r- o- CD m HANDBOOK OF THE WILD AND CULTIVATED FLOWERING PLANTS Handbook of the and Cultivated Flowering Plants in BY CHESTER ARTHUR DARLING, A.M., Ph.D. Instructor in Botany in Columbia University, New York City COPYRIGHT 1912 BY CHESTER A. DARLING THE MASON-HENRY PRESS Syracuse and New York M: f (•(' #'Tv PREFACE The object of this Handbook is to furnish a convenient and easy means of determining the wild and cultivated flowering plants found in the East. The rarer plants grown in greenhouses and in Botanical Gardens are not included. In the preparation of the Keys it has been the aim to make the book usable to the untrained as well as to the trained Botanist; as a result we have sought to give only essentials and to use as simple terms as possible. In addition to the plants themselves, I have freely con- sulted Britton's Manual, Gray's New Manual, and Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Horticulture. The scientific names given preference in the native plants are those used in Britton's Manual. The arrangement of Orders and Fam- ilies is that commonly accepted by present Botanists. In the preparation of this work valuable suggestions have been received from Prof. Carlton C. Curtis and Dr. Bernard O. Dodge, to whom I am very grateful; much credit is also due my wife who has so generously assisted in many phases of the work. C. A. D. Columbia University, New York City. April, 1912. SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT The Keys found in this Handbook are designed to be used in the field. There are four general Keys : ( I ) Key to the Wild Plants and Cultivated Trees and Shrubs which flower during March, April, and May, p. 3; (2) Key to the Wild Plants and Cultivated Trees and Shrubs which flower from June to November, p. 27; (3) Key to the Wild and Culti- vated Trees and Shrubs in Autumn, p. 65; (4) Key to the Cultivated Herbs and Potted Shrubs, p. 81. To find the name of the plant, you must first decide in which of the four Keys it will be found, depending upon the time of year and whether the plant is cultivated or not. Excepting Key 3 and part of Key 4, it is necessary to have the flowers as well as other parts of the plant which are present at flowering time. Beginning with No. I of the Key selected, consider both a and b and choose the one which fits the specimen ; the number after a or b indicates the next to be considered, e.g., if you are to determine a wild flower found in the spring before June you will turn to Key i, and if it is an herb or herbaceous, then you are directed to 1 62 ; be sure always to turn to the number indicated. By a continued following of the numbers you will be led to the first or generic name of the plant. You are there referred to the page on which will be found the generic and the common name; if there is more than one kind in the genus, use the key there found to determine the species. To enable you to pronounce the scientific name correctly the accented vowel is marked, (a) indicates a long sound of the vowel, (a) a short. When you find words and phrases that you do not understand, turn to the Glossary which pre- viii SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS cedes the Index, where they are defined. In order to use the Keys with success, accuracy of observation of the speci- men and careful attention in following the Key are of primary importance; the flowers should be completely open. It is always desirable to read both a and b and c when present, before choosing between them. At times you will have to exercise your best judgment and use the one which seems to fit best ; usually, however, there will be no difficulty in determining which to take. Many plants are variable, so where there are several plants always obtain an average one, and one which is in full flower. When you are sure that you have a Violet, for instance, you can turn to the Violets without using one of the four general Keys, or when you know the flowers of a certain Family as the Mustard, Pea, Carrot, or Thistle Family, you can turn to the Key of that Family. After using the Keys for a time you will find many "short cuts" in finding out the individual plant, but at first you should begin as suggested above. The asterisk (*) after the scien- tific name indicates that the plant is cultivated, although in some cases it may be found growing wild. Should you find some plants which you cannot determine I shall be very glad to have them sent to me for identifica- tion; I shall likewise appreciate any suggestions which may be offered to improve the Keys, and any suggestions as to omissions. Should this work meet with sufficient approval it will be followed by the descriptions of the species. An abridged copy containing only the Spring Flora has been published for those wishing such an edition. THE AUTHOR. HANDBOOK OF THE WILD AND CULTIVATED FLOWERING PLANTS I Key to the Wild Plants and Cultivated Trees and Shrubs Which Flower During March, April and May 1 a Trees, shrubs, and woody vines 2 b Herbaceous plants 162 2 a Leaves about Vs in. or less broad, present at flowering time 3 b Leaves % in. or more broad or wanting at flowering time 21 3 a Leaves scale-like, more or less appressed to the stem, the tips sometimes spreading 4 b Leaves awl-shaped, linear, or needle-like, not appressed to the stem 9 4 a Low shrubs usually 2 ft. or less high 5 b Shrubs or trees 3 ft. or more high 6 5 a Cultivated shrub; leaves in 4 rows on the stem Calluna. p 195 b Native shrubs; leaves not in 4 rows on the stem Hudsonia. p 186 6 a Flowers white or pink with sepals and petals; branches often plume-like Tamarix. p 186 b Flowers in small aments, without sepals or petals .... 7 7 a Branchlets appear more or less 4-sided, not flattened laterally; all leaves more or less keeled Juniperus virginiana. p 109 b Branchlets appear much flattened laterally, 2 rows of leaves flat and 2 rows keeled 8 8 a Branchlets about % in. broad Thuja, p 109 b Branchlets about M.6 in. broad, or the tips of leaves spreading Chamaecy Paris, p 109 9 a Leaves in clusters on the stem 10 b Leaves attached singly to the stem 12 10 a Leaves 2-5 in a cluster Pinus. p 107 b Leaves 10 or more in a cluster n 11 a Leaves deciduous, borne on short bud-like branches Larix. p 108 b Leaves evergreen, not borne on short bud-like branches Cedrus. p 108 3 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 12 a Leaves 3-6 in. long, in whorls at the ends of the branches Sciadopitys. p log b Leaves 2 in. or less long 13 13 a Each leaf extending down the stem, not jointed to it; leaves awl-shaped ; small cultivated tree Cryptomeria. p log b Each leaf jointed to the stem, not extending down it as in a 14 14 a Leaves thick, somewhat 4-sided; branchlets very rough 15 b Plants not completely as in a 16 15 a Leaves about % in. long; native shrub. .. .Corema. p 180 b Leaves usually more than ^4 in. long Picea. p 108 1 6 a Leaves rather rigid, tapering to apex, somewhat chan- neled 17 b Leaves flat, not channeled or tapering 18 17 a Native shrubs; leaves sometimes arranged in 3's on the stem Juniperus. p log b Cultivated shrubs; leaves arranged in 4 rows on the stem Chamaecy paris. p log 18 a Branchlets covered with small projections, rather rough 19 b Branchlets without projections, rather smooth 20 19 a Leaves about % in. long, blunt at apex, whitish be- neath when fresh Tsuga. p 108 b Leaves %-i in. long, pointed at apex, green beneath Taxus. p 107 20 a Leaves thin, deciduous, appearing only on new branches Tax odium, p log b Leaves comparatively thick, appearing on 2-year-old branches Abies, p 108 Trees or Shrubs With Opposite, Compound Leaves 21 a Leaves or leaf-scars opposite on the branches 22 b Leaves or leaf-scars alternate on the branches 49 22 a Leaves compound 23 b Leaves simple or wanting at flowering time 28 23 a Leaves palmately compound; flowers irregular. Aesculus. p 183 b Leaves not palmately compound ; flowers regular .... 24 24 a Flowers %-i in. broad, yellow Jasminum. p ig8 b Flowers % in. or less broad 25 25 a Flowers V^-Vz in. long, bell-shaped, in pendulous ra- cemes Staphylea. p 182 b Flowers not completely as in a 26 26 a Flowers white, in cymes Sambucus. p 214. b Flowers not in cymes 27 27 a Petals 4, white; leaflets 7-11 Fraxinus ornus. p ig8 b Perianth parts green; leaflets 3-5 Acer negundo. p 182 4 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY Trees, Shrubs, or Woody Vines With Simple, Opposite Leaves or Leaves Wanting at Flowering Time 28 a Tree with violet, tubular flowers 2 in. or more long Paulownia. p 210 b Trees or shrubs not completely as in a 29 29 a Shrubs with showy yellow flowers about i in. long, usu- ally appearing before the leaves Forsythia. p 198 b Shrubs or trees not completely as in a 30 30 a Shrub or small tree with entire, evergreen leaves Vz-i in. long; flowers small, greenish Buxus. p 181 b Trees or shrubs not completely as in a 31 31 a Flowers without a perianth 32 b Flowers with a perianth 33 32 a Stamens numerous; leaves round-heart-shaped Cercidiphyllum. p 152 b Stamens 2; leaves often wanting at flowering time Fraxinus. p 198 33 a Stamens 20-40; flowers white, i in. or more broad.... 34 b Stamens 10 or less; flowers not completely as in a 35 34 a Calyx-lobes toothed, nearly as long as the petals Rhodotypos. p 164. b Calyx-lobes much smaller than the petals.Philadelphus. p 162 35 a Flowers dark purple, 1-2 in. broad Eutneria. p 154. b Flowers not completely as in a 36 36 a Corolla deeply saucer-shaped, 5-lobed, with 10 pouches on the tube Kalmia. p 195 b Flowers not completely as in a 37 37 a Flowers greenish or reddish, about }4 in. broad 38 b Flowers not completely as in a 40 38 a Leaves evergreen, thick, usually variegated. .Aucuba. p 194 b Leaves not evergreen 39 39 a Decumbent shrub about i ft. high. Euonymus obovatus. p 182 b Erect shrubs or trees Acer, p 182 40 a Leaves with silvery scales at least on the under surface Lepargyraea. p 189 b Leaves wanting or not as in a 41 41 a Flowers in heads subtended by 4 large, white or red- dish bracts usually % in. or more long. . . .Cornus. p 193 b Flowers not completely as in a 42 42 a Stamens 10, or flowers double Deutzia. p 162 b Stamens 5 or less 43 43 a Stamens 2 44 b Stamens 4 or 5 or wanting . . . ,. 46 44 a Petals 4, nearly distinct Fontanesia. p 199 b Petals joined into a tube 45 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 45 a Flowers about i in. long, white, not fragrant Chionanthus. p 7pp b Flowers % in. or less long, lilac or white, usually fragrant Syringa. p 7pp 46 a Flowers more or less irregular Lonicera. p 215 b Flowers regular 47 47 a Flowers % in. or more long, yellow or rose-colored Diervilla. p 216 b Flowers % in. or less long, white, rarely yellow.... 48 48 a Leaves with toothed or lobed margins; petals usually 5 Viburnum, p 214. b Leaves wanting or with entire margins: petals usually 4 Cornus. p 193 Woody Vines With Alternate Leaves 49 a Climbing woody vines 50 b Erect or prostrate trees or shrubs 58 50 a Vines with tendrils or aerial rootlets 51 b Vines not with tendrils or aerial rootlets 55 51 a Vines with prickles; leaves entire Smilax. p 136 b Vines not with prickles ; leaves not entire 52 52 a Vines with tendrils 53 b Vines with aerial rootlets 54 53 a Tendrils tapering at the tips Vitis. p 184 b Tendrils with adhesive expansions at the tips Parthenocissus. p 184. 54 a Leaves simple, usually evergreen with lighter veins Hedera. p 191 b Leaves 3-foliolate, not evergreen .... Rhus radicans. p 181 55 a Leaves simple, thorns often present Lycium. p 209 b Leaves compound 56 56 a Flowers irregular Wistaria, p 173 b Flowers regular 57 57 a Thorns or prickles present Rosa, p 166 b Thorns or prickles not present Akebia. p 154 Shrubs or Trees With Alternate, Compound Leaves 58 a Leaves compound 59 b Leaves simple or wanting at flowering time 78 59 a Trees usually with thorns on the trunk i in. or more long; branchlets zigzag; flowers greenish . Gleditsia. p 170 b Trees or shrubs not completely as in a 60 60 a Flowers irregular, not greenish 61 b Flowers not completely as in a 65 61 a Flowers yellow 62 b Flowers not yellow 63 6 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 62 a Leaflets 3 Laburnum, b Leaflets 8-12 Caragana. p 173 63 a Flowers violet-purple, about }4 in. long. . .Amorpha. p 173 b Flowers white, pink, or purple, Vz in. or more long. . 64 64 a Trees or shrubs usually with short spines for stipules; racemes usually 8 in. or less long Robinia. p 173 b Shrub not with spines for stipules; racemes often 10-25 in. long Wistaria, p 173 65 a Trees, shrubs, or trailing vines with prickles 66 b Shrubs or trees not with prickles 68 66 a Tree or large shrub 10 ft. or more high Xanthoxylum. p 179 b Shrubs 6 ft. or less high, erect or trailing 67 67 a Shrubs cultivated for the flowers Rosa, p 166 b Shrubs not cultivated for the flowers Rubus. p 164 68 a Flowers white 69 b Flowers not white 71 69 a Leaflets 3 ; flowers fragrant Citrus trifoliata. p 179 b Leaflets 5 or more 70 70 a Leaves doubly compound ; flowers in racemes Gymnodadus. p 170 b Leaves singly compound ; flowers in cymes .... Sorbus. p 167 71 a Leaves evergreen ; leaflets with spiny teeth Berberis japonica. p 154. b Leaves not evergreen; leaflets not with spiny teeth 72 72 a Leaflets 3 Rhus radicans. p 181 b Leaflets 5 or more 73 73 a Shrub 1-2 ft. high; flowers purplish-brown Xanthorrhiza. p 152 b Shrubs or trees 5 ft. or more high 74 74 a Flowers about Vz in. long, yellow Koelreuteria. p 183 b Flowers -^4 in. or less long, greenish 75 75 a Leaflets entire Juglans regia. p 14.1 b Leaflets toothed 76 76 a Leaflets 5-11; pith in the twigs not chambered Hicoria. p 14.1 b Leaflets 11-25; pith m the twigs chambered with cross partitions 77 77 a Cultivated tree; pistillate flowers in racemes Pterocarya. p 142 b Native trees; pistillate flowers in clusters of 2-4 Juglans. p 14.1 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY Shrubs or Trees With Simple, Alternate Leaves or Leaves Wanting 78 a Flowers green or greenish or else without a distinct perianth 79 b Flowers not green, with a distinct perianth 105 79 a Small tree with smooth, dark-grayish bark, not peeling; trunk with smooth, rounded ridges, sinew-like Carpinus. p 142 b Shrubs or trees not completely as in a 80 80 a Shrub with leaves indented nearly to the midrib, fern- like, fragrant Comptonia. p 141 b Shrubs or trees not completely as in a 81 81 a Bark with horizontal markings Vz in. or more long; bark peeling in papery sheets or in plates, never fur- rowed Eetula. p 142 b Bark not completely as in a 82 82 a Shrubs or trees with the fruiting aments somewhat woody and remaining on the tree throughout the year Alnus. p 143 b Shrubs or trees not completely as in a 83 83 a Trees with smooth, light-gray bark close on trunk, not peeling Fagus. p 143 b Trees or shrubs not completely as in a 84 84 a Leaves star-shaped, 5-7 pointed Liquidambar. p 163 b Leaves wanting or not star-shaped 85 85 a Bark with light-green or whitish patches on upper trunk ; flowers in globose balls Platanus. p 163 b Bark and flowers not completely as in a 86 86 a Shrub or tree with thorns; pistillate flowers in globose head Toxylon. p 145 b Shrubs or trees not completely as in a 87 87 a Leaves somewhat fan-shaped, broadest toward apex and often incised Ginkgo. p 107 b Leaves not completely as in a 88 88 a Milky juice exudes when young twigs are cut 89 b No milky juice exudes when twigs are cut 90 89 a Twigs very hairy; pistillate flowers in heads Broussonetia. p 145 b Twigs not very hairy; pistillate flowers in short spikes Morus. p 144 90 a Leaves more or less lobed 91 b Leaves entire, toothed, or wanting at flowering time. . 92 91 a Shrubs 5 ft. or less high; flowers with conspicuous perianth Ribes. p 162 b Shrubs or trees 6 ft. or more high Quercus. p 143 8 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 92 a At least the staminate flowers in aments, spikes, or racemes 93 b Flowers not as in a 97 93 a Bark of tree peeling off in narrow, vertical strips Ostrya. p 142 b Bark not peeling completely as in a 94 94 a Twigs clothed with brownish hairs ; only staminate flowers in aments Corylus. p 142 b Trees or shrubs not completely as in a 95 95 a Shrubs 8 ft. or less high; pistillate flowers not in aments; fruit of waxy nutlets, sometimes present Myrica. p 141 b Shrubs or trees not completely as in a 96 96 a Trees with lateral leaf-buds with several scales; leaves usually not more than twice as long as broad Populus. p 139 b Trees or shrubs with lateral leaf-buds with a single scale ; leaves usually more than twice as long as broad Salix. p 140 97 a Leaves evergreen, with spiny teeth Ilex, p l8l b Leaves not as in a 98 98 a Flowers solitary or few together in the axils of the leaves 99 b Flowers not completely as in a 101 99 a Tree with furrowed or checkered bark; leaves entire Diospyros. p 198 b Shrubs 9 ft. or less high ; leaves wanting or when present toothed or entire 100 100 a Stamens 4 or 5, opposite the petals Rhamnus. p 184 b Stamens 4-12, not opposite the petals Ilicioides. p 181 101 a Flowers in panicles 3 in. or more long; leaves entire Cotinus. p 181 b Flowers not completely as in a 102 102 a Leaves entire, appearing with the flowers Nyssa. p 194. b Leaves toothed or wanting at flowering time 103 103 a Shrub, often twining; leaves finely toothed .. Celastrus. p 182 b Trees, rarely shrubs; leaves usually wanting at flower- ing time 104 104 a Usually wings of cork at the base of tree; pistil ovoid Celtis. p 144 b Bark not completely as in a ; pistil 2-lobed at apex Ulmus. p 144 105 a Tree with flowers 2 in. or more broad, orange within ; leaves broadly notched at apex Liriodendron. p 152 b Shrubs or trees not completely as in a 106 9 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 106 a Flowers 2 in. or more broad ; stamens and pistils num- erous Magnolia, p 151 b Flowers not completely as in a 107 107 a Flowers irregular, pink or purple, appearing before the leaves Cercis. p 170 b Flowers not completely as in a 108 108 a Shrubs or trees with spicy bark; flowers yellow, ^4 in. or less broad; anthers opening by terminal pores.... 109 b Shrubs or trees not completely as in a no 109 a Flowers in lateral clusters on the branches. .Benzoin. P 154 b Flowers in racemes or umbels, usually terminal on the branches Sassafras, p 154. no a Shrubs with thorns at the base of the leaves; flowers about }4 in. long, yellowish Berberis. p 154. b Shrubs or trees not completely as in a in in a Shrubs 6 ft. or less high; leaves more or less lobed; flowers yellow or whitish Ribes. p 162 b Shrubs or trees not completely as in a 112 112 a Flowers with petals distinct, not united at base, or petals wanting 113 b Flowers with the corolla more or less tubular, sometimes tubular only at the base 146 113 a Flowers yellow, i in. or more broad, often double Kerria. p 164 b Flowers not completely as in a 114 114 a Stamens 10 or less to each flower, or flowers never double 115 b Stamens 15 or more, or flowers double 122 115 a Flowers rose-purple, about }£ in. long, fragrant Daphne, p 189 b Flowers not completely as in a 116 116 a Flowers yellow or yellowish; petals wanting 117 b Flowers white 120 117 a Stamens 5-10 118 b Stamens 4 119 118 a Stamens 5 or 10; leaves evergreen Ledum. p 195 b Stamens 8 ; leaves not evergreen Dirca. p 189 119 a Branches covered with whitish scales or hairs Elaeagnus. p 189 b Branches covered with reddish or brownish scales Hippophae. p 189 120 a Flowers solitary or 2 together in the axils .... Ilex, p 181 b Flowers in panicles or cymes 121 121 a Shrub 2-5 ft. high ; leaves toothed ; flowers in panicles Ceanothus. p 184 b Shrub 8 ft. or more high; leaves entire; flowers in cymes Cornus alternifolia. p 194 10 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 122 a Shrubs or trees with spines or thorns on the branches 123 b Shrubs or trees not with spines or thorns on the branches 128 123 a Leaves evergreen; flowers about % in. broad Cot one 'aster, p 167 b Leaves not evergreen ; flowers % in. or more broad 124 124 a Shrub 2-6 ft. high; flowers 1-2 in. broad, scarlet to white Cydonia. p 168 b Shrubs or trees 6 ft. or more high 125 125 a Ovary superior Prunus americana. p 169 b Ovary inferior 126 126 a Flowers i in. or less broad Crataegus. p 167 b Flowers 1-2 in. broad 127 127 a Flowers white Pyrus. p 167 b Flowers pink or rose-colored Mains ftoribunda. p 169 128 a Leaves round-ovate; flowers %-% in. broad, in corymbs Sorbus aria, p 167 b Leaves and flowers not completely as in a ... 129 129 a Flowers V^-Vz in. broad 130 b Flowers %-2 in. broad 135 130 a Shrubs cultivated for their flowers 131 b Shrubs or trees not cultivated for the flowers 133 131 a Leaves round-ovate, heart-shaped at base, fragrant, appearing with the flowers Prunus mahaleb. p 169 b Plants not completely as in a 132 132 a Leaves lobed usually below the middle, the middle lobe often notched at the apex, flowers on slender stalks; ovary inferior Mains toringo. p 168 b Leaves and flowers not completely as in a ..Spiraea, p 163 133 a Shrub 1-3 ft. high; flowers in racemes; ovary inferior; leaves oval, usually rounded at both ends Amelanchier spicata. p 1 68 b Shrubs or trees not completely as in a 134 134 a Flowers in terminal, compound cymes; ovary inferior Aronia. p 168 b Flowers in lateral umbels or racemes; ovary superior Prunus. p 169 135 a Flowers double, pink or rose-colored, usually appearing with or before the leaves 136 b Flowers not double 139 136 a Flowers appearing before the leaves, usually solitary Amygdalus pedunculata. p 170 b Flowers appearing with the leaves, not solitary on the branch 137 137 a Flowers in terminal cymes Mains spectabilis. p 169 b Flowers not in terminal cymes 138 ii KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 138 a Flowers on branched stalks in lateral umbels Prunus pseudo-cerasus. p 170 b Flowers 2-4 together, not on branched stalks Amygdalus pumila. p 170 139 a Pistils 5; ovaries superior; flowers white.Exo chorda, p 164 b Flowers not completely as in a 140 140 a Style i to each flower ; ovary superior 141 b Styles 3-5 to each flower; ovary inferior 142 141 a Flowers pink Amygdalus persica. p 170 b Flowers white Prunus. p 169 142 a Flowers in racemes; wild shrubs Amelanchier. p 168 b Flowers in lateral or terminal cymes, not in racemes. . 143 143 a Ovary woolly; tree cultivated for the fruit Cydonia vulgaris. p 168 b Ovaries not woolly 144 144 a Shrub or small tree cultivated for the flowers Malus floribunda. p 169 b Shrubs or trees cultivated for the edible fruit 145 145 a Flowers pink to white, the petals usually pink on the outside Malus. p 168 b Flowers white, the petals not pink on the outside. Pyrus. p 167 146 a Corolla deeply saucer-shaped, 5-lobed, with 10 pouches on the tube Kalmia. p 195 b Corolla not completely as in a 147 147 a Trailing shrubs 148 b Erect trees or shrubs 151 148 a Flowers about Mi in. long, hairy within, very fragrant Epigaea. p 195 b Flowers not completely as in a 149 149 a Leaves %-i in. long; ovary superior. .Arctostaphylos. p 195 b Leaves about ^ in. long; ovary inferior 150 150 a Flowers white, solitary at the ends of the branches Pyxidanthera. p 196 b Flowers pink, in clusters of 2-6 Oxycoccus. p 196 151 a Flowers 1-2 in. broad 152 b Flowers % in. or less broad 153 152 a Corolla conspicuously 2-lipped ; stamens 10; wild shrub Rhodora. p 195 b Corolla only slightly 2-lipped; stamens usually 5; wild or cultivated shrubs Azalea, p 195 153 a Small tree planted in parks; flowers bell-shaped, %-% in. long, white Mohrodendron. p 198 b Shrubs not completely as in a 154 154 a Leaves thick, evergreen 155 b Leaves thin, deciduous 157 12 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 155 a Flowers in terminal umbels; leaves white-glaucous be- neath Andromeda, b Flowers in racemes; leaves not white-glaucous beneath 156 156 a Flowers in leafy racemes; leaves scurfy beneath Chamaedaphne. p 195 b Flowers in naked racemes; leaves smooth beneath Leucothoe catesbaei. p 195 157 a Leaves with yellow resin dots beneath .. Gaylussacia. p 196 b Leaves not with yellow resin dots beneath 158 158 a Stamens very conspicuous, extending beyond the corolla; corolla deeply f-lobed Polycodium. p 196 b Stamens not extending beyond the corolla 159 159 a Corolla globose, much narrowed at the opening Xolisma. p 195 b Corolla not globose, but sometimes narrowed at the opening 160 160 a Ovary inferior V actinium, p 196 b Ovary superior 161 161 a Flowers about ^4 in. long, in dense i -sided racemes Leucothoe racemosa. p 195 b Flowers about % in. long, in lateral umbels. .Pieris. p 195 Herbs 162 a Herbs growing either floating or submerged in water 163 b Herbs not growing completely as in a 165 163 a Leaves linear, % in. or more long Philotria. p 112 b Leaves not completely as in a 164 164 a Leaves rounded, 3 in. or more broad; flowers solitary on a stalk Nymphaea. p 151 b Leaves ovate, 5 in. or more long; flowers numerous in a spike Orontium. p 132 165 a No part of plant green; plants parasitic 166 b Plants with green stem and green leaves 167 1 66 a Plant whitish ; flowers solitary Thalesia. p 212 b Plant light-brown; flowers several. .. .Conopholis. p 212 167 a Plant with a disagreeable, skunk-like odor; flowers in a globose head surrounded by a shell-shaped, purple- streaked spathe Spathyema. p 132 b Plants not completely as in a 168 168 a Leaves tubular, pitcher-like, with a terminal lid; plant growing in bogs Sarracenia. p 160 b Leaves not as in a 169 Herbs With Flowers Greenish or Else Without a Distinct Perianth 169 a Flowers green or greenish or without a distinct perianth 170 b Flowers not as in a 204 13 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 170 a Leaves grass-like, linear, usually % in. or less broad, i in. or more long 171 b Leaves not completely as in a 179 171 a Flowers in spikes 172 b Flowers in terminal panicles or umbels 174 172 a Spike about ^4 in. long, solitary at the end of the flowering stalk Eleocharis. p 124. b Spikes not completely as in a 173 173 a Spike 1-3 in. long, somewhat flattened, the spikelets stalked; leaves fragrant when drying. Anthoxanthum. p 120 b Spikes not completely as in a Carex. p 125 174 a Leaves hairy; flowers in terminal umbels. Juncoides. p 133 b Leaves not hairy 175 175 a Flowers in top-shaped heads, arranged in terminal umbels Juncus. p 132 b Flowers not in top-shaped heads; spikelets arranged in panicles 176 176 a Spikelets of panicle each with several awns about Vi in. long Bromus tectorum. p 120 b Spikelets of panicle not completely as in a 177 177 a Outer scales of spikelets shining; grass fragrant Savastana. p 121 b Outer scales of spikelets not shining, grasses not fragrant 178 178 a Spikelet i-flowered, comparatively broad, blunt at apex Oryzopsis. p 120 b Spikelet 2-6-flowered, tapering to apex Poa. p 122 179 a Flowers arranged compactly on a spadix which is sur- rounded or subtended by a leaf-like, often colored spathe 180 b Flowers not arranged completely as in a 182 1 80 a Spathe white, subtending but not surrounding the spadix Calla. p!3i b Spathe surrounding the spadix 181 181 a Leaves compound, with 3 leaflets Arisaema. p 131 b Leaves simple, arrow-shaped Peltandra. p 131 182 a Flowers in a compact spike which appears lateral on a flattened flowering stalk ; leaves sword-shaped A corns, p 132 b Plants not completely as in a 183 183 a Flowers arranged in globose heads MJ in. or more in diameter; leaves usually i ft. or more long, linear Sparganium. p no b Plants not completely as in a 184 184 a Leaves in i or 2 whorls on an upright stem; leaves 1-4 in. long, ovate to lanceolate Medeola. p 136 b Plants not completely as in a 185 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 185 a Leaves all basal 186 b Leaves not all basal 187 1 86 a Flowers very small in a terminal compact spike Plantago. p 213 b Flowers Ms -94 in. broad, irregular, in a raceme Leptorchis. p 139 187 a Plants prostrate on the ground 188 b Plants more or less erect 189 188 a Leaves ovate or rounded, short-petioled ; anthers orange- red Chrysosplenium. p 161 b Leaves awl-shaped, not petioled Scleranthus. p 151 189 a When cut or broken, the plant exudes a milky juice.. 190 b Plants without a milky juice 191 190 a Leaves 2-5 in. long, 1-3 in. broad; flowers in umbels Asdepias. p 200 b Plants not completely as in a Euphorbia, p 180 191 a Leaves compound, the leaflets sometimes petioled. ... 192 b Leaves simple 196 192 a Leaves palmately compound; leaflets 3-11, 1-4 in. long 193 b Leaves not completely as in a 194 193 a Flowers 1-3 in. broad Helleborus. p 152 b Flowers % in. or less broad .. Sanicula marylandica. p 192 194 a Leaflets 2-4 in. long, toothed Aralia. p IQO b Leaflets %-2 in. long, somewhat lobed toward apex.. 195 195 a Flowers perfect; sepals 6; petals 6; stamens 6 Caulophyllum. p 154 b Flowers imperfect; perianth 4 or 5 parted; stamens numerous Thalictrum. p 154. 196 a Leaves mostly basal, 4-10 in. long, oblanceolate ; flowers in a panicle Saxifraga pennsylvanica. p 161 b Plants not completely as in a 197 197 a Leaves with toothed, lobed, or wavy margins 198 b Leaves with entire margins 199 198 a Leaves rounded, with 7-9 rounded lobes. .Heuchera. p l6l b Leaves not rounded Rumex. p 145 199 a Leaves ovate, 3-12 in. long, not all basal; flowers Vz-i in. broad Veratrum. p 133 b Plants not completely as in a 200 200 a Leaf-like branches narrowly linear ; leaves scale-like ; flowers about ^4 in. long Asparagus, p 135 b Plants not completely as in a 201 201 a Leaves 3-4, basal, 4-8 in. long; flowers Vi-\ in. long Clintonia. p 135 b Plants not completely as in a 202 202 a Plant with tendrils; flowers with disagreeable odor Smilax herbacea. p 136 b Plants not with tendrils 203 15 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 203 a Flowers % in. or more long; leaves 1-3 in. long Uvularia. p 133 b Flowers %-% in. long; leaves 2-6 in. long.Salomonia. p 136 Terrestrial Green Herbs With Distinctly Yellow Flowers 204 a Flowers yellow, not at all red or merely with a yellow center 205 b Flowers not yellow 251 205 a Flowers very irregular, one petal modified into a swollen sac i in. or more long Cypripedium. p 138 b Flowers not completely as in a 206 206 a Leaves in i or 2 whorls on an upright stem ; flowers Vz-i in. broad, in umbels Medeola. p 136 b Plants not completely as in a 207 207 a Leaves grass-like; perianth greenish outside . Hypoxis. p 136 b Leaves not grass-like 208 208 a Flowers very small, usually sessile, arranged in a more or less compact head 209 b Flowers not completely as in a 220 209 a Leaves 3-foliolate 210 b Leaves not 3-foliolate; heads subtended by an involucre of green bracts 211 210 a Stipules toothed at the base; achenes black when ripe Medicago lupulina. p 175 b Stipules not toothed at the base Trifolium. p 175 211 a Leaves all basal, pinnatifid; flowering stalk hollow Taraxacum, p 219 b Plants not completely as in a 212 212 a Stem very hairy; leaves bract-like, the basal leaves wanting at flowering time Tussilago. p 238 b Plants not completely as in a 213 213 a Plant white-woolly throughout; leaves entire . Gifola. p 233 b Plants not completely as in a 214 214 a When open all flowers in the head irregular with strap-shaped corollas, as in the Dandelion 215 b When open only the outer flowers in the head irregular, the inner ones regular and tubular, as in the Daisy. . 218 215 a Flowering stalk with i head 216 b Flowering stalk with 2 or more heads 217 216 a Basal leaves entire; head 1-2 in. broad Hieracium pilosella. p 220 b Basal leaves usually toothed or pinnatifid; heads ^4-% in. broad Adopogon carolinianum. p 219 217 a Basal leaves with purplish veins; stem leaves not clasp- ing at the base Hieracium venosum. p 220 b Basal leaves not with purplish veins; stem leaves clasp- ing at the base Adopogon virginicum. p 219 16 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 218 a Heads 2-4 in. broad; plant clothed with long hairs throughout; leaves usually entire. .Rudbeckia hirta. p 234. b Plants not completely as in a 219 219 a Outer flowers with the corolla 3-7 lobed or toothed at apex; lower leaves oblong or linear. .Coreopsis, p 235 b Plants not completely as in a Senecio. p 238 220 a Flowers irregular 221 b Flowers regular 227 221 a Leaves compound; leaflets 6-10, with tendrils Lathyrus ochroleucus. p 174 b Leaves not completely as in a 222 222 a Flowers in a terminal spike or raceme 223 b Flowers solitary on axillary stalks 225 223 a Leaves entire Schwalbea. p 212 b Leaves compound or lobed 224 224 a Leaves pinnately parted or lobed Pedicularis. p 212 b Leaves doubly compound; leaflets linear. .Capnoides. p 155 225 a Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate to ovate Melampyrum. p 212 b Leaves alternate, broadly ovate to heart-shaped .... 226 226 a Plant very hairy; stipules ovate. ... Viola pubescent, p 188 b Plant not noticeably hairy; stipules lanceolate Viola scabriuscula. p 188 227 a Perianth 6-parted, undifferentiated ; stamens 6 ; leaves entire 228 b Plants not completely as in a 230 228 a Flowers solitary on the flowering stalk ; leaves usually mottled Erythronium. p 135 b Plants not completely as in a 229 229 a Leaves basal; flowers in umbels Clintonia. p 135 b Leaves not basal ; flowers solitary or 2 together Uvularia. p 133 230 a Sepals 4; petals 4; stamens 6 231 b Flowers not completely as in a 235 231 a Basal leaves with terminal lobe only i or 2 times larger than the lateral lobes Roripa palustris. p 158 b Basal leaves with terminal lobe several times larger than the lateral lobes 232 232 a Flowers about % in. broad, showy and densely clustered at top of spike; leaves dark green, often shining above, not hairy Barbarea barbarea. p 158 b Plants not completely as in a 233 233 a Upper leaves with bases clasping the stem Brassica campestris. p 158 b Upper leaves not as in a 234 234 a Flowers V± in. or less broad Sisymbrium. p 757 b Flowers %-% in. broad Brassica. p 158 2 17 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 235 a Ovary inferior 236 b Ovary superior 239 236 a Petals 4; flowers 1-2 in. broad Kneijfia. p 190 b Petals usually 5; flowers about ^4 in. or less broad 237 237 a Leaves simple, linear, arranged in whorls. Galium verum. p 214. b Leaves not completely as in a 238 238 a Fruit or ovary conspicuously winged, not flattened Thaspium. p 193 b Fruit not winged, somewhat flattened Zizia. p 193 239 a When broken plant exudes a yellow juice. Chelidonium. p 155 b Plants not as in a 240 240 a Stamens 15 or more 241 b Stamens 10 or less 248 241 a Perianth not differentiated into a green calyx and colored corolla Caltha. p 152 b Perianth differentiated into green calyx and colored corolla 242 242 a Pistils 1-6 243 b Pistils 10 or more 244 243 a Leaves compound, chiefly basal W ' aldsteinia. p 165 b Leaves simple Helianthemum. p 186 244 a Calyx with distinct sepals which readily pull off Ranunculus, p 153 b Calyx more or less united at the base, the lobes not readily pulled off 245 245 a Leaves pinnately divided ; flowers V± in. or less broad Geum vernum. p 165 b Leaves palmately divided 246 246 a Plants erect Potentilla. p 165 b Plants prostrate or ascending 247 247 a Leaflets 3 Duchesnea. p 165 b Leaflets usually 5 or more, or a few leaves with 3 Potentilla. p 165 248 a Leaves compound with 3 inversely heart-shaped leaflets Oxalis. p 178 b Leaves not as in a 249 249 a Leaves opposite Naumbergia. p 198 b Leaves alternate 250 250 a Style thread-like, much exserted Onosmodium. p 203 b Style not thread-like or exserted Lithospermum. P 203 Terrestrial Green Herbs With Flowers Neither Green nor Yellow 251 a Several small flowers collected into a dense head which is subtended by an involucre of bracts, as in the Daisy, not as in the Clover 252 b Flowers not arranged completely as in a 261 It KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY a At least the outer flowers of the head with strap-shaped corollas 253 b None of the flowers of the head with strap-shaped corollas 256 a Leaves pinnately divided into linear or lanceolate seg- ments Anthemis arvensis. p 237 b Leaves not completely as in a 254 a Leaves basal Belli*, p 230 b Leaves not all basal 255 a Heads 1-2 in. broad; ray flowers white; leaves often pinnatifid Chrysanthemum, p 237 b Plants not completely as in a Erigeron. p 233 a Leaves with spiny-toothed margins Cnicus. p 240 b Leaves not as in a 257 a Leaves basal or wanting at flowering time ; flowers pink to purple ; heads arranged in dense racemes Petasites. p 238 b Plants not completely as in a 258 a Leaves not white-woolly beneath; plant 1-4 ft. high Erigeron ramosus. p 233 b Leaves white-woolly beneath 259 a Bracts of involucre yellow Gifola. p 233 b Bracts of involucre not yellow 260 a No conspicuous basal \eaves.Gnaphalium purpureum. p 234. b Both basal and stem leaves present Antennaria. p 233 a Flowers irregular 262 b Flowers regular 291 a Ovary inferior ; leaves entire 263 b Ovary superior 265 a Flowers with a large inflated lip i in. or more long, pink Cypripedium. p 138 b Flowers not completely as in a 264 a Leaves ovate, 2-5 in. long; flowers 3-6 together Galeorchis. p 138 b Leaves linear, 4-6 in. long; flowers usually solitary Arethusa. p 139 a Flowers with the petals distinct 266 b Flowers with the corolla or colored parts of the perianth tubular 274 a Leaves compound • . . 267 b Leaves simple 271 a Leaves palmately compound; leaflets 7-11. .Lupinus. p 174. b Leaves pinnately compound or with 3 leaflets 268 a Leaves tendril-bearing at the ends 269 b Leaves not tendril-bearing at the ends 270 19 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 269 a Some stipules M> in. or more long, sharply toothed only at the base Lathyrus. p 174 b Stipules usually less than Mi in. long or else toothed all around Vicia. p 174. 270 a Leaves doubly compound ; flowers in racemes Capnoides. p 155 b Leaves 3-foliolate; flowers in heads. ... Trifolium. p 175 271 a Plants 5 ft. or more long, twining Aristolochia. p 14.5 b Plants less than 5 ft. long, not twining 272 272 a Flowers without a spur; leaves clustered near the top of stem Poly gala paucifolia. p 179 b Flowers with i petal spurred or sac-like 273 273 a Lower petal sac-like; flowers about a/4 in. long Cubelium. p 188 b Lower petal spurred; flowers more than ^4 in. long Viola, p 187 274 a Corolla with a spur at the base Linaria canadensis. p 210 b Corolla not spurred at the base 275 275 a All of stem leaves alternate 276 b Some or all of stem leaves opposite or in whorls 278 276 a Bracts subtending the flowers very conspicuous, scarlet Castilleja. p 212 b Bracts subtending the flowers not scarlet 277 277 a Leaves pinnately lobed or divided Pedicularis. p 212 b Leaves not pinnately lobed or divided. .. .Schwalbea. p 212 278 a Leaves in a whorl near the summit of the stem Polygala paucifolia. p 179 b Leaves opposite, rarely in whorls 279 279 a Calyx with a protuberance on the upper side Scutellaria. p 205 b Calyx not with a protuberance as in a 280 280 a Flowers solitary or few together in the axils of the leaves, not in racemes 281 b Flowers not arranged as in a 286 281 a Flowers less than ^4 in. long, usually as broad as long Veronica. p2ii b Flowers -V4 in. or more long, usually longer than broad 282 282 a Plants creeping, with rounded or ovate-heart-shaped leaves 283 b Plants erect or ascending ; leaves not rounded 284 283 a Upper lip of corolla 2-lobed or notched; calyx about i5-nerved Glecoma. p 206 b Upper lip of corolla entire; calyx 5-nerved. .Lamium. p 206 284 a Calyx 4-toothed ; stamens 4 Melampyrum. p 212 b Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted; stamens 2 285 20 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 285 a Flowers whitish; calyx subtended by 2 bractlets Gratiola. b Flowers purplish ; calyx not subtended by 2 bractlets llysanthes. p 211 286 a Conspicuous, ovate, entire, overlapping bracts subtend- ing each 1-3 flowers; spike 1-4 in. long. . . .Prunella, p 206 b Bracts subtending the flowers not completely as in a. . 287 287 a Flowers %-i in. long 288 b Flowers % in. or less long 289 288 a Stamens 2, the connective of the anther elongated and hinged to the filament Salvia. p 206 b Stamens 4, not as in a Pentstemon. p 210 289 a Stamens 4; flowers in panicles Scrophularia. p 210 b Stamens 2 ; flowers in spikes or racemes 290 290 a Flowers Vi-Vz in. long, in dense long-stalked spikes Dianthera. p 213 b Flowers -!4 in. or less long Veronica, p 211 291 a Leaves linear, thick, with onion-like odor. .A Ilium, p 133 b Leaves not with an onion-like odor 292 292 a Perianth parts 3 or 6, not tubular; stamens 3 or 6 .... 293 b Flowers not completely as in a 303 293 a Ovary inferior; flowers usually blue 294 b Ovary superior 295 294 a Flowers % in. or less broad Sisyrinchium. p 138 b Flowers i in. or more broad Iris, p 137 295 a Flowers blue, purplish, or rose-colored 296 b Flowers not colored as in a 298 296 a Flowers 1-2 in. broad, subtended by leaf-like bracts Tradescantia. p 132 b Flowers Vi -Vz in. broad 297 297 a Flowers in dense terminal racemes Helonias. P 133 b Flowers solitary or 2 together Streptopus. p 136 298 a Flowers about ^4 in. or less broad 299 b Flowers % in. or more broad 301 299 a Both basal and stem leaves present; flowers in wand- like racemes Chamaelirium. p 133 b Only stem leaves present 300 300 a Plants with tendrils Smilax. p 136 b Plants not with tendrils Vagnera p 135 301 a Leaves 3 in a terminal whorl Trillium, p 136 b Leaves mostly basal 302 302 a Leaves lanceolate; flowers solitary Erythronium albidum. p 135 b Leaves linear, thick ; flowers in umbels . Ornithogalum. p 135 303 a When broken plants exude a milky juice 304 b When broken plants do not exude a milky juice 305 21 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 304 a Flowers with 5 petal-like hoods inside and alternate with the petals Asclepias. p 200 b Flowers not completely as in a Euphorbia, p 180 305 a Petals or colored parts of the perianth joined into a tube at least at the base 306 b Petals or perianth parts distinct, not joined into a tube 338 306 a Perianth 6-lobed ; flowers blue ; leaves basal, linear, thick M us cart, p 135 b Plants not completely as in a 307 307 a Leaves clustered in a single whorl at the top of the stem Trientalis. p 198 b Leaves not clustered as in a 308 308 a Leaves all basal, 3-foliolate Menyanthes. p igg b Leaves not all basal 309 309 a Leaves opposite or in whorls on the stem 310 b All leaves alternate 320 310 a Flowers solitary or 2 together in the axils of the leaves 311 b Flowers not completely as in a 317 311 a Flowers 2 together in the axils, their ovaries united; leaves thick Mitchella. p 213 b Plants not completely as in a 312 312 a Leaves rounded; flowers purplish; roots spicy Asarum. p 14.5 b Plants not completely as in a 313 313 a Ovary inferior 314 b Ovary superior 315 314 a Flowers violet or blue; plant i ft. or less high Houstonia. p 213 b Flowers purplish-brown ; plant 2 ft. or more high Triosteum. p 215 315 a Flowers with perianth lobes fringed Mitella. p 161 b Flowers with perianth lobes not fringed 316 316 a Flowers % in. or more broad, usually blue; leaves thick, evergreen Vinca. p 200 b Flowers about }4 in. broad, scarlet or white; leaves not evergreen Anagallis. p 198 317 a Ovary inferior 318 b Ovary superior 319 318 a Leaves opposite Houstonia. p 213 b Leaves in whorls Galium. p 213 319 a Corolla tube much shorter than the lobes Sabbatia campanulata. p IQQ b Corolla tube nearly as long as the lobes Phlox, p 202 320 a Creeping plant with rounded leaves; perianth 3-lobed, purplish ; roots spicy Asarum. p 145 b Plants not completely as in a 321 23 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 321 a Ovary inferior; leaves rounded with clasping bases Specularia. p 217 b Ovary superior 322 322 a Flowers about ^4 in. or less broad 323 b Flowers Vz in. or more broad 330 323 a Leaves lobed or pinnately compound. .Hydrophyllum. p 202 b Leaves entire or wavy-toothed 324 324 a Corolla tube closed by 5 scales attached opposite the corolla lobes 325 b Corolla tube not completely as in a 326 325 a Nutlets spreading or divergent, entirely covered with prickles Cynoglossum. p 202 b Nutlets erect or incurved, covered on the back and margins with prickles Lappula. p 202 326 a Styles thread-like, much exserted; corolla lobes erect Onosmodium. p 203 b Styles not completely as in a; corolla lobes spreading 327 327 a Flowers in racemes 328 b Flowers in umbels or panicles 329 328 a Racemes with numerous leafy bracts. . .Lithospermum. p 203 b Racemes not with numerous leafy bracts. .Myosotis. p 203 329 a Flowers in panicles; perianth differentiated. Samolus. p 197 b Flowers in umbels; perianth not differentiated Comandra. p 14.5 330 a Leaves pinnately compound 331 b Leaves not pinnately compound 332 331 a Flowers in panicles; stamens alternate with the corolla lobes Polemonium. p 202 b Flowers not completely as in a Solanum. p 208 332 a Climbing or trailing vines 333 b Erect herbs 335 333 a Flowers about % in. broad with 2 greenish spots at the base of each corolla lobe. .Solanum dulcamara, p 209 b Flowers i in. or more broad 334 334 a Leaves usually heart-shaped at base; stigma globose Ipomoea. p 201 b Leaves not usually heart-shaped at base ; stigma 2-lobed Convolvulus, p 201 335 a Flowers 3-7 in. long Datura, p 209 b Flowers 2 in. or less long 336 336 a Corolla salver-shaped with lobes spreading at right angles to the corolla tube Phlox, p 202 b Corolla rather funnel-shaped 337 337 a Flowers about i in. long Mertensia. p 202 b Flowers % in. or less long Cynoglossum. p 202 338 a Two or more petals with a spur at the base 339 b None of the petals With a sfpUr at the base 3410 23 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 339 a 5 spurs to each flower; flowers reddish Aquilegia canadensis. p 152 b 2 spurs to each flower ; flowers whitish .... Bicuculla. p 155 340 a Leaves simple with entire or toothed, not lobed, margins 341 b Leaves compound, dissected, or lobed, or sometimes wanting at flowering time 361 341 a Some or all of leaves opposite or in whorls on the stem 342 b All leaves alternate or all basal 350 342 a Leaves in a single whorl beneath the single white flower Syndesmon. p 753 b Plants not completely as in a 343 '343 a Flowers with 2 sepals; leaves usually 2, linear, 3-8 in. long Claytonia. p 149 b Plants not completely as in a 344 344 a Calyx tubular with 4 or more lobes or teeth ; flowers pink Silene caroliniana. p 149 b Calyx with separate sepals, or sepals wanting 345 345 a Petals 5, deeply notched, appearing like 10 346 b Petals 5, not deeply notched 347 346 a Leaves ovate ; styles 3 Alsine media, p 150 b Leaves oblong to linear, sometimes obovate ; styles 5 Cerastium. p izo 347 a Stamens the same number as the sepals Sagina. p 151 b Stamens twice as many as the sepals 348 348 a Leaves about ^4 in. long, awl-shaped to ovate Arenaria. p 151 b Leaves MJ in. or more long 349 349 a Leaves 1-4 in. long, all basal. .Saxifraga virginiensts. p 161 b Leaves %-i in. long, oval to oblong. . . .Moehringia. p 151 350 a Perianth not differentiated into green calyx and colored corolla ; flowers white Unifolium. p 135 b Perianth differentiated into green calyx and colored corolla 351 351 a Petals 4; sepals 4; stamens usually 6 352 b Petals 5 or more 358 352 a Pods or ovaries usually less than twice as long as broad 353 b Pods or ovaries elongated, usually more than twice as long as broad 354 353 a Flowers purple, about % in. broad Lunaria. p 160 b Flowers white, Vz in. or less broad. Roripa armoracia. p 158 354 a Flowers %-i in. broad, purple or white, fragrant Hesperis. p 159 b Flowers Vz in. or less broad 355 355 a Basal leaves usually rounded; root bulbous Cardamlne bulbosa. p 159 b Basal leaves not rounded 356 24 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 356 a Plants usually i ft. or more high; stem leaves present Arabis. p 159 b Plants i ft. or less high; stem leaves usually absent.. 357 357 a Basal leaves 1-2 in. long; pods MJ-I in. long Stenophragma. p 159 b Basal leaves i in. or less long; pods V^-Vz in. long Draba. p 159 358 a Leaves thick and fleshy Sedum ternatum. p 161 b Leaves not as in a 359 359 a Leaves rounded-heart-shaped Malva. P 185 b Leaves obovate to oval 360 360 a Leaves obovate to oval, all basal Saxifraga virginiensis. p 161 b Leaves obovate, not all basal Samolus. p 197 361 a Ovary inferior; flowers in umbels; petals 5; stamens 5362 b Ovary superior; flowers not completely as in a 366 362 a Leaves 3 ; leaflets 3-5 ; umbels at summit of plant Panax. p 191 b Plants not completely as in a 363 363 a Ovary covered with coarse hairs or bristles 364 b Ovary either smooth or covered with fine hairs 365 364 a Ovary ovoid, covered with hooked bristles Sanicula marylandica. p 192 b Ovary linear, covered with coarse hairs. W ashingtonia, p 193 365 a Leaflets ovate, not dissected Chaerophyllum. p 193 b Leaves finely dissected into linear segments. .Carum. p 193 366 a When broken, plant exudes a reddish juice; flowers white Sanguinaria. p 755 b Plants not completely as in a 367 367 a Perianth not differentiated into green calyx and colored corolla 368 b Perianth differentiated into green calyx and colored corolla 374 368 a Flowers reddish, about Vs in. broad; leaves with basal lobes Rumex acetosella, p 14.$ b Flowers not completely as in a 369 369 a Flowers about 2 in. broad, borne singly in the axils of the 2 umbrella-shaped leaves Podophyllum. p 154. b Plants not completely as in a 370 370 a All leaves basal or wanting at flowering time 371 b Stem leaves present 372 371 a Leaves 3-lobed or wanting; flowers subtended by bract- like involucre Hepatica. p 153 b Leaves 3-foliolate Coptis. p 152 372 a Flowers in compact or elongated racemes or spikes Actaea. p 152 b Flowers solitary on elongated stalks 373 25 KEY FOR MARCH, APRIL AND MAY 373 a Leaflets rounded or oblong, somewhat 3-lobed Syndesmon. p 153 b Leaflets variously toothed, lobed or divided, not as in a Anemone, p 152 374 a Sepals 4; petals 4 375 b Sepals 5 or more 379 375 a Leaves palmately 3-5-divided; flowers white or pink Dentaria, p 159 b Leaves not palmately divided 376 376 a Pods or ovaries triangular, notched at apex. .Bursa. p 159 b Pods or ovaries not triangular 377 377 a Pods or ovaries rounded, much flattened. .Lepidium. p 157 b Pods or ovaries much longer than broad, not rounded. . 378 378 a Stem leaves linear to lanceolate, usually entire or slightly toothed Arabis. p 159 b Stem leaves usually pinnately divided. .Cardamine. p 159 379 a Calyx lobes 2 or 3 ; petals 2 or 3 ; stamens ^.-6.Floerkea. p 181 b Flowers not completely as in a 380 380 a Stamens 5-10 381 b Stamens 15 or more 383 381 a Petals 6, smaller than the 6 sepals; stamens 6 Caulophyllum. p 154. b Petals 5, larger than the sepals; stamens 5-10 382 382 a Leaves with 3 leaflets, each leaflet inversely heart-shaped Oxalis acetosella. p 178 b Leaves dissected or divided, not with 3 leaflets Geranium, p 177 383 a Leaves 3-lobed, all basal, or sometimes wanting at flowering time; flowers with 3 sepal-like bracts Hepatica. p 153 b Plants not completely as in a 384 384 a Leaves with* 3 leaflets; flowers white 385 b Leaves not with 3 leaflets 386 385 a Pistils 5 Porteranthus. p 164 b Pistils numerous Fragaria. p 164 386 a Leaves compound with several leaflets Geum. P 165 b Leaves with 5-9 rounded lobes 387 387 a Leaves mainly basal ; flowers white Tiarella. p 161 b Leaves not mainly basal; flowers purplish Malva p 185 26 II Key to the Wild Plants and Cultivated Trees and Shrubs Which Flower from June to November 1 a Trees, shrubs, and woody vines 2 b Herbaceous plants 129 2 a Leaves about % in. or less broad 3 b Leaves ^4 in. or more broad 5 3 a Small tree 6 ft or more high; branches often plume-like Tamarix. p 1 86 b Shrubs 3 ft. or less high 4 4 a Cultivated shrub ; leaves in 4 rows on the stem Calluna. p 195 b Wild shrubs; leaves not in 4 rows on the stem Hudsonia. p 186 5 a Leaves opposite on the branches 6 b Leaves alternate on the branches 36 6 a Leaves compound 7 b Leaves simple 12 7 a Flowers regular, funnel-shaped, about 2 in. broad Tecoma. p 212 b Flowers not completely as in a 8 8 a Leaves palmately compound ; flowers irregular Aesculus. p 183 b Leaves pinnately compound ; flowers regular 9 9 a Flowers white, in cymes Sambucus. p 214. b Flowers not in cymes 10 10 a Stamens 2; perianth white or wanting Fraxinus. p 198 b Stamens 5 or more ; perianth greenish n 11 a Leaflets usually 5, coarsely toothed; flowers in clusters . or racemes Acer negundo. p 182 b Leaflets 7-17, finely toothed; flowers in panicles Phellodendron. p 179 12 a Tree with violet, tubular flowers 2 in. or more long Paulownia. p 210 b Trees or shrubs not completely as in a 13 13 a Shrubs with showy yellow flowers about i in. long Forsythia. p 198 b Shrubs or trees not completely as in a 14 27 KEY FOR JUNE TO NOVEMBER 14 a Flowers without a perianth 15 b Flowers with a perianth 16 15 a Shrub growing on salt marshes; leaves ovate to oblong Iva. p 221 b Cultivated tree; leaves round-heart-shaped Cercidiphyllum. p 152 16 a Tree with irregular flowers i in. or more long, often spotted; leaves heart-shaped, 3-8 in. broad. Catalpa. p 212 b Shrubs or trees not completely as in a 17 17 a Flowers white, tubular, arranged in compact globose heads Cephalanthus. p 213 b Flowers not completely as in a 18 18 a Stamens 20-40; flowers white, i in. or more broad 19 b Stamens 10 or less ; flowers not completely as in a .... 20 19 a Calyx-lobes toothed, nearly as long as the petals Rhodotypos. p 164 b Calyx-lobes much smaller than the petals Philadelphus. p 162 20 a Flowers dark purple, 1-2 in. broad Butneria. p 154 b Flowers not completely as in a 21 21 a Corolla deeply saucer-shaped, 5-lobed, with 10 pouches on the tube Kalmia. p 195 b Flowers not completely as in a 22 22 a Flowers greenish, about % in. broad 23 b Flowers not completely as in a 25 23 a Leaves thick, evergreen, usually variegated. .Aucuba. P 194 b Leaves not evergreen 24 24 a Prostrate shrub about i ft. high. .Euonymus obovatus. p 182 b Erect shrubs or trees Acer, p 182 25 a Flowers in heads subtended by 4 large bracts usually % in. or more long Cornus. p 193 b Flowers not completely as in a 26 26 a Stamens 10, or the flowers double Deutzia. p 162 b Stamens 5 or less 27 27 a Stamens 2 28 b Stamens 4 or 5, or wanting 31 28 a Corolla with an elongated tube and 4 spreading lobes. 29 b Corolla deeply 4-lobed, nearly to the base 30 29 a Shrubs often planted in hedges; flowers not fragrant; leaves thick, dark green, ovate to oblong. Ligustrum. p 199 b Shrubs not planted in hedges; flowers often fragrant; leaves not completely as in a Syringa. p 199 30 a Leaves 2-4 in. long, lanceolate to ovate; flowers in leafy panicles Fontanesia. p 199 b Leaves 3-8 in. long, oval to oblong; flowers in loose panicles Chionanthus. p 199 28 KEY FOR JUNE TO NOVEMBER 31 a Flowers more or less irregular Lonicera. p 215 b Flowers regular 33 32 a Flowers % in. or more long, yellow or rose-colored Diervilla. p 216 b Flowers % in. or less long, white, rarely yellow 33 33 a Stamens 8-10, or wanting in sterile flowers; flowers pink to lavender, sometimes white Hydrangea, p 162 b Stamens 4 or 5 ; flowers white 34 34 a Low shrubs 3 ft. or less high; leaves entire; corolla tubular with spreading lobes Symphoricarpos. p 215 b Shrubs or trees not completely as in a 35 35 a Leaves with toothed or lobed margins; petals usually 5 Viburnum p 214. b Leaves with entire margins; petals usually \.Cornus. P 193 Woody Vines With Alternate Leaves 36 a Climbing woody vines 37 b Erect or prostrate shrubs or trees 46 37 a Leaves compound 38 b Leaves simple, with entire, toothed, or lobed margins. . 41 38 a Leaflets 3 Rhus radicans. p 181 b Leaflets 5 or more 39 39 a Leaves palmately compound Parthenocissus. p 184. b Leaves pinnately compound 40 40 a Vines with thorns or prickles Rosa, p 166 b Vines not with thorns or prickles Wistaria, p 173 41 a Vines with tendrils 42 b Vines not with tendrils 44 42 a Tendrils expanded at the tips into adhering disks Parthenocissus. p 184 b Tendrils tapering at the tips 43 43 a Leaves with entire margins Smilax. p 136 b Leaves with toothed or lobed margins Vitis. p 184 44 a Leaves entire; corolla tubular; thorns often present Lycium. p 209 b Leaves usually toothed; corolla of distinct petals 45 45 a Wild shrub; petals 4; flowers % in. or less broad Celastrus. p 182 b Cultivated shrub ; petals 5 ; flowers % in. or more broad Actinidia. p 18$ Shrubs or Trees With Alternate, Compound Leaves 46 a Leaves compound 47 b Leaves simple 69 29 KEY FOR JUNE TO NOVEMBER 47 a Trees usually with thorns on the trunk or branches, i in. or more long; branchlets zigzag; flowers greenish Gleditsia. p 170 b Trees or shrubs not completely as in a 48 48 a Flowers irregular, not greenish 49 b Flowers not completely as in a 56 49 a Flowers yellow or yellowish-white 50 b Flowers not yellow 53 50 a Leaflets 3 Laburnum, p 173 b Leaflets 5-25 51 51 a Leaflets 8-12, even in number- Caragana. p 173 b Leaflets 5-25, odd in number 52 52 a Flowers 3-10 in a raceme; leaflets MJ-% in. long Colutea. p 173 b Flowers several in a panicle; leaflets i in. or more long Sophora. p 173 53 a Flowers violet-purple, about ^4 in. long. .Amorpha. p 173 b Flowers white, pink, or purple, about % in. or more long 54 54 a Flowers white, in panicles 10-20 in. long; tree with smooth, gray bark Cladrastis. p 173 b Shrubs or trees not completely as in a 55 55 a Trees or shrubs usually with short spines for stipules; racemes usually 8 in. or less long Robinia. P 173 b Shrub not with spines for stipules; racemes often 10-25 in. long Wistaria, p 173 56 a Trees, shrubs, or trailing vines with prickles 57 b Shrubs or trees not with prickles 59 57 a Leaves doubly compound; small, erect tree. .Aralia. p IQO b Leaves singly compound 58 58 a Shrubs cultivated for their flowers; leaflets 5 or more Rosa, p 166 b Shrub cultivated for the flowers ; leaflets 3 Citrus trifoliata. p 179 c Shrubs not cultivated for their flowers Rubus. p 164 59 a Flowers white, not merely greenish-white 60 b Flowers not white 63 60 a Leaflets 3 ; flowers fragrant Citrus trifoliata. p 7/p b Leaflets 5 or more 61 61 a Leaves doubly compound; flowers in racemes Gymnocladus. p 170 b Leaves singly compound ; flowers in cymes or in panicles 62 62 a Flowers in cymes; ovary inferior Sorbus. p 167 b Flowers in panicles; ovary superior Sorbaria. p 164. 63 a Leaflets 3 64 b Leaflets 5 or more 65 30 KEY FOR JUNE TO NOVEMBER 64 a Shrub with aerial rootlets; plant often spreading on ground Rhus radicans. p 181 b Erect tree or shrub not with aerial rootlets. .Ptelea. P 179 65 a Shrub 3 ft. or less high; flowers yellow, % in. or more broad Dasiphora. p 164 b Shrubs or trees not completely as in a 66 66 a Flowers about Vz in. long, yellow Koelreuteria. p 18 3 b Flowers v4 in. or less long, greenish 67 67 a Flowers in racemes or small clusters; leaflets usually toothed Hicoria. p 14.1 b Flowers in panicles 68 68 a Leaflets with 2-4 coarse teeth at the base.Ailanthus. p 179 b Leaflets entire or toothed, not completely as in a.Rhus.piSl Shrubs or Trees With Simple, Alternate Leaves 69 a Flowers green or greenish, or else without a distinct perianth 70 b Flowers not green, with a distinct perianth 86 70 a Bark with light-green or whitish patches on the upper trunk; flowers in globose balls Platanus. p 163 b Bark and flowers not completely as in a 71 71 a Shrub or tree usually with short thorns; pistillate flowers in globose heads Toxylon, p 145 b Shrubs or trees not completely as in a 72 72 a Milky juice exudes when young branches or twigs are CUt •••;•; ; 73 b No milky juice exudes when twigs are cut 74 73 a Twigs very hairy; pistillate flowers in heads Broussonetia. p 145 b Twigs not very hairy; pistillate flowers in short spikes Morus. p 144 74 a Shrubs growing in salt marshes 75 b Shrubs or trees not growing in salt marshes 76 75 a Only the upper leaves alternate, the lower opposite I in. long; milky juice often exuding from broken twigs 242 242 a Twigs densely hairy Broussonetia. p 14.5 b Twigs not hairy Morus. p 14.4. 80 IV Key to the Cultivated Herbs and Potted Shrubs 1 a Plants not cultivated for ornament or shade, but for their economic use, such as food, forage, etc 2 b Plants cultivated for ornament or shade 77 2 a Leaves compound or deeply lobed 3 b Leaves simple with entire or toothed margins, the teeth % in. or less long 33 3 a Prostrate or climbing plants with tendrils 4 b Plants not with tendrils 9 4 a Leaves compound ; flowers irregular 5 b Leaves lobed or cleft, not compound; flowers regular.. 6 5 a Leaflets 4-6; flowers usually white Pisum. p 174. b Leaflets 8-14; flowers bluish-purple Vicia saliva, p 174. 6 a Climbing vine Lageneria. p 216 b Prostrate vines 7 7 a Tendrils not branched Cucumis. p 217 b Tendrils branched 8 8 a Leaves with the lobes cleft or pinnatifid. .Citrullus. p 217 b Leaves with the lobes not cleft or pinnatifid Cucurbita. p 217 9 a Prostrate or climbing vine with rough, prickly stem; flowers greenish; fruit papery. .Humulus lupulus. p 145 b Plants not completely as in a 10 10 a Leaves palmately compound ; leaflets 5-7, 3-6 in. long, rough Cannabis. p 14.5 b Plants not completely as in a n 11 a Leaves with base of petiole spreading and more or less sheathing the stem ; leaves pinnately compound, the leaflets irregularly toothed or lobed 12 b Leaves not completely as in a 18 12 a Leaves finely dissected into linear segments 13 b Leaves not finely dissected into linear segments 15 13 a Flowers yellow; leaves sweet and aromatic Foeniculum. p 193 b Flowers white 14 14 a Fruit globose, indistinctly ribbed Coriandrum. p 193 b Fruit oblong, distinctly ribbed Carum. 6 81 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 15 a Plant cultivated for the edible, channeled petioles of the basal leaves Apium. p 193 b Plants not cultivated for the petioles as in a 16 16 a Plant cultivated for the leaves; leaflets often crisp Petroselinum. p 193 b Plants cultivated for the fleshy roots; leaflets not crisp.. 17 17 a Root white; leaflets ovate to oblong Pastinaca. p 193 b Root orange or red; leaflets lanceolate or linear Daucus. p 193 18 a Leaves compound with 3 leaflets 19 b Leaves not completely as in a 24 19 a Leaves all basal; leaflets rather coarsely and regularly toothed; flowers regular Fragaria chiloensis. p 164. b Leaves not all basal; flowers irregular 20 20 a Plants cultivated for the edible seed Phaseolus. p 176 b Plants cultivated for forage, not for the seed 21 21 a Leaflets broadly notched at apex Trifolium. p 175 b Leaflets usually pointed at apex, not broadly notched. . 22 22 a Flowers %-i in. long, 2-4 together on a long stalk Vigna. p 174. b Flowers not completely as in a 23 23 a Leaflets usually i in. or less long, oblanceolate to oblong Medicago sativa. p 175 b Leaflets 1-3 in. long, broadly ovate Glycine. p 177 24 a Leaflets 4; plant prostrate Arachis. p 174. b Plants not completely as in a 25 25 a Leaves usually with 5 shallow, rounded lobes; plant cultivated South for "cotton," in pots in the North Gossypium. p 185 b Plants not completely as in -a 26 26 a Plant strong-scented, cultivated for its fleshy fruit Lycopersicon. p 208 b Plants not completely as in a 27 27 a Plant commonly cultivated for the underground tubers for food Solanum tuberosum. p 209 b Plant sparingly cultivated for the medicinal, enlarged roots Panax quinquefolium. p 191 c Plants not cultivated for the underground tubers or roots 28 28 a Leaves hairy, aromatic, i-3-pinnately divided Artemisia, p 238 b Leaves not completely as in a 29 29 a Plant growing in water Roripa nasturtium, p 158 b Plants not growing in water 30 30 a Flowers white or pink, appearing the first season. ... 31 b Flowers yellow, sometimee appearing only the second season 32 82 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 31 a Plant cultivated for the edible root Raphanus. p 158 b Plant cultivated for the leaves; leaves pinnately lobed Lepidium sativum. p 757 c Plant cultivated for the leaves; leaves compound with 7-19 ovate leaflets Sanguisorba sanguisorba. p 166 32 a Plant sparingly cultivated for the seed; beak of pod flat, sword-shaped Sinapis. p 158 b Plants not completely as in a Brassica. p 158 33 a More or less woody plants cultivated in pots, tubs, or in greenhouses in the North 34 b Plants not completely as in a 38 34 a Leaves 2 ft. or more long Musa sapientum. p 138 b Leaves 6 in. or less long 35 35 a Leaves alternate 36 b Leaves opposite 37 36 a Petioles of leaves winged; plants cultivated for the fruit Citrus, p 179 b Petioles of leaves not winged; plant cultivated for the leaves Camellia thea. p 185 37 a Leaves 3-6 in. long, abruptly pointed at apex, wavy- margined Coffea. p 213 b Leaves 1-4 in. long, not abruptly pointed at apex, entire margined Olea. p IQQ 38 a Leaves usually hollow, with an onion-like odor.. lllium. p 133 b Leaves not with an onion-like odor 39 39 a Plant cultivated in pots in the North; leaves linear, rigid, sharply- toothed, arranged in a whorl or rosette Ananas, p 132 b Plants not completely as in a 40 40 a Leaf-like organs thread-like, about i in. or less long; flowers bell-shaped; plant 2-6 ft. high Asparagus officinalis. p 135 b Plants not completely as in a 41 41 a Leaves with sheaths which fold completely around the stem ; flowers without a perianth 42 b Leaves not completely as in a 55 42 a Staminate flowers in a terminal panicle, the pistillate in axillary spikes or ears ; corn Zea. p 1/8 b Flowers not arranged completely as in a 43 43 a Flowers arranged in a terminal spike 44 b Flowers arranged in panicles 48 44 a Spikes 4-sided 45 b Spikes more or less cylindric 46 45 a Leaves glaucous; spikelets 2-3-flowered Secale. p Il8 b Leaves not glaucous; spikelets 4-5-flowered. Triticum. p Il8 83 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 46 a Each spikelet surrounded by awn-like bristles Chaetochloa italica. p 118 b Spikelets not surrounded by awn-like bristles as in a. . 47 47 a Each spikelet with a barbed awn 1-4 in. long Hordeum. p 118 b Each spikelet not with a barbed awn Phleum. p 118 48 a Awns on at least some of the spikelets 49 b No conspicuous awns present 51 49 a Plant cultivated South for the grain and North only in greenhouses Oryza. p IIQ b Plants not cultivated as in a 50 50 a Cultivated grain ; awn bent outward, at least half as long as the scale Avena. p 120 b Grass sometimes sown in fields; awns short; branches of panicle usually stiff Dactylis. p 120 51 a Plants cultivated South, sometimes North, for the sugary stem or broom-like panicles 52 b Grasses cultivated for forage 53 52 a Spikelets with long silky hairs; plant cultivated only South and in greenhouses Saccharum. p 122 b Spikelets not with long silky hairs ; plant cultivated both North and South Sorghum, p 122 53 a Panicle appears airy, much branched ; spikelets com- paratively fine; leaves comparatively narrow; plants slender Agrostis. p 121 b Plants not completely as in a 54 54 a Leaves narrow, less than % in. broad; spikelets 2-6- flowered, tapering; a tuft of small hairs at base of inner scale Poa. p 122 b Leaves usually more than ^4 in. broad ; spikelets i-flowered Panicum miliaceum. p 121 55 a Plants cultivated for their fleshy roots 56 b Plants not cultivated for their roots 59 56 a Leaves linear, tapering from a clasping base Tragopogon porrifolius. p 219 b Leaves not linear 57 57 a Plant trailing; edible roots several to each plant 1 porno ea batatas, p 201 b Plants erect; edible roots one to each plant 58 58 a Root very acrid ; plant sparingly cultivated Roripa armor acia. p 158 b Root not acrid; plant commonly cultivated Beta, p 147 59 a Cultivated grain; leaves triangular-heart-shaped Fagopyrum. p 146 b Plants not sown for the grain 60 60 a Plants with prickles on the leaves and stems 61 b Plants not with prickles on the leaves and stem 62 84 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 61 a Leaves 1-3 in. long, ovate; flowers not in heads; plant cultivated for the edible fruit Solanum melongena. p 208 b Leaves 2-12 in. long, lanceolate; flowers in oblong heads ; fruit not edible Dipsacus fullonum. p 216 62 a Trailing vines with tendrils Cucurbita. p 217 b Plants not as in a 63 63 a Leaves aromatic, 2 in. or less long, usually lanceolate to linear; plants cultivated for the leaves 64 b Leaves not aromatic; plants not completely as in a. . 69 64 a Fertile stamens 2 ; leaves hoary ; plants often somewhat shrubby Salvia. p 206 b Fertile stamens 4 65 65 a Leaves coarsely toothed Melissa, p 207 b Leaves with entire margins 66 66 a Calyx hairy on the inside, unequally 5-toothed 67 b Calyx not hairy on the inside 68 67 a Flowers ^4 in. or less long Thymus. p 207 b Flowers about Vz in. long Origanum, p 207 68 a Flowers blue; calyx is-nerved; plant only slightly hairy Hyssopus. p 207 b Flowers purple; calyx lo-nerved; plant hairy through- out Satureia. p 207 69 a Plant cultivated for its fiber; leaves 1-2 in. long, lanceolate, entire; flowers blue Linum. p 178 b Plants not cultivated for the fiber 70 70 a Plant cultivated for the acrid petioles; leaves 10-20 in. long, ovate Rheum, p 145 b Plants not completely as in a 71 71 a Plant 3-10 ft. high ; flowers in heads 6 in. or more broad Helianthus annuus. p 235 b Plants not completely as in a 72 72 a Plants cultivated for their fruit 73 b Plants cultivated for their leaves 74 73 a Flowers yellow ; fruit more or less enclosed by the calyx, not pungent Physalis. p 209 b Flowers not yellow; fruit very pungent, not enclosed by the calyx Capsicum, p 208 74 a Plants cultivated for the narcotic leaves 1-2 ft. long Nicotiana. p 209 b Plants not as in a 75 75 a Leaves exude a milky juice when broken Lactuca saliva, p 219 b Leaves do not exude a milky juice when broken 76 85 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 76 a Leaves fleshy ; plant not with fleshy tap-root Spinacia. b Leaves not noticeably fleshy; plant with a fleshy tap- root Beta, p 147 77 a Plants grown floating or submerged in water 78 b Plants not grown in water 83 78 a Submerged leaves finely dissected; floating leaves, when present, linear-oblong Cabomba. p 151 b Leaves not finely dissected 79 79 a Leaves rounded, 4 in. or more broad 80 b Leaves not completely as in a 81 80 a Leaves with the petiole attached to under side of blade Nelumbo. p 151 b Leaves with the petiole attached to margin of blade Castalia. p I$t 8 1 a Leaves mostly clustered in a whorl at the top of stem Cyperus alternifolius. p 123 b Leaves not clustered as in a 82 82 a Leaves linear, not petioled Iris, p 137 b Leaves oblong to lanceolate, long petioled Aponogeton. p no 83 a Plants more or less woody 84 b Plants herbaceous, not woody 135 84 a Plants trailing or climbing 85 b Plants more or less erect, not trailing or climbing .... 91 85 a Vines with prickles or thorns Rosa, p 166 b Vines not with prickles or thorns 86 86 a Plants with tendrils or aerial rootlets 87 b Plants not with tendrils or aerial rootlets 89 87 a Vine with tendrils in the axils of the leaves Passiftora caerulea. p 188 b Vines with aerial rootlets; leaves evergreen 88 88 a Leaves alternate, palmately lobed Hedera. p 191 b Leaves opposite with entire margins Hoya. p 200 89 a Leaves alternate with entire margins Plumbago, p 198 b Leaves opposite 90 90 a Leaves with entire margins Stephanotis. p 200 b Leaves compound with 3 leaflets Jasminum. p 198 91 a Leaves compound 92 b Leaves simple 100 92 a Leaflets immediately folding when touched, very sensi- tive Mimosa, p 170 b Leaflets not sensitive to the touch 93 93 a Leaflets 2 in. or less long 94 b Leaflets usually 3 in. or more long 97 94 a Leaflets 3, %-% in. long Cytisus. p 173 b Leaflets 5 or more 95 86 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 95 a Leaves doubly compound; leaflets linear, Vz-i in. long Acacia, p 170 b Leaves singly compound ; leaflets not linear 96 96 a Plants with thorns or prickles on the stem ; flowers regular Rosa, p 166 b Plant not with thorns; flowers irregular. .Sivainsona. p 173 97 a Leaves doubly compound, fern-like; leaflets often toothed or lobed Grevillea. p 14.5 b Leaves singly compound 98 98 a Leaves with the base of petiole expanded and more or less sheathing the stem or other petioles Palmaceae. p 131 b Leaves not with petioles as in a 99 99 a Stem usually 2 ft. or more high Cycas. p 107 b Stem usually 2-12 in. high Zamia. p 107 100 a Plant with stilt-like, aerial roots ; leaves i ft. or more long, linear, spiny-toothed Pandanus. p no b Plants not completely as in a 101 101 a Leaves 10-30 in. long, linear, basal, with curly fibers on the margins Yucca, p 135 b Leaves not completely as in a 102 102 a Leaves scale-like, overlapping in 4 rows . . . Calluna. P 195 b Leaves not as in a 103 103 a Plant with slender spines at the base of the leaves Acacia armata. p 170 b Plants not with slender spines as in a 104 104 a Leaves % in. or less long, narrow 105 b Leaves usually i in. or more long 107 105 a Plant very symmetrical, branches arranged in whorls; leaves crowded on all sides of the stem. .Araucaria, p 107 b Plants not completely as in a 106 106 a Leaves needle-like, in whorls of 3-6 Erica, p 795 b Leaves narrowly-lanceolate, alternate or opposite Epacris. p 196 107 a Leaves 2 ft. or more long, 6 in. or more broad, with long petioles Musa. p 138 b Leaves less than 2 ft. long, less than 6 in. broad .... 108 108 a Leaves distinctly opposite or in whorls of 3 109 b Leaves alternate or clustered 117 109 a Leaves with toothed margins no b Leaves with entire margins 113 110 a Plants cultivated for their flowers in b Plants cultivated for their thick evergreen leaves .... 112 in a Leaves oval, 2-8 in. long; flowers in corymbs Hydrangea hortensis. p 162 b Leaves lanceolate, 1-3 in. long; flowers solitary in the axils Fuschia. p 190 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 112 a Leaves 1-3 in. long, obovate; the branches angled Euonymus japonicus. p 181 b Leaves 2-8 in. long, ovate to oblong; branches not angled Aucuba. p 194. 113 a Plant cultivated for the variegated leaves. .Aucuba. P 194. b Plants cultivated for the flowers 114 114 a Leaves heart-shaped at base; flowers numerous in pan- icles Syringa vulgaris. p 199 b Leaves and flowers not completely as in a 115 115 a Flowers double, solitary at the ends of the branches Gardenia, p 213 b Flowers in terminal cymes 116 116 a Leaves 3-8 in. long, thick, evergreen; flowers 1-3 in. broad Nerium. p 200 b Leaves 1-4 in. long, not usually evergreen; flowers about i in. long Bouvardia. p 213 117 a Leaves with toothed or lobed margins 118 b Leaves with entire or wavy margins 124 118 a Leaves usually rounded with rounded lobes, or else deeply lobed Pelargonium, p 177 b Leaves not completely as in a 119 119 a Flowers small, subtended by a whorl of scarlet leaves Euphorbia pulcherrima. p 180 b Flowers not subtended by scarlet leaves 120 120 a Leaves dark green and shining above; flowers 2-5 in. broad, sessile Camellia japonica. p 185 b Plants not completely as in a 121 121 a Leaves thin, regularly toothed, not lobed, usually varie- gated ; flowers very small Acalypha. p 180 b Leaves not completely as in a 122 122 a Leaves thick, evergreen; flowers small 123 b Leaves thin, not evergreen; flowers 1-3 in. broad Abutilon. p 185 123 a Leaves green; plant cultivated for the flowers and fruit Ardisia. p 196 b Leaves usually variegated ; plants cultivated for the leaves Codiaeum. p 180 124 a Flowers small, subtended by a whorl of scarlet leaves Euphorbia pulcherrima. p 180 b Flowers not subtended by scarlet leaves 125 125 a Plants cultivated for the showy fruit 126 b Plants not cultivated for the fruit 128 126 a Leaves with the petioles more or less winged Citrus, p 179 b Leaves not with the petioles winged 127 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 127 a Fruit about l/2 in. in diameter, scarlet; leaves 1-3 in. long Solanum pseudo-capsicum, p 208 b Fruit about 1A in. in diameter, red or white ; leaves 2-7 in. long Ardisia. p 196 128 a Plants cultivated for their showy flowers 129 b Plants cultivated for their foliage 131 129 a Leaves 4-7 in. long, thick, evergreen. .Rhododendron, p 195 b Leaves not completely as in a 130 130 a Flowers very showy, in terminal umbels, often double Azalea indica. p 195 b Flowers in forked, recurved spikes. .. .Heliotr opium, p 202 131 a Leaves aromatic when crushed; small tree usually with rounded head Laurus. p 154 b Leaves not aromatic when crushed 132 132 a Leaves sessile Dracaena, p 13$ b Leaves petioled 133 133 a Petioles of leaves 3-6 in. long, deeply channeled Cordyline. piss b Petioles of leaves not as in a 134 134 a Leaves dark green Ficus. p 14.5 b Leaves usually variegated Codiaeum. p 180 135 a Leaves tubular or pitcher-shaped toward the apex, with a terminal lip Nepenthes, p 160 b Leaves not as in a 136 136 a Leaves compound, pinnatifid, or lobed 137 b Leaves simple with entire or toothed margins, the teeth J/4 in. or less long 219 137 a Leaves opposite on the stem 138 b Leaves all alternate or basal 147 138 a^ Climbing vines 139 b Plants not climbing 140 139 a Stems rough with reflexed, bristly hairs; flowers green- ish, small Humulus japonicus. p 14$ b Stems not rough; flowers i in. or more broad. Clematis, p 153 140 a Leaves divided into linear segments 141 b Leaves not completely as in a 142 141 a Flowers arranged in heads subtended by an involucre Cosmos, p 235 b Flowers arranged in cymes Gilia. p 202 142 a Plant cultivated for the variegated leaves; stem 4-angled Coleus. p 208 b Plants cultivated for the flowers 143 143 a Plant prostrate and spreading on the ground; flowers regular and solitary Nemophila. p 202 b Plants not completely as in a 144 89 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 144 a Flowers in heads subtended by an involucre of bracts. 145 b Flowers solitary or in panicles 146 145 a Outer bracts of involucre longer than the flowers Scabiosa. p 216 b Outer bracts of involucre much shorter than the flowers Dahlia, p 23$ 146 a Leaves pinnately divided into 7-25 segments Valeriana. p 216 b Leaves deeply and sharply toothed, not divided Alonsoa, p 210 147 a Plants climbing or else cultivated in hanging baskets. 148 b Plants not as in a 161 148 a Vines with tendrils 149 b Plants not with tendrils 154 149 a Tendrils at the ends of the compound leaves 150 b Tendrils not as in a 151 150 a Flowers irregular; leaflets 2 Lathyrus. P 174 b Flowers regular ; leaflets 4-6 Cobaea. p 202 151 a Leaves doubly compound, the leaflets toothed or lobed Cardiospermum. p 183 b Leaves merely lobed, not compound 152 152 a Flowers % in. or more broad Passi flora, p 188 b Flowers % in. or less broad 153 153 a Leaves deeply 3~7-lobed, the sinuses extending half way or more to the petiole Micrampelis. p 216 b Leaves 5-angled, not deeply lobed as in a....Sicyos. p 216 154 a Leaves lobed, not compound 155 b Leaves compound 157 155 a Vines cultivated out of doors Ipomoea. p 20! b Plants cultivated in pots or window baskets 156 156 a Petioles of leaves coiled; flowers solitary Antirrhinum maurandioides. p 210 b Petioles of leaves not coiled; flowers in heads Senecio mikanioides. p 238 157 a Leaves doubly compound Adlumia. p 755 b Leaves singly compound, of 3-7 leaflets 158 158 a Leaflets 5-7, sometimes 3; flowers 1-2 in. long, violet Bradburya. p 174. b Leaflets 3 159 159 a Plant sparingly cultivated for its foliage; standard usually spurred at the base Pueraria. p 176 b Plants cultivated for their flowers 160 160 a Leaflets wrinkled; flowers purple to white. .Dolichos. p 176 b Leaflets not wrinkled; flowers red or white Phaseolus multifloru*. p 176 161 a Plants cultivated for their foliage 162 b Plants cultivated for their flowors 170 90 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 162 a Leaves pinnatifid, covered with white- woolly hairs .... 163 b Leaves not white-woolly 165 163 a First or lowest leaves not pinnatifid; heads Vi-Vz in. broad Centaur ea cineraria, p 239 b All leaves pinnatifid 164 164 a Leaves usually fragrant; heads arranged in cymes or panicles Artemisia, p 238 b Leaves not fragrant; heads arranged in dense corymbs Senecio cineraria, p 238 165 a Leaves doubly compound; leaflets 1-3 in. long, ovate Aegopodium. p 193 b Leaves merely lobed, not compound 166 166 a Plant 2 ft. or more high; leaves 4-24 in. broad, pal- mately 6-n-lobed, the lobes toothed Ricinus. p 180 b Plants not completely as in a 167 167 a Leaves with very unequal bases Begonia, p 188 b Leaves not with unequal bases 168 168 a Leaves all basal Saxifraga. p 161 b Leaves not all basal 169 169 a Leaves oblong, irregularly lobed, the sinuses rounded; flowers small, greenish Chenopodium botrys. p 14.8 b Plants not completely as in a Pelargonium, p 177 170 a Flowers numerous, collected into a dense head subtended by an involucre of numerous green bracts 171 b Flowers not completely as in a 178 171 a Leaves with prickly lobes; heads globose. .Echinops. p 24.0 b Leaves not with prickly lobes 172 172 a Leaves strongly aromatic 173 b Leaves not aromatic 174 173 a Bracts of involucre united into a tube Tagetes. p 2 35 b Bracts of involucre in several rows, not united into a tube Anthemis. 174 a Outer flowers in the head with the corolla obliquely 5-cleft, tubular, somewhat irregular but not strap- shaped Centaur ea. b Flowers not completely as in a 175 175 a Lower leaves 5-12 in. broad, pinnately 3~7-divided, the segments toothed or lobed ; heads 2-4 in. broad, yellow Rudbeckia laciniata. p 234. b Plants not completely as in a 176 176 a Achenes not crowned by a pappus. .Chrysanthemum, p 237 b Achenes crowned by a pappus of bristles 177 177 a Receptacle of head usually flat; ray flowers usually numerous Callistephus. p 235 b Receptacle of head convex or globose; ray flowers few or wanting Gaillardia. p 234 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 178 a Leaves with 3 inversely heart-shaped leaflets; flowers with 5 petals and 10 stamens Oxalis rubra. p 178 b Plants not completely as in a 179 179 a Flowers with i or more spurs on the petals or sepals. . 180 b Flowers not with spurs as in a 184 180 a Five spurs to each flower Aquilegia. p 152 b One or two spurs to each flower 181 181 a Two petals each with a pink spur Bicuculla spectabilis. p 155 b Only one petal or sepal with a spur 182 182 a Leaves palmately lobed or divided; sepals petal-like, i-spurred Delphinium, p 152 b Leaves not as in a; sepals very small 183 183 a Flowers about -/4 in. long, purplish Fumaria. P 155 b Flowers about Vz in. long, pink to yellow. .Capnoides. p 155 184 a Leaves with very unequal bases; sepals 2, petal-like Begonia, p 188 b Plants not completely as in a 185 185 a Flowers more or less irregular 186 b Flowers regular 196 186 a Sepals petal-like, dark-blue to white; one sepal hood- shaped Aconitum. p 152 b Calyx or sepals green, not petal-like 187 187 a Corolla more or less tubular; flowers somewhat 2-lipped 188 b Corolla not tubular, at least some petals distinct 190 188 a Flowers about 2 in. broad, often striped . Salpiglossis. p 210 b Flowers i in. or less broad 189 189 a Leaves pinnately divided; flowers in cymes Schizanthus. p 209 b Leaves coarsely toothed ; flowers in the axils of the leaves Alonsoa. p 210 190 a The five petals all distinct, or flowers sometimes double 191 b The two lower petals united to form a keel which en- closes the stamens 193 191 a Leaves all basal Saxifraga sarmentosa. p 161 b Leaves not all basal 192 192 a Leaves compound with 9-13 leaflets Dictamnus. p 179 b Leaves merely lobed, not compound Pelargonium, p 177 193 a Leaves palmately compound with 7-16 leaflets Lupinus polyphyllus. p 174 b Leaves not as in a 194 194 a Leaflets 11-25 Coronilla. p 174. b Leaflets 3 195 195 a Flowers rose-purple, about % in. long; pods about Vz in. long Lespedeza sieboldi. p 175 b Flowers blue, %-i in. long; pods about i in. long Baptisia australis. p 174 92 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS )6 a When broken plants exude a colored sap 197 b When broken plants do not exude a colored sap 200 >7 a Leaves with spiny teeth Argemone. p 755 b Leaves not with spiny teeth 198 >8 a Plants with a white sap Papaver. p 155 b Plants with a reddish or yellow sap 199 )9 a Flowers 1-2 in. broad, yellow Glaucium. p 155 b Flowers about ^4 in. broad, whitish or rose-colored B occonia. p 755 K> a Sepals petal-like or else wanting when flowers are open 201 b Calyx present, green, not petal-like 206 >i a Petals 5, small, tubular Helleborus. p 152 b Petals wanting or not as in a 202 >2 a Flowers subtended by an involucre of divided bracts Nigella. p 154 b Flowers not subtended by divided bracts 203 33 a Leaves finely dissected into linear or oblong segments. . 204 b Leaves not finely dissected as in a 205 >4 a Petals 4 ; pistil i Eschscholtzia. p 755 b Petals 5 or more; pistils numerous Adonis, p 154. >5 a Flowers globose, yellow to orange, sometimes red ; leaves palmately 5-parted Trollius. p 152 b Plants not completely as in a Anemone, p 152 )6 a Corolla more or less tubular 207 b Corolla with distinct petals 210 37 a Leaves all basal Primula, p 797 b Leaves not all basal 208 38 a Leaves lobed, not pinnately divided Physalodes. p 210 b Leaves pinnately divided or compound 209 39 a Leaves pinnately divided into linear segments . Gilia. p 202 b Leaves pinnately divided into 5-21 ovate or lanceolate leaflets Polemonium. p 202 10 a Leaves compound, composed of distinct leaflets 211 b Leaves lobed, not compound 215 11 a Leaves doubly compound 212 b Leaves singly compound 213 12 a Flowers 2 in. or more broad Paeonia. p 152 b Flowers % in. or less broad, numerous Astilbe. p 161 13 a Leaves palmately compound, of 3-7 leaflets. .Cleome. p 160 b Leaves pinnately compound 214 ij. a Flowers red mixed with yellow Geum chiloense. p 165 b Flowers white or yellowish Ulmaria. p 166 15 a Flowers yellow, double; sepals 5, distinct. Ranunculus, p 153 b Flowers not completely as in a 216 16 a Flowers less than % in. broad; petals 6 Reseda, p 160 b Flowers usually i in. or more broad 217 93 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 217 a Flowers double, in a terminal corymb or umbel Pelargonium, p 177 b Flowers not double; petals 5 218 218 a Flowers subtended by 3 bracts . . . .Malva sylvestris. p 185 b Flowers subtended by 6-9 bracts Althaea, p 185 219 a Each leaf with a sheath which enfolds the stem ; leaves entire, often linear, with parallel veins 220 b Leaves not completely as in a 234 220 a Leaves 3-8 ft. long, tufted, mostly basal . . . Cortaderia. p 1/8 b Leaves 3 ft. or less long 221 221 a Average leaf 2-3 ft. long 222 b Average leaf less than 2 ft. long 223 222 a Leaves striped or banded with yellow ; panicle Vs-i ft. long Miscanthus. p 1/8 b Leaves striped or banded with white; panicle 1-2 ft. long Erianthus. p 118 223 a Average leaf 1-3 in. broad, 6 in. or more long 224 b Average leaf not completely as in a 225 224 a Leaves green, shining above; panicle 6-15 in. long Arundinaria. p 118 b Leaves usually variegated ; panicle 1-2 ft. long Arundo. p 118 2*25 a Upper leaves clustered in a whorl at the top of the stem Cyperus alternifolius. p 123 b Upper leaves not as in a 226 226 a Grasses with green leaves, cultivated in lawns 227 b Plants not completely as in a 228 227 a Branches of panicle usually solitary; spikelets 2-6- flowered Poa annua. p 122 b Branches of panicle several in a whorl ; spikelets i-flowered Agrostis alba, p 121 228 a Average leaf 6 in. or more long 229 b Average leaf less than 6 in. long 231 229 a Basal leaves wanting; leaves green, often channeled Tradescantia virginiana. p 132 b Basal leaves numerous, usually variegated 230 230 a Leaves stiff, evergreen; flowers in spikes Carex morroivi. p 125 b Leaves not stiff or evergreen; flowers in panicles Phalaris. p 122 231 a Leaves lanceolate, 2-5 in. long 232 b Leaves ovate, 1-3 in. long 233 232 a Sheaths of leaves inflated, hairy; flowers a/£-i in. broad, blue Commelina. p 132 b Sheaths of leaves not inflated or hairy; flowers incon- spicuous Oplismenus. p 122 94 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 233 a Leaves red or purple beneath, somewhat silvery above Zebrina. b Leaves not red or purple beneath Tradescantia fluminensis. p 132 234 a Leaves distinctly opposite or in whorls on the stem. ... 235 b All leaves alternate or basal 279 235 a Climbing vines 236 b Plants not climbing 239 236 a Leaves triangular-ovate, angularly toothed Thunbergia. p 213 b Leaves not as in a 237 237 a Leaves ovate-heart-shaped, 7-9-veined, shining Dioscorea divaricata. p 137 b Leaves not completely as in a 238 238 a Flowers tubular with 4 short lobes; leaves entire Manettia. b Flowers not tubular; perianth parts distinct Clematis hybrida. p 153 239 a Plants cultivated for their variegated or colored leaves 240 b Plants not cultivated for their leaves 245 240 a Leaves velvety with white or red veins. .. .Fittonia. p 213 b Leaves not completely as in a 241 241 a Plant with 4- angled stems; leaves toothed .... Coleus. p 208 b Plants not with 4-angled stems 242 242 a Leaves thick, fleshy, with wavy or toothed margins Bryophyllum. p 161 b Leaves not fleshy, usually with entire margins 243 243 a Petioles with conspicuous glands; flowers i in. or more broad Vinca. p 200 b Petioles not with conspicuous glands ; flowers V± in. or less broad 244 244 a Leaves rounded to ovate, often notched at the apex Iresine. p 14.8 b Leaves ovate to lanceolate or oblanceolate. Telanthera. p 148 245 a Leaves thick, light-green ; plant growing South as a par- asite on trees; used for decorations in the North Phoradendron. p 14.$ b Plants not completely as in a 246 246 a Flowers collected in heads which are subtended by several bracts 247 b Flowers not arranged as in a 252 247 a Leaves with entire margins 248 b Leaves with toothed margins 249 248 a Leaves ovate-heart-shaped, sessile Zinnia, p 235 b Leaves oblong to linear, petioled.Coreopsis lanceolata. p 235 249 a Heads 2 in. or more broad 250 b Heads ty in. or less broad 251 95 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 250 a Petioles of leaves winged ; ray flowers purple or crimson Brauneria. p 234. b Petioles of leaves not winged ; ray flowers yellow Helianthus. p 235 251 a Leaves lanceolate to oblong; heads about V± in. broad Piqueria. p 227 b Leaves ovate or heart-shaped ; heads about % in.* broad Ageratum. p 227 252 a Flowers more or less irregular 253 b Flowers regular 263 253 a Flowers with bright red calyx somewhat spurred at the base; corolla wanting Parsonsia ignea. p 189 b Flowers not completely as in a 254 254 a Flowers with both lips more or less inflated ; plant cultivated in pots and gardens Calceolaria, p 212 b Flowers not completely as in a 255 255 a Calyx teeth with hooked bristles Marrubium. p 206 b Calyx teeth not with hooked bristles 256 256 a Anther-bearing stamens 2 257 b Anther-bearing stamens 4-5 258 257 a Flowers Vi in. or less long Veronica p 211 b Flowers %-2 in. long Salvia. p 206 258 a Plant covered with glandular hairs; leaves 3-12 in. broad, heart-shaped, entire Martynia. p 2/2 b Plants not completely as in a 259 259 a Plant MJ-I in. high, much branched; flowers ^>-i in. long, yellow and blue Torenia. p 212 b Plants and flowers not completely as in a 260 260 a Flowers about % in. long, nearly white, in axillary clusters Melissa, p 207 b Flowers i in. or more long 261 261 a Flowers in terminal spikes 2-8 in. \ong:Physostegia. p 206 b Flowers not in terminal spikes 262 263 a Flowers scarlet, in panicles Pentstemon barbatus. p 210 b Flowers yellow or spotted, solitary in the axils Mimulus luteus. p 210 263 a Flowers very small, numerous in globose heads about i in. in diameter Gomphrena. p 14.8 b Flowers not completely as in a 264 264 a Colored parts of the perianth or corolla more or less tubular 265 b Perianth or corolla not tubular, the parts distinct .... 271 265 a Leaves fleshy; corolla with 4 spreading lobes; stamens 8 Bryophyllum. p 161 b Plants not completely as in a 266 266 a Leaves with toothed margins 267 b Leaves with entire margins 268 96 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 267 a Calyx white or red; petals 4, distinct Fuschia. p 190 b Calyx green ; corolla tubular Verbena hybrida. p 203 268 a Tube of the corolla less than half as long as the lobes; flowers white, in long i -sided racemes Lysimachia clethroides. p 197 b Flowers not completely as in a 269 269 a Flowers usually funnel-shaped ; leaves 2-4 in. long, ovate to heart-shaped Mirabilis. p 149 b Flowers with lobes spreading at right angles to the nar- row tube 270 270 a Flowers usually solitary; leaves evergreen Vinca. p 200 b Flowers in clusters , Phlox, p 202 271 a Perianth 6-parted ; stamens 6 ; leaves in whorls Fritillaria imperialis. p 134 b Flowers not completely as in a 272 272 a Leaves thick and fleshy Sedum. p 160 b Leaves not fleshy 273 273 a Stem 4-angled ; flowers purple, in bracted spikes Ly thrum, p 189 b Plants not completely as in a 274 274 a Calyx not tubular 275 b Calyx tubular 276 275 a Plant prostrate; flowers on forked stalks 4-8 in. long Cerastium tomentosum. p 150 b Plant erect; flowers in leafy panicles. Alsine holostea. p 150 276 a Flowers a/4 in. or less broad, white, numerous Gypsophila. p 150 b Flowers l/2 in. or more broad 277 277 a Styles of flower 2 Dianthus. p 150 b Styles of flower 3 or 5 278 278 a Styles of flower 5; flowers about i in. broad, crimson to white Lychnis, p 14.9 b Styles of flower 2; flowers about %-% in. broad, pink to purple Silene. p 149 279 a Plant without roots; leaves linear, expanded at the base, densely hairy; growing in greenhouses without soil Tillandsia. p 132 b Plants not completely as in a 280 280 a Plants climbing, or pendant and cultivated in hanging baskets or pots 281 b Plants not as in a 291 281 a Plants fleshy, cultivated in hanging baskets or pots. . 282 b Plants not completely as in a 284 282 a Plants with cylindrical leaves MJ-I in. or more long Othonna. p 227 b Plants not with leaves, the stems jointed, often spiny. . 283 7 97 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 283 a Stems flattened, jointed, the joints 1-2 in. long Epiphyllum. p 189 b Stems cylindric, ribbed Cereus flagelliformis. p 189 284 a Vine with tendrils Passiflora gracilis. p 188 b Vines not with tendrils 285 285 a Leaves with the petiole attached to the underside of the blade Tropaeolum. p 178 b Leaves with the petiole attached to the margin of the blade 286 286 a Leaves or leaf-like organs sessile, glossy green, linear to ovate Asparagus, p 135 b Leaves not completely as in a 287 287 a Leaves heart-shaped at the base 288 b Leaves not heart-shaped at the base 290 288 a Leaves 6-12 in. broad ; flowers strongly curved Aristolochia macrophylla. p 14.5 b Plants not as in a 289 289 a Flowers showy, tubular, i in. or more broa.d.Ipomoea. p 201 b Flowers small, % in. or less broad, not tubular Boussingaultia. p 14.7 290 a Flowers funnel-shaped, sometimes double. Co nvolvulus. p 201 b Flowers with a slender tube and lobes spreading more or less at right angles to it Plumbago, p 198 291 a Leaves 10-30 in. long, linear, with brown curly fibers on the margins Yucca, p 135 b Leaves not completely as in a 292 292 a Plants cultivated for their green or variegated leaves. . 293 b Plants cultivated for their flowers 321 293 a Plants more or less covered with spines or prickles; leaves wanting; stems fleshy, cylindric. .. .Cereus. p 189 b Plants not completely as in a 294 294 a Leaves very fleshy, thick, mostly basal 295 b Leaves not noticeably fleshy 298 295 a Leaves linear, 2-6 ft. long, with spiny-toothed margins Agave, p 137 b Leaves not completely as in a 296 296 a Leaves V-shaped, with warty or horny margins. Aloe. P 133 b Leaves not as in a 297 297 a Leaves ovate, 1-2 in. long Sempervivum. p 161 b Leaves obovate, 2-4 in. long Cotyledon, p 161 298 a Leaves with petiole attached to under side of blade. . 299 b Leaves with petiole attached to margin of blade 301 299 a Leaves with toothed margins Saxifraga peltata. p 161 b Leaves with entire margins 300 300 a Petioles 3-8 in. long .Peperomia. p 139 b Petioles 12 in. or more long Caladium. p 131 98 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 301 a Leaf-like organs about % in. long, linear Asparagus plumosus. p 135 b Leaves not as in a 302 302 a Leaves unequilateral at the base Begonia, p 188 b Leaves equilateral at the base 303 303 a Leaves rounded, angled, dark green with yellow or white spots Senecio kaempferi. P 238 b Leaves not completely as in a 304 304 a Leaves rounded with wavy-toothed margins 305 b Leaves not rounded 307 305 a Leaves not all basal, usually hairy .... Pelargonium. P 177 b Leaves all basal 306 306 a Leaves dark-green and shining, used in decorations Galax. p 196 b Leaves not completely as in a Saxifraga. p 161 307 a Leaves with the margins somewhat toothed. Cyclamen. P 197 b Leaves with the margins entire 308 308 a Average leaf 5 in. or more long 309 b Average leaf 4 in. or less long 316 309 a Leaves 3 ft. or more long, petioled Musa. p 138 b Leaves less than 3 ft. long 310 310 a Leaves with netted veins, not parallel. .. .Anthurium. p 132 b Leaves not as in a 311 311 a Secondary veins oblique to the midrib 312 b Secondary veins more or less parallel to the midrib .... 313 312 a Petioles of leaves deeply channeled Cordyline. p 135 b Petioles of leaves not channeled Calathea. p 138 313 a Leaves sessile, 1-3 ft. long, oblanceolate. . .Dracaena, p 135 b Leaves petioled 314 314 a Plant cultivated in pots Aspidistra, p 136 b Plants not cultivated in pots 315 315 a Leaves all basal, 3-8 in. long Funkia. p 135 b Both basal and stem leaves present, 6-18 in. long Canna. p 138 316 a Leaves rounded to ovate, often notched at the apex Iresine. p 148 b Leaves not completely as in a 317 317 a Leaves all basal, lanceolate, usually with wavy margins Funkia lancifolia. p 135 b Leaves not completely as in a 318 318 a Leaves 1-3 in. long, linear-lanceolate, sometimes toothed, usually green, but red in autumn Kochia. p 147 b Leaves not completely as in a 319 319 a Leaves sessile; a milky sap often exuding when a leaf is broken off Euphorbia, p 180 b Leaves petioled 320 99 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 320 a Leaves variegated by lines or rows of various colors Calathea. p 138 b Leaves not variegated as in a Amaranthus. p 148 321 a Flowers numerous, collected into a dense head which is subtended by an involucre of several bracts 322 b Flowers not arranged completely as in a 339 322 a Leaves all basal Bellls. p 230 b Leaves not all basal 323 323 a Plant white-woolly throughout; bracts of involucre very showy, variously colored, in several rows Xera nth e mum. p 234. b Plants not completely as in a 324 324 a Outer flowers in the head with corolla obliquely 5-cleft, tubular, somewhat irregular but not strap-shaped Centaurea cyanus. p 240 b Flowers not completely as in a 325 325 a Flowers blue to purple, in heads 2-4 in. broad; outer bracts of involucre leaf-like, toothed Stokesia. p 24.0 b Plants not completely as in a 326 326 a All leaves with entire margins 327 b Leaves with toothed margins 331 327 a Leaves mostly petioled 328 b Leaves sessile 329 328 a Ray flowers 6-15, the rays lobed. .Coreopsis lanceolata. p 235 b Ray flowers wanting; bracts of involucre very showy Helichrysum. p 233 329 a Ray flowers in several rows, yellow or orange Calendula, p 235 b Ray flowers in i or 2 rows 330 330 a Leaves with clasping bases; pappus of capillary bristles Aster novae-angliae. p 231 b Leaves not with clasping bases; pappus of scales Boltonia. p 230 331 a Petioles of lower leaves winged; ray flowers purple to crimson Brauneria. p 234 b Plants not completely as in a 332 332 a Leaves 2-8 in. broad, ovate-heart-shaped, angled, toothed, with red or purple veins beneath . Cineraria, p 238 b Leaves not completely as in a 333 333 a All flowers of the head regular, none with strap-shaped corollas 334 b At least some of the flowers of the head with strap- shaped corollas 335 334 a Leaves with clasping bases; heads Vz-i in. broad Emilia, p 234 b Leaves not with clasping bases Gaillardia. p 234 100 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 335 a Plant covered with white-woolly hairs; ray flowers white above, lilac beneath; leaves thick, coarsely toothed Arctotis. p 236 b Plants not completely as in a 336 336 a Ray flowers yellow; leaves rough and often hairy Helianthus. p 235 b Plants not completely as in a 337 337 a Achenes with a pappus of capillary bristles Callistephus. p 235 b Achenes with pappus wanting 338 338 a Heads %-% in. broad Achillea ptarmica. p 236 b Heads i in. or more broad Chrysanthemum, p 237 339 a Plants without leaves; stems cylindric or flattened, usually with prickles 340 b Plants with leaves 341 340 a Stems flattened Epiphyllum. p 189 b Stems cylindric Cereus. p 189 341 a Flowers with a spur on the corolla or perianth 342 b Flowers not with a spur 344 342 a Leaves with petiole attached to the under side of blade Tropaeolum. p 178 b Leaves with petiole attached to the margin of blade. . 343 343. a Sepal petal-like, spurred Impatiens. p 184. b Sepals not petal-like, the petal spurred Viola, p 187 344 a Leaves with spiny teeth ; a yellow sap exuding when plant is broken Argemone. p 755 b Plants not as in a 345 345 a Flowers with a distinctly green calyx and a colored corolla 346 b Flowers with the perianth undifferentiated into calyx and corolla 391 346 a Flowers more or less irregular 347 b Flowers regular 355 347 a Corolla more or less tubular, the petals not distinct .... 348 b Corolla not tubular, the petals distinct 352 348 a Corolla split down one side to the base; anthers coher- ing about the style Lobelia, p 217 b Flowers not completely as in a 349 349 a Leaves 3-12 in. broad, broadly heart-shaped, covered with glandular hairs; fruit with long, curved horns Martynia. p 212 b Leaves not completely as in a 350 350 a Leaves 3-10 in. long, with toothed margins. Digitalis. p2ll b Leaves with entire margins 351 351 a Flowers %-i in. long, blue Echium. P 203 b Flowers 1-2 in. long, variously colored Antirrhinum majus. p 210 101 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 352 a Leaves 6-18 in. long, oblong ............... Canna. b Leaves usually less than 6 in. long ................ 353 353 a Stamens with the anthers joined into a tube about the style .................................... Viola, p 187 b Stamens not as in a .............................. 354 354 a Leaves all basal ............. Saxifraga sarmentosa. p 161 b Leaves not all basal ................. Pelargonium, p 177 355 a Corolla more or less tubular, the petals not distinctly separate ........................................ 356 b Petals distinct, not joined into a tube ............... 372 356 a Leaves all basal ................................... 357 b Leaves not all basal .............................. 360 357 a Flowers solitary and nodding on the flowering stalk Cyclamen, p 197 b Flowers several on the flowering stalk .............. 358 358 a Flowers about 1A in. broad, arranged in heads or spikes Statice. p 198 b Flowers % in. or more broad ...................... 359 359 a Stamens united into a tube ........... Dodecatheon. p 197 b Stamens not united into a tube ............. Primula, p 197 360 a Ovary inferior ................................... 361 b Ovary superior .................................... 362 361 a Flowers 2-3 in. broad; leaves lanceolate, 1-3 in. long, unequally toothed ................... Platycodon. p 217 b Plants not completely as in a .......... Campanula, p 217 362 a Flowers solitary on elongated stalks ................. 363 b Flowers not solitary on elongated stalks .............. 366 363 a Flowers 4 in. or more long, usually white. . . .Datura, p 209 b Flowers less than 4 in. long ...................... 364 364 a Plant not covered with glandular hairs; flowers V2-i in. broad ......................... Nierembergia. p 210 b Plants more or less covered with glandular hairs ...... 365 365 a Leaves entire ............................ Petunia, p 210 b Leaves usually toothed ................. Salpiglossis. p 210 366 a Flowers often 3 in. or more long, arranged in panicles Nicotiana. p 209 b Flowers not arranged in panicles .................... 367 367 a Leaves with toothed margins .............. Phacelia. p 202 b Leaves with entire margins ........................ 368 368 a Ovary not 4-lobed or 4-parted ; flowers MJ-I in. broad Broivallia. p 209 b Ovary 4-lobed or 4-parted ........................ 369 369 a Leaves wrinkled ; flowers very fragrant, in i-sided spikes ............................. Heliotr opium, p 202 b Plants not completely as in a ...................... 370 370 a Flowers about ^4 in. broad; plant spreading. Myosotis. P 203 b Flowers % in. or more broad ; plants erect ............ 371 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 371 a Flowers bright blue Borago. p 203 b Flowers purplish or yellowish Symphytum. p 203 372 a Sepals or calyx lobes 4; petals 4 except in double flowers 373 b Flowers not completely as in a 383 373 a The two outside petals much larger than the two inner ones Iberis. p 160 b The four petals about equal in size 374 374 a Leaves broadly ovate-heart-shaped, 3-6 in. long; pods about i in. broad Lunaria. p 160 b Plants not completely as in a 375 375 a Flowers yellow or orange 376 b Flowers not yellow or orange 377 376 a Leaves l/2-i in. long, hairy Alyssum. p 159 b Leaves 1-4 in. long, hairy Cheiranthus. p 160 377 a Plant 2-8 in. high, tufted ; upper leaves clasping, toothed toward the apex Arabis alpina. p 159 b Plants not completely as in a 378 378 a Flowers about ^4 in. broad 379 b Flowers Vz in. or more broad 380 379 a Flowers white, fragrant; leaves with entire margins Koniga. p 159 b Flowers violet or purple; leaves with i or 2 large teeth on each side Aubrietia. p 160 380 a Calyx of four distinct sepals 381 b Calyx tubular with 4 lobes 382 381 a Leaves with entire margins, covered with hoary hairs Matthiola. p 160 b Leaves with toothed margins, not hoary. .. .Hesperis. p 159 382 a Petals abruptly narrowed toward the base, sometimes lobed Clarkia. p 190 b Petals not abruptly narrowed toward the base; flowers in the axils of the leaves Codetta, p 190 383 a Leaves very fleshy 384 b Leaves not noticeably fleshy 385 384 a Sepals 2 Portulaca grandiflora. p 149 b Calyx lobes usually 5 Sedum. p 160 385 a Flowers yellow or yellowish-white 386 b Flowers not yellow or yellowish-white 387 386 a Leaves linear-lanceolate, evergreen, hoary beneath; flowers not fragrant Helianthetnum. p 186 b Leaves obovate, not evergreen or hoary beneath ; flowers very fragrant Reseda, p 160 387 a Leaves all basal 388 b Leaves not all basal 389 103 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 388 a Leaves thick, evergreen, 2-9 in. long; flowers in panicled cymes Saxifraga crassi folia, p 161 b Leaves not evergreen, 1-3 in. broad, rounded ; flowers in panicled. i-sided racemes Heuchera. p 161 389 a Leaves lanceolate to linear Linum. p 178 b Leaves rounded 390 390 a Stamens numerous; flowers not double Malva sylvestris. p 185 b Stamens 10 or less; flowers usually double Pelargonium, p 777 391 a Leaves petioled, with very unequal-sided blades; sepals 2, petal-like; flowers imperfect Begonia, p 188 b Plants not completely as in a 392 392 a Leaves basal, long-petioled ; flowers on a spike sub- tended by a very showy colored leaf or spathe 393 b Plants not completely as in a 394 393 a Colored spathe surrounding the spike of small flowers Richardia. p 131 b Colored spathe only subtending the spike of small flowers Anthurium. p 132 394 a Flowers without a distinct perianth, the stamens and pistils usually indistinct; bracts subtending the small flowers conspicuous and colored 395 b Flowers with the perianth distinct 396 395 a Bracts subtending the flowers crimson, red, yellow, or white, in crowded crest-like or plume-like spikes Celosia. p 148 b Plants not completely as in a Amaranthus. p 148 396 a Leaves 2-6 ft. long, linear, fleshy, with spiny teeth Agave, p 137 b Plants not completely as in a 397 397 a Flowers more or less irregular 398 b Flowers regular 404 398 a Leaves with coarsely toothed margins Impatient balsamina. p 184 b Leaves with entire margins 399 399 a Leaves ovate or oblong, usually with petioles 400 b Leaves linear 401 400 a Stamens petal-like; leaves long-petioled Canna. P 138 b Stamens not petal-like; leaves short-petioled or sessile Cattleya. p 138 401 a Flowers crowded, arranged somewhat spirally in a spike Gladiolus, p 138 b Flowers not arranged completely as in a 402 402 a Flowers orange or crimson, borne in a spike-like raceme Tritonia. p 138 b Flowers whitish or rose-colored 403 104 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 403 a Flowers borne on a jointed axis bent nearly at right angles to the stem Freezia. p 138 b Flowers borne usually in pairs on the spikt.Polianthes. p 137 404 a Ovary completely inferior 405 b Ovary superior 417 405 a Flowers with the perianth more or less tubular with 6 lobes 406 b Flowers with the perianth parts all distinct, not joined into a tube 413 406 a Flowers with a conspicuous crown or border at the top of the perianth tube Narcissus. p 136 b Flowers not with a crown or border as in a 407 407 a Flowers borne singly on the stem 408 b Flowers not borne singly on the stem 409 408 a Stamens 3 ; plants cultivated in gardens Crocus, p 137 b Stamens 6; plant cultivated in pots. . .Zephyranfhes. p 137 409 a Stamens 3 410 b Stamens 6 412 410 a The 3 outer perianth parts spreading, broader than the 3 inner, erect ones Iris, p 137 b Perianth not completely as in a 411 411 a Perianth tube somewhat curved, about the length of the lobes Tritonia. p 138 b Perianth tube not curved, much shorter than the lobes Ixia. p 138 412 a Flowers white, 3-4 in. long Hymcnocallis. p 137 b Flowers rose-colored, %-2 in. broad Amaryllis. P 137 413 a Stamens 3 414 b Stamens 6 416 414 a The 3 outer perianth parts spreading, broader than the 3 inner, erect ones Iris, p 137 b Perianth not completely as in a 415 415 a Flowers 1-2 in. broad Getnmingia. p 138 b Flowers 3-6 in. broad Tigridia. p 138 416 a The 3 outer perianth parts much larger than the 3 inner, notched ones Galanthus. p 136 b All 6 perianth parts about the same size. .Leucojum. p 136 417 a Leaves V± in. or more thick, very succulent, somewhat V-shaped Aloe, p 133 b Leaves not completely as in a 418 418 a Leaves not all basal 419 /; Leaves all basal 422 419 a Flowers i in. or more broad; perianth parts 6 420 b Flowers l/2 in. or less broad 421 420 a Flowers checkered or else in a whorl hanging under the terminal tuft of leaves Fritillaria. p 134. b Flowers not completely as in a Lilium. p 134 105 KEY TO CULTIVATED HERBS AND POTTED SHRUBS 421 a Plants exuding a milky sap when broken. .Euphorbia, p 180 b Plants not exuding a milky sap when broken Polygonum. p 14.6 422 a Average leaf i ft. or more long 423 b Average leaf less than i ft. long 427 423 a Flowers in umbels; plant cultivated in pots Agapanthus. p 133 b Flowers not in umbels; plants cultivated in gardens. . . . 424 424 a Flowers 3-4 in. broad, borne singly on the flowering stalk Colchicum. p 133 b Flowers in spikes or clusters 425 425 a Flowers 3-5 in. long, 6-15 in a terminal cluster Hemerocallis. p 133 b Flowers 2 in. or less long, numerous in a spike 426 426 a Leaves 1-2 ft. long; spike 1-4 ft. long. . . .Eremurus. P 133 b Leaves 2-3 ft. long; spike 3-10 in. long. . . .Kniphofia. p 133 427 a Leaves broadly ovate, or lanceolate and variegated Funkia. p 135 b Leaves linear to lanceolate 428 428 a Flowers solitary on the flowering stalk 429 b Flowers not solitary on the flowering stalk 431 429 a Leaves linear Triteleia. p 135 b Leaves lanceolate 430 430 a Perianth tubular at the base Colchicum. p 133 b Perianth of 6 distinct parts Tulipa. p 135 431 a Perianth tubular, with 6 lobes 432 b Perianth of 6 distinct parts 435 432 a Leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate; flowers white Convallaria. p 136 b Leaves linear 433 433 a Flowers somewhat globose, usually blue; leaves thick M us cari. p 135 b Flowers not globose 434 434 a Flowering stalk 6-18 in. high, with 15 or more flowers Hyacinthus. p 135 b Flowering stalk 3-6 in. high with 3-12 flowers Chionodoxa. p 135 435 a Flowers solitary or in racemes, rarely white. .S cilia. P 135 b Flowers in corymbs or umbels 436 436 a Flowers white with green stripes on the outside, ar- ranged in corymbs Ornithogalum. p 135 b Flowers white, stamens often colored, arranged in umbels A Ilium neapolilanum. p 134 106 CLASS I. GYMNOSPERMAE Trees or shrubs characterized by having the seed not enclosed in an ovary. i CYCADALES. Cycad Order. i CYCADACEAE. Cycad Family. 1 CtCAS SAGO PALM. (C. revoliita*) 2 ZAMI A COONTIE. (Z. floridana*) 2 GINKGOALES. Ginkgo Order. t GINKGOACEAE. Ginkgo Family. i GfNKGO MAIDENHAIR TREE. (G. blloba*) 3 FINALES. Pine Order. 1 TAXACEAE. Yew Family. i TAXUS. i a Low, prostrate shrub; native species. AMERICAN YEW. (T. canadensis.) b Shrub or small tree not prostrate; cultivated species EUROPEAN YEW. (T. baccata.*) 2 PINACEAE. Pine Family. 1 ARAUCARIA NORFOLK ISLAND PINE. (A. excelsa*) 2 PINUS. 1 a Leaves in clusters of 5, or some in 4*8 2 b Leaves in clusters of 2 or 3 4 2 a Leaves 5-8 in. long, drooping, bluish-green; young branches glaucous BHOTAN PINE. (P. excelsa*) b Leaves 2-5 in. long; young branches not glaucous 3 3 a Young branches covered with brownish hairs; cones 2-4 in. long Swiss STONE PINE. (P. cembra*) b Young branches not covered with brownish hairs; cones 3-6 in. long WHITE PINE. (P. strbbus.) 4 a Leaves in clusters of 3 5 b Leaves in clusters of 2, or some in 3's 6 5 a Cultivated tree ; mature cones 4-6 in. long WESTERN YELLOW PINE. (P. ponderbsa*) b Native tree; mature cones 2-3 in. long PITCH PINE. (P. rigida.) 6 a Erect or prostrate shrub ; leaves %-2 in. long. Swiss MOUNTAIN PINE. (P. montana.*) b Erect trees 7 107 PIN ACE A E (PINE FAMILY) 7 a Leaves less than 4 in. long 8 b Leaves 4 in. or more long 9 8 a Leaves about 3 in. long, twisted, light green; cultivated tree SCOTCH PINE. (P. sylvtstris*) b Leaves usually less than 3 in. long, dark green; native tree SCRUB PINE. (P. virginiana.) 9 a Cultivated tree; leaves much clustered at the ends of the branches; mature cones 2-3 in. long AUSTRIAN PINE. (P. austriaca.* ) b Native trees; mature cones usually 1-2 in. long 10 10 a Some leaves in clusters of 3, others in 2's. YELLOW PINE. (P. echinata.) b All leaves in clusters of 2 RED PINE. (P. resinbsa.) 3 CfeDRUS. i a Leaves M>-% in. long; cones 2-3 in. long AFRICAN CEDAR. (C. atldntica*) b Leaves 1-2 in. long; cones 3-5 in. long CEDAR OF LEBANON. (C. libani*) 4 LARIX. i a Leaves about % in. long; cones about V-2 in. long TAMARACK. (L. lariana.) b Leaves about i in. long; cones about i in. long EUROPEAN LARCH. (L. decidua.*) 5 PlCEA. 1 a Leaves V^-V^ in. long, crowded, appressed to branches ORIENTAL SPRUCE. (P. orientate.*) b Leaves Vz-i in. long, not appressed to branches 2 2 a Leaves bluish or whitish, strongly incurved on the younger branches BLUE SPRUCE. (P. pungens.*) b Leaves not completely as in a 3 3 a Leaves usually %-i in. long; cones 4-6 in. long; culti- vated species NORWAY SPRUCE. (P. abies*) b Leaves usually about % in. long; cones 1-2 in. long; native species BLACK SPRUCE. (P. mariana.) 6 TSUGA HEMLOCK. (T. canadensis.) 7 ABIES. 1 a Leaves pointed at apex CEPHALONIAN SILVER FIR. (A. cephalonica*) b Leaves blunt or notched at apex 2 2 a Leaves blue-green, usually glaucous on young branches, often 4-sided RED FIR. (A. nbbilis*) b Leaves dark green and shining above, whitish beneath. . 3 3 a Native tree; leaves about % in. long; mature cones 2-4 in. long BALSAM FIR. (A. balsamea.) b Cultivated trees; leaves usually more than % in. long; mature cones 4-6 in. long 4 108 PIN ACE A E (PINE FAMILY) 4 a Leaves tapering at the base, somewhat curved NORTHERN SILVER FIR. (A. nordmanniana.*) b Leaves not noticeably tapering at the base, not curved SILVER FIR. (A. plcea*) 8 SCIAD6PITYS UMBRELLA PINE. (S. verticillata* ) 9 CRYPTOMfcRIA JAPANESE CEDAR. (C. japonica*) 10 TAX6DIUM BALD CYPRESS. (T. distichum.*) 11 THtlJA. i a Branchlets lighter colored beneath ARBOR VITAE. (T. occidentals.) b Branchlets alike on both sides ORIENTAL ARBOR VITAE. (T. orientalis.*) 12 CHAMAECtPARIS. 1 a Leaves usually spreading, pointed ; cones ^4-% in. in diameter SAWARA CYPRESS. (C. pisifera*) b Leaves usually appressed to the stem 2 2 a Branches not pendulous; leaves not usually with white lines beneath SOUTHERN WHITE CEDAR. (C. thyoides.) b Branches usually pendulous; leaves with white lines beneath 3 3 a Leaves usually shining above, thick, blunt at apex; mature cones about % in. in diameter HINOKI CYPRESS. (C. obtusa*) b Leaves not shining above, pointed or blunt at apex; mature cones about ^4 in. in diameter LAWSON'S CYPRESS. (C. lawsoniana* ) 13 JUNIPERUS. i a Leaves awl-shaped, in 3's, spreading COMMON JUNIPER. (J. communis.) b Leaves usually scale-like appressed to the stem, some- times spreading but not in 3's RED CEDAR. (J. virginiana.) 109 CLASS II. ANGIOSPERMAE Trees, shrubs or herbs characterized by hav- ing the seed enclosed in an ovary; includes sub-classes: Monocoty- ledoneae, Dicotyledoneae. Sub-Class I. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE. Monocotyledons. i PANDANALES. Screw Pine Order, i PANDANACEAE. Screw Pine Family. i PANDANUS. i a Leaves variegated with white or yellow VARIEGATED SCREW PINE. (P. veitchii.*) b Leaves green SCREW PINE. (P. utilis.*) 2 TYPHACEAE. Cat-tail Family. i TtPHA. i a Staminate and pistillate parts of the spike usually con- tiguous BROAD-LEAVED CAT-TAIL. (T. latifblia.) b Staminate and pistillate parts of the spike separate NARROW-LEAVED CAT-TAIL. (T. angustifblia.) 3 SPARGANIACEAE. Bur-reed Family. i SPARGANIUM. 1 a Plant 3 ft. or more high; fruiting head 1-2 in. in diam- eter; fruit, not head, sessile BROAD-FRUITED BUR-REED. (S. eurycdrpum.) b Plants usually less than 3 ft. high; fruiting head Vz-i in. in diameter ; fruit stalked 2 2 a Leaves not more than ^4 in. broad ; plant noticeably slender SIMPLE-STEMMED BUR-REED. (S. simplex.) b Leaves %-% in. broad; plant often branched BRANCHING BUR-REED. (S. androcladum.) 2 NAIADALES. Pondweed Order, i NAIADACEAE. Pondweed Family. 1 APONOGfeTON CAPE PONDWEED. (A. distachyum*) 2 POTAMOGfeTON. i a Floating and usually submerged leaves present 2 b All leaves submerged 7 SCHEUCHZERIACEAE (ARROW-GRASS FAMILY) 2 a Floating leaves 30-50 nerved LARGE-LEAVED PONDWEED. (P. amplifblius.) b Floating leaves less than 3o-nerved 3 3 a Floating leaves 5-7 nerved RAFINESQUE'S PONDWEED. (P. diversifblium.) b Floating leaves 9-29 nerved 4 4 a Submerged leaves narrowly linear, about Vs in. broad, bladeless, or sometimes wanting COMMON FLOATING PONDWEED. (P. natans.) h Submerged leaves usually lanceolate to linear, T/i in. or more broad 5 5 a Submerged leaves 7-15 nerved; stipules pointed LONG-LEAVED PONDWEED. (P. lonchltes.) b Submerged leaves 3-7 nerved; stipules blunt 6 6 a Floating leaves ovate to lanceolate, 9-20 nerved; plant much branched VARIOUS-LEAVED PONDWEED. (P. heterophyllus.) b Floating leaves elliptic to obovate, 11-27 nerved; plant rarely branched. .. . NUTTALL'S PONDWEED. (P. nuttdllii.) 7 a Leaves rounded to lanceolate with clasping bases CLASPING-LEAVED PONDWEED. (P. perfoliatus.) b Leaves grass-like or bristle-like 8 8 a Submerged leaves 3-nerved 9 b Submerged leaves i-nerved, bristle-like n 9 a Spikes elongated, cylindric EEL-GRASS PONDWEED. (P. zosteraefblius.) b Spikes rounded 10 10 a Leaves with 2 translucent glands at the base, plainly 3-nerved SMALL PONDWEED. (P. pusillum.) b Leaves without glands at the base, obscurely 3-nerved LEAFY PONDWEED. (P. foliosus.) 11 a Branches repeatedly forked; flowers in remote whorls FENNEL-LEAVED PONDWEED. (P. pectinatus.) b Branches not forked ; spikes rather cylindric RAFINESQUE'S PONDWEED. (P. diversifblius.) 3 ZANNICHELLIA HORNED PONDWEED. (Z. palustris.) 4 NAIAS SLENDER NAIAS. (N. flexilis.) 5 ZOSTSRA EEL-GRASS. (Z. marina.) 2 SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. Arrow-grass Family. t TRIGLOCHIN. i a Capsule linear; ovaries 3 MARSH ARROW-GRASS. (T. palustris.) b Capsule ovoid ; ovaries 6 SEASIDE ARROW-GRASS. (T. marifima.) in ALISMACEAE (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY) 2 SCHEUCHZfeRIA SCHEUCHZERIA. (S. palnstris.) 3 ALISMACEAE. Water-plantain Family. 1 ALISMA WATER PLANTAIN. (A. plantago-agudtica.) 2 SAGITTARIA. i a Leaves arrow-shaped with triangular, basal lobes BROAD-LEAVED ARROW-HEAD. (S. latifblia.) b Leaves lanceolate or broadly arrow-shaped with very narrow basal lobes SESSILE-FRUITED ARROW-HEAD. (S. rigida.) c Leaves linear; flowers not more than ¥2 in. broad GRASS-LEAVED ARROW-HEAD. (S. graminea.) 4 VALLISNERIACEAE. Tape-grass Family. 1 PHIL6TRIA DITCH Moss. (P. canadensis.) 2 VALLISNfcRIA TAPE-GRASS. (V. spiralis.) 3 GRAMINALES. Grass Order. i GRAMINACEAE. Grass Family. 1 a Grasses cultivated in parks or gardens or in pots for their ornamental foliage or inflorescence 2 b Grasses not cultivated as in a 7 2 a Leaves 3-8 ft. long, mostly basal, tufted i. Cortaderia. p 118 b Leaves 3 ft. or less long 3 3 a Leaves 2 ft. or more long 4 b Leaves less than 2 ft. long 5 4 a Leaves striped or banded with yellow; panicle 6-12 in. long 2. Miscanthus. p 118 b Leaves striped or banded with white; panicle 1-2 ft. long 3. Erianthus. p 118 5 a Leaves less than i in. broad, 4-10 in. long, linear 54. Phalaris. p 122 b Leaves less than i in. broad, 2-5 in. long, narrowly lanceolate 53. Oplismenus. p 122 c Leaves 1-3 in. broad 6 6 a Leaves green, shining above; panicle 6-15 in. long 4. Arundinaria. p 118 b Leaves usually variegated; panicle 1-2 ft. long 5. Arundo. p 118 7 a Staminate spikelets in terminal panicles; pistillate spike- lets in axillary spikes; plant cultivated for the grain 6. Zea. p 118 b Spikelets not arranged completely as in a 8 8 a Spikelets in a single, terminal, more or less cylindric or 4-sided spike 9 b Spikelets not arranged completely as in a 17 112 GRAM1NACEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 9 a Spikes 4-sided ; plants cultivated for their grains .... 10 b Spikes more or less cylindric n 10 a Leaves glaucous; spikelets 2-3-flowered. . 7. Secale. p 118 b Leaves not glaucous; spikelets 4-5-flowered 8. Triticum. p 118 11 a Each spikelet surrounded by awn-like bristles 10. Chaetochloa. p 118 b Spikelets not surrounded as in a 12 12 a Spikelets each with a barbed awn 2-4 in. long 9. Hordeum. p 118 b Spikelets not completely as in a 13 13 a Spikelets with i or more awns V± in. or more long ii. Elymus. p 118 b Spikelets not completely as in a 14 14 a Spikes rather ovoid, about twice as long as broad 54. Phalaris. p 122 b Spikes elongated 15 15 a Spikes somewhat flattened; spikelets about % in. long; plant fragrant when drying 38. Anthoxanthum. p 120 b Spikes not flattened; spikelets less than V± in. long.... 16 16 a Spikes 1-3 in. long, soft, velvety 12. Alopecurus. p Il8 b Spikes 2-7 in. long, not soft and velvety 13. Phleum. p Il8 17 a Spikelets in flattened or i-sided spikes or racemes .... 18 b Spikelets in spreading or compressed panicles 40 18 a Spikelets overlapping, arranged in numerous, spreading reflexed spikes lA-% in. long on a single axis 14. Atheropogon. p 118 b Spikelets not arranged completely as in a 19 19 a Spikelets in i spike or raceme 20 b Spikelets in 2 or more spikes or racemes 30 20 a Spikelets bur-like, with sharp spines 15. Cenchrus. p 118 b Spikelets not bur-like 21 21 a No conspicuous awns Ys in. or more long on spikelets. . 22 b Conspicuous awns % in. or more long on spikelets.... 26 22 a Spike somewhat ovoid, about twice as long as broad 54. Phalaris. p 122 b Spike or raceme elongated 23 23 a Spikelets rounded, flat on inner surface, in 2-4 rows, compact 23. Paspalum. p IIQ b Spikelets not rounded and flat on inner surface 24 24 a Coarse grass usually 4 ft. or more high ; rachis easily breaking at the joints where spikelets are attached 16. Tripsacum. p 118 b Grasses less than 4 ft. high ; rachis not easily breaking at joints 25 8 11 GRAMINACEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 25 a Flat side of spikelet turned to rachis 17. Agropyrum. p 118 b Edge of spikelet turned to rachis 18. Lolium. p 118 26 a i spikelet at each joint of rachis, alternate on 2 sides, spikelets not stalked 18. Lolium. p 118 h Spikelets not completely as in a 27 27 a Spikelets rather densely arranged on all sides of rachis; awns usually less than % in. long 38. Anthoxanthum. p 120 b Spikelets loosely arranged on rachis ; awns Vi in. or more long 28 28 a Spikes appear somewhat fuzzy due to a hairy stalk % in. or more long from each joint of the rachis 19. Andropogon. p n8 b Spikes not completely as in a 29 29 a Awns bent at right angles to spikelet; slender grasses 20. Aristida. p 119 b Awns straight about i in. or more long; coarse grasses 21. Hystrix. p //ng 53 50 a Cultivated grain; awn bent outward, twisted at base; panicle widely spreading 33. Avena. p 120 b Wild grasses not completely as in a 51 51 a Panicle 1-3 in. long, very narrow; leaves as long as or longer than the stem 34. Oryzopsis. p 120 b Grasses not completely as in a 52 52 a Panicle very dense; stems branched at base 22. Echinochloa. p IIQ b Panicle narrow, not very dense; stems not branched at base 35. Arrhenatherum. p 120 "5 GRAMINACEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 53 a Panicle narrow, % in. or less broad, often raceme-like 54 b Panicle usually more than % in. broad when open.... 55 54 a Leaves 3 in. or less long 36. Festuca. p 120 b Basal leaves 4-6 in. long 30. Danthonia. p 7/p 55 a Awns bent outward and twisted at base 33. Avena. p 120 b Awns straight, not twisted at base. ... 37. Bromus. p 120 56 a Panicle narrow, % in. or less broad, spike-like 57 b Mature panicle i in. or more broad 58 57 a Spikelets close together, usually overlapping, hairy 38. Anthoxanthum. p 120 b Spikelets not overlapping, usually much separated, not hairy 43. Muhlenbergia. p 120 58 a Panicle with few stiff branches, the spikelets crowded in dense, often i-sided clusters at ends of branches 39. Dactylis. p 120 b Panicles not completely as in a 59 59 a Spikelets 6- 10- flowered, somewhat flattened 37. Bromus. p 120 b Spikelets i-2-flowered 60 60 a A conspicuous tuft of hairs at base of inner scale of spikelet about as long as the scale 40. Calamagrostis. p 120 b No tuft of hairs as in a 61 61 a Spikelets 2-flowered ; panicles loose, comparatively few- flowered 41. Deschampsia. p 120 b Spikelets i-flowered; panicles many-flowered 42. Cinna. p 120 62 a Plant very hairy throughout, velvety, grayish 29. Holcus, p 119 b Plants not completely as in a 63 63 a Panicle narrow, % in. or less broad when in flower, sometimes spike-like 64 b Panicle more than % in. broad when in flower with branches more or less spreading 68 64 a Spikelets densely clustered at top of stem, spike-like 38. Anthoxanthum. p 120 b Spikelets not completely as in a 65 65 a Spikelets i-flowered, comparatively short 66 b Spikelets 3-i6-flowered 67 66 a Stems usually swollen at the nodes; leaves usually flat 43. Muhlenbergia. p 120 b Stems not swollen at the nodes; leaves much infolded 44. Sporobolus. p 120 67 a Spikelets 3-8-flowered; stems much flattened, bluish- green 55. Poa. p 122 b Spikelets 7-i6-flowered; stems circular; leaves infolded 45. Distichlis. p 120 116 GRAMINACEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 68 a Plants cultivated South, sometimes North, for the sugary stem or broom-like panicles, sometimes in greenhouses 69 b Plants not cultivated for the sugary stem or broom- like panicle 70 69 a Spikelets not with long silky hairs ; cultivated North and South 56. Sorghum, p 122 b Spikelets with long, silky hairs; cultivated only South and in greenhouses 57. Saccharum. p 122 70 a Spikelets fuzzy with long silky hairs; coarse grass 46. Phragmites. p 120 b Spikelets not as in a 71 71 a Spikelets boat-shaped, hairy, usually overlapping and closely appressed on slender, stiffly spreading, raceme- like branches 47. Homalocenchrus. p 120 b Spikelets not completely as in a 72 72 a Spikelets in i-sided racemes arranged in dense panicles; coarse grass 22. Echinochloa. p 119 b Spikelets not arranged completely as in a 73 73 a Panicle with few stiff branches; spikelets crowded often in i-sided clusters at ends of branches 39. Dactylis. p 120 b Panicles not completely as in a 74 74 a Spikelets usually 3-3O-flowered, comparatively large. ... 75 b Spikelets i-2-flowered, comparatively small 78 75 a Spikelets usually 8-3o-flowered, much flattened; leaves infolded 48. Eragrostis, p 120 b Spikelets 3-io-flowered; leaves usually flat 76 76 a Spikelets blunt at apex, flattened ; flowers somewhat spreading 49. Panicularia. p 121 b Spikelets tapering to apex 77 77 a Spikelets 5-io-flowered, no tuft of hairs at base of inner scale 36. Festuca. p 120 b Spikelets 2-6-flowered, a tuft of small hairs at base of inner scale 55. Poa. p 122 78 a A conspicuous tuft of hairs as long as the scale at base of inner scale of spikelet; panicle densely flowered 40. Calamagrostis. p 120 b No conspicuous tuft of hairs as in a 79 79 a Cultivated grain ; spikelets 2-flowered, pendulous 33. A vena, p 120 b Not cultivated grains 80 80 a Spikelets boat-shaped, outer scale about as long as spike- let, shining, yellowish-brown or purple; panicle 2-4 in. long ; aromatic grass 50. Savastana, p 121 b Plants not completely as in a 81 117 GRAMINACEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 81 a Panicle appears airy, much branched; spikelets com- paratively fine; leaves comparatively narrow; plants slender 51. Agrostis. p 121 b Plants not completely as in a 82 82 a Leaves narrow, less than V± in. broad ; spikelets 2-6- flowered, tapering; a tuft of small hairs at base of inner scale 55. Poa. p 122 b Leaves usually more than % in. broad; spikelets i- flowered 83 83 a Spikelets usually ovate, when tapering not more than twice as long as broad 52. Panicum. p 121 b Spikelets tapering, more than twice as long as broad, often somewhat velvety; leaves sometimes striped with white 54. Phalaris. p 122 1 CORTADfcRIA PAMPASS GRASS. (C. argentea*) 2 MISCANTHUS ZEBRA GRASS. (M. sinensis*) 3 ERIANTHUS PLUME GRASS. (E. ravennae*) 4 ARUNDINARIA JAPANESE BAMBOO. (A. japonica*) 5 ARtJNDO GIANT REED. (A. dbnax.*) 6 ZfeA CORN. (Z. mays*) 7 SECALE RYE. (S. cereale*) 8 TRfTICUM WHEAT. (T. sativum*) 9 H6RDEUM BARLEY. (H. sativum*) 10 CHAET6CHLOA. i a Bristles on spike yellowish-brown PIGEON GRASS. (C. glauca.) b Bristles on spike green or yellow GREEN FOXTAIL GRASS. (C. viridis.) c Bristles on spike purplish. .ITALIAN MILLET. (C. itdlica*) 11 £LYMUS. i a Glumes lanceolate; awns on flowering scale Vi-Vz in. long VIRGINIA WILD RYE. (E. virginicus.) b Glumes awl-shaped; awns on flowering scale Vz-2 in. long SLENDER WILD RYE. (E. striatus.) 12 ALOPECURUS MARSH FOXTAIL. (A. geniculatus.) 13 PHLfeUM TIMOTHY. (P. pratense.) 14 ATHEROP6GON. . .RACEMED BOUTELONA. (A. curtipendulus.) 15 CfiNCHRUS BURGRASS. (C. tribuloldes.) 16 TRIPSACUM GAMA GRASS. (T. dactyloides.) 17 AGROPtRON QUITCH GRASS. (A. repens.) 18 L6LIUM. i a Spikelets with awns. .. .ITALIAN RYE GRASS. (L. itdlicum.) b Spikelets not with awns RAY GRASS. (L. perenne.) 19 ANDROP6GON. itt GRAMINACEAE (GRASS FAMILY) i a Spikes about i in. long, protruding from sides of stem VIRGINIA BEARD GRASS. (A. virginicus.) b Spikes 1-2 in. long, terminal or lateral BROOM BEARD GRASS. (A. scopdrius.) c Spikes 2-5 in. long, terminal and lateral FORKED BEARD GRASS. (A. furcdtus.) 20 ARISTIDA. 1 a Panicle spreading, not spike-like; awns united at base SEA-BEACH ARISTIDA. (A. tuber culbsa.) b Panicle spike-like ; awns not united at base 2 2 a Panicle 1-3 in. long; awn twisted at base POVERTY GRASS. (A. dichotoma.) b Panicle 3-7 in. long; awn not twisted at base SLENDER ARISTIDA. (A. grdcilis.) 21 Hy-STRIX BOTTLE-BRUSH GRASS. (H. hystrix.) 22 ECHINOCHLOA BARNYARD GRASS. (E. crus-gdlli.) 23 PASPALUM. 1 a Stems densely hairy just beneath the spike PUBESCENT PASPALUM. (P. pubescens.) b Stems not hairy just beneath the spike 2 2 a Stems prostrate; spikelets very hairy PROSTRATE PASPALUM. (P. prostrdtum.) b Stems erect; spikelets usually not hairy 3 3 a Spikelets broadly obovate; leaves usually covered with fine, short hairs SLENDER PASPALUM. (P. setdceum.) b Spikelets oval ; leaves usually covered with long hairs MUHLENBERG'S PASPALUM. (P. muhlenbergii.) 24 SPARTlNA. i a Leaves about i in. broad ; spikes 20-50 SALT REED GRASS. (S. polystdchya.) b Leaves about % in. broad; spikes 5-20 MARSH GRASS. (S. cynosuroldes.) c Leaves less than V± in. broad, infolded ; spikes 2-10 SALT MEADOW GRASS. (S. patens.) 25 ELEUSlNE YARD GRASS. (E. indica.) 26 SYNTHERfSMA. i a Stem decumbent at the base; spikes 3-10 CRAB GRASS. (S. sanguindlis.) b Stem erect; spikes 1-5, very slender SLENDER FINGER GRASS. (S. filiformis.) 27 CAPRlOLA BERMUDA GRASS. (C. ddctylon.) 28 ORtZA RICE. (O. satlva*) 29 H6LCUS VELVET GRASS. (H. latidtus.) 30 DANTH6NIA WILD OAT GRASS. (D. spicdta.) 31 ZIZANIA WILD RICE. (Z. aqudtica.) 32 SORGHASTRUM INDIAN GRASS. (S. avendceum.) 119 GRAM1NACEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 33 AVfeNA OAT. (A. satlva*) 34 ORYZ6PSIS MOUNTAIN RICE. (O. asperifblia.) 35 ARRHENATHfcRUM OAT GRASS. (A. elathu.) 36 FESTtTCA. i a Conspicuous awns present; leaves 1-3 in. long SLENDER FESCUE GRASS. (F. octoflbra.) b No awns present; leaves 4-15 in. long TALL FESCUE GRASS. (F. elatior.) 37 BR&MUS. 1 a Awns about % in. long DOWNY BROOM GRASS. (B. tectbrum.) b Awns less than % in. long 2 2 a Sheaths of leaves not hairy ; awns about •% in. long CHESS. (B. secallnus.) b Sheaths of leaves hairy ; awns about V± in. long 3 3 a Spikelets hairy; plant 2-4 ft. high WOOD CHESS. (B. ciliatus.) b Spikelets not hairy; plant 1-3 ft. high UPRIGHT CHESS. (B. racemosus.) 38 ANTHOXANTHUM.. SWEET VERNAL GRASS. (A. odoratum.) 39 DACTYLIS ORCHARD GRASS. (D. glomerata.) 40 CALAMAGR6STIS BLUE-JOINT GRASS. (C. canadensis.) 41 DESCHAMPSIA WAVY HAIR GRASS. (D. flexubsa.) 42 CfNNA WOOD REED GRASS. (C. arundinacea.) 43 MUHLENB6RGIA. 1 a Branches of panicle 4-9 in. long, hair-like; awns % in. or more long HAIR GRASS. (M. capillaris.) b Branches of panicle 3 in. or less long 2 2 a Panicle with branches Vz in. or more long, densely flowered MEADOW MUHLENBERGIA. (M. mexicana.) b Panicle spike-like, not completely as in a 3 3 a Panicle densely flowered, 1-3 in. long MARSH MUHLENBERGIA. (M. racembsa.) b Panicle loosely flowered, 3-6 in. long ROCK MUHLENBERGIA. (M. sobolifera.) 44 SPOR6BOLUS RUSH GRASS. (S. longifblius.) 45 DISTf CHLIS MARSH SPIKE GRASS. (D. spictlta.) 46 PHRAGMlTES REED. (P. phragmltes.) 47 HOMALOCfiNCHRUS WHITE GRASS. (H. virginicus.) 48 ERAGR6STIS. 1 a Spikelets V^-Vz in long, oblong, io-35-flowered STINK GRASS. (E. major.) b Spikelets about ^4 in. long, linear, 5-i5-flowered 2 2 a Sheaths overlapping; panicle somewhat included in the upper sheath PURPLE ERAGROSTIS. (E. pectinacea.) b Sheaths not overlapping; panicle not included in the upper sheath TUFTED ERAGROSTIS. (E. pilbsa.) 120 GRAM1NACEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 49 PANICULARIA. i a Panicle open, loose; spikelets 5-i2-flowered RATTLESNAKE GRASS. (P. canadensis.) b Panicle narrow, contracted; spikelets s-y-flowered BLUNT MANNA GRASS. (P. obtusa.) 50 SAVASTANA HOLY GRASS. (S. odorata.) 51 AGR6STIS. i a Branches of panicle smooth RED TOP. (A. alba.) b Branches of panicle rough; panicle loose ROUGH HAIR GRASS. (A. hy emails.) 52 PANICUM. 1 a Leaves usually more than % in. broad 2 b Leaves Vi in. or less broad 5 2 a Sheaths of leaves hairy throughout 3 b Sheaths of leaves very sparingly hairy or hairy only at the nodes 4 3 a Cultivated grain; leaf blade more or less covered with hairs EUROPEAN MILLET. (P. milaceum*) b Wild grass; leaf blade not usually hairy HISPID PANICUM. (P. clandestinum.) 4 a Leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate; spikelets about Vs in. long WIDE-LEAVED PANICUM. (P. porterianum.) b Leaves linear to oblong; spikelets about ^6 in. long VARIABLE PANICUM. (P. commutatum.) 5 a Leaves erect, conspicuously crowded at the base ; panicle not much higher than the leaves STARVED PANICUM. (P. de pauper atum.) b Plants not completely as in a 6 6 a A conspicuous ring of hairs at each node, usually point- ing downward 7 b No ring of hairs as in a 8 7 a Sheaths and blades of leaves conspicuously hairy ATLANTIC PANICUM. (P. atldnticum.) b Sheaths and blades of leaves usually not hairy BARBED PANICUM. (P. barbulatum.) 8 a Sheaths of leaves conspicuously hairy 9 b Sheaths of leaves not hairy 12 9 a Leaves 1-4 in. long 10 b Leaves 4-12 in. long u 10 a Spikelets hairy.RouND-FRUiTED PANICUM. (P. sphaerocdrpon.) b Spikelets not hairy ...FORKED PANICUM. (P. dichotomum.) 11 a Spikelets lanceolate; branches of panicle very fine, airy in appearance WITCH GRASS. (P. capillare.) b Spikelets ovate ; branches of panicle coarse, the panicle often drooping EUROPEAN MILLET. (P. milaceum*) 12 a Flowering scales warty. WARTY PANICUM. (P. verrucbsum.) b Flowering scales not warty 13 121 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 13 a Average leaf 6 in. or more long 14 b Average leaf less than 6 in. long 16 14 a Spikelets ovate, scales usually spreading SWITCH GRASS. (P. virgatum.) b Spikelets lanceolate, often purplish, scales not noticeably spreading 15 15 a Stems erect; outer glume about half as long as spikelet AGROSTIS-LIKE PANICUM. (P. agrostoldes.) b Stems usually decumbent, rarely erect; outer glume about % as long as spikelet SPREADING PANICUM. (P. proliferum.) 16 a Leaves not heart-shaped at the base; spikelets lanceolate SPREADING PANICUM. (P. proliferum.) b Leaves more or less heart-shaped at base ; spikelets not lanceolate 17 17 a Spikelets not hairy ...FORKED PANICUM. (P. dichotomum.) b Spikelets more or less hairy 18 1 8 a Spikelet globose, blunt at apex ROUND-FRUITED PANICUM. (P. sphaerocdrpon.) b Spikelet elliptic, somewhat pointed at apex 19 19 a Leaves clasping at the base VARIABLE PANICUM. (P. commutatum.) b Leaves rounded but not clasping at the base NORTHERN PANICUM. (P. boreale.) 53 OPLfSMENUS VARIEGATED PANICUM. (O. burmanni*) 54 PHALARIS. i a Spikelets arranged in ovoid spikes CANARY GRASS. (P. canariensis.) b Spikelets arranged in panicles RIBBON GRASS. (P. arundinacea* ) 55 P&A. 1 a Panicle with branches compressed ; stem much flattened, wiry CANADA BLUE GRASS. (P. compressa.) b Panicle with branches more or less spreading 2 2 a Branches of panicle usually solitary; stem 3-15 in. long SPEAR GRASS. (P. annua.) b Branches of panicle 3-5 in a whorl ; stems 1-4 ft. high KENTUCKY BLUE GRASS. (P. pratensis.) 56 S6RGHUM. SORGHUM, BROOM CORN, KAFFIR CORN. (S. vulgdre.*) 57 SACCHARUM SUGAR CANE. (S. oficinarum.*) 2 CYPERACEAE. Sedge Family. 1 a Spikelets in a single, terminal spike 3. Eleocharis. p 124. b Spikelets not completely as in a 2 2 a Spikelets in umbels subtended by an involucre of leaves 3 b Spikelets in terminal, axillary, or lateral clusters .... 7 122 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 3 a Spikelets conspicuously flattened i. Cyperus. p 123 b Spikelets not conspicuously flattened 4 4 a Spikelets 5-io-flowered, usually not more than 1A in. long 5 b Spikelets if-so-flowered, */4 in. or more long 6 5 a Plant 2-10 in. high, densely tufted 4. Stenophyllus. p 124. b Plant 1-3 ft. high, not densely tufted.. 9. Cladium. p 125 6 a Plants slender; achenes variously marked with ridges 5. Fimbristylis. p 124. b Plants comparatively stout; achenes smooth 6. Scirpus. p 124 7 a Spikelets clustered in narrow spikes, arranged in the axils of the leaves 2. Dulic/iium. p 124. b Spikelets not completely as in a 8 8 a Spikelets clustered, appearing lateral on a leafless stem 6. Scirpus. p 124. b Spikelets not completely as in a 9 9 a Spikelets with long silky hairs in fruit; stems wiry 7. Eriophorum. p 124 b Spikelets not with long silky hairs in fruit 10 0 a Pistillate spikes spindle-shaped, few-flowered; achene subtended by barbed bristles.. 8. Rhynchospora. p 124. b Pistillate spikes comparatively small, i-flowered ; no bristles subtending the achene 10. Scleria. p 12$ c Pistillate spikes various; achenes surrounded by a papery membrane; no bristles subtending the achene u. Car ex. p 125 1 CYPfeRUS. 1 a Plant cultivated in aquaria or pots UMBRELLA PLANT. (C. alter nifblius.*) b Plants not cultivated as in a 2 2 a Tips of scales on spikelets spreading causing spikelets to appear toothed ; the scales often modified into leaves TOOTHED CYPERUS. (C. dentatus.) b Spikelets not completely as in a 3 3 a Branches of mature umbel 2 in. or less long 4 b Some branches of mature umbel 3 in. or more long. ... 7 4 a Spikelets in a globose head. GLOBOSE CYPERUS. (C. ovularis.) b Spikelets not in a globose head 5 5 a Spikelets about i in. long, very flat NUTTALL'S CYPERUS. (C. nuttalli.) b Spikelets about l/2 in. long 6 6 a Spikelets yellow YELLOW CYPERUS. (C. flavescens.) b Spikelets green or brown Low CYPERUS. (C. didndrus.) 7 a Spikelets ^4 in. or less long, in loose heads GRAY'S CYPERUS. (C. grayi.) b Spikelets about Vz in. or more long 8 123 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 8 a Spikelets somewhat 2-rowed, usually more than Vz in. long YELLOW NUT-GRASS. (C. esculentus.) b Spikelets many-rowed, about % in. long STRAW-COLORED CYPERUS. (C. strigbsus.) 2 DULfCHIUM DULICHIUM. (D. arundinaceum.) 3 ELE6CHARIS. 1 a Spike s-y-flowered NEEDLE SPIKE-RUSH. (E. acicularis.) b Spike lo-many flowered 2 2 a Stems stout, usually more than i ft. high CREEPING SPIKE-RUSH. (E. palustris.) b Stems slender, usually i ft. or less high 3 3 a Stems 4-angled with concave sides; spike narrowly oblong SLENDER SPIKE-RUSH. (E. tennis.) b Stems not completely as in a; spike usually ovoid OVOID SPIKE-RUSH. (E. o-vata.) 4 STENOPHYLLUS STENOPHYLLUS. (S. capillaris.) 5 FIMBRfSTYLIS. i a Spikelets oblong, stout, chestnut brown MARSH FIMBRISTYLIS. (F. castanea.) b Spikelets linear, slender, brown SLENDER FIMBRISTYLIS. (F. autumnalis.) 6 SCfRPUS. 1 a Spikelets in clusters appearing lateral on the stem. ... 2 b Spikelets in umbels 4 2 a Spikelets 1-6 together in a cluster; scales with a short, straight awn CHAIR-MAKER'S RUSH. (S. americanus .) b Spikelets 5-20 together in a cluster ; mature scales with a reflexed awn or nearly awnless 3 3 a Stems with sides much concave; scales pointed or with a very short awn OLNEY'S BULRUSH. (S. dlneyi.) b Stems with sides not much concave; scales with a re- flexed awn when mature SALT-MARSH BULRUSH. (S. robustus.) 4 a Spikelets covered with reddish-brown hairs WOOL GRASS. (S. cyperinus.) b Spikelets not covered with reddish-brown hairs 5 5 a Stems circular; involucre leaf appearing as a continua- tion of the stem GREAT BULRUSH. (S. vdlidus.) b Stems triangular; involucre leaves 3-6, not as in a LEAFY BULRUSH. (S. polyphyllus.) 7 ERI6PHORUM COTTON GRASS. (E. virgin! cum.) 8 RHYNCH6SPORA. i a Spikelets in several clusters scattered on the stem CLUSTERED BEAKED-RUSH. (R. glomerata.) b Spikelets mostly terminal, sometimes in i or 2 axillary clusters; stems very slender WHITE BEAKED-RUSH. (R. alba.) 124 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 9 CLADIUM TWIG-RUSH. (C. mariscoldes.) 10 SCLfcRIA. i a Spikelets in i terminal and usually i or 2 lateral clusters ; the stem rough TALL NUT-RUSH. (S. triglomerbta.) b Spikelets in 4-6 separated clusters; the stem smooth Low NUT-RUSH. (S. verticill&ta.) 11 CAREX. 1 a Plant cultivated for the foliage MORROW'S SEDGE. (C. morrowi*) b Plants not cultivated for the foliage 2 2 a Both staminate and pistillate spikes present 3 b Both staminate and pistillate flowers in the same spike. . 62 3 a Staminate spikes more than one 4 b Staminate spikes only one 17 4 a Perigynia hairy 5 b Perigynia not hair}- 8 5 a Pistillate spikes usually about % in. long; staminate spikes i or 2, very short stalked VELVET SEDGE. (C. in. or less long, or wanting 28 126 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 27 a Pistillate spikes 1-2, about Vi in. long, usually several- flowered MUD SEDGE. (C. limbsa.) b Pistillate spikes 2-6, 44-4£ in. long, 3-8-flowered LONG-STALKED SEDGE. (C. pedunculata.) 28 a Mature perigynia about 44 in. or more long; pistillate spikes 2-8-flowered COLLIN'S SEDGE. (C. collinsii.) b Perigynia less than 44 in. long 29 29 a Pistillate spikes 44-44 in. long, on stalks i in. or more long, pendulous; perigynia 3-angled SPREADING SEDGE. (C. laxiculmis.) b Pistillate spikes not completely as in a 30 30 a Pistillate spikes % in. or more long, with stalks % in. or more long 31 b Pistillate spikes 44 -4£ in. long, sessile or short stalked. . 32 31 a Pistillate flowers alternately arranged on spike; peri- gynia with no beak. .SLENDER WOOD SEDGE. (C, digitalis.) b Pistillate flowers not arranged as in a; perigynia with a beak bent outward.LoosE-FLOWERED SEDGE. (C. laxiflbra.) 32 a Staminate spike %-i in. long, very short stalked .... 33 b Staminate spike about 44 in. long, sessile 34 33 a Plant with stolons; scales of Staminate spike usually reddish PENNSYLVANIA SEDGE. (C. pennsylvdnica.) b Plant not with stolons; scales of Staminate spike green- ish or brown. . .FIBROUS-ROOTED SEDGE. (C. pedicellata.) 34 a Stems much shorter than the leaves; perigynia not hairy THICKET SEDGE. (C. ptychocdrpa.) b Stems not shorter than the leaves ; perigynia hairy EMMON'S SEDGE. (C. varia.) 35 a Perigynia hairy; pistillate spike usually sessile 36 b Perigynia not hairy; pistillate spike distinctly stalked.. 37 36 a Upper Staminate spike stalked; plant not with stolons WOOLLY SEDGE. (C. lanuginbsa.) b Upper Staminate spike usually sessile; plant with stolons VELVET SEDGE. (C. vestlta.) 37 a Mature pistillate spike more than 44 in. broad; plant light green PORCUPINE SEDGE. (C. hystridna.) h Mature pistillate spikes 44 in. or less broad 38 38 a Plant growing in dense clusters, rather dark green; pistillate spikes greenish-purple TUSSOCK SEDGE. (C. s trie fa.) b Plants not growing in dense clusters, light green or yellowish 39 39 a Pistillate spikes 1-2, pendulous, on slender stalks, i in. or more long MUD SEDGE. (C. limbsa.) b Pistillate spikes 2 or more, not all stalked and pendulous 40 127 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 40 a Plant yellowish; pistillate spikes clustered at top of stem ; perigynia yellow YELLOW SEDGE. (C. flava.) b Plants light green ; pistillate spikes not conspicuously clustered 41 41 a Plant glaucous throughout GLAUCESCENT SEDGE. (C. glaucbdea.) b Plants not glaucous throughout 42 42 a Mature staminate spikes % in. or more long, stalked ; sheaths of leaves hairy PALE SEDGE. (C. pallescens.) b Mature staminate spikes less than % in. long, sessile or short-stalked 43 43 a Pistillate spikes 5-i5-flowered GRAY SEDGE. (C. grisea.) b Pistillate spikes usually more than 2o-flowered MEADOW SEDGE. (C. granularis.) 44 a Mature pistillate spikes about % in. broad 45 b Mature pistillate spikes about ^4 in. or less broad. ... 49 45 a Pistillate spikes conspicuously clustered at top of stem. . 46 b Pistillate spikes not conspicuously clustered at top of stem 47 46 a Perigynia reflexed in fruit, about M= in. long RETRORSE SEDGE. (C. retrorsa.) b. Perigynia not reflexed in fruit, about Vi in. long HOP SEDGE. (C. lupulnia.) 47 a Leaves usually V±-V-2 in. broad; perigynia bristly, re- flexed in fruit BRISTLY SEDGE. (C. comosa.) b Leaves ^4 in. or less broad; perigynia not reflexed in fruit 48 48 a Perigynia spreading, usually shining, about lo-nerved SALLOW SEDGE. (C. liirida.) b Perigynia ascending, about 15-20- nerved PORCUPINE SEDGE. (C. hystrinna.) 49 a Leaves evergreen %-i in. broad; pistillate spikes com- paratively loosely-flowered PLANTAIN-LEAVED SEDGE. (C. plantaginea.) b Plants not completely as in a 50 50 a Staminate spikes with stalks 1-5 in. long PORCUPINE SEDGE. (C. hystricina.) b Staminate spikes with stalks less than i in." long 51 51 a Entire pistillate spike conspicuously loosely-flowered, slender stalked and pendulous 52 b Entire pistillate spike not conspicuously loosely-flowered 54 52 a Perigynia beakless, strongly nerved; pistillate flowers alternately arranged on the spike SLENDER WOOD SEDGE. (C. digitalis.) b Perigynia with a beak 53 128 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 53 a Perigynia with the beak bent outward, strongly nerved LOOSE-FLOWERED SEDGE. (C. laxiflbra.) b Perigynia with a straight beak, faintly nerved, rusty color when mature. .SLENDER-STALKED SEDGE. (C. tennis.) 54 a All pistillate spikes slender-stalked and pendulous when mature 55 b Only the lowest pistillate spikes slender-stalked and pen- dulous when mature 57 55 a Pistillate spikes 2-3, entire spike rather loosely-flowered; perigynia light-green, slightly inflated DROOPING SEDGE. (C. prdsina.) b Pistillate spikes 3-5, entire spike rather densely-flowered 56 56 a Mature perigynia nerveless, greenish; spikes appear fringed FRINGED SEDGE. (C. crinlta.) b Mature perigynia strongly nerved, brown MEADOW SEDGE. (C. granularis.) 57 a Plant very leafy, the leaves rough; perigynia green- ish-brown, hairy ROUGH SEDGE. (C. scabrdta.) b Plants not completely as in a 58 58 a Plant rather dark green; pistillate spikes densely- flowered throughout, greenish-purple TUSSOCK SEDGE. (C. stricta.) b Plants light green; pistillate spikes loosely-flowered at the base 59 59 a Pistillate spikes more or less clustered; perigynia nerve- less, greenish WATER SEDGE. (C. aqudtilis.) b Pistillate spikes scattered on the stem; perigynia faintly or strongly nerved 60 60 a Leaves usually more than V± in. broad RIVER BANK SEDGE. (C. ripdria.) b Leaves less than ^4 in. broad 61 61 a Mature perigynia light green, obscurely nerved; pistil- late spikes 1-3 in. long . . . .DROOPING SEDGE. (C. prdsina.) b Mature perigynia brown, prominently nerved; pistillate spikes %-i in. long MEADOW SEDGE. (C. granularis.) 62 a All spikes i-iz-flowered, somewhat scattered on the stem ; stems very slender 63 b Some spikes or spikelets i5-5o-flowered, variously ar- ranged 64 63 a Spikes v-6-nowered; perigynia plump, many nerved SOFT-LEAVED SEDGE. (C. tenella.) b Spikes 4-9-flowered ; perigynia reflexed at maturity REFLEXED SEDGE. (C. retroflexa.) c Spikes 5-i2-flowered ; perigynia spreading in all direc- tions STELLATE SEDGE. (C. rbsea.) 9 139 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 64 a Single spikes, not clusters of spikelets, more than % in. long, cylindric to linear; staminate flowers usually conspicuous 65 b Spikes or spikelets % in. or less long; staminate flowers not conspicuous 67 65 a Perigynia densely hairy; spikes VQ-% in. long DOWNY GREEN SEDGE. (C. virescem.) b Perigynia not hairy; spikes ^-4 in. long 66 66 a Spikes densely-flowered except at the base GRACEFUL SEDGE. (C. gracillima.) b Spikes very loosely-flowered throughout SUMMER SEDGE. (C. aestivalis.) 67 a Spikelets few, clustered in a short, terminal head about % in. long OVAL-HEADED SEDGE. (C. cephalophora.) b Spikelets not completely as in a 68 68 a Spikelets 3-6, globose, olive-green ; perigynia spreading when mature LITTLE PRICKLY SEDGE. (C. sterilis.) b Spikelets not globose 69 69 a Average leaf V± in. or more broad, light green ; the 2 or 3 upper spikes close together, the others scattered, very light green, the lowest often compound BUR-REED SEDGE. (C. sparganioides.) b Plants not completely as in a . -. 70 70 a Lower spikelets usually compound, not usually subtended by several scales, the perigynia spreading 71 b Lower spikelets not compound, usually subtended by several scales 73 71 a Spikelets comparatively loosely arranged on the stem; the leaves much shorter than the stem YELLOW-FRUITED SEDGE. (C. xanthocarpa.) b Spikelets arranged more or less compactly on the stem ; leaves about as long as the stem 72 72 a Mature perigynia about % in. long AWL-FRUITED SEDGE. (C. stipata.) b Mature perigynia about % in. long Fox SEDGE. (C. vulpinoidea.) 73 a Mature spikelets less than 1A in. broad, comparatively loosely-flowered ; perigynia narrow BROOM-LIKE SEDGE. (C. bromoides.) b Mature spikelets about V± in. broad, densely-flowered.. 74 74 a Perigynia blunt, without a beak HIRSUTE SEDGE. (C. triceps.) b Perigynia tapering into a beak 75 75 a Perigynia conspicuously tapering and spreading when mature, causing spikelets to appear somewhat bristly. . 76 b Perigynia not spreading but ascending 77 130 PALMACEAE (PALM FAMILY) 76 a Leaves glaucous HAY SEDGE. (C. foenea.) b Leaves not glaucous AWL-FRUITED SEDGE. (C. stipata.) 77 a Leaves stiff, much shorter than stem ; spikelets 3-8 FESCUE SEDGE. (C. festucacea.) b Leaves slender, usually nearly as long or longer than stem 78 78 a Spikelets 6-20, rather obovoid BLUNT BROOM SEDGE. (C. tribuloldes.) b Spikelets 3-9, ovoid 79 79 a Spikelets scattered on the stem; perigynia abruptly tapering" to the apex.. MARSH STRAW SEDGE. (C. tenera.) b Spikelets clustered on the stem into a head %-2 in. long; perigynia gradually tapering to the apex POINTED BROOM SEDGE. (C. scoparia.) 4 PALMALES. Palm Order, i PALMACEAE. Palm Family. 1 a Leaves palmately compound or deeply incised i. Livistona. p 131 b Leaves pinnately compound 2 2 a Lower leaflets stiff, spine-like, spreading in various directions 2. Phoenix, p 131 b Lower leaflets not as in a 3 3 a Stem smooth, usually ringed by leaf-scars; leaflets 10- 20 in. long, lanceolate.... 3. Chrysalidocarpus. p 131 b Plants not completely as in a 4 4 a Stem more or less covered with fibers, not expanded at base 4. Cocos. p 131 b Stem not covered with fibers, usually expanded at base 5. Howea, p 131 1 LIVIST6NA LANTANIA. (L. chinensis*) 2 PHOfeNIX PHOENIX PALM. (P. humilis*) 3 CHRYSALIDOCARPUS ARECA. (C. lutescens*) 4 COCOS WEDDELL'S PALM. (C. weddelliana*) 5 H6WEA KENTIA. (H. belmoreana*) 5 ARALES. Arum Order, i ARACEAE. Arum Family. 1 ARISAEMA JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT. (A. triphyllum.) 2 PELTANDRA ARROW ARUM. (P. virginica.) 3 CALLA WATER ARUM. (C. palustris.) 4 RICH ARDIA CALLA LILY. (R. africana*) 5 CALADIUM. i a Leaves ovate-triangular OVATE-LEAVED CALADIUM. (C. bicolor*) b Leaves lanceolate LANCEOLATE-LEAVED CALADIUM. (C. picturatum.*) 131 LEMNACEAE (DUCKWEED FAMILY) 6 ANTHtTRIUM TAIL-FLOWER. (A. scherzerianum*) 7 SPATHYEMA SKUNK CABBAGE. (S. foetida.) 8 OR6NTIUM GOLDEN CLUB. (0. aqudticum.) 9 ACORUS SWEET FLAG. (A. cdlamus.) 2 LEMNACEAE. Duckweed Family. 1 SPIRODELA LARGE DUCKWEED. (S. polyrhiza.) 2 LfiMNA SMALL DUCKWEED. (L. minor.) 3 W6LFFIA WOLFFIA. (W. columbiana.) 6 XYRIDALES. Yellow-eyed Grass Order. i XYRIDACEAE. Yellow-eyed Grass Family. i XYRIS YELLOW-EYED GRASS. (X. caroliniana.) 2 ERIOCAULACEAE. Pipewort Family. i ERIOCAtJLON. i a Leaves 1-3 in. long; flowering stalk y-angled PIPEWORT. (E. septangular?.) b Leaves 4-20 in. long; flowering stalk 10-16 in. long TEN- ANGLED PIPEWORT. (E. decangulare.) 3 BROMEHACEAE. Pine-apple Family. 1 TILLANDSIA FLORIDA Moss. (T. usneoUes*) 2 ANANAS PINE-APPLE. (A. satlvus*) 4 COMMELINACEAE. Spiderwort Family. i TRADESCANTIA. 1 a Leaves linear, 6-15 in. long. .SPIDER WORT. (T. virginiana.) b Leaves ovate, 1-3 in. long GREEN WANDERING JEW. (T. fluminensis.*) 2 ZEBRlNA WANDERING JEW. (Z. pendula*) 3 COMMELlNA DAY FLOWER. (C. communu*) 5 PONTEDERIACEAE. Pickerel-weed Family. i PONTEDfeRIA PICKEREL-WEED. (P. cordatu.) 7 LILIALES. Lily Order, i JUNCACEAE. Rush Family. i JUNCUS. 1 a Flower clusters appearing lateral on the stem COMMON RUSH. (J. effusus.) b Flower clusters appearing terminal on the stem 2 2 a Flowers in heads arranged in a panicle ; leaves with partitions, jointed 3 b Flowers not in heads; leaves not with partitions, not jointed 5 3 a Heads globose; plant comparatively slender SCIRPUS-LIKE RUSH. (J. scirpoldes.) b Heads top-shaped or hemispheric 4 132 MELANTHACEAE (BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY) 4 a Heads top-shaped ; perianth parts as long as the mature capsule ; flower cluster comparatively loose SHARP-FRUITED RUSH. (J. acumindtus.) b Heads hemispheric or top-shaped ; perianth parts shorter than the mature capsule. .CANADA RUSH. (J. canadensis.) 5 a Plant about 6 in. high; panicle about half as long as plant TOAD RUSH. (J. bufbnius.) b Plants more than 6 in. high; flower cluster less than half as long as plant 6 6 a Capsule linear or oblong; flowers in branching cymes. . 7 b Capsule ovoid or obovoid; flowers in panicles 8 7 a Capsule linear; basal leaves 2-6 in. long; perianth parts shorter than the mature capsule SLENDER-FRUITED RUSH. (J. pelocdrpus.) b Capsule oblong; basal leaves 6-20 in. long; perianth parts as long as the mature capsule FORKED RUSH. (J. dichotomus.) 8 a Mature capsule dark brown, obovoid; perianth parts brownish ; plant growing in salt marshes BLACK GRASS. (J. gerdrdi.) b Mature capsule greenish, ovoid; perianth parts green- ish ; plant not growing in salt marshes SLENDER RUSH. (J. tennis.) 2 JUNCOIDES WOOD RUSH. (J. campestris.) 2 MELANTHACEAE. Bunch-flower Family. 1 COLCHICUM COLCHICUM. (C. autumndle.*) 2 HEL6NIAS SWAMP PINK. (H. bulldta.) 3 CHAMAELfRIUM BLAZING STAR. (C. luteum.) 4 MELANTHIUM BUNCH-FLOWER. (M. virginicum.) 5 VERATRUM WHITE HELLEBORE. (V. viride.) 6 UVULARIA. i a Leaves with their bases completely surrounding the stem PERFOLIATE BELLWORT. (U. perfolidta.) b Leaves sessile, the bases not surrounding the stem SESSILE-LEAVED BELLWORT. (U. sessilifblia.) 3 L1HACEAE. Lily Family. 1 EREMURUS EREMURUS. (E. robustus*) 2 HEMEROCALLIS. i a Flowers orange ORANGE DAY LILY. (H. fulva.*) b Flowers yellow YELLOW DAY LILY. (H. flava.*) 3 KNIPHOFIA POKER PLANT. (K. alotdes*) 4 ALOE VARIEGATED ALOE. (A. variegdta*) 5 AGAPANTHUS AFRICAN LILY. (A. umbelldtus*) 6 ALLIUM. i a Leaves % in. or more broad 2 b Leaves less than Vz in. broad, usually hollow 3 133 LIL1ACEAE (LILY FAMILY) 2 a Wild species; flowers appearing after leaves have withered WILD LEEK. (A. tricdccum.) b Cultivated species; flowers and leaves present at same time NEAPOLITAN ALLIUM. (A. neapolitanum*) 3 a Plants cultivated in gardens for their leaves or bulbs. . 4 b Wild species 6 4 a Leaves all basal, densely clustered; plant cultivated for the leaves CHIVES. (A. schoenoprasum.*) b Plants not completely as in a; usually cultivated for the bulbs 5 5 a Leaves hollow, cylindrical ; bulbs not readily separating into bulblets GARDEN ONION. (A. cepa.*) b Leaves flat; bulbs readily separating into bulblets GARDEN GARLIC. (A. satwum.*) 6 a Stem leaves 2-4; flowers green to purple, often woolly WILD GARLIC. (A. vine ale.) b Stem leaves usually wanting; flowers pink to white, not woolly MEADOW GARLIC. (A. canadensis.) 7 LfLIUM. 1 a Flowers white 2 b Flowers not white 3 2 a Plant cultivated in pots; tube of flower little widened toward the base EASTER LILY. (L. longiflbrum*) b Plant cultivated in gardens ; tube of flower much widened toward the base. MADONNA LILY. (L. cdndidum.*) 3 a Flowers with numerous warty projections on perianth segments toward the base; flowers pink to white JAPANESE LILY. (L. specibsum*) b Flowers not completely as in a 4 4 a Leaves not in whorls ; cultivated species 5 b Leaves chiefly in whorls ; wild species 6 5 a Flowers upright; perianth much narrowed at the base UPRIGHT LILY. (L. elegans*) b Flowers nodding; perianth segments not much narrowed at the base TIGER LILY. (L. tigrinum*) 6 a Flowers erect, reddish-orange WOOD LILY. (L. philadelphicum.) b Flowers more or less nodding 7 7 a Flowers usually 1-4, yellowish, 2-3 in. long WILD YELLOW LILY. (L. canadense.) b Flowers 3-20, somewhat orange colored, 3-4 in. long TURK'S-CAP LILY. (L. superbum.) 8 FRITILLARIA. i a Flowers usually solitary, checkered CHECKERED LILY. (F. meleagris*) b Flowers in terminal clusters hanging beneath the leaves CROWN IMPERIAL. (F. imperialis.*) '34 CONVALLARIACEAE (LILY-OF-THE-V ALLEY FAMILY) 9 FtJNKIA. i a Flowers white; leaves usually heart-shaped at base WHITE DAY LILY. (F. subcordata.*) b Flowers blue; leaves usually tapering at the base BLUE DAY LILY. (F. ovata*) r Flowers lilac to white; leaves lanceolate, usually varie- gated LANCE-LEAVED DAY LILY. (F. lancifblia.*) 10 TULIPA COMMON TULIP. (T. gesneriana*) 11 TRITELEIA SPRING STAR-FLOWER. (T. uniflbra*) 12 ERYTHR6NIUM. i a Flowers yellow; leaves purple spotted YELLOW ADDER'S-TONGUE. (E. americanum.) b Flowers pinkish-white; leaves sparingly spotted WHITE ADDER'S-TONGUE. (E. dlbidum.) 13 SCILLA. i a Flowering stalk i-3-flowered; leaves more or less flat SIBERIAN SQUILL. (S. sibirica*) b Flowering stalk 3-8-flowered ; leaves channeled SQUILL. (S. bifblia*) 14 ORNITHOGALUM STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM. (0. umbellatum.) 15 CHIONOD6XA GLORY-OF-THE-SNOW. (C. luciliae*) 16 HYACINTHUS COMMON HYACINTH. (H. orientalis*) 17 MUSCARI GRAPE HYACINTH. (M. botryoides*) 18 ALETRIS COLIC-ROOT. (A. farinbsa.) 19 YtJCCA ADAM'S NEEDLE. (Y. filamentbsa*) 20 CORDYLiNE CORDYLINE. (C. terminalis*) 21 DRACAfeNA DRACAENA. (D. fragrans*) 4 CONVALLARlACEAE. Lily-of-the-V alley Family. i ASPARAGUS. 1 a Leaf-like organs ovate; plant twining SMILAX. (A. medeololdes*) b Leaf-like organs linear or thread-like 2 2 a Leaf-like organs about Vi in. long ASPARAGUS FERN. (A. plumosus.*) b Leaf-like organs % in. or more long 3 3 a Plant cultivated in hanging baskets; branches drooping ORNAMENTAL ASPARAGUS. (A. sprengeri.*) b Plant cultivated in gardens; branches spreading ASPARAGUS. (A. oflicinalis*) 2 CLINT6NIA YELLOW CLINTONIA. (C. borealis') 3 UNIFdLIUM FALSE LILY-OF-THE- VALLEY. (U. canadense.) 4 VAGNERA. 135 SMIL ACE A E (SMIL AX FAMILY) i a Leaves not clasping the stem; stamens longer than the perianth parts; berry red when ripe WILD SPIKENARD. (V. racembsa.) b Leaves somewhat clasping the stem ; stamens shorter than the perianth parts; berry green or black when ripe STAR-FLOWERED SPIKENARD. (V. stellala.) 5 STRftPTOPUS TWISTED-STALK. (S. rbseus.) 6 SALOM6NIA. i a Leaves hairy beneath, especially on the veins; flowers lA-~¥2 in. long HAIRY SOLOMON'S SEAL. (S. biflbra.) b Leaves not hairy beneath; flowers %-9i in. long SMOOTH SOLOMON'S SEAL. (S. commutata.) 7 CONVALLARIA LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY. (C. majalis.*) 8 ASPIDISTRA ASPIDISTRA. (A. lurida*) 9 MEDfeOLA INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT. (M. virginiana.) 10 TRILLIUM. 1 a Flowers purple to pink, with offensive odor ILL-SCENTED WAKE-ROBIN. (T. erectum.) b Flowers white to pink, not with offensive odor 2 2 a Flowering stalk recurved ; petals ovate to lanceolate, recurved NODDING WAKE-ROBIN. (T. cernuum.) b Flowering stalk not recurved; petals obovate to oblanceo- late LARGE-FLOWERED WAKE-ROBIN. (T. grandiflbrum.) 5 SMILACEAE. Smilax Family. i SMILAX. 1 a Stems without prickles ; umbels 2O-6o-flowered, ill-scented CARRION-FLOWER. (S. herbacea.) b Stems with prickles ; umbels 6-3o-flowered 2 2 a Leaves ovate, glaucous beneath GLAUCOUS-LEAVED GREENBRIER. (S. glauca.) b Leaves rounded to ovate, not glaucous beneath ' CATBRIER. (S. rotundifblia.) 6 HAEMODORACEAE. Bloodwort Family. i GYROTHfeCA RED-ROOT. (G. tinctbria.) 7 AMARYLLIDACEAE. Amaryllis Family. 1 HYP6XIS STAR-GRASS. (H. hirsuta.) 2 GALANTHUS SNOW-DROP. (G. nivalis*) 3 LEUC6JUM SNOW-FLAKE. (L. vcrnum*) 4 NARCISSUS. 1 a Flowers solitary on the stalk 2 b Flowers 2-12 on a stalk 5 2 a Flowers white, the crown edged with pink POET'S NARCISSUS. ^V. poeticus.*) b Flowers yellow, the crown not edged with pink 3 136 DISCOREACEAE (YAM FAMILY) 3 a Leaves not glaucous, channeled HOOP-PETTICOAT DAFFODIL. (N. bulbocbdium*) b Leaves glaucous, flat 4 4 a Crown as long as or longer than the perianth lobes; flowers 1-2 in. broad .. DAFFODIL. (N. pseudo-narcissus.*) b Crown %-% as long as the perianth lobes; flowers 2-4 in. broad. . .SUPERB DAFFODIL. (N. incompardbilis*) 5 a Flowers 2-5, yellow JONQUIL. (N. jonquila*) b Flowers 4-12, white. .. .COMMON NARCISSUS. (N. tazetta.*) 5 H YMENOCALLIS SEA DAFFODIL. (H. calathlna*) 6 AMARYLLIS AMARYLLIS. (A. belladonna*) 7 AGAVE CENTURY PLANT. (A. americana.*) 8 POLIANTHES TUBEROSE. (P. tnberbsa*) 9 ZEPHYRANTHES FAIRY LILY. (Z. carindta*) 8 DIOSCOREACEAE. Yam Family. i DIOSCOREA. i a Wild species ; flowers greenish-yellow WILD YAM -ROOT. (D. villbsa.) b Cultivated species; flowers white CINNAMON VINE. (D. divaricdta.*) 9 IRIDACEAE. Iris Family. i CROCUS. 1 a Flowers yellow CLOTH-OF-GOLD CROCUS. (C. susidnus*) b Flowers not yellow 2 2 a Flowers produced in autumn; branches of style red SAFFRON CROCUS. (C. satlvus.*) b Flowers produced in spring 3 3 a Leaves glaucous beneath ; tube of perianth not yellow inside COMMON CROCUS. (C. vernus.*) b Leaves not glaucous beneath ; tube of perianth yellow inside SCOTCH CROCUS. (C. biflbrus*) 2 IRIS. 1 a Wild species 2 b Cultivated species 3 2 a Leaves %-% in. broad; outer perianth parts 1-2 in. long SLENDER BLUE FLAG. (I. prismdtica.) b Leaves %-i in. broad; outer perianth parts 2-3 in. long LARGE BLUE FLAG. (I. verslcolor.) 3 a Average leaf about % in. broad. SIBERIAN IRIS. (I. fibirica*) b Average leaf i in. or more broad 4 4 a Outer parts of perianth covered with hairs FLEUR-DE-LIS. (1. germdnica*) b Outer parts of perianth not covered with hairs 5 137 MUSACEAE (BANANA FAMILY) 5 a Outer parts of perianth ovate-oblong, inner parts ob- lanceolate; a short tube present JAPANESE IRIS. (I. laevigata*) b Outer parts of perianth rounded, inner parts oblong; no tube present SPANISH IRIS. (I. xiphium*) 3 GEMMINGIA BLACKBERRY LILY. (G. chinensis*) 4 TIGRIDIA TIGER FLOWER. (T. pavbnia*) 5 SISYRfNCHIUM. i a Leaves about Vs in. broad, about Vz as high as stem POINTED BLUE-EYED GRASS. (S. angustifblium.) b Leaves about ^4 in. broad, nearly as long as stem COMMON BLUE-EYED GRASS. (S. graminoides.) 6 fXIA IXIA. (I. hybrida*) 7 TRIT6NIA TRITONIA. (T. crocosmae flora*) 8 GLADIOLUS GLADIOLUS. ( G. gandavensis*) 9 FREfcSIA FREESIA. (F. refrdcta.*) 8 SCITAMINALES. Banana Order. 1 MUSACEAE. Banana Family. i MfrSA. i a Midrib of leaf green; fruit fleshy, edible COMMON BANANA. (M. sapientum*) b Midrib of leaf reddish; fruit not fleshy or edible ABYSSINIAN BANANA. (M. ensete*) 2 CANNACEAE. Canna Family. i CANNA CANNA. (C. hybrida*) 3 MARANTACEAE. Maranta Family. i CALATHfeA. i a Leaves with stripes in pairs between each of the second- ary veins STRIPED MARANTA. (C. ornata.*) b Leaves with irregular blotches lengthwise of the leaf CALATHEA. (C. veitchiana.*) 9 ORCHIDALES. Orchid Order, i ORCHID ACE AE. Orchid Family. 1 CATTLEYA CATTLEYA. (C. labiata*) 2 CYPRIPfcDIUM. i a Flowers pink to purplish. . MOCCASIN FLOWER. (C. acaule.) b Flowers yellow. .YELLOW LADIES' SLIPPER. (C. parviflbrum.) 3 GALE6RCHIS SHOWY ORCHIS. (G. spectdbilis.) 4 PERULARIA TUBERCLED ORCHIS. (P. fla Shrubs or trees with flowers %-2 in. broad 7 7 a Small tree with rounded, heart-shaped aromatic leaves; cultivated for the flowers PERFUMED CHERRY. (P. mahaleb*) b Trees or shrubs not with rounded, aromatic leaves.... 8 8 a Small tree ; leaves usually shining on both sides ; fruit about V\ in. in diameter; wild species PIGEON CHERRY. (P. pennsylvdnica.) b Shrubs or trees not completely as in a 9 169 MIMOSACEAE (MIMOSA FAMILY) 9 a Shrub 1-7 ft. high; leaves hairy beneath; fruit with bloom; usually on sea-beaches BEACH PLUM. (P. maritima.) b Trees cultivated for their fruit or flowers 10 10 a Leaves unequally and doubly toothed ; flowers 2-4 in a lateral cluster ; fruit without bloom n b Leaves coarsely but more or less regularly toothed ; flowers solitary or 2-3 together; fruit with a bloom.. 12 11 a Tree planted for its flowers; flowers usually double JAPANESE FLOWERING CHERRY. (P. pseudo-cerasus.*) b Trees planted for their fruit 13 12 a Leaves more or less hairy beneath GARDEN PLUM. (P. domestica.*) b Leaves not hairy beneath. JAPANESE PLUM. (P. triflbra*) 13 a Leaves 1-3 in. long, dark green and shining above; fruit sour SOUR CHERRY. (P. cerasus.*) b Leaves 3-6 in. long, usually not dark green above; fruit sweet SWEET CHERRY. (P. avium.*) 2 AMtGDALUS. 1 a Small tree usually 6 ft. or more high PEACH. (A. persica*) b Shrubs 1-5 ft. high, cultivated for the flowers 2 2 a Leaves lanceolate to oblong, never lobed at apex FLOWERING ALMOND. (A. pumila.*) b Leaves broadly ovate, often lobed toward apex FLOWERING PLUM. (A. pedunculata* ) 13 MIMOSACEAE. Mimosa Family. 1 MIM6SA SENSITIVE PLANT. (M. pudica*) 2 ACACIA. i a Leaves simple KANGAROO THORN. (A. armata*) b Leaves bi-pinnately compound DRUMMOND'S ACACIA. (A. drummondii*) 14 CAESALPINACEAE. Senna Family. i CASSIA. 1 a Flowers in racemes; pods 3-4 in. long; plant 3-8 ft. high WILD SENNA. (C. maryldndica.) b Flowers in clusters; pods 1-3 in. long; plants %-2 ft. high 2 2 a Flowers 1-2 in. broad ; stamens 10 PARTRIDGE PEA. (C. chamaecrista.) b Flowers %-% in. broad ; stamens 5 WILD SENSITIVE PLANT. (C. nictitans.) 2 CfiRCIS RED-BUD. (C. canadens'u,) 3 GLEDfTSIA THORNY LOCUST. (G. triacdnthos.) 4 GYMN6CLADUS.... KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE. (G. diolca.) 170 PAPILIONACEAE (PEA FAMILY) 15 PAPILIONACEAE. Pea Family. 1 a Trees, shrubs or woody vines a b Herbs, not woody 1 1 2 a Usually climbing woody vines; flowers blue to white, showy, in long racemes 5. Wistaria, p 173 b Erect shrubs or trees 3 3 a Shrubs cultivated in pots 4 b Shrubs or trees not cultivated in pots 5 4 a Leaflets n or more; flowers white or rose-colored 3. Swainsona. p 173 b Leaflets 3; flowers yellow 4. Cytisus. p 173 5 a Leaflets 3 6. Laburnum, p 173 b Leaflets 5-25 6 6 a Leaflets 8-12, even in number 7. Caragana. P 173 b Leaflets 5-25, odd in number 7 7 a Trees or shrubs usually with spines for stipules, the branches often zigzag 8. Robinia. p 173 b Trees or shrubs not with spines for stipules 8 8 a Trees with flowers in panicles 9 b Shrubs or trees with flowers in spikes or racemes 10 9 a Flowers about % in. long, yellowish-white; pods oblong, not flattened i. Sophora. p 173 b Flowers i in. or more long; pods linear, flattened 2. Cladrastis. p 173 10 a Flowers violet to purple, in dense spikes 9. Amorpha. p 173 b Flowers yellow, in racemes 10. Colutea. p 173 11 a Herb with simple leaves u. Crotalaria. p 173 b Herbs or vines with compound leaves 12 12 a Herbs with palmately-compound leaves; leaflets 7-11 12. Lupinus. p 174. b Leaves pinnately-compound or with 3 leaflets 13 13 a Leaves with 2 or 4-25 leaflets 14 b Leaves with 3 leaflets 21 14 a Leaves with an even number of leaflets 15 b Leaves with an odd number of leaflets 18 15 a Garden vines cultivated for food 16 b Wild or garden vines not cultivated for food 17 16 a Plant with tendrils 13. Pisum. p 174 b Plant not with tendrils 14. Arachis. p 174. 17 a Stipules usually less than Vz in. long or sharply toothed all around 15. Vicia. p 174. b Some of the stipules V-2 in. or more long, sharply toothed only at the base 16. Lathyrus. p 174. 18 a Vines with 3-7 leaflets; flowers brownish-purple to violet 19 b Erect herbs with 9-25 leaflets 20 171 PAP1L1ONACEAE (PEA FAMILY) 19 a Cultivated vine; flowers 1-2 in. long, violet 17. Bradburya. p 174 b Wild vine; flowers about % in. long, brownish-purple 1 8. Apios. p 174 20 a Plant more or less covered with silky hairs; flowers yellowish-purple 19. Cracca. p 174 h Plant not covered with silky hairs; flowers whitish to purplish 20. Coronilla. p 174 21 a Flowers about Vz-i in. long, yellow or blue; branched herbs turning black when dry; pods %-% in. long 21. Baptisia. p 174 b Plants not completely as in a 22 22 a Showy flowers about i in. long, yellow or purplish, 2-4 on a long stalk; pods 4-7 in. long; vines 22. Vigna. p 174 b Plants not completely as in a 23 23 a Plants fragrant; leaflets oblong, Ms-i in. long, toothed; flowers white or yellow in slender racemes 23. Melilotus. p 175 b Plants not fragrant 24 24 a Flowers in heads, few-to-many-flowered, usually rather compact 25 b Flowers usually in racemes or panicles 29 25 a Twining vine; heads 3-io-flowered ; flowers purplish 24. Strophostyles. p 175 b Not twining vines; heads usually more than lo-flowered 26 26 a Leaflets finely toothed 27 b Leaflets entire 28 27 a Stipules toothed at base; pods spirally coiled 25. Medicago. p 175 b Stipules not toothed at base; pods not spirally coiled 26. Trifolium. p 175 28 a Flowers yellow 27. Stylosanthes. p 175 b Flowers purplish or whitish 28. Lespedeza. p 175 29 a Flowers brownish-purple or violet; leaflets usually 5-7, sometimes 3 ; vines 30 b Leaflets always 3 31 30 a Cultivated vine; flowers 1-2 in. long, violet 17. Bradburya. p 174 b Wild vine; flowers about V-2 in. long, brownish-purple 1 8. Apios. p 174 31 a Prostrate or climbing vines 32 b More or less erect herbs 36 32 a Standard usually spurred at base; plant cultivated for the foliage 29. Pueraria. p 176 b Standard not spurred at base 33 172 PAP1LIONACEAE (PEA FAMILY) 33 a Flowers about V& in. long; pods i in. or less long, oblong 30. Falcata. p 176 b Flowers V-2 in. or more long; pods usually more than i in. long, linear 34 34 a Plant growing wild in sandy soil; leaflets %-2 in. long 31. Galactia. p 176 b Plants cultivated or sometimes wild; leaflets 1-4 in. !°ng yt 35 35 a Plant cultivated for ornament, twining, 5-20 ft. long; flowers 2-4 together in erect racemes; seeds black 32. Dolichos. p 176 b Plants wild, or cultivated for food 33. Phaseolus. p 176 36 a Pods jointed by being lobed on the lower margin, the joints separating; leaflets usually with small stipules 34. Meibomia. p 176 b Pods not jointed; leaflets usually without stipules.... 37 37 a Pods spirally twisted; flowers bluish-purple, in racemes about i in. long 25. Medicago. p 175 b Pods not spirally twisted; plants not completely as in a 38 38 a Wild plants; pods small, rounded to ovate 28. Lespedeza. p 175 b Cultivated plants; pods linear, i in. or more long.... 39 39 a Pods hairy; plant cultivated for forage 35. Glycine. p 177 b Pods not hairy; plants cultivated for food 33. Phaseolus. p 176 1 SOPHORA PAGODA TREE. (S. japonica*) 2 CLADRASTIS YELLOW-WOOD. (C. lutea*) 3 SWAINS6NA SWAINSONIA. (S. galegifblia*) 4 Cf TISUS GENISTA. (C. canariensis*) 5 WISTARIA CHINESE WISTARIA. (W. chinensis.*) 6 LABtJRNUM GOLDEN CHAIN. (L. vulgare*) 7 CARAGANA PEA TREE. (C. arbor escens*) 8 ROBI'NIA. 1 a Tree with white flowers; leaves not with bristles or glandular hairs BLACK LOCUST. (R. pseudacacia.) b Trees or shrubs with pink or purple flowers; leaves with bristly or glandular hairs 2 2 a Tree with pinkish flowers; leaves with glandular hairs CLAMMY LOCUST. (R. viscbsa.*) b Shrub with pink or purple flowers; leaves with bristly hairs ROSE ACACIA. (R. hispida*) 9 AM6RPHA FALSE INDIGO. (A. fruticbsa*) 10 COLtFTEA BLADDER SENNA. (C. arborhcens*) 11 CROTALARIA RATTLE-BOX. (C. sagittalis.) 173 PAP1LIONACEAE (PEA FAMILY) 12 LUPlNUS. i a Leaflets 1-2 in. long, shorter than the petiole; native •peciei WILD LUPINE. (L. perenmt.) b Leaflets 2-6 in. long, longer than the petiole ; cultivated species GARDEN LUPINE. (L. poly phallus*) 13 PlSUM GARDEN PEA. (P. sattvum*) 14 ARACHIS PEANUT. (A. hypogaea*) 15 VfCIA. 1 a Flowers solitary or in 2's in the upper axils SPRING VETCH. (V. sati-va*) b Flowers in racemes 2 2 a Flowers whitish; stipules linear or lanceolate CAROLINA VETCH. (V. caroliniana.) b Flowers purplish; stipules linear to ovate 3 3 a Stipules linear, small ; flowers about % in. long, reflexed Cow VETCH. (V. crdcca.) b Stipules somewhat triangular, toothed ; flowers about % in. long, spreading. .AMERICAN VETCH. (V. americana.) 16 LATHYRUS. 1 a Leaflets 2; flowers showy; cultivated plants 2 b Leaflets 4-12 ; wild plants 3 2 a Flowers fragrant; stalks 2-4-flowered SWEET PEA. (L. odoratus.*) b Flowers not fragrant; stalks several-flowered EVERLASTING PEA. (L. latifolius*) 3 a Flowers yellowish- white CREAM-COLORED VETCHLING. (L. ochroleucus.) b Flowers purplish 4 4 a Stipules 1-2 in. long, nearly as large as leaflets; shore plant BEACH PEA. (L. maritimus.) b Stipules MJ -i in long, not more than half as long as leaflets 5 5 a Stem winged ; leaflets lanceolate to linear MARSH VETCHLING. (L. paltistris.) b Stem not winged ; leaflets oval to oblong MYRTLE-LEAVED MARSH PEA. (L. myrtifblius.) 17 BRADBURY A BUTTERFLY PEA. (B. virginiana*) 18 APIOS GROUND NUT. (A. apios.) 19 CRACCA GOAT'S RUE. (C. vtrginiana.) 20 CORONfLLA CORONILLA. (C. varia*) 21 BAPTfSIA. i a Flowers yellow; wild plant. . WILD INDIGO. (B. tinctbria.) b Flowers blue; wild or cultivated plant BLUE FALSE INDIGO. (B. australis.) 22 VfGNA Cow PEA. (V. sintnsis*) 174 PAPILIONACEAE (PEA FAMILY) 23 MELIL6TUS. i a Flowers white WHITE SWEET CLOVER. (M. alba.) b Flowers yellow. .YELLOW SWEET CLOVER. (M. officinalis.) 24 STROPHOSTYLES TRAILING WILD BEAN. (S. helvola.) 25 MEDICAGO. i a Flowers bluish-purple or violet, in racemes ALFALFA. (M. satlva*) b Flowers yellow, in heads BLACKSEED HOP-CLOVER. (M. lupullna.) 26 TRIF6LIUM. 1 a Flowers yellow 2 b Flowers not yellow 4 2 a Terminal leaflet distinctly stalked Low HOP-CLOVER. (T. procumbens.) b Terminal leaflet not distinctly stalked, or very short- stalked 3 3 a Leaflets 1/4-1/2 in. long; heads loosely-flowered LOOSELY-FLOWERED HOP-CLOVER. (T. dubium.) b Leaflets %-i in. long; heads densely-flowered HOP-CLOVER. (T. aureum.) 4 a Flowers crimson; heads 1-3 in. long, oblong CRIMSON CLOVER. (T. incarnatum*) b Flowers red, pink, or white 5 5 a Heads oblong, with numerous gray, silky hairs; plant grayish ; flowers whitish RABBIT-FOOT. (T. arvense.) b Heads ovoid to globose, not grayish 6 6 a Heads ovoid; flowers red to purple; plants somewhat hairy 7 b Heads globose ; flowers pink to white ; plants not hairy 8 7 a Leaflets usually blotched or spotted near the middle; leaflets finely toothed RED CLOVER. (T. pratense.*) b Leaflets not spotted near the middle; leaflets entire MAMMOTH CLOVER. (T. medium*) 8 a Flowers pink to white ; plant erect or ascending, not rooting at the nodes. .ALSIKE CLOVER. (T. hybridum.) b Flowers white; plant prostrate, rooting at the nodes WHITE CLOVER. (T. re pens.) 27 STYLOS ANTHES PENCIL-FLOWER. (S. biftbra.) 28 LESPEDfcZA. 1 a Plant cultivated in gardens for the flowers GARDEN BUSH-CLOVER. (L. sieboldi.*) b Plants not cultivated 2 2 a Flowers in dense oblong or globose heads Vz-2, in, long; corolla yellowish-white 3 b Flowers scattered or arranged in axillary clusters; cor- olla purplish 4 PAPILIONACEAE (PEA FAMILY) 3 a Heads oblong, short-stalked ; leaflets oval HAIRY BUSH-CLOVER. (L. hirta.) b Heads globose, long-stalked ; leaflets oblong ROUND-HEADED BUSH-CLOVER. (L. capitata.) 4 a Flower-clusters short-stalked, shorter than the leaves.... 5 b Flower-clusters long-stalked, usually longer than the leaves 6 5 a Leaflets oval ; plant usually branched WAND-LIKE BUSH-CLOVER. (L. frutescens.) b Leaflets linear; plant not branched SLENDER BUSH-CLOVER. (L. virginlca.) 6 a Plant usually erect; leaflets Vz-2 in. long VIOLET BUSH-CLOVER. (L. violacea.) b Plants prostrate or spreading; leaflets a/4-i in. long.... 7 7 a Plant very hairy throughout TRAILING BUSH-CLOVER. (L. procumbent.) b Plant not hairy or only slightly so CREEPING BUSH-CLOVER. (L. repens.) 29 PUERARIA KUDZU VINE. (P. thunbergiana*) 30 FALCATA HOG PEANUT. (F. combsa.) 31 GALACTIA. i a Plant covered with fine hairs throughout DOWNY MILK PEA. (G. volubilis.) b Plant not covered with fine hairs throughout MILK PEA. (G. regularis.) 32 D6LICHOS HYACINTH BEAN. (D. Idblab*) 33 PHASfcOLUS. 1 a Wild plant, climbing or trailing WILD BEAN. (P. polystachyus.) b Cultivated plants 2 2 a Seeds oblong, nearly cylindric, only slightly flattened ; plant usually not climbing.CoMMON BEAN. (P. vulgaris*) b Seeds usually conspicuously flattened; plants usually climbing 3 3 a Seeds oblong, % in. or more long, somewhat flat- tened ; sparingly cultivated SCARLET-RUNNER BEAN. (P. multiflbrus*) b Seeds % in. or less long, much flattened ; commonly cultivated LIMA BEAN. (P. lunatus*) 34 MEIB6MIA. 1 a Leaves more or less in a whorl at the summit of stem. . 2 b Leaves not in a whorl at summit of stem; stem leafy. . 3 2 a Flowering stalk arising from base of plant; leaflets blunt- pointed . . NAKED-FLOWERED TICK-TREFOIL. (M. nudiflbra.) b Flowering stalk arising from summit of stem ; leaflets abruptly sharp-pointed LARGE-FLOWERED TICK-TREFOIL. (M. grandiflbra.) 176 GERANIACEAE (GERANIUM FAMILY) 3 a Leaflets less than i in. long, rounded; pods i-3-jointed, joints oval SMALL-LEAVED TICK-TREFOIL. (M. maryldndica.) b Leaflets more than i in. long; pods 2-6-jointed 4 4 a Plant rather densely hairy; leaflets ovate; joints of pods not easily separating HOARY TICK-TREFOIL. (M. canescens.) b Plants not hairy or only slightly so; joints of pods easily separating 5 5 a Leaflets velvety beneath, broadly ovate; joints of pods half-rounded VELVET-LEAVED TICK-TREFOIL. (M. viridiflbra.) b Leaflets not velvety beneath, sometimes hairy ; joints of pods more or less triangular -6 6 a Plants more or less hairy; leaflets hairy beneath 7 b Plants not noticeably hairy excepting the pods 8 7 a Leaflets oblong-ovate; flowers about }4 in. long; ra- cemes loosely-flowered DILLEN'S TICK-TREFOIL. (M. dillenii.) b Leaflets oblong-lanceolate; flowers about % in. long, showy; racemes densely-flowered CANADIAN TICK-TREFOIL. (M. canadensis.) 8 a Leaflets oblong-lanceolate; pods 2-6-jointed; flowers about % in. long.PANiCLED TICK-TREFOIL. (M. paniculata.) b Leaflets ovate to oblong, pale beneath ; pods 3-4-jointed ; flowers about V>2 in. long SMOOTH TICK-TREFOIL. (M. laevigata.) 35 GLYC1NE SOY BEAN. (G. hispida*) 16 GERANIALES. Geranium Order. i GERANIACEAE. Geranium Family. i GERANIUM. 1 a Flowers i in. or more broad WILD CRANE'S-BILL. (G. maculatum.) b Flowers % in. or less broad 2 2 a Flowers pale-pink to white, in compact clusters CAROLINA CRANE'S-BILL. (G. carolinianum.) b Flowers purplish or pink, not in compact clusters 3 3 a Flowers about V<» in. broad ; beak of capsule about i in. long HERB ROBERT. (G. robertianum.) b Flowers about V* in. broad; beak of capsule about % in. long. . .SMALL-FLOWERED CRANE'S-BILL. (G. pusillum.) 2 PELARGONIUM, i a Plant usually trailing, with more or less zigzag stem; usually not hairy. IVY-LEAVED GERANIUM. (P. peltatum*) b Plants more or less erect 2 12 177 OXALIDACEAE (WOOD-SORREL FAMILY) 2 a Leaves deeply lobed or pinnatifid ROSE GERANIUM. (P. quercifblium.*) b Leaves more or less rounded, not deeply lobed or pin- natifid 3 3 a 2 upper petals more or less erect, striped, the 3 lower spreading; stalk of each flower jointed NUTMEG GERANIUM. (P. odoratissimum.*) b Flowers not completely as in a 4 4 a Leaves rounded, often variegated or marked with darker colored zone; plant somewhat strong-scented COMMON GERANIUM. (P. hortbrum*) b Leaves oval to ovate, sometimes rounded; plant not strong-scented PELARGONIUM. (P. domesticum.* ) 2 OXALIDACEAE. Wood-sorrel Family. i OXALIS. 1 a Plant cultivated in pots or in gardens GARDEN OXALIS. (O. rubra.*) b Plants not cultivated 2 2 a Flowers pink or white with pink veins WOOD-SORREL. (O. acetosella.) b Flowers yellow 3 3 a Plant more or less erect, branched above; flower stalks erect or spreading TALL SHEEP-SORREL. (O. cymbsa.) b Plants more or less prostrate, branched at base; flower stalks usually reflexed at maturity 4 4 a Flowers %-% in. broad; capsules %-% in. long, taper- ing to apex. .PROCUMBENT SHEEP-SORREL. (O. corniculata.) b Flowers Vz-% in. broad; capsules %-i in. long, short- pointed 5 5 a Plant with appressed hairs UPRIGHT SHEEP-SORREL. (O. slricta.) b Plant with loose, spreading hairs SLENDER SHEEP-SORREL. (O. filipes.) 3 TROPAEOLACEAE. Nasturtium Family. i TROPAfcOLUM NASTURTIUM. (T. majus.*) 4 L1NACEAE. Flax Family. i LlNUM. 1 a Flowers yellow 2 b Flowers not yellow 4 2 a Stem and branches angled, sticky RIDGED YELLOW FLAX. (L. striatum.) b Stem and branches circular, not sticky 3 3 a Leaves more or less appressed to the stem STIFF YELLOW FLAX. (L. medium.) b Leaves spreading from the stem WILD YELLOW FLAX. (L. virginianum.) 178 RUTACEAE (RUE FAMILY) 4 a Flowers red or pink. .FLOWERING FLAX. (L. grandifldrum.*) b Flowers blue or white 5 5 a Leaves linear; styles and stamens of different lengths in different flowers; plant perennial PERENNIAL FLAX. (L. perenne.*) b Leaves lanceolate; styles and stamens not of different lengths in different flowers; plant annual COMMON FLAX. (L. usitatissimum.*) 5 RUTACEAE. Rue Family. 1 PHELLODENDRON CHINESE CORK TREE. (P. amurense*) 2 XANTH6XYLUM PRICKLY ASH. (X. americanum.) 3 PTfeLEA SHRUBBY TREFOIL. (P. trifoliata.) 4 CITRUS. 1 a Leaves 3-foliolate TRIFOLIATE ORANGE. (C. trifoliata*) b Leaves simple 2 2 a Leaves 1-2 in. long, lanceolate; fruit flattened-globose, orange TANGERINE. (C. nobilis.*) b Leaves 2-5 in. long, ovate to oblong 3 3 a Young branches hairy, greenish ; fruit globose, yellow GRAPE-FRUIT. (C. decumana.*) b Young branches not hairy, reddish or greenish 4 4 a Fruit ovoid to oblong, yellow ; leaves oblong to oval LEMON. CITRON. (C. mtdica*) b Fruit globose, orange; leaves ovate ORANGE. (C. aurdntium.*) 5 DICTAMNUS GAS PLANT. (D. dlbus*) 6 SIMARUBACEAE. Ailanthus Family. i AILANTHUS AILANTHUS. (A. glandulbsa.) 7 POLYGALACEAE. Milkwort Family. i POLYGALA. 1 a Flowers 1-4 together, Vz-i in. long, showy; leaves rather ovate FRINGED MILKWORT. (P. paucifblia.) b Flowers not completely as in a 2 2 a Flowers showy, in loosely-flowered racemes 1-4 in. long RACEMED MILKWORT. (P. polygama.) b Flowers in heads or spikes 3 3 a Leaves in whorls on the stem 4 b Leaves alternate on the stem 5 4 a Spikes oval; stem angled .. MARSH MILKWORT. (P. cruciata.) b Spikes conic ; stem circular, not angled WHORLED MILKWORT. (P. verticillata.) 5 a Spikes globose to oval ; flowers usually red-purple PURPLE MILKWORT. (P. viridescens.) b Spikes" oblong; flowers greenish or yellowish-purple NUTTALL'S MILKWORT. (P. nuttallii.) 179 EUPHORBIACEAE (SPURGE FAMILY) 8 EUPHORBIACEAE. Spurge Family. 1 RfCINUS CASTOR BEAN. (R. comm&nis*) 2 ACALtPHA. i a Wild plant with green leaves THREE-SEEDED MERCURY. (A. virginica.) b Cultivated plant, usually with variegated leaves GARDEN ACALYPHA. (A. wilkesidna* ) 3 EUPHORBIA. 1 a Inflorescence subtended by bright red leaves ; shrub cultivated in pots POINSETTIA. (E. pulcherrima.*) b Inflorescence not subtended by red leaves 2 2 a Leaves Vz-i in. long, linear; plants clustered; involucre cups in numerous, yellowish-green umbels CYPRESS SPURGE. (E. cyparissias.*) b Plants not completely as in a 3 3 a Appendages of involucre white, petal-like, showy; in- volucre cups in umbels 4 b Appendages of involucre not as in a 5 4 a Leaves 1-2 in. long, green. FLOWERING SPURGE. (E. corolldta.) b Leaves 2-4 in. long, white or the upper ones with white margins . . . .SNOW-ON-THE-MOUNTAIN. (E. margindta.*) 5 a Capsule about % in. in diameter; glands of involucre crescent-shaped ; plant cultivated in gardens and es- caped MYRTLE SPURGE. (E. Idthyrus*) b Capsule ^4 in. or less in diameter; plants wild 6 6 a Plants prostrate, hairy 7 b Plants erect or ascending 8 7 a Leaves usually blotched ; capsule hairy MILK PURSLANE. (E. maculdta.) b Leaves not usually blotched; capsule not hairy HAIRY SPURGE. (E. hirsuta.) 8 a Leaves toothed, oblique at base UPRIGHT SPOTTED SPURGE. (E. nutans.) b Leaves entire, not oblique at base WILD IPECAC. (E. ipecacudnhae.) 4 CODIAfcUM CROTON. ( C. variegdtum.*) 9 CALLITRICHACEAE. Water Starwort Family. i CALLITRICHE. i a Fruit oval, longer than the styles WATER FENNEL. (C. palustris.) b Fruit obovate, shorter than the styles WATER STARWORT. (C. heterophylla.) 17 SAPINDALES. Soapberry Order, i EMPETRACEAE. Cro flowers about 2 in. long COMMON TOBACCO. (N. tabdcum.*) 8 DATURA. 1 a Flowers 4-7 in. long; capsule globose; plants cultivated 2 b Flowers 3-4 in. long; capsule ovoid; plants not culti- vated 3 2 a Flowers violet or purple on outside; leaves with wavy or toothed margin. GARDEN THORN APPLE. (D. fastubsa*) b Flowers white on outside ; leaves entire ENTIRE-LEAVED THORN APPLE. (D. metel*) 3 a Stem green; flowers white. . JIMSON-WEED. (D. stramonium.) b Stem usually purple; flowers violet, rarely white PURPLE THORN APPLE. (D. tdtula.) 9 PHtfSALIS. 1 a Leaves with broad, more or less regular teeth; plant covered with glandular hairs CLAMMY GROUND-CHERRY. (P. heterophylla*) b Leaves with few irregular teeth or entire; plant not usually covered with glandular hairs 2 2 a Center of flower not purplish ; ripe fruit greenish-yellow or orange WINTER CHERRY. (P. alkekengi.*) b Center of flower purplish or purple spotted ; ripe fruit reddish, purplish, or yellow 3 3 a Plant usually not hairy; fruiting calyx somewhat 10- angled 4 b Plants hairy ; fruiting calyx 5-angled 5 4 a Flowers about i in. broad; leaves 1-4 in. long PHILADELPHIA GROUND-CHERRY. (P. philadelphica.*) b Flowers about % in. broad ; leaves 1-3 in. long TOMATILLO. (P. ixocdrpa*) 14 209 SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY) 5 a Flowers vi-i in. broad; fruit reddish VIRGINIA GROUND-CHERRY. (P. mrgini&na.) b Flowers Vi-Vv in. broad; fruit yellow HAIRY GROUND-CHERRY. (P. pubescens*) 10 NIEREMB6RGIA CUP-FLOWER. (N. grdcilis.*) 11 PHYSAL6DES APPLE-OF-PERU. (P. physalbdes*) 12 PETtTNIA. i a Flowers white WHITE PETUNIA. (P. axillaris.*) b Flowers violet or variously colored, often double COMMON PETUNIA. (P. hybrida.*) 13 SALPIGL6SSIS SALPIGLOSSIS. (S. sinuata.*) 9 SCROPHULARIACEAE. Figwort Family. i VERBASCUM. 1 a Plant densely woolly throughout COMMON MULLEN. (V. thdpsus.) b Plant not woolly MOTH MULLEN. (V. blattaria.) 2 PAUL6WNIA EMPRESS TREE. (P. tornentbsa.*) 3 LINARIA. i a Flowers yellow, the lip orange BUTTER AND EGGS. (L. linaria.) b Flowers blue or purplish. .BLUE TOADFLAX. (L. canadensis.) 4 ANTIRRHINUM. i a Erect plant cultivated in gardens and escaped SNAPDRAGON. (A. majus*) b Climbing or trailing vine cultivated in hanging bas- kets MAURANDIA. (A. maurandioldes*) 5 SCROPHULARIA. i a Flowers shining within ; sterile stamen purple MARYLAND FIGWORT. (S. maryldndica.) b Flowers dull within; sterile stamen greenish-yellow HARE FIGWORT. (S. leporella.) 6 CHELdNE SNAKE-HEAD. (C. glabra.) 7 ALONS&A ALONSOA. (A. incisi folia*) 8 PENTSTfeMON. 1 a Flowers scarlet, sterile filament not hairy SCARLET BEARD-TONGUE. (P. barbatus*) b Flowers not scarlet, sterile filament hairy or bearded. . 2 2 a Flowers %-i in. long, violet or purple HAIRY BEARD-TONGUE. (P. hirsutus.) b Flowers 1-2 in. long, purple to red GARDEN BEARD-TONGUE. (P. campanulatus*) 9 MIMULUS. i a Flowers violet; leaves oblong to lanceolate; wild herb SQUARE-STEMMED MONKEY-FLOWER. (M. ringens.) b Flowers yellow, often spotted; leaves ovate to heart- shaped ; cultivated species GARDEN MONKEY-FLOWER. (M. luteus*) SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY) 10 GRATIOLA. i a Flowers white CLAMMY HEDGE-HYSSOP. (G. virginidna.) b Flowers yellow GOLDEN HEDGE-HYSSOP. (G. aurea.) 11 ILYSANTHES. i a Flowering stalks longer than the leaves; calyx lobes shorter than the mature capsule LONG-STALKED FALSE PIMPERNEL. (I. dubia.) b Flowering stalk shorter than the leaves; calyx lobes longer than the mature capsule SHORT-STALKED FALSE PIMPERNEL. (I. attenudta.) 12 VER6NICA. 1 a Plants cultivated in gardens 2 b Plants not cultivated 3 2 a Leaves with entire or wavy margins; racemes leafy GENTIAN-LEAVED SPEEDWELL. (F. gentianoides*) b Leaves toothed ; racemes dense, not leafy LONG-LEAVED SPEEDWELL. (V. longi folia*) 3 a Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves 4 b Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes or spikes. ... 6 4 a Plant densely hairy; leaves ovate, entire or blunt- toothed CORN SPEEDWELL. (V. arvensis.) b Plants not densely hairy; leaves usually oblong or linear, sometimes ovate 5 5 a Flowers pale blue, in the axils of bracts THYME-LEAVED SPEEDWELL. (V. strpyllifolia.) b Flowers white, in the axils of the leaves PURSLANE SPEEDWELL. (V. peregrlna.) 6 a Racemes terminal ; leaves V^-V'2 in. long THYME-LEAVED SPEEDWELL. (V. serpyllifblia.) b Racemes axillary; leaves ^-4 in. long 7 7 a Racemes densely-flowered, spike-like; plant 3-10 in. long COMMON SPEEDWELL. (V. officindlis.) b Racemes loosely-flowered; plants ^-3 ft. long 8 8 a Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate MARSH SPEEDWELL. (V. scutelldta.) b Leaves broadly ovate to lanceolate 9 9 a Stem leaves sessile WATER SPEEDWELL. (V. anagdllis-aqudtica.) b Stem leaves petioled. AMERICAN BROOKLINE. (V. americdna.) 1 3 LEPTANDRA CULVER'S-ROOT. (L. virglnica.) 14 DIGITALIS FOXGLOVE. (D. purpurta*) 15 DAS^STOMA. i a Corolla hairy on the outside FERN-LEAVED FALSE FOXGLOVE. (D. pediculdria.) b Corolla not hairy on the outside 2 211 LENT1BULARIACEAE (BLADDERWORT FAMILY) 2 a Plant hairy ; only the lower leaves pinnatifid DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE. (D, fta in. or less broad 38 38 a Flowers usually purplish; pappus purplish i. Vernonia. p 227 b Flowers white, green, or pink; pappus whitish 39 39 a Lower leaves lanceolate or ovate lanceolate; involucre swollen at the base especially before flowering 56. Erechtites. p 238 b Lower leaves triangular-lanceolate or arrow-shaped; involucre not swollen at the base 57. Synosma. p 238 40 a Leaves wanting at flowering time; flowering stalk with alternate bracts; flowers yellow.. 54. Tussilago. p 238 b Leaves present at flowering time 41 41 a Leaves basal ; plant cultivated for the flowers ii. Bel Us. p 230 b Leaves not all basal 42 42 a Some or all of the stem leaves opposite 43 b Stem leaves all alternate 60 43 a Upper leaves united at their bases to form a cup-like disk 31. Silphium. p 234 b Upper leaves not united as in a 44 44 a Irregular or ray flowers very numerous, in several rows; plants cultivated for the flowers 45 b Irregular or ray flowers usually in i or 2 rows, usually less numerous than the regular or disk flowers 47 223 COMPOSITAE (THISTLE FAMILY) 45 a Leaves entire 41. Zinnia, p 235 b Leaves pinnately compound 46 46 a Leaflets ovate 43. Dahlia, b Leaflets linear 42. Cosmos, 47 a Ray flowers white or pink 48 b Ray flowers yellow or yellowish 53 48 a Leaves pinnately compound, the segments linear 42. Cosmos, p 235 b Leaves simple 49 49 a Leaves ovate or triangular-ovate, usually rounded at the base 50 b Leaves linear to lanceolate, narrowed at the base 51 50 a Wild herb; heads about }4 in. broad 45. Galinsoga. p 236 b Cultivated herb ; heads 1-3 in. broad 46. Arctotis. p 236 51 a Ray flowers 4-8, pink, rarely white.. 40. Coreopsis, p 235 b Ray flowers several 52 52 a Ray flowers whitish; wild herbs.... 33. Eclipta. p 234. b Ray flowers purple to crimson 34. Brauneria. p 234 53 a Outer bracts of involucre leaf-like, much larger than the inner 54 b Outer bracts of involucre usually conspicuously smaller than the inner 55 54 a Achenes crowned by a pappus of 2-4 stiff, barbed awns 44. Bidens. p 236 b Achenes not crowned by a pappus.. 30. Polymnia. p 234 55 a Heads Vi-Vz in. broad; achenes not crowned by a pap- pus 33. Eclipta. p234 b Heads Vi in. or more broad 56 56 a Receptacle of head conic or convex 57 b Receptacle of head more or less flat 58 57 a Bracts of involucre in 1-3 rows; achenes sometimes crowned by a pappus of 2-4 teeth 32. Heliopsis. p 234 b Bracts of involucre in 3 or more rows; achenes usually crowned by scales or awns 36. Helianthus. P 235 58 a Achenes crowned by a pappus of 2-4 stiff, barbed awns 44. Bidens. p 236 b Achenes not crowned by a pappus of barbed awns.... 59 59 a Bracts of the involucre in 2 rows united at the base 40. Coreopsis, p 235 b Bracts of the involucre in several rows, not united at the base 36. Helianthus. p 235 60 a Leaves pinnatifid, pinnately compound, or dissected 61 b Leaves entire, toothed, or incised 71 61 a Heads %-% in. broad 62 b Heads Vz in. or more broad 63 224 COMPOSITAE (THISTLE FAMILY) 62 a Flowers yellow 52. Tanacetum. p 237 b Flowers white, pink, or purple 48. Achillea. p 236 63 a Irregular or ray flowers numerous, more numerous than the regular or disk flowers 64 b Irregular or ray flowers in i or 2 rows, usually less numerous than the regular or disk flowers 66 64 a Flowers usually orange, sometimes spotted or striped with purple ; plants strong scented 38. Tagetes. p 235 b Flowers variously colored, rarely orange; plants not scented 65 65 a Irregular flowers yellow; heads 2-4 in. broad 35. Rudbeckia. p 234. b Flowers and heads not completely as in a 50. Chrysanthemum, p 237 66 a Heads 2-4 in. broad 67 b Heads 2 in. or less broad 68 67 a Irregular flowers 6-10 35. Rudbeckia. p 234. b Irregular flowers numerous 28. Gaillardia. p 234. 68 a Receptacle of head chaffy 69 b Receptacle of head not chaffy 70 69 a Irregular or ray flowers white or yellow ; leaf segments usually linear 49. Anthemis. p 236 b Irregular or ray flowers purple, red, or yellow; leaf segments not linear 28. Gaillardia. p 234. 70 a Receptacle of head conic or hemispheric; leaf segments usually linear or thread-like.... 51. Matricaria. p 237 b Receptacle of head flat or convex ; leaf segments not as in a 50. Chrysanthemum, p 237 71 a Irregular flowers numerous, in several rows; garden plants 72 b Irregular flowers in i or 2 rows 74 72 a Leaves usually entire or sparingly toothed 37. Calendula, p 235 b Leaves coarsely toothed or lobed 73 73 a Plant 3-10 ft. high; flowers yellow 35. Rudbeckia. p 234 b Plant 1-2 ft. high; flowers usually not yellow 39. Callistephus. p 235 74 a Irregular or ray flowers yellow 75 b Irregular or ray flowers not yellow 84 75 a Heads 2-4 in. broad 76 b Heads 2 in. or less broad 78 76 a Outer bracts of involucre ovate ; leaves 4-20 in. long, broadly oblong 27. Inula. p 234 b Outer bracts of involucre usually lanceolate 77 15 225 COMPOSITAE (THISTLE FAMILY) 77 a Plant 1-2 ft. high, cultivated 28. Gaillardia. p 234. b Plant 2-10 ft. high, wild or cultivated; leaves smooth above 35. Rudbeckia. p 234. c Plant 1-7 ft. high, wild or cultivated ; leaves rough above 36. Helianthus. p 235 78 a Leaves more or less toothed 79 b Leaves entire 81 79 a Heads 1-2 in. broad, the disk globose 47. Helenium. p 236 b Heads 1-2 in. broad, the disk convex 36. Helianthus. p 235 c Heads i in. or less broad, the disk not globose 80 80 a Principal bracts of involucre in i row, sometimes with a few shorter outer ones 58. Senecio. p 238 b Bracts of involucre in several rows, the outer usually successively shorter 9. Solid ago. p 228 8 1 a Heads %-i in. broad 8. Chrysopsis. p 228 b Heads % in. or less broad 82 82 a Leaves not linear 9. Solidago. p 228 b Leaves linear 83 83 a Irregular or ray flowers usually more numerous than the regular flowers 10. Euthamia. p 230 b Irregular or ray flowers less numerous than the regular flowers 8. Chrysopsis. p 228 84 a Bracts of the involucre in i or 2 rows 85 b Bracts of the involucre in 3 or more rows 88 85 a Heads ^4 in. or less broad 17. Leptilon. p 233 b Heads % in. or more broad 86 86 a Wild plants 15. Erigeron. p 233 b Cultivated plants 87 87 a Leaves ovate-heart-shaped 59. Cineraria, p 238 b Leaves lanceolate to oblong 28. Gaillardia. p 234. 88 a Heads arranged in a single, terminal, interrupted spike 9. Solidago. p 228 b Heads not arranged as in a 89 89 a Pappus of 2 or 4 slender bristles and several scales 12. Boltonia. p 230 b Pappus of numerous capillary bristles 90 90 a Irregular flowers numerous, shorter than the pappus; heads % in. or less broad 17. Leptilon. p 233 b Irregular flowers usually not shorter than the pappus 91 91 a Pappus of a single row of capillary bristles 92 b Pappus of 2 rows of bristles, the outer row shorter, sometimes scale-like 93 92 a Involucre very narrow, less than % in. broad ; heads i2-2O-flowered ; irregular or ray flowers 4-7 13. Sericocarpus. p 230 b Plants not completely as in a 14. Aster, p 230 226 COMPOS1TAE (THISTLE FAMILY) 93 a Leaves linear; irregular flowers usually violet 19. lonactis, p 233 b Leaves lanceolate to obovate; irregular flowers white 18. Doellingeria. p 233 1 VERNdNIA IRON WEED. (V. noveboracensis.) 2 EUPAT6RIUM. 1 a Flowers pink or purple; leaves usually in whorls.... 2 b Flowers white; leaves usually opposite or alternate.. 3 2 a Heads in a flattened-topped, cymose panicle SPOTTED JOE-PYE WEED. (E. maculatum.) b Heads in a pyramidal panicle JOE-PYE WEED. (E. purpureum.) 3 a Opposite leaves with their bases united around the stem THOROUGHWORT. (E. perfoliatum.) b Leaves not with bases united as in a 4 4 a Leaves linear, opposite or in clusters in the axils HYSSOP-LEAVED THOROUGHWORT. (E. hyssopifblium.) b Leaves lanceolate to rounded, not linear 5 5 a Upper leaves distinctly petioled 6 b Upper leaves sessile 7 () a Leaves 3-6 in. long, sharply toothed WHITE SNAKEROOT. (E. ageratoldes.) b Leaves 1-3 in. long, bluntly toothed SMALL WHITE SNAKEROOT. (E. aromdticum.) 7 a Leaves tapering at the base WHITE THOROUGHWORT. (E. album.) b Leaves more or less rounded at the base 8 8 a Plant scarcely hairy; leaves 3-6 in. long, long-pointed at apex UPLAND BONESET. (E. sessilifblium.) b Plants noticeably hairy throughout; leaves 1-4 in. long, not long-pointed at apex 9 9 a Leaves ovate-oblong, 2-4 in. long, usually blunt at apex ROUGH THOROUGHWORT. (E. verbenaefblium.) b Leaves roundish-ovate, 1-2 in. long, usually blunt at apex. .ROUND-LEAVED THOROUGHWORT. (E. rotundifblium.) c Leaves ovate, 1-4 in. long, usually pointed at apex HAIRY THOROUGHWORT. (E. pubescens.) 3 PIQUfcRI A STEVIA. (P. trinervia*) 4 AGERATUM AGERATUM. (A. conyzotdes*) 5 WILLUGBAfcYA CLIMBING HEMPWEED. (W '. scdndens.) 6 OTH6NNA OTHONNA. (0. capinsis*) 7 LACINARIA. i a Heads M>-i in. broad, is-45-flowered LARGE BUTTON SNAKEROOT. (L. scaribsa.) b Heads about "/4 in. broad, 5-i3-flowered DENSE BUTTON SNAKEROOT. (L. spicata.) 227 COMPOSITAE (THISTLE FAMILY) 8 CHRYS6PSIS. i a Heads V±-Vz in. broad; leaves linear SICKLE-LEAVED GOLDEN ASTER. (C. falcata.) b Heads %-i in. broad; leaves oblong to oblanceolate MARYLAND GOLDEN ASTER. (C. mariana.) 9 SOLIDAGO. 1 a Outer flowers white ....WHITE GOLDEN-ROD. (S. bicolor.) b Outer flowers yellow 2 2 a Bracts of the involucre all strongly spreading or re- curved RAGGED GOLDEN-ROD. (S. sguarrosa.) b Bracts of the involucre erect and appressed 3 3 a Upper surface of leaves very rough or verv uneven. . 4 b Upper surface of leaves more or less smooth 7 4 a Stem not hairy; lower leaves 4-15 in. long ROUGH-LEAVED GOLDEN-ROD. (S. pdtula.) b Stem densely hairy 5 5 a Heads arranged in a compound corymb, not in racemes; leaves rough on both sides. STIFF GOLDEN-ROD. (S. rigida.) b Heads in i-sided racemes arranged in a panicle 6 6 a Plant covered with fine gray hairs; leaves oblanceolate, usually blunt at apex.. GRAY GOLDEN-ROD. (S. nemoralis.) b Plant covered with rather coarse hairs; leaves oval to oblong-lanceolate, usually pointed at apex WRINKLED-LEAVED GOLDEN-ROD. (S. rugbsa.) 7 a Heads in clusters in the axils of the upper leaves 8 b Heads not in axillary clusters 10 8 a Stem and leaves densely hairy HAIRY GOLDEN-ROD. (S. hispida.) b Stem and leaves not densely hairy 9 9 a Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; stem rounded, often bluish or purple BLUE-STEMMED GOLDEN-ROD. (S. caesla.) b Leaves broadly ovate; stem angled, often zigzag ZIG-ZAG GOLDEN-ROD. (S. flexicaulis.) 10 a Heads in a compact, often spike-like panicle, not ar- ranged in i-sided racemes n b Heads in i-sided, spreading or recurved racemes ar- ranged in a panicle 14 11 a Stem and leaves densely hairy HAIRY GOLDEN-ROD. (S. hispida.) b Stem and leaves not densely hairy 12 12 a Lower and basal leaves 2-4 in. long, oblanceolate, rather blunt at apex DOWNY GOLDEN-ROD. (S. puberula.) b Lower and basal leaves 4-10 in. long, lanceolate to oval, usually pointed at apex 13 228 COMPOSITAE (THISTLE FAMILY) 13 a Lower and basal leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate BOG GOLDEN-ROD. (S. uliginosa.) b Lower and basal leaves oval to ovate, the margins rough SHOWY GOLDEN-ROD. (S. speciosa.) 14 a Lower and basal leaves entire 15 b Lower and basal leaves more or less sharply toothed 16 15 a Irregular flowers 8-10; basal leaves long-petioled ; plant growing on salt marshes SEA-SIDE GOLDEN-ROD. (S. sempervirens.) b Irregular flowers 3-4; basal leaves sessile or short- petioled ; plant not growing on salt marshes SWEET GOLDEN-ROD. (S. odbra.) 16 a Lower leaves more or less distinctly 3-nerved 17 b Lower leaves pinnately veined, not 3-nerved 19 17 a Plant hairy CUT-LEAVED GOLDEN-ROD. (S. serotina.) b Plants not distinctly hairy 18 1 8 a Lower leaves narrowly lanceolate CANADA GOLDEN-ROD. (S. canadensis.) b Lower leaves oblanceolate GRAY GOLDEN-ROD. (S. nemoralis.) 19 a Basal leaves similar to the 30-200 stem leaves, sessile or short-petioled 20 b Basal leaves long-petioled, conspicuously larger than the 10-20 stem leaves 21 20 a Lower leaves coarsely and sharply toothed ; achenes usually not hairy. ELM-LEAVED GOLDEN-ROD. (S. nlmifblia.) b Lower leaves sparingly toothed; achenes hairy ELLIOTT'S GOLDEN-ROD. (S. elliottii.) 21 a Lower leaves broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, abruptly narrowed to a margined petiole; upper leaves usually toothed TOOTHED GOLDEN-ROD. (S. arguta.) b Lower leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, gradually narrowed into a petiole; upper leaves usually entire 22 22 a Irregular flowers 7-12; panicle usually, not always, as broad as high; basal leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceo- late EARLY GOLDEN-ROD. (S. juncea.) b Irregular flowers 1-8 ; panicle usually longer than broad; basal leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate.. 23 23 a Irregular flowers 1-4; upper leaves linear to lanceolate; panicle comparatively small FEW-RAYED GOLDEN-ROD. (S. unillgulhta.) b Irregular flowers 3-8; upper leaves lanceolate SWAMP GOLDEN-ROD. (S. neglecta.) 229 COMPOSITAE (THISTLE FAMILY) 10 EUTHAMIA. i a Irregular flowers 12-20; leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-5- nerved BUSHY GOLDEN-ROD. (E. graminifolia.) b Irregular flowers 6-12; leaves narrowly linear, usually i-nerved SLENDER FRAGRANT GOLDEN-ROD. (E. carollniana.) n BfiLLIS GARDEN DAISY. (B. perennis*) 12 BOLT6NIA ASTER-LIKE BOLTONIA. (B. asteroides.) 13 SERICOCARPUS. i a Leaves linear NARROW-LEAVED WHITE-TOPPED ASTER. (S. linifblius.) b Leaves lanceolate to obovate TOOTHED WHITE-TOPPED ASTER. (S. asteroides.) 14 ASTER. 1 a Some or all of lower and basal leaves petioled and heart-shaped at base 2 b Lower leaves more or less tapering at the base or else sessile 12 2 a Ray flowers white 3 b Ray flowers blue or violet 7 3 a Leaves smooth above. WHITE WOOD ASTER. (A. divaricatus.) b Leaves noticeably rough above 4 4 a Branches of the corymb with glandular hairs LARGE-LEAVED ASTER. (A. macrophyllus.) b Branches of the corymb or panicle not with glandular hairs 5 5 a Ray flowers about 6; heads in a rounded corymb BERNHARDI'S ASTER. (A. glomeratus.) b Ray flowers 10-20; heads in a flat-topped corymb or panicle 6 6 a Basal sinus of the basal leaves more or less rectangular; heads in a corymb SCHREBER'S ASTER. (A. schreberi.) b Basal sinus of basal leaves rounded ; heads in a panicle BLUE WOOD ASTER. (A. cordifblius.) 7 a Branches of the inflorescence with glandular hairs LARGE-LEAVED ASTER. (A. macrophyllus). b Branches of the inflorescence not with glandular hairs. . 8 8 a Stem leaves with winged petioles spreading and clasp- ing at the base WAVY-LEAF ASTER. (A. undulatus.) b Stem leaves sessile or with slender petioles sometimes winged but not clasping at the base 9 9 a Bracts of the involucre spreading, not appressed, pointed at the apex ARROW-LEAVED ASTER. (A. sagittifblius.) b Bracts of the involucre appressed, usually not pointed at apex 10 10 a Heads in corymbs. . .WHITE WOOD ASTER. (A. di-varicatus.) b Heads in panicles 1 1 230 COMPOS1TAE (THISTLE FAMILY) 11 a Leaves usually rough above, not glaucous beneath BLUE WOOD ASTER. (A. cordifblius.) b Leaves smooth, usually glaucous beneath LOWRIE'S ASTER. (A. lowrieanus.) 12 a At least the lower leaves, and sometimes the stem leaves, narrowed or constricted below the middle and widened and clasping at the base 13 b Leaves not completely as in a 15 13 a Leaves toothed above the middle CROOKED-STEM ASTER. (A. prenanthotdes.) b Leaves usually entire 14 14 a Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, ^-3 in. long, usually rough LATE PURPLE ASTER. (A. patens.) b Leaves lanceolate to oblong, 1-6 in. long, not usually rough THIN-LEAVED PURPLE ASTER. (A. phlogifblius.) 15 a Stem leaves more or less clasping at the base 16 b Stem leaves sessile or petioled, not clasping at the base 22 16 a Bracts of involucre with glandular hairs 17 b Bracts of involucre not with glandular hairs 19 17 a Ray flowers 40-60; leaves lanceolate; branchlets with glandular hairs. NEW ENGLAND ASTER. (A. nbvae-dngliae.) b Ray flowers 20-30; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate or sometimes lanceolate; branchlets not with glandular hairs 18 1 8 a Leaves lanceolate to oblong THIN-LEAVED PURPLE ASTER. (A. phlogifblius.) b Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate LATE PURPLE ASTER. (A. patens.) 19 a Upper branches densely hairy 20 b Upper branches not densely hairy 21 20 a Leaves entire. .. .NEW ENGLAND ASTER. (A. nbvae-dngliae.) b Leaves usually coarsely toothed and rough above PURPLE-STEM ASTER. (A. punicens.) 21 a Stem usually glaucous; involucre bell-shaped, its bracts appressed SMOOTH ASTER. (A. laevis.) b Stem not glaucous; involucre hemispheric, its bracts spreading NEW YORK ASTER. (A. nbin-belgii.) 22 a Leaves silvery-silky on both sides; heads in wand-like racemes SILVER ASTER. (A. concolor.) b Leaves not silvery-silky on both sides 23 23 a Heads when open %-z in. broad 24 b Heads when open Vi in. or less broad 31 24 a Lower leaves oval to oblanceolate, petioled; branches and bracts of involucre usually with glandular hairs SHOWY PURPLE ASTER. (A. spectdbilis.) b Lower leaves lanceolate to oblong; no glandular hairs present 25 231 COMPOSITAE (THISTLE FAMILY) 25 a Upper stem leaves entire, the lowest sometimes toothed 26 b Stem leaves more or less toothed 27 26 a Lower leaves oblanceolate, sometimes toothed; plant not growing on salt marshes. . BUSHY ASTER. (A. dumbsus.) b Lower leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, entire; plant growing on salt marshes PERENNIAL SALT-MARSH ASTER. (A. tenuifolius.) 27 a Heads when open 1-2 in. broad, not in panicles 28 b Heads i in. or less broad when open, in loose panicles or racemose-panicles 29 28 a Leaves 1-2 in. long; heads few or solitary on slender stalks BOG ASTER. (A. nemoralis.) b Leaves 2-6 in. long; heads several in a corymb MOUNTAIN ASTER. (A. acuminatus.) 29 a Heads numerous in leafy racemes on the branches; ray flowers white TRADESCANT'S ASTER. (A. tradescdnti.) b Heads in a loose panicle ; ray flowers violet, purplish, or white 30 30 a Ray flowers usually white; leaves smooth PANICLED ASTER. (A. paniculatus.) b Ray flowers not usually white; leaves often rough above WILLOW ASTER. (A. salicifblius.) 31 a Heads in loose panicles, or terminal on the branches, not in i-sided racemes 32 b Heads in more or less i-sided racemes, often recurved, on the branches 38 32 a Stem densely hairy, not merely hairy in lines HAIRY-STEMMED ASTER. (A. hirsuticaulis.) b Stem not densely hairy, sometimes hairy in lines 33 33 a Lower leaves toothed 34 b All leaves entire 35 34 a Bracts of the involucre lanceolate; basal leaves narrowed into winged petioles. WHITE HEATH ASTER. (A, ericoldes.) b Bracts of involucre linear; basal leaves not petioled BUSHY ASTER. (A. dumbsus.) 35 a Plants growing in salt marshes 36 b Plants not growing in salt marshes 37 36 a Heads %-i in. broad when open; bracts of involucre lanceolate. PERENNIAL SALT-MARSH ASTER. (A. tenuifolius.) b Heads %-'% in. broad; bracts of involucre linear ANNUAL SALT-MARSH ASTER. (A. subulatus.) 37 a Bracts of involucre lanceolate; basal leaves narrowed into winged petioles. WHITE HEATH ASTER' (A. ericoides.) b Bracts of involucre linear; basal leaves not petioled BUSHY ASTER. (A. dumbsus.) 38 a Stems conspicuously rough or hairy throughout 39 b Stems not rough or hairy throughout, often hairy in lines 41 232 COMPOS1TAE (THISTLE FAMILY) 39 a All leaves entire, rough DENSELY-FLOWERED ASTER. (A. multiflbrus.) b Some of the leaves usually toothed, not rough 40 40 a Lower leaves oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, usually petioled, long-pointed at apex HAIRY-STEMMED ASTER. (A. hirsuticdulis.) b Lower leaves linear to lanceolate, sessile, pointed at apex TRADESCANT'S ASTER. (A. trades cdnti.) 41 a Lower leaves ovate to lanceolate, usually petioled STARVED ASTER. (A. lateriftbrus.) b Lower leaves linear to lanceolate, sessile 42 42 a Branches nearly horizontal ; lower leaves entire or some- times toothed SMALL WHITE ASTER. (A. vimineus.) b Branches ascending; lower leaves toothed TRADESCANT'S ASTER. (A. tradescdnti.) 15 ERfGERON. 1 a Heads 1-2 in. broad; stem not usually branched above ROBIN'S PLANTAIN. (E. pulchellus.) b Heads usually %-x in. broad; stems usually branched above 2 2 a Ray flowers rose-purple, 100 or more to a head PHILADELPHIA FLEABANE. (E. philadelphicus.) b Ray flowers white or purple tinged, 70 or less to a head 3 3 a Stem leaves toothed SWEET SCABIOUS. (E. dnnuus.) b Stem leaves entire DAISY FLEABANE. (E. rambsus.) 16 HELICHR^SUM GOLDEN IMMORTELLE. (H. bractedtum*) 17 LEPTILON HORSE-WEED. (L. canadense.) 1 8 DOELLINGfeRIA. i a Heads comparatively numerous ; leaves lanceolate to oblong FLAT-TOPPED WHITE ASTER. (D. umbelldta.) b Heads comparatively few ; leaves obovate to oblong- lanceolate CORNEL-LEAVED ASTER. (D. infirma.) 19 IONACTIS STIFF ASTER. (I. linariifblius.) 20 BACCHARIS GROUNDSEL TREE. (B. halimifblia.) 21 GIFOLA CUDWEED. (G. germdnica.) 22 PLUCHEA SALT-MARSH FLEABANE. (P. camphordta.) 23 ANTENNARIA. 1 a Basal leaves %-% in. broad, distinctly i-nerved 2 b Basal leaves Mj-2 in. broad, distinctly 3-5-nerved. ... 4 2 a Mature basal leaves i in. or less long, obovate ; stolons leafy throughout SMALLER CATJS-FOOT. (A. neodiolca.) b Mature basal leaves usually more than i in. long, ob- lanceolate 3 3 a Stolons leafy throughout; basal leaves 1-2 in. long CANADIAN CAT'S-FOOT. (A. canadensis.) b Stolons leafy only toward the tip; basal leaves 1-3 in. long FIELD CAT'S-FOOT. (A. neglecta.) 233 COMPOSITAE (THISTLE FAMILY) 4 a Plant with purplish, glandular hairs; young leaves not usually hairy above. .PARLIN'S CAT'S- FOOT. (A. parlinii.) b Plants not with glandular hairs; young leaves hairy above 5 5 a Basal leaves 1-3 in. long, with petiole usually shorter than the blade PLANTAIN-LEAF EVERLASTING. (A. plantaginifblia.) b Basal leaves 2-5 in. long, with petiole as long as the blade TALL CATJS-FOOT. (A. fallax.) 24 ANAPHALIS PEARLY EVERLASTING. (A. margaritacea.) 25 GNAPHALIUM. 1 a Plants erect, branched only toward the top 2 b Plants ascending or erect, branched at the base 3 2 a Stem clothed with glandular hairs CLAMMY EVERLASTING. (G. decurrens.) b Stem not with glandular hairs, merely woolly COMMON EVERLASTING. (G. obtusifblium.) 3 a Heads in leafy-bracted clusters, not in spikes Low CUDWEED. (G. uliginbsum.) b Heads in a terminal, interrupted spike PURPLISH CUDWEED. (G. purpureum.) 26 XERANTHEMUM IMMORTELLE. (X. dnnuum*) 27 INULA ELECAMPANE. (I. helenium.) 28 GAILLARDIA. i a Flowers purple or red. SHOWY GAILLARDIA. (G. pulchella*) b Flowers yellow GREAT-FLOWERED GAILLARDIA. (G. aristata*) 29 EMILIA TASSEL FLOWER. (E. fldmmea*) 30 POLfMNIA. i a Ray flowers bright yellow, about MJ in. long YELLOW LEAF-CUP. (P. uvedalia.) b Ray flowers whitish or yellowish, about % in. long, or sometimes wanting SMALL-FLOWERED LEAF-CUP. (P. canadensis.) 31 SILPHIUM CUP-PLANT. (S. perfoliatum.) 32 HELI6PSIS. i a Leaves and stem rough ROUGH OX-EYE. (H. scdbra.) b Leaves and stem not rough .... OX-EYE. (H. helianthoides.) 33 ECLIPTA ECLIPTA. (E. alba.) 34 BRAUNERIA PURPLE CONE-FLOWER. (B. pur pur ea*) 35 RUDBfiCKIA. i a Leaves entire or sparingly toothed YELLOW DAISY. (R. hirta.) b Leaves pinnately divided or lobed GOLDEN GLOW. (R. laciniata*) 234 COMPOSITAE (THISTLE FAMILY) 36 HELIANTHUS, 1 a Disk flowers purple or brown, especially in older flowers ; cultivated species 2 b Disk flowers yellow 3 2 a Leaves broadly ovate, rounded at the base; heads 3-18 in. broad COMMON SUNFLOWER. (H. dnnuus.*) b Leaves oblong to lanceolate; heads 2-6 in. broad GARDEN SUNFLOWER. (H. rigidus*) 3 a Upper stem leaves alternate 4 b Usually all leaves opposite 5 4 a Upper leaves narrowly lanceolate, usually i in. or less broad TALL SUNFLOWER. (H. giganteus.) b Upper leaves broadly lanceolate, usually more than i in. broad JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE. (H. tuberosus.) 5 a Leaves usually lanceolate; heads about 1-2 in. broad WOODLAND SUNFLOWER. (H. divaricatus.) b Leaves ovate to lanceolate; heads 2-4 in. broad 6 6 a Leaves usually slender petioled, sharply toothed THIN-LEAVED SUNFLOWER. (H. decapetalus.) b Leaves short-petioled, entire or sometimes toothed PALE-LEAVED SUNFLOWER. (H. strumbsus.) 37 CALENDULA POT MARIGOLD. (C. officinalis*) 38 TAGETES. 1 a Ray flowers usually 5 DWARF MARIGOLD. (T. signata*) b Ray flowers 8 or more 2 2 a Involucre angular; ray flowers usually of uniform color AFRICAN MARIGOLD. (T. erecta*) b Involucre not angular; ray flowers blotched or striped FRENCH MARIGOLD. (T. pdtula*) 39 CALLISTEPHUS CHINA ASTER. (C. hortensis*) 40 COREOPSIS. 1 a Ray flowers pink, rarely white PINK TICKSEED. (C. rbsea.) b Ray flowers yellow or brown 2 2 a Lower leaves entire or sparingly toothed or lobed LANCE-LEAVED TICKSEED. (C. lanceolata.) b Lower leaves pinnately divided 3 3 a Cultivated species ; ray flowers often with a brown or yellow base or entirely brown, the rays toothed or lobed GARDEN TICKSEED. (C. tinctbria*) b Wild species; ray flowers entirely yellow, the rays entire TALL TICKSEED. (C. tripteris.) 41 ZINNIA GARDEN ZINNIA. (Z. elegans*) 42 COSMOS COSMOS. ( C. bipinndtus*) 43 DAHLIA COMMON DAHLIA. (D. hybrida*) 235 COMPOS1TAE (THISTLE FAMILY) 44 BlDENS. 1 a Plant growing in water, the submerged leaves dissected into capillary segments. .WATER MARIGOLD. (B. beckii.) b Plants not growing in water 2 2 a Ray flowers present, */4 in. or more long 3 b Ray flowers wanting or less than ^4 in. long 5 3 a Leaves pinnately divided into 3-7 leaflets TICK-SEED SUNFLOWER. (B. trichosperma.) b Leaves toothed, not pinnately divided 4 4 a Heads 1-3 in. broad; bases of opposite leaves not joined around the stem. ... SMOOTH BUR-MARIGOLD. (B. laevis.) b Heads %-i in. broad; bases of opposite leaves often joined around the stem STICK-TIGHT. (B. cernua.) 5 a Lower leaves lanceolate to oblong, toothed but not pinnately divided 6 b Lower leaves pinnately divided into 3-5 leaflets .... 8 6 a Outer bracts of involucre 1-3 in. long, lanceolate, usually toothed. . .LEAFY-BRACTED TICKSEED. (B. combsa.) b Outer bracts of involucre i in. or less long, entire. ... 7 7 a Leaves sessile; heads nodding after flowering STICK-TIGHT. (B, cernua.) b Leaves petioled ; heads erect after flowering SWAMP BEGGAR-TICK. (B. connata.) 8 a Achenes %-% in. long, much longer than the bracts; outer bracts of involucre about the length of the inner SPANISH NEEDLES. (B. bipinnata.) b Achenes less than l/2 in. long; outer bracts of involucre much longer than the inner 9 9 a Heads V^-V-2 in. broad; outer bracts of involucre usu- ally 4 SMALL BEGGAR-TICK. (B. discoidea.) b Heads 1X>-% in. broad; outer bracts of involucre usu- ally 5-8 BEGGAR-TICK. (B. frondbsa.) 45 GALINS6GA GALINSOGA. ( G. parviflbra.) 46 ARCT6TIS ARCTOTIS. (A. breviscapa*) 47 HELENIUM SNEEZEWEED. (H. autumnale.) 48 ACHILLfeA. i a Ray flowers 4-6 YARROW. (A. millefblium.) b Ray flowers numerous WHITE TANSY. (A. ptdrmica*) 49 ANTHEMIS. 1 a Ray flowers yellow YELLOW CAMOMILE. (A. tinctbria*) b Ray flowers white 2 2 a Cultivated, aromatic species GARDEN CAMOMILE. (A. nbbilis*) b Wild species 3 236 COMPOSITAE (THISTLE FAMILY) 3 a Plant with fetid odor, sparingly hairy MAYWEED. (A. cotula.) b Plant not with fetid odor, densely hairy CORN CAMOMILE. (A. arvensis.) 50 CHRYSANTHEMUM. 1 a Leaves deeply divided to the midrib or nearly so.... 2 b Leaves merely toothed or lobed, but not deeply lobed as in a 7 2 a Flowers borne in corymbs 3 b Flowers borne singly at the ends of the branches or stems 4 3 a Stem grooved or angled; plant 1-3 ft. high FEVERFEW. (C. parthtnium.) b Stem not grooved or angled; plant %-i ft. high GOLDEN FEATHER. (C. praedltum*) 4 a Disk flowers dark purple KEELED CHRYSANTHEMUM. (C. carinatum*) b Disk flowers yellow 5 5 a Plant not usually branched; ray flowers never wholly yellow PYRETHRUM. (C. coccineum*) b Plants branched; ray flowers yellow or white 6 6 a Plant cultivated in gardens, not shrubby at base SUMMER CHRYSANTHEMUM. (C. coronarium*) b Plant cultivated in pots and greenhouses; shrubby at base MARGUERITE. (C. frutescens.*) 7 a Foliage glaucous; ray flowers golden yellow CORN MARIGOLD. (C. segetum*) b Foliage not glaucous; ray flowers variously colored, often numerous £ 8 a Ray flowers in several rows, numerous, variously colored ; disk flowers few or wanting COMMON CHRYSANTHEMUM. (C. hybridum*) b Ray flowers in i or 2 rows, white; disk flowers more numerous than ray flowers 9 9 a Plant not cultivated WHITE DAISY. (C. leucdnthemum.) b Plants cultivated in gardens and greenhouses 10 10 a Leaves sessile, usually hairy or rough GIANT DAISY. (C. uliginbsum*) b Lower leaves usually petioled LARGE-FLOWERED CHRYSANTHEMUM. (C. maximum*) 51 MATRICARIA. i a Ray flowers 10-20; plant aromatic WILD CAMOMILE. (M. chamomilla.) b Ray flowers 20-30; plant not aromatic SCENTLESS CAMOMILE. (M. inodbra.) 52 TANACfcTUM TANSY. (T. vulgare.) 237 COMPOSITES (THISTLE FAMILY) 53 ARTEMISIA. 1 a Segments of leaves linear 2 b Segments of leaves oblong, lanceolate, or ovate 4 2 a Leaves white- woolly beneath COMMON MUGWORT. (A. vulgaris.) b Leaves sometimes hairy but not white-woolly beneath 3 3 a Heads in a leafy, branched panicle; bracts of involucre ovate; flowers greenish .. WILD WORMWOOD. (A. caudata.) b Heads in a racemose-panicle; bracts of involucre lanceo- late to obovate; flowers yellowish SOUTHERNWOOD. (A. abrotanum*) 4 a Plant shrubby; receptacle of head hairy; heads nodding COMMON WORMWOOD. (A. absinthium.*) b Plants not shrubby; receptacle of head not hairy; heads erect 5 5 a Heads in spikes; bracts of involucre oblong COMMON MUGWORT. (A. vulgaris.) b Heads in spike-like racemes, bracts of involucre lanceo- late or oblong; plant usually white-woolly through- out BEACH WORMWOOD. (A. stellariana*) 54 TUSSILAGO COLTSFOOT. (T. fdrfara.) 55 PETASlTES BUTTER-BUR. (P. petasites.*) 56 ERECHTiTES FIRE-WEED. (E. hieracifblia.) 57 SYN6SMA. .SWEET-SCENTED INDIAN PLANTAIN. (S. suavtolens.) 58 SENfcCIO. 1 a Twining vine, cultivated in pots GERMAN IVY. (S. mikanioides*) b Erect herbs 2 2 a Plants cultivated for their foliage 3 b Plants not cultivated for their foliage 4 3 a Plant white-woolly DUSTY MILLER. (S. cineraria*) b Plant not white-woolly; leaves often spotted LEOPARD PLANT. (S. kdempferi*) 4 a Ray flowers wanting; all leaves more or less pinnatifid COMMON GROUNDSEL. (S. vulgaris.) b Ray flowers present; basal leaves not usually pinnatifid 5 5 a Basal leaves round-ovate, heart-shaped at the base GOLDEN RAGWORT. (S. aureus.) b Basal leaves tapering at the base into winged petioles 6 6 a Basal leaves obovate or oblanceolate, rounded at the apex ROUND-LEAF SQUAW- WEED. (S. obovatus.) b Basal leaves usually oblong, rarely oblanceolate, not noticeably rounded at the apex BALSAM GROUNDSEL. (S. balsamitae.) 59 CINERARIA CINERARIA. (C. cruenta.*) 238 COM POSIT 'A E (THISTLE FAMILY) 60 ARCTIUM. i a Heads 1-2 in. broad; inner bracts of involucre as long or longer than the flowers. .GREAT BURDOCK. (A. Idppa.) b Heads V2-% in. broad; inner bracts of involucre usually shorter than the flowers. .COMMON BURDOCK. (A. minus.) 61 CARDUUS. 1 a Flowers yellow ....YELLOW THISTLE. (C. spinosissimus.) b Flowers not yellow, usually purple or white 2 2 a Upper branches winged by spiny segments; pappus not plumose CURLED THISTLE. (C. crispus.) b Upper branches not winged as in a; pappus usually plumose 3 3 a Heads i in. or less broad, several in a corymb CANADA THISTLE. (C. arvensis.) b Heads 1-2 in. broad, usually solitary at the ends of the branches 4 4 a Bracts of involucre without prickles, more or less cottony SWAMP THISTLE. (C. muticus.) b Bracts of involucre tipped with bristles or prickles .... 5 5 a Leaves green on both sides, not woolly beneath PASTURE THISTLE. (C, odoratus.) b Leaves more or less woolly beneath 6 6 a Leaves, excepting sometimes the lowest, not pinnatifid, merely toothed with bristly tips TALL THISTLE. (C. altissimtts.) b All leaves more or less pinnatifid, not merely toothed. . 7 7 a Lobes of leaves triangular-lanceolate; all bracts of in- volucre tipped with prickles BULL THISTLE. (C. lanceolatus.) b Lobes of leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; inner bracts of involucre not tipped with bristles; prickles of outer bracts long and slender .... FIELD THISTLE. (C. discolor.) 62 ONOP6RDON COTTON THISTLE. (O. acdnthium.) 63 CENTAUREA. 1 a Plant very woolly, cultivated as bedding plant WOOLLY DUSTY MILLER. (C. cineraria*) b Plants not very woolly, especially when old, not culti- vated as in a 2 2 a Outer bracts of involucre tipped with stout, spreading spines STAR THISTLE. (C. calcitrapa.) b Outer bracts of involucre not tipped with spines 3 3 a Heads Vz-i in. broad; pappus wanting KNAPWEED. (C. nlgra.) b Heads 1-3 in. broad; pappus of short bristles 4 239 COMPOS1TAE (THISTLE FAMILY) 4 a Leaves linear to lanceolate, entire, toothed or sometimes pinnatifid; flowers not fragrant BACHELOR'S BUTTON. (C. cyanus*) b Leaves pinnatifid ; flowers fragrant SWEET SULTAN. (C. moschata*) 64 STOKfeSIA STORE'S ASTER. (S. cyanea*) 65 CNlCUS BLESSED THISTLE. (C. benedictus.) 66 ECHlNOPS GLOBE THISTLE. (E. exaltatus*) 240 GLOSSARY Definition of Terms Used in This Handbook Achene. A small hard, dry, indehiscent fruit in which the cover- ing is not tightly united to the seed, as in the buttercup. Acrid. Sharp, hot, or bitter to the taste. Acute. Pointed, applying to the apex of the leaf. Adherent. See adnate. Adnate. Growing together of different organs or parts of organs, as the stamens to the corolla. Aerial rootlets. Small roots appearing on the stem above ground. Air bladders. Little sacs containing air, and serving to float the plant in water. Alternate. Applied to leaves which are not opposite but are arranged at different heights on the stem. Ament. A spike of small flowers which are imperfect and are without a perianth; each flower is usually subtended by a bract. Ament-like. Similar to an ament. Annual. Applied to plants which live but one year or season. Annular. In the form of a ring. Annular disk. A swollen or enlarged ring in the flower inside the petals. Anther. The upper enlarged part of the stamen which contains the pollen. Apex. The top or tip of an organ. Apical. Referring to the top of the plant or organ. Appendage. A part added to another. Appressed. Lying close against another. Aquatic. Applied to plants living partly or wholly in water. Aril. An appendage on a seed, more usually at the place of attach- ment of seed. Armed. Protected. Aromatic. Having an odor. Arrow-shaped. Somewhat triangular, usually with two basal lobes. Ascending. Growing somewhat obliquely or curving upward from the base. Awl-shaped. Narrow and tapering from the base to a rigid tip. Aiun. A bristle-like or hair-like appendage, as seen in many grasses. Axil. A point on the stem just above where a leaf is attached. Axillary. Attached to the stem just above a leaf or branch. Axis. An organ around which other organs are attached. 1 6 241 GLOSSARY Barbed. Furnished with very small rigid points or sharp bristles which are usually turned downward. Basal. Coming from the base, as basal leaves. Beak. A pointed projection. Bearded. Having a tuft of hairs. Bell-shaped. Tubular and enlarged, shaped more or less like a bell. Berry. A fruit fleshy throughout, the seeds usually small. Berry-like. Similar to a berry. Bi-. Used in compound words to mean twice or double. Biennial. Applied to plants which live for two years, usually pro- ducing the fruit and flowers the second year. Bipinnate. Pinnate leaves which have secondary petioles each bearing more than one leaflet. Bladder. Small sac filled with air. Blade. The expanded portion of a leaf. Bloom. A thin coating on the surface of some fruits and leaves often grayish or bluish in color. Blunt. Having a rounded end, not tapering or abruptly cut off. Boat-shaped. Shaped somewhat like a rowboat with or without a keel, more or less pointed at each end and hollowed. Bract. Leaf-like organ usually smaller than the ordinary leaves of the plant and often found near the flowers. Branch. A division of the stem. Branchlet. A small branch or a division of a branch. Bristle. A stiff hair or hair-like structure. Bristly. Covered with bristles. Bud. An undeveloped stem or branch with the undeveloped leaves. An unopened flower. Bulb. A bud differing from ordinary buds by growing in the ground and having thickened scales containing nutriment. Bulblet. A very small bulb usually above ground. Bulbous. Growing from or producing bulbs. Bur. A seed or head bearing hooked, barbed, or pointed appendages. Bush. A low woody plant with numerous branches. Calyx. The outer whorl of leaf-like organs of the flower, usually green. Calyx-tube. The tube formed by the growing together of the sepals, with no other organs attached to it. Capillary. Long and narrow like a coarse hair. Capsule. A dry fruit which opens to shed its seed, usually composed of two or more carpels. Carpel. A single pistil or one part of a compound pistil. Caruncle. An appendage or protuberance on a seed growing near its place of attachment. Catkin. The same as ament, which see. 242 GLOSSARY Chaff. Small bracts which subtend the flowers in a head of the Compositae. Channeled. Hollowed or grooved, usually longitudinally. Ciliate. The margins covered with hairs. Clasping. Extending part way around. Cleft. With indentations extending half way or more inward. Cleistogamous. Referring to flowers which never open but are self- fertilized. Climbing. Ascending or rising by using other objects as support. Cluster. Several growing close together. Cohesion. The growing together of like organs or parts. Colored. Any color other than green. Column. A solid body formed by the union of the stamens and styles, as in the orchids. Compound. Consisting of a number of similar parts which form a complete whole. Compound leaf. A leaf having two or more distinct blades. Compound ovary. An ovary made up of several ovaries joined together. Concave. Hollowed out like a saucer. Cone. The fruit of a conifer or Gymnosperm, having overlapping scales. Cone-like. Similar to a cone. Cone-shaped. In the form of a cone, the geometric figure. Connective. The portion of the stamen which connects the two lobes of the anther, usually very short. Contiguous. Referring to parts which are in contact or nearly so. Cordate. The shape of a heart as it is usually pictured, with the point outward. Corm. The enlarged fleshy base of the stem shaped like a bulb, only solid. Corolla. The inner whorl or whorls of leaf-like organs of the flower, usually the conspicuous part; the corolla may be tubular or of separate parts called petals. Corona. An appendage which is between the corolla and the sta- mens, often attached to the former. Corymb. A flat-topped or convex cluster of flowers with the stalk of each flower attached at different levels on the stem, the outer flowers opening first. Corymbose. Similar to a corymb. Cotyledon. The first leaf or leaves of a plant, usually found in the seed. Creeping. Extending along the ground. Crest-like. With a flattened ridge or elevation, similar to a crest on a helmet. Crisp. Having the surface toward the margin strongly waved or curled. 243 GLOSSARY Crinkly. Same as crisp, which see. Crown. An appendage which is between the corolla and the stamens, often attached to the former. Culm. The stem of grass or sedge. Cultivated plant. One which has been planted or the seeds sown, not growing wild. Cup. A concave involucre shaped somewhat like a cup with a con- cave bottom, as in the fruit of the oak. Cup-shaped. Shaped like a cup, usually with concave bottom and the sides straight or concave. Cylindric, cylindrical. More or less circular in cross section. Cyme. A flat-topped or convex cluster of flowers with the stalk of each flower attached at different levels on the stem, the center or terminal flowers opening first. Cymous. Similar to a cyme. Deciduous. Falling off at close of season, referring especially to leaves. Decompound. More than once compounded; leaves in which the secondary parts are compound or composed of leaflets. Decumbent. Stems or branches in a horizontal or oblique position with the ends more or less vertical. Definite. Of a constant number, usually not exceeding twenty. Deftexed. Bent or turned abruptly outward. Dehiscent. Opening in a regular or definite manner to discharge the contents. Dense. Crowded together. Depressed-globose. Globose but flattened at the poles or ends. Diadelphous. Stamens with the filaments united into two sets as in some Papilionaceae. Diffuse. Widely or loosely spreading. Dioecious. Having staminate flowers on one individual and pistillate flowers on another. Discoid. Flat and circular like a disk. Disk. A portion of the receptacle of a flower just outside and at the base of the pistils. Disk flowers. The regular or tubular flowers in a head of the Compositae. Dissected. Cut deeply into many lobes or parts as in dissected leaves. Distinct. Applied to parts of the same kind when not united. Plainly visible. Divided. Having indentations extending to the midrib or to the petiole as in the leaf. Dotted. More or less covered with dots. Double. Referring to flowers which have more than one whorl of petals or petal-like organs. 244 GLOSSARY Doubly compound. More than once compound, as in leaves. Doubly toothed. Having the large teeth toothed with smaller teeth. Downy. Covered with short fine hairs. Drooping. Inclined downward. Drupe. A fruit usually fleshy with a stony pit or seed in the center, as the cherry, peach, plum, etc. Ear. A spike of corn. Elliptic. Oblong with rounded ends, shaped like an ellipse. Elongated. Longer than the average. Embryo. The rudimentary plant within the seed. Entire. With a smooth or even edge, not toothed or lobed. Epigynous flower. One in which the ovary is surrounded by and joined to the receptacle to which the other organs of the flower are attached. Epiphytic. Applied to a plant growing upon another plant but securing no nourishment from it; an air plant. Equal. Regular. Of the same number. Equilateral. Equal-sided. Erect. More or less perpendicular to the surface to which it is attached. Even. Without inequalities of surface. Evergreen. Having green leaves throughout the entire year. Exserted. Extending beyond, as the stamens beyond the corolla. Fan-shaped. Shaped like a fan, somewhat triangular with the outer margin usually rounded in outline. Fertilized. Having the nucleus from the pollen fused with a nucleus in the ovule. Fiber. The slender thread-like cells or hairs used economically. Filament. The stalk of the stamen. Filiform. Like a thread. Fleshy. Usually enlarged and somewhat soft. Floating. Applied to plants in which the blades of the leaves remain on the surface of the water. Flower. The part of the plant which is directly concerned in pro- ducing the seed. Flowering scale. The inner bract in the flower of grasses which enfolds the stamens and pistils. Flower stalk. The stem which bears the flowers, especially when the leaves are all basal. Foliage. The leaves of the plant. Forage. Grass, clover, and such plants, eaten by horses, cattle, etc. Forked. Having two, sometimes more, main stems or stalks arising from nearly the same point. Fringed. Bordered by slender appendages. 245 GLOSSARY Fruit. The seed-bearing product of the plant, the mature ovary and its contents. Funnel-shaped. Tubular and gradually enlarging upward with a spreading border. Furrowed. Having one or more straight, longitudinal grooves or channels. Gamopetalous. Having the petals more or less united. Gland. A small protuberance which may or may not secrete a liquid. Glandular hairs. Those which usually have the tips enlarged and filled with a liquid. Glaucous. Whitish or light bluish-green because of a bloom. Globose, globular. Spherical or nearly so. Glume. One of the small bracts which usually subtends a flower with its flowering scale on a spikelet in the grasses. Grain. The seed or fruit of any of the Graminaceae. Hair. A protuberance from the plant usually thread-like and less than ]/2 in. long, sometimes scale-like or star-shaped. Hairy. The surface more or less covered with hairs. Head. A more or less compact rounded or flattened cluster of sessile or short-stalked flowers. Heart-shaped. The shape of a heart as it is usually pictured, with the point outward. Herb. A plant without a woody stem above ground, always dying down at least to the ground at the end of the season. Herbaceous. Like an herb. Hoary. Grayish-white with very fine hairs. Hood-shaped. Somewhat conical with the sides often inrolled. Horn. A pointed, tapering appendage found in the flowers of Asclepias. Husk. A dry outer covering in some fruits, as in the corn. Hyaline. Colorless, thin, papery. Hybrid. The plant obtained by the use of pollen from one plant placed on the stigma of another plant of a different species. Hypogynous flower. One in which the organs are attached to the receptacle successively above or at least not below each other in the order of calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistils, the latter in the center of the flower and at the top of the receptacle. Immersed. Growing wholly under water. Imperfect flower. One in which the stamens or pistils are wanting. Incised. With indentations irregular and deep. Inconspicuous. Small, not readily observed. Incurved. Bending inward. Indefinite. Not a constant number, or more than twenty. 246 GLOSSARY Indehiscent. Not opening in a regular manner to discharge the contents. Indentations. The spaces between the lobes of the leaf. Inferior ovary. An ovary having part of the receptacle united to it and the other organs of the flower above it; found in all epigynous flowers. Inflated. Bladdery. Inflexed. Abruptly bent inward and downward. Inflorescence. A cluster of flowers. Inserted. Attached to or growing out of. Internode. The portion of the stem between two nodes or joints. Interrupted. Applied to a spike of flowers in which there is a whorl of flowers alternating with a space without flowers. Involucel. A set of small leaves or bracts subtending a part of a compound umbel. Involucre. A set of bracts immediately subtending a flower, a cluster of flowers, or an umbel. Involute. Rolled inward from both sides. Irregular flower. One which can be halved in only one plane, re- sulting in two equal parts; one in which one petal is different from all the others. Joint, A place where a leaf or branch appears on the stem ; a node. Juice. The liquid contents of the plant tissue. Keel. A ridge somewhat like the keel of a boat. The two petals in the flower of the Papilionaceae which are united into a keel- shaped structure. Lanceolate. Applied to a leaf which is at least three times longer than broad, usually tapering toward each end, and broadest half way or less from the base. Lateral. Attached to the side of an organ. Leaf. An appendage of the stem, usually more or less expanded. Leaflet. One of the divisions or leaves of a compound leaf. Leaf-sheath. The petiole or base of the leaf which envelopes the stem, as in grasses. Lemma. The lower of the two bracts which enclose the flower in grasses. Lenticel. Corky spots or lines on the bark, especially on the younger branches. Ligule. A thin projection from the top of the leaf-sheath in grasses. Linear. Usually at least ten times longer than broad, narrow, with the sides more or less parallel. Linear-lanceolate. Intermediate between linear and lanceolate. Lip. One of the two large lobes in an irregular, tubular flower; in the orchids, the one modified petal. 247 GLOSSARY Lobe. A division of an organ, usually more than % in. long, larger than a tooth. Loculed. Applied to the number of cavities in a compound ovary. Lodicule. A small scale just outside and at the base of the stamens in the flower of grasses. Lyrate. Referring to a leaf which is lobed with the lobes decreasing in size toward the base of the leaf. Margin. The edge, especially of a leaf. Mealy. Appearing like small grains of fine flour or meal on the surface. Mid-rib. The large central vein of a leaf usually appearing as a continuation of the petiole. Milky. Having the color of milk. Monadelphous. Applied to stamens having the filaments all united to form a tube. Monoecious. Having stamens and pistils in separate flowers but on the same plant. Mottled. Covered with dots or blotches of varying intensity. Narcotic. Containing nicotine, as the leaves of tobacco. Native plant. One which originated in this region. Naturalized. Introduced from another country but now growing as native. Nectar. A sweet secretion. Nectar disk. A disk which secretes nectar. Nectar gland. A gland which secretes nectar. Needle-shaped. Shaped like a very coarse needle, usually narrower than linear. Nerve. A large vein. Net-veined. Having the veins in the form of an irregular net. Node. The place on the stem where a leaf or a branch is attached. Notched. With a very shallow indentation. Numerous. Too many to be readily counted. Nut. A fruit with a hard shell enclosing the seed. Nutlet. A small nut. Nut-like. Similar to a nut. Oblanceolate. Lanceolate in form but broader toward the apex and more tapering toward the base. Oblique. Slanting, between parallel and perpendicular. Oblong. At least three times longer than broad, with the sides parallel and the ends more or less blunt. Obovate. Ovate in form but broader toward the apex and more tapering toward the base. Obovoid. Ovoid in form but broader toward the apex and more tapering toward the base. 248 GLOSSARY Oddly-pinnate. With an uneven number of leaflets pinnately ar- ranged, having a single terminal leaflet. One-sided. With the parts arranged mostly on one side of the stem or axis. Opposite. Applied to leaves or branches which are arranged in pairs at the same height on the stem and on different sides. Organ. Any part having a special function. Oval. About twice as long as broad with regularly curved outline. Ovary. The part of the pistil which contains the ovules or seeds. Ovate. Like the outline or longitudinal section of a hen's egg with the broadest end toward the base. Ovate-heart-shaped. Ovate with the base shaped like a heart as it is usually pictured. Ovate-lanceolate. Intermediate between ovate and lanceolate. Ovoid. A solid shaped like a hen's egg. Ovule. The young seed or body in the ovary before fertilization. Palea. The inner bract of a flower in grasses, the flowering scale. Palet. The same as palea, which see. Palmate. Lobed or divided so that the indentations all point to- ward the petiole. Palmately compound. Having the leaflets all attached to the apex of the petiole. Palmately lobed. See palmate. Palmately veined. Having the principal veins proceeding from the apex of the petiole. Panicle. An inflorescence with numerous, rather irregular branches which are again branched and often rebranched, with each flower at the end of a stalk. Papery. Having the texture of common paper. Pappus. The calyx in each flower of the Compositae at the top of the seed, as bristles, hairs, scales or awns. Parallel veined. Having all of the principal veins extending side by side from the base to the apex of the leaf. Parasite. A plant which grows upon another plant by deriving part or all of its food from it. Parted. Applied to parts which are distinctly separate, not at all united. Pendulous. Hanging downward. Pepo. A fruit with a hard outer rind and a fleshy interior, like the melon or pumpkin. Perennial herb. One which lives more than two years but dies to the ground each winter. Perfect flower. One wrhich has both stamens and pistils. Perianth. The floral leaves, or the tube formed by them, when not differentiated into a green calyx and colored corolla. Perigynium. The sac-like envelope which encloses the ovary in Carex. 249 GLOSSARY Perigynous flower. One in which part of the receptacle forms a free tube around the ovary, to the top of which tube the other organs of the flower are attached. Persistent. Remaining longer than is usual for such organs. Petal. A leaf of the corolla or colored part of the flower when there is a green calyx. Petal-like. Similar to a petal. Petiole. The stalk or stem of the leaf. Pinnae. A primary division of a pinnately compound leaf. Pinnately compound. A leaf with the leaflets borne along a central stalk or petiole; a 2-3-pinnately compound leaf is one which is 2 or 3 times compounded. Pinnately lobed. Having several lobes of about the same size on each side of the midrib. Pinnatifid. Pinnately lobed with the indentations extending nearly to the midrib. Pistil. The central organ of the flower which produces the seed, consisting of ovary, style and stigma. Pistillate flower. One which bears pistils but no stamens. Pitcher-shaped. More or less like a pitcher, usually narrowed at the opening. Plume-like. Similar to a plume or large feather. Plumose. Having fine hairs on each side of a central stalk, similar to a feather. Pod. Any dry fruit which splits open in a regular manner. Pollen. The powder, usually yellow, produced in the anther. Pollinium. A mass of pollen grains which cohere. Pome. A fleshy fruit like the apple. Prickle. A small sharp stiff outgrowth from the outer part of an organ. Prickly. More or less covered with prickles. Prickly pointed. Pointed or ending in a prickle. Procumbent. Lying flat on the ground. Prominent. Standing out more than usual, or beyond adjoining parts. Prostrate. Lying flat on the ground. Pubescent. With soft hairs. Pungent. Sharp or bitter to the taste or smell. Raceme. An inflorescence with each flower stalked and all arranged around one central axis or stem. Racemose. Arranged in racemes, or similar to a raceme. Rachilla. The axis of a spikelet in grasses. Rachis. The axis of an inflorescence or of a pinnately compound leaf. Raphe. The stalk of the seed or ovule which adheres to it and forms a ridge. 250 GLOSSARY Ray flower. The flower in a head of Compositae which has a strap- shaped or quill-shaped corolla. Receptacle. The region which bears the various organs of the flower. Receptacle of head. The region which bears the flowers of a head of Compositae. Receptacle tube. A tube formed by the growth of a part of the receptacle around the ovary and which may or may not be adnate to it. Recurved. Curved outward or backward. Reduced. Much smaller than ordinary. Reflexed. Abruptly bent or turned outward or backward. Regular flower. One in which two or more planes may be cut giv- ing two equal halves; one in which no one petal is different from all of the others. Resin-dotted. More or less covered with resin dots. Revolute. Rolled back from the margin. Rhizome. An underground stem of more or less uniform thickness. Rhombic. Shaped more or less like the geometric figure; an equi- lateral oblique-angled figure. Rib. A prominent ridge or vein. Rootstock. Same as rhizome, which see. Rosette. A cluster of leaves having a circular arrangement. Rostellum. A small projection from the column in orchids. Rounded. More or less circular. Rusty. The color of iron rust, brownish-red. Saline. Where salt water is found. Salt-marsh. A wet, marshy place where salt water may be found. Salver-form. Having a slender tube with an abruptly spreading border. Samara. An indehiscent fruit with a flat, membraneous attachment or wing, as in the maples, ashes, etc. Sap. The liquid or juice in plant tissue. Saprophyte. A plant which lives upon dead animal or vegetable matter. Scale. A small, thin structure often similar to a small leaf but usually not green. Scale-like. Similar to a scale. Scape. A leafless stalk which arises from the ground and bears flowers. Scar. The mark left by the separation of a leaf or other organ from the stem. Scurfy. More or less covered with small scales. Seed. A structure containing a rudimentary plant. Segment. A division or part of a deeply lobed or divided leaf. 251 GLOSSARY Sepal. One of the leaf-like organs, usually green, in the outer whorl of the flower. Sessile. Having no stalk. Sheath. A thin tubular structure surrounding the stem and usually a part of the leaf or at least attached near the leaf. Sheathing. Surrounding the stem for some distance. Shrub. A woody plant less than 20 ft. high usually with several stems branching from near the ground. Silique. The pod of the Cruciferae, with two carpels. Silks. The styles of corn. Silky. Covered with soft, glossy, appressed hairs. Silvery. White tinged with bluish-gray and shining. Simple leaf. With but one blade although sometimes lobed. Simple stem. An unbranched stem, Singly. Alone, without another organ of the same kind closely associated. Singly compound. Applied to leaves in which the leaflets are at- tached directly to the petiole or rachis. Sinus, sinuses. The indentations in a lobed leaf; the spaces between the lobes. Smooth. Not rough ; without hairs. Solid. Without cavities. Solitary. Without other organs of the same kind closely associated. Spadix, spadices. A spike, usually fleshy, enclosed or subtended by a leaf-like spathe. Spathe. A large, leaf-like bract usually colored, enclosing or sub- tending an inflorescence ; applied in the Araceae and Palmaceae. Spike. An inflorescence of sessile or nearly sessile flowers on a single, elongated axis. Spikelei. A small spike as found in the grasses and sedges. 'Spindle-shaped. Tapering toward each end. Spine. A sharp-pointed, woody or hardened outgrowth. Spiny. Having spines. Spiny-toothed. The teeth tipped with spines. Sporangium, sporangia. A case enclosing spores. Sporophyl. An organ which bears the sporangium. Spreading. Extending outward. Spur. A tubular appendage of a petal or sepal. Stalk. A lengthened support or stem of an organ or part. Stamen. An organ of the flower which produces pollen, located between the pistil and the petals when present. Staminate flower. One bearing stamens but no pistils. Standard. The large upper petal in a flower of the Papilionaceae. Stem. The main axis of the plant. Sterile stamen. One which does not produce pollen. Stigma. The upper part of the pistil which receives the pollen. Stinging-hair. One which secretes a fluid which irritates the flesh. 252 GLOSSARY Stipules. Leaf-like or scale-like appendages in pairs at the base of the leaf, joined to the stem and sometimes adnate to the petiole. Stolon. A slender branch running on the ground and rooting at the joints or nodes. Straggling. Spreading at wide angles. Strap-shaped. Flat and linear like a strap or belt. Striped. Having longitudinal lines of color other than green. Strobilus, strobili. An inflorescence made of overlapping scales and sporangia, as in the pines. Style. The slender part of the pistil connecting the ovary and stigma. Subglobose. Nearly globose. Submerged. Growing under water. Subtend. Attached immediately beneath. Succulent. Soft and fleshy or juicy. Superior ovary. One to which the receptacle is not adnate. Swollen. Enlarged more than ordinary. Tap-root. A main root which extends directly downward. Tassel. The staminate inflorescence in the corn. Teeth. See tooth. Tendril. A slender appendage which serves to support the plant by coiling around or adhering to other objects. Terminal. At the outer or free end. Ternately compound. Having three secondary petioles. Terrestrial. Growing on land, not in water. Thallus. A vegetative body without true leaf or stem. Thorn. A sharp-pointed branch, or a sharp appendage arising from the woody part of the stem. Thread-like. Similar to a thread but usually coarser. Throat. The opening of a tubular flower, the part between the tube and the lobes. Tooth. A small lobe usually less than ^4 in. long. Trailing. Prostrate on the ground. Translucent dots. Those which permit white light to pass through. Tree. A woody plant capable of growing at least twenty feet high, with a single self-supporting stem or axis. Triangular. Having three sides or angles. Trifoliate. Applied to a compound leaf with three leaflets. Trunk. The stem or axis of a tree. Tuber. A short, thickened portion of an underground stem, as the potato. Tubercle. A small wart-like projection. Tuberous. Bearing tubers. Tubular. In the form of a tube, or having the parts joined together to form a tube. Tuft. A number close together; a cluster. 253 GLOSSARY Tufted. In tufts or bunches. Twig. A small branch of a tree or shrub. Twining. Ascending by coiling around some support in a spiral manner. Umbel. An inflorescence in which the stalk of each flower or cluster of flowers arises from the same place at the end of the stem. Unarmed. Without thorns, spines, or prickles. Unequal. Not the same in size. Unequilateral base. Applied to the base of a leaf in which one side of the blade is longer or larger than the other side. Utricle. A fruit with the seed contained in a bladdery membrane Variable. Differing from the typical ones. Variegated. Having two or more colors. Vegetable. A plant cultivated for some edible part other than the fruit. Vein. A strand of tissue appearing as lines or ridges in the blade of a leaf, or in any organ. Vine. A plant which cannot support itself in an upright position without the aid of another body; either a climbing or trailing plant. Wavy. Alternately concave and convex. Wedge-shaped. Broad above and narrowed to the base in straight lines. Weed. A plant which grows where it is not wanted and is trouble- some. Wheel-shaped. Applied to flowers in which the corolla has a very short tube and nearly flat spreading lobes. White-woolly. Covered with white wool. Whorl. A set of organs arranged in a circle around the stem, especially the leaves when there are three or more in a circle and at the same level. Wild plant. One which grows without care or cultivation and is native. Wing. One of the side petals in a flower of the Papilionaceae. A thin membranous appendage on a seed. Any comparatively thin appendage or ridge on an organ. Winged petiole. One in which a narrow blade-like appendage is attached to each side. Wool. Long, dense, usually curled hairs. 254 INDEX Abies 108 Abutilon 185 Acacia 170 Acalypha 180 Acer 182 Acerates 200 Achillea 236 Achyranthes 148 Acnida 148 Aconitum 152 Acorus 132 Actaea 1 52 Actinidia 185 Adam's Needle 135 Adder's-tongue .... 135 Adicea 145 Adlumia 155 Adonis 154 Adopogon 219 Aegopodium 193 Aesculus 183 African Cedar 108 African Lily 133 Agapanthus 133 Agastache 206 Agave 137 Ageratum 227 Agrimonia 166 Agrimony 166 Agropyron 1 18 Agrostemma 149 Agrostis 121 Ailanthus 179 Akebia 154 Alder 143 Aletris 135 Alexander 193 Alfalfa 175 Alisma 112 Allium 133, 134 Almond 170 Alnus 143 Aloe 133 Alonsoa 210 Alopecurus 1 18 Alsine 150 Alternanthera 148 Althaea 185 Alum-root 161 Alyssum 159 Amaranthus 148 Amaryllis 137 Ambrosia 220 Amelanchier 168 Ammodenia 150 Amorpha 1 73 Amygdalus 170 Anagallis 198 Ananas 132 Anaphalis 234 Andromeda 195 Andropogon 1 18 Anemone 152, 153 Angelica 193 Antennaria 233 Anthemis 236 Anthoxanthum .... 120 Anthurium 132 Antirrhinum 210 Anychia 151 Apios 174 Apium 193 Apocynum 200 Aponogeton no Apple 168, 169 Apple-of-Peru 210 Aquilegia 152 Arabis 159 Arachis 174 Aralia 190 Araucaria 107 Arbor Vitae 109 Arbutus 195 Arctium 239 Arctostaphylos .... 195 Arctotis 236 Ardisia 196 Areca 131 Arenaria 151 Arethusa 139 Argemone Argentina Arisaema . Aristida . . Aristolochia Aronia . . . Arrhenatherum Arrow-grass in Arrow-head 112 Arrow-wood 215 Artemisia 238 Arum 131 Arundinaria 1 18 Arundo 118 Asarum 145 Asclepias 200 Ascyrum 186 Ash 198 255 155 165 . .119 • • 145 ..168 . . I2O Asparagus 135 Asparagus Fern ....135 Aspen 140 Aspidistra 136 Aster 230-233 Astilbe 161 Atheropogon 1 18 Atriplex 1 48 Aubrietia 160 Aucuba 194 Avena 120 Avens 165 Azalea 195 Baby's Breath 150 Baccharis 233 Bachelor's Button.. 240 Bald Cypress 109 Balloon Vine 183 Balm 207 Balm-of-Gilead .... 140 Balsam Apple 216 Banana 138 Baneberry 1521 Baptisia 174 Barbarea 158 Barberry 154 Barley 118 Barnyard Grass ...119 Barren Strawberry. .165 Bartonia 199 Basswood 185 Bastard Toad-flax. ..145 Batrachium 154 Bayberry 141 Beach Pea 174 Beaked-rush 124 Bean 176 Bean Tree 167 Bearberry 195 Beard Grass 119 Beard- tongue 210 Bedstraw 214 Beech 143 Beech-drops 212 Beet 147 Beggar-tick 236 Begonia 188 Bellflower 217 Bellis 230 Bellwort 133 Benzoin 154 Berberis 154 Bergamot 207 INDEX Bermuda Grass ....119 Berteroa 159 Beta 147 Betula 142 Bicuculla 155 Bidens 236 Bindweed 201 Birch 142 Bishop's-cap 161 Bishop's-weed 193 Bitter-cress 159 Bitternut 142 Bittersweet 209 Black Alder 181 Blackberry 164 Blackberry Lily. ... 138 Black 'Bindweed... 1 46 Black Cohosh 152 Black Grass 133 Black Haw 215 Bladdernut 182 Bladderwort 212 Bladder Senna 173 Blazing Star 133 Bleeding Heart 155 Blephanglottis .... 139 Blephilia 207 Blessed Thistle ....240 Blood-root 155 Blue Beech 142 Bluebell 202, 217 Blueberry 196 Blue Cohosh 154 Blue Curls 205 Blue-eyed Grass ...138 Blue Flag 137 Blue Grass 122 Blue-joint Grass. ... 120 Blue Spirea 203 Blue Toadflax 210 Bluets 213 Blueweed 203 Bocconia 155 Boehmeria 145 Boltonia 230 Boneset 227 Borage 203 Borago 203 Bottle-brush Grass .119 Bottle Gourd 216 Bouncing Bet 150 Boutelona 1 1 8 Bouvardia 213 Box Elder 182 Boxwood .181 Bradburya 174 Brasenia 151 Brassica 158 Brauneria 234 Bridal Wreath ....163 Bromus 120 Brookline 211 Broom Corn 122 Broom Crowberry . 180 Broussingaultffi ... 147 Broussonetia 145 Browallia 209 Brussels Sprouts. . . 158 Bryophyllum 161 Buckbean 199 Buckeye 183 Buckthorn 184 Buckwheat 146 Buffalo-berry 189 Bugle Weed 207 Bulbous Cress 159 Bulrush 124 Bunch-flower 133 Bupleurum 193 Bur Cucumber ....216 Burdock 239 Burgrass 118 Bur-marigold 236 Burning Bush 182 Burnet 166 Bur-reed no Bursa 159 Bush-clover ..175, 176 Butneria 154 Butter and Eggs... 210 Butter-bur 238 Buttercup 153, 154 Butterfly Flower ..209 Butterfly Pea 174 Butterfly-weed .... 200 Butternut 141 Button-bush 213 Button Snakeroot ..227 Button-weed 213 Buxus 181 Cabbage 158 Cabomba i Cactus i Cakile 15 Caladium 131 Calamagrostis 120 Calathea 138 Calceolaria 212 Calendula 235 California Poppy ..155 California Rose ...201 Calla 131 Calla Lily 131 Callicarpa 203 Callistephus 235 Callitriche 180 Calluna 195 Caltha 152 Camelina 159 Camellia 185 Camomile ....236, 237 Campanula 217 Campion 1 49 Canary Grass 122 Cancer-root 212 Candytuft 160 Canna 138 256 Cannabis 145 Canterbury Bells . .217 Cape Jasmine 213 Cape Pond weed ...no Capnoides 155 Capriola 119 Capsicum 208 Caragana 1 73 Caraway 193 Cardamine 159 Cardinal Flower ...217 Cardiospermum ... 183 Carduus 239 Carex 125 Carnation 150 Carpet-weed 149 Carpinus 142 Carrion-flower 136 Carrot 193 Carrot Family 191 Carum 193 Caryppteris 203 Cassia 1 70 Castalia 151 Castanea 1 43 Castilleja 212 Castor Bean 180 Catalpa 212 Catbrier 136 Catchfly 149, 150 Cathedral Bells ... .202 Catnip 206 Cat's-foot ....233, 234 Cat-tail 1 10 Cattleya 138 Caucasian Walnut. . 142 Cauliflower 158 Caulophyllum 154 Ceanothus 184 Cedar of Lebanon.. 108 Cedrus 108 Celandine 155 Celastrus 182 Celery 193 Celosia 148 Celtis 144 Cenchrus 118 Centaurea 239 Century Plant 137 Cephalanthus 213 Cerastium 150 Ceratophyllum .... 151 Cercidiphyllum . . . 152 Cercis 170 Cereus 189 Chaerophyllum .... 193 Chaetochloa 118 Chaff-seed 212 Chair-maker Rush .124 Chamaecyparis 109 Chamaedaphne 195 Chamaelirium 133 Chamaenerion 189 Charlock 158 INDEX Checkered Lily i34 Coltsfoot .2^8 Cubelium 1 88 Cheiranthus 1 60 Columbine .152 Cucumber 217 Chelidonium iS«> Colutea • 173 Cucumis 217 Chelone 2IO Comandra • 145 Cucurbita ,217 Chenopodium Cherry 169, Chervil 147 170 193 Comarum Comfrey Commelina .165 .203 .132 Cudweed 233, Culver's-root , Cunila 234 ,211 207 Chess I2O Compositae .221 Cup-flower , ,2IO Chestnut 143 Comptonia .141 •234 Chickweed ISO Cone-flower •234 Currant , T6? Chicoriaceae 218 Conium •193 ,2OI Chicorium .219 Conopholis .212 Cycas .107 Chicory 2iq Convallaria ........ .136 .197 Chicory Family 218 Convolvulus .201 Cydonia , .168 Chimaphila 194 Coontie .107 Cynoglossum .202 China Aster 23 5 Coptis .152 Cynthia .219 Chionanthus Chionodoxa 199 • I3S Coralberry Corallorhiza .215 •139 Cyperaceae Cyperus . 122 .123 Chives 134 Coral-root •139 Cypress-vine .2OI Chokeberry 168 Cordyline •135 Cypripedium .118 Christmas Rose . . . 152 Corema .l8o Cytisus .173 Chrysalidocarpus . . . 131 Coreopsis •235 Chrysanthemum . . . 237 Coriander •193 Dactylis .I2O Chrysopsis ??.* Coriandrum •193 Daffodil •137 Chrysosplenium 161 Cork Tree .179 Dahlia •235 Cicuta 193 Corn .118 Daisy 230, 237 Cigar Plant i8q Corn Cockle .149 Dalibarda I64 Cimcifuga Cineraria 152 .238 Cornel 193, Corn Marigold . . . 194 •237 Dame's Violet Dandelion •159 .219 Cinna , I2O Cornelian Cherry . •193 Danthonia . 119 Cinnamon Vine . . , 137 Cornus •193 T*0 Cinquefoil I6S Coronilla .174 Dasiphora .164 Circaea ,190 Coronopus •157 Dasystoma .211 Citron 179, 217 Cortaderia ITS Datura .209 Citrullus ,217 Corydalis •155 Daucus .193 Citrus ,179 Corylus .142 Day Flower .132 Cladium Cladrastis ,125 .173 Cosmos Cotinus • 235 .181 Day Lily 133, Dead Nettle 'ol Clammy- weed . 160 Cotoneaster .167 .T80 Clarkia . 190 Cotton ,.TH«J Deerberry T06 Clary , .207 Cotton Grass .124 .152 Claytonia .149 Cottonwood .140 Dentaria • J59 Cleavers .214 Cotyledon .161 Deringa • 193 Clematis •153 Cow-herb .150 Deschampsia .120 Cleome 160 Cow Parsnip •!93 Deutzia .16? Clethra .194 Cow Pea .174 Dewberry T6^ Climbing Bittersweet 182 Cow Wheat .212 Dianthera .213 Clinopodium .207 Crab 168, l69 Clintonia • I3S Crab Grass .119 Dictamnus .179 Clotbur .221 Cracca .174 Diervilla .Bl6 Clover Cnicus •175 .240 Cranberry Crane's-bill .196 .177 Digitalis Diodia .211 .213 Coast Jointweed . . .147 Crataegus .167 Dioscorea • *37 Cobaea .202 Crepis .219 T08 Cockscomb .I48 Crimson Bells .l6l Dipsacus ?i6 Cocos .131 Crinkleroot •159 Dirca .180 Codiaeum 180 Crocus • *37 Distichlis . 1 20 Coffea .213 Crosswort .197 Ditch Moss .112 Coffee .213 Crotalaria •173 Ditch Stonecrop . . .l6l Coffee Tree .170 Croton T8o Dittany .207 Colchicum • 133 Crowfoot • 153 Dock .146 Coleus ,?o8 Crown Imperial . . .134 Dodder .201 Colic-root •135 Cruciferae • 155 .197 Collinsonia .208 Cryptomeria .109 Doellingeria • 233 257 INDEX Dogbane .200 Fagopyrum , ,.146 Galanthus ..136 Dogwood Dolichos .194 .176 Fagus Fairy Lily •143 • 137 Galax Galeopsis ..196 . .206 Dondia .148 Falcata ,T76 Galeorchis ..138 Downy Broom Grass 120 False Buckwheat.. .146 Galinsoga -.236 Draba •159 Fall Dandelion . . . .219 Galium . .213 Dracaena •135 False Flax • 159 Gama Grass 118 Dragon-head False Foxglove .211, 212 Gardenia • -213 Drosera .T60 False Indigo.. 173, 174 Garden Balsam . . 184 Drymocallis .T64 False Lily-of-the- Garden Cress . . . . ..157 Duchesnea Valley ••135 Garden Daisy . . . . .230 Duckweed .132 False Mermaid . . . .T8T Garden Pea . . 174 Dulichium . 124 False Mitrewort . . Garden Syringa . , T6? Dusty Miller.. 238, 239 False Pennyroyal . .205 Garlic Dutchman's Breeches 155 Dutchman's Pipe ..14? False Pimpernel . . Featherfoil .211 • 197 Gas Plant Gaultheria ..179 • • 19S Dwarf Dandelion. .219 Feather Geranium .148 . . 190 I Fennel Gaylussacia . . 196 Fescue Grass .120 Gemmingia Easter Bell • ISO Festuca .120 Genista . . 173 Echeveria Fetter Bush •195 Gentian • -199 Echinochloa .119; Feverfew •237 Gentiana • -199 Echinops .240 Ficus Geranium 177 , 178 Echium • 203* Field Cress • I57 Gerardia . .212 Eclipta Field Sorrel • *45 Germander , Eel-grass .ill Figwort .210 German Ivy .... 238 Egg Plant Elaeagnus .208 180 Filbert Fimbristylis .142 .124 German Knotgrass Geum -ii6s Elecampane •234 Finger Grass .119 Giant Hyssop . . . ..206 Elder .214 Fir 108, 109 Giant Reed ..118 Eleocharis . 124 Fire Thorn .167 Gifola • -233 Eleusine . 119 Fire-weed 189, 238 Gilia . .202 Elm .144 Fittonia .213 Ginkgo . . 107 Elymus TT8 Five-finger .16s ..191 Emilia 234 Flax 178, 179 Gladiolus ..1*8 Empress Tree ..... Enchanter's Night- .210 Fleabane Fleur-de-lis •233 • 137 Glandular Cinquef oil 164 Glasswort 148 shade .190 Floating Heart . . . .200 Glaucium • -iS5 English Cowslip . . , , 199 Floerkea .181 Glaux ..198 English Ivy , , 191 Florida Moss .132 Glecoma Epacris .196 Flowering Moss . . .IQ6 Gleditsia . .170 Epigaea Epilobium 195 I9O Foeniculum Fontanesia • 193 .199 Globe Amaranth. . Globe Flower ..148 . .152 Epiphyllum Eragrostis I89 I2O 038 Forget-me-not .... Forked Chickweed Forsythia .203 !to8 Globe Thistle Glory-of-the-Snow Glycine ..240 •135 . .177 Eremurus 133- Four-o'clock .149 Gnaphalium • -234 TT8 Foxglove 211, 212 Goat's Beard . .219 Erica 195 Foxtail Grass .118 Goat's Rue . .174 Erigeron 233* Fragaria .I64 Godetia . .190 Eriocaulon I32- Fraxinus .T0« Golden Aster ... ..228 Eriophorum 124 Freesia .138 Golden Bell ..TQ8 Erythronium 159 135 French Mulberry . Fringed Orchis ... .203 Golden Chain Golden Club -.173 . .132 Eschscholtzia 155 Fringe Tree . 199 Golden Feather. . • •237 Euonymus T8T Fritillaria ' 134 Golden Glow Eupatorium 227 Frostweed T86 Golden Ragwort. . . .238 Euphorbia 180 Fumaria • J55 Golden-rod ... .22 8-230 European Millet . . 121 Fumitory .155 Golden Saxifrage ..ill Euthamia 230 Funkia , ,135 Golden-tuft Evening Primrose . . I9O Fuschia , .190 Goldthread . . 152 234 Gomphrena Everlasting Pea . . . 174 164 Gaillardia Galactia 234 176 Gooseberry , Goosefoot , 162 ,.147 258 INDEX Gossypium 185 Hercules Club . . . .190 Indian Pipe 195 Goutweed • -i93 Hesperis • 159 Indian Plantain . . .238 Graminaceae .... . .112 Heuchera .161 Indian Strawberry .165 Grape .184 Hibiscus .183 tndian Tobacco . . ,718 Grape-fruit . .179 Hicoria .141 fndia-rubber Tree. • T45 Grape Hyacinth . . Grass Family -.135 .112 Hickory Hieracium .142 .219 [nkberry Inula .181 Grass-of- Parnassus 161 Hinoki Cypress . . .109 tonactis . .233 Grass Pink Gratiola .139 .211 Hippophae Hobble-bush M8 Great Laurel .... •195 Hog Peanut .176 [ris 137, Greenbrier .136 Holcus .119 Tronweed .227 Green Hellebore. •152 Holly .181 [ronwood , Grevillea • 145 Hollyhock 185 Isanthus .205 Gromwell .203 Holy Grass 121 .snardia 180 Ground-cherry .209-210 Homalocenchrus ..120 Italian Millet .... TT8 Ground Ivy .206 Honesty 1 60 [va .221 Ground Nut .174 Honeysuckle . .215, 216 Ixia i -?8 Ground Pink .... Groundsel .202 Hop Hop-clover 145 . 175 ack-in-the-Pulpit . acob's Ladder . . . .131 .202 Groundsel Tree.. •233 Hordeum 118 apanese Bamboo. . .TT8 Gymnadeniopsis . .138 Honewort 193 apanese Cedar . . . . IO9 Gymnocladus .... .170 Hornwort apanese Ivy .... .184 Gypsophila .150 Horse Balm 208 apanese Rose . . . .164 Gyrostachys •139 Horse-chestnut . . . 183 asmine .198 Gyrotheca .116 Horse-gentian .... 215 asminum T08 Horse Mint 207 erusalem Artichoke 235 Hackberry .144 Horse Nettle 208 erusalem Cherry 208 Hair Grass .120 Horse-radish i 58 oe-pye Weed 227 Horse-weed 233 onquil 137 Hardback .163 Hottonia I9'7 oseph's Coat Haw .168 Hound' s-tongue . . .202 uglans 141 Hawksbeard .219 Houstonia 213 uncoides 133 Hawkweed .220 Howea uncus 132 Hawthorn .T67 Hoya 200 une-berry T68 Hazelnut .142 Huckleberry 106 uniperus 109 Heart's-ease .188 186 Heath •195 Humulus 145 Kaffir Corn 122 Heather •195 Hyacinth 135 actuca 219 Henbit .206 Indian Grass 119 Lacinaria 227 Hepatica Heracleum •153 •193 Indian Hemp Indian Lotus 200 Lactuca 151 Ladies' Slipper .... ;;* Herb Robert .177 Indian Physic 164 Ladies' Tresses 139 259 INDEX Lady's Thumb . . . Lageneria .147 Ludwigia Lunaria .189 .160 Micrampelis .... Mignonette .... , 216 ...160 Lamium .206 Lupine .174 Milk Pea ...176 Lantania Lupinus .174 Milk Purslane . ...180 Lappula .202 Lychnis .149 Milkweed , ... .200 Lapsana .219 Lycopersicon .208 Milkwort ...179 Larch .I08 Lycopus .207 Mimosa . . .170 Larkspur .152 Lycium .209 Mimulus ... .210 Larix T08 Lysias .118 Mint . . .208 Lathyrus .174 Lysimachia .197 Mint. Family . . ...204 Laurel •I9S Lythrum .189 Mirabilis ....149 Laurus •IS4 Miscanthus .... ...118 Lavatera Madagascar Jasmine 200 Mistletoe ...145 Lawson's Cypress. . . IO9 Madder .214 Mitchella . . .213 Leadwort .198 Madeira Vine .147 Mitella ...161 Leaf-cup .234 Magnolia •151 ...161 Leather-leaf •195 Mahonia •154 Moccasin Flower ..138 Lechea .186 Maidenhair Tree . .107 Mock Cypress . . . . . 147 Ledum •195 Mallow .185 Mockernut . . .142 Leek •134 Malus ,T68 Modesty . . .193 Lemna .132 Malva .i8s Moehringia . . .151 Lemon .179 Manna Grass .... .121 Mohrodendron ...198 Leontodon .219 Manettia .213 Mollugo 149 Leonurus .2O6 Maple 182, 183 Leopard Plant . . . .238 Maranta .138 Moneses . . .194 Lepargyraea . 189 Marguerite •237 ...197 Lepidium •157 Marigold •235 Monkey-flower . . .210 Leptamnium .212 Marjoram .207 Monkshood . -.152 Leptandra .211 Marrubium .206 Monotropa ...195 Leptilon •233 Marsh Elder .221 Moonflower .... . . .201 Leptorchis .139 Marsh Foxtail .118 Moonseed 154 Lespedeza •175 Marsh Grass . 119 Moosewood .... ...I8q Lettuce .219 Marsh Mallow . . . Morning-glory . 201 Leucojum . 136 Marsh Marigold .. .152 Morus ...144 Leucothoe .195 Marsh Pea .174 Motherwort . . . ....206 Ligustrum Lilac .199 .199 Marsh Pennywort . Marsh Pink .192 • J99 Moth Mullen Mourning Bride . . .2IO ...216 Lilaeopsis .193 Marsh Purslane . . .189 Mountain Ash . ..167 Lilium •134 Marsh Spike Grass I2O Mountain-ash Spirea 164 Lily •134 Martynia .212 Mountain Mint ...207 Lily-of-the-Valley . .116 Matricaria •237 Mountain Rice . . . . I2O Limnanthemum . . . .200 Matrimony Vine . . ..209 Mouse-ear Cress ...159 Limnorchis .138 •139 Matthiola Maurandia 1 60 .210 Mugwort Muhlenbergia . . ...238 . . .120 Limonium .198 •154 Mulberry ....144 Linaria .2IO Mayweed •237 Mullen . . .2IO Linden 185 Meadow Beauty . ..189 Musa ...138 Linum .,178 Meadow Parsnip . .193 Muscari ...135 Lion's-foot .220 Meadow-rue ..154 Musk Melon . . . ...217 Liquidambar Liriodendron .... .163 .152 Meadow-sweet Meadow Sweet.... .163 T66 Mustard Mustard Family ...158 ...155 Lithospermum .203 Medeola .136 Myosotis Live-for-ever . 160 Medicago .175 Myrica ...141 Livistona .131 Meibomia T76 Myriophyllum . ....190 Lizard's-tail • 139 Melampyrum .212 Myrtle . . .200 Lobelia 217, 218 Melanthium .133 Locust .173 Melilotus .175 Nabulus 220 Lolium .TT8 Melissa .207 Naias . . .Ill Lonicera .215 Menispermum •154 Narcissus ...136 Loosestrife 189, 197 ,198 Mentha ..208 Nasturtium .... ...178 Lopseed Lousewort .213 .212 Menyanthes Mermaid-weed . . . .199 ..I9O Naumbergia Nelumbo . . .151 Love-in-the-Mist . . .154 Mertensia ..202 Nemophila 202 Love-lies-bleeding . .148 Mexican Tea ,I48 Nepenthes . . . 160 260 INDEX Nepeta 206 Parsnip • 193 Pine-sap -195 Nerium .200 Parsonsia .180 Pink 149, 150 Nettle • 145 Parthenocissus .184 Pinus .107 Nicotiana .209 Partridge Berry . . .213 Pin-weed ,186 Nierembergia .210 Partridge Pea .170 Pipewort Nigella • 154 Paspalum .119 Piqueria .227 Nightshade .209 Passiflora 188 Pisum .174 Ninebark .163 Passion-flower .188 Pitcher-plant ,160 Nipplewort .219 Pastinaca •193 Plane-tree Norfolk Island Pine 107 Paulownia .210 Plantago .213 Nut-rush • 125 Peach .170 Plantain .213 New Jersey Tea .. .184 Pea Family .171 Plantain-leaf Ever- Nymphaea • 15* Peanut .174 lasting • 234 Nyssa .194 Pear .T67 Platanus , ,.163 Pearl-bush .164 Platycodon .217 Oak 143, 144 Pearl wort Pluchea •233 Oat ?.. . 120 Pea Tree .173 170 Oat Grass .I2O Pedicularis .212 Plumbago T08 Olea .199 Pelargonium ..177, 178 Plume Grass TT« Oleander .2OO Peltandra Plume Poppy •155 Oleaster .189 Pencil-flower • I75 Poa .122 Olive .199 Pennyroyal .207 Podophyllum JS4 Onagra . I9O Penthorum .161 Podostemon 160 Onion •134 Pentstemon .210 Pogonia •139 Onopordon •239 Peony .152 Poinsettia 180 Onosmodium .203 Peperomia •I39 Poison Hemlock . , .•193 Oplismenus . 122 Pepper-grass •157 Poison Ivy T8T Opulaster .163 Peppermint .208 Poke .149 .189 Pepper-root • 159 Poker Plant .133 Orach .148 Peramium , ,.139 Polanisia 160 Orange .179 Periploca .200 Polemonium .202 Orange-grass .186 Periwinkle .200 Polianthes •137 Orchard Grass . . . . I2O Persicaria .... 146, 147 Polyanthus .197 Orchis 138, 139 Persimmon .108 Polycodium .196 Origanum .207 Perularia M8 Polygala , ..179 Ornithogalum •135 Petasites Polygonella .147 Orontium .132 Petunia .210 Polygonum Oryza .119 Petroselinum •193 .234 Oryzopsis . I2O Phacelia .202 Pond Lily Osage Orange . . . •145 Phalaris . 122 Pondweed .III Ostrya .142 Phaseolus ,.T76 Pontederia .132 Oswego Tea .207 Pheasant's Eye . . . •154 Poplar , ,.140 Othonna Oxalis .227 .178 Phellodendron Philadelphus .179 .162 Poppy Populus .155 • 139 Ox-eye ,.234 Philotria . 112 Porteranthus .164 Oxycoccus .196 Phleum 1 18 Portulaca .149 Phlox .202 Potamogeton .110 Paeonia .152 Phoenix 131 Potato ,.209 Pagoda Tree •173 Phoradendron • 145 Potentilla .165 Painted-cup .212 Phragmites .120 Pot Marigold • 23S Palm • I3I Phryma .213 Poverty Grass .... .119 • 131 Physalis .209 Prickly Ash .179 Palm Family Physalodes .210 Prickly Pear .189 Pampass Grass . . . .118 Physostegia .706 Primrose .197 Panax Pandanus .191 . no Phytolacca Picea .149 .108 Primula Prince's Feather1 1 46 .197 ,148 Panicularia . 121 Pickerel-weed • 132 Prince's Pine .194 Picris .219 Privet .199 Pansy ,188 Pieris • 195 Privet Andromeda .195 Papaver • 155 TT8 Proserpinaca .190 Paper Mulberry . . .145 Pignut .142 Prunella , ?ofi Papilionaceae .171 Pigweed 147, I48 .169 Parnassia .161 Pine 107, T08 Ptelea Parsley •193 .132 Pterocarya .142 261 INDEX Ptilimnium .193 Rose-of-Sharon . . . • 185 Sea-blite MR Pueraria .176 Rose Pink .199 Sea Buckthorn . . . .180 Pumpkin .217 Rotala 180 Sea Daffodil .137 Purple Cinque foil .i6s Rough Hair Grass. .121 Sea Lavender .108 Purslane .149 Rubus 164 Sea Milkwort .... 108 Pyrethrum • 237 Rudbeckia •234 Sea Pink TOR Pyrola • 194 Rue Anemone •153 Sea Poppy ••155 Pyrus .167 •145 Sea Rocket 758 Pyxidanthera .196 Rush 132, 133 Secale TlR Rush Grass .120 Sedge 121 ;-i7i Queen-of-the-Mea- dow 166 Ruta-baga Rutland Beauty . . .158 .201 Sedge Family 122 Quercus :'Sd Rye Rye Grass 118 .TT8 Seed-box Self-heal "IS! Quitch Grass .118 Sempervivum ,.161 Sabbatia . 199 Senecio ?3R Rabbit-foot • 175 Saccharum .122 Senna . 170 Radish Sage 206, 207 Sensitive Plant... ..170 Ranunculus .220 • 153 Sagina Sagittaria . 112 Sericocarpus Shad-bush .230 .168 Rape TC8 Sago Palm .107 Sheepberry .215 Raphanus I eg .M« Sheep-sorrel ,T78 Raspberry .164 Salix .140 Shepherd's Purse . •159 Rattle-box .173 Salomonia Shin-leaf •194 Rattlesnake Grass . .121 Salpiglossis .2IO Shooting Star • 197 Rattlesnake Plantain 139 Salsify .219 Shrubby Cinquefoil 164 Rattlesnake-root . . .220 Salsola .M8 Shrubby Trefoil . . .179 Rattlesnake-weed . .220 Salt Meadow Grass 119 Shrub Yellow-root ..152 Ray Grass .118 Salt Reed Grass... .119 Sickle-pod •159 Red-bud . I7O Saltwort 148 Sicyos , ?i6 Red Cedar .109 Salvia 206, 207 Sida .i8s Red-osier .194 Sambucus .214 Silene .149 Red Pepper .208 Samolus .197 Silk Oak •145 Red-root Sandwort 150, Silk Vine , .200 Red Top .121 I55 Silphium •234 Reed . I2O Sanguisorba 166 Silver-bell .TOR Reseda ,160 Sanicula . 192 Silver-weed T6s Rhamnus Rheum .184 •145 Saponaria Sarothra .150 .186 Sinapis Sisymbrium .158 ..157 Rhexia 180 Sarracenia .160 Sisyrinchium ,.118 Rhodora • 195 Sarsaparilla .190 Sium .193 Rhododendron . . . .195 Sassafras . 154 Skullcap 205, 206 Rhodotypos .164 Satureia .207 Skunk Cabbage . . . .132 Rhubarb • 145 Saururus • 139 .147 Rhus .181 Savastana .121 Smilax 135, 136 Rhynchospora .... .124 Savory .207 Smoke Tree T«T Ribbon Grass .122 Sawara Cypress . . .109 Snake-head .210 Ribes .16?. Saxifraga .l6l Snakeroot 192, 193, 227 Rib-grass Rice .213 .119 Saxifrage Scabiosa ,l6l Snapdragon Sneezeweed .210 .2^6 Richardia .131 Scabious .2T6 Snow-ball .215 Richweed •145 Scarlet Pimpernel . .198 .2 IS Ricinus T8o Scheuchzeria .112 Snow-drop .136 River-weed .TfiO Schizanthus .116 Robinia •173 Schwalbea .212 Snow-on-the- Moun- Robin's Plantain . •233 tain T«0 Rock-cress •159 Scilla .: •135 Solanum .208 Rock-rose .186 Scirpus .124 Solidago ??8 Roripa .158 Scleranthus Solomon's Seal . . . .136 Rosa 166 Scleria • 125 Sonchus .219 Rose Rose Acacia , .166 ,173 Scorpion-grass .203 . no Sophora Sorbaria •J73 .164 Rose Mallow its Scrophularia .210 Sorbus .167 Rose Moss •149 Scutellaria .205 Sorghastrum .119 262 INDEX Sorghum Sour Gum 722 .794 Strawberry-bush Strawberry Gera- .182 Thistle •193 .239 Southern White nium .767 Thistle Family ... .227 Cedar .109 Strawberry-shrub . • 154 Thorn 167, 768 Southernwood . . . ^38 Streptopus ,x|2 Thorn Apple .209 Sow Thistle Spanish Needles . . .219 .216 Strophostyles Stuartia • 175 .786 Thorny Locust . . . Thoroughwort . . . .770 .227 Sparganium Spartina . 7 IO .719 Stylosanthes Styrax •;a Three-seeded Mer- cury .ISO Spathyema .132 Sugar Cane . 122 Thrift .798 Spear Grass . 122 Sultana .184 Thuja .109 Spearmint .208 Sumac Thunbergia .213 Spearwort •153 Sundew .760 Thyme .207 Specularia .217 Sundrop .190 Thymus .207 Speedwell .27 I Sunflower .235 Tiarella T6T Spergula •IS* Swainsona •173 Tickseed 235, 2^6 Spice-bush .154 Swamp Pink .133 Tick-seed Sunflower 2^6 Spider-flower .760 Sweet Alyssum . . . •159 Tick-trefoil ...776, 177 Spiderwort .732 Sweet Bay Tiger Flower .738 Spikenard .. .136, Spike Rush 79O .124 Sweet Bay Tree . . Sweetbrier •!** Tigridia Tilia -IS* .785 Spinach .147 Sweet-cicely • 193 Tillandsia .I32- Spinacia .747 Sweet Clover • 175 Timothy ,778 Spindle-tree .181, 182 Sweet Flag .132 Tissa .751 Spiraea .76^ Sweet Fern .747 Tobacco .209 Spirea .76^ Sweet Gale . 747 Tomatillo Sfcirodela .132 Sweet Gum Tomato 2O8 Sporobolus .120 Sweet Pea .174 Torenia .272 Spring Beauty . . . .149 Sweet Pepper-bush 794 Touch-me-not .784 Spring Star-flower. • 135 Sweet Potato .207 Toxylon . 745 Spruce .708 Sweet Scabious . . •233 Tradescantia . 732 Spurge .180 Sweet Sultan .240 Spurge Laurel . . . .189 Sweet Vernal Grass I2O Triadenum .786 Spurry .151 Sweet William . . . 75O Trichostema .205 Squash .217 Switch Grass . 122 Trientalis .798 Squaw-root Squaw-weed Squill Squirrel Corn Stachys Stagger-bush St. Andrew's Cross ,212 .238 •135 •155 .206 •m Sycamore Symphoricarpos Symphytum Syndesmon Synosma Syntherisma Syringa 162, .163 •215 .203 .153 .238 .119 799 Trifolium Triglochin Trillium Triosteum Tripsacum Triteleia Triticum •175 .in .us •?;i •:?i Staphylea 78? Tritonia 138 .798 Tagetes •235 Trollius Star-grass Star-of-Bethlehem . .136 .135 Tamarack .132 .708 Tropaeolum Trumpet Creeper.. .178 .212 Starwort .15° .786 Tsuga :.... .108 Statice .798 Tanacetum .237 Tuberose . 137 Steironema Stenophragma Stenophyllus .198 • 159 .124 Tangerine Tangleberry Tansy .779 ..796 •237 Tulip Tulipa Tulip Tree •135 •135 Stephanotis .200 Taraxacum .279 Tumble Mustard.. • T57 Stevia .227 Tape-grass .772 Stickseed .202 Tassel Flower .... .234 Turnip T?8 Stick-tight Taxodium ..109 Tussilago .718 Stink Grass .120 Taxus .IO7 Twayblade • 139 Stitchwort .150 Tea .185 Twig-rush • 125 St. John's-woft ... .786 Tear-thumb .146 Twisted-stalk Stock .160 Teasel arf Typha Stoke's Aster .240 Tecoma .212 Stokesia .240 Telanthera .148 Ulmaria .166 Stonecrop 760 Teucrium .205 Ulmus .144 Storax .108 Thalesia Umbelli ferae . 191 Strawberry . . . 164, 165 •154 Umbrella Pine ... .109 263 INDEX Umbrella Plant ...123 Umbrella Tree 151 Unicorn Plant ....212 Unifolium 135 Urtica 145 Urticastrum 145 Utricularia 212 Uvularia 133 Vaccaria 150 Vaccinium 196 Vagnera 135 Valerian 216 Valeriana 216 Vallisneria 112 Variegated Panicum 122 Varnish Tree 183 Velvet Grass 119 Velvet Leaf 185 Venus' Looking- glass 217 Veratrum 133 Verbascum 210 Verbena 203 Vernonia 227 Veronica 211 Vervain 203 Vetch 174 Vetchling 174 Viburnum 214 Vicia 174 Vigna 174 Vinca 200 Viola 187 Violet 187 Virginia Creeper . . 184 Virginia Snakeroot 145 Virgin's Bower 153 Vitis 184 Wake-robin 136 Waldsteinia 165 Wall Cress 160 Wall Flower 160 Wall-pepper 160 Walnut 141 Wandering Jew . . . 132 Wart Cress 157 Washingtonia 193 Water Cress 158 Water Crowfoot ...154 Water Fennel 180 Water Hemlock ...193 Water Hemp 148 Water Hoarhound .208 Water-leaf 202 Water Lily 151 Water Marigold ...236 Watermelon 217 Water Milfoil 190 Water Parsnip ....193 Water Pepper 147 Water Pimpernel ..197 Water Plantain ...112 Water Shield 151 Water Starwort . . . 180 Water Willow 213 Wavy Hair Grass.. 120 Wayfaring Tree ...215 Wax Plant 200 Wax-weed 189 Weigela 216 Wheat 118 White Daisy 237 White Grass 120 White Hellebore ...133 White Hoarhound .206 White Lettuce 220 White Mustard ...158 White Tansy 236 White-topped Aster 230 Whitlavia 202 Whitlow Grass 159 Wild Bean ...175, 176 Wild Basil 207 Wild Comfrey ....202 Wild Ginger 145 Wild Indigo 174 Wild Ipecac 180 Wild Liquorice ....214 Wild Oat Grass ...119 Wild Potato Vine.. 20 1 Wild Rice 119 Wild Rosemary ... 195 Wild Rye 118 Wild Sweet William 202 Wild Yam-root 137 Willow 140, 141 Willow-herb 190 Willugbaeya 227 Wind-flower 153 Winterberry 181 Winter Cherry ....209 Winter Cress 158 Wintergreen ..194, 195 Wistaria 173 Witch Grass 121 Witch Hazel 163 Withe-rod 215 Wolffia 132 Wood Betony 212 Woodbine 216 Wood Reed Grass.. 120 Wood Rush 133 Wood-sorrel 178 Wool Grass 124 Worm-seed Mustard 159 Wormwood 238 Xanthium 221 Xanthorrhiza 1 52 Xanthoxylum 179 Xeranthemum 234 Xolisma 195 Xyris 132 Yard Grass 119 Yarrow 236 Yellow Daisy 234 Yellow-eyed Grass ..132 Yellow Nut Grass.. 124 Yellow Rocket 158 Yellow-wood 173. Yew 107 Yucca i3S Zamia 107 Zannichellia 1 1 1 Zea 118 Zebra Grass 118 .. Zebrina 132 Zephyranthes 137 Zinnia 235 \ Zizania 119 ] Zizia 193 g Zostera in ' 264 I i