3.3 X 10-5 0.89 31.8 K,2;M.l 4 37 D = 19.3 X 10-4 1.57 1.97 0.93 0.62 D,F,H,1;L,3 5 Q = 0.02386 1.33 L,l 6 D' = 4.6 X 10-5 1.09 0.69 0.483 14.5 E,G,I,M.a,b 7 Serum 37 D = 15.24 X 10-4 1.54 0.85 D.H.l 8 a = 0.021 9 D' = 3.2 X 10-5 1.118 0.479 E,I,4 10 Muscle 16-20 D = 4.5 X 10-4 1.37 L.5 11 Q = 0.031 12 D' = 1.4 X 10-5 0.60 0.70 35.0 I.K.M,2 13 Connective tissue 16-20 D = 3.7 X 10-4 0.97 L.5 14 a = 0.031 15 D' = 1.15 X 10-5 0.46 0.75 36.0 I.K,M.2 16 23.0 M,2 17 Rubber 16-17 D' = 0.77 X 10-5 0.52 0.56 5.0 I.K,M,2 18 2.15 0.39 0.44 5.3 E,I,K,M,6 Contributors: (a) Bartels. H., (b) Opitz. E. References: [ l] Gertz, K. H., and Loeschcke, H. H., Zschr. Naturforsch. 9b:l, 1954. [2] Krogh. A., J. Physiol., Lond. 52:391, 1919. [3] Gertz, K. H., and Loeschcke, H. H., Zschr. Naturforsch. Hb: 61. 1956. [4] Tammann, G., and Jessen, V.. Zschr. anorg. u. allgem. Chera. 1_79:125. 1929. [5) Wright. C. J., J. Gen. Physiol. 17:657, 1934. [6] Graham. T., Ann. Physik Chem. r29:548, 1866. 14. DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS: GASES IN WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES Methods: U = unspecified; A = measurement of the volume of gas diffusing per unit time into a gel of 1-2% agar in water, in temperature range 0-30°C; B = measurement of the volume of gas diffusing from a gas bubble into the surrounding water in the temperature range 21-37°C (the relative values of the coefficients for various gases obtained by this method were converted to absolute values by means of Dh^ as measured directly [l] ); C = colori- metric measurement of the diffusion velocity of O^ by addition of 0.03-1% hemaglobin as indicator; D = measurement of the volume of gas diffusing per unit time into a tube filled with gas-free water; P = polarographic measurement with the dropping- mercury electrode; T = measurement of the velocity of diffusion within a tube of 1 cm diameter filled with water or a 2% solution of agar in water. Method D X 10-4, sq cm per rain Reference """ lOOC 20OC 25OC 30OC 370c (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) 1 H2 A 16.65 21.75 24.3 26.85 30.4 1 2 B 22.2 24.3 26.8 30.3 2 3 He B 37.2 2 4 C2H2 A 8.75 10.95 12.08 13.2 14.77 1 5 N2 A 8.2 10.05 11.0 11.93 13.2 1 6 T 114. 3.4 7 U 11.9 3,4 8 B _12.5 14.2 15.5 18.0 2 9 CO U 6.1 5 10 13.1 6 11 02 u 10.9 3,4 12 12.35 3,4 13 B 13.7 15.1 16.8 19.3 2 14 P 15.6 7 15 C. P 13.5 8-10 16 CO2 A 7.48 9.14 9.98 10.82 12.03 1 17 B 14.8 16.3 18.9 11 18 U 8.76 10.6 3,4, 12 19 D 9.5 5 20 N2O T 9.23 10.0 3 21 B, D 9.2 5 Contributors: Bartels, H., and Opitz, E. References: [ l] Tammann, G.. and Jessen, V., Zschr. anorgan. u. allgem. Chem. r79:125, 1929. [2] Gertz, K. H.. and Loeschcke, H. H., Zschr. Naturforsch. 9b:l, 1954. [3] Hufner, G., Wied. Ann. Physik. 60:134, 1897. [4] Bruins, H. R., International Critical Tables, vol V, p63. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1929. [5] Longmuir. J.S., and Roughton, F. J., J. Physiol., Lond. n_8:264, 1952. [6] Krogh, A., ibid 52:391, 1919. [7] Kolthoff, J. M., and Miller, C. S., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63:101, 1941. [8] Kreuzer, F., Helvet. physiol. pharm. acta 8:505, 1950. [9] Kreuzer, F., ibid 9:388, 1951. TTo] Pircher. L., ibid ]^:110, 1952. [U] Gertz, K. H.. and Loeschcke. H. H., Zschr. Naturforsch. llb:61, 1956. [12] Carlson, T., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 33:1027, 1911. 11 3 >• •2 2-3 Z " i. - -:i E a. c 3 .2 2 ^ E e :: H "^ ** /^ ni 3 V s c 7 3 J3 u to O O OJ 1- cn a o . n, o c If o o n o 0^ m OJ D ca i: QO ** -^ w- 2» S ii o J2 -r o- _: -^ flj /^ *-• c o ■- ■^ c ■= >."- o — >.5f'''w-SS'' H 00 = i S « 5 t. 4) " " "o i C Ul Z> 01 5 « « .2 41 ? dj cd en nl u T3 -X 3 a z ffl < a o o 2 c u F f- u (/) 41 >< (n >< O a: tui O H o o < >> K A 0. H en 41 UJ K 41 U 41 X H J3 b. O 41 f- O c z ffl u Q. ^ L, a. O O tn U •o u c > ■-4 u D - * C J2 S 5 -o o - S u 2 c ^ I i >>> - ■:; t: 'ji M .. rt rt (u rt c 05 _.MC>?01 4i-o£j;coi5o-: 01 tic (,n ■O 01 . E c i; C I- «' g S \i; ^ ju 5 41 0! ^ 2 - H ■= Q -g 2 g ra T) > ^ 5 S i^ £ o ^ . Q s .2 c - e ^2 . oi o £ M _ O iS O M C .12 ffl rt aj C 00 .h5 2 = 2 .5 ffl ^ O 41 c 5 01 a < c u 01 I 3 ' S Si ' -^ 1 i3 "* Q. E g ffl BO '2,-S O — 1^ 4, ■ f 41 £ 01 ■? M c c -e o- g ffl 01 ., ^ J3 J, 3 c ^ -^ S. c ;3 .. - 3 .ti ■j E U M -^ £ 41 C £ o „ J3 ^ 41 -a c 2 M ti. 5 m o .2 M 5 J ffl c o 0 3 ^ cn n) (0 c 0--0 at ■H u 01 3 3 E B o O 73 rt E J Q.-J ffl .2 = 0, CO __ o ™ ffl ffl I. 41 (J 3 In H e s c u ■i^ -1 ? v.^ Of u Q. j: a >> - S a 00 c .2 2 M r ,2 .i: .:: a 41 J a; < 00 » u J >> 1 i » » o E 00 CO sO en (M ro 00 (NJ ■* (M O rg 00 f» O O^ 00 ? '. w s 1 ffl 41 u 01 ffl m « 01 * s 1 ' ° * i I I 1 1 1 o .^ 1 bl o < <: ■■1, 1 ; •«: 1 1 .c V 1 o < ; <: <: 1 ; ; < 1 U < 00 00 41 00O41 O oo oo 01 01 ooo i uooooi o i V '^ <: o BOO ooo ooo 1 1 -c < OOU U 1 o 1111 £ 1 1 ooo o 11.' 1 j= two ; 1 o X u c <: « 1 1 J < 1 1 > X 1 ' <: fa < E ? E < 1 I I % m < < BEE > X « fa X n bC a < X X <: 1 1 T X < E u 01 O o E » » * « » * » * 0 e » * » ♦ » » ♦ » « » • i E * « « * * # * * # # 41 3 O 3 U 55 Nose Nasal epithelium Vomero-nasal organ Nasal- lacrimal duct Maxillo-turbi- nal Ethmo-turbinals (in order) External nares Sinus, maxillary Sphenoidal Ethmoidal Frontal Horizontal part Vertical part Larynx Epiglottis Lung Trachea Primary bronchi Lobar bronchi Segmental bronchi Subsegmental bronchi -H (SJ rJ m T in >£ r- 00 o^ o 12 a U N O C m S c C () N T5 O j: C (0 O 0^ r at 0) s ^ u 55 0) M rt rt n (/] ffl t, u ■^ o " >> ■'^ -c c O c nl aJ S- m •D en o o 1 B e '3 E tlD < i c "^ Of] ^ ;i i, - .2 -5 =i~ ^ 2 '^ -c - m >> -l . ffl S ■ [^ c o o »5 2 m ~; — PQ "* PQ ~ m . •g 5 0) (c 9 t; <: n a> CI] S "- 5 O H " S 5 o^ qS-^ u i « I. 2 i" J -ac^ q; c M< 01 ^ ft ^ -01 !■ C — ^ tU O . o - r^ OQ j= ; 5 J - c w - „-7oi,_. 01 ffl '^ o o ° r 1 ' w c , w a> o ' oox: ■" § H .2 - ' -3 s Q- 3 o — i '3 OJ - CO N ■ C ^ OJ W « — cr C CM u I. a 2 ■Z 01 >< yi a. _; o 3 •" = OJ c ■-* c c . x: a -5 ^- B 6 a «; o c 9- J M -^ W 5 ^il^ > .2 S £ u a o 2 CD U C O" < ~ C3^ CO c '?.^ o c — ^ u E ir> O o bo_ "' • c • J= ° cri ** CJ (O (J' ■ cfl CO 0) — « a> to o - x-a^ 2-u o c >. cd M CT- g to . 'S -To ^ < a a :2 c - '- 3 -t . ffl _Q * H. <: J 1 c 'S "* '-> ^ n ° b aW * CO "^ CO S iS a. £ -3 - •" Q. »* C t- — > 0) ffl 0) Ot T3 C D §>° ^' in iTt p 01 CO " B h-. 01 ro o w) • CO - m 1^ = r! a -J CO O X 0) ^ "2 xi to S-IZ to w CO c < J2 o CJ L4 O^ t, O t. S* K '* - -g -' c 01 01 ;i^ C 3 "^ O J - d - -. C 3 o-> c ^Z B S'u a J <: -3 a. u Q .^^■^\ca2 ^ « 13 16. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: MAN Left woll of nosal cavity ond turbinotes L and r phrenic nn. Alveoli Atria Inf. vena covo =>ul.v. Terminal bronchiole Alveolar soccule Reference: "Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary," 23rd ed., p 1355, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1957. 14 17. BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS; MAN For practical purposes, the lungs may be divided into lobes which are fairly constant and well recognized, and each lobe into segments. These segments are supplied by the principal subdivisions of the bronchus entering that lobe. There is a fair degree of constancy in these bronchial subdivisions, both with respect to their point of origin in the tracheobronchial tree and to the part of lung which they supply. Terminology used is that suggested by Jackson and Huber. Contributors: Jackson, C. L. and Huber, J. F. Reference: Jackson. C. L., and Huber. J. F., Dis. Chest 9:319, 1943. 15 Age is given in years, Scammon, R. E. 18. LUNG WEIGHT: MAN unless otherwise specified. Values are mean weight for both lungs. Data collated by Male Female Both Sexes Age Specimens Lung Weight Specimens Lung Weight Specimens Lung Weight no. g no. e no. g (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 1 Birth 92 51.7 71 50.9 232 50.0 2 Birth- 3 mo 46 68.8 47 63.6 93 06.2 3 3-6 mo 53 94.1 52 93.3 113 94.2 4 6-9 mo 72 128.5 55 114.7 127 122.6 5 9-12 mo 49 142.4 63 142.1 115 142.7 6 1-2 78 170.3 84 175.3 166 173.7 7 2-3 76 245.9 62 244.3 145 243.8 8 3-4 51 304.7 34 265.5 88 286.5 9 4-5 32 314.2 21 311.7 56 310.8 10 5-6 18 260.6 27 319.9 51 301.9 11 6-7 8 399.5 17 357.5 29 377.6 12 7-8 15 365.4 10 404.4 25 381.0 13 8-9 5 405.0 7 382.1 14 400.7 14 9-10 5 376.4 5 358.4 U 342.2 15 10-11 15 474.5 4 571.2 20 495.7 16 11-12 8 465.6 4 535.0 12 488.7 17 12-13 4 458.8 3 681.7 7 554.3 18 13-14 6 504.5 4 602.3 12 521.8 19 14-15 12 692.8 6 517.0 19 632.1 20 15-16 12 691.7 13 708.8 28 702.4 21 16-17 9 747.3 6 626.5 15 699.0 22 17-18 12 776.9 13 694.5 25 734.0 23 18-19 20 874.7 15 654.9 35 780.5 24 19-20 19 1035.6 12 785.2 31 938.7 25 20-21 13 935.0 28 792.8 42 848.8 26 20-40 259 1169.3 150 885.5 410 1065.4 Contributor: Boyd, E. Reference: Boyd. E., "Outline of Physical Growth and Development, Table 17, Minneapolis: Burgess, 1941. 19. LUNG WEIGHT INCREMENTS DURING FIRST YEAR: MAN Data represent mean value at birth and for each trimester of first year, as determined from 600 observations collated from the literature and the author's own investigations. B = birth. 150 01 125 100 75 50 ^,r^ ^^' Male ^^ Female ' •■ J^ ^ V />^ Bl 2 34 5 678 9 10 11 12 Month Reference: Krogman, W. M.. Tabulae Biologicae 20:669, 1941 (adapted from Scammon, R E., Radiology 9:93, 1927). 16 20. LUNG WEIGHT AND VOLUME INCREMENTS DURING FIRST YEAR: MAN Figures in parentheses are total number of observations. P g O > 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 E3 Lung weight (600) CH Lung volume (360) ^ Birth ^ 2-3 3-6 Month 9-12 Reference: Krogman. W. M. , Tabulae Biologicae 20:669, 1941 (adapted from Scammon, R. E., Radiology 9:101 , 1927). 21. DIMENSIONS OF TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE: MAN, ADULT Values tabulated below represent average dimensions of the adult tracheobronchial tree, computed by Findeisen and Landahl, according to a functional concept of structure rather than a strictly anatomical description. Here, the major bronchi are listed according to their order of generation rather than to lobar or segmental distribution. This table serves two purposes: First, it permits listing bronchi of similar size in the same category, and second, it serves as a tool for the functional description of airflow characteristics at various points of the tracheobronchial tree. However, the user of these values must recognize that there is considerable overlapping of the various orders of branching. Branches Length Diameter Segment no. cm mm Findeisen Landahl Findeisen Landahl Findeisen Landahl (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 1 Trachea Bronchi 1 1 11.0 12.0 13.0 16.0 2 Primary (main) 2 2 6.5 6.0 7.5 10.0 3 Secondary 12 12 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 4 Tertiary 100 100 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 5 Quartenary Bronchioles 770 770 0.5 0.5 1.5 1.5 6 Terminal 5.4 X 104 6 X 104 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 7 Respiratory Alveolar ducts 1.1 X 10^ 1.5 X 105 0.15 0.15 0.5 0.4 8 1st order 2.6 X 107 3 X 107 0.02 0.05 0.2 0.3 9 2nd order 4 X 107 0.03 0.25 10 Alveolar sacs 5.2 X 107 108 0.03 0.033 0.3 0.33 Contributor: Ross, B. B. References: [ l] Findeisen, W., Pflugers Arch. 236:367, 1935. [2] Landahl, H. D., Bull. Math. Biophys. 12:43, 1950. 22. DIAMETER OF RESPIRATORY ALVEOLI: MAN Values are in millimeters. Age Diameter (A) (B) T 2 3 4 5 Few hr 1-1 1/2 yr 3-4 yr 5-6 yr 10-15 yr 0.05 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.17 Age Diameter (A) (B) 6 7 8 9 18-20 yr 25-40 yr 50-60 yr 70-80 yr 0.20 0.22 0.30 0.34 Contributor: Boyd, E. Reference: Scammon, R. E. 1923. 'Pediatrics," (Abt, 1. A., ed.), vol I, p 257, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co. 17 23. LENGTH OF BRONCHI: MAN Values are in millimeters. Main Right Portion between Left Age Right Upper Lobe Upper and Middle Main Bronchus Bronchus Lobe Bronchi Bronchus (A) (B) (C> (D) (E) 1 1 mo 9 4 8 21 2 3 mo 10 5 10 24 3 5 mo 8 4.5 10 21 4| 6 mo 10 6 11 25 5 1 yr 11 5 12 29 6 2yr 13 6 11 29 7 3yr 13 6 12 31 8 4 yr 12 7 12 32 9 Syr 13.5 7 14 34 10 7yr 11 10 17 33 11 10 yr 14 10 13 35 12 13 yr 22 10 19 42 13 40 yr 20 13 22 52 Contributor: Boyd, E. Reference: Engel. S., Arch. Kinderh. 60:267, 1913. 24. DIAMETER OF TRACHEA AND BRONCHI: MAN Values are in millimeters. No. Trachea Right E ronchus Left Bronchus "e«= Sagittal Frontal Sagittal Frontal Sagittal Frontal (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) 1 1 mo 2 5.65 6.45 4.6 5.0 3.9 4.15 2 3 mo 6.5 6.8 5.0 4.7 4.0 4.1 3 5 mo 7.0 7.2 6.1 5.9 4.9 4.3 4 1 yr 2 7.0 7.9 5.9 6.2S 4.4 5.1 5 liyr 8.0 10.4 7.7 7.8 4.7 7.3 6 2yr 9.4 8.8 7.5 7.3 4.9 5.2 7 2i yr 8.6 8.9 6.6 6.5 5.5 5.0 8 3yr 10.8 9.4 7.4 7.3 7.0 5.5 9 3iyr 9.0 10.7 7.0 8.2 5.0 7.6 10 4yr 9.1 11.2 8.4 9.1 6.0 6.8 11 Syr 10.25 9.7 8.55 7.5 6.3 6.95 12 7yr 10.4 11.0 9.0 9.3 6.9 8.2 13 7iyr U.4 11.6 10.4 9.3 7.2 7.8 14 10 yr 9.3 12.4 8.6 9.2 7.3 8.4 15 13 yr 10.7 13.5 9.6 10.9 8.5 8.5 16 40 yr 16.7 14.4 14.0 12.7 11.5 11.1 Contributor: Boyd, E. Reference: Engel, S., Arch. Kinderh. 60:267, 1913. 18 25. DIMENSIONS OF TRACHEA: MAN Based on data of Engel, Gegovd. Koike, Mettenheimer, Oppikofer, Passavant, and Scammon. — Len gth Lumen Diameter Age Specimens cm Specimens Sagittal Frontal no. no. mm mm (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 1 0-1 mo 20 4.0 11 3.6 5.0 2 1-3 rao 30 3.8 35 4.6 6.1 3 3-6 mo 35 4.2 37 5.0 5.8 4 6-12 rao 23 4.3 25 5.6 6.2 5 1-2 yr 17 4.5 18 6.5 7.6 6 2-3 yr 19 5.0 22 7.0 8.8 7 3-4 yr 12 5.3 12 8.3 9.4 8 4-6 yr 22 5.4 25 8.0 9.2 9 6-8 yr 14 5.7 16 9.2 10.0 10 8-10 yr 14 6.3 16 9.0 10.1 11 10-12 yr 8 6.3 10 9.8 11.3 12 12-14 yr 5 6.4 6 10.3 11.1 13 14-16 yr 9 7.2 10 12.7 14.0 14 Adult 12(9-15) 17.2(13-23) 14.7(12-18) — Contributor: Boyd, E. Reference: Scammon, R. E., in "Pediatrics" (Abt, I. A., ed.), vol I, p 257, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.. 1923. 2b. DIAMETER OF SINUSES: MAN Values are in millimeters. Age No. Diameter Ostium Vertical Lateral Ant. -Post. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) Left Frontal 1 8 da-1 yr 10 2.5 X 0.75 2.7 1.6 3.3 2 1-2 yr 10 2.3 X 0.75 4.0 2.5 3.8 3 2-3 yr 8 2.0 X 0.87 6.5 3.1 5.4 4 5-6 yr 3 3.5 X 1.8 9.0 5.1 7.0 5 9-10 yr 2 3.5 X 2.0 8.5 6.2 7.5 6 13-14 yr 3 4.1 X 1.7 11.3 11.8 12.3 7 17-18 yr 4 2.8 X 1.4 26.2 26.5 10.6 8 20-21 yr 2 5.0 X 3.1 26.6 19.0 18.2 Left Sphenoidal 9 8 da-1 yr 10 0.7 X 0.7 2.8 2.0 1.6 10 1-2 yr 10 0.9 X 0.7 4.5 3.4 2.2 11 2-3 yr 8 1.0 X 0.7 5.4 4.1 2.8 12 5-6 yr 3 1.6x 1.3 7.0 5.4 5.0 13 9-10 yr 2 3.2 X 2.0 11.0 12.2 7.3 14 13-14 yr 3 3.0 X 1.3 10.8 11.1 11.7 15 17- 18 yr 4 3.0 X 1.0 21.0 15.3 20.2 16 20-21 yr 2 2.5 X 0.9 22.0 15.3 18.0 Left M axillary 17 8 da- 1 yr 10 1.5 X 0.6 5.7 4.6 13.3 18 1-2 yr 10 2.1 X 0.8 8.3 6.7 17.9 19 2-3 yr 8 2.0 X 0.8 9.2 7.9 20.2 20 5-6 yr 3 3.3 X 1.1 12.3 14.0 26.2 21 9-10 yr 2 4.0 X 2.5 18.5 19.0 30.5 22 13-14 yr 3 3.7 X 1.1 23.6 18.0 31.1 23 17-18 yr 4 3.3 X 1.5 32.2 24.5 36.0 24 20-21 yr 2 3.5 X 1.0 26.5 20.0 32.0 Contributor: Boyd, E. Reference: Davis, W. Saunders Co., 1914. B., "Development and Anatomy of the Nasal Accessory Sinuses in Man," Philadelphia: W. B. 19 27. LUNG WEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS: LABORATORY MAMMALS Part I; LUNG LOBES Lobes arbitrarily numbered as referred to in Part III. Cat Left 1 = Apical (superior) 2 = Diaphragmatic (inferior) Left Left Right Right Right 1 = Apical (superior) 2 = Middle 3 = Diaphragmatic (inferior) 4 - Azygos (mediastinal) Guinea pig Left Right Left Right Monkey Rabbit Contributors: (a) Joffe, M. H., (b) Ross. B. B. References: [1] U. S. Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, Maryland. [ 2) Rahn, H. and Ross. B. B.. J. Appl. Physiol. 10:154, 1957. 20 27. LUNG WEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS: LABORATORY MAMMALS (Concluded) Part II: BODY WEIGHT VS LUNG WEIGHT Values in parentheses are ranges, estimate "c" of the 95% range (cf Introduction). No. Body Weight kg Wet Weight Dry Weight Animal Whole Lung g % Body Weight Whole Lung g % Body Weight % Wet Weight Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) 1 2 3 4 5 Cat Dog Guinea pig Monkey Rabbit 5 11 16 6 4 3.08(2.1-4.0) 18.3(11.5-25.0) 0.50(0.29-0.76) 3.12(2.1-4.1) 2.33(2.0-2.5) 23.19(16.3-28.0) 4.11(2.3-7.0) 25.46(20.0-33.0) 10.5(9.8-13.0) 0.75 0.82 0.82 0.45 5.57(3.6-6.8) 42.6(25.2-68.9) 0.86 5.52(3.9-8.1) 2.23(2.0-2.6) 0.18 0.23 0.17 0.18 0.10 24.43 20.86 21.66 21.55 1 2 1 1 1 Contributors: (a) Joffe. M. H., (b) Ross. B. B. References: [1] U. S. Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, Maryland. [2] Ross, B. B., unpublished. Part III: LUNG LOBE WEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS Specification: A-W = actual weight in grams; % T-D-W = % total dry weight. Specification Lun{ Lobe Tracheal Animal (Left Apical) LI (Left Diaphragmatic) L2 (Right Apical) Rl (Right Middle) R2 (Right Diaphragmatic) R3 (Azygos) R4 Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) (J) 1 2 Cat A-W % T-D-W 0.77 13.38 1.2 21.55 0.70 12.6 0.38 6.66 1.23 22.0 0.37 6.68 0.96 17.2 1 3 4 Dog A-W % T-D-W 5.3 12.4 9.2 21.6 5.7 13.4 3.1 7.3 8.8 20.7 2.8 6.6 7.7 18.1 2 5 6 Monkey A-W % T-D-W 1.07 19.3 1.31 23.73 0.70 12.7 0.43 7.8 1.44 26.08 0.24 4.36 0.38 6.86 1 7 8 Rabbit A-W % T-D-W 0.21 9.14 0.61 26.74 0.20 8.72 0.20 8.85 0.63 27.84 0.11 4.89 0.29 12.6 1 /I/ Tracheal length weighed included structure between thyroid cartilage and bifurcation. Contributors: (a) Joffe, M. H., (b) Ross, B. B. References: [ l] U. S. Array Chemical Warfare Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, Maryland. [2] Ross, B. B., unpublished. 21 28. LUNG WEIGHT: VERTEBRATES Values, unless otherwise indicated, are for mined immediately after death of animal. Part I: MAMMALS adult weights, on a fresh basis, and are g/lOOg body weight deter- Species No. and Sex Body Weight kg Lung Weight Habitat g g/lOOg (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) Primates 1 Man, Maya Quiche Indian, 25 yr 35 yr American, white Irf 42 1315 3.13 Guatemala 2 1<^ 43.4 755 1.74 Guatemala 3 Id- 63.5 360 0.57 New York 4 Id- 70.3 620 0.88 New York 5 Baboon (Papio cynocephalus) Irf 19.51 175 0.89 Moto Umba , Africa b Chimpanzee (Troglodytes niger) Id- 52.16 600 1.15 Budonga Forest, Uganda, Africa 7 Monkey, gray (Cercopithecus mitis kibonotensis) Howler, black (Alouatta palliata inconsonons) Howler, brown (A. palliata palliata) Humboldt (Lagothrix humboldti) Lemur (Galago senegalensis) Ring-tailed (Lemur catta) Macaque, rhesus (Macaca rhesus) Night (Aotus zonalis) Spider, red (Ateles geoffroyi) Spider, black (A. dariensis) Squirrel (Leontocebus geoffroyi) Sykes (Cercopithecus sp) Vervet (C. aethiops centralis) Whiteface (Cebus capucinus linnaeus) Yellow titi (Saimiriorstedii orstedii reinhardt) 19 1.22 9.98 0.82 Maji Moto, Africa 8 2d' 3.73 28.51 0.75 Maji Moto, Africa 9 10, d'S 0.671 9.881 1.471 Panama 10 i. 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 - 0.5 Astrand, P.-O. Kelly, H. G. Ferris, B. G., Jr. Whittenberger, J. L., and Gallagher, J. R. Morse, M., Schlutz, F. W., and Cassels, D. E. Robinson, S. Stewart, C. A. Abernethy, E. M. Turner, J. A., and McLean, R. L. Wilson, M. G., and Edwards, D. J. Metheny, E. 11 1 — Shock, N. VV., and Norris, A. H. \ \ \ 1_ 100 110 120 130 140 150 Height, cm 160 170 180 190 Contributors: (a) Morse, M., (b) Shock, N. W. References: (l) Astrand, P.-O., "Experimental Studies of Physical Working Capacity in Relation to Sex and Age," Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1952. [2] Kelly. H. G., "Studies in Child Welfare." 7;No. 5, Univ. of Iowa Press. 1933. [3] Ferris. B. G., Jr., Whittenberger, J. L., and Gallagher, J. R., Pediatrics 9:659. 1952. [4] Morse, M. Schlutz, F. W., and Cassels, D. E., J. Clin. Invest. 31^:380, 1952. [5] Robinson, S., Arbeitsphysiologie |0;251, 1938. (6] Stewart, C. A., Am. J. Dis. Child. 24:451, 1922. (7] Abernethy, E. M., "Child Development," J^:No. 7, Nat. Res. Council, Wash., D. C, 1936. [8] Turner, J. A., McLean, R. L., Pediatrics 7: 360, 1951. [9] Wilson. M. G., Edward, D. J.. Am. J. Dis. Child. 22:443, 1921. [10) Metheny, E., "Studies in Child Welfare," j8;No. 2, Univ. of Iowa Press, 1933. [11] Shock, N. W., and Norris, A. H., Gerontology Branch, National Institutes of Health, unpublished. 34 35. VITAL CAPACITY VS STANDING HEIGHT: CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS (Concluded) Data of Kelly and Stewart conform to ATPS conditions. All other data have been corrected to BTPS conditions (cf Page 1). Part II: FEMALES 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 J 3.5 5 '-o 2.5 2.0 1.5 l.O - 0 5- 1 _« Astrand, P.-O. Z — O— Kelly, H. G. 3 —X — Stewart, C. A. 4 — O — Morse, M., and Cassels, D. E. 5 —I — Shock, N. W., and Norris, A. H. J_ 100 110 120 130 140 150 Height, cm 160 170 180 190 Contributors: (a) Morse, M., (b) Shock, N. W. References: (l] Astrand, P.-O., "Experimental Studies of Physical Working Capacity in Relation to Sex and Age," Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1952. I 2] Kelly, H. G., "Studies in Child Welfare," 7:No. 5. Univ. of Iowa Press, 1933. [3] Stewart, C. A., Am. J. Dis. Child. 24:451 , 1922. [4] Morse, M., and Cassels, D. E., unpublished. [5] Shock, N. W., and Norris, A. H., Gerontology Branch, National Institutes of Health, unpublished. 35 c . •3 111 0 X u BO en s 0. T) H c < (O rn 'tf' ^ ^ rO rO (*1 fO ^ ^ fO rO <*! ^ CO m fo m m rsi rj isj ro M rO iM fvj fvj fs) pij fNj rj -H iM rg r«j (M pj (M iMrjrgiMrjrjMfvJ (SI -H -H (M rM rg iM m o 00 -^ ^ o o (*1 ^ ^ uS sO ^ (*! ro in o u^ lA tn CT* fNJ ("^ (^ ^ *fl O "-^ -^ -^ -' -^ CI (*1 (*! M rO m t— pg r^ fo fo o 00 00 00 r- o (M (N) (M fVl fSl fO fO -H 00 -^ o^ ifi iT) o r* h- (\i IN] iM* o o^ o^ _H ^ ^ rg iNj rg ra fsi pg psj pg pg in CO ■^ o PO o ^ 00 cr- a^ o o pg pg - — - PJ pg pg pg PO pg M m nO in 00 00 CO CT* o; INI O -H — . -I CT* ^ O d -^ -^ r> CO d d o o o o o Q e < ■a S o u o S < S o > M t 3 C o U 36 ? E 3 O > in o o rg m m T -^T ■*• o sO m o ■^ ■* in r- m r- o ■^ r- ^ ^ -* rn fn T ■* m o in in ™. o m a^ o 00 00 O o rg o rf rO m m ■^ m m cr- r- ^ in CO sO m ^ rn -Xi ^ 00 00 CT^ o O rn m m m rg rg m m rO rg o^ t^ o 1^ rg in cr* rg o rO rg rg m o o^ O 00 00 O CO m fn m rsi ro rg rg fM m m o _^ rg r- in ^_^ rg rg in o 00 O o rg in r- r- r- oo in r- •M rO m fn m rg fM rg rg rg rg rg ^^ ^^ m rg nO ,_, in r^ 00 00 cr^ o in 'J' in nO in rg M (M fM fM m rg rg rg rg rg rg o in O ^O O' r- in rg on ^0 in ^ •X) -O r^ -o r^ — • rg rr ■* in f^ rg t-g fM rg rg rg rj rg M rg rg rg rg in __ fM _^ in O in ^i^ -* ^ ^ O in Tf -^r in ^ ■^ m o rg rg m rg rg fVJ rg rg rg rg rg rg fM rj fM rg (M r- O GO Tf _^ ^^ in m in in fNj -^ rg fn 'T m fO <^ ^ rg -^ rj fM rj fM fM fM fM rg rg - rg rg rg fM o ro ^^ 'J' r^ o o o _ •* rg m in O in O -^ fM ->}• o O (J^ (T- o rg o rj fVI fNJ fM fM fM rM CO rM rM -- - - fM rg o O^ o o o ir* o in in o o O' -H o - o ^ in r- o o rM rO tT in sD r- o rg m ■ L Reference (G) (H) (I) (J) (K) Males 1.26(0.92-1.67) 0.39(0.26-0.58) 1.65(1.35-2.06) 0.66(0.5-0.95) 1 1 2.09(1.83-2.22) 0.46(0.41-0.51) 2.48(2.24-2.73) 0.84(0.82-0.84) 2 2 2.28(1.86-2.53) 0.62(0.34-0.82) 2.95(2.39-3.36) 1.09(0.76-1.34) 3 3 2.20(1.97-2.74) 0.57(0.45-0.95) 2.78(2.43-3.69) 1.07(0.80-1.48) 1 4 2.30(1.86-2.70) 0.60(3.60-0.86) 2.92(2.49-3.56) 1.11(0.88-1.62) 3 5 2.65(1.81-3.40) 0.56(0.29-0.88) 3.19(2.63-4.14) 1.11(0.80-1.58) 3 6 2.73(1.66-4.33) 0.64(0.29-1.06) 3.27(2.17-4.59) 1.20(0.68-1.87) 3 7 3.71(2.93-b.07) 0.95(0.70-1.52) 4.67(3.63-6.15) 1.77(1.23-2.46) 1 8 3.45(2.06-5.09) 0.85(0.56-1.52) 4.36(2.88-6.54) 1.59(1.10-2.46) 3 9 3.84(2.36-5.42) 0.97(0.59-1.30) 4.97(3.86-6.66) 1.80(1.28-2.41) 3 10 4.19(3.10-5.55) 0.98(0.61-1.29) 5.13(3.79-6.36) 1.80(1.27-2.25) 3 11 4.95(4.12-5.98) 1.30(0.97-1.75) 6.25(5.23-7.58) 2.48(2.05-3.14) 1 12 4.78(3.60-5.96) 1.19(0.49-1.89) 5.97(4.35-7.59) 2.18(1.18-3.18) 4 13 5.25(4.20-6.03) 1.66(0.84-2.94) 6.81(5.04-8.37) 3.05(1.91-4.45) 1 14 4.01(2.77-5.25) 5 15 4.31(2.66-5.96) 1.28(0.57-1.99) 5.59(3.69-7.49) 2.19(1.25-3.13) 6 16 3.15(2.39-4.60) 7 17 3.98(2.02-5.94) 1.46(0.44-2.48) 5.43(3.95-6.91) 2.44(1.10-3.78) 8 18 4.03(2.17-5.89) 1.45(0.66-2.24) 5.43(3.14-7.73) 2.29(1.00-3.59) 6 19 4.76(3.83-6.49) 1.60(1.27-2.12) 6.36(5.30-8.48) 2.57(1.84-3.92) 1 20 4.16(3.20-5.12) 5 21 4.28(3.76-5.16) 1.48(0.66-2.24) 5.77(4.42-7.05) 2.17(1.27-2.97) 1 22 3.36(1.81-4.91) 1.64(0.68-2.60) 4.97(3.36-6.59) 2.46(1.59-3.32) 6 23 4.07(2.83-5.31) 1.30(0.48-2.12) 5.37(3.69-7.05) 2.00(1.00-3.00) 4 24 4.16(3.60-5.52) 1.81(1.00-2.38) 6.31(5.33-7.90) 2.61(1.63-3.46) 1 25 3.16(2.16-3.91) 7 26 3.17(1.89-4.44) 2.22(0.84-3.59) 5.39(3.97-6.80) 2.80(1.32-4.38) 6 27 4.26(2.38-6.14) 6.80(4.42-9.18) 3.90(2.54-5.26) 9 28 3.31(2.11-4.51) 1.78(1.02-2.54) 5.09(3.57-6.61) 2.62(1.42-3.82) 10 29 3.42(1.76-5.08) 5 30 3.48(2.52-4.44) 2.43(1.43-3.43) 5.92(4.78-7.06) 3.44(1.96-4.92) 11 31 4.05(3.45-5.04) 1.72(1.43-2.39) 5.77(4.34-6.73) 2.39(1.81-2.82) 1 32 2.69(1.18-4.20) 1.87(0.67-3.07) 4.57(3.08-6.06) 2.38(1.38-3.38) 6 33 2.28(1.35-3.20) 2.34(1.16-3.52) 4.62(3.05-6.18) 2.73(1.39-4.06) 6 34 3.20(2.61-3.40) 1.92(1.71-2.52) 5.12(4.33-7.01) 2.73(1.89-3.39) 1 35 2.27(0.78-3.75) 2.21(1.01-3.41) 4.47(2.20-6.75) 2.65(1.05-4.25) 6 36 Females 1.53(1.31-1.81) 0.44(0.23-0.61) 1.95(1.71-2.27) 0.75(0.62-0.86) 2 37 1.51(1.17-1.90) 0.50(0.30-0.67) 1.91(1.64-2.22) 0.77(0.51-0.94) 2 38 1.91(1.70-2.30) 0.60(0.21-0.75) 2.55(2.16-2.97) 0.96(0.73-1.14) 2 39 2.40(2.16-2.78) 0.72(0.66-0.79) 2.93(2.82-3.05) 1.08(1.01-1,15) 2 40 2.15(1.63-2.67) 0.66(0.25-1.16) 2.81(2.25-3.84) 1.11(0.80-1.84) 2 41 2.58(1.83-3.10) 0,75(0.48-1.28) 3.38(2.39-4.36) 1.28(0.84-1,87) 2 42 3.00(2.29-4.06) 0.90(0,29-1.48) 3.92(2.57-4.84) 1.45(0.63-2.12) 2 43 3.05(2.66-3.59) 0.71(0.57-1.04) 3.76(3.26-4.63) 1.34(1.14-1.83) 2 44 3.02(2.50-3.72) 1.31(0,98-1.77) 4.09(3.58-5.02) 1.80(1.48-2.19) 2 45 3.32(1.88-4.74) 1.03(0.66-1.39) 4.16(3.16-5.60) 1.67(1.14-2.17) 2 46 3.14(2.32-3.96) 1.10(0.50-1.70) 4.24(3.10-5.38) 1.82(1.04-2.60) 4 47 3.06(1.96-4.16) 5 48 3.25(2.27-4.13) 1.19(0.73-1.62) 4.44(3.89-5.40) 1.83(1.49-2.09) 2 49 3.41(2.58-4.20) 1.21(0.98-1.51) 4.74(3.56-5.71) 1.93(1.50-2.36) 2 50 2.83(2.03-3.63) 5 51 2.98(1.72-4.24) 1.40(0.64-2.16) 4.38(2.82-5.94) 2.00(0.84-3.16) 10 52 2.43(1.37-3.49) 5 53 2.34(1.44-3.24) 1.78(0.98-2.58) 4.14(2.78-5.50) 2.22(1.16-3.28) 11 54 /2/ Expiratory reserv air left in lungs after e volume = mcixiraal reserve volume has volume of air that can be been expelled. /5/ Total voluntarily expelled from the lungs after a normal lung capacity = inspiratory capacity + functional [3] Morse, M., Schlutz, F. W,, and Cassels, D. E,. J. Clin. Invest. 31^:380, 1952. [4] Kaltreider. N., Fray, W. W. Medicine 27:243, 1948. [ 6] Norris, A. H., Shock, N. W., Landowne, M., and Falzone, J. A.. Jr., J. Geront. JJ:379, Arnott, W. M., Brit, J. Social M. 4:113, 1950. [9] Gilson, J. C, and Hugh-Jones. P., Clin. Sc. 7:185, 1948. King, R. M., Latch, S, S., and Comroe, J. H., Jr., ibid 4:641, 1952. 39 39. EFFECT OF POSTURAL CHANGE OF LUNG VOLUMES: MAN Values for supine and sitting positions are expressed as per cent of total lung capacity. The tidal volume is variable and can be assumed to be 10-15%. Values are for adult males less than 30 years of age, and for healthy females 18-34 years. . J Ms lie Female Variation with Change of Posture^ % Characteristic Supine % Sitting % Supine % Sitting % Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 1 Residual volume 21.8 23. 9I 25.9 28.21 -20.9 B, l,2,a;C,3-9,a; D, l,a;E,3-5,a; F, 1, 10, a 2 Expiratory reserve volume 18.5 27.9' 17.0 -42.5 C.7,8.a:B, 1.2, a; F. 1. 10. ll.a;D.l.a 3 Inspiratory capacity^ 59.7 48.2'' 57.1 11.2 B, l,2,a;F, 1,10, a: D. l.a 4 Vital capacity 78.2 76.1'^ 74.1 71.8 -4.8 B, l,2,a;D, l,a; F. 1. 10-14 5 Total capacity 100.0 100. o"* 100.0 100.0 -9.8 B,l,2,a;D,l,a; F, 1. 10 /I/ Mean of averages. IZI Mean values. /3/ Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume. /4/ Computed. Contributor: (a) Rahn, H. References: [l] Kaltreider. N. L., Fray, W. W., and Hyde, H. W., Am. Rev. TuheTC. Yhb^Z, 1938. [2] Robinson, S., Arbeitsphysiologie J£;251 , 1938. [3] Lundsgaard, C, and Van Slyke, D.. J. Exp. M. 27:65, 1918. [4] Lundsgaard, C, and Schierbeck, K., Acta med. scand. ^8: 541, 1923. [5] Binger, C. A., J. Exp. M. 38:445, 1923. [6] Anthony, A. J., Deut. Arch. klin. Med. J_67: 1 29, 1930. [7] Rotta, A., and Guerrero, F., Ann. Fac. cienc. med. 29: , 1936. [8] Rahn, H., Fenn, W. O., and Otis, A. B., J. Appl. Physiol. J^:725, 1949. [9] Dejours, P., and Rahn, H., ibid 5:445, 1953. (10] Hurtado, A., and Fray, W. W., J. Clin. Invest. r2:825, 1933. [11] Osher, W. J., Am. J. Physiol. 2ii:352, 1950. [12] Bahnson, H. T., J. Appl. Physiol. 5:445, 1953. [13] Dow, P., ibid 127:793, 1939. [ 14] Christie, C, and Beams, A. J., Arch. Int. M. 2£:34, 1922. 40. EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON LUNG VOLUMES AND OTHER VENTILATORY VARIABLES: MAN Ranges in parentheses are estimate "b" of the 95% range (cf Introduction). Variable Pregnancy, Lunar Month Postpartum, Month Method IV V VI VII VIII IX X 1 VI (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) (J) (K) 1 Respiratory rate. breaths/min 16 15 16 16 16 16 16(12-20) 17 15(11-19) Spirometer. 2 Tidal volume , L 0.56 0.59 0.61 0.61 0.65 0.70 0.7(0.4-1.0) 0.55 0.5(0.2-0.8) Spirometer. 3 Minute volume. L/min 8.7 9.1 10.0 9.7 10.3 11.0 10.3(7.3-13.6) 9.5 7.3(4.3-10.3) Spirometer. 4 Ventilatory equiv- alent, ml air/ ml O2 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.3(1.3-5.3) 3.4 3.0(1.0-5.0) Minute volume /O^ con- sumption. 5 Maximal breathing capacity, L/min 97 99 97 96 97 97 96(74-118) 92 102(80-124) Douglas bag. 6 Total lung capacity, L 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.1(3.5-4.7) 4.1 4.2(3.6-4.8) Residual volume + vital capacity. 7 Vital capacity, L 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3(2.9-3.7) 3.1 3.3(2.8-3.8) Spirometer. 8 Inspiratory capacity, L 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7(2.3-3.1) 2.5 2.6(2.2-3.0) Spirometer. 9 Expiratory reserve volume, L 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.61 0.63 0.56 0.55(0.3-0.8) 0.56 0.65(0.4-0.9) Spirometer. 10 Functional reserve capacity, L 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3(1.0-1.6) 1.5 1.6(1.3-1.9) Open- circuit method. 11 Residual volume, L 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8(0.6-1.0) 1.0 1.0(0.8-1.2) Functional residual capacity-expiratory reserve. Contributors: (a) Assali, N. S., (b) Jensen, A., (c) Larks, S. Reference: Adapted from Cugell, D. W., et al. Am. Rev. Tuberc. 67:568, 1953. 40 41. RESPIRATORY RATE, TIDAL AND MINUTE VOLUMES: VERTEBRATES Values, unless otherwise specified, are for the resting state. Animal Body Weight kg Condition Respiratory Rate breaths/min Tidal Volume! ml Minute Volume L/min Refer- ence (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) Mammals 1 2 Man, d' 68.5 Resting Light work Heavy work 11.7(10.1-13.1) 17.1(15.7-18.2) 21.2(18.6-23.3) 750(575-895) 1673(1510-1770) 2030(1900-2110) 7.43(5.8-10.3) 28.6(27.3-30.9) 42.9(39.3-45.2) 1 4 5 6 9 54 Resting Light work Heavy work 11.7(10.4-13.0) 19.0 30.0(25.0-35.3) 339(285-393) 860(836-885) 880(490-1270) 4.5(4.0-5.1) 16.3(15.9-16.8) 24.5(17.3-31.8) 1 7 Beaver (Castor canadensis) 18 16 2 8 Cat (Felis catus) 2.45 26 12.4 0.322 3 9 in Cow (Bos taurus) Hereford, heifer 144 Lying Standing 34 32 1400 1500 46 49 4 11 12 Holstein, heifer 164 Lying Standing 35 31 1700 2000 59 61 ;4 13 14 Guernsey, full-grown 410 Lying Standing 30 29 3100 3700 93 107 4 15 16 Hereford, full-grown 422 Lying Standing 30 29 3400 3800 102 109 4 17 18 Holstein, full-grown 514 Lying Standing 30 27 3400 4200 104 114 4 19 ?n Jersey, full-grown 403 Lying Standing 30 27 2700 3400 82 92 4 21 22 23 24 Dog (Canis familiaris)^ 30.5 28.6 19.1 16.4 16(11-18) 17(11-21) 22(13-37) 13(12-16) 432 302 251 296 6.1(5.1-7.4) 5.3(4.9-5.4) 5.5(4.5-6.4) 4.1(3.3-4.9) .b 25 Guinea pig (Cavia cobaya) 0.471 90(69-104) 1.8(1.0-3.9) 0.16(0.09-0.38) 5 26 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) 0.091 74(33-127) 0.8(0.42-1.2) 0.05(0.025-0.083) 5 27 Horse (Equus cabanus)^ 696 11.9(10.6-13.6) 9060(8520-9680) 107 6 28 Manatee, Florida (Trichechus latirostris) 250 7(6-8) 7000(5000-9000) 45(35-60) 7 29 30 Marmot (Marmota marmota) 2.13 Awake* Hiber- nating^ 8.0 0.68 22 13(11.3-14.8) 0.174 0.0089 8 31 Monkey (Macaca rhesus) 2.68 40(31-52) 21(9.8-29) 0.86(0.31-1.41) 5 32 Mouse (Mus musculus) 0.0198 163(84-230) 0.15(0.09-0.23) 0.023(0.011-0.036) 5 33 Porpoise (Tursiops truncatus)^ 170 1.1(0.9-1.3) 9000(8000-10,000) 9.7(9.0-10.4) 9 34 Rabbit (Lepus cuniculus) 2.07 0.8(0.27-1.2) 5 35 36 Rabbit, pigmented White 69 53 21 19 1.45 1.02 10 11 37 38 Rat, cotton (Sigmodon hispidus) White (Rattus norvegicus] 0.77 0.112 94.5(75-115) 85.5(66-114) 0.35(0.24-0.70) 0.86(0.60-1.25) 0.04(0.023-0.071) 0.074(0.05-0.102) 5 5 39 Seal (Phoca vitulina)' 27.5(15-30) 9(6-12) 3.97 12 40 Sheep, Dorset ewe 63 19 310 5.7 5 41 42 Sloth (Choleopus hoffmani) (Bradypus griseus) 4.5 3.1 13 6.2(4.5-8.0) 0.844(0.78-0.96) 0.485(0.33-0.73) 13 43 Swine (Sus scrofa), d" 225 37 6 Birds 44 Canary 108(96-120) 14 45 46 Chicken, L Normal I I Distended _L _!_ -300 -200 -100 0 +100 +200 Change in Functional Residual Capacity, ml + 300 Contributor: Severinghaus, J. W. Reference: Severinghaus, J. W., and Stupfel, M., J. Appl. Physiol. ^:335. 1957. Male subjects. V D 49. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING RESPIRATORY DEAD SPACE: MAN Part I: EFFECT OF BREATHHOLDING volume of dead space gas. For definitions and clarifying information on various dead space concepts, see Page 46. C..K4«.^*« Dead Space Quiet Breathing Breathholding no. Inspiration Time Vd Inspiration Time Vd Reference Gas sec ml sec ml (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 1 2l 198 5 157 1 2 10 146 189 5 135 10 118 52 2.0 132 20 70 2 2.0 128 21 66 1.3 160 20 95 1.3 173 21 74 2.0 168 22 107 2.5 107 21 55 2.2 114 20 61 2.5 192 22 136 2.1 178 21 145 l3 C02 195 3 195 3 5 160 10 150 20 163 30 138 60 105 He 225 3 175 21 5 165 22 10 160 23 20 132 24 20 110 25 60 95 /I/ Foreign gas method (hydrogen), method (Lilly nitrogen meter). /2/ Nitrogen method (Lilly nitrogen meter). /3/ Recording mass spectrometer 48 49. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING RESPIRATORY DEAD SPACE: MAN (Concluded) Part I: EFFECT OF BREATHHOLDING (Concluded) Male subjects. Vjj = volume of dead space gas. Subjects Dead Space Quiet Breathing Breathholding Inspiration Time | Vd Inspiration Time Vd Reference no. Gas sec ml sec ml (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 26 l3 N2 190 3 170 3 27 5 150 28 10 140 29 20 120 30 30 105 31 60 118 32 02 210 3 180 33 5 155 34 10 140 35 20 165 36 30 130 37 60 115 /3/ Recording mass spectrometer method (Lilly nitrogen meter) Contributor: Rossier, P. H. References: [ l] Siebeck, R., Deut. Arch. klin. med. 102:390, 1911. [2] Fowler. W. S., Am. J. Physiol. 154:405, 1948. [3] Bartels, J., Severinghaus, J. W., Forster, R. E., Briscoe, W. A., and Bates, D. V., J. Clin. Invest. 33:41, 1954. Part II: EFFECT OF BREATHING LEVEL Each set of values is for a single subject. Unless otherwise indicated, measurements are by foreign gas (H^) method. Sex Deep Expiratory Level ml Normal Expiratory Level ml High Inspiratory Level ml Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 2 a 109 109 135 142 152 206 1 3 d-i 33 150 796 2 4 5 S 99.5 98.5 111 108.5 185 171 3 6 d- 158 294 4 7 8 rf2 ?2 119 84 168 105 233 202 5 /I/ Alveolar CO2 tension method (Haldane- Priestley). /2/ Nitrogen method. Contributors: (a) Rossier, P. H., (b) Severinghaus, J. W. References: [ l] Siebeck, R., Scand. Arch. Physiol. 25:91, 1911. [2] Henderson, Y., ChiUingworth, F. P., and J. L., Am. J. Physiol. 38:1, 1915. [3] Krogh, A., and Lindhard, J., J. Physiol. 51^:59, 1917. [4] Mundt. and Schwarz, H., Pfliigers Arch. 244:107, 1941. [5] Fowler, W. S., Am. J. Physiol. 154:405. W. Whitney, E., Schoedel, 1948. Part III: DEAD SPACE FOR O^. CO^, He, AND N^ Values are for single subjects at rest. All inspirations were 80% He- 20% O2 and followed a period of breathing air. All breathholding times were about 2j sec. Recording mass spectrometer method (Lilly nitrogen meter). Ranges in parentheses conform to estimate "b" of the 95% range (cf Introduction). Sex O2 ml CO2 ml He ml Nz ml (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 2 3 4 S a a a 9 149(141-157) 169(151-187) 165(155-175) 195(185-205) 161(145-177) 145(137-153) 161(149-173) 160(150-170) 207(193-221) 144(136-152) 141(131-151) 152(144-160) 155(143-167) 198(180-216) 134(122-146) 128(122-134) 165(159-171) 169(163-175) 189(179-199) 124(114-134) Contributor: Rossier, P. H. Reference: Bartels, J., Severinghaus, J. W., Forster, R. E., Briscoe, W. A., and Bates, D. V., J. Clin. Invest. 33:41, 1954. 49 50. RESPIRATORY DEAD SPACE AND TIDAL VOLUME: MAN Resting subjects. Vq = volume of dead space gas in ml. V-p = tidal volume in ml. For definitions and clarifying information on various dead space concepts, see Page 46. No. and Sex Mean Value Range Method Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 Irf Vd = 0.31 X Vt Alveolar CO^ (Haldane- Priestley). 1 2 Vd = 0.275 X Vt Statistical data. 2 3 50$ Vd = 0.4949 X Vt -89.9 Vd = 0.4949 X Vt -30 Vd = 0.4949 X Vt -160 Alveolar CO2 tension (Haldane- Priestley). 3 4 42 cf Vd = 0.41 X Vt -55 Vd = 0.41 X Vt +30 Vd = 0.41 X Vt -150 Alveolar CO2 tension (Haldane- Priestley). 4 5 l H 200 100 J I L. _i L X= physiologic dead space • = anatomic dead space J I i 1 I I I I L. 40 bO 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Dead Space, ml Contributor: Severinghaus, J. W. Reference: Severinghaus, J. W., and Stupfel. M., J. Appl. Physiol. J^: 3 35, 1957, 50 52. RESPIRATORY DEAD SPACE IN PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS: MAN Ranges are estimate "c" of the 95% range (cf Introduction). Vq - volume of dead space gas, V-p = tidal volume. For definitions and clarifying information on various dead space concepts, see Page 46. Condition Subjects no. Sex Vd ml ^xlOO % Method Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Emphysema 8 2 6 5 5 100 a 189-253 490-570 142-231 190-320 59-76 23-52 35-53 36-47 38-60 Foreign gas (hydrogen) Hydrogen clearance Arterial CO2 tension Arterial CO2 tension Arterial CO2 tension Arterial CO2 tension 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sarcoidosis 22 a 11-48 Arterial CO2 tension 7 8 Pulmonary fibrosis, including sarcoidosis 8 190-310 36-60 Arterial CO2 tension 6 9 10 11 Pneumonectomy, recently operated 15 5 1 a 9 120-160 160-340 300 47' 36-57 50 Arterial CO2 tension Hydrogen clearance Hydrogen clearance 8 2 2 12 Pneumonectomy with thoracoplasty 15 80-120 261 Arterial CO2 tension 8 13 14 Pneumothorax, unilateral 9 2 9 190-450 90-140 38-60 29 Hydrogen clearance Hydrogen clearance 2 2 15 Pneumothorax, bilateral 2 54 (36-72)b8 7 9 8 Pentothal seminarcosis 6.2 (5.6-7.0) 6.1 (5.0-7.1) Normal Normal^ 8 10 Monkey 11 Pentobarbital 8.0 (6.0-10.1) 8.0 (6.0-10.7) 3.7 (2.5-4.5) 47 (33-74)8 9 11 Dog 5 Pentobarbital 9.1 (5.3-15.1) 10 Coronary^ 12 Dog 20 Pentothal 13.1 (12.0-14.2)b 12.6 (11.2-14.0) 5 13 9 Pentobarbital 13.4 (12.1-15.8) 8.0 (5.6-14.4) 60 (45-107)10 6 /I/ Venous samples: Lines 1 and 2, right auricle or ventricle via catheter; Lines 3-7, pulmonary artery via catheter. Arterial samples: all from brachial or femoral artery. /2/ Thirteen normal males and 1 1 male patients with normal cardiovascular function. /3/ Female patients with normal cardiovascular function. 1 41 Intensity of exercise indicated by corresponding metabolic rates. /5/ Represents only 10 observations. /6/ Venous samples: Lines 8 and 9, jugular bulb via needle puncture; Line 10, cannulation of both internal jugulars; Line 11, sagittal sinus via cannula. /7/ Thirty-four observations. /8/ Measured by method of Kety and Schmidt [ 11]. /9/ Venous samples: Lines 12 and 13, catheterization of coronary sinus. /lO/ Measured by an adaptation of the nitrous oxide method of Kety and Schmidt [11]. Contributor: Hegnauer, A. H. References: [ l] Van Slyke, D. D., and Niell, J. M., J. Biol. Chem. 6|:523, 1924. [2] Roughton, F. J., and Scholander. P. F., ibid 218:541, 1943. [3] Cournand, A., Riley, R. L., Breed, E. S., Baldwin, E. de F., and Richards, D. W., Jr., J. Clin. Invest. 24:106, 1945. [4] Riley, R. L., Himmelstein, A., Motley, H. L., Weiner, H. M., and Cournand, A., Am. J. Physiol. 1^:372, 1948. [5] Goodale, W. T., Lubin, M., Eckenhoff, J. E., Hafkenschiel, J. H. , and Banfield, W. G., Jr., ibid 152:340, 1948. [6] Eckenhoff, J. E., Hafkenschiel, J. H., Foltz, E. L., and Driver, R. L., ibid 1^2:545, 1948~T''] Kety, S. S. , and Schmidt, C. F., J. Clin. Invest. 27:476, 1948. [8] Kety. S. S., Woodford, R. B., Harmel, M. H., Freyhan, F. A., Appel, K. E., and Schmidt, C. F., Am. J. Psychiat. 1M:765, 1947-48. [9] Schmidt, C. F., Kety, S. S., and Pennes, H. H., Am. J. Physiol. 143:33. 1945. I 10] Lougheed, W. M., and Kahn. D. S., J. Neurosurg. _11;22<>. 1955. [U] Kety, S. S., and Schmidt, C. F.. Am. J. Physiol. 143:53, 1945. SB 59. ARTERIO- VENOUS LACTATE AND PYRUVATE DIFFERENCES IN VARIOUS STRUCTURES: MAN Methods: C = colorimetric, highly specific, greatly delayed collection technique [ 1 ]; D = distillation, relatively high (non-specific), delayed collection technique [2,3]; E = colorimetric, extremely rapid collection [ 1,4]; F = colorimetric, fairly rapid collection [ 1,5); M = colorimetric, not arterio-venous but arm vein minus hepatic vein, directional value only [ 1,6] ; R = fairly specific, extremely rapid collection; S = specific, moderately rapid collec- tion [ 5,6] ; U = unknown collection technique, analysis completely specific (chromatographic); Y = very specific, extremely rapid collection [4]. All values taken in state of complete rest. Values in parentheses are ranges, estimate "b" of the 95% range (cf Introduction). Structure Lactate Pyruvate Lactate- Pyruvate Refer- mM/L Method mM/L Method Ratio Method ence (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) Concentrations 1 Artery 1.100 D 7 2 0.887 C 8 3 0.667 F 9 4 0.670 F 5 5 0.618(0.464-0.772) E 0.142(0.044-0.240) Y 4.24(3.36-5.12) E, Y 10 6 0.144 S 11 7 Vein, arm 1.110 D 12 8 1.450 D 13 9 1.540 D 14 10 1.222(0.514-1.930) F 0.119(0.021-0.217) S 10.12(8.18-12.06) F, S 10 11 1.130 D 0.088 S 13.20 D, S 15 12 0.116 R 9.30 R 16 13 0.073(0.041-0.105) u 17 14 11.3 D.S 15 A-V Differences! 15 Forearm -0.110(-0.154 to -0.066) F 18 16 -0.l64(-0.238 to -0.090) E -0.025(-0.139 to +0.089) Y -0.44(-0.74to-0.14) E,Y 19 17 Leg -0.237(-0.405 to -0.069) E -0.030(-0.158 to +0.098) Y -0.49(-1.01 to+0.03) E. Y 19 18 Brain -0.178(-0.288 to -0.068) D -0.025(-0.063 to +0.013) S 7 19 Heart +0.300 F +0.045 S 20 20 +0.574(-0.406 to +1.554) E +0.054(-0.020 to +0.128) Y +0.54(+0.32to+0.76) E.Y 19 21 Splanchnic -0.280 M +0.050 M -6.51 M 21 22 Uterus, pregnant +0.350 E +0.072 Y +2.40 E.Y 19 III Venous concentration algebraically subtracted from arterial concentration, i.e., negative values indicate output by the various structures. Contributor; Huckabee, W. E. References: [ l] Barker, S. B., and Summerson, W. H., J. Biol. Chera. JJ8:535, 1941. [2] Edwards, H. T., ibid IZb^.bll. 1938. [3] Friedemann. T. E., Cotonio, M., and Shaffer, P. A., ibid 73:335, 1927. [4] Huckabee, W. E., J. Appl. Physiol. 2:163, 1956. [5] Friedemann, T E., and Haugen, G. E., J. Biol. Chem. 1_44:67, 1942. 16] Friedemann, T. E., and Haugen, G. E., ibid M7:415, 1943. [7] Gibbs. E. L., Lennox, W. G., Nirams. L. F., and Gibbs, F. A., ibid M4:325, 1942. [8] Bay, E., Barron, E. S., Adams, W., Case, T., Halstead, W. C, Ricketts, H. T., Committee on Medical Research, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Rept. No. 344, 1944. [9] Decker. D. G., and Rosenbaum, J. D., Am. J. Physiol. \1&:1 . 1942. [10] Huckabee, W. E., J. CUn. Invest. 21:255, 1958. [ll] Himwich, W. A., and Himwich, H. E., J. Neurophysiol. 9:1 33. 1946. [12] Bock, A. V., Dill, D. B., and Edwards, H. T., J. Clin. Invest. 12:775, 1932. [13] Weiss, S., and Ellis, L. B., Arch. Int. M. 55:665, 1935. [14] Hallock, P., J. Clin. Invest. 1J:385, 1939. [15] Friedemann, T. E., Haugen, G. E., and Kmieciak, T. C, J. Biol. Chera. J_57:673, 1945. [16] Bueding, E., and Goldfarb, W. J., ibid 141^:539, 1940. [17] Seligson, D., McCormick, G. J., and Sborov, V., J. Clin. Invest. 31^:661 , 1952. [18] Andres, R., Cader, G., and Zierler, K. L., ibid 35:671, 1956. [19] Huckabee, W. E., unpublished. [20] Goodale, W. T., Olson. R. E., and Hackel, D. B., Fed. Proc. 9:49. 1950. [21] Mendeloff. A. I., J. Clin. Invest. 33:1298, 1954. 60. ARTERIO-VENOUS POSTABSORPTIVE GLUCOSE DIFFERENCES: MAN Values are rag/100 ml. Those in parentheses are ranges, estimate "c" of the 95% range (cf Introduction). Observations Arterial Blood Venous Blood A-V Difference Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 2 3 4 lOOl 63 103 165 88.4(78-97)2 91.5(72-121)4 85.0(68-108)4 99.0(93-105)4 83.9(74-95) 89.0(67-121) 77.0(66-89) 98.0(87-105) 4.5(1-13) 2.5(0-4) 9.0(-l to +34) 1.0(-2 to +7) 1 2 2 3 /I/ Copper iodoraetric analysis on zinc sulfate-barium hydroxide filtrate; anticoagulant = potassium oxalate- sodium fluoride; accuracy = 1 mg/100 ml. /2/ Finger-tip blood, demonstrated to be arterial in character. /3/ Analytical method and accuracy not stated. /4/ Radial artery. /5/ Analytical method of Folin and Wu (1920). Contributor: Hegnauer, A. H. References: ( l] Soraogyi, M., J. Biol. Chem. 174:189, 1927. [3] Foster, G. L., J. Biol. Chera. 55:291, 1923. 1948. [2] Rabinowitch, I. M., Brit. J. Exp. Path. 8:76. 59 61. BLOOD LACTATE VENOUS LEVELS IN CONDITIONS OF REST, EXERCISE, AND HYPERVENTILATION; MAN Data, except for Lines 4 and 7, were obtained on tungstic-acid filtrate via KMn04 oxidation to aldehyde, and titration of bound aldehyde by iodine. Data for Line 4: through conversion to aldehyde by concentrated H2SO4, and color formation with para-phenyl phenol. Data for Line 7: by oxidation with KMn04 and measured as CO2 mano- metrically in Van Slyke apparatus. Values are expressed in mg/100 ml. Values in parentheses are ranges, esti- mate "c" of the 95% range (cf Introduction). Observations Restl Exercise Hyperventilation Altitude^ Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 1 Zbi 12.0(8.4-16.6) 1 2 114 11.7(9.0-16.0) 12.6(8.6-25.4)5 2 3 6 12.5(10.0-16.9) 17.8(11.8-22.0)6 1 4 6 19.0(5.0-45.0) 77.0(53.0-86.0)7 3 5 1 10.7 38.78 4 6 1 10.7 139.59 4 7 6 13.2(5.2-21.6) 157.0(145.0-174.0)10 5 8 6 10.1(8.1-13.6) 27.6(21.3-35.7)1' 2 9 1 8.2 I6.2I2 4 /!/ At sea level. /2/ At 22,000 ft. /3/ On 9 subjects on different days; day-to-day variations may reach t25% of mean. /4/ On 3 subjects in good physical condition, walking 3.5-8.6 mph. /5/ Only the subject walking at 8.6 mph showed rise in blood lactate (to 25.4 mg%). /6/ Increases in 3 subjects, walking 4.5-5.25 mph. /7/ Severity of exercise not stated. /8/ Jogging at 6.48 mph. /9/ Running at 8.8 mph. /lO/ Samples taken 4-10 min sifter 440-yd run by untrained subjects. Samples at 1-2 min show only 124 mg%, indicating that following strenuous exercise blood lactate continues to rise for 3-6 min. /ll/ Hyperventilation to alveolar pCO^ of 11-15 mm Hg. /1 2/ Simu- lated altitude reached without supplementary O2 in 1 hr (no acclimatization); approximately linear rise in blood lactate starting at 10,000 ft. Contributor: Hegnauer, A. H. References: [ l] Cook, L. C, and Hurst, R. H.. J. Biol. Chera. 79:443, 1933. [2] Bock, A. V.. Dill, D. B., and Edwards. H. T., J. Clin. Invest. nilTS, 1932. [3] Hummel, J. P., J. Biol. Chem. 180:1225, 1945. [4] Friedemann, T. E., Haugen. G. E., and Kmieciak, T. C, ibid 157:67 3, 1945. "[Tl Laug, E. P., Am. J. Physiol. 107:687, 1934. 62. ARTERIO-VENOUS LACTATE DIFFERENCES IN CONDITIONS OF REST, EXERCISE, AND HYPERVENTILATION: MAN Values are expressed in mg/100 ml. Introduction). Values in parentheses are ranges, estimate "c" of the 95% range (cf Observations Arterial Blood Venous Blood A-V Difference! Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) RestZ 1 2 7 6 12.6(9.7-16.3)3 14.1(11.7-16.2)3 12.5(9.0-14.7)4 14.4(10.2-18.0)5 0 0 1 1 Exercise6 3 4 27 18 65.2(58.6-71.8)3 75.83 68.5(62.1-74.8)4 74.84 -3.3 09 1 1 Hyperventilation! 0 5 6 21.5(11.9-27.7)11 27.6(21.3-35.7)1^ -6.1(0 to -15.7) 2 HI A-V differences given as zero unless statistically significant, or greater than analytical error. /2/ Day-to-day variations in resting venous level may range from 7-25% of mean. /3/ Femoral artery. /4/ Femoral vein. /5/ Jugular bulb, lb/ Standing- running at full speed for 1 min. /7/ Blood samples taken within 3 min after exercise. 181 Blood samples taken 5 rain after exercise. 191 1 mg difference may be real and indicate that removal rate at 5 min exceeds production rate. /lO/ Hyperventilation to alveolar pCO^ of 11-15 mm Hg. /ll/ Radial artery. /12/ Arm vein. Contributor: Hegnauer, A. H. References: [1] Cook, L. C, and Hurst. R. H., J. Biol. Chem. 79:443, 1933. [2] Bock, A. V., Dill, D. B., and Edwards, H. T., J. Clin. Invest. 11:775, 1932. 60 63. ARTERIO- VENOUS GLUCOSE DIFFERENCES AS INFLUENCED BY ALIMENTARY HYPERGLYCEMIA: MAN Non-glucose reducing substances are reported as glucose with the exception of Lines 7-12 where the analytical method employed excludes non-glucose reducing substances. The values presented in Lines 7-12 are, therefore, accurate reflections of true blood glucose and A-V differences. „ . . . Observation! Subjects . Arterial Blood Venous Blood A-V Difference Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 25 g Glucose 1 62 0 91.5(72-121) 89(67-121) 2.5(0-5) 1 2 0.5 218(188-258) 165(149-180) 53(32-80) 1 50 g Glucose 3 103 0 85(68-108) 77(66-89) 9(-l to +34) 2 4 0.5 126(98-158) 106(78-128) 21(8-50) 2 5 1 101(74-144) 88(63-128) 13(-1 to +30) 2 6 2 86(68-124) 79(62-125) 7(-7 to +17) 2 100 g Glucose 7 164 0 91(83-102)!' 86(75-98) 5(1-13) 3 8 0.5 160(133-189)5 126(96-150) 34(20-53) 9 1 142(95-190)5 108(71-140) 34(18-55) 10 2 122(100-165)5 96(70-142) 26(11-34) 11 3 102(64-144)5 85(50-131) 17(3-35) 12 4 82(57-119)5 73(53-94) 9(1-25) 13 76 0 101(94-105) 101(93-105) 0(-l to +4) 14 0.5 183(147-214) 140(110-163) 43(27-81) 15 1 158(118-190) 109(81-134) 49(28-81) 16 2 120(106-144) 86(61-107) 34(26-45) 17 3 103(94-108) 87(80-98) 16(10-28) 100 g Galactose 18 36 0 96(95-96) 95(93-97) 1(-1 to +2) 19 0.5 148(126-174) 133(117-153) 15(9-21) 20 1 182(152-218) 162(142-182) 20(12-36) 21 2 238(212-278) 221(195-261) 17(16-17) 22 3 186(180-197) 187(173-215) -2(-18 to +9) 23 4 110 109 1 100 g Fructose 24 46 0 99(93-103) 98(87-105) l.l(-2 to +6) 4 25 0.5 122(107-139) 101(76-130) 22(9-45) 4 26 1 118(112-125) 97(79-116) 21(9-33) 4 27 2 112(109-114) 103(96-109) 9(5-13) 4 28 2.5 105(98-109) 90(84-100) 15(8-25) 4 70-100 g Starch 29 2b 0 98(95-100) 95(93-96) 3(-l to +7) 4 30 0.5 158(151-166) 119(118-120) 35(23-46) 4 31 1 146(140-152) 102(98-107) 44(42-45) 4 32 2 105(91-119) 81(76-86) 24(15-33) 4 /!/ After ingestion. /2/ Glycosuric subjects, but without clinical signs or symptoms of diabetes; method not stated. in Modification of method of Benedict (1925). /4/ Copper iodometric analysis of zinc sulfate-barium hydroxide precipitates of whole blood; anticoagulant = potassium oxalate- sodium fluoride; accuracy = 1 mg/100 ml. Normal subjects. Rated abnormal and therefore excluded: subjects with arterial peaks exceeding 190 mg/100 ml. with venous peaks exceeding 150 mg/ml. and in whom use continued into second hr. /5/ Finger-tip blood, demonstrated to be arterial with respect to glucose content. /6/ Method of Folin and Wu (1920). Since "time" coordinates of original data did not correspond, in all cases, to those employed in this table, data of individual experiments were plotted and curves drawn. Values for desired times after sugar ingestion were taken from the plotted curves; tabulated data are means and ranges of these values. Contributor: Hegnauer, A. H. References: Thalheimer I 4] Foster, [1] Rabinowitch, I. M.. Brit. J. Exp. Path. 8:76, 1927. [2] Friedenson, M. E. J., and Peters, J. P., J. Biol. Chera. 80:269, 1928. [3] Somogyi, M. J., G. L., ibid 55:291, 1923. Rosenbaum, M. K.. ibid 174:189, 1948. 61 64. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE CHANGE ON BLOOD CO2 AND O2 PRESSURES: MAN, DOG These line charts illustrate the effect of changes in temperature on CO2 and O^ tensions in human or dog blood sealed in an anaerobic environment. The values are applicable to either in vitro or in vivo conditions. Error increases progressively as pH and temperature deviate from standard values of 7.4 and 37°C respectively. AT = temperature change in °C. CO, O2 AT P cool P warm 0 — 1— 1.00 .99 AT P cool 0.5 2 — 6 — I 7 8 9 10 11 12 .98 .97 .96 — .95 .94 .93 .92 .91 .90 .89 .88 .87 .86 .85 .80 — .75 - — .70 .65 .60 P warm 0 — M— 1.00 _ - .99 0.5 — 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 .98 .97 .96 .95 .94 .93 .92 .91 .90 .85 — .80 .75 .70 .65 .60 — .55 .50 Contributor: Severinghaus, J. W. 62 65. TEMPERATURE AND pH VS SERUM pK': MAN, DOG This nomogram allows for calculation of serum pK' for carbonic acid in man and dog when pH and temperature are known. Mean pK' at 37.50C and pH 7.40 = 6.090. Temp °C 45 — pK' pH 40- 35 — 30- •b.OO -6.02 .8.0 6.04 .b-Ofc .i.a 6.08 6.10 6.12 6.11 .l.b .T.* 25 20_ 15 — 10 — • b.lfe 6.18 .1.2 .1.0 6.28 6.30 J. Appl. Physiol. 9:197, 1956. Contributor: Severinghaus, J. W. Reference: Severinghaus, J. W., Stupfel, M.. and Bradley, A. F. 66. H2CO3 DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS: MAN, DOG, OX The first apparent dissociation constants of H2CO3 are the same for man, dog, and ox. Methods used were gasoraet- ric or glass electrode. Values in parentheses are ranges, estimate "c" of the 95% range (cf Introduction). Medium Temp, "C Dissociation Constant Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) I Plasma, pH 7.4 37 6.09(6.088-6.098)1 1 Serum 2 Normal 20 6.183(6.163-6.208) 2 3 Normal 38 6.11(6.097-6.122) 2-4 4 Nephritis 38 (6.108-6.134) 2-4 RBC 5 Reduced 37 5.982 3 6 Oxidized 37 6.043 3 HI Range varies with pH (7.6-7.1). /2/ Variation with pH; pK' = 7.27 5-0. 1 8 pH. / 3/ Variation with pH; pK' = 7.120-0.18 pH. Contributors: Bartels, H., and Opitz, E. References: [ I] Wiesinger, K., Rossier, P. H., Saboz, E.. and Sampholo, G., Helvet. physiol. pharra. acta 7:(suppl.C) 28, 1949. [2] Cullen, G. E., Keeler, H. R., and Robinson, H. W., J. Biol. Chem. 66:301, 1925. [3] Dill, D. B., Daly, C, and Forbes, W. H.. ibid IT?: 569, 1937. [4] Hastings, A. B., Sendroy, J.. Jr., and Van Slyke, D. D.. ibid 79:183, 1928. 63 67. BLOOD CO2 ABSORPTION AS FUNCTION OF CO2 PRESSURE: MAN Data are for normal blood at temperatures corrected to 37°C. [l] Values for oxygenated blood are means of values in the literature, the 100% range being approximately ± 5 ml gas per 100 ml blood; other data are calculations based upon these means. [2-11] Major factors which influence CO^ absorption include state of oxygenation, temperature, hemoglobin concentration, and alkali reserve. [1,6-9,11-13] PC02 Reduced (R) Oxygenated (O) Total CO2 vol % Free CO^' vol % Total Combined CO, vol % Plasma'' mm Hg Whole ^ Blood RBC'* Plasma Whole Blood RBC Plasma Whole Blood RBC Plasma PH (A) (B) « 2 2" 0 ^ m CO (U 2' 2* s s r- 00 av2" c § ■^ r- d" in ^0 IM s 2 1 1 (TV 0 OJ tri vo" 00 — -^ « J J 2" J 2 2 J J :::: j '1'' 2 0 [iT fc J J m m _i _i OQ PQ m i CQ -2. (i A PQ PQ PQ ^ o 3 in u O rj a o o o CO c > 2 in in ■n 0 0 1 0 in 0 J. 3 3 0 0 s ■'f u 00 0 >. u ^ •* 'X> ^ 0 £ < ^ -^ rj fSJ ti y 1 -M Tf o •M* fX r-T 00 '*■* CO 00 sD ^ fO c 0 <^ '■f rM ■* E E X in M fV) 0 00 0 CO 0 sO fM O* in o """ d d 0 Tf CT^ 0 0 in rri •^ rn d r- -sO in sO fO 00 r- 0 f^ ■* ^ o m ■^ m — fNj t^ in in fs) (^ m -^ fn F E u 00 fl in in 0- r-^ — « in 0 in in 0 0 M O -0 r^ 00 r- 0 -• r^ 0^ <> 00 d ■^" . r- rg fVJ to fSj ro r- in TT -. fvj M IM 00 -" 1*1 E~ e B vO fO 00 rsl 0 in r^ Pv) rO 0 rv4 in r- sO o fj 0^ CO J, ^' ^j — * V M ■^ d r^ ^ '^' "^ ro — . ro —' ^ T Tf _ fM o c« c oH = s O (™ E 0,^ 0} JS 00 " E V- 500 u n g c n 3 .2Q-3 CO 3 O ■3 2 c a. o O ci _ '-' s = 4> o = ■2.; ^ °° o o « 5 t; o CO £ C c ^ — ■ tS > ^ 2§-S 00 &£ — O "I' 6 CO t» 4) C ■3 S ?■ -; - 2 S '^ T3 i S ■^ •:3 i M ** 0; i^ = P a (u « p t. <» OOTJ — — ; cs X) o^ g o °,^ p X> -~ r- ,„■ £ (0 2 J 5 1 I XI _ ti - <: c 3 ^ TJ O T! 2 ■" "1 Sf 01 a p * 5 c ■5', - i! c .:; J 00 ^3 . O n ° 'S.-c o e O O CO CO 01 _Q o ° 2 o c 2 3 <« t; o SB CIO c >, o CO 2 CO > s: X t. - t: -.0 3 - C « >2! - d 35 OJ o > o X g s .2 U - CT^ '- K -" „- - in" -^ IZI 00 1^ S -|CJ- 2: bo CD o o ii o ►^ •S " - E- £ H a t^ ■ ? in -■ 3 „ . ^ x: r, cu o £ U .0 cj^l"^ (Q ss:^ - fc C0-.2-J CO C ? M . -." 3 ^ s a. i - a d i :; CO <-> (0 c _ "I ^-. (Cj . M Si- TJ (0 . to "Si 0) ^ - x: o c u "I o " E OQ CO s § . ^ _ TJ vD CO 3 S ■o CO n-n . fe - ~ ■^ fO rM 'J '5 Q TJ O CM ro n tto •a s o S °0 .5 W _; T3 a,- 0; . -O o C ^ CM u - tit. - - — s fTt 0^ T> n c 0 OP CO 0 £ rt •D ffl u (0 c T P Li ■D CD n1 0 a> 3 C St U 0 0^ ffl 0 CO > 4> > Ch TI u c« TJ CD .TJ O (1! P -.- = I - ■: ■-^ U CI rM 5 '^ <] o U 00° o o S X *■ M < 3 x: ^ »l > o ^ <: u -^ ^ _ c r- 'SO S S S d cn E_; at a> 3-g = TJ c en OJ cC 00 o ■ o • s^s c ffl u: o o : o <^TJ c ffl KILOQ — 0. 3 rt -S u ;-J u to H) m (U > ttf 0 OJ i> n t: n:: ^, a; v^ 0 -- --- U Qi ''la: 1 c" S? . • o S" ■?; ' <" # S ■p 2 CJ n r .s • P CO cu ■ ° o * 3 ^ y t^ ^ 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Oxygen Pressure, mm Hg Part I; MAN 80 90 P02 mm Hg % Saturation pH Temperature °C PCO2 mm Hg Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 1 3.7 5.0 7.40 37.0 47.4 A-E 3; F 4, 5 2 8.2 10.0 7.40 37.0 47.0 A-E 3; F 4, 5 3 10.9 15.0 7.40 37.0 46.6 A-E 3; F 4, 5 4 13.4 20.0 7.40 37.0 46.2 A-E 3; F 4, 5 5 17.9 30.0 7.40 37.0 45.3 A-E 3; F 4, 5 6 22.0 40.0 7.40 37.0 44.6 A-E 3; F 4, 5 7 26. 3I 50. Ol 7.40I 37. Ol 43.81 A-E 3; F 4, 5 8 31.1 60.0 7.40 37.0 43.0 A-E 3; F 4, 5 9 36.1 70.0 7.40 37.0 42.2 A-E 3; F 4, 5 10 45.7 80.0 7.40 37.0 41.5 A-E 3; F 4, 5 11 51.7 85.0 7.40 37.0 41.1 A-E 3; F 4, 5 12 61.4 90.0 7.40 37.0 40.7 A-E 3; F 4, 5 13 80.0 95.0 7.40 37.0 40.3 A-E 3; F 4, 5 14 113.0 98.0 7.40 37.0 40.0 A-E 3; F 4, 5 /I/ Standard reference condition with an "f" factor taken as [ 1.00] . Part II: MAMMALS Animal t. J sat. mm Hg pH Temperature OC PCO2 mm Hg Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 1 2 3 4 Man I 1.48] Man [1.35] Man [1.22] Man [l.U] (39.0)1 (35.5)1 32.2 29.2 7.00 7.10 7.20 7.30 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 142 110 84 60 A-D 3; E 4, 5 A-D 3; E 4, 5 A-D 3; E 4, 5 A-D 3; E 4, 5 /I/ Values in parentheses are calculated. In calculations at 370C, pH = 6.15 + log- j .". — '-rrr;. — ^. where 6.15 and 0.0290 are the pK' and CO2 factors, respectively, for whole blood. 66 69. DATA FOR CONSTRUCTING BLOOD O^ DISSOCIATION CURVES (Continued) Values in brackets are calculated "f" factors. Part U: MAMMALS (Continued) Animal t. i sat. mm Hg pH Temperature °C pC02 mm Hg Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 5 Man [ 1.00] 26.3 7.40 37.0 44 A-D 3;E4, 5 6 Man [0.90] 23.5 7.50 37.0 31 A-D 3;E4, 5 7 Man [0.80] 21.0 7.60 37.0 22 A-D 3;E4, 5 8 Man [0.71] (18.5)1 7.70 37.0 15 A-D 3;E4, 5 9 Man [0.29] 7.4 7.40 10.0 6 10 Man [0.47] 12.4 7.40 20.0 6 11 Man [0.74] 19.6 7.40 30.0 (48)1 A-D 6;E6, 7, 8 12 Man [1.00] 26.3 7.40 37.0 (44)1 A-D 6;E6, 7, 6 13 Man [1.14] 30.0 7.40 40.0 (42)1 A-D 6;E6, 7, 8 14 Man, at work [ l.OO] 26.5 7.40 37.5 34 9 15 Man, at altitude, 5400 m [0.97] 29.0 7.40 37.5 29 10, 11, 12 16 Man, terminal nephritis [ 1.14] 30.0 7.11 37.5 7 13 17 Man, terminal nephritis [ 1.79] 47.0 6.83 37.5 40 13 18 Man, pernicious anemia [ 1.18] 31.0 7.40 37.5 48 14 19 Man, diabetic coma [ 1.03] 27.0 7.40 37.5 2 15 20 Man, diabetic coma [ 1.25) 33.0 6.86 37.5 40 15 21 Man, diabetic coma [ 1.33] 35.0 7.40 37.5 3 15 22 Man, diabetic coma [ 1.52] 40.0 6.92 37.5 40 15 23 Cat [1.44] 38.0 7.40 37.0 16 24 Cat [1.33] 35.0 7.40 37.0 44 17 25 Cat 50.0 6.80 18 26 Dog [ 1.06] 28.0 7.40 37.5 38 J9 27 Dog (Canis familiaris) 29.4 7.10 37.0 18 28 Dog2 0.6 7.00 20.0 20 29 Dog2 0.5 9.20 20.0 20 30 Fox (21)1 10 18 31 Fox (Vulpes fulva) 37.0 37.5 40 18 32 Goat (Capra hire us), adult 28-33 38.0 50 21 33 Goat, fetal 25.0 38.0 50 21 34 Goat, maternal 40 38.0 50 21 35 Horse [ 1.03] 27.0 7.40 37.5 50 22 36 Horsed 3.7 7.00 37.0 23 37 Horse^ 3.4 7.200 37.0 23 38 Horse^ 3.2 7.40 37.0 23 39 Horsed 1.5 7.40 30.0 23 40 Horse^ 1.1 7.40 27.0 23 41 Horse^ 0.5 7.40 20.0 23 42 Horse^ 0.3 7.40 17.0 23 43 Llama (Lama huanachus glaraa) [0.76] 20.0 7.40 39.0 24 44 Llama (L. peruana) 22.0 38.0 43 18 45 Marmot 23.8 38.0 40 18 46 Mouse (Mus musculus) 72.0 38.0 40 18 47 Ox [ 1.13] 29.8 (7.40)1 37.0 29.8 25 48 Ox2 0.6 7.00 19.0 20 49 Ox2 0.5 9.20 19.0 20 50 Peccary [ I.IO] 29.0 7.40 37.0 25 51 Porpoise (Phocaena phocaena) [ 1.14] 30.0 38.0 46 26 52 Rabbit [1.20] 31.6 7.40 38.6 32 24 53 Rat [1.52] 40.0 7.40 37.0 16 54 Rat, kangaroo (Dipodomys spectabilis) [1.93] 51.0 37.0 40 27 55 Rat, white (Rattus norvegicus) [2.13] 56.0 37.0 40 27 56 Sea lion (Eumetopiaes stelleri) [ 1.52] 40.0 38.0 44 28 57 Seal 25 10 18 58 Seal (Phoca vitulina) 31 38.0 40 18 59 Seal, harbor (P. vitulina) [ 1.06] 28.0 37.0 40 29 HI Values in parentheses are calculated. In calculations at 37°C, pH = 6.15 + log ^ " — ^:rj=j ^. where 6.15 and 0.0290 are the pK' and CO^ factors, respectively, for whole blood. /2/ Myoglobin (myohemoglobin, muscle hemoglobin). Oxygen dissociation curves of myoglobin are rectangular hyperbolas and are defined by giving p02 for 50% saturation. 67 69. DATA FOR CONSTRUCTING BLOOD O2 DISSOCIATION CURVES (Continued) Values in brackets are calculated "f" factors. Part U: MAMMALS (Concluded) Animal t. i sat. pH Temperature pCOz Reference mm Hg °C mm Hg (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 60 Sheep [1.48] 39.0 (7.40)1 37.0 25 61 Sheep (Ovis aries) 37.0 39.0 40 18 62 Sheep, diluted blood and Hb 3.0 9.30 19.0 0.015 17 63 Sheep2 0.5 9.20 20.0 20 64 Swine [1.28] 33.7 (7.40)1 37.0 25 65 Vicuna (Lama vicugna) [0.69] 18.0 7.40 39.0 24 66 Viscacha (Lagostomus sp) [0.99] 26.0 7.40 38.6 28 24 /I/ Values in parentheses are calculated. In calculations at 37°C. pH = 6.15 + log ^ - — Wyr — =. where 6.15 and 0.0290 are the pK' and CO2 factors, respectively, for whole blood. /2/ Myoglobin (myohemoglobin, muscle hemoglobin). Oxygen dissociation curves of myoglobin are rectangular hyperbolas and are defined by giving pO^ for 507o saturation. Part UI: BIRDS Animal t. 1 sat. pH Temperature °C pCOz Reference mm Hg mm Hg (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 1 Chicken [1.98] 51 7.14 40.0 37 30 2 Chicken 58 38.0 31 31 3 Chicken (Callus domesticus) 52 7.10 37.5 32 4 Chicken, Hb solution [2.35] 62.0 7.10 37.0 32 5 Chicken, Hb solution [ 1.58] 41.7 7.40 37.0 32 6 Chicken, Hb solution [1.12] 29.5 7.70 37.0 32 7 Crow 53.0 42.0 40 33 8 Duck 45 7.10 37.5 31,32 9 Duck (Anas sp) 42.0 37.5 40 18,33 10 Duck, domestic [ 1.71] 45 37.0 32 11 Duck, muscovy [ 1.48] 39.0 37.0 32 12 Duck, muscovy, Hb solution [ 2.20] 58.0 7.10 37.0 32 13 Goose 37.5 42.0 50 33 14 Goose 45.0 7.10 37.5 18 15 Goose (24)1 10 18 16 Goose 35.7 40 18 17 Goose, domestic [ I.64] 43.0 37.0 32 18 Goose2 0.7 9.20 20.0 20 19 Huallata (Chloephaga melanoptera) 33.0 7.35 40.0 24 20 Ostrich (Rhea americana) 26.0 7.35 40.0 24 21 Pheasant 50.0 7.10 37.5 18 22 Pheasant, ringnecked [ 1.82] 48.0 37.0 32 23 Pigeon 35.0 37.5 40 17, 34 24 Pigeon 40.0 7.10 37.5 18 25 Pigeon, domestic [ 1.48) 39.0 37.0 32 26 Pigeon, domestic 44.0 40.0 32 III Values in parentheses are calculated. In calculations at 370C, u <. ic X 1 ('°'al CO,) - 0.0290 pCO, P" = ^-'5 * '°^ 0.0^290 pCOz where 6.15 and 0.0290 are the pK' and CO^ factors, respectively, for whole blood. /2/ Myoglobin (myohemoglobin, muscle hemoglobin). Oxygen dissociation curves of myoglobin are rectangular hyperbolas and are defined by giving pOz for 50% saturation. Part rV: REPTILES Animal t. i sat. mm Hg pH Temperature °C pCOz mm Hg Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E> (F) 1 2 3 4 AUigator Alligator Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) [1.06] Chuckwalla (Sauromalus obesus) [0.91] 11 28 28.0 24.0 7.60 7.60 29.0 20.0 10 40 42.0 37.0 18 18 35 36 68 69. DATA FOR CONSTRUCTING BLOOD O^ DISSOCIATION CURVES (Continued) Values in brackets are calculated "f" factors. Part IV: REPTILES (Concluded) Animal t. 5 sat. pH Temperature °C pC02 Reference mm Hg mm Hg (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 5 Chuckwalla (S. obesus) [2.36] 62.0 37.0 (55)1 36 6 Crocodile (Crocodilus acutus) [ l.O] 26.0 (7.40)1 29.0 (50)1 37 7 Crocodile (C. acutus) [2.0] 53.0 (7.40)1 37.0 (45)1 37 8 Crocodile (C. acutus) 38.0 7.20 29.0 37 9 Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) [1.22] 32.0 7.40 20.0 36.0 38 10 Gila monster (H. suspectum) [2.24] 59.0 7.40 37.0 (32)1 38 11 Gila monster (H. suspectum) 31.0 7.32 20.0 37.0 b 12 Tortoise (Terrapene Carolina)^ 12.0 7.40 25.5 18 13 Turtle (Caretta caretta)^ 28.5 7.40 25.5 18 14 Turtle (Chelonis mydras)^ 19.0 7.40 25.5 18 15 Turtle (Chelydra serpentina)^ 14.0 7.40 25.5 39,40 16 Turtle (Pseudemya concinna) [0.77] 20.0 25.0 40.0 41 17 Turtle (P. elegans) 28.0 25.0 27.0 18 18 Turtle (P. scripta)2 15.8 7.40 25.5 18 19 Turtle (P. troostii) 26.0 25.0 34.0 18,42 20 Turtle, painted (Chrysemis picta)^ 15.0 7.40 25.5 18 III Values in parentheses are calculated. In calculations at 370C, pH = 6.15 + log'^°'^^ ^'^n V ° rn^ ^^'^^, where 6.15 and 0.0290 are the pK' and CO^ factors, respectively, for whole blood. /2/ Hemoglobin solutions. Part V: AMPHIBIANS Animal t. 1 sat. pH Temperature OC pCOz Reference mm Hg ram Hg (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 1 Congo eel (Amphiuma tridactyla) [1.14] 30.0 26.0 43.0 43 2 Frog (Rana esculenta) 11.0 1-2 18 3 Frog (R. esculenta) 17.0 10.0 18 4 Frog (R. esculenta) 49.0 10.0 18 5 Frog (R. catesbiana), adultl 26.0 7.38 25.4 44 6 Frog (R. catesbiana), adultl 13.5 7.40 20.0 45 7 Frog (R. catesbiana), larva' 6.0 7.38 25.4 44 8 Frog (R. catesbiana), larva' 4.6 7.32 20.0 45 9 Frog (R. catesbiana), tadpole' 5.0 6.80 44 10 Toad (Bufo sp)' 30.0 7.38 25.4 18.46 11 (Amphiuma sp)' 15.0 7.38 25.4 43,46 12 (Cryptobranchus sp)' 18.0 7.38 25.4 18,46 13 (Desmognathus sp)' 5.0 7.38 25.4 18,46 14 (Triturus sp)' 7.5 7.38 25.4 18,46 111 Hemoglobin solutions. Part VI: FISH Animal t. ^ sat. ram Hg pH Temperature OC pCOz mm Hg Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 1 Baiara 8.0 28.0 0 18 2 Baiara 22.0 25.0 18 3 Bom -bom 11.0 28.0 0 18 4 Bora-bora 13.0 25.0 18 5 Bowfin 4.0 15.0 1-2 18 6 Bowfin 9.0 10.0 18 7 Carp 8.0 10.0 18 8 Carp 13.0 18.0 30.0 47 9 Carp (Cyprinus carpio) 5.0 15.0 1-2 18 10 Catfish 1.4 1-2 18 11 Catfish 5.0 10.0 18 12 Catfish 1.4 15.0 O-I 18 13 Cod 15.0 14.0 <0.3 18 14 Eel, electric 12.0 28.0 0 18 69 69. DATA FOR CONSTRUCTING BLOOD Oj DISSOCIATION CURVES (Continued) Part VI: FISH (Concluded) Animal t. i sat. pH Temperature OC pCOz Reference ram Hg mra Hg (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 15 Eel, electric 18.0 25.0 18 16 Eel, salt water (Anguilla bostoniensis) 4.0 17.0 0.3 18 17 Hairaara 8.0 28.0 0 18 18 Hassa 11.0 28.0 0 18 19 Hassa 20.0 25.0 18 20 Mackerel (Scomber scorabrus) 52.0 10.0 18,48 21 Mackerel (S. scorabrus) 17.0 8.0 20.0 1.0 48 22 Mackerel (S. scombrus), dilute Hb solution 18.0 7.38 25.0 18 23 Paku 12.0 28.0 0 18 24 Paku 55.0 25.0 18 25 Plaice 12.0 16.5 0.3 18 26 Ray (Raja sp)l 26.0 7.38 25.0 49 27 Ray (Raja sp) 45.0 25.0 1.0 49 28 Remora (Echeneis naucrates)' 11.0 7.38 25.0 49 29 Remora (E. naucrates)' 53.0 6.80 25.0 49 30 Salmon, Atlantic, brackish water 23.0 15.0 1-2 18 31 Salmon, Atlantic, fresh-water 21.0 15.0 1-2 50 32 Salmon, Atlantic, fresh-water 35.0 15.0 10.0 18, 50 33 Scup (Stenotomus chrysops)! 6.4 7.38 25.0 49 34 Sea robin (Prionatus carolinas)! 21.0 7.38 25.0 49 35 Sea robin (P. carolinas) 17.0 7.70 20.0 1.0 48 36 Shark (Mustelus canis)! 7.0 7.40 25.0 49 37 Shark (M. canis)' 12.0 6.80 25.0 49 38 Shark (Hypoprion brevirostris)! 7.6 7.40 25.0 51 39 Skate (Raja oscillata) 20.0 7.80 10.4 1.0 52 40 Skate (R. oscillata) 45.0 25.0 1.0 52 41 Skate (R. oscillata) 98.0 37.0 1.0 52 42 Skate (R. oscillata) 11.0 0.2 1.0 52 43 Stingray (Dasyatus sp)l 13-15 7.40 25.0 51 44 Sucker 12.0 15.0 1-2 18 45 Sucker 43.0 10.0 18 46 Tautog (Tautoga onitus)' 6.0 7.38 25.0 49 47 Toadfish 14.0 20.0 1-2 18 48 Toadfish 33.0 10.0 18 49 Toadfish (Opsanus tau)l 3-4.4 7.38 25.0 49 50 Toadfish (O. tau) 13.0 7.70 20.0 1.0 48 51 Trout, brook 17.0 15.0 1-2 18 52 Trout, brook 42.0 15.0 10.0 18 53 Trout, brown 17.0 15.0 1-2 18 54 Trout, brown 39.0 15.0 10.0 18 55 Trout, rainbow 18.0 15.0 1-2 18 56 Trout, rainbow 35.0 15.0 10.0 18 III Hemoglobin solutions. Part VU: INVERTEBRATES Animal t. \ sat. pH Temperature pCOz Reference mm Hg °C mm Hg (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 1 Anadara 10.0 18 2 Arenicola 1.8 7.3 18 3 Arenicola 1.8 17.0 0 18 4 Busyconl 6.0 23.0 13.5 53 5 Cancer' 12.0 23.0 0 18 6 Ceriodaphnia 0.8 17.0 0 18 7 Chironomus 0.2 17.0 0 18 8 Chironomus 0.6 17.0 0 18 9 Daphnia 3.1 17.0 0 18 10 Gastrophilus, concentrated 4.9 39.0 18 / 1 / Hemocyanin. 70 69. DATA FOR CONSTRUCTING BLOOD O^ DISSOCIATION CURVES (Concluded) Part VII: INVERTEBRATES (Concluded) Animal t. i sat. mm Hg pH Temperature OC pC02 ram Hg Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) U 12 Gastrophilus, dilute Helix, summerl 0.02 12.0 39.0 20.0 0 18 18,53 13 Helix, winter' 11.0 8.20 20.0 18 14 15 16 Homarusl Limulusl Limulusl 90.0 11.0 13.0 7.20 7.70 0 18 18 18 17 18 19 20 Loligol Nippostrongylus Octopus' Phascolosoma^ 36.0 <0.1 3.0 8.0 23.0 19.0 25.0 19.0 0 0.6 18,54, 55 18 18,56-58 18 21 Planorbis 1.9 17.0 0 18 22 Planorbis 7.0 20.0 0 18 23 24 25 26 Sipunculus^ Spirographis^ Tubifex Urechis^ 8.0 27.0 0.6 12.3 7.70 19.0 20.0 17.0 19.0 0.07-80 0 8.6 18 18 18 18 /I/ Hemocyanin. /2/ Hemerythrin. /3/ Chlorocruorin. Contributors: (a) Forbes, W. H., (b) Lucas, M. S., (c) McCutcheon, F. H., (d) Oberholzer, R., (e) Root, R. W., References: [ l] Allen, D. W., Guthe, K. F., and Wyman, J., J. Biol. Chem. 18F:393, 1950. [2] Paul, W., and Roughton, F. J., J. Physiol., Lond. 122:23, 1951. [3] Dill, D. B. , in "Hamdbook of Respiratory Data in Aviation, " Committee on Medical Research, Washington, 1944. [4] Dill, D. B., Edwards, H. T., and Consolazio, W. V., J. Biol. Chem. 125: ''35, 1937. [5] Singer, R. B., and Hastings, A. B., Medicine 27:223, 1948. [6] DiU, D. B., and Forbes, W. H., Am. J. Physiol. 132:685, 1941. [7] Cullen, G. E., Keeler, H. R.. and Robinson, H. W., J. Biol. Chem. 66:301, 1925. [8] Dill, D. B.. Daly. C, and Forbes, W. H., ibid 127:569. 1937. [9] Christensen, E. H., and Dill, D. B., ibid 209:443, 1935. [ 10] Dill, D. B., Talbott, J. H.. and Consolazio, W. V., ibid 218:649, 1937. [11] Hurtado, A., Dunham Lecture, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 1953. [12] Keys, A., Hall, F. G., and Guzman Barron, E. S., Am. J. Physiol. 125:292, 1936. [13] Henderson, L. J., Bock, A. V., DiU, D. B., Hurxthal, L. M., Van Caulaert, C, J. Biol. Chem. 75:305, 1927. [ 14) Dill, D. B., Bock, A. V., Van Caulaert, C, FoUing, A., Hurxthal, L. M., and Henderson, L. J., ibid 78:191, 1928. [15] Dill, D. B., Bock, A. V., Lawrence, J. S.. Talbott, J. H., and Henderson, L. J., ibid 81^:551, 1929. [16] Dept. of Biochemistry, Harvard Medical School, unpublished, 1948-53. [17] Roughton, F. J., Symposium, "Haemoglobin," p 85, New York: Interscience Publishers. Inc.. 1949. [18] Prosser. C. L., "Comparative Animal Physiology," Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.. 1950. [19] DiU. D. B.. Edwards, H. A., Florkin, M., and CampbeU, R. W., J. Biol. Chem. 95:143. 1932. [20] HiU, R., Proc. Roy. Soc, Lond. B 210:472, 1936. [21] Barcroft, J., Elliott. R. H.. Flexner. L. B.. HaU, F. G., Herkel, W., McCarthy, E. F., McClurin. T., Talaat, M., J. Physiol., Lond. 83:192, 1934. [22] Dill, D. B., Van Caulaert, C, Hurxthal, L. M., Stoddard, J. L., Bock, A. V., and Henderson, L. J., J. Biol. Chem. 72:251, 1927. [23] Theorell, H.. Biochem. Zschr. 268:73. 1934. [24] Hall. F. G.. DUl, D. B., and Guzman Barron, E. S., J. CeUul. Physiol. 8:301, 1936. [25] DiU, D. B., and Talbott, J. H., Am. J. Physiol. 90:328, 1929. [26] Green, A. A., and Redfield, A. C, Biol. Bull. 64:44, 1933. [27] Gjonnes, B., and Schmidt- Nielsen, K., J. Cellul. Physiol. 39:147, 1952. [28] Florkin, M., and Redfield, A. C, Biol. BuU. M:422, 1931. [29] Irving, L., Solandt, O. M.. Solandt, D. Y., and Fisher, K. C, J. CeUul. Physiol. 6:393, 1935. [30] Morgan, V. E., and Chichester, D. F., J. Biol. Chem. 210:285, 1935. [ 3l] Rostorfer, H. H., and Rigdon, R. H., Biol. BuU. 92:23, 1947. [32] Christensen, E. H., and DiU, D. B., J. Biol. Chem. ^09:443, 1935. [33] Wastl, H., and Leiner, G., Pflugers Arch. 227:367, 421. 1931. [34] Drastich. L.. ibid 219:227, 1928. [35] DiU, D. B., and Edwards, H. T., J. CeUul. Physiol. 6:243, 1935. [36] DiU, D. B., Edwards, H. T., Bock, A. V., and Talbott, J. T., ibid 6:37, 1935. [37] Dill. D. B., and Edwards, H. T., J. Biol. Chem. 90:515, 1931. [38] Edwards, H. T., and DiU, D. B., J. CeUul. Physiol. 6:21. 1935. [ 39] Henderson, L. J., "Blood: A Study in General Physiology, " New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1928. [40] McCutcheon, F. H., J. CeUul. Physiol. 29:333. 1947. [41] Southworth, F. C, and Redfield, A. C. J. Gen. Physiol. 9:387, 1926. [42] WUson, J. W., J. CeUul. Physiol. 13:315, 1939. [43] Scott, W. J., Biol. BuU. 62:211, 1931. [44] McCutcheon. F. H.. J. CeUul. Physiol. 8:63. 1936. [45] Riggs. A. F.. J. Gen. Physiol. 35:23, 1951. [46] McCutcheon, F. H., and HaU, F. G., J. CeUul. Physiol. 9:191, 1937. [47] Wastl, H., Biochem. Zschr. 197:363, 1928. [48] Root, R. W., Biol. BuU. 62:427, 1931. [49] HaU, F. G., and McCutcheon, F. H., J. CeUul. Physiol. 21.:205, 1938. [50] Redfield, A. C, Quart. Rev. Biol. 8:31, 1933. [51] McCutcheon, F. H.. J. CeUul. Physiol. 29:333, 1947. [52] DiU, D. B., Edwards, H. T., and Florkin, M., Biol. BuU. 62:23, 1932. [53] Redfield, A. C, Biol. Rev. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 9:175, 1934. [54] Redfield. A. C. CooUdge, T., and Kurd, A. C, J. Biol. Chem. 69:475. 1926. [55] Redfield. A. C. and Goodkind, R.. J. Exp. Biol. 6:340, 1929. [56] Dhere, C, J. physiol.. Par. 28:221, 1919. [57] Winterstein, H., Biochem. Zschr. 19:384, 1909. [58] Wolvekamp. H. P., Zschr. vergl. Physiol. 25:541, 1938. 71 70. BLOOD O2 DISSOCIATION LINE CHARTS: MAN USE OF CHARTS: Changes in temperature and pHs (serum) alter the position but not the shape of the oxygen dissociation curve. Dissociation curves for various values of pHs and temperature for man may be computed from the one standard curve for normal human blood at 37°, pHs 7.4, by multiplying all the pO^ values by factors for tempera- ture and pHs. The left-hand line gives factors for temperature, the next line factors for pHs. The two right-hand line graphs give the standard oxygen dissociation curve in a form more easily read than the usual graph. The computation is given by Pt, pH = P x ft " fpH where Pj pH is the p02 at temperature t and pH, P is the p02 at 37°, pHs 7.4 for the same % saturation, given on the standard curve, and ft and fpn are the multipliers obtained from the line charts. Examples of the use of these charts follow: 1) Problem: Prepare a complete oxygen dissociation curve for 30°, pH 7.6. Method: The factor for 30° is 0.74, and for pH 7.6 is 0.80. Their product is 0.59. Multiply all p02 values in the standard curve by 0.59; i.e., for 50% saturation, pO^ in the new curve is 26.4 x 0.59 = 15.6 mm Hg. Z) Problem: Arterial blood taken during surgery had 88% saturation by Van Slyke manometric methods. pH was 7.56 at body temperature of 33.8°C. What is the pOz? Method: From the standard dissociation curve, right-hand line, at 88% saturation, pO^ = 57 mm Hg. The factors are, for pH, 0.84 and for temperature, 0.87. pO^ = 57 x 0.84 x 0.87 = 41.6 mm Hg in the patient. To convert tension to saturation, factors are used as dividers: 3) Problem: Arterial blood from a febrile subject had a p02 of 73 mm Hg, determined at body temperature, 40°C, using a Roughton Scholander syringe. pHs, corrected to 40°, was 6.98. What is the % saturation? Method: Factors are 1.14 for temperature, and 1.52 for pHs. sociation curve, this equals 77% saturation. 73 1.14 X 1.52 = 42.1 mm Hg. From the dis- 4) Problem: Blood taken from a heart-lung by-pass machine was found to have a p02 by polarograph of 65 mm Hg and pHs of 7.72, both having been measured at 37°. The blood in the machine was at 30°. What is the % saturation, and the p02, in the machine? Method: Since the blood was warmed anaerobically to 37° for pHs and p02 measurement, its saturation was unchanged, and the only correction needed to calculate saturation is that for pHs. This, for 7.72 is 65 0.70. 0.70 = 93 mmHg, which from the dissociation curve reads 96.4% saturation. To find p02 at 30°, first the pHs at 30° must be computed from the whole blood pHs factor, -0.0147 units per degree [ l] . -7° x -0.0147 = +0.103. Inasmuch as pHs rises as temperature falls, 0.103 is added to 7.72 ( = 7.82). The factor for pH 7.82 is 0.63 and for 30° is 0.74. 93 x 0.63 x 0.74 = 43.3 mm Hg p02 in the machine. A simpler method of correcting the p02 from 37° to 30° is given in the line chart on page 62 (correction of p02 and PCO2 of blood in vitro for temperature changes). The standard dissociation curve, and the pHs and temperature factors are taken from curves published by Dill and Forbes [ 2, 3] . Tensions at the high end of the curves were taken from Nahas, etal [4] . These are assumed to be average curves, subject to some variation in normals and perhaps great variation in disease, particularly diabetes and anemia. The chief reason for variation is failure of intracellular pHc, which actually determines the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, to be constantly related to serum pHs. Contributor: Severinghaus, J. W. References: ( l) Rosenthal, T. B. Physiol! 132:685, 1941. [3] Dill, Research, Washington, 1944. [4] , J. Biol. Chem. 173:25, 1948. [2] Dill, D. B., and Forbes, W. H.. Am. J. D. B., "Handbook of Respiratory Data in Aviation," Committee on Medical Nahas, C. G.. Morgan. E. H.. and Wood. E. H., J. Appl. Physiol. 5:169,1952. 72 70. BLOOD O2 DISSOCIATION LINE CHARTS: MAN (Concluded) pOz pOz Oxyhemoglobin Temperature Multiplier pHs Multiplier Dissociation Curve pH 7.4, 370c. Temp Factor pHs Factor Sat p02 Sat pOz OC % % p- C-50 : ■ — 1,20 a — .50 80 -_ E.45 looq — 300 40 — - 8.0 — \ '- '. — 200 — 1.10 : Z- '-40 99^ — 150 37*^ : 1.00 - I "" — ] — .60 10- 98- •—110 35— ■-■90 7.8-^ — ^35 '- ^ - I K g7_ — 100 '- \ '— .70 L ; ^ - ^ 1 '■— .80 - z K r-90 \ '^ 60 -_ 96- 30 — r 7 L. ; Z 80 k-30 : =- ( . D — ^ '- — .70 - ^ ^- 95- =—80 ^ C — =— .90 ^— 75 - " ^ 50 - 94- - 25— j I-.60 7.4 m^_ =_ 1.00 — 25 '. — 1_ \ ^— 1.1 93- 70 : - ^.50 - I 1 2 40 -j 92-; ~ 20 — \ 7.2 — [ k - 1 65 — ; ~ 1.3 -20 91-; - - - — ~ - — — .40 - i- '■■* 30 — 90-; - k \ z — 15 — t 7.0 - — 1.50 ■ 60 89- h— - — 1.6 ^_ h- - — 15 _ ■ — _ - — 1.7 - - 20 - 88- _ ^-.30 " — 1.8 - 10 — - 6.8 — ; . - - . . I — 1.9 87-; 55 • J — 2.00 -10 ^ - _ '. ^ - ; — 2.1 10-^ 86- - 5 — I 6.6 — — 2.2 - — .20 " 1_ 2.3 — 2.4 '-^ 85- ', — 51 0 - — 0 84- 0 — Contributor: Scveringhaus, J. W. 73 71. BLOOD 02 DISSOCIATION CURVES: MAN Part I: AT VARIOUS pH VALUES Theory and method of development of straight line curves given in headnote and in Parts I and II of Table 72. 98. pH 7.6 7.4 7.2 96- / / / 94- / / / 90- / / / 85- / / / 80- / / / 8? 70- o 01 60- y X y 50- M M y X ^r X % O2 Saturation pOa, mm Hg at 370C pH 7.6 pH 7.4 pH 7.2 40- 2 4 1.7 3.0 2.1 3.8 2.6 4.6 6 4.4 5.5 6.8 10 6.5 8.2 10.5 30- ^ ^ ^ 15 20 8.7 10.7 10.9 13.4 13.5 15.5 30 14.2 17.9 22.1 40 17.5 22.0 27.1 50 20.9 26.3 32.3 20- • ^ ^^ ^ 60 24.7 31.1 38.2 70 28.7 36.1 44.3 80 36.3 45.7 56.2 15- 85 41.1 51.7 63.6 90 48.7 61.4 77.2 94 59.5 75.0 92.1 96 69.7 87.7 108.0 10 ■ 98 89.8 113.0 139.0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 \ 1 1 — 1 — 1 — 1 1 1 1 1 1 » 1 10 15 20 25 Contributors: Bartels. H., and Opitz, E. 30 35 40 p02, mm Hg 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 Reference: Dill, D. B.. in "Handbook of Respiratory Data in Aviation," Committee on Medical Research, Washington, 1944. 74 71. BLOOD 02 DISSOCIATION CURVES; MAN (Concluded) Part II: AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES 23° 30° 37° ga- / / / ge- / / / / 94- / / / 90- / / / 85- / / / 80- / / / S? 70 ■ / / / IN O / / / 60- / / / 50- / / / / / / 1>oz Saturation pO^, mm Hg at pH 7.4 230c 30OC 370C Z 1.2 1.6 2.1 40 ■ X X X 4 2.1 2.8 3.8 X X X 8 3.0 4.1 5.5 X ^ X 10 4.5 6.1 8.2 30- X X 15 20 6.0 7.3 8.1 10.0 10.9 13.4 30 9.8 13.3 17.9 40 12.0 16.4 22.0 50 14.4 19.6 26.3 10 - 60 17.0 23.1 31.1 70 19.8 26.9 36.1 80 25.0 34.1 45.7 15- ■^ 85 90 28.3 33.6 38.5 45.7 51.7 61.4 94 41.0 55.9 75.0 96 48.0 65.3 87.7 10- 98 61.8 84.2 113.0 =-H =.H H. 1 1 1 \ f 1 1 1- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1— 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 pO^. mm Hg 60 70 80 90 100 120 Contributors: Bartels. H., and Opitz, E. Reference: Dill, D. B., and Forbes, W. H., Am. J. 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Duration of Pregnancy Cases Oz Capacity wk no. vol % (A) (B) (C) 1 36 9 20.1(16.6-24.1) 2 37 9 22.0(18.5-25.1) 3 38 16 20.7(17.6-25.5) 4 39 24 19.9(17.0-24.2) 5 40 30 21.3(17.8-23.2) 6 Term 88 20.8(16.6-25.5)1 7 41 14 21.3(16.8-25.6) 8 42 and over 40 20.7(16.2-24.5) 9 1 Postmaturity 54 20.9(16.2-25.6)2 /I/ Mean and range for Lines 1-5. /2/ Mean and range for Lines 7,8. Contributor; Nesbitt. R. E. L.. Jr. References: Prystowsky, H., and Eastman, N. J., Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 101:45, 1957. 74. O2 SATURATION IN BLOOD OF UMBILICAL VESSELS, NORMAL AND DIFFICULT LABOR: MAN Spontaneous, uncomplicated delivery; all deliveries in occipito-anterior presentation and without evidence of meconium staining. Complicated delivery; forceps deliveries and cesarean sections; spontaneous deliveries in occipito-anterior presentation, with meconium staining of the amniotic fluid or other signs of asphyxia before or after delivery. Menstrual Spontaneous, Uncomplicated Delivery Complicated Delivery Age Cases Venous O2 Cases Arterial O2 Cases Venous O2 Cases Arterial O2 wk no. Saturation, % no. Saturation, % no. Saturation. % no. Saturation, % (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 43 30 64.5 25 30.4 22 53.4 18 26.2 2 42 33 60.4 27 33.0 26 47.9 17 19.9 3 41 52 62.6 42 34.6 38 50.7 30 25.6 4 40 39 61.3 26 36.4 28 49.2 23 27.7 5 39 28 62.9 21 39.7 11 61.4 9 34.6 6 38 20 61.8 16 30.6 7 64.9 7 43.6 7 37 14 51.9 10 28.5 3 46.0 3 13.0 8 36 3 69.0 2 47.0 3 16.7 3 10.7 9 35 2 36.5 1 30.0 10 33 1 60.0 1 38.0 11 31 1 74.0 1 24.0 12 28 1 21.0 13 27 1 72.0 14 20 1 51.0 Contributor: Nesbitt, R. E. L., Jr. Reference: Rooth, G., and Sjostedt, S., Acta obst. gyn. scand. 36:374, 1957. 82 75. O^ PRESSURE GRADIENT BETWEEN FETAL AND MATERNAL BLOOD: MAN Placental vessel: I-S = intervillous space , U-V = unbilical vein, U-A = unbilical arter y- Method of Delivery Cases no. Placental Vessel O2 Capacity vol % O2 Content vol % O2 Saturation % Estimated pOz ram Hg MpOz-FpOzl mm Hg (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) 1 2 3 Cesarean 2 I-S U-V U-A 14.8 20.2 20.2 8.1 5.1 3.4 54.7 25.0 16.8 27.8 12.5 8.0 17.7 4 5 6 5 1-S U-V U-A 11.2 18.4 18.4 5.0 1.8 1.1 44.6 9.7 5.9 24.0 6.5 5.0 18.3 7 8 Vaginal 4 I-S U-V 15.7 20.6 8.4 5.1 53.5 24.7 27.8 12.2 15.6 9 10 6 I-S U-V 16.0 21.9 8.3 5.2 51.8 23.7 26.5 12.2 14.3 11 12 10 I-S U-V 15.8 20.7 15.3 17.4 96.8 84.0 72.0 39.0 33.0 13 14 12 I-S U-V 22.4 21.2 19.2 10.0 85.7 47.1 48.0 21.0 27.0 15 16 13 I-S U-V 14.1 18.1 10.8 10.9 76.5 60.3 40.1 25.0 15.1 17 18 19 21 I-S U-V U-A 15.7 19.3 19.3 10.6 6.6 3.9 67.4 34.1 20.2 34.0 16.0 U.O 20.4 III MpOz = partial pressure of O2 in maternal circulation; FpGz = partial pressure of O2 in fetal circulation. Contributor: Nesbitt, R. E. L.. Jr. Reference: Prystowsky, H., Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. \OVA&, 1957. 7b. 0-, DISSOCIATION RELATIONSHIPS OF FETAL AND MATERNAL BLOOD: MAN, COW. SHEEP An approximate curve can be drawn for the range of values from 15-80 mm Hg pOz, based upon the pO^ at half saturation, but the curve is not necessarily valid above and below these pressures. The half saturation pOz is, therefore, a satisfactory approximation. Inflections of the curves around this point have not been investigated in sufficient detail as yet. In man, separation of hemoglobin from the corpuscle results in a decrease of half satura- tion pO^ of 9 mm Hg for maternal blood and 2 ram for fetal at pH 6.8 and 370C; this may reverse their relative positions [ 1] . Values in parentheses are ranges, estimate "b" or "c" of the 95% range (cf Introduction). Animal No. Age pO^. ram Hg Half Saturation Maternal Fetal pCOz ram Hg Reference (A) (B) (C) m 31(30-35)c2 333 27. 27(26. 37-28.17)b5 29.08(28.02-30. 14)b5 34 33 32 31.5 (42-49)c (E) (F) (G) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Man Cow Sheep 1 224 224 3 2 7 6 Term Terra 3.5 mo gestation 5.5 mo gestation 7 and 8 mo gestation At birth 50 to HI da 139 and 140 da gestation 25(22-29)c2 255 21. 86(21. 26-22. 46)b5 23.94(23. 10-24. 78)b5 18 23 20 22.5 (17-19)c (25-26)c 40 40 pH = 7.4 40 43(41-45)b 43(41-45)^ 43(41-45)t' 43(41-45)b 40(36-44)b 40(38-42)1" III Temperature, published curve. 380C. /2/ Derived from graphic approximations corrected to pCOz ■■ 111 b maternal, 16 fetal. /5/ Corrected for A log pOz = -0.048 A pH. 40. in Estimated from Contributor: Kaiser, I. H. References: [ l) McCarthy, E. F Sax, M. G., ibid 87:97, 1936. [3] Hosp. 53:246, 1933. [4] Darling, 1941. [5] Roos, J., and Romijn, Yale J. Biol. 24:169, 1951. , J. Physiol., Lond. 1^:55, 1943. [2] Leibson, R. G., Likhnitzky, I. I., and Eastman, N. J., Gelling, E. M., and De Lawder, A. M., Bull. Johns Hopkins R. C, Smith, C. A., Asmussen, E., and Cohen, F. M., J. Clin. Invest. 20:739, C, Proc. Koninkl. Ned. Akad. Wetenschap. 43:1212, 1940. [6] Barron, D. H., 83 J < s <: s Q O o DQ J < H U b, a o b CO U > u z g U o - rt > rt oj ^ H = S 5= 3 ■g U> £ 3 O .2 ■o . , . ™ S° i -S 3 ;3 Si f, tn « 4) W 2 ; c i! c'H£ o .. 10 .2 ™ — ffl 1- r: o o 01 (U o a a ° -o «) a c <« t. rt o a; >, HI .S '' oj X u oi — X 6 n t. 01 ,^ c 0 a> c CD u. c a 01 cu e * ^ m i^ 5i 0; o a, H i2 C M flJ JJ 01 jr 5 o £ o C o '^ ^ *' ; -a i . n g 3 R O T! 5 O C ™ m to " c a; ~ ^ m c nj [fl o n 5 -o '^ ■-' ♦J 0) **. •*- TJ O *- ji 3 — . 1, S •c 5 i; o ii *-■ ^ flj « XI ?< ^ tic 0] Ft- CO a> j= u G t. rt « j= _ S o; u OJ •o S S o u c BO 01 i ^ t- •a e 0; 5>c: c " ?! E 3 U 'O 0- U £ a a o £ c _ 0.2 ^ < 2 ° . rt ° I > 0) _ 2 « 01 flj CO (U CO — CD 0) 01 iS ?! 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PQ . P «> 3 c « : >ai ■o . to DC -^ffl P 5 97 80. ACID- BASE IMBALANCE OF BLOOD: MAN (Concluded) Part IV: PATHWAYS Any point on this acid-base diagram [ ij gives simultaneously occurring values of four variables: (1) whole blood buffer base (BB)[j, the metabolic factor in the disturbance; (2) CO^ pressure (pC02), the respiratory factor; (3) plasma CO^ content; and (4) pH. The scale of (BB)(^ is strictly accurate only for oxygenated human blood at 37*^C having a hematocrit value of 45% or hemoglobin concentration of 15 g/100 ml. The width of the buffer base bar corresponds to the "normal" range of arterial pCO^ selected, namely, 35-45 mm Hg. Similarly, the width of the pCO^ bar is the normal range for (BB)|,, from 4b- 52 mEq/L. The heavy arrows represent typical average path- ways of the four principal types of acid-base disturbance (Part II). They are based on observations of the contribu- tor and colleagues [ 1-4] , but are representative of similar clinical data in the literature. In metabolic acidosis, respiratory compensation is almost alw-ays present [2] ; in metabolic alkalosis, respiratory compensation is fre- quently absent, especially under clinical conditions [3, 4] . In acute, experimental, respiratory disturbances the pathways are in the horizontal pC02 bar, with virtually no change in (BB)^^ [ 5] . The four mixed types of acid-base disturbance are not shown on the diagram, but the possible areas may be located from the classification in Part III. Examples of these disturbances are mixed acidosis in thoracic surgery under ether anesthesia [ 6] , mixed alkalosis in many dyspneic patients with congestive heart failure [ 7] , mixed hypercapnia in some cases of cor pulmonale [ 4], and mixed hypocapnia in severe salicylate intoxication [ 2] . BUFFER BASE EXCESS pH CO? DEFICIT 15' Respiratory acidosis with renal compensation 5ry compensation BUFFER BASE DEFICIT Contributor: Singer, R. B. References: ( I] Singer, R. B., Am. J. M. Sc. 2£I^:199, 1951. [2] Singer. R. B., Medicine, Bait. 33:1, 1954. [3] Singer, R. B., Deering. R. C, and Clark, J. K., J. Clin. Invest. 35:245, 1956. [4] Singer, R. B., unpublished. (5) Shock, N. W., and Hastings. A. B.. J^l_2:239, 1935. [6) Beecher, H. K., and Murphy, A. J.. J. Thorac. Surg. 19:50, 1950. [7] Squires. R. D.. Singer, R. B., Moffitt, G. R.. Jr.. and Elkinton, J. R. , Circulation, N. Y. 4:697, 1951. 98 81. ERYTHROCYTE AND HEMOGLOBIN VALUES: MAN Values in parentheses are ranges, estimate "b" of the 95% range (cf Introduction . Variable Sex Value Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) 1 RBC count, millions/cu mm blood 33.5 29 87 20 Female 4.8(4.2-5.4)b 42.0 14. 5(12. 3-16. 7)b 33.5 29 87 21 Average (19 and 20) 5.1 44.5 15.4 33.5 29 87 HI See Table 81. Contributors: (a) Bethell, F. H., (b) De Marsh, Q. B., (c) Diggs, L. W., (f) Mayerson. H. S., (g) Osgood, E. E., (h) Washburn, A. H., (i) Windle, Reference: Albritton, E. C, "Standard Values in Blood," Philadelphia: (d) Glaser. K., (e) Guest. G. M., W. F.. (j) Wintrobe, M. M. W. B. Saunders Co.. 1952 (Table 38). Values are expressed as weight. Chem - chemica removed. W-C = washed 85. ERYTHROCYTE O^ CONSUMPTION: VERTEBRATES (il/mg dry weight/hr and are calculated on the basis of water content of cells being 70% by 1, mano = manometric. B = blood. C = cells. D = defibrinated. W-R = washed, buffy coat cells of whole blood, Sus = suspension of RBC. R = Ringer, S - isotonic saline. Temp, of Measurement OC Method Blood or Cells Q02 .Animal In Serum In Ringer or Saline Reference Sample Condition (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) 1 Man 37 Chem B D 0.015 R 1 2 37 Mano B D 0.018 0.017 R 2 3 37 Mano C W-R 0.042 R 3 4 37 Mano C W-C 0.060 R 4 5 Rabbit 37 Chem B D 0.049 R 1 6 25 Chem B D 0.220 R 5 7 38 Mano B D 0.064 0.028 R 6 8 37 Mano B D 0.062 7 9 37 Mano C Sus 0.024 R 4 10 Chicken 25 Chem B D 0.260 5 11 38 Mano B D 0.350 0.210 R 6 12 37 Mano C W-C 0.180 R 4 13 Goose 39 Chem B D 0.670 0.440 R 1 14 25 Chem B D 0.250 5 15 37 Mano B D 0.720 0.400 R 8 16 Alligator, American 25 Mano C D 0.113 0.067 S 6 17 Snake, garter 25 Mano C W-C 0.154 0.081 S 6 18 Snake, water 25 Mano C W-C 0.173 0.083 S 6 19 Turtle 25 Mano C W-C 0.060 R 4 20 Turtle, Blanding's 25 Mano C W-C 0.096 0.067 S 6 21 Turtle, box 25 Mano C W-C 0.158 0.081 S 6 22 Turtle, snapper 25 Mano C W-C 0.119 0.075 S 6 23 Frog, bull 25 Mano C W-C 0.111 0.051 S 6 24 Fish, puffer 20 Mano C W-C 0.227 6 25 Fish, sea robin 20 Mano C W-C 0.075 S 6 26 Toadfish 20 Mano C W-C 0.112 6 Contributors: (a) Hunter. F. R.. (b) Ponder, E. References: [ l] Warburg, O., Zschr. physiol. Chem. 59:112, 1909. [2] Harrop, G. A., and Barron, E. S., J. Exp. M. 48:207, 1928. [3] Damble, K., Zschr. ges. exp. Med. 86:594, 1933. [4] Ramsey, R., and Warren, C. O., Jr.. Quart. J. Exp. Physiol. 20:213, 1930. [5] Roche. J., and Siegler-Soru, E.. Arch, internal, physiol. 3j_:413. 1929. [6] Tipton, S. R., J. Cellul. Physiol. 3:313, 1933. 1 7] Nagelein, E., Biochem. Zschr. J_58: 121 , 1925. [8] Horn, Z., ibid 226:297, 1930. 103 S " o B V ^ RBC Diameter' (Dry Film) X 01 h m o OS u s RBC Hb Concentration g/100 ml RBC 5 a n E Blood Hb Concentration g/100 ml blood 1 5 RBC Packed Volume (Hematocrit) ml /1 00 ml blood o RBC Count millions/cu mm blood £ s < < q Q K o o li^ <30 in in t«- p».inor*mp-'*r-min o iTi m 00 o r- r- ^ ro ^ "J" CO m o Q m -^ 00 -^ i_ r- rf ^r ift <*n r- rNj o -H in tn c^ in .»^ -H -H -H o in psj sO pj rvj , ■ ro.», G m rn f^r-o — ■ inofMOO'^i'^'^ooo'^^'M'^ino rn O* CO O O r^ rf ■^fMrOO^DO^'M^ GO -^ CO OO *4 CO ^ fsj On m ■ ^ -O r^ o r- M M M X rM 00 rM iM in -^ rO rj ro m >H r^ IN) ._ .. _. ,.>. o -» in ^--. o — . in ^-. — in I — . in ^ —.—.inin'-}'— .— •— ^o^'tT'T'u^— *'-<^ in moi I iOiOi^"^"^iOOfNJ ^ -^.^r-sOoo«co-H(Mao-H-^ao-H-H— « rn in 00 in -fr o ■ij' o ■^ ^ O^ 00 _ ^ po -^r ■* 00 ^ Tj» '^ 00 o rw . . 00 — fo — r- I fO ^ rvl ^ rO \n (NJ fM ^ o ^^ o in rO ^ .^ ^ ^ly ^ Tf fO . '^ ^ s rn iTi o^ CO sO in Ov rO _Q in o • o sO — . 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(7^ 0 — fo rq «•*-►- iM < fNJ < fM < IM < < m 00 II U l-s m 01 0) a x: CO IS DO -^ s s CO pi:' C QQ 1 6 Rl U tl0 nJ J m :3 0) (d Ih .s x; a o a m (d ^ 1 1 .2 t, *' t. TJ t. >^ u ly c ^ 0 c c £ -5 u rt c ™ * £ S .i: S ^_, — ^ ft ■-- U c ^ ^ 0) rt P C m CO) to 5 J= ^ b i: c u 0 0 >v rt rt 0 i U -" M 4. 0 c .2 ° " S 1 2 S 2 - . J« g g 0 Li a T3 c a w 6 > 0 2 a 0 o 0 «i.S CO t; CO S P- III 01 S, t, 0 ■« 2 t. C CO Si — c ° 1^ 3 °i2 o 3 m ^ « 0 u 4> C ^ ^" O o o j= s; a> en be 0> s 1 « S-5 •■ 1 0 o a. 3 x: a c » X n ^ 0 « 0 S 2 a 2 I. g t- 6 S 0 §6? § S »i n tl r 0) t. Cfl T3 is Q. Q. CO j: 0 CO j: < U Q. HD 3 a ■>,-a DP o o p « 0) 5 <- g 0 aJi 0 Ea£ ^^« O U u u o o ^ m o in nO -« in — r- ■Xi o o O o o o -H 0 Y ■* •* ■ ;^ /i 0 r- — U m 00 00 ^n ro rsi r^ ^ (^ ^ m m X •<• m ^ U CO in 1/1 in u 00 in in in in tn m a in m m m in m X X CO X rsJ u sO sO ■* in (9 in in y in in 0 f^ c m m in H^ in ^ 00 00 00 H-l a -« r- sD 00 ■^ — ' -T >. ■^ r*> -£! CC 00 a u 0 a 0 ■J3 00 00 in in in in in d 'C in in in m m c in in in in c mm m m m m _ fM 00 ti r- jr r- X in >. o in in in tl in in in Ih in mm x: 0 OJ o f^ ^ — ^ rsj 0 fM (M fM 0 0 a 2 in f*> ■* OS r- so O^ rvj fNJ — O^ CT* rj fsj 0 ^0 f*^ CO ^ ^ ^ Ol — ■* ^ %o in in >o >o u a o U s£ in in nD sO >o 0 o >0 oA nO c ^ ^ ^ V e o E u 0 6 X u X ~ U 0. 0 o' E 0 « fi >> E n -1 01 o r, ?i ° u, a b rt ^ U o c o 2 U X -i! •- ^ 5. X 5, u u ° 2 U -; ^ ^ — S c ° y "■- 0 X u u " - 0) «) j: - £ 2 U X -J! o 0 0 y 0 Z = H S-, tn ^ X 0 u " 0 & X u I. _ 0) 0 . in in5 m y - S •". 5 S " 5sS§S s: f 5S " S^5S o W W 0 (M 0 U U 0 N u u -M td U X . 1 dz ° 2 X IM d r; 0 0) i e in . d 2 K in 01 - "^ U 00 ■«■ " ■M 0 0 00" -. Q _ - U •- -^ (M » n .. z X u „ -S X - - . B - ~ 0 •'S«8 ^ u -^ £ (J II ,. tx u ■ - - ■s > — • &D 0 ^s - S S s n - S "V a. (V > n S 0) n goo c 0 SI S S s S cx ■* in .A r- 00 i! o 3 'C V a c u ?^ to P _o ■o CS c P O tti 0 (0 ■n £ t- 2 01 t: J3 3 6 o £ ,u ^a 5 « S^ 3 ■« c -a b| ° S >>.5 ii S « I!-' •0 j= /< c tic g » 5 w .2 » .5 ir 2 5 " o hiD —• -t OJ '5 "^ • i ° .5 aS o a. c °- J- — 00 * »> .5 c o S mS "i c o E .b to U 0) II u o 0. a. 3 9 CO — ■" "S. «; S X •u •-• O p^ 0) O /h p g.o ". 10 S v 10 to g .2 o o > j: to »< " ., m £ ■2 a CO C L< 4j S - 2 a - 5< " 3^ «> ID rg II T3 - = S J3 JZ S u a fi u u E u r- \l4 "*"* E 5^ E £ o 2 Z! CO o u : c X " 6 ►," CO E iO O 10 O C U u T3 IIS U O (/> c _■ o e ^ 0) 'i< X J "?■ ■ h B O o tn « o ■=1! (H o O T3 •o _ — 10 0 -• u. J . ,^ - ^ ?^ « B ^ £^ 'U rv" 0 J 41 3 c -^ — U E r 41 CO U CO U 0 0 T3 p E £ CO 41 C CO ^ 0 CJ CO u 3 > 41 U. J2 XI < 0 0 c cO 41 C3 4> •s (J 3 0 1 4> J3 c CO <*> ^4 10 II CO 1h 0 c ~~ X 4> CO 41 CO n 4) F r 41 £ 0 bl J 41 3 IP " c 4j 0 — c 0 u CO - OJ ■3 S CO u 0 CO 3 n u c J! 0 41 U « •2 S 109 00 . o; a c n U, o -a MO •? 5 U a E— - « -D < a c a; o • " o §5 J? (J O . — i -o u, 2" : c -i • T< T) 7* ^ b ' — ir\ > E >^-^ ^ . w . , in — i" . ^ CO _ 4, -f - t- ^ S Q - E I O CT- a- 0) cn 01 o U. -sj Ol h 2 U s o J o b: b: >- a. cn « W 3 c CQ in < I »" .3- E = J K 3 -I ^ . irt . c " X c c 3 . O ci r : « >' § rt - 7 ^ rt IT-' < X 0. ^1 = • CLi O O . -' 0. '^ J - N 3 ^ Ui tn b c: o £ cn cn 0 — CO| - *-* "^ - > ^ °\s. T' -o\ fc E,3 2 " Sin- in td "" :2 a; I- . — CO Z ^ 0„ S >>_ "^ a. r CO m CO ■o 2 £ S E S O M K "*' iv _2 O "- U T aj ? o-o - (/J a X • CO - E-g x: 4) § t: ;= o O O I = E o a < <-> - . c X "= - •^ . a ■gai? csa-fc rsj 00 '^ 2L o- - • — 'in .am ^ C o -. c — — a* . -D — -^ •^.2 E • CL 0) ■^ x; :5 as a US h rs: 2-2 S 2 .^ 2 ''"^^ - ^ in <2t;<-^r- m 52; e 5 C (>| E ' - ^ « .,, 0, cn in in O -C3 X T. - (U CL. « S -™ <« < 3 . I* CO Z cn H '^ a Q. : U £ -a cn c c « o - s* N < '^ .« O t. .T^ ^"i-" S -"Tr. cn 2 » s >< X « o 0. ■ CM ^^ — ' r^ yr ^ CO . o •o CO W c r- O 00 CO a ir CO * — 0) -^ ^^ ■a a.— a 00 c* 0 00 c o o ^ DC' — ' c , s ^ ■'* a- 00 a fc ■D C a •-3 £ 0) r in x' o o tl a. 0 s <^4 < 0 a- o T1 cn H ffl X - -" ' u o . in -o c o in a: cu X) o s in o * ,3 N U a s x: c> a a. ro < m ►-^ in E ^ T3 C a cn ■^ : a> F ?^ F ,^ c p: a CQ ■ cn g ". X o il E -J jS 4< u x: . ■ CJ r^ m o '^ in ■- o- o~ 09 _ — °2 c C J E -' o - o . o : • . J Qi -^ ^ in I *r - a> I u ?»- ' — J X ^ S s ^ ' 3 ffl O [M , >" ,9 J 5 S- :o 2 S . o "o 2 - a. - .i TJ 5 ffl x «= p; CO . — ■ - - .5 S 2 -5 V . .^ 'r •S P * c £ S fl _ 0) n S X a :: 2 u „ » „- E o .2 « X — . '^ •ea- rn -lu ?■ CO ffl rv c ' •- XI T3 U C c O CT- c — - 1-5 fM 1^1 l£ X . V cr X XI £ 00 .1 cr (U J3 E in rsJ o o ' H^ -rsl ..0(j,_,„CooinO < — J J, , , J^^— N 0) o c « ti u X fc at u a S V X W c; l2 1 •S = £ i f a e o < <1 eg- Q CO ■D C 3 O a. £ o U cu E 01 X a u E u2 B V a a _. o a t. CJ 0. CO x: Q. U » ti 3 a 2 a u u c u O s u c a M XI 3 to < A,1,2;B-G a;D,2;E, 1-4 < Prosthetic group of methemogtobin, catalase, horseradish peroxidase. Produced by atmospheric oxidation of heme or neutralization of hemin. As alteration product of hemoglobin in the leech, in malarial parasites, and produced by certain bacteria. In blood extravasations and in the plasma in pathological conditions (hematinemia); present as met- hemalbumin in urine, bile, and feces in pathological conditions. Prosthetic group of hemoglobin, myo- hemoglobin, and ferrocyto- chrome-b. Combines with nitroge- nous bases to form hemochromes (hemochromogens). 10% NaOH: 580(10.5) Alcoholic NaHC03: 590 402.5(79.5) "Acid hematin" in ether: 650 Stoke's reagent produces hemochrome bands. in in 0 »n rr in in t- — in v 0 1^ X a. b ■i. § x: 0, Soluble in alkali; slightly soluble in ether. Soluble in alkali; Fe removed by dilute HCl in glacial acetic acid. Fe+++ complex of protoporphyrin; moderately stable. Fe++ complex of protoporphyrin; easily auto- oxidized to hematin. X l^ " 2 £2 "U in u ^^ o -o x: in j^ •S 2 = S a E m-o £ x: ii a lo- 0 ^ ^ ^ >> r-i a o J3 a; ° -C, cj « - ■3 u - » oo 2 >>" O 3 U 1^ o ■-• o ^ CO ;S CD = 2-2 " .. 41 M » 0) 3 J! ) « .5 ■o C c " P to S m w n ^ rt o «; E O >> _ t^ -" s ■^ « 2 —I ^ ^H ^-1 j^ nl O to be o O I •g S • 5^ H r .5 u o 2 u -^ in a fg q" m « Q u o o o o o CO o l/l ^ O o s o u 0) E s 0> u E n CO t» u a n u jc ■ri 01 -a Z o E o -o o o >> OJ c 01 3 o CO 0^ t 01 u £ ~ V) E en o XI TS 01 fa 01 o CO 3 tn JZ r £ c. o o a * 3 3 01 - ^ - ^ a 01 T" * = fc.- ^ a.2 t. -a U ma 5-5 E-s u O 01 01 o C *" ^1 t. 3 >i o a n ■'- Z 01 o to ." III a I in. ,1 , E ^ 01 — ^ 0. 01 p S o lb I- — 2 c -v 01 O O m E X o ^ to CQ Q so_ oT a w >o U r^ < ai 00 (<^ O rg in ^ »o ^ E9 01 c j: a ■■ Si.E is o^ u Ou .5 a .5 2 ° O £ u c U S 01 E IK 01 d) '^ o 2 9, '3 U O " 2 5 s O - c *^ U rt C (*> o of 01 U 2 --c- al u a| 5 a C ^ -D OJ D. o Si E to o ^ r; t, a 01 01 :3 > a a a| E C 01 >. x; j: 01 -Z C -J} B (XI «( I >" E 5h n ^ '^ " °; '^- 'A i rg Q a -. '^ .. O ^ « m u _ -H -H V J3 c o o 3 U 0) F CO s o r m E o 1 to 01 0 E a S E o DO o c c ^ c. n. a m a CO c o c 01 o a tn o T3 t^ tv o 01 o o E ^4 o o 01 o u a a 01 T a. n m J= CO ii Q 0) a U" 01 . -I c ^ o 01 c =t X J, I J_ 01 « o o a c c 5 E " ti^ 5 '" S- E 2 a 3 CO o " a ' 3 ii -c I. i: ^ _. — a o 3 C § u " i- " - • >>2 Si E g S "^ a i "3 .2 s -3 S to J3 C 3 U ^ o + ^ cS J3 o t *" r- c S"?-"" 01 '- °? — i: ■CCc2oip>>io-^_ t.3Soa>J-t.c i.^ g^S" mix: — t..2 a x: to G 01 a 2 -• ^^ E^ e 1 3 ^^ el a o ii i a •^ •3 o o (0 o U fd 01 0 k. fi c o a S •u •_ -0-. 111 H Z U o U J o .. -a s c t- 2 OS 1= u ° ? Q CU z OS OS o a X S d •2 .5 E. 3 I e -I _ o si rj" U Q .3 Eg 5 „ r- o ■V t; .5 . "^ ^1 "" > >" .t ^ :3 >" "^ -^ ^ rj ' ^ ■ -4 r- o -^ fM — 3 O £ X _ ^ -o c u II S s u X a rt 5 ■b" -a ^ - '" _ o J^ >^T3 X rsj O O J3 T3 rt - 41 „ p o .5 . c Q U < B O - o as .2 o 1 o -^ , u t, - ,5 - o o C 5 I" "rt C ti aii .Op * 5 a> _^-" S! o o ^ £ a .: ■ii££gg O rt X X Q. .™ ^ tli ^ ^ OJ 2-2 e Bo 3 T) 01 JD 6 3 in ,i ° - " "^ •«• Jl C 00 C 00 in -V (U ^ O « >,x ■- > _ n a> £ £| ^8 u S " " O C " > 3 -o (U O C o ♦^ X ,2 *- "M mo .2P »> c - ii. - u i; "" - « «i - g rt - d u w ♦J ^ "-■ J -— — O E Ii 112 A,B,D,2: 2,14,15 'Ad < A,2,l6, 17;B,D, E.2;C, a A.2,14,18; B,19;C, a;D,14, 20,21; E,2,14, 22-25 Small amounts normally present in blood. Larger amounts formed by auto- oxidation of Hb02, particu- larly at low pH, and by oxidation with ferricyanide, nitrite, chlorate; formed in circulating blood by aromatic amines and nitro com- pounds, sulfonamides, and some poisons. Erythrocytes possess mechanisms for reduction of MetHb to Hb, which do not function in idio- pathic familial methemoglobinemia. Pathological product in erythrocytes, formed by the action of intestinal H2S on HbOz. catalyzed by aro- matic amines, e.g., phenacetin; also found in septicemias. Red corpuscles containing sulfhemo- globin appear to have a normal life span. May be an intermediate formation of bile pigments from hemo- globin. Formed by the action of some bacteria on hemoglobin ("viridans effect"). Found in erythrocytes after phenylhydra- zine administration. O2 carrier between oxyhemoglobin and intracellular respiratory enzymes; O2 store under certain conditions. In red rauscles of vertebrates, particularly diving animals, also in some invertebrate "Acid MetHb": 630(3.7-3.8) 500(9.5) 405-407[s] (134-154) Alkaline MetHb: 577(9.5) 540(9.7) 41l[s] (71-90) Stoke' s reagent produces spectrum of Hb (cf heraatin); the 630 band of "acid MetHb" disappears on addition of Na2 CO3 or cyanide and on addi- tion of dithionite. Fe++: 620(11-13) FeCO: 616(16) Band stable in presence of dithionite (cf metheraalbumin and methemo- globin), Na2C03, and cyanide. NaOH + dithionite = protohemo- chrorae (cf choleglobin). Fe": 629 FeCO: 628 Na + dithionite = cholehemochrome; 619 (cf sulfheraoglobin) Fe**: 555 435 Mb differs from Hb particularly in the position of the o-band of myo- oxyhemoglobin, 582 mji and myo- carboxyhemoglobin, 579 m^i TJ v u p S 0 XI 0 *^ u p 0 % ° 2 " 8 \ k (Q 0. Green color; solubility similar to that of Hb, but more easily denatured. MbCO (of horse) is more soluble than HbCO in strong phosphate buffer or amraoniura sulfate solution. Alkali Iron in Fe+++ state. MetHb forms com- pounds with CN", F-, N3, NO, H2O2. Formed by treat- ment of Hb02 solutions with H2S; solution still contains Hb. Globin and prosthetic group of unknown struc- ure which can be retrans- forraed into protoheme. Formed by coupled oxida- tion of Hb with ascorbic acid. Globin + pros- thetic group derived from protoheme by oxidation (probably mix- ture of chole- heme with intact C34 ring and verdoheme with an oxygen atom replacing one raethene bridge). Heme + globin (different from globin in Hb); contains one heme only at MW of 18.500. c 0 !i 1 u 0 n ■3 1 0 s Myohemoglobin (MHb) or Myoglobin (Mb) ~ rj ro ■* 1 113 •• ■" _ CO u 5' u ° c ? Q a. 2 J 3 (O g 5 z o a a, S .2 S a "3 & c a> = S «i O 4) "! ■3 t^ ■a '^ m c 4, « * - ago 0 0) 2 01 t. g 3 O e e s b .5 ■ n S E S) ^ o ° > » CU c m 4, u (D O 5 "> OS u 5 B .- o «+ S o O !ti ♦^ ^ 4> ™ CQ « Q U <: Mb, 2- 6 Sis d O — I. Tl X! C — Hi in -* o o r- o J3 o o •o trt ^ \r\ o u a O 6 ii o* ° s l§ ° >°- ° O S) ^ - -c «< I. 4. ° o ^ C •» ~ " " 3 O ° 3 4i T3 ^K x: S eg o -■ ^ -c — il M o 0) 2 at &< £ Q e o 3 5 ° 5ii ; C -J. 4J C ■5 S O J3 ^^ ■ii a O 3 *» U o c >> o •- Q . ■ ■o .5 0 01 c c 01 o O "> ^ 2 ■ X ^ o x ^ o O I" X m c -, c ■o 4) n c *- (U 01 o a X o -1 c >> m OJ w nl DC w P c o a S SI •^ ai g c r « .S t- o «--C-*-^ T3 O : 4* g - 5 t -•e p t< o s e o o 5 - "^ -s rt X TJ " rt !° iirtio.ililortfflUuoj (M ^ o o ^ in in ^ m O *rf 4^ — t > 2 -^ .. t, ID c o t. at o -^ j2 S ° gi ^§ j: XI 01 x; ^ " S iS 3 - S S a to rt < o 5 c S o c x; j= -H «« E . "5 a 3 g en x: o x: M Q. U C c4 rt a> XI ■ S t- ■3 o - ^ n ■- a o g w „ M gg^ls c rt »; ' o «5 Qfl " = £ S " E 2 o u 3 XJ O J3 4, P >, = -o .g N CO 41 C " U O i e ■o 5 o > ° ? 4; o 5-S fc x: S - ,; rt ; T3 £ 'J c ^ o S -o 5 •~t iC a. rt o XI . c S g '^'C -O 'J -o o O a X c JH U '>'- V . -* ^ X f- — ' « " =■ ^^ s §■> C TD 5 5 4t E w o c X; t; t. o o u (d (D » bo u tg 114 b <" era O ^ (U ■;3 3 x; ^ - - - r-O ^i T rt W •^j n S ci Q Id , M 6 L. x; o .t; u n c m a a XI Sis £ u c i« HI -o e >> T1 s oi.y 1 o bb a a tn c 6 c; o it F o x; - ^ .3 o o o u^ o ^ in — 4 31 o O [14 Ck [k j= ° c ^ * 3 fc 0. ^ t^ rt (u o ^ c •" O r- O t. £ S 5. S to Is X o §•* O O cr a X ii « 3 o ~ ^ o t, x; 3 !r. S * 3 ■5 Q- 5 S5 S E m E 2 § u o (S CO O ^ B •c 5 '^ o " C £ >> . 3 « c c X " ° S e S Tj !; o « . ::3 '^ o i! S "> -c « -5 l« U u r a» u c 0 u o I w I rt ,« 5 ^ X! -C -0^131. ~ 01 >^ c o :^ a. a % se: - S c >>S s = o — 0*5 ."'^■s E N c 01 >> S ■a .5 0 0 0 c 0) XI ^ 0 ^ s E 3 s T3 a . 0) rt ax £ ^ N U L, Q, (« _ .2 " — " - - "01 i S E _,_ rtl" . r' . T, * p i) a» c r ^ E E " a -o X £ cdl u at 0» >> rg -° -^ s °" Ml c a P o ■g^i? «l rtl rtl rtl •3.5 flj X .^ V o 115 u CO u OS £= go 0< 2 u a. go O Q 5S Q < Z J < w .« < z y < < X « o B V u E s CO » (0 o = o a> r « '^ > <10 o u ■D >. ■a o o O M rt t. c 2 7, *■ » ? £ H - °- — ^ T3 S ■"' 2 " ^- Qi >>-"l O St*, to O o cu -^ O ^ V} t< 0) c u x: m o O flJ U. T3 o c ^ c . ■t: C ^ ™ « ^ " inoooo-Dor^<^o -H (Nj **! in vD r^ J3 1 J3 1 ^ I ^ I ^ I J3 1 n — a o .S ■o ■< « o o o J; o . "2s i c o « o 5 <« -C a-c 2 *-^ t-r ra -^ rt e ii ol rt . e rt M_g I" ^ n ;. c ■- Ol"? OJ rt aj x; o i + 01 - ., CO rt o s: i rt oj .::: c m u *- j= 5 o I* o a t- o o ^ j:: jc rt o X u CL XI -o o e " -6 for-^ iM in o o inrg— ■'TsDmo^ in in in rs) inin^rninin^f^ m in in in o ^ B X n '^ a (u o o E a o £ o c B .^ ii ° « sis go c .g i; £ 4) ° 5^ .t: 'o S o a ^ E 2 rt o o t, -o -' •^ 2 c rt O , u. ¥ o -S » 3 O o "5 £ " t; So " 2 ■OUC o o O £ E o o CO £1 c t; c o . C.2 ^1.S a .i: «-- *- xj I J; rt ni C fj o ^ a. a b c p -'-:3 a u (h -^ a CO c4 ? ■" " P cu c I ? J 2 5 I 3 rt t; s V, j- CO J2 0» CJ o < "^ (J Xl| cij CO CO OJ = i 2 2 0) m g — - T3 C P c oj 5 ♦J r- -W O CO ^2^£t P a o > Ii< c .5 - c 2 •2 S a S 5 S 2 -Q t. o c -°l. .5 a, S E H 4* -? W E-S O XI Qu u <„ N u a u ^ M rs] m m ^ r- CO x: ti cfl o C« >T- O 0* "r > ¥ -2 „ — in c W o "3 ol CO « il I O J o o . >. c 9- n , o E c; ;5 t, o > p ■; si'" ■ o 5 o " _ S ^ cfl o 6 o tn aj 0) i b 01 , 0) S 01 S? c 5 ■ ^ x: 0) c P- i; - o o oElSiSUoo^.! 01 ol 1^ Olv.1 C O ol T3 C I (0 ■i: di p ^ (U £ r. c U p •o o a; p. 3 01 a c o 3 TI r. u m ^ in ^ - 2 % > r- -^ "^ rr- ol a; tu &£ 0> C > OJ (It a J3 So ,. - - . o o „ o g o •n i ° U 5 £ ° ^ No-«oOQ.fNja; a o a i^ x: c m OJ ox bn c rt o u a. > 1 * a* 0) O J! 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"" 0, . — ^ t^ ^ 00 o U - - " — — I x; -D o c U3 (d 0) — '^ x; — U : CQ in m - 0 c - -IQ- id -^ 0) E "2 >>3 (/J •-• . -3 U . — • 01 c u Id n ho 3 .5 < E - 0) a* « — S - (d CO CO ^ 01 csl i; u f^^ 3 -S -1 ?: ^ 2 -o 2 in :le 01 • •U fci OS fl ^ a ■ to c '"- * o ■ ' in td in o td 00 ^ ° ^ '^ " ■ u Z >.. Q, - :s -J Id - S as ii tn 6 T3 0) * o g « >^ ■O CT- r- < — ' (30 ^CU i 01 E 5 S.J'^'x^ If, tn Ih CT- 5 t ■((■I J E • a* T3 I c i^ - -U c o. — , to r4 to ro 3 . , 00 t, in S, Q iC ■n ,^ c Id n m n 01 u. • i E ■ E-2f 5i Q T3 td X T3 Sec' C E x: J o td . — . td . S ■ * 0 •■ 3 § 1 § OS J ^3J : ■ — ' i«-o . c> E ' ' o in ^ . -a O^ X TT u o ■ a ^ , w p Id Q, • At <-J eI^x" d:«2 T) , — "T? td - .< C^ •TT a : «^?: — o 3 S go «; .2 I I- CO ~t CO >^ o 0: -p. 2; -o „- . s; id -la: ? -2 2'-' u' en • I Ed 01 x: -U :5 2 O - m c .3 td J< x: a U o X o> I I o; O _ a -o Id 0) - o 2 ■* < , 0) c O « u n u. u 0 0) U QC i s « c»i : . ta O M 01 . XI 3 S o «> I. >J o to S _ 0) .2 a iss; x: — , U o , . >. ~z ^ 2 o CO g a5 2 o W - td -.2 b. i ~ b. ■a T3 g -"I ' U a) , — , O ro I r" (d «; h_ C ^c 2 I_ (d \c m ■ — ■ ^ c ii C . (Ol (d V r^ o -*! . (d to -O T3 1. C - >> O §s J I"-! Si CO z c < -, . . b< ui g bi u § oJ to «^^ rg ,^ .. td "ICO td CO Id ro X „ o 01 o . M Id DC M "c « I" -1-^^.2 o X , < Id 117 CO Z a o o a a O Q Q < 2 J < W a; < 2 u I u J y >- a: 0. t. _ O 3 o a. t (J liem., iol. 4: Biol. . [58] Bailie Papp( , J. Bi M tn 13 , . rt 00 ^ to . ^ . ^, , ^ ^ Tf o ^ •r* i- « o^ ^ vO w <-- 03 a, w _. _^ S o — c P « 5 1° o » : tl i "o ' >^'~ o , rt «i S I 1- > J3 ' ■£ "E 2 — Qj ;: rt -o - <„ m CQ *:;«•;;; rt CO .2 V 2 - - OS OS >- a. 3 Q W H < J W 03 Q Z < Q O 2 3 ° 2-C ^ C M S 2 9- ° m = C ffl 0) ^ - c -S rt (U P- "^ o 9 £ -a ° 0) ?;> O ■" .C t. £ rt °- ■^ ^." 10 T3 j; 0) c .5 01 O 10 -c — r Q. 3 — O o S a; £ X! (11 ^ - L. i X! XI XI > XI o t- c r: CO ac at > !i .. .S CV — • cr -^ ?. cil c c CO S "1 ." o Q w a, c« [I. q> ■" I X'^M rg I ("-M X u ai u X o o u a: u X u .C-.2 C ^ X 01 O ^ - HJ U S u a •V 9t >, u ■= o " "J rj » X Li a? o CO ro CO X -g U 7 N B X o U = o 2 118 t. a 01 c ^ u to 6^u B .3 o J5 ° lU S J o o ° ^ U V r" t? CJ U 1. „- ■ 3 o ^ Z '^ jC ■" U Q J "1 ^" CT* * ° w -. -co rt d ;S-2 BO . ■s-g o q ;,- W _" "fed* q w d d PQ bj - ^ %V. ^ S - « c ~ ~ '^ «i c >, 2 -!> •5 >,° J ■* >-. S XI o £ ± e « £ 2 SB tn 2 C9 4) O ' e - - 2.5 £ XI <« -^ 01 C4 O ffl V§| Z -ii in o - -o in £ I <« E _ c J= a2 3 £ w - I" 3 c 6 ^ «j i: _ 'E So a.- ^ ■P o W U S a) 5 a ■^ : — »i _; > crv _; _c! 0; r:3 * WlOiSS _iO| (M m ° 5 '^ r .. 01 I 0) o c 00 c 0=^ -g ' o ay " - ■; E £ a-3 .^ !*< II U rt o — • rt rt o o rt • . I 0,1 I « .5 2 ':, TJ 5 P -'I 00 > O ■5 " 01 S; .5 rt 01 *j 2*. « GO o X V o ja — ■a ■" V ? "2 (Tl tifl V t~> M 3 TJ ni •0 0) m 4> •-< o ii J3 O U £ ■ ' E .. "^ ? 2 01 u o ■«• >;> c c: rt - u u^ . ^ tl . ^ f^ • rt "3 m cortOcrtrtOiQ.-^ . .+ o U Mr? o O C s ? 0^ 01 ■r-l s 3 2 fe S E ' p 01 ' z X : 3 „ 2X0 •5 3 0 t. i^ i •c — ■-; « 'S O O t; — • to X 3 C^' - MS :m 01 s r rt op 0; 00 T3 2 -I 119 00 H Z u S o 0. pa .J o a to ri ca -- G SI O CO « Q d. Z y 5 Q O D J S " CQ fi P< 2 >J K J Q < Z U < — i ti S u (0 U K U J < u i— t to >< K Q Z < Q 3 z S 3 0, Br m ?.'i?JR. C I 1 o I |„ CO - -J" "I" - C IT) [iri [,-, c --^- > 3 nca'- - ■*-• I- itfL 2 -M fJ •fi - - --, 3 -■ <" I. !o pQ O ^ fn ^ (ii Q t (vi < 4S .D o ^ to t. .S ;2 ^0* a-o ■^ to a o ? >. 3 ™ * T3 2 O . .D _!, m ^ On, S Mo a P > c _ tf> * E c -^ . r * r«J <^ fNj i/^ r* r>j O lA o li^ m t to I "^ S c c SI ■ - to ^ . *j rt irt ^ sO f- j^ 0) u II u II u u u rod . 0-hOO_^0'-! "to . r-i:;~o — tj-i;t> ._-,:3-(. — iLC— t^-'X— • CO C0T3 CO.rt 13= w;o ?J, I six -. m ;j- ;:j -. _■ ::: b." a - " -; ■o to •" 4, BO O. ~ 2 C . o is — X! •§ " > Si Q. to I-" J Q o « 2 § B S 5 i: fc 0) -H — to • X 6 rt O t0;O^ fo r^ to 00 ^ ^ ^ rO I X OJ 01 Ji ceo to to .c X X o O O o 3 iS 3 OJ dj ft) - a ■. a .. ?; U Bd B-i-K U i >> II i-' tM o Du ^ ^ rg II o E 3 J< ■«' « 0-3 ■ y B-;: X -O W M ^ •= o i! ^ -o aT 3 7 0 — -I— xTT S"lx s;, - T- 0,1 , SI. xf" w|x s;6 s s ~% O 0) --^ .-3 ^ ■S » S t^ ^ to 0) ^ 3 '^ ^ c to I U H trt 0) " £ ^ J3 OJ j^ ^ "o -s ii o o; rt to o ■-' ^.5 £ o " U X Q ^ 0, s ■- » - s - ^ o II u « . 01 to ''^ _, O CO I t, "^ ^ sO i3 ^ ,-, - o II X -• 0) to CO S'O I ■SI Ml * o c o ^ X ■S " l-ol a" rt w - ^> y "1 — - [<< Q r4 < Main product of breakdown of hemoglobin and other heme compounds; in gallstones, bile feces of newborn, hemorrhagic infarcts (hematoidin). "Indirect bilirubin" + t + i + + OJ s 0) 3' tft o o in f^4 ■>!■ ■* e u Is si CO U 2 rt MP dimeth. est. = 198- 200OC; s. hot pyr., hot chl. , CCI4, dil. "• 0, X tu u 0 ixl >!o:, sjijx sT.1x"""_\" a,"; ,"iV S!,;?. siSix 0 .Sx" 120 Q u .^ DQ «q ^ fc< 1^" o c 0 0 3 ■pcS o 6 o to ■ -v a i: ■v ; c -^ j' (u 1 cs c„ " c ! _ o 5 -^ ! c „ Mp ; tn £ ^ o ' a> t- c o . CO o -^ , > ^ '^ xn b ' .5 t. 3 o < flj t* a* ; ■o j= 3 »j u c I " ° 01 S O MO) .5 K « ; u _ 3 c 6 e s •5 s 5 i S o «5 - -; " * CO : ,^ *: '^ ?!^ o o ^ a] nJ (d cQ 0) to 3 o «; b<" ^- ^- Z Q u n; « .2 a: «3 ^ ~« „■, •■ .2- a. " s: SS c .tj ■a 2 0. c " 5 S ■^ o ^ .tl Z! S * , .5 O fU '-' M I £> £ " Ota, a£ S S -c o o o m ■ w c .a S rt '£ i ■? o „ o 0, U " ■ - ri ir» ^ i^ .. o jtf Q> — i X (J -; . "^ V ■ o : " m " S -i o H _■ . CU T) QJ — ■ Q. -O to C K f -Mm u o o .™ S o o 3- * -5 -S t. c • •5 a o Q. S 3 O O U 11! C a in a * * -o in ^ in 'T u X "a .. o rt " c c "^ c a;, Q.' , 0,1 , six ■90 3 K : « « . SiX.X i o , c n3 o •i 'C -o "?■ •* ■3 S o 5 X o ^ S o ^ " fc S f U •t3 oi I" ■ i2 £ e o£5 c o rt c c 01 "> ^ ,^ i^ £ _ ■a i o o as CO £ •5 ■? s r 9 .t- CO S £ j= .i3 5 X wo s; 0,1 si§ c Z o O 3 K o '^ - • £ 2 6 H „ '^ ^ ^ o . „ ^ ^ = -5 E •" II o o ^ - . e a, '5 S ^ S' 5 .So- XI S i; .. 2 T3 lu :;r (S 13 u s ex;:? •5, oj o n -^ ^ . 11 « S = 2 . P * X S i." c •„: - .J 3 — ** ^ -1 "^ - > QJ jj «; =S g" o : a y OPZS 2 '^ ".^ " W~^ -S ■5. " * - V * -U S ^ ;-- " i? d :a5 CO- - ir >> IS I ^ll a, ,-* -Ic" c 2 It V M tu H|.S " ^ - .S 2 ,1 g s : .s s s 2 1 o " "o J; : < 121 Reference E t S HI a 0 o 5 ■5 .s U S W CO c Other Physical and Chemical Properties^ Q m Number of Pyrrole Nuclei in Chroraophor, and Color G CO --1--I-- C 1 1 0 1. 1" •^ r* |^^ **-* 0 ^ i~o 1^ a, --<-_-<-- a "f-f- 3 ""r"i Xi --r-i.- 5 L ; -■1-.10 5 u § ■5 1 < S.5 s s I _; u a: 91 3 0 .. 01 • §•« O pO O^ t"- sO O H o .. X ^ 14 j= - to " • -o . ^ lu .-r 0) d . ^ ■■ 6 " ^ 6 M rt :S .^ "^ •- — ■ CO f*^ o o o . . _ . . CL,a^r\j.cx:rtrt4;T3-H o U .: . X ji j= -; s 3 s >;oi s: s; a,. . -I. "T >1 --r-1 z I. O OJ m r*^ m ° aX 4* O f*- iS oB r y = T3 QJ =" "! ■" j= -; s (\- j; =S "S ^ .^ 2, . ■" ■ — fo o ::; ^ £ ;-; M j:: -a co o K CD C3 ^j (sT Cx4 ^ < n CO U (0 3 C o ^ ?^ o a '^ S S o o " CO c ■'5 3 !a t B » O I* sig 2 .5 a °« n3 -o ? "^ o " TJ m o ?; i- f^ 3 P HJ U a i > — •a egg u >• a 6 5.S o "O .53 . « 5 ^ "» 5) « 5 c * 5 *- Tl 0 .2 o i" 2 ™ " 01 o 2 > ?• S .2 " a, ■£■2 O 3 f+ -^ O (J 0) -- "^ O 0) 3" X I p ^ ■§ t- " £ X Z a .. .2 o H B 5 cj >iO iJ N - -» - ■ I s;, - 1 - ■ - 1 - • 0,1 , si"," ur" ?;■ - -J- - 10 sis J3 -S E.2 41 K a >;o -•%- • t SI - 1 sl - -1 0,1 0,1 L r 1 s-g S-3 5 ,0 o -o M ■;; -o ^ c8 ° 3 XI rf 01 2 ^ + - =: y - " u _ rt Q rt :? 'J p u c - X N s 5 z c c5"o '3 to roOJ P >^X P £ ^ rn o .2 cj p ^ n f- z ] ^ r- "^ to ■S-u p ° (2 01 >x >\o sl >i ■-r- Six 007 to to y,— c .2 S.2 3 ::, V »| o " wi '^ " 01 r^-O _ ■S U P O U irt 122 •a 6 c a o o m >^ ,, > m oj a U CI^ " M S -S 03 u E 0^ ^0 U Q in 00 m fVl E m -= a> c s a> (^ " H , 1 Xi sO 0 -J n ■3 = H — n s: U f^ 0) r en 00 , • TI - n >, > rt > nS X d en 3 _; 0 .2-g U 0 a d 0 0 to -i. c a -C 0 c 0 0 U 55 •-s E x: in u en CO 0 c 0 » "rrt r 01 u 0) 3 03 N 3 "5 •0 cr s 0 < t. X 0 0 - 1^: j«j 0^ tH - 0 - w ; «- 5 :So a x: in 0^ 01 F ,n == C4 tl J S '~' u iSS H M . c HI ■1 3 U c 0 C CQ c X ■0 i T3 _ rt S ~o -C T3 Q. - XI . CO XI c a •3 ■= [I. S =-^ ■C C OJ T3 £ ^_ 0 * ^ ^ 15 ^ >. 2 Q. - * o o J • o J E ^- w - 5 -'I "" - _: - c C7^ t. "• — . fc " •n x: _■ 4, a; oj cj r x: -r -5 D CO K U -o T3 5 W 3 O' E c -^ E oa J r. E„ Q T3 X -o ■2 < ""h - m C ffl X3 <• 00 h — ' rt 00 £ 2 ix:--lo- E-' iS 1 Ql M« ffl „ 00 .0 . x: .i) - •^ *^ tr^ o a, 2: _. 05 -^ I - ■D '^ SZ r^ -V -• CJ ifl 5 I _ _ ■ ■ .3 _• cn > ^- O n "> 2 O E a ■o XI < — c - ■»■ ^ O 2 u X o ^ 2: 5 ;F >^2: 'Igi rsl en '- S =* silj * ^ s -. en L^ 0 c U tH 0 (U 0 0: J . E -5 5 ? a; rt *= « £ ™ ^ 5 . T3 CJ 4) < Q S c o r-i^ 3 ::; : 123 * § 0 u m ^ - s 0) o C TJ X 01 o s. S GO c o ° 5 a s O 3 t- s x: o x; ct j: ■3 » :=: B V o u u d -^ c «! ■"■ rt « c 00 O i;3 si c tH) o 2 " a O < ■2 3 ■3 .a .§ s c ■£ rt a) •» O O u . °- 41 b o *" is O cL « o £ ^ H o ■S o .53 Q ->"bJ CO u &4 in Q &<" cd o o o 'M I n ■ B M Id u ja a B e.2 . 8 ag rtla ~ I ^ ^ 0) « g-S 1 § ^ ^ b t. »n U 00 ^ -B (U CO O S M t, u s ■o .5 •§ ft) " ra ^•° ° E „ t. " E " B « X ° 0) C I (u 5 .•: «* tl " ' '^ !; t j IS U E 15-^ "' ca _; ~ -" ;^" o" CO W o^ U Q b<" - m Q W -H CQ o o »r> 'O U-) rg '-I -H in in '^ (O (K °-C ■B Q, a 0. « to B o o ol a > I " in .5 t. '^ -a •5 '^ 3 41 O e s u -. — ' 00 a> O I " ™ " 2 S e S .2 g 01 u -C CO HI " 01 o 01 ■" i: e 01 r o g. . is i"! ( ■5 52; U CO (_ .5 o i "3 g-x m ro vO in (M -^ in in ° 5 x: .-, W y 0. " u SI B i^£i o S S D ° X 10 u 6 — « in vO ^ 1^ m (^J fM in in ^ O BO*! II IS . o :ii 01 « X ^1 (, o i„ 11 .2 -g U B 0. B ^ Or • - £ Q, 2 " Q S ° °: .t; -o :2 6 S tn "5 4-> (-1 a) t^ in M I in in o ii ° -s ps S B t. ■§ B C 3 ** -d V O ■3 ^ <» .2 S S 01 Q G * iiu . a ■- u "^ 3 •«• 01 c X ^ a. ID V '3. u Zi CO (J G h 6 w b," ■O O B H l- -J > r " u « 01 Ii; O t^ S " "s -S c o o rt E Q u O B ■"2 3 c -tJ t. S J3 r- ^ .5 ■2t: •i E 2 B a d O iti m" b< I u :::* s ? X> «l t o V to o a s 3 E Tl t- 01 > E U 3 01 Ui n < O ( «-S.« li § <: o cn ii o 2 t< S 41 rt > -o r;^ i*. -a e ^ E -^ « rt m O a ig "^ -tS o I" ?> i .2 6 >. ; E 23 ; S'^S I ".S " 3 «; o*- in in in (Ni rsl mm-* x; * ■t; ■« 3 I B -O . 0 01 7 c "o H 5 c ■o 2 O 01 6 2" 01 rt 3 ■C "O T! O "^ 01 S ° •" « — o * -a " u E y -o rt 0. -o 5e E 3 01-3 01 u J3 .3 ■" 01 *^ h o « .2 s e 01 n g rt MO. o n 00 01 10 g rt in 1Z4 o .5 . " i*- t ^ 01 (0 to K O °"2 E CO O 01 J5 -c 2 '3 tj " o o ^ in ir\ so ^ o m fNJ fSl PO m m ■^ (*i •'2 c " •r< O 1; > a, -o w Ix-S ^ " B ^ 2' c . U> s B -c CO 2.2 s 01 BS-SR "to S c — a; ^ o o a „ °5 §5 :3 9 II " '0 «°2^ 1; O . * o 3 S u u 0.5 Xi u * 3 o I. -o **- 4) . O . 3 * a> u £ "> c ■5 m " o 0) --- L, CO in " c_ P £^ a. «-: ^ c — c 3 ■ % « 01 S X J= -30 a T I, " O ° s 6 o ca 41 3 ■^ m a -3 >, M 3 " fe o « c ^ (4 c 0; a c n a < e p n ;^ (U tn Q. ffl H >> < J3 rt 0 a 3 o S o .5 t «< P S c »i »i § ^irt g -3 X !_; 0) E2 4) . o r pq S 00 -< . c - m r- ip °~ -5 ° ■ OJ ijil : X -^1 •a u • c c ■* CO ' C • 3 b . CQ; . U .^- ^ ■^ ^n ^^ W M 6 0 u 41 1^ 4) " ~-o ^ o 9 O' o c r- i-l -• (M O iri (M ^ ^ ' — ' "J (M JJi 4J f^ ' t. -H 3 -• Z PI o S «2 ^-, t « >> ■* _; o (4 o ^ : S .2 ^ .J •"■ . 4; - • : "^1 ■c . ^ OS _: . o .. o . S V2 col C ^ O Iff! -k 3 J . • .X ^ •" ^ <" y; ^ o £ CS Q ^ o . .5 - a, : IM in|_J ' "S 0) ■g a- m U N CO a- « 4; - . > ■* T) est: - z: s - ^ 3 2 S b - ,,- CO . X W o °o i^si'i u :: s « £ > "i - S z • • 0 ^ t, .5 - - -^ ^ " .-g^QH §.« N cj- c o 0 - ■ — 3 t S ■ 3 o «i CT~ S^ I - •o C in g 4) m •S • S > cj> « W < IT, . Q - - -. Oi o^ ■g .5 d. . . M (^ I f . ^ s -o £ 0 -o o (0 OJ «> ■a N W 01 S '-' U-, o u 2 o „ (0 -S ■" o 2 < Q, ;; o e ^ ° -« tn ™ rt - § " " ^^ *j rt - a (4 o> —1 CO CO ^^ ±■8 i8 2 c o| t4 S I. 2 iS ° 01 m ^ ^^■' u O s< in o o in M <\j in in f fNj m 00 in (M -4 in in o 5 "• J2 ^ .^ rt U S -O jj "- 2 I '^• ii 0. o° -H « C >>SK X i> a; O 0) o "• « S „ g fc. a 01 Z u -2 2 -o •s « 2 <= 6 BO -O s s 1 2 2 o 6 2 u 2 -o ^ °- o g M CO 2 o SO 3 U t. 8 rO o vn in *M ^ in in 2.2 = to o Oi 7g , 3 X ° :2 "" ■^ goo o « J. •g c 2 x: oj c "Hi ■o — o X j; >> => s S X. -o o t, s c 5 z "S II o .5 u B o 0. " S S a s g ° s ° O t. " -P» 6.2f .3 S 00 a 6 e^ O M ■S? 3 i: 3 :; -a i V "I « •o .-1 o| a 6- " 2.2 § ■c c '-S o 2 c t ° '^S D °- X 2 .2 - fc " '^ 2 3 •'i "si- E«0 B2 c iS a a -Si: - .. s § (J . 2 f^ 5 I- 0) 2 inl ^ 6 ^ "■ S E : ^ qO.' J 01 c i I : > £0. w- T3 - C C d o S -^ c «; o vo' 2 w a- S Q. x: "^ - U - 3 5 01 CO x; to p o ir> 2 O > IbSI ■a -c n c o c « .2 9 .CQ -^ 9-S rj - *^ , Nb - c4 Q c OJ o . a O ^ V E ^ o -i S.2 ,"•2 sm ■^ a . p . n ■= ;c . (J (T* r o - K ™ » eo (0 ►^ « - u c - (V 41 ■d = " S to "D c ^_ " o •« - X >n c _ o o oo B5-- 6 77 2* .: o •o Z c J" -O cJ? O) ( ■ o -^ S ." '^ — (_, ^ - -« ?. **^ ■^ O ,0; CO in S 2 "S ..E 3 to M . o m >< a • . ^ in -o . — 0; ^- d 1 • s . C nS 01 ti( B S tu o CD — B B S s-sm rt to (fl rt W o .O a Oh S J^ .- r-^ B 1 o u o "n o XI 0) u u o o 0) U tf J, 0) g to to :^5 01 -:::^ > .2 > ■» -o .= — c 129 93. MAXIMAL BREATHING CAPACITY: CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Maximal breathing capacities, of seated subjects, were measured in a Benedict-Roth type spirometer (Collins ventiloraeter) with the soda lime container and valves removed. MBC values have been corrected to BTPS conditions (cf Page 1); those in parentheses are ranges and conform to estimate "b" of the 95% range (cf Introduction). Part I: VS AGE Age Males Females yr no. MBC, L/min no. MBC, L/min (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 5.0-5.9 4 42(30-54) 12 41(19-63) 2 6.0-6.9 8 45(25-65) 8 53(42-63) 3 7.0-7.9 6 65(53-77) 18 53(33-73) 4 8.0-8.9 7 69(49-89) 19 60(36-85) 5 9.0-9.9 7 73(35-111) 29 67(46-88) 6 10.0-10.9 10 79(43-115) 22 72(49-94) 7 11.0-11.9 6 75(61-89) 28 79(49-109) 8 12.0-12.9 3 109(75-143) 28 96(47-144) 9 13.0-13.9 20 117(67-167) 14 104(67-141) 10 14.0-14.9 72 117(68-166) 19 99(39-160) 11 15.0-15.9 9 129(61-197) 12 105(59-152) 12 16.0-16.9 5 134(108-160) 10 92(56-128) 13 17.0-17.9 4 155(133-177) 12 108(59-157) 14 18.0-18.9 2 123(83-163) Contributors: (a) Ferris, B. G., Jr., (b) Whittenberger, J. L. References: 9:659, 1952. [1] [2] Males: Ferris, B. G., Jr., Whittenberger, J. L., and Gallagher, J. R. Females: Ferris, B. G., Jr.. and Smith, C. W., ibid 12:341, 1953. Pediatrics, Springf. Part H: VS STANDING HEIGHT Subjects measured in stocking feet. Height Males Females cm no. MBC, L/min no. MBC, L/min (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 100.0-109.9 4 41(14-69) 2 110.0-1199 7 44(30-58) 13 47(28-71) 3 [120.0-124.9 5 45(21-69) 10 62(29-94) 4 125.0-129.9 4 63(45-81) 15 58(38-77) 5 130.0-134.9 5 69(33-105) 19 62(41-83) 6 1 135.0-139.9 9 68(30-106) 30 72(50-94) 7 1 140.0-144.9 9 79(63-95) 19 74(47-100) 8 |145.0-149.9 9 82(58-106) 12 78(41-115) 9 150.0-154.9 5 86(48-124) 23 90(48-132) 10 |155.0-159.9 12 102(72-132) 38 95(52-137) 11 160.0-164.9 13 115(61-169) 18 103(50-155) 12 1 165.0-169.9 30 113(66-160) 17 107(51-164) 13 170.0-174.9 29 127(75-179) 6 124(95-153) 14 175.0-179.9 16 129(107-151) 15 180.0-184.9 8 148(110-186) Contributors: (a) Ferris, B. G., Jr., (b) Whittenberger, J. L. References: [1] Males: Ferris, B. G., Jr., Whittenberger, J. L., and Gallagher, J. R. 9:659, 1952. [2] Females: Ferris, B. G., Jr., and Smith, C. W., ibid 12:341, 1953. Pediatrics, Springf. 130 93. MAXIMAL BREATHING CAPACITY: CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS (Concluded) Maximal breathing capacities, of seated subjects, were measured in a Benedict-Roth type spirometer (Collins ventiloraeter) with the soda lime container and valves removed. MBC values have been corrected to BTPS conditions (cf Page 1); those in parentheses are ranges and conform to estimate "b" of the 95% range (cf Introduction). Part lU: VS WEIGHT Subjects weighed without heavy clothing. Weight Males Females kg no. MBC, L/min no. MBC, L/min (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 15.0-19.9 6 36(24-48) 2 20.0-24.9 9 46(28-64) 26 53(33-73) 3 25.0-29.9 7 53(21-85) 17 61(41-81) 4 30.0-34.9 12 74(40-108) 29 65(38-92) 5 35.0-39.9 11 71(39-103) 28 78(51-104) fa 40.0-44.9 10 83(61-105) 28 77(43-112) 7 45.0-49.9 15 93(7 3-113) 24 88(48-127) 8 50.0-54.9 8 110(52-168) 25 98(40-155) 9 55.0-59.9 22 121(85-157) 26 100(45-155) 10 60.0-64.9 29 129(75-183) 15 106(59-153) 11 65.0-69.9 12 119(65-173) 4 98(51-145) 12 70.0-74.9 12 126(62-190) 3 126(91-161) 13 75.0-79.9 11 122(74-170) 1 132 14 80.0-84.9 3 136(104-168) Contributors: (a) Ferris, B. G., Jr., (b) Whittenberger, J. L. References: 9:659, 1952. [11 [2] Males: Ferris, B. G., Jr., Whittenberger, J. L., and Gallagher, J. R. Females: Ferris, B. G., Jr., and Smith, C. W., ibid 12:341, 1953. Pediatrics. Springf. Part IV: VS SURFACE AREA Surface area obtained from DuBois nomogram. Surface Area Males Females sq m no. MBC, L/min no. MBC, L/min (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 0.60-0.79 9 42(21-63) 2 0.70-0.89 8 46(28-64) 3 0.80-0.89 18 53(30-76) 4 0.90-0.99 5 48(16-80) 14 60(24-95) 5 1.00-1.09 9 65(35-95) 25 63(39-88) 6 1.10-1.19 9 70(32-108) 30 70(48-92) 7 1.20-1.29 10 79(55-103) 23 76(49-102) 8 1.30-1.39 10 84(62-106) 22 81(43-119) 9 1.40-1.49 11 93(79-107) 24 91(47-135) 10 1.50-1.59 12 108(52-164) 32 93(44-142) 11 1.60-1.69 22 110(70-150) 24 107(54-160) 12 1.70-1.79 36 130(85-175) 9 121(85-156) 13 1.80-1.89 12 130(70-190) 3 130(96-164) 14 1.90-1.99 . 14 125(73-177) 15 2.00-2.09 3 148(124-172) Contributors: (a) Ferris, B. G., Jr., (b) Whittenberger, J. L. References: [ l] Males: Ferris, B. G., Jr., Whittenberger, J. L., and Gallagher, J. R. 9:659, 1952. [2] Females: Ferris, B. G., Jr., and Smith, C. W., ibid 12:341, 1953. Pediatrics, Springf. 131 94. MAXIMAL BREATHING CAPACITY: MAN Ventilatory values have generally been corrected to BTPS conditions (cf Page 1). Values in parentheses are ranges and conform to estimate "c" of the 95% range (of Introduction). Ventilatory data of Shock conform to estimate "b." Age Height cm Weight kg Surface Area sq m MBC L/min Author Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) Males 1 8.1 124.8 21.4 0.87 37 Morse 1 2 9.5 148.2 41.6 1.31 62 3 11.5(11.3-11.7) 154.2(146.0-162.5) 42.7(37.3-48.0) 1.37(1.25-1.49) 55(46-63) 4 12.5 153.3 39.9 1.31 91 5 13.4 171.7 58.7 1.69 129 6 14.0 169.5 51.7 1.56 94 7 19.3 172.2 61.6 1.72 144 8 23 165.9 65.4 1.77 172 9 24.3 167.1 62.6 1.71 218 10 30.0 182.3 68.0 1.89 155 11 35.6 174.2 54.2 1.62 106 12 24.5(20-29) 174.3(164.7-183.9) 77.5(39.1-115.9) 1.92(1.53-2.31) 126(55-198) Shock 2 13 34.5(30-39) 176.6(166.2-187.0) 74.2(52.4-96.0) 1.90(1.65-2.15) 114(55-173) 14 44.5(40-49) 173.2(162.8-183.6) 67.8(45.3-90.3) 1.81(1.57-2.05) 101(40-162) 15 54.5(50-59) 171.3(158.4-184.2) 63.0(46.2-79.8) 1.74(1.49-1.99) 74(21-126) 16 64.5(60-69) 167.8(158.6-177.0) 63.5(44.9-82.1) 1.72(1.48-1.96) 67(14-120) 17 74.5(70-79) 166.9(154.9-178.9) 63.2(36.7-89.7) 1.71(1.36-2.06) 54(14-93) 18 83.1(80-87) 163.9(147.8-180.0) 59.7(39.9-79.5) 1.65(1.34-1.96) 48(4-92) 19 20.9(15.8-25.9) 168(124-212) Gray 3 20 23.3(16.5-30.1) 179.1(167.9-190.3) 71.7(54.5-88.9) 169(130-207) Matheson 4 21 23.5(18.0-29.0) 145(76-214) Malamos 5 22 23.5(21.0-26.0) 166(125-207) Dripps 6 23 24.1 178.8 72.7 169(126-208) Gray 3 24 25.5(13.5-37.5) 173.8(156.6-191.0) 66.0(49.4-82.6) 126(69-183) Baldwin 7 25 42.7(34.5-50.9) 171.7(157.9-185.5) 64.9(42.5-87.3) 1.76 109(78-141) 26 58.1(43.1-73.1) 168.5(151.1-185.9) 63.0(38.8-87.2) 1.72 103(62-144) Galdston 8 27 59.6(48.8-70.4) 169.6(153.0-186.2) 63.3(49.1-83.5) 1.72 91(57-124) Baldwin 7 Females 28 6.3(6.2-6.4) 122(121-123) 23.3(23.0-23.6) 0.94(0.90-0.98) 45(35-54) Morse 1 29 7.7(7.6-7.9) 128(128-129) 28.3(25.0-31.6) 1.00(0.95-1.05) 42(35-50) 30 8.3(8.1-8.6) 132(127-137) 30.8(27.9-33.8) 1.07(1.05-1.08) 38(34-42) 31 9.5(9.0-9.9) 140(140-142) 33.8(26.0-42.9) 1.15(1.03-1.27) 48(41-52) 32 10.3(10.1-10.6) 145(144-147) 35.5(29.6-40.4) 1.21(1.11-1.29) 67(49-92) 33 11.5(11.1-11.8) 151(148-153) 38.0(27.7-46.7) 1.27(1.06-1.44) 63(47-81) 34 12.6(12.2-12.9) 158(141-172) 47.1(36.0-54.0) 1.48(1.26-1.69) 75(43-96) 35 13.4(13.2-13.7) 159(148-165) 53.8(43.0-59.0) 1.54(1.40-1.60) 103(57-150) 36 14.5(14.2-14.9) 165(162-169) 53.7(53.1-54.3) 1.58(1.57-1.60) 127(87-194) 37 15.4(15.2-15.6) 165(160-170) 60.5(53.2-74.4) 1.66(1.54-1.85) 110(89-141) 38 18.4(18.0-18.8) 168(158-177) 57.5(42.4-65.5) 1.65(1.39-1.82) 120(107-143) 39 ,20.2(20.0-20.4) 165(161-168) 56.0(47.2-64.9) 1.63(1.50-1.76) 129(122-137) 40 21.5(21.3-21.7) 159(149-164) 51.8(43.0-59.5) 1.51(1.34-1.63) 110(97-127) 41 22.2(22.0-22.4) 166(157-174) 64.9(56.3-73.6) 1.72(1.56-1.88) 162(144-180) 42 23.4(23.0-23.9) 167(157-175) 65.8(51.1-88.4) 1.74(1.50-1.98) 132(81-209) 43 24.4(24.3-24.7) 165.1(158.4-169.3) 59.9(47.6-70.4) 1.64(1.53-1.81) 129(93-181) 44 25.4(25.0-25.8) 163.7(159.5-167.9) 59.9(59.4-60.4) 1.66(1.64-1.68) 109(108-110) 45 26.1 165.5 55.1 1.63 118 46 28.7(28.5-28.9) 172(171-173) 59.6(56.0-63.1) 1.74(1.71-1.76) 126(109-144) 47 29.1 170.2 45.6 1.50 101 48 30.0 175.6 79.5 1.96 184 49 34.0 152.2 57.0 1.53 145 50 36.5(36.5-36.6) 161(155-166) 52.8(50.2-55.3) 1.54(1.47-1.61) 98(82-113) 51 24.3(12.6-36.0) 164.9(151.0-178.8) 56.2(44.0-68.4) 116(74-158) Gray 3 52 25.1(12.7-37.5) 161.8(149.4-174.2) 59.2(37.0-81.4) 94(69-11^) Baldwin 7 53 27.2(17.2-37.1) 160.0(128.8-191.2) 60.3(42.7-77.9) 1.62 100(67-134) Cournand 9 54 43.3(36.1-50.5) 164.0(150.4-177.6) 62.6(32.0-93.2) 1.67 89(53-125) Baldwin 7 55 44.8(23.6-66.0) 163.6(152.8-174.4) 59.9(44.9-74.9) 1.64 86(55-118) Galdston 8 56 59.8(41.8-77.8) 158.4(145.0-171.8) 67.2(45.2-89.2) 1.67 73(40-107) Baldwin 7 Contributors; (a) Galdston, M., (b) Morrow, P. E., (c) Morse, M., (d) Shock, N. W. References: [ 1] Morse, M., Univ. of Chicago, unpublished. [2] Shock, N. W., Norris, A. H., Landowne, M., and Falzone, J. A., Jr., J. Geront. 11:379. 1956. (3) Gray, J. S., Barnum, D. C, Matheson, H. W., and Spies, S. N., J. Clin. Invest. 29:677, 1950. I 4r Matheson, H. W., and Gray, J. S., ibid 29:688, 1950. [5] Malamos, B., Beitr. Klin. Tuberk. 93:225, 1938. [6] Dripps, B. D., and Coraroe, J. H., Jr., Am. J. Physiol. M9:43. 1947. [7] Baldwin. E. de F., Cournand. A., Richards, D. W., Jr., Medicine 27:243, 1948. [8] Galdston, M., Wolfe, W. B., and Steele, J. M., J. Appl. Physiol. 5:17, 1952. [9] Cournand, A., Richards, D. W., Jr., and Darling, R. C, Am. Rev. Tuberc. 40:487, 1939. 132 95. MECHANICS OF BREATfflNG Although a large literature has accumulated on the mechanics of breathing, comparison of results often is difficult because of differences in experimental technique. Measurements of lung compliance may yield different results when the elastic pressure changes are measured during spontaneous or rapid breathing, as against those measured under true static conditions when air flow is stopped for a second or more. An additional complication in measure- ments of compliance arises because the pressures observed during slow volume changes depend on the previous degree of expansion of the lungs. (Part I illustrates slow pressure-volume changes in the cat; similar lung behavior has been observed for other mammals, including man.) Thus lung compliance determinations depend on whether measurements are made (1) from the normal resting volume. (2) after a deep inspiration, or (3) with the functional residual capacity decreased, either voluntarily or involuntarily, from effects of posture or anesthetics. Most of the measurements given in the tables below have been made from the resting lung volume, usually in sitting individuals. The reservations cited above apply also to measurements of lung resistance; furthermore, the measured resistance may depend on the lung volume, as well as on the frequency of breathing. Contributor: Radford, E. P., Jr. Parti; SLOW PRESSURE- VOLUME CURVES: CAT Cat, weighing 3.7 kilograms, lungs exposed, lay in tank respirator; lung volume changes were produced by slowly decreasing tank pressure. Three different inflation curves were obtained after the lungs had been allowed to deflate to various pressures. Each inflation or deflation curve required 20-30 seconds. 350 E a •3 > 300 ^^ ^.<;>^^''^^ >^^^^ yy^ / ^.^'^^^^ yy 250 //y -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 Pulmonary Pressure, mm Hg Contributors: (a) Fenn, W. O., (b) Radford, E. P.. Jr. References: [ l] Fenn, W. O., in "Handbook of Respiratory Physiology" (Boothby, W. M., ed), Randolph Field, Texas: USAF School of Aviation Medicine, 1954. [2] Fenn, W. O., Rivista Di Medicina Aeronautica, 1955. 134 95. MECHANICS OF BREATHING (Continued) Part IV: INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURES: MAN Values expressed as gauge pressures (cm of H2O less than ambient atmospheric pressure). No. and Sex Inspiration Expiration Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) 1 2 20* 40ef, 10? -7.3(-14.0 to -4.0) -9.3(-14.6 to -3.9)1 -3.8(-10.0 to -2.0) -3.8(-8.7 to -1.1)1 1 2 /I/ Measurements made with a modified Lillingston and Pearson pneumothorax apparatus. Contributors: (a) Lees, W. M., Snider, G. L., and Fox, R. T., (b) Radford, E. P., Jr. References: [ 1] Lees, A. W., Glasgow M. J. 32:1. 1951. [ 2] Laha, P. N., Ind. M. Gazette 81^:359, 1946. Part V: COMPLIANCE OF LUNG-THORAX SYSTEM: MAMMALS Animal Condition Weight kg Compliance L/cm H2O Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 2 Man Unanesthetized, supine Anesthetized, supine 66 0.12 0.062 1-3 1-3 3 4 Cat Anesthetized Anesthetized 3.2 2.6 0.0068 0.0057 4 4-6 5 6 Dog Anesthetized Anesthetized 20 11.8 0.048 0.0265 5,7 5,8 7 Rabbit Anesthetized 2 0.0OZ3 9 Contributors: (a) DuBois, A. B., (b) Ross, B. B., (c) Radford. E. P., Jr., (d) Frank, N. R. References: [l] Niras, R. G. Conner. E. H.. and Comroe. J. H.. Jr.. J. Clin. Invest. 34:744. 1955. [2] Rahn, H., Otis. A. B.. Chadwick, L. E., and Fenn. W. O.. Am. J. Physiol. r46: 161. 1946. [3] Otis. A. B., Fenn. W. O.. and Rahn. H., J. Appl. Physiol. 2:592. 1950. [4] Nisell. O. I., and DuBois. A. B.. Am. J. Physiol. 178:206. 1954. [5] Brody, A. W.. ibid^28 = '89, 1954. [6] Brody. A. W.. DuBois. A. B., NiseU, O. I., and Engelberg. J., ibid 286:142. 1956. [7] Van Lie w. H. D., ibidr77:161, 1954. [8] Severinghaus. J. W.. and Stupfel. M.. J. Appl. Physiol. 8:81. 1955. [9] Bernstein. L.. J. Physiol. J_23:44P. 1954. Part VI: RELAXATION PRESSURE CURVE: MAN The relaxation pressure curve (solid line) of the chest and lungs (Pq + Pl) consists of two components (broken lines), the elasticity of the chest and diaphragm (Pp) and the elasticity of the lungs (Pl). At the normal relaxa- tion volume, where the relaxation pres- sure curve crosses the axis, the elasticity of the lung is exactly bal- anced by the elasticity of the chest, and both are equal in magnitude to the intrapleural pressure, or 4 mm Hg at expiration. The lung curve intersects the relaxation pressure curve at a volume of about 70% of the vital capac- ity, at which point the chest curve crosses the axis and all of the relaxa- tion pressure is due to the elasticity of the lung. The lung curve presum- ably intersects the "0" axis in the residual air region at a point that measures the minimal air. Contributors: (a) Fenn. W. O., (b) Radford, E. P.. Jr. Reference: Fenn. W. O. . in "Handbook of Respiratory Physiology" (Boothby, W. M.. ed). Randolph Field. Texas: USAF School of Aviation Medicine, 1954. 100 80 60 a U 40 ^ 20 Resting Position of Chest -20 Pulmonary Pressure, mm Hg 135 95. MECHANICS OF BREATmNG (Continued) Part VII: PULMONARY COMPLIANCE; MAN Two standard methods of measuring pulnnonary compliance give similar results in normal subjects. Static Method: The intra- esophageal pressure upon interruption of air flow after an inspiration of 0.5 and 1.0 L, is subtracted from the intra-esophageal pressure upon interruption of air flow at the end expiratory level. Compliance is expressed as L/cm H^O pressure difference. Dynamic Method: The intra-esophageal pressure at the instant of zero air flow after inspiration, is subtracted from the intra-esophageal pressure at the instant of zero air flow after expiration. This pressure difference during normal breathing is divided into the tidal volume of that breath. The value is usually expressed as an average for 5 or 10 breaths. Capacity values are for ATPS. Values in parentheses are ranges and are estimate "c" of the 95% range (cf Introduction), unless otherwise indicated. Condition Method Age No. and Sex Functional Residual Vital Capacity Compliance! L/cm H2O Refer- Capacity, L L ence (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) 1 Supine Dynamic 1 hr-7 da IBcf and 9 0.005(0.002-0.009) 1 2 Sitting Dynamic 28(19-49) 49 rf 5.02(2.20-7.80) 0.19(0.14-0.33) 2-4 3 Dynamic 22(19-29) 11? 3.14(2.30-3.80) iO. 1 3(0.09-0. 18) 2.3,5 4 Static 28(21-43) 60 c/ 4.70(3.30-5.90) |0. 20(0. 14-0.31 ) 4-7 5 Static 26(18-43) 42? 3.57(3.00-4.20) 0.14(0.09-0.22) 4-6,8 6 Static 69(50-87) 8rf, 18? 3. 09(1. 79-4. 39)^1 0.1 3(0. 058-0.202)'' 9 7 During Exercise^ Dynamic 24(20-36) 29 rf 3.84(2.5-6.5) 0.22(0.13-0.39) 2 8 Dynamic 21(19-29) 7? 2.37(1.7-3.2) 0.13(0.09-0.18) 2,3.5 /I/ Intra-esophageal pressure taken as equivalent to intrathoracic pressure in determining pressure differential across the lung. /2/ Treadmill speed, 3 miles per hour. Contributors: (a) Mcllroy. M. B.. (b) Alexander. J. K., (c) Fritts, H. W., (d) Frank, N. R. (f) Turino, G. M. (e) Radford, E. P., Jr. References: [ l] Cook. C. D., Sutherland, J. M., Segal. S., Cherry, R. B., Mead. J.. Mcllroy. M. B.. and Smith, C. A.. J. Clin. Invest. 36:440. 1957. [2) Marshall, R.. unpublished. [3] Attinger. E. O.. Monroe. R. D., and Segal, M. S.. J. Clin. Invest. 35:905. 1956. [4] Frank. N. R., Mead. J.. Siebens. A. A., and Storey, C. F., J. Appl. Physiol. 9:38, 1956. [ 5Pchermack. R. M.. J. Clin. Invest. 35:394, 1956. [6] Heaf, P. J., and Prime, F. J., Clin. Sc, Lond. 1^:319, 1956. [7] Stead, W. W., Fry, D. L., and Ebert, R. V., J. Laborat. Clin. M. 40:674, 1952. [8l Brown. C. C. Fry. D. L., and Ebert. R. V., Am. J. M. r7:438. 1954. [9] Frank. N. R., Mead. J., and Ferris, B. G., Jr., unpublished. Part VIU: PULMONARY COMPLIANCE VS VITAL CAPACITY: MAN Measurements made using the intra-esophageal balloon technique on young adults, 18-35 years old, in sitting position. Values in parentheses are ranges, estimate "c" of the 95% range (cf Introduction). No. and Sex Vital Capacity Compliance Reference L L/cm H2O (A) (B) (C) (D) 1 9? 2.5-3.0 0.13(0.10-0.18) 1-3 2 13? 3.0-3.5 0.15(0.09-0.22) 1,4,5 3 18? 3.5-4.0 0.15(0.10-0.25) 1,2,4-6 4 7rf 3.5-4.0 0.17(0.11-0.25) 1,3 5 13 (D) (E) 1 2 3 4 5 18 infants, newborn 8 adults, male 1 adult, male (asthmatic) 0.05 0.5 1.0 1.5 0.5 1.0 0.85(0.55-1.20)' 1.81(1.10-2.55)' 2.87(1.75-4.25)' I7.7I 29 1.70 1.81 1.91 35.4 1 2 2 2 Z /I/ Measured during Inspiration only. Contributor: Radford, E. P., Jr. References: [ l] Cook, C. D., Sutherland, J. M., Segal. S., Cherry, R. B., Mead, J., Mcllroy, M. B., and Smith, C. A., J. Clin. Invest. 36:440, 1957. [ 2j Mcllroy, M. B., Mead, J., Selverstone. N. J., and Radford, E. P., Jr., J. Appl. Physiol. 7:485, 1955. 137 < U Ci. < 0. CO U u: 2 < S 1 1 OJ (M <*-. -"T IT) ^ t fM -^1 vD r^ 00 cri s: a 1 a (6 1 1 ••-1 B o ' CO C (U to ^2 I J, — -■ d Id 1 CO . to ID u J 1 U ^ f mean! iw Dece Tf fNj l"*^ 1 1 s o O '-3 ^ TT ,iri 1 4) -^ J J ;-. J . 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" = .0 z i> i--^ ±i "J ^ '^ co"S" CO ' ,• T3 - U^ S -D .5.2 g o . CO trt : _ B 0, p c " N E o r- .S iS E -o £ -iS "^ 5 rt - CO u OC . u 41 4< — 5 . U > B . - •= ; CO o CO . CO a -' " "S = "^ 5 S ^ w " - •- ■- ^- 2 S w O CO— c — n T) •• o n a 3 4,5 3 b a a CO - >^'0 -0 4, E u « i^' CO 7 . o 4, ~ '-' >^ 4,^, 4; . £ B 7 a: OS cu <_ 141 z < z o H 0. m a a U C E.2 < s o ■= OT O w — P 01 a 6 a. s CO m U O 01 M » ^ F CO SI e a W °- H c K 3 as o Z > II B m L. O a a 0} « a a c a J3 CJ u « E 0 a < u a E V 05 B Ventilatory Rate per min g Tidal Volume ml ^ Pressure Applied' mm Hg Q •s 1 1 •V c a c o 1 o U y d £ o u u o a a o 01 « 5 u " 1 1 ■* in 1 « ■o o 1 t t 1 nj (M in m" t^ -^ -" ^.^ 01 a ous, ative tely ti- i euver e of quate se 11 u B it ■^ n 1 -^ hft a cr to eleter an ma eleter an (ne{ roxim Some ely vei B 01 f man: ecausi lities. inade in obe; 01 •a S o _ •O o; ■a 01 a ;; a o XI a 01 E *" a « E tJ o ects to m e (ap ure). lequa ass. 01 S' -2 0 a >. O a •So e3 01 4^ 01 »; 2 c p a m t, nf c t, B £ .»H ♦J ulatory effi oportional essure. re ulatory eff proportional tank pressur J peak press subjects inad lated by cuir 01 a u o "" o a 3 ulatory t interp Dod gas jntilatio thout ai rsons. BO 3 a 0 J-l eriority if manual ion. O t4 L. O O O — " -^ 01 i3 tJ^ baa (.< a. o ^ U S 3 U U U w o rO a ^H o in fn o ,fM c in -^ m ^ m_ in fNl m ■* 00 .ij -H -H -^ t^ ya in ^ o ^ ■^ a n ♦J c, ■o PO (Q CO 01 + + d "O -. ro 00 (U rO M -■ r-* :: •^ 0 + + + + t4 M O rr, ■* ■* ( 1 I 1 ■H o + + + + + + ■iH ^' c CJ <: m g u CO 01 0] 0) 3 ^ (0 0) V ■s i u a 01 •S O (0 u a 01 a i b a 01 1 e o T5 £> a 1 ° 2 •a 01 01 u o S r H Ol 5 01 u 3 01 D) 01 I. a 01 p s o 01 u a 01 u z s a o> 3 o E 0 3 O 3 O E 1 o i> a * Li a C 0) P 01 > a o 01 3 ;3 01 «> o M 01 u n 01 2 •3 c 01 u jC a 0 u tj 01 3 (0 (0 a; u a 1 CO CO a M CJ o u a. 0 u 1 a cm .5 u 0 01 > 01 s W S 1 a 3 01 01 01 u a 01 c 0 u to to a> u a CJ 5 U 0. H u U u m iS U X Q, < -^ r^ rr, ^ irt •o r- CO ff> O -I r*i «*i tp in nO r- 00 1 01 I. a a, u a B e. a 01 J ai U ■§ a.' ■ < u >, X -■■^ w 5: > " ^ .-■^ ■n 0 ^ 2"5 ■3- in c a J 01 T3 E -• w< I? < 2 t^ 01 -^ ^ 01 > o .S E- 250 01 « p -o <• „ ^ ^°, =^ ^ ^ a. fc ^ .'^ ^ 1 E-5: (^ a 'H a ° — . a < c . g t.- -a, • 2^- e ni c -1 i3 in fa •-; u >i a; n 2 c ■ e- - ^ n "I ' O^ g O a< (3^ 3 -H O a-r- O - "-5 J o^ 1-^ to , — • . - - 01 a >n J f . : in c 00 .il a; _ J o- < a . o" ^ '^ . "■ • r -? o — . 01 p in . .S -^ I p. ^ -ZL ho _; "J .3 a . in C/J a X "^ < o- E '^ § .< ^" o "^ ; Q 5 rjlJ *= in d — -'-; -. , ^ 01 ' ' B a 5 = '-' "^ ft >-, „- a _; Q 01 X BO ll^' ;> H E o. . .Q ■* ^ O - J! c E ii ai re r uo- >- g-:;' oi t. 0 3 J3 0 E 01 U L. 0 01 u « a >l -^ o t4 3 U ■-^ 0 in S •-S . a E lA CT- P 0 r- n\ >-3 PQ a S S S to ■-»* r 01 3 01 ^ •* S ■^ rt Bl E T3 . 01 U 01 W 01 ^ 3 OU E 01 m i ro a cy* ■-5 S > , , 142 101. VENTILATION AND GAS EXCHANGE VS EXERCISE AND RECOVERY: MAN Data from subjects clinically free of pulmonary or cardiovascular disease and in basal conditions. Values for males and females calculated separately. STPS conditions. [l] Ranges in parentheses conform to estimate "b" of the 95% Variable Males Group I: Age 16-34 yr Group II; Age 35-49 yr Group lU: Age 52- 69 yr (A) (B) (C) (D) Physical characteristics 1 Age, yr 25.5(mean) 42.7(mean) 59. 6( mean) 2 Height, cm 173.8(156.6-191.0) 171.7(157.8-185.6) 169.6(153-186.2) 3 Weight, kg 66.0(49.4-82.6) 64.9(42.5-87.3) 66.3(49.1-83.5) 4 Body surface area, sq m 1.77(1.29-2.05) 1.80(1.48-2.12) 1.80(1.50-2.70) 5 Vital capacity, supine, cc' 4012(2780-5244) 4160(3200-5120) 3417(1767-5067) 6 Maximal breathing capacity. standing, L/min' 126.0(67.8-183.2) 109.4(77.6-141.2) 90.6(57.0-124.2) Ventilation, L,/min/sq m BSA*^ 7 Basal '6(3.0-4.2) 3.1(2.1-4.1) 3.9(3.0-4.8) 8 1 min standard exercise 11.0(6.4-15.6) 10.0(5.4-14.6) 11.2(5.8-16.6) 9 1st min recovery 12.5(8.3-16.7) 13.4(8.2-18.6) 14.5(9.5-19.5) 10 2nd min recovery 8.6(5.6-11.6) 9.4(5.2-11.2) 10.8(6.8-14.8) 11 5th min recovery 5.2(3.94-6.46) 5.2(3.8-6.6) 6.3(2.9-8.7) Oxygen consumption, cc/min/ sq m, BSA 12 Basal 146(118-174) 131(111-151) 132(98-166) 13 1 min standard exercise 503(331-675) 481(301-661) 506(326-686) 14 5th min recovery 1488(1144-1832) 1493(1301-1665) 1511(1183-1839) Oxygen removal, cc/L ventil. 15 Basal^ 47.1(37.1-57.1) 46.1(35.1-57.1) 38.5(33.7-43.3) 16 1 min standard exercise 56.2(41.4-71.0) 55.7(42.3-69.1) 55.7(42.3-69.1) Variable Females Group I: Age 16-34 yr Group II: Age 35-49 yr Group UI: Age 50 79 yr (A) (E) (F) (G) Physical characteristics 1 Age, yr 25.1(mean) 43.3(mean) 59.8(mean) 2 Height, cm 161.8(149.4-174.2) 164.0(150.4-177.6) 158.4(145.0-171.8) 3 Weight, kg 59.2(37.0-81.4) 62.6(32.0-93.2) 67.2(45.2-89.2) 4 Body surface area, sq m 1.58(1.30-1.86) 1.72(1.38-2.06) 1.7(1.46-1.94) 5 Vital capacity, supine, cc' 3057(1955-4159) 2830(2036-3624) 2431(1367-3495) 6 Maximal breathing capacity. standing, L/min^ 93.7(68.5-118.9) 89.3(53.5-125.2) 73.5(39.9-107.1) Ventilation, L/min/sq m BSA'' 7 Basal 3.2(2.4-4.0) 3.2(2.4-4.0) 3.4(2.6-4.2) 8 1 min standard exercise^ 9.0(5.6-12.4) 11.4(7.8-15.0) 11.4(8.0-14.8) 9 1st min recovery 10.9(7.9-13.9) 11.9(8.5-15.3) 12.6(8.2-17.0) 10 2nd min recovery 8.1(5.5-10.7) 9.2(5.8-12.6) 8.5(6.7-10.3) U 5th min recovery 4.9(3.7-6.1) 5.2(3.2-7.2) 4.5(2.3-6.7) Oxygen consumption, cc/min/ sq m, BSA 12 Basal 126(106-146) 126(108-144) 126(107-151) 13 1 min standard exercise 463(311-615) 505(323-690) 512(370-654) 14 5th min recovery 1318(1158-1478) 1368(1184-1552) 1348(1078-1618) Oxygen removal, cc/L, ventil. 15 Basal* 45.1(36.5-53.7) 46.0(35.2-58.8) 44.5(36.7-52.3) 16 1 min standard exercise 60.2(41.2-79.2) 53.6(38.8-68.4) 53.5(40.7-66.3) III Lung volumes and maximal breathing capacity determined by spirographic method. Lung volumes, method of Christie [2] , modified by Hurtado and Bailer [3] . For lung volumes, resting pulmonary mid-position is point of reference from which all measurements are taken (position of return end quite expiration). The volume of air con- tained then in the chest is the sum of the reserve and residual airs [2-8] . Maximal breathing capacity apparatus, modified recording spirometer of closed-circuit type derived from Benedict-Roth, calculations at 37 C. ( 9] /2/ Apparatus: tissot gasometer, electrically driven kymograph; Douglas bag interposed through three-way valve into inflow circuit to spirometer; inspiratory flutter valves connected through tube and mouth piece to patient. CO2, O2 determinations by Haldane apparatus. Ill Step up on platform, 20 cm high, and down again at rate of 30 cycles/min. /4/ Rate of O^ removal calculated as difference between inspired and expired air O^ concentrations. Contributor: (a) Cohn, J. E., (b) Harden, K. A. References: [1] Baldwin, E. de F., Cournand, A., R. v., J. Clin. Invest. _n: 1099, 1932. [3] Hurtado, Schierbeck, K., Acta med. scand. 58:541, 1923. [5] and Brow, G. R., ibid^:677, 1924. [7] Robinson, sprilfung der Atraung, " Leipzig: J. A. Barth, 1937. and Richards, D. W., Jr.. Medicine 27:243, 1948. [2] Christie, A., and BoUer, C, ibid 1^:793, 1933. [4] Lundsgaard, C, and Binger, C. A., J. Exp. M. 38:445, 1923. [6] Binger, C. A., S., Arbeitsphysiologie J^:3, 1938. [8] Anthony, A. J., "Funktion- [9] Sonne, C, Zschr. ges. exp. Med. 94:13, 1934. 143 102. EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON PULMONARY FUNCTION AND HEART RATE: MAN Values in parentheses are estimate "c" of the 95% range (cf Introduction). Parti: MALES. 4-33 YEARS Values obtained over a six-minute period during maximal work on a treadmill or bicycle ergometer. Variable 4-6 yr 7-9 yr 10-11 yr 12-13 yr 14-15 yr 16-18 yr 20-33 yr (10 Subjects) (12 Subjects) (13 Subjects) (19 Subjects) (10 Subjects) (9 Subjects) (42 Subjects) (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) 1 Body height, cm 113.5 135.0 145.4 154.4 171.8 176.9 176.7 (107-128) (125-143) (132-157) (139-169) (150-188) (165-187) (165-188) 2 Body weight, kg 20.8 30.7 36.5 43.6 59.5 64.1 70.4 (16.0-27.8) (25.1-36.5) (31.1-44.7) (31.8-60.6) (40.6-76.2) (45.2-73.4) (61.7-86.6) 3 Vital capacity. 2.21 2.65 3.22 4.55 5.17 5.68 BTPS, L (1.84-2.51) (2.24-3.25) (2.52-4.33) (2.78-6.57) (3.20-6.48) (4.17-7.26) 4 Max. heart rate. 203 208 211 205 20 3 202 194 beats /min (188-214) (191-220) (200-227) (175-237) (178-222) (194-220) (171-212) 5 Max. O2 uptake. 1.01 1.75 2.04 2.46 3.53 3.68 4.11 STPD, L/min (0.77-1.30) (1.40-2.01) (1.78-2.32) (1.79-3.40) (2.59-4.47) (2.48-4.35) (3.30-5.09) 6 Max. O^. uptake. 49.1 56.9 56.1 56.5 59.5 57.6 58.6 STPD, (43.2-57.6) (51.8-62.7) (51.1-61.5) (53.0-61.9) (54.8-63.7) (51.0-62.4) (51.1-67.4) ral/min/kg 7 Max. pulmonary 39.8 61.8 70.5 75.2 112.9 110.3 111.3 ventilation. (30.9-43.5) (44.1-75.2) (50.0-77.5) (58.1-105.0) (84.5-140.3) (79.6-139.3) (91.5-160.3) BTPS, L/min 8 Max. respira- 70.4 67.0 57.5 54.1 52.9 44.7 39.9 tory rate. (63-90) (55-83) (32-77) (31-68) (39-68) (28-60) (27-59) breaths /rain 9 Max. tidal 0.60 1.05 1.33 1.59 2.52 2.77 3.05 volume, L (0.43-0.87) (0.72-1.25) (1.12-1.62) (1.02-2.54) (1.62-3.26) (1.68-3.40) (2.26-4.72) 10 Max. blood 56.3 82.0 84.0 79.1 90.4 104.9 112.0 lactic acid. (33-76) (60-110) (50-125) (45-143) (74-113) (83-138) (71-158) rag % 11 O2 uptake, maximal basal 6.8 9.4 10.2 10.9 13.1 13.5 15.7 Contributor: „Astrand, P.-O. Reference: Astrand, P.-O., "Experimental Studies of Physical Working Capacity in Relation to Sex oind Age, Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1952. Part II: MALES, 20-66 YEARS Values obtained over a five-minut e period during maximal work on a treadmill. Variable 20-29 yr (11 Subjects) 31-38 yr (11 Subjects) 40-48 yr (10 Subjects) 48-55 yr (8 Subjects) 59-66 yr (7 Subjects) (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Body height, cm Body weight, kg Vital capacity, BTPS, L Max. heart rate, beats/min Max.02 uptake, STPD, L/min Max. O2 uptake. STPD. ml/min/kg Max. pulmonary ventilation, BTPS, L/min 180 72.9 5.25(4.20-6.03) 193(186-197) 3.53(2.56-4.50) 48.7(41.9-55.6) 118.2(104-135) 175 77.5 4.76(3.83-6.49) 187(176-206) 3.42(2.76-3.97) 43.1(37.6-52.8) 122.4(103-147) 177 75.6 4.28(3.76-5.16) 178(166-184) 2.92(2.30-3.62) 39.5(33.7-46.5) 97.6(72-133) 172 68.6 4.16(3.60-5.52) 174(161-185) 2.63(2.24-3.35) 38.4(33.7-43.2) 86.8(57-114) 173 68.9 4.05(3.45-5.04) 165(154-176) 2.35(1.64-3.15) 34.5(30.2-41.7) 80.8(62-106) 8 Max. respiratory rate, breaths/ min Residual air, BTPS, L Max. blood lactic acid, mg % 43(32-56) 43(32-48) 39(28-48) 38(28-58) 35(26-44) 9 10 1.66(0.84-2.94) 89(60-121) 1.60(1.27-2.12) 97(70-129) 1.48(0.66-2.24) 85(67-114) 1.81(1.00-2.38) 73(59-91) 1.72(1.43-2.39) 58(46-70) Contributor: Asmussen, E. Reference: Robinson, S., Arbeitsphysiologie 10:251, 1938. 144 102. EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON PULMONARY FUNCTION AND HEART RATE: MAN (Concluded) Values in parentheses are estimate "c" of the 95% range (cf Introduction). Part III: FEMALES, 4-25 YEARS Values obtained over a six- minute period during maximal work on a treadmill or bicycle ergometer. Variable 4-6 yr 7-9 yr 10-11 yr 12-13 yr 14-15 yr 16-17 yr 20-25 yr (7 Subjects) (14 Subjects) (13 Subjects) (13 Subjects) (11 Subjects) (10 Subjects) (44 Subjects) (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) 1 Body height, cm 111.6 132.0 140.6 158.5 164.9 167.7 165.8 (108-114) (121-142) (129-148) (150-175) (156-173) (162-176) (155-175) 2 Body weight, kg 18.4 27.2 32.5 46.7 56.0 57.3 60.3 (17.4-21.9) (20.6-33.0) (27.0-37.4) (39.6-60.5) (46.2-67.1) (50.5-63.7) (50.0-72.8) 3 Vital capacity. 1.95 2.30 3.25 3.74 4.14 4.28 BTPS, L (1.69-2.24) (1.88-2.63) (2.52-4.01) (2.94-4.32) (3.24-5.04) (3.15-5.76) 4 Max. heart rate. 204 211 209 207 202 206 198 beats/min (176-214) (194-233) (192-220) (188-222) (192-217) (188-214) (184-225) 5 Max. O2 uptake. 0.88 1.50 1.70 2.31 2.58 2.71 2.90 STPD, L/min (0.74-0.94) (1.21-1.79) (1.48-1.94) (2.01-2.72) (2.02-3.31) (2.25-3.08) (2.41-3.40) 6 Max. O2 uptake. 47.9 55.1 52.4 49.8 46.0 47.2 48.4 STPD, (42.4-52.2) (49.3-58.8) (46.4-56.1) (45.0-53.5) (42.5-52.5) (42.8-51.2) (43.2-59.6) ml/min/kg 7 Max. pulmonary 33.9 57.3 61.1 79.9 87.9 93.8 89.8 ventilation. (31.0-38.9) (48.2-67.6) (46.2-80.9) (65.5-102.6) (68.4-100.7) (73.6-119.1) (74.4-114.8) BTPS, L/min 8 Max. respira- 66.4 67.1 61.3 54.4 51.6 51.2 46.0 tory rate. (56-81) (54-94) (51-82) (41-88) (40-58) (44-60) (28-63) breaths /min 9 Max. tidal 0.52 0.91 1.05 1.64 1.87 1.95 2.10 volume, L (0.40-0.58) (0.64-1.22) (0.85-1.36) (1.28-2.54) (1.34-2.41) (1.43-2.28) (1.64-3.29) 10 Max. blood 60 76.5 82.2 97.6 100.5 110.2 103.6 lactic acid, (51-69) (64-85) (56-116) (76-119) (73-145) (77-144) (69-134) rag % 11 O2 uptake, maximal basal 6.6 9.1 9.6 10.8 11.6 12.6 14.0 Contributor: Astrand, P.-O. Reference: Astrand, P.-O., "Experimental Studies of Physical Working Capacity in Relation to Sex and Age, Copenhagen; Ejnar Munksgaard, 1952. 103. EFFECT OF VARIOUS WORK LOADS ON PULMONARY FUNCTION AND HEART RATE: MAN Values are for healthy, well-trained males and females during work on a bicycle ergometer. are ranges, estimate "c" of the 95% range (cf Introduction). Values in parentheses Work Load Variable 600 kg- m/ min 900 kg-m/min 1200 kg-ra/min 1500 kg-m/min 91 rf2 9' rf-; rf2 (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 O2 uptake, STPD. L/min Net efficiency, % Oi uptake, % of maximal^ Heart rate, beats/min Ventilation, BTPS, L/min Ventilatory equiv- alent"* Ventilation, % of maximal^ 1.48(1.36-1.66) 22.5(19.5-24.5) 52(43-64) 138(120-156) 34.7(25.3-45.6) 23.4(18.3-28.3) 39(26-52) 2.09(1.92-2.23) 23.4(22.0-25.5) 50(44-61) 128(102-148) 41.9(34.6-52.7) 20.1(16.4-25.3) 34(27-49) 2.06(1.90-2.24) 23.1(21.3-25.3) 73(59-87) 168(146-192) 50.6(39.0-62.4) 24.5(19.9-29.0) 56(36-73) 2.67(2.43-2.83) 23.7(22.1-26.6)- 64(52-78) 148(130-169) 55.2(42.7-65.6) 20.6(15.8-24.7) 45(33-64) 3.33(3.02-3.64) 23.3(21.1-25.7) 79(71-96) 167(148-188) 70.9(60.2-89.0) 21.1(17.8-26.6) 58(49-86) /I/ 31 subjects. /2/ 21 subjects. /3/ Values calculated as ratio of actual O^ uptake to maximal O2 uptake capacity. /4/ Line 5 -^ Line 1. /5/ Values calculated as ratio of actual ventilation to maximal ventilation capacity. Contributors: (a) Astrand, P.-O., (b) Asmussen, E., (c) Suskind, M., (d) Filley, G. F. Reference: Astrand, P.-O., "Experimental Studies of Physical Working Capacity in Relation to Sex and Age," Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1952. 145 104. SUMMARY, EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON PULMONARY FUNCTION AND HEART RATE: MEN AT VARIOUS AGES AH values obtained over a five- or six- minute period during maximal work on a treadmill or bicycle ergometer. b 5 - J 4 3 2 .5 3 E -^ 2 32 ^ 24 £ 20 16 210 190 170 120 g 100 S 80 -5 60 40 60 30 • = Astrand ( 1 ) X = Robinson [ 2 ^ = Astrand, physical educ. students f l] Vertical lines denote range Vital capacity X -X. 10 20 30 Yr 40 50 60 Contributor: Asmussen, E. References: [ l] Astrand, P. -O.. "Experimental Studies of Physical Working Capacity in Relation to Sex and Age, Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1952. [2] Robinson, S., Arbeitsphysiologie 1^:251 , 1938. 146 The oxygen requirement per m given minute if an oxygen debt Values in parentheses are calc weighing 70 kg are proportiona 105. ENERGY COST OF PRCX;RESSI0N; MAN inute for a given rate of energy expenditure may exceed the oxygen uptake during any is being accumulated, resulting in very high values for level running and swimming, ulations, assuming one liter of O^ = 5 Calories. Values for all subjects listed as 1 calculations from values for subjects of other weights. Activity Subjects Speed Energy Requirement L/min No. Sex Wt. kg Remarks mi/hr kra/hr Cal/min (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) (J) 1 Resting, supine, basal 5 " c ft »J ° P " s o o >> < z o s J E3 0. 2 o 1/1 u OS D CL. y d CC o W ° O ^ Q •" "^ w ° B W s -Q OS- H I* o o |- N c u U < O - > 91 M O V X § =. o ^ — 00 r-l -. in rsj -^ "<»• f*^ J- CT^ - r- r^ 1 01 2 O 'O O iM ^ -^ ^ ■^ in in in ift r^ r^ 1^ r* r- r- °-6 01 CO o 0> X u § ■ 0) U) u II ^1 5 in o o o o ro ro ■^ Tf -^ -r m 1 01 •a 3 < > -J s rt a; > a. 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IS 3 CQ o oi X r- "T . * (TV 0, -^ S 1 01 o 3 c 01 U 1^ ^ CQ CQ u a> u u m < r 4> in 0; O -^ rM 00 ^ --^ J O « J s _i 170 2 H O K < z a: a J3 (U ID L. C o £ ;J H c -1 ffl M M <) V 0) £ rH °- fS U X v^ OJ Q. O OJ o c o S o^ " s ■2-5 c Xl a> — (U t: J2 o 01 r/i c c nJ CI o > CJ a ^ ri a; T) r; r rt to V) Lh a> to s £ s £ o o OQ ^H % m 3 -rH o ■o u tf 01 a < J x; O (•-1 0 < JD c j:: 0 o ffl a ^ (U L. « ^ a. U) (13 >. .Q ^ 3 (U •s »; x: '^ % Alveolar N2 at End of Each Inspiration 5 80 - 8.0 = 72 72 - 7.2 = 64.8 64.8 - 6.48 = 58.3 58.3 - 5.83 = 52.5 52.5 - 5.25 - 47.3 47.3 - 4.73 = 42.6 42.6 - 4.26 = 38.3 Resulting Decrease in % Alveolar N^ in Each Breath u 10 X 80 = 8.0 10 X 72 = 7.2 10 X 64.8 = 6.48 10 X 58.3 = 5.83 10 X 52.5 = 5.25 10 X 47.3 = 4.73 10 X 42.6 : 4.26 % Alveolar N^ at Beginning of Each Inspiration £ 80 72 64.8 58.3 52.5 47.3 42,6 5 a a u m < ■— "V "V r- cz r- _C CO c t- i ti -5 t: ^ f\j m ■'J' in sO r* ^ rg m ■^ in -0 r- m <: o 0) a Q U o 171 Venous blood from internal j ugular vein. C = control period of air wreathing at one Inspired O2 Content Dissolved O2 Hb Saturation O2 Pressure O^ Pressure vol % vol % % mm Hg atm C .E C ' E C 1 E C 1 E C 1 E C E Arte rial Venous Arterial Venous Venous (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) (J) (K) (U I 0.2 4.0 19.6 27.4 12.5 18.1 0.3 8.1 64.0 92.0 2 0.2 4.0 18.3 25.8 11.4 18.0 0.3 6.8 63.4 92.9 36 82 3 0.2 4.0 18.0 25.2 9.4 19.0 0.3 6.4 51.3 100.0 27 100 4 0.2 3.5 18.9 26.1 10.2 19.0 0.3 6.2 54.5 93.6 32 85 5 0.2 3.5 18.2 25.5 12.3 18.0 0.3 6.5 64.2 89.7 35 79 6 0.2 3.5 19.3 25.6 11.7 17.5 0.3 6.6 61.0 90.8 35 72 7 0.2 3.5 16.5 23.9 9.4 12.0 0.3 6.4 56.9 67.6 36 41 8 0.2 3.5 18.0 24.8 11.5 17.0 0.3 6.0 62.1 88.7 37 70 9 0.2 3.5 19.1 26.5 12.9 18.0 0.3 6.6 64.6 88.5 38 66 10 0.2 3.5 18.6 25.7 13.0 17.4 0.3 7.2 69.3 89.1 40 64 11 0.2 3.5 18.7 25.7 13.7 18.4 0.3 6.6 73.2 96.0 42 97 12 0.2 3.5 18.2 25.7 13.2 18.4 0.3 5.6 65.1 89.7 36 67 13 0.2 3.5 18.9 26.4 12.9 19.6 0.3 6.5 64.7 96.8 36 100 14 0.2 3.5 20.7 28.5 14.5 18.5 0.3 6.9 66.8 84.5 39 58 15 0.2 3.5 19.5 27.3 16.4 20.2 0.3 6.8 79.9 96.7 50 100 16 0.2 3.4 17.9 25.7 12.0 16.7 0.3 6.6 66.8 86.4 38 61 17 0.2 3.0 20.5 26.8 13.6 17.8 0.3 5.7 63.9 84.3 37 59 Contributor: Behnke, A. R. Reference: Lambertsen, C. J., Kough, R. H., Cooper. D. Y., Emmel, G. L., Loeschcke, H. H., Schmidt. C. F.. 124. EFFECT OF BREATHING AIR AT ONE ATMOSPHERE Venous blood withdrawn from right Gas Pressure atm Exposure Time min O2 Content O2 Capacity CO2 Content CO2 Capacityl Arterial vol % Venous vol % Arterial vol % Difference vol % Arterial Venous vol % vol % Arterial vol % Difference vol% (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) (J) (K) 1 2 Air O2 1 3.00 132 132 25.6 20.4 19.6 20.5 +0.89 45.9 51.7 42.5 43.9 + 1.4 3 4 Air 1 0? 1 100 100 20.5 26.1 12.1 20.5 20.3 19.6 -0.76 44.3 42.3 49.1 48.5 41.0 40.0 -1.0 5 6 Air O2 3.36 64 64 28.9 21.6 23.1 23.0 -0.03 39.9 44.3 40.2 40.2 0.0 7 8 Air O7 1 3.92 67 67 19.0 25.1 14.3 20.1 19.1 18.4 42.4 42.5 45.5 47.0 43.8 45.0 + 1.2 9 10 Air O2 1 3.84 193 193 21.7 30.9 16.7 25.6 23.5 24.4 +1.11 45.3 38.8 48.6 41.7 41.5 41.0 -0.5 11 12 Air O2 1 3.89 92 92 21.3 31.9 15.8 24.5 23.8 25.4 + 1.64 51.7 50.9 55.2 55.5 44.2 44.2 0.0 13 14 Air O2 1 3.88 119 119 23.7 31.5 19.6 24.6 25.8 24.6 -1.17 32.9 39.1 37.6 46.3 39.5 39.2 -0.3 15 16 Air 0? 1 3.89 62 62 20.3 29.3 18.9 25.9 22.4 22.8 +0.33 45.0 44.0 46.6 46.6 44.25 44.25 0.0 17 18 Air O2 1 3.88 165 165 18.9 24.6 13.6 16.2 20.8 20.8 -0.02 43.9 41.4 46.2 48.6 43.0 43.5 +0.5 /I/ At 40 mm Hg. /2/ To calculate arterial volume, convert p02 values from mm Hg to atmospheres and multiply Contributor: Behnke, A. R. Reference: Behnke, A. R., Shaw, L. A., Shilling, C. W., Thomson, R. M., and Messer, A. C. Am. J. Physiol. 172 ATMOSPHERES ON BLOOD GASES: MAN atmosphere, E = experimental period of O^ breathing at increasec ambient pressure. CO2 Content CO2 Pressure vol % mm Hg C 1 E C 1 E C 1 E C E C E c E Arterial Venous Arterial Venous Arterial Venous (M) (N) (O) (P) (Q) (R) 2 Pressure tm Respi ratory Pu Ise Blood Pressure a Rate breaths/min Rate beats/min Arterial mraHg Internal Jugular mm Hg Signs and Symptoms C E C E C E C E C . E E (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) (J) (K) 1 0.2 4.0 7 12 63 59 79 86 6.0 4.8 PM 2 3 0.2 0.2 4.0 4.0 19 13 19 79 79 78 66 85 78 89 85 6.5 5.5 5.4 PSTC STM 4 0.2 3.5 20 12 75 51 87 91 10.0 9.6 PSTC 5 0.2 3.5 13 11 58 56 59 82 11.3 10.0 0 6 0.2 3.5 13 13 57 57 77 78 8.6 8.4 0 7 0.2 3.5 11 10 49 48 77 79 9.6 7.9 P 8 9 10 0.2 0.2 0.2 3.5 3.5 3.5 12 15 17 11 20 32 53 79 71 49 71 62 97 78 72 108 88 76 9.4 7.9 17.: 1 1C.2 8.0 0.7 0 0 T 11 0.2 3.5 17 19 73 63 70 75 7.4 5 0 12 13 0.2 0.2 3.5 3.5 19 10 19 10 87 56 61 61 78 79 80 81 8.2 8.2 7.U 0 T 14 15 0.2 0.2 3.5 3.5 14 16 18 20 62 76 53 66 85 85 89 82 12.8 8.7 13.2 4.1 0 T 16 0.2 3.4 14 73 88 88 9.5 T 17 0.2 3.0 10 11 73 61 96 102 11.3 9.0 0 Contributor: Behnke, A. R. Reference: Lambertsen, C. J. C. F.. J. Appl. Physiol. 5:471, Kough, R. H., Cooper, D. Y. 1953. Emmel, G. L., Loeschcke, H. H., and Schmidt, 126. EFFECT OF BREATHING AIR, b% O2 in N^, AND 100% O2 AT 3.5 ATMOSPHERES ON RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE: MAN Values are for six subjects. Inspired Gas Ambient Respiratory Tidal Minute Alveolar CO2 Pressure Rate Volume Volume pC02 Production atm breaths/min L,BTPS L/min. BTPS mm Hg cc/min, STPD (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 1 Air 1.0 12.8 0.401 5.15 41 176 2 6%02 3.5 12.7 0.483 6.12 42 214 3 Air 3.5 12.5 0.463 5.78 38 190 4 100% Oz 3.5 10.3 0.677 7.00 35 213 5 Air 1.0 12.5 0.511 6.34 38 216 6 6% O2 3.5 12.7 0.468 5.95 36 188 7 Air 3.5 12.7 0.529 6.73 35 204 8 100% O2 3.5 10.9 0.722 7.84 32 245 9 Air 1.0 20.5 0.346 7.33 40 272 10 6% O2 3.5 16.1 0.389 6.25 38 201 11 Air 3.5 18.1 0.388 7.03 42 205 12 100% O2 3.5 18.4 0.487 8.97 32 262 13 Air 1.0 13.2 0.433 5.69 43 201 14 6%02 3.5 13.2 0.382 5.05 41 164 15 Air 3.5 13.6 0.424 5.78 42 196 16 100% O2 3.5 11.9 0.532 6.30 38 206 17 Air 1.0 12.0 0.529 6.26 39 223 18 6% O2 3.5 12.1 0.562 6.82 38 225 19 Air 3.5 12.3 0.393 4.82 40 151 20 100% O2 3.5 11.7 0.729 8.56 32 267 21 Air 1.0 15.6 0.487 7.57 36 223 22 6%02 3.5 12.0 0.524 6.28 34 173 23 Air 3.5 15.3 0.528 8.10 32 212 24 100% O2 3.5 17.7 0.546 9.65 28 215 Contributor: Behnke, A. R. Reference: Lambertsen, C. J. J. Appl. Physiol. 5:487, 1953. Stroud, M. W., Ill; Gould, R. A., Kough, R. H., Ewing, J. H., and Schmidt, C. F., 174 127. EFFECT OF RAPID DECOMPRESSION FROM A HIGH PRESSURE ATMOSPHERE ON BLOOD GASES: DOG As a result of rapid decompression, from a gauge pressure of 651b/sq in. of air for 105 minutes' duration, nascent gas bubbles became raacroscopically visible in the circulation. Massive embolization and tachypnea supervened after reduction of pressure to normal in 5-6 seconds (asphyxial period). Dogs were then recompressed at a gauge pressure of 30 Ib/sq in. of air or oxygen for 84 minutes (recompression period), and finally decompressed by stages for 30 minutes until pressure was again normal (post- recompression period). Data for asphyxial period taken immediately prior to recompression; data for post- recompression period taken after breathing normal air for one hour. O2 Content A-V Difference vol % O2 Capacity vol% O2 Saturation pC02 Period Arterial vol % Venous vol% Arterial % Venous % Arterial ramHg (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) Air Inhalation 1 Control 7.3 15.7 2 Asphyxial 6.8 3 Recompression 17.8 12.0 5.8 4 Post- recompression 10.5 5 Control 19.3 15.2 4.1 22.4 86 68 6 Asphyxial 18.4 8.7 9.7 7 Recompression 25.8 11.5 14.3 8 Post- recompression 24.3 8.8 15.5 29.0 84 30 9 Control 15.9 10.1 5.8 17.7 90 57 45.0 10 Asphyxial 5.4 0.5 4.9 22.4 24 2 59.0 11 Recompression 17.9 7.9 10.0 20.3 88 39 12 Post-recompression 5.9 2.3 3.6 22.8 26 10 13 Control 14.6 12.0 2.6 15.9 92 75 38.0 14 Asphyxial 6.9 2.8 4.1 18.7 37 15 51.0 15 Recompression 16.0 11.3 4.7 16.8 95 70 16 Post-recompression Death O2 Inhalation 17 Control 20.9 16.7 4,2 23.1 91 72 37.0 18 Asphyxial 23.5 17.1 6.4 26.7 88 64 46.0 19 Recompression 20.5 20 Post- recompression 26.7 16.9 9.8 28.5 94 59 21 Control 20.6 17.0 3.6 22.8 90 75 22 Asphyxial 14.6 7.7 6.9 26.1 56 30 23 Recompression 31.7 20.0 11.7 31. 5I 100 64 24 Post-recompression 26.9 7.3 19.6 29.8 90 24 25 Control 19.3 14.6 4.7 22.2 87 66 50.0 26 Asphyxial 18.3 10.7 7.6 26.7 70 40 60.0 27 Recompression 29.0 15.9 12.1 29.61 95 54 28 Post-recompression 22.0 11.4 10.6 24.5 90 47 HI 4.2 vol % added to normal capacity by Contributor: Behnke, A. R. Reference: Behnke, A. O2 in physical solution. 114:526, 1936. R., Shaw, L. A., Messer, A. C, Thomson, R. M., and Motley, E. P.. Am. J. Physiol. 128. EFFECT OF DECOMPRESSION IN 5 SECONDS FROM HIGH PRESSURE ATMOSPHERES ON RESPIRATORY RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE: DOG Compression Compressed Time Following Respiratory Blood 1 Time Air Decompression Rate Pressure Remarks hr Ib/sq in min breaths/min mm Hg (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 1 4 45 12 20 110 Dog in good condition 2 45 36 20 110 following day. i 1.5 60 4 24 120-130 Increased respiratory 4 60 8 22 120-130 rate subsided sponta- b 60 14 34 120-130 neously. 6 60 17 24 120-130 7 60 21 50 120-130 8 60 25 54 120-130 9 60 94 36 120-130 10 60 200 19 120-130 11 2 60 3 14 124 Decompression precipi- 12 60 7 14 120 tated massive emboli- 13 60 25 9 140 zation and respiratory 14^ 60 33 8 60 rate failure. Ill Recorded from a manometer connected to a cannula in femoral artery. 175 128. EFFECT OF DECOMPRESSION IN 5 SECONDS FROM HIGH PRESSURE ATMOSPHERES ON RESPIRATORY RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE: DOG (Concluded) Compression Compressed Time Following Respiratory Blood' Time Air Decompression Rate Pressure Remarks hr Ib/sq in min breaths /min mm Hg (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 15 2 60 37 7 40 Decompression precipi- 16 60 45 7 tated massive emboli- 17 60 46 Failure zation and respiratory rate failure. 18 2 60 3 7 90 Spontaneous subsidence 19 60 11 19 of tachypnea. 20 60 14 20 112 21 60 27 38 22 60 19 69 23 60 21 78 24 60 26 92 25 60 32 47 26 60 36 17 90 27 60 58 11 90 28 0.55 75 1 9 64 Precipitous respiratory 29 75 3 Failure 110 to 25 rate failure which did 30 Recompression 120 not respond to recom- 31 Recompression 92 pression. 32 Recompression 88 /I/ Recorded from a manometer connected to a cannula in femoral artery. Contributor: Behnke, A. R. Reference: Behnke, A. R., Medicine 24:381, 1945. 129. EFFECT OF DECOMPRESSION AND RECOMPRESSION ON BLOOD PRESSURE. RESPIRATORY RATE. AND PULSE RATE: DOG Alterations in blood pressure, respiratory rate and pulse rate of dog decompressed in ten seconds from a gauge pressure of 65 lb after 1^ hours' exposure, followed by recompression (interval of ten minutes) to a pressure of 30 lb (oxygen) for twenty-five minutes. Pressure was then lowered to atmospheric in twelve minutes, and oxygen inhalation continued for seventeen minutes. Preceded by period of oxygen breathing (thirty minutes), compression of dog was again repeated at a pressure of 65 lb for period of forty-five minutes, followed by ten seconds' decom- pression. After interval of twelve minutes, dog was recompressed to a pressure of 30 lb for twenty minutes (oxygen inhalation). 160 h GP = gauge pressure BP = blood pressure RR = respiratory rate PR = pulse rate. Contributor: Behnke, A. R. Reference: Behnke, A. R.. U. S. Nav. M. Bull. 35:61, 1937. 176 130. EFFECT OF DECOMPRESSION ON INTERNAL PRESSURES: DOG Unprotected dogs decompressed from 100-200 ft equivalent depth with trachea closed, developed pulmonary interstitial emphysema and air embolism when intratracheal pressure reached a critical level of approximately 80 mm Hg. However, it appears that the critical factor in this development is a transpulmonic pressure of 60-70 mm Hg, or a transatrial pressure in excess of 55-65 mm Hg, rather than an absolute level of the intratracheal pressure. Over- distension of the lung was prevented by application of thoraco-abdominal binders, but not by abdominal binders alone. Group A = animals without binders that developed air embolism; Group B = animals without binders that did not develop air embolism; Group C = animals with abdominal binders that developed air embolism; Group D = animals with thoraco-abdominal binders that did not develop air embolism. Values represent pressures in mm Hg based on means of all animals weighted by the number of ascents. Group A Group B Pressure Subjects Ascents Com- Decom- Gradient Subjects Ascents Com- Decom- Gradient no. no. pressed pressed max. no. no. pressed pressed max. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) (J) (K) 1 Intratracheal 7 8 1.9 88.6 5 9 2.0 59.0 2 Intrapleural 4 5 -3.0 9.4 3 5 -6.3 7.9 3 Intra-abdominal 4 4 -1.5 18.8 4 6 0.9 11.8 4 Pulmonary arterial 6 7 9.8 54.9 4 8 3.8 27.2 5 Left atrial 6 7 1.7 19.8 4 6 -5.3 13.8 6 Systemic arterial 7 8 103.2 22.8 5 9 90.7 36.0 7 Systemic venous 5 6 1.1 17.1 5 9 -1.9 18.7 8 Transpulraonaryl 4 5 68.1 3 5 54.2 9 Transatrial^ 5 7 63.6 4 6 43.3 10 Transcapillaryi 5 6 31.2 3 5 13.7 Group C Group D Pressure Subjects Ascents Cora- Decora- Gradient Subjects Ascents Cora- Decora- Gradient no. no. pressed pressed max. no. no. pressed pressed max. (A) (L) (M) (N) (O) (P) (Q) (R) (S) (T) (U) 1 Intratracheal 2 2 5.0 130.0 2 8 3.6 82.1 2 Intrapleural 2 2 -4.0 31.0 2 8 -4.2 55.4 3 Intra-abdominal 1 1 5.0 30.0 2 8 4.2 42.0 4 Pulmonary arterial 2 2 13.0 55.0 2 8 8.2 68.5 5 Left atrial 2 2 -3.0 36.0 2 8 2.4 56.1 6 Systemic arterial 2 2 97.5 43.0 2 8 125.4 104.1 7 Systemic venous 2 2 9.5 30.0 2 8 5.4 71.8 8 Transpulmonaryl 2 2 99.0 2 8 29.2 9 Transatrial^ 2 2 94.0 2 8 26.0 10 Transcapillary^ 2 ^ 19.0 2 8 12.5 III Transpulmonary = intratracheal minus intrapleural. /2/ Transatrial = intratracheal minus left atrial. /3/ Transcapillary = pulmonary arterial minus left atrial. Contributor; Schaefer, K. E. Reference; Schaefer, K. E., McNulty, W. P., Jr., Carey, C and Liebow, A. A., J. Appl. Physiol., in press. 177 131. EFFECT OF DRUGS ON PULMONARY Drugs are listed alphabetically, using a well-known name. Use of trade names is for informative purposes only and is expressed as % increase or decrease from the control value (100%). In a few instances only + or - signs are used wise indicated. When no significant difference exists over a dosage range, the data are averaged over the range. Dose Mode of Administration Species Premedication Respiratory Rate | Drug Control Drug breaths /min % (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) I Acetazolamide 25 Oral Man 9 + 11 2 25 Oral Dog Morphine and 6 0 3 5-100 IV Dog pentobarb. -7 4 5-100 IV Dog 1 5% Oz -32 5 Acetic acid 10 cc O.IN IV Rabbit Urethane 60 -20 6 Acetone 15 cc 15% rv Rabbit Urethane 42 +67 7 15 cc 20% IV Rabbit Urethane 48 + 150 8 10 cc 30% IV Rabbit Urethane 65 +31 9 2-Acetoxy- 200 Oral Cat 36 + 3 10 phenanthrene 300 Oral Cat 36 + 17 11 3-Acetoxy- 200 Oral Cat 42 0 12 phenanthrene 300 Oral Cat 42 0 13 Acetylcodeine 0.05-1.0 SC Rabbit -17 14 HCl 0.05-1.0 SC Rabbit 8% COz -16 15 2.0-10.0 SC Rabbit -39 16 2.0-10.0 SC Rabbit 8% COz -37 17 Acetyldihydrocodeine 0.2-2.0 SC Rabbit -10 18 HCl 0.2-2.0 SC Rabbit 8% COz -6 19 5-20 SC Rabbit -25 20 5-20 SC Rabbit 8% COz -25 21 Acetyldihydroiso- 0.2-1.0 SC Rabbit -11 22 codeine acid tartrate 0.2-1.0 SC Rabbit 8% COz -8 23 2.0-10.0 SC Rabbit -52 24 2.0-10.0 SC Rabbit 8% COz -55 25 Acetylguanidine HCl 5.0 SC Rabbit Urethane 68 + 53 26 Acetylhydroxycodeinone 0.3-1.0 SC Rabbit -19 27 HCl 0.3-1.0 SC Rabbit 8% COz -14 28 3.0 SC Rabbit -50 29 3.0 SC Rabbit 8% COz -50 30 5.0 SC Rabbit -75 31 5.0 SC Rabbit 8% COz -68 32 Acetylisocodeine HCl 0.1-0.5 SC Rabbit -12 33 0.1-0.5 SC Rabbit 8% COz -7 34 1.0-2.0 SC Rabbit -39 35 1.0-2.0 SC Rabbit 8% COz -29 36 5.0-10.0 SC Rabbit -62 37 5.0-10.0 SC Rabbit 8% COz -56 38 Alcohol (ethyl, 95%) 1.5-5 cc IP Rabbit 56 -4 39 Allopseudocodeine HCl 5-30 SC Rabbit 56 -11 40 5-30 SC Rabbit COz 66 -3 41 Aminoguanidine HCl 2 SC Rabbit Urethane 180 +24 42 Aminophylline 3 IV Man 11 0 43 3 rv Man 2.1-6% COz 15 -12 44 6 IV Man + 18 45 6 IV Man 2.1-6% COz + 32 46 25 SC Man 13 +8 47 25 SC Man 3% COz 14 0 48 25 SC Man 5% COz 17 -19 49 p- ( 2 - Aminopropyl)- 70 mg Oral Man 11 +27 50 phenol 15-20 mg !M Man 11 + 10 51 Amobarbital 2.9-10.0 Oral Man 12 + 14 52 Amphetamine 10 mg Oral Man 13 -2 53 sulfate 30 rag Oral Man +5 54 10 mg IM Man -21 55 5-50 Oral Man 7 -34 56 5% Aerosol Man 8 -27 57 Amyldihydro- 0.0001-0.005 SC Rabbit -7 58 morphinone HCl 0.0001-0.005 SC Rabbit 8% COz -6 59 0.01-0.02 SC Rabbit -37 /I/ Arterial. /2/ Alveolar. 178 FUNCTION: MAN AND LABORATORY ANIMALS in no way implies endorsement by The National Academy of Sciences- The National Research Council. Drug response to indicate increase or decrease when quantitative data are not available. Dose is expressed in mg/kg, unless other- Values enclosed in parentheses show the highest and lowest % change for that particular dosage level. Tidal Volume Minute Volume Alveolar Ventilation O2 Consumption pCOz Refer- Control Drug Control Drug Control Drug Control Drug Control Drug CO % L/min % L/min % cc/min % mm Hg % (H) (I) (J) (K) (L) (M) (N) (O) (P) (Q) (R) 690 -11 6.39 0 -12 39.91 -2i 85 1 -28 -28 -2 53.71 -l' 85 2 +28 + 13 -7 +24I 85 3 +65 + 15 -4 + 12' 85 4 15 +67 0.885 + 35 37.51 + 3I 1 5 13 +8 0.980 +79 28.0' -lU 1 6 24 + 17 1.152 + 192 28.51 -9I 1 7 15 -7 0.9V5 +22 33.5I -111 1 8 2 9 2 10 2 11 2 12 -10 +2 3 13 -20 14 -27 -9 15 -44 16 -5 +8 17 -8 18 -12 +14 19 -30 20 -3 +3 21 -8 22 -39 -3 23 -59 24 25 -10 +2 26 -15 27 -35 -2 28 -57 29 -56 -17 30 -72 31 -8 +4 32 -9 33 -25 -10 34 -31 35 -47 -12 36 -61 37 9 -15 0.500 -17 38 21 +6 1.176 -4 25 +8 39 45 0 2.970 -3 40 5 41 689 + 19 6.55 + 19 37.5^ -82 8 42 1258 + 26 -16 -1 18.70 +16 + 10 + 36 45.02 -42 -62 -62 8 8 8 43 44 45 630 + 36 8.2 0 9 46 1110 +4 15.4 + 5 9 47 1427 +21 24.7 -3 9 48 363 -22 4.0 0 171 +8 18 49 572 -14 5.3 +6 259 0 18 50 231 + 3 11 51 481 -11 +4 +3 6.4 -13 +9 -19 264 -8 + 14 -3 18 18 18 52 53 54 696 +49 5.0 -8 3.48 + 3 19 55 743 + 55 5.4 +6 3.9 + 15 20 56 -2 +6 10 57 -7 10 58 -23 -10 10 59 179 131. EFFECT OF DRUGS ON PULMONARY FUNCTION: Drug response is expressed in % increase or decrease from the control Dose Mode of Administration Species Respiratory Rate | Drug Premedication Control Drug breaths /min % (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 60 Amyldihydro- 0.01-0.02 SC Rabbit 8% C02 -32 61 morphinone HCl 0.05-0.50 SC Rabbit -79 62 (concluded) 0.05-0.50 SC Rabbit 8%C02 -86 63 Apomorphine 1.0 SC Rabbit 28 +164 64 Atropine sulfate 0.05 mg SC Man 65 0.05 mg IV Man 66 1.29 mg Oral Man 67 1% Aerosol Man 13 -52 68 1% Aerosol Man 6 -4 69 0.4-2.0 mg IV Dog Chloralose 70 Azure A 0.1-0.5 IV Rabbit Urethane + 3 71 1.0-5.0 IV Rabbit and +19 72 7.5-10.0 IV Rabbit pentobarb. +7 73 Barbital sodium 5-19 Oral Man 12 +15 2-(Benzhydryloxy)- i N, N-dimethyl- 74 ethylamine HCl 100 rag rv Dog Pentobarb. 75 2-(-N-Benzylanilino- 100 mg rv Dog Pentobarb. 76 methyl)-imidazoline 50 IM Mice 20% 02 0 77 50 IM Mice 16% O2 -6 78 50 IM Mice 14-10% O2 -23 79 Benzyldihydrodesoxy- 0.2-5.0 SC Rabbit -8(+3to-l6) 80 morphine-D HCl 0.2-5.0 SC Rabbit 8%C02 -7(-2to-12) 81 10.0-40.0 SC Rabbit -14(-11 to-17) 82 10.0-40.0 SC Rabbit 8% COe -19(-14to-26) 83 Benzyldihydromorphine 0.2-5.0 SC Rabbit -7(-3to-13) 84 HCl 0.2-5.0 SC Rabbit 8% CO2 -5<-3to-6) 85 10-20 SC Rabbit -15 86 10-20 SC Rabbit 8% CO2 -16(-13to-19) 87 40 SC Rabbit +40 88 40 SC Rabbit 8% CO2 +7 89 Benzyldihydro- 0.01-0.2 SC Rabbit -ll(-2to-23) 90 morphinone HCl 0.01-0.2 SC Rabbit CO2 -8(+0.4to-19) 91 0.5-2.0 SC Rabbit -41(-35to-47) 92 0.5-2.0 SC Rabbit CO2 -37(-32to-43) 93 Benzylethyl- 10% Aerosol Man 9 -78 94 methylamine 5% Aerosol Man 8 -47 95 Benzylmorphine HCl 0.1-3.0 SC Rabbit -3(+2to-10) 96 0.1-3.0 SC Rabbit CO2 +0.2(+4to -6) 97 5.0-10.0 SC Rabbit -9(-6to-12) 98 5.0-10.0 SC Rabbit CO2 -9(-4to-14) 99 20 SC Rabbit +16 100 20 SC Rabbit CO2 + 12 101 Benzylmorphine- 0.5-20.0 SC Rabbit -10(-4to-16) 102 6- methyl ether 0.5-20.0 SC Rabbit 8% CO2 -7(-4to-ll) 103 acid sulfate 50.0 SC Rabbit +14 104 50.0 SC Rabbit 8% CO2 105 Bromocodeinone 0.05-1.0 SC Rabbit -2(+6to-12) 106 0.05-1.0 SC Rabbit 6-10% CO2 -3(+3to-9) Butallylonal 107 sodium 42 IV Dog 24 -17 108 Butethal 200 mg Oral Man +3 109 300 mg Oral Man +44 110 400 mg Oral Man + 10 111 Caffeine 5-10% Aerosol Man U +36 112 250 mg SC Man 3%C02 +23 113 250 mg SC Man 5% CO2 +52 114 10 IM Man Morphine 9 +23 115 25 mg IM Man 12 + 10 116 25 mg IM Man 3% CO2 +1 117 25 mg IM Man 5% CO2 + 12 118 30 IV Cat Phenobarb. +68 119 30 IV Cat Chlorbutanol +31 180 MAN AND LABORATORY ANIMALS (Continued) value (100%). Dose is expressed In mg/kg, unless otherwise indicated. Tidal Volume Minute Volume Alveolar Ventilation O2 Consumption PCO2 Refer- Control Drug Control Drug Control Drug Control Drug Control Drug cc % L/min % L/min % cc/min % mm Hg % (H) (I) (J) (K) (L) (M) (N) (O) (P) (Q) (R) -32 10 60 -60 -27 10 61 -88 10 62 14 0 0.395 +167 12 63 612 -15 13 64 493 + 15 + 3 +3 13 14 65 66 450 + 122 5.62 +7 15 67 820 + 5 4.52 -5 3.5 -3 16 68 166 -16 13 69 0 17 70 +10 17 71 -8 17 72 211 -3 11 73 +44 26 74 +16 26 27 27 27 75 76 77 78 -0.4(-9to+10) +6(+3to+9) 28 79 -7(+3to-16) 28 80 -13(-10to-16) +8<+6to + ll) 28 81 -25(-17to-38) 28 82 -1.3(+5to-9) +4{+2to+6) 28 83 -6(+3to-7) 28 84 -17(-11 to-24) +6(+4to+8) 28 85 -21(-16to-26) 28 86 +10 + 14 28 87 -12 28 88 -2(+6to-U) +4(+llto+2) 10 89 -9(+4to-23) 10 90 -22(-14to-26) -7(-4to-ll) 10 91 -43(-40to-46) 10 92 550 +218 4.95 -29 15 93 695 + 55 5.6 -14 3.4 +7 16 94 + 5(+2to + 14) +6(+2to+8) 28 95 -0.6(+2to-10) 28 96 -9(-7to-ll) +6(+3to+9) 28 97 -13(-llto-l6) 28 98 -7 +14 28 99 -10 28 100 -8(-lto-17) +7( + 3to + 14) 28 101 -ll(-3to-25) 28 102 + 13 28 103 + 17 28 104 0(+5to-6) +9(+2to + 16) 4 105 -6(+14to-16) 4 106 220 0 5.28 -17 150 -13 29 107 -7 11 108 +6 11 109 -7 11 110 631 -28 6.45 +8 4.1 -5 16 30 30 111 112 113 529 -3 4.5 +20 31 114 626 -7 + 11 +3 7.7 +3 + 12 + 16 +47 +40 9 9 9 32 32 115 116 117 118 119 181 131. EFFECT OF DRUGS ON PULMONARY FUNCTION: Drug response is expressed in % increase or decrease from the control Mode of Administration Respiratory Rate J Drug Dose Species Premedication Control breaths /rain Drug % (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 120 Caffeine (concluded) 30 IV Dog Phenobarb. + 14 121 30 IV Dog Pentobarb. +61 122 200 mg IV Rabbit Tribromo- ethanol + 150 123 Carbachol 0.5-2% Aerosol Man 7 + 165 1 124 Carbon dioxide 2% Inhaled Man 14 +6 125 3.5% Inhaled Man +10 126 5.0% Inhaled Man +28 127 3.0% Inhaled Man 15 +53 128 5-7% Inhaled Man 129 2.0% Inhaled Cat 30 +3 130 4.0% Inhaled Cat +3 131 6.0% Inhaled Cat + 17 132 8.0% Inhaled Cat +23 133 Carbon monoxide 1.0% Inhaled Dog Amytal 13 + 123 1 Chlorallyl- nor- codeine 134 chlorhydrate 20 SC Rabbit 23 + 130 135 Chloralose 89.5 IV Dog 18 -22 136 75 IP Cat 34 -67 137 75 IP Cat 2% C02 -71 138 75 IP Cat 4% C02 -70 139 75 IP Cat 6-8% C02 -70 Chlorprophen- 140 pyridaminemaleate 0.4 rag IV Dog Pentobarb. 13 -2 141 Codeine sulfate and 20 rag SC Man 142 HCl 60 mg SC Man 143 120 mg SC Man 144 2-5 SC Rabbit -21 145 2-5 SC Rabbit COz -19 146 10-20 SC Rabbit -22 147 10-20 SC Rabbit C02 -19 148 30 SC Rabbit 30 +33 149 Cyclobarbital 200 mg Oral Man +9 150 400 rag Oral Man +9 151 600 mg Oral Man + 1 152 d-Desoxyephedrine 0.5-1.0 SC Rat 143 + 32 153 HCl 1.5-2.0 SC Rat +45 154 2.5-3.0 SC Rat +44 155 0.5-10.0 SC Guinea pig 75 + 19 156 20.0 SC Guinea pig +92 157 Diacetyldihydro- 0.3-1.0 SC Rabbit -9 158 hydroxycodeine-B 0.3-1.0' SC Rabbit 6-10% C02 -6 159 acid tartrate 3.0-5.0 SC Rabbit -40 160 3.0-5.0 SC Rabbit 6-10% COz -27 161 10.0-20.0 SC Rabbit -58 162 10.0-20.0 SC Rabbit 6-10% COz -52 163 Diacetyldihydro- 0.05-1.0 SC Rabbit -U 164 hydroxy codeine- C 0.05-1.0 SC Rabbit 6-10% COz -6 165 acid tartrate 3.0-5.0 SC Rabbit -57 166 3.0-5.0 SC Rabbit 6-10% C02 -43 167 10.0 SC Rabbit -76 168 169 10.0 SC Rabbit 6-10% COz. -77 Diacetyldihydro- 0.1-0.3 SC Rabbit -18 170 i morphine HCl 0.1-0.3 SC Rabbit C02 -2(0 to -4) 171 0.5-2.0 SC Rabbit -52 172 0.5-2.0 SC Rabbit COz -46 173 3.0-10.0 SC Rabbit -81 174 3.0-10.0 SC Rabbit COz -82 175 Diacetylmorphinc HCl 0.01-0.1 SC Rabbit -28(-8to- 40) 176 j O.OI-O.l SC Rabbit COz -15 177 0.3-10.0 SC Rabbit -84 178 0.3-10.0 SC Rabbit COz -81 179 Diallylbarbituric acid 3.0 Oral Man U +6 1 182 MAN AND LABORATORY ANIMALS (Continued) value (100%). Dose is expressed in mg/kg, unless otherwise indicated. Tidal Volume Minute Volume Alveolar Ventilation O2 Consumption [ pCOz Refer- e Control Drug Control Drug Control Drug Control Drug Control |Drug cc % L/min % L/min % cc/rain % ,mm Hg j % (H) (1) (J) (K) (U (M) (N) (O) (P) 1 (Q) (R) +16 32 120 +61 32 33 121 122 800 -38 5.11 +43 3.75 +8 16 123 34 124 34 125 34 126 609 + 120 9.4 +249 + 360 7.5 -1 35 36 127 128 13 +45 + 188 + 380 + 512 0.382 + 50 + 197 +459 +654 37 37 37 37 129 130 131 132 85 -19 1.1 + 82 38 133 22 -32 0.510 + 55 ! 12 134 231 + 5 4.16 -19 137 -17 29 135 U +56 +30 -4 -38 0.373 -52 -62 -76 -82 37 37 37 37 136 137 138 139 106 +6 1.4 +4 26 140 -8 39 141 -18 40 142 -31 40 143 +7 -1 7 144 -3 7 145 + 12 +31 7 146 -14 7 147 8 + 112 0.242 + 186 12 148 -19 11 149 +4 11 150 0 11 151 2 +7 + 19 +3(+22to-16) -15(+9to-28) + 15 0.282 +43 +70 + 50 -2(-39to+49) + 145 49 49 49 49 49 152 153 154 155 156 -6 +l(+4to-5) 4 157 -8 4 158 -26 -2 4 159 -26 4 160 -41 -10 4 161 -56 4 162 -4( + 5to-ll) +2 4 163 -7(+2to-l6) 4 164 -31 -4 4 165 -45 4 166 -55 -24 4 167 -79 4 168 + 12 -8 +l(+3to-l) 45 169 -p.5(+lto-2) -2 45 170 +31 -36 -10 45 171 -9 -50 45 172 +91 -65 -U(+13to-23) 45 173 -7 -84 45 174 +21 -13(+4to-29) -4(+2to-12) 45 175 0(-4to+2) -15 45 176 + 108 -69 -23 45 177 + 5{+36to-15) -80 45 178 219 -3 11 179 183 131. EFFECT OF DRUGS ON PULMONARY FUNCTION: Drug response is expressed in % increase or decrease from the control Mode of Administration Respiratory Rate | Drug Dose Species Premedication Control Drug breaths / min % (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 180 DiaUylbarbituric acid 6.0 Oral Man -17 181 (concluded) 7.0 Oral Man +9 6, 7-Diethoxy tetra- 182 hydroisoquinoline 0.6-2.6 IV Cat, dog Anesthetized 0 183 1,2, 3-tri-O-Di- 0.5 rag IV Man Cyclopropane 184 ethylamino- 1.0 mg IV Man Cyclopropane 185 cthoxy) benzene 1.5 rag IV Man Cyclopropane 186 triethiodide (Flaxedil) 2.0 rag IV Man Cyclopropane 187 Diethylarninoraethyl 10% Aerosol Man 11 -29 188 benzodioxane 1-30% Aerosol Man 9 -21 Ac-2, 2-Diethyl- aminomethyl tetra- 189 hydronaphthol HCl 50 SC Rabbit 37 + 16 190 Oigitolal 100 rag rv Man 191 Oigitoxin 1.4 rag IV Man 192 1.4 rag rv Man C02 193 2.2 mg IV Man 194 2.2 mg IV Man C02 195 Dihydro-allo- 5.0-20.0 SC Rabbit -21 196 pseudocodeine acid 5.0-20.0 SC Rabbit COz -21 197 tartrate 30.0-40.0 SC Rabbit -4Z 198 30.0-40.0 SC Rabbit C02 -32 199 Dihydrocodeine 30 mg SC Man 200 acid tartrate 30 mg SC Man 5%C02 201 2.0-3.0 SC Rabbit -10 202 2.0-3.0 SC Rabbit C02 -65 203 5.0-10.0 SC Rabbit -30 204 5.0-10.0 SC Rabbit COz -28 205 15.0-30.0 SC Rabbit -48 206 15.0-30.0 SC Rabbit COz -47 207 50.0 SC Rabbit -28 208 50.0 SC Rabbit COz -19 209 Dihydrocodeinone 5 mg Man 210 bitartrate 0.1-0.5 SC Rabbit -19 211 0.1-0.5 SC Rabbit COz -14 212 1.0-5.0 SC Rabbit COz -40 213 1.5-5.0 SC Rabbi^ -39 214 10 SC Rabbit -63 215 10 SC Rabbit COz -57 216 Dihydrocodeinone 0.1-0.2 SC Rabbit -11 217 enol acetate 0.1-0.2 SC Rabbit 8% COz -4 218 0.5-2.0 SC Rabbit -37 219 0.5-2.0 SC Rabbit 8% COz -30 220 5.0 SC Rabbit -62 221 5.0 SC Rabbit 8% COz -68 222 Dihydrohydroxy- 0.5-50.0 SC Rabbit -3(+3to-10) 223 codeine-A 0.5-50.0 SC Rabbit 6-10% COz -4(+4to-8) 224 Dihydr ohyd roxy- 0.05-0.2 SC Rabbit +3 225 codeine-B 0.05-0.2 SC Rabbit 6-10% COz +1 226 0.5-1.0 SC Rabbit -18 227 0.5-1.0 SC Rabbit 6-10% COz -13 228 3.0-5.0 SC Rabbit -43 229 3.0-5.0 SC Rabbit 6-10% COz -34 230 10.0-20.0 SC Rabbit -70 231 10.0-20.0 SC Rabbit 6-10% COz -65 232 Dihydrohydroxy- 0.1-1.0 SC Rabbit -5 233 codeine-C 0 1-1.0 SC Rabbit 6-10% COz -4 234 3.0-10.0 SC Rabbit -38 235 3.0-10.0 SC Rabbit 6-10% COz -37 236 20 SC Rabbit -55 237 20 SC Rabbit 6-10% COz -56 /I/ Alveolar. 184 MAN AND LABORATORY ANIMALS (Continued) value (100%). Dose is expressed in mg/kg, unless otherwise indicated. Tidal Volume | Minute Volume ] Alveolar Ventilation | O2 Consumption | pCOz 1 Refer- Control Drug Control Drug Control Drug Control | Drug Control Drug ence cc % L/min % L/rain % cc/min % mm Hg % (H) (I) (J) (K) (L) (M) (N) (O) (P) (Q) (R) +11 11 180 +5 11 181 44 182 -U 78 183 -35 78 184 -50 78 185 -88 78 186 775 + 32 8.14 -6 15 187 648 +42 5.73 -8 4.12 -1 16 188 29 + 3 1.069 +20 30 +93 46 189 241 +2 47 190 -1 +11 48 191 -16 42.01 01 48 192 -1 +41 48 193 -30 42.01 oi 48 194 +6 -17 +7(+3to+9) 43 195 0 -21 43 196 +22 -28 -5{0to-9) 43 197 0 -33 43 198 9.7 -4 42 199 16.7 -10 42 200 +2 -8 0 43 201 +4 -3 43 202 + 15 -20 0 43 203 -3 -30 43 204 + 32 -33 +4 43 205 -7 -51 43 206 +43 +4 +40 43 207 -11 -28 43 208 -4 39 209 + 12 0 41 210 -1 41 211 + 15 +9 41 212 -16 41 213 +71 + 14 41 214 +2 41 215 -5 +0.2 10 216 -7 10 217 -23 -8 10 218 -34 10 219 -48 -17 10 220 -76 10 221 -0.2(+3to-7) +3(-9to + 17) 4 222 -0.5(+15to-9) 4 223 +7 +5 4 224 +6 4 225 -9 +3 4 226 -12 4 227 -33 -2 4 228 -42 4 229 -50 -11 4 230 -67 4 231 +6 +3(+9to-3) 4 232 -2 4 233 -30 -3 4 234 -46 4 235 -52 -22 4 236 -69 4 237 185 131. EFFECT OF DRUGS ON PULMONARY FUNCTION: Drug response is expressed in % increase or decrease from the control Dose Mode of Administration Species Premedication Respiratory Rate | Drug Control breaths /min Drug % (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 238 Dihydrohydroxy- 0.01-0.1 SC Rabbit -7 239 codeinone HCl 0.01-0.1 SC Rabbit 6-10% COz -3 240 0.3-1.0 SC Rabbit -30 241 0.3-1.0 SC Rabbit 6-10% COz -28 242 3.0-5.0 SC Rabbit -73 243 3.0-5.0 SC Rabbit 6-10% COz -76 244 10 SC Rabbit -84 245 10 SC Rabbit 6-10% COz -94 246 Dihydroisocodeine 30 mg SC Man 247 acid tartrate 30 rag SC Man 5% COz 248 1.0-2.0 SC Rabbit -22 249 1.0-2.0 SC Rabbit COz -12 250 5.0-20.0 SC Rabbit -55 251 5.0-20.0 SC Rabbit COz -50 252 35.0-50.0 SC Rabbit -61 253 35.0-50.0 SC Rabbit COz -62 254 Dihydroraorphine 0.1-2.0 SC Rabbit -25{+lto-37) 255 HCl 0.1-2.0 SC Rabbit COz -22 256 3.0-10.0 SC Rabbit -56 257 3.0-10.0 SC Rabbit COz -50 258 Dihydromorphinone 0.01-0.25 SC Rabbit -27(-8to-44) 259 HCl 0.01-0.25 SC Rabbit COz -19(-3to-39) 260 0.5-10.0 SC Rabbit -62 261 0.5-10.0 SC Rabbit COz -61 262 Dihydropseudo- 50.0-150.0 SC Rabbit -7(+20to-19) 263 codeine HCl 50.0-150.0 SC Rabbit COz -9(-2to-14) 5, 6-Dihydroxy tetra- 264 hydroisoquinoline 0.24-4.5 IV Cat, dog Anesthetized - 6, 7-Dihydroxy tetra- 265 hydroisoquinoline 0.24-4.5 IV Cat, dog Anesthetized - 266 Diraenhydrinate 10 mg IV Dog Pentobarb. 11 1+10 1 5, 6-Dimethoxy tetra- 267 hydroisoquinoline 1.0-5.1 IV Cat, dog Anesthetized - 6, 7-Din:aethoxy tetra- 268 hydroisoquinoline 1.0-5.1 IV Cat, dog Anesthetized - Ac-2. 2-Diraethyl- arainomethyl tetra- 269 hydronaphthol HCl 150 SC Rabbit 35 +9 270 Dimethyl guanidine HCl 5 SC Rabbit Urethane 70 +26 271 Dimethyltoluthionine CI 0.1 IV Rabbit Pentobarb. 0 272 0.5-2.0 IV Rabbit and +4 273 5.0-7.5 IV Rabbit urethane + 18 274 10.0 IV Rabbit Pentobarb. and urethane -6 275 Dinltrophenol 10.0-20.0 SC Dog Pentobarb. 16 +275 276 10.0 SC Rabbit Morphine + 11 277 20.0 SC Rabbit Morphine +96 278 40.0 SC Rabbit Morphine +43 279 20.0 SC Rabbit Chloral +59 280 20.0 SC Rabbit Alcohol +49 281 20.0 SC Rabbit Pentobarb. +36 282 5.0 IM Rabbit +6 283 10.0 IM Rabbit +8 284 20.0-60.0 IM Rabbit +50 285 80.0 IM Rabbit +23 286 2, 4-Dinitrophenyl- 0.02-0.50 SC Rabbit -15(-2to-35) 287 morphine HCl 0.02-0.50 SC Rabbit 8% COz -8(-l to-24) 288 1.0-20.0 SC Rabbit -39(-28to-55) 289 1.0-20.0 SC Rabbit 8% COz -34(-15to-56) Diphenyl guanidine 290 symm. HCl 1 SC Rabbit Urethane 136 + 10 291 Ephedrine 5.0-50.0 Oral Man 8 -3 292 0.5 SC Man Morphine 7 +28 186 MAN AND LABORATORY ANIMALS (Continued) value (100%). Dose is expressed in mg/kg, unless otherwise indicated. Tidal Volume Minute Volume Alveolar Ventilation O2 Consumption pCOz Refer- Control Drug Control Drug Control Drug Control Drug Control Drug cc % L/min % L/min % cc/min % mm Hg % (H) (I) (J) (K) (U (M) (N) (O) (P) (Q) (R) +5 +6 4 238 -1 4 239 -20 -3 4 240 -33 4 241 -57 -3 4 242 -77 4 243 -62 -15 4 244 -93 4 245 9.8 -17 42 246 16.3 -25 42 247 +8 -16 0 43 248 -2 -14 43 249 +29 -42 -10 43 250 -3 -50 43 251 + 19 -53 +9 43 252 -30 -73 43 253 +8(-2to + 17) -19(0to-31) + 1(0 to +4) 41 254 0(+10to-12) -22 41 255 +29 -40 -3( + 5to-10) 41 256 -4(+5to-14) -52 41 257 + ll(+2to+25) -21(-7to-30) +4(0 to +5) 41 258 -3(0to-4) -21(-6to-39) 41 259 +26( + 3to+60) -52 -2(+5to-8) 41 260 -16(-4to-30) -67 41 261 0(+13to-13) -8(+5to-18) +5(0 to +9) 43 262 -5(-2to-7) -15(-7to-20) 43 263 . . 44 264 _ , 44 265 124 + 10 1.40 +21 26 266 0 0 44 267 0 0 44 268 18 +11 0.627 +19 37 +3 46 269 5 270 0 17 271 +4 17 272 + 10 17 273 -20 17 274 147 +321 + 107 -70 +22 +68 +46 -11 +43 + 55 +209 1.76 +1809 + 306 -57 +93 + 150 +100 -6 +49 + 135 +272 86 +731 50 6 6 6 6 6 6 51 51 51 51 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 -2(+2to-8) -0.2 28 286 -6(+5to-25) 28 287 -21(-6to-31) -5.5(-12to+2) 28 288 -35(-llto-57) 28 289 5 290 738 +15 5.55 +4 3.78 +4 19 291 728 + 1 5.10 +29 31 292 187 131. EFFECT OF DRUGS ON PULMONARY FUNCTION: Drug response is expressed in % increase or decrease from the control Mode of Administration Respiratory Rate | Drug Dose Species Premedication Control breaths /min Drug % (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 293 Ephedrine (concluded) 0.5-1.0 IM Fox 294 0.05 IM Dog 295 0.25-0.85 IM Dog 296 Epinephrine HCl 0.1-1.0% Aerosol Man 7 -30 297 ZOjxg IV Man 298 160 (ig/kg sc Fox 299 160 jig/kg IP Fox 300 5 Kg/kg IM Dog 301 10-20 jig/kg IM Dog 302 50 fig/kg IM Dog 303 80 ng/kg IM Dog 304 125 ng/kg IM Dog 305 Ergotamine 0.05 IV Cat Chloralose 306 0.05 IV Cat Chloralose and C02 307 Ethalolguanidine HCl 5.0 SC Rabbit Urethane 40 + 20 308 Ether (Diethyl) Inhaled Dog 24 +242 309 Ethinaraate 1.5B Oral Man 20 -5 6- Ethoxy- 6- methoxy tetrahydro- 310 isoquinoline 0.7-3.0 IV Cat, dog Anesthetized 0 6- Ethoxy-7- methoxy tetrahydro- 311 isoquinoline 0.7-2.4 IV Cat, dog Anesthetized - 312 2- Ethoxy 200 Oral Cat 45 + 18 313 phenanthrene 300 Oral Cat 48 -8 314 3- Ethoxy 300 Oral Cat 39 -10 315 phenanthrene 400 Oral Cat +8 6- Ethoxy tetrahydro- 316 isoquinoline 0.6-2.1 IV Cat, dog Anesthetized - 317 Ethyldihydro- 0.01-0.1 SC Rabbit -10 318 morphinone HCl 0.01-0.1 SC Rabbit 8% COz -9 319 0.2-0.5 SC Rabbit -41 320 0.2-0.5 SC Rabbit 8% COz -38 321 1.0 SC Rabbit -64 322 1.0 SC Rabbit 8% COz -65 323 Ethylguanidine HCl 10.0 SC Rabbit Urethane 168 + 21 324 Ethylmorphine HCl 0.5-20.0 SC Rabbit -18(+2to-23) 325 0.5-20.0 SC Rabbit 8% COz -14(0to-32) 326 Glycerine 20% Aerosol Man 7 + 133 327 Guanidine HCl 20 SC Rabbit Urethane +8 328 Hexobarbital 60 IV Dog 14 0 329 Histamine 1% Aerosol Man 7 -55 3 30 Hordenine sulfate 0.6-1.2 rv Cat, dog Anesthetized 0 331 1-3- Hydroxy- N-allyl- 0.0108 IV Man 332 morphinan 1.0-4.0 IV Rabbit 333 10.0 IV Rabbit 334 Hydroxycodeinone HCl 0.05-3.0 SC Rabbit + 5(-0.5to+14) 335 0.05-3.0 SC Rabbit 6-10% COz -l(+6to-9) 336 1-3-Hydroxy-N- 0.054 IV Man 10 -2 337 methylmorphinan 0.5-1.0 IV Rabbit Pentobarb. 338 3- Hydroxy- N- methyl - 5 mg IM Man 11 -25 339 morphinan 5 mg IM Man COz -17 340 hydrobroraide 7.5 mg IM Man -6 341 7.5 mg IM Man COz -4 342 0.5 IV Rabbit -12 343 1.0 IV Rabbit -48 344 2.0 IV Rabbit -76 345 1.5-20.0 IV Rabbit Local anesth. -83 2- Hydroxy 346 phenanthrene 300 Oral Cat 40 -8 3-Hydroxy 347 phenanthrene 300 Oral Cat 41 -3 /I/ Expired. 188 MAN AND LABORATORY ANIMALS (Continued) value (100%). Dose is expressed in mg/kg, unless otherwise indicated. Tidal Volume Minute Volume Alveolar Ventilation O2 Consumption PCO2 Refer- Control Drug Control Drug Control Drug Control Drug Control Drug cc % L/min % L/min % cc/min % mm Hg % (H) (I) (J) (K) (U (M) (N) (O) (P) (Q) (R) -16(-10to-23) 52 293 +1 52 294 -14(-llto-22) 52 295 671 +44 4.58 -8 +73 3.35 -5 +32 +37 +90 +23 -15 +13 + 134 +67 16 53 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 0.816 -48 54 305 2.70 -15 54 306 5 307 218 -31 5.25 +65 127 +27 56 308 55 309 0 0 44 310 44 311 2 312 2 313 2 314 2 315 _ _ 44 316 -6 + 3(+2to-7) 10 317 -8 10 318 -30 -7 10 319 -44 10 320 -50 -22 10 321 -71 10 322 5 323 -6( + 5to-15) + 10(+3to+15) 28 324 -14(+5to-33) 28 325 818 -34 5.20 +44 -20 15.16 326 5 327 239 -23 3.34 -23 29 328 995 +67 5.53 -22 3.82 -8 16 329 - - 44 330 -9 57 331 -11 59 332 +58 59 333 + 5 +13(+2to+27) 4 334 0 4 335 694 -31 6.6 -32 -70 57 58 336 337 516 +7 -30 5.5 -20 -50 45I +4' -9I 60 60 338 339 + 11 +2 68 1 + 151 60 340 -20 -35 -28 -48 -63 +4I 60 61 61 61 62 341 342 343 344 345 2 346 2 347 189 131. EFFECT OF DRUGS ON PULMONARY FUNCTION: Drug response is expressed in % increase or decrease from the control Dose Mode of Administration Species Premedication Respiratory Rate Drug Control Drug breaths / min % Stretch Receptors'-" 39 Veratrum alkaloids Veratrine Rabbit 50-100 jig/kg Stimulation 23 40 Veratridine Cat 5-10 ng/kg i.v. Stimulation Apnea 24 41 Gerraitrine, germerine, and neogermitrine Cat 26-400 Jig i.v. Stimulation 25 42 Veriloid Cat, dog 10-20 jig/kg i.v. Stimulation Apnea 26 43 Volatile anesthetics Trichlorethylene Cat 0.5-2% inhaled'" Sensitiza- tion'^ Rapid, shallow 27 44 Chloroform Cat 1% inhaled 27 45 Ethyl ether Cat 10% inhaled 27 46 Divinyl ether Cat 4% inhaled Sensitiza- tion'7 27 /I/ Also a- and p-nicotine, 0.1-0.3 mg i.c.a. in dogs, and other nicotine derivatives ( 33,34]. /2/ Also many other choline derivatives [ 5,35-37]. /3/ Also 2,4-dinitrocresol and p-nitrophenol, 0.4 mg i.c.a. in dogs [ 6]. /4/ Isolated perfused carotid sinuses and bodies. /5/ Doses possibly excessive [ 43]. /6/ Somewhat controversial [ 13]. / 7/ Probably also theophylline (1.5 mg i.c.b.a.) and theobromine (l mg i.c.b.a.) in cats [4]. /8/ Also cytisine (0.2 mg i.v.) and anabasine in cats [ 14]. /9/ Also acetone, ethyl ether and chloroform, and various alcohols [ 15]. /lO/ Also acetyl- salicylamide and many derivatives of both substances ( 16,38]. /U/ Creatinine SO4; controversial [ 39]. /12/ Also 2-Q-naphthyl ethyl isothiourea; controversial [ 40). /13/ Also various derivatives [ 35,41,42]. /4/ Tris(diethylamino- ethyl)amlne tri HCl. /15/ Slowly adapting receptors mediating the "Hering-Breuer inflation reflex." /16/ Also i.v. in unspecified dose. /1 7/ Greater concentrations cause inhibition. 200 132. RESPIRATORY ACTION OF DRUGS INFLUENCING AFFERENT END-ORGANS: CAT, DOG, RABBIT (Concluded) Drugs influencing baroreceptors have not been included in this table. i.v. = intravenous; i.e. a. = intracarotid artery; i.c.b.a. = intracarotid-body artery; rt.at. =: right atrium. Drug Group Drug Test Animal Dose and Route End- organ Response Respiratory Response Refer- ence (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) Drugs Influencing Pulmonary Stretch Receptors (Concluded)'^ 47 Volatile anesthetics (concluded) Cyclopropane Cat 50% inhaled Sensitiza- tion Slow, shallow 27 48 Nitrous oxide Cat 80% inhaled Sensitiza- tion 27 49 Local anesthetics Novocaine Rabbit 20-100 mg/kg i.v. Inhibition Inspiration prolonged 28 50 Diphenhydramine HCl Cat. dog 6 rag/kg i.v. Inhibition 29 Drugs Influencing Pulmonary Deflation Receptors' ^ 51 Miscellaneous Phenyl diguanide^ Cat 50-100 jig/kg rt.at. Sensitiza- tion Apnea or rapid, shallow 24,30 52 Nicotine^^ Cat 25-100 ^g/kg rt.at. 30 53 5 - Hyd roxytryptam ine ^ ' Cat 1-50 (ig/kg rt.at. 30, 31 54 Urethane Cat 225 mg rt.at. Sensitiza- tion 30 55 Acetylcholine Cat 175 (ig rt.at. Sensitiza- tion 30 56 2,o-Naphthyl ethyl isothiourea^^' " Cat, rabbit 4-60 (ig/kg i.v. Apnea followed by rapid, shallow 24 57 Veratridine'^-' , ^ Rabbit 5-10 jig/kg i.v. 24 58 Diphenhydramine HCl"-^'" Cat, dog, rabbit 0.4-3 mg/kg i.v. 29, 32 59 Mepyraraine maleate^^ Cat, dog, rabbit 5-10 mg/kg i.v. 29,32 /I5/ Slowly adapting receptors mediating the "Hering-Breuer inflation reflex," /1 8/ Possibly responsible for the "Bering- Breuer deflation reflex" and the "pulmonary respiratory chemo-reflex"; this has not been established [43]. /19/ Probably also 18 other guanides [44]. /20/ Sulphate. /21/ Creatinine SO4. /22/ Also 13 other isothioureas. /23/ Not established by nervous action- potential records. /24/ Also 20 similar substances in dogs. Contributors: (a) Widdicombe, J. G.. (b) Loew, E. R. References: [ 1] Heymans, C, Bouckaert, J. J., and Dautrebande, L., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn., Par. 40:54, 1931. [ 2] Von Euler, U. S., LUjestrand, G., and Zotterman, Y., Skand. Arch. Physiol., Berl. ^:132, 1939. [ 3) Heymans, C, Bouckaert, J. J., Farber, S., and Hsu, F. J., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 54:129, 1936. [ 4) Landgren, S., Liljestrand, G., and Zotterman, Y., Acta physiol. scand. 30:149, 1953. [ 5] Liljestrand, G., and Zotterman, Y., ibid 31^:203, 1954. ( 6] Shen, T. C, and Hauss, W. H., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 63:251, 1939. [ 7) Jarisch, A., Landgren, S., Neil, E., and Zotterman, Y., Acta physiol. scand. 25:195, 1952. [ 8) Winder, C. V.. Am. J. Physiol. 118:389, 1937. [ 9] Hauss, W. H., and Shen, T. C, Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 62:411, 1939. ( 10] Douglas, W. W., J. Physiol. 118:373, 1952. [ 11] Aviado, D. M., Pontius, R. G., and Schmidt, C. F., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 97:420, 1949. [ 12] Landgren, S., Liljestrand, G., and Zotterman, Y., Acta physiol. scand. 26:264, 1952. fT3] Heymans, C, Delaunois, A. L., Martini, L., and Janssen, P., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. %.:209, 1953. [ 14] Anitschkow, S. V., ibid 55:61, 1937. [ 15] Landgren, S., Liljestrand, G., and Zotterman, Y., Arch. exp. Path., Lpz. 219:185, 1953. [ 16] Philippot. E., and Dallemagne, M. J., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 81^:427. 1950. [ 17] Douglas, W. W., and Toh, C. C, J. Physiol. U_7:71P, 1952. [ 18] Pannier, R., and De Backer, J., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 70:1 10, 1945. [ 19] Nims, R. G., Severinghaus, J. W., and Comroe, J. H., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 109:58, 1953. [ 20] Dawes, G. S., Mott, J. C, and Widdicombe, J. G., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 90:203, 1952. ( 21] Gernandt, B. E., Acta physiol. scand. 1 l:(suppl 35) 1, 1946. [ 22] Dontas, A. S., and Nickerson, M., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 106:312, 1956. T^i] Meier, R., Bein, H. J., and Helmich, H., Experientia. Basel 5:484, 1949. [ 24] Dawes, G. S.. Mott, J. C, and Widdicombe, J. G., J. Physiol. 0^:258, 1951. ( 25) Paintal, A. S., ibid J2i:'*86, 1957. [26] Dawes, G. S., Mott, J. C, and Widdicombe, J. G., Brit. J. Pharm. 6:675, 1951. [27] Whitteridge, D., and Bfllbring, E., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. ^:340, 1944. [28] Bucher, K., Helvet. physiol. pharm. acta 5:348, 1947. [ 29] Jones, J. V., Brit. J. Pharm. 7:450, 1952. [ 30] Paintal, A. S., Quart. J. Exp. Physiol., Lond. 42:56, 1957. [ 31] Mott. J. C, and Paintal, A. S., Brit. J. Pharm. 8:238, 1953. [ 32] Aviado, D. M., Pontius, R. G., and Li, T. H.. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 99:425, 1950. [ 33] Heymans, C, and Bouckaert, J. J., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 65:196, 1941. [ 34] Mercier, F., Rizzo, C. and Delphaut, J., C. rend. Soc. biol. 115:546, 1934. [ 35] Dallemagne, M. J., and Philippot, E., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 29:413, 1949. [ 36) Philippot, E., ibid 57:357, 1937. [ 37] Schweitzer, A., Weizmann, M., and Wright, S.. Cardiologia, Basel 2:193, 1938. [ 38] Philippot, E.,and Dallemagne, M. J., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 80:451, 1949. [ 39] Heymans, C, and Van denHeuval-Heymans, G., ibid 93:95, 1953. [ 40] Heymans, C, Hyde, J. E., Terp, P.. and De Vleeschhouwer. G., ibid 90:140, 1952. [41] Dallemagne, M. J., and Philippot, E., ibid 87:127, 1951. [42] Pannier, R., and Verbeke, R., ibid 74:364. 1947. [43] Dawes, G. S., and Comroe, J. H., Physiol. Rev. 34:167, 1954. [44] Dawes, G. S., and Mott, J. C, Brit. J. Pharm. 5:65, 1950. 201 133. DIRECT ACTION OF DRUGS ON THE BRONCHI Drugs are listed alphabetically, using a well-known name. Inclusion of trade names is for informative purposes only and in no way implies endorsement by The National Academy of Sciences- The National Research Council. For all "effects" included in this table, there is reasonable evidence the drug in fact acted on the bronchial musculature. Where there was evidence that an effect was mediated by the respiratory center or adrenal glands, it was excluded. Drug actions influencing only anaphylactic or asthmatic bronchospasm, or other pathological states of the bronchi, were also excluded. Concentrations of drugs are given in ng/ml for local action on isolated preparations, and doses in mg/kg for drugs administered systemically. Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. A = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D = dilates; I = inactive. Species Effect (Synonym) Local Systemic Reference ^g/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 1 Acacia (Gum arable) Guinea pig 17,000 I I 2 Acetic acid Dog Dl 2 3 Acetylcholine Man 0.2-40 C 3-28 4 Cat 0.1-10 C 0.002-1.0 c 5 Dog 0.01-1.0 C 0.002-0.5 c 6 Guinea pig 0.1-200 C 0.01-0.05 C 7 Monkey 4-40 8 Ox 0.7 C 9 Pig C 10 Rabbit 0.5-10 c 11 Rat 1-10 c 12 Frog 10"''-100 c 13 Acetylmorphine Dog c 29 14 Aconitine Frog 300 c 0.1-1.0 c 30 15 Turtle c 16 Adenine (6-Aminopurine) Guinea pig 10-100 D 15,31 17 Pig <1 D 18 Adenosine (9- Adenine ribofuranoside) Cat 5 D 15,32 19 Guinea pig 10-100 D 1 D 20 Adenosine triphosphate Cat I 15,33 21 Guinea pig 200-400 D 22 Adenylic acid, muscle (Adenosine- 5- phosphoric acid) Cat 10 (D) 15,34 23 Guinea pig 10-200 D 24 Adenylic acid, yeast (Adenosine- 3- phosphoric acid) Cat 10 I 15,32,34 25 Guinea pig <400 I D 26 Agar Guinea pig 10,000 c 15-50 c 1,35,36 27 Agaricin Dog (D) 37 28 Agmatine Guinea pig c 38 29 Alcohol (Ethanol) Cat 500 D 31,39,40 30 Ox A 31 Pig D 32 Allantoin Guinea pig 1-20 I 15 33 Alloxan (2, 4, 5, 6-Tetraoxopyrimidine) Guinea pig 20-40 D 15 34 Alphaprodine (Nisentil; Nu-1196; a-1,3- Dimethyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxy-piperidine) Guinea pig I 41 35 Alstonine (Chlorogenine) Dog 3-5 D 42 36 Althea (lUinea pig 25,000 I 1 37 Alypin Pig D 31 38 Aminophylline (Theophylline- ethylenediaraine) Man 10-100 D 4-10 D 17,21,43- 39 Cat 1000 D 53 40 Dog 100-500 D 12-75 D 41 Guinea pig 5-200 D 50-100 D 42 Rabbit 1,000-10,000 D 43 Rat 100 D 44 2- Aminopyrimidine Guinea pig 10-100 D 15 45 Aminopyrine (Pyramidon) Guinea pig 1000 D 54 46 Ammonium bicarbonate Rabbit 25 I 55 47 Ammonium chloride Ox 1500 D 10,31.39, 48 Pig 800 c 55 III At pH 6. 202 133. DIRECT ACTION OF DRUGS ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) A = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D = dilates; I = inactive. Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Species Effect ( Synonym ) Local Systemic Reference tig/ml Action mg/kg 1 Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 49 Ammonium chloride (concluded) Rabbit 50 D 10,31,39,55 50 Frpg 300-1000 C 51 Amyl nitrite Guinea pig 5000 D 56 52 Anagyrine Guinea pig 50-100 (C) 16 53 Andromedotoxin Guinea pig 20 c 57,58 54 Rabbit 1-4 c 55 Antazoline (Antistine; Histostab; N-Benzyl- N-phenyl-aminomethyliraidazoline) Man 800 D 59.60 56 Cat 5 C 57 Guinea pig 5-40 c 58 Guinea pig 100-1000 D 59 Antergan (Lergitin; RP2339; N-Benzyl-N- phenyl- N ' , N' - dimethyl- ethylenediamine ) Cat 0.5-5.0 C 59-61 60 Dog 1.0 C 61 Antipyrine (Phenazone; 1 , 5- Dimethyl- 2- phenyl- 3- pyrazolone ) Pig c 31 62 Apocodeine Cat 1 C 62 63 Rabbit 1 C 64 Apothesin Pig I 31 65 Arecoline Cat 0.3-2.5 c 0.02-3.0 c 5,12,19,39, 66 Dog c 0.02-0.5 C 63-71 67 Guinea pig 1 c 68 Ox 1-170 c 69 Rabbit c 0.1-0.45 C 70 Arsphenamine Guinea pig 100-200 1 71 Aspidiospermine Cat I 72 72 Ox 73 Aspidiosamine Cat I 72 74 Ox 75 Atropine Man <10 6,8,10,24, 76 Cat D 26,36,37, 77 Dog 5 (D) <2 I 39,43,56, 78 Guinea pig <10 60,64.68, 79 Guinea pig 100-1000 c 73-77 80 Monkey c 81 Ox 30 D 82 Rabbit D 83 Rat D 84 Frog 10-20 D 85 Azapetine (Ilidar; Ro Z-3248; 6-Allyl-6,7- dihydro-5H-dibenz-[ c, e] -azepine) Guinea pig 10 C 78 86 Barbituric acid Guinea pig 10 (D) 15 87 Barium chloride Man C 10,15,31,36 88 Cat C 10-100 C 39,43,56, 89 Dog 50 C 3-20 C 77.79-85 90 Guinea pig 20-5000 C 91 Ox 10-30 C 92 Pig 800 C 93 Rabbit 30-3000 C 94 Sheep C 95 Frog 25-2500 c 96 Benzoylcholine Cat <1000 I 86 97 Rabbit <1000 I 98 Benzyl acetate Pig 5000 D 31 99 Benzyl alcohol Pig 400-800 D 31 100 Benzyl benzoate Dog (C) 31,87,88 101 Pig D 102 l-Benzyl-3-p-diethylaminoethyl-5, 5-diallyl barbituric acid Cat 6-10 c 61 103 Benzyl nitrite Pig 400 D 31 104 Benzylmorphine (Peronine) Dog 2 c 29 105 Benzyltrimethylammonium iodide . 1 Guinea pig C 89 106 Betaine hydrazide Dog c 90 107 Bradykynin (Kallidin) Man I 15,91 203 133. DIRECT ACTION OF DRUGS ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) A = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D - dilates; I = inactive. Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Species Effect ( Synonym ) Local Systemic Reference M-g/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 108 Bradykynin (Kallidin) (concluded) Cat I 15,91 109 Guinea pig 1-100 C 110 Bromal hydrate Dog 20 C 92 111 Y-Bromohomocholine bromide (y-Bromo- propyltrimethylaramonium bromide) Dog C 93 112 Cadaverine Guinea pig c 38 113 Caffeine (Theine; Trimethylxanthine) Cat D D 10,15,37,39 114 Dog D 56,84,95, 115 Guinea pig 20-1000 D 10-1000 D 96 116 Ox 1000 D 117 Pig 400 D 118 Frog 400 D 119 Calcium chloride Guinea pig 5000 C 10.36.39,97 120 Ox 5000 C 121 Frog 800 C 122 Camphor' Ox 100-500 D 98 123 1000 C 124 Caramiphen (Parpanit; Diethylaminoethyl 1-phenyl-cyclopentyl-l-carboxylate) Guinea pig (C) 99 125 Carbachol (Doryl; Carbaminoylcholine) Man 0.1-1 C 17,20 126 Guinea pig 5-50 C 127 Carbaminoyl- p- methylcholine Cat 0.2-2.0 C 100 128 Guinea pig C 129 Chelidonine Cat 5-10 D 31,101-103 130 Dog 5-10 D 131 Guinea pig D 132 Pig 800 D 133 Rabbit 50 D 134 Chlorcyclizine (Di-Paralene, Histantin; Perazil; 47-282; N-(4-Chlorbenzhydryl)-N'- me thyl- piperazine ) Cat 2-10 C 60 135 Guinea pig 5-100 C 136 Guinea pig 100-1000 D 137 Chloral hydrate Dog I 39,92 138 Ox 100 A 139 Chloroform Guinea pig 3000 D 2,31,39,56, 140 Ox C 104 141 Pig A 142 Chloroguanide (Guanatol; Paludrine; Proguanil; Ni-(p-Chlorophenyl)-N5- Isopropyl-biguanide ) Guinea pig 0.5-10 I 105 143 Chlorothen (Chloropyrilene; Tagathen; N-(5-Chloro-2-thenyl)-N-(2-pyridyl)- N', N'-dimethyl-ethylenediamine) Cat 3 (C) 60 144 Dog 5 c 145 Guinea pig 1-160 C 146 Guinea pig 200-1000 D 147 Chlorpheniramine (Chlorprophenpyridamine; Chlor-Trimeton; l-(p-Chlorophenyl)-l- (2-pyridyl)-3-dimethylamino-propane) Cat 10 c 60 148 Guinea pig 1-400 C 149 Guinea pig 1000 D 150 Choline chloride Dog (D) 16,37,56, 151 Guinea pig 10-1000 C 106,107 152 Rabbit (C) 50 C 153 Choline ethyl ether Cat (C) 7 154 Choline nitrate Cat (C) 7 155 Choline nitrite Cat (C) 39 156 Ox >1 c 157 Citrinin Guinea pig c 108 158 Clupeine Guinea pig c 38 159 Cocaine Cat c 30,31,37, 160 Dog c I 39.68 161 Ox 1000 D 162 Pig O 163 Rabbit C HI See also sodium camphorate. 204 133. DIRECT ACTION OF DRUGS ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) A = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D = dilates; I = inactive. Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Species Effect ( Synonym ) Local Systemic Reference ^Lg|ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 164 Cocaine (concluded) Frog 100-1000 C 0.5-5 C 30,31,37. 165 Turtle 0.5-5 (D) 39,68 166 Codeine (Methyl morphine) Dog (C) 29,31,79, 167 Pig (C) 109.110 168 Colchiceine Pig (D) 31 169 Colchicine Pig (D) 31 170 Compound 48/80 ((p-Methoxyphenylethyl)- methylamine formaldehyde polymers) Guinea pig 40 C HI 171 Congo red Guinea pig 1000 I 1 172 C online Guinea pig 10-100 C 16 173 Cotarnine (Stypticine) Dog (D) 29,66 174 Creatinine Guinea pig 10-100 I 15 175 Cryptopeine (Cryptopine) Dog I 29.109 176 Pig I 177 Cularine Guinea pig 20-200 I 112 178 Curare 1 Cat A 62,80,96. 179 Dog C 114,115 180 Guinea pig c 181 Rabbit C 182 Curarine Cat 300-600 C 114,116,117 183 Dog 0.5-2.0 C 184 Guinea pig c 185 Cyanuric acid (s-Triazinetriol) Guinea pig 10-100 (D) 15 186 Cytisine Guinea pig 50-200 C 16 18V Darmstoff Ox I 118 188 Decamethonium (EuUssin) Man 10 (D) 15 189 2, 6-Diaminopurine Guinea pig 20-80 D 15 190 Dextrin Guinea pig 10.000 I 1 191 Dextromethorphan (Ro 1-5470/5; d-3- Methoxy-N- methyl- raorphinan) Cat 1 C 119 192 Dextrorphan (Ro 1-6794; d- 3- Hydroxy- N- methyl- morphinan) Cat 1 c 119 193 Dibenzyline (Dibenyline; SKF 688; N-Phenoxy- isopropyl-N- benzyl- p-chloroe thy lamine) Guinea pig 1-10 I 16 194 Dicholine chloride (Di-trimethyl ethylenediamine dichloride) Rabbit c 107 19b Diethylaminoethanol Guinea pig C 120 196 Diethylaminoethyl diphenylhydroxythioacetate (Ro 3-0226) Guinea pig 3-5 D 83.121 197 Diethylaminoethyl diphenyllhioacetate (Ro 3-0235) Guinea pig 10-30 (D) 83 198 2-(2'- Diethylaminoethylthio)-1, l-diphenyl- ethanol (Ro 3-0326) Guinea pig 10-30 D 83,121 199 Rabbit 1-5 (D) 200 Diethylmorphine Cat C 68,76 201 Dog C 1-4 c 202 Rabbit I 203 Di gitalin Cat 1 C 40,80 204 Dihydroergotamine methanesulphonate Guinea pig 0.4-1.0 C 16 205 Dihydro-p-erythroidine Dog 2 I 114 206 Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) Dog 7-20 C 122-124 207 Guinea pig c 208 N, N-Dimethylhexahydronicotinic acid methyl ester iodide Cat 0.3 c 125 209 N-Dimethyl-histamine Guinea pig 0.2-1.0 C 126 210 Diphenhydramine (Benadryl; p-Dimethyl- aminoethyl benzhydryl ether) Cat 2-10 c 43,60,127 211 Dog 2 c 212 Guinea pig 0.3-400 C 213 Guinea pig 1000 D 214 Emetine Giunea pig 10,000 I 39,128 21b Ox 300 D 216 Ergoti Cat I 77.80,129 /I/ Including introcostrin. /2/ Including ergotine and secacornine. 205 133. DIRECT ACTION OF DRUGS ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) A = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D = dilates; I = i Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original litera be consulted. nactive. ture should *-•* ^^..-^ Species Effect ( Synonym ) Local Systemic Reference (ig/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) 1 (D) (E) (F) (G) 217 1 Ergot! (concluded) Dog 1 I (C) 77.80,129 218 219 Rabbit 250 C Ergotamine (Femergin) Cat C 2 C 16,22,26, 220 Dog C 2 C 68,76,97 221 Guinea pig 1-10 C 222 Pig C 223 Rabbit C 224 Ergotoxine ethanesulphonate^ Cat C 10 C 15,31,42,62 225 Dog C (C) 68,76, 22b Guinea pig 1-5 c 130-132 227 Pig 80 c 228 Rabbit c 229 Ether (Diethyl ether) Guinea pig 3000 D 2,31.39.56 230 Ox D 231 Pig A 232 Ethylcholine Dog 1 c 133 233 Guinea pig c 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 Ethylenediamine Guinea pig 10-250 c 15.50,53 Rabbit I N- Ethyl-histamine Guinea pig 2 c 126 Ethyl- p- methylcholine Dog 1 I 133 Guinea pig c Ethylmorphine (Dionine) Dog 3 c 29,79 [ Ethyl- urethane (Urethane, q.v.) Ox D 39 a-Eucaine Pig D 31 p-Eucaine (Benzamine; Betacaine) Pig 80 D 31 (a- FurfurylethyDtrimethylammonium iodide Guinea pig c 89 244 Furfuryltrimethylammonium iodide (Furmethide; Furtrethonium) Guinea pig c 89 245 Gallamine (Flaxedil) Man 1000 I 15 246 Gelatin Guinea pig 10,000 I 1 247 Gelsemine Pig D 31 248 Gitalin Cat I 84 249 Glyceryl trinitrate (Nitroglycerin; Trinitrin) Dog D 129 250 Rabbit 1.3 D 251 Glycogen Guinea pig 1000 I 1 252 253 Gold chloride Cat c 80 Guanidine Guinea pig 200-1000 c 15.38 254 Guanine (2-Amino-6-oxo-purine) Guinea pig <40 I 15.31 255 Pig D 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 Guanosine (9- Guanine- ribofuranoside) Guinea pig 20-100 D 15.31 Pig I Heptyl aldehyde sodium bisulphite (Hepbisul) Guinea pig 10,000-20.000 (C) 134 Heptyl isothiourea Guinea pig (C) 135 Heroine (Diacetylmorphine) Dog 2 c 29.31 Pig (C) Hexaethyltelraphosphate (HETP) Dog 0.6-1.3 c 136 Hexamethonium Guinea pig 200-800 (C) 16 ' 264 Histamine (Ergamine; p-Imidazolyiethylamine Man 0.1-10 c 0.1 C 1.3,4.6,8,10 265 Man 1000 (D) 12,15,17, 266 Cat 2-10 (C) 0.003-1 c 21,32.39, 267 Dog 1-1000 c 0.001-4.0 c 45,53,55, 268 Guinea pig 0.2-100 c 0.0001- l.C c 56,62,66. 269 Guinea pig 100-10,000 (C) 68.77.79, 270 Monkey c 84.95.102 271 Ox 10 (C) 126,128. 272 Pig c 137-151 273 Rabbit <1000 (I) 40 I 274 Rabbit 0.04-2.0 c 275 Rat (I) 276 Frog 0.01-20 c 1-10 c HI Including ergotine and secacornine. ./2/ Mainly ergocornine. plus a little ergocristine and ergocryptine. 206 133. DIRECT ACTION OF DRUGS ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) A = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D = dilates; I = inactive. Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, be consulted. or doubtful, and the original literature should _ Species Effect (Jompouna (Synonym) Local 1 Systemic Reference (ig/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 277 Homatropine (Tropine mandelate) Dog 0.2 D 74 278 Homatropine methylbromide (Novatropine; Tropine - N- methylbromide mandelate ) Guinea pig 10 I 43 279 Hydantoin Guinea pig 10-100 I 15 280 Hydrastine Guinea pig I 112 281 Hydrastinine Dog 1 D 66 282 Hydrochloric acid Guinea pig c' 10,31,36,39, 283 Ox (D) 60,152 284 Pig C 285 Frog D 286 Hydrocyanic acid Cat D 80 287 Hydroquinone Dog 15 (D) 131 288 d-3-Hydroxy-N-allylraorphinan (Ro 1-7059) Cat 1 I 119 289 1-3- Hydroxy- N-allylmorphinan (Ro 1-7700) Cat 1 I 119 290 m- Hydroxybenxyldimethylaraine methyl- carbamate Cat (C) 27 291 p- Hydroxybenzyldimethylamine methylcarbamate Cat (C) 27 292 o- Hydroxybenzyldimethylamine methylcarbamate methiodide Cat (C) 27 293 (2-Hydroxy-5-phenylbenzyl)trimethylam- monium dimethylcarbamate (Nu-683) Dog 0.5 c 122 294 (ra-Hydroxyphenyl)diethylmethylammonium bromide (Ro 2-2980) Guinea pig <100 I 153 295 (m-Hydroxyphenyl)dimethylethylammonium bromide (Ro 2-3198) Guinea pig <100 I 153 296 [ Q-(m-Hydroxylphenyl)- ethyl] dimethylaraine methylcarbamate (Miotine) Cat 0.4 c 27,154 297 (m-Hydroxyphenyl)trimethylammonlura bromide (Ro 2-2561) Guinea pig <100 I 153 298 5-Hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulphate (Serotonin) Man D 13,91,119, 299 Cat C 0.003-1.0 c 144,155- 300 Guinea pig 5 C 0.003-0.2 c 160 301 Rabbit C 302 Hypoxanthine (6-Oxo-purine) Guinea pig 4-40 I 15,31 303 Pig D 304 Kallikrein (Padutin) Cat D 34,85 305 Kalmia angustifolia^ extract Guinea pig C 161 306 Kaolin Guinea pig 10,000 C 36 307 Khellin Cat 40-70 D 44,162 308 Guinea pig 2-10 D 309 Lactic acid Guinea pig D 152 310 Levomethorphan (Ro 1-7788; 1; 3- Methoxy- N- methyl- morphinan) Cat 1 I 119 311 Levorphan (Ro 1-5431/7; Levo-dromoran; 1- 3- Hydroxy- N- methyl- morphinan) Cat 1 D 119 312 Lithium chloride Pig I 39 313 Lobelanidine Cat 3 D 163 314 Lobelanine Cat (D) 163 315 Lobe line Cat 1 (D) 5.16,31,80, 316 Dog 3 (A) 97,163, 317 Guinea pig 10-50 C 164 318 Guinea pig 80-100 D 319 Ox 150-250 D 320 Pig D 321 Magnesium chloride Dog D 2,10,39.97 322 Guinea pig D 323 Ox D 324 Frog 3000 (C) 325 Magnesium sulphate Guinea pig D 165 /I/ pH 5 to pH 2. /2/ Larabkill. Z07 133. DIRECT ACTION OF DRUGS ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) A = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D = dilates; I = inactive. Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. . . Species Effect (Synonym) Local Systemic Reference |ig/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 326 Melamine (2, 4, 6-Triaminotriazine) Guinea pig 200-800 D 15 327 Meperidine (Demerol; Dolantal; Dolantin; Dolosal; Pethidine; Ethyl- 1 -methyl-4- phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylate) Guinea pig D 166 328 Methacholine (Amechol; Mecholyl; Ace tyl- p - methylcholine ) Man C 0.5 C 2,114,133, 329 Cat C 167-169 330 Dog 1 C 0.001-0.1 C 331 Guinea pig C 332 Rat C 333 Methaphenilene (Diatrine; N-{2-ThenyI)-N- ,phenyl-N', N'-dimethyl-ethylenediamine) Cat 1-5 C 60 334 Dog 2 C 335 Guinea pig 1-140 C 336 Guinea pig 200-1000 D 337 Methapyrilene (Histadyl; Thenylene; N-(2- Thenyl)-N-(2-pyridyl)-N', N'-dimethyl- ethylenediamine) Cat 2.5-10 C 60 338 Dog 2 C 339 Guinea pig 0.2-200 C 340 Guinea pig 1000 D 341 Methenamine (Cystogen; Cystomine; Formin; Hexamine; Uritone; Urotropine; Hexamethylenetetramine ) Dog D 15,37 342 Guinea pig 200-1000 I 343 2-Methyl-4-amino-5-cyano-pyrimidine Guinea pig 10 (D) 15 344 2-Methyl-4-amino-5-methylamino-pyrimidine (Bi-pyrimidine; Grewe diamine) Guinea pig 100 (D) 15 345 p- Methylcholine ethyl ether Dog C 167 346 2-Methyl-4, 6-dihydroxy-pyrimidine Guinea pig <100 I 15 347 (5-Methylfurfuryl)triraethyIamraoniura iodide (Methyl-furmethide) Guinea pig 5-50 C 20 348 N- Methyl- histamine Guinea pig 0.1-0.3 C 126 349 Methyl- isothiourea Guinea pig 2-5 (I) 135 350 Morphine Cat C 20 C 2,31,39,40, 351 Dog C 0.8-5.0 C 56,68,76, 352 Guinea pig 1000 I 25 (I) 79,80, 353 Ox 1000 D 170,171 354 Pig 200 (C) 355 Rabbit I 356 p-MorphoIinoethyl diphenylhydroxy thioacetate (Ro 3-0 368) Rabbit 20 (D) 83,121 357 Y -Morpholinopropyl diphenylhydroxy thioacetate (Ro 3-0299) Guinea pig D 83,121 358 Rabbit 20-50 (D) 359 Muscarine Cat c 10,70,80.82 360 Dog C c 84,87,96, 361 Guinea pig 0.007-0.05 C c 113,129, 362 Ox C 143,172- 363 Pig c 174 364 Rabbit 0.007 c c 365 Frog c 366 Turtle c 367 2-a-Naphthylethyl isothiourea Cat 0.01-0.02 c 127 ' 368 Narceine Dog I 29,31,110 369 Pig 200 D 370 Narcotine (Gnoscopine) Dog 3 c 29,31.110 371 Pig D 372 Neopine Dog C 29 373 Neurine (Vinyltrimethylammonium hydroxide) Cat C 80 374 Nicotine' Man I 2,10,16,31, 375 Cat (C) 3 c 37,40.56. 376 Cat 10 D 62.77,80, 377 Dog 5-2000 c A 84,130, 378 Guinea pig 20-1000 A 137,175, 379 Ox 1000 I 176 /I / See also sodium nicotinate. 208 133. DIRECT ACTION OF DRUGS ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) A = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D = dilates; I = inactive. Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. ^ . . Species Effect ( Synonym ) Local Systemic Reference (xg/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 380 Nicotine! (concluded) Pig 80 A 381 Frog 0.1-1.0 D A 382 Nucleic acid, thymus Pig I 31 383 Nucleic acid, yeast Pig I 31 384 Ovalbumin Guinea pig I 97 385 Pantopiura (Omnopon; Pantopon)'' Dog 3 c 29.31 386 Pig 20 D 387 Papaverine Cat 4-20 D 2,10,11,15, 388 Dog D 1-2 D 31,43.48, 389 Guinea pig 0.5-5 D 25-80 D 83,84,98, 390 Ox 50-100 D 109,171, 391 Pig 50 D 177-181 392 Rabbit <100 (I) 393 Frog 50-200 D 394 Pavatrine (p-Dimethylaminoethyl fluorene- 9-carboxylate) Guinea pig <50 I 171 395 Pentamidine isethionate Guinea pig 25 c 14 396 Pentylenetetrazole (Cardiazol; Metrazol; Pentamethylene tetrazole) Guinea pig I 10,97 397 Frog 0.4 C 398 Peptone Cat <50 I 20-50 c 1,6,12,39, 399 Dog 0.1-0.2 C 40,56,84. 400 Guinea pig 300-10,000 C 7 C 94,96, 401 Ox I 114,127, 402 Frog <100 I 143,180, 182-184 403 Phenacaine (Holocaine) Pig D 31 404 Phenindamine (Thephorin; Nu 1504; 2- Methyl-9-phenyl-2, 3, 4, 9-tetrahydro- 1-pyridindene) Cat I-IO C 60 405 Dog 1 C 406 Guinea pig 1-400 C 407 Guinea pig 1000 D 408 1 - Phenoxy- 2- dimethylamino- ethane Guinea pig C 185 409 Phenoxyethyldiethylamine (928 F) Guinea pig I 186 410 Phentolamine (RegiUne; Rogitine; C 7337; 2-[ N-p'-Tolyl-N-(m'-Hydroxyphenyl)- aminomethyl] -imadazoline) Rabbit I 187 411 N-Phenyl-N-ethyl-N',N'-diethyl- ethylenediamine (1571 F) Guinea pig C 188 412 (o- Phenylethyl)trimethylararaonium iodide Guinea pig I 89 413 Physostigmine (Eserine) Man 20-100 C 2,4,9,10,15, 414 Cat C 0.1-2.0 C 17,31,39, 415 Dog C 0.1-2.5 C 40.56,62- 416 Guinea pig 100 c 0.75 C 64,68,71, 417 Ox I 76,80,84, 418 Pig c 122,129, 419 Rabbit c 0.3 C 171.189- 420 Frog 10-200 c 191 421 Pilocarpine Man 0.1-1.0 c <0.1 I 2,5,16,17, 422 Cat 0.2 c 0.1-12.0 c 19,31,37, 423 Dog 0.1-1.0 c 0.05-2.0 c 39,47,54, 424 Guinea pig 1-1000 c 56.57,62, 425 Ox 1-75 c 64,68,71, 426 Pig 30-40 c 73,76,80- 427 Rabbit 10 c 2 c 82,84,94, 428 Turtle 10 c 129,131, 149,174, 192-200 429 1)r-Piperidinoamyl diphenylhydroxythio- acetate (Ro 3-0320) Guinea pig I-IO D 83,121 430 Rabbit 5-20 (D) 431 p-Piperidinoethyl diphenylhydroxythio- acetate (Ro-0348) Guinea pig D 83,121 432 Rabbit 2-10 (D) HI See also sodium nicotinate. /2/ Mixed opium alkaloids. 209 133. DIRECT ACTION OF DRUGS ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) A. = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D = dilates; I = inactive. Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. r>^^^^^,.^j Species Effect (Synonym) Local Systemic Reference |ig/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) 1 (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 433 Y -Piperidinopropyl diphenylhydroxythio- acetate (Ro 3-0290) Guinea pig (D) 121 434 Piperoxan (Benodaine; 933 F; Plperi- dinomethylbenzodioxane ) Dog 10 I 22,186 435 Guinea pig C 436 Potassium chloride Man C 3,10,31,36, 437 Cat C 39.201 438 Dog C 439 Guinea pig 1000-2500 C 440 Ox 2000 C 441 Pig 2500 (D) 442 Rabbit C 443 Rat C 444 Frog A 445 Primary albumose Dog 200 C 202 446 Procaine (Novocaine) Man 100 (D) 15,31 447 Guinea pig <10 I 448 Guinea pig 100 (D) 449 Pig D 450 Promethazine (Phenergan; 3277 RP; N-(2-Dimethylamino-2-raethylethyl)- phenothiazine) Man 400 (D) 60 451 Cat 1-5 c 452 Dog 1 C 453 Guinea pig 0.3-200 C 454 Guinea pig 1000 D 455 Prosympal (883 F; Diethylarainomethyl- benzodioxane) Guinea pig C 186 456 Protoveratrine Ox 70 I 39 457 Putre seine Guinea pig C 38 458 p- ( 3- Pyrazole )- ethylamine Guinea pig 40-200 c 203 459 p-(2-Pyridyl)-ethylamine Guinea pig 1-40 c 203,204 460 Pyrilamine (Mepyramine; Neoantergan; Pyranisamine; N-(p-Methoxybenzyl)- N-(2-pyridyl)-N'. N'-dimethyl-ethylene- diamine) Man 4-200 c 17,25,60 461 Cat 1-10 C 462 Dog 1 C 463 Guinea pig 0.4-700 c 464 Guinea pig 1000 D 465 Quebrachamine Cat I 72 466 Ox I 467 Quebrachine Cat I 72 468 Ox I 469 Quinine Dog C 10,31,37.39 470 Guinea pig 1000 (D) 56 471 Ox D 472 Pig D 473 Frog 200 c 474 Quinine methochloride Dog 10 C 114 475 Semicarbazide Guinea pig <100 I 204 476 Sodium azide Guinea pig D 205,206 477 Sodium bromide Ox I 31,39 478 Pig 2000-4000 D / 479 Sodium camphorate Dog I 37 480 Sodium cyanate Guinea pig 10-400 D 15.207 481 Sodium cyanide Cat C 2 482 Sodium hydroxide Guinea pig Cl 10.31,36,39 483 Ox (C) 60 484 Pig A 485 Frog (C) 486 Sodium iodide Dog 250.000 D I 31,37,39, 487 Gtunea pig 15,000 D 56,77 488 Ox 4000 C 489 Pig 2500 D 490 Sodium nicotinate Dog (I) 45 /I/ At pH 11. 210 133. DIRECT ACTION OF DRUGS ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) A = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D = dilates; I = inactive. Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Species Effect (Synonym) Local System Reference jig/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 491 Sodium nitrate Ox I 31,39 492 Pig 3000 (C) 493 Sodium nitrite Guinea pig 8000 I 80 D 10,31,39, 494 Ox 2000 c 56,214 495 Pig 1000 D 496 Frog 140 D 497 Sodium nucleinate Guinea pig C 38 498 Sodium theophyllinate Rabbit 500 I 53 499 Sodium thiocyanate Guinea pig 10,000 I 39,56,94 500 Ox C 501 Sodium m- vanadate Dog 2 C 208 502 Sodium o- vanadate Dog 2 C 37.56 503 Guinea pig ! 2000 C 504 Sparteine Guinea pig < 100 c 16 505 Staphylococcus toxin Guinea pig c 209 50fa Starch (Amylum) Guinea pig 10,000 I 1 507 Stovaine Pig 200 D 31 508 Strontium chloride Ox c 39 509 Strophanthin Cat I 84 510 Strychnine Cat I 39,56,77,84 511 Dog (D) 512 Guinea pig I 513 Ox 1000 D 514 Substance P Man I 91 515 Cat I 516 Suramin Cat 250 (D) 14 517 Syntropan (Amprotropine; 3-Diethylamino- 2, 2-dimethyl-propyl tropate) Guinea pig 10 I 43 518 Tetramethylammonium chloride Guinea pig 80 c 16 519 Tetraethylpyrophosphate (TEPP) Guinea pig c 123 520 Tetrahydropapaveroline Cat 2-10 D 196 521 Tetramethylene diisothiourea Guinea pig 5 (D) 135 522 Thebaine ) Dog 1 C 31,66,110 523 Pig (C) 524 Theobromine (3, 7-Dimethylxanthine) Cat D 15,31,95 525 Dog D 526 Guinea pig 40-100 D D 527 Pig 70 D 528 Theophylline (1, 3-Dimethylxanthine) Cat D 15,53,95, 529 Dog ; D 210 530 Guinea pig 10-100 D D 531 Rabbit : 200 I 532 Theophylline monoethanolamine (Theamin) Cat D 95 533 Dog D 534 Guinea pig 10-15 D 535 Theophylline sodium acetate (Theocin) Dog 10-60 D 50 536 Guinea pig D 537 Thymine (5-Methyluracil) Guinea pig 10-100 I 15 538 Thymoxyethyldiethylamine (929 F) Guinea pig C 5 C 186,188 539 Thyroid extract Cat (D) 62 540 Rabbit (D) 541 Thyroxine Frog 0.001-0.01 c 6 542 d- Tubocurarine Man 400 D 15,114 543 Dog 0.3 A 544 Trasentine (Adiphenine; Diethylamino- ethyl diphenylacetate) Guinea pig 10 I 43,99 545 T ribromoe thanol Dog I 92 546 Trichloroethanol Dog I 92 547 Trimethylamine Dog D 37 548 Trimethyl(2-aminoethyl)ammoniura chloride Rabbit C 107 549 Trimethyl(2-chloroethyl)amraoniura chloride Rabbit C 107 211 133. DIRECT ACTION OF DRUGS ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) A = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D = dilates; I = inactive. Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Species Effect (Synonym) Local Systemic Reference (ig/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 550 Trimethyl(2-raethylaminoethyl)aramonium chloride Rabbit C 107 551 Tripelennamine (Pyribenzamine; N-(2- Pyridyl)-N-benzyl-N', N'-dimethyl- ethylenediamine ) Cat 0.2-10 C 60 552 Dog 1 c 553 Guinea pig 0.4-300 C 554 Guinea pig 1000 D 555 Typhobacterin Guinea pig c 35 556 Uracil (2, 4-Dioxopyrimidine) Guinea pig <10 I 15 557 Urea Guinea pig <1000 I 15 558 Urethane (Ethyl urethane, q.v.) Cat D D 31,56,80,81, 559 Guinea pig 10,000 D 84,190 560 Pig D 561 Rabbit 5,000-10,000 D 562 Sheep 5,000-10,000 D 563 Uric acid Guinea pig 200-400 I IS 564 Venom of Crotalus atrox Cat C 211 565 Guinea pig C 566 Venom of E>enisonia superba Cat (C) 211 567 Guinea pig (C) 568 Venom of Naia naia Cat c 211 569 Guinea pig c 570 Veratrine Cat 10-30 c 0.3 c 10,39,77,80, 571 Dog 3 D 127 572 Ox <300 I 573 Frog 1-10 D 574 Visammin Dog D 212 575 Pig D 576 Xanthine (2, 6-Dioxopurine) Cat D 15,31,95 577 Dog D 578 Guinea pig <10 I D 579 Pig 0.5-1 D 580 Xysmalobinum Cat 0.25 C 213 581 Zinc sulphate Frog 600-3000 c 10 Contributor: Hawkins, D. F. References: [l] Hanzlick, P. J., and Karsner, H. T., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 14_:449, 1920. [2] Sollmann, T., and Gilbert, A. J., ibid6J^:272, 1937. [3] Akcasu, A., J. Pharm., Lond. 4:671, 1952. (4) Alles, G. A., and Prinzmetal, M., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 48:161, 1933. [5] Bjorkman, S. E., C. rend. Soc. biol. 94:947. 1926. 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Ther. 28:261. 1930. [214] Barlow. O. W.. and Beams. A. J., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther._47:l 11, 1933. 214 134. SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES AND RELATED DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI Drugs are listed to illustrate, as far as possible, the relationship between chemical structure and pharmacological action. Inclusion of trade names is for informative purposes only and in no way implies endorsement by The National Academy of Sciences-The National Research Council. For all "effects" included in this table, there is reasonable evidence the drug in fact acted on the bronchial musculature. Where there was evidence that an effect was medi- ated by the respiratory center or adrenal glands, it was excluded. Drug actions influencing only anaphylactic or asthmatic bronchospasm, or other pathological states of the bronchi, were also excluded. Concentrations of drugs are given in mjig/ml for local actions on isolated preparations, and doses in (ig/kg for drugs administered systemically. Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. A = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D = dilates: I = inactive. r'nmnniinH Species Effect (Synonym) Local Systemic Reference m|ig/ml Action l*g/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) l-Phenyl-2-amino Alkanes and Alkanols 1 1 1 -Phenyl-2-amino-ethane (p-Phenyl- ethylamine) Cat 2000 D 1-4 2 Dog 2000 D 3 Guinea pig I 2,000- 2t),000 (C) 4 Rabbit I 5 l-Phenyl-2-amino-ethanol (Phenyl- ethanolamine) Cat (I) 3,5,6 6 Dog (I) 7 Guinea pig D 10,000 D 8 Rabbit 2000-4000 D 9 1- Phenyl- 2 -isopropylamino-ethanol (WIN 5528; 859) Guinea pig D 5,8,9 10 l-Phenyl-2-amino-propane (Ampheta- mine; Benzedrine) Cat 1000-2000 D 2,7,10-15 11 Dog 400,000 C 2,000- 10,000 (D) 12 Guinea pig C C 13 Guinea pig 250,000 D 10,000 (D) 14 d-1 -Phenyl- 2- methylamino-propane (Methamphetamine; Methedrine) Cat ; I (D) 11,16 15 Guinea pig 1000-5000 D 16 Guinea pig 100,000 (c) 17 1- Phenyl- 2 -dimethylamino-propane Cat 1000 D 11 18 1- Phenyl- 2- benzylamino- propane Cat 1000 D 11 19 1- Phenyl- 2-amino-propanol (Mydriatin; Norephedrine; Propadrine) Dog 5000 I 3,10,14 20 Guinea pig C 21 Rabbit 4500 D 22 1- Phenyl- 2-methylamino-propanol (dl-Ephedrine, Ephetonin, Racephedrine) Dog 2000 D 17,26 23 Frog 400.000 24 ^-1 -Phenyl- 2-methylainino-propanol (Ephedrlne) Man 5,000-100,000 D 500-600 D 3,7,10 25 Cat 1,000-100.000 D 1000-1500 D 14-16, 26 Dog 10,000 D 1,000- 10,000 D 18-41, 43,44, 27 Guinea pig 1,000-10,000 D 5,000- 70,000 (I) 46-49, 51 28 Guinea pig 400,000- 1,000,000 (C) 29 Rabbit 100,000- 1,000,000 A 4000-6000 D 30 Rat 10,000 D 31 Frog 400,000 D 32 Y-l-PhenyI-2-methylamino-propanol (Pseudo-ephedrine) Cat D 16,39.40, 33 Dog D 2000 D 46,47 34 Guinea pig 2,000- 100,000 D 35 Guinea pig 500,000 (C) 3b Rabbit 10,000 D 37 Rabbit 100,000- 500,000 C 38 d-T(r-l-Phenyl-2-methylamino-propanol (d- Pseudo-ephedrine) Guinea pig 20,000 D 7 39 2^-1 -Phenyl- 2 -dimethylamino-propanol (N-Methyl-ephedrine) Cat D 18 40 J^-1 -Phenyl- 2- (ethyl-methylamino)- propanol (N-Ethyl-ephedrine) Cat D D 18,20 41 Dog 5000 D 42 Guinea pig D 43 Rabbit D 215 134. SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES AND RELATED DRUGS ACTING ON THE A = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and be consulted. BRONCHI (Continued) ; D = dilates; I = inactive, the original literature should Species Effect Compound (Synonym) Local Systemic Reference miig/ml Action (ig/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) I- Phenyl- 2-amino Alkanes and Alkanols (concluded) 44 1;1 -Phenyl- 2- [(p-hydroxyethyD- methyl- amino]-propanol (N-Ethanol-ephedrine) Cat I 18 45 l-Phenyl-2-(diethylaminoethyl-methyl- amino)-propanol (Isalon) Cat 5,000- 10,000 D 19,50,51 46 Dog 10,000 D 47 Guinea pig D 48 Rabbit D 49 l-Phenyl-2-(dibutylaminoethyl-methyl- amino)-propanol Rabbit D 19 50 1^- 1 - Phenyl- 2- (propyl-methylamino) -propanol (N- Propyl-ephedrine) Cat 1 18 51 1^-1 -Phenyl- 2- (isopropyl-methylamino)- propanol (N-Isopropyl-ephedrine) Cat I 18 52 l-Phenyl-2-[(p-hydroxypropyl)-methyl- amino]-propanol (S 166) Guinea pig I 52 53 1 - Phenyl- 2 -[ (p- hydroxypropyl)- methyl- amino]-propanol methiodide (S 164) Guinea pig I 52 54 J^-l-Phenyl-2-(butyl-methylamino)-propanol (N-Butyl-ephedrine) Cat I 18 55 l-Phenyl-2-diethylamino-propanol (N,N-Diethyl-norephedrine) Cat 5,000 D 18 56 l-Phenyl-2 -amino- butane Guinea pig I 1 57 2- Phenyl- 3-methylamino- butanol Guinea pig 30,000 I 7 l-(m-Hydroxyphenyl)- 2-amino Alkanols 58 l-(m-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-amino-ethanol (WIN 5501) Guinea pig D 5 59 l-(m-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylamino- ethanol (Adrianol; Neosynephrine; Phenylephrine; m-Sympatol) Cat 150-1000 D 5.53,54, 60 Dog 30 I 56 61 Guinea pig D D 62 1 - (m -Hy droxyphenyl) - 2 - propylamino- ethanol (N-Propyl-noradrianol) Dog I 54 63 l-(m-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-isopropylamino- ethanol (WIN 5507; 539) Guinea pig D D 5,9 64 1 - (m - Hydr oxyphe nyl) - 2 -am ino-propanol (m-Oxynorephedrine) Dog 500-5000 I 10,14,41 65 Guinea pig D 66 l-l-(m-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylamino- Dog 1000-5000 (D) 10,14,41 67 propanol (m-Oxyephedrine) Guinea pig (D) 68 l-(m-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-isopropylamino- propanol Dog 200 I 57 69 1 - (m -Hy droxyphenyl) -2 - benzylamino- propanol Dog 5000 C 57 70 l-(m-Hydroxyphenyl)-ta-phenylethylamino)- propanol Dog 10,000 I 57 71 1 - (ra - Hydroxyphenyl )- 2 - (a - methyl- y -phenyl- propylamino)-propanol Dog 65 D 57 l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-amino Alkanes and Alkanols 72 l-(p- Hydroxyphenyl)- 2-amino-ethane (Tyramine) Cat (A) 100- 20,000 (D) 2,3,16, 58-67 73 Dog 100,000 C 2.000- 20,000 (D) 74 Guinea pig 4000-8000 D 40,000 D 75 Guinea pig 1,000,000 C 100,000 (C) 76 Monkey (D) 77 Ox 100,000 C 78 Rabbit 2500 (D) 79 l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-dimethylamino- ethane (Hordenine) Dog 4000 D 42,64 80 Rabbit 2,000- 15,000 D 216 134. SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES AND RELATED DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) A = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D = dilates; I = inactive. Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Species Effect Compound Local Systemic Reference (Synonym) m(ig/ml Action jig/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D (E) (F) (G) l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-amino Alkanes and Alkanols (continued) 81 l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl) -2-amino-ethanol (Norsympatol; WIN 5512; 582) Cat D 5,8,68 82 Guinea pig (D) 83 l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylamino- ethanol (Synephrine; Synnpatol) Cat 1,500- 30,000 D 5,8,34,48, 54,69, 84 Dog 500 (D) 70 85 Guinea pig D 12,000 D 86 Rabbit 30,000 D 87 1 - 1 - (p- Hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylamino- ethanol (1 -Synephrine) Cat 750 D 48,55 88 Dog (I) 89 1 - (p- Hydroxyphenyl)- 2- ethylam ino- ethanol (573) Guinea pig D 8 90 l-(p- Hydroxyphenyl) -2 -diethylamino-ethanol Cat D 68 91 l-{p- Hydroxyphenyl)- 2 -propylamino-ethanol (579) Guinea pig D 8 92 l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-isopropylamino- ethanol (Isopropyl-norsympatol; WIN 833) Dog 30-500 D 5,8,9.54 93 Guinea pig D D 94 1 - (p- Hydroxyphenyl)- 2 - bu tylam ino- ethanol (570) Guinea pig D 8 95 l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-isobutylamino- ethanoli643) Guinea pig D 8 96 I-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-sec.-butylamino- ethanol (661) Guinea pig D 8 97 1 - (p- Hydroxyphenyl) - 2 - tert .- butylamino- ethanol (651) Guinea pig (D) 8 98 l-(p-HydroxyphenyI)-2-amino-propane Cat 2,000- 20,000 D 2 99 Dog 2,000- 20.000 D 100 Guinea pig I 101 l-(p- Hydroxyphenyl)- 2-methylamino- propane (Veritol; Paredrinol; Pholedrine) Dog I 7.57 102 Guinea pig 20.000 (D) 103 1 - (p- Hydroxyphenyl)- 2- (q, a-diraethyl- p-phenylethylamino- propane Dog I 57 104 l-(p- Hydroxyphenyl)- 2-phenylpropyIaraino- propane Dog C 57 105 l-(p- Hydroxyphenyl)- 2- (a- methyl- y - phenylpropylaraino)- propane Dog C 57 106 l-(p- Hydroxyphenyl)- 2 -methylamino- propanol (Supifene; Suprifen; p-Oxyephedrine)^ Dog 5000 I 7.10,57.69 107 Guinea pig 3,000- 10,000 D 108 l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-isopropylamino- propanol Dog 200 C 57 109 1 - (p - Hydroxyphenyl) - 2 - benzylamino- propanol Dog 5.000 C 57 110 l-{p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-(a-phenyl-ethyl- amino)-propanoI Dog 10,000 I 57 111 1 - (p- Hydroxyphenyl)- 2- (p- phenylethylamino)- propanol Dog 400 D 57 112 l-(p- Hydroxyphenyl)- 2- (a -methyl- p-phenyl- ethylamino)-propanol Dog 200 D 57 113 l-(p-HydroxyphenyI)-2-(Y -phenylpropyl- amino)- propanol Dog 160 D 57 114 I - (p- Hydroxyphenyl)- 2 - (a - methyl- -y - phenylpropylamino)- propanol Dog 100 D 57 115 1 - (p- Hydroxyphenyl)- 2 - [ a - methyl- Y - (p-methoxyphenyl)-propylamino]- propanol Dog 1000 D 57 116 1 - (p- HydroxyphenyI)-2 - (a - methyl- S - phenylbutylamino)-propanol Dog 1000 D 57 217 134. SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES AND RELATED DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) A = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D = dilates; I = inactive. Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Compound (Synonym) Species Effect Reference Local Systemic mjig/ml Action l^g/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-aniino Alkanes and Alkanols (concluded) 117 l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylamino- butane Dog 1 57 118 l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-(Y-phenylpropyl- amino)-butanol Dog 300 D 57 119 1 - (p- Hydroxyphenyl)-2- (o - methyl- y -phenyl- propylamino)-butanol Dog 100 D 57 120 l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-(i -phenylbutylamino)- butanol Dog 1000 D 57 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-amino Alkanes and Alkanols 121 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-amino-ethane Cat D 2 122 Dog D 123 Guinea pig D 124 3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-alanine Rabbit 20,000 I 3 125 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylamino- ethane (Epinine) Cat 100-500 (D) 10,14,41, 126 Dog 400-1000 D 61-64, 127 Guinea pig D 71,72 128 Rabbit 100-500 (D) 129 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-isopropylamino- ethane (0-4;1554) Guinea pig D 100 D 71-73 130 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-amino-ethanol Man 1000 D 10,16,32, 131 1 (Arterenol; Noradrenaline) Cat 50-250 D 41,71, 132 Dog 40-200 D 73-V6 133 Guinea pig 100-1000 D 30-250 D 134 d-l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-amino-ethanol (d-Arterenol) Guinea pig D 1000 D 77 135 1 - 1 - ( 3 ,4 - Dihydroxyphenyl) - 2-amino-ethanol Man 1000 D 9.16.38, 136 (1-Arterenol; Levarterenol) Cat 10-100 D 77-79 137 Dog 40 D (1) 138 Guinea pig 50-500 D 50-100 D 139 Rabbit 1000 D 140 Rat 100 D 141 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylamino- ethanol(dl- Epinephrine; Vaponephrin) Guinea pig 100-120 D 71.75 142 2.-l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylamino- ethanol (Epinephrine; Adrenalin; Supra- renin) Man 10-100 D 10 D 3,13,16, 143 Cat 1-100 D 2-2500 D 21,25,26. 144 Dog 5-100,000 D 0.5-300 D 30,32,36, 145 Guinea pig 1-100,000 D 0.5-500 D 38,43,47, 146 Monkey D 54,55,58, 147 Ox 300-4000 D 60,62-64, 148 Pig 1,600-10,000 D 73,74,77, 149 Rabbit 1000-2000 (D) 2-100 (D) 81-112 150 Rat 10-100 D 151 Sheep 2000 D 152 Frog 200-10,000 D 1000 D 153 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-dimethylamino- ethanol (Methadren; N-Methyl-adrenaline) Dog 400 D 113 154 Guinea pig D 155 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-ethylamino- ethanol (N-Ethyl-arterenol; WIN 5564; 1516) Dog 0.5-3 D 9.54.71. 156 Guinea pig 30-50 D 100 D 73.75 157 1 -(3, 4 -Dihydroxyphenyl )- 2 -(p-hydroxy- ethylaminoj-ethanol (JB 254) Dog 7 D 45 158 1 - (3 ,4 - Dihydroxyphenyl) - 2 - propylamino- Dog 0.5-7 D 9.54.75. 159 160 ethanol (N- Propyl -arterenol; WIN 5587) Guinea pig 300-500 D 100 D 114 1 -(3, 4- Dihydroxyphenyl) -2- isopropylamino- Man 10 D 2 D 7.16.21.31, 161 ' ethanol (Isoprenaline; Isoproterenol; Cat 10 D 32,38,54. 162 j Aleudrin; Isuprel; Neo-epinine) Dog 5-10,000 D 0.5-1 D 57.73.75, 163 1 Guinea pig 0.5-30 D 10-1000 D 114-116 164 Rabbit 100 D 165 166 Rat 10 D l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(p-hydroxy- propylamlno)-ethanol (JB 253) Dog 8 D 45 218 134. SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES AND RELATED DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) A = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D = dilates; I = inactive. Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Compound (Synonym) Species Effect Local Systemic Reference mjig/ml Action fig/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)- 2-amino Alkanes and Alkanols (continued) 167 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-butylamino- ethanol (N-Butylarterenol; WIN 5590; SKF 690A; 1960) Dog 5 D 9,16,54, 168 Guinea pig 4-10 D 25 D 71,114 169 1 - (3 ,4- Dihydroxyphenyl )- 2 - isobutylamino ethanol (WIN 5595) Dog 50 D 9,54,114 170 Guinea pig D 250 D 171 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-sec.-butylainlno- ethanol (WIN 5559; 0-4;1424) Guinea pig 30-50 D 25-100 D 9,71.73,75, 115 172 i-X3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(Q-methyl- propylaminq) - ethanol Dog 0.7 D 57 173 1 - (3 ,4- Dihydroxyphenyl)- 2- tert. - butylam ino- ethanol (WIN 5563; 1505) Dog 0.4 D 9.57,71,75 174 Guinea pig 8-12 D 175 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-amylamino- ethanol (WIN 5596) Guinea pig D 100 D 9,114 176 1 - (3 ,4 - Dihydroxyphenyl) - 2 - (a - e thylpropyl- amino)-ethanol (WIN 5592) Guinea pig D 500 D 9,114 177 1 -(3, 4- Dihydroxyphenyl) -2- (q,P- dimethyl- propylamino)- ethanol (WIN 5593) Guinea pig D 100 D 9,114 178 I - (3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)- 2- (a - methyl- amylamino)-ethanol (JB 226) Dog 7 D 45 179 1- (3, 4- Dihydroxyphenyl)- 2- cyclopentyl- amino-ethanol (WIN 5591) Guinea pig D 100 D 9,114 180 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-cyclohexylamino- ethanol (WIN 5 589) Guinea pig D 100 D 9,114 181 l-(3,4-DihydroxyphenyI)-2-p-phenyl- ethylamino- ethanol Dog 6 D 57 182 1 - ( 3 ,4- Dihydroxyphenyl )- 2 - (a - methyl- |3-phenylethylamino)-ethanol (JB 230) Dog 4 D 45 183 1 -(3 ,4- Dihydroxyphenyl- 2- [ a - methyl-p- (p-methoxyphenyl)e thy lamino]- ethanol (JB 245) Dog 1.5 D 45 184 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-[a-methyl-p- (3 ' ,4 ' - methylenedioxyphenyl)ethylamino]- ethanol (JB 251) Dog 2 D 45 185 1 -(3, 4- Dihydroxyphenyl)- 2- V-phenyl- propylamino- ethanol (JB 246) Dog 2 D 45,57 186 1- (3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)- 2 -amino-propane Cat D 2 187 Dog D 188 Guinea pig D 189 1 - (3 ,4- Dihydroxyphenyl)- 2- isopropylamino- propane (SKF 364) Guinea pig 100-200 D 16 190 1 -(3, 4 -Dihydroxyphenyl) -2 -am ino-propanol (Cobefrine; Corbasil; Dioxynorephedrine) Dog 1000-3000 D 7,9,10,14 191 Guinea pig D 500 D 192 1- (3, 4- Dihydroxyphenyl)- 2- me thylamino- propanol (Dioxyephedrine) Dog 400 D 7,9,10,14 193 Guinea pig D 100 D 194 1- (3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)- 2- isopropylamino- propanol (WIN 5570) Guinea pig I 9 195 1- ( 3 ,4- Dihydroxyphenyl-2- cyclopentyl- amino-propanol (WIN 3357) Guinea pig I 9 196 1- ( 3 ,4 - Dihydroxyphenyl)- 2 -cyclohexylamino- propanol (WIN 514) Guinea pig D 9 197 l-(3,4-DihydroxyphenyI)-2-phenyl- propylamino-propanol Dog 3 D 57 198 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(a-methyl- Y - phenylpropy lamino )- propanol Dog 10 (D) 57 199 1 -(3,4- Dihydroxyphenyl)- 2 -amino- butanol (Ethyl-norsuprarenin; Butane frine) Dog 1000 (D) 9,10,14,41,78 200 Guinea pig D D 201 1 -( 3 ,4- Dihydroxyphenyl)- 2- isopropylamino- butanol (WIN 3046) Dog D 9,78 202 Guinea pig D D 203 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-cyclopentyl- amino-butanol (WIN 515) Dog D 9,78 204 Guinea pig D D 219 134. SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES AND RELATED DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) A = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D = dilates; I = inactive. Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Species Effect (Synonym) Local Systemic Reference mjig/ml Action fg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-amino Alkanes and Alkanols (concluded) 205 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-cyclohexylamino- butanol (WIN 713) Guinea pig D D 9,78 20b l-(3,4-(Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(a-methyl- Y-phenyl-propylamino)-butanol Dog 40 D 57 207 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-amino-pentanol (WIN 3356) Guinea pig I 9 208 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-isopropylamino- pentanol (WIN -3243) Guinea pig I 9 209 1 - ( 3 ,4 - Dihydroxyphenyl )- 2- cyclopentyl- amino-pentanol (WIN 3242) Guinea pig (D) 9 210 1 - (3 ,4 - Dihydroxyphenyl) - 2 -cyclohexylam ino- pentanol (WIN 3269) Guinea pig I 9 211 1- (3, 4 -Dihydroxyphenyl)- 2- isopropylamino- isopentanol (WIN 3204) Guinea pig (D) 9 212 1 -( 3 ,4 - Dihydroxyphenyl )- 2 - cyclopentyl- amino-isopentanol (WIN 3434) Guinea pig I 9 Other Ring-substituted l-phenyl-2-amino Alkanes and Alkanols 213 l-(o-Methylphenyl)-2-amino-propane Guinea pig 250.000 D 1 12 214 l-(m-Methylphenyl)-2-amino-propane Guinea pig 250,000 D 12 215 l-(m-Methylphenyl)-2-amino-propanol Dog 500-1000 I 14,41 21b Guinea pig C 217 l-(p-Methylphenyl)-2-amino-propane Guinea pig 250,000 D 12 218 l-(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)-2-amino-propane Guinea pig 250,000 i D 12 219 1- (3, 4-Diinethylphenyl)- 2- amino- propane Guinea pig 250,000 ! D ! 12 220 l-(m-Methoxyphenyl)-2-amino-ethane Cat D 27 221 Rabbit I 222 l-(p-Methoxyphenyl)-2-amino-ethane Cat D 27 223 Rabbit I 224 l-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-2-amino-ethane Cat I 27 225 Rabbit I 22b l-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-amino- ethane Cat 100,000 D 27 227 Rabbit I 228 l-(o-Methoxyphenyl)-2-amino-propane Rabbit I 29 229 l-(o-Methoxyphenyl)-2-methylamino- propane (Orthoxine) Man 5000 1 D 21,23,29, 230 Guinea pig 60,000 i D 117 231 l-(o-Methoxyphenyl)-2-diniethylainino- propane Rabbit D 29 232 l-(o-Methoxyphenyl)-2-benzylamino- propane Rabbit D 29 233 l-(m-Methoxyphenyl)-2-amino-propane Rabbit D 29 234 l-(m-Methoxyphenyl)-2-methylamino- j)ropane Rabbit D 29 235 1 - (m -M e thoxyphenyl)- 2 -ethylamino- propane Rabbit D 29 23b l-(m-Methoxyphenyl)-2-diinethylamino- propane Rabbit D 29 237 1 - (m -M ethoxyphenyl)- 2- benzylamino- propane Rabbit D 29 238 1 -(p- Me thoxyphenyl)- 2-amino-propane Rabbit D 29 239 l-(p-M ethoxyphenyl)- 2-methylamino- propane Rabbit (D) 29 240 l-lp-Methoxyphenyl)-2-ethylamino-propane Rabbit I 29 241 l-(p-Methoxyphenyl)-2-dimethylamino- propane Rabbit D 29 242 1 - (p- Methoxyphenyl)- 2 - benzylamino- propane Rabbit D 29 243 l-(o-Me thoxyphenyl)- 2-ainino-propanol Dog 1000 I 14,41 244 Guinea pig C 220 134. SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES AND RELATED DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) A = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D = dilates; I = inactive. Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Compound (Synonym) Species Effect Local Systemic Reference miig/ml Action l^g/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) Other Ring-substituted 1-phenyl-Z-amino Alkanes and Alkanols (concluded) 245 l-(o-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-(a-methyl-Y-phenyl- propylamino)-propanol Dog 2500 D 57 246 l-(3,4-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-phenyl)-2- methylamino-ethanol (6-Methyl- adrenaline) Guinea pig D 119 247 l-(3-Methyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2-amino- propanol Dog 1000 I 14,41 248 Guinea pig D 249 l-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-2-aUyl-phenyl)- 2-amino-propane Cat 2000 D 118 250 l-(m-Aminophenyl)-2-isopropylamino- ethanol (WIN 5503) Guinea pig C 9 251 1 - (p - Aminophenyl) - 2 - methylam ino-propanol (Ephetonal; p-Amino-ephedrine) Dog 1000-5000 (I) 10,14,41 252 Guinea pig D 253 1 -(m - Fluorophenyl)-2 - isopropylamino- ethanol (WIN 5505) Guinea pig I 9 2 -Phenyl- 1 -amino Propane s 254 2-Phenyl-l-amino-propane Guinea pig (c) 120 255 2-Phenyl- 1 -methylamino-propane Dog 1000-5000 D 15 256 2-(o-Hydroxyphenyl)- 1 -amino-propane Guinea pig D 120 257 2-(m-Hydroxyphenyl)- 1 -amino-propane Guinea pig I 120 258 2-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-l -amino-propane Guinea pig (C) 120 259 2 -(2, 3- Dihydroxyphenyl)-l- amino-propane Guinea pig I 120 260 2-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)- 1 -amino-propane Guinea pig I 120 261 2 -(2,5-Dih^droxyphenyl)-l -amino-propane Guinea pig I 120 262 2 -(2,6-Dihydroxyphenyl)-l -amino-propane Guinea pig D 120 263 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-l -amino-propane Guinea pig (C) 120 264 2-(3,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-l -amino-propane Guinea pig 1 I 120 265 2-(o-Methoxyphenyl)- 1 -amino-propane Guinea pig I 120 266 2-(m-Methoxyphenyl)- 1 -amino-propane Guinea pig D 120 267 2 -(p-Methoxyphenyl)-l -amino-propane Guinea pig D 120 268 2 - (2 , 3-Dim ethoxyphenyl) - 1 -am ino-propane Guinea pig I 120 269 2- (2 ,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-l -amino- propane Guinea pig D 120 270 2 - ( 2 , 5 - Di me thoxypheny 1 )- 1- amino-propane Guinea pig D 120 271 2-(2,6-Dimethoxyphenj'l)-l-amino-propane Guinea pig D 120 272 2 -(3, 4 -Dim ethoxyphenyl)-! -amino-propane Guinea pig I 120 273 2- (3, 5-Dimethoxyphenyl)- 1 -amino-propane Guinea pig D 120 Ketones 274 l-(o-Hydroxyphenyl)-l-oxo-2-(a-methyl- Y -phenyl-prqpylamino)-propane Dog 40,000 I 57 275 l-(m-Hydroxyphenyl)-l-oxo-2- isopropy lam ino-propane Dog 1000 D 57 276 l-(m-Hydroxyphenyl)-l-oxo-2-benzylamino- propane Dog 5000 I 57 277 l-(m-Hydroxyphenyl)-l-oxo-2-(a-methyl- Y-phenyl-propylamino)-propane Dog 2000 D 57 278 l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)- l-oxo-2- isopropylamino-propane Dog 2000 C 57 279 1- (p-Hydroxyphenyl)-l-oxo-2-(a-phenyl- ethylamino) -propane Dog 40,000 I 57 280 l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-l-oxo-2-(Q-methyl- ■V-phenyl-propylamino)-propane Dog 2000 I 57 281 l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-l-oxo-2-(a-methyl- Y -phenyl -propylamino) - butane Dog 2000 D 57 282 l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-l-oxo-2-phenylbutyl- amino- butane Dog 50,000 I 57 283 1- (3, 4-Dihydroxyphenyl)- 1-0X0-2- methylamino-ethane (Adrenalone; Kephrine; Stryphnon) Guinea pig D 10,000 (I) 3,7,71,72 284 Rabbit 500 D 285 1 -(3, 4-Dihydroxyphenyl)- I -oxo-2- isopropylamino-ethane (1590) Guinea pig D 71 286 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-l-oxo-2- (q - methyl- y - phenylpropylamino)-ethane Dog 140 (D) 57 221 134. SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES AND RELATED DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) A = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D = dilates; I = inactive. Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Compound (Synonym) (A) Species (B) Effect Local mtig/ml (C) Action (D) Systemic Hg/kg Action (E) (F) Reference (G) Ketones (concluded) 287 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-l-oxo-2- isopropylamino- propane Dog 65 D 57 288 1- (3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-l-oxo-2- benzylamino- propane Dog 3500 D 57 289 1 - ( 3 ,4 - Dihydroxyphenyl )- 1 - oxo- 2 - (a-phenylethylamino)-propane Dog 5000 D 57 290 1 - ( 3 ,4 - Dihydroxyphenyl )- 1 - oxo- 2 - (p-phenylethylaraino)-propane Dog 300 D 57 291 1 - ( 3 ,4 - Dihydroxyphenyl)- 1 - oxo- 2- (a , a - dimethyl- p-phenyle thy lamino)- propane Dog 1500 D 57 292 I - ( 3 ,4- Dihydroxyphenyl )- 1 - oxo- 2 - (Y-phenylpropylamino)-propane Dog 90 D 57 293 I - ( 3 ,4 - Dihydroxyphenyl )- 1 - oxo- 2 - (a - methyl- Y -phenylpropylamino)-propane Dog 65 D 57 294 1 - ( 3 ,4 - Dihydroxyphenyl )- 1 - oxo- 2 - isopropylamino- butane Dog 650 D 57 295 I -(3, 4 -Dihydroxyphenyl)- 1 -oxo- 2- (a-raethyl- Y -phenylpropylamino)- butane Dog 1000 1 57 Hydroxyphenyl Ethylenediamines 296 m-Hydroxyphenyl-ethylenediamine (Nu 1896) Guinea pig 20,000 D 36 297 l-(m -Hydroxyphenyl)- N'^-methyl- ethylenediamine (Nu 1683) Guinea pig 2000 D 36 298 d-l-(m-Hydroxyphenyl)-N''-methyl- ethylenediamine (Nu 2013) Guinea pig 1000 D 36 299 1 - 1 -(m- Hydroxyphenyl) -N^-methyl- ethylenediamine (Nu 2014) Guinea pig 4000 D 36 300 3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-ethylenediamine (Nu 1825) Guinea pig 1000-2000 D 36 301 l-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-N^-methyl- ethylenediamine (Nu 1408) Guinea pig 100-400 D 36 Diphenylethylamines and Related Compoun ds 302 1 ,2-Diphenylethylamine Dog 5,000- 15,000 C 121 303 Guinea pig C 304 N-Methyl-l,2-diphenyIethyIamine Guinea pig C 121 305 N-Ethyl- 1 ,2-diphenylethylamine Dog 5,000- 15,000 c 121 306 Guinea pig (D) 307 N-Propyl- 1 ,2-diphenylethylamine Guinea pig C 121 308 N-Isopropyl-1 ,2-diphenylethylamine Guinea pig C 121 309 N- Isobutyl- 1 ,2-diphenylethylamine Guinea pig c 121 310 l,2-Di-(p-methoxyphenyl)-ethylamine Guinea pig c 121 311 N-Ethyl- 1, 2-di- (p-methoxyphenyl)- ethylamine Guinea pig c 121 312 I -Methyl- 2,6- di-(p-methoxyphenylethyl)- piperidine Guinea pig D 122 313 1 ,3-Diphenyl-2-amino-propanol (Ephetonin) Cat 4000 (D) 34,50 Aliphatic Amines 314 Methylamine Cat D) 61.62 315 Rabbit (D) 316 Ethylamine Cat (D) 61,62 317 Rabbit (D) 318 Amylamine Guinea pig C 123 319 Isoamylamine Cat (c) 59,61,62 320 Rabbit (C) 321 1-Hexylamine Guinea pig I 124 322 2-Hexylamlne Guinea pig I 124 222 134. SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES AND RELATED DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) A = active, but action complex (original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D = dilates; I = inactive. Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Species Effect (Synonym) Local Systemic Reference mug/ml Action tig/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) Aliphatic Amines (concluded) 323 3-Methyl- 1 -hexylamine Guinea pig ] |124 324 2-Methyl-2-hexylamine Guinea pig 124 325 3-Methyl- 2 -hexylamine Guinea pig 124 326 4-Methyl-2-hexylamine Guinea pig 124 327 5-Methyl-2-hexylamine Guinea pig 124 328 1 -Heptylamine Guinea pig 124 329 2-Heptylamine (Tuamine; Tuaminoheptane) Guinea pig 250,000 D 5000 I 37,124,125 330 3-Heptylamine Guinea pig 124 331 4-Heptylamine Guinea pig 124 332 2 -Methyl- 2-heptylamine Guinea pig 250,000 D 125 333 3-Methyl- 2-heptylamine Guinea pig 250,000 D 125 334 4-MethyI-2 -heptylamine Guinea pig 250,000 D 125 335 5 -Methyl- 2 -heptylamine Guinea pig 250,000 D 125 336 6-Methyl- 2 -heptylamine Guinea pig 250,000 D 125 337 2-Octylamine Guinea pig 250,000 D 125 338 3-Octylamine Guinea pig 250,000 D 1Z5 339 2-Methyl-6-methyIamino-heptene-2 (Octin) Dog 1,000- 10,000 (D) 10,126 340 Rabbit 1000 D Alicyclic Amines 341 l-Cyclopentyl-2-amino-ethane Guinea pig I 4 342 l-Cyclopentyl-2-amino-propane Guinea pig I 4 343 l-CycIopentyl-2-methyIamino-propane Dog 500-1000 D 127 Indane Derivatives 344 2-Amino-indane Cat 8000 D 7,34 345 Guinea pig 20,000 D 346 2- Amino-indanol- 1 Cat 6000 D 87 347 cis-5-Hydroxy-2-amino-indanoI-l Cat 1000-6000 (D) 34 348 trans-5-Hydroxy-2-amino-indanol-l Cat 1000-6000 (D) 34 349 6-Hydroxy-2-amino-indanol- 1 Cat 5000 (D) 34 350 5,6-Methylenedioxy-2-amino-indanol-l Cat 5000 (D) 34 Isoquinolines and Related Compounds 351 Tetrahydroisoquinollne Dog 550-950 I 128 352 ^-Hydroxy- tetrahydroisoquinoline Dog 900 C 128 353 5,6-Dihydroxy-tetrahydroisoquinoUne Dog 250-950 D 128 354 6, 7- Dihydroxy- tetrahydroisoquinollne Dog 250-1200 (D) 128 355 6-Methoxy-tetrahydroisoquinoline Dog 600-1300 (D) 128 356 6-Ethoxy- tetrahydroisoquinollne Dog 600-850 C 128 357 6,7-Diethoxy-tetrahydriosoquinoline Dog 700-1000 C 128 358 5 -Ethoxy- 6 -methoxy- tetrahydroisoquinollne Dog 700-1000 I 128 359 6-Ethoxy- 7-methoxy- tetrahydroisoquinollne Dog 700-1000 D 128 360 6-Methoxy- 7- ethoxy- tetrahydroisoquinoline Dog 700 C 128 361 N-Methyl- tetrahydroisoquinollne Dog 1000-3500 D 128 362 N-Methyl- 6- hydroxy- tetrahydroisoquinollne Dog 600 D 128 363 N-Methyl- 5 ,6- dihydroxy- tetrahydroiso- quinollne Dog 600 D 128 364 N-Methyl- 6, 7- dihydroxy- tetrahydroiso- quinollne Dog 250-650 D 128 365 N-M ethyl- 6-methoxy- tetrahydroisoquinollne Dog 600-1300 C 128 366 N-Methyl- 5, 6-dimethoxy- tetrahydroiso- quinoline Dog 700 C 128 367 N-M ethyl-6, 7 -dime thoxy- tetrahydroiso- quinollne Dog 700-1400 I 128 368 N-Methyl- 6- ethoxy- tetrahydroisoquinoline Dog 70-130 D 128 369 N-Methyl- 6, 7-diethoxy- tetrahydroiso- quinollne Dog 500-1100 (A) 128 370 N-M ethyl- 5- ethoxy- 6-methoxy- tetrahydro- isoquinoline Dog 700-1100 I 128 371 N-Methyl-6-methoxy-7-ethoxy-tetrahydro- isoquinoline Dog 1000 I 128 223 134. SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES AND RELATED DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) A = active, but action complex {original literature should be consulted); C = constricts; D = dilates; I = inactive. Parentheses in Columns D and F indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Compound (Synonym) Species Effect Local Systemic Reference mug/ml Action Kg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) Isoquinolines and Related Compounds (concluded) 372 N-Methyl-6-etho3cy-7-methoxy-tetrahydro- isoquinoline Dog 1000 (A) 128 373 6,7-Diethoxy-l-(3,4-diethoxybenzyl)- isoquinoline (Perparin) Cat 1,000- 100,000 D 33 374 6,7-Dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroiso- quinolinium chloride (Lodal) Dog 2000-5000 D 64 375 p-Tetrahydronaphthylamine Dog 3000 D 7,64 376 Guinea pig 30,000 D 377 2-(l,2.3,4-Tetrahydro-l-naphthyl)- imidazoline (Tetrahydrozoline) Guinea pig 100,000- 200.000 I 129 Contributor: Hawkins, D. F. References: [1] Marsh, D. F.. J. Pharm. Exp. 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For all "effects" included in this table, there is reasonable evidence the drug in fact acted on the bronchial musculature. Where there was evidence that an effect was mediated by the respiratory center or adrenal glands, it was excluded. Similarly, results obtained in protecting guinea pigs against lethal doses of histamine were excluded, unless there was evidence of the relief of bronchospasm. Drug actions influencing only anaphylactic or asthmatic bronchospasm, or other pathological states of the bronchi, were also excluded. Concentrations of drugs are given in jjg/ml for local action on isolated preparations, and doses in mg/kg for drugs administered systemically. Parentheses in Columns F and H indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. C = constricts, D = dilates, A = antagonizes active drug effect, 1 = inactive (i.e., without influence on effect of active drug), P = potentiates active drug effect. Part I; PARASYMPATHOLYTICS AND LOCAL ANESTHETICS Drugs are listed alphabetically. Antagonist (Synonym ) Active Drug Species Antagonist Effect Compound Effect Local Systemic Reference Hg/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) 1 Amylocaine 5 - Hydroxytryptamine C Cat A 1 Z Antrenyl (Ba 5473; DiethyU 2 - hydroxy- ethyljmethylam- monium bromide a-phenyl-cyclohexane- glycollate) Acetylcholine c Guinea pig 0.1- 1.0 A 2 3 Pilocarpine c Cat 1.0 A 3 4 Atropine (Tropine tropate) Acetylcholine c Man 0.0004- 10.0 A 4-7 5 c Cat 1.0 A 0.01-0.04 A 8.9 6 c Dog 0.1- 10.0 A 0.1-1.0 A 10,11 7 c Guinea pig O.OOl- 20.0 A 0.01-1.0 A 12-17 8 c Monkey A 18 9 c Pig A 19 10 c Rabbit A 20 11 c Frog 16.0 A 21,22 12 Agar c Guinea pig 500-100 0 I 23 13 Amphetamine c Dog A 24 14 Andromedotoxin c Rabbit 10 A 25 15 Arecoline c Cat A 26 16 c Dog 0.1- lO.O A 0.2-1.0 A 11,26-28 17 c Rabbit A 26 18 1 -Benzyl- 3- p- diethyl- aminoethyl-5, 5- diallyl- barbituric acid c Cat 1.5 I 29 19 Benzyltrimethylam- monium iodide c Guinea pig A 30 20 Carbachol c Dog 0.1 A 31 21 Carbaminoyl-p- methylcholine c Dog 0.1 A 32 22 Coniine c Guinea pig 10 (A) 8 23 Curarine c Cat I 33 24 c Guinea pig A 34 25 Cytisine c Guinea pig 10 I 8 26 Diethylaminoethanol c Guinea pig I 35 27 Diethyl morphine c Dog I I 26.28 28 Diisopropylfluoro- phosphate c Guinea pig 0.01 A 36 29 N-Dimethyl-hexa- hydro- isonicotinic acid methyl ester iodide c Cat 0.4 A 37 30 Ephedrine D Cat I 26 31 D Dog I I 26.28 32 D Rabbit I 26 33 c Rabbit 2 I 38,39 226 135. ANTAGONISTS AND POTENTIATORS OF DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) Part I: PARASYMPATHOLYTICS AND LOCAL ANESTHETICS (Continued) C = constricts, D = dilates, A = antagonizes active drug effect, I = inactive (i.e., without influence on effect of active drug. Parentheses in Columns F and H indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Active Drug Species Antagonist Effect (Synonym) Compound Effect Local Systemic Reference (ig/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) 34 Atropine (Tropine tropate) (continued) y- Ephedrine D Cat I 26 35 D Dog I I 26.28 36 D Rabbit I 26 37 Epinephrine D Cat I 3 I 26,73 38 D Dog I I 26,28 39 t) Guinea pig 1-100 I 8 40 D Rabbit I 26 41 Ergot C Dog A 40 42 Ethylcholine C Dog A 41 43 C Guinea pig A 41 44 Furmethide C Guinea pig A 30 45 Hexamethonium C Guinea pig 1-10 I 8 46 Histamine C Man 0.01 (A) 42 47 C Cat (A) 10 I 43,44 48 C Dog A 1-2 (A) 24,28. 45-47 49 c Guinea pig 1- 1000 A 0.1-40.0 A 12,16. 48-55 50 5 - Hydroxytryptamine C Cat 0.3 (A) 9,56 51 c Guinea pig A 0.3-1.3 A 57.58 52 Kalmia c Guinea pig I 59 53 Lobeline c Guinea pig 1-10 I 8 54 Methacholine c Man 0.01 A 42 55 c Cat A 24 56 C Dog A 0.2 A 24.46,61 57 c Guinea pig 0.01-3.0 A 16,50,51,62 58 Miotine C Cat A 63 59 Morphine c Dog I I 26,28 60 Muscarine c Cat A 0.5-20.0 A 44,64,65 61 c Dog 0.2-0.5 A 40.66 62 c Guinea pig A 67 63 c Pig 3-200 A 68,69 64 c Frog A 22 65 Nicotine c Cat 1 A 8 66 c Guinea pig 0.1-1.3 A 16 67 D Guinea pig 1-100 A 8 68 Norepinephrine D Guinea pig 1-100 I 8 69 Peptone c Dog 0.2 I 46 70 c Guinea pig 500 A 23.70 71 Physostigmine c Cat A 0.3 A 26,64,71 72 c Dog 0.1-10 A 0.4 A 11,24,26,28 73 c Guinea pig 0.01 A 36 74 c Rabbit A 0.5 A 26,40 75 Pilocarpine c Cat A 0.5-3.0 A 26,66,72, 74,75 76 c Dog 2 A 0.1-0.8 A 24,26,28, 40,47, 76-80 77 c Guinea pig A 81,82 78 c Ox 20-30 A 84 79 c Pig 30-200 A 68,69 80 c Rabbit A 3.0 A 24,26,85 81 c Turtle 5.0 A 40 82 c Frog 20 A 22 83 Pyrilamine c Guinea pig 10 I 60 84 Tetraethylpyrophos- phate c Guinea pig 0.01 A 36 85 Tetramethylam- monium chloride c Guinea pig 1 A 8 227 135. ANTAGONISTS AND POTENTIATORS OF DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) Part I: PARASYMPATHOLYTICS AND LOCAL ANESTHETICS (Continued) C = constricts, D = dilates, A = antagonizes active drug effect, I = inactive (i.e., without influence on effect of active drug. Parentheses in Columns F and H Indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Antagonist (Synonym) Active Drug Compound Effect Species Antagonist Effect Local (ig/ml [Action Systemic mg/kg I Action Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) A 2.5-10 A 16,19.21 Et liylenedi amines 72 N- Phenyl- N-methyl- N', N'-diethyl-ethylene- diamine (1335 F) Histamine C Guinea pig I 2 73 N-Phenyl-N-ethyl-N'.N'- dimethyl- ethylene - diamine (RP 2325) Histamine C Guinea pig 0.2-20.0 A 30-33 74 N-Phenyl-N-ethyl-N',N'- diethyl- ethylene- diamine (1571 F) Histamine C Guinea pig I-IO A 3-25 A 2.5.11,32, 33 75 N- (o- Methylphenyl)- N- ethyl-N', N'-diethyl- ethylenediamine (1599 F) Histamine C Guinea pig I 2 76 N-Phenyl-N-benzyl-N', N'- dimethyl- ethylene - diamine (Antergan; Lergitin; RP 2339) Histamine C Cat 4 A 34 77 C Guinea pig 0.1 A 0.5-20 A 31-33.35-38 78 Acetylcholine C Guinea pig <50 I 33,37 79 Agmatine C Guinea pig A 39 80 Amylamine C Guinea pig A 39 81 Cadaverine c Guinea pig A 39 82 Clupeine C Guinea pig A 39 83 Guanidine C Guinea pig A 39 84 Putre seine C Guinea pig A 39 85 Sodium nucleinate C Guinea pig A 39 86 N-Phenyl-N-(2-thenyl)- N', N'-dimethyl-ethyl- enediamine (Methaphen- ilene; Diatrin; W-50) Histamine c Guinea pig A 0.05-1.0 A 40 233 135. ANTAGONISTS AND POTENTIATORS OF DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) Part UI: ANTIHISTAMINES (Continued) C = constricts. D = dilates, A = antagonizes active drug effect, I = inactive (i.e., without influence on effect of active drug), P = potentiates active drug effect. Parentheses in Columns F and H indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Antagonist or Potentiator (Synonym) Active Drug Compound Effect Species Antagonist or Potentiator Effect Local i Systemic j Reference Action |ig/ml |Action ag/kg (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) I (F) (G) 1 (H) I (IT Ethylenediamines (continued) 87 N-Ben2yl-N-(2- pyrimidyl)-N', N'- dimethyl- ethylene- diamine (Hetramine) Histamine C Guinea pig 0.3-12.0 A 19,25,41- 43 88 N-(p-Methoxybenzyl)-N- Histamine (2-pyrimidyl)-N'.N'- dimethyl- ethylene- diamine (Thonzylamine;! Anahist; Neohetramine)! C Guinea pig 0.02- 2.0 A 3.5-10.0 A 19,41,42, 44,45 89 N-(p-Methoxybenzyl)-N- (2-thiazolyl)-N'.N'- dimethyl- ethylene- diamine (194 B) Histamine c Guinea pig 5 A 19 90 N- Benzyl- N- (p- picolinyl)^ Histamine N'.N'-dimethyl- ethylenediamine (74) c Guinea pig 10 A 30 91 N- Benzyl- N-(Y-picolinyl)-| Histamine N',N'-dimethyl- ethylenediamine (106) c Guinea pig 1.0 A 30 92 N-(l-Naphthyl)-N-benzyl- N',N'-dimethyl- ethylenediaraine (T 1) Histamine c Guinea pig 5.6 A 31 93 N-(1-Naphthyl)-N- benzyl-N',N'-diethyl- ethylenediamine (T 2) Histamine c Guinea pig 16 (A) 31 94 N-(2-Naphlhyl)-N-benzyl- N',N'-dimethyl- ethylenediaraine (T 3) Histamine c Guinea pig 16 (A) 31 95 N-(2-Naphthyl)-N-benzyl- N'.N'-diethyl-ethylene- diamine (T 4) Histamine c Guinea pig 16 (A) 31 96 N-(l-Naphthyl)-N-ethyl- N'.N'-dimethyl- ethylenediamine (T 5) Histamine c Guinea pig 16 (A) 31 97 N-(l-Naphthyl)-N-ethyl- N',N'-diethyl- ethylenediamine (T 6) Histamine c Guinea pig 16 (A) 31 98 N-(2-Naphthyl)-N-ethyl- N',N'-dimethyl- ethylenediamine (T 7) Histamine c Guinea pig 16 (A) 31 99 100 N-(2-Naphthyl)-N-ethyl- N', N'-diethyl-ethylene- diamine (T 8) Histamine c Guinea pig 16 (A) 31 N-Benzyl-N-(2-pyridyl)- Histamine c Man 50 A 0.5-1.0 A 8,46 101 N'.N'-dimethyl- c Dog 0.1-3.0 A 10,35 102 ethylenediamine (Tripelennamine; Pyribenzamine; U-95) c Guinea pig 0.03- 1.7 A 0.1-10.0 A 13,16,19.22, 25,28.30, 35,41,42, 44,47-54 103 Acetylcholine c Dog 0.1-0.3 I 35 104 Curarine c Dog 2 A 10 105 Methacholine c Dog 2 I 10 106 d-Tubocurarine c Dog 2 A 10 107 N- (p- Methoxybcnzyl )- N- (2-pyridyl)-N',N'- Histamine c Man 0.0004- 10.0 A 7,21,55-57 108 dimethyl-ethylene- diamine (Mepyramine; Pyranisamine; Pyril- amine; Neoantergan; RP 278b) c Guinea pig 0.00025- A 5.0 0.001-2.5 A 4,12.16, 21.25. 54,58- 62 109 Acetylcholine c Guinea pig 1-3 A 61 234 135. ANTAGONISTS AND POTENTIATORS OF DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) Part III: ANTIHISTAMINES (Continued) C = constricts, D = dilates, A = antagonizes active drug effect, I = inactive (i.e., without influence on effect of active drug), P = potentiates active drug effect. Parentheses in Columns F and H indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Antagonist or Potentiator (Synonym) Active Drug Species Antagonist or Potentiator Effect Compound Effect Local Systemic Reference |ig/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) Ethylenediamines (continued) no N-(p-Methoxybenzyl)-N- (2-pyridyl)-N',N'- Epinephrine D Guinea pig I 63 111 5 - Hydroxytryptamine C Guinea pig I 1 (A) 61.64,65 112 dimethyl- ethylene- diamine (Mepyramine; Pyranisamine; Pyril- amine; Neoantergan; RP 2786) (concluded) Methacholine C Guinea pig 3-6 A 61 113 Methyl-furmethide C Guinea pig 1-3 A 61 114 Nicotine C Guinea pig 1-3 (A) 61 115 D Guinea pig A 63 116 Norepinephrine D Guinea pig (P) 63 117 Pentamidine C Guinea pig ^ 2.5 A 66 118 |3- Pyridyl-ethylamine C Guinea pig 0.0004 A 12 119 N-(p-Chlorobenzyl)-N- (2-pyridyl)-N',N'- dime thyl- ethylene - diamine (Chlorneo- antergan) Histamine C Guinea pig 1 A 19 120 N-(p-Bromobenzyl)-N- (2-pyridyl)-N',N'- di me thyl- ethylene- diamine (Hibernon; p- Bromotripelen- namine) Histamine C Gtiinea pig 0.01- 2.0 A 67 121 N-(p-Fluorobenzyl)-N- (2-pyridyl)-N',N'- di me thyl- ethylene- diamine Histamine C Guinea pig 1 A 19 122 N-(2-Thenyl)-N-(2- pyridyl)-N', N'- dime thyl- ethylene - diamine (Metha- pyrilene; Thenylene; Histadyl; W-53) Histamine C Guinea pig 0.025-3.0 A 16,19,22, 44 123 N-(5-Chloro-2-thenyl)- N-(2-pyridyl)-N',N'- dime thyl- ethylene - diamine (Chloro- pyrilene; Chlorothen) Histamine C Guinea pig 2.5-3.0 A 16,19.44, 48 124 N-(5-Bromo-2-thenyl)- N-(2-pyridyl)-N',N'- dimethyl- ethylene- diamine (Bromothen) Histamine c Guinea pig 3 A 19 125 N-(3-Thenyl)-N-(2-pyri- dyl)-N',N'-dimethyl- ethylene-diamine- Histamine c Guinea pig A 0.04-0.17 A 49 (Thenyldiamine; Thenfadil) : 126. N-(2-Chloro-3-thenyl)- N-(2-pyridyl)-N',N'- dime thyl- ethylene- diamine (WIN 2875) Histamine c Guinea pig A 0.4-0.9 A 49 127 N-(2-Bromo-3-thenyl)-N- (2-pyridyl)-N',N'- dimethyl- ethylene - diamine (WIN 2876) Histamine c Guinea pig A 0.4-0.9 A 49 128 N-(2-Furfuryl)-N-(2- pyridyl)-N', N'-di- me thyl- ethylene- diam- ine (Methafurylene) Histamine C Guinea pig 0.01 A 1-2 A 52 129 Nl-Phenyl-Ni-benzyl- N2,N2-dimethyl- 2-methylethylene- diamine Histamine c Guinea pig A 68 235 135. ANTAGONISTS AND POTENTIATORS OF DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) Part III: ANTIHISTAMINES (Continued) C = constricts, D = dilates, A = antagonizes active drug effect, I = inactive (i.e., without influence on effect of active drug). P = potentiates active drug effect. Parentheses in Columns F and H indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Antagonist or Potentiator (Synonym) Active Drug Species Antagonist or Potentiator Effect Compound Effect Local Systemic Reference (ig/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) P' '^^l. [56] Hawkins, D. F., and Schild, H. C, Brit. J. Pharm. 6:682, 1951. [57] Schild, H. O., Hawkins, D. F., Mongar, J. L., and Herxheimer, H., Lancet, Lond. 2:376, 1951. [58] Bovet, D., Horclois, R., and Walthert, F., C. rend. Soc. biol. 218:99, 1944. (59] Dews, P. B., and Graham, J. D., Brit. J. Pharm. 2:278, 1946. [60] Green, A. F., Brit. J. Pharm. 8:171, 1953. [61] Herxheimer, H., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 206:371, 1956. [62] Parkes, M. W., personal communication, 1949. [63] Hawkins, D. F., and Paton, W. D., unpublished, 1957. [64] Bhattacharya, B. K., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 103:357, 1955. [65] Herxheimer, H., J.Physiol., Lond. 228:435, 1955. [66] Guimaraes, J. L., and Lourie, E. M., Brit. J. Pharm. 6:514, 1951. [67] Alberty, J., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn., Par.^:408, 1953. [68] Jalon, G., Farmacoter. actual, Madr. 2:35, 1946. [69] Halpern, B. N., and Ducrot, R., C. rend. Soc. biol. 210:361, 1946. [70] Heymans, C, Estable, J. J., and De Bonneveaux, S. C, Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 29:123, 1949. [71] Herxheimer, H., Brit. M. J. 2:901, 1949. [72] Courvoisier, S., Fournel, J., Ducrot, R., Kolsky, M., and Koetschet, P., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 92:305, 1952. [73] Kopera, J., and Armitage, A. K., Brit. J. Pharm. 9:392, 1954. [74] Ryall, R. W., ibid 11:339, 1956. [75] Timiras, P. S., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 206:419, 1952. [76] Kopf, R., Nord. med. 54:1779, 1955. JIt] Lindner, E.. Arch. exp. Path. 222:328, 1950. [78] Stern, P., ibid 299:251, 1942. [79] Konzett, H., Brit. J. Pharm. 22=289, 1956. [80] Graham. J. D., J. Pharm., Lond. 92:103, 1947. [81] Meier, R., and Bucher, K., Schweiz. med. Wschr. 76:294, 1946. [82] Hutcheon, D. E., P'an, S. Y., Gardocki, J. F., and Jaeger, D. A., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 113:341, 1955. [83] Lehmann, G., Hagen, E., Barbarrow, G., and Rof, M., Fed. Proc. 6:350, 1947. 238 135. ANTAGONISTS AND POTENTIATORS OF DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) Part IV: ERGOT DERIVATIVES Drugs are listed alphabetically. C = constricts, D = dilates, A = antagonizes active drug effect, I = inactive (i.e., without influence on effect of active drug), P = potentiates active drug effect. Parentheses in Columns F and H indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Active Drug Species Antagonist or Potentiator Effect (Synonym) Compound Effect Local Systemic Reference Hg/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) 1 1-Acetyl-d- lysergic acid diethylamide 5- Hydroxytryptamine C Cat 0.015-0.03 A 1 2 2- Bromo- d- lysergic acid diethylamide 5- Hydroxytryptamine C Cat 0.015-0.03 A 1 3 Dihydroergocornine Histamine C Man 0.003-0.01 A 2 4 Methacholine C Man 0.003-0.01 A 2 5 Dihydroergotamine Epinephrine D Guinea pig 0.3-5.0 A 3 6 5- Hydroxytryptamine C Cat A 4 7 C Guinea pig A 4.0 A 5,6 8 Isoproterenol D Guinea pig 0.3-3.0 A 3 9 Lobe line D Guinea pig 1.0 I 3 10 Nicotine D Guinea pig 0.3-1.0 A 3 11 Norepinephrine D Guinea pig 10.0 (A) 3 12 Ergometrine Epinephrine D rcuinea pig 1.0 3 13 5- Hydroxytryptamine C Gtiinea pig 0.2 I 1 14 Norepinephrine D Guinea pig 1.0 5 15 Ergotamine Arecoline C Cat 8 16 C Dog I 7,8 17 C Rabbit 8 18 Diethylmorphine C Cat 8 19 C Dog I 7,8 20 Ephedrine' D Dog I 7 21 If -Ephedrine D Dog I 7 22 Epinephrine D Cat 2.0 P 8,9 23 D Dog 2.0 I 7,8,9 24 D Guinea pig 0.8- 10.0 (A) 3,10 25 D Rabbit 8 26 Histamine C Cat 8 27 C Dog 5.0 I 7,8 28 C Guinea pig 1.5 I 11 29 C Rabbit 8 30 5- Hydroxytryptamine C Guinea pig A 5 31 Isoproterenol D Guinea pig 0.3-3.0 A 3 32 Morphine C Cat 8 33 C Dog I 7.8 34 Nicotine D Guinea pig 1.0 A 3 35 Norepinephrine D Guinea pig 10 (A) 3 36 D Guinea pig 40 (P) 3 37 Physostigmine C Cat 8 38 C Dog I 7.8 39 C Rabbit 8 40 Pilocarpine C Cat 8 41 C Dog I 7.8 42 C Rabbit 8 43 Ergotoxine' Acetylcholine C Guinea pig A 12.13 44 Arecoline C Cat 8 45 C Dog I 7.8 4b C Rabbit 8 47 Diethylmorphine C Cat 8 48 C Dog I 7.8 49 Ephedrine D Cat 8 bO D Dog I 7.8 51 D Rabbit 8 /I/ Contains ergocornine, plus small amounts of ergokryptine and ergocristine. 239 135. ANTAGONISTS AND POTENTIATORS OF DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) Part IV: ERGOT DERIVATIVES (Concluded) C = constricts. D = dilates, A = antagonizes active drug effect, I = inactive (i.e., without influence on effect of active drug), P = potentiates active drug effect. Parentheses in Columns F and H indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Active Drug Species Antagonist or Potentiator Effect ( Synonym ) Compound Effect Local Systemic Reference (ig/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 1 (G) (H) (I) 52 Ergotoxinel (concluded) Y- Ephedrine D Cat I 8 53 D Dog I 7,8 54 D Rabbit 8 55 Epinephrine D Cat 0.3 I 8,14 56 D Dog 0.2-2.0 I 7,8,15 57 D Guinea pig (A) 16,17 58 D Pig A 18 59 D Rabbit 8 60 Histamine C Cat 8 61 C Dog I 7,8 62 C Rabbit 8 63 Morphine C Cat 8 64 C Dog I 7,8 65 Muscarine C Cat ! 14 66 Nicotine D Guinea pig A 3 67 Norepinephrine D Guinea pig 3 68 Physostigmine C Cat 8 69 C Dog I 7,8 70 C Rabbit 8 71 Pilocarpine C Cat 8 72 C Dog I 7,8 73 C Rabbit 8 74 d- Lysergic acid diethylamide Acetylcholine C Guinea pig 0.07 I 19 75 Histamine C Cat 0.005-0.03 I 1.4 76 C Guinea pig i <0.05 I 1,19 77 5- Hydroxytryptamine c Guinea pig ' A 0.005-0.4 A 1,5,6,19 78 Methacholine c Guinea pig 0.02 (A) 19 79 Methyl-furmethide c Guinea pig j <0.08 I 19 80 Nicotine c Guinea pig [ <0.08 I 19 HI Contains ergocornine, plus small amounts of ergokryptine and ergocristine. Contributor; Hawkins. D. F. References: [l] Konzett. H.. Brit. J. Pharm. 11 J. Clin. Invest. 29:439. 1950. [3] Hawkins, D. F. Hebb, C. O., Silver, A., and Swan. A. A.. Quart. Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 103:357, 1955. [7] Swanson. E. E., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 36:541, 1930. [9] Melville, K. I., Arch, internat. pharm. [U] Loew, E. R., Kaiser, M. E.. and Moore. V., Lond. 96:29P, 1939. [13] Hebb, CO., ibid 99:57 66:205, 1911. [15] Jackson, D. E.. J. Pharm. Ex Lond. 28:357, 1938. [17] Hawkins, D. F. (thesis) Vexenat, G.. C. rend. Soc.biol.JI£0:806, 1929. [19] 289. 1956. [2] Curry. J. J., Fuchs. J. E.. and Leard. S. E., . and Paton. W. D.. unpublished, 1957. [4] Gaddum. J. H.. J. Exp. Physiol.. Lond. ^8: 255. 1953. [5] Bhattacharya. B. K.. [6] Herxheimer. H.. J.Physiol., Lond. J_28:435. 1955. , 1929. [8] Swanson. E. E., and Webster, R. K., ibid 28:327, dyn.. Par. ^:129. 1938. [lO] Warnant. H.. ibid £7:61. 1930. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 86:1, 1946. [12] Hebb. C. O., J. Physiol. 1940. [14] Januschke, H., and PoUak, L., Arch. exp. Path, p. Ther. 4:59, 1912. [ 16] Daly. 1. de B.. Quart. J. Exp. Physiol. London. 1952. [ 18] Villaret. M.. Justin-Besan^on, L., and Herxheimer, H.. Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 106:371, 1956. Part V: 2-HALOETHYLAMINES Drugs are listed alphabetically. C = constricts, D = dilates. A = antagonizes active drug effect, 1 = inactive (i.e.. without influence on effect of active drug), P = potentiates active drug effect. Parentheses in Columns F and H indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. A^t'i .»>K»:^* ».. o.n.*.,^»*:^*.->. Active Drug Species Antagonist or Potentiator Effect (Synonym) Compound Effect Local Systemic Reference |ig/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) 1 N-[ 2-(2-Biphenylyloxy)- ethyl) -N-(2-chloro- ethyD-allylamine Histanaine C Guinea pig 12.5 I 1 2 N-[ 2-(2-Biphenylyloxy)- elhyl] -N-(2-chloro- ethyl)-amylamine Histamine C Guinea pig 12.5 I 1 3 N-[ 2-(2-Biphenylyloxy)- elhyl) -N-(2-chloro- ethyl)-butylamine Histamine C Guinea pig 25.0 I 1 240 135. ANTAGONISTS AND POTENTIATORS OF DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) Part V: 2-HALOETHYLAMINES (Continued) C = constricts, D = dilates, A = antagonizes active drug effect, I = inactive (i.e., without influence on effect of active drug), P = potentiates active drug effect. Parentheses in Columns F and H indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Active Drug Species Antagonist or Potentiator Effect (Synonym) Compound Effect Local Systemic Reference (ig/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) 4 N-[2-(2-Biphenylyloxy)- ethyl] -N-(2-chloro- ethyl)-ethylamine Histamine C Guinea pig 6.0 A 5 N-[ 2-(2-Biphenylyloxy)- ethyl] -N-(2-chloro- ethyl)-hexylamine Histamine C Guinea pig 25.0 I 6 N-[ 2-(2-Biphenylyloxy)- ethyl] -N-(2-chloro- ethyl)-isopropylamine Histamine C Guinea pig 12.5 I 7 N- [ 2- (2- Biphenylyloxy)- ethyl] -N-(2-chIoro- e thyl )- methylamine Histamine C Guinea pig 1.5 A 8 N- [ 2- (2- Biphenylyloxy )- ethyl] -N-(2-chloro- ethyl)-n- propylamine Histamine C Guinea pig 12.5 A 9 N-[ 2-(2-Biphenylyloxy)- ethyl] -N-(2-chloro- propylj-ethylamine Histamine c Guinea pig 12.5 A 10 4- Chloro- N- (2- chloro- ethyl)-N-ethyl-l- naphthalene methylamine Histamine C Guinea pig 12.5 I 2 11 N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N- allyl- 1 - naphthalene- nnethylamine Histamine c Guinea pig 3.0 A 2 12 N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N-n- amyl- 1-naphthalene- methylamine Histamine c Guinea pig 12.5 I 2 13 N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N-n- butyl- 1 - naphthalene- methylamine Histamine c Guinea pig 12.5 A 2 14 N-(2-ChloroethyI)-N- sec- butyl- 1-naphtha- lenemethylamine Histamine c Guinea pig 12.5 A 2 15 N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N- ethyl- 1-naphthalene- methylamine Histamine c Guinea pig 0.025-0.08 A 2,3 16 N- ( 2- ChloroethyD- N- n- hexyl- 1-naphthalene- methylamine Histamine c Guinea pig 25.0 I 2 17 N- ( 2- Chloroethyl )- N- isobutyl- 1-naphthalene- methylamine Histamine c Guinea pig 12.5 I 2 18 N- (2- Chloroethyl)- N- isopropyl- I -naphtha- lene methylamine Histamine c Guinea pig 3.0 A 2 19 N- (2- Chloroethyl )-N- (2-methoxyethyl)-I- naphthalenemethylamine Histamine c Guinea pig 1.5 A 2 20 N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N- methyl- 1-naphthalene- methylamine Histamine c Guinea pig 0.05-0.20 A 2,3 21 N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N-n- propyl- 1 - naphthalene - methylamine Histamine c Guinea pig 1.0 A 2 22 N- [ 2- (2' -Cyclohexylphen- oxy)-ethyll-N-(2-chloro- ethyl)-ethylamine Histamine c Guinea pig 25.0 I 1 23 N, N-Dibenzyl-2-chloro- ethylamine (Dibenamine) Epinephrine D Guinea pig 1000 P 4 24 5- Hydroxytryptamine c Guinea pig A 5 25 Norepinephrine D Guinea pig 1000 I 4 241 135. ANTAGONISTS AND POTENTIATORS OF DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) Part V: 2- HALOETHYLAMINES Concluded) C = constricts, D = dilates, A = antagonizes active drug effect, I = inactive (i.e., without influence on effect of active drug), P = potentiates active drug effect. Parentheses in Columns F and H indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Active Drug Species Antagonist or Potentiator Effect (Synonym) Compound Effect Local Systemic Reference Kg/kg Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) 26 N,N-Di-(2-chloroethyl)-l- naphthalenemethylamine Histamine C Guinea pig 25.0 A 2 27 N- Ethyl- N- ( 1 - naphthyl- [Histamine methyl)- 2- bromoethy lam ine; C Guinea pig 0.03-0.10 A 2.3 28 N-Ethyl-N- (2- naphthyl- Histamine methyl)- 2- bromoethylamine; c Guinea pig 1.5 A 29 N- Ethyl- N-(2-naphthyl- JHistamine methyl)- 2- chloroethyla-mine; c Guinea pig 3.6 30 N-Ethyl-N-(1 -naphthyl- [Histamine methyl)-2-fluoroethylainine : c Guinea pig (I) 31 N- Ethyl- N- (2- naphthyl- Histamine methyl)- 2-fluoroethylamine! c Guinea pig 20.0 A 32 N- Ethyl- N-(l -naphthyl- JHistamine methyl)- 2-iodoethylamine c Guinea pig 0.10 A 33 N-Ethyl-N-(2-naphthyl- HisUmine methyl)- 2-iodoethylainine c Guinea pig 1.9 A 34 N-Methyl-N-(1 -naphthyl- Histamine methyl)- 2 -bromoethyl- c Guinea pig 0.11 A amine 35 N-Methyl-N-(2-naphthyl- m ethyl ) - 2 - bromoethyl- amine Histamine c Guinea pig 2.1 A 36 N-Methyl-N-(2-naphthyl- methyl)-2-chloroethyl- amine Histamine c Guinea pig 4.4 A 37 N- Methyl- N - ( 1 - naphthyl- methyl)-2-fluoroethyl- amine Histamine c Guinea pig (I) 38 N-Methyl-N-(2-naphthyl- methyl)- 2-fluoroethyl- amine Histamine c Guinea pig 25.0 A 39 N-Methyl-N-(l-naphthyl- methyl)- 2-iodoethyl- amine Histamine c Guinea pig 0.14 A 40 N- Methyl- N - ( 2 - naphthyl- methyl)- 2-iodoethyl- amine Histamine c Guinea pig 2.4 A 41 N- Phenyl-N-( 1 -naphthyl- methyl)-2-bromoethyl- amine Histamine c Guinea pig 9.0 A 42 N-Phenyl-N-(l-naphthyl- methyl) - 2- chloroethyl- amine Histamine c Guinea pig 9.3 A 3 43 N-Phenyl-N-(l-naphthyl- methyl)-2-iodoethyl- Histamine c Guinea pig 8.5 A 3 amine Contributor: Hawkins, D. F. References: [l] Loew, E. R., and Micetich, A., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 95:448, 1949. [2] Loew, E. R., and Micetich, A., ibid 94:339, 1948. [ 3] Graham, J. D., and Lewis, G. P., Brit. J. Pharm. 8:54, 1953. [4] Hawkins, D. F., and Paton, W. D., unpublished, 1957. [5) Bhattacharya, B. K., Arch, internal, pharm. dyn.. Par. 103:357, 1955. Part VI: TRIAZINES Drugs are listed alphabetically. C * constricts, D = dilates, A = antagonizes active drug effect, I = inactive (i.e., without influence on effect of active drug). Parentheses in Column H indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Antagonist Active Drug Species Antagonist Effect Compound Effect Local Systemic Reference (Synonym) |ig/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) 1 2-(p-Aminophenyl)-4. 6- diamino- s- triazine Histamine C Guinea pig SO (A) 1 2 2-Anilino-4, 6-diamino-s- triazlne Histamine C Guinea pig 100 (I) 1 242 135. ANTAGONISTS AND POTENTIATORS OF DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) Part VI: TRIAZINES (Concluded) C = constricts, D = dilates, A = antagonizes active drug effect, I = inactive (i.e., without influence on effect of active drug). Parentheses in Column H indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Active Drug Species Antagonist Effect (Synonym) Compound Effect Local Systemic Reference jig/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) 3 2-Benzyloxy-4, 6-diamino- s-triazine Histamine C Guinea pig 25.0 I 4 2-Butoxy-4, 6-diamino-s- triazine Histamine C Guinea pig 25.0 A 5 2-sec.-Butoxy-4, 6- diamino- s- triazine Histamine C Guinea pig 12.5-25.0 A 6 2- (o- Carboxyphenyl- amino)-4, 6-diamino-s- triazine Histamine C Guinea pig 100 (I) 7 2-Cyclohexoxy-4, 6- diamino- s- triazine Histamine c Guinea pig 12.5-25.0 A 8 2-(p-Dimethylamino- ethoxy)-4, 6-diamino-s- triazine Histamine C Guinea pig 25.0 (A) 9 2-Ethoxy-4, 6-diainino-s- triazine Histamine c Guinea pig 25-50 A 10 2-(p-Ethoxy-ethoxy)-4, 6- diamino- s- triazine Histamine C Guinea pig 50.0 A 11 2-Heptoxy-4, 6-diamino- s-triazine Histamine C Guinea pig 25.0 I 12 2-Hexoxy-4, 6-diamino- s-triazine Histamine C Guinea pig 12.5-25.0 A 13 2- (p- Hydroxyphenyl- amino)-4, 6-diamino-s- triazine Histamine c Guinea pig 100 (I) 14 2-Isobutoxy-4, 6-diamino- s-triazine Histamine c Guinea pig 12.5-25.0 A 15 2-Isopropoxy-4, 6- diamino-s- triazine Histamine c Guinea pig 12.5-25.0 A 16 2-Methoxy-4, 6-diamino- s- triazine Histamine c Guinea pig 50.0 A 17 2- (p- Methylphenyl-amino)- 4, 6-diamino-s-triazine Histamine C Guinea pig 100 (I) 18 2-(p-Morpholino-ethoxy)- 4, 6-diamino-s-triazine Histamine c Guinea pig 100.0 (A) 19 2-Nonoxy-4, 6-diamino-s- triazine Histamine c Guinea pig 25.0 I 20 2-Octoxy-4, 6-diamino-s- triazine Histamine c Guinea pig 25.0 I 21 2-Pentoxy-4, 6-diamino-s- triazine Histamine c Guinea pig 25.0 A 22 2-Phenoxy-4, 6-diamino-s- triazine Histamine c Guinea pig 50.0 A 23 2-Propoxy-4, 6-diaraino-s- triazine Histamine c Guinea pig 12.5-25.0 A 1,2 24 Methacholine c Guinea pig 15.0 A 25 2, 4, 6-Triamino-s- triazine Histamine C Guinea pig 100 (I) Contributor: Hawkins, D. F. References: [l] Loew, E. R., Kaiser. M. E., and Anderson, M., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 86:7, 1946. [2] Chen, G. and Ensor, C. R., J. Laborat. Clin. M. 34:1010, 1949. 243 135. ANTAGONISTS AND POTENTIATORS OF DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) Part VU: ESTERS Drugs are listed alphabetically. C = constricts, A = antagonizes active drug effect, I = inactive (i.e., without influence on effect of active drug). Parentheses in Columns F and H indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Antagonist Active Drug Species Antagonist Effect Local Systemic Reference (Synonym) Compound Effect |ig/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) Diphenylacetic Esters 1 Allylmethylaminoethyl diphenyl-(p-dimethyl- aminoethoxy)- acetate (Ro 3-0275) Histamine C Guinea pig I 1 2 l-Azabicyclo-[ 3,3,1]- nonyl 4-diphenylacetate (Ro 2-3493) Methacholine C Guinea pig 0.06 A 2 3 1-Azabicyclo-l 3,2,1]- octyl 6-diphenyl- acetate (Ro 2-3244) Methacholine C Guinea pig 5.0 A 2 4 l-Azabicyclo-[ 3,2,1]- octyl b-diphenylacetate methobromide (Ro 2-3951) Methacholine C Guinea pig 1.0 A 2 5 Diallylaminoethyl diphenyl- (p-dimethylaminoethoxy)- acetate (Ro 3-0276) Histamine C Guinea pig A 1 6 Diethylaminoethyl diphenyl-(p-dimethyl- aminoethoxy)- acetate (Ro 3-0131) Histamine C Guinea pig A 1 7 Diethylaminoethyl diphenylhydroxythio- acetate (Ro 3-0226) Acetylcholine C Guinea pig 0.008- 0.02 A 3 8 Diethylaminoethyl diphenyl-(isopropyl- methylaminoethoxy)- acetate (Ro 3-0289) Histamine C Guinea pig A 1 9 Diethylaminoethyl diphenyl- (p-morpholinoethoxy)- acetate (Ro 3-0257) Histamine c Guinea pig X 1 ID p-Diethylaminoisopropyl diphenyl-O-dimethyl- aminoethoxy)- acetate (Ro 3-0281) Histamine c Guinea pig A 1 11 p- Dimethylaminoethyl diphenylacetate (Trasentin) Acetylcholine c Guinea pig 8.0 A 4.5 12 Histamine C Guinea pig >10.0 A 50 I 4-7 13 Dimethylaminoethyl diphenyl- (p- dimethyl- aminoethoxy)- acetate (Ro 3-0190) Histamine C Guinea pig A 1 14 p-Isopropylmethyl- aminoethyl diphenyl-(p- dimethylaminoethoxy)- acetate (Ro 3-0282) Histamine C Guinea pig A 1 15 2- Methyl- 1-azabicyclo- [ 3,3,1 ]-nonyl 4- diphenyl- acetate (Ro 2-3521) Methacholine c Guinea pig 1.0 A 2 16 p- Morpholinoethyl diphenyl- (p- dimethyl- aminoethoxy)- acetate (Ro 3-0280) Histamine C Guinea pig A 1 17 p- Morpholinoethyl diphenyl- (p'- morpholinoethoxy)- acetate (Ro 3-0265) Histamine c Guinea pig I 1 18 Piperidinoethyl diphenyl- acetamide (Ho 9980) Acetylcholine c Guinea pig 0.25 A 9 19 Phyaostigmine C Guinea pig 0.25 A 9 20 Pilocarpine c Guinea pig O.ZS A 9 244 135. ANTAGONISTS AND POTENTIATORS OF DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) Part VII: ESTERS (Continued) C = constricts, A = antagonizes active drug effect, I = inactive (i.e., without influence on effect of active drug). Parentheses in Columns F and H indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Antagonist (Synonym) Active Drug Species Antagonist Effect Compound Effect Local Systemic Reference (ig/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) i (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) Diphenylacetic Esters (concluded) 21 Piperidinoethyl diphenyl- (p-dimethylaminoethoxy)- acetate (Ro 3-0277) Histamine C Guinea pig A I 22 Quinuclidinyl 3-a-allyl- diphenylacetate (Ro 2-3802) Methacholine C Guinea pig 1.0 A 2 23 dl-Quinuclidinyl 3- diphenylacetate (Ro 2-3202) Methacholine C Guinea pig 0.1 A 2 24 d-Quinuclidinyl 3- diphenylacetate (Ro 2-4040) Methacholine C Guinea pig (I) 2 25 1-Quinuclidinyl 3- diphenylacetate (Ro 2-4030) Methacholine C Guinea pig 0.05 A 2 26 Quinuclidinyl 3-diphenyl- acetate methobromide (Ro 2-3203) Methacholine C Guinea pig 0.10 A 2 Misce Uaneous Esters 27 l-Azabicyclo-[ 3.2,1]- octyl 6-fluorene-9- carboxylate (Ro 2-3245) Methacholine C Guinea pig 1.0 A 2 28 p-Diethylaminoethyl 9,10- dihydroanthracene-9- carboxylate Acetylcholine C Dog 1.0 (A) 10 29 Histamine C Dog 1.0 A 10 30 C Guinea pig A 11 31 p- Diethylaminoethyl fluorene-9-carboxylate (Pavatrine) Acetylcholine C Dog I.O (A) 10 32 Histamine C Dog 1.0 (I) 10 33 c Guinea pig <50 I 7 34 3-(p-Diethylaminoethyl)- 3-phenyl-2-benzofura- none (Amethone;AP 43) Histamine c Guinea pig (A) 12 35 2- Diethylaminoethyl 1-phenylcyclopentane- 1-carboxylate (Carami- phen; Parpanit) Acetylcholine C Guinea pig A 5 36 Histamine C Guinea pig A 5 37 Ethyl 1 -methyl- 4- phenyl- piperidine-4-carboxy- late (Pethidine; Demerol; Dolantin; Isonipecaine; Meperidine) Histamine C Guinea pig 0.1-5.0 A 0.1-25.0 A 6, 13-18 38 Methacholine C Guinea pig A 64.0 A 14 39 N- Ethyl- piperidyl 3- benzilate methobromide (JB 323) Acetylcholine c Guinea pig 0.05 A 8 40 Histamine C Guinea pig 10.0 I 8 41 Methacholine c Guinea pig 0.5-3.0 A 8 42 p- Piperidinoethyl methyl- p-xenylacetate (WIN 5786) Histamine c Guinea pig A 0.5-2.0 A 19 43 Quinuclidinyl 3-benzilate (Ro 2-3308) Methacholine c Guinea pig 0.025 A 2 44 Quinuclidinyl 3-benzilate methobromide (Ro 2-3773) Methacholine C Guinea pig 0.20 A 2 Contributor: Hawkins, D. F. References: [l] Forbes, O. C, and Marshall, P. B., Brit. J. Pharm. ^:634, 1951. [2] Randall, L. O., Benson, W. M., and Stefko, P. L., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. ^4:284, 1953. [ 3] Hawkins, D. F., and Parkes, M. W., unpub- lished, 1957. [4] Castillo, J. C, and De Beer, E. J., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. ^: 104, 1947. [5] Kraatz, C. P., 245 135. ANTAGONISTS AND POTENTIATORS OF DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) Part VU: ESTERS (Concluded) Gruber, C. M., Jr., Shields, H. L., and Gruber, C. M., ibid2fe:42, 1949. [b] Loew, E. R., Kaiser, M. E., and Moore, V., ibid 86:1, 1946. [7) Winder, C. V., Kaiser, M. E., Anderson, M. M., and Glassco, E. M., ibid 87:121, 1946. [8] Chen, J. Y., ibid 112:64, 1954. [9] Schauraann, O., and Lindner, E., Arch, exp. Path. 214:93, 1951. [ 10] Lehtnann, G., and Knoeffel, P. K., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 80:335, 1944. [ 11] Lehmann, G., and Young, J. W., ibid 83:90, 1945. [l2] Richards, R. K., Everett, G. M., and Kueter, K. E., ibid 84:387, 1945. fl3] Arunlakshana, O., (thesis), London, 1953. [14] Chen, G., and Ensor, C. R., J. Laborat. Clin. M. 34:1010, 1949. [15] Duguid, A.M., and Heathcote, R. S., Quart. J. Pharm., Lond. J2:318, 1940. [16] Dutta, M. K., Brit. J. Pharm. 4: 197, 1949. [17] Kopera, J., and Armitage, A. K., ibid 2:392, 1954. [18] Schaumann, O., Arch. exp. Path. 296: 109. 1940. [ 19] Lands. A. M., Hoppe, J. O., Lewis, J. R., and Ananenko, E., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 100:19, 1950. Part VIII: MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS Drugs are listed alphabetically. C = constricts, D = dilates, A ~ antagonizes active drug effect, I = inactive (i.e., without influence on effect of active drug), P = potentiates active drug effect. Parentheses in Columns F and H indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Active Drug Species Antagonist or Potentiator Effect (Synonym) Compound Effect Local Systemic Reference jig/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (1) 1 6-AlIyl-6, 7-dihydro-5H- dibenz (c,e) azepine (Ro 2-3248) Epinephrine D Guinea pig 10. 0 I 1 2 Alstonine Epinephrine D Dog I 2 3 Anagyrine Nicotine D Guinea pig 2.0 A 3 4 5 6 d- A rginine Acetylcholine C Guinea pig 300-1000 (P) 4 Histamine C Guinea pig 300-1000 I 4 Ascorbic acid Epinephrine D Man 30-500 (P) 5,6 7 D Guinea pig 3 8 Nicotine D Guinea pig (I) 3 9 Citrinin Acetylcholine C Guinea pig 7 10 Epinephrine D Guinea pig I 1 7 U Histamine C Guinea pig 7 12 Chloroguanide (Paludrine) Histamine C Guinea pig 5.0 P 8 13 Cocaine Arecoline C Dog 7-14 I 9 14 Diethylmorphine C Cat A 10 15 C Dog A 7-14 (A) 9,10 16 Ephedrine D Cat A 10 17 D Dog A 7-14 A 9,10 18 D Rabbit A 10 19 y- Ephedrine D Cat A 10 20 D Dog A 7-14 A 9,10 21 D Rabbit A 10 22 Epinephrine D Cat I 10 23 D Dog I 7-14 P 9,10 24 D Guinea pig 100 P 3 ib D Rabbit I 10 26 Histamine C Cat I 10 27 C Dog I 7-14 (A) 9,10 28 C Rabbit I 10 29 5- Hydroxytryptamine C Cat A 11 30 Morphine C Cat A 10 31 C Dog A 7-14 A 9,10 / 32 Nicotine C Cat 1.0 A 3 33 D Guinea pig 0.05- 1.0 A 3 34 Peptone c Guinea pig 1000 A 12 35 Physostigmine c Dog 7-14 I 9 36 Pilocarpine c Dog 7-14 I 9 37 Coniine Nicotine D Guinea pig 0.5 A 3 38 Cortisone Histamine C Guinea pig 100 I 13 39 Cytislne Nicotine D Guinea pig 5 A 3 40 Emetine Histamine C Cat 1-5 (A) 14 41 C Guinea pig 10,000 40,00 ■ A 14 42 n-Heptyl isothiourea Histamine C Guinea pig 5-10 A 15 246 135. ANTAGONISTS AND POTENTIATORS OF DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) Part VUI: MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS (Continued) C = constricts, D = dilates, A = antagonizes active drug effect, I = inactive (i.e., without influence on effect of active drug), P = potentiates active drug effect. Parentheses in Columns F and H indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. =_.-_ „-.._...„! Active Drug Species Antagonist or Potentiator Effect Compound Effect Local j Systemic Reference Hg/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) 43 Hexamethonium Acetylcholine C Cat 1.0 I 3 44 C Guinea pig <500 I 1-20 A 3,16 45 C Monkey 10.0 I 3 46 Choline C Guinea pig <500 (I) 3 47 Coniine C Guinea pig 10 I 3 48 Epinephrine D Guinea pig <400 I 3 49 Histamine C Guinea pig 50- 100 P 1-10 A 3,16 50 5-Hydroxytryptamine C Guinea pig 20 A 16 51 Lobeline C Guinea pig 10-40 I 3 52 D Guinea pig 10 I 3 53 Methacholine C Guinea pig 1-20 A i6 54 Methyl- furmethide C Guinea pig 5-10 A 16 55 Nicotine C Cat 1.0 A 3 56 D Cat 10 A 3 57 C Guinea pig 0.1-20.0 A 16 58 D Guinea pig 0.1- 1.0 A 3 59 Norepinephrine D Guinea pig <400 I 3 60 Pilocarpine C Guinea pig <10 I 3 61 Tetramethyl- ammonium C Guinea pig 80- 400 I 3 62 n- Hexyl- isothiour ea Acetylcholine C Rabbit (A. P) 17 63 Histamine C Guinea pig 5-10 A 15 64 1-Histidine Acetylcholine C Guinea pig 300 (P) 4 65 Histamine C Guinea pig 300-1000 I 4 66 N- ( 2- HydroxyethyD- N- ethyl- 1-naphthalene- methylamine Histamine C Guinea pig 25.0 I 18 67 Lobeline Epinephrine D Guinea pig I 3 68 Nicotine D Guinea pig 1.0 A 3 69 Norepinephrine D Guinea pig I 3 70 Magnesium Barium C Cat A 19 71 4-MethylescuIetin disul- phuric acid (IDRO-P^; Vitamin P) Epinephrine D Man 20 P 6 72 2- Methyl- 4- amino- 5- raethylamino-pyrimidine (Pl-Pyrimidine; Grewe diamine) Histamine C Guinea pig 0.01- 100 P 3,20,21 73 p- Pyridylethylamine C Guinea pig I 21 74 Methyl isothiourea Acetylcholine C Rabbit P 17 75 Histamine C Guinea pig 2-5 (P) 15 76 Pentamidine isethionate Acetylcholine C Guinea pig 25 P 22 77 Histamine C Guinea pig 25 P 22 78 Pentobarbital sodium Histamine C Guinea pig 20 (I) 23 79 Phentolamine (Regitine; 7337) Epinephrine D Guinea pig I 3 80 Nicotine D Guinea pig 2.0 A 3 81 Norepinephrine D Guinea pig I 3 82 5- Hydroxytryptamine C Guinea pig A 24 83 Piperoxan (933F) Acetylcholine C Dog 10 I 25 84 Prosy mpal (883F) Epinephrine D Guinea pig <100 I 3 85 Nicotine D Guinea pig 1-2 A 3 86 Norepinephrine D Guinea pig <100 I 3 87 Quinidine Histamine C Guinea pig 5 A 26 88 Rutin (Quercetin rhamno- glucoside; Vitamin P) Histamine C Guinea pig I 27 89 Semicarbazide Histamine C Guinea pig 0.01- 1.0 P 20,21 90 C Guinea pig 100 A 20,21 91 p- Pyridylethylamine C Guinea pig 1.0 I 20,21 247 135. ANTAGONISTS AND POTENTIATORS OF DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Concluded) Part VIII; MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS (Concluded) C = constricts, D = dilates, A = antagonizes active drug effect, I = inactive (i.e., without influence on effect of active drug), P = potentiates active drug effect. Parentheses in Columns F and H indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. ... ._ ^..-_...__ Active Drug Species Antagonist or Potentiator Effect Refer- (Synonym) Compound Effect Local Systemic (ig/ml Action mg/kg Action (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) 92 Sparteine Nicotine D Guinea pig 0.5 A 3 93 Suramin Acetylcholine C Guinea pig 250 A 22 94 Histamine C Guinea pig 250 A 22 95 Pentamidine C Guinea pig 250 A 22 96 Tetramethylene di-iso- thiourea Histamine C Guinea pig 5 (A) 15 97 Tolazoline (Priscol) Epinephrine D Guinea pig 10-100 P 3 98 Nicotine D Guinea pig 10-20 A 3 99 Norepinephrine D Guinea pig 100 P 3 100 Urethane Barium C Rabbit 5,000-10,000 A 28 101 C Sheep 5.000-10,000 A 28 102 Epinephrine D Rabbit 5,000-10,000 I 28 103 D Sheep 5,000-10,000 I 28 104 Pilocarpine C Rabbit 5,000-10,000 A 28 105 C Sheep 5,000-10,000 A 28 106 Sodium nitrite D Rabbit 5,000-10,000 A 28 107 D Sheep 5,000-10,000 A 28 108 Yohimbine 5- Hydroxytryptamine C Guinea pig I 29 Contributor: Hawkins, D. F. References: [l] Randall, L. O., and Smith, T. H., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 103:10, 1951. [2] Wakim, K. G., and Chen, K. K., ibid^OiS?. 1947. [3] Hawkins, D. F., and Paton, W. D., unpublished, 1957. [4] Halpern, B. N., C. rend. Soc. biol. JJ9:625, 1945. [5] Rosa, L., Boll, e Mem. del. Soc. Tosco-Umbro Emiliana d. Med. Int. J^:40, 1950. [6] Rosa, L., and McDowall, R. J., Acta AUerg. 4:293. 1951. [7] Ambrose, A. M.. and De Eds, F., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. ^:173, 1946. [8] Vane, J. R., Brit. J. Pharm. 4:14, 1949. [9] Swanson. E. E., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 26:541, 1929. [lO] Swanson, E. E., and Webster, R. K., ibid 38:327, 1930. [U] Sinha, Y. K., and West, G. B., J. Physiol., Lond. 220:64P, 1953. [12] Baehr, G.. and Pick, E. P., Arch. exp. Path. 74:41, 1913. [13] Hawkins, D. F. (thesis). London, 1952. [14] Pick, E. P., and Wasicky. R., Arch. exp. Path. 80:147, 1916. [15] Pastier, F. N., Brit. J. Pharm. ^:315, 1949. [16] Herxheimer, H., Arch, internal, pharm. dyn.. Par. 106:371, 1956. [17] Pastier, F. N., and Reid, C. S., Brit. J. Pharm. 7:417. 1952. [18] Loew. E. R.. and Micetich, A., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 94:339, 1948. [19] Lohr, H., Zschr. ges. exp. Med. 29:67, 1924. [20] Arunlakshana, O. (thesis), London, 1953. [21] Arunlakshana, O., Mongar, J. L., and Schild, H. O.. J. Physiol.. Lond. 123:32, 1954. [22] Guimaraes. J. L.. and Lour ie. E. M.. Brit. J. Pharm. jb:514, 1951. [23] Loew, E. R.. Kaiser. M. E.. and Moore, V., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 86:1, 1946. [24] Bhattafharya, B. K., Arch, internal. pharm. dyn.. Par. 103:357. 1955. [25] Melville. K. I., ibid 28:129. 1938. [26] Dutta. N. K.. Brit. J. Pharm. 4:197. 1949. [27] Wilson. R. H., Mortarotti, T. G.. and De Eds. F., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 90:120, 1947. [28] Franklin, K. J., ibid 26:227, 1925. [29] Herxheimer, H., J.Physiol., Lond. 128:435, 1955. 248 136. pAx VALUES FOR ANTAGONISTS OF DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI Values are the negative logarithm of the molar concentration of antagonist required to reduce the response to an "x-fold" dose of active drug to that produced by a single dose of active drug in the absence of antagonist [ l] . Paren- theses indicate action is irregular and the original literature should be consulted. C = constricts, D = dilates. Active Drug Effect Species Antagonist Contact Time Antagonist Z min 1 10-15 min 20- 30 min 30 min Reference pAz pAlo (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) 1 Atropine Acetylcholine C Guinea Pig 8.0 2 2 C Guinea pig 8.8 7.6 3 3 Histamine C Guinea pig 5.9 5.0 3 4 Dihydroergotamine Epinephrine D Guinea pig 6.3 4 5 Isoproterenol D Guinea pig 6.3 4 6 Nicotine D Guinea pig 6.4 4 7 Norepinephrine D Guinea pig (4.8) 4 8 Diphe nhy dr a mine Histamine C Guinea pig 7.8 7.8 6.9 3 9 p- Pyridylethylamine C Guinea pig 8.3 3 10 Ergotamine Epinephrine D Guinea pig 6.0 4 11 Isoproterenol D Guinea pig 6.1 4 12 Nicotine D Guinea pig j 5.8 4 13 Norepinephrine D Guinea pig (4.9) 4 14 Meperidine (Pethidine) Histamine C Guinea pig 6.2 5.1 3 15 Pvrilamine (Mepyramine) Histamine C Man 8.3 8.8 9.3 6 16 c Guinea pig 8.7 2 17 C Guinea pig 7.6 8.8 9.0 5 18 C Guinea pig 9.1 9.4 8.4 3 19 p- Pyridylethylamine c Guinea pig 9.5 3 Contributor: Hawkins, D. F. References: [l] Schild, H. O., Brit. J. Pharm. 2:189, 1947. [2] Parkes, M. W., personal communication, 1949. [3] Arunlakshana, O. (thesis), London, 1953. [4) Hawkins, D. F., and Paton, W. D., unpublished, 1957. [5] Hawkins, D. F. (thesis), London, 1952. [6] Hawkins, D. F. and Schild, H. O., Brit. J. Pharm. 6:682, 1951. 249 137. AEROSOLS. GASES. AND VAPORS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI The classification employed is functional, with the drugs listed alphabetically within each Part. Inclusion of trade names is for informative purposes only and in no way implies endorsement by The National Academy of Sciences- The National Research Council. For all effects included in this table, there is reasonable evidence the drug in fact acted on the bronchial musculature. Where there was evidence that an effect was mediated by the respiratory center or adrenal glands, it was excluded. Similarly, results obtained in protecting guinea pigs against lethal doses of histamine were excluded, unless there was evidence of the relief of the bronchospasm. Drug actions influencing anaphylactic or asthmatic bronchospasm. or other pathological states, were also excluded. Concentrations for aerosols, unless otherwise specified, are mg/ml of the solution from which the aerosol was formed. Parentheses in Columns E (Part I) and D (Parts II and III) indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. C = constricts. D= dilates, I = inactive. Part I: DIRECT ACTION Compound ( Synonym ) Species Mode of Administration Concentrationl Effect Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) I Acetylcholine Guinea pig Aerosol 1-30 C 1-8 2 p-Aminobenzoic acid Man Aerosol 50-100 I 9 3 Aminophylline (Theophylline-ethylenediamine) Man Aerosol 250 (I) 10 4 Amyl nitrite Cat Vapor D 11,12 5 Antazoline (Antistine) Man Aerosol 50 I 13 6 Antergan (Lergitin) Man Aerosol 20 C 13 7 Bromine Cat Vapor C 12,14,15 8 Dog Vapor c 16 9 Calcium chloride Man Aerosol 200 D 13 10 Carbachol (Doryl; Carbaminoylcholine) Man Aerosol 5 C 9,13,18 11 Dog Aerosol 10 C 19 12 Guinea pig Aerosol C 1 13 Chlorine Calf Gas 55-500 mg/L (C) 20 14 Calf Gas 600-1250 mg/L c 20 15 Pig Gas 55-500 mg/L (C) 20 16 Pig Gas 600-1250 mg/L c 20 17 Chloroform Cat Vapor 30 vol % c 11,12 18 Dibenzylmethylamine (566) Man Aerosol 10 D 13,18 19 Ether Cat Vapor (D) 14 20 Cat Vapor 30 vol % C 11 21 Dog Vapor D 21,22 22 Ethyl chloride Cat Vapor I 11 23 Furmethide (Furtrethonium; Furfuryl- trimethylammonium iodide) Guinea pig Aerosol C 23 24 Glycerol Man Aerosol I 17 25 Histamine Man Aerosol 30-300 C 24,25 26 Dog Aerosol 20 c 26 27 Guinea pig Aerosol 0.2-10.0^ c 27-29 28 Guinea pig Aerosol 1-40 c 2,3.5,30- 35 29 Hydrocyanic acid Cat Gas D 14 30 5-Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin) Man Aerosol 10 I 36 31 Guinea pig Aerosol 10 c 3 32 Methacholine (Mecholyl; Amechol; Acetyl-p- methyl choline) Man Aerosol 25-100 c 24,25 33 Guinea pig Aerosol 2.5-24.0 c 1,36-39 34 Methyl- furmethide (5-MethylfurfuryI-triniethyl- ammonium iodide) Guinea pig Aerosol 2.5 c 4 35 Nicotine Guinea pig Aerosol 40 c 4 36 Nikethamide (Coramine) Man Aerosol 200 I 13 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Nitrous oxide Cat Gas 60 vol % I 11 Papaverine Guinea pig Aerosol 10 I 35 Pentylenetetrazol (Cardiazol; Metrazol) Man Aerosol 100 I 13 Physostigmine Guinea pig Aerosol 1 c 6 Pilocarpine Guinea pig Aerosol 2 c 6 Polyvinyl pyrrolidene Man Aerosol 125 I 17 Potassium chloride Man Aerosol 100-200 c 13 44 Procaine (Novocaine) Man Aerosol 100 D 9 45 Pyrilamine (Mepyramine; Pyranisamine; Neoantergan) Man Aerosol 20 c 13 HI See Headnole. /2/ |ig/L of vaporized aerosol. 250 137. AEROSOLS, GASES. AND VAPORS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Continued) Part I: DIRECT ACTION (Concluded) Compound ( Synonym ) Species Mode of Administration Concentration* Effect Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 46 Stramonium Cat Fumes D 12 47 Theophylline Man Aerosol 100 D 9 III See Headnote. Page 250. Contributor: Hawkins, D. F. References: [l] Chen, G., and Ensor. C. R., J. Laborat. Clin. M. 34:1010, 1949. [2] Halpern, B. N., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn., Par. ^:339, 1942. [3] Herxheimer, H., J. Physiol., Lond. 120:65P, 1953.(4] Herxheimer, H., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn., Par. 106:371, 1956. [5] Kallos, P., amd Pagel, W., Acta med. scand. 91:292. 1937. [6] Schaumann, O., and Lindner, E., Arch, exp. Path. 214:93, 1951. [7] Tiffeneau, R., and Beauvallet, M., C. rend. Soc. biol. _1_38:747, 1944. .[8] Tiffeneau, R., and Beauvallet, M., ibid _1J9:944, 1945. [9] Charlier, R., and Philippot, E., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 77:309, 1948. [lO] Segal, M. S., Levinson, L., Bresnick, E., and Beakey, J. F., J. Clin. Invest. 28: 1 190, 1949. [11] Lohr, H., Zschr. ges. exp. Med. ^:67. 1924. [ 12] Symes, W. L., Brit. M. J. 2:12, 1915. [13] Charlier, R., and Philippot, E., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 78:559, 1948. [14] Dixon, W. E., and Brodie, T. G., J.Physiol., Lond. 29:97, 1903. [15] Symes, W. L., and Golla, F. L., ibid 49:55P, 1915. [16] Jackson. D. E., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 4:291, 1913. [17] Charlier, R., Arch. internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 77:337, 1948. [18] Charlier, R., and Philippot, E., ibid 27:341, 1948. [19] Dautrebande, L., Philippot, E., Nogar^de, F., and Charlier, R., ibid 66:138, 1941. [20] Barbour, H. G., and Williams, H. W., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 24:47, 1919. [21] Brown, J. G., Edinburgh M. J. 2i:255, 1885. [22] Roy, C. S., and Brown, G., J.Physiol., Lond. 6:21P, 1885. [23] Toner, J. J., and Macko, E., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 206:246, 1952. [24] Herxheimer, H., Brit. M. J. 2:901, 1949. [25] Herxheimer, H., Internat. Arch. Allergy 2:27, 1951. [26] Melville, K. I., and Kaplan, H., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 94: 182, 1948. [27] Lee, H. M., Dinwiddle, W. G., and Chen, K.K., ibid 90:83, 1947. [28] Mayer, R. L., Hutlrer, C. P., and Scholz, C. R., Science 102:93, 1945. [29] Meier, R., and Bucher, K., Schweiz. med. Wschr. 76:294, 1946. [30] Bovet, D., and Walthert, F., Ann. pharm. fr. 2:(suppl.) 1944. [31] Dews, P. B., and Graham, J. D., Brit. J. Pharm. 2:278, 1946. [32] Feinberg, S. M., Nor^n, b., and Feinberg, R. H., J. Allergy 29:90, 1948. [33] Issekutz, B. V., and Genersich, P., Arch. exp. Path. 202:201, 1943. [ 34] Loew, E. R., Kaiser, M. E., and Moore, V., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 83:120, 1945. [ 35] Schaumann, O., Arch. exp. Path. 296:109, 1940. [ 36] Herxheimer, H., J.Physiol., Lond. 228:435, 1955. [ 37] Chen, J. Y., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 222:64, 1954. [ 38] Hambourger, W. E., Freese, H. B., Winbury, M. M., and Michiels, P. M., ibid 94:367, 1948. [39] Randall. L. O., Benson, W. M., and Stefko, P. L., ibid 104:284, 1952. Part H: SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES D = dilutes, I = inactive. Parentheses in Column D indicate action is slight, literature should be consulted. irregular, or doubtful, and the original Compound (Synonym) Species Aerosol^ Effect Reference _^ (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 Adrenalone (l-(3,4- Dihydroxyphenyl) - 1 - oxo- 2 - methylamino- ethane) Man zo (D) 1 2 l-(m-AminophenyI)-2-amino-ethanol (WIN 5548) Guinea pig 10 I 2 3 l-(m-Aminophenyl)-2-isopropylamino-ethanoI (WIN 5503) Guinea pig 10 I 2 4 N-n-Butyl-arterenol (I-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-butylamino-ethanol) Guinea pig 0.02 D 3 5 N-Cyclopentyl-arterenol (l-(3,4-DihydroxyphenyI)-2-cycIopcntyl- amino-ethanol) Guinea pig 0.03 D 3 6 dl- Epinephrine (dl-Adrenaline; Vaponephrin) Man 22.5 D 4-7 7 2" Epinephrine (1 -Adrenaline) Man 1-20 D 4,5,7 8 Dog 0.1-1.0 D 8 9 l-(m-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-amino-ethanol (WIN 5501) Guinea pig 10 I 2 10 Isoproterenol (N-isopropyl-arterenol; Aleudrine; Isoprenaline; Isuprel; Neo-epinine) Man 2-10 D 1,4,5,7 U Dog 10 D 9 12 Guinea pig 0.0005 D 3 13 Neosynephrine (l-(m-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylamino-ethanol) Man 4-10 D 1.4.7 14 Guinea pig 4 D 2 15 Norsympatol (l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl-2-amino-ethanol) Man 4-40 D 1 16 Orthoxine (I -(o-MethoxyphenyI)-2-methylaiiiino-propane) Guinea pig 100 D 10 17 P-Phenylethylamine Man 2 (D) 1 18 1 - Phenyl- 2- methylamino-ethanol Guinea pig 2 D 1 19 Synephrine (Sympatol; l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylamino-ethanoI) Man 2-60 D 1 20 Tyramine (l-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-amino-ethane Man 2 D 1 III See Headnote, Page 250. Contributor: Hawkins, D. F. References: [ l] Charlier, R., and Philippot, E., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn., Par. 78:559, 1949. [2] Lands, A.M., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 204:474, 1952. [3] Siegmund, O. H., Beglin, N., and Lands, A.M., ibid 97:14, 1949. [4] Bresnick, E., Beakey, J. F., Levinson, L., and Segal, M.S., J. Clin. Invest. 28:1 182, 1949. [5] Charlier, R., Arch, internat. pharm. dyn.. Par. 77:337, 1948. [6] Charlier, R., and Philippot, E., ibid 77:309, 1948. [7] Segal, M.S., Beakey, J. F., Bresnick, E., and Levinson, L., J. Allergy ^:97, 1949. [8] Melville, K. 1., and Kaplan, H., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 94:182, 1948. [9] Hebb, CO., and Konzett, H., J. Physiol., Lond. 96:228, 1949. [10] Feinberg, S. M., Malkiel, S., Bernstein, T. B., and Hargis, B. J., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 99:195, 1950. 251 137. AEROSOLS. GASES, AND VAPORS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (Concluded) Part III: ANTAGONISTS Parentheses in Column D indicate action is slight, irregular, or doubtful, and the original literature should be consulted. Antagonist (Synonym) Species Aerosol' Effect Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 Antazoline (Antistine) Guinea pig 5-20 Antagonizes histamine. 1.2 2 Antergan (Lergitin) Guinea pig 2.5 Antagonizes histamine. 3 Atropine Guinea pig 10-30 Inactive against histamine. 4 Bellafoline (Belladonna alkaloids) Man 0.5 Antagonizes methacholine. 5 Bromothen Guinea pig 2.5-20 Antagonizes histamine. 1,2 6 Chlorcyclizine (Histantin; Perazil) Guinea pig 20 (Antagonizes) histamine. 7 Chlorneoantergan Guinea pig 2.5 Antagonizes histamine. 8 Chlorothen (Chloropyrilene; Tagathen) Guinea pig 2.5 Antagonizes histamine. 1.6 9 Chlorprophenpyridamine (Chlor-Trimeton) Guinea pig 2.5 Antagonizes histamine. 10 Cocaine Guinea pig 2.5-5 Antagonizes acetylcholine. 11 Guinea pig 2.5-5 Antagonizes histamine. 12 Guinea pig 2.5-5 Antagonizes 5-hydroxytryptamine. 13 Guinea pig 2.5-5 Antagonizes methacholine. 14 Guinea pig 2.5-5 Antagonizes nicotine. 15 Guinea pig 2.5-5 Inactive against methyl- furmethide. 16 Cyclizine (Marezine) Guinea pig (Antagonizes) histamine. 17 2-Dimethylaminoethoxy-4-chloro- diphenylmethane (01780) Guinea pig (Antagonizes) histamine. 18 2-Dimethylaminoethoxy-diphenyl- methane (C 5581 H) Guinea pig 2.5-20 Antagonizes histamine. 1,2 19 N-Dimethylaminoethyl-phenothiazine (RP 3015) Guinea pig 20 Antagonizes histamine. 1.2 20 Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) Man 14 Antagonizes histamine. 21 Guinea pig 2.5-20 Antagonizes histamine. 1.2 22 Doxylamine (Decapryn) Guinea pig 2.5-20 Antagonizes histamine. 1,2 23 N-(4-Fluorobenzyl)-N-(2-pyridyl)- N'.N'-dimethyl-ethylenediamine Guinea pig 2.5 Antagonizes histamine. 24 Hetraroine Guinea pig (Antagonizes) histamine. 25 Meperidine (Demerol; Dolantin; Pethidine) Guinea pig 10 Antagonizes histamine. 26 Methapyrilene (Thenylene; Histadyl) Guinea pig 2.5-20 Antagonizes histamine. 1.2 27 o-Methoxy-p- phenyl isopropyl-methyl- benzylamine (lI-RBH-85) Guinea pig (Antagonizes) histamine. 28 Phenindamine (Thephorin) Guinea pig 20 Antagonizes histamine. 29 N-Phenyl-N-ethyl-N'.N'-diethyl- ethylene- diamine (1571 F) Guinea pig 50 Antagonizes histamine. 30 N-Phenyl-N-ethyl-N',N'-dimethyl- ethylene-diamine (RP 2325) Guinea pig 10 Antagonizes histamine. 31 Procaine (Novocaine) Guinea pig 20 Inactive against histamine. 32 Prophenpyridamine (Inhiston; Tri-Meton) Guinea pig 1-20 Antagonizes histamine. 1.10 33 Pyrilamine (Mepyramine; Pyranisamine; Neoantergan) Guinea pig 2.5-20 Antagonizes histamine. 1.2 34 Pyrrolazote Guinea pig 2.5-5 Antagonizes histamine. 1.2 35 Scopolamine Man 0.6 Antagonizes methacholine. 36 N-2-Thiazolyl-N-(p-Methoxybenzyl)- N'.N'-dimethyl-ethylenediamine (194 B) Guinea pig 20 Antagonizes histamine. 37 Thonzylamine (Neohetramine) Guinea pig 20 Antagonizes histamine. 1.2,11 38 Trasentin Guinea pig 20 Inactive against histamine. 39 Tripelennamine (Pyrlbenzamine) Man 20 Antagonizes histamine. 8 40 Man 15-20 (Antagonizes) methacholine. 8,12 41 Guinea pig 5-20 Antagonizes histamine. 1,2,9,11 IM See Headnote, Page 250. Contributor: Hawkins, D. F. References: [ 1) Feinberg. S. M., Malkiel, S.. Bernstein, T. B., and Hargis, B. J., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 99:195, 1950. [2] Feinberg, S. M., Noren, B., and Feinberg, R. H., J. Allergy 19:90, 1948. [ 3] Halpern, B. N., Arch, internet, pharm. dyn.. Par. 68:339. 1942. ( 4] Schaumann, O., Arch. exp. Path. 196:109. 1940. [ 5) Beakey, J. F., Bresnick, E., Levinson, L., and Segal, M. S., Ann. Allergy 7:1 13, 1949. [ 6) Feinberg, S. M., Quart. Bull. Northwest. Univ. M. School 22:27, 1948. [ 7) Herxhelmer, H., Arch, internal, pharm. dyn.. Par. 106:371, 1956. ( 8] Rubitsky, H. J., Bresnick, E., Levinson. L., Risman, G., and Segal, M. S., N. England J. M. 241:853, 1949. [ 9] Mayer, R. L., Brousseau, D., and Eisman, P. C, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 64:92, 1947. [ 10) Lindner, E., Arch. exp. Path. 211:328, 1950. [ 11) Reinhard, J. F., and Scudi, J. V., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 66:512. 1947. [ 12) Herxhelmer, H.. Brit. M. 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OJ u i^ 0) Is II M C S ^ OJ 1 ^ OJ 0 U •0 0) rt s. 01 i" « S = XI to 0) 0 !: X u OJ c ^ OJ S 3 OJ 0 1^ W OJ 1 n 1 ^ 0) S .h g- Atomic bomb detonation, Japan, 1945 J3 E O J3 O H o < M 00 30 2 3 rt 6 c ^ a rt 0 S tH u ti 0 0 2 rt s -S eg 0 > > rt "^ X > ci 0 X > rt 0 U IM X X E 3 ■3 > OJ X > ct 0 U (M X > a in t, fM X 0 5I B a rt .2 5 E t. c (4 rt nl S " -1 rt 0 0 3 m 0 Q rt S.2f ■3 '^ 0 0) 1 rt X OJ 0 s vO t^ 00 0 0 IM c,E- Ei2 = « .2 o 5 rt i '^ a —.Li c rt ^ .2^0 " c S! 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'" T' 5- c ^^ ?.2 o s £ S" o 01 *i (0 ^ -c F, ^ J.: - g « " « '- Ss a,£ " S" > £ E C ■^ ^ 01 Q; In" m ''_ 00 ^ = c "m o o 00 Ji =» Xi '3 t. o 5 , 0) S -a i o ° rt ^ o ° rt 3 o §.2 ^ .2 " -c r; &o o "^ 01 •n 01 > c t6 o 3 t« 01 o r * o lis T3 3 3 6° = -. u HI > <« o = ;; 01 u HI ^ "^ -c 3 »- , 'J cr 0) -^ rt o o "^ -^ « - ^ "" -^ C Qi (4 °s gj: O II ^ ot -t; ^ I- £ c 2 €- •• 3 ^ ';i 0) *i rn § Ml rt 2 rt S O D O I- -c o II ii ^ 01 bo (u 3 O XI °-o S C ■- 3 — XI c 5 "S ■» 2 S "1 .2 S S t. to 5 ^ » o; £ - 00 ^ rt t. o .ii 2 to oo-g " ° n C " V- ° " - XI O '- "-o •;: ■' OJ 01 J. to c ;;:; - o a ti iS o 01 3 > =■ si .. i; u a m o rt T3 g 01 " in 2 -3 M I- c c o S 5 .2 -^ 01 01 ^ - to TJ — .2 o •a e 3-0 rt " S x: to > . *' c «; " 2 0 E 01 ^ ti - 3 ta 2 2 -o 3 > — o fT 01 o u «' u > a 1, < ji ta -o 01 — « ^ "*j rt « u, o "■ rt 00 «! °- 5 £ i^ .2^2 01 .3-0 £ u c c ^ - o o td 01 0. * c" "> > C 3 °- 2£Ss 2 -3 " 5 Q. > rt £ S X 0, S o r. £ l« 01 ' . — --* .-. O r- ta 01 . 1 0> (J X CO o to ■* ■fl- ■* ■♦ Initial Symptom Manifestation o c 1 o o O O in 5 1 E 01 ca -a o o to ca ■o o 00 ea ■* x: 5 5 2. •3.2 1 01 rt .2 o "2 ^t2 f*^ -.4 4.* IM u 01 s E •6 0) (0 rt Of (-. CJ c '2 a o a m 01 2 o 3 Z! c a El ^1 o o to to f -o 1-. a; ■a 2 -a C ™ 4j « ?; " 0* o Xj -:^ oj o> 0) o al •o > u, H ca E 01 T5 ta >> u ta c o E 3 a "S 01 LI c il > 01 t. 01 u a U « ? CD L. rn ti ii « o a o C rt C 0 1.- ta — o 00 ^ ^ O to T O 3 ^ 3 O ■^ i! ^ OJ "I -o 00 P 0« rt 4, to " i s •a "^ fM 1 Is iiii d X * z: 5 !» 00 o ta ° ta ^ J- c 2 00 C E I, 5i T3 3 c «; ta ta i? c •o s £ g -3 Q « > ca o to . ^ Q * 01 .2 01 ta ca .3 -2 '^ ■- ffl 3 S c T n ■o S 2 .. "■ i a ^ 0> 10 -• cW C^^ « g S'SS §-.2 -3 -.2 2tox:x:x:" "iw*"0»tJtJO*j ^t^ca^cccc ccaooooooca OlOl^OlUUU — •g t, E t,xJX3xaO 01 3 C 2 ■s § §S o 2 o >^ ca .2 S u, 0 Oi' " 01 00 o 5 2 E S III lit Accumulated Dosage or Exposure Time W o o to c >,2 ta ta t, > x| rj 01 g. 3 00 tX) u o o o u o o 01 00 a to o Q ° + o o o o o o o 1 o o o irt o o c u CO CO o a T3 tl> ta ■a ca •o Ih 00 o t6 a Of u ■o to 01 o 01 u c W X3 01 c Ed X} 01 C U o> x U Type of Radiation 5 o e| la ■o ta S "« § £ £ E ^i g E 2£ s a E 3 •3 s 1? li 5 "ia •3 »f >, o in ca m » r- e < < 01 o s a o •* ? (M •<• ■w 25b in r^ ■* CO 00 o a- to o in in en u ■* Id 1 S a o 00 1 o 00 c 1 o en o B in u Si CM 1 u x: IM 1 B 01 (M u CM — CO CO -o .So E 7 S CM t C CO c CO u H CO ■o a T3 IM U ■c sclerotic processes. Frequently, calcification. Slight proliferation of bronchial epithelium. Degenerative changes also noted. i u o J= o X s •o > ;^ CO c o e ■3 a, c o "^ u a -' ^j=£.:juXvdco 5 CO 0> g. 1 i-3 " CO CO (y ■391 s •g . o J C CO s t. ° F 5 S t, S u -S X) o S o ii C — CO CO g -D CO " « * « 0. e ? -2 > t J; 3 -. 3 °- CJ CO :3 >. " t. OJ u J? lU J= o .> «>« e a Q .2 M o u c o m OJ u c o CJ CO 6 a> ^.2 t, 2 CO cj oi! e is •3 - a, ai u o B 3 § C o a S 3 CO c o o rs O ■s CO CO 0> b. u s C O D. 6 3 en c o o 6" ■§ CO CO 01 k, u c o a CO c 0 o o- T) o; to CO 01 u o 0) Q C o a E 3 n c o CJ (M O ■o 01 CO CO 0> L. O 5 c o D. B 3 CO § o" ■a o> CO CO u 5 B o o. E 3 CO B O o CM O a CO a XI E 01 m a u u OJ ■o a a B ■d OJ CO a OJ CJ E i a E 3 00 § IN) o 00 to § u o E 3 a. •"! . a 1 OJ a .3 CO o -1 ^ ^ 2 -2 g t3 . OJ 3 ■5 CO > Ji CO Q OJ ccacc2.S-;i o«3«oJ?i5 ■qa.2 2.Si;a J S~aa*Sa3 ?T3_a-.B. E 5- s w a n T3 S T'Oi>>Erti?t.E0J bx:X.^uSojai< o o o o o CO 1 o ? 1 n 1 1 01 1 B O B O Z o m o in ^3 o 00 o s o u o o in 1 o o o g u >n ^ o o o ■* t o o o 01 > a B 01 5 •a u oo I o (4 o M ( CJ> o oo CM tr- 1 00 CO CM 1 Li O O O O o c*> u o o 00 I. o o o m kl 0 0 0 rr\ 1 0 0 CM M c to >, rtj -0 S a, o W 0) □ to o ^ (U o 01 a ^ CO to o X CO C s 0> X 01 >. o •t3 3 00 CO o X ■s s a 0) V U i, ii ■a 01 a 0) a 01 01 Si T3 §. 1 ^ XI CO m o W s s 9 = ■a CO 01 B CO >> 0) OJ 0 S *• 01 M .5 0. a L. sl a E u OJ > X > a, > CO -o X > > >^ o o CO ^0 O X c o 1 CO u X c« X 2 e 3 > X > >>o a IM U CM X > in: >.o a m X Q. D, > > > 5 >>o 0 0 a ^ 0 0 t, — IM -. X 1 00 o- o CM (n ■V in xO in 00 in in ■3 I * -^ c Si f— >.° a to E .5! ■^ to s >> 2 M to <« t; CO •^ <0-t m ,* OJ XI a 0 E Q. >. fO a ■- TI s n C 3 01 a C a c« c XI 0 £ a> a 0 ■a 0 o> CO >> OJ m a B CO ■H V-i 0 CJ c« 0 a> nj 01 _ u tafi c a -^3 •o i; OJ -n 1-v. ii c •n 0 1 c cd B 0 c >. ■«-» 0 a ti B 5 iS •a (« 0 u g u ti 0 0 a u « ;^ to 3 0 c tn 0 a> t. u u 1 '^ 0 0 c "S H V u u a .^ 3 0 — u T3 257 o u en J S < s u CO >• o: o < £ a b: w X H z o z o p < < a: z o J < z b: u H o en H O U [I. c °?, .^ c m tu^ > a a a V c o o e: o •*4 o -" (II K n1 n1 O i/ > o ■o c 0 ■»-» C Of o a u 4, — = F "3 u 0) j:: x: .H P u O c x; -^ 5 M fl '3, ^ *- " 6 ° ■" * « ° g . o ^ u M 0) 5 s S <-' ^ o; ■-It, (1, a c c 5 5 ^ > •" =" » CO CO L. (D " II T3 -. CQ 2 5 :2 01 -a 3 "> ° y c a V o u ■ "•* to **/ w * x: 5 Tl S o 0 19 01 ■-, ^s 0 a; S x: •« " o " rt <- Q, £ " » " '". 1 .2 .SP M o 53 o ° .2 " ^ a- 1 3 § ^ I § B : s =* 5 o 0^ o "^S IT y hn OO ^ *j /I ^■5 c c a o 0) u t; r; M 2 g « 2 ., "'bl' II t. -^ ^ rt o x: > oj bo 0) T 3 O J3 i: c _ >> .- c ^ (9 -a fc.rtfc.t9 r- 3 "r fc. e (J o- ° l" - 5 ^ « 2 5m Z! "• (9 ;2 g S a -a tn 5 (D (9 £ ~ U) C .2 W „, tio <9 ^ a; a; o c .2 h - ° i 5 O OJ 01 J3 fc. x: O II ii j; i2 > fc. ^ ■a "r - n c? 3,!i °- ■^ i - ^ ;; ^ ° fc. S is " S o r ■^ o> S 3 ^ Tj e -.2- 19 ^ rt 5 n t. C 4. „- O .2 - II .2 e s r i 6 c ■2 i»l |£ i-s' »< o u «< a „ > fc. > a J, rt " T^ ■S ° fc. "1 0- - u 5 - • O S (9 0) ■o i: a fc. 1 fc. 0) 0) o a in in 1*1 in in in B o rtIS o a ■o o 1 o Ji! 1 E fc. Oi Ii eg 01 01 W fc 1 « - 1 -^ ' -; ^19 x; JuOo"" °,c'S>;c- rtoi-ooj.g^-; .2S^.2lg£^-gSS^|s2: i e u t: i ° S .2 i 5 s ^ 1 ^ o = nlj.TJO-C« 3 3Q. °iO-S,(9rt"> -"■S°2o;-=aSS^ x:>,o.5 °S«0J0)"'^>,cpi0- .aijiS ^'-o"-0«O^HSfc..2 3-M ^ -S ° 1 £ e 5 1 -2 . fc 2 5 g s = *S5 gix |- 1 S.2 °-S § >.^-S iSSp*' Mi:SiM„-og=!2 Ui a rt o u >. rt c o 6 "^ a m . m .2 o £ ii -3 0) i^ < « 1= — . ™ 1 o> 2 -g .- M 19 _c oj "t: • oj fc. ^ . ^ 19 0) " Q) X .2 « i: o ^ai? § .^3 S § 1 ? 3 ' ° i ? § :§ -2 > .2 ro oj 00 (9 x: fc. fc. o g 01 X ■o c 19 19 G OJ ■a 01 fc, 19 C o G 3 0, rt ;< >» 13 fc. a CO o; fc. ^ 10 19 O fc. U C io" 5 fc. i! g •! G a S ; 'i> 19 OJ ™r fc, il rt >,.2-S fc. x; t. o o o rt g G a-o -c 0) ^ c fc, S 19 4 E 01 01 g t. .s 3 o E-. o Si <: 19 10 o Q w O' 19 n a Q u o o o 1*1 fc. o o o o o fc, o o fc< o o o_ o" rg fc, o o c o 4, Z! S- .5 u g <: U M 10 a, 1, S S| t. as o> X m - 0. 0) 0> 10 fc. 3 x" o 2g- 1 L. OJ X u c (0 o '5 ■o g Is- - o; c m . ^ o> 01 O h g- U c '3 ^ fc, O 3 m o U C o u 01 10 u 01 a n § 3: S a, > 19 (9 m ;. iM X 0. > >lO (9 O fc. (M x > 22 X c 1 1 _ O 19 •° S G .2 1 G 1 i « < b 0 n o X G 1 < 11 r 0) .5 ^o ■* « in 5 1 01 g ■£ c — d 01 ^ JQ O o c c o- o <>. z: o ^.-:' g '- 5 > o 0) c a "2 CO Si s o go. 19 ■D . C BO O B .S O h B 10 s .M o o 19 o •o m CO 19 01 fc. 01 B >. B <9 x: u o fc, 19 g O 19 fc. o; a a 3 fc. V -n n E •n o B 19 O B >i .2 14 19 G T3 ? V. 19 o fc. E u 19 0 0 u OJ fc. ^ B 10 3 O g 0) .2 it u 2 •"• o it c "S H u ^ ^ a o -^ u •o 258 c in J < S < E- o H < 3 < J < z X u H 2 O tn H U W b. U. u •S.O °-S S o H a. 3-^0) -■ S £ 5 g o „ « fe s fc i ^ ' » « S- ° !r. '2 S '^ 2x 2-2 >>.S §3 o t; = c« M " '- e.§ g " g s-3 J ^ d n) c rt S 3 .. § § H - < rt £ ' u b: u a: t- z o o: u H H "I oc a to "O x; - »^ C 0) Q. - -• x: X ■^ L, c Q m o c 3 U CO rt ■"" o c o o a h' to c c •o o £ II 3 s. e E 0) b o w > o E c o o c 0 ■s - o :3 ^ to c 6 P- o _ lU ^ « « a '^ o :3 5 - - J= -.3 3 _, n £ o u to 0 Q. a X a; < CTl c o o to o ta o 2 '2 he c to c o u P n ro e j: 0) u u « 0 c 0) >> XI c 01 c o -^ o >> o •o o :?' > a — ^ o o P X 0) X ' ' *j 4) •n c r r* U c 0) CO CO o to u O c; CO a; P > "3 v cr 3 u XI ■a rn O t: to 5 - ^ E to ^ Z -a 2 c 2 x: M > tu .ij ^ > uc .^ a (U OJ o •" b t« -a p £•3 S. o a S 3 tS tu i: g TJ T3 2 3 01 -U ™ to u C ^ O to 3 Mo 0) 5 ii S 2 g ». M I" S ' |§ &| H a oj fc lu i^ XI o c < s _ 41 £ o 01 V 10 55 E o Z Calculated Lung Dosage w Lung; 0.0042- 0.0093 rad/wk (15-34 rad/70 yr) Bronchi: 0.07- O.IO rad/wk (229-344 rad/ 70 yr) BO a to o Q 5 J u o X Exposure or Administration C c o ■3 rt u .2 o u o %-° O Type of Radiation 5 Radium, radon and daughters (largely alpha) « B c < < B - 259 c u 2 3 c O T3 a> o ^ 5 g 2 " 0 -~ 1 6 IP j:: . t4 4) OJ Lh 3 CO tJ 0) ;d ^ 3 6 o .2 o ?^ i/i hd c L^ () C ffl (^ W) tin c ;h tn 0) -O o "T 3 B -o -o (d r u o J tn ^ s O B u n > L< o a> II £| 3 ^ o ^ o <_, I. ° . (U ^ v o ^ u C 5 3 rt S M * i 1 a 01 c a n >^ Q 1 00 a o 1 s . o .2 ^ » ^ IB at a II u B Li O rt - " n BO'S § t- J u cm 01 0 B 2-3 ■o ti 01 c 63 3 M C ■ cum O 01 CO 11 = !|i ^ S m o in u o a u o. (0 01 t. "o B o B OJ ^ s 0) c a 0) 1" ft) BO a B •2 <= TJ in s° 2 -J CQ ^ .ii-o bo (u O XI o 2 ■ (u «^ a 3gS <: H " °i li ^ r- 0) 1 O iTl a> CO CO o rt u (U 3 5 m C C a; t. OJ >» (0 ^ e ^ o C C cfl 0 en «1 o e — C 01 eg '^ o to — 3 (_ i° cr 0. £ S § u '"' c- CQ t^ B ID CO 01 3 p U bO« o " 5 B .S 01 a ^ o " S « « ^ g Si; 0 5 a, o a^ § § L, ■'H "O cr S a p „ > CO M 1 a a rt J o . a. -J o o g ♦^ o T3 O 01 0 ™ o iS ° ^ 01 '^ (M 3 2 X 0 J o 'J o *- 5 .5 *" C 3 o 3 ^ it -• a; J3 f^ QQ _^ o « - Q a 01 . 6 £ CO Xl <« U. CO O ° ■" 01 C O 00 3 ♦^ B •^ « a sit a -o CO Calculated Lung Dosage w o -T3 C rt — t. -a o* u t^ -S e o o o m o t, r- in ■-•« = S •-•1 M •o o of -t T in 00 bo in "o! « B T3 •o ig o a o rj rg o 00 in o ° "S CO O ± CO i 01 u u o o •n ^ o - S a o o 2 -o S a o m g a p^ c a o *- §£ o o r s i <= o 2 O sis- " fc, 01 o s in r- 1 o a Qi u O O o i 00 1 ro o d bfl o e d B m Q, E d rt 1- o- CD o a. o o o CM in CM CJ i o o o o Exposure or Administration 0 ..ill II t a t. =■ a -c ^ ° ° *■ * S § S « s * •-; 3 j= 2 u rt w " c m 3 a o ™ c U X U c "• (0 U c C 01 0 t, „ 3t-2 rt W 4) ^n rt c , « ^ '^ 3 -* la :§ to i , •35 fc 0; ^ 1 bo -3 ^ ceo o » g 3 a-S ^ C 0) fc, U rt 01 la « ii 3 C B o o 5" o 3 c o o 4> CJ a u rt u a B O ♦J O 01 :s' a 01 J3 CJ a a u S C O •iH O 01 n 3 o 01 c iS 3 o B .0 tJ 01 ;? CO 3 O V 1 1 Type of Radiation 5 S >» o C |£ •o -; ■2 S ■^ ^ OJ si, 5 IB U V I 11 B 'S o ^ j: "i? J3 a rt >> CQ o E B o B 0 3 0 _ » cH •s « t. _>> 01 "ol 3 bO o U %3 o- <: 1 -a 3 in •o 05 u a c i? cU 05 1 a s 3 'S o 3 s _ x a o t; -O J3 o — 3 o St la 1 CO a. 01 ,i£ ";^ 1 m U 3 01 t, « °- a i 0) — "a :: 6 1 1 5 " •5 3 s U OJ o s IM 1^ ^ in •.o r- 00 O^ o - - 1 ZbO -^ J- _Q t:, L. in ■C r* oo a^ M rg rg fM rM in CM fM .0 IM fM Gross and microscopic pathology; squamous cell carcinoma in 2 out of 1 5 animals and papillary adenomas in 1 of 1 5 animals. Tumors seen in other organs. CO 2.1 M M C —- ^ T3 O °£„^ OJ o o . -• C V ^ 0) bfi cU •o CS „ 1.1 o « .2 S O -o 3 h ca c8 y u, o s § ci 2 o ;: »-, o (U CO s S 3 £ >i: 1 OJ 0* g H « s Q. ■" O K M 5 >» cd s 1 ii "I .S <3 o! '"^^ ^« i O O c 6 2 .2 3 ■" ■" o 2 >» ■S " a| &« « ™ CJ c« 6.§ ?S (d :z; CO ^ S.S . t. .„ m °" a; 0) S §ii o c« 0 3 rt :3 e i< =J .3 2 T3 7J O ^ u c 5 rt cs . . 1" s tio o 5. c cfl C >r a) 6 2^5 ^ -° .a .5 « ° 12 5! > i, " s 3 5* a o 2 - O CO £ M " I- * CO ^ C3 X "^ " 1 o r3 S^ci ■a o c 2 0) c 1 « « 0 B 6 0) 3 I- O .5 i! '5 » < o c CO u ct O •C3 £■ o S II " '^ -s cd t. j5 •:3 3 ^ iS o > ■S O CO S CO 3 li •o 3 g o J, -3 ■a a, CJ " c C 0) 0) m c 0 rf M U u to o-g T) *. C CO CO OJ CO *. B « B >? CO C G ° c CO 3 O E CO E _ o o .5 — o (VJ CO - " O TJ 3 § ° CO ia 0, JS o a C CO 11 o t in CM O S| . ^ s s «°§ •a . -3 CO CJ «; ^H • CO 0 TJ J3 CO £ " C OJ 0) o 53 §• o .3 CO o S? i .5 3 So u c ;■ O CO CO z r- o •" i- 2 x: ° s-^ -o CO S CO CO a ■3. rt CO B 0 c CJ k. rt 0 y a 01 bs 0 ■C cd S.S §.E s « '^ Si .2 * rt 2 11 XI 0) CO B 1 u (d u — 1 o CO 3 O E or to 0 io s x: a E \ CO E 0 a S fM O 3 O m ■o 3 O rsj O 1 in 3 O 2500 rad in approximately 60 da o o o m ■a 2 o o o r^ 1 o o •* <>4 ■o cd u o o o o a D •o 2 o o o en O a. P •o CO u o o o m o a S CO u o o CNJ O in (M 2 1 O in r- •* cd o in o^ o^ o o o o in a* o »n 00 •a a o o in CM IM TJ CO U o o C3 13 IVJ O o o a ,o > o Tl O 5 -, iE O (NJ T3 CO O o C3 cxT r- CM TJ CO 0 0 0 CM TJ rt u 0 CM "2 t. 0 0 0 0" 0 rM 3 TJ c» CO „ OJ rt -o ^ ° s« (M M CI ± in CJ o 1 O DO iX J! O cm o i o fM "3 ""» O 5 in ,n Q- — d -a o E ^a O (0 u 6 =^a O CO fj a u 0} II CJ 2 S o i E 1 i o a Q in in CO -J ■* in in ^ u ^ is a in E CO 01 O h C 0 O - j( in rt -• TJ CO U o C>J .5 5 CJ OJ 0) c ■-• Si B O o 0> :? a c" n s: CJ CO t4 1o u 5 TJ 01 C a a 6 c rt 0. E IS IM U 0 i c iS a E I o s 'c o I a 3. o B 3 1 1 a 3- o cu CO > iS O <-> (u 1"'- « TJ CO o; XI o E .35 c '£ 0 XI rt 1 ^ 3 3 a -3 1 < < z o s J cu b O H U U b, d. U 3 T3 O a c 01 BO c 19 OS -v H S3 o ~^ Q rt — o o:: e 2 c o a-j- a; to pg ? o s a. ' U BO i Sol one it m a > 0; ^ < a. O t O ^ .S'-J a> o a > a ^ a « U ^ BOM rt c >> to o u '3 » e 3 rt w Q H « >. <^ a> -C 3 u o o 5 c t. ^ rt 3 ■^ a i in fM o- cr in o x> 00 M O) o 00 in o o «H 1 in o o o « « w 5 § rt u a XI o ^ ■3 -^ (M ir^ — tf W rt 3 c rt ": n ^ m 00 cr- i/i in K U a^ o -• fsj m >o r^ CO o^ o a^ BO ■E « ^ i |o- i o — _ ' rt 9- 6 > n -• -~ -o X — - rt O . c^ _• o Q rt r; g rt r 3 rg C »< Q •"!;■- S rt O "• f; £ ° £ B ^; o c ^ u T3 « ° 0) "3 (0 o rt i; ■ U a S o . BO a X - - 0) kD nn rt rt rn -n a; c rt u a> a H a o rt£ - S „ 3 3 0) " ^ t. >^ ■ * ^ XI > an J3 s at u f= Q a o a. 0) Q a fft Ih ■a rt — ■*- s c o l^ 3 00 So tn w u a u BO C C V rt s to s , o rt > en d rt XI a> 5 (ti u -1 rt o 0 u a. S^ 3 o rt n c SB 0) 3 (0 o o Z 268 o CO e z c o I; -= f- to c K o ■o ^ !C 5^; ■> r- 00 (*1 < •a •-j ^^ O 3 . s u •-^ j= -o o ^ o rsj cd > . u jj f^ m < 3 .9 .& . « .^ I- ■ B W 01 in in '^li in c^ J3 o^ ^ « . K ^ o. 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CD en • CO "^ o :2 0) < CO : S I S B X! CO S ■J OS — « J 0) m ; d ffl -; v.^ cci "^ 3^:2- c<> ca CO ;2 C T3 CO s c -5 E OS'-' 15 „•• s s * _ J § *■ . to >o p to"'^ Q « «1 J ■S c" . ■ " O^ -. ■«• ■o -." >^ -■ £ «^ ii - " — ::3 o ^ u , . . C 3 _ 9* 3^s; c (-> S; . c Ik - J5 xj "• T .: Q -< *- CJ ^ 5 - Q S 2 - h tlO 3 CO * ►J : . co' c^l 3 _ 5 S 4) O 01 a. jH J a, ^ 3 S -o o . 5 c "> • CO CO C < h w <• s s _ Q (g .? K ;• X - c . c >i CO : — -^" CO - S ^ .2 ' •t) cq *^ -^ (T- ■ CO in X. I 1 1 -I' ca , x: ■* 3 ' ^^ -. tj ■:: CO ?: .S !»^ t, O ^ t* tTI 4) osl U . CO IC < 3 ' _ C U I co" o 13 ■a- 5 CO -Is J XI E > 5 X K 269 142. COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY OF THE PNEUMOCONIOSES The term pneumoconiosis is used in a generic sense to include the deposition of any insoluble exogenous particles in lung tissue, regardless of the presence or absence of sequellae. There are many more pneumoconioses than the ones here listed, including those considered benign or asymptomatic [ I], and those manifestly of a mixed variety in which silica is the more significant component. It must be strongly emphasized that the tabulation here presented should be considered to apply to the respective pneumoconioses only when they are of moderate severity. It is obvious that the amount of anatomic, physiologic, and immunologic alteration depends largely upon whether the involvement by the particular pneumoconiosis is mild, moderate, or severe. Any other application of this tabulation would be misleading and result in confusion. General Effect Specific . Effect Lnthracosis Silicosis Asbestosis Chronic Berylliosis Bauxite Fume Pneumoconiosis (Shaver's Disease) Reference _^ (AJ _ (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) 1 Anatomic ' Emphysema + + + + + C,3-5;D,6;E,7; F,8-11;G, 12-14 2 Hilar fibrosis 0 + 0 ? + D.15;G. 12-14 3 Nodular fibrosis 0 + 0 + 0 D,15.16;F.8-11; G, 12-14 4 Alveolar 0 0 + + + C,5,17.18:D, fibrosis 19-22;E,23; F,8-11;G, 12-14 S Vascular sclerosis 0 + + + + D,6,24;E,25;F, 8-ll,G. 12-14 6 Pleural fibrosis 0 + + + + E,7;F.8-11;G. 12-14 7 ^Granulomatous inflammation 0 0 0 + 0 F,8-11;G, 12-14 8 Physi- ologic Reduced ventilatory movements + + + + + C.26,27;D,28; E,23;F,8-11, G. 12-14 9 Reduced respiratory surface _Joi + 0 + + C,5,17,18!F, 8-lI;G,I2- 14 10 Impaired gaseous diffusion J ° 02 + + + F,8-11;G, 12-14 11 Pulmonary ^ hypertension (cor pulmonale + + + + + C,27;F,8-11;G, 12-14 12 Immunologic ' Increased susceptibility to tuberculosis ? + 1 ?4 ?"* C,3-5.17,18;D. 19;E.7, 19,29, 30 13 Increased incidence pulmonary cancer 0 0 ? ?4 1* D,19,29;E.29. 31,32 in Only in cases of progressive massive fibrosis. /2/ Except in the presence of diffuse alveolar fibrosis. /3/ The propriety of classifying the increased incidence of pulmonary cancer under the heading of immunologic effect is debatable; it is done here for the sake of convenience and simplicity. /4/ Total number of cases reported is too small. Contributor: Gross, P. .270 142. COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY OF THE PNEUMOCONIOSES (Concluded) References: [ l] Sander, O. A., in "Clinical Cardiopulmonary Physiology, " ed. Gordon, B. L., p 350, New York: Grune and Stratton, 1957. [2] Di Biasi, W., Virchows Arch. 319:505, 1951. [3] Heppleston, A. G., J. Path. Bact., Lond. 59:453, 1947. [4] Fletcher, CM., in "ILO 3rd Internal. Conf. of Experts on Pneumoconiosis, Sydney, 1950; Record~of Proceedings," vol 2, p 150, Geneva: International Labor Office, 1953. [ 5] Hart, P. D., and Aslett, E. A., in "Chronic Pulmonary Disease in South Wales Coalminers, " Special Rept. Series No. 243, vol I, London: Medical Research Council, 1942. [6] Matz, P. B., Am. J. M. Sc. jm:548, 1938. [7] Stone, M. J., Am. Rev. Tuberc. 41:12, 1940. [8] Hardy, H. L., in "Pneumoconiosis, " 6th Saranac Symposium, Trudeau School of Tuberculosis, ed. Vorwald, A. J., et al, p 133, New York: Paul B. Hoeber. Inc., 1950. [9] Wright, G. W., ibid, p 173. [10] Vorwald, A. J., ibid, p 190. [u] Vorwald, A. J., in "CUnical Cardiopulmonary Physiology, " ed. Gordon, B. L., p 359, New York: Grune and Stratton, 1957. [12] Wyatt, J. P., and Riddell, A. R., Am. J. Path. 25:447, 1949. fl3] Riddell, A. R., in "Pneumoconiosis, " 6th Saranac Symposium, Trudeau School of Tuberculosis, ed. Vorwald, A. J., et al, p 459, New York: Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1950. [ 14] Shaver, C. G., and Riddell, A. R., J. Indust. Hyg. 29:145, 1947. [15] Di Biasi, W., Tuberkulosearzt 7:343, 1953. [16] Gardner, L. U., Pub. Health Rept., Wash. 50:695, 1935. [17] Gough, J., J. Path. Bact., Lond. ^:277. 1940. [18] Fletcher. CM., in "Beitr'aige zur Silicose-Forschung; Bericht liber die Medizinischwissenschaftliche Arbeitstagung Mber Silicose," (Sonderband) p 119, Bochum: Bergbau-Berufsgenossenschaft, 1951. [19] Union of South Africa Rept. of the Departmental Committee of Enquiry into the Relationship between Silicosis and Pulmonary Disability and the Relationship between Pneumoconiosis and Tuberculosis, Pretoria: The Government Printer, 1955. [20] Gardner, L. U., J. Indust. Hyg. 24:18, 1932. [21] Gardner, L. U., ibidj_9:lll, 1937. [22] Vigliani. E. C, and Mottura, G., Brit. J. Indust. M. ^: 148, 1948. [23] Di Biasi, W., Arch. Gewerbepalh. 8: 1 39, 1937. [24] Geever, E. F.. Am. J. M. Sc. 214:292, 1947. [25] Vorwald, A. J., personal communication. [26] Motley. H. L., in "CUnical Cardio- pulmonary Physiology, " ed. Gordon, B. L., p331, New York: Grune and Stratton, 1957. [27] Levine, E. R., and Liu, C K., ibid, p 447. [28] Rossier, P. H., in "ILO 3rd Internal. Conf. of Experts on Pneumoconiosis, Sydney, 1950; Record of Proceedings," vol 2, p 26, Geneva: International Labor Office, 1953. [29] Merewether, E. R. A., ibid, vol 1, p 32. [30] Cartier, P., ibid, vol 1, p 32. [31] Lynch, K. M., Mclver, F. A., and Cain, J. R.. Am. M. Ass. Arch. Indust. Health J^:207, 1957. [32] Isselbacher, K. J., Klaus. H., and Hardy, H. L., Am. J. M. 21:721, 1953. 271 £ 2 X u -~ « —1 1! o 0) X 3 2 H2 0) CO u — a -f c ~ o p -o — o 3 2 0-3 .S -o 4) 0 g a S > BO 1 X _ o * ^ o S 'g 2 8 >, ° a u ■o ° is c ^ M «; >> B X o c .S Z £2 2 3 ■^'^ o "3 o Li « S Q. ° s tio o u 2 O •« ^§ .5 » o c ^2 5 2 >»2 a _ 4> i- 2 « S 0 e o 0.3 2 .5 '^ 3 w 01 (J o C -I 2 o ° Su 7 « !: lu 5 2 iS °o > «i Ee en G 0 0 3 c T.2 0) cn ■p-H V- 3 >« O O •U OJ DO C "I E T3 i '^ nf 0 >^ BO u 0 Hi 0 c 0 OQ 3 x; w •3 nl c ! (u -^ M O >> §•3 - i o S -• (NJ 'O ^ CO dJ o a. S CO — « ^ o -a rt E 2 «i o - O U <" TJ 2 "" §2-3 "> o nl c 3 -. JD rt 0 0 r? u S y^ 0 «; c <: ■2-3 S-a " 2 Oj o 2 « -o i; 21; rt to c to g > ^ o O i3 BO S O 0, 1' 2 0> c9 0) ■-* p ^ t. i x: 3 5f 1- 3 .M U. (M 4-. 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Q 2 U r-r^ ■2 £ .2 JS § - . a X a a s e ■ a; to ■ OJ to -: t- a O Q. X . H^ > - c : OJ o M o-o . o u «S 5 a £ ti,— a <" :S X ^ " - — J3 : 6 . d "J od TJ ^^ . ^ PQ a- 05 ai o X : to OQ (J- b< M _ 2^ OJ tj. ^ X -H . -E X " " , tj^ QJ 01 • I ^ CD x: I. "? IT- C " r"' !I;iIlS -g -- ^ «^ TJ t. -2 c OJ x: a TJ Q< c g a a Q M -^ [li ^- w . OJ . to DO t; >> a ' J IT, a <: TJ i?£ OJ —I " ' OJ fli -^ ~ " XI S^t fNJ CO 0 CO 3 u n c c a> 0) U cc X ^- - CQ iri C 01 3 a a, -^ a .^- . a 6 "J S' o £> x: H > OJ w oj-g '^^ <" to O - M TJ T) "^ S = „ c ~: o X ^^ J mia: S a .. ^ .- = .2 -3 § 2 i; ii o t. OJ ■ ^1 o >! - . OJ U PQ S to- 7 0) Wu « OJ g »" .2 § S Q ■ 6 -g "-I I -- 5f t. I X X -g 0, , , o 00 o 2 " n: a -" I- 0. >. °--o .2 Tj" " O OJ >^ o _ 00 tn £ o g f- o a - to tn S >. * 2 S 5 6 o Z i; a a c OJ x: i x: D. < ^■33 § « e TJ 3 n, = s ■= o a rj 273 144. PHYSIOLOGY OF DYSPNEA Dyspnea is defined as breathing associated with effort or distress, including subjective breathlessness and objective evidence of labored breathing. Part I: GENERAL CAUSES 1 Abnormal hemoglobins 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Fear 2 Acidosis Increased body metabolism 3 Anemia Neuromuscular defects 4 Apprehension Pain 5 Cardiac and respiratory congenital deformities Pulmonary edema 6 Congestive heart failure Pulmonary embolism 7 Exercise Pulmonary fibrosis 8 Exhaustion Pulmonary infection 9 Fatigue Respiratory obstruction, acute and chronic Contributor: Tomashefski, J. F. References: [ l] Richards, D. W., Jr., Circulation 7: J. H.. Forster, R. E.. Du Bois, A. B., Briscoe, W. A. 1955. [4] Christie, R. V., Quart. J. M. 7j421, 1938. New York: Gruen and Stratton, 1957. 15, 1953. [2] Means, J. H., Medicine 3^309, 1924. [3] Comroe, , and Carlson, E., "The Limg, " Chicago: Yearbook Publishers, [5] Gordon, B. L., "Clinical Cardiopulmonary Physiology, " Part II: MECHANISMS INVOLVED General Specific Reference (A) (B) (C) Breathing: decreased capacity Anatomical restriction of ventilation. 1 Decreased lung compliance. 1,2 Increased effort of breathing. Mechanical airway resistance. 2 Breathing: increased work of Oxygen consumption of respiratory muscles large in relation to flow of oxygen through these muscles. 1, 3,4 Lungs: decreased diffusing capacity Alveolar- capillary block. 3 Loss of lung tissue and decreased diffusing surface area. 5.6 Lungs: impaired distribution of air and blood Altered ventilation perfusion relationships. 4 Decreased effective alveolar ventilation. 5,7,8. 9 Increased respiratory dead space. Neuroanatomical ; neurophysiological Central receptors: thalamic and cortical centers. 5 Mechsmoreceptors, chemoreceptors: sensory receptors possibly located in lung parenchyma, airways, joints, muscles, aortic and carotid bodies. 10, 11 Physiochemical Alterations of ventilation or respiratory drive. b Increased respiratory stimulation as seen with hypercapnia, hypoxia. 11, 12 7 Tissue level: impaired gas trsinsport and exchange a Contributor: (a) Tomashefski, J. F. References: [ l] Otis, A. B., Physiol. Rev. 34:449, 1954. [2] Fenn. W. O.. Am. J. M. ]£:77, and Whittenberger, J. L., J. Appl. Physiol. 5:779, 1953. [4] Cournand, A., Richards, D. W., Bader, M. E., and Fishman, A. P., Trans. Ass. Am. Physiol. 67:162, 1954. [5] Donald, K. W. A. D., Jr., and Cournand, A., J. Appl. Physiol. 4:497, 1952. [b] Austrian, R.. McClement, J. Riley. R. L., and Cournand, A., Am. J. M. _n:665, 1951. [7] Riley, R. L., and Cournand, A., 1949. [8] Riley, R. L., and Cournand, A., ibid 4:78, 1951. [9] Riley, R. L., Cournand, A., 1951. [3] Mead. J., Jr., Bader, R. A.. , , Riley, R. L., Renzetti, H., Renzetti, A. D., Jr., J. Appl. Physiol. _1^:825, and Donald, K. W., ibid 4:102, 1951. [ 10] Comroe. J. H., Forster, R. E.. Du Bois, A. B., Briscoe, W. A., and Carlson, E., "The Lung," Chicago: Yearbook Publishers, 1955. [11] Cournand, A., and Richards, D. W.. "Physiologic Derangements of the Respiratory System, "p 416, New York:McGraw-HiIl, 1957. [ 12] Gray, J. S., "Pulmonary Ventilation and Its Physiologic Regulation. " Springfield. Illinois: Thomas. 1950. 274 145. O^ CONSUMPTION: PROTOZOA Like our other tables covering oxygen consumption, this one should be used with utmost caution and circumspection. The figures reflect order of magnitude; often a value may not prove accurate for a particular requirement. The table, however, does have special utility as an annotated bibliography. Values, unless otherwise specified, are cubic millimeters oxygen per million cells per hour for mature protozoa. B = bloodstream; C = culture; G = in presence of glucose. Species Temp °C Rate Remarks Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 Balantidium coli 37 9.401 C;G. 1 2 28 4.231 C;G. 1 3 Leishmania brasiliensis 28 0.42 C; G. 2,3 4 32 0.32 C; G 2,3 5 37 0.65 C; G. 2,3 6 L. donovani 25 0.44 C; G. 2-5 7 28 0.18 C; G. 2-5 8 32 0.27 C; G. 2-5 9 37 0.38 C; G. 2-5 10 L. tropica 28 0.39 C; G. 2-4 11 32 0.31 C;G. 2-4 12 37 0.45 C; G. 2-4 13 Leptomonas ctenocephali 28 0.272 C; G. 6 14 Paramecium calkinsi 25 250 Reactive for mating. 7 15 25 450 Non- reactive for mating. 7 16 Plasmodium cathemerium 38 0.10 1 /4 grown; G. 8 17 38 0.25 3/4 grown; G. 8 18 P. cynomolgi 38 0.47 Segmenters; G. 8 19 P. inui 38 0.09 Rings, amebic. 8 20 P. knowlesi 38 0.08 Rings. 8 21 38 0.34 3/4 grown segmenters; G. 8 22 P. lophurae 38 0.18 1/2-3/4 grown; G. 8 23 Strigomonas fasciculata 28 0.372 C: G. 6 24 S. oncopelti 28 0.4l2 C;G. 6 25 Trichomonas foetus 28 2.15 C: G. 9 26 T. hepatica 38 6.00 C; G. 10 27 T. vaginalis 38 2.69 C; G. 11 28 38 0.96 C. U 29 Trypanosoma congolense 37 1.53 B; G. 12 30 T. conorhini 28 0.26 C;G. 12 31 T. cruzi 28 0.44 B; G. 2,12 32 37 1.09 B;G. 2,12 33 37 1.24 B; G. 2.12 34 28 0.25 C; G. 2,3,13 35 32 0.43 C; G. 2,3,13 36 37 0.33 C; G. 2,3.13 37 T. equinum 37 1.66 B:G. 12 38 T. equiperdum 28 0.53 B; G. 2,12 39 37 0.91 B; G. 2,12 40 37 1.85 B; G. 2,12 41 T. evansi 37 1.66 B; G. 12 42 T. gambiense 37 1.70 B; G. 12 43 28 0.14 C; G. 2.12 44 30 0.38 C; G. 2,12 45 37 0.21 C; G. 2,12 46 T. hippicum 37 0.66 B;G. 2,14 47 38 2.00 B;G. 2,14 48 T. lewisi 37 0.69 B; G. Old. 2 49 37 0.50 B; G. Young. 15,16 50 37 125. 5^ B, 4 da, untreated hostg; G. 17 51 37 92.43 B, 4 da, treated hosts; G. 17 52 T. pipistrelli 30 0.13 C:G. 12 53 T. rhodesiense 28 0.77 B; G. 2,18 54 37 1.03 B; G. 2,18 55 37 1.94 B; G. 2,18 /I/ cu mm O^ per 1,000 organisms per hr. /2/ Calculated from dry weight. /3/ cu mm O2 per 2 x 108 organisms per hr. 275 145. 02 CONSUMPTION: PROTOZOA (Concluded) Values, unless otherwise specified, are cubic millimeters oxygen per million cells per hour for mature protozoa. B = bloodstream; C = culture; G = in presence of glucose. Species Temp °C Rate Remarks Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 56 57 58 Trypanosoma vivax, rat strain T. vivax, sheep strain 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 1.17 2.00 0.63 2.82 B; G. Old. B; G. Yoimg. B; G. Old. B; G. Young. 19 19 19 19 Contributors: (a) Silverman, M., (b) Vernberg, W. B., (c) Von Brand, T., (d) Wichterman. R., (e) Ivey, M. References: [1] Agosin, M., Von Brand, M., and Von Brand, T., J. Infect. Dis. ^: 101, 1953. [2] Von Brand, T., and Johnson, E. M., J. Cellul. Physiol. 29:33, 1947. [3] Chang, S. L., J. Infect. Dis. 82:109, 1948. [4] Adler, S., and Ashbel, R.. Arch. zool. ital. 20:521, 1934. (5] Fulton, J. D., and Joyner, L. P., Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. M. Hyg., Lond. «:273, 1949. [6] Lwoff, A., Zbl. Bakt. J^:49B. 1934. [7] Boell, E. J., and Woodruff, L. L., J. Exp. Zool. 87:385, 1941. [8] Maier, J., and Coggeshall. L. T., J. Infect. Dis. ^:87, 1941. [9] RledmuUer, L., Zbl. Bakt. 137:428, 1936. [lO] Williams, R., Massart, L., and Peeters, G., Naturwissenschaften ^O: 169. 1942. [11] Read, C. P., and Rothman, A., Am. J. Hyg. fca:249, 1955. [12] Von Brand, T., Tobie, E. J., and Mehlman, B., J. Cellul. Physiol. 25:273, 1950. [13] Von Brand, T., Johnson, E. M., and Rees, C. W., J. Gen. Physiol. 20:163, 1946. [ 14] Harvey, S. C, J. Biol. Chem. 179:435, 1949. [15] Moulder, J. W., Science 206: 168, 1947. [16] Moulder, J. W., J. Infect. Dis. 83:42, 1948. [17] Zwiesler, J., and Lysenka, M., J. Parasit., Lane. 40:531, 1954. [18] Christophers, S. R., and Fulton, J. D., Ann. Trop. M. Parasit., Li verp. 22:43, 1938. [19] Desowitz, R., Exp. Parasitol. 2:250, 1956. 146. O2 CONSUMPTION: HELMINTHS Like our other tables covering oxygen consumption, this one should be used with utmost caution and circumspection. The figures reflect order of magnitude; often a value may not prove accurate for a particular requirement. The table, however, does have special utility as an annotated bibliography. Values, unless otherwise specified, are cubic millimeters oxygen per milligram dry substance per hour for adult animals. G = in presence of glucose. Species Temp °C Rate Remarks Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 Ascaridia galli 37 2.5 1 2 Ascaris lumbricoides 30 0.38 Eggs, 0-2 da. 2 3 30 0.80 Eggs, 10-20 da. 2 4 30 0.15 Eggs, 45 da. 2 S 37 O.82I SmaU. 3 6 37 O.33I Large. 3 7 37 O.59I Males. 4 8 37 O.32I Females. 4,5 9 39 O.42I Small. 6 10 Diphyllobothrium latum 37 2.7 Proglottids. 7 11 37 15.0 Proglottida. G. 7 12 22 0.34 Plerocercoids, G. 7 13 22 0.67 Plerocercoids, G. 7 14 Euplanaria tigrina 20 1.8 Starved. 8 15 20 1.4 Normal fed. 8 16 25 2.0 Starved. 8 17 25 2.2 Normal fed. 8 18 30 2.5 Normal fed. 8 19 35 3.5 Starved. 8 20 35 2.6 Normal fed. 8 21 E^strongylides ignotus 37 0.56' Larvae. 9 22 Fasciola hepatica 37.5 1.94 1 23 Gorgoderina attenuata 21 0.40 10 24 Gynaecotyla adunca 23.6 0.132 11 25 30.4 0.29^ In air. 11 26 30.4 0.132 In 5% O2. 12 27 30.4 0.1 02 In 100% O^. 12 28 Haemonchus contortus 30 9.7 Eggs (morula). 1 29 30 10.7 Eggs (blastula). I 30 30 12.6 Larvae. I 31 Heterakis spumoaa 38 4.0 13 32 Monieza expanse 37.5 1.1 Head region; G. 14 /I/ Calculated on dry matter percentage. /2/ Based on volume determinations. 276 146. 02 CONSUMPTION: HELMINTHS (Concluded) Values, unless otherwise specified, are cubic millimeters oxygen per milligram dry substance per hour for adult animals. G = in presence of glucose. Species Temp °C Rate Remarks Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 33 Monieza expansa (concluded) 37.5 0.9 Mature proglottids; G. 14 34 37.5 0.6 Gravid proglottids; G. 14 35 Nematodirus spp 37 5.1 1 36 Neoaplectana glaseri 30 12.6 1 37 Nippostrongylus muris 30 18.4 Larvae, 1 da. 1 38 30 13.0 Larvae, 4 da. 1 39 30 9.2 Larvae, 12 da. 1 40 37 6.8 1 41 Ostertagia circuracincta 38 7.4 13 42 Pararaphistomum cervi 38 0.03 13 43 Plana ria alpina 5 30 15 44 15 240 15 45 P. gonocephala 5 40 15 46 15 170 15 47 Schistosoma mansoni 37.5 6.0 Pairs. 16 48 37.5 8.7 Pairs; G. 16 49 37.5 9.1 Males; G. 16 50 37.5 10.7 Females; G. 16 51 8.5 Pairs, untreated hosts; G. 17 52 2.9 Pairs, treated hosts; G. 17 53 Strongylus equinus 38 3.3 13 54 S. vulgaris 38 3.6 13 55 Syphacia obvelata 38 4.4 13 56 Tetrameres confusa 0.24 18 57 Trichinella spiralis 37.5 2.35 Larvae 19 58 37.5 2.37 Larvae; G. 19 Contributors: (a) Chang, S. L., (b) Silverman, M., (c) Vernberg. W. B., (d) Von Brand, T., (e) Sawaya, P. References: [l] Rogers, W. P., Parasitology. Lond. 39:105, 1948. [2] Passey, R., and Fairbairn, D., Canad. J. Biochem. Physiol. 33:1033. 1955. [3] Kreuger, F., Zool. Jahrb. Abt. allgem. Zool. 57:1 , 1936. [4] Adam, W.. Zschr. vergl. Physiol. J_6: 229. 1932. [5] Von Brand, T.. ibid2J^:220, 1934. [6] Laser, H., Biochem. J., Lond. 38:333. 1944. [7] Friedheim, E. A., and Baer, J. G., Biochem. Zschr. 265:329. 1933. [8] Sawaya, P., and Ungaretti, M. D., Bol.fac. filosof. cienc. e letras, Univ. 53^0 Paulo, Zoologia 13:330, 1948. [9] Von Brand, T.. Biol. Bull. 82:1. 1942. [ 10] Goodchild, C, J. Parasit., Lane. 40:591, 1954. Xn] Hunter, W., and Vernberg, W., Exp. Parasitol. 4:54, 1955. [12] Hunter, W., and Vernberg, W., ibid 4:427, 1955. [13] Lazarus, M., Austral. J. Sc. Res. B 3:245, 1950. [14] Alt, H. L., and Tischer, O. A., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 29:222, 1931. [15] Biasing, I., Zool. Jahrb. 64:112, 1953. [16] Bueding, E., J. Gen. Physiol. 33:475, 1950. [17] Bueding, E., Peters, L., Koletsky, S., and Moore, D., Brit. J. Pharm. 8: 15, 1953. [18] Villella, G., and Ribeiro, L., Anais da Acad. Brasileina de Ciencias 27:87, 1955. [19] Stannard, J. N., McCoy, O. R., and Latchford, W. B., Am. J. Hyg. 27:666, 1938. 277 147. 02 CONSUMPTION: INVERTEBRATES Like our other tables covering oxygen consumption, this one should be used with utmost caution and circumspection. The figures reflect order of magnitude: often a value may not prove accurate for a particular requirement. The table, however, does have special utility as an annotated bibliography. Values, unless otherwise specified, are cubic millimeters oxygen per gram fresh weight per hour for adult animals. Class and/or Species Temp °C Rate Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) Porifera 1 Suberites massa 22.4 24.1 1 1 Coelenterata Hydrozoa 2 Carmarina hastata 16 6.0 2 3 20 8.0 2 4 Scyphozoa 25 2.0 3 5 Aurelia aurita 13 3.4 4 6 17 5.0 4 7 Rhizostoma pulmo 16 7.2 2 8 Anthozoa 26 15.3 5 9 Anemonia sulcato 18 13.4 6 Ct enophora 10 Be roe ovata 16 5.0 2 U Cestus veneris 16 2.6 2 12 25 25.0 3 Echinodermata Asteroidea 13 Asterias rubens IS 30 7 14 A. rubens, Baltic Sea 15 21 8 IS A. rubens. North Sea Echinoidea 15 24 8 16 Strongylocentrotus lividus Holothuroidea 25 15 3 17 Holothuria impatiens 25 17 3 18 H. stellata Ophiuroidea 25 4 3 19 Ophioderraa longicauda 25 8 9 20 25 32 3 Mollusca Cephalopoda 21 Eladone moschata 16 181 9 22 25 28 3 23 Octopus vulgaris 16 47 10 24 16 87 2 25 20 117 • 2 26 25 68 3 27 25 102 3 28 Sepia officinalis Gastropoda 15 320 3 29 Aplysia limacina 16 30 9 30 Australorbis glabratus 10 16.5 11 31 30 133 11 32 Helix pomatia 20 94 12 33 Liroax agrestis 20 350 13 34 Lymnaea stagnalis 10 36.7 11 35 20 123 11 36 Pleurobranchea meckeli 25 36 3 37 Plerotrachea coronata 16 7.8 2 38 20 11 2 39 Tethys leporina 16 12 2 40 Pelecypoda 20 15 2 41 Mytilus sp 20 22 14 42 22.3 55 15 43 M. edulis 14 13 10 44 M. galloprovincialis 25 18 3 278 147. 02 CONSUMPTION: INVERTEBRATES (Continued) Values, unless otherwise specified, are cubic millimeters oxygen per gr8iin fresh weight per hour for adult animals. Class and/or Species Temp °C Rate Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) Annelida Oligochaeta 45 Glossoscolex sp, small 25 109 16 46 Glossoseolex sp, large 25 38 16 47 Limnodrilus claparedeanus 18.5 496 17 48 L. hofmeisteri 25 loio' 18 49 Lumbricus sp 18.5 64 19,20 50 20 170 13 51 L. commimis 21.5 206 21 52 L. herculeus 10 45 22 53 L. terrestris 20.5 138 21 54 Pheretima hawaya, small 25 271 16 55 P. hawaya, large 25 60 16 56 Pontoscolex sp, small 25 272 16 57 Pontoscolex sp, large 25 145 16 58 Tubifex sp 25 200 23 59 Tubifex tubifex Polychaeta 18.7 408 17 60 Arenicola sp 12 30 24 61 Chaetopterus pergamentaceus 15 8 25 62 Glycera siphonostoma 25 15 6 63 Nereis virens 15 26 25 64 Sabella pavonina 10 62 26 65 17 43 26 66 Spirographis spallanzami 25 135 27 Sipimculoidea 67 Sipunculus nudus 16 50 9 Arthropoda Crustacea 68 Asellus sp (isopod) 17 348 28 69 A. aquaticus (isopod) 10 700 29 70 Astacus fluviatilis (crayfish) 15 30 30 71 A. leptodactylus (crayfish) 20 70 31 72 A. torrentium (crayfish) 20 100 32 73 Callianaxa subterranea 15 930 3 74 Carcinus maenus (shore crab) 15 625 3 75 Dronia vulgaris (crab) 15 3000 3 76 Emerita talpodia 20 112 33 77 Eriphia spinifrons 15 1828 3 78 Galathea squamifera (crab) 15 215 3 79 Homarus americanus (lobster) 15 507 25 80 Ilia nucleus 15 253 3 81 Maja verrucosa (crab) 15 1460 3 82 Ocypode albicans (ghost crab) 26 139 34 83 Pachygrapus marmoralus (shore crab) 15 1137 3 84 Paguristis maculata 15 1600 3 85 Palaemon serratus (prawn) 16 106 9 86 P. squilla (prawn) 19 128 10 87 Palinurus vulgaris (rock lobster) 15 12,874 3 88 Pandalina brevirostrus 15 20 35 89 Pandalus montagui (prawn) 15 289 35 90 Pilumnus hirtellus 15 160 3 91 Pugettia producta (kelp crab) 15 100 36 92 Sicyonia sculpa 15 443 3 93 Spirontocaris cranchi 15 6 35 94 S. securifrons 15 349 35 95 Talorchestia meglopthalma (beach flea) 17 180 28 96 20 246 37 97 Trichodactylus petropolitanus 20 0.802 38 98 20 0.19' 38 99 20 0.25^ 38 III Normal fed. /2/ Starved. /3/ Dry weight. 279 147. Oz CONSUMPTION: INVERTEBRATES (Continued) Values, unless otherwise specified, are cubic millimeters oxygen per gram fresh weight per hour for adult animals. Class and/or Species Temp "C Rate Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) Arthropoda (concluded) Onychophora 100 Epiperipatus brasiliensis 25 230 39 101 Peripatus accacioi 10 37 40 102 20 92 40 103 Insecta 30 226 40 104 Aedes aegypti (mo8quito),<^ 26 2330 41 lOS ? 26 4200 41 106 Anopheles quadrimaculatus (mosquito), rf 26 2300 41 107 9 26 2840 41 108 Apis melllfera, (hive bee) 20 17,466 42 109 True flight 20 87.000 43 110 Culex sp (mosquito) 20 575 45 HI C. pipiens, 50 wk Ringer phosphate 3.4 1 2 1.9 1 3 Prostate Ringer glucose 7.6 2 4 Krebs- Ringer phosphate 1.521 3 5 Seminal vesicles Castrate Guinea pig Ringer's solution 4.6-2 4 6 Ringer glucose 6.1 5 7 2.8 5 8 Rat Krebs-Ringer phosphate O.77I 3 9 2.7 6 10 Spermatozoa Epididymal Bull Ringer phosphate 6.6 7 U Horse serum 11.2 8 12 Horse serum, glucose 12.8 8 13 Whole serum^ 90 9 14 Whole serum* 180 9 15 Ringer phosphate 2.6 10 16 Guinea pig 8.0 8 17 Serum 18.4 8 18 Ejaculated Rabbit Ringer phosphate 4.4 11 19 Ram 9.0 11 20 Rat Serum 7.7 12 21 Fowl 2.8 11 22 Testis Rabbit Ringer glucose 7.7 13 23 Rat 7.5-14.3 14-20 24 Serum 11.0 12 25 Ringer phosphate 2.5 21 Female 26 Mammary gland Rat, virgin 15-25 wk >50 wk Normal Breeder Castrate Pregnant Termination of pregnancy Parturition Lactating 4th da 12th da 15-22 da 24 da Weaning, 2 da after 7 da after Ringer, bicarbonate, glucose 20. OZ 22 27 Ringer phosphate 2.9 1 28 2.2 1 29 Ringer phosphate, glucose 3.7 23 30 Ringer phosphate 4.0 1 31 Ringer phosphate, glucose 3.9 23 32 10.2 23 33 Ringer glucose 1.3 24 34 Ringer, bicarbonate, glucose 522 22 35 Ringer phosphate, glucose 10.1 23 36 Ringer, bicarbonate, glucose 100. 0^ 22 37 105.0^ 22 38 Ringer glucose 10.0 24 39 Ringer, bicarbonate, glucose 70. 0<: 22 40 Ringer glucose 5.5 24 41 Ringer phosphate, glucose 5.1 23 42 Ovary Mouse Serum 9.0 12 43 Rat Castrate Castrate Castrate Castrate, plus estrogen Ringer glucose 5.7 2 44 Krebs-Ringer phosphate I.I4I 3 45 Uterus O.73I 3 46 5.1 25 47 Ringer glucose 5.3 25 48 Ringer's solution 3.7 2 49 5.2 25 50 7.9 25 51 Uterus, endometrium Man, 1-5 da 6-10 da 18 da Potassium pyruvate, glucose 1.97 26 52 3.49 26 53 2.68 26 /I/ cu mm oxygen consumed per mg wet weight per hr. /2/ ^l oxygen consumed per mg nitrogen per hr. /3/ 10° sperm/ml. /4/ 2 x 109 sperm/ml. /5/ Micromoles oxygen per g wet weight per hr. 297 151. 02 CONSUMPTION: ANIMAL TISSUES (Concluded) Values for oxidation quotient (^02) are expressed in cu ram oxygen consumed per mg dry weight of tissue per hour, unless otherwise indicated. Part IX: REPRODUCTIVE TISSUES (Concluded) Tissue Animal Medium QO2 Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Female (concluded) 54 r Uterus, endometrium (concluded) Proliferation, early Late Secretory, early Late Man, menopausal Potassium pyruvate, glucose 1.28 26 55 Saline solution, glucose 2.35 27 56 Krebs- Ringer glucose 3.24 28 57 4.40 28 58 3.87 28 59 4.88 28 /5/ Micromoles oxygen per g wet weight per hr. Contributors: (a) Vernberg, F. J., (b) Fitzgerald, L. R. (f) Quastel, J. H., and Scholefield, P. G. (c) Barker, S. B., (d) Elliott, K. A., (e) Jandorf, B. J., References: [ l] Tuba, J., and Eraser, M. S., Canad. J. M. So. 30:14, 1952. [2] H. S., unpublished. [3] Barker, S. B., and Schwartz, H. S., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. G. F., and Robertson, M., Austral. J. Exp. Biol. 21:131. 1953. [5] Levey, H. A., [6] Porter, J. C, and Melampy, R. M., Endocrinology ^:412, 1952. [7] Lardy, Biol. Chem. 148:333, 1943. [8] Redenz. E., Biochera. Zschr. 257:234, 1933. [9] Barker, S. B., and Schwartz. 83:500, 1953. [4] Humphrey, and Szego, C. M., unpublished. H. A., and Phillips, P. H., J. Bishop. M. W., and Salisbury, G. W., Am. J. Physiol. ^80:107, 1955. [10] Lardy, H. A., Han'sen, R. G., and Phillips, P. H., Arch. Biochera., N. Y. 6:41, 1945. [11] Lardy, H. A., and Phillips, P. H. , Am. J. Physiol. 138:741, 1943. [ 12] Fujita, A., Biochera. Zschr. j97: 17 5, 1928. [13] Ebina, T. , Tohoku J. Exp. M. n:424, 1929. [14] Barker, S. B., and Klitgaard, H. M., Am. J. Physiol. 170:81, 1952. [15] Dickens, F., and Greville, G. D., Biochera. J., Lond. 27:832, 1933. [lb] Dickens, F., and Siraer, F., ibid 35:7, 1941. [17] Edson, N. L., and Leloir, L. F.. ibid 30:2319, 1936. [18] Elliott, K. A., Greig, M. E., and Benoy, M. P., ibid 31^:1003, 1937. [19] Warburg, O., Posener, K., and Negelein, E., Biochem. Zschr. 152:309, 1924. [20] Weil-Malherbe, H., Biochem. J., Lond. 32:2257, 1938. [2l] Paul. H. E., Paul, M. F., and Kopko, F., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 79:555, 1952. [22] Hoover, Endocrinology 54:666, 1954. [23] Tuba, J., Rawlinson, H. E., and Shaw, L. G., Canad. Folley, S. J., and French, T. H., Biochem. J., Lond. 45:270, 1949. [25] Roberts, S., Chem. 201:21, 1953. [26] Hagerman, D. D., and Villee, C. A., Endocrinology 53:667, D., and Villee, C. A., J. Biol. Chera. 203:425, 1953. [28] Stuermer, V. M., and Stein. 1952. C. R., and Turner, C. W., J. Res. 28:217, 1950. [ 24] and Szego, C. M., J. Biol. 1953. [27] Hagerman, D. R. J., Am. J. Obst. 63:359 Part X: PLACENTAL TISSUES Tissue Animal Medium Q02 Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) I AUantois Chick Ringer glucose 22.3 2 Chorio-allantois 10.4 3 Chorio-allantois and yolk sac Krebs saline phosphate 5.6 4 Chorion Rat Ringer glucose 13.5 5 Decidua Man Serum 2.5 6 Placenta, 7 wk 15 wk 30 wk 0.4 mg 10.9-13.7 mg Fetal side Uterine side Man Salt solution, pyruvate, glucose 3.1 5 7 2.8 5 8 2.2 5 9 Mouse Serum 7.5 6 10 6.4 11 Rabbit 5.3 12 3.4 13 20 da Rat Horse serum 3.9 14 Ringer's solution 7.3 Contributors: (a) Vernberg, F. J., (b) Fitzgerald, L. R., (c) Barker, S. B., (d) Elliott, K. A., (e) Quastel, J. H., and Scholefield, P. G. References: [1] Laser, H., Biochem. J., Lond. 3^: 1 67 1 , 1937. [2] Brown, B., and Odenheimer, K., StanfordM. Bull. UiZlS. 1953. [3] Moulder, J. M., and Weiss, E., J. Infect. Dis. 88:68, 1951. [4] Bell, W. B., Brooks, J., and Jowett, M., Cancer Res. 12: 369, 1928. [5] Villee, C. A., J. Biol. Chem. 205: 1 1 3, 1953. [6] Fujita, A.. Biochem. Zschr. 197:175, 1928. [7] Murphy. J. B., and Hawkins, J. A., J. Gen. Physiol. 8:115, 1925. 298 15Z. FETAL TISSUES Values presented in these tables should be considered representative, but not exact, as rarely are enough data presented to justify statistical treatment, and rarely is independent confirmatory information available. Unless otherwise specified, values are for a single, intact embryo. Part I: SHEEP Based on blood- flow and blood- gas analysis. Age, da Wet Weight, g (il Oi/br )il O^/g/hr Age, da Wet Weight, g til 02/hr til 02/g/hr (A) (B) (C) (D) (A) (B) (d) (D) 1 78 250 120,000 474 10 127 2850 672,000 234 2 95 570 426,000 750 11 129 2750 1,512,000 4861 3 99 920 378,000 408 12 130 2850 726,000 252 4 106 960 552,000 576 13 136 2810 864,000 396 5 108 1050 498,000 474 14 137 3850 1.200,000 312 6 111 1200 276,000 228 15 138 3650 930,000 252 7 112 1000 252,000 252 16 141 4100 1,320,000 324 8 123 2040 558,000 234 17 144 3500 840,000 240 9 126 3000 738,000 246 18 152 2800 984,000 258 /I/ The author believes this value too high, but cannot define the source of error. Contributor: Fitzgerald, L. R. Reference: Barcroft, J., "Researches on Prenatal Life, " Springfield, 111.: Charles C. Thomas, 1947. Part II: RAT In Lines 1-10, values are based on Cartesian Diver technique; w 11-44 are based on Warburg manometric technique. Medium: A 0.025 M bicarbonate buffer + 0.2% glucose; C = serum + 0.025 M solution; E = Ringer-phosphate, pH 7.4. ith the exception of Lines 37 and 39, values in Lines = 0.8% NaCl, phosphate buffer, pH 7.4; B = serum + bicarbonate buffer + 0.011 M glucose; D = Krebs Age da Stage Medium Dry Weight mg nIOzAir QO2I ^M ^M QS'* R.Q. Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) (J) (K) 1 Follicular ovum A O.OOUl 29 2 1 cell A 0.00072 29 3 2 cells A 0.00072 29 4 2-4 cells A 0.00073 29 5 3-4 cells A 0.00080 32 6 8 cells A 0.00106 42.5 7 8-16 cells A 0.00094 38 8 1-16 cells A 0.0002 0.00073 9 8 A 0.01 19.5 10 10 A 0.2 13.5 11 B 0.11 12.8 12 B 0.36 18.0 13 B 0.39 26.3 14 B 0.46 15.9 IS B 0.47 32.0 16 B 0.57 27.3 17 B 0.67 8.2 18 B 0.90!> 12 13.3 13.2 19 B 0.90'' 10.5 11.8 15.0 20 B 1.00^ 14.6 14.6 15.8 21 B LOO*) 13.6 13.6 17.8 22 B 1.10i> 11.7 10.6 9.2 23 B i.iofe U.6 10.6 11.0 24 C 1.34 26 25 C 1.68 20 26 B 1.87 14.5 27 B 1.88 16.8 28 B 2.40 36.7 14.3 6.7 29 B 2.48 15.1 30 B 2.50 0 31 B 2.55 0 2 32 B 2.62 10.0 3 /I/ O2 = cu mm O2 consumed per mg dry weight tissue per hr. /2/ Q = cu mm lactic acid formed in O2 per rag dry weight tissue per hr. /3/ Q„' = cu mm lactic acid formed in N^ per mg dry weight tissue per hr. /4/ QS = cu mm acid {carbonic + lactic) formed per mg dry weight tissue per hr. /5/ Membranes intact. /6/ Membranes destroyed. 299 152. O^ CONSUMPTION: FETAL TISSUES (Continued) Part II: RAT (Concluded) With the exception of Lines 37 and 39, values in Lines 11-44 are based on Warburg manometric technique. Medium: A = 0.8% NaCl, phosphate buffer, pH 7.4; B = serum + 0.025 M bicarbonate buffer + 0.2% glucose; C = serum + 0.025 M bicarbonate buffer + 0.011 M glucose; D = Krebs solution; E = Ringer-phosphate, pH 7.4. Age da Stage Medium Dry Weight mg ^il 02/hr QO2I ^M ^M QS4 R.Q. Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (1) 1.3 24 1.32 15.6 52 4.21 (15.2) 25 1.67 (21.4) 53 4.27 (18.5) 26 1.86 16.4 0.9 9.7 54 4.35 9.7 27 1.90 (24.0) 55 4.73 8.1 1.2 7.5 28 1.92 15.4 56 5.03 5.0 HI O = cu ram Oi consumed per mg dry weight tissue per hr. /2/ Q^ = cu mm lactic acid formed in O^ per mg dry weight tissue per hr. /3/ Q^ = cu mm lactic acid formed in N2 per rag dry weight tissue per hr. /4/ Data are from Reference [ 2]. /5/R.Q. = 0.99. /6/ R.Q. = 0.98. Contributor: Fitzgerald, L. R. References: [ l] Kuomanomido, S., Biochem. Zschr. 1^:31 5, 1928. [2] Dickens, F., and Simer, F., Biochem. J., Lond. 25:985, 1931. Part V: BLACK SNAKE (Coluber constrictor) Method based on Warburg manometric technique at 23.9°C. Age, da ^1 02/g/hr nl 02/ hr k1 C02/hr R.Q. Age. da ^1 02/g/hr 111 02/ hr ^lI C02/hr R.Q. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 1 3500 210 159 0.76 24 30 337 173 0.51 2 2 162 25 31 200 356 204 0.57 3 3 1610 185 161 0.87 26 33 334 177 0.53 4 4 120 27 34 192 350 183 0.52 5 5 135 28 36 365 176 0.48 6 6 225 181 0.81 29 38 378 229 0.61 7 7 194 99 0.51 30 39 426 235 0.55 8 B 635 198 31 41 478 279 0.58 9 9 236 32 43 177 500 290 0.58 10 10 223 33 44 552 313 0.57 11 12 468 305 34 46 531 271 0.52 12 13 282 35 48 57 5 326 0.57 13 15 162 36 50 722 380 0.53 14 17 234 37 51 175 656 357 0.54 15 18 310 272 38 53 813 428 0.54 16 20 253 39 55 873 490 0.56 17 22 256 40 56 970 530 0.55 18 23 252 126 0.50 41 58 175 962 560 0.58 19 24 233 277 42 59 1021 476 0.47 20 25 300 154 0.51 43 61 1021 561 0.55 21 26 282 123 0.44 44 62 175 1227 550 0.45 22 27 226 334 45 64 1080 583 0.54 23 28 318 166 0.52 46 67 125 1026 565 0.55 Contributor: Clark, H. Reference: Clark, H., J. Exp. Biol.. Lond. 30:502, 1953. 302 152. Oi CONSUMPTION: FETAL TISSUES (Continued) Part VI: FROG (Rana fusca) Medium: aquarium water. Age, hr Stage jil O^/hr R.Q. mg Lactic Acid/ 100 ova/hr Reference Aerobic Anaerobic (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 1 Unfertilized ova 0 0.04 1 2 1 0.093 2 3 Fertilized oval 0 0.05 1 4 2 0.126 2 5 3-4 0.164 2 6 2 blastomeres 0.72 1 7 Morula 0.098-0.120 0.65 1 8 16-20 Blastula 0.151 2 9 Blast ula 0.146 0.70 1 10 Gastrula 0.184-0.213 1.03 0.045 0.079 1 11 Neurula 0.334 0.98 0.057 0.069 1 12 Tadpole 1.167 0.97 1 /I/ Cleavage? Contributor: Fitzgerald, L. R. References: [ 1] Brachet, J.. Arch. Biol., Par. 45:611, 1934. [2] Brachet, J., ibid 46:1, 1935. Part VII: FROG (Rana temporaria) Minced embryos in Ringer-bicarbonate. Tadpole qN2 "^M (A) (B) 1 2 3 4 5 6 8-10 mm 10-12 ram 12-14 mm 16-18 mm 18-20 mm 20-22 mm 19.35 12.7 12.1 10.72 11.9 14.6 Contributor: Fitzgerald, L. R. Reference: Nowinski. W. W., Biochera. J., Lond. 33:978, 1939. Part VIII: GRASS OR LEOPARD FROG (Rana pipiens) Section 1: Fertilized Ova' Medium: spring water or 10% Ringer's solution. After Fertilization, hr (il O^/hr (A) (B) 1 2 1/2-3 1/2 0.050 2 2 3/4-3 3/4 0.054 3 3-4 0.054 4 3 1/4-4 1/4 0.055 5 3 1/2-4 1/2 0.059 6 4-5 0.052 7 5-6 0.061 8 6-7 0.057 9 6 1/2-7 1/2 0.058 /I/ Extensive data for later stages given in graphic form in the reference. Contributors: (a) Fitzgerald, L. R., (b) Moog, F. Reference: Atlas, M., Physiol. Zool. 1_1^:278, 1938. 303 152. O^ CONSUMPTION: FETAL TISSUES (Continued) Part VIII; GRASS OR LEOPARD FROG (Rana pipiens) (Concluded) Section 2: Shumway Development Stages Medium: aquarium water. Stage Description 111 O^/hr R.Q. (A) (B) (C) (D) 1 3 Cleavage, early 0.052 2 3 2 cells 0.049-0.056 0.73-1.05 3 6+ 16-32 cells 0.080 0.88 4 7+ Cleavage 0.105 0.84-0.88 5 10 Gastrula, beginning 0.173 0.90-0.93 6 10+ 0.136 0.90 7 11 + Middle 0.147 0.87 8 12 Late 0.195-0.250 0,82-0.87 9 13 Neural plate 0.220-0.320 0.82-0.87 10 14 Neural fold 0.240-0.270 0.83-0.84 11 15 Neurula 0.280-0.290 0.81-0.86 12 16+ Gill- plate 0.330-0.490 0.81-0.88 Contributor: Fitzgerald, L.. R. Reference: Barth, L. G., J. Exp. Zool. 203:463, 1946. Section 3: Harrison Development Stages Method based on Warburg manometric techniques. Medium; aquarium water. Age, da Stage jil 02/hr Age, da Stage 111 02/hr (A) (B) (C) (A) (B) (C) 1 0 0 0.06 41 29 23.49 2 1 0.08 42 30 18.40 3 1 0.10 43 31 19.94 4 2-3 0.07 44 32 21.75 5 3 0.12 45 33 18.09 6 4-5 0.06 46 34 17.34 7 5-6 0.10 47 35 17.22 8 7 0.08 48 36 19.99 9 7-8 0.09 49 37 19.81 10 8 0.23 50 38 19.12 11 10 0.39 51 39 18.85 12 11 0.56 52 40 18.18 13 12-13 0.70 53 41 22.49 14 18-19 0.88 54 42 20.72 15 25-28 0.98 55 43 18.58 16 29-33 (Hatching) 1.22 56 44 25.00 17 35 1.61 57 45 18.13 18 37 1.93 58 47 22.99 19 Feeding begins 3.26 59 48 27.13 20 4.49 60 49 25.09 21 7.27 61 50 35.46 22 6.95 62 51 27.29 23 5.83 63 52 32.57 24 10 4.59 64 53 31.10 25 11 4.64 65 54 41.15 26 12 5.03 66 55 34.25 27 13 4.33 67 60 43.8 28 14 6.27 68 67 52.2 29 15 5.92 69 72 63.1 30 17 6.34 70 73 38.1 31 18 7.52 71 74 115.6 32 19 7.85 72 78 85.4 33 20 12.04 73 81 192.8 34 21 12.23 74 83 79.0 35 22 12.02 75 85 69.6 36 23 14.21 76 86 85.3 37 24 13.96 77 90 Metamorphosis 95.2 38 26 14.73 78 100 Metamorphosis 127.4 39 27 18.31 79 110 176.1 40 28 16.98 Contributor: Fitzgerald, Reference: WlUs, 1. A., L. R. J. Exp. Zool. 73:481, 1936. 304 15Z. O^ CONSUMPTION: FETAL TISSUES (Continued) Part IX: PACIFIC COAST NEWT, OR "WATER DOG" (Triturus torosus) Medium: aquarium water. Stages refer to the Harrison stage ot comparable development. Age, da Stage Hl 02/ hr Age, da Stage jil Oz/hr (A) (B) (C) (A) (B) (C) I 1 1-3 0.49 18 20 39 (Hatching) 2.40 2 1 3-6 0.25 19 21 40 2.39 3 2 7-8 0.20 20 24 43 2.90 4 3 9 0.39 21 25 44 (Feeding begins) 3.40 5 3 10 0.31 22 30 3.23 6 3 11 0.46 23 55 43.79 7 3 12 0.39 24 65 21.38 8 5 15 0.43 25 75 53.27 9 5 17 0.60 26 90 56.31 10 5 19 0.54 27 95 Metamorphosis 52.30 11 5 20 0.67 28 100 Metamorphosis 72.24 12 6 22 0.57 29 105 Metamorphosis 68.52 13 7 23 0.68 30 110 Metamorphosis 91.65 14 9 29 0.44 31 115 57.62 15 14 35 1.04 32 120 60.90 16 18 37 1.20 33 135 60.30 17 19 38 1.49 Contributor: Fitzgerald, L. R. Reference: Wills, I. A., J. Exp. Zool. 73:481. 1936. Part X: SPOTTED AND TIGER SALAMANDERS (Amblysto Method based on modified Thunberg differential respirometer. Medium: refer to the Harrison stage of comparable development ma punctatum, A. tigrinum) either tap water or spring water Stages A. punctatum A. tig rinura oiage Dry Weight, rag 111 02/hr yo2 Dry Weight, rag k1 02/hr WO2 (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 1 7.8,9 2.67 0.180 0.0677 2 10 3.181 O.265I 0.08381 2.48 0.393 0.1586 3 11 2.93 0.491 0.1676 4 12 2.86 0.283 0.0990 2.93 0.516 0.1762 5 13 2.25 0.464 0.2062 6 14 2.97 0.343 0.1156 2.90 0.661 0.2280 7 15 2.81 0.342 0.1219 8 16 3.08 0.392 0.1275 2.60 0.591 0.2274 9 17 2.63 0.362 0.1378 10 18 3.28 0.430 0.1313 3.28 0.692 0.2264 11 19 3.26 0.490 0.1505 12 20 2.13 0.343 0.1611 1.97 0.471 0.2395 13 21 3.08 0.482 0.1565 14 22 2.23 0.627 0.2815 15 23 3.01 0.482 0.1602 16 24 2.93 0.472 0.1611 2.03 0.685 0.3377 17 25 3.28 0.553 0.1689 18 26 2.72 0.907 0.3334 19 27 2.99 0.622 0.2080 20 28 2.18 0.491 0.2257 2.83 0.964 0 3406 21 29 22 30 3.30 0.885 0.2681 2.56 0.961 0.3754 23 31 3.02 0.911 0.3023 24 32 2.85 1.285 0.4510 25 33 3.31 0.947 0.3126 26 34 2.82 1.316 0.4668 27 35 2.99 1.070 0.3579 28 36 2.62 1.366 0.5218 29 37 3.19 1.553 0.4868 2.19 1.313 0.5999 30 38 2.82 2.605 0.9240 31 39 2.30 1.883 0.8186 2.31 2.319 1.004 32 40 2.47 2.458 0.9950 2.49 2.585 1.038 33 41 2.31 3.710 1.616 34 42 1.78 2.389 1.335 35 43 2.27 3.705 1.632 1.78 3.262 1.833 36 44 1.43 4.058 2.838 37 45 1.80 2.742 1.524 2.74 9.113 3.326 38 46 1.43 3.167 2.215 39 14-16 ram larva 2.24 3.516 1.556 40 14-21 ram larva 2.20 4.974 2.231 / 1 / Average for more than one weight of embryo. 305 152. O^ CONSUMPTION: FETAL TISSUES (Continued) Part X: SPOTTED AND TIGER SALAMANDERS (Amblystoma punctatum. A. tigrinum) (Concluded) Method based on modified Thunberg differential respironieter. Medium: either tap water or spring water. Stages refer to the Harrison stage of comparable development. c*.....^ A. p unctatum A. tigrinum "i.»e«= Dry Weight, mg Hl 02/hr yoz Dry Weight, mg til Oz/hr yo2 (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) iV 17-21 mm larva 4.38 6.597 1.542 42 22-27 mm larva 7.80 9.422 1.225 43 22-37 mm larva 15.81 28.86 1.919 44 28-36 mm larva 26.01 26.33 1.067 45 37-48 mm larva 70.29 59.62 0.885 46 38-54 mm larva 53.40 67.37 1.258 47 55-72 mm larva 148.3 136.4 0.936 48 73-93 mm larva 317.6 213.8 0.6784 49 82-85 mm larva 346.6 298.3 0.862 Contributor: Fitzgerald, L. R. Reference: Hopkins, H. S., and Handford, S. W., J. Exp. Zool. 93:403, 1943. Part XI: SPOTTED SALAMAN Method based on Warburg manometric technique. Medium comparable development DER (Amblystoma aquarium water. maculatum) Stages refer to the Harrison stage of Age, da Stage hil Oz/hr Age, da Stage y.1 Oz/hr (A) (B) (C) (A) (B) (C) 1 1 7-8 0.54 29 29 8.27 2 1 8-9 0.34 30 30 9.41 3 2 15-16 0.43 31 31 10.48 4 3 18-19 0.55 32 32 11.42 5 3-4 29-31 0.65 33 33 11.15 6 4 32 0.73 34 34 12.52 7 5 33-34 1.28 35 35 13.46 8 6 37-38 1.70 36 36 12.88 9 7 39-40 2.U 37 37 13.40 10 8 41 2.36 38 38 13.20 11 9 42 (Hatching) 2.69 39 39 15.36 12 10 43 3.64 40 40 17.19 13 11 44 4.53 41 41 18.22 14 12 45 5.46 42 42 18.98 15 14 46 (Feeding begins) 6.03 43 43 19.18 16 15 46 6.10 44 44 18.20 17 17 5.47 45 45 20.82 18 18 5.80 46 53 38.30 19 19 6.10 47 58 41.50 20 20 6.48 48 60 64.00 21 21 5.65 49 66 45.20 22 22 5.97 50 68 28.00 23 23 5.88 51 73 63.10 24 24 6.21 52 80 107.40 25 25 6.48 53 85 Metamorphosis 118.70 26 26 6.57 54 105 107.30 27 27 7.08 55 115 118.20 28 28 7.55 Contributor: Fitzgerald, L. R. Reference: Wills, I. A., J. Exp. Zool. 73:481, 1936. Part XII: MEXICAN SALAMANDER (Amblystoma mexicanum) Method based on Warburg manometric technique at temperature of 22.60C. Age, hr Stage (il Oz/hr Age, hr Stage Hl 02/hr (A) (B) (C) (A) (B) (C) 1 8 Blastula 0.168 9 75 0.550 2 16 Gastrula, early 0.193 10 90 0.818 3 24 Gastrula, late 0.248 11 100 0.970 4 32 Neurula, early 0.286 12 115 1.365 5 40 Neurula, late 0.305 13 140 2.10 6 48 Tail-bud. early 0.325 14 165 2.71 7 56 Tail-bud, late 0,363 15 190 3.30 8 65 0.425 16 220 3.95 Contributor: Fitzgerald, L. R. Reference: Fisher, F. G., and Hartwig, H., Biol. Zbl. 58:567, 1938. 306 152. O^ CONSUMPTION: FETAL TISSUES (Concluded) Part XIII: ATLANTIC SALMON (Salmo salar) Values are expressed in nl Ozig wet wt/hr. Medium: 10% sea-water. Age, da QOz (A) (B) 1 19 136.5 2 21 137.5 3 24 131.5 4 26 136.5 5 30 151.0 6 32 146.0 7 35 156.0 8 37 137.0 9 39 149.0 10 45 145.0 11 50 152.0 Contributor: Fitzgerald, L. R. Reference: Hayes, F. A., Wilraot, I. R., and Livingstone, D. A., J. Exp. Zool. U^:377, 1951 Part XIV: COMMON KILLIFISH Medium: S-W = sea water; A = ( Fundulus heteroclitus) water-saturated air. Age Stage Medium ^1 Oz/hr til COz/hr R.Q. Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) 1-4 hr S-W 0.029-0.036 2 li-2 hr S-W 0.026-0.033 3 2-2i hr S-W 0.023-0.037 4 2i-3 hr S-W 0.022-0.035 5 2-5 hr Up to 8 cells S-W 0.01 2 6 3-3i hr S-W 0.028-0.038 7 3i-4 hr S-W 0.025-0.037 8 4-4| hr S-W 0.022-0.044 9 4i-5 hr S-W 0.027-0.054 10 5-5| hr S-W 0.026-0.040 II 4-6 hr 2-4 cells S-W 0.04 2 12 6-8 hr 32 cells S-W 0.03 2 13 9-11 hr Small disc S-W 0.02 2 14 9-11 hr Many cells S-W 0.04 2 15 22-24 hr Large disc S-W 0.05 2 16 I da A 0.03 0.03 0.85 3 17 26-29 hr S-W 0.06 2 18 30-32 hr S-W 0.07 2 19 34-37 hr Embryo with eyes S-W 0.07 2 20 2 da S-W 0.07 2 21 2 da A 0.09 0.07 0.77 3 22 2i da S-W 0.07 2 23 3 da S-W 0.05 2 24 3 da A 0.16 0.12 0.75 3 25 3i da Circulation established S-W 0.12 2 26 4 da A 0.21 0.16 0.75 3 27 4 da S-W 0.09 2 28 4i da S-W 0.09 2 29 5 da A 0.20 0.15 0.74 3 30 5^ da S-W 0.08 2 31 6 da A 0.26 0.19 0.74 3 32 6 da S-W 0.07 2 33 7 da A 0.35 0.25 0.70 34 8 da A 0.40 0.28 0.70 35 9 da A 0.48 0.35 0.74 36 10 da A 0.43 0.32 0.76 37 11 da A 0.41 0.30 0.73 38 12 da Hatching begins A 0.44 0.33 0.76 Contributor: Fitzgerald, L. R. References: [I] Philips, F. S., Biol. Bull. 78:256, 1940. [2] Hyman. L. H., W. R., and Armstrong, P. B., J. Cellul. Physiol. 2:381, 1933. ibid 40:32, 1921. [3] Amberson, 307 153. EFFECT OF POTASSIUM ION CONCENTRATION ON O^ CONSUMPTION: ANIMAL TISSUES Values for oxidation quotient (QO2) are expressed in cu mm oxygen per mg final dry weight of tissue per hour, unless otherwise indicated. Media are described in the appropriate footnotes in terms of quantity of ion per liter of solution. Part I: GUINEA PIG LIVER AND RABBIT KIDNEY CORTEX Values in parentheses are ranges, estimate "c" of the 95% range (of Introduction). K+ Concentration in Suspending Medium' mEq/L QO22 Water Content^ g/100 g wet wt Tissue Volume*' 5 wet wt dry wt Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Liver, Guinea Pig 1 0 3.8(2.9-4.8) 79.0(77.6-79.8) 1.28(1.19-1.36) 1,2 2 5 4.5(3.5-5.7) 76.0(72.8-78.7) 1.09(1.00-1.23) 1,2 3 10 5.0(4.0-6.1) 75.7(73.0-78.6) 1.08(0.97-1.16) 1,2 4 20 5.2(4.1-6.1) 75.5(73.2-77.9) 1.08(0.97-1.17) 1,2 5 40 5.1(4.1-6.2) 76.9(74.6-80.2) 1.11(0.99-1.32) 1.2 6 70 5.0(3.8-5.5) 78.0(75.3-81.4) 1.19(1.03-1.32) 1,2 Kidney Cortex, Rabbit 7 0 14.7(12.5-18.0) 76.0(73.0-79.7) 0.96(0.86-1.13) 3 8 5 15.8(14.5-17.5) 74.4(73.4-76.7) 0.90(0.87-0.99) 3 9 10 14.8(13.6-15.7) 75.0(73.2-78.2) 0.92(0.86-1.04) 3 10 20 15.3(14.1-16.9) 77.5(75.2-80.0) 1.02(0.93-1.15) 3 11 40 17.6(15.4-21.5) 81.4(79.6-83.3) 1.24(1.13-1.38) 3 12 55 19.4(18.0-20.6) 83.0(81.4-83.7) 1.36(1.24-1.42) 3 13 70 20.8(18.8-22.5) 85.2(84.2-86.5) 1.56(1.46-1.71) 3 III Medium containing (155-X) mEq Na+, XmEq K+, 4.6 mEq Ca++ and 3.0 mEq Mg++, buffered by 20 raM phosphate; pH = 7.15; addition of glucose, pyruvate, glutamate and furaarate as substrates (5 raM each). IZl Estimated by Warburg's direct method at 37.5°C. /3/ Calculated from final wet weight and final dry weight of slices (dried in oven at IO5OC until constant weight reached.) /4/ Calculated from change in wet weight per unit of tissue solids (dry weight), the wet weight/dry weight ratio of liver tissue or kidney cortex, removed immediately after death, being the reference base of the data. Per cent water content; fresh guinea pig liver, 73.65(71.1-76.6); rabbit kidney cortex. 76.8(73.6-78.6). /5/ Relative tissue volume in vivo = 1.0. Contributor: Aebi, H. References: [l] Aebi, H., Helvet. physiol. pharm. acta jjO:184, 1952. Helvet. physiol. pharm. acta n^:96, 1953. [2] Aebi. H., unpublished. [3] Aebi, H., Part II: RABBIT KIDNEY CORTEX, VARIOUS TEMPERATURES K+ Concentration in Incubation Immediately after Death, 4°C Incubation Immediately after Death, 220C Incubation after "Leaching," 25°C Reference mEq/L Water Content^ g/100 g wet wt 00^3 Water Content'' g/100 g wet wt QO2* Water Content^ g/100 g wet wt (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 5-10 C 4 3 Dog 1-8 C 5,6 4 Dog3 12-20 C 5.6 5 Rabbit 1/3-2 N 7 6 Brain stem Rat 1-1 1/2 N 8 7 Telencephalon and mesencephalon Rabbit 1/3-4 N 7 8 Pupillary centers Dog 3-4 C4 9 9 Medulla Rabbit 1/2-8 N 7 10 Cardioregulatory, vasomotor, and adrenosecretory centers Dog 4-5 C4 15-30 C4 9 11 Dog 5-10 C 10 12 Respiratory center Dog, rat 4-5 C4 15-30 c 9 13 Dog, rat 1/3-1/2 C 6,11 14 Rat 3 20-40 C5 U 15 Spinal cord Cat 2/3-1 C 35-45 C C.D,12;E,F,13 16 Cat 90-120 c 14 17 Rabbit 2/3-2 C 15 18 Autonomic synapses Cat 30-40 N, C*" 120-360+ n7 16 19 Peripheral nerve Cat, dog. rabbit 15-45 N8 17.18 20 Frog 70-360 N8 18 21 Lobster 40-120 nS 18 22 Heart Dog, rabbit, rat 5-20 C 19 23 Dog, rabbit. rat 4-6 N 8-U N 20 24 Dog, rabbit. rat 3 47 - 1 1 1 N 21 25 Lung Dog 30-45 C9 22 26 Kidney Dog 30-60 C9 23.24 27 Dog >120 C9 25,26 28 Rabbit 60-90 C9 27 29 Rat <120 C9 26,28 30 Liver Dog 20-75 C9 29-32 31 Dog >60l0 C9 31 32 Skeletal muscle Dog. rabbit. rat 120-360 C 480 C 33.34 33 Smooth muscle, jejunum Rabbit 1-15 n8 >180 N 35 34 Small intestine Dog 120-240+ cii 36 35 Testis Rat 12 10-30 c 37 /I/ Period of anoxia or circulatory arrest during which function persists. /2/ Period of anoxia or circulatory arrest compatible with complete recovery of function, i.e., before irreversible changes occur. '3/ Newborn. /4/ Isolated, perfused head. / 5/ Decapitated, /fa/ Intact and isolated ganglia. /7/ 25% recovery at 6 hr. / 8/ Isolated, in vitro. /9/ Criterion; death of animal. / 10/ Value for liver at 240-27°C. /1 1/ Criteria: electrical reaction and death of animal. /1 2/ Histological study of spermatogenesis. Contributors: (a) Sonnenschein, R. R., Lewis, R., and Darling. L.. (b) Van Harreveld, A., (c) Wesolowski, S. A. References: [ l] Sugar, O., and Gerard, R. W., J. Neurophysiol. 1^:558. 1938. [2] Van Harreveld, A., ibid 5:361, 1947. [3] Ganshirt, H.. and Zylka, W., Arch. Psychiat.. Berl. |89:23. 1952. [4] Ten Cate, J., and Horsten, G. P., Arch, internat. physiol.. Li^ge 62:6, 1954. [5] Kabat, H., and Dennis, C, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 42:534, 1939. [6] Kabat, H., Am. J. Physiol. 130:588, 1940. [7] Albaum, H. G.. et al, ibid LM: 408, 1953. [8] Soulairac, A., C. rend. Acad. sc. 234:2565, 1952. [9] Heymans, C, et al. Arch. Neur. Psychiat., Chic. 38:304, 1937. [ 10] Malmejac, J., and Plane, P.. Afrique fr. chir. ]^:435, 1954. [ 11] SeUe. W. A., and Witten. T. A., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 47:495, 1941. [12] Van Harreveld, A., Am. J. Physiol. 1_«:97, 1944. [13] Van Harreveld, A., and Marmont, G. , J. Neurophysiol. 2:101, 1939. [14] Van Harreveld, A., and Tyler, D. B., Am. J. Physiol. U2:32, 1944. [l5] Blasius, W., Zschr. Biol. 104:121, 1951. [16] Bronk, D. W., et al. J. Cellul. Physiol. 31^:193, 1948. [17] Lehmann, J. E.. Am. J. PhysioL n9:ll, 1937. [18] Wright. E. B., ibid M7: 7 8, 1946. [ 19] Wesolowski, S. A., et al, in "Surgical Forum," p 270, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1952.' [20] Binet. L., and Strumza, M., C. rend. Acad. sc. 226:1491, 1948. [21] Selle, W. A., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 48:417, 1941. [22] Blades, B.. Arch. Surg. 69:525, 1954. [23] Guthrie, C. C, Arch. Int. M. 5:232, 1910. [24] McEnery, E. J., et al, J. Laborat. Clin. M. 12:349. 1926. [25] Friedman, S. M., et al. Circulation Res. 2:231 , 1954. [26] Scheibe. J. R., et al, Surgery 25:7 24, 1949. [27] Badenoch, A. W., and Darmedy, E. M.. J. Path. Bact., Lond. 59:79. 1947. [28] Latorre, G.. J. Urol., Bait. 72:639, 1954. [29] Raffucci, F. L., Surgery 33: 342, 1953. [30] Drapanas, T.. et al, Ann. Surg. U2:831, 1955. [31] Bernhard, W. F., et al, N. England J. M. 253:159, 1955. [32] Hines, J. R.. and Roncoroni, M. . Surg. Gyn. Obst. ]£2:689, 1956. [33] Harmon, J. W., Am. J. Path. 23:551, 1947. [34] Harmon. J. W., and Gwinn, R. P., ibid 25:741, 1949. [35] Furchgott, R. F. . and Shorr, W., Am. J. Physiol. 162:88, 1950. [36] Enquist, I. F., andKremen, A. J. in "Surgical Forum," p87, Philadelphia. W.B.Saunders Co.. 1952. Tl7] Oettle, A.C. and Harrison, R. G., J. Path. Bact., Lond. 64:273, 1952. 311 155. CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW, O2 CONSUMPTION, AND VASCULAR RESISTANCE: MAN, CAT. MONKEY Values determined in vivo for unanesthetized animal, unless otherwise indicated. Values in parentheses are ranges and, unless otherwise specified, conform to estimate "c" of the 95% range (cf Introduction). Note that 100 x Column E -i- Column C = brain arterio- venous O^ difference, the quantity of O^ removed by the brain from each 100 ml of blood flowing through it. Species Condition Blood Flow mI/100 g/min O2 Consumption ml/100 g/min Vascular Resistance mm Hg/ml/100 g/min Reference (A) (B) (C) (D). (E) (F) 1 Man* Alerfi. 3 54 (40-79) 3.3 (2.6-4.2) 1.6 (0.8-2.4) 3,4 2 Inhalation 5-7% C02^ 93 (65-141) 3.3 (2.4-3.9) 1.1 (0.7-1.4) 5 3 Inhalation 85-100% 02^ 45 (34-55) 3.2 (2.6-4.4) 2.2 (1.8-2.7) 5 4 Inhalation 10% 02^ 73 (54-93) 3.2 (2.6-3.5) 1.1 (0.8-1.6) 5 S Cerebral arteriosclerosis 41 (31-56) 2.8 (1.7-3.6) 3.0 (1.9-3.5) 6 6 Thiopental anesthesia 60 (33-82) 2.1 (1.2-3.5) 1.3 (0.6-2.1) 7 7 Cat Isolated perfused brain* 5.0 (3.9-6.I)b 8 8 Monkey, rhesus Barbiturate anesthesia*' * 48 (21-75)6, b 3.8 (2.4-5.2)b 9 /I/ Nitrous oxide method. /2/ Normal young men. /3/ Approximately same values and ranges (except for narrower ranges of blood flow) found in persons with essential hypertension [ l], and in schizophrenics [ 2]. /4/ Active reflexes, spontaneous movements. /5/ Light anesthesia. /6/ Measured by intercalated bubble flow meter. Contributor: Kety, S. S. References: [ l] Kety, S. S., et al, J. Clin. Invest. 27:511. 1948. [2] Kety, S. S., et al. Am. J. Psychiat. 204:765, 1948. [3) Kety, S. S., and Schmidt, C. F., J. Clin. Invest. 27:476, 1948. [4] Sokaloff, L., and Mangold, R., unpublished. [5] Kety, S. S., and Schmidt, C. F., J. Clin. Invest. 27:484, 1948. [6] Freyhan, F. A., et al, J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. l_nA'i9, 1951. [7] Wechsler, R. L., et al. Anesthesiology ^2:308, 1951. [8] Geiger, A., and Magnes, J., Am. J. Physiol. M9:517, 1947. [9] Schmidt, C. F., et al, ibid L43:33, 1945. 312 156. CEREBRAL RESPIRATION: DOG Dogs received basic dose of 20 mg/kg of morphine sulfate. (In using this table, it should be remembered that morphine sulfate has a significant effect on blood respiratory characteristics [Rakieten, N., Himwich, H. E., and DuBois, D., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther.^:437, 1934] ). Part I: CEREBRAL VS BLOOD GLUCOSE Values in parentheses are ranges, estimate "c" of the 95% range (cf Introduction). Arterial Blood Glucose mg/100 cc Cerebral Tissue Condition Glycogen mg/100 g Glucose mg/100 g (A) (B) (C) (D) 1 Breathing air 210(180-240) 106(94-123) 102(88-115) 2 Breathing air with 6-9% CO2 221(133-310) 117(116-118) 107(87-128) 3 Breathing O^ with 5.5% CO2 315 106 149 4 Breathing Nz with 4.5-10% O? 256(109-474) 97(57-140) 97(64-137) 5 Breathing N? with 3.5-6% O? and 5-6% CO7 236(129-369) 127(109-144) 103(74-138) 6 Erythroidinized; hyperventilation with air 212(130-280) 122(119-127) 72(51-94) 7 Erythroidinized; hyperventilation with O2 152(107-210) 122 56(37-78^ Contributors: (a) Gurdjian, E. S., (b) Smith, A. H. Reference: Gurdjian, E. S., Webster. J. E., and Stone, W. E., Proc. Ass. Rev. Nervous and Mental Dis. 26:184, 1946. Part II: CEREBRAL CONSTITUENTS VS BLOOD GASES Values in parentheses are ranges, estimate "c" of the 9 5% range (cf Introduction). Arterial Blood Condition O2 Tension mm Hg CO2 Tension mm Hg Change in CO^ Tension 1 mm Hg Lactic Acid mm/100 cc Glucose rag/100 cc (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 1 Breathing air 59(53-63) 50(44-58) 11.1 210(180-240) 2 Breathing air with 5.5-9% CO7 71(65-76) 79(70-88) 19(9-28) 23.6(17.7-31.9) 187(119-310) 3 Breathing O7 with 5.5% CO? il50 73 17 10.7 315 4 Breathing mixtures low in O2; acapnia 17(3-35) 33(18-47) -17(-5 to -30) 60.9(30.9-143.0) 253(109-474) 5 Breathing mixtures low in O2 with 5-6% COp 16(10-23) 55(42-68) 0(-16 to +16) 48.2(19.6-99.0) 236(129-369) 6 Erythroidinized; hyperventila- tion with air2 55(41-70) 24(12-39) -27(-9 to -48) 37.0(22.2-55.0) 206(130-280) 7 Erythroidinized; hyperventila- tion with O^^ 129(87-150+) 17(16-18) -32(-26 to -38) 27.3(19.2-31.5) 152(107-210) Cerebral Tissue^ Condition Venous Blood O2 Tension mm Hg Lactic Acid mg/100 g Glucose mg/100 g Glycogen mg/100 g Inorganic P mg/100 g Phospho- creatlne P mg/100 g (A) (G) (H) (I) (J) (K) (L) 1 Breathing air 39(32-47) 12.2(9.1-13.8) 108(88-115) 106(94-123) 8.7 8.5(8.1-8.8) 2 Breathing air with 5.5-9% CO? 53(50-55) 7.9(7.5-8.5) 107(87-128) 117(116-118) 8.4(7.6-9.0) 9.2(8.8-10.0 3 Breathing O? with 5.5% CO? 61 6.8 149 106 6.1 9.8 4 Breathing mixtures low in O^; acapnia 8.8(0-17) 74(22.7-208) 97(64-137) 97(57-140) 12.4(8.1- 19.9) 5.4(0.5-9.6) 5 Breathing mixtures low in O2 with 5-6% CO? 9.5(3-17) 35(16.4-76) 103(74-138) 127(109-144) 10.6(8.9- 16.1) 6.7(2.6-8.6) 6 Erythroidinized; hyperventila- tion with air^ 21(14-40) 21.7(9.8-37.8) 72(51-94) 122(119-127) 7.9(7.0-9.1) 9.8(9.0-10.9 7 Erythroidinized; hyperventila- tion with 02^ 15 35.5(17-66) 56(37-78) 122 8.3 9.3 HI Increase or decrease from control level breathing air. /2/ Blood pressure decreased to a low level after blood specimens obtained. HI Determination of adenosine triphosphate (acid- labile and ribose monophosphate) reveals normal values in all classes of experiments except for low oxygen with acapnia, in which values about 25% lower than normal were obtained. Contributors: (a) Gurdjian, E. S., (b) Smith, A. H. Reference: Gurdjian, E. S., Webster. J. E., and Stone, W. E., Am. J. Physiol. 256:149, 1949. y ^^S^^'^< 313 156. CEREBRAL RESPIRATION: DOG (Concluded) Dogs received basic dose of 20 mg/kg of morphine sulfate. (In using this table, it should be remennbered that morphine sulfate has a significant effect on blood respiratory characteristics f Rakieten, N., Himwich, H. E., and DuBois, D.. J. Pharra. Exp. Ther. 52:437. 1934] ). Part III: CEREBRAL METABOLISM IN ANOXIA Values in parentheses are ranges, estimate ' c" of the 957 range (cf Introduction). 02-N2 Time min Femoral Artery Blood Sagittal Sinus Blood O2 Capacity voI% O2 Saturation % CO2 Content vol% Plasma Lactic Acid mg/100 g O2 Saturation % A-V Differences %07 O2 vol% CO2 vol % (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) 1 4.2 15 23.3(22.5-24.2) 15.1(13.6-16.2) 23.9(16.9-35.4) 129(76-198) 5.9 1.9 6.7 2 20 19.7 11.2 12.8 152 4.3 1.4 4.0 3 24 20.5 13.1 15.4 243 8.3 1.0 7.0 4 5.0 15 18.0 22.8 28.5 76 13.9 1.6 4.1 5 5.8 15 25.0(23.1-26.6) 17.6(13.5-19.9) 41.4(34.9-49.2) 90(70-106) 11(8.7-12.2) 1.6(1.3-2.0) 0.8(0.3-1.3) 6 6.6 15 24.6 22.7 43.3 39 24 -0.3 0.3 7 15 21.4(17.8-24.7) 47.7(38.8-54) 40(31.8-44.4) 43(39-46) 24(22-25.5) 5(3.9-5.6) 6(4.2-7.1) 8 60 19.5 26.1 27.8 86.5(66-107) 9 8.8 15 24.7(24.5-25.0) 42.8(38.4-47.3) 42.8(41.3-44.4) 66 24.2 5.7 5.7 10 10.2 15 25(23.6-26.4) 38(34.7-40.2) 44.6(38.2-51.1) 42(41-43) 21.3 3.2 10.4 11 11.6 15 19.6 61.3 43.6 16.9 42.3 3.7 3.8 12 60 22.8 49.1 40.1 34 26.1 5.3 5.7 13 13.0 15 21.3(20.3-21.9) 64.4(56.9-70) 42.4(40.3-45.7) 38 31(28.7-33.6) 7.0(6.0-7.1) 7.1(6.4-7.8) 14 21.0 5I 23.4 85.5 21.6 99 15 lOl 21.6(20-23.2) 79.5(75.5-83.6) 39.7(37.3-42.1) 34(27-42) 48.9(43.5-54.3) 6.6(6.4-6.8) 4.9(4.5-5.3) 16 I3I 19.7 92.0 20.6 117 67.6 4.8 0.8 17 461 20.5 93.7 43.1 47 51.7 8.6 12.4 18 23(20.3-23.2) 38.6(82.5-94.7) 41.0(33.4-48.6) 39.5(30-49) 55.2(49.8-60.7) 7.2(6.9-7.6) 6.6(5.9-7.4) 19 24.0(22.4-25.7) 91.7(86.2-97.2) 37.8(35.6-40.1) 73.0 3.9 -3.5 O2-N2 Mixture %o. Time min Cerebral Cortex Tissue Right 1 Left Right 1 Left Right 1 Left Lactic Acid mg/lOO g Inorganic P mg/100 g Phosphocreatine P mg/100 g (A) (B) (J) (K) (L) (M) (N) (O) 1 4.2 15 121(93-157) 124(89-167) 11.9(10.1-13.9) 11.8(9.6-15.4) 4.4(3.0-5.9) 4.2(2.5-5.5) 2 20 3 24 4 5.0 15 70 76 8.6 9.4 7.5 7.2 5 5.8 15 86(72-95) 80(77-84) 10.5(9.7-11.4) 9.8(9.0-10.3) 6.3(5.5-7.6) 6.6(5.9-7.3) 6 6.6 15 55 51 9.4 8.3 7.5 7.9 7 15 60(55-64) 60(53-67) 7.8(7.0-8.5) 7.7(7.3-8.1) 8 60 49(48-49) 47(45-48) 8.3(7.7-9.0) 8.1(7.9-8.4) 7.3(7.3-7.4) 7.3(7.1-7.6) 9 8.8 15 34 31(30-33) 7.5(7.2-7.8) 6.8 9.9(9.2-10.6) 9.7(9.0-10.3) 10 10.2 15 37(33-40) 41(34-47) 8.1(7.7-8.6) 8.2(7.7-8.7) 8.1(7.9-8.3) 8.1(7.6-8.7) 11 11.6 15 21 20 9.5 8.9 8.7 8.9 12 60 19 16 9.1 7.9 8.6 9.0 13 13.0 15 13(9.1-16.8) 12(10.2-14.0) 7.8(7.0-8.6) 7.4(6.2-8.7) 9.6(7.4-11.2) 8.7(7.8-9.7) 14 21.0 5I 90 71 6.1 5.7 8.1 9.8 15 lOl 17(13.5-19.9) 17(15.8-17.2) 7.8(7.2-8.4) 7.7(7.5-8.0) 11.0(10.9-11.2) 10.6(10.5-10.8) 16 I3I 90 66 7.6 8.0 8.0 8.5 17 46l 19 26 7.7 8.1 8.8 8.0 18 13(9.5-17.2) 11(9.5-12.1) 7.6(6.6-8.7) 7.1(6.9-7.4) 8.7(7.8-9.6) 8.8(8.7-8.9) 19 11(10.2-11.6)2 7.7(7.2-8.2)2 10.6(10.2-11.0)2 /I/ After anoxia. /2/ Side not indicated. Contributors: (a) Gurdjian, E. S., (b) Smith, A. H. Reference: Gurdjian, E. S., Stone. W. E.. and Webster, J. E., Arch. Neur. Psychiat. ^:472. 1944. 314 157. RESPIRATION RATES: BACTERIA Rate and degree of respiration of bacteria may be affected by nun:ierous factors, such as strain characteristics, composition of growth medium, age and number of cells in an inoculum, origin of inoculum, age of culture harvested for study, nature of solution used for washing, number of washings, and composition of the respiratory system. Values are pil/mg dry weight/hour. Data are for bacterial suspensions in the presence of glucose. Species Temp °C Culture Age hr Q02 (il/mg/hr Reference (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 1 Aerobacter aerogenes 36, 30 17, 48 47, 50 1, 2 2 Azotobacter chroococcuxn 22 36 2,000-10,000 3 3 Bacillus cereus (short) 30 18 42-86 4 4 B. cereus (filamentous) 30 18 3-49 4 5 B. subtilis 37 6-8 170 5 6 B. subtilis (spores) 32 98-147 10 6 7 Corynebacterium sp 30 48-96 67 7 8 Escherichia coli 40, 32 20 200, 272 1. 8 9 Lactobacillus brulgaricus 37, 45 8 34, 55 9 10 Leuconostoc citrovorum 38 16 8 10 11 Micrococcus auranticus 35 30-34 14 11 12 M. cinnebareus 35 30-34 32 11 13 M. flavus 35 30-34 8 11 14 M. freundenreichii 35 30-34 20 11 15 M. luteus 35 30-34 15 11 16 Mycobacterium sp (Karlinski) 38 84 22 12 17 M. butyricum 38 84 13 12 18 M. leprous kedrowsky 38 84 8 12 19 M. phlei 38 84 28 12 20 M. ranae 38 84 32 12 21 M. smegmatis 38 84 23 12 22 M. stercoris 38 84 15 12 23 M. tuberculosis avian 37 84 1 13 24 M. tuberculosis hominis 38 252 4 12 25 Pneumococcus, type I 37 18 27 14 26 Pseudomonas fluorescens 26 20 58 15 27 Streptococcus faecalis, B 33 A 38 18 106 16 28 S. faecalis, 10 CI 37 15 57-80 17 29 S. faecalis, Lancefield D 37 12-15 7 18 30 S. pyogenes, C 203 M 37.5 4 57-163 19 31 S. pyogenes, C 203 S 37.5 4 99-113 19 32 S. thermophilus, C 3 37. 50 8 4, 5 9 33 S. thermophilus, MC 37, 50 6 9, 10 9 34 Streptomyces coelicolor 72 35 20 Contributor: Silverman, M. References: [ l] Ajl, S. J., J. Bact., Bait. 59:499, 1950. [2] Ajl, S. J., and Wong, T. O.. ibid 61^:379, 1951. [3] Meyerhof, O., and Burk, D., Zschr. phys. Chem. A n9:117, 1928. [4] Nickerson, W. J., and Sherman, F. G., J. Bact., Bait. 64:667, 1952. [5] Gary, N. D., and Bard, R. C. ibid 64:501, 1952. [6] Crook, P. G., ibid 63:193, 1952. [7] Levine, S., and Krampitz, L. O., ibid 64:64 5, 1952. [8] Krebs. H. A.. Biochem. J.. Lond. 31^:2095, 1937. [9] Stein, R. M., and Frazier, W. L., J. Bact., Bait. 42:501, 1941. [10] Chang, S. C, Silverman, M., and Keresztesy. J. C, ibid 62:7 53, 1951. [11] Nunheimer, T. D., and Fabian, F. W., ibid 44:215, 1942. [12] Edson. N. L., and Hunter, G. J., Biochem. J. 37:563, 1943. [13] Oginsky, E. L., Smith, P. H., and Solotorovsky, M., J. Bact., Bait. 59:29, 1950. [14) Bernheim, F., and Bernheim, M. L., ibid 46:225, 1943. [15] Sebek, O.K., and Randies, C. 1.. ibid 63:693, 1952. [l6] Seeley, H. W., and Vandemark, P. J., ibid 6]^: 27, 1951. [17] O'Kane, D. J., ibid 60:449, 1950. [18] Gunsalas, 1. C, and Umbreit, W. W., ibid 49:347, 1945. [19] Sevag, M. G., and Shelburne, M., ibid 43:411, 1942. [20] Cochrane, V. 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CO U U 0) 4) O O in in ^o trt u^ ^^— ,-,_^r-ooco-.— — f^ rr) f^ f^ f^ 1^\ ^.^-^MM^rrtrOfM'VJfvJf^r^--—-'^^—* KO U £ m CO m O O ro r- 00 00 00 in r- c c O O j= o o OOOOOOP COO ccccccEu ccc nj(drtcflrtri_c ojrtrt SSSSSSu sss 0 o c c s s 0 0 o o c c c c d] ci] c9 cd s s s s oooooooogEPoooooooo nJnJrtrtrt(Urtrt(-r;r-rtnJrtcflrtfljo3ctJ a 6u (U o S in CO in oo oo ooo »/^oo oo f^-^Or^-HO inmiMO 't<«^-«Oro — O '3 01 < P. olivaria P. physodes P. saxatilis P. subaurifera Peltigera aphthosa P. canina P. polydactyla P. subamericana to t« .2 § « 1 to g S o u " 0) . 0. 0. 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'-h .■ rt CTJ 11^ Q. 0) > s o o («^ o in o -4 X o n a' >> ID b '^ > 3 0 '^ 11 ^ 01 IT] CO ::: 0 01 " 0 5 ^0 phase. Mycelial phase. +Glucose, mycel phase, east phase. Glucose, yeast Glucose, yeast Glucose, mixed -a 0) .3 s 01 CO 0 0 3 0 i CO ■a . i ' o* <1J'(U(U(UQ^I1J 0) a> 0) OJ d; 0) 0 Of 0) m 10 CO - CO -3 « U "aJ'oI 0) Q> s rt a 01 >^I^>^»*^>^Q^ 4; > >» >. >> 4> <;> (K >^ "> >, >> P^ (11 fll Ol Q. a, 0, 0, S 2 S S Slo, cu cu 0. Q. 0, a. 0, a, a. iS s S2 u u u 2 s ss a. cu cu ■3 3 (0 c 0 0 „ 3 2 H ^ 1 a ■S » B M 2 « 1. « S =5 01 M.g 3 y 0 c n5 (0 3 01 0 a >» o a S . . .1 01 5 < < <: J 0 10 s ;:^ 0 - f^ *f\ ^ in>or*floo^o-^*M«o^ in 0 r^ 00 Ov 0 -. -• rs) IN] ^ in sO r^ «M ftj rg M oo CT^ 0 -^ iM f^ 322 O ^ ^ rM 'O ■* in in in in in in in in ^OoO^nO-^^0%0 r- CO ON 0 0 O (T- " " "^ '^ "^ (M fvj O 5 X X X X HJ 0^ CJ QJ dJ ^ <1> tiO tiO bfi tiD tlO W) tuD U) a Q. a Q. Q. rt rt rt rt rt rt rt >» _^ ,. .. .. 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II a n R c (J nt P. a -^ 0 -^ 0 343 u 2 b Ed E- < OS z o I 3 So k. jQ ig o a h .S " J -^ ti 3 O O U Si a. ■S,P S.ii 6 A *■ 3 a V S n •f? u O 01 > B 1 § 3 c u .§1 r ^ « 0 u ;:; (U ^. B x: 0 — 2-! 0: 0 K ^ 0 Specifications E 1 (U 3 2 s J3 _ S ° 5 a SU u s 0 s. in 5 c r 1 r; i" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 "• ,h- r- irg r«^ rn « - " " " "^ " "^ "^ "^ " (jv o> 0^ u Qi V D 0) lU tl 01 01 1 «« I 1 4^ 1 ) ^ B 2 5 u, u u ■eg t, £ 2 u 1 ■c 2 3 m 3 01 3 to 3 to 3 M 3 to 3 M 3 CO 3 m C j3 C J3 C J3 C J3 c ^ E ^ B ^ C XI B ^ 0 3 cj 3 0 3 0 3 " S U 3 ^ s 0 3 " ^ ■-H « — . to to to ■-. to to -H to CO ■^ to C .. C c c c .. E E .. c E Oj c A c a c « c « c 10 c to c (H (^ to c « 0 J« 0 ao 0 M 0 M § M 0 M § bo 0 M § u -^ u (x U Lt -rH U U -rS u Li -S 0 -^ 0 0 0 0 — 0 0 ^ 0 0 ■>^ X a a c c ^ E E E 5 ~ c c •0 ^ (NJ 00 CO ^ 0 0 00 —• •M 0 — — 0 -' «' — " — * — t r* im sO ■^ sD CO -. 0 0 0^ r- -^ 0 00 fvj — • 0 fM rj •r r-_ d d "i -<' d -•' -^ « -^ -< -I -I *! fO -. r- r-^ (^ m M t- r^ -." 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OJ l> Z N to Tf iTl j> r- 00 O^ o rsl _ ^ rvj — • u Da - . ;^' ■T) . vc c 1)" o c a E W •-n JD < r-i . o trt JD c u -I C tiO > U, BO c s > 01 OJ c o « o •o > tn C 0; > s rt tt) a; I to 3 o U bi (M V 3 c to E Q. a s: m 11 o -fl- , — . V f*i fc, cd •n ff- O ' — 2 a: -^ In. Hl^ I Vo S i^' 11 o u « DO a, i| Ou t^i o o — PsJ ^^1 383 APPENDIXES 385 APPENDIX I. CONSTANTS FOR USE IN BODY SURFACE AREA FORMULA: MAMMALS K-values are derived from surface area values taken from extensive literature sources, using the formula K = A(sqcm)W^/3(g). Weights are given in grams for convenient use in the formula and do not imply significance corresponding to number of digits. Method of determining surface area: C = paper cover, I = surface integrator, M = mold, P = perimeter, S = skinning, T = triangulation. Values in parentheses are ranges, estimates "c" (body weight) and "d" (K-value) of the 95% range (cf Introduction). Refer- Animal Subjects, no. Method Body Weight, g K-value (Constant) ence (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) 1 Antelope I T 6300 14.1 1 2 Bat 3 S 21.5(12.7-36.4) 57.5(54.0-59.8) 2 3 Bat 2 S 8.3(5.0-11.6) 44.5(44,0-45.0) 3 4 Cat 2 T 1550(1500-1600) 8.7(8.6-8.9) 1 5 Catl 2 S 100(84-116) 10.0(9.9-10.0) 4 6 Catl S 708(219-1389) 10.7(9.5-11.9) 4 7 Cattle, Hereford-Shorthornl 15 s 375,000(163,000-641,000) 11.0(9.0-13.8) 5 8 Cattle, Hereford- Shorthorn 15 s 476,000(208,000-7 62,000) 9.3(8.1-10.8) 5 9 Cattle, Hereford- Shorthorn (thin)l 10 s 241 ,000(89,000-407,000) 9.9(9.3-10.5) 6 10 Cattle, Hereford- Shorthorn (med.)' 11 s 315,000(78,000-493,000) 9.4(8.8-10.0) 6 11 Cattle, Hereford- Shorthorn (fat)l s 695,000(476,000-815,000) 7.6(7.3-7.9) 6 12 Dog s 1070(130-3650) 10.1(9.3-11.0) 4 13 Dog s 1080 11.0 7 14 Dog T 9,500(8,900-10,100) 9.9(9.85-9.9) 1 15 Dog Sand P 12,700(3,200-29,800) 11.6(10.2-12.5) 8 16 Dog M 14,310(3,390-32,640) 11.2(10.3-12.1) 9 17 Dog C 27.000 12.3 10 18 Fox T 6200(6100-6300) 13.0(12.9-13.2) 1 19 Goat T 15.100 10.5 1 20 Guinea pig s 157(123-191) 10.4(10.1-10.8) 11 21 Guinea pig S 206(123-269) 9.5(8.4-10.8) 11 22 Guinea pig S 256(235-269) 8.6(8.4-8.9) 11 23 Guinea pig^ 13 S 323(160-810) 8.9(7.9-9.6) 12 24 Guinea pig S 373(148-650) 9.6(9.0-9.9) 13 25 Guinea pig T 400(380-420) 7.1 1 26 Hedgehog S 200 7.5 7 27 Horse S (47,000-555,000) 10.5 14 28 Horse 11 I (70,000-750,000) (8.2-10.3) 15 29 Lion T 64.200 12.3 1 30 Marten, pine T 1400 8.8 1 31 Monkey, rhesus M 2670(800-6600) 11.8(10.8-13.2) 16 32 Mouse, white^ 64 S 13 6.9 11. 17 33 Mouse, white 11 S 15(6-27) 7.9 18 34 Mouse, white S 16(11-20) 10.5(10.4-10.5) 13 35 Mouse, white 12 s 16(10-22) 11.4(9.7-13.3) 11 36 Mouse, white 13 M (16-25) 9.0(8.4-9.4) 19 37 Mouse, field s 29(26-31) 6.9(6.5-7.2) 3 38 Opossum S 1200(1000-1300) 11.3(10.5-11.8) 20 39 Rabbit 3 s 32(26-40) 8.5 18 40 Rabbit 3 s 560(70-925) 9.7 18 41 Rabbit T 1130(1120-1140) 10.0(9.0-11.0) 1 42 Rat. white s 42(35-53) 10.5(10.1-10.8) 16 43 Rat, white s 80(50-129) 9.9(9.6-10.4) 21 44 Rat, white^ 14 M 95(22-164) 7.6(7.3-8.8) 22 45 Rat, white 56 M 125(24-366) 7.5(6.6-8.3) 22 46 Rat, white 14 s 133(70-310) 11.6(10.9-12.1) 16 47 Rat, white T 170(164-177) 7.15 1 48 Rat, white 62 s 176(25-461) 11.4(9.6-13.0) 23 49 Rat, white 72 M (19-418) 9.0 24 50 Rat, white 22 S 197(65-335) 10.5(9.0-12.7) 25 51 Sheep s (21.800-29.100) 10.7 26 52 Sheep 115 I (2,200-68.000) 8.3 27 53 Sheep 14 s (23,600-37.700) 8.5 28 54 Sheep 15 s (3,780-50,400) 9.1 26 55 Shrew, long- tailed s 3.5 8.0 3 56 Shrew, short-tailed s 20 7.0 3 57 Swine T 40,110 15.3 1 58 Swine 16 I (25,000-330.000) 9.0 15 59 Swine s 48.300(1.100-123.000) 9.9(8.6-12.4) 5 60 Whale, fin p 160,000(115,000-220,000) 8.3(7.5-8.9) 29 61 Whale, fin p 43,000,000 11.1 29 62 Woodchuck M 1236 9.3 16 /I/ "Empty" weight. /2/ Starved animals. Contributors: Morrison, P. R.. and Meyer, III With M. P. surface area of one side of ear only. 387 APPENDIX I: CONSTANTS FOR USE IN BODY SURFACE AREA FORMULA: MAMMALS (Concluded) References: [ 1) Custor, J.. Arch. Anat. Physiol., Lpz. ?:503, 1873. [2] De Almeida. A. C, Fialko, B. de A., and SUva. O. B., C. rend. Soc.biol. 95:956, 1926. [ 3] Pearson, O. P., Ecology 28:127. 1947. [ 4] Thomas. K., Arch. Anat. Physiol.. Lpz. ?:36.1911. [5] SeuCfert. R. W.. Giese, R..and Meyer, R., Beitr. Physiol. 2:203, 1926. [6] Trowbridge, P.. Moulton. C, and Haigh. L., Missouri Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. BuU. J^:l. 1915. [ 7] Giaja. J., and Males. B.. Ann. Physiol., Par. 4:884. 1928. [ 8] Rubner. M., Zschr. Biol. 19:553, 1883. [9] Cowgill, G. R., and Drabkin, D. L.. Am. J. Physiol. 81^:36, 1927. [10] Hecker, C. Zschr. Veterinark. 6:97, 1894. [ U] Pfaundler, M., Zschr. Kinderk. U:69, 1916. [12) Kettner, H.. Arch. Anat. Physiol. Lpz., p447, 1909. [13] Dreyer, G., and Ray, W.. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 202:191, 1912. [14] Seuffert, R. W., and Hertel, F., Zschr. Biol. 82:7, 1925. [15] Brody, S., Comfort, J. E., and Matthews, J. S., Univ. Missouri Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull, l^^: 1 . 1928. [16] Benedict. F. G.. Erg. Physiol. 36:300, 1934. [17] Rubner, M.. "Die Gesetze des Energieverbranches bei der Ernahrung." Leipzig and Vienna. T902. [18] Giaja. J.. Ann. physiol.. Par. 1^:597. 1925. [19] Benedict. F. G., Yale J. Biol. 4:385, 1932. [20] Gley, E., and De Almeida. A. C. C. rend. Soc. biol. 90:467. 1924. [21] Hill, A. v., and Hill, A. M.. J. Physiol. 46:81, 1913. [22] Diack, S. L., J. Nutrit. 3:289, 1930. [23] Carman, G. G.. and Mitchell. H. H.. Am. J. Physiol. 76:380. 1926. [24] Lee, M. O. , and Clark, E., ibid 89:24, 1929. [25] Mardones, G., C. rend. Soc. biol. 108:118, 1931. [26] Lines. E. W., and Pierce. A. W., BuU. Counc. Sc. and Ind. Res., Melbourne 55:21(f), 1931.~r27] Ritzraan. E. G., and Colovos, N. F., Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ, Univ. New Hampshire 32:1, 1930. [28] Mitchell, H. H., Ann. Rept. Illinois Agr. Exp. Sta. STT^^ 1^5, 1928. [29] Parry, D. A., Quart. J. Micr. Sc. Lond. 90:13. 1949. APPENDIX II. BODY SURFACE AREA: INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN Nomogram is based on formula appearing in DuBois, D.. and DuBois, E. F., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. j^:77. 1916. Height Surface Area Weight 1 ft cm sq m lb kg 65 -i ^-30 60— i cc -2 = — .8 55 — CD 50^ z 3' — ^ r ^5 Z — .7 45 -i - — 20 i-90 - - 34"- h 85 ^^—.6 40 — = ~ 32"- i— 80 : 35 -E ■ 1 5 30"- r ^5 ^.5 30 — z 28"- i— 70 ; Z 26"- i- 65 .4 25 -; - z "" =—10 ;— 60 - = 22"- - - cu z — 55 — — — 2 .3 — I 20"- - ^ Z 50 - 15 — z~ 18" - — 45 IT" - z- - _ - - 16"- I - - :— 5 :— 40 .2 10 — ^ - — - 14"- — 35 - "~~ ■ ~ - _ _ I 1 ' 30 . - 10"- - ~ ^ 9"- — 5 — _ — 25 — .1 1. 8"- - - I ~ 20 ■"■ - Reference: Talbot, N. B., Sobel, E. H., McArthur, J. W.. and Crawford. J. D.. "Functional Endocrinology from Birth through Adolescence," Cambridge, Mass.: The Commonwealth Fund, Harvard University Press, 1952 (as quoted in "Fluid and Electrolytes," Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, III.). 388 APPENDIX III. BODY SURFACE AREA: OLDER CHILDREN AND ADULTS Nomogram is based on formula appearing in DuBois, D., and DuBois, E. F., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 13:77. 1916. Height 10" 8" 6" 4" 2" fa' 10" 8" 6" 4" 2" 5' 10" 8" fa" 4" 10" 8" fa" 4" 2" 10" 8" ■220 215 •210 205 -200 195 -190 185 -180 175 • 170 lfe5 -160 155 - 150 145 -140 135 -130 125 -120 115 -110 105 -100 95 - 90 85 - 80 C- 75 Surface Area sq m 3 00 2.90 2 80 2 70 2 60 2 50 2 40 2 30 2 20 2 10 2 00 95 .90 .85 .80 .75 .70 .65 .faO .55 .50 .45 .40 .35 .30 .25 .20 .15 .10 .05 .00 .95 .90 .85 .80 .75 .70 Weight ^ .65 .60 — .55 .50 kg SE— 120 1e— 110 140 — ^ 130- 120- 110- 100 ■ 90-^ 80- 70- 60 ^_ 50- 40- 65 45 40 35 30 25 20 I — 15 Reference: Talbot, N. B., Sobel. E. H., McArthur, J. W., and Crawford. J. D.. "Functional Endocrinology from Birth through Adolescence. " Cambridge. Mass.: The Commonwealth Fund. Harvard University Press. 1952 (as quoted in "Fluid and Electrolytes." Abbott Laboratories. North Chicago. 111.). 389 APPENDIX IV. STANDARD SYMBOLS IN RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY The following symbols conform to standards adopted by pulmonary physiologists, as published in Federation Pro- ceedings 9:602, 1950. Use of these symbols throughout the HANDBOOK OF RESPIRATION was not feasible because of mechanical limitations in the preparation of copy. Primary Symbols (Large capital letters) Secondary Symbols (Small capital letters) V = gas volume V = gas volume/unit time P = gas pressure in mm Hg F = fractional concentration in dry gas phase f = respiratory frequency, breaths/unit time R = respiratory exchange ratio, VCO2/VO2 I - inspired gas E = expired gas A = alveolar gas T = tidal gas D = dead space gas B = barometric STPD = standard temperature and pressure, dry (0°C, 760 mm Hg) BTPS = body temperature and pressure, satu- rated with water vapor ATPDj ambient temperature and pressure, dry ATPS or saturated Va (alveolar ventilation) is in L/min (BTPs). VOj and Vco^ are in ml/min (stpd). Dash (-) above any symbol indicates a mean value. Dot (") above any symbol indicates a time derivative. The following conventions for symbols denote location and molecular species: 1. Localization in the gas phase is represented by a small capital letter immediately following the principal variable. 2. Molecular species is denoted by the full chemical symbol, printed in small capital letters immediately following the principal variable. 3. When specification of both location and molecular species is required, the first modifying letter is used for localization and the second for species. In the latter case, the chemical symbol appears as a subscript. Contributor: Swann, H. G. Reference: Comroe. J. H., Jr., et al, Fed. Proc. 9:602, 1950. APPENDIX V. RESPIRATORY EQUATIONS I. O2 consumption and CO2 production: (I) V02 - Ve [Fio2(1-Feco2)-Feo2(1-FIco2)1 [ll , [FEco,(l-Fio2)-Hic02a-FEoJl (2) VCO2 = Ve = (1-Fio -F1CO2) ll] 390 APPENDIX V. RESPIRATORY EQUATIONS (Concluded) II. Alveolar gas equations: 'co. IfVlrOj = 0, O) Paoj = Fioj(Pb-Pahjo)-Pacoj Fir (l-FiOj) Ra (4) Pao^ = Pio^- •SfiSVojd-Fioj) Va -FIqjxPacOj- IfVlrn >0, (5) Pao, Pio,R+Paco, Flo (1 -R) + Pico,- Paco, Ficoja-R)+R III. Alveolar ventilation equations (Vlj-Q = 0): (6) Va = (Vt - VD)f. Vcoj (7) Va =. (8) Va = Fa, Ra Vo, Fa, (9) Va = (Pb- Pahjo)- Ra PAr Vo, [11 [2] [2] [1] [1] [1] [1] In equations ('i)-(9), Va and VCO2 are under the same conditions and in the same units. However, the general condition for VcOj is at STPD and for Va at BTPS. If, furthermore, we express the former in ml/min and the latter in L/min and change Fa^o, t° PAco,. "« *<»'« customary units for all parameters at any barometric pressure. After these changes, equation (7) becomes Vco,(ml/min, STPd) x .863 (10) Va (L/min, BTPS) = , and [2] PAcOj X .863 [2] (II) Va = Vo, X R X .863 Pa, IV. Respiratory dead space equations: Va (12) Va = (Vt ). f Bohr Equation using any gas x (at BTPS ): (Fe,-Fa.) [1] Vt. [1] (13) Vd. =- (Fi, -Fa.) Contributors: (a) Swann, M. G., (b) Cassin, S. W. References: [ll Comroe, J. H., Jr., et al. Fed. Proc. 9:602, 1950. [2] Rahn, H., and Fenn, W. 0., "A Graphical Analysis of the Respiratory Gas Exchange: The O2 - CO2 Diagram," Washington, D. C: The American Physiological Society, 1955. 391 >, a E £ o a c (n o u 3 01 a o o S «> n 0) 01 ■- o « B M O c x: V ° i; "> — 0) nJ ^ 0) ■= Si 00 "> rt E >> m n r* Rl Li — ^ A c > M t DC ti 0) r >, C ■n -1 E X) U c m U X c V « 2? '" o u - o t; •- a » 2 > * c c i £ o o in o iM fv] S a lis- CO -t; rt O U OS U) tX) tlO X !C X g £ E "c .5 .5 1-!-! ~^o o o u u SEE. CO — — O U rt 00 — S 235 O U a a O g, O U O -J ^ bC bo bo 2 — • s Q Q Q fc S D 3 3 O s is t: * —I "M bo bO bo bo ''^ '-^ X X Of X X - T3 X + (L ^ S £ p £ E- > E £ I £ Eg oc iTt O O m O qni ^ ^ CT^ ^^ r*> "H [- 2 o ■o 3 He XI -O T3 — ro (M rg ^ o o o ^ a a a^ ^ ^ _^ o rt rt rt 2 0) 4> 0) c « = - t, 2 s '- ^ '^ t- 3 m ? cij rt rt 3 — c I" -? -T' -r' -^ c 2 - flj - ^j ivjO 2 o o o < i; i ^ <: <: o - E O O J (SJ IM- — X X o ; s e I " " " fi - -^ J J J J in ^ o o „ rj o I (M fO o o CO ^ f*^ o o — ' e BO X E e t^ ^ (-1 Q. -i ~ a, > 03 iS .. 01 3 £ a ^ t. bo DO o 2 = c (T1 , — < ^H bo £ c c rt " w i? M XI ™ OJ - o O 1^ — -^ _ — c q " a > "■ " £ TJ — ^ -^ o S H « "I 2 -2 S §-3.0. S S S E nj (U Q Q S S U U >^ o 13 rt £ £ rt cd o £ £ £ E E E 3 O O O O O „ o o o o o o &~ X) (N) 00 (SJ ^r O m ^ ^ — (M vD 0] a. O DO > > h >. " g - S o a: 3 rt c8 o 2 " c a 5 « 3 5 w > OS [i. H a: -H pg r*l ^ lA >0 r- rt £ sf E 3 h ^ o o o H u. S a „ to > OS < rsj rg Z 2 V V r- E S f 2 c u a c 5 « E~ i «> c 3- „ I. 0) " S rt 00 h ■ j3 0) rt DO X C ■« f?^ flJ — * ^H 5 3 0) 72 a. X » o " I"" c ir > 3 ^ C XI 3 rt £ 0> (0 -o (0 01 a, 0, bo q E2 Ih o o ad > XJ T) TJ O O O O O O ;^ ra n ni u X X X >^ >-. >. >> U u L. U 3 S 3 3 o o o o 3 3 3 3 a< 0. OU 0. DO X J £" £ : a a -. _ rt — < u jO O U X E o U 00 a* o — ' fsj 392 INDEX 393 INDEX Asterisk (*) indicates graph or diagram. ABBREVIATIONS in respiratory physiology, 390 ACAPNIA, effect on cerebral respiration (dog), 313 ACCLIMATIZATION to altitude (See ALTITUDE(S)) ACETONE effect on pulmonary function (mammals), 178, 179 partition coefficients, 5 ACETYLENE diffusion coefficients, 11 partition coefficients, 5 solubility coefficients, 8 ACID, definition, 95 ACID-BASE BALANCE OF BLOOD (man). 86-92; (vertebrates), 93, 94 arterial blood, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94. 96*, 97 ionic patterns, 96* constants, factors, formulas, 86-87 cutaneous blood. 90-92, 97 definitions, 95 physiological variability, 91, 92 venous blood, 89, 90. 92-94 ACID- BASE IMBALANCE OF BLOOD, 94-98 classification. 97 definitions. 95 ionic patterns, 96* pathways, 98* ACIDOSIS in acid-base imbalance, 98* alveolar CO2 in, 267 as defined in acid base, 95 effect on acid-base variables, 97 respiratory dead space during. 51 AGE vs basal respiratory functions. 44. 45 effect on acid-base balance, 91. 92 vs lung volumes. 38, 39 vs maximal breathing capacity. 130. 132 and sitting height vs vital capacity. 37 and standing height vs vital capacity. 36 vs tidal and minute volumes, 43 vs vital capacity, 30 AIR (See also specific air) density at altitude, 2 inhalation during decompression (dog), 175 as respiratory medium, 3 AIR FLOW rate, 137, 138 respiratory characteristics, 138 AIR VELOCITY INDEX, prediction formula and normal values, 29 ALKALOSIS in acid-base imbalance. 98* alveolar COj in. 267 as defined in acid base, 9 5 effect on acid-base variables, 97 ALTITUDE(S) atmospheric pressure, O2 partial pressure, and air density at, 2 blood gases at, 151-156 diffusion capacity of lungs at, 52 effect on pulmonary function, 151-156 after acclimatization, 151, 156 with exercise, 155, 156 effect on venous blood lactate, 60 ALTITUDE(S) (concluded) erythrocyte values at (vertebrates), 106, 107 hemoglobin values at (vertebrates), 106. 107 respiratory characteristics of air at, 3 temperature at various. 2 ALVEOLAR- CAPILLARY DIFFUSION. 53* ALVEOLAR DUCTS AND SACS, 13, 14*, 17 ALVEOLAR GAS(ES) (See also specific gases) in acidosis and alkalosis, 267 added dead space, 266 added resistance, 266 at altitude. 151-156 before and after apnea. 263 in basal respiration. 44, 45 CO2 (See CARBON DIOXIDE) composition and partial pressures, 4 effect of combined anoxia and hypercapnia, 158, 159* effect of exercise, 155 equations, 390, 391 factors affecting, 263-267 during hyperventilation. 263 N2 (See NITROGEN) O2 (See OXYGEN) physiological variability. 91. 92 during pulmonary fibrosis, 268 summary of values, 392 ALVEOLAR VENTILATION (See also VENTILATION) effect of drugs (mammals), 178-199 equations, 391 vs pulmonary capillary blood flow, 392 ALVEOLI, RESPIRATORY, 13, 14*. 17 ANATOMIC DEAD SPACE (See DEAD SPACE, RESPIRATORY) ANATOMY, BASIC RESPIRATORY, 12-26 ANESTHESIA A-V differences during (mammals). 58 cerebral blood flow and O2 consuniption during (mammals), 312 ANESTHETICS (See also DRUGS, effects of, 178-252) as antagonists of drugs acting on the bronchi (vertebrates), 226-230, 252 respiratory response to (mammals), 200, 201 ANTHRACOSIS. 270 ANTICHOLINESTERASES (See also DRUGS, effects of, 178-252) as antagonists and potentiators of drugs acting on the bronchi (vertebrates). 230 respiratory response to (mammals). 200 ANTIHISTAMINES (See also DRUGS, effects of, 178-252) as antagonists of drugs acting on the bronchi (mammals), 231-238 ANOXIA (See also ALTITUDE(S)) cerebral metabolism during (dog), 314 effect on alveolar CO2 and O2 pressures. 158, 159* effect on pulmonary function (dog), 157 survival and revival times of animal tissues, 311 AORTIC- BODY AND CAROTID- BODY RESPIRATORY REFLEX, 139 APNEA alveolar air, before and after, 263 artificial respiration for. 141 ARGON, partition coefficients, 5 395 ARM- LIFT METHOD, artificial respiration, 141. 142 ARTERIAL BLOOD (See ACID BASE; BLOOD; BLOOD GAS(ES); specific blood gases) ARTERIO-VENOUS DIFFERENCES effect of decompression (dog). 175 for gases (mammals). 56. 58, 314 for glucose. 59. 61 for lactate, 59. 60 for pyruvate. 59 ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION. 141. 142 ASBESTOSIS. 268. 270 ASTHMA and pulmonary compliance. 137 and respiratory dead space. 51 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, at altitude. 2 ATPS. definition, 1. 2 BASAL RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS vs age, 44. 45 prediction formulas and normal values. 28. 29 BASE, definition. 95 BAUXITE FUME PNEUMOCONIOSIS. 270 BERYLLIOSIS, chronic, 270 BERYLLIUM GRANULOMATOSIS, 268 BICARBONATE, in acid-base imbalance, 96*. 97 BILADIENES. 120, 121 BILADIENONES. 122 BILANES, 119 BILATRIENES, 122 BILENEDIONES, 122 BILENES. 120 BILIRUBINOIDS. 118-123 BLOOD acid-base balance and imbalance (See ACID BASE) A-V differences (See ARTERIO-VENOUS DIFFERENCES) CO2 (See BLOOD GAS(ES); CARBON DIOXIDE) erythrocyte values. 99-107 (See also ERYTHROCYTE(S) fetal (See OXYGEN DISSOCIATION) glucose, 59, 61 H2CO3 dissociation constants (mammals), 63 formula, 86 lactate, 59, 60 hemoglobin values, 99-107 (See also HEMOGLOBIN) maternal (See OXYGEN DISSOCIATION) O2 (See BLOOD GAS(ES); OXYGEN) O2 dissociation (See OXYGEN DISSOCIATION) pyruvate. 59 in relation to cerebral respiration (dog). 313, 314 umbilical, 82, 83 BLOOD GAS(ES) (See also specific gases) in acid-base balance and imbalance (See ACID BASE; specific gases) at altitude, 151-156 comparisons, 57 composition of transported gases, 4 during decompression (dog), 175, 176 effect of anoxia, 152-157 effect of drugs (mammals). 178-199 effect of exercise. 155 at increased atmospheric pressures (mammals). 172, 174 in newborn and adult man, 57 in pulmonary capillaries, 53* during pulmonary fibrosis. 268 pressure (See specific gases) BLOOD GAS(ES) (concluded) in relation to cerebral respiration (dog). 313. 314 saturation (See OXYGEN) and temperature changes (mammals), 62*. 63*. 72. 73*. 75* in umbilical blood, 82, 83 variables, factors, and constants, 56 BLOOD pH, 88-94, 96*, 97, 98* in acid- base balance and imbalance (See ACID BASE) breathing CO2 concentrations. 163. 164 in calculating serum pK' (mammals). 63* effect of anoxia (dog). 157 effect of hyperventilation, 157 at increased atmospheric pressures (mammals), 172. 173 O2 dissociation curves at various levels of, 7 4* values for constructing O2 dissociation curves (invertebrates), 70, 71; (vertebrates). 66-70 BLOOD PRESSURE breathing O2 at increased atmospheric pressures. 174 during decompression (dog). 175-177 under various conditions (mammals). 54, 55 BODY SURFACE AREA (See SURFACE AREA) BODY TEMPERATURE (See TEMPERATURE) BODY WEIGHT (See WEIGHT) BOHR EQUATION. 391 BREATHHOLDING effect on alveolar air, 263 effect on respiratory dead space, 48, 49 BREATHING (See also RESPIRATORY RATE; VENTILATION) depth of (See TIDAL VOLUME) mechanics of, 130-139 BRONCHI. 12. 14*. 17. 18 drugs acting on, 202-252 (See also DRUGS, effects of, 178-252) BRONCHIOLES, 14*, 17 BRONCHIOLO- RESPIRATORY REFLEX, 139 BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS, 15* BTPS. definition, 1 , 2 BUFFER BASE, in acid-base balance and imbalance. 86, 88. 90-92, 95, 96*-98* (See also ACID BASE) definition, 95 formula, 86 CAPILLARIES. PULMONARY. O2 diffusion, 53* CAPILLARY BLOOD composition of transported gases in, 4 summary of values, 392 CARBON DIOXIDE composition and partial pressure in respiratory gases, 4 consumption (plants), 316-383 (See also RESPIRATION RATES) depression of solubility by various salts, 5 diffusion coefficients, 10, 11 effect of breathing various concentrations on respired air, 265 in expired air, 44 molecule, respiratory: characteristics, 3 permeation coefficients, 10. 11 production equation. 390 production at increased ambient pressure, 174 in respiratory media. 3 solubility coefficients. 6-9. 56 survival time, breathing concentrations of (mouse), 165, 166 396 CARBON DIOXIDE (ALVEOLAR) in acidosis and alltalosis, 267 added dead space values, 266 in basal respiration, 44, 45 breathing various CO2 concentrations, 163, 164 effect of exercise, 155, 263-265 during hyperventilation, 263 pressure, 392 at altitude, 151-155 in basal state, 45 breathing various CO2 concentrations, 163, 164 breathing O2 concentrations, 170, 174 effect of combined anoxia and hypercapnia, 158, 159* physiological variability, 91, 92 respiratory dead space for, 49 threshhold, 163, 164 CARBON DIOXIDE (BLOOD), 56, 57 (See also ACID BASE) absorption as function of PCO2 (animals), 64, 65 A-V differences (mammals), 56, 58, 314 equations for calculating absorption, 64, 65 pressure, 56, 57, 392 at altitude, 151, 156 effect of anoxia, 156, 157 breathing various CO2 concentrations (mammals), 163, 173 effect of decompression (dog), 175 effect of drugs (mammals), 178-199 effect of temperature changes (mammals), 62* in fetal and maternal blood, 83, 84 during pulmonary fibrosis, 268 in relation to cerebral respiration (dog), 313 values for constructing O^ dissociation curves, 66-71 (See also OXYGEN DISSOCIATION) CARBONIC ACID calculation of serum pK' (mammals), 63* dissociation constants (mammals), 63 dissociation formula, 86 CARBON MONOXIDE diffusion coefficients, 11 effect on pulmonary function (dog), 182, 183 permeation coefficients, 11 solubility coefficients, 6 CAROTID- BODY CHEMORECEPTORS, respiratory action of drugs influencing (mammals), 200 CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW, O^ consumption, and vascular resistance (mammals). 312 CEREBRAL RESPIRATION (dog), 313, 314 CHEMORECEPTORS, CAROTID- BODY: respiratory action of drugs influencing (mammals), 200 CHLORIDE ION, plasma constituent (vertebrates). 93, 94 CHLOROFORM partition coefficients, 5 respiratory action, 200, 204, 250 CHLOROPLASTS, pigments of, 124, 125 CIRCULATION, PULMONARY (mammals), 54, 55 summary of values, 392 COEFFICIENTS of various gases diffusion, 3, 10, 11 partition, 5 permeation, 10, 11 solubility, 6-9. 56 COMPLIANCE, 392 lung-thorax system (mammals), 135 pulmonary (vertebrates), 135-137 CORONARY REFLEX, 139 COR PULMONALE (mammals), 54, 55 CORPUSCLES (See ERYTHROCYTE(S)! RBC) CUIRASS METHOD, artificial respiration, 142 CYCLOPROPANE partition coefficients, 5 respiratory action, 201 CYTOCHROMES animals and higher plants, 124, 125 bacterial. 128. 129 iron-porphyrin pigments, 115-117 DALTON'S LAW, 4 DEAD SPACE. RESPIRATORY added, effect on respired air. 266 anatomic (mammals), 46-48*, 49, 50*, 51 during CO2 hyperpnea, 47 effect of breathholding, 48, 49 effect of exercise, 47 equations, 391 and functional residual capacity (dog), 48* in pathological conditions, 51 physiologic (mammals), 28, 46-48*. 49. 50*. 51, 392 and tidal volume (mammals), 47, 48*, 50*, 51 for various gases, 49 DECOMPRESSION effect on blood gases (dog), 175 effect on blood pressure, respiratory rate and pulse rate (dog), 176* effect on internal pressures (dog), 177 DEFLATION RECEPTORS, PULMONARY: respiratory action of drugs influencing (mammals), 201 DENSITY, AIR, 2, 3 DIFFUSION, ALVEOLAR-CAPILLARY, 53* DIFFUSION CAPACITY of lungs, 52 DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS of gases. 3. 10. II DIPYRROLIC COMPOUNDS, characteristics. 123 DISEASE (See also specific disease) comparative pathology of the pneumoconioses. 270 effect on cerebral blood flow and O2 consumption (mammals). 312 effect on lung connpliance. 137 effect on pulmonary circulation (mammals), 54. 55 effect on pulmonary function, 268 respiratory dead space during, 51 DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS, H2CO3 (mammals). 63 DISSOCIATION, Oz (See OXYGEN DISSOCIATION) DIVINYL ETHER partition coefficients, 5 respiratory action. 200 DRUGS effects of, 178-252 effect on A-V O2 and CO2 differences (mammals), 58 effect on cerebral blood flow and O2 consumption (mammals), 312 effect on pulmonary circulation (mammals), 54 effect on pulmonary function (mammals), 178-199 influencing afferent end-organs, respiratory action (mammals), 200. 201 DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (vertebrates), 202-252 aerosols, gases and vapors, 250-252 antagonists and potentiators of, 226-248, 252 direct action of, 202-214, 250, 251 pA^ values for antagonists of, 249 sympathomimetic amines, 215-225, 251 DYSPNEA, physiology of, 274 EISENMENGER SYNDROME, effect on pulmonary circulation (mammals), 54, 55 397 EMERSON METHOD, artificial respiration. 141, 142 EMPHYSEMA (mammals). 51. 54, 270 END-CAPILLARY O^ PRESSURE, 53* ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, pigments of, 124 END-ORGANS. AFFERENT: respiratory action of drugs influencing (mammals). 200,201 ENERGY EXPENDITURE basal. 45 with exercise, 149 EPIGLOTTIS, 12, 14* EQUATIONS in respiratory physiology. 28. 29. 390. 391 ERGOT DERIVATIVES as antagonists and potentiators of drugs acting on the bronchi (mammals). 239. 240, 249 respiratory action. 188, 189 ERYTHROCYTE(S) (mammals), 100-102; (man), 99. 100. 102, 103, 107; (vertebrates), 103-106 from birth to maturity, 102, 103 CO^ absorption at various pC02, 64 in fetus, newborn and adult female, 100-102 gases, 56 H2CO3 dissociation constants (mammals), 63 O^ consumption. 103. 286 during pregnancy and postpartum. 100-102 at sea level and at altitude. 106. 107 ESTERS (See also DRUGS, effects of. 178-201) as antagonists of drugs acting on the bronchi (mammals), 244-246 ETHYLENE partition coefficients. 5 solubility coefficients. 8, 9 ETHYL ETHER partition coefficients, 5 respiratory action, 200 EVE ROCKING METHOD, artificial respiration, 141, 142 EXERCISE (See also WORK) effect on A-V lactate levels and differences. 60 effect on A-V O^ and CO2 differences (mammals), 58 effect on heart rate, 144-146* effect on O^ diffusion, 52 effect on pulmonary circulation (mammals), 54, 55 effect on pulmonary compliance, 136 effect on pulmonary fibrosis, 268 effect on pulmonary function, 143-146*, 147-150* at altitude, 155, 156 effect on respired air, 263-265 respiratory dead space during, 47 ventilation during, prediction formulas and normal values, 29 EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME, 27*, 38, 392 definition, 27 effect of posture, 40 effect of pregnancy, 40 EXPIRED AIR, 4, 44, 285 (See also ALVEOLAR GAS(ES); RESPIRED AIR; specific gases) FETAL TISSUES, O^ consumption, 299-307 FETUS, erythrocyte and hemoglobin values, 100-102 FIBROSIS, PULMONARY. 268 effect on lung compliance, 137 incidence in the pneumonconioses, 270 from radiation exposure. 253, 254, 257, 258 and respiratory dead space, 51 FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY, 27*, 39, 40, 392 definition. 27 and pulmonary compliance, 136 and respiratory dead space (dog), 48* GANGLIONIC STIMULANTS, respiratory response to (mammals). 200 (See also DRUGS, effects of, 178-252) GAS(ES) (See also ALVEOLAR GAS(ES); BLOOD GAS(ES); specific gases) diffusion coefficients, 10, 11 inhaled, effect of various concentrations, 151-177, 250 (See also DRUGS, effects of, 178-252) partition coefficients. 5 permeation coefficients, 10, 11 respiratory equations, 390, 391 in respiratory media. 3 solubility coefficients, 6-9 GAS VOLUMES, conversion factors, 1, 2 GLUCOSE (BLOOD) in cerebral respiration (dog), 313 effect of ingestion on A-V differences, 61 postabsorptive, A-V differences, 59 HALDANE EFFECT, at various PCO2 (animals), 65 2-HALOETHYLAMINES. as antagonists and potentiators of drugs acting on the bronchi (mammals). 240-242 HAMMAN-RICH SYNDROME, effect on pulmonary function, 268 HEART RATE at altitude. 152-155 effect of decompression and recompression (dog). 176* effect of exercise, 144-146*, 155 effect of O2 inhalation at increased ambient pressures, 174 HEAT, effect on respired air, 264 HEAT PRODUCTION in basal respiration, 45 during exercise, 147-150 prediction forniula and normal values, 28 HEIGHT vs maximal breathing capacity, 130, 132 and weight, in calculating body surface area, 388*, 389* HEIGHT, SITTING, and age vs vital capacity, 37 HEIGHT, STANDING and age vs vital capacity, 36, 38 vs maximal breathing capacity, 130 vs vital capacity, 31, 34*, 35*, 36, 38 HELIUM dead space for, 49 diffusion coefficients, 11 partition coefficients, 5 permeation coefficients. II solubility coefficients, 8, 9 HEMATIN ENZYMES, characteristics, 114-117 HEMATOCRIT values, 86, 90, 99-107 HEMOGLOBIN (mammals), 100-102; (man), 88, 89, 91, 92, 99, 100, 102, 103, 107; (vertebrates), 93, 94, 104-106 in pregnancy and postpartum, 100-102 saturation (See OXYGEN DISSOCIATION) at sea level and at altitude, 106, 107 HEMOGLOBIN COMPOUNDS, characteristics, 111-114 HENDERSON-HASSELBALCH EQUATION, 86 HERING-BREUER REFLEX, 139 HIP- LIFT METHOD, artificial respiration, 141. 142 HIP- ROLL METHOD, artificial respiration. 141, 142 HYDROBILANES, characteristics, 119 HYDROBILENES, characteristics, 120 HYDROGEN diffusion coefficients, II partition coefficients, 5 398 HYDROGEN (concluded) permeation coefficients, 11 solubility coefficients, 6, 8, 9 HYPERCAPNIA effect on acid-base variables, 97, 98 effect on respiratory variables (mammals), 158, 159*. 160-166 HYPERGLYCEMIA, alimentary: effect on A-V glucose differences, 61 HYPERPNEA, CO2; dead space during, 47 HYPERTENSION, primary pulmonary (mammals), 54, 55 HYPERVENTILATION alveolar CO^ during, 263 and cerebral respiration (mammals), 312, 313 effect on A-V lactate levels and differences, 60 effect on blood CO2 carriage, 157 HYPOCAPNLA, effect on acid-base variables, 97, 98 HYPOXIA(S) (See also ANOXIA) effect on pulmonary circulation (mammals), 54 physiologic classification, 272, 273 INFANT(S) apneic, artificial respiration, 141 A-V blood gas comparisons, 56, 57 bronchi, 18 erythrocyte and hemoglobin values, 100-103 lung and airway resistance, 137 lung weight, 16 increments during first year, 16* and volume increments, 17* minute volume, 42, 43 nomogram for calculating body surface area, 388 pulmonary compliance, 137 respiratory alveoli, 17 respiratory rate, 42 sinuses, 19 tidal volume, 42, 43 trachea, 18, 19 INSPIRATORY CAPACITY, 27*, 38. 392 definition, 27 effect of posture, 40 effect of pregnancy, 40 INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME, 27* definition, 27 INSPIRED AIR, 4, 285 (See specific gases) IONIC PATTERNS, acid-base balance and imbalance. 96* IRON PORPHYRINS, characteristics. 110-118 KRYPTON, partition coefficients. 5 LACTATE (BLOOD) A-V differences, 59, 60 effect of exercise and hyperventilation, 60 LACTIC ACID (BLOOD) depression of O^ and CO2 solubility by, 5 effect of exercise, 144, 145, 264 in relation to cerebral respiration. 313, 314 LARYNX. 12, 14* LINE CHARTS blood O2 dissociation, 72. 73 temperature changes vs blood CO2 and O2 pressures (mammals), 62 LUNG(S), 12-14*, 15*, 20* and airway resistance, 137 compliance, 135-137 development, 12, 13 diffusion capacity of, 52 lobes, 14*, 20* bronchopulmonary segments, 15* weight relationships. 21 O2 uptake and ventilation, right vs left, 45 tissues CO2 capacity (dog), 165 O2 consumption (vertebrates), 291 volume, right vs left, 29 weight (amphibians), 2b; (birds), 25; (mammals), 16*, 17*, 21-24; (reptiles), 26 increments during first year, 16* relationships, 20*, 21-26 and volume increments during first year, 17* LUNG CAPACITIES (See TOTAL. VITAL, INSPIRATORY, and FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITIES) LUNG-THORAX SYSTEM, compliance of (mammals), 135 LUNG VOLUME(S), 28, 38, 39 (See also VITAL CAPACITY; TIDAL, INSPIRATORY RESERVE, EXPIRATORY RESERVE, and RESIDUAL VOLUMES) and barometric pressure, 1* conversions, 1*, 2 definitions, 1, 2, 27 effect of posture, 40 effect of pregnancy, 40 intrapulmonary pressures at various, 133, 134 prediction formulas, 28 and pulmonary function, 27-54 and pulmonary pressures (mammals). 133-135 subdivisions of. 27* summary of values. 392 MANUAL ROCKING, artificial respiration. 14i, 142 MAXIMAL BREATHING CAPACITY, 29. 132, 392 vs age, 130, 132 vs body surface area, 131, 132 effect of pregnancy, 40 effect of pulmonary fibrosis, 268 prediction formula, 29 vs standing height. 130, 132 vs weight, 131 , 132 MEDIA diffusion coefficients of gases in various, 3, 10, 11 effect of K+ on tissue O2 consumption in various, 309, 310 permeation coefficients of gases in various, 10, 11 respiratory, characteristics, 3 solubility coefficients of gases in various, 6-9 METABOLIC FACTOR in acidosis or alkalosis, definition, 95 METABOLISM, CEREBRAL: during anoxia (dog), 314 MINUTE VOLUME (man), 42-45. 392; (vertebrates). 41, 42 at altitude. 151-156 in basal state. 44 breathing CO2 concentrations (mammals), 160-162 breathing N2 concentrations (mammals), 151, 174 breathing O2 concentrations (mammals). 167-169, 174 effect of added dead space, 266 effect of drugs (mammals), 178-199 effect of exercise, 155, 156, 263-265 effect of heat, 264 effect of posture, 43 399 MINUTE VOLUME (concluded) effect of pregnancy, 40 during hyperventilation, 157, 263 in infants, 42 MITOCHONDRIA cytochrome system of, 126*- 127* pigments of, 124 MOLECULES, RESPIRATORY: characteristics. MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD, artificial respiration, 141, 142 NARES, 12 NASAL EPITHELIUM. 12 NASAL- LACRIMAL DUCT. 12 NEON, partition coefficients, 5 NEWBORN (See INFANT(S)) NITROGEN in alveolar air, 29 in blood, 56 composition and partial pressure in respiratory air, 4 diffusion coefficients, 11 in expired air, 266 exposure, effect on respiratory rate, tidal and minute volumes, 151 molecule, respiratory: characteristics, 3 partition coefficients, 5 permeation coefficients, 11 respiratory dead space for, 49 in respiratory media, 3 solubility coefficients, 6, 8, 9, 56 washout, pulmonary, 171* NITROUS OXIDE diffusion coefficients, 11 partition coefficients, 5 respiratory action, 201, 250 solubility coefficients, 8, 9 NOMOGRAMS for calculating body surface area, 388, 389 for estimating tidal volume in tank respirator settings, 140 serum pK' for given temperature and pH (mammals), 63 NOSE, 12, 14* OXYGEN consumption (See OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) depression of solubility by various salts. 5 diffusing capacity, lungs, during pulmonary fibrosis. 268 diffusion coefficients. 10. 11 diffusion of lungs. 52 effect of breathing various concentrations (mammals). 167-170 In expired air. 44. 285 inhalation during decompression (dog). 175. 176* molecule, respiratory: characteristics. 3 permeation coefficients. 10, 11 in respiratory gases. 3. 4, 285 solubility coefficients. 6-9. 56 uptake (See OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) OXYGEN (ALVEOLAR) at altitude, 151-155 before and after apnea. 263 effect of added dead space. 266 effect of added resistance. 266 effect of breathing various concentrations. 174 effect of combined anoxia and hypercapnia. 1 58. 1 59* effect of exercise. 155, 263-265 OXYGEN (ALVEOLAR) (concluded) pressure. 44. 392 in pulmonary capillaries. 53* during pulmonary fibrosis. 268 respiratory dead space for. 49 OXYGEN (BLOOD), 56. 57. 392 at altitude. 151-155 A-V differences (mammals), 56, 58, 175, 314 breathing CO2 concentrations, 163, 164 breathing O2 concentrations, 169. 170 capacity during pregnancy, 82, 83 dissociation (See OXYGEN DISSOCIATION (BLOOD)) effect of decompression (dog), 175 pressure, 56, 57, 392 at altitude, 156 vs blood O2 saturation (mammals), 66*, 72, 73*-75*, 77*-81*, 85* breathing various O^ concentrations. 169. 170 in cerebral respiration (dog). 313 effect of exercise, 156 fetal and maternal blood, 83 in pulmonary capillaries, 53* during pulmonary fibrosis, 268 and temperature changes (mammals), 62*, 72, 73*, 75* values for constructing O2 dissociation curves, 66 saturation (See also ACID BASE) at altitude, 151-155 curves (mammals), 66*, 74*, 75*. 77*-81*, 85* definition, 66, 7 6 effect of anoxia (mammals), 152-155, 157, 314 effect of decompression (dog), 175 effect of exercise, 155 in fetus (mammals), 82, 83, 85* line charts, 72, 73 vs O2 pressure (mammals), 66*, 72, 73*-75*, 77*-81*, 85* vs pH, 74* during pregnancy, 82, 83 in pulmonary fibrosis, 268 vs temperature, 72, 73*, 75* OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, 28, 45, 392 at altitude, 151-153, 155 animal organisms (helminths, 276, 277); (inverte- brates), 278-280; (mammals), 283-285; (protozoa), 275, 276; (vertebrates other than mammals), 281-283 animal tissues blood-formed elements, 286, 287 blood vessels, 286, 287 brain (vertebrates), 294, 295, 312 effect of K+, 308-310 epithelium, 287, 288 fetal tissues (chick), 300-302; (frogs), 303, 304; (guinea pig), 300; (killifish), 307; (newt), 305; (rat), 299, 300; (salamanders), 305, 306; (salmon), 307; (sheep), 299; (snake), 302 gland tissues, 288, 289 liver, 290, 291 lung, 291 lymph nodes, 286, 287 marrow, iSb, 287 muscle tissues, 291, 292 neoplasms, 293 nerve tissues, 294-296 placental tissues, 298 reproductive tissues, 297, 298 spleen, 286, 287 thymus, 286, 287 effect of drugs (mammals), 178-199 400 OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (concluded) equation, 390 erythrocytes, 103, 286 during exercise, 143-146*, 147-150*, 155, 263-265 plants. 315-383 (See also RESPIRATION RATES) OXYGEN DISSOCIATION (BLOOD), 66-85 curves (carnivores), 78; (cetacean), 81; (man), 74, 75, 77; (rodents), 79; (ungulates), 80 curves, fetal (mammals), 85 data for constructing curves (amphibians), 69; (birds), 68; (fish), 69, 70; (invertebrates), 70, 71; (mammals), 66-68; (man), 66; (reptiles), 68, 69 line charts, 72, 73 relationship of fetal and maternal, 83 OXYGEN UPTAKE (See also OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) comparison of right and left lung, 45 effect of exercise, 144-146* PARASYMPATHOLYTICS (See also DRUGS, effects of, 178-252) as antagonists of drugs acting on the bronchi (vertebrates), 226-230 PARTIAL PRESSURE (See PRESSURE(S); specific gases) PARTITION COEFFICIENTS of gases, 5 PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (mammals), 54, 55 pAx VALUES FOR ANTAGONISTS OF DRUGS ACTING ON THE BRONCHI (mammals), 249 PERICARDITIS (mammals), 54, 55 PERMEATION COEFFICIENTS of gases, 10, 11 pH (See BLOOD) PHOSGENE, retention in respired air, 267 PHOSPHORUS, in cerebral respiration (dog). 313, 314 PHYSIOLOGIC DEAD SPACE (See DEAD SPACE. RESPIRATORY) PIGMENTS, RESPIRATORY, 108-129 cytochrome, characteristics, 124-129 pyrrole, characteristics. 108-123 PLANTS, respiration rates, 315-383 PLASMA (See BLOOD) PLEURITIS, tuberculous, 268 PNEUMOCONIOSES, 270, 271 PNEUMONECTOMY and pulmonary compliance, 137 and respiratory dead space, 51 PNEUMOTHORAX, and respiratory dead space, 51 PORPHYRINS, characteristics, 108-118 POSTPARTUM erythrocyte and hemoglobin values, 100-103 ventilatory variables, 40 POSTURE effect on acid-base balance, 91, 92 effect on lung volumes, 40 effect on minute volume, 43 effect on tidal volume, 43 effect on ventilation and O^ uptake, 45 effect on vital capacity, 36, 37 POTASSIUM ION depression of O2 and CO2 solubility by, 5 effect on tissue O2 consumption, 308-310 PREGNANCY effect on ventilatory variables, 40 erythrocyte and hemoglobin values, 100-102 Oi capacity and saturation of umbilical blood during, 82, 83 PRESSURE(S) (See also BLOOD; CARBON DIOXIDE; OXYGEN) increased ambient, effect on pulmonary function (mammals), 172-175 internal, effect of decompression (dog), 177 PRESSURE(S) (concluded) intrapleural, 135 intrapulmonary, at various lung volumes, 134 pulmonary, vs vital capacity, 134*, 135* reduced barometric, effect on pulmonary function, 151-156 PRESSURE CURVE. RELAXATION. 135* PRESSURE- DEPTH GRADIENT in the sea. 4 PRESSURE EQUIVALENTS in the sea, 4 PRESSURE-VOLUME CURVES (cat), 133* PRESSURE-VOLUME DIAGRAM, chest and lungs, 134* PRO PRIOCEPTO- RESPIRATORY REFLEX, 139 PROTEIN, plasma constituent (vertebrates), 93, 94 PULMONARY CAPILLARIES, O^ diffusion, 53* PULMONARY CIRCULATION (mammals), 54, 55 summary of values, 392 PULMONARY COMPLIANCE (vertebrates). 135-137 methods for measuring, 136 vs vital capacity. 136 PULMONARY DEFLATION RECEPTORS, respiratory action of drugs influencing (msimmals). 201 PULMONARY FIBROSIS, 268. 269 incidence in the pneumoconioses. 270 and pulmonary compliance, 137 from radiation exposure, 253, 254, 257, 258 and respiratory dead space. 51 PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGY, equations and formulas. 28. 29. 390. 391 summary of values. 28. 29, 392 PULMONARY STENOSIS (mammals), 54, 55 PULMONARY STRETCH RECEPTORS, respiratory action of drugs influencing (mammals), 200, 201 PULMONARY VEIN REFLEX, 139 PULSE RATE at altitude. 152-155 effect of decompression and recompression (dog), 176* effect of exercise, 144-146*. 155 effect of O2 inhalation at increased ambient pressures, 174 PYRROLE PIGMENTS, characteristics, 108-123 PYRUVATE (BLOOD), A-V differences, 59 RADIATION external ionizing, effect on respiratory system (mammals). 253-259 interna) emitters, effect on respiratory system (mammals), 259-262 RADON effect on respiratory system (mammals), 259-262 partition coefficients, 5 RBC (mammals), 100-102; (man), 99, 100, 102, 103, 107; (vertebrates), 103-106 from birth to maturity. 102, 103 CO2 absorption at various pCO^, 64 in fetus, newborn and adult female, 100-102 gases, 56 H2CO3 dissociation constants (mammals), 63 Oo consumption, 103, 286 during pregnancy and postpartum, 100-102 at sea level and at altitude, 106-107 RECEPTORS, PULMONARY: respiratory action of drugs influencing (mammals), 200, 201 RECOMPRESSION effect on blood gases (dog). 175. 176* effect on blood pressure, respiratory rate, and pulse rate (dog). 176* REFLEXES. RESPIRATORY, 139 RELAXATION PRESSURE CURVE, 134*. 135* RESIDUAL VOLUME, 27*, 39 definition. 27 401 RESIDUAL VOLUME (concluded) effect of posture, 40 effect of pregnancy, 40 effect of pulmonary fibrosis, 268 prediction formula, 28 summary of values, 28, 392 RESISTANCE, ADDED: effect on respired air, 266 RESISTANCE OF LUNGS AND AIRWAY, 137 RESPIRATION, ARTIFICIAL, 140»-142 RESPIRATION RATES (algae), 316-319; (bacteria), 315; (ferns), 347; (fungi), 322-345; (higher plants), 348-383; (horsetails), 347; (lichens), 320, 321; (liverworts), 346; (mosses), 346 RESPIRATORS, MECHANICAL, 140*, 142 RESPIRATORY AIR FLOW, characteristics, 138 RESPIRATORY ALVEOLI, 13, 14*, 17 RESPIRATORY DEAD SPACE (See DEAD SPACE, RESPIRATORY) RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE, characteristics (verte- brates), 285 RESPIRATORY FACTOR in acidosis or alkalosis, definition, 95 RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS, BASAL, 44, 45 equations and prediction formulas, 28, 29, 390, 391 summary of values, 28, 29, 392 RESPIRATORY GASES, composition and partial pressure, 4 (See also specific gases) RESPIRATORY MOLECULES, characteristics^ 3 RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY, standard symbols, 390 RESPIRATORY PIGMENTS, 108-129 RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT (plants). 315-383; (verte- brates), 285; (animal tissues), 299-301, 303, 304, 307 at altitude, 151, 156 effect of exercise, 156 RESPIRATORY RATE (vertebrates), 41, 42. 44, 45 at altitude, 151, 156 breathing CO2 concentrations (mammals), 160-162 breathing N^, 151 breathing O^ concentrations (mammals), 157, I67-I69, 174 during decompression (dog), 175, 176* effect of anoxia, 156, 157 effect of drugs (mammals), 178-199 effect of exercise. 144, 145. 156 effect of pregnancy, 40 infants, 42 RESPIRATORY REFLEXES, 139 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, 12-14* RESPIRED AIR, 4, 44, 285 (See also ALVEOLAR GAS(ES); specific gases) factors affecting composition, 263-267 acidosis and alkalosis, 267 added dead space, 266 added resistance, 266 CO2 inhalation, 265 exercise, 263-265 heat, 264 O2 inhalation, 265. 266 phosgene retention. 267 voluntary control. 263 SAGITTAL SINUS BLOOD. A-V differences (dog). 314 SALTS depression of CO^ and O^ solubility by, 5 in respiratory media. 3 SARCOIDOSIS effect on pulmonary function. 268 and pulmonary compliance. 137 and respiratory dead space, 51 SCHAFER-EMERSON-IVY METHOD, artificial respiration, 141 SCHAFER METHOD, artificial respiration, 141, 142 SEA pressure equivalents, 4 pressure-depth gradient in the, 4 SEA WATER, as respiratory medium, 3 SEPTAL DEFECT, 54, 55 SERUM (See BLOOD) SHAVER'S DISEASE, 270 SILICOSIS, 268, 270 SILVESTER METHOD, artificial respiration, 141, 142 SINUSES, 12, 19 SODIUM ION depression of O^ and CO2 solubility by. 5 plasma constituent (vertebrates). 93. 94 SOLUBILITY COEFFICIENTS, gases, 6-9. 56 SOLUBILITY OF RESPIRATORY MOLECULES. 3 SPEED, effect on O2 requirement, 148-150* STANDARD WALKING VENTILATION, 29 STPD, definition, 1, 2 STREETER'S HORIZONS, 12, 13 STRETCH RECEPTORS, PULMONARY: respiratory action of drugs influencing (mammals), 200, 201 SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, O2 and CO2 pressures, 44 SURFACE AREA, BODY constants for use in formula (mammals), 387 vs lung volumes, 38, 39 vs maximal breathing capacity, 131, 132 nomograms for calculating, 388, 389 vs vital capacity, 33, 39 SYMBOLS IN RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY, 390 SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES (See also DRUGS, effects of, 178-252) acting on the bronchi (vertebrates), 215-225. 251 TEMPERATURE(S) acid-base balance of blood at various. 92 blood O2 dissociation at various (invertebrates), 70, 71; (vertebrates), 66-70, 72. 73*. 75* and CO2 and O2 pressures in blood (mammals), 62* coefficients for various blood factors, 72, 73*. 86 corrections for pH measurements. 87 diffusion coefficients of gases in water at various. 11 effect on respired air, 264 and K+j effect on tissue O2 consumption, 308 and serum pK' (mammals), 63* solubility coefficients of gases at various, 6-9 at various altitudes, 2 TEMPERATURE MULTIPLIER, for adjusting oxyhemo- globin dissociation data, 72, 73* TENSION (See CARBON DIOXIDE and OXYGEN pressures) TETRALOGY OF FALLOT, 54, 55 THORACOPLASTY, and respiratory dead space, 51 TIDAL POSITION, END-: effect of breathing CO2 concentrations (mammals), 165 TIDAL VOLUME, 27*, 392; (vertebrates), 41-44 with artificial respiration, 140*-142 breathing CO2 concentrations (mamnmals), 160-162 breathing N2, 151, 174 breathing O2 concentrations (mammals), 167-169, 174 definition, 27 effect of drugs (mammals), 178-199 effect of pregnancy, 40 infants, 42 nomogram for estimating, 140 relation to dead space (mammals), 44, 50*, 51 TIMED VITAL CAPACITY, 28. 392 402 TISSUES animal effect of K+ on O2 consumption, 308-310 O2 consumption, 286-310 survival and revival times under conditions of anoxia, 311 diffusion coefficients of gases in, 10, 11 permeation coefficients of gases in, 10, 11 solubility coefficients of gases in, 8, 9 subcutaneous, O2 and CO2 pressures in, 44 TISSUE FLUID, composition of transported gases in, 4 TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY, 27*, 39 definition, 27 effect of posture, 40 effect of pregnancy, 40 prediction formulas, 28 summary of values, 28, 392 TRACHEA, 12, 14*, 17-19 TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE, 15*, 17 TRIAZINES, as antagonists of drugs acting on the bronchi (guinea pig), 242, 243 TUBERCULOSIS, effect on pulmonary function, 268, 270 TURBINALS, 12-14* VAPORS (See also DRUGS, effects of, 178-252) acting on the bronchi (mammals), 250 VENA CAVO-RESPIRATORY REFLEX, 139 VENOUS BLOOD (See ACID BASE; BLOOD GAS(ES); specific gases) VENTILATION (See also RESPIRATORY RATE; MINUTE VOLUME; TIDAL VOLUME; RESPIRED AIR) at altitude, 151-156 basal, 44 breathing concentrations of CO2 (mammals), 160-162 breathing N2 (mammals), 151 breathing concentrations of O2 (mammals), 167-169 comparison of right and left lung, 45 effect of anoxia (mammals), 152-157 effect of drugs (mammals), 178-199 effect of various work loads, 145 equations, 391 vs exercise, 143-146*, 155, 156 nomogram for estimating accuracy of tanl< respirator settings, 140 standard walking, 29 summary of values, 28, 392 volume (See MINUTE VOLUME) VENTILATORY EQUIVALENT effect of pregnancy, 40 effect of various work loads, 145 normal value, 28 VENTILATORY RATE, during artificial respiration, 142 VENTURI METHOD, artificial respiration, 142 VERATRUM ALKALOIDS, respiratory response to (mammals), 200 (See also DRUGS, effects of, 178-252) VITAL CAPACITY, 27», 39 vs age, 30, 38 vs body surface area, 33, 38 vs body weight, 32, 38 breathing CO2 concentrations, 165 breathing O2 concentrations, 170 definition, 27 effect of exercise, 143-146* effect of posture, 36, 37, 40 effect of pregnancy, 40 effect of pulmonary fibrosis, 268 VITAL CAPACITY (concluded) prediction formulas, 28 vs pulmonary compliance, 136 vs pulmonary pressure, 134*, 135* vs sitting height and age, 37 vs standing height, 31, 34*, 35* and age, 36 summary of values, 28, 392 VOMERO-NASAL ORGAN, 12, 13 WALKING DYSPNEA INDEX, prediction formula and normal value, 29 WALKING VENTILATION, STANDARD, 29 WATER diffusion coefficients of gases in, 10, 11 permeation coefficients of gases in, 10, 11 in respiratory gases, 1*, 2, 4 as respiratory medium, 3 solubility coefficients of gases in, 6, 8 WEIGHT, BODY and breathing frequency in calculating tidal volume, 140* and height, in calculating body surface area, 388*. 389* vs lung weight (amphibians), 26; (birds), 25; (msummals), 21-24; (reptiles), 26 vs maximal breathing capacity, 131, 132 vs vital capacity, 32, 38 WEIGHT. LUNG (amphibians). 26; (birds), 25; (mammals), 16*, 17*, 20*-24; (reptiles) 26 WHOLE BLOOD (See ACID BASE; BLOOD) WORK (See also EXERCISE) effect on heart rate, 144-146* effect on lung O2 diffusion, 52 effect on pulmonary function, 144-146*. 147-150 effect on respiratory dead space, 47 XENON, partition coefficients, 5 403 '^(^.W \ w.