HANDBOOK OF

YORKSHIRE VERTEBRATA.

A HANDBOOK

OF THE

VERTEBRATE FAUNA

OF

YORKSHIRE

BEING A CATALOGUE OF BRITISH MAMMALS, BIRDS, REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS,

AND FISHES, SHOWING WHAT SPECIES ARE OR HAVE, WITHIN

HISTORICAL PERIODS, BEEN FOUND IN THE COUNTY.

BY

WM. EAGLE CLARKE,

MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS* UNION,
AND

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK;

THE SECRETARIES OF THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS* UNION.

LONDON :

LOVELL REEVE & CO., HENRIETTA ST., COVENT GARDEN.
LEEDS : RICHARD JACKSON, COMMERCIAL STREET.

1881.

Lit.

TO

SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, BART., M.P.,

D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., &c.,

AS

PRESIDENT OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION,

ON THE OCCASION OF
ITS MEETING IN THE ClTY AND COUNTY OF ITS ORIGIN,

TO CELEBRATE THE COMPLETION OF

THE FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF ITS EXISTENCE,

THIS CONTRIBUTION TO THE NATURAL HlSTCRY OF THE COUNTY

V
IS DEDICATED.

M367764

INTRODUCTION.

THE object of the present work is the enumeration of the
vertebrated animals which are or have been found in
Yorkshire, and the careful definition of their faunistic position and
geographical distribution within the county, in language as terse
and as accurate as it is possible to employ. Such a work has never
been undertaken for the county, nor indeed has there been pub-
lished a list either of the vertebrata as a whole, or of any of the
classes into which the sub-kingdom is divided. In this respect
Yorkshire affords a marked contrast with the neighbouring counties
of Norfolk and of Northumberland and Durham, whose avifaunas
especially have been written — and more than once — by competent
and able ornithologists.

The number of British vertebrata which have not occurred in
Yorkshire being comparatively small, it seemed desirable to make
the work not only a county handbook, but a complete nominal
catalogue of the British species. Such a catalogue is in itself a
desideratum, especially if brought up to the standard of present
knowledge, and will be of use both as furnishing a ready means
of comparison and as facilitating the registering of additions to
the Yorkshire fauna. Careful attention has been paid ^o the
classification and nomenclature, both being based upon the works
of the most recent and reliable authorities.

Mammalia. — The list of British mammalia here given is
substantially that of the second edition of Bell's History of
British Quadrupeds (1874), with such slight modifications as to
classification and nomenclature as are necessary to bring it down
to the present time. The list of Bats is entirely based upon
Dr. G. E. Dobson's British Museum Catalogue of Chiroptera,

viii INTRODUCTION.

published in 1878, and the classification of Seals and Cetaceans
is that of Prof. Flower, as given in Bell's work, and in Mr.
Southwell's recently published ' Seals and Whales of the British
Seas'; while papers by Mr. St. George Mivart on the Insecti-
vora, Mr. E. R. Alston on the Rodentia, and Prof. Flower on the
Carnivora, have been consulted as to the arrangement of those
respective groups. Two species given by Bell are omitted from
the present list, and one is added. The latter, a bat — Vespertilio
dasycneme — is included on the authority of Dr. Dobson's mono-
graph. The species omitted are the Beech Marten and the
Greenland Right-Whale. Mr. E. R. Alston has demonstrated
that there is but one British species of Marten, the true Beech
Marten never having occurred (P.Z.S., 1879, p. 468; ZooL, 1879,
p. 441). The Greenland Right- Whale (Baltzna mysticetus L.)
has hitherto been included in the British fauna upon evidence so
unsatisfactory that modern faunists invariably "express grave
doubts as to the validity of its claims. It has therefore been
deemed the wiser plan to omit it altogether, the strong probability
being that all Right-Whales killed in British seas have been refer-
able to B. biscayensis, a species whose differentiation as such dates
subsequently to all the records of British occurrences.

As to the extinct British mammalia, it having been considered
desirable to include notices of animals which had ceased to exist
in Yorkshire within historical periods, the species — five in number
— of which Mr. J. E. Harting treats in his work on * Extinct
British Animals,' have been inserted in the list in their correct
zoological sequence. Their names, and that of the Great Auk,
are, however, printed in old English characters, and left un-
numbered, as not being now entitled to rank as true members of
the British fauna.

Birds. — When considering what system of classification
should be adopted for the arrangement of this class, difficulty was
experienced in coming to a decision, and it was only after some
hesitation that one was finally arrived at. Had Professor

INTRODUCTION. ix

Newton's admirable edition of Yarrell's ' British Birds ' been
complete — or nearly so — it would undoubtedly have been
adopted as a guide by virtue of the position which it admittedly
holds as the standard work on British Ornithology. In such an
event practical convenience would — and rightly so — have over-
ruled all other considerations. But this unfortunately not being
the case, it became necessary to consider the present state of
ornithological opinion as to the classification of Birds. This has
been admirably summarised in the Ibis for 1880, by Dr. P. L.
Sclater, in a paper entitled ' Remarks on the present state of the
Systema Avium.' The arrangement therein promulgated — or
some modification of it — seems likely to meet with acceptance
more or less general at the hands of ornithologists, and has
already been adopted by Mr. H. E. Dresser in his recently-com-
pleted great work on the Birds of Europe. The arrangement and
nomenclature of Mr. Dresser's work have therefore been followed.
It is not within the province of a work of this character to
decide whether certain birds ought or ought not to be included
in the list, and consequently all admitted as British by Mr.
Dresser, or included by Mr. Wharton in his excellent little cata-
logue, have, with trifling exceptions, been here included. There
are, however, certain species which have been reported as occur-
ring in Yorkshire on evidence which is regarded by authors as
more or less insufficient for their admission into the British fauna.
These are inserted in their zoological position, but — in order
that it may be quite clear that their claims are not fully accepted
— no numbers are prefixed. Nor are they prefixed to Cygnus olor
and Alca impennis — the first a domesticated bird and the second
admittedly extinct.

Reptiles and Amphibians. — The lists of reptiles and
amphibians are founded upon Bell's British Reptiles and the
writings of Dr. Giinther and Mr. St. George Mivart. An amphi-
bian, however, which has been described in the works of Bell and
Cooke — Ommatotriton vittatus or Gray's Banded Newt, a Syrian

x INTRODUCTION.

form — is here omitted, as it has been shown to have no claim to
a place in the British list, into which it had been introduced on
the strength of museum specimens.

Fishes. — It is fortunate — so far as the classification and
nomenclature are concerned — that the list of British Fishes can be
based upon reliable and satisfactory authority. The classification
adopted is that promulgated by Dr. Giinther in his recently pub-
lished • Introduction to the Study of Fishes '; while his well-known
' Catalogue of Fishes ' furnishes a safe guide to the nomenclature.
Dr. Day's papers in the Linnean Society's Journal, and more
particularly his comprehensive work on the 'Fishes of Great
Britain and Ireland,' have also served as a guide to some of the
conclusions arrived at.

The British Fishes here enumerated are substantially those of
the third edition of YarrelPs 'History of British Fishes' (1859),
modified by the assistance of the writings of the two distinguished
ichthyologists just referred to. Some few, however, of the species
included by Yarrell, and a considerable number of those added
by Couch, have — since the date of their writings — proved to be
either monstrosities, varietal or immature forms of other species,
or to have been admitted into the British fauna on insufficient
evidence. Their omission consequently requires no further
explanation.

In attempting to define the faunistic position of fish, not only
is there found a deficiency of the requisite information for the
Yorkshire coast, but considerable dissatisfaction is the usual
result of a reference to the works of Yarrell and Couch.
Admirable as they are in certain respects, the vagueness of
some of the statements made, and the want of system in the
arrangement of the subject-matter, often renders it extremely
difficult to ascertain the geographical range of a species, still more
so to learn its true position in the British fauna. This remark
applies even in the case of some of the commonest forms. It is
true that the habits of fishes are very obscure and their natural

INTRODUCTION. xi

history but imperfectly ascertained, but in the case of common
species this unsatisfactory nature of the literature is unjustifiable.
It is, however, a matter of sincere gratification to fipd that the
important want complained of is to a great extent supplied, and
that a systematic arrangement of the subject-matter is adopted in
Dr. Day's new work, one which is destined to be of great service
to the British Ichthyologist.

The Faunistic Position of Species. — The most impor-
tant requirements in the compilation of a local fauna are a careful
definition of the true faunistic position occupied by each species,
and of its distribution and relative numbers within the area
treated of, together with some notice of its migratory movements.
To these should be added — in the case of the rare species — lists
of all the occurrences, with dates, localities, authorities, and such
other details as are likely to be of service.

For the purpose of defining the faunistic position of the York-
shire Vertebrata the following terms are employed : —

RESIDENTS . . . )

[ = ANNUAL BREEDERS.
SUMMER VISITANTS . \ )

WINTER VISITANTS . ' = REGULAR VISITORS.
PERIODICAL VISITANTS .,

CASUAL VISITANTS . .)

\ = IRREGULAR VISITORS.
ACCIDENTAL VISITANTS)

These terms are more easily applicable to the birds than to other
classes of the vertebrata, from the greater facility with which
their movements can be observed and noted. In the case of the
marine fishes and cetaceans the terms would be quite as appro-
priate, were it not for the veil of obscurity which invests their
habits, and in a lesser degree the small attention which they
receive at the hands of local naturalists. Owing to this considera-
tion, it is advisable in defining — and more especially in illustrating
— the terms, to speak of them as applied to birds.

xii INTRODUCTION.

RESIDENTS are species which are found in some district or
other of the county throughout the year, and therein breed
annually. 9

SUMMER VISITANTS are species which appear annually in
the spring, remain through the summer for the purpose of rearing
their young, and afterwards depart in the autumn.

WINTER VISITANTS are species which appear annually in the
autumn, and remain in more or less numbers throughout the
winter, departing in the spring for their breeding haunts.

PERIODICAL VISITANTS are species which are observed in the
county only on their annual passage to and from their breeding
haunts in spring or autumn or both.

CASUAL VISITANTS are species whose appearance in the
county is uncertain, but whose occurrence — they being resident in,
or more or less regular visitants to, other parts of the British Isles
— is not improbable, even though their visit may be very few
and far between.

ACCIDENTAL VISITANTS are mere waifs and strays — species
whose geographical range renders their occurrence in Britain quite
exceptional and more or less remarkable.

These definitions have been carefully framed, and will, it is
believed, be found applicable to all cases. A few general remarks
upon them, illustrated by characteristic examples, desirable in
order to make their meaning perfectly unmistakable, will be given
in proceeding to analyse the Yorkshire fauna.

YORKSHIRE:

ITS PHYSICAL ASPECT AND VERTEBRATE
FAUNA.

YORKSHIRE:

Its PHYSICAL ASPECT and VERTEBRATE FAUNA.

"\/ORKSHIRE, the largest county of the British Isles, con-
JL taming an area of 3,936,242 statute acres, or 6150 square
miles, and situate between 53° 18' and 54° 40' N. latitude and
about 9' E. and 2° 36' W. longitude of the meridian of Greenwich,
is also one of the most compact in form, the most varied in
geological structure, soil, climate, and physical aspect.

The lands of Yorkshire rise in masses from S.E. to N.W., in a
direction which corresponds with that of the age of the underlying
rocks, the oldest or palaeozoic formations constituting the high
mountains of the north-west, whilst the newest or tertiary
deposits of Holderness occupy the opposite or south-east angle.
Thus a line drawn from the beach at Spurn to the highest summit
of Yorkshire — Mickle Fell, 2596 feet — marks not only the general
slope of the high lands but their succession in geological time,
and is moreover the longest line (120 miles) that it is possible to
draw within the county.

Broadly speaking the most salient features of its physical con-
figuration are the great central depression and the flanking masses
of hills to the east and west.

The North-Western Fells is a wild and picturesque tract
of mountainous country, ascending to 2596 feet at the extreme
north-western angle of the county, and nowhere descending to a
lower elevation than about four hundred feet. A district of lofty
hills, thirty-six of which attain an altitude of two thousand feet or
more, of extensive stretches of heathery moorlands, of grassy
slopes and grey limestone scars, diversified by waterfalls, caves,

xvi YORKSHIRE: ITS PHYSICAL ASPECT.

clear and sparkling streams, and beautiful and romantic dales,
this elevated region includes the main watershed of the North of
England, and within its limits and upon Yorkshire soil rise all the
great rivers of the north — Tyne and Wear alone excepted. The
steep western slopes are drained into the Irish Sea by the Eden,
the Lune, the Ribble, and their tributary streams ; while down
the broader valleys and more gentle inclines of the eastern slopes
flow the Aire, the Wharfe, the Nidd, the Ure, the Swale, and the
Tees, into the North Sea.

The gritstone summits and limestone scars of this region are
.the last refuge in Yorkshire of the buzzard, and amongst the last
of the raven and the peregrine ; the high moors are inhabited by
the red grouse, ring ouzel, merlin, twite, curlew, dunlin, snipe
and golden plover, while the dipper, grey wagtail, and sandpiper
are abundant on the mountain becks. The rivers and streams of
the district are inhabited by little else than trout, and such salmon
and sea-trout as are able to pass the dams and weirs which for the
most part bar their ascent of the Yorkshire streams.

Of the very few natural sheets of water in Yorkshire this dis-
trict possesses three of the most important, Malham Tarn, Semer-
water, and Birkdale Tarn, besides a few others of smaller size.
Malham Tarn, 153 acres in extent and 1,250 feet above the level
of the sea, together with the limestone plateau on which it is
situate, is of special interest as illustrating the altitude to which
certain species will ascend, and its fauna has therefore been made
a special feature in the list. Here the wood-wren, redshank, teal,
coot, and dabchick nest annually, and it is the only locality in
Yorkshire where the tufted duck has been known to breed ;
while ichthyologically its fauna is remarkable for the malformation
of the trout, in all probability the result of isolation.

Of the mammalian fauna which formerly inhabited this wild
and secluded mountain district but little is known. The dense
woods of the * forests ' of Upper Teesdale, Richmondshire, and
Wensleydale, are known to have been the haunt of the wolf, red
deer, and other beasts of chase, of whose extinction little is
known, the actual records of their former presence being very
scanty. The wild cat, bear, and wild boar no doubt also existed

YORKSHIRE: ITS PHYSICAL ASPECT. xvii

there, but of them no record remains. The marten possibly still
survives, as within quite recent years examples have been killed
at Buckden and Azerley ; and probably the last remnant of the
ancient fauna is to be found in the small herd of red deer which
are still preserved in the Deer Park at Bolton— doubtless the
lineal descendants of those which roamed in vast herds over the
whole district in days gone by.

The Craven Pasture-lands. — Immediately below the
North Western Fells, which are abruptly terminated to the south
by the steep and occasionally precipitous descents of the Craven
and Pennine faults, succeeds a comparatively low region, under
600 feet in elevation, with an undulating grassy surface and low
rounded hills, in places rising into fells which reproduce on a
smaller scale the leading physical characteristics of those of the
north-west. Through the green pastures of this uninteresting
country, of which the peewit is the characteristic bird, the Ribble
and the Hodder cut their way in the form of narrow, well-
wooded, sheltered, and productive ravines, which give some
charm to this otherwise monotonous country.

Formerly constituting the famous forest of Bowland, this dis-
trict is chiefly of interest as the last part of the county in which
the wild white oxen survived. A herd was for a long time per-
petuated at Gisburn Park, but the last was killed in 1859, on
account of the degeneration of the race, resulting from many
centuries of interbreeding and isolation. In this district also are
the only localities for the natterjack toad, which here occurs
sparingly, and for the whiskered bat, of which a single specimen
was taken — the only one known for Yorkshire.

The South-Western Moorlands. — The summit ridge,
broken and irregular among the fells of the north-west, and inter-
rupted by comparatively low ground south of them, begins again
near Keighley and Ilkley, and is carried southward by a broad and
continuous band of elevated and monotonous rolling heatherland,
which extends along the county boundary as far as Derbyshire, and
attains its greatest elevation— 1859 feet— at Holme Moss. These
unbroken stretches of dreary moorlands — unrelieved save by

b

xviii YORKSHIRE— PHYSICAL ASPECT.

deep and narrow ' doughs ' or ravines, are, in comparison with the
Fells of the north-west, of but slight interest to the naturalist.
Homogeneous in their geological structure, and presenting no
other soils than the barren and unproductive peat-laden and
heather-covered millstone grit, they afford little variety in their
fauna. The high moors are inhabited by grouse — more strictly
preserved here than elsewhere — and by occasional pairs of curlew,
golden plover, snipe, black grouse, ring ouzel, and less frequent
still an odd pair of dunlin ; the streams are the haunt of the
dipper, the grey wagtail, and sandpiper, while the lower parts
of the valleys are inhabited by such birds and animals as are able
to maintain their ground against man and his works. For the
south-western moorlands are situate between the two great coal-
fields and manufacturing districts of Yorkshire and Lancashire,
and are not only of easy access to a vast population, but within
the direct influence of the clouds of smoke which accompany the
manufacture, of cotton upon the one side, and woollens and
worsteds upon the other.

The Manufacturing District. — At the foot of the south-
western moorlands, and to the east of them, the great Yorkshire
coalfield stretches from Leeds and Bradford to Halifax, Hudders-
field, Wakefield, Barnsley, and Sheffield. Within this compara-
tively limited area is congregated the great mass of the population
of Yorkshire, for here the presence of coal and ironstone has
determined the location of some of the world's greatest industries ;
and the coal-mining districts of the West Riding afford one of the
clearest demonstrations of the transforming influence of human
agencies upon the surface of a country. The air is laden with
smoke above, the rivers run black and polluted below, vegetation
is checked and stunted, animal life is scarcely able to maintain its
ground, and fish have long been banished from rivers whose foul-
ness and inky blackness can only be paralleled by that of the
streams of the neighbouring county palatine of Lancaster.

Naturally well-wooded, the district still retains that charac-
teristic in parts, more especially in the southern portion, where
the noble Chase of Wharncliffe, overlooking an extensive prospect

YORKSHIRE— PHYSICAL ASPECT. xix

in the Don valley, and the fine parks about Barnsley and Wake-
field, still afford a shelter to woodland species of birds, some of
considerable interest — such as the nightingale and the pied fly-
catcher— though the inimical influence of smoke has long told
upon the trees. The district is also interesting as within it is
situated Walton Park — the sylvan domain wherein for many years
Charles Waterton extended complete protection to living things of
all kinds. Here flourished a famous heronry, which after the
death of Mr. Waterton was disturbed, and finally dispersed. But
the continued presence of so dense a population and the ever-
increasing demands of modern commerce are gradually breaking
up and destroying what suitable habitats the district still
possesses, hastening the process of extinction which is continually
going on, and thus diminishing a fauna which was never at any
time a very rich one.

The Central Plain, including under this name not only
the entire vale of York, but also the lowlands of Cleveland and
the Tees valley, is a broad fertile tract of agricultural land, for
the most part below 300 feet in elevation, traversed by the middle
and lower portions of most of the Yorkshire rivers, and stretching
from the banks of the Tees to the borders of Nottinghamshire.
Its light and sandy soils support ordinary lowland and woodland
types of vegetation, the fauna partaking of the same character.

In former times much of the surface was frequented by the
large wild animals, now classed amongst the extinct forms, and in
particular the famous forest of Galtres, which stretched for many
miles in extent from beneath the very walls of York, was inhabited
by various beasts of chase, as wolves and red deer, and particu-
larly famed as a harbour of wild boars. Parts of the district still
remain to some extent in their pristine condition ; and such places
as Pilmoor, and Strensall and Riccall Commons — the breeding
places of the redshank, teal, snipe, blackheaded gull, &c.,
and some of them formerly of the ruff and other birds — with
some boggy carrs and wet heaths of the North and East Ridings,
and Askham Bog, still display their primitive characteristics. In
the north-west the sylvan recesses of Hackfall still harbour the

xx YORKSHIRE— PHYSICAL ASPECT.

badger, and at Hornby Castle near Catterick is to be found the
only decoy now existing in the county. There is no lack of
woodland, especially towards the south, where at Edlington Wood
one of the last Yorkshire nests of the Tdte was taken, while that
of the hobby has been found at Rossington and in the woods at
Cawood, and in the latter, which were the largest in the county,
the raven and buzzard reared their young till within compara-
tively recent times.

In the extreme south the flat marsh-lands which lie between
the present and the old channels of the river Don, including the
carrs near Doncaster, and the famed levels of Hatfield Chase and
Thorne Waste, once ornithologically rich, even now present an
avifauna of considerable interest. Formerly the three harriers,
the black-tailed godwit, and the ruff were among the species
breeding' annually, and an island at the mouth of the Trent
afforded the last British nest and eggs of the avocet. On Thorne
Waste was also the site of a small decoy fairly productive of
mallard, wigeon and teal, especially the latter. This decoy, of
which no record is to be found, possessed three tubes, according
to Mr. H. W. T. Ellis, of Crowle, who has seen it in operation,
and states that it ceased to exist about forty years ago. At the
present time Thorne Waste, which is about 6,000 acres in extent,
is the breeding haunt of the mallard, teal, redshank, black-
headed gull, and occasionally of the short eared owl and the
curlew. On the intersecting drains the reed-warbler and species
of minor interest nest abundantly.

The Cleveland Hills, occupying the north-eastern portion
of the county, though inferior to the North-Western Fells in
extent and in elevation — reaching only to 1485 feet at Burton
Head — are no less picturesque and interesting. Like them also
it is a region of high moorlands — frequented by red grouse and
twite, and in the spring and early summer by curlew and golden
plover, with, occasionally, a pair of stone-curlews, which here
find the northern limit of their breeding range in Britain — and
intersected by the ramified, well-wooded, and beautiful dales
drained by the Esk and by numerous branches of the Derwent.

YORKSHIRE— PHYSICAL ASPECT. xxi

The high lands of Cleveland present bold escarpments towards
the Tees valley and the central plain, and a lofty line of cliffs
towards the sea, reaching 680 feet in elevation at Boulby. The
Howardian hills, below 520 feet in elevation, which separate the
vale of Pickering from the central plain, must be considered as
a southern spur or continuation of the Hambleton hills, as the
western escarpment of the Cleveland range is called.

The Cleveland fauna is highly interesting. The badger is
more frequent here than elsewhere in the county, breeding in
several localities ; there is reason to believe that the marten still
exists in small numbers in Eskdale, and the last Yorkshire wild
cat is known to have been killed on the Hambleton moors about
forty years ago. The forest of Pickering once harboured the roe
deer, this district being the only part of Yorkshire in which this
animal is actually known to have existed in a wild state. The raven
was formerly common in the district, and a pair are even now
observed in the vicinity of the coast. This region was also the
resort of the hen harrier until 1850, to which date a few pairs
nested annually. The short-eared owl has also on several occa-
sions bred on the moors, and until quite recently a pair of pere-
grines nested annually. On the moors the twite breeds sparingly,
and the curlew and golden plover not uncommonly. The district
has on various occasions been visited by rare stragglers, such as
the pine grosbeak and Lapland bunting ; while Tengmalm's owl
has occurred no less than three times.

Vale of Pickering. — South of the Cleveland hills is a small
tract of low-lying cultivated land, below a hundred feet in eleva-
tion, possessing a rich soil, and including a considerable extent of
carrs and low marsh-land. This district, drained by the Derwent
and Rye, is shut in on all sides by high lands, and was, in all pro-
bability, formerly a lake, the outlet for its drainage even now being
at times inadequate, and in rainy seasons the lower portions are
liable to be flooded for miles in extent. The chief zoological
interest of this small district is in the rich and varied fish-fauna
inhabiting the streams which converge at Malton — the barbel
being probably the only one deficient. The Rye is famed for its
grayling and trout.

xxii YORKSHIRE— PHYSICAL ASPECT.

The Chalk Wolds. — A semi-circular range of rounded
undulating chalk hills commences near the Humber at Ferriby,
and sweeping first in a northerly and then in an easterly direction,
terminates in a line of stupendous sea-cliffs at Flamborough
Head. Culminating at its north-west comer in Wilton Beacon,
at an altitude of 805 feet, they present a bold front to the central
plain on the west and to the vale of Pickering on the north,
while by more gentle inclines their south-eastern or inner aspect
merges into the low country of Holderness.

Originally a desolate, grassy, and stony sheepwalk — over
which a horseman might ride for thirty miles at a stretch without
meeting with a fence or other obstruction, and the resort of the
great bustard and the stone-curlew — this district is now ranked
amongst the best and most highly-farmed agricultural land of Eng-
land. The deeply excavated hollows in the Wolds are remarkable
for the absence of streams, the only rivulets to which they give
rise being the variable and intermittent ones called 'gypseys.'
This deficiency of permanent streams decidedly affects the verte-
brate fauna, probably accounting for the absence of such birds as
the dipper, the sandpiper, and the grey wagtail, which occur and
breed at corresponding altitudes amongst the hills of the north
and west. The characteristic fauna of the Wolds must now be
regarded as a thing of the past The great bustard, which here
found its northern limit in Britain, has long been driven out by
cultivation, and the badger and the stone-curlew are on the
verge of extinction, the chief bird now to be noted being the lap-
wing, which occurs in great abundance.

Holderness — a flat low-lying district of triangular outline
interposed between the North Sea and the Humber, and separated
from the rest of Yorkshire by the green Wold hills — is under an
elevation of one hundred feet, with the exception of Dimlington
Height, which is but one hundred and fifty-nine ; and of all
districts in the county is probably the one which has undergone the
most decided physical transformation. There can be little doubt
that the aboriginal condition of the district, now rich and fertile
corn-land, was that of a vast fen or swamp — the haunt of the

YORKSHIRE— PHYSICAL ASPECT. xxiii

bittern, the ' sholarde,' the crane, and the ruff, and possibly of the
beaver. That it was originally fen is shown by the fact that in or
before Haworth's time it was inhabited by characteristic marsh-
loving insects, and even the swallow-tailed butterfly (Papitio
machaon} is recorded as having formerly occurred. This is not
improbable, for though the insect is now confined exclusively to
the fens of Cambridgeshire and Norfolk, there is evidence to show
that formerly it had a much more extensive range over England,
even as far west as Shropshire, and southward to Dorsetshire and
Hampshire. The sheets of water which formerly diversified the
surface were made use of for the establishment of decoys for the
capture of wild duck, and consequently we find that the greater
number — four out of seven — of the decoys known to have existed
in Yorkshire were here, at Home, Meaux, Watton, and Scorborough.

The impetus given to agriculture about the close of the last
century, and the rapid development of high farming, proved fatal
to much of the ornithological wealth of Holderness. The decoys
were destroyed by the Holderness (1762) and the Beverley and
Barmston (1800) drainage schemes; and many haunts were broken
up by the general revival of agriculture.

Among the animals which once inhabited the district the herd
of wild white cattle, which survived at Burton Constable till about
the close of the last century, deserves mention.

Holderness, even now, is a rich ornithological district, the
turtle dove and the quail being regular summer visitants, and
the hawfinch breeds annually in some abundance. On Hornsea
Mere — the largest natural sheet of water in Yorkshire — the reed
warbler, the pochard, and the great crested grebe breed regularly ;
and it has produced some of the rarest Yorkshire visitants, such
as the great white heron, the broad-billed sandpiper and others.
The mere is inhabited by pike, which attain to enormous size, and
are exceedingly destructive to the birds which frequent the water,
especially the young ones, a circumstance probably explaining the
absence of the little grebe.

The Yorkshire Coast-line — commencing at the mouth
of the Tees, arid extending 117 miles in length to Spurn Point —

xxiv YORKSHIRE— PHYSICAL ASPECT.

is one of the most diversified possessed by any English county.

The estuary of the Tees— though by no means comparable in
size or attractiveness to that of the Humber — is yet of considerable
extent. It includes vast stretches of sands, which afforded the
last breeding haunt of the seal in Yorkshire (one sandbank
indeed bearing the name of 'Seal Sand'); also a series of low
salt marshes bordered by sandhills, and intersected by pools and
saltwater ditches — formerly the habitat of shore fishes, and an
attractive resort for such migratory birds as the waders, ducks and
geese. But, as so o/ten has happened in the north of England,
the development of trade has here sadly interfered with the
natural productiveness of the district. The discovery of Cleve-
land ironstone — and consequent rapid rise of Middlesborough as
a manufacturing and sea-port town — has involved a train of con-
sequences which have done much to render the zoological riches
of the Tees mouth almost a tale of the past. The navigation
has been improved, foreshores embanked and reclaimed, docks
and harbours built, breakwaters projected, and blast furnaces
erected along the Coatham Marsh.

One of these furnaces, built within five hundred yards of the
site of a decoy, caused — and no wonder — its discontinuance,
about 1872. Formerly this decoy was fairly productive, and on
one occasion yielded a haul estimated at five hundred. At any
rate, so great was the number enclosed in the net, that it broke,
and most of the ducks escaped, only ninety and nine being
actually secured. Ducks are now but seldom seen on the Coatham
Marsh, though the sheldrake nested on the sandhills as late as
the year 1880, and may still continue to do so.

The Coatham Marshes and the adjoining Redcar coast possess
an interest to the ichthyologist as the scene of the labours of
Rudd and Ferguson, two of the most energetic observers that
have worked at the fishes of the Yorkshire coast, and the results
of whose researches are summarised in the lists appended to
' The Natural History of Redcar/ Many rare fishes have here
been noted, including Ray's sea-bream (of which the first
recorded or known specimen occurred here exactly 200 years ago,
and was described by Ray and Willughby), the argentine or
pearlside, the blackish, and the Hebridal argentine.

YORKSHIRE-PHYSICAL ASPECT. xxr

The first ten or twelve miles of the Yorkshire coast, com-
mencing from the mouth of the Tees, is low and fronted by a reach
of firm sandy beach, but at Marske and Saltburn begins to rise.
Here the Cleveland hills begin to present towards the sea a line
of liassic and oolitic cliffs extending for forty-four miles, and ter-
minating at the Castle Hill of Scarborough. These Cleveland
sea-cliffs — amongst the loftiest in England, and attaining their
maximum height of 680 feet at Boulby — afford several breeding
stations for the cormorant and the herring gull, whilst along
their range the raven formerly bred in scattered pairs in suit-
able stations. It is indeed probable that a single pair still lingers
at a locality which it would hardly be politic further to indicate.
The birds are there often seen, and as the species is not of a
roving disposition, the probabilities are that they still nest. The
Scarborough Castle Hill — the outlying mass of rock which marks
the southward termination of the Cleveland cliffs, was also in
former times a breeding-station of this bird, and it is recorded to
have nested there for the last time about 1850.

The coast — now the eastern termination of the Vale of
Pickering — is comparatively low from Scarborough southward,
and mostly composed of soft rocks which offer but slight resistance
to the destructive action of the waves, save where the hard sand-
stone reef of Filey Brigg projects into the sea. The shores are
here composed of sandy beaches. On the diluvial cliffs near
Filey a few herring gulls breed annually.

Some distance S.S.E. of Filey the chalk deposits of England
reach their northern termination in a lofty range of tide-washed
mural precipices, the well-known cliffs of Speeton, Buckton,
Bempton, and Flamborough, the most extensive and densely
inhabited breeding resort of sea-fowl in England. Here guille-
mots, puffins, razorbills, and kittiwakes breed in countless
multitudes, the guillemots being by far the most numerous ; and
there are also a pair or two of herring gulls, and a few cormo-
rants. In a cave in Buckton cliff called * The Cote ' the rock
dove breeds in great numbers, and its congener the stock dove
is particularly numerous, breeding in the cliffs south of the North
Landing at Flamborough. The house martins have their nests

xxvi YORKSHIRE— PHYSICAL ASPECT.

under the ledges of the cliffs, and a few swifts in the crevices,
whilst on the broken ground at the summit the rock pipit breeds
somewhat commonly. Mingled with the sea-fowl breed innumer-
able starlings and jackdaws, and a pair or two of carrion crows
nest annually, the sable hues of this bird, and of its congener the
jackdaw, forming a striking contrast to the delicate plumage of
the kittiwakes. The hooded crow has also occasionally remained
to nest ; and the highest portions of the cliffs are frequented
by the peregrine, but, although the birds are always present in
the season, it is uncertain whether they succeed in breeding
annually, as one of them usually falls a victim to the gun.

The immense abundance of sea-fowl on these cliffs, and the
ease with which they can be approached by means of boats,
formerly led to their merciless slaughter for so-called sport and to
supply the exigencies of fashion, and for years the locality was
the scene of so much destruction that some of the species were
at last utterly driven away, and others greatly diminished in
number. This wanton cruelty was — as a matter of fact — the
direct cause of the passing of the Sea Bird Preservation Act of
1869. The effects of that salutary measure have been most
marked. The kittiwakes, which had become extremely scarce, are
now quite numerous, and the cormorant, which had been entirely
banished, has now again taken up its old breeding quarters, though
as yet only to the extent of a pair or two. Among the species
which formerly bred at Flamborough may be mentioned the shag
and the raven, the former of which some few years prior
to 1844 used to nest annually on the rocks, but now it breeds
no nearer than the Fame Islands, and there only singly and
irregularly.

The chalk cliffs attain their highest elevation of 436 feet at
Buck ton cliffs, declining thence eastward to 250 feet at the
point of the headland, where the lighthouse is situated.

From its favourable geographical situation and bold physical
aspect, the headland of Flamborough is famed as affording in the
autumn a resting-place for many uncommon birds — such as the
long-tailed duck, common, pomerine, and Richardson's skuas, the
shearwaters, grebes, and petrels occurring annually.

YORKSHIRE— PHYSICAL ASPECT. xxvii

But the famous headland and the great chalk cliffs with their
ornithological wealth are not the only attractions which Flam-
borough possesses, for the base of the cliffs abounds with rock-
pools, which, though as yet almost uninvestigated, will doubtless
yield a varied and interesting fish-fauna.

The chalk terminates below Sewerby Hall, and is succeeded
by the low diluvial cliffs and sandy beach of Bridlington Bay,
stretching for forty-two miles in a bold concave sweep, which
terminates in the marram-covered sandhills of Spurn. This line
of coast, the eastern border of Holderness, composed of soft
strata which are being steadily wasted away by the action of the
sea, is comparatively uninteresting, and its vertebrate zoology
offers but little that is worthy of special note until Spurn is
reached. Spurn Point, the southern termination of the Yorkshire
coast, is connected with the mainland of Holderness by a narrow
neck of sandhills overgrown with marram-grass, a few yards in
width, and. preserved intact only by constant supervision, and at
considerable expense. Were these intermitted the sea would
speedily break through the isthmus and join the Humber, as it
has done before now. Spurn is ornithologically rich. Birds
migrating along the coast, or arriving from the east, find many
temptations to linger. The miles of mudflats left bare on the
Humber side of the isthmus by every receding tide offer great
attractions and a never failing supply of food to various shore
birds, and in the spring and autumn are frequented by great num-
bers of birds of this class. Many of these winter here — such as the
bartailed god wit, grey plover, knot, turnstone, sanderling,and others.
It is fortunate that Spurn is very strictly preserved, and equally
so that this part of the coast is unsuitable for 'punting.' In
winter thousands of duck and many brent geese are to be noted
on the Humber; while woodcocks are sometimes observed in
very great numbers on their arrival in the latter days of October.

The Geographical Position of Yorkshire, viewed
from a faunistic standpoint, must be regarded as singularly favour-
able, as it presents a combination of advantages seldom equalled,
both as regards the actual geographical range of the breeding
species and the arrival of migrants and stragglers.

xxviii YORKSHIRE-PHYSICAL ASPECT.

Situate about midway on the eastern seaboard of the British
Isles, and directly opposite the European continent, Yorkshire
is sufficiently far south to include species whose distribution is of
the southern type— such as the noctule, the nuthatch, and the
nightingale, which find in it the northern limit of their range,
while it is sufficiently far north to admit of the inclusion of such
species as the curlew, dunlin, &c., which here meet with their
southern breeding limits.

As regards the influx of migratory birds, a glance at the map
of Europe will at once show the advantageous position of the
county. Not only does its coast lie opposite that of the continent,
but Flamborough is on the same parallel of latitude as Heligoland,
the island which is so renowned for the myriads of migrants which
pass and repass it every spring and autumn. The observations
made there for many years by Mr. Gatke show that all the birds
passing over Heligoland do so in a direction due E. and W.
Such a line of flight, if sustained, would land the stream of immi-
grants upon the Yorkshire coast, and especially upon the promi-
nent hea.dland of Flamborpugh, which as a locality productive of
rare birds has few equals.

The configuration of the coast materially increases the advan-
tage of the position, which is still more enhanced by the posses-
sion of two such points as Flamborough and Spurn. From the
Tees mouth the coast-line trends in a gracefully convex sweep in
a south-easterly direction to the headland of Flamborough — a
promontory which stands boldly out in the North Sea forty-three
miles in advance of the Tees mouth, and full fifty miles E. of
the mean longitude of the coast of Durham. South of Flam-
borough the coast-line recedes, and after the concave sweep of
Bridlington Bay, again advances, terminating in the long narrow
spit of Spurn, which — projecting sixty-two miles E. of the Tees
mouth — overlaps to a considerable extent the coast of Lincoln-
shire. Those birds — mostly waders and marine species — which
pursue a north and south course in their migrations, are in the
habit of following coast-lines, even though the latter keep well
out to sea. Such species making their way down the east coast
would probably pass the shores of Northumberland and Durham,

YORKSHIRE— PHYSICAL ASPECT. xxix

meeting with no obstruction till their progress is arrested by the
promontory of Flamborough, where they are observed — and too
often shot. On leaving Flamborough they cross Bridlington Bay,
arid are either seen at Spurn, or, skirting Lincolnshire, pass on
for the north coast of Norfolk — a well situated and rich ornitho-
logical county.

Flamborough and Spurn are by far the most favourable points
for observing the arrivals of immigrants; and Spurn is considered
far to surpass any portion of the Lincolnshire coast. The tall
cliffs of Cleveland probably offer attractions from their height and
the secluded nature of the coast, but have never been systemati-
cally investigated by resident naturalists. The winds which bring
immigrant birds in the greatest numbers in the autumn are those
not favourable to their passage. When worn out by a long and
adverse journey against contrary winds they drop on the first shore
they reach, and the presence of woodcocks at Spurn and else-
where on the coast depends on the prevalence of the strong N.
or N.E. winds during their passage, which tire them out, and after
which they are to be found on the point in great numbers. On
the contrary should the winds be light and favourable they simply
pass on, dispersing themselves over the country in suitable situa-
tions, and very few would be observed on the coast. On the
Yorkshire coast the line of migration of all birds in the autumn
is, as a rule, from E. to W., with sometimes a decided trend from
points south of E., snow buntings and bramblings coming more
from points north of E. In the spring the warblers, swallows, &c.,
come from the S. and S.E., the line of migration of the cuckoo
being from S.E. to N.W.

On theoretical grounds the geographical position of Norfolk,
projecting as it does so prominently beyond the general coast-line
of England, has usually been considered superior to that of any
other county ; but if the number of species be taken as a criterion,
a comparison of the lists would show that practically Yorkshire
is quite equal. From the well-known fact that birds when
migrating make for the most prominent and first-seen land, it is
argued that the main stream would be attracted to the coast of
Norfolk; but that coast being comparatively low, the probabilities

xxx YORKSHIRE— VERTEBRATE FAUNA.

are that the tall cliffs of Flamborough and Cleveland would com-
pensate Yorkshire for any disadvantage caused by the less promi-
nent outline of the county, and that the high lights of Whitby
and Flamborough would be amongst the first seen by immigrants
coming from the east.

The presence of rare American ducks and waders on the
eastern shores of Britain has been accounted for by the supposi-
tion that they cross the Atlantic at high latitudes, and striking
Norway follow the general trend of its coast-line. Reaching its
southern termination they would endeavour to cross the sea in
the same general direction — one which lands them in Norfolk or
Yorkshire.

MAMMALIA.

An analysis of the list shows that of the seventy-two recog-
nised British species forty-nine are recorded as occurring now or
formerly in Yorkshire, including fourteen marine and thirty-five
terrestrial forms.

Of the terrestrial species, three — the Wild Cat, the Roe Deer,
and Wild White Cattle — are now extinct, though surviving in
other parts of Britain. Four others — the Marten, Polecat, Badger,
and Black Rat — which were formerly very abundant, have greatly
decreased in number, and the first-named may be considered
practically extinct. The Black Rat survives only in sea-port
towns, where its numbers are to some extent kept up by importa-
tions. The Badger may — and probably will — long continue to
linger in small numbers in the secluded dells among the oolitic
rocks on the southern slopes of the Cleveland hills, where — though
very local — it is not uncommon.

Three Bats — the Hairy-armed, Reddish-grey, and Whiskered
— are reported from single localities only, and in the case of the
two former upwards of forty years have elapsed since they were
recorded.

The Fallow Deer is included in the list, but can hardly be
considered as entitled to a place in the Yorkshire fauna, as it is
known only in parks, and there is no evidence to show that it was

YORKSHIRE— VERTEBRATE FAUNA. xxxi

ever truly wild. The Red Deer also is now only in parks, but its
claim to be considered indigenous is valid, for there can be little
doubt that those at Bolton and Wharncliffe are descended from
the aboriginal wild stock once frequenting those districts.

The remainder of the terrestrial species do not call for much
remark, save that the Noctule or Great Bat— and perhaps one or
two other bats — find in Yorkshire the northern limit of their range
in Britain. In stating the faunistic position of terrestrial mammalia,
it has not been considered necessary to use the word 'resident/
inasmuch as all the species perforce come under that category.

Of the fourteen marine forms two are Seals, the remainder ceta-
ceans. Both the Seals are now very rare casual visitants, although
it is not a great number of years since one of them, the Common
Seal, was quite an abundant resident at the Tees mouth. Of the
twelve cetaceans the Porpoise only can be considered abundant,
although the Grampus and possibly the Lesser Rorqual are of
not uncommon occurrence ; the other species having occurred
as stragglers only. No doubt other whales than those recorded
visit the Yorkshire seas, but in the absence of evidence of their
being examined by competent authorities the numerous 'finners,'
'grampuses,' and 'bottle-noses' reported in the newspapers from
time to time must remain in obscurity.

The twenty-three British species which have not been found in
Yorkshire include but one terrestrial form, the Varying or Moun-
tain Hare, an animal which does not occur in Britain south of the
Scottish highlands. The remainder are bats, seals, and cetaceans.
Of the nine bats — a group which receives very scant attention
and offers a wide field for research — there can be little doubt that
other species remain to be discovered in Yorkshire. This is
demonstrated by the fact that the present work is the means of
adding an hitherto unrecorded form — the Whiskered Bat —
to the Yorkshire fauna. Daubenton's Bat — which has indeed
been reported, though not as yet fully proved to occur — is
one which may be confidently expected as an addition ; and
it is also quite within the bounds of possibility that one of the
horse-shoe bats, which are considered by good authorities to per-
form an annual north and south migration, may yet turn up as a

xxxii YORKSHIRE-VERTEBRATE FAUNA.

summer visitant. The four Seals are all species which from their
rarity in England cannot be expected to occur ; and most of the
nine cetaceans can only be looked for as rare stragglers. But it
is somewhat surprising that the Common Dolphin, which inhabits
the south coast of England in more or less numbers, should not
have been recorded as visiting the Yorkshire seas.

Comparisons of the mammalian fauna of Yorkshire with those
of other districts for which lists have been published, show that
the chief differences are in the bats and the marine forms. The
terrestrial species, being nearly all of universal range in Britain,
are present in all the lists. As the value of comparisons lies in
their bearing upon questions of geographical distribution, it is
interesting to find that the Dormouse is absent from the Norfolk
fauna, and that, although present in Yorkshire and in Northum-
berland, its range does, not extend into Scotland. That of four
of the Yorkshire bats also — the Noctule, the Hairy-armed, Reddish-
grey, and Whiskered Bats — falls short of Scotland, although the
two latter are found in Northumberland and Durham. It is but
of little use to pursue the comparison so far as regards the Seals
and cetaceans, which usually rank as stragglers in all lists.

Regarding the extinct species, little need be said. The forms
included in Mr. Harting's work on ' Extinct British Animals ' are
all that it is desirable to enumerate in such a work as this, being
the only species which have survived in Britain to within the
historic period, and whose former existence can be proved by
other than palaeontological evidence. Of these the Reindeer has
never in historic times occurred south of Caithness : the evidence
of the Beaver's existence in Yorkshire is entirely etymological, and
that of the Brown Bear as entirely palaeontological ; while the
former presence of the Wild Boar and the Wolf is attested by
strong, reliable, and concurrent testimony.

The chief work which remains to be done for the Yorkshire
terrestrial mammalia is to ascertain more completely the distribu-
tion— and especially the altitudinal range — of the smaller species,
notably the Shrews, Mice, and Voles. The Lesser Shrew,
Harvest Mouse, and Red Field- Vole, though all recorded, are
scarcely known, and much overlooked.

YORKSHIRE— VERTEBRATE FAUNA. xxxiii

BIRDS.

The avifauna of Yorkshire, compared with that of other
counties, stands unrivalled, not only in its numerical extent, but
also — a circumstance of much greater significance — in the inherent
richness which is shown by the number of species breeding
annually within its limits.

Excluding eleven species, which have been recorded on the
strength of evidence more or less insufficient to establish their
claims, the total number of birds on the Yorkshire list is 307.
The Norfolk list given in the first volume of Stevenson's
'Birds of Norfolk' includes 291 species — to which must be added
seven which have occurred in the county since that work was
published, for the names of which we are indebted to Mr. Thos.
Southwell, of Norwich, making a total of 298. The list given in
Hancock's ' Birds of Northumberland and Durham,' published
in 1874, comprises 268 species. But applying the same rules as
are employed for the exclusion of doubtful species from the
Yorkshire list, these totals are reduced to 290 for Norfolk, and
266 for Northumberland and Durham.

The species thus excluded from the Norfolk list are — the Pine-
Grosbeak, Two-barred Crossbill, Mottled Owl, Red-breasted
Goose, Harlequin Duck, King Eider, Hooded Merganser, all
admitted on insufficient evidence, and the variety Sabini of the
Double Snipe, to which Mr. Stevenson gives specific rank. Those
omitted from the Northumberland and Durham catalogue are —
the Purple Gallinule, probably an escape, and the Virginian
Colin, an introduced bird. The species excluded from the
Yorkshire list include one Casual and ten Accidental Visitants,
whose names will be given when treating of those classes of
birds.

The seven species which have been added to the Norfolk
fauna during the past fifteen years are — White's Thrush, the Wall
Creeper, the Lesser Grey Shrike, the Ortolan Bunting, the Golden
Eagle, the Green-backed Gallinule, and the European Coal-
titmouse.

XXXIV

YORKSHIRE— VERTEBRATE FAUNA.

A comparison of the three avifaunas — based upon a careful
analysis in accordance with the faunistic definitions given on
page xi — yields the following results : —

RESIDENTS . . . .
SUMMER VISITANTS - -

WINTER VISITANTS- -
PERIODICAL VISITANTS-
CASUAL VISITANTS - -
ACCIDENTAL VISITANTS

North-
umber-
land and
Durham

York-
shire

Norfolk

83

88

76

30

32

31

U3

120

107

43

47

5°

12

17

26

61

58

47

37

65

60

266

307

290

— ANNUAL BREEDERS.

= TOTAL AVIFAUNA.

This decided superiority of the avifauna of Yorkshire over those
of the two maritime districts with which alone it is fair to institute
comparisons, is to be accounted for by a combination of advan-
tages. In Yorkshire the favourable geographical position of
Norfolk is associated with its physical advantages and those of
Northumberland and Durham, and when it is further considered
that Yorkshire possesses in addition a much greater diversity of
surface, soil, and climate than either, there remains little reason
for surprise at the numerical excellence of its fauna. The
superiority is not merely one of numerical extent. Casual
and accidental visitants cannot be regarded as true members
of any fauna, and the ornithological richness or poverty of a
district can only be gauged by a comparison of the number of
its residents and regular visitants, and more especially of that
of the species which breed annually. In this respect too — as the
table shows — the superiority of Yorkshire is well-marked, demon-
strating still more forcibly the advantages possessed by the county
which contains the greatest diversity of surface, a diversity
ranging in this case from the low carr lands of the E.S.E. to
the mountains of the W.N.W., with a coastline affording both
lofty and rugged cliffs and sandy flats, thus presenting every kind

YORKSHIRE— VERTEBRATE FAUNA. xxxv

of habitat necessary for the presence of almost every type of bird
which breeds in the British Isles.

The EIGHTY-EIGHT RESIDENT BIRDS include the following
species which deserve special mention.

The Nuthatch, Hawfinch, Wood-Lark, Lesser Spotted Wood-
pecker, Pochard, and Great Crested Grebe find in the county the
northern limit of their distribution in Britain during the breeding
season ; though one or two of them have been known to nest
occasionally or singly in districts still further north. The Curlew
and Dunlin on the other hand find in it in like manner the limit
of their southern range.

The Raven, Buzzard, and Peregrine Falcon, all formerly
resident in some abundance, are now restricted to a few pairs of
each species still breeding annually, the Buzzard, once so com-
mon among the crags of the Yorkshire fells, being now the rarest
of the three. The elegant little Goldfinch, too, is fast diminishing,
and although widely distributed in the county is extremely local
and nowhere numerous. The Sheldrake is one of the most local
birds which nest in Yorkshire, only two breeding-haunts being
known.

Yorkshire Heronries have greatly decreased during the present
century. Formerly they existed in the following places, the date at
which they ceased to do so where known being given in parenthesis :
— Scorborough (1862 or 1864); Watton Abbey; Stork Hill, near
Beverley; Hotham (1819); Swanland, near Hull; Sutton Wood,
Sutton-on-Derwent, where in 1860 there were said to be a hundred
nests; Hemsworth ; Walton Park (1865); Scarthingwell; Bolton
Woods; and Flasby, near Gargrave (1866). Those now in
existence are enumerated at page 49.

The nesting of the Rock-Dove on inland cliffs, although given
on good authority, is, it must be confessed, not perfectly satisfac-
tory, as the bird so reported may possibly prove to be the Stock-
Dove, a species which breeds not uncommonly in such situations.

Of THE THIRTY-TWO SUMMER VISITANTS the Nightingale,
Reed-Warbler, Wryneck, Turtle-Dove, and Stone-Curlew reach
in Yorkshire the northern limit of their annual distribution during
the nesting-season. The Wryneck and Turtle-Dove have, however,

xxxvi YORKSHIRE— VERTEBRATE FAUNA.

been known in isolated instances to rear their young in localities
further north.

That local and interesting bird the Pied Flycatcher is probably
more abundant than in any other British county ; its breeding-
haunts being numerous and widely diffused.

The Lesser Tern has a single breeding-station, but it is a
matter for regret that the species, fast decreasing in numbers,
owing to persecution, bids fair to be classed among the extinct
birds at no very distant period. It is somewhat singular that
Yorkshire, having this species and the Ringed Plover in abundance,
should not be able to include among its breeding birds the larger
species of Terns and the Oyster-catcher ; nor can it be ascertained
that these birds ever did frequent its shores for such a purpose.

THE THIRTY-SEVEN WINTER VISITANTS do not include many
species which merit special mention, but the following are uncom-
mon birds of annual occurrence : — The Great Grey Shrike, Shore-
Lark, and Rough-legged Buzzard. The last-named and some
other birds of this class, as the Redwing, Hooded Crow, Crossbill,
Short-eared Owl, and Tufted Duck, have in isolated instances been
known to breed in the county.

None of THE SEVENTEEN PERIODICAL VISITANTS admit of
much comment. The Pygmy Curlew, Common and Pomerine
Skuas, are amongst the least numerous ; while the Dotterel still
visits the county annually as of old, but in gradually decreasing
numbers. Its periodical visits are alluded to in the Northumberland
Household Book, wherein (in 1512) it is set forth that 'at principal
feestes . . . Dotterells to be bought for my Lord when
thay ar in season and to be at }d. a pece.' Formerly the Osprey
was of this class, and occurred regularly in the county every
spring and autumn on its passage to and from its Scottish breed-
ing-haunts, where it is now almost unknown.

Of THE FIFTY-EIGHT CASUAL VISITANTS the Dartford Warbler
finds just within the extreme southern boundary of the county
the most advanced of its northern outposts — at a locality in which
on one occasion its nest and eggs were found.

The Bearded Reedling, Crested Titmouse, Ortolan Bunting,
Chough, and Golden Eagle are noticeable as of exceptionally
rare occurrence.

YORKSHIRE— VERTEBRATE FAUNA. xxxvii

Iii addition to the fifty-eight, Richard's Pipit has been
reported to occur, but upon evidence which cannot be admitted,
from the lack of details necessary to substantiate its claim,
although the species is one quite likely to occur.

In addition to the SIXTY-FIVE ACCIDENTAL VISITANTS in-
cluded in the table at p. xxxiv, there are ten — the Purple Martin,
Great Black Woodpecker, Hairy Woodpecker, Little Owl, Acadian
Owl, Harlequin Duck, Passenger Pigeon (escape), Virginian Colin
(introduction into Britain), Sooty Tern, and Laughing Gull —
whose claims to a place in the Yorkshire fauna must be
regarded as inadequate, though it is quite possible that further
investigation may show some of them to have been genuine
occurrences.

Four species which have occurred in Yorkshire — the Mottled
Owl, Lesser Kestrel, Cuneate-tailed Gull, and Bulwer's Petrel-
have not been known to visit any other British locality, and the
one last named has not even occurred elsewhere in Europe.

As to the occurrence of the Mottled Owl, there is no reason
to doubt its validity, for Dr. Hobson thoroughly sifted the
evidence at the time.

Regarding the Lesser Kestrel — another species whose occur-
rence has been challenged — the writers are perfectly convinced,
from their personal acquaintance with the gentleman who obtained
it, that it was a genuine one. Mr. Harrison shot the bird solely on
account of its diminutive size, and after he had observed it about
his residence for some days. It has been suggested that Graham,
of York, to whom the specimen was taken for preservation, sub-
stituted for it a foreign skin ; but Mr. Harrison, whose attention
was particularly impressed by the bird, and who is, moreover, a
good ornithologist, could hardly have been imposed upon in such
a manner. The geographical range of the species would not
preclude its visiting Britain, and it has been known to occur at
Heligoland, immediately opposite the Yorkshire coast. The time
of year has also been urged as an argument against the validity
of the occurrence, but it may be pointed out that the Hobby —
usually regarded as a summer visitant — has on several occasions
been taken in Yorkshire in mid-winter.

xxxviii YORKSHIRE— VERTEBRATE FAUNA.

The Cuneate-tailed Gull — of which not half-a-dozen specimens
are known to exist — is specially interesting from its extreme rarity;
and although there is a discrepancy of dates in the two versions
published at the time of the occurrence, there is no ground for
doubting its genuineness.

Amongst the species which have occurred in Yorkshire of
which very few British examples are known, may be cited the
Rock-Thrush, Orphean Warbler, White-spotted Bluethroat, Tawny
Pipit, Pine-Grosbeak, White-winged Crossbill, Red-winged Starling,
Eagle Owl, Greenland and Iceland Falcons, Swallow-tailed Kite,
American Bittern, Red-breasted Goose, Polish Swan, Ruddy
Sheldrake, BurTel-headed Duck, King Eider, Steller's Duck,
Barbary Partridge, Andalusian Hemipode, Yellowshank, Broad-
billed Sandpiper, Gull-billed Tern, and White-winged Black Tern.

Treating of Yorkshire birds generally, it may be remarked that
many resident birds are to a greater or less extent migratory,
shifting their quarters from one locality to another according to
the season, as for example the Curlew, which breeds on the high
moors in the summer and retires to the shores during the winter,
while the Thrush and Pied Wagtail remain through that season in
much reduced numbers. With some species, as the Long-eared
Owl, Kestrel, and Reed-Bunting, it is very possible that the
individuals found in summer migrate southwards for the winter,,
and are replaced by others from localities still further north.
Such a circumstance, however, would not in the least militate
against the claim of the species to be considered as resident.

On the other hand, there are species — true winter visitants,,
though ranked in some county lists as residents — of which a few are
found in the district throughout the year, but they cannot be
regarded as 'residents' in the true sense of the term, for the
individuals remaining through the summer are immature and non-
breeding birds. These remarks are applicable to (amongst other
species) the Turnstone (of which about a score remain at Spurn
throughout the summer), the Dunlin, Common Scoter, Common
and Lesser Black-backed Gulls, and Red-throated Diver, all of
which are to be found in more or less numbers on or off the
coast at all seasons. The fact of individuals remaining in this

YORKSHIRE— VERTEBRATE FAUNA. xxxix

way is but an exceptional one, not affecting the faunistic location
of the species.

In addition to the species at the present time regularly breed-
ing in the county, others must be mentioned as having formerly
nested annually, but which are now entirely banished in con-
sequence of persecution, or of the great changes wrought in their
former haunts ; and instead of being claimable as members of the
two classes which furnish the breeding species, they can now
only be ranked as Casual or as Accidental Visitants, of more
or less rare occurrence.

Such species include the Kite, which there can be no doubt
was once very abundant, but of whose breeding the information
is so meagre that only two actual instances can be cited. The
three Harriers, though local, were once fairly abundant, the
Hen-Harrier, perhaps, being the least so, though it is now the
most frequent as a casual visitant. The Marsh-Harrier, on the
contrary, is now one of the rarest, whilst Montagu's Harrier was
the most widely distributed and the last to linger on the Yorkshire
heaths. The Hobby, earlier in the present century, was regarded
as far from uncommon in South Yorkshire, but it is now seldom
seen, and only three instances of its breeding in the county can
be cited. Although the Bittern was formerly abundant, and
doubtless bred in the county, there is no positive record in
existence of a nest or eggs having been found. Regarding the
Bustard, which formerly had its most northern residence in Britain
on the wolds of Eastern Yorkshire, all the information obtainable
has been amassed. In this case, a justifiable departure from the
general plan of the work has been made, in order to place on
record — ere it is lost for ever — all the information which it is
possible to obtain of its former existence. The Shag, though
now quite unknown even as a casual breeder, once nested in
some abundance on the cliffs at Flamborough. It is satisfactory
to have information so interesting on the high authority of Mr.
Arthur Strickland. The former breeding of such birds as the
Grey-lag Goose, Avocet, Ruff, Black-tailed Godwit, and Black
Tern, is mentioned under the head of the respective species
in the catalogue.

xl YORKSHIRE— VERTEBRATE FAUNA.

Such are the principal losses which Yorkshire has sustained in
breeding-birds, the result chiefly of the changes which have taken
place in the physical aspect of the county.

To all rules there are, of course, exceptions ; and it is
therefore not surprising to find that winter visitants, like the
Short-eared Owl, Hooded Crow, Redwing, Tufted Duck, and
Rough-legged Buzzard ; casual visitants, as the Dartford Warbler,
Bearded Reedling, Siskin, Crossbill, Cirl Bunting, and Redbacked
Shrike; and even accidental visitants, as the Orphean Warbler,
have occasionally and in isolated instances remained to breed.

With respect to migratory species, the dates of arrival and
departure quoted in the catalogue are those observed on the
coast, as more likely to be reliable than observations made in
inland localities.

It is of interest to note that in addition to the Mottled Owl,
Lesser Kestrel, Cuneate-tailed Gull, and Bulwer's Petrel — which
are unique as British specimens — there are several other species
whose first occurrence in Britain was in this county. Amongst
these are the Waxwing (1681), Red-breasted Goose (1766, one
also occurring near London about the same time), Scops Owl
(1805), Red-legged Falcon (April, 1830), and Orphean Warbler
(1849); and probably also the Eagle Owl, mentioned by Pennant
in 1768 as having once been shot in Yorkshire.

The species recorded in the present work for the first time as
Yorkshire birds are the Lapland Bunting, Dartford Warbler,
Ruddy Sheldrake, Broad-billed Sandpiper, Black-winged Stilt, and
Wilson's Petrel. It may also be remarked of Tengmalm's Owl,
that out of the seventeen known British specimens no less than
five have occurred in this county, and three of these Mr. Clarke
has had the personal pleasure of adding on the most unquestion-
able authority. In addition to this, numerous occurrences of rare
species — which have hitherto remained unpublished — now appear
for the first time in print.

YORKSHIRE— VERTEBRATE FAUNA. xli

REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS.

The British lists given include nine reptiles and seven
amphibians, six of each class being recorded as occurring in
Yorkshire. The three British reptiles not hitherto found in
the county are the Smooth Snake, a species found only in
the New Forest, the Green Lizard, a questionable native of
Britain, and the Sand-Lizard, a species not unlikely to inhabit
Yorkshire, for which indeed it has been reported, but not
sufficiently authoritatively to warrant its being accepted. It is
notable that both the Turtles — which are however but accidental
stragglers from tropical seas — have occurred off the Yorkshire
coast.

Of the amphibians all the species occur in Yorkshire except
the Edible Frog, only admissible as British on the strength of
examples introduced within living memory, and successfully
naturalised in the Cambridgeshire and Norfolk fens. The most
interesting of the Yorkshire amphibians is the Natterjack Toad,
which the present work is the means of adding to the fauna. The
distribution of the Newts being imperfectly worked out requires
further investigation, when no doubt the range of the Palmated
Newt will be found more general than at present appears to be
the case.

Compared with other county-lists, very little difference is
observable. Norfolk possesses the Edible Frog, and Northumber-
land and Durham the Sand-Lizard, while both are deficient in the
two Turtles.

FISHES.

This group has been but imperfectly investigated in Yorkshire,
very few naturalists having devoted attention to the study of
the marine species ; consequently there are but scanty materials
for ascertaining the faunistic position, or even the relative abun-
dance or scarcity of most of the species. Nevertheless the
knowledge already acquired justifies the opinion that Yorkshire
possesses a rich and varied pisci-fauna, accounted for by the

xlii YORKSHIRE— VERTEBRATE FAUNA.

diversity which exists in the sea-bed, and partly also by the
proximity of the ' Dogger Bank,' that famous nursery of the
North Sea.

Of the 249 British species of fishes, 155 are recorded as
having occurred in Yorkshire. The claims of seven — the Basking
Shark, Large-spotted Dogfish, Starry Ray, Northern Chimsera,
Sparus or Dentex, Four-horned Bullhead, and Atherine — are
however insufficient, until confirmed by further research, to entitle
them to admission into the county fauna.

Of the 148 species thus recognised 32 are inhabitants of fresh
and 4 of estuarine or brackish waters, the remainder being
marine.

Of the fresh- water fishes none call for remark save the Grayling,
a form interesting on account of the irregularity of its distribution
in Britain, which is probably more widely diffused and abundant
than in other counties.

Of the marine forms several 'species are worthy of note. The
Argentine, Ray's Sea-Bream, and Banks' Oarfish appear to have
occurred more frequently than elsewhere in Britain. The Eagle
Ray and the Hebridal Argentine, of which very few British
examples are known, have occurred singly in Yorkshire. Other
rarities noted are the Fox Stark, Greenland Shark, Spinous
Shark, Black Sea-Bream, Bergylt, Maigre, Blacklist), Spanish
Mackerel, Tunny, Red Bandfish, Jago's Goldsinny, Tadpole Hake,
Sea-horse or Hippocampus, Sunfish and Lancelet.

Several species have been first described or recorded as British
from specimens taken in the county, such as Banks' Oarfish, Ray's
Sea-Bream, and the Short-headed Salmon, while Yorkshire speci-
mens of other species have been figured by Yarrell, or represent
them in the British Museum collections.

The present work is the means of adding the following species
to the county fauna — the Sharp-nosed Ray, Long-nosed Skate,
Striped Surmullet, Black Sea-Bream, Red Bandfish, Striped
Wrasse, Goldsinny, Poor or Power-Cod, Rough Dab or Sand-
sucker, Sailfluke, Smear Dab, and Dwarf Sole — twelve in number.

Dr. Lowe's useful list of the Fishes of Norfolk, published in
1873, includes 124 of the species here admitted as British, besides

YORKSHIRE— VERTEBRATE FAUNA. xliii

other forms not allowed to be such. Eight of the Norfolk fishes
have not occurred in this county, and 33 Yorkshire fishes not in
Norfolk.

The Fisheries of the Yorkshire coast are important, and pro-
duce most of the British food-fishes, the Gadidae being probably
the most valuable. The coast itself, with its rough rocky ground,
is unfavourable for trawling inshore, that method of fishing being
mostly carried on in the North Sea and on the Dogger Bank,
whilst what is termed the long-line fishing is conducted about ten
or twenty miles from the coast. Formerly stake-nets were worked
in Bridlington Bay, which produced Salmon, Salmon-trout and
Sturgeon, and sometimes rarities like the Swordfish were taken ;
but these have now been discontinued.

The only previous enumeration of Yorkshire fishes as a whole
was that which Mr. Meynell read in 1844 to the British Associa-
tion, a brief abstract only of which was printed in the report
This list — which was stated to contain 140 species — does not
appear to have ever been published, and our endeavours to trace
the existence of the manuscript have been unsuccessful. This is
to be regretted, as there can be little doubt that much information
has thus been lost.

There yet remains much work to be done in the study of the
marine fishes of the Yorkshire coast, chiefly the ascertainment of
their faunistic position, migratory movements, and relative abun-
dance. Particular attention should be directed to the collection
of littoral and rock-pool species, such as the blennies, gobies,
pipe-fish, and other small forms. The crab and lobster ' pots' are
attractive to many such, which may be thus easily obtained. The
varieties of the Common Stickleback also require investiga-
tion, and also the various species of Grey Mullets which have
been differentiated within recent years.

To increase the usefulness of the fish-list, a departure has been
made from the general plan of the work, by the inclusion of
the various local names used, so far as we are able to give them.

xliv

YORKSHIRE— VERTEBRATE FAUNA.

A General Summary of the Vertebrate Fauna of York-
shire and of the British Isles, may thus be expressed : —

MAMMALIA :

TERRESTRIAL
MARINE

BIRDS ....

REPTILES :

TERRESTRIAL
MARINE

AMPHIBIA - -

FISHES:

FRESHWATER
MARINE

Yorkshire.

British

Isles.

32

45

14

27

307

380

4

7

2

2

6

7

32

116

53
196

717

513

Few words are needed in concluding the introductory obser-
vations. The plan of the work, as defined in the opening
paragraph of the introduction, has been rigidly adhered to, the
necessary information as to the faunistic position, migrations, and
geographical range of the various species being expressed with
studied brevity, irrelevant matter carefully excluded, and literary
style invariably subordinated to scientific accuracy. The only
deviation from the rule of brevity is in the case of species like
the Great Bustard and Common Seal, which have become extinct
so recently as to impose upon naturalists the moral obligation to
search out all the traditions while they are fresh in the memories
of men, and to rescue from oblivion every possible scrap of
evidence.

In the case of rare species in the public museums of the
county, and also in a few of the instances of their being in
private collections, it is deemed useful to indicate where they are
now preserved.

YORKSHIRE— VERTEBRATE FAUNA. xlv

The authors offer no apology for undertaking the task, for
none is necessary. A Yorkshire list had never been published,
and it was within their power to supply the desideratum, partly
because for some years they had systematically investigated the
literature of the subject, and partly on account of the advantage
they possessed in being in communication with the leading
naturalists of the county. On another page they have endeavoured
to express — even though inadequately — their sense of obligation
to those who have contributed towards the materials upon which
this work is founded. That such a work as the present was
required is amply proved by the large amount of interesting
matter now published for the first time. The voluminous nature
of the evidence upon which the work is founded is shown by the
list of contributors given at the end • and the separate authorship
of each section of the list is sufficiently indicated by the flysheets
inserted.

It cannot of course be expected that error has been entirely
avoided, especially in the case of a work which in the essential
part of its design has no predecessor but Mr. J. E. Harting's
excellent and indispensable 'Handbook of British Birds'; but
— so far as an exhaustive examination of the literature of the
subject, together with the unanimous and generous assistance
received from the naturalists of the county, and the exercise of
scrupulous care in judging evidence, are concerned — it is believed
that the chances of error have been reduced to a minimum.

EXTRACTS FROM ANCIENT RECORDS.

A LTHOUGH Yorkshire does not possess evidence so definite or so
•£!• complete as that which exists for some other counties, there are records
extant which in some degree serve to throw light on the fauna which once
inhabited the district. A brief summary of the animals mentioned in three
of the principal documents will not be devoid of interest.

In 1466, as Leland writes in his ' Collectanea,' a great feast was given in
the archiepiscopal palace at Cawood, on the occasion of the 'intronization'
of ' George Nevell, Archbishop of York, and Chauncelour of Englande, in
the vj. yere of the raigne of Kyng Edwarde the fourth' ; the goodly provision
made for which included

'. . Wylde Bulles, vj.; . . . Swannes, CCCC.; Geese, MM.;
. . . Plovers, iiii.C.; Quayles, C. dosen.; Of the fowles called Rees, CC.
dosen.; In Peacockes, Ciiii.; Mallardes and Teales, iiii.M.; In Cranes,
CC.iiii. ; .... Pigeons, iiii.M.; Conyes, iiii.M.; In Bittors, CC.iiii.;
Heronshawes, iiii.C.; Fessauntes, CC.; Partriges, v.C.; Woodcockes, iiii.C. ;
Curlewes, C.; Egrittes, M.; Stagges, Buckes, and Roes, v.C. and mo.; Pykes
and Breames, vi.C. and viii.; Porposes and Scales, xii.'

The fish dinners included ' Red Herrynges ; Salt fysch ; Luce salt ; Salt ele
Kelyng, Codlyng and Hadocke . . . ; Thirlepoole . . . ; Pyke in
Harblet ; Eles baked ; Samon chynes . . ; Freshe Salmon jowles
Salt Sturgion ; Whytynges ; Pylchers ; . . Makerels ; Places . .
Barbelles ; Conger . . ; Troute ; Lamprey . . ; Bret ; Turbut
Roches ; Lynge . . ; Tench . . ; freshe Sturgion ; Great Eeles
. . . Cheuens ; Breames ; Rudes ; Lamprones ; Small Perches
Smeltes . . ; Small Menewes ; ' besides ' crabbes ' and ' lopster.'

The document next in point of age dates 1512 and is entitled 'The
Regulations and Establishment of the Household of Henry Algernon Percy,
the Fifth Earl of Northumberland, at his castles of Wresill and Lekin-
field in Yorkshire. Begun Anno domini M.D.XII.' This valuable book,
usually called the ' Northumberland Household Book, ' well shows the almost
regal state maintained by the Percys, and no doubt other great nobles, in the
time of Henry the Eighth.

Therein we find that while ' chekyns ' cost a halfpenny each and ' hennys '
2d. each, it was ' thought good that no pluvers be bought at noo Season bot

YORKSHIRE— ANCIENT RECORDS. xlvii

oonely in Chrystynmas and princypall Feestes and my Lorde to be servyde
therewith and his Boordend and non other and to be boght for ]d. a pece or
]d. ob. at moste.' Then it was thought good that ' my Lordes Swannys ' be
taken and none bought ' seynge that my Lorde hathe Swannys inew of hys
owne.' Other birds were to be bought for ' my Lordes owne Mees ' and the
prices are duly set forth. * Cranys ' were to be at ' xvj</. a pece,' ' Hearon-
sewys ' at ' xij*/.,' ' Mallardes ' at *ij</.' ' Teylles 'at ' j</.' ' bot if so be that other
Wyldefowll cannot be gottyn,' ' Woodcokes' at ' ]d. a. pece or \d. ob. at moste,'
' Wypes ' at 'j*/.,' ' Seegulles ' ' so they be good and in season and at }d. a pece or
]d. ob. at the moste,' ' Styntes ' ' so they be after vj a j</.,' ' Quaylles ' at ' i)d.,'
' Snypes ' ' after iii a ]d.] ' Pertryges ' at 'ij</. a pece yff they be goode,' ' Rede-
shankes' after *]d. ob. the pece,' ' Bytters' at 'xij^/. a pece so they be good,'
'Fesauntes' at ' xij*/.,' 'Reys' at 'ij*/.,' ' Sholardes ' at'vjV.,' 'Kyrlewes' at
*xij*/.' 'Pacokes' at 'xij*/. a pece and noo Payhennys to be bought," See-
pyes' have no price allotted, ' Wegions were to be at 'j*/. ob./ * Knottes ' at
'j*/.,' ' Dottrells ' 'when thay ar in Season and to be at }d. a pece,' ' Bustardes '
with no price affixed, ' Ternes' ' after iiij a j*/.' ' Great Byrdes after iiij a j*/.,'
' Smale Byrdes ' ' after xij a j^/.,' and ' Larkys ' ' after xij for iy/.' There is an
interesting memorandum that ' it is thought good that all manner of Wylcl-
fewyll be bought at the fyrst hand where they be gotten and a Cator to be
apoynted for the same For it is thought that the pullers of Hemmyngburghe
and Clyf hathe great advantage of my Lorde Yerely of Sellynge of Cunys and
Wyldefewyll.' As to fish it is provided ' that a Direccion be taken at Lekyngfeld
with the Cator of the See what he shall have for every seam of Fysch thorowt
the Yere to serve my Lordes hous :' also ' that a Direccion be taken with
my Lordes Tenauntes of Hergham and to be at a serteyn with theme that they
shall serve my Lordes hous thrugheowt the Yere of all manar of Fresh Water
Fysche.' Copies of warrants too long to be quoted are given, one for 'Twentie
Signettes To be takenne of the breide of my Swannys within my Carre of
Arromme within my Lordeschip of Lekinfeld ' for the Christmas feast of 1514.
It is of jinterest to find ' An Account of all the Deer in the Parks and
Forests in the North belonging to the Earl of Northumberland, taken in the
4th Year of Henry VIII. Anno 1512 ' by which it seems that there were

'In Yorkshire.

Topcliff Great Park ... Fallow-Deer ... 558

Topcliff Little Park ... Ditto ... 291

Spofforth Park Ditto ... 180

Spofforth Wood ... Ditto ... 43

,,, .„ -r, , (Red Deer, 42)

WresillPark |Fallow> '£j ... 135

Wressel Litle Park ... Fallow 37

Newsham P,ark ... ...' Ditto ... ... 324

Leckinfield Park ... Ditto ... ... 249

Catton Park Ditto 79.'

xlviii YORKSHIRE— ANCIENT RECORDS.

In the year 1526 another member of the great family of the Neviles, Sir
John Nevile of Chevet near Wakefield, High Sheriff of Yorkshire, gave a
banquet to celebrate his daughter's marriage. Some of the charges are
thus given: — 'two roes, ios., and for servants going, I5>r.; swans, 15^.;
nine cranes, il. ios. ; twelve peacocks, i6s. ; six great pike, for flesh dinner,
lew. ; 21 dozen conies, 5/. 5^.; three venison, red deer hinds, and fetching them,
ios.; twelve fallow deer, does, . . . ; thirty dozen mallards and teal,
3/. us. 8d.; two dozen heron-sewes, I/. 4*. ; twelve bitterns, i6s. ; eighteen
pheasants, I/. 4-r. ; forty partridges, 6s. 8d.; eighteen curlews, I/. 4-r.; three
dozen plovers, 5-y. ; five dozen stints, gs. ; sturgeon on goile, 55-.; one seal,
I3.y. 4</. ; one porpoise, 13^.4^.'

In 1530, another daughter was married, and the expenses are returned
pretty much as before. The prices were, for swans, 6s. each ; cranes, 3-r. ^d.
each; heronsews, I2d.', bytters, iqd.', and conies, every couple $d.

In 1528, Sir John acted as Sheriff, and returned his charges as follows : —
' Item, two barrells of herrings, I/. 5.5-. 6d. ; Item, two barrells of Salmon,
3/. is. ; . . . Item, in great pike, and pickering, received of Rither,
6 score, 8/.; Item, 12 great pike from Ramsay, 2/.; Item, in pickerings from
Holderness, mice., 3/.; Item, received of the said Rither 20 great breames, I/. ;
Item, received of the said Rither 12 great tenches, i6s. ; Item, received of the
said Rither, 12 great eells and one hundred and six jowling eels, and 200
brewitt eels, and twenty great rudds, 2/.; 'Item, in great fresh salmon, 28,
3/. i6.r. 8d. ; Item, a barrell of sturgeon, 2t.6s.8d.; Item, a firkin of seal,
l6s. 8J.-, . . . Item, three bretts, I2J.; . . . Item, a draught of
fish, 2 great pikes and 200 breams, 7/. 6d. 8d. ' Such was the fare provided
at the Lent Assizes. At the Lammas Assizes in the same year flesh was
provided at about the same prices as above cited for the wedding feasts, with
the addition of * 12 shovelards, I2s.; item, 10 bytters, 13^. 4^.; item, 80 part-
ridges, I/. 6s. 8d.; item, 12 ffesants, I/.; item, 20 curlews, I/. 6s. 8d.;
item, curlew knaves, 32, I/. 12s.; 6 dozen plovers, 12^.; item, 30 dozen
pigeons, 7-y. 6d.,' &c., showing a slight advance on the prices of 1526. At the
same Lammas assizes the fish was charged as follows : — ' First three couple
of great ling, 12s.; Item, 70 couples of heberdines, 2/. ; Item, salt salmon,
I/.; Item, fresh salmon and great, 3/. 6s. 8d.; Item, 6 great pikes, 12s.;
Item, 80 pickerings, 4/.; Item, 300 great breams, I5/.; Item, 40 tenches,
I/. 6s. 8d.; Item, 80 jowling eels, and brevet eels, and 15 rudds, I/. I2s.;
Item, a firkin of sturgeon, i6s.; Item, in fresh seals, 13^. 4</.; Item, Eight Seam
of fresh fish, 4/. ; Item, 2 bretts, 8s.

The accounts of the Cliffords, of Skipton Castle, as given in Whitaker's
Craven, afford evidence of the existence nearly three centuries ago of the same
fish in Malham Tarn as now inhabit it. In 1606 there is an entry of 2s. 6d.
' P'd to H. H. being at Mawater, watching the well-head for stealing the trouts
coming unto this Ritt Time,' and in 1609 was paid ' For getting 33 pearch and
troot from Mawater for my lo. and judge, ns. \'\d'

MAMMALIA.

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK.

Class i. MAMMALIA.

Sub-class MONODELPHIA.

Order CHIROPTERA.

Sub-order MICROCHIROPTERA.
Family RHINOLOPHIDJE.

1. Rhinolophus hipposideros (Bechst.). Lesser Horse-

shoe Bat.

2. Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum (Schreb.). Greater Horse-

shoe Bat.

The occurrence of either of the Horse-shoe Bats in York-
shire has never yet been authenticated, although both have
been occasionally reported : such specimens as I have
been able to examine have proved to be of some other
and commoner species.

Fam. VESPEKTILIONIDJE.

3. Synotus barbastellus (Schreb.). Barbastelle.

4. Plecotus auritus (L.). Long-eared Bat.

Generally distributed, common. In some localities is more
numerous than the pipistrelle.

5. Vesperugo serotinus (Schreb.). Serotine.

6. Vesperugo discolor (Natterer). Particoloured Bat.

7. Vesperugo noctula (Schreb.). Noctule.

Widely distributed and not uncommon, becoming less
numerous in the north and west. Found at 700 feet
elevation at Carperby in Wensleydale. Its range in
Britain does not appear to extend further north than
Yorkshire.

4 MAMMALIA.

8. Vesperugo leisleri (Kuhl). Hairy-armed Bat.

Only one occurrence. Three specimens were obtained by
Mr. F. Bond about 40 years ago, which had been taken
from an old factory chimney-shaft at Hunslet, near Leeds;
one of them, a male, is still in his collection (Bond, MS.).

9. Vesperugo pipistrellus (Schreb.). Pipistrelle.

Generally distributed, abundant.

10. Vespertilio dasycneme Boie.

11. Vespertilio daubentonii Leisler. Daubenton's Bat.

12. Vespertilio nattereri Kuhl. Reddish-grey Bat.

Only once recorded. A pair were taken alive in June, 1840,
out of an old tree in Oakwell Wood, Birstal (Denny, Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist., Aug. 1840, p. 385).

13. Vespertilio bechsteinii Leisl. Bechstein's Bat.

14. Vespertilio murinus Schreb. Mouse-coloured Bat.

15. Vespertilio mystacinus Leisl. Whiskered Bat.

Reported from Great Mytton only. I have the satisfaction
of adding this bat to the Yorkshire fauna, Mr. F. S.
Mitchell, of Clitheroe, having sent me for determination a
specimen taken in the church at Great Mytton, a village
close to the confluence of the Ribble and Hodder.

Order INSECTIVORA.

Fam. ERINACEIDJE.

16. Erinaceus Europaeus Z. Hedgehog.

Universally distributed and abundant, ascending to 1300
feet or more.

Fam. TALPIM2.

17. Talpa europaea L. Mole.

Universally distributed and very abundant ; ascends to the
summits of the highest mountains, such as Whernside and
Ingleborough.

White and cream-coloured varieties, though of rare occur-
rence, have been reported from various localities ; and at
Stillingfleet, near York, white moles appear to be of some-
what persistent occurrence.

MAMMALIA. 5

Fam. SORICIME,

18. Sorex tetragonurus Herman. Common Shrew.

Generally distributed, abundant. Ascends to 1300 feet.

19. Sorex minutus L. Lesser Shrew.

Reported from widely separated localities, and probably not
uncommon, but is seldom distinguished from the Common
Shrew.

20. Crossopus fodiens (Pallas}. Water Shrew.

Generally distributed but not very numerous ; commoner in
some districts than others.

Order CARNIVORA.

Sub-order FISSIPEDIA.

Section ^ELUROIDEA.

Fam. FELIDJE.

21. Felis catus Z. Wild Cat.

Extinct, the Hambleton Hills having been its final refuge in
Yorkshire. The last specimen there was trapped by my
friend Mr. John Harrison, on his farm at Murton, near
Hawnby, in the winter, about 1840. Other testimony con-
firms the opinion that the Hambleton Hills were the wild
cat's latest haunt. There is no proof that it ever inhabited
the Fells of the north-west, though in all probability it
once existed there. The evidence of its former existence
in South Yorkshire is confined to entries in the church-
wardens' accounts at Ecclesfield, of sums paid in 1589 and
1626 for the destruction of 'wylde catts'; and to a legend
of doubtful origin, of an encounter — fatal to both — between
a wild cat and a man of the family of Cresacre, at Barn-
borough.

Section CYNOIDEA.
Fam. CANIDJE.

Cams Ittpus L. ffiBfolf.

Extinct, formerly abundant. There is conclusive evidence
of various kinds to show, not only that this animal
occurred, but that in former times it was abundant in the

6 MAMMALIA.

county; and there is good reason to believe that it lingered
longer in Yorkshire than elsewhere in England, and as
late as the reign of Henry VII. There is documentary
evidence of the existence of wolves at Flixton-on-the-
Wolds in the time of Athelstan, at Roche Abbey in 1186,
at Bolton in Wharfedale in 1306, and at Whitby in 1369.
Evidence less precise but equally credible proves that
they inhabited Knaresborough and Galtres Forests; Lang-
with, near York; Marske, in Swaledale; and various places
in South Yorkshire, as Woolley, Dodworth, Silkstone,
Aughton, Ulley, and Slade Hooton. Local legends in
which the wolf plays a prominent part are related for
Sittenham, in the Forest of Galtres ; for John o' Gaunt's
Inn, near Rothwell ; and for Howley Hall, near Batley.
Bones have been found in caves at Kirkdale and Dowka-
bottom, as well as in river deposits.

22. Canis vulpes L. Fox.

Generally distributed and abundant, though less numerous
on the western or hilly side of the county. Religiously
preserved for purposes of sport, numerous packs of hounds,
some of them dating back for centuries, being maintained.

Section ARCTOIDEA.

Fam. MUSTELID^:.

23. Martes sylvestris Nilss. Marten.

Extremely scarce, and restricted to one or two localities ;
formerly abundant, and generally distributed. The
decrease in its numbers appears to have been compara-
tively rapid ; the evidence in my possession concurs in
showing that about the commencement of the present
century the marten was common in many districts ; while
during the past thirty years its occurrence has been quite
exceptional and unlocked for. The only instances in
which it has occurred of late are : — Lees Head, near
Whitby, one, fifteen or twenty years ago (Stephenson, MS.),
and another in 1877 (Land and Water, p. 224); Cannon
Hall Park, Barnsley, about 1878 (T. Lister, MS.); and
Buckden, Wharfedale, winter of 1880 (Bishop, MS.).

[Martes foina (ErxL}. The Pine Marten has been removed
from the British list by the late Mr. E. R. Alston, who con-
sidered that all British-killed martens are referable to M.
sylvestris.~\

MAMMALIA. 7

24. Mustela vulgaris Erxl. Common Weasel.

Universally distributed, abundant everywhere.

25. Mustela erminea L. Stoat. Ermine.

Universally distributed, but not so numerous a species as
the weasel. In the north-western fells this animal is
known as the ' Polecat.'

26. Mustela putoria L. Polecat. Foumart.

Irregularly distributed, extremely rare, and fast becoming
extinct. Half a century ago this species was generally
abundant. Escaped ferrets are not unfrequently mistaken
for this animal.

27. Lutra vulgaris Erxl. Otter.

Occurs in limited numbers in all the rivers, with the excep-
tion of the polluted streams of the manufacturing districts.
Apparently absent also from Holderness.

28. Meles taxus (Schreb^. Badger.

Very local, and extremely limited in numbers. Its present
haunts seem to be restricted to calcareous formations,
which afford it suitable habitats. In Cleveland it still
breeds near Pickering, near Kirby Moorside, at Hoving-
ham, and at Hackness. On the Wolds it appears only to
occur at Sledmere and Hunmanby, where, however, it is
now all but extinct On the western side of Yorkshire its
habitats are confined to the narrow belt of magnesian
limestone, on which it breeds regularly at Hackfall, near
Ripon, and is reported as of rare occurrence at Marr,
Conisborough, Watchley Crags, and Brockerdale; in the
last-named localities it has been extinct, and the habitats
restocked by specimens being turned down. As a straggler
it has been found in various localities throughout the
county, but many of these have been escaped or introduced
specimens. Formerly it inhabited numerous localities in
which it has now been for many years unknown.

Fam. URSID-E.

L. §robm §*ar,

There is no evidence whatever to show that the bear inhabit-
ed Yorkshire, beyond the fact that bones were found at
Richmond, in a refuse-heap, which Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins

MAMMALIA.

considers to be of the date of the Roman occupation. The
statements of the historians of Galtres Forest, that it was
a famous harbour for bears, are open to very considerable
doubt.

Sub-order PINNIPEDIA.
Fam. TRICHECHID^:.

29. Trichechus rosmarus Z. Walrus.

Fam. PHOCID.E.

30. Phoca vitulina L. Common Seal.

Casual visitant, of uncommon occurrence along the coast and
in the Humber. In the early years of the present century
seals bred in great numbers at the mouth of the Tees, and
in 1802, as appears from a document, a copy of which Mr.
T. H. Nelson has sent me, they interfered to such an ex-
tent with the salmon fishery that determined measures were
proposed for their extirpation. There is no evidence to
show that the extermination was so effected, but it is hardly
probable that they would long survive the rapid rise of the
Cleveland iron trade and the shipping industries of Middles-
borough, and in all likelihood the decade 1830 to 1840
would be that of the final extinction of the seal as a perma-
nent resident in Yorkshire, though solitary individuals have
been observed to within th« last twenty years.

31. Phoca hispida Schreb. Ringed or Marbled Seal.

32. Phoca grcenlandica Fab. Greenland or Harp Seal.

33. Halichcerus gryphus (Fab.). Grey Seal.

In 1808 Graves, in his list of Cleveland animals, included

not only the Common Seal but the ' Great Seal or Sea

Calf of Pennant's Zoology, 36.
Mr. R. M. Middleton, jun., informs me that in 1871 one was

found alive at Seaton Snook, on the Durham shore of the

Tees mouth.

34. Cystophora cristata (Erxl.). Hooded Seal.

MAMMALIA. 9

Order CETACEA,
Sub-order MYSTACOCETL

Fam. BAIJEBIDJE.

35. Balaena biscayensis Eschricht. Atlantic Right-whale.

Fam. BAL.ffiNOPTEBID.ffi.

36. Megaptera longimana (Rudolpfii}. Hump-backed

Whale.

37. Balaenoptera musculus (Z.). Common Rorqual.

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence. A young one caught at
Bridlington, April 5th, 1880, 16 feet long, is recorded by
the name of Balaiioptera boops Flem., or northern rorqual
(E. Howarth, Nat., 1880, p. 26). Probably some of the
whales described as 'rorquals,' 'tinners,' &c., caught or seen,
may be of this species, but specimens are seldom examined.

38. Balaenoptera sibbaldii (Gray). Sibbald's Rorqual.

Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence. One, a young
one, about 50 feet long, the skeleton of which is in the
Hull Museum, was taken in the Humber, and described by
Dr. Gray.

39. Balaenoptera borealis Less. Rudolphi's Rorqual.

40. Balaenoptera rostrata (Fab.}. Lesser Rorqual.

Casual visitant, probably not unfrequent.

Dogger-bank, one 17 feet long, described by John Hunter,

Phil. Trans., 1787. (Gray, Cat. of Seals and Whales, 2nd

Ed., p. 193).
Hull, one, young, taken in the Victoria Dock Basin, Sep. 9,

1869, skeleton in Hull Museum.
Sewerby, near Bridlington, one, 16 or 17 feet long, stranded,

spring of 1859 (Rev. Yarburgh Lloyd Greame, MS.).

Sub-order ODONTOCETI.
Fam. PHYSETERIDJE.

Sub-fam. PHYSETERIN^.

41. Physeter macrocephalus L. Sperm Whale.

Only one occurrence. An adult male, 56 feet. long, was cast
ashore at Tunstall, in Holderness, in 1825 ; the skeleton,
47 feet 7 inches, is preserved at Burton Constable.

io MAMMALIA.

Sub-fam. ZIPHIIN^E.

42. Hyperoodon rostratum (Chemnitz), Common Beaked-

Whale.

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence. A female was stranded in
the Humber, close to Hull, in 1837, the skeleton of which
is now in the Hull Museum (Gray, Cat. of Seals and
Whales, 1866, p. 331 : cf. Zool., 1849, pp. 2409, 2441).
Another specimen, stranded in Patrington Haven, was seen
by Dr. Foster, by whom the skeleton was articulated.
(Howarth, Nat, 1880, vol. vi., p. 26).

43. Hyperoodon latifrons Gray. Broad-fronted Beaked-

Whale.

A skull, dredged up by a smack on the Great Fisher Bank,
on March 15, 1881, from a depth of 36 fathoms, is now
in the Norwich Museum (Southwell, Zool., June 1881,
p. 258).
44- Ziphius cavirostris Cuv. Cuvier's Whale.

45. Mesoplodon sowerbiensis (Blainville). Sowerby's

Whale.

Fam. DELPHINID^l.

Sub-fam. BELUGIN^.

46. Monodon monoceros L. Narwhal.

Very doubtful. Mr. Thos. Waller, of Scarborough, informs
me that one was stranded on the rocks at Flamborough in
1806, and that the horn passed into the possession of Mr.
Arthur Strickland.

47. Delphinapterus leucas (Pall). White Whale.

Sub-fam. DELPHIXIN^.

48. Orca gladiator (Lacep.). Killer. Grampus.

Casual visitant, of frequent but irregular occurrence; ascends
the Humber, even as high as Goole, in pursuit of salmon,
and is often stranded.

49. Grampus griseus (G. Cuv). Risso's Grampus.

50. Globicephalus melas (Trail). Pilot Whale.

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence. In June, 1862, a shoal
of forty or fifty were stranded on the Whitton Sands, in
the Humber, nearly opposite the mouth of the Trent; and
a similar shoal went ashore at Cleethorpes, on the Lincoln-
shire shore of the Humber mouth (G. Norman, Zool.,
1862, p. 8087).

MAMMALIA. II

51. Phocaena communis F. Cuv. Porpoise.

Resident off the coast, very abundant. Great numbers
follow the salmon up the Humber; sometimes ascends the
Ouse and Wharfe as far as Cawood and Kirkby Wharfe.

52. Delphinus delphis L. Common Dolphin.

53. Delphinus tursio Fab. Bottle-nosed Dolphin.

Two caught at Spurn Point, in September, 1879, were seen
by Mr. E. Howarth, and described by him in the Naturalist
(Sept. [880, vi. 26).

54. Delphinus acutus Gray. White-sided Dolphin.

55. Delphinus albirostris Gray. White-beaked Dolphin.

A young female, caught off Great Grimsby, in September,
J^75j was figured and described by Dr. Cunningham
(P.Z.S., 1876, pp. 679 to 686, and plate). The skeleton is
in Edinburgh University Museum.

Order UNGULATA.

Sub-order ART10DACTYLA.

Fam. STJID.E.

Sits smrfa L. fflilfr §oar,

Extinct, formerly frequented the forests of Yorkshire in large
numbers, especially that of Galtres, in the vale of York.
Its tusks are very frequently found there and in the alluvial
deposits of Holderness. The direct testimony as to the
existence of wild boars is weaker and less voluminous than
in the case of the wolf, but the great mass of evidence of
other kinds — etymological and legendary — suffices to war-
rant us in regarding it as formerly common in the county.

Fam. CERVID^l,

i&angite teattbits L. J^inbetr,

56. Cervus elaphus L. Red Deer.

Semi-domesticated, only in parks. Formerly wild, ranging
over the whole county. Have been for centuries kept in
Wharncliffe Chase and in Bolton Deer Park; and in these
localities are, in all 'probability, the lineal descendants of

12 MAMMALIA.

the wild stock which formerly inhabited the surrounding
districts. A deed of agreement between the Countess
dowager of Pembroke and the Countess of Cork, dated
May 20, 1654, shows the probable date at which the deer
of Wharfedale were walled in at Barden and Bolton.

57. Cervus dama L. Fallow Deer.

Domesticated, only in parks.

58. Capreolus caprsea Gray. Roe Deer.

Domesticated, in a few parks only. Formerly inhabited the
county in a wild state. In the time of Edward III. they
were numerous in the forest of Pickering, and in 1340
were the subject of a prosecution instituted by the Crown
against Henry de Percy, lord of the adjacent manor of
Semere.

Bones have occurred in the Raygill cave, but only in very few
instances anywhere.

Fam. BOVID.E,

59. Bos taurus L. Wild White Cattle.

Extinct. Two herds existed in Yorkshire till within recent
years — at Gisburn in Craven, and at Burton Constable in
Holderness, but in a state of semi-domestication. The
latter herd perished of distemper shortly before the close
of the last century. That at Gisburn Park continued to
exist till 1859, when the last bull was killed, the breed
having so degenerated from constant inter-breeding that it
was impossible to keep them longer. .

Order RODENTIA.

Sub-order SIMPLICIDENTATA.

Section SCIUROMORPHA.

Fam. SCIURIDJE.

60. Sciurus vulgaris L. Squirrel.

Generally distributed, and common in woods and plantations.

MAMMALIA. 13

Fam. CASTORIDJE.

Castor fiber L. (gurnpean §eaber.

The only grounds we possess for surmising that the beaver
ever inhabited Yorkshire are afforded by place-names.
Beverley is supposed to have derived its name from this
animal ; while Beaverholes and Beaverdike in the Forest
of Knaresborough, and Beevor Hall or Beverhole, near
Barnsley, have their derivation also ascribed to this source.
The places so named appear to have been suitable to the
habits of this animal.

Section MYOMORPHA.
Fam. MYOXID.E.

61. Muscardinus avellanarius (L.). Dormouse.

Generally but very thinly distributed over the county ; more
abundant in densely wooded districts. No doubt it is
much overlooked from its retiring habits.

Fam. MTIRID.E.

Sub-fam. MURING.

62. Mus minutus Pall. Harvest Mouse.

Very irregularly and thinly distributed, and scarce.

63. Mus sylvaticus L. Long-tailed Field Mouse.

Generally distributed and abundant.

64. Mus musculus Z. Common House Mouse.

Universally distributed and abundant wherever there are
human habitations.

65. Mus rattus Z. Black Rat.

Extremely local, appearing to occur only at Stockton-on-Tees,
where it is not unfrequent in one or two old buildings.
Is reported as having been taken in various other places
scattered irregularly over the county, but in the rural dis-
tricts it is probable that the black variety of the Water
Vole has been mistaken for it ; and those reported for the
manufacturing and seaport towns are importations.

14 MAMMALIA.

66. Mus decumanus PalL Brown Rat.

Universally distributed about human habitations, and very
abundant.

Sub-fam. ARVICOLIN&.

67. Arvicola amphibia (Z.). Water Vole.

Generally distributed, common. The Black variety occurs
in a few localities, and there is reason to believe that some
at least of the 'Black Rats' reported are of this variety of
the Water Vole.

68. Arvicola agrestis De Selys. Common Field Vole.

Generally distributed, abundant.

69. Arvicola glareolus (Schreb.). Red Field Vole.

Reported from a few localities scattered irregularly over the
whole county; probably more general, but not usually
distinguished from the Common Field Vole.

Sub-order DUPLICIDENTATA.
Fam. LEPORIDJE.

70. Lepus europaeus Pall. Common Hare.

Generally distributed, common. Attains to a great size on
the high wolds. White and pied varieties are not unfre-
quently reported.

71. Lepus variabilis Pall. Varying Hare.

72. Lepus cuniculus Z. Rabbit.

Generally distributed, very abundant. Introduced on Peny-
ghent and other places. Black and silver-grey varieties
are of not unfrequent occurrence.

BIRDS.

WM. EAGLE CLARKE

Class 2. AVES.

Sub-class A VES CARINAT^E.

Series ^EGITHOGNATH^E.

Order i. PASSERES.

Sub-order OSCINES.

Section i. OSCINES DENTIROSTRES.

Family TTTRDIDJE.

Sub-famLly TURDIN^E.

1. Turdus viscivorus L. Missel-Thrush.

Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Its numbers
are annually increased in early autumn by arrivals from
the north, which on the advent of winter move further
south.

2. Turdus musicus L. Song-Thrush.

Resident, generally distributed, common ; much less numer-
ous in the winter, on the approach of which many migrate.
Immigrants appear from the north annually on the coast,
in the early autumn departing further south.

3. Turdus iliacus L. Redwing.

Winter visitant, arriving usually in small parties in October
and November, and departing in April. Is recorded as
having nested at Kildale in 1840 (Zool. 1845, p. 1056),
at Glaisdale in 1872, when the nest, eggs, and parent bird
were obtained (Zool. 1873, p. 3411), and supposedly near
York in 1879 (Zool. 1879, p. 460).

4. Turdus pilaris L. Fieldfare.

Winter visitant, usually arriving in flocks in October and
November, often remaining in the spring until the first or
second week of May.

c

i8 BIRDS.

5. Turdus varius Pall. White's Thrush.

Accidental visitant from Eastern Asia, of extremely rare
occurrence.

Huddersfield, one (Beaumont, Hudd. Nat, 1864, p. 217).
Danby-in-Cleveland, one seen, spring of 1870 (Atkinson,

Zool., May, 1870, p. 2142).
Whitby, one, November 1878 (Simpson, Zool., 1880, p. 68);

now in the Whitby Museum.

6. Turdus atrigularis Temm. Black-throated Thrush.

7. Turdus merula Z. Blackbird.

Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Immigrants from
Northern Europe arrive annually on the coast in October
and November, and sometimes later in the winter ; old
males appearing later than the young ones.

8. Turdus torquatus L. Ring-Ouzel.

Summer visitant, nesting commonly on all the high moors of
Cleveland, and the western moorlands from Sheffield
northwards ; also occurring in limited numbers on the coast
in late autumn, as an immigrant from the Continent, on
its way further south. In the winter of 1855-6 single
birds were observed at Holmnrth and at Keighley. Has
nested in solitary instances on Thorne Moor and near
Beverley, both low-lying localities, only a few feet above
sea-level.

9. Monticola saxatilis (L.). Rock-Thrush.

Accidental visitant from Central and Southern Europe, of
extremely rare occurrence.

Near Robin Hood's Bay, one, June 1852 (Bedlington,
Morris' Nat., 1856, p. 21). Probably an adult male.

Sub-fam. CINCLIN^.

10. Cinclus aquaticus Bechst. Common Dipper.

Resident, nesting commonly in the hilly districts of the
north-east and of the west from Sheffield northwards.
In extremely severe winters descends from the higher
localities, and is then occasionally observed on the pol-
luted streams of the manufacturing districts. Has never
yet been reported as having occurred in the East Riding.

BIRDS. 19

IT. Cinclus melanogaster C. L. Brehm. Black-bellied
Dipper.

Accidental visitant from Scandinavia, of rare occurrence;
in Eastern Yorkshire only.

Welwick, one, Oct. 24, 1874, in the collection of Mr. P. W.
Lawton, of Easington.

Beverley, one, Oct. 29, 1875 (Boyes, Zool. 1876, p. 4871).

Flotmanby, near Filey, Dec. 8, 1875 (Tuck, Field, Jan. 1876,
p. 22).

Bridlington, one in the collection of Mr. J. H. Gurney, jun.

It is highly probable that the Dipper, recorded by the Rev.

F. O. Morris (Nat. 1856, p. 186) as shot at Nunburn-

holme, was of this species, but the specimen not being

now in existence, the question must remain an open one.

Sub-fam. SAXICOLIN&.

12. Saxicola cenanthe (L.). Common Wheatear.

Summer visitant, local, being confined to uncultivated lands,
but common where found. Arrives during March and
April, departing in September and October, the young
preceding the old birds in the autumn.

13. Saxicola albicollis Vietll. Black-eared Chat.

14. Pratincola rubetra (L.). Whin-Chat.

Summer visitant, generally distributed, common. Arrives in
mid- April, and departs in October.

15. Pratincola rubicola (L.). Stone-Chat.

Resident, extremely local, and eccentric in its distribution.
In the autumn the majority migrate, only a few remaining
through the winter, and these more particularly near the
coast. During the breeding season this species seems to
affect waste lands at low or moderate elevations.

1 6. Ruticilla phcenicurus (L.). Redstart.

Summer visitant, generally but somewhat locally and thinly
distributed. Arrives in April, and departs in August and
September, the young birds leaving before the old ones.

17. Ruticilla titys (Scop.). Black Redstart.

Casual visitant, of uncommon occurrence on the coast, in
spring, autumn, and winter. Mr. M. Bailey, of Flam-
borough, has frequently observed these birds in "spring on

20 BIRDS.

their arrival on the headland, and has known them killed
by flying against the light in thick, foggy weather, with the
wind E.N.E. He has also seen them on their departure
in September, and has noticed several in October and
November. Inland, it is extremely rare, being recorded as
observed near Leeds (several times, two or three in 1843),
and once near Bingley.

Sab-fam. SYLVIIN&.

18. Cyanecula wolfi C. L. Brehm. White-spotted Blue-

throat.

Accidental visitant from Central and Western Europe, of
extremely rare occurrence.

Near Scarborough, a female picked up dead beneath the
telegraph wires, about the 9th of April, 1876 (Tuck, Zool.,
1876, p. 4956)-

19. Cyanecula suecica (L.\ Red-spotted Bluethroat.

20. Erithacus rubecula (Z.). Redbreast.

Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Immigrants are
observed on the coast in the autumn, often in large num-
bers, returning early in March.

21. Daulias luscinia (Z.). Nightingale.

Summer visitant, of regular occurrence in very limited num-
bers in the neighbourhood of Barn si ey, Wakefield, York,
Beverley, Patrington, Brough, Selby, and Doncaster,
arriving early in May. West and north of the frontier
formed by these towns it is only of exceptional occurrence,
and a line drawn from Huddersfield, through Bradford,
Otley, and Ripon, to Baldersby, Bagby, and Sessay, near
Thirsk, and thence to Flamborough Head, will include all
the localities for which there is satisfactory evidence of its
ever having occurred or bred, and also defines the extreme
northern limit of its distribution in Britain.

The Hon. F. H. Dawnay informs me that a pair passed
the summer of 1868 at Baldersby Park, in 1876 it occurred
at Sessay, and this year (1881) I am told by Mr. Robert
Lee that it has appeared at Bagby — all near Thirsk. In
1876 it nested at Little Thorp, near Bridlington, an egg
being sent for my inspection by Mr. W. F. Foster. There
is also reliable evidence of its occurrence in other localities,

BIRDS. . 21

not, however, quite so far north, and it seems well estab-
lished that the nightingale is gradually extending its range
up the vale of York and along the coast.

Early in the present century Doncaster was regarded by all
writers as the most northerly locality which it visited annu-
ally, until in 1844 Mr. Thomas Allis showed that it occurred
regularly much further north, and in two exceptional in-
stances to as high a latitude as five miles north of York.
Baldersby and Bagby, which must now be regarded as its
northern outposts, are 21 miles N.W. of York, or 15 and
20 miles respectively north of the latitude of that city.

22. Sylvia rufa (Bodd.). Whitethroat.

Summer visitant, generally distributed, abundant. Arrives
late in April, departing in August and September.

23- Sylvia curruca (£.). Lesser Whitethroat.

Summer visitant, generally distributed, though in varying
numbers, and not nearly so abundant as S. rufa. Arrives
during the last week of April, and departs in August and
September.

24. Sylvia orphea Temm* Orphean Warbler.

Accidental visitant from Central and Southern Europe and
Northern Africa, of extremely rare occurrence.

Wetherby, male seen, female shot, July 6, 1848 (Milner,

Zool, 1849, P- 2588).
Notton Wood, near Wakefield, a nest with four eggs taken,

June, 1864 (Harting, Field, April 22, 1871, p. 321).

25. Sylvia atricapilla (Z.). Blackcap.

Summer visitant, somewhat irregularly distributed over the
county, but not very numerous. Has in several instances
occurred in mid- winter. Arrives late in April N %;

26. Sylvia salicaria (Z.). Garden Warbler.

Summer visitant, generally distributed, common. „•> Arrives
early in May, leaving in September.

27. Sylvia nisoria Btclut. Barred Warbler.

28. Melizophiius undatus (Bodd.\ Dartford Warbler.

Casual visitant, observed in one locality only — the Rivelin
Valley — in the extreme south. Here Mr. Charles Dixon,
who is well acquainted with the bird, has several times seen

22 BIRDS.

it in the gorse coverts, and in one solitary instance he found
a nest with five eggs, observing the sitting bird from a
distance of only a few feet. Hitherto Melbourne in Derby-
shire has been considered the most northerly locality in
which it has occurred.

Sub-fam. PHYLLOSCOPIN^.

29. Regulus cristatus Koch. Golden-crested Wren.

Resident, generally distributed in suitable localities, but not
very numerous ; is also a winter visitant, arriving regularly
on the coast about the middle of October, sometimes in
immense flocks.

30. Regulus ignicapillus (C. L. Brehm). Fire-crested

Wren.

Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence in the winter.

Whixley, one, Dec. 3rd, 1849 (Garth, Zool., 1849, P- 2699).
Huddersfield, one said to have occurred at Armitage Bridge,

Sept. 3rd, 1874 (Varley, Nat, 1875, p. 24).
Whitby, one in the local collection at the Museum

(Stephenson, MS.).
Is also said to have occurred at Woodend, near Thirsk (Allis,

1844). There are other records, but the species is much

confounded with old males of R. cristatus.

31. Phylloscopus superciliosus (Gm.). Yellow-browed

Warbler.

32. Phylloscopus collybita (Vieill\ ChiffchafF.

Summer visitant, generally distributed, and common through-
out the woodland districts of central and eastern York-
shire, ranging there from north to south; much less
numerous in the south-west, while in the north-western
dales it is of very rare and exceptional occurrence.

33. Phylloscopus trochilus (L.}. Willow-Wren.

Summer visitant, generally distributed, very abundant.
Arrives in the middle of April, and leaves late in Septem-
ber or early in October.

34. Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Bechst.\ Wood-Wren.
Summer visitant, local, but not uncommon in woodland dis-
tricts where the trees are of considerable growth. Occurs
as high as 1350 feet in the woods above Malharn Tarn.
Arrives after the middle of April.

BIRDS. 23

S ub-fam. A CROCEPHALIN&.

35. Hypolais icterina (Vieill.}. fcterine Warbler.

36. Aedon galactodes (Temm.). Rufous Warbler.

37. Acrocephalus streperus (Vieill.}. Reed-Warbler.
Summer visitant, very locally distributed ; numerous where

it occurs. Breeds regularly at Hornsea Mere ; also near
Hull and other localities in Holderness ; at Swinefleet ;
near Leeds ; at Knaresborough ; and formerly at Scar-
borough Mere. In numerous other localities in the
county it has bred occasionally.

38. Acrocephalus palustris (Bechst.\ Marsh-Warbler.

39. Acrocephalus arundinaceus (Z.). Great Reed-

Warbler.

40. Acrocephalus aquaticus (Gm.). Aquatic Warbler.

41. Acrocephalus schcenobaenus (Z.). Sedge-Warbler.

Summer visitant, generally distributed, very common. Arrives
in the beginning of May, departs at the end of September
or early in October.

42. Locustella nsevia (Bodd.). Grasshopper Warbler.

Summer visitant, locally and thinly distributed, and in some
localities uncertain in its appearance.

43. Locustella luscinioides (Savi). Savi's Warbler.

Fam. ACCENTORID^:.

44. Accentor collaris (Scop.). Alpine Accentor.

Accidental visitant from Central and Southern Europe, of
extremely rare occurrence.

Scarborough, female, winter of 1862-3 (Boulton, ZooL, 1863,
p. 8766).

45. Accentor modularis (Z.). Hedge-Sparrow.

Resident, generally distributed, common ; a regular autumn
immigrant on the Holderness coast

Fam. PANURID.E.

46. Panurus biarmicus (Z.). Bearded Reedling.

Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence.

24 BIRDS.

Walton Hall, Wakefield, a pair once bred by the side of the

lake (More,/^ Waterton, Ibis, 1865).
Sheffield, a pair seen, Dec., 1878 (Dixon, MS.).
Also reported to have occurred at Scarthingwell (Chaloner,

MS.), and at Kirkleatham (Zool., 1845, p. 1135).

Fam. PARIDJE.

47- Acredula rosea (Blyth\ Long-tailed Titmouse.

Resident, generally distributed, fairly common. Most fre-
quently seen in autumn and winter.

48. Acredula caudata (Z.). Continental Long-tailed

Titmouse.

49. Parus major L. Great Titmouse.

Resident, generally distributed, common. Sometimes there
are considerable arrivals of immigrants on the coast in
autumn.

50. Parus ater Z. European Coa! Titmouse.

51. Parus britannicus Sharpe and Dresser. English Coal

Titmouse.

Resident, common, generally distributed; but in some
localities in south-west Yorkshire it is of rare occurrence
in summer, being most frequently observed as a winter
visitant. In Holderness, additions to its numbers by
immigration are observed in the autumn.

52. Parus palustris L. Marsh-Titmouse.

Resident, generally distributed, but in varying abundance.

53. Parus cseruleus L. Blue Titmouse.

Resident, generally distributed, abundant ; also observed as
an autumn immigrant.

54. Lophophanes cristatus (Z.). Crested Titmouse.

Casual visitant, of very rare occurrence.

Yorkshire, said to have occurred in the county by Lewin

(British Birds, vol. 5, p. 46).
Thorne, one seen (Allis, 1844).
Thornton Moor, near Bradford, March, 1870 (Butterfield,

MS.).

BIRDS. 25

Whitby, one, March, 1872 (Simpson, Zool., 1872, p. 3021).

Mr. Thomas Stephenson states that the specimen in the local
collection at the Whitby Museum was obtained on the
Newton House estate, which abounds with larch planta-
tions ; and he has it on the authority of Parker, formerly
keeper there, that the bird was never lost sight of either in
winter or summer, and he (Parker) had no doubt they
bred there.

Thirsk, one shot, preserved by Mr. Robert Lee (Lee, MS.).

Fam. SITTID-E.

55. Sitta cassia Wolf, Common Nuthatch.

Resident, local, and far from numerous. Chiefly confined to
the older parks, such as Castle Howard, Hovingham, Swin-
ton, Hack fall, Walton, Stainborough, and Wharncliffe.
Entirely absent from the East Riding.

Fam. CERTHIID^E,

56. Certhia familiaris L. Creeper.

Resident, generally distributed in wooded districts, but far
from numerous.

Fam. TROGLODYTIDJE.

57. Troglodytes parvulus Koch. Wren.

Resident, generally distributed, common ; annually observed
on the coast as an autumn immigrant.

Fam. MOTACILLID-2E.

58. Motacilla alba L. White Wagtail.

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence in summer; probably much
overlooked, the following being all the instances in which
it has been noted : — York, one, July 13, 1848 (Webb,
ZooL, 1848, p. 2229) ; Wakefield, several occurrences, has
once nested there (Talbot, Birds of Wakefield, 1876) ;
Bolton Abbey, one, April 12, 1879 (Clarke, Zool., 1880, p.
355); Gisburn, one, April 18, 1881.

59. Motacilla lugubris Temm. Pied Wagtail.

Resident, generally distributed, abundant in summer, com-
paratively few in the winter, for in the autumn the majority
depart south, returning in early spring.

26 BIRDS.

60. Motacilla melanope Pall Grey Wagtail.

Resident, generally distributed in the winter, in summer con-
fined to the high lands of the west, from Sheffield north-
wards, and of Cleveland.

61. Motacilla flava L. Blue-headed Wagtail.

62. Motacilla raii Bonap. Yellow Wagtail.

Summer visitant, fairly general in its distribution, but in vary-
ing numbers, most abundant in agricultural and pastoral
districts ; in some few localities only observed occa-
sionally. Arrives in mid-April, departing in considerable
flocks in September.

63. Anthus pratensis (Z.). Meadow-Pipit.

Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Considerable
flocks move southwards in September, returning early in
March; those observed in the winter, when it is much less
numerous, are probably immigrants from more northern
districts.

64. Anthus trivialis (L.}. Tree-Pipit.

Summer visitant, generally distributed, numerous in wooded
districts. Arrives during the second week of April, leaves
in small flocks in September.

65. Anthus campestris (L.). Tawny Pipit.

Accidental visitant from Continental Europe and Northern
Africa, of extremely rare occurrence.

Near Bridlington, a male shot, Nov. 20, 1869, by Mr. Thos.
Boynton, and now in his possession (Zool., 1870, pp. 2021,
2068, 2101).

66. Anthus richardi Vieill Richard's Pipit.

Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence. One is said, on
the authority of the late David Graham, to have occurred
on the coast, in 1849 (Zool. 1849, P-

67. Anthus spipoletta (Z.). Water-Pipit.

68. Anthus obscurus (Lath.). Rock-Pipit.

Resident on the coast, breeding abundantly at Flamborough,
and no doubt also near Whitby, where it is observed all the
year round ; generally distributed on the coast in autumn
and winter.

BIRDS. 27

Fam. PYCNONOTID-E.

69. Pycnonotus capensis (L.). Gold-vented Bulbul.

Fam. ORIOLIDJE.

70. Oriolus galbula Z. Golden Oriole.

Casual visitant, of very rare occurrence as a straggler during
the spring and autumn migrations.

Spurn, female, spring of 1834 (Allis, 1844); now in York

Museum.
Wakefield, one shot at Bottom Boat, beginning of August,

1856 (Talbot, MS.).
Hunmanby, adult male shot, May, 1859 (Roberts, Zool.,

l859> P- 6561).
Doncaster, male seen April 28, 1870, by Rev. J. W. Chaloner

(MS.)-
Grimston Park, Tadcaster, one seen by the keeper, April,

1870 (Chaloner, MS.).
Swinton Park, Masham, one seen about May, 1870 (Carter,

MS.).

Bingley, one observed, early autumn, 1875 (Butterfield, MS.).
Specimens are also said to have been obtained near Hull,

Scarborough, and other localities on the coast.

Fam. LAXIIIDM.

71. Lanius excubitor L. Great Grey Shrike.

Winter visitant, occurring annually, in limited numbers, and
most numerous in the vicinity of the coast on its arrival late
in October, a few remaining through the winter, leaving in
the early spring.

72. Lanius minor Gmel Lesser Grey Shrike.

73. Lanius collurio L. Red-backed Shrike.

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence during the spring and
autumn migrations. Has nested near Barnsley (1826),
Richmond, Halifax, Huddersneld, Sheffield (1868), Sils-
den, and Beverley (1876). It appears to be much less
frequent than formerly, when to certain localities it was
regarded as almost an annual visitant.

28 BIRDS.

74- Lanius auriculatus Mull. Woodchat Shrike.

Accidental visitant from Central and Southern Europe and
Africa, of extremely rare occurrence.

Yorkshire, mentioned as having occurred (Yarrell, British
Birds, 1843,^^ Leadbeater).

Scarborough, two young birds obtained by Mr. A. S. Bell,
1860 or 1861 (Clarke, Birds of Yorkshire, p. 61).

Fam. AMPELID.E.

75. Ampelis garrulus L. Waxwing.

Casual visitant, appearing at irregular intervals during the
winter months, entirely absent most years, while others are
noticeable for their irruption in great flights. First
recorded as British from a specimen obtained at York in
Jan. 1 68 1, by the celebrated Dr. Martin Lister, F.R.S.
The years 1686, 1787, 1849-50, 1863-4, and 1866-7 were
remarkable for the immense numbers in which it visited
the county.

Fam.

76. Muscicapa grisola L. Spotted Flycatcher.

Summer visitant, generally distributed, common. Arrives in
May, leaves in September.

77. Muscicapa atricapilla L. Pied Flycatcher.

Summer visitant, very local in its distribution, fairly numerous
where it occurs. Breeds annually at Castle Howard,
Duncombe Park, Hovingham, Masham, Hackfall, Bolton
Woods, in woods near Pateley Bridge, Stainborough and
Cannon Hall Parks, near Barnsley, and occasionally in
other localities in the West and North Ridings. In the
East Riding it is observed only during migration in spring
and autumn.

78. Muscicapa parva Bechst. Red-breasted Flycatcher.

BIRDS. 29

. Section 2. OSCINES LATIROSTRES.

Fam. HIRTTNDINID-ffi,

79. Hirundo rustica L. Swallow.

Summer visitant, generally distributed, abundant. Arrives
in the middle of April, leaving at the end of September,
stragglers remaining till late in October.

80. Chelidon urbica (L.). Martin.

Summer visitant, generally distributed, abundant. Arrives
late in April, leaves in September, stragglers late in
October. Breeds under the cliff-ledges at Malham Cove
and at Flamborough.

81. Cotile riparia (L.). Sand-Martin.

Summer visitant, abundant in suitable localities throughout
the county. Has once bred in haystacks at Knapton Hall,
near Malton.

82. Progne purpurea (L.). Purple Martin.

Accidental visitant from North America, of extremely rare
occurrence.

Huddersfield, one shot at Colne Bridge, 1854 (Hobkirk's
Hudd., 1859, p. 144). Requires investigation.

Section 3. OSCINES CONIROSTRES.
Fam. FBINGILLIDJE.

Sub-fam. FRINGILL1N&.

83. Carduelis elegans Steph. Goldfinch.

Resident, very local, far from numerous, much less abundant
than formerly, having now disappeared from many of its
old haunts. In some localities observed as an occasional
autumn and winter visitant

84. Chryspmitris spinus (L.). Siskin.

Winter visitant, rather uncertain in its appearance, and vary-
ing in its numbers. Has nested at Walton Hall, near
Wakefield (More,y&fc Waterton, Ibis, 1865).

30 BIRDS.

85. Serinus hortulanus Koch. Serin Finch.

86. Ligurinus chloris (L.). Greenfinch.

Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Large arrivals of
young and females are observed on the coast in autumn,
returning late in April and May in considerable flocks,
which then contain many old males.

87. Coccothraustes vulgaris Pall. Hawfinch.

Resident, local, breeding regularly in many localities ; more
generally distributed in winter, when large flocks have
occasionally been observed. Though not a numerous
species, it is much more so than it was a few years ago,
and now nests in some numbers in the neighbourhood of
Beverley.

88. Passer domesticus (L.). Common Sparrow.

Resident, generally distributed, extremely abundant.

89. Passer montanus (L.). Tree Sparrow.

Resident, local, but not uncommon in Eastern and Central
Yorkshire ; rarer in the west, where it appears to be
unknown in many districts. Commoner in the autumn
and winter, immense flocks occasionally arriving on the
coast from the north in October.

90. Fringilla coelebs L. Chaffinch.

Resident, generally distributed, abundant; partially migra-
tory,' flocks consisting of females and young arriving on
the coast in autumn.

9L Fringilla montifringilla L. Brambling.

Winter visitant, occurring annually in varying numbers, but
in some inland districts is only occasionally observed.
Females and young of the year arrive first, old males
later in separate flocks. Is said to have nested in
Baldersby Park, near Thirsk, in 1864 (Atkinson, Zool.,
1864, p. 9210).

92. Linota cannabina (L.). Linnet.

Resident, generally distributed, abundant in suitable localities.
Immense flocks are observed near the coast in autumn, on
their passage south.

BIRDS. 31

93. Linota linaria (L.). Mealy Redpoll.

Winter visitant, of extremely irregular occurrence. Some-
times appears in large flocks, as in 1855, 1861, 1876.

94. Linota rufescens (Vieill.). Lesser Redpoll.

Resident, generally distributed and common ; immigrants,
probably from more northern British localities, arrive in
autumn, at which season and throughout the winter it is
usually observed in flocks.

95. Linota hornemanni Holb. Greenland Redpoll.

96. Linota flavirostris (L.). Twite.

Resident, sparingly scattered over the southern, western, and
northern moorlands (including those of Cleveland) during
the breeding season ; much more generally distributed
in autumn and winter. Said by Mr. Allis (1844) to breed on
Thorne Moor, a low-lying heath on the borders of Lincoln-
shire. In the autumn it occurs at Spurn, often in large
flocks. In yery severe winters moves further south, return-
ing in the middle of March.

Sub-fam. LOXIINM.

97. Carpodacus erythrinus (Pall.). Scarlet Grosbeak.

98. Pyrrhula europaea Vieill. Bullfinch.

Resident, somewhat local, and not abundant ; observed to be
more general in autumn and winter. Immigrants occa-
sionally arrive in autumn, large numbers having been
observed on the coast in 1880.

99. Pinicola enucleator (L.). Pine-Grosbeak.

Accidental visitant from Northern Europe, Asia, and America,
of extremely rare occurrence.

Doncaster and Sheffield : In the sale catalogue (Dec. 28,
1866) of Mr. Sealy, of Cambridge, lot 59 is described as
' Pine Grosbeaks, three in a case, one shot at Doncaster
and one at Sheffield ' (J. H. Gurney, jun., ZooL, 1877, p.
249).

Near Whitby, one shot by Mr. Kitching, about 1861, in the
winter, now in the local collection at the Whitby Museum
(Stephenson, MS.).

32 BIRDS.

TOO. Loxia pityopsittacus Bechst. Parrot Crossbill.

Accidental visitant from Northern Europe, of rare occurrence.

Flamborough, female shot by Mr. Bailey, Aug. 4, 1866
(Boulton, Zool., 1867, p. 543).

101. Loxia curvirostra L. Common Crossbill.

Winter visitant, irregular both in appearance and numbers,
sometimes appearing in immense flights. Occasionally
solitary pairs remain to breed. Has nested at Boynton
near Bridlington in 1829, and at Bramham, where several
nests were found in 1840 (Allis). At Plumpton, near
Harrogate, in July, 1876, I saw two old birds accompanied
by four young ones. Young birds just from the nest
have been observed by the keeper at Gilling-in-Ryedale
(Brigham, MS.).

102. Loxia leucoptera GmeL White-winged Crossbill.

Accidental visitant from North America, of rare occurrence.
Cowick, near Snaith, a flock seen, from which two males and

two females were obtained, Dec. 27, 1^45 (Milner, Zool.,

1847, p. 1694).

103. Loxia bifasciata (C. L. Brehni). Two-barred Cross-

bill.

Sub-fam. EMBERIZIN&.

104. Emberiza melanocephala Scop. Black-headed

Bunting.

105. Emberiza miliaria L. Common Bunting.

Resident, rather locally distributed, but common. Consider-
able arrivals occur in the autumn. I have observed that
the species is most abundant in the immediate vicinity of
the coast.

106. Emberiza citrinella L. Yellow Bunting.

Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Large arrivals are
observed in autumn, migrating north again in spring, often
in very large flocks.

107. Emberiza cirlus L. Cirl Bunting.

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence.

Campsall, Doncaster, female, April 25, 1837 (Allis).

Near York, one, Dec., 1840 (Allis).

BIRDS. 33

Richmond, one at St. Agatha's Abbey, Feb., 1840 (Strang-

wayes, Zool., 1851, p. 3056).

Askew Moor, Bedale, two males, Dec. 29, 1850 (Id.).
The Leases, Bedale, male, Feb. 5, 1851 (Id.).
Woodsome, near Huddersfield, a pair said to have nested in

1856 (Hobkirk, Hudd. Cat, 1859).
Bolton-on-Dearne, one shot, another seen, Jan. 12, 1881 (T.

Lister, Nat, 1881, vi. 124).

108. Emberiza hortulana L. Ortolan Bunting.

Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence.

Guisborough Moors, Cleveland, a female, or young bird of

the year, seen Aug. 16, 1863 (Atkinson, Zool., 1863, p.

8768).
' The specimen which served for Mr. Bewick's figure was

caught at sea on the Yorkshire Coast' (Jardine, B. Birds,

ii. 311).

109. Emberiza rustica Pall. Rustic Bunting,
no. Emberiza pusilla Pall. Little Bunting.

in. Emberiza schceniclus L. Reed-Bunting.

Resident, generally distributed, but not very numerous, and
less so in winter. Migrates in autumn, being replaced by
arrivals from the north ; returning again early in April.

112. Plectrophanes lapponicus (L.). Lapland Bunting.

Accidental visitant from Northern Europe, Asia, and America,
of rare occurrence.

Whitby, one shot in the spring, about 1870, now in the Whitby
Museum (Stephenson, MS.).

113. Plectrophanes nivalis (L.). Snow-Bunting.

Winter visitant to the coast, in flocks mainly composed of
females and young of the year, with comparatively few old
males ; arriving during the latter part of October. Inland
its appearance is much more irregular, and most frequent
in severe seasons.

34 BIRDS.

Section 4. OSCINES SCUTELLIPLANTARES.
Fam. ALATJDID-ffi.

114. Galerita cristata (L.). Crested Lark.

115. Alauda arvensis L. Sky-Lark.

Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Immense flocks
of immigrants from the continent arrive on the coast in
autumn, departing further south on the advent of winter.

116. Alauda arborea L. Wood-Lark.

Resident, extremely limited both in numbers and distribu-
tion. Breeds at Brandsby, Duncombe Park, and Hack-
ness near Scarborough, and occasionally at Maltby and
Doncaster. Has occurred — chiefly in the winter — near
Whitby, Bridlington, Leeds, Wakefield, Barnsley, and
Halifax.

117. Calandrella brachydactyla (LeisL). Short-toed Lark.

118. Melanocorypha sibirica • (Gm.). White-winged Lark.

119. Otocorys alpestris (L.). Shore-Lark.

Winter visitant, entirely confined to the coast, and irregular
both in appearance and numbers. Abundant in the
winter of 1879-80, when they arrived on Dec. 22nd and
departed about the 2oth of March.

Section 5. OSCINES CULTRIROSTRES.
Fam. STURNID-ffi.

120. Agelaeus phceniceus (L.). Red-winged Starling.

Accidental visitant from the American continent, of extremely
rare occurrence.

Adwick-le-Street, a male found, probably killed by the tele-
graph wire, March 3ist, 1877 (S. L. Mosley, Zool., 1877,
p. 257; Nat, 1877, p. 53).

BIRDS. 35

121. Sturnus vulgaris L. Common Starling.

Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Immense flocks
arrive in autumn — young in July and August, old in
September and October ; departing northward in spring.

122. Pastor roseus (L.). Rose-coloured Starling.

Casual visitant, of uncommon occurrence in autumn. Has
been observed many times in East Yorkshire and near the
coast, chiefly in August ; less frequently inland. Occur-
rences are too numerous to mention.

Fam, COEVID^E.

123. Pyrrhocorax graculus (L.). Red-billed Chough.

Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence.

Hatfield, one killed by Mr. R. Glossop's keeper, and stuffed

by Hugh Reid (Allis, 1844).
Sheffield : ' has, to my knowledge, been once observed ' (C.

Dixon, MS.).

124. Nucifraga caryocatactes (L.). Nutcracker.

Accidental visitant from Northern and Central Europe, of
extremely rare occurrence.

Campsall, one said to have occurred, on the authority of Mr.

Neville Wood (Lankester's Askern, 1842, p. 70).
Wakefield, one, autumn of 1865, in Mr. Harting's collection,

(Harting, Handbook of B. Birds, p. 119).

125. Garrulus glandarius (L.). Common Jay.
Resident, not uncommon in wooded districts ; occasionally

observed as an autumn immigrant. In the manufacturing
districts this species is fast decreasing in numbers, and
extremely local.

126. Pica rustica (Scop.). Magpie.

Resident, generally distributed, and fairly abundant in spite
of much persecution.

127. Corvus monedula L. Jackdaw.

Resident, generally distributed, common. Immigrants often
arrive with the rooks in the autumn, but never in separate
flocks. Breeds in immense numbers in the coast cliffs.

36 BIRDS.

128. Corvus corone L. Carrion-Crow.

Resident, generally but thinly distributed. Local and scarce
in the manufacturing districts. A few breed in the cliffs of
the coast.

129. Corvus cornix L. Hooded Crow.

Winter visitant, most abundant on and near the coast, where
it arrives in October and November, leaving in March and
April. In many inland districts it is only of occasional
occurrence, whilst to others it is an annual visitor. Has
occasionally remained to breed, there being authentic
evidence of its having done so on the Hornby estate, near
Catterick (Nat, 1865, p. 101). At Hackness, near Scar-
borough, a female paired for three successive seasons with
a male C. corone — the young resembling one or the other
parent (W. C. Williamson, P.Z.S., 1836, p. 76). There are
also several instances of its breeding at Flam borough, and
possibly in other localities where it has been observed
throughout the summer.

130. Corvus frugilegus L. Rook.

Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Immigrants in
large numbers come in from the continent in October and
November. In 1846 two pairs bred on chimneys in the
town of Hull.

131. Corvus corax L. Raven.

Resident, now restricted to a very few pairs in the North-
Western Fells, and possibly a pair may also still exist in
Cleveland. At the commencement of the present century
it was fairly general in its distribution, breeding in woods,
fells, and sea-cliffs, and even on the mausoleum at Castle
Howard. Owing to the persecution to which this species
has been subjected, its extermination as a Yorkshire bird
is now only a question of a few years.

Order 2. MACROCHIRES.
Fam. CYPSELIOffi,

132. Cypselus apus (L.}. Common Swift.

Summer visitant, generally distributed and common, except
in the manufacturing districts, where it is more or less
scarce. Arrives in the first week of May, occasionally
remaining as late as the second week of October. A few
nest in the cliffs at Flamborough.

BIRDS. 37

!33- Cypselus melba (L.). White-bellied Swift.

Accidental visitant from Central and Southern Europe, of
rare occurrence.

Ripponden, near Halifax, one caught by the late Mr.
Priestley, in the autumn of 1872, is now in his widow's
possession (Rawson, MS.).

Scarborough, one, first seen on the ryth of April, 1880,
remaining for a fortnight (West, Zool., 1880, p. 407). In
a letter to me, Mr. West so accurately describes the bird
as to leave no doubt as to its identification.

Hornsea Mere, one seen by Mr. F. Boyes.
134. Acanthyllis caudacuta (Lath.}. Needle-tailed Swift.

Fanu CAPBIMULGIDJE.

135. Caprimulgus europaeus L. Common Nightjar.

Summer visitant, decidedly local in its distribution, and not
numerous, affecting the woodland, moorland, and fell
districts.

136. Caprimulgus ruficollis Temm. Russet-necked Night-

jar.

Order 3. PICI.

Fam. PICID^l.
Sub-fam. PICIN&.

137. Dryocopus martius (L.). Great Black Woodpecker.

Doubtful ; if it occurs at all is an accidental visitant from
Continental Europe, of extremely rare occurrence. Is
said to have occurred in the following instances : —

Yorkshire, once in (Fothergill, Ornith. Brit, 1799, p. 3).

Yorkshire, one shot (Yarrell, 1843, ii. 128).

Yarm, two seen (Hogg, Zool, 1845, p. 1107).

Ripley, one killed, March 1846 (Garth, Zool., 1846, p. 1298).

38 BIRDS.

138. Picus major L. Great Spotted Woodpecker,

Resident, local, thinly though more generally distributed
than the other species in Yorkshire ; also observed on the
coast as an autumn immigrant.

139. Picus minor L. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker.

Resident, extremely local, confined to deeply wooded
localities, in which it appears to occur in very limited
numbers. Seems to be entirely absent from the East
Riding, and also from the valleys of the north-west ; occurs
as far north as Thirsk and Slingsby.

Picus villosus L. Hairy Woodpecker.

Doubtful, a native of Eastern North America.

Kirklees Hall, near Brighouse, a pair shot, which passed into
the collection of the Duchess of Portland (Latham, Gen.
Syn., ii. 578).

Whitby, one early in 1849 (Higgins, Zool., 1849, p. 2496;
Bird, torn, cit., 2527; Newman, op. cit., 1851, p. 2985;
Bird, torn, cit., p. 3034).

140. Gecinus viridis (L.\ Green Woodpecker.

Resident, local, but fairly numerous where it occurs.

Sub-fam. IYNGIN&.

141. Jynx torquilla Z. Wryneck.

Summer visitant, extremely local, being confined in the
breeding season to the south-eastern portion of the West
Riding and the adjacent portion of the East Riding,
where it is very sparsely distributed. During the spring
and autumn migrations it is occasionally observed on and
near the coast. Has been shot at Danby-in-Cleveland
during the breeding season. Appears to be now much
less frequent than formerly; Mr. H. Denny, in 1840,
describing it as formerly tolerably frequent in the neigh-
bourhood of Leeds; and Mr. John Hogg, in 1845, wrote
of it as not uncommon in north-west Cleveland and south-
east Durham.

BIRDS. 39

Series DESMOGNATH^E.
Order r. COCCYGES.

Sub-order COCCYGES AF1SODACTYLL

Fam. ALCEDINIDJE.

142. Alcedo ispida L, Common Kingfisher.

Resident, generally though sparingly distributed. Almost
banished from its former haunts in the manufacturing
districts by the pollution of streams and by persecution ;
here, however, it is observed as a straggler in winter. Early
in August and during September it often appears in some
numbers on the Holderness drains.

Fam. CORACIIDJE.

143. Coracias garrulus L. Common Roller.

Casual visitant, of uncommon occurrence in summer. The
localities for which it has been recorded are : — Fixby, in the
winter of 1824; Seamer, 1832; Scarborough, June, 1833;
off the coast, May, 1843 • Hatfield (Allis, 1844) ; Skelton
Castle, near Redcar, a pair, July, 1847; Whitby, 1852;
Bridlington, 1868; Bingley, 1872; Grosmont, June, 1874:
Marske Hall, Richmond; and Thirsk, June 5, 1880.

Fam. MEROPID-E.

144. Merops apiaster L. Common Bee-eater.

Accidental visitant from Southern Europe and Northern
Africa, of extremely rare occurrence.

Sheffield, one, about 1849 (Morris, B. Birds, i. 313).
Filey, a male picked up exhausted, June 9, 1880 (R.
Richardson, MS.).

Fam. TTPTTPID^.

145. Upupa epops L. Hoopoe.

Casual visitant, of uncommon occurrence as a straggler
during the spring and autumn migrations, principally en
the coast, but now less frequently than formerly. The
occurrences are too numerous to mention.

40 BIRDS.

Sub-order COCCYGES ZYGODACTYLL
Fam. CUCULIDJE,

146. Cuculus canorus L. Cuckoo.

Summer visitant, generally distributed, common. Arrives
in the third week of April, departing early in August.
Young birds linger to the end of September, and even into
October.

147. Coccystes glandarius (L.). Great Spotted Cuckoo.

148. Coccyzus americanus (L.). Yellow-billed Cuckoo.

149. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (IVils.). Black-billed

Cuckoo.

Order 2. ACCIPITRES.

Sub-order STRIGES.
Fam. STRIGIDJE,

150. Strix flammea L. Barn-Owl.

Resident, generally distributed, fairly common ; most
numerous in South Yorkshire. In the latter months of the
year there are instances of this species sometimes occurring
in unusual numbers inland, and it is also occasionally
observed on the coast as an autumn immigrant

Fam. BTJBONIDJE.

151. Asio otus (L.). Long-eared Owl.

Resident in woodland districts, where it is local in its distri-
bution but common where found. Is observed annually
on the coast as an immigrant in late autumn, accompany-
ing A. accipitrinus, and in the winter ; and it is question-
able if these immigrants do not replace the local birds,
which appear to leave in the winter and return in early
spring.

BIRDS. 41

152. Asio accipitrinus (Pall.). Short-eared Owl.

Winter visitant, generally distributed, common, arrives from
the north in October and November. Occasionally it
remains to breed, having nested in several localities in
Cleveland, near Scarborough, on Thorne Waste, and once
near Otley.

J53- Syrnium aluco (L.). Tawny Owl.

Resident, generally distributed, and fairly numerous in well-
wooded localities, excepting those of the manufacturing
districts, where it is local. The commonest Yorkshire owl.

154. Nyctea scandiaca (L). Snowy Owl.

Accidental visitant from Northern Europe and America, of
extremely rare occurrence.

Barlow Moor, near Selby, one shot, Feb. 13, 1837, and
exhibited at the Zoological Society in the same year
(Clapham, MS.). Mr. Clapham tells me that the state-
ment in Morris' British Birds (i. 195) — that this bird was
accompanied by another of the same species — is incorrect.
The specimen is now in the Leeds Museum.

There is evidence to show that this species has probably
occurred on three other occasions in the county — at Scar-
borough and Filey about thirty years ago, at Flamborough
in October, 1865, and again at Scarborough in Dec., 1879
(See Birds of Yorkshire, pp. 55, 56).

155. Surnia ulula L. Hawk Owl.

156. Surnia funerea L. American Hawk Owl.

157. Nyctala tengmalmi (Gm.). Tengmalm's Owl.

Accidental visitant from Northern Europe, of extremely rare
occurrence.

Sleights, near Whitby, one about 1840, formerly in the Whitby

Museum (Stephenson, MS.).
Hunmanby, one shot about 1847 (B. R. Morris, Zool., 1849,

p. 2649).
Flamborough, one caught October i, 1863 (Boulton, Zool.,

1864, p. 9020); in the collection of Mr. John Stevenson,

of Beverley.

42 BIRDS.

Egton, near Whitby, one shot Nov. 19, 1872 is in the col-
lection of Mr. W. Lister, of Glaisdale (Birds of Yorksh.,
p. 44).

Normanby, near Whitby, one shot Dec. 30, 1880, in the
collection of Mr. J. H. Wilson, of Whitby, who kindly sent
it for my inspection.

Nyctala acadica (Gmel.}. Acadian Owl.

Doubtful, a native of North America.

Beverley, one (Milner, Zool., 1860, p. 7104).

158. Scops giu (Scop.). Scops Owl.

Accidental visitant from Southern Europe and Northern
Africa, of extremely rare occurrence. First recorded as
British from Yorkshire specimens.

Wetherby, one shot, spring of 1805, in the possession of Mr.
Charles Fothergill, of York (Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp.).

Yorkshire, one in the possession of Mr. Foljambe, believed
by him to have been shot in the county (Id.).

Womersley ( Allis, yfofc Morris, 1844).

Ripley, near Harrogate, a pair of old and two young birds
(Allis, fide Morris, 1844).

Eshton Hall, near Gargrave, one shot (Allis, 1844).

Boynton, near Bridlington, one shot, July, 1832 (Allis, fide
Strickland).

Driffield, one shot about 1839 (Allis).

Sandhutton, one seen (Allis, 1844).

Egton Bridge, near Whitby, one shot, 1865 (Birds of York-
shire, p. 52).

Scops asio (L.). Mottled Owl.

Accidental visitant from North America, of extremely rare
occurrence.

Leeds, one shot in Hawksworth Wood, summer of 1852
(Hobson, Nat, 1855, p. 169 and plate). This I believe to
be a genuine occurrence.

159. Bubo ignavus Forst. Eagle Owl.

Accidental visitant from Continental Europe, of extremely
rare occurrence.

BIRDS. 43

Yorkshire, one (Pennant, B. Zool., 1768, i. 157).

Horton, near Bradford, one, about 1824 (Denny, Leeds Cat).

Harrogate, one taken alive in the summer of 1832 (Allis).

Probably an escape.
Off Flamborough Head, one captured alive (Hawkridge,

Wood's Nat, 1838, p. 155).

Greetland, near Halifax, one seen, Nov. 1845 (Birds of York-
shire, p. 50).
Ilkley, one captured on Rombalds Moor, July, 1876 (Birds

of Yorkshire, p. 51). Probably an escape.
Scarborough, one seen Oct. 30, 1879 (Clarke, Zool., 1880, p.

358).
The specimen recorded by Morris (B. Birds, 1851, i. 181) as

shot at Clifton Castle, near Bedale, proves on investigation

to be an escape from Hornby Castle.

160. Athene noctua (Retz.). Little Owl.

Accidental visitant, from Continental Europe, of extremely
rare occurrence. Has been recorded as a Yorkshire bird
by Pennant (1768), by Berkenhout (1778), by Fothergill
(1799), by Yarrell (1843), and by subsequent writers, and
as late as Prof. Newton's edition of Yarrell (1871), but
with an entire absence of particulars as to localities and
dates. It is supposed to have occurred near Halifax
(Ley land, 1828).

Sub-order ACCIPITRES.
Fam. VULTURIDJE.

1 6 1. Gyps fulvus (Gmel.). Griffon Vulture.

162. Neophron percnopterus (£.). Egyptian Vulture.

Fam. FALCONIDJE.

163. Circus aeruginosus (L.). Marsh-Harrier.

Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence; formerly nested
in one or two localities. At the commencement of the
present century this species bred commonly in the * carrs '
round Doncaster and Hatneld, and occasionally in the

44 BIRDS.

whin-beds near Bridlington. During the past thirty years,
however, it has only occurred in four instances, viz. : — A
female trapped at Cudworth, in April, 1869 ; a young male
shot at Beverley, Oct. 13, 1871 ; an almost black specimen
shot at Wassand, early in 1872; and one said to have been
shot near Pocklington, in September, 1877.

164. Circus cineraceus (Mont.). Montagu's Harrier.

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence, chiefly as an autumn
migrant. Formerly resident, and more widely distributed
than either C. ceruginosus or C. cyaneus, breeding in several
localities, as on Thome Waste, at Hackness near Scar-
borough, near Whitby, on Barden Moor in Wharfedale in
1860, and near Bridlington, as late as 1871.

165. Circus cyaneus (£.). Hen-Harrier.

Casual visitant, of very occasional occurrence, chiefly in
autumn, but also in winter and spring. Formerly bred
annually on the moorlands of North-eastern Yorkshire and
the carrs near Doncaster, the last nest being found on the
Danby Moors, about 1850.

166. Buteo vulgaris Leach. Common Buzzard.

Resident, but almost extinct, restricted to one — or at most two
— pairs, nesting in the North-western Fells ; observed rarely
as an autumn or winter visitant. Formerly this bird was
an abundant resident, especially amongst the crags of the
North-western Fells, and also in the larger woods.

167. Archibuteo lagopus (Gm.). Rough-legged Buzzard.

Winter visitant, occurring annually, but in varying numbers,
being scarce some years, whilst in others great flights arrive.
Most frequent in the vicinity of the coast. These autumn
immigrants are almost entirely immature birds, there being
indeed only one instance on record of the occurrence of an
adult. A pair bred for several years on the ground, amongst
heather, near Hackness, Scarborough (More, Ibis, 1865).

168. Aquila clanga Pall. Larger Spotted Eagle.

169. Aquila chrysaetus (£.). Golden Eagle.

Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence.

Stockeld Park, near Wetherby, one shot Nov. 29, 1804
(Denny, Leeds Cat).

BIRDS. 45

Beningborough Park, near York, one trapped, Jan. 1838
(Wood's Nat., 1838, iii. p. 214).

Hunmanby, one shot July 24, 1844, now in the Scarborough
Museum (Birds of Yorkshire, p. 2).

East Riding : ' Arthur Strickland reports that one has been
killed' (Allis, 1844).

Kildale, one shot on Court Moor, Christmas, 1851, now in
the collection of Capt. Turton, of Upsall Castle (Birds of
Yorkshire, p. 2).

Skerne, near Driffield, a female in first year's plumage, shot
Dec. i86i,nowin the Norwich Museum (Cordeaux, Birds
of Humber, p. i).

Thornton, near Pickering, one shot in 1864 (Birds of York-
shire, p. 3).

170. Haliaetus albicilla (Z.). Sea-Eagle.

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence, most frequent in the
winter and on the coast, but not confined to it. All the
specimens known to have occurred were in immature
plumage, but a bird shot at Castle Howard in 1841 had
only two or three feathers of the tail tipped with black,
having only these to lose in order to attain to mature
plumage ; it is now in the Leeds Museum.

171. Astur palumbarius (Z.). Goshawk.

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence, in spring and autumn ;
has been observed once or twice in winter, and is most
frequent on the coast and its vicinity.

172. Accipiter nisus (Z.). Sparrow-Hawk.

Resident, generally distributed, fairly numerous; observed
on the coast as a regular autumn immigrant.

«*

173. Milvus ictinus Savigny. Kite.

Casual visitant, of very rare occurrence; formerly resident,
and probably numerous, but there is positive evidence of its
nesting in two instances only, These are Edlington
Wood, where a pair were taken from the nest by Hugh
Reid, about 1824 ; and Murton Wood, near Hawnby,
where, early in the present century, Mr. Charles Harrison
shot the female off the nest, also obtaining the male.

46 BIRDS.

174. Milvus migrans (Bodd.\ Black Kite.

175. Nauclerus furcatus (£.). Swallow-tailed Kite.

Accidental visitant from America, of extremely rare occur-
rence.

Hardraw Scarr, near Hawes, one captured alive, Sept. 6,
1805 (Newton's Yarrell, i. p. 104-5).

Other specimens are said to have been obtained near
Helmsley, May 25, 1859 ; and in Bolton Woods, forty or
fifty years ago (cf. Birds of Yorkshire, pp. 28, 29).

176. Elanus cseruleus (Dssf.) Black-winged Kite.

177. Pernis apivorus (Z.). Honey-Buzzard.

Casual visitant, of uncommon occurrence in spring and
autumn, most frequent near the coast, and at the latter
season.

178. Falco candicans Gm. Greenland Falcon.

Accidental visitant from Iceland, Greenland, Arctic North
America, and Northern Asia, of extremely rare occurrence.

Sutton-on-Derwent, adult, Feb. 5, 1837 (Allis, Wood's Nat.,

1837, P- 53)-
Robin Hood's Bay, mature female, Nov. 25, 1854 (Roberts,

Zool., 1855, p. 4588); now in the Scarborough Museum.

179. Falco islandus Gmel Iceland Falcon.

Accidental visitant from Iceland and Southern Greenland,
of extremely rare occurrence.

Guisborough, a young bird shot on the moors, March 1837

(Hogg, Zool., 1845, P- I052)-
Marston Moor, one in the collection of Mr. C. C. Oxley, said

to have been obtained in December, 1826 or 1836 (Birds

of Yorkshire, p. IQ^.
Upper Poppleton, near York, a young female shot Nov. 1860

(Graham, Zool., 1861, p. 7312). Now in the Leeds

Museum.

Filey Brigg, a pair, one shot, Oct. 4, 1864 (Birds of Yorkshire,
p. 10).

Whitby, a bird, probably of this species, found nailed up with
* other vermin' at Newton House in 1865 (Birds of York-
shire, p. n).

BIRDS. 47

180. Falco peregrinus Tunstall. Peregrine Falcon.

Resident, now restricted to a pair — or perhaps two — breed-
ing annually among the Fells of the North-West, and
another on the cliffs of the coast, with an occasional pair in
Cleveland ; formerly it nested not uncommonly in suitable
localities. In autumn and winter immature birds are not
unfrequent on the coast, also occurring inland.

181. Falco subbuteo Z. Hobby.

Casual visitant, of uncommon occurrence in summer, but has
also been obtained several times in winter. As far as can
be ascertained it has nested in the county on three occa-
sions, at Rossington, near Doncaster (More, 1865), at
Bishop Wood, near Selby, in 1869 (W. E. C.), and at
Everingham Park, near Market Weighton (Boyes, 1875).
Fifty years ago this species is mentioned as being far from
uncommon in South Yorkshire.

182. Falco aesalon Tunstall. Merlin.

Resident, confined to the high western and north-eastern
moorlands, over which it is thinly scattered during the
breeding season. More generally distributed during the
autumn and winter.

183. Falco vespertinus L. Red-legged Falcon.

Accidental visitant from Southern and Eastern Europe, of
extremely rare occurrence.

Doncaster, a male shot in April, 1830; the first occurrence

in Britain (Linn. Trans., xvii., p. 533).
Sheffield, one in the Museum, said to have been obtained in

the district (Heppenstall, Zool., 1843, p. 247).
Easingwold, female (Allis, 1844).
Rossington, female ( Allis, fide F. O. Morris, 1844).
Selby, female shot in Stainer Wood, May, 1844 (Zool., 1844,

p. 654).
Humber mouth, female, Nov. 1864 (Boulton, Zool., 1865,

P- 94i5).
Bempton Cliffs, mature female, shot July 6th, 1865, now in

the collection of Mr. J. Whitaker, of Rain worth (MS.).
Bempton, male, shot June 18, 1869 (Cordeaux, Birds of

Humber, p. 5).

48 BIRDS.

Egton Bridge, Whitby, 1876 or 1877 (Birds of Yorkshire,

p. 17).
Scarborough, Mr. Roberts has preserved three specimens

obtained there.

184. Falco tinnunculus L. Common Kestrel.

Resident, generally distributed, the commonest of the Fal-
conidae. A regular autumn immigrant.

185. Falco cenchris Naum. Lesser Kestrel.

Accidental visitant from Southern Europe, of extremely rare
occurrence.

Wilstrop, near York, mature male, shot by Mr. John Harrison,
of Wilstrop Hall, in the middle of November, 1867, now
in the York Museum (Birds of Yorkshire, p. 21).

186. Pandion haliaetus (L.\ Osprey.

Casual visitant, of very rare occurrence ; formerly regularly
observed as a periodical visitant in spring and autumn, on
its way to and from its northern breeding-haunts. More
frequently observed in Eastern Yorkshire than elsewhere.

Orders. STEGANOPODES.
Fam. PELECANIDJE.

187. Phalacrocorax carbo (L.). Cormorant.

Resident, breeding on the cliffs at ArnclirTe near Saltburn,
Runs wick Bay, and those north and south of Robin
Hood's Bay, also in limited numbers at Flamborough. At
the latter station they formerly bred in some abundance,
but were for some years banished, owing to constant
persecution ; a few have during the past two or three
years returned to their former haunt — the result of the
protection afforded by the Sea-birds Preservation Act.
Not uncommon on the coast at other seasons, and
occasionally observed inland.

188. Phalacrocorax graculus (L.). Shag.

Periodical visitant to the coast, occurring in small numbers in
spring and autumn, when on their way to and from their
breeding stations ; most numerous at the latter season,

BIRDS. 49

when immature birds are not unfrequent at Flamborough.
Mr. A. Strickland informed Mr. Allis in 1844 that some
few years before it used to breed in considerable numbers
on the rocks off Flamborough Head.

189. Sula bassana (L.). Gannet.

Periodical visitant, common off the coast, and especially at
Flamborough, in the herring season. Has occurred as a
straggler very far inland, but the examples so observed have
been in immature plumage.

Order 4. HERODII.
Fam. ARDEID.E.

190. Ardea cinerea L. Common Heron.

Resident, local, but common. Yorkshire heronries have
greatly decreased in number. Those now in existence are
at Kildale-in-Cleveland, Newton Hall near Malton, Hare-
wood Park near Leeds, Eshton Hall near Gargrave, and
Browsholme Hall near Clitheroe. It nests singly and
irregularly in many parts of the county.

It is not uncommon on the coast in the autumn, when
immigrants arrive from the continent, and throughout the
winter.

191. Ardea purpurea L. Purple Heron.

Accidental visitant from Southern Europe and Africa, of very
rare occurrence.

Flamborough, young bird shot in 1833 (Allis).

Lowthorpe, near Driffield, one, spring of 1847 (Morris, Zool.,

1849, P- 2591)-
Temple Thorp, near Leeds, male, May 24, 1850 (Morris, B.

Birds, 1855, iv. 108).

Ruswarp, near Whitby, one, mature, shot, summer of 1850,
in the Whitby Museum (Stephensoa, MS.).

Hornsea Mere, one, July, 1863, in the collection of Sir H.
S. Boynton (T. Boynton, MS.).
E

50 BIRDS.

192. Ardea alba Z. Great White Egret.

Accidental visitant from South-eastern Europe and Africa, of
extremely rare occurrence.

Hornsea Mere, one, winter of 1821 (A. Strickland, Rep.

Brit. Ass., 1838, p. 106).
Barnsley, one at New Hall, 1821, in the possession of Sir

Joseph Radcliffe (Allis).
Scorborough, near Beverley, one about 1834 (Strickland, op.

cit.); now in York Museum.

193. Ardea garzetta L. Lesser Egret.

Accidental visitant from Southern Europe and Africa, of
extremely rare occurrence.

Hayburn Wyke, near Scarborough, one, Jan. 4, 1881 (Harper,
Zool., 1881, p. 213).

194. Ardea bubulcus Andouin. Buff-backed Heron.

195. Ardea ralloides Scop. Squacco Heron.

Accidental visitant from Southern Europe and Africa, of
extremely rare occurrence.

Askern, one, in the collection of Arthur Strickland (Allis,
1844).

196. Ardetta minuta (Z.). Little Bittern.

Casual visitant, of uncommon occurrence, chiefly in summer.
The following are the instances : — At Birdsall, near Malton,
about 1842 ; at Thorp, near Bridlington, and at Doncaster
prior to 1844; at Redcar, Sep. 20, 1852 ; at Hunslet, near
Leeds ; at Harewood ; at Cottingham, near Beverley ; at
Cold Hiendley Reservoir, near Wakefield, Aug. 26, 1872 •
at Scarborough, Aug., 1873; Easington, near Spurn, May
25, 1874; at Ruswarp, near Whitby, May, 1877; a female
at Scalby Beck, near Scarborough, Feb. 25, 1879 ; and at
Filey Brigg in the winter of 1879.

197. Nycticorax griseus (Z.). Night-Heron.

Accidental visitant from Southern and Eastern Europe and
Africa, of very rare occurrence.

BIRDS. 51

Cottingham, Hull, one, immature, 1837, in the collection of
Sir H. S. Boynton (T. Boynton, MS.).

Bird sail, near Malton, one, May 2ist, 1855 (D. Graham).

Whitby, one, autumn of 1861, in the collection of Mr. E.
Corner (Stephenson, MS.).

Kirkby Misperton, near Malton, one, May, 1870, in the
collection of Mr. E. Tindall (Tindall, MS.).

198. Botaurus stellaris (L.). Bittern.

Casual visitant, in winter, of uncommon occurrence, being
particularly numerous in severe seasons. In 1831 upwards
of 60 specimens were obtained in the county. Doubtless
it formerly nested in the carrs round Doncaster, and in
Holderness.

199. Botaurus lentiginosus (Mont.). American Bittern.

Accidental visitant from North America, of extremely rare
occurrence.

Slingsby, one shot at KelPs Springs, Dec. 4, 1871, in the
collection of Sir John Crewe (Brigham, MS.).

Fam. CICONIID.E.

200. Ciconia alba Bechst. White Stork.

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence.

Howden, one, winter, 1798 (Fothergill, Orn. Brit, p. 7).

Bawtry, one about 1825 (Allis).

Bretton Park, Barnsley, one, March, 1831 (Allis).

Skipsea, one, in the collection of Arthur Strickland (Allis,
1844).

Wansford, near Driffield, one seen, spring of 1846 (Morris,
Zool., 1846, p. 1501).

Riccall, male, May 18, 1848 (Milner, Zool., 1848, p. 2891).

Bessingby, near Bridlington, one, Sept. 18, 1856 (Roberts,

MS.).

Withernsea, one, mature, Sept., 1869, in the collection of Mr.
P. W. Lawton, of Easington (Cordeaux, Birds of Humber,
p. 1 06).

52 BIRDS.

201. Ciconia nigra (Z.). Black Stork.

Accidental visitant from Continental Europe, of extremely

rare occurrence.

Market Weigh ton Common, one, Oct. 29, 1852 (B. R. Morris,
Nat. iii. 19) ; now in the York Museum.

Fam. PLATALEIDJE,

202. Platalea leucorodia L. Spoonbill.

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence.

Staincross, one, July, 1833 (Allis).
Masham, one (Allis, 1844).

Tees Marshes, one killed some years ago (Hogg, Zool., 1845,
p. 1172).

Horbury, near Wakefield, one, 1850 (Talbot, Birds of Wake-
field).

Wilberfoss, near Pocklington, one, Aug. 2, 1851 (Milner,
Zool., 1851, p. 3278).

Hornby Decoy, near Catterick, one, 1865 ; now in York
Museum.

Richmond, one (Clark-Kennedy, Zool., 1868, p. 1135).
South Ferriby, one, spring, 1873 (Cordeaux, MS.).

Masham, one, 1877, in collection of Mr. C. C. Oxley (Oxley,
MS.).

Fam. IBIDJE.

203. Plegadis falcinellus (L.). Glossy Ibis.

Accidental visitant from Central and Southern Europe and
Africa, of extremely rare occurrence.

Easington, near Spurn, one, autumn of 1850, in the collection
of the late Mr. Cuthbert Watson (Lawton, MS.).

Selby, a mature bird, at Brayton Bridge, last week of May
1874, in the collection of Mr. J. Jackson (Cordeaux, MS.;
Matthewman, MS.).

BIRDS. 53

Order 5. ANSERES.

Fam. ANATIDJE,

204. Chenalopex segyptiaca (Gm.). Egyptian Goose.

Has occasionally been observed, but is so frequently kept
in a state of semi-domestication that it is now impossible
to distinguish escapes from visitants.

205. Anser cinereus Meyer. Grey-lag Goose.

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence, in very small parties in
the winter ; has long ceased to breed in the Yorkshire
carrs, where it was formerly abundant and resident

206. Anser segetum (Gm,), Bean-Goose.

Winter visitant to the coast, but rare. Appears in late
September or early October. Formerly immense flocks
visited the Wolds during the day-time, returning to the
coast at dusk.

207. Anser brachyrhynchus Baill Pink-footed Goose.

Winter visitant, most abundant in eastern Yorkshire, The
common wild goose of the county.

208. Anser albifrons (Scop.\ White-fronted Goose.

Casual visitant in winter, and, although decidedly uncommon,
is most frequent in severe seasons, on the coast and its
vicinity, and has been occasionally observed far inland.

209. Bernicla brenta (Pall.}. Brent Goose.

Winter visitant, common off the coast in most seasons, but
especially so in severe ones, remaining sometimes until the
beginning of April Very occasional far inland, being a
strictly marine species.

210. Bernicla leucopsis (Bechst.). Bernacle Goose.

Casual visitant, of rare and irregular occurrence on the coast
Three were seen at Spurn at Christmas, 1876. Has been
observed far inland. Often confounded with B. brenta.

54 BIRDS.

211. Bernicla canadensis (Z.). Canada Goose.

Has occasionally been observed and shot, but is now so
common in a semi-domesticated state on ornamental
waters, that it is impossible to discriminate between
escapes and visitants.

212. Bernicla ruficollis (Pa/!.). Red-breasted Goose.

Accidental visitant from Northern Asia, of extremely rare
occurrence.

WyclirTe, one, winter of 1766 (Bewick, B. Birds, ii. 280).

Tees, two " seen of late years by the Tees." One of these
was afterwards shot on the Durham side, in Cowpen
Marsh (Hogg, Zool., 1845, p. 1178).

213. Chen albatus (Cassin). Cassin's Snow-Goose.

Cygnus olor (Gm.). Mute Swan.
Domesticated.

214. Cygnus immutabilis Yarr. Polish Swan.

Accidental visitant (habitat unknown) of extremely rare
occurrence.

Off Bridlington Pier, a flock seen in 1844 by Mr. Arthur
Strickland, one of which was obtained (Allis).

Wilstrop, one shot by Mr. John Harrison, out of a party of
two or three, late autumn, about 1860 (Harrison, MS.).

215. Cygnus musicus Bechst. Whooper Swan.

Winter visitant, occurring almost annually on the coast, in
numbers varying with the season, much less frequent
inland. In severe winters large flocks are observed.

216. Cygnus bewicki Yarr. Bewick's Swan.

Winter visitant, less frequent and numerous than C. musicus^
but still not uncommon in severe winters, when it is chiefly
observed in the estuary of the Humber. Much rarer
inland. Mr. Cordeaux remarks on the scarcity of imma-
ture birds (Birds of Humber, p. 158).

BIRDS. 55

217. Tadorna cornuta (Gm.), Common Sheldrake.

Resident in extremely limited numbers, its breeding stations
being confined to the sandhills bordering the estuaries of
the Humber and Tees. In autumn and winter it is more
common, being sometimes observed in large flocks, and
stragglers are occasionally seen on inland waters.

218. Tadorna casarca (Z.). Ruddy Sheldrake.

Accidental visitant from South and East Europe and North
Africa, of extremely rare occurrence,

Cottingham, one killed some years ago, seen by H. B.
Hewetson (MS.).

219. Anas boscas L. Mallard.

Resident, local but fairly abundant. In winter large numbers
arrive from the north, usually in November, the species
then becoming very generally distributed, and much more
numerous. Formerly six decoys existed in the county,
but the only one now worked is that at Hornby near
Catterick, on the estate of the Duke of Leeds. In 1800
the decoys of Watton and Scorborough were destroyed by
the Beverley and Barmston Drainage Scheme ; the former
had an area of about 1000 acres of water, and has been
known to yield nearly 400 ducks in one day. The two
other Holderness decoys — Home and Meaux — ceased to
exist about the same time. One on Coatham Marsh at
the Tees mouth was in existence as late as 1872.

220. Chaulelasmus streperus (L.). Gadwall.

Casual visitant of very rare occurrence in winter. The
following are the occasions : — At Swillington, prior to 1840;
Stockton-on-Tees, one, Feb. 18, 1843 ; at Doncaster, a pair
in the spring of 1844; on the Humber, a pair, March, 185 1 ;
at Hornby, one in the decoy, season of 1856-7 ; at Selby,
in 1858 ; at Skerne near Beverley, a male, Jan. 31, 1871 ;
Hempholme in Holderness, in 1876 ; and near York, four
females seen, one shot, Dec. 15, 1880.

221. Spatula clypeata (Z.). Shoveller.

Winter visitant, but not numerous, most frequent in Holder-
ness and in the vicinity of the Humber; of rare occurrence
inland. Hewitson (Eggs of B. Birds, 1856, voL 2, p. 400)
says : — ' Mr. Henry Milner tells me that it breeds on
Hornsea Mere,' and I am informed by Mr. F. Boyes that
the keeper told him he once found a nest, and that he has
himself observed the bird there in the breeding season on
more than one occasion.

55 BIRDS.

222 Querquedula crecca (Z.). Common Teal.

Resident, very local, breeding regularly on Strensall and
Riccall Commons, and at Malham Tarn, and occasionally
in other localities in the county. As a winter visitant,
common, arriving sometimes as early as the middle of
August.

223. Querquedula circia (Z.). Garganey Teal.

Casual visitant in spring and autumn, more especially at the
former season ; is most frequent in eastern Yorkshire, being
a rare straggler far inland. Two in the collection of Mr.
J. H. Gurney, jun.. were obtained at Bridlington on the ist
and 2nd of June, 1868. Mr. M. Bailey possesses three
which were obtained in autumn at Flamborough.

224. Dafila acuta (Z.). Pintail.

Winter visitant, not uncommon on the Humber during
severe seasons, but is rare far inland. Mr. Cordeaux tells
me that mature males are scarce.

225. Mareca penelope (Z.). Wigeon.

Winter visitant, common on the Humber and many inland
waters. It has been noted that inland this bird is most
abundant in mild seasons. Old females are comparatively
rare.

Mr. Stephenson, of Whitby, informs me that a pair or two
breed annually on the Fen Bog near that place, and that a
female has been shot off the nest.

226. Fuligula ferina (Z.). Pochard.

Resident, extremely local ; breeds annually in some num-
bers on Hornsea Mere, and formerly on the Mere at
Scarborough ; has bred at Cold Hiendley Reservoir in
1861, and also in Craven. As a winter visitant is not
uncommon.

227. Fuligula rufina (Pall.}. Red-crested Pochard.

228. Fuligula marila (Z.). Scaup.

Winter visitant, abundant on the Humber and coast, and
not uncommon on many large inland waters. Arrives
about the first week in November, leaving late in spring.

BIRDS. 57

229. Fuligula cristata (Leach}. Tufted Duck.

Winter visitant, common on the Humber and coast ; less so
on inland waters. One instance of its breeding at Malham
Tarn in 1849 has been recorded (Cooke, Zool., 1849,
p. 2879). It nas also been observed to remain occasionally
through the summer at Horn sea Mere, Sir W. Milner
(Zool., 1854, p. 4441) surmising that it possibly bred there.

230. Nyroca ferruginea (Gm.}. White-eyed Duck.

Casual visitant, of very rare occurrence.

Coatham Marsh Decoy, one taken Jan. 17, 1850 (Rudd,

Zool., 1850, p. 2773).
Dalton, near Huddersfield, Dec., 1858 (Hobkirk's Nat. Hist.

of Hudd., 1859, p. 145).
Coatham Marsh, pair seen, female shot, Oct. 3, 1878 (Rev.

H. Smith, MS.).

231. Clangula albeola (Z.). Buff el -headed Duck.

Accidental visitant from Northern America, of extremely rare
occurrence.

Bessingby Beck, Bridlington, adult, male, winter, 1864-5, in
the collection of Mr. J. Whitaker (Whitaker, MS. ;
Cordeaux, Birds of Humber, p. 176).

232. Clangula glaucion (Z.). Goldeneye.

Winter visitant, immature birds being not uncommon on the
coast and in the Humber in severe seasons ; old males are
always rare. Inland it is frequently observed on extensive
waters, and, as on the coast, is most abundant in severe
winters.

233. Cosmonetta histrionica (Z.). Harlequin Duck.

Accidental visitant from Northern Europe, Asia, and
America, of extremely rare occurrence. Out of twenty-two
British occurrences Mr. Dresser is of opinion that two
only are referable to this species.

River Don, above Doncaster, a female shot ; in the collec-
tion of H. E. Strickland (Allis, 1844).

58 BIRDS.

Filey, young male, autumn, 1862 ; in the collection of Mr.
Whitaker, of Rainworth (Roberts, MS.).

Hornby Decoy, male captured about 1860; in the collection
of the late Mr. Geo. Savage, Keeper, Hornby Castle,
Bedale. Has been seen by Mr. James Carter (Carter, MS).

234. Harelda glacialis (Z.). Long-tailed Duck.

Winter visitant, immature birds being not uncommon off the
coast, particularly at Flamborough Head and Bridlmgton
Bay. The old birds only approach the shore in extremely
severe weather. Rarely straggles inland, but has occurred
as far west as York.

235. Somateria mollissima (Z.). Eider Duck.

Casual visitant, observed off the coast in autumn and winter
in limited numbers, chiefly immature birds. Its occurrence
in the Humber is quite exceptional, and inland it has
never been seen.

236. Somateria spectabilis (Z.). King Eider.
Accidental visitant from Northern Europe, Asia, and America,

of extremely rare occurrence.

One shot at Bridlington Quay early in August, 1850; was
first recorded for Bedlington, in Northumberland, by Mr.
Duff (Zool., 1851, p. 3036), and corrected by Mr. Hancock
(B. of Northumberland and Durham, p. 159) on the
authority of a letter received by him from Mr. Duff.

237. Somateria stelleri (Pall.). Steller's Duck.
Accidental visitant from Northern Europe and Asia, of ex- *

tremely rare occurrence.

Filey (misprinted 'Filby'), male, assuming winter plumage,
shot Aug. 15, 1845, by Mr. Curzon, and submitted to Mr.
Yarrell for inspection (Bell, Zool., 1846, p. 1249); now in
the collection of Mr. Thos. Boynton, of Ulrome Grange.

238. CEdemia fusca (Z.). Velvet Scoter.

Winter visitant off the coast, rarely approaching the shore.
Two instances are recorded of its occurring far inland : a
mature male was shot at Clapham in Feb., 1841, and an
example at Bentley near Doncaster prior to 1844. The
'Velvet Ducks' often reported inland are generally refer-
able to (E. nigra.

BIRDS. 59

239. CEdemia nigra (Z.). Common Scoter.

Winter visitant, common on the coast and in the Humber,
occasionally visiting inland waters. Arrives in immense
flocks in the autumn, and a few are found off the coast all
the year round. Mr. Cordeaux is of opinion that those
remaining during the summer are young of the preceding
year, not going north to breed. Occasionally large migra-
tory flocks are observed far inland in spring.

240. CEdemia perspicillata (Z.). Surf-Scoter.

241. Mergus merganser Z. Goosander.

Winter visitant to the coast and its vicinity, in varying num-
bers, but not uncommon, especially in severe seasons, when
it is occasionally observed far inland on rivers and lakes.
Immature birds are most frequent, adults being considered
scarce.

242. Mergus serrator Z. Red-breasted Merganser.

Casual visitant in winter, of rare occurrence, both on the
coast and inland ; the recorded instances are, however,
somewhat too numerous to mention.

243. Mergus cucullatus Z. Hooded Merganser.

Accidental visitant from North America, of extremely rare
occurrence.

Leeds, a pair obtained, in the collection of Mr. W. Christy
Horsfall (Gould, Birds of G. Britain, Part TO, 1866). These
specimens I have been unable to trace.

244. Mergus albellus Z. Smew.

Winter visitant, not uncommon on the coast in severe seasons,
scarce inland. Old males are very rare, females and young
of the year predominating. Less frequent than formerly.

60 BIRDS.

Series SCHIZOGNATH^E.
Order I. COLUMBJE.

Fam. COLUMBIDJE.

245. Columba palumbus L. Ring-Dove.

Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Flocks of immi-
grants appear in October and November, their numbers
being dependent on the severity, or otherwise, of the
season.

246. Columba livia Bonnat. Rock-Dove.

Resident, very local, but numerous where it occurs. Breeds
in considerable numbers in the Flamborough range of
cliffs. They are also reported to breed in several inland
localities, as near Sheffield, where they are entirely absent
in winter, near Masham, near Pateley Bridge, and near
Richmond.

247. Columba cenas Z. Stock-Dove.

Resident, local, but common in most localities where it
occurs. This species is steadily increasing in numbers,
and gradually diffusing itself over the county, being now
frequent in localities where even ten years ago it was un-
known. Mr. Allis (1844) stated that the only Yorkshire
specimen he had seen was one in the York Museum, and
that the only locality in which it was known to occur at
that date was Sheffield, where they were reported as not
unfrequent. Now the stock-dove breeds in all parts of the
county, in localities too numerous to mention, but is least
frequent in the north-west. At Flamborough it breeds
plentifully in the sea-cliffs.

248. Turtur communis Selby. Turtle Dove.

Summer visitant, extremely local, and in very limited num-
bers. Breeds annually in Holderness and near Sheffield.
A few are observed in Eastern Yorkshire during the
autumnal migration. It is less frequent in the spring, but
on April 15, 1878, fifteen were observed at Flamborough.
In Western Yorkshire it is quite of exceptional occurrence.

BIRDS. 61

249. Ectopistes migratorius (Z.). Passenger Pigeon.

Accidental visitant from North America, of extremely rare
occurrence.

Mulgrave, near Whitby, female shot, Oct. 12, 1876 (Hancock,
Nat. Hist. Trans. North. & Durh., vol. v. p. 337 ; Zool.,
1877, p. 1 80). Doubtless an escape.

Fam. PTEROCLID^:.

250. Syrrhaptes paradoxus (Pall.}. Pallas's Sand-

Grouse.

Accidental visitant from the Asiatic Steppes, of extremely
rare occurrence.

A careful computation of the numbers which visited this
county during the memorable irruption of the summer of
1863, shows that no less than 80 birds were observed in
different localities, and that 24 of them were obtained. It
is probable that, from the roving disposition of this
species, identical birds would be recorded for more than
one locality.

Order 2. GALLINJE.
Fam. PHASIANIDJE.

251. Phasianus colchicus Z. Pheasant.

Semi-domesticated, resident, generally distributed, abundant.

252. Caccabis rufa (Z.). Red-legged Partridge.

Resident in various parts of the county, but in extremely
limited numbers, and only very occasionally shot. Mr. A.
G. More (Ibis, 1865) mentions this bird as breeding 'very
rarely ' in West Yorkshire. There is no evidence that I
am aware of to show that this species has been introduced
into the county.

253. Caccabis petrosa (Gm.}. Barbary Partridge.

Accidental visitant from Northern Africa, of extremely rare
occurrence.

62 BIRDS.

Beverley, one about 1869, seen in the flesh by Mr. W. W.
Boulton (Cordeaux, Birds of Humber, p. 81).

254. Perdix cinerea Lath. Partridge.

Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Mentioned as
scarce at Halifax and in Upper Ribblesdale.

255. Coturnix communis Bonnat. Common Quail.

Summer visitant, breeding regularly in limited numbers, in
Holderness and at Boston Spa, and irregularly in many
other localities in the county. Has occurred occasionally
in midwinter. Many records show that this species was
formerly much more frequent, and Mr. A. Strickland in-
formed Mr. Allis (1844) that they used to be taken in nets
near Bridlington.

256. Ortyx virginianus (L.). Virginian Colin.

Accidental visitant from Eastern North America, of extremely

rare occurrence.

•

Cottingham, male, 'a few years since,' in the collection of Mr.
Boulton (Cordeaux, Birds of Humber, 1872, p. 83).

Fam. TETRAONIDJE.

257. Lagopus mutus Leach. Common Ptarmigan.

258. Lagopus scoticus (Lath.). Red Grouse.

Resident, abundant on all the high moors, and in severe
winters sometimes occurs as a straggler in the most unlikely
localities. The Rev. H. H. Slater informs me — on the
authority of his uncle, Mr. T. Horrocks, of Eden Brows,
Carlisle — that towards the end of October every year there
is a migration of packs of grouse from the Duke of Cleve-
land's moors, near High Force, in Upper Teesdale, to Mr.
Horrocks' moors, at Alston, in Cumberland (a distance of
twenty miles), where they remain until the end of the season,
and then return to their own county. A large proportion
of these migrants are hens, and they are different in size
and plumage and readily discriminated from the Alston
birds, being only two-thirds their size and weight, and their
plumage more speckled and yellow.

BIRDS. 63

259. Tetrao tetrix Z. Black Grouse.

Resident, local, occurring chiefly near Sheffield, sparingly
near Huddersfield, occasionally on the moors of Wensley-
dale and Nidderdale, and near Richmond. At Lartington,
in upper Teesdale, they have been introduced, and are now
fairly numerous.

260. Tetrao urogallus L. Capercaillie.

Fam. TTTRNICIDJE.

261. Turnix sylvatica (Desf.). Andalusian Hemipode.

Accidental visitant from Southern Europe and Northern
Africa, of extremely rare occurrence.

Huddersfield, one near Fartovvn, April 7, 1865 (Gould, P.Z.S.,
1866, p. 210).

Order 3. GRAILS.

Fam. RALLID-ffi.

262. Rallus aquaticus L. Water-Rail.

Resident, local, far from numerous. Doubtlessly breeds
annually in suitable localities in the county, but from the
secluded nature of its habitats, and the skulking habits of
the bird, its nest is very seldom found, young birds being
more frequently met with. Winter visitant, immigrants
arriving in September and October ; the species is then
more common, particularly so in severe seasons.

263. Porzana maruetta (Leac/i). Spotted Crake.

Resident, extremely local in its distribution and limited in
its numbers ; as a winter visitant very local but not un-
common. A few pairs breed annually on the sedgy banks
of the river Hull, at Beverley ; and it has been known to
breed occasionally near York and Doncaster.

64 BIRDS.

264. Porzana bailloni (VieilL). Baillon's Crake.

Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence.

Wenslej', one on the banks of the Ure, April, 1807 (Fothergill
in Whitaker's Richmondshire, 1823,1. 416); recorded as
Rallus pusillus Pall., it is probably referable to this species.
Mr. Dresser (Birds of Europe) cites this occurrence under
P. parva, and gives the date as May 6th, [807.

Huddersfield, one at Kirkheaton, May 29, 1874 (Palmer,
Zool, 1874, p. 4159).

Goole, one killed a few years since is in the possession of Mr.
Gunnee, of Thorne (Bunker, MS.).

265. Porzana Carolina (Z.). Carolina Crake.

266. Porzana parva (Scop.). Little Crake.

Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence.

Scarborough, one killed (W. C. Williamson, P.Z.S., 1836,

P- 77)-
Cantley, near Doncaster, one taken alive (Allis, 1844).

Aldwarke Bridge, above York, one flew into a coal-boat ;
now in the possession of Mr. Johnson, of Masham (Jno.
Harrison, MS.).

267. Crex pratensis Bechst. Land-Rail.

Summer visitant, generally distributed and common, except
in the manufacturing districts. Some seasons have been
remarkable for its scarcity. Arrives early in May, depart-
ing in September.

268. Gallinula chloropus (Z.). Moorhen.
Resident, generally distributed, common.

269. Fulica atra Z. Common Coot.

Resident, generally distributed, and common, except in the
manufacturing districts and the Western Fells, where it is
local and not numerous. Breeds at Malham Tarn, 1250
feet above sea level.

BIRDS. 65

Fam. GRUIDJE.

270. Grus communis Bechst. Common Crane.

Accidental visitant from Northern Europe, of extremely rare
occurrence.

York, one shot in 1797 (Fothergill, Orn. Brit., 1799, p. 7).

271. Grus virgo (Z). Demoiselle Crane.

Order 4. LIMICOLJE.

Fam. OTIDJE.

272. Otis tarda Z. Great Bustard.

Accidental visitant from Continental Europe, of ex-
tremely rare occurrence ; formerly resident in great
numbers on the Wolds of Eastern Yorkshire, when in
their virgin state as undulating barren sheepwalks.

The precise date of extinction is uncertain, but there is
reason to believe that the last bird was killed at Reighton
near Hunmanby, about the year 1830.

It is much to be regretted that the whole of the records
of the existence in Yorkshire of so fine and conspicuous
a bird should date subsequently to its extinction, and it
is somewhat remarkable that no allusion to its presence in
the county should be made by Pennant or other contem-
porary writers ; probably this may be explained by the
very abundance of the species. Even the records that exist
are derived from memory, or based upon hearsay state-
ments.

The materials available for treating of the past history
of Yorkshire Bustards consist of — Mr. Arthur Strickland's
account given in Allis's report on Yorkshire Birds, in 1844 ;
notes by Mr. Henry Woodali, of North Dalton, and Mr. E.
H. Hebden, of Scarborough, contributed to Morris' British
Birds, in 1854; articles in the Zoologist for 1870 (pp.
2063, 2102, 2103); a letter from Sir Charles Anderson, of
Lea, to Mr. John Cordeaux, dated Dec. 14, 1874 ; and
letters to myself from Mr. Thos. Boynton, of Ulrome, Sir
F

66 BIRDS.

C. W. Strickland, of Hildenley, and Mr. J. W. Woodall,
of Scarborough. From such of these materials as have
been published, the numerous statements given in books
have been compiled.

At the northern extremity of the Wolds, the chief
and last haunt of the Great Bustard seems to have
been about Flixton, Hunmanby, and Reighton. It
was here — as she informed Mr. Boynton — that the
late Miss Charlotte Rickaby, of Bridlington Quay, when
a girl, counted fifteen Great Bustards in a field while
riding with her father from Bridlington Quay to Flam-
borough, early in the present century; and Sir C. W.
Strickland informs me that his grandfather, Sir William
Strickland, used to say that he could remember a flock of
them on the Wolds between Reighton and Bridlington,
of about five-and-twenty, and that the last of them was
eaten at Boynton. A farmer living at Reighton in 1830
told Sir Charles Anderson that when he was a boy flocks
of eight and ten together were found all over the district.
Mr. Hebden states that to the best of his recollection it
would be about 1811 that he first saw the five large Bus-
tards on Flixton Wold, that number continuing there at
least two years, when two were shot ; the remaining three
still continued on the same wold for at least one year,
when two disappeared, leaving the solitary bird, which,
after a length of time, was severely wounded by Sir Wm.
Strickland's keeper, and found some days afterwards in a
turnip field near Hunmanby, by the huntsman of the
Scarborough Harriers, and secured. Mr. A. S. Bell adds
that this bird was brought to Scarborough, and cooked at
a supper given by the hunt (Zool., 1870, p. 2063). This,
however, would hardly be the last Bustard, unless indeed
the solitary individual survived its former companions for
no less than fifteen years. Mr. J. W. Woodall informs me
that about 1825 one was run over and killed between
Folkton and Hunmanby. Sir Charles Anderson has a
stuffed specimen, shot in 1825 at Hunmanby, and in 1828,
while shooting on Mr. Osbaldeston's property at that place
he saw a fine cock. This would, no doubt, be the identical
bird seen in Grindale Field by Mr. John Milner, of Middle-
dale, Kilham, he thinks about the year 1828, for — as he
informed Mr. Boynton — it was some time after he left
school in 1825, and at the time he was riding with his
father, who died in 1830. Mr. Boynton was also told by
the late Mrs. Metcalfe, of Bridlington Quay, that she and

BIRDS. 67

her husband (who was vicar of Reighton, 'and died in
1834) were invited to dine at Boynton Hall with Sir Wm.
Strickland, the principal dish being a Great Bustard, which
Sir William' in his note of invitation described as probably
the 'last of his race.' Sir Charles Anderson believes the
existence of the Great Bustard in Yorkshire ceased in
1832 or 1833, when the last hen bird was trapped on Sir
W. Strickland's estate at Boynton, near Bridlington.

Mr. Arthur Strickland, in the account which he furnished
to Mr. Allis in 1844, said that it used to be a constant
resident on the extensive wolds in the East Riding, but that
from the extension of tillage and the numerous enclosures
which had taken place during the half century, and from the
introduction of artificial crops, particularly saintfoin and
clover — which from being early cut often led to their
destruction — they rapidly decreased, and had then been for
some years quite extinct. About thirty years before [/'.*.,
1814], when he first knew the district, the flock frequent-
ing the part of the Wolds near Bridlington was reduced to
five or six, and appeared to remain at that standing for
some time, and he not unfrequently met with it when
riding about. It, however, soon became reduced, and it
was about fifteen years before [/.<?., 1829] that the last was
killed at Reighton, since which none had been seen in the
neighbourhood. He believed those frequenting the Wolds
south of Driffteld remained in existence some years longer,
but were then — at the time of his writing — totally extermi-
nated.

In this last and somewhat off-hand statement, which he
does not substantiate, I am of opinion that Mr. Strickland
was mistaken, for, judging from the evidence which I am
able to quote, the birds on the north Wolds certainly
existed a few years later than those in the south.

The last Bustards which frequented the southern portion
of the Wolds were in the vicinity of North and South
Dalton. There is an egg — the only Yorkshire one known
to exist — in the Scarborough Museum, the note attached
to which states that it was found by Mr. James Dowker, at
North Dalton, in the East Riding, in 1810. This was pre-
sented to the Museum in March, 1840, by Dr. John Bury
(Fielden, Zool., 1870, p. 2063). Mr. John Wolley, the
eminent oologist, who saw the egg in 1843 and in 1850,
noted in his egg-book that it had been ' boiled with the
notion of preserving it ' and was of ' bad colour ' (Fielden,

68 BIRDS.

torn. tit. 2102). Mr. H. Woodall informed Mr. Morris
that in 1816 or 1817 Mr. James Dowker, of North Dalton,
killed two near that place with a right and left shot, and
saw a third, Mr. Woodall believed, at the same time ; a
nest that had been forsaken was also found with one egg
in it, which is the one now in the Scarborough Museum.
One of the birds shot was presented to George the Fourth,
then Prince Regent. Mr. A. S. Bell (Zool., 1870, p. 2103)
adds that the other was cooked by Mr. Dowker, and that
in the previous year — which he states as 1809 — five
Bustards were seen on the same moor, but were very wild,
and none shot. These dates disagree, but it is more than
probable that that of the label on the egg is the correct
one. Sir Charles Anderson also states that the Bustard
bred at Haywold [evidently the Hawold of the Ordnance
Map, situate above North Dalton] about 1810. In 1865
Mr. W. W. Boulton saw at Scorborough, the seat of Mr.
James Hall, two specimens which had been captured in
the East Riding — one, a female, was evidently a bird of
the year ; it was taken alive in the neighbourhood of Scor-
borough, about forty years before [/.&, about 1825], and Mr.
Hall had it tethered on his lawn ; the other, an old male,
Mr. Hall had forgotten the history of, but thought it was
taken not far from Doncaster, and certainly in Yorkshire.
(Zool., 1865, p. 9446). After Mr. Hall's death, his collec-
tion was sold, the male Bustard passing into the possession
of Mr. Thos. Boynton, and the female into that of Mr.
John Stephenson, of Beverley.

A pair — male and female — are preserved in the Black-
more Museum, at Salisbury, which were killed near
Malton, in 1825 (Thos. Norwood, of Salisbury, ' Country,'
Jan. n, 1877, viii., 39).

The fine pair in the Scarborough Museum were purchased
from Mr. Reid, of Doncaster, and presented by Dr.
Murray, many years ago.

Since the date of its final extinction as a resident, the
Great Bustard — now become an accidental visitant — has
twice occurred in Yorkshire. A female was shot on
Rufforth Moor, near York, on the 22nd of Feb., 1861
(Allis, Zool., 1861, p. 7507), and is now in the York
Museum ; and another female, just dead but still warm,
was picked up in the sea, near Bridlington Quay, on the
nth Nov., 1864 (Boulton, Zool., 1865, p. 9442).

BIRDS. 69

273. Otis tetrax L. Little Bustard.

Casual visitant in winter, of rare occurrence. The localities
from which it has been reported are : — Flamborough, two
in the winter of 1814-15 ; Boythorpe, one early in 1839;
Bolton Wood, near Bradford, about 1839 ; near Beverley,
and one on the Wolds prior to 1844 (Allis) ; Goodman-
ham, a female, Jan. 19, 1854 ; Leven, near Beverley,
mature female, Jan. 31, 1862; Allerston Marishes, near
Scarborough, a pair, Oct. 1866 ; near Scarborough, one, a
few years ago ; and North Burton, in 1868.

274. Otis macqueeni / E. Gray. Macqueen's Bustard.

Fam. (EDICNEMIDJE.

275. CEdicnemus scolopax (Gm.). Stone Curlew.

Summer visitant to Eastern Yorkshire, where it is not only
local in distribution, but very limited and fast decreasing in
numbers. On the Wolds, where before their enclosure the
bird was most- numerous, it is now confined to a few locali-
ties in the north. From the Southern Wolds it is now all
but banished, though only a very few years ago it was fairly
abundant. Has bred occasionally on Levisham Moor,
near Pickering ; on the Hambleton Hills, and near Scar-
borough. In 1844, Mr. Allis stated that it bred near
Rossington, and other places in the vicinity of Doncaster.
In Western Yorkshire it has been very rarely observed, and
only as a straggler.

Fam. GLAREOLIDJE.

276. Glareola pratincola L. Common Pratincole.

Accidental visitant from Central and Southern Europe,
Africa, and Western Asia, of extremely rare occurrence.

Staxton Wold, near Scarborough, one, May, 1844 (Milner,
Zool., 1848, p. 2023).

Bridlington, one in the winter of 1849-50 (Duff, Zool, 1850,
p. 2771 ; and Hancock, Birds of Northumberland and
Durham, 1874, p. 96). Mr. Duff originally recorded this
specimen for ' Bedlington, in Northumberland ; ' but in a
letter to Mr. Hancock, informed him that the statement

70 BIRDS.

in the Zoologist was a mistake, as the specimen was for-
warded to him from Bridlington, in Yorkshire.

Whitby, one, Oct. 19, 1871 (Simpson, Zool., 1871, p. 2870);
now in the Museum.

Fam. CHARADRIID^E.

277. Cursorius gallicus (Gm.). Cream - coloured

Courser.

Accidental visitant from the sandy plains of Northern Africa
and Western Asia, of extremely rare occurrence.

Wetherby, one, April, 1816 (Atkinson, Comp. B. Orn., p.
165).

One killed in 1825 by Lord Harewood's keeper ( Allis ; Gould,
Birds of G. Britain).

Holme, near Market Weighton, one killed in 1828, by Hon.
Chas. Stourton's keeper (Allis, fide Strickland).

278. Charadrius pluvialis Z. Golden Plover.

Resident, breeding commonly on the moors of Cleveland and
the North-Western Fells ; in the South- Western Moorlands
it is much less common, a few pairs breeding annually near
Halifax, Penistone, and Sheffield. As a winter visitant it
is more general in its distribution, and is then observed in
flocks. Arrives late in October and in November, but a few
old birds are sometimes observed early in August in summer
plumage. Occasionally remains as late as the second week
in May.

279. Squatarola helvetica (Z.). Grey Plover.

Winter visitant, observed abundantly in the spring and autumn
— chiefly on the coast — on its passage to and from its
breeding haunts in far North-east Europe. Appears in the
autumn as early as August — the young birds arriving before
the old — but the majority arrive later, passing further south,
a few only remaining through the winter. In May, it occurs
in flocks on the Holderness Coast, in all stages of plumage,
and leaves towards the middle and end of the month.
Inland it is but of occasional occurrence.

BIRDS. 71

280. /Egialitis cantiana (Lath,}. Kentish Plover.

Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence.

Ulrome, male and female shot by Mr. Thos. Boynton, May
25 and 28, 1869 (Boynton, Zool., 1869, pp. 1843-4.)

Flamborough : Mr. M. Bailey knows ' of one being shot here
about 1857 ' (MS.).

281. >£gialitis curonica (Gm.\ Lesser Ringed Plover.

Accidental visitant from Continental Europe, Asia, and
Africa, of extremely rare occurrence.

Whixley, male, July 30, 1850 (Garth, Zool., 1850, p. 2953).
Others reported to me I believe to be referable to ^E.
hiaticula.

282. >Egialitis hiaticula (Z). Ringed Plover.

Resident on the coast, breeding more or less commonly on
sandy beaches, and also in arable fields near to the shore.
At Whitby is only observed as a winter visitant. Inland it
is only occasionally seen, but there is reason to believe
that it nests, for I have seen several on the shingly shore
of one of our inland reservoirs late in May. Large migra-
tory flocks, consisting of young birds, arrive on the coast
about the first week of August. The variety iutermedius
is occasionally observed in May in small flocks.

283. Eudromias morinellus (Z.). Dotterel.

Periodical visitant, occurring in spring and autumn while
passing to and from its breeding-stations ; most frequent
on the coast, where it arrives regularly in the first week of
May, sojourning for about a fortnight before taking its
departure north. At this date it is also occasionally
observed on the higher lands of the county. Much less
frequently noticed in the autumn. Now occurs in much
smaller numbers than formerly.

284. Vanellus vulgaris Bechst. Lapwing.

Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Less general in
winter, when it frequents in flocks the lowlands and the
coast. There are large arrivals of immigrants in autumn.

285. Strepsilas interpres (Z,). Turnstone.

Winter visitant, on the coast. Arrives in considerable num-
bers during September, a few in August, the great majority

72 BIRDS.

departing further south later in the autumn. The few re-
maining to pass the winter are joined in May by large flocks
from the south, and leave along with them before the end
of the month. For the last two years I have noted that
about a score of non-breeding birds remain at Spurn
throughout the summer.

286. Haematopus ostralegus L. Oystercatcher.

Winter visitant to the coast, local ; common in some locali-
ties, scarce in others. Occasionally frequents inland reser-
voirs. Sometimes observed on the coast as early as July,
remaining till spring.

Fam. SCOLOPACID^:.

287. Recurvi rostra avocetta Z. Avocet.

Accidental visitant from continental Europe, of extremely
rare occurrence.

Skipwith Common, two killed about 1824; one of them in
the York Museum (Allis).

Spurn Point : Mr. Arthur Strickland informed Mr. Allis, in
1844, that he had known several to occur near the Spurn
Lighthouse in spring some years before, but that he had
heard of no recent occurrence.

Tees mouth, one shot in the winter of 1827-8 near the Tees
(Hogg, Zool., 1845, p. 1172), a locality from which Mr.
J. H. Gurney, jun. (Zool., 1876, p. 4765), records it as
having occurred twice or three times.

The last instance in which the Avocet is known to have
nested in Britain, was at the mouth of the Trent, about the
year 1840. Mr. Hugh Reid, of Doncaster, informed Mr.
A. G. More, in a letter dated June ist, 1861, that eggs
were taken on a sand island at the mouth of the river
Trent about twenty years before. There was at the time
a spring tide, which nearly covered the island, and the
eggs were floating on the water. The man who took them
shot one of the parent birds at the same time, and brought
the eggs to Mr. Reid. The island had patches of grass
growing on it, and there was always mud and warp about
it — a likely place for the bird to feed on. The county
boundary being at this place drawn in the centre of the

BIRDS. 73

river Trent, Yorkshire will share with Lincolnshire the
honour of possessing the last British breeding-station of
the Avocet.

288. Himantopus candidus Bonnat. Black-winged Stilt.

Accidental visitant from Southern and South-eastern Europe
and Africa, of extremely rare occurrence.

Aike Carrs, near Beverley, two, old and young, shot by the
keeper ; formerly in the collection of the late Mr. Hall, of
Scorborough, now in that of Mr. John Stephenson, of
Beverley, who informs me that a woman living at Aike well
remembers their being shot and shown to her.

289. Phalaropus hyperboreus (Z.). Red-necked Phala-

rope.

Casual visitant in autumn and winter, of very rare
occurrence. A specimen shot in Yorkshire, in the
possession of Mr. Johnson, of Brignall, one of Ray's
correspondents, was described and figured by Edwards
(Nat. His. Birds, 1 743 ?) as a 'Cock Coot-footed Tringa.'
One was shot in the autumn of 1812, on Swinton Lake;
one at Redcar, Nov. 22nd, 1851 ; one, mature, at Scar-
borough, in Dec., 1853 ; one at York, in summer plumage,
in May, 1854; another at Scarborough, in Nov., 1854;
and an immature male at Bridlington, Oct. 14, 1872. In
1844, Mr. Arthur Strickland informed Mr. Allis that it was
occasionally met with on the Bridlington coast.

290. Phalaropus fulicarius (Z.). Grey Phalarope.

Casual visitant in autumn and winter, of uncommon occur-
rence. Judging from the records, it appears to have been
observed as frequently inland as on the coast.

291. Scolopax rusticola Z. Woodcock.

Resident, known to breed annually in limited numbers in
many woods in the county. Much better known as a
winter visitant, arriving on the coast in October and
November, sometimes in immense numbers, at others only
a few being observed. Returns to the coast, for departure,
during the first week of March.

292. Gallinago major (Gin.). Double Snipe.

Casual visitant, in autumn and winter, of uncommon occur-
rence.

74 BIRDS.

The melanic variety, sabini, has been recorded as occurring
twice in Wharfedale in August, 1820; one specimen at
Otley on the i4th, and a second on the iyth at Denton
Park (T. G[arnett], London's Mag., 1835, p. 614),

293. Gallinago ccelestis (Frenzel). Common Snipe.

Resident, local, breeds in more or less numbers in all suitable
localities. Immigrants arrive, often in immense numbers,
late in October or early in November ; and during the
winter it is much more generally distributed, but very
variable in its movements.

294. Gallinago gallinula (Z.). Jack Snipe.

Winter visitant, common in suitable localities throughout
the county. Usually arrives in October, departing in
April ; an exceptionally early occurrence has been recorded
for the 2oth of August.

295. Limicola platyrhyncha (Temm.). Broad-billed

Sandpiper.

Accidental visitant from Northern Europe, of extremely rare
occurrence.

Hornsea Mere, one shot by T. Ellotson, April, 1863, now in
the collection of Sir H. S. Boynton (T. Boynton, MS.).

296. Tringa maculata Vieill. Pectoral Sandpiper.

Accidental visitant from North America, of extremely rare
occurrence.

Filey, one (Morris, B. Birds, 1854, iv. 316).

Teesmouth, one, Aug., 1853 (Rudd, Morris' Nat., 1853,

P- 275)-
Coatham, Redcar, one, Oct. 17, 1853 (Id.).

297. Tringa fuscicollis Vieill. Bonaparte's Sandpiper.

298. Tringa alpina L. Dunlin.

Resident, confined entirely to the high moorlands of the
western border from north to south, over which it is
scattered irregularly in most extremely limited numbers.
Mr. Arthur Strickland informed Mr. Allis in 1844 that he
had many years before taken both eggs and young on
Stockton Common, near York. Occurs in vast numbers

BIRDS. 75

as a winter visitant on the • coast and the Humber,
especially the latter, where it arrives in August, and departs
in April and May. Occasionally occurs in limited num-
bers inland. A few remain on the coast during the
summer ; these are probably young of the preceding year,
not nesting.

Mr. Cordeaux informs me that the small race of dunlin
(Tringa schinzii Brehm} occurs occasionally on the
Humter flats in May.

299. Tringa minuta Let's!. Little Stint.

Casual visitant, of uncommon occurrence on the coast in
spring and autumn, most frequent at the latter season.
Specimens have been obtained in May in full summer
plumage. Has once or twice occurred inland.

300. Tringa temmincki Leisl. Temminck's Stint.

Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence.

Scarborough, 'has been killed' (W. C. Williamson, P.Z.S.,
1836, p. 77).

Bridlington Quay, ' Mr. Boulton . . . once examined a
specimen shot . . . near Bridlington Quay' (Cor-
deaux, Birds of Humber, 1872, p. 137).

301. Tringa minutilla Vidll. American Stint.

302. Tringa subarquata (Guld.). Pygmy Curlew.

Periodical visitant in spring and autumn, uncommon on the
coast in August and September; still less common in spring.
A large and unusual flight appeared on the Humber on
August 30 and Sept. i, 1873. A rare straggler inland.

303. Tringa striata L. Purple Sandpiper.

Winter visitant, not uncommon on the coast, especially the
rocky portions. The young arrive early in September, old
birds in October. Has been observed late in April.

304. Tringa canutus L. Knot.

Winter visitant, abundant on the coast, and especially on the
Humber, arriving usually in autumn ; the young in late
August or in September, followed by immense flocks of
old birds late in October or in November. Many of these

76 BIRDS.

retire south on the approach of winter. Immigrants on
their way north occur on the coast in April and May,
many in summer plumage. Has occasionally appeared far
inland.

305. Machetes pugnax (L.). Ruff.

Periodical visitant, in extremely limited numbers, observed
chiefly in Holderness and on the Humber, especially about
Paull, on their spring passage in May, and in autumn in
August and September. A very rare straggler inland.

Until about the commencement of the present century
this species was abundant, and bred in the carrs of East
Yorkshire, on Skipwith Common near Selby, and also on
Hatfield Chase and the carrs about Doncaster, where Mr.
Hugh Reid — as he informed Mr. More — remembered
their breeding quite plentifully. Mr. Arthur Strickland
informed Mr. Allis, in 1844, that before the drainage of the
carrs they used to be taken in considerable numbers in the
breeding season, but that he should doubt if any had bred
in the county within the half-century.

306. Calidris arenaria (Z.). Sanderling.

Winter visitant, common on the coast, arriving in July and
August, and leaving in May. Of shore birds this is the last
to leave in spring and the first to arrive in autumn. Far
inland it is rarely observed as a straggler.

307. Tryngites rufescens (Vieill.). Buff-breasted Sand-

piper.

308. Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.}. Bartram's Sand-

piper.

309. Totanus hypoleucus (L.). Common Sandpiper.

Summer visitant, breeding in more or less abundance on the
streams and reservoirs in the north-eastern, western, and
west-central portions of the county, but not in the low-
lands. Arrives in mid-April, leaving in August and
September. In East Yorkshire it is observed during
migration, but it is probable that they may breed on the
streams about Driffield, Mr. F. Boyes informing me that
he has never failed to observe the birds there in the
summer months.

BIRDS. 77

310. Totanus macularius (Z.). Spotted Sandpiper.

An accidental visitant from North America, of extremely rare
occurrence.

Tees, one shot, in the collection of Mr. John Grey (Hogg,

Zool., 1845, P- ii73)-
Bridlington, one said to have been seen, March 2nd, 1848

(Higgins, Zool., 1848, p. 2147).
Whitby, one, March 29, 1849 (Milner ; Higgins j Zool.,

1849, p. 2455-6).

311. Totanus ochropus (Z.). Green Sandpiper.

Periodical visitant, in spring and autumn, when it is not
uncommon in the Holderness drains ; in a few instances
has remained through both winter and summer, but there
is no reliable evidence of its ever being bred. Most
numerous in the autumn, arriving early in August.

312. Totanus glareola (Z.). Wood-Sandpiper.

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence.

Campsall, near Doncaster, one in the possession of H. Reid

(Allis, 1844).

Beverley, three on the river, Aug. 4, 1878 (Boyes, MS.).
Kilnsea, Holderness, immature male shot, Sept. 7, 1878

(Clarke, Nat, 1879, p. 179). Another was seen by me the

same day.

313. Totanus flavipes (£///.). Yellowshank.

Accidental visitant from North and South America, of
extremely rare occurrence.

Tadcaster, one, Oct. 1858 (Milner, Zool., 1858, p. 5958;
Graham, Nat, 1858, p. 291).

314. Totanus calidris (Z.). Common Redshank.

Resident, very local, breeds in limited numbers on Strensall
Common, near Beverley, Pilmoor, Thome Waste, and on
Malham Tarn Moss (1250 feet) ; up to last year they also
bred in some numbers on Riccall Common near Selby,
which has since been drained and enclosed. In winter, a
common shore bird on the Humber and Tees estuaries,
large migratory flocks arriving in the early autumn.

78 BIRDS.

315. Totanus fuscus (Z.). Spotted Redshank.

Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence.

Braithwell Grange, near Doncaster, about 1828 (Allis).
Tees-mouth, one in the collection of W. Backhouse (Zool,

1846, p. 1261).
Kilnsea, near Spurn, immature male, shot Aug. 23rd, 1869

(Boyes, Field, Oct. 30, 1869).
Spurn, immature female shot Sept. 6th, 1876 (Cordeaux, MS.).

316. Totanus canescens (Gm.). Greenshank.

Periodical visitant, in spring and autumn, most frequent at
the latter season, when immature birds are chiefly observed.
A few are also occasionally noticed during the winter.
Much rarer inland than on the coast and its vicinity.

317. Totanus solitarius (Wils.\ Solitary Sandpiper.

318. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gm.). Red-breasted

Snipe.

319. Limosa lapponica (Z.). Bar-tailed Godwit.

Winter visitant, in limited numbers, on the coast. Common
in autumn, returning from its breeding stations in Septem-
ber and October, gradually decreasing in numbers as
winter advances, only a few remaining throughout that
season. Arrives punctually on the coast about the i2th
of May, when birds are to be seen in full summer plumage.
Also occurs rarely far inland.

320. Limosa aegocephala (Z.). Black-tailed Godwit.

Casual visitant of very rare occurrence, in autumn and
winter, chiefly on the Humber muds. Formerly resident.
'The late Mr. H. Reid, of Doncaster, has frequently told
me that the Black-tailed Godwit used, within his recollec-
tion, to breed on Hatfield Moor, in which locality he once
found the young birds himself (More, Ibis, 1865).

321. Numenius borealis (Forst.). Esquimaux Curlew.

322. Numenius phaeopus (Z.). Whimbrel.

Periodical visitant in spring and autumn, when it is common
on most portions of the coast. Leaves for more northern
breeding-haunts in May, returning in July and August. A

BIRDS. 79

pair or more have occasionally remained at Spurn through
the summer. Sometimes observed inland. The account
of its nesting in Yorkshire furnished to Mr. More by Mr.
Thomas Gough is simply incredible.

323. Numenius arquata (Z.). Common Curlew.

Resident, local, but breeding in more or less abundance on
all the high moorlands, least numerous in the south. It
retires from its breeding-haunts in August for the coast,
where it remains during the winter, returning in April. A
few are observed on the Humber muds all through the
summer.

Orders. GAVLE.

Fam. LARID-ffi.
Sub-fam. STERNIN&.

324. Sterna macrura Naum. Arctic Tern.

Periodical visitant on the coast, in spring and autumn, on its
way to and from its breeding-stations, and much the most
numerous at the latter season. Of very rare occurrence
inland.

325. Sterna fluviatilis Naum. Common Tern.

Periodical visitant on the coast in spring and autumn, passing
to and from its breeding haunts, and, like S. macrura, most
common in autumn, but occurs much more frequently
inland.

326. Sterna dougalli Mont. Roseate Tern.

Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence. In 1844, Mr.
Allis stated that Mr. H. Reid had shot it at Scarborough
and Hornsea. 'Argus,' writing in the 'Field' (Jan. 13,
1877, p. 44), records five in the Tees bay from the ist to
nth August, 1876.

327. Sterna minuta Z. Little Tern.

Summer visitant, breeding in yearly-decreasing numbers at
Spurn ; arriving in May, leaving in September. On the
reservoirs near Wakefield, these birds appear every spring
and autumn.

8o BIRDS.

328. Sterna bergi Lichtenstein. RuppelPs Tern.

329. Sterna caspia Pall. Caspian Tern.

Accidental visitant from the shores of Continental Europe
and Africa, of extremely rare occurrence.

Filey, one, early in September, 1874 (Willis, Field, Nov. 15,
1879. p. 684).

330. Sterna anglica Mont. Gull-billed Tern.

Accidental visitant from Southern Europe and Northern
Africa, of extremely rare occurrence.

Leeds, a mature bird, which had been shot at and wounded
on a mill reservoir, was brought alive to Mr. H. Denny
in the last week of July, 1843 (Denny, Ann. & Mag. N.H.,
1843, P- 297)-

331. Sterna cantiaca Gm. Sandwich Tern.

Periodical visitant, not uncommon off the coast in autumn,
on its passage south. One was shot at Filey on the i5th
of December, 1875, an unusual date.

332. Sterna fuliginosa Gm. Sooty Tern.

Accidental visitant from Northern and Central America, of
extremely rare occurrence.

Scarborough, one in the collection of Mr. Edward Tindall,
shot at Scalby in 1863 (Tindall, MS.).

333. Sterna aneestheta Scop. Smaller Sooty Tern.

334. Hydrochelidon hybrida (Pall.). Whiskered Tern.

335. Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Schinz). White-winged

Black Tern.

Accidental visitant from Southern Europe, of extremely rare
occurrence.

Scarborough, one shot in 1860 is now in the collection of

Mr. Edward Tindall (Tindall, MS ).
Flamborough, a single mature bird was seen for some days in

the spring of 1867, but not procured (Cordeaux, Birds of

Humber, p. 197).

BIRDS. 81

336. Hydrochelidon nigra (L.). Black Tern.

Periodical visitant to the coast and Humber, in spring and
autumn, and not uncommon. During the present year
(1881) a few have been noted at Spurn as late as the
middle of June. Mr. Arthur Strickland informed Mr.
Allis, in 1844, that it used to breed on some of the streams
near Driffield, though it had ceased to do so some years
before.

337- Anous stolidus (L.). Noddy Tern.

Sub-fam. LARIN^E.

338. Xema sabinii (Sabine). Sabine's Gull.

Accidental visitant from Arctic Asia and America, of rare
occurrence.

Bridlington, female, Sept. 5, 1866 (Boulton, Zool., 1867, P-

543)-
Bridlington, in full summer plumage, Aug. 10, 1872 (Gurney,

jun., Zool., 1872, p. 3316).

Flamborough, one, Oct. 15, 1873, in the collection of Mr.

J. H. Gurney, jun.
Bridlington, one, Oct. 14, 1875, in tne collection of Mr. T.

Whitaker (Whitaker, MS.).

Scarborough, one, immature, Nov. 7, 1878 (Roberts, Zool.,
1878, p. 455).

Scarborough, one, immature, Nov. 1879, in the collection of
Mr. Edward Tindall (Tindall, MS.).

339. Rhodostethia rosea (Macgill.). Cuneate-tailed Gull.

Accidental visitant from Arctic America, of extremely rare
occurrence.

One killed near Tadcaster, Dec. 22nd, 1846 (Milner, Zool.,
1847, p. 1694), but also described as shot at Milford-cum-
Kirby [near Tadcaster] in Feb., 1847 (Charlesworth, Proc.
Yorks. Phil. Soc, 1847, P- 33)- Mr. Howard Saunders,
who has seen the specimen, pronounced it to be in winter
plumage (Field, Feb. 1875, p. 196).

340. Pagophila eburnea (Phipps). Ivory Gull.
Accidental visitant from high northern latitudes of Europe,

Asia, and America, of extremely rare occurrence.
G

82 BIRDS.

Scarborough, one shot l many years ago ' by Mr. C. Watson,

of York (Allis, 1844).

Filey, adult male, Aug. 1875 (Tuck, Zool., 1875, P- 4689).
Redcar, one shot, Nov., 1879 (Mussell, Field, Feb. 14, 1880).
Filey, adult male, autumn, 1880 (Backhouse, Friends' Nat.

Hist. Journal, 1881, p. 39).

341. Larus atricilla L. Laughing Gull.

Accidental visitant from the eastern coast of North America,
of extremely rare occurrence.

Filey, adult male, March, 1876 (Tuck, Zool., 1876, p. 4960).

342. Larus ridibundus L. Black-headed Gull.

Resident, extremely local in the breeding season. Common
on the coast in early spring, late summer, and autumn ;
less numerous in winter. Though formerly breeding in
several localities, its stations are now reduced to two — a
large colony on Thorne Waste, and a few pairs which have
this year (1881) revisited Strensall Common — a former
resort. Up to last year this bird bred plentifully on
Riccall Common — now enclosed, broken up, and drained.
Mr. F. S. Mitchell informs me that in 1860 a colony
appeared on the shores of a tarn on Newton Fell, and
deposited a large number of eggs, but these being all
taken, the gulls left the place and never returned.

343. Larus melanocephalus Natt. Adriatic Gull.

344- Larus ichthyaetus Pall Great Black-headed Gull.

345. Larus minutus Pall Little Gull.

Periodical visitant to the coast, in very limited numbers, in
autumn and winter, most frequent at the former season.
A female was obtained at FJamborough on the i3th of
July, 1868, in full summer plumage, but birds of the year
and old ones in winter dress are most frequent. In
February, 1870, after a terrific gale from the East, no less
than twenty-nine were obtained at Bridlington, nineteen
old and ten young birds.

346. Larus Philadelphia Ord. Bonaparte's Gull.

BIRDS. 83

347. Larus canus L. Common Gull.

Winter visitant, common on the coast throughout the
autumn, winter, and early spring. A few immature birds
frequent the Humber throughout the summer.

348. Larus argentatus Gm. Herring Gull.

Resident, common, having breeding-stations near Filey,
Whitby, and Saltburn ; a few pairs also nest at Bempton.

349. Larus fuscus L. Lesser Black-backed Gull.

Winter visitant, common on the coast during the autumn,
winter, and spring months ; a few immature birds remain-
ing through the summer.

350. Larus marinus L. Greater Black-backed Gull.

Winter visitant, common, arriving on the coast in July,
departing in spring for its more northern nesting-stations.

351. Larus glaucus Fabr. Glaucous Gull.

Winter visitant to the coast, immature birds being but of
uncommon occurrence. Mature birds are rare, but in the
severe winter of 1830 considerable numbers occurred, and
several have appeared at Flamborough since 1872.

352. Larus leucopterus Faber. Iceland Gull.

Casual visitant to the coast in winter, when immature birds
have been very rarely observed, but is possibly much
overlooked. The adult bird has only once occurred in the
county, as recorded by Yarrell in 1843 ; particulars are
not now attainable.

Redcar, an immature bird, winter of 1854-5 (Rudd, Nat,
1855, p. 144).

Scarborough, immature bird, Jan. 15, 1867 (Knight, Zool.,
1867, p. 637).

Flamborough, young bird, Oct. 12, 1867 (Cordeaux, Zool,
1867, p. 1010).

Bridlington, immature male, Dec. 15, 1870 (Boynton, Zool.,
1871, p. 2488).

Whitby, one in the local collection at the Museum (Stephen-
son, MS.).

84 BIRDS.

353. Rissa tridactyla (Z.). Kittiwake.

Resident, breeding abundantly in the Flamborough range of
cliffs. Many retire south in autumn, though the species
is common on the coast in winter.

Sab-fam. STERCORARIIN&.

354. Stercorarius catarrhactes (Z.). Common Skua.

Periodical visitant, occurring off the coast in autumn, and
most frequently olf Flamborough Head ; comparatively
rare elsewhere. There is one record of its occurrence in
the spring, at Flamborough, on the ist of March, 1868.
Has once been obtained inland, at York, 8th Oct., 1879.

355. Stercorarius pomatorhinus (Temm.). Pomatorhine

Skua.

Periodical visitant, occurring off the coast in autumn. In
most years only one or two — in immature plumage — are
observed, principally at Flamborough. In October, 1879,
an irruption of considerable extent took place, both adults
and immature birds being extremely numerous on the
coast, and some were shot very far inland. Before the
date of this irruption, adult birds had been almost unknown
in the county.

356. Stercorarius crepidatus (Banks). Richardson's

Skua.

Periodical visitant to the coast, in autumn, when it is numerous
off Flamborough, chiefly immature, old birds being un-
common. This species was extremely abundant with its
congeners in the great flight of 1879. Has occasionally
occurred as a straggler inland

357. Stercorarius parasiticus (Z.). Buffon's Skua.

Casual visitant in autumn, very much less frequent than S.
pomatorhinus and S. crepidatus^ and although many —
mature and immature — were obtained during the memor-
able irruption of 1879, it was much less numerous than
they, and until then immature specimens only had been
obtained. Inland, one occurred at Strensall Common on
the 8th of October, 1879.

BIRDS. «S

Order 6. TUBINARES.

Fam. PROCELLABJIDJE,

358. Procellaria pelagica Z. Storm-Petrel.

Winter visitant, not uncommon on the coast during severe
weather, which drives them in from the open sea, and after
gales of unusual severity they are often picked up dead or
exhausted on the shores and in far inland localities.

359. Procellaria leucorrhoa Vieill Leach's Petrel.

Casual visitant in winter, of rare occurrence. In the winter
of 1831-2 many examples occurred far inland; four were
picked up near York, one or two near Hull, one at Thirsk,
and three or four near Halifax. Since then they have
appeared several times, also far inland ; one at Doncaster
in 1837, one at Kirkhammerton in 1850-1, and one at
Beverley in the autumn of 1854.

360. Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl). Wilson's Petrel.

Accidental visitant from the Atlantic, of extremely rare
occurrence.

Halifax, one shot at Southowram, late in Nov., 1874; now in
the collection of Mr. Christopher Ward, to whom it was
brought in the flesh (Ward, MS.).

361. Puffinus anglorum (Temm.\ Manx Shearwater.

Periodical visitant, in spring and autumn, especially the latter
season, when it is not uncommon off the coast, particularly
at Flamborough.

362. Puffinus griseus (Gm.). Sooty Shearwater.

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence, in the winter. Mr.
Dresser (Birds of Europe, parts 61 and 62, Aug., 1877)
remarks on this species that it ' is difficult to discriminate
the records of its occurrence in Great Britain, as it has so
very generally been confused with P. major, from which it
is clearly distinct' Gould (Birds of Europe) and Yarrell
both figured the present species as the Great Shearwater,
and the former remarks (B. of G. Brit, vol. 5) 'that out of fifty

86 BIRDS.

or eighty specimens which had come under his notice, not
more than three or four were' of 'the present species, all the
rest being Great Shearwaters, which shows that, as a rule, it is
much less numerous on our coasts than P. major — though on
the east coast the reverse would appear to be the case, at
least off the Yorkshire coast, for Mr. Cordeaux, who
believed the present species to be the young of P. major?
says 'that most of the large Shearwaters which occur there
are referable to this species, and Mr. Boulton obtained
three near Flamborough in the autumn of 1866.'

363. Puffin us major Faber. Great Shearwater.

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence, in autumn and winter.
Mr. M. Bailey, of Flamborough, informs me that he shot a
fine adult on the loth Jan., 1874.

After what Mr. Dresser has said, as quoted under P. griseus^
great difficulty arises in giving instances of the occurrence
of that and the present species, the records being inextri-
cably entangled, and it would be an impossibility, without
examining the specimens, to assign them to either form.

364. Fulmarus glacialis (Z.). Fulmar.

Casual visitant to the coast, in autumn and winter, of rare
occurrence. Often seen in large numbers at sea off the
coast.

365. CEstrelata haesitata (Kuht). Capped Petrel.

366. Bulweria columbina (Moq.-Tand.). Bulwer's Petrel.

Accidental visitant from the Atlantic, of extremely rare
occurrence.

Tanfield, one picked up dead on the banks of the Ure, May
8, 1837; in the collection of Colonel Dalton (Yarrell, 1843,
iii. 514).

Scarborough, one, in the spring of 1849 (Higgins, fide
Graham, Zool., 1849, p. 2569). This record is eminently
unsatisfactory, from the absence of details necessary to
substantiate the occurrence of so rare a bird.

These appear to be the only recorded occurrences for the
British Isles and the European Continent, Madeira and
the Canaries being its only known localities.

BIRDS. 87

Order 7. ALCJE.
Fam. ALCIDJE.

367. Alca torda L. Razorbill.

Resident, breeding in considerable numbers on the Flam-
borough cliffs. It arrives at the breeding stations early in
the year, departing with its young late in July. After
continued rough weather in winter, I have observed great
numbers washed ashore dead on the coast of Holderness.

§>ka impmnis L.

368. Lomvia troile (Z.). Common Guillemot.

Resident, breeding in vast numbers on the Flamborough
cliffs, beginning to arrive there in May and June, leaving
its breeding haunts in the middle of August. Remains off
the coast through the winter.

369. Lomvia bruennichi (Sabine). Brunnich's Guillemot.

370. Uria grylle (Z.). Black Guillemot.

Casual visitant, occasionally seen off the coast in spring,
autumn, and winter, more frequently off Flamborough
Head than elsewhere. Mr. Arthur Strickland, in 1844,
informed Mr. Allis that thirty years before he had killed
a specimen in summer plumage out of a small flock at
Flamborough, in the height of the breeding season;
whether they were breeding he could not say.

371. Mergulus alle (Z.). Little Auk.

Winter visitant, not uncommon off the coast, occasionally
driven in shore and far inland by stress of weather.

372. Fratercula arctica (Z). Puffin.

Resident, nesting in May and June, in immense numbers, on
the Flamborough Cliffs, retiring far out to sea in the
winter, at which season only a few are found off the coast
Of the Flamborough sea-fowl, this is the last to arrive at its
breeding-station, which it leaves in mid- August.

88 BIRDS.

OrderS. PYGOPODES.
Fam. COLYMBIDJE.

373. Colymbus glacialis L. Great Northern Diver.

Winter visitant, not uncommon, but still not numerous.
Most frequent on the coast, but also occurs inland,
though rarely. Arrives in September, leaves early in
spring.

374. Colymbus arcticus Z. Black-throated Diver.

Winter visitant, of uncommon occurrence, on the coast and
inland. Appears to be rather more frequently observed
inland than C. gladalis^ whilst it is much the rarer of the
two on the coast.

375. Colymbus septentrionalis L. Red-throated Diver.

Winter visitant, common on the coast, and regularly appears
at that season on many inland waters, but not numerously.
May be found off the coast all the year round — probably
young of the previous year not breeding.

Fam. PODICIPITIDJE.

376. Podiceps cristatus (Z.). Great Crested Grebe.

Resident, about half-a-dozen pairs breeding regularly at
Hornsea Mere ; the late Mr. Hugh Reid informed Mr.
More in 1865 that it occasionally bred in the West Riding.
Those nesting at Hornsea retire to the sea and Humber on
the approach of severe weather. Also a winter visitant,
observed both inland and on the coast, but far from
commonly.

377. Podiceps griseigena (Bodd.}. Red-necked Grebe.

Winter visitant, uncommon, but not unfrequent in severe
seasons, when it occurs both on the coast and inland, from
September to March. Examples have occurred in almost
full summer plumage.

BIRDS. 89

378. Podiceps auritus (Z.). Sclavonian Grebe.

Winter visitant, not uncommon on the coast and inland, from
October to sometimes as late as the end of April. With
the exception of the Dabchick (P. fluviatilis} Mr. Cordeaux
considers this to be the most numerous of the Grebes
visiting the Humber. An adult female, in full summer
plumage, was shot at Flamborough on the 29th of October,
1874.

379. Podiceps nigricollis (C. L. Brehm\ Eared Grebe.

Casual visitant, of very rare occurrence.

Huggate, one, Dec. 8th, 1849 (Graham, Zool., 1850, p.

2747).

Scarborough, one, Feb., 1855 (Roberts, Zool., 1855, p. 4660).
Bubwith, adult male, 1854 (Boynton, MS.).

Wakefield, one at Thornes, Feb., 1861 (Talbot, Birds of

Wakefield, p. 31).
Hull, a female, Feb. 20, 1864 (Boulton, Zool., 1864, p.

9048).
Ripon, one, in the possession of Mr. Parkin, was shot close

to the city (Slater, MS.).

380. Podiceps fluviatilis (Tunstalt). Little Grebe.

Resident, generally though thinly distributed. Decidedly less
frequent on the higher lands of the county, though a pair
or so breed at as high an elevation as Malham Tarn — 1250
feet above sea level. Also a winter visitant, arriving in
October.

REPTILES

AND

AMPHI BI ANS.

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK.

REPTILES. 93

Class 3. REPTILIA.

Sub-class SQUAMATA.
Order OPHIDIA.

Family COLUBRIDJE.

1. Tropidonotus natrix (Z.). Common Snake.

Generally distributed in the lowland districts, but decidedly
local, being numerous in some localities, scarce in others.

2. Coronella laevis Lacep. Smooth Snake.

Fam. VIPERID-ffi.

3. Vipera berus Z. Viper. Adder.

Generally distributed, and common on moorlands and low-
land heaths, also found in some woods and on waste lands.

Order LACERTILIA.
Fam. LACERTID-ffi.

4. Lacerta vivipara Jacq. Common Lizard. . ,

Generally distributed, numerous on dry sandy heaths and
moors, also on commons and waste places.

5. Lacerta agilis L. Sand Lizard.

6. Lacerta viridis L. Green Lizard.

Fam. SCINCID-E.

7. Anguis fragilis L. Slow-worm. Blindworm.

Generally distributed, not uncommon in old quarries, heaths,
and dry sandy places generally.

94 REPTILES.

Sub-class CATAPHRACTA.

Order CHELONIA,

Fam. CHELONID^E.

8. Dermatochelys coriacea (Z.). Leathery Turtle.

Accidental visitant from the tropical and sub-tropical portions
of the Atlantic and Mediterranean seas, of extremely rare
occurrence.

Pennant, in his British Zoology, speaks of a ' Tortoise ' that
was taken off the coast of Scarborough in 1748 or 1749 ;
this is quoted by Bell (British Reptiles, 1839, p. 15) in
connection with the present species, though the evidence
of specific identity appears to be entirely wanting.

A more satisfactory record is that of one in Bridlington Bay,
where it was caught in the herring-nets on the evening of
October 25, 1871. It measured eight feet in length, and
the same between the tips of the flappers, and was
estimated to weigh upwards of looolbs. (Alwin S. Bell,
Zool., 1872, p. 2907).

9. Chelone imbricata (Schweigg.}. Hawk's-bill Turtle.

Accidental visitant from tropical seas, of extremely rare occur-
rence.

Off Redcar, a large specimen was found floating dead on the
sea in the summer of 1849 (Rudd, Zool., 1850, p. 2707).

AMPHIBIANS. 95

Class 4. AMPHIBIA.

Order BATRACHIA URODELA.
Fam. SALAMANDBJDJE.

1. Triton cristatus Laur. Great Crested Newt.

Generally distributed, but more local and less numerous than
the common Smooth Newt.

2. Triton taeniatus (Schneid.}. Smooth Newt.

Generally distributed and very abundant.

3. Triton palmipes (Latr.\ Palmated Newt.

Found near Clitheroe, Huddersfield, Barnsley, Leeds, Ilkley,
Topcliffe, and Whitby. No doubt occurs also in other
localities, but it is not usually distinguished from T.
t&niatus.

Order BATRACHIA ANURA.
Fam. BUFONIDJE.

4. Bufo vulgaris Laur. Common Toad.

Generally distributed and abundant.

5. Bufo calamita Laur. Natterjack Toad.

Only known in one locality — Mytton, on the Lancashire
border. It has there been noticed by Mr. Thos. Altham
for thirty years, but is not common, and is known by
the name of * harrow-toad.' This species I have the plea-
sure of adding to the Yorkshire fauna on the authority of
Mr. F. S. Mitchell.

96 AMPHIBIANS.

Fam. RANID-ZE.

6. Rana temporaria L. Common Frog.

Universally distributed and extremely abundant.

7. Rana esculenta L. Edible Frog.

FISH ES.

WM. EAGLE CLARKE;
WM. DENISON ROEBUCK.

H

Class 5. PISCES.

Sub-class i. PAL^EICHTHYES.
Order i. CHONDROPTERYGIL

Sub-order PLAGIOSTOMATA.

Division SELACHOIDEI.

Family CARCHARIID-ffi.

i. Carcharias glaucus (Z.). Blue Shark.

Has frequently been caught off Whitby, and occasionally off
other parts of the coast.

2 Galeus canis Bonap. Common Tope.

This species is reported to us as migrating from the shore to
the open sea. It is common at Scarborough and in Brid-
lington Bay, but is not reported from other localities.

3. Zygaena malleus (Risso). Hammer-headed Shark.

4. Mustelus vulgaris Mull. & Henh. Smooth Hound.

Common in Bridlington Bay and off Scarborough. Not
reported elsewhere.

Fam. LAMNID-E.

5. Lamna cornubica (Gm.). Porbeagle.

Occasional visitant, has been caught off Scarborough and
Whitby. This species is described by some authors under
the name of ' Beaumaris Shark.'

ioo FISHES.

6. Alopecias vulpes (Gm.). Fox Shark. Thrasher.

Accidental visitant from the Atlantic and the Mediterranean
Sea, of rare occurrence.

Scarborough, one seen, Sept. 1854 (Briggs, Zool., 1854, p.

Bridlington, one, Oct 15, 1868, 12 feet long; now in the
Leeds Museum.

Whitby, one caught some years ago (Stephenson, MS.).

Redcar, one washed ashore near the Tees mouth in Oct. 1879,
five feet in length (Nelson, MS.).

7. Selache maxima (Gunner}. Basking Shark.

Supposed to have occurred near Scarborough on two occa-
sions, but the evidence as to identification is insufficient.

Fain. NOTIDANIDJE.

8. Notidanus griseus (Gm.). Grey Notidanus.

Fam. SCYLLIIDJE,

9. Scyllium canicula (Z.). Small-spotted Dogfish.

Resident, not uncommon along the coast. This species is
the ' Nurse-Hound ' of Couch. At Redcar it is known as

* Sea-Nurse.'

ID. Scyllium stellare (Z.). Large-spotted Dogfish.

The only authority for including this species is its enumera-
tion in Dr. Murray's Scarborough list (1832).

11. Pristiurus melanostomus Bonap. Black-mouthed

Dogfish.

Fam. SPINACnXE.

12. Acanthias vulgaris Risso. Picked Dogfish.

Resident, abundant. The common dogfish of the Yorkshire
coast. At Redcar this is called ' Sea-Dog.'

FISHES. .101

13. Laemargus borealis (Scoresby). Greenland Shark.

Accidental visitant from Arctic seas and the North Atlantic,
of rare occurrence.

Dogger Bank, two in Feb., 1866 (Cordeaux, ZooL, 1866,
p. 230).

Scarborough, two specimens brought in two years ago, and
sent to the Oxford Museum (Woodall, MS.).

Whitby (nine miles off), one, March 4th, 1880; now in
Whitby Museum (Stephenson, MS.).

Whitby (seven miles off), one captured Ap. 6, 1881 (Stephen-
son, MS.).

14. Echinorhinus spinosus (Gm.). Spinous Shark.

Accidental visitant from the Atlantic Ocean and Mediter-
ranean Sea, of rare occurrence.

Filey Bay, one in the summer of 1830, figured by Yarrell

(Yarrell, B. Fishes).
Bridlington Bay, one on the nth August, 1838 (Arthur

Strickland, Rep. Brit. Ass., 1838, p. 107 ; Yarrell, B.

Fishes, third edition, vol. 2, p. 530).
Scarborough, one, June, 1853 (Murray, Morris's Nat, 1853,

p. 277).

Fam. BHIITIDJE.

15. Rhina squatina (Z.). Angel-Fish. Monk.

Occasionally captured off the Yorkshire coast. Is common
on the Dogger Bank.

Div. BATOIDEL
Fam. TORPEDINID.E.

16. Torpedo hebetans Lowe. Cramp-Ray. Torpedo.

Fam. RAJID^l.

17. Raja clavata Z. Thorn back Ray.

Resident, abundant.

102 FISHES.

18. Raja maculata Z. Homelyn Ray.

19. Raja radiata Donov. Starry Ray.

The only evidence for the inclusion of this species in the
Yorkshire fauna is its enumeration by Meynell in his list as
one of the rarest of the Rajidae occurring on the coast
(Rep. Brit. Ass., 1844).

20. Raja circularis Couch. Sandy Ray.

Resident, only reported from three localities. Mentioned as
abundant in Bridlington Bay, frequently met with at
Scarborough, and once at Whitby.

21. Raja batis L. Common Skate.

Resident, abundant. Mr. Bailey considers that off Flam-
borough they have decreased in number. One mentioned
by Mr. Cordeaux, measuring seven feet two inches in length
and five feet eight inches across, weighed fifteen stones.

The variety intermedia, or Flapper Skate, has once
or twice occurred at Whitby (Stephenson, MS.).

22. Raja marginata Lacep. Bordered Ray.

23. Raja lintea Fries. Sharp-nosed Ray.

Resident, taken not uncommonly off Whitby and in the
North Sea.

24. Raja fullonica Z. Shagreen Ray.

Resident, but only occasionally caught. Pennant's record of
the occurrence of one at Scarborough has been copied by
most subsequent writers, and also his statement that the
fishermen there call it 'Whitehause.' Was formerly taken
in the stake-nets near Bridlington ; and has of late years
been caught at Whitby, where it is known as the ' French
Ray,' a name also in vogue at Grimsby.

25. Raja vomer Fries. Long-nosed Skate.

Resident, occasionally met with near Scarborough, and has
been caught at Whitby. In the stake-nets near Bridlington,
two were caught some years ago. Reported as common in
the North Sea.

FISHES. 103

Fam. TRYGONIDJE.

26. Trygon pastinaca (Z.). Sting Ray.

Resident, occasionally caught off Whitby and in Bridlington
Bay.

Fam. MYLIOBATIDJE.

27. Myliobatis aquila (L.). Eagle Ray.

"Visitant, of extremely rare occurrence. Was first recorded
as British by Pennant, who states that one was caught off
Scarborough, and the tail brought to Mr. Travis, of that
place, by the fisherman who caught it

28. Dicerobatis giornae (Lacej>.}. Horned Ray. Ox Ray.

Sub-order HOLOCEPHALA.
Fam. CHIM-EBIDJE.

29. Chimsera monstrosa L. Northern Chimaera.

Occasionally taken in the North Sea by the Grimsby smacks,
and in all probability occurs within the latitude of the
Yorkshire coast.

Order 2. GANOIDEI.

Sub-order CHONDROSTEI.

Fam. ACIPENSERIDJE.

30. Acipenser sturio Z. Sturgeon.

Not uncommon off the coast, also at the mouth of the Tees,
in the Humber, and in the tidal reaches of its tributary
rivers, which it ascends about June, its upward progress
being, however, barred by the first dam or weir. Formerly
— before the erection of these obstructions — it has been
known to ascend the Ouse as far as Boroughbridge, and
the Wharfe to Boston Spa and Arthington. Near Bridling-
ton, it has been several times caught in the stake-nets.

104 FISHES.

Sub-class 2. TELEOSTEL
Order i. ACANTHOPTERYGII.

Div. ACANTHOPTERYGII PERCIFORMES.

Fam. PERCID-ffi.

31. Perca fluviatilis Z. Perch.

Freshwater resident, common, generally distributed in the
middle and lower waters of the rivers, but not found in
them at a greater elevation than 600 feet ; entirely absent
from the Cleveland streams. In ponds and canals through-
out the county — introduced. Occurs in Malham Tarn, at
an elevation of 1250 feet, where Dr. Whitaker (History of
Craven) says they become blind and black. We are. how-
ever, informed by Mr. Walter Morrison that as regards
their being black, such is not the case, though they are
sometimes caught blind.

32. Labrax lupus (Lacep.). Basse.

Occasionally taken during the summer months off Whitby
and Scarborough.

33. Acerina cernua (Z.). Ruffe. Pope.

Freshwater resident, not uncommon ; irregularly distributed
in the rivers of the lowland districts, and has also been
introduced into canals and reservoirs. Formerly in the
Calder and Lower Aire, and in some canals, but now
exterminated by pollution. Generally known as ' Tommy-
barr.'

34. Serranus cabrilla (Z.). Smooth Serranus.

35. Serranus gigas (Brunnich). Dusky Serranus.

36. Polyprion cernium Val Stone Basse.

37. Dentex vulgaris C. 6* V. Sparus. Dentex.

Doubtful. Said to have occurred at Scarborough (Murray,

FISHES. 105

Fam. MTTLLIDJE.

38. Mullus barbatus L. Red Mullet.

The variety surmuletus Z., or Striped Surmullet, is a
casual visitant, occurring in summer at Redcar, Whitby,
and in Bridlington Bay.

Fam. SPARIDJE.
Group CANTHARINA.

39. Cantharus lineatus (Mart.\ Black Sea-Bream.

Occasionally captured in Bridlington Bay, and also off
Flamborough. Mr. Cordeaux saw one or two examples
taken in the autumn about ten years ago, on long lines —
baited with mussels — on rocky ground off Speeton Cliffs :
the fishermen called it 'Old Wife.'

40. Box vulgaris C. &• V. Bogue.

Group PA GRIN A.

41. Pagrus vulgaris C. d- V. Braize. Becker.

42. Pagrus auratus (Z.). Gilthead.

43. Pagellus centrodontus (De la Roche). Common Sea-

Bream.

Resident, caught not uncommonly along the coast during the
summer months. Known at Redcar as the 'Sea-hen.'

44. Pagellus bogaraveo (Brunn.). Spanish Bream.

45. Pagellus owenii Gunth. Axillary Bream.

46. Pagellus acarne (Cuv.\

47. Pagellus erythrinus (Z.).

Fam. SCORPJENID-ffi,

48. Sebastes norwegicus (Mull). Bergylt. Norway

Haddock.

Has occurred frequently off the coast, at great depths. Was
first mentioned by Pennant (B. Zool., 1770) as taken near
Scarborough.

io6 FISHES.

Div. ACANTHOPTERYGII SCI^ENIFORMES.

Fam. SCIJENIDJE.

49. Sciaena aquila (Lacep.}. Maigre.

Accidental visitant from the Mediterranean Sea, of extremely
rare occurrence.

Redcar, a fine specimen, measuring five feet one inch in
length, was found on the coast between Redcar and the
Tees mouth, Dec. 24th, 1849 (Rudd, Zool, 1850, p. 2709).

Flamborough (about seven miles off), one taken Aug. 25, 1873
(Boynton, MS.).

50. Umbrina cirrhosa (Z.). Umbrina.

Div. ACANTHOPTERYGII XIPHIIFORMES.

Fam. XIPHIIDJE.

51. Xiphias gladius Z. Swordfish.

Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence.

Filey, one, Sept., 1808, eleven feet long, twenty-three stones

weight (Murray, 1832).
Coatham, Redcar, one stranded in the winter, about 1874

(Nelson, MS.).
Ulrome : formerly caught in the stake-nets here (Boynton,

MS.).

Bridlington Quay, occasionally (Boynton, MS.).
Believed to have occurred also at Whitby and Scarborough

(Meynell, 1844).

Div. ACANTHOPTERYGII TRICHIURIFORMES.

Fam. TRICHIUKID^:.

52. Lepidopus caudatus (Euphr.). Scabbard Fish.

53. Trichiurus lepturus L, Hairtail.

FISHES. 107

Div. ACANTHOPTERYGII COTTO-SCOMBRIFORMES.

Fam. CARANGIDJE.

54. Caranx trachurus (Z.). Horse Mackerel. Scad.

Resident, common off the whole coast in summer, retiring to
deeper water in winter.

55. Naucrates ductor (Z.). Pilot-Fish.

56. Lichia glauca (Z.). Derbio.

57. Capros aper (Z.). Boar-Fish.

Accidental visitant from more southern seas, of extremely
rare occurrence.

Redcar (Ferguson, Nat. Hist, of R., 1860).

Humber Mouth, one in 1877 (Cordeaux, Zool., 1879, p. 342).

Fam. CYTTID.E.

58. Zeus faber Z. Doree. John Doree.

Casual visitant, occasionally taken at various places along the
coast.

Fam. STROMATEIDJE.

59. Centrolophus britannicus Gunth.

60. Centrolophus pompilus (Z.). Black-Fish.

Accidental visitant from southern seas, of extremely rare
occurrence.

Redcar, one, Feb. 1852 (Rudd, Zool., 1852, p. 3504).

Fam. CORYPHJENIDJE.

61. Brama raii Bl. Ray's Sea-Bream.

Frequently cast ashore at Redcar during severe weather in
the months of October, November, and December.

io8 FISHES.

The species was originally described by Willughby and Ray
from a specimen which had been left dead by the receding
tide in Middlesburgh Marsh, at the mouth of the Tees,
September i8th, 1681.

One was found in 1821 at Stockton-on-Tees (Yarrell and Day,
fide Hogg).

Its appearance at Redcar — according to the observations of
Messrs. T. S. Rudd and D. Ferguson, made from 1844 to
1852 — is irregular, some years having been remarkable for
their total absence, and others for their abundance ; as
many as twelve have been recorded as having occurred in
one single morning.

At Bridlington Quay one was taken on the ist of October,
1850, one on the 5th of November of the same year, and
another on September 4th, 1851 (Boynton, MS.).

62. Lampris luna (Gm.). Opah. King-fish.

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence.

Filey Bay, one about 1767 (Pennant).

Whitby, one in 1807 (Hinderwell's History of Scarborough,
2nd ed., 1811).

Bridlington, one at the entrance to the harbour, 1809 (Id.).
Dogger Bank, one in 1838 (Yarrell).

Bridlington, one in 1842, weighing four stones and one pound
(Meynell).

Bridlington, one, Sept, 1847 (Boynton, MS.).

Flamborough Head, one, Feb., 1849 (Norman, Zool., 1849,

P- 2397>
Redcar, one, Nov., 1850 (Rudd, Zool., 1851, p. 3010).

Flamborough, one shot by Mr. M. Bailey, Oct., 1857

(Bailey, MS.).

Bridlington, one, Dec. 12, 1862 (Boynton, MS.).
Bridlington, one, Sept. 15, 1867 (Boynton, MS.).

Whitby, one caught in 1869, now in the Whitby Museum
(Stephenson, MS.).

63. Luvarus imperialis Rafin.

FISHES. 109

Fam. SCOMBRIDJE.

64. Scomber scomber L. Mackerel.

Appears off the Yorkshire coast from July to October,
immense shoals in August and September.

65 Scomber colias L. Spanish Mackerel.

Accidental visitant from the Mediterranean Sea, of extremely
rare occurrence.

Bridlington, one caught in 1861 by M. Walkington (T*
Boynton, MS.).

66. Orcynus thynnus (Z.). Tunny.

Accidental visitant from more southern seas, of extremely
rare occurrence.

Bridlington, one, seven or eight feet long, ' a few years ago '

(Meynell, 1844).
Tees mouth, one stranded, Sept., 1853, or October, 1854, said

to be about 480 pounds weight (Hogg, Ann. & Mag. Nat.

Hist, 1855, p. 213 : Zool., 1855, p. 4594-6).

67. Orcynus germo (Lacep.\ Germon.

68. Thynnus pelamys C. &> V. Bonito.

69. Pelamys sarda (BL\ Belted Bonito. Pelamid.

70. Auxis rochei (Risso). Plain Bonito.

71. Echeneis remora L. Remora.

Fam. TRACHINIDJE.

72. Trachinus draco L. Great Weever.

Resident along the coast, but not very numerous. Known
as ' Stingbull ' or ' Cat-fish.'

73. Trachinus vipera C. 6° V. Lesser Weever.

Resident, abundant everywhere inshore. At Whitby it is
called ' Natter,' and known on the Yorkshire coast gene-
rally as 'Sting-fish.'

no FISHES.

Fam. PEDICULATI.

74. Lophius piscatorius L. Angler.

Resident, common along the coast. Sometimes attains to a
very large size, specimens having been taken upwards of
five feet in length.

Locally known on the coast as ' Devil,' ' Devil-fish,' or
' Pocket-fish '; small specimens are called * Toad-fish.'

Fam. COTTIDJE.

75. Cottus gobio L. River Bullhead.

Freshwater resident, generally distributed in streams below

900 feet altitude. Also in Malham Tarn, at an elevation

of 1250 feet.
On the Lancashire border, near Clitheroe, this fish is known

as ' Clot-head' ; and about Dent it is called ' Bully-frog,' or

more shortly 'Bully.'

76. Cottus scorpius L. Short-spined Sea-Bullhead.

Resident, abundant along the coast.

77. Cottus bubalis Euphrasen. Long-spined Sea-Bull-

head. Father-lasher.

Resident, abundant along the coast.

78. Cottus quadricornis L. Four-horned Bullhead.
Has been reported to us as common in rock pools at Scar-
borough— a statement as to the correctness of which we
entertain grave doubts.

79. Trigla cuculus L. Red Gurnard.

Resident along the coast, but not very common.

80. Trigla lineata Gm. Streaked Gurnard.

Reported to us as common at Scarborough, and occasional in
Bridlington Bay.

81. Trigla hirundo L. Sapphirine Gurnard. Tubfish.

Occasionally taken off the Yorkshire coast. Appears to
frequent deep water at a considerable distance from the
shore, being usually brought in by fishing boats. Has once
been stranded at the mouth of the Ouse below Swinefleet.

FISHES. in

82. Trigla gurnardus L. Grey Gurnard.

Resident, abundant along the coast. The Redcar fishermen
call it ' Groan.'

83. Trigla lyra Z. Piper.

Casual visitant, occasionally observed at Redcar, Whitby, and
Scarborough. Locally known at Redcar as 'Tom-piper.'

84. Trigla obscura L. Shining Gurnard.

Fam. CATAPHRACTI.

85. Agonus cataphractus (L.). Pogge. Armed Bull-

head.

Resident, common along the coast. Specimens have been
sent to us from Spurn, where they are commonly taken in
lobster-pots, under the name of ' Rough-noses.'

86. Peristethus cataphractus (Z.). Mailed Gurnard.

Div. ACANTHOPTERYGII GOBIIFORMES.

Fam. DISCOBOLI.

87. Cyclopterus lumpus Z. Lumpsucker.

Resident, common along the coast. Very frequently stranded
in boisterous weather. Known to the Flamborough fisher-
men as 'Redweens.'

88. Liparis vulgaris Flem. Unctuous Sucker. Sea-

Snail.

Common, doubtless along the whole coast, though as yet
only reported from Redcar, Scarborough, and Bridlington,
at which places it is occasionally taken.

89. Liparis montagui (Donov.}. Montagu's Sucker.

Fam. GOBIIDJE.

90. Gobius niger Z. Black Goby. Rock Goby.

Resident in rock pools along the coast, common at Redcar
and Scarborough ; probably equally so elsewhere, though
not recorded.

112 FISHES.

91. Gobius rhodopterus Gunth. Speckled Goby.

92. Gobius paganellus Z.

93. Gobius minutus Gm. Spotted Goby. Little Goby.

Is taken at Scarborough. In 1844, Mr. Rudd recorded it as
being abundant in the pools on West Coatham Marshes,
at the Tees mouth (Zool., 1844, p. 395).

94. Gobius ruthensparri Euphr. Two-spotted Goby.

Resident, common in rock pools from Redcar to Flam-
borough.

Gobius gracilis Jenyns. Slender Goby.

Two specimens from the stomach of a cod taken at Redcar
agreed closely with this species (Rudd, Zool., 1844, p. 395).
Dr. Giinther, however, in his Catalogue of Fishes, expresses
some doubt as to the validity of the species.

95. Latrunculus albus (Parnell). White Goby.

96. Callionymus lyra L. Dragonet. Skulpin.

Occasionally taken off the coast in deep water, but not
common. Dr. Giinther unites the 'gemmeous' ( $ ) and
the 'sordid' ( $ ) dragonets as the two sexes of this species.

Div. ACANTHOPTERTGII BLENNI1FORMES.

Fam. CEPOLIDJE.

97. Cepola rubescens L. Red Band-fish.

Mr. Cordeaux informs us that this species has been thrown
on the shore after storms.

Fam. BLENNIIDJE.

98. Anarrhichas lupus L. Wolf-fish.

Resident, common along the coast. Called 'Wauffs' at
Redcar, 'Wuffs' at Whitby. The Yorkshire fishermen
esteem it highly as an article of diet, describing it as * the
best fish that swims.'

FISHES. 113

99. Blennius gattorugine Bl. Gattoruginous Blenny.

100. Blennius ocellaris Z. Ocellated Blenny. Butter-

fly-fish.

101. Blennius galerita L. Montagu's Blenny.

102. Blennius pholis L. Shanny.

Resident, common in rock-pools from Redcarto Flamborough.

103. Blenniops ascanii (Walb.). Crested Blenny.

Resident, extremely rare. Has been included in the Scar-
borough list by Dr. Murray (1832) under the name of
' -Blennius galerita, Crested Blenny.' In the 2nd Edition
of Yarrell's British Fishes, one is recorded as having
been taken at Redcar in September, 1835, by Mr. T. P.
Teale ; it was a very fine specimen, measuring 6J inches
in length.

This species is also described by authors under the name of
'Yarrell's Blenny.'

104. Centronotus gunellus (L.). Butterfish. Spotted

Gunnel.

Resident, not uncommon, probably distributed along the
whole coast, though as yet reported only from Redcar,
Whitby and Scarborough.

105. Zoarces viviparus L. Viviparous Blenny.

Resident, common along the whole coast. This species is
known as ' Burbot-Eel,' as we have ascertained by the
examination of specimens sent to us from Spurn under
that name.

Div. ACANTHOPTERYGII MUGIL1FORMES.

Fam. ATHERINID^E.

106. Atherina presbyter Cuv. Sand-Smelt. Atherine.

Reported by Meynell in 1844 as taken in Bridlington Bay.
It will be interesting to ascertain whether this species really

H4 FISHES.

is taken on the Yorkshire coast, as from the researches of
Montagu and Yarrell it is apparently absent from the east
coast of England, its place being taken by the true Smelt
(Osmerus eperlanus), which, in its turn, is absent from the
south coast, where the Atherine is abundant.

107. Atherina boyeri Risso. Boyer's Atherine.

Fam. MTJGILIDJE.

108. Mugil octoradiatus Gunth. Eight-rayed Mullet.

109. Mugil capito Cuv. Grey Mullet.

Resident, local, not abundant, except at Spurn Point, where
« Mr. Winson reports it as common in July. The ' Grey
Mullet' is included in the lists for Scarborough (Murray,
1832) and for Redcar (Ferguson, 1860). It is occasionally
caught in summer at Whitby ; and has been taken at
Skinningrove, near Saltburn.

The distribution on the Yorkshire coast of the various species
of Grey Mullets as described by Dr. Gunther — since the
publication of the last edition of Yarrell's B. Fishes —
requires investigation. Dr. Gunther informs us that he is
of opinion that all the species may possibly occur on the
east coast.

no. Mugil auratus Risso. Long-firmed Grey Mullet.

in. Mugil septentrionalis Gunth. Lesser Grey Mullet.

The only authority for including this species in the Yorkshire
list is the statement by Meynell (1844) that the two species
of Grey Mullet (M. chelo and M. capito) are occasionally
taken on the Yorkshire coast.

Div. ACANTHOPTERYGII GASTROSTEIFORMES.
Fam. GASTROSTEIPJE.

112. Gastrosteus aculeatus L. Three-spined Stickle-
back.

Resident, inhabiting fresh, salt, and brackish water indis
criminately, abundant and generally distributed. In fresh

FISHES. 115

waters it inhabits canals, ditches, and sluggish streams,
and also Malham Tarn at a height of 1250 feet above sea
level. Known as 'Pricky' about Northallerton. The
varieties, three of which may be expected to occur, have
not been discriminated from the type, except by Mr. Thos.
Boynton, of Ulrome, who finds the Smooth-tailed Stickle-
back (var. gymnurus Cuv.) and the Rough-tailed Stickle-
back (var. trachurus C. 6° V.) equally common.

113. Gastrosteus brachycentrus C. 6^ V. Short-spined

Stickleback.

114. Gastrosteus spinulosus Jen. Four-spined Stickle-

back.

115. Gastrosteus pungitius L. Ten-spined Stickleback.

Freshwater resident, locally distributed. Has been found
near Leeds, Doncaster, Ulleskelfe, Thirsk, Slingsby,
Redcar, and Ulrome.

This species is also known by the name of ' Tinker.'

116. Gastrosteus spinachia L. Fifteen-spined Stickle-

back.

Resident, not uncommon along the coast. Messrs. Cordeaux
and Stephenson note that it frequents the 'mouths of
harbours and docks.'

Div. ACANTHOPTERYGII CENTRISCIFORMES.

Fam. CENTRISCIDJE.
117. Centriscus scolopax L. Trumpet-fish. Sea-Snipe.

Div. ACANTHOPTERYGII GOBIESOCIFORMES.

Fam. GOBIESOCIDJE.
n8. Lepadogaster gouanii Lac'ep. Cornish Sucker.

119. Lepadogaster candollii Risso. Connemara Sucker,

120. Lepadogaster bimaculatus(/V;/«.). Network Sucker.

Bimaculated Sucker.

n6 FISHES.

Div. ACANTHOPTERYGII T^ENIIFORMES.

Fam. TRACHYPTERID-ffil.

121. Trachypterus arcticus (Brunn.). Deal-fish. Vaag-

maer.

122. Regalecus banksii (C. 6^ V.). Ribbon-fish. Banks'

Oar-fish.

An abyssal form, rarely cast ashore on the Yorkshire
coast. To the five known Yorkshire instances, we are
enabled, through the instrumentality of Mr. Thomas
Stephenson, to add two which have hitherto remained
unrecorded.

Whitby, one, uj feet long, Jan. 22, 1759 (Giinther, Cat.
Fishes, iii. 310). This appears to be the first recorded
British specimen.

Filey, one, 13 feet long, March 18, 1796 (Gimther,y^& Banks,
loc. cit).

Yorkshire, 1845 (?), one, 24(?) feet long (Giinther, loc. cit).

Redcar, one, 12 feet long, 1850 (Gray, P.Z.S., 1850,
P- 52)-

Whitby, one, 10 feet long, cast on the West sands, April 23,
1866 ; now in the Whitby Museum (Stephenson, MS.).

Whitby, one, 1 1 feet long, cast up on the beach east of the
town, Oct. 2nd, 1870; now in the Whitby Museum
(Stephenson, MS.).

Staithes, one, 16 feet long, end of January, 1880 (C. W.
Elliott, Field, Feb. 7, 1880; E. W. H. floldsworth, Field,
Feb. 21, 1880). This example was left among the rocks,
by a retiring tide, and in its struggles to escape broke itself
into three parts.

123. Regalecus grillii (Lindr.). Sild-Kung.

FISHES. 117

Ord. 2.

ACANTHOPTERYGII PHARYNGOGNATHI.

Fam. LABRIDJE.

124. Labrus maculatus Bl. Ballan Wrasse.

Resident, abundant, frequenting the rocky coast from Redcar
to Flamborough. In 1769, Pennant recorded it as appear-
ing during summer in great shoals off Filey Brigg — a
statement which has been copied by many subsequent
writers. Donovan, in 1808, added that the Scarborough
fishermen call it ' Old Wife.' Other names are given to it
on the coast, it being known to the Flamborough fishermen
as * Old Ewe,' and at Redcar as ; Servellan wrasse ' or
' Sweet-lips.'

125. Labrus mixtus Z. Striped Wrasse. Cook Wrasse.

Mr. Cordeaux remembers seeing an example some years ago
on the Yorkshire coast, he believes at Flamborough (MS.).

126. Crenilabrus melops (Z.). Goldsinny. Corkwing.

Mr. Cordeaux informs us that he thinks he has several times
seen it in rock pools at Flamborough, though he never
succeeded in capturing one.

127. Ctenolabrus rupestris (Z.). Jago's Goldsinny.

Extremely rare ; has only occurred at Redcar, where but four
specimens have been taken (Meynell, 1844). From one
of these — sent by Mr. T. S. Rudd to Mr. Yarrell — the
woodcut at p. 509 of the first volume of the 3rd Edition
of the British Fishes was engraved.

128. Acantholabrus palloni (Risso].

129. Centrolabrus exoletus (Z.). Small -mouthed

Wrasse.

130. Coris julis (Z.). Rainbow Wrasse.

131. Coris giofredi (Risso).

n8 FISHES.

Ord. 3. ANACANTHINI.

Div. i. ANACANTHINI GADOIDEL
Fam. LYCODID^.

132. Gymnelis imberbis (L.). Beardless Ophidium.

Fam. GADID-E.

133. Gadus morrhua Z. Common Cod.

Resident, extremely abundant off the coast. Codlings are
taken plentifully inshore, and ascend the estuary of the
Humber as far as Goole.

134- Gadus aeglefinus L. Haddock.

Resident, very abundant off the coast.

135. Gadus merlangus L. Whiting.

Resident, very abundant. Several young were netted in a
warping-drain which communicates with the Ouse, at Goole,
on the 3oth of April, 1881, as Mr. Bunker informs us.

136. Gadus minutus L. Poor, or Power-Cod.

Reported as occurring on the rocky shores at Flamborough.

137. Gadus luscus L. Bib. Pout.

Resident, not uncommon off the coast. Yarrell gives this
species the name of 'Whiting-pout.' Known to the
Scarborough fish-dealers as 'John Doree'; and at Whitby
it is another of the species called * Old Wife.' Yarrell
gives 'Kleg' as a name also in vogue at Scarborough.

138. Gadus poutassou Jtisso. Couch's Whiting,

139. Gadus pollachius L. Pollack.

Resident, common along the coast. Called ' Laits ' at Whitby,
' Leets ' at Scarborough.

FISHES. 119

140. Gadus virens L. Coal-fish.

Resident, abundant along the coast This species, at various
stages of growth, receives divers names. The small fry, to
about nine inches in length, are called 'Pennocks,' and
afterwards become l Billets ' or ' Billards.' Other names in
use are * Sillocks,' and at Spurn, ' Blue-backs.'

141. Merluccius vulgaris Flem. Hake.

Resident, seldom caught near the Yorkshire coast, but is
occasionally taken on the Dogger Bank, and becomes
more plentiful towards the coast of Holland.

142. Phycis blennioides (Brilnn.). Great Forked Beard.

143. Lota vulgaris Cuv. Burbot. Eelpout.

Freshwater resident, local, occurring in sluggish rivers, but is
far from being a numerous species. Is reported as com-
paratively common in the river Hull, the Lower Derwent,
the Wiske, the Foss, the Ouse below Naburn, and in dykes
about Selby ; and as scarce in the Seven, Pickering beck,
and other tributaries of the Upper Derwent, the Codbeck,
the Nidd, and the Wharfe.

144. Molva vulgaris Flem. Ling.

Resident, abundant off the coast. Mr. Yarrell states that in
Yorkshire the young are known as ' Drizzles.'

145. Motella mustela (L.). Five-bearded Rockling.

Resident, common on rocky shores from Redcar to Flam-
borough.

146. Motella tricirrata (BL). Three-bearded Rockling.

Resident, common on rocky shores from Redcar to Flam-
borough.

[The 'Mackerel Midges' — as the young of the various species
of Rocklings are called — are abundant in rock pools.]

147. Motella maculata (Risso). Spotted Rockling.

148. Motella cimbria (Z.). Four-bearded Rockling.

149. Motella macrophthalma Giinther.

120 FISHES.

150. Raniceps trifurcus (Walb.). Tadpole Hake.

Extremely rare, has only occurred at Redcar. In 1844,
Meynell stated that it was taken there; and in 1852, one
was observed by Mr. Rudd, in February or March (ZooL,
1852, p. 3504).

This is the Lesser Forked Beard, or Trifurcated Hake of
various authors.

151. Brosmius brosme (Mull). Torsk. Tusk.

This species is included in Ferguson's Redcar list (1860);
has been caught off Whitby during the present season •
and Mr. H. Mudd, smack-owner, of Great Grimsby, informs
us that ' the Torsk is frequently caught near the coast.'

Fam. OPHIDIIDJE.

152. Ophidium broussonetii Mull.

153. Fierasfer dentatus Cuv. Drummond's Fierasfer.

154. Ammodytes lanceolatus Lesauv. Greater Sand-

Launce.

Resident, common, but somewhat local, affecting sandy
shores. This species is also known as Greater Sand-Eel,
and is the Ammodytes tobianus of Yarrell.

155. Ammodytes tobianus L. Lesser Sand-Launce.

Resident, abundant everywhere on sandy shores. Also
known as Lesser Sand-Eel. %

156. Ammodytes siculus Swains.

Div. 2. ANAGANTHINI PLEURONECTOIDEL
Fam. PLETTRONECTIDJE.

157. Hippoglossus vulgaris Flem. Holibut.

Resident off the coast in moderate abundance. Seldom
caught now at Flamborough, where thirty or forty years ago
they were very common. Large specimens are reported to
us by some of our correspondents, one of which measured
fully six feet in length.

FISHES. 121

158. Hippoglossoides limandoides (Bl.). Rough Dab.

Sandsucker.

Inhabits deep water in the North Sea, and is occasionally

taken at Whitby.

159. Rhombus maximus (Z). Turbot.
Resident off the coast in moderate abundance.

160. Rhombus laevis (Z.). Brill.
Resident off the coast, not uncommon.

161. Rhombus megastoma (Donov.}. Sail-Fluke. Whiff.

Resident in moderate numbers.

162. Rhombus norwegicus Gunth. Ekstrom's Topknot.

163. Rhombus punctatus BL Muller's Topknot.

Of very rare occurrence.

Redcar, several specimens were found on the beach in 1836,

none since (Meynell, 1844).

Redcar, two in February, 1852 (Rudd, Zool., 1852, p. 3504).
Redcar, one in April, 1852 (Ferguson, Nat, 1852, p. 134).
Bridlington, one taken May 27, 1881 (Boynton, MS.).

164. Phrynorhombus unimaculatus (Risso). Bloch'sTop-

knot.

Is said to have occurred at Redcar, and is included in
Ferguson's list for that place (1860).

165. Arnoglossus laterna (Walb.\ Scaldfish. Megrim.

166. Pleuronectes platessa L. Plaice.

Resident, very common, but Mr. H. Mudd informs us that it
is becoming more scarce, and that it is found in greatest
numbers on or near the Dogger Bank.

167. Pleuronectes limanda Z. Common Dab.

Resident, very abundant. Known as 'Sand-dab' at Redcar.

122 FISHES.

168. Pleuronectes microcephalus Donov. Smear Dab.
Resident, common.

This is the ' Smooth Dab ' or ' Lemon Dab ' of Yarrell.

169. Pleuronectes cynoglossus L. Craig-Fluke. Pole.

170. Pleuronectes elongatus (Yarrell]. Long Flounder.

171. Pleuronectes flesus L. Flounder.

Resident, abundant along the coast and in rivers within and
even beyond the influence of the tide. The distance to
which it now attains commonly in the rivers is consider-
ably curtailed by the comparatively recent erection of
numerous dams and weirs. A few, however, small in size,
are found in the Nidd at Wilstrop and Kirk Hammerton.
Ascends the river Ribble as far as Mytton every year, in
May or June, leaving again in September.

172. So lea vulgar! s Quensel. Sole.

Resident, common off the coast. Has once occurred at
Goole, in the estuary of the Humber, near the mouth of
the Ouse.

173. Solea aurantiaca Gunth. Lemon Sole.
Resident, not uncommon.

174. Solea variegata (Donov.). Variegated Sole.

175. Solea minuta (Parnell). Dwarf Sole.
Reported as having been taken at Whitby.

This species is also called < Solenette ' or ' Little Sole' by
authors.

Order 4. PHYSOSTOMI.

Fam.

Sub-fam. CYPRININA.

176. Cyprinus carpio L. Common Carp.

Introduced. Occurs in the Swale, Codbeck, and Grimescar
Beck, and also in artificial waters throughout the county.

FISHES. 123

177. Carassius vulgaris Nilss. Crucian Carp.

This species and its variety, C. gibelio BL, or Prussian
Carp, have been introduced into numerous ponds.

178. Carassius auratus (Z.). Gold Carp.
Introduced into ponds and reservoirs.

179. Barbus vulgaris Flem. Barbel.

Freshwater resident, locally distributed in the rivers of the
central plain, except the Derwent and the polluted waters
of the Aire, Calder, Dearne, and Don.

180. Gobio fluviatilis Flem. Gudgeon.

Freshwater resident, common and generally distributed in
rivers and ponds.

Sub-fam. LEUCISCINA.

i8r. Leuciscus rutilus (Z.). Roach.

Freshwater resident, abundant and generally distributed,
except in the North-western Fell district and the polluted
rivers, from which it is absent. Has been introduced into
canals, reservoirs, and ponds.

182. Leuciscus cephalus (Z.). Chub.

Freshwater resident, abundant and generally distributed.
Absent from the rivers of the north-west, and from the
polluted portions of those of the manufacturing districts.

183. Leuciscus vulgaris Flem. Dace.

Freshwater resident, generally distributed and common, being
absent only from polluted rivers and hill-streams.

184. Leuciscus erythrophthalmus (Z.). Rudd.

Freshwater resident, abundant in Holderness, where it occurs
in ponds. Reported as in Lake Semerwater, and ponds
in other parts of the county, and also in the Codbeck. A
few have been caught in the Ouse at York.

124 FISHES.

185. Leuciscus phoxinus (Z.) Minnow.

Freshwater resident, generally distributed and very abundant.
Occurs in the streams of the Fell district up to an eleva-
tion of 1000 feet, and in Malham Tarn at 1250 feet.

186. Tinea vulgaris Cuv. Tench.

Freshwater resident, introduced into numerous ponds, reser-
voirs and canals throughout the county, and into some
sluggish streams.

Sub-fam. ABRAMIDINA.

187. Abramis brama (Z.). Bream.

Freshwater resident, local, found only in the lower reaches
of the Don, Wharfe, Ure, Codbeck, Derwent, and Hull,
and in canals. The commonest fish of Lake Semerwater,
where it has probably been introduced.

188. Abramis blicca (BI.\ White Bream. Breamflat.

Freshwater resident, very local. Is common about Goole,
and in the Foss and Ouse near York, and is occasionally
taken in Holderness.

189. Alburnus lucidus Heck, & Kner. Bleak.
Freshwater resident, occurring commonly in the lower

waters of the Tees, Leven, and of the rivers of the Central
Plain, and also in the Hull.

Sub-fam. COBITIDINA.

190. Nemachilus barbatulus (Z.). Loach.
Freshwater resident, generally distributed and abundant in

shallow waters. Found in the streams of the North-
western Fells up to 900 feet, and also in Malham Tarn
(1250 feet). Absent from the Goole district.

191. Cobitis taenia Z. Spinous Loach.

Fam. SCOMBRESOCID.E.

192. Belone vulgaris FUm. Gar-fish.

Resident off the coast ; not uncommon ; approaching the
shore in summer ; in autumn it has been cast ashore in
considerable numbers during heavy gales. Known at
Redcar as ' Long-nose.'

FISHES. 125

193. Scombresox saurus (Walk.). Saury. Skipper.

Occasionally taken in harbours and shallow water. Reported
from Scarborough only.

194- Exoccetus evolans L. Flying-fish.

195. Exocoetus volitans L. Greater Flying-fish.

Fam. ESOCID-3E.

196. Esox lucius L. Pike.

Freshwater resident, abundant in the ' deeps ' of the middle
and lower reaches of all the rivers except the polluted ones ;
also in ponds, canals, and reservoirs, into which it has been
introduced.

Fam. STERNOPTYCHIDJG.

197. Maurolicus borealis (Nilss.}. Argentine. Pearlside.

Of rare occurrence at Redcar, where it has been found from
January to May. Mr. T. S. Rudd first met with it there
in May, 1841; in 1843, he took thirteen specimens; in
Feb., 1851, four; and in February and March, 1852, forty.
Elsewhere in the British Isles it appears only to have
occurred singly. The species is represented in the British
Museum by Yorkshire specimens sent by Mr. Rudd.

Fam. SALMOTHD.E,

198. Salmo salar L. Salmon.

Freshwater resident, periodically descending to the sea,
abounding in all the Yorkshire rivers except the Aire, from
which it is excluded by pollution, and the Hull, Don,
Wiske, and Codbeck, which are too sluggish. Into the
Esk it was introduced some twelve years ago. The
spawning season in the Yorkshire rivers is in November
and December, immediately after which, in January and
February, the kelts or spent-fish descend to the sea. The
date of their return, as fresh-run fish, varies greatly, and is
dependent upon the state of the rivers — if either July,

126 FISHES.

August, or September are wet, the Salmon commence
running from the sea — if otherwise, their ascent is delayed
until the autumn rains set in.

The eggs are usually deposited in November and
December, and take from ninety to one hundred and
thirty days to hatch, but this is greatly dependent on
the temperature of the water and other conditions. It
was formerly a prevalent belief that the fry, or ' parr ' as
they are termed, migrated during the first year, a theory
not now entertained. The young fish, hatched say in
March, remain in the river until April or May of the year
following, that is for thirteen or fifteen months after leaving
the ova. They have by that time assumed the migratory
dress, thus becoming ' smolts,' and are carried down to
the sea with the first floods of May. Mr. Phillips con-
siders that the weight of evidence favours the opinion that
smolts do not return the same year in which they enter the
sea, but that they remain there about fifteen months, and
ascend the river as ' grilse ' along with the Salmon about
the month of August in the second season.

For much interesting information on Yorkshire Salmon
we are indebted to Mr. John H. Phillips, Secretary to the
Yorkshire Salmon Fishery Board, to Mr. Samuel Wilkin-
son, Secretary to the Esk Salmon Fishery Board, and to
Mr. H. T. Gardiner, of Goole.

199. Salmo trutta Flem. Salmon-Trout. Sea-Trout.

Freshwater resident, periodically descending to the sea,
present in all the rivers frequented by S. Salar, especially
in those flowing into the North Sea, and is particularly
abundant in the Esk and Tees, where it is known both as
'salmon-trout' and 'bull-trout.' Very abundant along the
coast, and was taken in numbers in the stake nets which
formerly existed in Bridlington Bay. The dates for this
species are substantially the same as those for the Salmon,
the spawning season (as given for the Esk) being in
November and December, the kelts descending during the
months of March, April, and May, and re-ascending in
June, the smolts descending in April and May.

The * Bull-Trout' — thoroughly and generally believed
in as a distinct species in Yorkshire — is very abundant in
the Esk and the Tees. Dr. Giinther, however, states that
all specimens of the so-called ' Bull-Trout ' that he has
examined have been referable to S. trutta (Salmon-trout),

FISHES. 127

S. cambricus (Sewin), or S.fario (Common Trout). An
example of S. trutta from the Ouse is in the British
Museum, and Dr. Giinther has had specimens submitted
to him from the Esk.

200. Salmo cambricus Donov. Sewin.

201. Salmo fario L. Common Trout.

Freshwater resident, generally distributed and abundant
above an elevation of about 250 feet. Below this its
numbers decrease, and the species becomes local, being •
found in sharp-running streams. As to the quality of
Yorkshire trout there is considerable variation, even in
those of contiguous streams presenting no marked physical
differences. This is exemplified in the case of the rivers
Aire, Wharfe, and Ribble, which rise in the same district,
and all of which receive the drainage of the limestone
plateau on which Malham Tarn is situate. The Tarn
trout are reputed to be the best in flavour, and only in-
ferior to the trout of Loch Leven. The Aire trout are
almost as good, the Ribble trout being ranked next,
while those of the Wharfe are considered inferior to them
— the cause of the variation in quality being obscure,
for there does not seem to be any marked difference in the
nature of the river-beds. The Malham ova are much in
request for stocking and improving other streams, and have
been introduced into the Thames and the Wharfe, but with
what effect has not been fully ascertained.

Remarkable malformations are observed in the trout of
Malham Tarn, and of a beck on the western side of Peny-
ghent. This is manifested in the former by the deficiency
of the gill-cover in about one in every fifteen fish caught —
a calculation based upon a statement with which Mr.
Walter Morrison has furnished us of the total number
caught from 1865 to 1880. In the case of the 'ground
trout ' of Penyghent, as they are called, Mr. John Foster
informs us that the malformation consists of a singular
projection of the under jaw beyond the upper. These
aberrations are considered to be the result of interbreeding,
due to an extreme degree of isolation. The isolation of
Malham Tarn is complete ; it has no feeders of sufficient
size for the introduction of new blood, while the overflow
is absorbed by fissures in the limestone, after being
swallowed up by which the water re-appears — as the river

128 FISHES.

Aire— after a subterranean course of two miles. The beck
at Penyghent is exceedingly small, and after a short half-
mile course disappears in a similar manner.

In Malham Tarn there are two varieties of trout, the
* silver trout ' and the * yellow trout,' both of which are
subject to the malformation before spoken of. The yellow
trout were by Mr. Couch erroneously considered to be
small examples of the Great Lake Trout (Salmo ferox\
but on specimens of both forms being submitted to Dr.
Giinther they were pronounced to be of the same species.

202. Salmo argenteus (C. & K). Silvery Salmon.

203. Salmo brachypoma Gunth. Short-headed Salmon.

This species — one of the most easily recognisable of the
salmonoids — was described by Dr. Giinther from speci-
mens from the Yorkshire Ouse, and from the Tweed and
Forth, and is a migratory form. The Ouse specimens in
the British Museum were presented in 1865 by Mr.
J. H. Phillips, of the ' Yorkshire Salmon Fishery Preserva-
tion Society, Beadlam Grange, Nawton,'

204. Salmo gallivensis Gunth. Galway Sea-Trout.

205. Salmo orcadensis Gunth. Loch-Stennis Trout.

206. Salmo ferox Jard, & Selby. Great Lake-Trout.

207. Salmo stomachicus Gunth. Gillaroo Trout.

208. Salmo nigripinnis Gunth. Black-finned Trout.

209. Salmo levenensis Walk. Loch-Leven Trout.

210. Salmo alpinus Z. Alpine Charr.

211. Salmo killinensis Gunth. Loch-Killin Charr.

212. Salmo willughbii Gunth. Windermere Charr.

213. Salmo perisii Gunth. Torgoch. Welsh Charr.

FISHES. 129

214. Sal mo gray! Giinih. Gray's Charr.

215. Salmo colii Gilnth. Cole's Charr.

216. Osmerus eperlanus (L.). Smelt.

Resident and common in the estuaries of the Tees and
Humber. It abounds in the Ouse and the Humber from
Naburn Lock to Spurn Point, and occurs a considerable
distance up the Tees. Yarrell states that Col. Meynell, of
Yarm, kept Smelts for four years in a freshwater pond
having no communication with the sea, where they con-
tinued to thrive and propagated abundantly. When the
pond- was drawn, the fishermen of the Tees considered
that they had never seen a finer lot of Smelts ; there being
no loss of flavour or quality.

217. Coregonus clupeoides Laclp* Gwyniad. Rowan*

218. Coregonus vandesius Rich, Vendace.

219. Coregonus pollan Thomp. Pollan.

220. Thymallus vulgaris Nilss. Grayling.

Freshwater resident, found in varying abundance in the
middle waters of the Wharfe, Washburn, Nidd, Ure, and
Swale, also in the Cover, Wiske, and Codbeck, the Rye
and other tributaries of the Upper Derwent, and in the
Scalby Beck near Scarborough. In the Tees it is very
limited in its numbers, and it has been introduced into the
Esk. Formerly abundant in the Ribble and Hodder,
their extreme scarcity — if not extinction — being ascribed
to the great increase of Salmon. It was also formerly
abundant in the Aire about Bingley, but in 1824 all were
destroyed by the bursting of a peat bog; subsequent
attempts at re-introduction have as yet proved ineffectual.

221. Argentina silus (Ascanius).

222. Argentina sphyraena L. Hebridal Argentine.
Extremely rare, there being only one record for the county.

Redcar, one found February 5, 1852, and submitted to Mr.
Yarrell (Rudd, Zool., 1852, p. 3504).

Fam. CLUPEIDJE.

223. Engraulis encrasicholus (L.). Anchovy.

130 FISHES.

224. Clupea harengus L. Herring.

Periodical visitant, occurring annually in shoals on the York-
shire coast from July to November. The Bay Fishery —
as it is called at Bridlington and Flamborough — continues
up to Christmas.

At Redcar a single example of the variety Leachii of Yarrell
was found on the beach in April, 1843 i^Rudd, Zool.,
1844, p. 395).

225. Clupea sprattus L. Sprat.

Abundant on the coast ; occasionally enters the Humber.

226. Clupea alosa Z. Allis Shad.

Resident, not uncommon on the coast and in the Humber ;
is occasionally taken in the Ouse at Naburn.

227. Clupea fmta Cuv. Twaite Shad.

Resident, not uncommon at Whitby and Bridlington.

This and the preceding species appear to be much con-
founded with each other.

228. Clupea pilchardus Walb. Pilchard.

Casual visitant in summer, occasionally in some numbers.

Fam. MUILENIDJE.

229. Anguilla vulgaris Fkm. Sharp-nosed Eel.

Freshwater resident, universally distributed and very abun-
dant ; periodically descending to the sea.

The range of this species is more extensive than that of any
other fish ; it is found in every part of Yorkshire, and
occurs at an altitude of 1300 feet or more.

230. Anguilla latirostris Risso. Broad-nosed Eel.

Freshwater and marine resident, generally distributed and
abundant, but not equally so with A. acutirostris, and appears
to be confined to the deeper and lower parts of the rivers.
This species is also known as 'Grig.'

231. Conger vulgaris Cuv. Conger.

Resident, abundant along the coast. Has occasionally been
found washed ashore after severe gales. The young are
occasionally netted at Goole.

FISHES. I3I

Leptocephalus Morrisii Gm., Anglesea Morris,— a

specimen of which has been recorded as occurring at
Redcar (Rudd, Zool, 1852, p. 3504)— is considered by
Dr. Giinther to be a larval form, and probably of the
conger.

232. Muraena Helena Z. Murry.

Order 5. LOPHOBRANCHII.
Fam. SYNGNATHIDJE,

233. Siphonostoma typhle (Z.). Deep-nosed Pipe-fish.

Reported by Mr. J. W. Woodall as having occurred at Scar-
borough.
This species is the Broad-nosed Pipe-fish of Couch.

234. Syngnathus acus L. Great Pipe-fish. Tangle-fish.

Needle-fish.

Resident, common along the coast.

235- Syngnathus brevicaudatus Cornish. Blunt-tailed
Pipe-fish.

236. Nerophis aequoreus (Z.). >£quoreal Pipe-fish.

One is recorded by Yarrell as having occurred at Scarborough,
and a specimen in the Whitby Museum is believed by Mr.
Martin Simpson to have been taken near that place*

This species is the ' Ocean Pipe-fish' of Couch.

237. Nerophis ophidion (L.). Straight-nosed Pipe-fish.

At Whitby in 1880 a specimen was taken in a lobster-pot
(Stephenson, MS.). It has a place in Dr. Murray's Scar-
borough list (1832), and in Ferguson's Redcar list (1860).

This species is the * Snake Pipe-fish ' of Couch.

238. Nerophis lumbriciformis' (Z.). Little Pipe-fish.

Worm Pipe-fish.

239. Hippocampus antiquorum Leach. Sea-Horse.
Accidental visitant of rare occurrence. A southern pelagic

form, which has occurred three times at Whitby, and once
at Bridlington.

132 FISHES.

Order 6. PLECTOGNATHI.

Fam. SCLERODERMI.

240. Balistes maculatus Gm.

241. Balistes capriscus Gm. Pig-faced Trigger-fish.

File-fish.

Fam. GYMNODONTES.

242. Tetrodon lagocephalus L. Crop-fish, or Pen-

nant's Globe-fish.

243. Orthagoriscus mola (L.). Short Sun-fish.
Casual visitant of rare occurrence.

Scarborough, an adult cast ashore weighing i2olbs., now in

the Museum, figured by Yarrell (Ed. 3, vol. ii., p. 432).
Redcar, one (Meynell, 1844).
Bridlington, two or three (Meynell, 1844).
Bridlington, one, Sept 5th, 1840 (Boynton, MS.).
Bridlington, one, Sept., 1855 (Boynton, MS.).
Bridlington Bay, one caught, August, 1880 (Boynton, MS.).

244. Orthagoriscus truncatus (Retz.). Oblong Sun-fish.

Sub-class 3. CYCLOSTOMATA.

Fam. PETROMYZONTHXE,

245. Petromyzon marinus L. Sea-Lamprey.

Resident, not uncommon on the coast j has been caught in
the Ouse.

246. Petromyzon fluviatilis L. • Lampern. River-Lam-

prey.

Freshwater resident, generally distributed and abundant.
Some of our correspondents allude to this species as being
migratory, and in one or two instances give dates of
arrival and departure. The Dutch fishermen have for more
than a century visited the Ouse for the purpose of pur-
chasing these fish for bait.

FISHES. 133

247. Petromyzon branchialis L. Pride. Sandpiper.
Small Lamprey.

Freshwater resident, common in various localities. Probably
more generally distributed, but much overlooked, being
often confounded with the Lampern.

Fam. MYXINID^E.

248. Myxine glutinosa L. Glutinous Hag. Borer.

Resident, abundant off the whole coast from Redcar to
Flamborough.

Sub-class 4. LEPTOCARDIL

Fam. CIRROSTOMI.

249. Branchiostoma lanceolata (Pa!/.). Lancelet.
Redcar (Yarrell, ed. iii., 1859, vol. L, p. 4).

APPENDIX.

Since the Catalogue was printed, the following additional
information has been received: —

MAMMALIA.

23. Martes sylvestris Niks. Marten (p. 6).

One shot in the woods, Azerley, near Ripon ; now in the
possession of Col. Crompton (Joseph Lucas, MS.).

One seen by Mr. J. Lucas, in 1870, on High Ash Head
Moor, above Masham (MS.).

30. Phoca vitulina L. Common Seal (p. £).

Respecting the date of extinction, information received from
Mr. H. G. Faber, of Stockton-on-Tees, and Mr. H. T.
Mennell, shows that the animal survived much later than
is stated at p. 8.

The latter has furnished a copy of his and Mr. Perkins'
list of the mammalia of Northumberland and Durham,
published in 1863, wherein is stated that between 1820 and
1830 about a thousand seals frequented the mouth of the
Tees, of which as many as thirty might often be counted
at one time; but that in 1862 the number was reduced to
three individuals. The seals exhibited great dread of the
steamboats, which had greatly increased in number on the
river during the preceding few years ; and to this and the
enormous increase of population in the neighbourhood,
was attributed their rapid decrease.

Mr. Faber remembers the seals being numerous at the
Tees mouth, and has seen them lying on the sands as
many as a dozen together. He recollects disturbing one
about twenty years ago on Seaton Snook, which was very
tame, swimming about within twenty yards, and could only

136 APPENDIX.

be driven away by throwing stones at it. He adds that
the last 'native seal' was killed about ten years ago, when
it was shot from the Fifth Buoy Light. A small seal got
about a year ago was but a mere casual visitant. It will
thus be seen that the animal survived a good deal later
than the evidence available at the time of writing the list
would lead one to suppose.

BIRDS.

73. Lanius collurio L. Red-backed Shrike (p. 27).

Nested at Swillington, near Leeds, in 1881 (J. Tennant, MS.).

133- Cypselus melba (L.). White-bellied Swift (p. 37).
The date of the Hornsea occurrence is June 2nd, 1870
(Boyes, MS.).

203. Plegadis falcinellus (Z.). Glossy Ibis (p. 52).

Filey, an immature specimen obtained in 1863 (Roberts'
Scarborough list).

272. Otis tarda L. Great Bustard (p. 65).

The only reference of early date to this bird is that the Earl
of Northumberland's regulations in 1512 for his castles of
' Wresill and Lekinfield in Yorkshire ' included among the
articles for principal feasts 'Item Bustardes for my Lords
owne Meas at Principall Feists Ande noon outher tyme
Except my Lords comaundement be otherwis;' but no
price is attached as in the case of other birds mentioned.

Prof. Newton, of Magdalen College, Cambridge, kindly
communicates the following additional evidence : —

'Rather more than a year ago the Master of Trinity
College, Dr. W. H. Thompson, told me that when he was
about six or seven years old he was living at York with his
grandfather, to whom a Bustard was sent as a present.
Dr. Thompson remembered going into the servants' hall
or the kitchen to look at it, and some one was holding it
up by the legs. He thought it weighed about eight or
nine pounds, and it would therefore be a hen bird. He
supposed it had been shot on the Yorkshire Wolds, where

APPENDIX. 137

he had heard Bustards once existed, and that it was eaten
in the house, but he had no recollection of having tasted
it, or indeed anything more about it. Dr. Thompson
graduated B.A. in 1832, and supposing him to have been
then twenty-two years of age, the event must have happened
about 1816 or 1817.

'In October, 1854, Mr. Barnard Henry Foord, of Foxholes,
near Scarborough, then aged twenty-five, told me he remem-
bered having seen Bustards — the last was at Foxholes
about nineteen years before (/>., 1835). His father once
saw eleven together. He had heard his uncle speak of
running Bustards with greyhounds, as if he had been
present at the time.

'This Mr. Foord is, I believe, now dead. I was very
much struck at the time by the nature of his evidence, for
I had believed that the bird was extinct in Yorkshire
before 1835 — and I remember pressing him particularly
with questions on this point ; but he persisted in the truth
of his statement. I confess I was not, nor am I now,
satisfied with it, though I am unable to suggest any
explanation of the difficulty — for even if he had been a
year or two older than he said (and he could not have been
more), it would still remain.'

288. Himantopus candidus Bonnat. Black-winged Stilt

(P- 73).

Miss Hall, of Scorborough, has informed Mr. Stephenson
that the specimens now in his possession were shot about
thirty years ago in Aike Carr, by Lord Hotham's keeper
(John Stephenson, MS.).

289. Phalaropus hyperboreus (Z.). Red-necked Phala-

rope (p. 73).
Tees mouth, four in 1854 (Rev. H. Smith, MS.).

ERRATUM.
Page 6, line 4 from the bottom, For 'PINE' read 'BEECH.'

AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.

Of Published Records the authors believe that compara-
tively little has escaped their notice, all available sources of infor-
mation, whether natural history journals and publications, or the
appendices to topographical works, having been carefully
examined.

The PRINCIPAL DISTRICT-LISTS which have been contributed
to the natural history periodicals include Leyland's list of Halifax
birds (Loudon's Mag. N.H., 1828), Williamson's note on Scar-
borough birds (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1836), Denny's list of animals
occurring near Leeds (Ann. & Mag. N.H., 1840), abstracts of
Allis's report on the birds, and Meynell's on the fishes of York-
shire (Rep. Brit. Ass., 1844), Hogg's ' Catalogue of Birds observed
in South-eastern Durham and in North-western Cleveland' (Zool.,
1845), and Talbot's Birds of Wakefield (Nat, 1876).

The chief lists which have appeared in or as appendices
to topographical works are to be found in Miller's History
of Doncaster (1804), Graves' History of Cleveland (1808),
Young's History of Whitby (1817), Whitaker's History of Rich-
mondshire (1823), Hinderwell's History of Scarborough (1832),
Lankester's Account of Askern (1842), Barker's Three Days of
Wensleydale (1854), Hobkirk's History and Natural History of
Huddersfield (1859, second edition in 1868), Ferguson's Natural
History of Redcar (1860), Theakston's Scarborough Guide (1863
and subsequent editions), and Hobson's Life of Charles Wa^erton
(1866).

In addition to these lists, there are innumerable records in the
periodicals and in natural history and topographical works gene-
rally, chiefly in the pages of that well-known repertory of infor-
mation, the ' Zoologist,' and also in the Ibis, the Field, Land
and Water, Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, the

140 AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.

various publications bearing the name of 'Naturalist' which
have appeared under the editorship of Messrs. Wood, Morris,
Hobkirk, Porritt, and others, and in the earlier volumes of the
Annals and Magazine of Natural History, and of the Proceedings
of the Zoological Society.

The most important and probably the only separate work
devoted to any part of the Yorkshire vertebrate fauna is Mr.
Cordeaux's Birds of the Humber District (1872), a valuable con-
tribution— not only to the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire fauna —
but to British ornithology generally, and abounding in original
observations on the important subject of migration. For the
whole district — the Yorkshire half of which is equivalent to
Holderness and the Wolds — 280 species are enumerated.

Of Manuscript information, the authors have had (through
the kindness of his son-in-law, Mr. W. Pumphrey) the advantage
of consulting the original MS. of Mr. Thomas Allis's Report on the
Birds of Yorkshire (1844). This list, which includes 258 species,
has been of much assistance from the evidence it contains as to the
faunistic position of various species at that and earlier dates,
besides the numerous records of occurrences.

Manuscript lists have been furnished by numerous
naturalists of the county. Of these the following have contributed
lists of the mammalia, reptiles, and freshwater fishes of their
respective districts (those marked * having also contributed lists
of birds): —

Messrs. *G. Abbey, jun. (Grinkle Park, near Whitby) ; *H. Andrews
(Aldborough); W. Ingram Baynes (Ulleskelf) ; Geo. Bishop (Skipton);
*Fred Boyes (Holderness) ; *Thomas Boynton (Bridlington) ; *James Brigham
(Slingsby); W. B. Brigham (Driffield); C. J. E. Broughton (Wharncliffe);
Thomas Bunker (Goole); Jno. Braim and R. Clarke (Pickering); John T.
Calvert (Keighley); *James Carter (Masham); J. H. Carter (Spurn); J. W.
Carter (Bradford) ; *T. R. Clapham (Austwick) ; Rev. E. Maule Cole, M. A.
( Wetwang and Wolds) ; *John Cordeaux (Humber and Coast) ; *Capt. Wade-
Dalton (Hawxwell) ; J. S. Davidson (Dent); H. W. T. Ellis (Thorne Waste) ;
*John Emmet (Boston Spa); *John Foster (Upper Ribblesdale); Matthew
Foster (Sancton); *John Grange (Harrogate); Rev. Geo. Hales (Barningham,
Wycliffe, &c.); C_. C. Hanson (Elland and Greetland) ; *John Harrison
(Wilstrop); John~T. Hausell (Thirsk) ; W. H. Hay (Scarcroft) ; *James
Ingleby (Eavestone) ; Thomas Lister (Barnsley) ; William Lister (Glaisdale) j

AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 141

R. Lofthouse (Middlesborough) ; R. Morton Middleton, jun., F.L.S. (North-
allerton, &c.); J. E. Miller (Middleham); *W. J. Milligan (Wetherby) ;
•F. S. Mitchell (Mitton and Lower Ribblesdale) ; Walter Morrison (Malham
Tarn); T. H. Nelson (Redcar and Teesmouth) ; George Page (Guisborough) ;
F. Parkinson (Market Weighton) ; J. Petyt (Bolton Abbey) ; G. T. Porritt,
F L.S. (Huddersfield); Walter Raine (Ryther, Leeds, &c.); F. G. S. Rawson
(Halifax); Lord Ribblesdale (Gisburn); *J. H. Salter (Ackworth and Scar-
borough^; William Scoby (Kirby Moorside); *Rev. H. H. Slater, B.A., F.Z.S.
(Ripon); *Walter Stamper (Nunnington); *Thos. Stephenson (Whitby);
*John Tennant ( Wilstrop and Skewkirk) ; Richard G. Tuke (Castle Howard) ;
J. A. Wheldon (Northallerton); and J. E. Clark. B. A.,B.Sc.,F.G.S., R. M.
Christy, E. J. Gibbins, C. Helstrip, Wilson, and Woods (York).

Other contributors of bird-lists, in addition to those marked
above with the asterisk, are : — -

Messrs. Matthew Bailey (Flamborough) ; W. W. Boulton (Beverley) ;
E. P. P. Butterfield ( Wilsden) ; Rev. J. W. Chaloner (Newton Kyme) ; R. B.
Cragg (Skipton); Charles Dixon (Sheffield); Alfred Jackson, M.D. (Market
Weighton) ; Major Lawson (Bridlington); Robert Lee (Thirsk); R. Richardson
(Beverley); Alfred Roberts (Scarborough); Rev. Henry Smith (Redcar);
Edward Tindall (Knapton); Capt. E. H. Turton (Upsall Castle) ; J. W. Davis
(Halifax); and James Varley (Huddersfield).

Lists of marine fishes have been contributed by the
following: —

Messrs. Matthew Bailey (Flamborough); Thomas Boynton (Bridlington
Bay); John Cordeaux (Holderness Coast) ; T. H. Nelson (Redcar); Thomas
Stephenson (Whitby) ; T. Winson (Spurn Point) ; and J. W. Woodall
(Scarborough).

To all these contributors of local lists the best thanks of the
authors are due, for it is they who — by furnishing the full and
indispensable details — have made it possible to give with an
approximation to accuracy the actual geographical range of the
various species. Hence it will be seen that the few words allotted
to each species are founded upon a broad and substantial sub-
stratum of facts contributed by numerous observers, and that it is
only in the few instances where records are vouched for by single
observers that the citation of authorities has been possible in
the text.

But the contributors of lists are not the only persons to whom
the authors are indebted for assistance. Acknowledgment is due
to Professor Alfred Newton, M.A., F.RS., Dr. Gunther, F.R.S.,

I42 AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.

Mr. A. G. More, F.L.S., Dr. G. E. Dobson, F.L.S., Mr. H. E,
Dresser, F.L.S., Mr. J. E. Harting, F.L.S., and above all to Mr.
John Cordeaux and Mr. Thomas Stephenson, for the very kind
manner in which numerous queries were replied to, while for
scattered facts and information upon special points the

Rev. J. C. Atkinson, B.A.; Mr. F. Bond, F.Z.S.; Mr. J. D. Butterellj
Rev. H. C. Casson ; Hon. Payan Dawnay ; Hon. F. H. Dawnay ; Mr. N. F.
Dobr6e; Mr. George Edson; Mr. H. G. Faber; Dr. Francis M. Foster;
Mr. John Grassham ; Mr. J. H. Gurney, jun., F.Z.S. ; Rev. F. W. Hayden ;
Mr. H. B. Hewetson ; Mr. Francis Hoare ; Mr. Henry Kerr ; Mr. P.. W.
Lawton ; Mr. H. T. Mennell, F.L.S. : Mr. Thomas Machen ; Prof. L. C.
Miall, F.G.S.; Mr. C. C. Oxley ; Rev. G. E. Park ; Mr. Thomas Southwell,
F.Z.S.; Mr. John Stephenson; Mr.W. H. Taylor; and Mr. J. Whitaker, F.Z.S.,

besides some of the contributors of lists, have placed the authors
under "obligation.

Although the limited space which can be allotted to the sub-
ject in the present work precludes a fuller use of the mass of
valuable information which the courtesy of correspondents has
placed at their disposal, the authors hope to have the pleasure of
utilising it in future publications, and for such purpose would be
glad to receive additional notes. Mr. Roebuck would be pleased
to receive records of the occurrence of the mammalia and reptiles,
more particularly of the smaller and more obscure species, and
references to historical and other evidence of the former existence
of the extinct forms ; while Mr. Clarke would like to receive'
additional information on the birds, with evidence as to the
existence of the Great Bustard and other species which once bred
in the county, and specimens and information of the occurrences
of marine fishes.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart., M.P., President of the British Association.

Duke of Devonshire, K.G., F.R.S.,

Bolton Abbey (two copies).
Earl Fitzwilliam, K. G. ,

Wentworth Woodhouse (two copies).
Earl of Wharncliffe, Wortley Hall.
Viscount Halifax, G.C.B., Hickleton.
Lord Clifton, M.B.O.U.,

Cobham Hall, Gravesend.
Lord Lilford, Pres. B.O.U.,

Lilford Hall, Northants.
Lord Walsingham, M.A.,

Merton Hall, Thetford.

Rev. Thos. Adams, fif.A., York.
C. M. Adamson, Newcastle-on- 7yne.
S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., Leeds.
Wm. Aldam, J.P., D. L.,

Frickley Hall.
Tempest Anderson, M.D., B.Sc.,

York.

J. J. Armistead, Dalbeattie, N.B.
Edward Atkinson, F.L.S., Leeds.
William Atkinson, Leeds.

James Backhouse, jun., York.
Matthew Bailey, Flamborough.
S. D. Bairstow, F.L.S.,

Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony.
Rev. H. F. Barnes-Lawrence, M.A.,

C.M.Z.S., Birkin, Ferrybridge.
W. I. Barratt, Coniston, Lancashire.
W. Ingram Baynes, Ulleskelf.
W. E. Beckwith, Iron Bridge, Salop.
James Bedford, Leeds.
John T. Beer, Leeds.

Thos. W. Belcher, Whitby.
Thos. Benn, Leeds.
W. S. Bingley, Leeds (two copies).
Thos. Birks, jun., Goole.
C. Blenkhorn, Knaresborough.
Fred. Bond, F.Z.S., Staines, Middlesex.
Thos. Boynton, Ulrome Grange.
Arthur Briggs, Rawden, Leeds.
James Brigham, Slingsby.
James Brodie, Leeds.
Charles Bromley, Goole.
Geo. Brook, ter.,F.L.S.,Huddersfield.
C. J. E. Broughton, Wortley, Sheffield.
George Brunton, Leeds.
T. E. Buckley, B.A.,F.Z.S.,M.B.O. U.,
Strathcarron, N.B.
Walter Buckton, Leeds.
Thomas Bunker, Goole.
J. Darker Butterell, Beverley.
J. A. Butterfield, Wilsden.

C. A. Carroll, Boston Spa.

Godfrey Carter. Leeds.

James Carter, Masham.

John Henry Carter, Easington.

John Henry Carter, jun., Leeds.

John Wm. Carter, Bradford.

Thos. S. Carter, Ilkley.

William Cash, F.G.S., Halifax.

Wm. Cheetham, Horsforth.

T. R. Clapham, Austwick Hall

J. E. Clark, B.A., B.Sc., F.G.S., York.

F. E. Clarke, Leeds.

William Clarke, 'Leeds.

T. F, Clayton, Harrogale.

144

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

Frederick Coates, Farnley, Leeds.
G. J. Cockburn, Headingley, Leeds.
George Colby, Malton.
R. B. Cook, York.
James Cooper, Leeds.
John Cordeaux, M.B.O.U.,

Great Cotes, Lincolnshire.
R. B. Cragg, Skipton.
Henry Crossley, Wetherby.
G. H. Crowther, Wakefield. ^

R. D. Darbishire, B.A.,F.G.S.,

Manchester.

William Davidson, Plymouth.
J. W. Davis, F.S.A., Halifax.
Thomas Dawson, Leeds.
Francis D&y, F.L.S., Cheltenham.
Alfred Denny, Leeds.
Charles Dixon, London.
H. E. Dresser, F.L.S , M.B.O.U.,

London.
W. S. M. D' Urban, F.L.S. , Exeter.

J. Percy Eddison, Nottingham.

J. Ray Eddy, F. G.S., Carlton, Skipton.

H. W. T. Ellis, Crowle, Lincolnshire.

Thos. W. Embleton, Methley.

John Emmet, Boston Spa.

W. Hill Evans, M.D., Bradford.

Thos. Fairley, F.R.S.E., Leeds.
M. T. Farrer, Ingleborough.
I G. Featherstone, Stamford Bridge.
John Firth, Bradford.
William Foggitt, Thirsk.
W. A Forbes, B.A., F.L.S., M.B.O. U.,
London.

J. Rawlinson Ford, Leeds (two copies).
John Foster, Lawkland, Clapham.
Rev. Wm. Fowler, M.A., Liversedge.

W. Hodgson Gill, Hunslet, Leeds.
Thos. Gough, B.Sc., F.C.S., York.
John Grange, Harrogate.

John Grassham, Leeds.

Rev. Y. Lloyd Greame, J.P.,

Sewer by Hall.

William Gregson, Baldersby, Thirsk.
A. C. L. G. Gunther, Ph.D., F.R.S.,
British Museum, London.
J. H. Gurney, jun., F.Z.S., Northrepps.

Frederick Haigh, Leeds.

George Hainsworth, Leeds.

John Hancock, Wey bridge, Surrey.

John Harrison, Wihtrop Hall.

W. H. Hay, Leeds.

Rhodes Hebblethwaite, Leeds

H. Bendelack Hewetson, Leeds.

William Hewett, York.

Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A.t York.

J. E. Hill, London.

J. Audus Hirst, A del, Leeds.

C. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S., Huddersfield.

Benj. Holgate, F.G.S., Hunslet, Leeds.

T. Wainman Holmes, Baildon.

John Hopkinson, F.L.S.,

Watford, Herts.
H. Knight Horsfield, Leeds.
C. Houfton, Garforth.
Joseph S. Hurst, Copt Hewick Hall.

James Ingleby, Eavestone, Ripon.
John Jones, Hull.

Arthur R. Kell, Barnsley.

Henry Kerr, Stacksteads, Manchester.

S. H. Kerr, Ph.D., M.A., Otley.

John King, Leeds.

Charles Kirkby, Headingley, Leeds.

Philip W. Lawton, Easington, Hull.

F. Arnold Lees, F.L.S., Wetherby.

Arthur R. Linsley, Leeds.

C. E. Lister, Shibden Hall, Halifax.

William Lobley, Leeds.

J. Lucas, F.G.S., Tooting, Gravcney.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

Henry Lupton, Chapel Allerton, Leeds.

John McLandsborougb, F.R.A.S.,

Bradford.
J. C. Mansell-Pleydell, F.L.S.,

Blandford, Dorsetshire.
John J. Marsh, Leeds.
John Marshall, Sowcrby Bridge.
Robert Mason, Glasgow.
H. T. Meunell, F.L.S., Croydon.
R. Morton Middleton, jun,, F.L.S.,

Castle Eden, co. Durham.
R. Milne-Redhead, F.L. S.,

Bolt on by Bolland.
F. S. Mitchell, M.B.O.U., Clitheroe.

E. A. Moore, Ncio Worthy, Leeds.
A. G. More, F.L.S., M.B.O.U.,

Dublin.

J. W. Morkill, Killingbcck, Leeds.
Walter Morriso^y./*., Malham Tarn.
A. S. Myrtle, M.D., Harrogatc.

W. Naylor, Whalley, Lancashire.
T. H. Nelson, Bishop Auckland.

F. Nicholson, F.Z.S., M.B.O. U.,

Altrincham.
John Norcliffe, Heckmondunke.

George Page, GuisboroKgh.

G. H. Parke, F.L.S.,

Furness Abbey, Lancashire.
I. Patchett, B.Sc., F.C.S., Birstal.
R. Lloyd Patterson, Belfast.
Jonathan Peel, Kncnvlmere, Clitheroe.
Lister Petty, Leeds.

Geo. T. Porritt, F.L.S., Huddersfield.
Thomas Pratt, Ripon.
Edward E. Prince, Leeds.
George A. Prince, jun., Leeds.
Mrs. Annie C. Pulleine, Clifton Castle.

Frank Ramsden, Hexthorpe, Doncaster.
Rev. A. Rawson, Bromley, Kent.
F. G. S. Rawson, Thorpe, Halifax.

Mrs. Rawson, Halifax.

Wm. Eagle Reeves, London.

E. G. Reuss, Sheffield.

Richard Reynolds, F.C.S., Leeds.

Richard Richardson, Beverley.

Walter W. Richardson, Leeds.

Mrs. Richardson, Headingley, Leeds.

Richard Ridehalgh,

Rippondeii) Halifax.
Alfred Roberts, Scarborough.
George Roberts, Lofthousc* Wakefield.
Richard Roberts, Richmond.
D. I. Roebuck, Leeds.
Walter Rowley, F.G.S., Leeds.
James H. Rowntree, Scarborough.
John H. Rowntree,

Lord Mayor of York.
W. B. Russell, LL.B., Leeds.

John H. Salter, Lisburn, Ireland.
Thomas Scattergood, Leeds.
Robert Scharff, Edinburgh.
Joseph Scott, Leeds.
T. Kershaw Skipwith, Leeds.
Rev. H. H. Slater, B.A., F.Z.S.,

Sharow, Ripon (two copies).
Rev. Henry Smith, Redcar.
William Smith, Morley.
H. T. Soppitt, Bradford.
H. Clifton Sorby, LL.D^ F.R.S.,

Sheffield.

Thomas Southwell, F.Z.S., Nonvich.
J. W. Speck, Headingley, Leeds.
John Stephenson, Beverley.
Thomas Stephenson, Whitby.
John Sykes, M.D., Doncaster.
Walter Stamper, Middlesborough.
Johnson C. Swailes, Beverley.

John Tennant, Leeds.
Thos. W. Tew,/./7.,

Carlton, Pontefract.
J. Campbell Thompson, Hull.
Thomas Thorpe, Pateley Bridge.

146

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

John Thrippleton, Burley, Leeds.
George Tindall, Doncaster.
Edward Tindail,

Knapton Hall (two copies).
Thos. Turnbull, /./>., Whitby.
W. Harwell Turner, F.C.S., Leeds.
Edmund H. Turton,

Upsatt Castle, Thirsk.

Miss Harriet Upton, Leeds.
James Varley, Huddersfield.

C. Staniland Wake, Hull.

G. G. Walmsley, Liverpool.

George Ward, F.I.C., F.C.S., Leeds.

J. Welburn, Drifficld.

F. W. T. Vernon Wentworth,

Wentworth Castle, Darnsley.
William West, Bradford.
John Whitaker, F.Z.S.,

Rainworth) Notts,

C. T. Whitmell, M. A., B.Sc., Sheffield.
Joseph Wilcock, Wakefield.
John H. Wilson, Whitby.
T. Winson, Spurn Point.
A. J. H. Wood, Galphay, Ripon.

John Wood, B.A., Boston Spa.
Basil T. Woodd,y.P., Knaresborough.
Fairfax Wooler, Farnley, Leeds.
C. A. Wright, F.L.S., M.B. O. U. , Kew.

British Association (two copies, per the

local secretaries, York, 1881).
Barnsley Naturalists' Society.
Bradford Naturalists' Society.
Elland-cum-Greetland Naturalists'

vSociety.

Giggleswick School Library.
Heckmondwike Naturalists' Society.
The Leeds Library.
Leeds Mechanics' Institution.
Leeds Naturalists' Club.
Leeds Philosophical and Literary

Society.

Leeds Public Library (two copies).
Liversedge Naturalists' Society.
Chetham Library, Manchester.
Manchester Free Library.
Radcliffe Library, University Museum,
Oxford.

Scarborough Philosophical Society.
The Yorkshire College, Leeds.
Yorkshire Naturalists' Union.

INDEX

TO THE PRINCIPAL ENGLISH NAMES.

PAGE PAGE

PAGE

Accentor

23

Buntings... 32

, 33

Deer

II, 12

Angel-fish

101

Burbot ...

119

Dippers ...

18, 19

Angler ...

IIO

Bustards... 65, 69,

136

Divers ...

... 88

Argentine

125

Butter-fish

113

Dog-fish...

... 100

, hebridal

129

Buzzards

44

Dolphins

ii

Atherine

H3

Buzzard, Honey

46

Doree ...

... 107

Auk

87

Dormouse

... 13

Avocet ...

72

Carps ... 122,

123

Dotterel ...

... 71

Cat, wild

5

Doves

... 60

Badger ...

7

Cattle, wild

12

Dragonet

... 112

Band-fish

112

Chaffinch

30

Ducks ...

55-59

Basse

I04

Chats

19

Dunlin , . .

... 74

Barbel

123

Chiffchaff

22

Bats

3.4

Chimsera

103

Eagles . . .

44, 45

Bear

7

Chough ...

35

Eels

... 130

Beaver ...

13

Chub

123

Egrets ...

... 50

Bee-eater

39

Coal-fish

119

Eiders ...

... 58

Bergylt ... - ...

105

Cods

118

Ermine ...

7

Bib

118

Colin

62

Bitterns ... 5<

D, 51

Conger

130

Falcons ...

46,47

Blackbird

18

Coot

64

Fieldfare

... 17

Blackcap

21

Cormorant

48

Firecrest...

22

Black-fish

107

Courser ...

69

Flounder

... 122

Bleak

I24

Crakes ... 63

64

Flycatchers

... 28

Blennies...

H3

Crane

65

Fox

6

Blind worm

93

Creeper ... ...

25

Frogs ...

... 96

Bluethroat

20

Crossbill

32

Fulmar ...

... 86

Boar ... ,w-

II

Crows ...

36

Boar-fish

107

Cuckoo ...

40

Gad wall...

- 55

Brambling

30

Curlew ...

79

Gannet ...

... 49

Breams ...

124

•j-}

75

Garfish ...

... 124

•, rygmy...

Brill

121

Garganey

... 56

Bullfinch

31

Dabs ... I2i.

122

Gobies ...

III, 112

Bullheads

IIO

Dace

123 Godwits ...

78

148

INDEX.

Goldcrest

PAGE PAGE

22 Kites ... 45, 46

Osprey . . .

PAGE
... 48

Goldeneye

••• 57

Kitti wake

84

Otter

7

Goldfinch

... 29

Knot

75

Owls

40-43

Goldsinnies

... 117

Oystercatcher

... 72

Goosander

... 159

Lampreys

132

Goose ...

53<54

Lancelet

133

Partridges

... 61

Goshawk

••• 45

Lapwing...

7i

Perch ...

... 104

Grampus

10

Larks

34

Petrels ...

85,86

Grayling

... 129

Ling ... • .f.

119

Phalaropes

73, 137

Grebes ...

88, 89

Linnet

3i

Pheasant

... 61

Greenfinch

... 30

Lizards ... ,«,.

93

Pigeons ...

60, 6 1

Greenshank

... 78

Loach ...• /_ i.«4

124

Pike

... 125

Grosbeak, pine

... 31

Lumpsucker

in

Pilchard ...

... 130

Grouse ...

62,63

Pintail ...

... 56

Gudgeon...

... 123

Mackerel

109

Pipe-fish...

... 131

Guillemots

... 78

"U y-VU/NA

107

Piper

... in

Gulls

81, 83

-.« * A «•«.

119

Pipits ...

... 26

Gunnel . . .

... 113

Magpie ...

35

Plaice ...

... 121

Gurnards...

IIO, III

Maigre ...

1 06

Plovers . . .

70, 71

Mallard ...

55

Pochard ...

... 56

Haddock

... 118

Marten ... 6

* 135

Pogge ...

... Ill

Hag, glutinous

••' 133

Martins

29

Polecat ...

7

Hake ...

... 119

Mergansers ;..

59

Pollack ...

... 118

Hare ...

... 14

Merlin ... ...

47

Porbeagle

... 99

Harriers ...

43>44

Minnow ...

124

Porpoise...

ii

Hawfinch

30

Mole ... . ...

4

Pout

... 118

Hedgehog

4

Moorhen... ...

64

Pratincole

... 69

Hedge-sparrow

... 23

Morris, Anglesea

131

Puffin ...

... 87

Hemipode

... 63

Mouse ...

13

Herons ...

49>5°

Mullet, grey

1*4

Quail ...

... 62

Herring ...

... 130

rrH

105

Hippocampus

... 131

Myxine ... ...

133

Rabbit ...

... 14

Hobby ...

... 47

Rails

63, 64

Holibut ...

... 120

Narwhal... * ....

10

Rats

'3> H

Hoopoe ...

••• 39

Natterjack

95

Raven . . .

... 36

Hound, smooth

... 99

Newts ...

95

Rays

101—103

Nightingale

20

Razorbill

... 87

Ibis

52, 136

Nightjar...

37

Redbreast

20

Nutcracker

35

Redpolls

31

Jackdaw...

- 35

Nuthatch

25

Redshanks

77, 78

Jay ....

••• 35

Redstarts

... 19

Oar- fish ...

116

Redwing...

... 17

Kestrels ...

... 48

Opah

108

Reedling, bearded 23

Kingfisher

••• 39

Oriole ... ....

27

Ribbon-fish

... 116

INDEX

149

PAGE

PAGE

PAGE

Ring-ouzel

... 18 | Skuas ...

.. 84

Tope ...

... 99

Roach ...

... 123

Smelt ...

.. 129

Topknots

... 121

Rocklings

... 119

Smew

•• 59

Torsk ...

... 120

Roller ...

-• 39

Snake ...

•• 93

Trout

... 127

Rook

... 36

Snipe ...

73- 74 .

Tunny ...

... 109

Rorquals...

9

Soles

.. 122

Turbot . . .

... 121

Rucld ...

... 123

Sparrows .

.. 30

Turnstone

... 71

Ruff

... 76

Sparrow-hawk .

-• 45

Turtles ...

... 94

Ruffe ...

... 104

Sparus ... ^

.. 104

Tusk

... 120

Spoonbill

.. 52

Twite ...

... 3I

Salmon ...

125, 128

Sprat

-. 130

Salmon-trout

... 126

Squirrel ..'. .

12

.Viper

••• 93

Sanderling

... 76

Starlings...

34,35

Voles ...

... 14

Sand-grouse

... 61

Sticklebacks 114,115

Sand-launces

... 120

Stilt ... *

73, 137

Wagtails...

25, 26

Sandpipers

74-78

Stints ...

-• 75'

Warblers

21,23

Saury

... 125

Stoat

7

Wax wing

... 28

Scad

... 107

Stone-curlew .

.. 69

Weasel ...

7

Scaup

... 56

Storks ...

51, 52

Weevers ...

... 109

Scoter ...

58.59

Sturgeon

.. 103

Whales ...

9, 10

Sea-breams

107, 108

Suckers ...

.. in

Wheatear

... 19

Sea-horse

... 131

Sunfish ...

• • 132

Whimbrel

... 78

Seals ...

8,135

Swallow...

.. 29

Whitethroats

21

Shads

.... 130

Swans

•• 54

Whiting ...

... 118

Shag ...

48

Swifts ... 36,

37, 136

Widgeon...

... 56 ,

Shanny ...

... 113

Swordfish

.. 106

Woodcock

••• 73

Sharks ...

99, ioo

Woodpeckers

37,38

Shearwaters

85,86

Tadpole hake .

.. 120

Wolf ...

5

Sheldrakes

- 55

Teal ...

.. 56

Wolf-fish

... 112

Shoveller

••• 55

Tench ...

.. I24

Wrasses ...

... 117

Shrews ...

5 Terns ...

79-81

Wren ...

... 25

Shrikes ...

27, 28, 136

Thrushes

17, 18

Wryneck

... 38

Siskin

... 30

Titmice ... • .

.. 24

Skates ...

... 102

Toads ...

•• 95

Yellowshank

... 77

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