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A HAND-BOOK

TO THE

BO) RAO ay EON:

A HAND-BOOK

TO THE

ELORA OF CEYLON

CONTAINING
DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE SPECIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS
INDIGENOUS TO THE ISLAND,

AND

NOTES ON THEIR HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION, AND USES.

BY

HENRY. TRIMEN, M-) (Eonp,), FRS.,

DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARBENS, CEYLON.

With an Atlas of Plates
ILLUSTRATING SOME OF THE MORE INTERESTING SPECIES.

Part I.
RANUNCULACEA—ANACARDIACE-.

WITH PLATES I[—XXV.

LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL

GARDEN

PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON.

LONDON :
DULAU & CO., 37 Sono Square, W.

1893.

“LONDON:
PRINTED BY STRANGEWAYS AND SONS,
Tower Strect, Upper St. Martin's Lane.

,

INTRODUCTORY.

(IssUED WITH Parr I.) LIBRARY
NEW YORK
eRe BOTANICAL
GARDEN

NE principal object of this Handbook is to enable
observers in Ceylon to ascertain the name of any
plant they may find growing wild. When this is arrived
at, they are in a position to learn all that may have been
written about it in botanical and other literature, to appre-
ciate its relationships with other plants, to trace its dis-
tribution in other lands, and to intelligently investigate its
properties and uses.

The analytic Keys and descriptions here given for this
purpose require for their use a general knowledge of the
outside anatomy and structure of the principal organs
of plants and of the terms in use for defining and dis-
tinguishing their different parts and modifications, This
knowledge can be readily obtained from any elementary
work on Botany, and is here presupposed. The descriptions
are, however, as little technical as I can make them con-
sistently with accuracy.

The book refers to Ceylon only. In the definitions of
the Natural Orders and Genera it must be distinctly under-
stood that the distinguishing characters here given for each
group do not include the whole of those which belong to
it, but such only as are shown by the species found in
Ceylon. It is especially necessary to bear this in mind in
using this Handbook for educational purposes; for it may
so happen that the Ceylon members of a particular Order
or Genus are more or less exceptional, and in that case
thecdefinition given will be by no means characteristic of
that) group as a whole.

1
—
>
= ae
=

vi Introductory.

To a less extent this applies also to each species. My
descriptions have been made wholly from Ceylon specimens,
and will thus often be not comprehensive enough to cover
the range of form exhibited in other countries. I have,
indeed, throughout this Flora endeavoured to restrict all
the information given under each species to it as a Ceylon
plant only, excluding, as a rule, everything referring only to
Peninsular India, Malaya, or other regions beyond our limit.

PLAN OF THIS HANDBOOK.

The sequence of the Natural Orders and Genera is that
followed in all recent English systematic Floras, viz., that
of Bentham and Hooker’s ‘Genera Plantarum.’ For the
species I have kept mainly to the ‘Flora of British India,
with which important work it is highly desirable that this
Flora should be in general accordance. When any devia-
tion occurs from these standard books, attention is always
drawn to it.

After a diagnostic description of each Order there follows
a brief Key for the rapid determination of its Genera; and
a fuller description of each Genus is afterwards given with a
similar Key to its species. Each species is treated in
paragraphs on the following plan :-—

1. The Botanical Name * (in Clarendon type) immediately
followed (in Italic type) by a reference to the authority
by whom that name was first published, with the date.

No botanical name in the modern taxonomic sense can be of earlier

date than 1753, when Linnzeus first definitely published his binominal
nomenclature.t

The Vernacular Names when known (also in Clarendon

* When of any local interest, the derivation of the generic and specific
names is given in a foot-note.

t+ I may mention here at once that, for the sake of convenience of
reference, I have uniformly written the adjective indicating nativity to
Ceylon zeylanicus-a-um, disregarding the various other modes followed
by authors, e.g., ceylanicus, zeylonicus, &c.

Introductory. vii

type) follow, the letters S. and T. signifying Sinhalese and
Tamil respectively.

Tamil is the language and race of the Northern and Eastern Pro-
vinces only; the rest of the island is Sinhalese. There is, however, also
a large immigrant Tamil population (from Southern India) employed
as coolies upon estates, chiefly in the Central Province. I am conscious
of great imperfection in these names, and further research will doubtless
add largely to those here given, and correct many errors. Lists of some
of the common S. and T. prefixes are appended (A.).

2. References (in small type) arranged chronologically,
to published books and papers where the species is treated
of or noticed as a Ceylon plant, with any names (=synonyms)
there given when different to the one adopted.

A very large number of works is referred to, for I have endeavoured
to make these local quotations as complete as possible; but there area
few which are so regularly quoted that an explanation of them is at once
necessary :—

Herm. Mus. |P. Hermann], Muszeum Zeylanicum, 1717. A catalogue,
“mostly under their Sinhalese names, of the collection of dried
plants collected by Hermann in 1672-77 in the neighbourhood
of Colombo, and now in the British Museum [pp. 71].

Burm. Thes. J. Burman, Thesaurus Zeylanicus, 1737. An alpha-
betical catalogue of the plants of Ceylon compiled from collections
made by Hermann and Hartog. Contains 110 good plates [pp. 250].

fl. Zeyl. C. Linnzeus, Flora Zeylanica, 1747. Acatalogue, arranged
on the Linnean system, of the Ceylon plants contained in
Hermann’s own Herbarium above referred to. 429 species are
determined and placed in their genera, leaving 228 species un-
determined [pp. 275 and 4 plates].*

Moon Cat. A. Moon, Catalogue of Indigenous and Exotic Plants of
Ceylon, 1824. A list, arranged on the Linnean system, of all the
plants recorded from Ceylon, with their Sinhalese names, and
with references (often incorrect) to a few other authors. 1127
species are given, of which 164 were considered to be new ones,
and there are also 366 cultivated plants included. A second part
consists of an alphabetical list of Sinhalese names [pp. 77, 41].

Arn. Pug. G. A. Walker-Arnott, Pugillus Plantarum Indiz Orientalis,
1836 (In Nova Acta L. C. Acad. Nat. Cur. vol. xviii.). Full de-
scriptions of a number of new species collected by Col. and Mrs.

* At the date of this book Linnzus had not invented his binominal
system of nomenclature, and no species are therefore wamed in it. Fora
critical determination of all the specimens in Hermann’s Herbarium see
my paper in Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xxiv. pp. 129-155.

vill Introductory.

Walker from 1820 onwards (a few Southern Indian species are
also included) [ pp. 38].

Thw. Enum. G. H.K. Thwaites, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniz,
1858-64, A complete catalogue, with references and synonymy,
of all the known plants of the island arranged on the Natural
System, and with descriptions (in Latin) of the many new species
[pp- 483]. An extremely accurate and most valuable work; from
which I rarely find it possible to differ materially.

Trim. Cat. H. Trimen, a Systematic Catalogue of the Plants of
Ceylon, 1885 (in Journ. R. Asiatic Soc., Ceylon Branch, vol. ix.). A
list, corrected and completed up to date of publication, of all the
Ceylon species; arranged according to the ‘Genera Plantarum’

[pp. 137].
The CP. numbers.

These are always quoted. They refer to the large series of dried
specimens of Ceylon Plants (4024 numbers in all) made up by Dr.
Thwaites from his own and his predecessors’ collections, and widely dis-
tributed by him to herbariums and botanical museums throughout the
world. The herbarium at Peradeniya contains a very complete series,
and the numbers quoted are always those in that collection, which must
be regarded as the type-series.*

3. Areference (also in small type) to the ‘Flora of british
India’ and to selected published Fzgures of the plant.

Much additional information will be found in the ‘Fl. B. Ind.’ about
all such of our species as extend into any other of the countries included
in that work. In quoting figures preference is given to such as are
known to have been made from Ceylon specimens.

4. The Description (in larger type).

Whenever possible, this has been made from fresh living specimens ;
it is as brief as is consistent with completeness and with sufficiency for
accurate identification.t A list of the few abbreviations employed is
appended (B.). ;

* Latterly, however, Thwaites suppressed many of his early numbers,
adopting a single one only for each species (as he considered it). Hence
several numbers do not now appear in Herb. Perad., being there sunk
under other ones.

+ It may be well here to define the sense attached by me to certain
common terms which are rather variously employed in descriptive floras.
Oval=equally tapering to either end and about twice as long as broad ;
lanceolate=equally tapering to either end and about 3 times as long as
broad ; od/ong=more or less parallel-sided. I do not employ the term
elliptic at all.

L[ntroductory. 1X

5. The general distribution zu Ceylon and the comparative
frequency (in small type); followed, in the case of the rarer
species, by special docalztzes.

Very much has yet to be done in tracing out the distribution of our
plants through the island, and the information here given is very im-
perfect, and will be much modified and increased by further investiga-
tion. A brief account of the climatic regions and zones of altitude is
appended (C.).

The t2me of flowering and colour of the flowers.

The flowering period is liable to considerable variation in different
years and in different climatic districts, being dependent to a consider-
able extent on varying distribution of the rainfall; the months here given,.
correct as far as they go, cannot be regarded as at all exhaustive.

6. The general range of dustribution beyond Ceylon (also
in small type).

Usually taken from the ‘FI. Brit. Ind.’ with occasional additions or
modifications.

Any subsequent paragraphs are occupied with brief notes
on the history and nomenclature of the species, on any
special peculiarity in its structure, and on its properties,
products, and uses.

Intercalated in their proper places among the species thus
fully treated are certain other plants which are not natives of
Ceylon, but have been certainly zztroduced by the agency of
man, and are now met with in a more or less completely
wild or naturalised state. The names of these are printed
in Italic, not Clarendon, type, and the whole account runs
on in a single paragraph.

The coloured figures (in 4to) accompanying this book are
a small selection only from the extensive series illustrating
the Ceylon flora which is preserved in the Library of the
Botanic Gardens at Peradeniya. This was commenced more
than fifty years ago, and has been steadily continued under
successive Directors. It now numbers several thousand
drawings, and has been wholly the work of three members.

x Lntroductory.

of one Sinhalese family employed successively as draftsmen
on the Garden staff—Haramanis de Alwis, and George and
William de Alwis, his sons. The last-named has been the
draftsman for the last twenty-seven years, and most of the
drawings here reproduced are his work. It.should be added
that many of the detailed dissections are the work of Dr.
Thwaites.

I am well aware of the imperfections in the following
pages. Many gaps remain to be filled up and doubtful
points elucidated, to investigate which I have not had time
or opportunity. Much remains to be done by others, and
indeed it is only by the co-operation of many observers that
anything like completeness in the account of a large tropical
flora can be attained. I hope that one result of this publi-
cation may be to stimulate such observation and inquiry by
those who have the opportunity to make them. These cannot
fail to add numerous facts and correct many errors; and I
may add that any help, however small, of this kind, if com-
municated to me, will be gratefully received and utilised.

HENRY TRIMEN.

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, PERADENIYA.
January, 1893.

L[ntroductory.

X1

COMMON PREFIXES IN THE VERNACULAR NAMES OF

Balu

Bin or Bim .
Bu
Daraw.
Dat

Divi
Diya .
Dodan
Dunu.
Ela or Eli
Embul
Ets.

Eta

Gal

Gam or Gan
Gan

Gas

Gedi .
MGetay ©
Goda .
Gon
Gona .
Han or Ham
Hel

Hin

On 4
Honda
Hulan
Ira or Iri.
Kaha .
Kahata
Kalu:
Karal .
Kana .
Katu .
Kiri

. Milk.

APPENDICES,
(A.)
PLANTS.
I. Sinhalese.
. Dog. Kola .
. Ground. Kudu .
. Woolly. Lunu .
. Angular. Maha or Ma
. Tooth. Mal
. Tiger. Mi.
. Water. Mian .
. Orange. Mudu.
. Bow. Mula or Mul
. Pale, white. Naga or Nayi .
. Sour. Nil. ;
. Great. Pala
. Seed. Panu .
. Rock. Pat
. Village, native. | Patta .
. River. Peni
. Tree. Pini
. Fruit. Piti
. Knot, joint. Potu .
. Land (dry). Rana or Ran
. Bullock. Rata .
. Sambur Deer. Ratu or Rat
. Skin. Sudu .
. Lofty. Suvanda .
. Small. Tel
ads Titta .
. Good. Ura or Uru.
. Wind. Wal
. Striped. Walu .
. Yellow. Wana.
. Astringent. Wata . ‘
Black Wel or Wela
7 Pod: Well .
. Edible. he WAIL ete ne
. Thorny. Yaka or Yak

. Leaf.

. Powder, dust.
Poa

. Large.

. Flower.

. Honey.

. Buffalo-horn
BE Deas

. Root.

. Cobra.

. Blue or green.
. Herbaceous.
. Worm, insect.
. Leaf.

. Bark, fibre.

. Sweet.

. Dew.

. Flour.

» Bark:

. Golden.

. Foreign.

. Red.

. White.

. Fragrant.
Oils

. Bitter.

. Pig.

. Wild.

. Clustered.

. Jungle.

. Round.

. Climber.
oan

. Marsh.

. Devil (=wild).

Xil

Anai
Chiru .
Che
Ennei.
Erumai
Kaddu
Kai
Kal
Karu .
Kay .
Koddai
Kodi .
Kulam
Man
Manchal .
Maram

L[utroductory.
2) Tamu.”
. Great. Mul;
moma: Ndkam
. Red. Nal
Om Nari
. Buffalo. Nai
. Jungle, wild. Nir
~ Eland: Pachu
. Stone. Pal.
. Black. Pal.
. Fruit. Peru
. Seed. Péy
. Climber. Pon
5 eho Ten <.
. Deer. Vaddu
. Yellow. Vellai .
. Tree. Vér
(B.)

. Thorn.
. Cobra.
. Good.
. Jackal.
. Dog.

. Water.
. Cow.

. Tooth.
. Milk.

. Learee,
. Devil (=wild)-
. Golden.
. Honey.
. Round.
. White.
. Root.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE DESCRIPTIONS.

Lee:
lflts.
stip.
infl.
ped.
fl.

cal.
sep.
cor.
pet.
segm. .
stam. .
ae
anthiee

. leaves.

. leaflets.

. stipules.

. inflorescence.
. pedicels.
. flowers.

. Calyx.

. sepals.

. corolla.

. petals.

. segments.
. stamens.
. filaments.
. anthers.

OVincis es
carp: 7;
fre.
aefi 5
indef. .
laters
allitaye
opp.
fem.
ft.

iba
Maae
Senne
Herb. .

. Ovary.

. carpels.

. fruit.

. definite.

. indefinite.
. lateral.

. alternate.
. Opposite.
. female.

. feet.

. inches.
Damiul

. Sinhalese.
. Herbarium.

An asterisk (*) defore the name of a species indicates that it has pro-

bably been introduced into Ceylon by human agency.

Species included in [ ] are such as have been erroneously recorded as

Ceylon plants.

* In combination, the terminations of these prefixes are often modified
according to the initial letter of the word with which they are compounded.

Introauctory. xiii

(C.)
A SKETCH OF THE CLIMATIC REGIONS OF CEYLON.

THE island may be divided into three regions, dis-
tinguished by varying amounts of rain and of temperature,
and marked by characteristic differences in their floras. And,
though it is of course the case that there are no abrupt lines
of demarcation, yet it is also the fact that the great propor-
tion of our species are restricted to one or two of these
climatic regions, only a few occurring throughout the area.
These regions are, briefly:—(1) The dry low-country region;
(2) The moist low-country region; and (3) the montane
region or hill country.

1. The Dry Region.—This is by far the most extensive,
occupying nearly four-fifths of Ceylon in a continuous area,
and comprising the whole of the Northern, North-central,
and Eastern Provinces, with the greater part of the North-
western, and portions of the Central, Southern, and Uva
Provinces. The whole is included in the ‘low country,’ and
for the most part is considerably below 1000 ft.; but a few
isolated rocky hills rise out of the plain, of which the follow-
ing are the highest :—Ritigala, 2506 ft.;* Kokagala, 2241 ft.;
Friar’s Hood, 2148 ft.; Westminster Abbey, 1829 ft.; Gunners
Quoin, 1736 ft.; Yakdessa, 1712 ft.; and three or four more
between 1500 and tooo ft. (Dambulla, 1118 ft.). The rain-
fall nowhere exceeds 75 inches per annum, and falls mostly
between October and January during the north-east monsoon.
Portions of this region about Mannar on the north-western
coast and Hambantota on the south-eastern have a rainfall of
under 50in., which all falls in a short time, so that they
possess an almost desert climate with a long period of
drought. The vegetation of this great tract is mainly
Peninsular-Indian in character, and very few of our endemic
species are found within it.

* For a brief account of the flora of this remarkable isolated mountain
see Journ. R. As. Soc., Ceylon Branch, vol. xi. p. 156.

XIV Introductory.

2. The Motst Low-country Region.— Though occupying
less than one-fifth of our area, this is by far the best known,
the richest, and the most interesting part of the island ; and it
is that from which impressions of its climate and vegetation
have been mostly derived. It comprehends the whole of the
Western Province, the greater part of the Southern and
Sabaragamuwa Provinces, a large portion of the Central
Province, and small tracts in the Uva and North-western
Provinces. I fix the upper limit of this region, where it
passes into the montane zone, at 3000 ft.; and it is con-
venient to divide it into a lower and an upper zone by the
line of 1000 ft. A very large number of truly tropical
species never occur above this last elevation, or, indeed, much
above sea-level. In the lower zone, however, are several
small isolated hills—the highest of which is Hiniduma Kande,
2160 ft.—which are usually of especial interest as the home
of many endemic species. The rainfall over this region
varies from 75 up to 200in. per annum, and is well dis-
tributed over the year, falling in both the north-east and
south-west monsoons, and especially in May and June during
the latter season. A short dry time occurs during some
portion of the first quarter of the year, and often again in
August and September, the rest of the year being more or
less rainy. This wet tropical region is the home of the great
bulk of our endemic species, the majority of which show a
strong Malayan affinity.*

3. The Montane Region or Hill Country.—This includes.
all the country above 3000 ft. elevation, and occupies about
one-twelfth of our area; z¢, as seen on a map. It lies wholly

* See my paper in Journ. R. As. Soc., Ceylon Branch, vol. ix. p. 139.
It must be borne in mind that the climatic regions above described are
not sharply defined, but pass into one another. Between the dry and
moist regions there exists a fairly marked intermediate tract, well
developed about Kurunegala, Nalande, Haragama, Medamahanuwara,
Haldummulla, Tangalle, and especially in the Wellasse district of Uva
and adjoining portions of the Eastern Province. The vegetation of this
zone has remarkable characters, and requires more investigation than it
has yet received.

Lutroductory. XV

in the moist region, z.e,, the rainfall is nowhere less than 75 in.
per annum. In most parts the fall is much greater, and in
some localities in the Adam’s Peak Range reaches 250 in. or
even more, mostly falling during the south-west monsoon,
which strikes with full power on the escarpment having that
aspect.

The hill country occupies a large portion of the Central
Province and of the Provinces of Uva and Sabaragamuwa,.
and very small parts of the North-western and Southern
Provinces, the whole mountain mass being thus situated
S.W. of the centre of Ceylon. It is separable into four
blocks :—1. The main block, which lies to the south and is
by far the largest, comprising the great extent of hill country
extending from Dolosbage on the west to Madulsima on the
east, and from Hantane and Maturata on the north to the
Adam’s Peak Range and Haputale on the south. 2. The
north-western block or chain, running northwards, and sepa-
rated from or connected with the last by the narrow Kadu-
ganawa Pass (1700 ft.). 3. Zhe north-eastern block or chain,
isolated from the main block by the Dumbara Valley and
Mahaweli River, and from the north-western block by the
Matale Valley; also running northwards. 4. The southern
block, much smaller, isolated in the Province of Sabaragamuwa,
and forming the district of Rakwane.

It is convenient to divide this region into a ower and an
upper montane zone by the line of 5000 ft. altitude, which is
found to form a fairly good lower limit for our more truly
montane species (Rhododendron arboreum may be regarded
as a good example). Nearly the whole of the upper zone is.
found in the main mountain block, a little in the north-
eastern, but none in the north-western or southern blocks.
It chiefly consists of the considerable tracts of table-land
known as plains (Nuwara Eliya Plain, about 6200 ft.; Elk and
Horton Plains, over 7000 ft.), and the mountain-tops standing
round them.

xvi Introductory.

The following are some of the highest or best-known
peaks and elevations in the two zones of the montane re-

gion :—

In the Upper Montane Zone (above 5000 ft.).

In Main Mountain Block :—

Pedurutalagala. . . . 8296ft. | Mahakudagala .
Kirigalpota . . . . . 7832ft. | Namunakula Kande .
Totapella ....:. «: s+, -7746ft/) Elbedde Kande eae.
Adam’s Peak . .. . 7353ft. | Diyatalawa

Great Western Mt. . . 7264ft. | Narangala (Badulla) .

In North-eastern Block :—
Knuckles Mt. . . . . 6115 ft. | Dumbanagala. .

In the Lower Montane Zone (3000-5000 ft.).

In Main Mountain Block :—

Dorapotagala (Madulsima) 4972 ft. | Medamahanuwara .
Raxawa (Dolosbage). . 4774ft. | Old Hantane Estate .
Laxapanagala . . . . 4637 ft. | Moneragala .

In North-western Block :—
Hunasgiriya Mt. . . . 4955 ft. | Ambokka.
Etapola’ .....5.%),). '. 44tagit | pAlagala

In Southern Block :—
Pettiagala Kande . . . 4678 ft. | Kondurugala

Gongala . . . . . . 4445ft. | Kiribatgalakande .

6901 ft.
6680 ft.
6630 ft.
5021 ft.
5006 ft.

. 5288°6 ft.

4372 ft.
41109 ft.
3811 ft.

4031 ft.
3394 ft.

4107 ft.
3008 ft.

I._—RANUNCULACEE.

PERENNIAL herbs or climbing shrubs; |. alternate or oppo-
site, without stip., simple or compound; fl. regular, bisexual;
sep. 4, 5 or more, imbricate or valvate, often petaloid ; pet. 5
or more, imbricate, often absent ; stam. indef., distinct, free ;
carp. numerous, distinct, each with a solitary pendulous or
erect ovule; seed with minute embryo in abundant endo-
sperm.

Climbing shrubs with pubes leaves eee

Petals. none - A : . I. CLEMATIS.
Petals many . : : 3 ; : : . 2. NARAVELIA.
Herbs.

Petals none (sepals petaloid) (4 gee

Fls. large, sepals 5-8 3. ANEMONEa
Fls. small, sepals 5 4. THALICTRUM.
Petals 5 (Ranunculec) 5. RANUNCULUS.

An order of temperate and cold regions ehielly ; all our genera but
Naravelia are British also. Of our few species all are montane except
WVaravelia and one Clematis.

1. CLEMATIS, Z.

Woody climbers; |. opp., without stip.; infl. axillary,
compound, large; sep. 4, more or less petaloid, valvate ; pet.
O; stam. numerous; carp. numerous, ovule solitary, pendu-
lous; fr. a head of achenes, each terminated by a long
copiously bearded tail (style).—Sp. about 100 ; 20in FZ. B. Ind.
Both our species belong to Sect. Flammula, DC.

Leaves simple . é 3 : : ; . I. C. SMILACIFOLIA.
Leaves compound . : : : d . 2. C. GOURIANA.

1. ©. smilacifolia, Wal/, in Asiatic Res. xiii. 414 (1819).
Nara-wel, S.

Thw. Enum. 1. C. P: 2690.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 3 (mot given for Ceylon). Wight, Ill. i. t. 1 (C.
Munroana). Bot. Mag. t. 4259.

A woody climber, branches glabrous; 1. simple, ovate,
subcordate at base, entire or faintly serrate, 5- to 9- usually
7-nerved from base, petiole long, prehensile; fl. large, over
I in. diam. ; sep. obtuse, densely pubescent outside, spreading
at length reflexed ; achenes pubescent.

B

2 Ranunculaceae. [Naravelia.

Lower montane zone, rare. Hantane; Alagalla; Ambagamuwa.
Fl. Jan.; brownish-yellow outside, dark purple within, stam. white.

Widely distributed in India and Malay Archip. to the Philippines.

A handsome climber, worth cultivation, the leaf-veins and inflorescence
are purple.

2. ©. Gouriana,* Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 670 (1832).
Thw. Ehum. 1. C. P. 680.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 4. Wight, Ic. tt. 933, 934.

A woody climber; branches wide-spreading, pubescent
when young; 1. pinnate or bipinnate, petiole and rachis
elongated, Iflts. stalked, unequal, ovate- or lanceolate-oblong,
caudate-acuminate, usually deeply but sparingly serrate, gla-
brous above, pubescent beneath; fl. ? in. diam.; sep. pubes-
cent ; achenes hairy.

Montane zone, 3-6000 ft., rather rare. Ramboda; Dimbula ; Nuwara
Eliya. Fl. Dec.-Feb. ; greenish-white.

Also mountains of Trop. India, Malay Pen., Java, Philippines.

Very like C. Vitalba, L., the well-known ‘ Traveller’s Joy’ of England.

2, NARAVELIA,+ DC.

Woody climbers; 1. opp., without stip.; infl. axillary,
compound ; sep. 4, valvate; pet. about 12; fr. as in Clematzs.
—Sp. 2, both in FZ. B. Ind.

N. zeylanica, DC. Syst. i. 167 (1818); Nara-wel, S.

Herm. Mus. 35. Burm. Thes. 36. Fl. Zeyl. n. 226. Adtragene zey-
lanica, L. Sp. Pl. 542. Moon Cat. 43. Thw. Enum.1. C. P. 1009.

RwB.-Ind. a. 72 Roxb: Gor. Elsi tse.

A climbing shrub, branches pubescent; 1. long-stalked,
3-foliolate, the central Iflt. usually transformed into a tendril
which is trifid at the end, Iflts. broadly oval, acute, often
unequal at base, entire or with a few deep gashes, glabrous
above, more or less densely silky-pubescent beneath, 5-nerved;
sep. ovate-lanceolate, subacute, pubescent, soon falling; pet.
4-}1in., rather longer than sep., linear-spathulate, spreading ;
achenes shortly stalked, acuminate, slightly hairy.

Moist low region, rather rare. Galle; Colombo; Kalutara ; Kandy ;
Lunugala, Uva. Fl. Sept.—-Dec.; green.

Also in Trop. India and Malaya.

The tendril is deflexed at right angles with the petiole, and terminates
in 3 equal, recurved, rigid, sharp-pointed, hooked branches.

* Named from the ‘ancient city of Gour’ in Bengal, near which it is
abundant.

+ From the Sinhalese name.

Thalictrum.| Ranunculacee. 3

3. ANEMONE, J.

Perennial herbs; fl. large, in a sparingly branched inflo-
rescence, involucrate at base; sep. imbricate, 5-8; pet. o;
stam. numerous ; carp. numerous, ovule solitary, pendulous ;
fruit a head of beaked achenes.—About 80 species; 15 in FY.
B. L[nd.

A. rivularis, Ham. 7x DC. Syst. i. 211 (1818) zon Wall.

Thw. Enum. 1. C. P. 1011.

Fl. B. Ind. i.9. Wight, Ic. 936 (4. Wightiana). Hook. Ic. Plant.
t. 176 (from Ceylon specimens).

A perennial herb with a woody rootstock clothed with the
fibrous remains of former leaves; whole plant more or less
hairy ; radical leaves very long-stalked, tripartite almost tri-
foliolate, the segments or Iflts. very deeply cut and serrate; .
fl.-stem erect, 1-3 ft. high; inflor. cymose, trichotomous with
erect branches, with a pair of opposite leafy tripartite bracts
at the base (involucre) with linear segments, and smaller
opposite bracts below the branches; fl. 1}in. diam. ; sep. 5-8
usually 7, slightly silky externally ; achenes smooth, beaked,
with a hooked tip.

Upper montane zone. Rather rare, but locally abundant as among
the grass and bushes of Nuwara Eliya Plain, especially near the stream,
and on Horton Plains. Fl. April; white or bluish.

In all the higher mountains of the Indian Peninsula, abundant in the
Himalayas.

This pretty plant is the only Avemzone which extends into the tropics.
It can be successfully grown as a hardy perennial in England, and culti-
vated plants are figured in Bot. Reg., 1842, t. 8.

4. THALICTRUM, J.

Perennial herbs; fil. small, in a paniculate inflorescence
without an involucre; sep. 5, imbricate, petaloid; pet. o ; stam.
numerous; carp. numerous, ovule solitary, pendulous ; fruit a
head of beaked achenes,—Sp. 50; 18 in FZ. B. Ind.

T. javanicum, £47. 877d. 2 (1825).
T. glyptocarpum, W. & A., Thw. Enum. 1. C. P. 2574.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 13. Wight, Ic. t. 48.

A perennial herb, glabrous throughout; stems erect,
2-4 ft. high, slender, smooth, striate, clothed at base with per-
sistent sheaths of petioles of former leaves, often zigzag at the
nodes ; 1. on long petioles with amplexicaul membranous bases,
triternate or tripinnate, lflts. on very slender stalks, small,
thin, more or less rounded, lobed or coarsely dentate, glau-

4 Ranunculacee. [Ranunculus.

cous and veined beneath; panicle small, fls. few; achenes
strongly ribbed, beaked with a hooked point.

Upper montane zone ; common. Nuwara Eliya; Dimbula ; Hortorm
Plains ; &c. Fl. Jan.-April ; white.
On all the higher mountains of India and Java.

5. RANUNCULUS, /.

Perennial herbs; |. few or solitary; sep. 5, imbricate,
caducous; pet. 5, spreadities ; stam. numerous; carp. numerous,
ovule solitary, erect; faa a head of peaked achenes,—Sp.
about 160; 21 in FZ. B. Ind.

Leaves not divided. : : : : : 2 R. SAGITTIFOLIUS.

Leaves much divided. . . ; . 2. R. WALLICHIANUS.

R. sagittifolius, Hook. /c. Plant E5173 a

a hastatus, Walker in Wight, Ill. i.5. Thw. Enum.1. C. P. 520.

Fl. B. Ind. 1.17. Hook. Ie, (from a Ceylon specimen).

A perennial herb witha horizontal or ascending rootstock ;
]. mostly radical on very long hairy petioles, cordate-oblong,
obtuse, base strongly sagittate with rounded lobes, crenate,
glabrous above, hairy on the veins beneath; flowering stem
erect, 2-3 ft. high, smooth, branched; cauline leaves few,
oblong or linear, inciso-dentate ; fl. $in. diam.; pet. 5, nearly
orbicular ; carpels in a globose head, smooth, keeled on the
back, with a short incurved beak.

Upper montane zone, in wet or marshy places, common, especially at
Horton Plains and N. Eliya. Fl. May, June, Sept. ; bright yellow.

Endemic.

This is the ‘ Buttercup’ of the hills.

2. R. Wallichianus, lV. & A. Prod. i. 4 (1834).

R. zeylanicus, Moon Cat. 43 (?) &. pinmnatus, Arn. Pug. 4. Thw.
Enum. rt. °C. P. tor.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 20. Wight, Ic. t. 937.

A perennial stoloniferous herb, rooting at the nodes of the
long prostrate branches; 1. on long hairy petioles ternatisect
or nearly trifoliolate, the segments or Ifits. tripartite, deeply
cut or toothed at the ends, with long silky hairs on both
surfaces ; fl. solitary on long hairy peduncles opposite the
leaves, small, 1} in. wide ; sep. reflexed ; pet. broadly oval ;
achenes few, much flattened on the sides, margined, glabrous,
the sides usually tuberculated, but sometimes quite smooth,
terminating in a short hooked beak.

Damp shady places in upper montane zone ; common. Horton Plains ;
Pedurutalagala ; Haputale; Nuwara Eliya; Ella, Uva. Fl. April-
September ; yellow, inconspicuous.

Also in the Nilgiri Hills of S. India.

I suppose this to be Moon’s 2. zeylanicus which he collected in Uva ;
but I have seen no specimens from him.

Delima.| Dilleniacee. 5

I].—DILLENIACE..

TREES, shrubs, sometimes climbing, or perennial herbs.
L. alternate or radical, simple (rarely compound in Acrotrema),
without stip. or with stip. fused with petiole; fl. regular,
bisexual; sep. 5, imbricate, persistent ; pet. 5 (rarely 4), usually
showy, yellow or white ; stam. numerous (15-indef.), distinct
or monadelphous or in 3 bundles, anth. innate; carp. few
(2-5) or many, rarely solitary, distinct or slightly coherent in
axis, styles distinct, ovules few or many; fruit-carp. distinct,
dehiscent (follicles) or indehiscent; seeds solitary or numerous,
surrounded by an aril (absent in Dzdenza), embryo minute in
fleshy endosperm.

Filaments dilated upwards, anther-cells cece ees
Carpel solitary . F ‘ : I. DELIMA.
Carpels 2-5 . 3 . | 2. TETRACERA:
Filaments not dilated upwards (Dilleniee)
Carpels 3 ; anth. opening oh slits.

Perennial herbs . F 5 : . 3. ACROTREMA.
Shrubs é 4. SCHUMACHERIA.
Carpels 4-20 ; anth. opening by. terminal pores
(trees)
Seeds arillate : : ‘ : : . 5. WORMIA.
Seeds without an aril 3 : 6. DILLENIA.

The species are nearly all found ght in the ee country of the moist
region.

1. DELIMA,* Z.

A woody climber ; sep. 5; pet. 3-5; anther-cells separated
by wide connective; carp. solitary, ovules 2-5, ascending ;
fr. a follicle; seed solitary, surrounded at base by a large
lacerate aril—Monotypic.

D.sarmentosa, Z. Sf. P/. ed. 2,f. 736 (1762). Korasa-wel, S.

Herm. Mus. 19. Burm. Thes. tor. FI. Zeyl. n. 205. Moon Cat. 42.
Thw. Enum. 2. C. P. 1015.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 31 (not jgiven for Ceylon). Burm. Fl. Ind. t. 37, f. 1.
Bot. Mag. t. 3058.

A large climber, stems thick, woody, with rough red bark,
green parts hispid-scabrous; |. 3-6 in. long, stalked, oval or
broad oval, obtuse or acute, entire or slightly toothed at

* From delimare, to polish or smooth, from the use made of the rough
leaves ; the native name has the same meaning.

6 Dilleniacee. [ Acrotrema.

upper part, rigid, strongly ribbed with numerous parallel
lateral veins extending to the margin; scabrous especially
above; inflor. paniculate, terminal and from upper leaf axils;
fl. numerous, small, }+4 in. diam.; sep. unequal, rounded,
obtuse, ciliate and pilose; pet. usually 4, spreading or re-
flexed ; stam. very numerous, filaments long, gradually dilated
upwards ; carp. solitary, style long apiculate; ovary I-celled,
with 3 or 4 ovules ; follicle ovoid, 1-4 in. long, tapering into a
sharp beak; pericarp thin, smooth and shining, surrounded
at base by persistent sep. ; seed globose, compressed, black,
with a fimbriate aril.

Rather common in the low country of the moist region—Heneratgoda ;
Ratnapura ; Kalutara; Ambagamuwa. Rarer in the dry region—Kur-
unegala ; Puttalam. Fl. March—June ; white.

From Eastern Bengal to Singapore, the Malay Islands, the Philip-
pines, and S. China; not in Peninsular India.

2. TETRACERA, J.

A woody climber ; sep. and pet. 4-6; anther-cells widely
separated ; carp. 3-5, ovules numerous; follicles 2-5, each
with 1-3 seeds; seeds surrounded by a toothed aril.—Species
2A; VA Anh. B. and.

T. levis, Vahl, Sym. iii. 71 (1794). EHt-korasa-wel, S.
Hk. £. and Th. Fl. Ind. 62, Thw.Baum. 2. C. Poor:
Fl. B. Ind. i. 31. Wight, Ic. t. 70 (7. Rheedez) (not good).

A woody climber with smooth flexuose branches, glabrous
throughout; 1. very shortly stalked, 3-5 in. oblong-oval,
tapering at base, caudate-acuminate and often twisted at
apex, entire or distantly denticulate, lat. veins parallel, curved,
prominent; fl. 1 in. diam., in small terminal panicles; sep.
large, broadly oval, rounded, persistent, silky in centre within;
pet. caducous; stam. very numerous, persistent; carp. 3-5,
styles long; follicles beaked, smooth, brown, surrounded by
persistent cal. and stam. ; seeds 2 or 3.

Low country, rare. Kalutara; Puttalam. Fl. Aug. Sept. ; white.

Also in Malabar, Java, and Borneo.
I have not seen living specimens.

3. ACROTREMA, /aci.

Perennial herbs with an ascending or horizontal rootstock;
1. all radical with broad sheathing bases (adherent stip.) and
the lateral veins parallel; infl. in axillary racemes, with a
usually short peduncle and long pedicels which look like radical

Acrotrema.]| Dilleniacee. 7

peduncles, bracts large, membranous; fl. yellow; sep. and
pet. 5; stam. 15-50, usually in 3 bundles; carp. 3, slightly
coherent in centre, ov. with 2-indef. ovules, styles subulate,
recurved ; follicles bursting irregularly; seeds with a crus-
taceous, pitted testa, surrounded by a white aril—Sp. about
10; alliin #7, B. Ind.

Racemes with short peduncles.
Leaves not pinnate or pinnatisect, or only so at the very base.

Leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse. : . I. A. UNIFLORUM.
Leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute . 2. A. INTERMEDIUM.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, large. : . 3. A. LANCEOLATUM.
Leaves linear-oblong, small . 4. A. GARDNERI.
Leaves pinnate or pinnatisect throughout.
Leaflets or segments oblong, equal 5. A. THWAITERII.
Leaflets or segments linear, unequal 6. A. DISSECTUM.
Racemes with long peduncles 7. A. LYRATUM.

The only herbaceous genus in the family.

All the Ceylon species are endemic. Besides them, there is also a
species endemic in Malabar, and another (the first known) in the Malay
Peninsula.

Most of the species are ill-defined and extremely variable, and I have
failed to obtain any clear idea of their limits. They doubtless hybridise
freely.

They are very pretty little plants, growing in damp mossy places, the
crevices of rocks and shady woods ; their habit rather reminding one of
the common English primrose, but ‘the flowers more like Potentilla.

All are confined to the low country of the moist region ; one species
only extending into the lower montane zone.

1. A. uniflorum, Hook. Jc. P/. ii. t. 157 (1837). Bin-béru, S.
Hk. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 64. Thw. Enum. 2.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 33 (including A. Walkerz). Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 157.

L. usually obovate-oblong, broad or narrow, usually obtuse
at apex and narrowed or attenuate towards base, the actual
base being generally cordate or auriculate, usually crenate-
dentate, rarely entire, sometimes deeply cut or even com-
pound with separate Ifts, at base, glabrous or pilose or hairy
or scabrid above and beneath, the veins always hairy, often
rugose or bullate; fl. 1-8 in the raceme; stam. 15-50.

Extremely emus almost every district producing a local form ; the

following named varieties are completely connected by intermediates,
and might be indefinitely extended.

Var. a. petiolare, Thw. Enum. 2. C. P. 265, 3882 (coloratum,
Thw. MS.), 3896 (sznus Thw. MS.) L. narrow, usually on long petioles,
glabrous above ; stam. about 30.

Var. 8. rotundatum, Thw. Enum. 2. C. P. 1014, 3486 (a small form).
L. broad, shortly petiolate, often nearly entire.

Var. y. bullatum, Hk. f. and Th. A. dullatum, Thw. Enum. 2.
C. P. 239. Lves. very bullate above, and excavated between the veins
beneath, softly pubescent ; stam. about 20.

8 Dilleniacee. [Acrotrema.

Var. 6. vugatum, Thw. MS. (sp.). C. P. 3899, 3905 (a large villous
form). L. bullate above, hispid or villous, ped. and cal. very villous.

Var. «. sylvaticum, Hk. f. and Th. A. sylvaticum, Thw. Enum. 2.
C. P. 2659. L. large, membranous, pilose.

Var. ¢. Walkeri, Trim. A. Walkeri, Wight in Thw. Enum. 3. C. P.
694, 3831 (var. axgyroneurum, Thw. Enum. 398) Bot. Mag. t. 5353 (poor
specimen). L. laxly hairy on both sides, often bullate, frequently varie-
gated with white along the veins ; raceme short ; stam. 15-24.

Var. n. membranaceum, Thw. MS. (sp.). C. P. 3897 (several forms),
3898 (var. villosulum, Thw. MS.). LL. large, serrate-dentate, usually
auriculate at base, finely pilose-hispid above.

Var. 6. appendiculatum, Thw. MS. (sp.). C. P. 3880. L. with 2 or 3
pairs of deeply incised often stalked leaflets at base, very bullate above,
the bullz slightly rough with prickly hairs; stam.50. Probably a hybrid.

Var. u. dentatum, Thw. MS. (sp.). C. P. 3881. L. coarsely crenate-
dentate in upper part, teeth becoming larger and deeper downwards,
forming at the base I or 2 pairs of separate leaflets ; racemes short,
distinctly stalked, fls.6 or 7; stam. 27. This may be a distinct species,
but is more probably a hybrid.

Moist low country, and extending up to 4ooo ft. on shady and rocky
banks, rather common. Var. 0, Kitulgala; Var. 4, Morowak Korale.
F]. Feb. to April, and Aug. and September.

Endemic.

The name zszflorum is unfortunate, as there are nearly always more
than one fl. in the raceme. The original figure represents a weak, un-
healthy plant with very few and small flowers, and with only 5 or Io stam.,
a form I have never met with.

2. A. intermedium, 7/w. Znum. 3 (1858).

CuPagris.

FI. B. Ind. i. 33.

Rootstock elongated ; |. large, 4-12 in., obovate-lanceolate,
acute, much attenuate below, the actual base auriculate,
strongly serrate, more or less hairy chiefly on the veins beneath
and between them above ; fl. numerous, rather large ; ped. and
cal. coarsely hairy; stam. about 4o.

Moist low country; rare. Kitulgala; Ambagamuwa. Fl. Jan—March

Endemic.
This may be merely another form of A. untflorum.

3. A. lanceolatum, ook. Jc. Plant. sub ¢. 157 (1837).

Hk. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 65. Thw. Enum. 3. C. P. 2660.

FI. B. Ind. i. 33

Rootstock short ; |. large, linear-lanceolate, acute, coarsely
sinuate-serrate, nearly glabrous above, hairy on the veins
beneath ; racemes erect, fl. few, ped. with spreading hairs;
stam. about 40.

Moist low country; rare. Adam’s Peak (Walker); near Kitulgala.
Fl. March.

Endemic.

4. A. Gardneri, 7iw. Enum. 3 (1858).

GP 253.

FI. B. Ind. i. 33.

Acrotrema.] Dillentacee. 9

Rootstock erect, slender; 1. small, 2-3} in. long, linear-
oblong or linear-spathulate, acute, rounded at base, spinous-
denticulate, glabrous above, adpressed-hairy on veins beneath;
ped. with adpressed hairs ; stam. 15-20.

Moist low country by streams ; rather rare. Adam’s Peak ; Ratnapura ;
ene Raja Forest, in several places, abundant. Fl. March, April.

ndemic.

This has the appearance of a quite distinct species, though its cha-
racters are hard to define.

5. A. Thwaitesii, Hz. / and Th.in Kew Journ. Bot. viii. 241 (1856).
Thw. Enum. 3. C. P. 3364, 3969.
Pilad.1. 345. New ].pBot. Uet.ive A.

L. pinnatisect or pinnate, linear-lanceolate in outline, the
segments or leaflets oblong, usually serrate-dentate, hairy on
both sides, petioles very short; pedicels long, hairy; stam.
15-25, evenly arranged (not in 3 groups).

Moist low country; very rare. Dolosbagie District only. FI. Feb.
March.

Endemic.

C. P. 3969 (var. stolonifera, Thw. MS.) is a curious form with long
trailing runners rooting at the nodes. There are specimens under C. P.
3364 which appear to be hybrids with some form of A. wazflorum, the
leaves being deeply cut at the lower part only.

6. A. dissectum, 7hw. 72 Kew Journ. Bot. viii. 242 (1856).

thw. Enum. -3.. €. P.3393.

Prebaind sa. Kew Journ. Bot. 1c: t: 1v.tB.

L. deeply pinnatisect or pinnate, lanceolate in outline,
acute; rachis stout, segments or leaflets very unequal, silky
beneath, the larger ones again pinnatisect with linear, unequal,
bristle-pointed segments, the smaller ones linear, entire ;
peduncle short; stam. about 30.

Moist low country ; very rare; only collected at Hewesse, Pasdun
Korale ; and in Hiniduma Pattu. FI. April.

Endemic.

The plant at Hiniduma was growing along with A. unifiorum, var.
sylvaticum, and many of the specimens are believed by Thwaites to
be hybrids between the two species, the various forms of the leaves
making a complete connecting chain.

7. A.lyratum, Zhw.72n Kew Journ. Bot. viii. 242 (1856). [PLATE I.]

Thw. Enum.3. C. P. 3392.

BEB: Ind: 15 34.

Rootstock very stout, ascending; 1. erect, large, 8-10 in.
long, coriaceous, glabrous, lyrate-pinnatisect, the terminal
lobe very large, obtuse, cordate at base, denticulate, the lower
lobes in 4 or 5 pairs, deflexed, rounded, with a few sharp
prickly teeth, petiole broadly winged ; raceme erect, peduncle

IO Dilleniacee. | Schumacheria.

6-10 in. high, pedicels long, spreading, fl. large ? in. diam. ;
stam. about 20.

Moist low country ; very rare. Only known from the top of Nillowe
Kande, an isolated precipitous rock in Hiniduma Pattu. Fl. April-May.
Endemic.

A very striking and distinct species. The inflorescence and under-

surface of leaves are purple.
4. SCHUMACHERIA,* Va2i/.

Erect or scrambling shrubs, with flexuose branches ;
1, with a sheathing, broad-based petiole, coriaceous, with
strong lateral veins; fl. in panicles, sessile, with 2 bracts at
the base, yellow; sep. and pet. 5; stam. numerous, in 2 or 3
rows, monadelphous, the filaments forming a semicylindrical
column at the back of the fl.; carp. 3, distinct, ov. densely
hairy, t-ovuled, style long, curved; fruit indehiscent; seed
with a crustaceous testa, surrounded at base by a small
membranous aril.—Confined to Ceylon ; the 3 species closely
allied.

Panicles terminal, large : : : . I. S. CASTANEAFOLIA,
Panicles axillary, small.
Leaves broadly oval or rotundate . . 2. S. ALNIFOLIA.
Leaves lanceolate-oblong . : - . 3. S. ANGUSTIFOLIA.

1. S. castaneefolia, Vahl in Skrivt. Nat. Selsk. Kiob. vi. 122
(1810). Mekiri-wara, S.

Arn, in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. xvi. 315. Wight, Ill. i. 9. Thw.
Baum 2. oC P232)

Fl. B. Ind. i. 35. Wight, IIL. i. t..4.

A large, straggling shrub; 1. 6-8 in. long, broadly oval or
ovate-oval, obtuse or suddenly acute, sinuate-dentate, glabrous
above, puberulous on veins beneath; fl. numerous, sessile,
2 in. diam., secund, in large terminal spreading panicles ;
bracts and sep. silky on both sides.

Moist low country below Ioooft.; common. Galle; Pasdun Korale;
Nillowe, S. Prov.; Sabaragamuwa very common; Labugama. FI.
Jan.—April ; yellow.

Endemic.

First collected by Koenig. The fl. vary in size ; there are often only
4 petals.

2. S. alnifolia, Hk. f and Th. Fl. Ind. 66 (1855).

Thw. Enum 4. C. P. 9.

Fl, Brit. Ind. 1. 34.

An erect shrub, branches stout, divaricate; 1. 4-6 in.,
broadly oval or nearly rotund, very obtuse, repando-denticu-

* Commemorates C. F. Schumacher, Professor of Surgery at Copen-
hagen in 1810,

Wormia.] Dilleniacee. II

late, glabrous above, scabrous-pubescent beneath, petioles
short, stout, deeply channelled; fl. }in. diam., in small,
axillary, stalked panicles much shorter than the leaves ;
branches few, silky; stam. about 20.

Var. B. dentata, Wight in Thw. Enum 4. C. P. 339.

Petioles hairy, leaves coarsely serrate-dentate, more hairy
beneath, and with more prominent reticulate venation.

Var. y. subglabra, Thw. Enum. 4. C. P. 2416.

Leaves nearly glabrous beneath.

Lower Montane zone; rather common. Ambagamuwa; Adam’s Peak.
Var. 8 Adam’s Peak ; Hunasgiriya. Var y Hunasgiriya. Fl. Jan-April;
yellow.

Endemic.
The varieties are scarcely worth separate names.

3. S. angustifolia, Wk. / and Th., Fl. Ind. 66 (1855). [PLATE II.]

Thw. Enum. 4. C. P. 2992.

Fl. Br. Ind. i. 34.

An erect shrub, branches cylindrical, smooth, young buds
white, silky; 1. 4-6in., shortly stalked, lanceolate-oblong,
acuminate, serrate, glabrous except on midrib beneath; fl.
2 in. diam., arranged as in 2; sep. very silky externally ;
stam. about 27.

Moist region, below 2000ft.; rare. Hiniduma and Kukul Korale,
abundant.

Fl. December, April, June; yellow.
Endemic.

5. WORMIA, Roitd.

Trees; petioles with an adherent stipular wing; sep. 5,
persistent, much and unequally enlarged and loosely enclosing
the ripe fruit; pet. 5, large; stam. indef., anth. opening by
2 terminal pores; carp. 4-5, each with several ovules in
2 rows; fruit-carp. indehiscent, each 1—2-seeded ; seed with
a fleshy aril.—Species 9, 4 in #7. B. Ind.

W. triquetra, Rottb. in Nov. Act. Hafn. ii. 532 (1783). Diya-
para, S. [PLATE III.]

Dillenia dentata, Thunb. in Trans. Linn. Soc.i. 201. Dzl/enia aquatica,
Moon Cat. 42. Hk. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 67. Thw. Enum. 4. C.P. 1013.

FL Br. Ind. +. 35. Trans, Linn. Soc..tt. 20:

A moderate-sized tree, twigs smooth, brown, marked with
large leaf-scars; petioles long, channelled above, half-sur-
rounded at the base by a prominent, fleshy, horse-shoe-shaped
cushion, and at first provided with long, narrow, herbaceous

12 Dilleniacee. [Dillenia.

stipules, which are adherent to the margins of its upper
surface, and united by their other edge so as to form a narrow
tube in which the terminal bud is enclosed ; leaf-blade 6-7 in.
long, broadly oblong-oval, obtuse or bluntly apiculate, coarsely
repand-serrate, coriaceous, glabrous on both sides; fl. few,
large, 24 in. diam., secund, in small racemes opp. the leaves ;
sep. very obtuse, very strongly imbricate, fleshy, persistent ;
stam. in several series, nearly equal, persistent; ov. with
about 8 ovules, styles subulate, persistent ; fruit small, nearly
globular, surrounded at base by withered stam. and loosely
enclosed in the enlarged, unequal, obovate-oblong, thick but
not fleshy persistent sep., composed of 4 or 5 free but closely
approximate carp.; pericarp thin, membranous.

Moist low region, ascending to its upper limit, in damp ground ; rather
rare. Ambagamuwa; Pusselawa; Colombo; Kurawita Korale. Fl. Dec.-
Jan. ; white, stamens yellow.

Endemic.

The bud is completely enclosed in the tube formed by the petiolar
stipules the margins of which are united; these shrivel and fall away
after the full expansion of the leaf.

Koenig’s original specimens in Mus. Brit. are labelled by him
‘Reaumuria orbiculata,’ an unpublished name.

Wood reddish, close-grained, moderately hard.

6. DILLENTA, Z.

Trees; i. large, coriaceous, with strong parallel lateral
veins ending at the margin in spinous teeth; fl. large, soli-
tary or few; sep. 5, thick, persistent, and ultimately much
enlarged and closely investing the fruit; pet. 5; stam. very
numerous, in many series, anth. opening by small pores;
carp. 5-20, ovules numerous ; fruit globular, indehiscent, the
carp. free but closely approximate, so as to appear syncarpous;
seeds numerous in each cell, no aril.—Sp. 12; all in FZ.
B. Ind.

Leaves acute. FI. 6in. diam. Fruit 5-6in. diam. . 1. D. INDICA
Leaves very obtuse. Fl. 3in. diam. Fruit 14in.diam. 2. D. RETUSA.

1. D. indica, Z. Sf. P/.535 (1753). Hondapara, Wampara, S.

Herm. Mus. 70. Moon Cat. 42. D. speciosa, Thunb., Thw. Enum. 5.
GIES 206r

Fl. B. Ind. i. 36. Wight, Ic. t. 823.

A moderate-sized round-headed tree, bark cinnamon
brown; I. closely placed, very large, 10-12 in. long, oblong-
lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, glabrous above, finely
pubescent on veins beneath, lateral veins numerous, strong ;

Dillenia.] “Dilleniacee. 13

petioles 1fin. long, stout, deeply channelled above, pulvinate
at base; fl. very large, 6-7 in. diam., on stout subterminal
ped.; sep. very fleshy; pet. orbicular with a broad base ;
stam. persistent; carp. 15-20, coherent at the axis, styles
spreading like a star, white ; ripe carp. enclosed in the greatly
enlarged and thickened sep., which are 1 in. thick and strongly
imbricate, the whole forming a large green globose pomiform
fruit 5-6 in. diam., actual fruit 2} in. diam., pericarp thin,
indehiscent ; seeds numerous, compressed, with a_ hairy
margin.

Low country up to 2000 ft.; common, often planted. Fl. July,
August ; white, stamens yellow ; fruit green. .

Throughout India and the Malay Peninsula and Islands,

A very handsome tree with fine foliage, magnificent flowers, and

remarkable apple-like fruit. It is much planted for ornament. The fruit
gives a lather with water, and is used as soap.

2. D. retusa, 7hundb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. i. 200 (1791). Goda-
para, S.

Herm. Mus. 49. WD. integra, Thunb. |. c. 199. Moon Cat. 42.
Wormia retusa, Hk. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 68. Thw. Enum. 5. C. P.
2960.

FL B. Ind: 1. 37. . Trans: Linn. Soc: 1. ¢. t. 19, and t..18 (D: zategra).

A moderate-sized tree, bark brownish-grey ; 1. large,
6-12 in., obovate-oblong, very obtuse, gradually tapering to
base, shallowly repand-serrate, stiff, coriaceous, glabrous and
shining on both surfaces, petiole 1 in., channelled, pubescent,
pulvinate; fl. large, 3 in. diam., on long, pubescent, sub-
terminal or leaf-opposed ped., often 2-fld.; sep. fleshy, per-
sistent; pet. rotund, with a narrow base; stam. all erect ;
carp. 5, coherent at the axis, styles subulate, ovules numerous ;
ripe carp. enclosed in much enlarged and thickened imbricate
sep. forming a depressed-globose, very finely pubescent,
orange fruit, 1-1}in. diam., actual fruit }-2in. pericarp thin,
fleshy ; seeds several, smooth.

Moist low country; rather common. FI. May, June, August ; white ;
stam. pink or purple ; fruit orange.

Endemic.

The leaves vary a good deal in size, width, and margin. Thunberg’s
D. integra is apparently an entire-leaved form, but his figures are very

oor.

i Wood reddish-brown, fine-grained, moderately hard, durable, medul-
lary rays distinct.

14 Magnolacee. [Michelia,

II1].—MAGNOLIACEE.

TREES or climbing shrubs; 1. alternate, simple, entire,
with or without stip. ; fl. regular, bi- or unisexual; sep. and
pet. not distinguished, 9-12, imbricate in several series ; stam.
indef., distinct or monadelphous ; carp. indef., distinct, imbri-
cated, each with 2-4 ovules; ripe carp. dehiscent (follicles)
or indehiscent, 1-4-seeded ; seeds with a minute embryo in
copious endosperm.

Tree. Leaves stipulate (JZagnoliez) . 1. MICHELIA.
Climbing shrub. Leaves exstipulate (Schizandrec). . 2. KADSURA.

1. MICHELIA, J.

Trees, |. with stip.; perianth-leaves 9-12 in several series,
imbricate; stam. numerous, distinct; carp. numerous, in a
spike, supported on a gynophore ; fruit a spike of follicles,
each dorsally dehiscent and I- or 2-seeded.—Sp. 12; 8 in FZ.
B. Ind.

M. nilagirica, Zen. P/. /nd. 21 (1835) Wal-sapu, S.

M. Walkerit and M. glauca, Wight, Ill. i. 13, 14. Thw. Enum. 5.
C. P. 576, 141 (part).

Fl. B. Ind. i. 44. Zenk. Pl. Ind. t.20. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. iii. t. 65.

A moderate-sized or large tree, much branched, with a
rounded head, bark rather smooth, thick, grey, twigs flexuose,
irregular, young parts silky; 1 on short slender petioles,
3-34 in., lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, tapering at both ends,
shortly and bluntly acuminate, entire, with a narrow horny
margin, glabrous and bright green above, glaucous or white
with a very fine silky pubescence beneath (when young very
silky), stip. intrapetiolar, densely silky, shining, connate and
completely enclosing the bud, quickly deciduous leaving a
ring-scar ; fl. solitary, terminating short lateral twigs, 1}-2 in.
diam., peduncle short, stout, silky ; perianth-leaves usually 12,
obovate-strap-shaped, the inner narrower; connective pro-
longed beyond the anther-cells into a tongue-like appendage :
gynophore shorter than the stam. ; carp. silky, ovules 2 or 3,
superposed ; fruit an irregular spike of follicles elevated on
the much-enlarged gynophore, mixed with many abortive
carpels, each follicle ovoid, bluntly apiculate, pale yellow
tinged with purple, spotted with small distant worts, dehiscing
dorsally into 2 leathery valves; seeds 2 or I, roundish or

Michelia.] Magnolhacee. 15

flattened on one side, outer coat thick, pulpy, bright scarlet
outside, inner coat thin, hard, black, shallowly grooved.

Var. B. ovalifolia, Thw. M. ovalifolia, Wight, Ill. i. 13.
Var. Walkeri, Thw. (in part). Var. Wightiz, Hk. t. and Th., Fl. B.
Ind. i. 44. C.P. 141 (chiefly), 2636.

Leaves larger, 34-44 in. long, broadly oval, abruptly or
gradually acuminate, not glaucous beneath; perianth-leaves
usually 9.

Montane zone, in forests above 5000 ft. common; and down to 4ooo ft,
more rarely. Var. 8. Adam’s Peak District; Horton Plains. Fl. March,
April; pale sulphur-yellow, sweet-scented, becoming darker when
withering.

Also in Nilgiri Mts., S. India.

The above description of our type is taken from the common form in the
hills ; it does not quite agree with that of any of the three species given for
Ceylon by Wight, but is nearest to his 7. Walkeriz. The Nilgiri tree
seems to differ considerably ; Zenker’s figure shows white flowers with 8
perianth-leaves, and Wight, Ic. t. 398, has much larger flowers than any of
our forms.

Var. 8. looks distinct enough, but is connected with the type by inter-
mediate forms. C. P. 2636 might be distinguished as another variety ; it
has longer tapering leaves almost caudate at the apex and larger flowers
with 9 or 12 per.-leaves; it seems near JZ. fulneyensis, Wight, Ill. t. 5,
but was called var. Walker? by Thwaites.

There are specimens of var. 8. from Moon (in Mus. Brit.) collected
between Palabadulla and Gilimale below Adam’s Peak, quite out of the
montane zone. These may probably represent the Lzvzodendrum lilitfera
of Moon Cat. 43 from ‘ Saffragam,’ for which he gives the native name,
*Halu-hulla.’ But Linneeus’ Z. /z/zfera was based on a figure of Rumph
(Herb. Amb, ii. t. 69) which appears to represent a species of Zalauma, a
genus not met with in Ceylon.

One of the best of the mountain timbers. Wood pale-brown, often
somewhat greenish, fine-grained, strong and very durable. One sort is
often called by carpenters ‘ Wal-buruta,’ and distinguished from the
ordinary ‘ Wal-sapu’ by darker colour and greater weight. The ‘ Buruta’
wood used for sleepers on the Nanu-oya Railway (see Vincent’s Forest
Report, par. 452 and note) was this, and not satin-wood.

M. Champaca, L. (C. P. 1023) is the well-known ‘ Sapu,’ ‘ Hapu’ or
‘ Champak’ tree, much cultivated in Ceylon, but nowhere native. It is
considered wild in many parts of India and in Java, and is doubtless a
very ancient introduction here. There are specimens in Hermann’s
Herbarium, and it is recorded in his Mus. Zeylan. p. 64 as ‘ Hapughaha.’
The very fragrant yellow flowers are produced in May, and much used
for temple offerings. They are quickly followed by the fruit, which con-
tains several somewhat angular seeds extremely like fragments of pink
coral. The tree is well figured in Pierre’s magnificent ‘ Flore Forestiere’
of Cochin China, t. 3.

16 Anonacee. [Kadsura.

2. KADSURA,* Kaem/}y/.

Climbing shrubs, |. exstipulate ; fl. unisexual ; perianth-
leaves 9-12, in 3 series, imbricate; stam. numerous, with
dilated filaments ; carp. numerous; fruit a globose head of
fleshy, indehiscent, 1-4 seeded carpels.—Sp. 7; 2 in FZ. B. Lnd.

K. Wightiana, 4rz. in Jard. Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 546 (1838).
Hk. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 84. Thw. Enum. 5. C. P. 1028.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 45. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. iii. t. 74 B. (poor).

A climbing shrub, bark reddish ; 1. alternate, closely placed,
2-4 in. long, shortly stalked, oval, acute or acuminate, taper-
ing into petiole, entire or nearly so, glabrous, purple when
young ; fl. unisexual, moncecious, peduncles axillary or fas-
ciculate at base of short lateral branchlets ; perianth-leaves
about 12 in three series, strongly imbricate, broadly oval,
narrower in ¢ fl.; stam. 30 or more, forming a globose
or ovoid head, filaments free, much thickened and fleshy,
anther-cells distant; carp. numerous, densely imbricated
in an ovoid head, ovules 3-5 usually 4, stigma large, white ;
fruit a globose head, 2 in. or more wide, composed of
about 20 distinct, fleshy, pear-shaped carp. varying in size,
quite smooth, strongly marked along one side with the linear
scar of the stigma, pale yellow tinged with orange ; seeds I-4,
kidney-shaped, compressed, albumen equable, white.

Montane zone, and descending to 2o0o00ft., in forests; rather rare.
Hakgala; Pusselawa; Hantane; Ambagamuwa. FI. Aug.; yellowish
green.

Also in Malabar.

The old stems often develop thick prominent wings of soft cork.

IV.—ANONACE.

TREES or shrubs, sometimes scandent. L. alternate, simple,
entire, without stip.; fl. regular, bisexual; sep. 3, distinct or
more or less connate, generally valvate; pet. 6, in 2 rows,
distinct, or the inner row connate ; stam. usually indef., rarely
def., crowded on recept., fil. very short or none, anth. adnate,

* Kadsura is the Japanese name for A’. japonica, L.

Uvaria.] A nonacee. 17

connective prolonged beyond anth.; carp. numerous or few,
distinct, very rarely solitary, ovules I to numerous; ripe carp.
often stalked, indehiscent (very rarely follicular), few- or
1-seeded ; seeds large, embryo small, in copious ruminated
endosperm.

The genera are difficult of definition, and good flowering and fruiting
specimens are required to identify the plants.

Stam. indefinite (over 30), anther-cells concealed by the connectives.
One or both rows of pet. imbricate . : eT UVARTA,
Both rows of pet. valvate.
Pet. similar, or inner row smaller.
Inner row of pet. coherent at concave bases.
Tree ; no hooked peduncles c 2; CVATHOGALYX,
Climbing by hooked peduncies . . 3. ARTABOTRYS.
All pet. flat or slightly concave.
Carp. indehiscent.

Ovules 2-6. Seeds 1-3 4. UNONA.
Ovules 1 or 2. Seed solitary 5. POLYALTHIA.
Carp. dehiscent 6. ANAXAGOREA.
Inner row of pet. connivent (not coherent
at concave bases) 7. XYLOPIA.
Pet. dissimilar, inner row coherent into a cone.
Carp. generally 1-seeded : : . 8. GONIOTHALAMUS.
Carp. 2-3-seeded . g. MITREPHORA.
Stam. definite (6-30), anther- cells not concealed.
One or both rows of pet. imbricate . : . Io. BOCAGEA.
Both rows of pet. valvate.
Inner row of pet. much larger.
Stam. 20-30 ; ; , ‘ : . Its. MILIUSA
Stain On 5 , 5 : : . 12, OROPHEA.
Pet. all equal : ; : : : . 13. ALPHONSEA.

A completely tropical family. Of the 39 Ceylon species by far the
greater number (32) inhabit the moist low region, and 23 are confined to
it, whilst 6 others extend upwards into the lower montane zone, which has
also two species, Anzaxagorea and Bocagea coriacea, restricted to it.
None reach the upper montane zone. In the dry region 9 species
are found, 5 confined to its bounds, and 4 also found in the moist
region.

A large proportion, no less than 18, of our species are endemic, but
we have no endemic genus. These for the most part show Malayan
rather than Peninsular-Indian affinities.

1. UVARIA, Z.

Climbing or straggling shrubs; fl. solitary or in few-fid.
inflor., terminal or leaf-opposed ; sep. usually combined into
a cup-shaped calyx; pet. in 2 rows, I or both rows imbricate,
or all connate at base; stam. indef., cuneate or nearly truncate ;
carp. indef.; ov. linear, with numerous ovules in I or 2 rows,

(C

18 Anonacee. [ Vvaria.

stigma broad, sessile; fruit-head of many usually stalked
carp., fleshy or dry, few- or several-seeded.—Sp. about 35;
19 in FZ. B. Ind.

Outer stam. subfoliaceous, flat.

Ripe carp. sessile or nearly so I. U. SPHENOCARPA.

Ripe carp. stalked, smooth 2. U. MACROPHYLLA.

Ripe carp. long-stalked, tomentose 3. U. SEMECARPIFOLIA.
Stam. all similar.

Ripe carp. linear-oblong on very long stalks. 4. U. MACROPODA.

Ripe carp. ovoid, smooth, scarlet . . 5. U. NARUM.

Ripe carp. ovoid, pubescent, yellowish 6. U. ZEYLANICA.

1. U. sphenocarpa, Hk. f and Th. Fl. Ind. 99 (1855).
Thw. Enum. 6. C. P. 1045.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 48. Beddome Ic. t. 80.

A straggling shrub, young shoots fulvous-tomentose with
stellate hairs; 1. shortly stalked, oblong-oval, tapering, acu-
minate, rounded at base, glabrous above, stellate-tomentose
beneath ; fl. solitary, ped. leaf-opposed, bracts several, small,
rotundate; cal. cup-shaped, truncate, densely fulvous-tomen-
tose; pet. ovate, acute, spreading, finely tomentose on
both sides; ripe carp. # in. or more long, sessile, cuneate-
obovate, deeply grooved and worted, densely fulvous-
tomentose,

Low country up to about 1500 ft.; in both dry and moist regions rather
rare. Haragama; Sigiri; Galagama; Mawarelle, S. Prov. Fl. July;
pale yellow.

Endemic.

2. U. macrophylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. \i. 663 (1832).
Thw. Enum. 6. C. P. 3527.
FEB. Indsi..49, Bedd: lic. tS,

A large woody climber, shoots with dense fulvous stellate
tomentum ; l. large, 6-8 in. long, petioled, broadly oval or
obovate, abruptly acuminate entire, sparsely stellate-hairy
above, densely stellate-pubescent beneath ; ped. 2-5-fld., leaf-
opposed ; fl. large, 1-1} in. diam.; cal. cup-shaped, more or
less 3-lobed, densely stellate-tomentose ; pet. roundish densely
tomentose on both sides; outer stam. barren, flattened ; ripe
carp. I} in. long, shortly stalked, smooth.

Moist low country; rare. Matara; Mawarelle. Fl. Feb., August,
Sept.; pinkish-red.

Also in East Bengal, Malay Peninsula, and Java.

The ripe fruit is said to be black, and to be eaten by the Sinhalese.

U. purpurea, Bl., a native of Java, with handsome purple-red fl., was
long ago introduced to Ceylon, and is occasionally found in a half-wild
state here.

Uvaria.] Anonacee. 19

3. U. semecarpifolia, Yk. f and Th. Fl. Ind. 97 (1855).
Thw. Enum. 6. C. P. 244.
FI. B. Ind. i. 49. Bedd. Ic. t. 82.

A woody climber, twigs with fulvous-stellate pubescence ;
1. large, 8-10 in., oval-oblong, obtuse, apiculate at apex, sub-
‘cordate at base, coriaceous, glabrous above, sparsely stellate-
hairy beneath ; ped. 2-4-fld., bracts broad, truncate, fl. 1 in.
diam.; cal. truncate, irregularly split; inner row of pet.
smaller, imbricate, covering stam.; ripe carp. on stalks
4—} in. long, ovoid or subglobose, #—1 in. long, densely stellate-
tomentose, receptacle large, globular.

Moist low country up to 3000ft.; rare. Ratnapura; Deltota; Gala-
gedara. Fl. May, September ; pale buff colour.
Also at Malacca.

4. U. macropoda, Zz. f. and. Th. Fl. Ind. tot (1855).
Thw. Enum. 6. C. P. 2544.
BL Be nd::1. 50, .Bedd. Ic..t: 79.

A large woody climber, shoots glabrous ; 1. 6-9 in., very
shortly stalked, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous on
both sides, shining above; fl. solitary, large, 14 in. diam. ;
ped. #-1 in., bud conical; cal. irregularly splitting into 2 or 3
segments, tuberculate; pet. ovate, acute, often united at base,
leathery, densely stellate-tomentose, and slightly tuberculate
outside; fr. with ped. and receptacle much enlarged and
woody ; ripe carp. 15-20, 2-34 in., pendulous on stalks 6 or
7 in. long, oblong-linear, pointed, somewhat torulose, triangular
on section, 6—12-seeded, brilliant scarlet.

Low country to about 2000 ft.; rather rare. Haragama; Allagalla ;
Kandy ; Matale (Alexander). FJ]. September; red.

Endemic.

The pendulous head of carpels is an extraordinary object, brilliant
scarlet in colour ; it is not figured in Beddome’s plate.

5. U. Narum,* Wall Cat. n. 6473 (1828).
Hk. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 102. Thw. Enum. 6, C. P. 1032.
Bl. Balnd. i 50: , Wight, Ill... 6:

A woody climber, twigs glabrous; 1. 4-6in., oblong-
acuminate, very shortly stalked, glabrous; fl. solitary, 1-1} in.
diam., buds globose, stellate-tomentose ; sep. distinct or nearly
so, rounded, apiculate ; pet. usually connate at base, broadly
ovate, acute, incurved, densely pubescent; ripe carp. very
numerous, pendulous on slender stalks 1 in. long, oblong-
ovoid 1-13 in., smooth, bright scarlet-crimson.

* Narum-panel is the name given for this in Rheede, Hor#. Mal. ii. 11.

20 _ Anonacea. [Cyathocalyx.

Low country, extending into lower montane zone; common. Hara-
gama ; Kandy ; Hunasgiriya. Fl. April; yellowish-green.
Widely diffused in Southern India.

6. U. zeylanica, Z. SP. P/. 536(1753). Palu-kan, Palanga, S.

Herm. Mus. 8. Burm. Thes. 231. FI. Zeyl.n. 224. Moon Cat. 43-
Thw. Enum. 6. C. P. 1030.

FI: B. Ind. 1. 51.. Bedd. Ic, t. 78.

A large woody climber, much branched, twigs densely
pubescent; 1. small, 2-4 in. very shortly stalked, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous on both sides; fl. solitary,
small, 3-1 in. diam., buds globose; ped. 4 in., pubescent ;
sep. distinct; pet. lanceolate, acute; ripe carp. small, 3 in.
long, very shortly stalked, ovoid or subglobose, torulose or
transversely grooved, minutely and roughly pubescent or
hoary.

Low country, especially in sandy ground near the coast ; common.
peo Negombo ; Puttalam; Mawerelle. Fl. most of the year;
red.

Also in Malabar and Travancore.

2. CYATHOCALYE, Champion.

Trees ; sep. combined into a cup-shaped calyx; pet. in
2 rows, both rows valvate, cupped at the base, inner row
coherent at base and completely enclosing the essential
organs; stam. truncate; carp. solitary, with several ovules,

stigma capitate; fruit a large berry—Sp. 3; all in FZ.
B. Ind.

C. zeylanicus, Champ. in Hk. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. i. 127 (1855)-
Kékala, Ipetta, S.

Thw. Enum. 9. C. P. 1044. :

BL Bp: ind. 1.53: Bedd.1c.t.47-

A tall tree with a straight erect stem and slender horizontal
or deflexed branches, bark smooth, young twigs pubescent
soon becoming glabrous; |. large, 6-10 in., shortly stalked,
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acute at base, glabrous on both
sides, stiff, paler beneath ; fl. large, solitary or 2 together ;
ped. 4 in., terminal or extra-axillary, puberulous; cal. cup-
shaped, truncate, with 3 minute distant teeth, finely pubescent;
pet. 2-3 in. long, equal, narrowly oblong-ovate, tapering to
obtuse apex, suddenly constricted into a cupped base, thick,
very finely but densely pubescent within, the 3 inner com-
pletely coherent below the constriction and forming a concave
cover over the stigma; stam. truncate; carp. solitary; ov:
tapering, with several ovules in 2 rows, stigma large, lobulate,

Artabotrys.) A nonacee. by

capitate ; fr. 23-3 in. long, ovoid or subglobular, bluntly
pointed, smooth, green, rather glaucous ; seeds several, 11 in.
long, ovoid, compressed, testa bony, pale brown, margined,
transversely rugose on the sides,

Upper part of moist low country at an elevation of 1500-3000 ft.;
common in forests. Kandy; Hantane; Deltota; Ambagamuwa; Galle ;
Ratnapura. Fl. May-July ; pale apple-green, stigma dark red.

Also in Southern India.

The essential organs are completely enclosed by the connate cup-
shaped bases of inner pet.

The tree grows very rapidly, and the enlarged scars of the leaves
remain visible on trunks of large size, showing well their spiral arrange-
ment. It often attains an immense height. Wood yellowish, soft,
medullary rays distinct. The lacquered sticks used by Kandyan chiefs
and others are usually made of this wood.

3. ARTABOTRYS, 27.

Woody climbers; fl. borne on flattened, hooked, woody
branches or peduncles; pet. in 2 rows, nearly equal, with
concave bases, inner row coherent at base and covering in the
essential organs; carp. numerous, each with 2 ovules; ripe
carp. fleshy, 2-seeded.—Sp. 15, 10 in FZ. B. Ind.

The younger branches climb by means of the hooked peduncles.

Petals equal ; fruit smooth, shining. . I. A. ODORATISSIMUS.
Inner row of pet. narrower, fruit hairy . . 2. A. ZEYLANICUS.

1. A. odoratissimus, 47. 77 Bot. Reg. t. 423 (1820) non Bl.

Una uncinata, Dun., Moon Cat. 43. Hk. f. and Th. FI. Ind. 128.
Thw. Enum. 9. C. P. 1042.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 54. Blume. Fl. Jav. Anon., t. 29 and 31 c. (A. hamatus).

A powerful, far-reaching, many-stemmed woody climber,
the old stems of great thickness, covered with rather smooth
grey bark, and furnished with thick woody pointed spreading
spines about an inch long in pairs, young shoots slightly
pubescent or glabrous; 1. shortly stalked, 4-7 in., lanceolate,
bluntly acuminate, tapering to base, thin, glabrous on both
sides ; fl. solitary or 2 together; ped. terminal or leaf-opposed,
# in. long, slender, springing from edge of dilated, flattened,
strongly curved and hooked, rigid, pubescent ends of the
branches ; sep. small, ovate, acute, recurved; pet. equal, 2 in.
long, linear, acute, finely pubescent, contracted at base to
form a concave cup more or less covering the stam. and carp.,
fr. of 3-8 carp., on a small woody recept., each 13 in. long,
oblong-ovoid or obovate bluntly pointed, tapering at the base,

22 Anonacee. [ Unona.

smooth, fleshy, and juicy, yellow; seeds 2 in each carp., 2 in.
long, plano-convex, testa pale brown, smooth.

Dry low country, in forests, rather common, forming often dense
masses of matted woody stems overhead. Dambulla; Sigiri; Atakalan
Korale ; Kolonna Korale. Moon’s locality is Wellasse. Fl. July; pale
green ; fruit yellow.

Also in India, Java, and S. China.

I rather doubt this gigantic creeper of our dry forests being the cul-
tivated species, A. odoratissimus, Br., which is described as an elegant

shrub. It is not cultivated in Ceylon gardens, as is said to be the case in
India.

2. A. zeylanicus, /7/%. f, and Th. Fl. Ind. 128 (1855). KRetika-
wel, Yakada-wel, S.

ihws Enum.9) (€. Paro4s"

Fl. B: Ind. 1.54. Bedd. Ic. +. 48:

A woody climber, stems much compressed, young shoots
slightly pubescent ; 1. shortly stalked, 4-7 in., oval or lan-
ceolate-oval, bluntly acuminate, slightly tapering at base,
glabrous on both sides, shining above; fl. 3 or 4 together,
arranged (as in the last) on hooked branchlets or peduncles,
pedicels densely tomentose ; sep. densely tomentose; pet.
lanceolate-oblong tapering, densely pubescent-tomentose, the
inner row narrower ; fr. of 7-10 carp., 3—in. long, sessile on
a woody recept., broadly obovate-ovoid, shortly apiculate,
slightly tapering at base, densely covered with hair which is
easily removed, slightly fleshy; seeds 2 in., oblong-ovoid,
brown, rough.

Moist region in low country and extending into lower montane zone, in
forests ; rather common. Kottawa, S. Prov.; Ambagamuwa; Lunn-
gala; Heneratgoda. There are specimens from Moon in Mus. Brit.
(1819). Fl. December ; pale green.

Also in Malabar, Travancore, and on the W. coast of India.

Very near A. odoratissimus, but smaller, with broader leaves, less
tapering to the base, more hairy flowers, and more rounded carpels which
are hairy.

The stems are much used for tying buildings, &c., and for foot-ropes
when climbing trees.

Cananga odorata, Hk. f. and Th., though not native, is so commonly
met with in an apparently wild state in the moist low country that it
requires notice. It is a tall, quick-growing, straight tree with very large
drooping strongly sweet-scented yellow flowers. It is a native of Burma,
Java, and the Philippines. The scent known by the Malay name Ilang-
ilang is said to be obtained from its flowers. The tree is often called
‘Wana-sapu’ or ‘ Rata-sapu’ by the Singalese.

4. UNONA, /.

Small trees or shrubs; fl. solitary or 2; pet. in 2 series,
valvate, nearly equal, flat; carp. numerous, ovules 2-8 ; ripe

Polyalthia.) Anonacee. pe)
carp. many, usually 2-3-seeded, and constricted between the
seeds.—Sp. about 25; 18 in FZ B. Ind.

Both our species belong to the section Desmzos.

Carpels deeply constricted between the seeds

Vi ELEGANS.
Carpels slightly constricted between the seeds . 2.

Wi
U. ZEYLANICA.

1. U. elegans, 7iw. Enum. 398 (1864).

Thw. Enum. 398. C. P. 3824.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 58. Bedd. Ic. t. 50.

A small tree or shrub with many slender twigs ; 1. small,
3-5 in. long, narrowly lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, very
acute at apex, tapering at base into a very short petiole,
smooth on both sides, glaucous beneath; fl. solitary, on slender
axillary or extra-axillary ped.; sep. 4}-}1in., ovate, acute,
slightly pubescent; pet. 14-14 in. when fully grown, oblong,
bluntly acuminate, thick, glabrous or nearly so, inner row
rather shorter ; ripe carp. numerous, stalked, 1-3-seeded, con-
stricted and jointed between seeds, rather rough, finely hairy.

Moist low country in forests below Iooo ft.; rare. Hiniduma and
Pasdum Korale. Fl]. September; pale green.
Endemic.

2. U. zeylanica, A. 7. and Th. Fl. Ind. 132 (1855).

thwesenum:.o: (C. P: 163272

FIPS. Inds. 58: - Redd: Ic. t-74:

A small erect shrub, bark yellowish-grey, finely rugose ;
l. large, 7-9 in., shortly stalked, lanceolate-oblong, tapering to
acute apex, acute at base, glabrous, very glaucous beneath,
purplish or pink and flaccid when young; fl. solitary or two
together, pendulous on slender glabrous ped., axillary, many
from the old wood ; sep. ovate, obtuse or subacute; pet. about
I in., lanceolate-oblong, subacute, glabrous, the inner rather
shorter ; ripe carp. numerous, stalked, I-3- usually 2-seeded,
ovoid-oblong, pointed, slightly constricted between the seeds,
glabrous, slightly rough, scarlet.

Upper part of moist low country; rather common. Hantane;
Deltota ; Peradeniya; Nilambe. Fl. April; pale greenish yellow,

crimson at the base within. Fruit scarlet when ripe.
Endemic.

U. discolor, Vahl, acommon Indian and Malayan species, is given for
Ceylon in Hk. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 133, but occurs here in gardens only,
where it is grown for its sweet-scented flowers.

5. POLYALTHIA, £47. ;

Trees or shrubs; fl. axillary or extra-axillary, often from
the old wood; pet. biseriate, nearly equal, the inner often
somewhat larger, flat or the inner concave; carp. numerous,

24 A nonacee. [ Polyalthia.

ovules I-2; ripe carp. fleshy, I- rarely 2-seeded.—Sp. about
30; 25 in Fl. B. Ind.

This genus is see distinct from Unona. Our species were formerly
referred to Guatteria, R. and P., but that genus as now understood is
restricted to America.

Inner pet. flat ; ovule solitary.
Pet. narrow.
Fls. in clusters .
Fls. solitary
Pet. ovate or oval.

. P. LONGIFOLIA.
. P. COFFEOIDES.

Ne

Fls. very large . 3. P. ACUMINATA.
Fls. small.
Leaves acuminate 4. P. KORINTI.
Leaves very obtuse 5. P. SUBEROSA.
Inner pet. concave; ovules two.
Peduncles 1-14 in. : 6. P. MOonIt.
Peduncles under 3 in. . 7. P. PERSICIFOLIA.

P. longifolia, 2. and Hk. f in Thw. leraigh 398 (1864). Mara-
faacal, i

Guatteria longifolia, Thw. Enum. to. C. P. 1041.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 62. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 38.

A large erect tree with slender branches, bark thick, rather
smooth, young parts glabrous; |. long, 6-gin., shortly stalked,
oblong or ovate-oblong, very gradually tapering into long
attenuate apex, acute or rounded at base, finely undulate,
glabrous, thin, pellucid-dotted ; fl. in axillary umbels or very
short racemes mostly from the old wood, 3 to Io or more
together, pedicels 1 in. or more long, slender, pubescent, with
a hairy bractlet half way up; sep. ovate-triangular, obtuse,
tomentose ; pet. $in. or more, lanceolate-linear, tapering,
undulate, pubescent, the inner rather broader ; carp. about 8,
ovoid, 1 in. long, glabrous, on stalks 4 in. long.

Dry country in forests; common. Jaffna ; Anuradhapura ; Bintenne;
Uma-oya. Also planted frequently. Fl. June, July; greenish-yellow ;
fruit purple.

Also in S. India (at Tanjore) and much cultivated as an avenue tree
throughout the Peninsula.

Wood yellowish-white, rather soft, medullary rays conspicuous.

2. P. coffeoides, Benth and Hk. f. in Thw. Enum. 399 (1864).
Omara,S. Nedunarai, T.

Guatteria coffeotdes, Thw. in Hk. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 141; Thw.
Enum to, ©. P1z503. R

Fl. B. Ind. i. 62. Bedd. Ic. t. 53 (not good).

A small tree with spreading branches, young twigs
puberulous ; 1. shortly stalked, 5-9 in., lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, bluntly acuminate, undulate, glabrous, shining
above ; fl. solitary, axillary on the old wood, ped. 4-1 in.,
puberulous ; sep. short, distant, roundish-triangular ; pet.
4-1 in. linear-oblong, subacute, glabrous, the inner rather

Polyalthia.) A nonacee. 25

broader ; carp. 7-12, 1 in. long, on stalks about 4 in., ovoid,
bluntly pointed, fleshy, smooth and shining, dark inky-purple;
seed grey, furrowed along one side.

Dry low country forests ; common ; extending up to 1500 ft. Near
Kandy ; Haragama: Anuradhapura. FI. Jan.-March; apple-green.

Also in Wynaad, S. India.

The shining undulate leaves are very like those of coffee ; they are
not pellucid-dotted as stated in Fl. B. Ind.

3. P. acuminata, 7iw. Enum. 399 (1864).
Thw. Enum. 399. C. P. 3653.
BL Bo ind.1.63. Bedd. Ic. t/ 57.

A tree, bark dark grey, twigs with yellowish tomentum ;
1. large, 7-10 in., broad- or obovate-oval, abruptly caudate-
acuminate, narrowed at base, smooth above, hairy on veins
beneath, petiole short, stout, densely pubescent; fl. large,
1-3 together on the old wood, ped. 4-14 in. long, tomentose ;
sep. ovate, fulvous tomentose outside; pet. 1-14 in. long,
ovate, obtuse, thick, finely tomentose, the inner broader ;
carp. about 12, about I in., on stalks about the same length,
ovoid, densely covered with yellowish tomentum.

Low moist country below tooo ft.; rare. Pasdun Korale; near

Ratnapura. Fl]. Aug., Sept. ; ochreous-yellow.
Endemic. A handsome plant.

4. P. Korinti,* 4. and Hk. f. in Thw. Enum. 394 (1864). Wri-

wenna, S. Uluvintai, T.

Guatterta Korintz, Dun., Moon Cat. 43; Thw. Enum. to. C. P. 1034.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 64. Wight, Ic. t. 308.

A shrub with spreading branches, young shoots pubescent;
1, 3-5 in., very shortly stalked, lanceolate or oval, acuminate
or caudate, often slightly unequal at base, glabrous ; fl. small,
axillary, solitary or 2 together, ped. 3-1 in., pubescent, with
2 or 3 small, distant bractlets ; pet. }-1in., ovate, acute, thick
and rigid, glabrous, the inner rather the larger ; carp. numerous,
shortly stalked, small, } in. or rather more, globular-ovoid,
smooth, scarlet-crimson.

Low country up to 1500 ft.; very common. FI. Sept.; bright green ;
fruit bright crimson.
Also in Southern India.

5. P. suberosa, BP. and Hk. fin Thw. Enum. 398 (1864). Kalati, S.

Guatteria suberosa, Dun., Moon Cat. 43; Thw. Enum. to. C.P. 1053.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 65. Bedd. Ic. t. 56.

A small tree or a shrub, branches with thick ridges ot
cork, young shoots pubescent; |. small, 24-4 in., shortly

* Korinti is said to be a Hindu name for the plant by Rheede in
FHlort. Matlab. v. t. 14.

26 Anonacee. [ Polyalthia.

stalked, oval-oblong, very obtuse, rounded and slightly un-
equal at base, glabrous above, slightly pubescent on veins
beneath ; fl. small, solitary, ped. slender, extra-axillary, }—-1 in.
long, slightly pubescent ; pet. + in., oblong-oval, subacute,
pubescent outside ; fr.-carp. numerous, size of a small pea, on
very slender stalks rather longer than the carp., very slightly
hairy.

Moist low country, below 1000 ft.; rather rare. Kalutara; Colombo;

Galle. Fl. July; pale red; fruit purplish.
Also in India, Burma, and probably Java.

6. P. Moonii, 7iw. Enum. 9 (1858).
Thw. Enum. 9. C. P. 437.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 66. Bedd. ies i 3

A shrub 8-I1o ft. high, with rigid branches, young shoots
rough with fulvous hairs; 1. 4-6 in., lanceolate, acuminate,
obliquely rounded at base, glabrous above, thinly pubescent
beneath, petioles very short, thick; fl. solitary, small, leaf-
opposed, mostly on old wood ; ped. 1-14 in. long, very slender,
drooping, glabrous, bracts minute, basal; sep. broadly oval,
acute, pubescent ; outer pet. rotundate, acuminate, spreading ;
inner larger, rounded, obtuse, cupped, fleshy ; ov. 2; fr.-carp.
few, on stalks shorter than them, usually about the size of a
pea and 1-seeded, rarely ovoid and 2-seeded.

Moist low country below tooo ft. by the sides of streams ; rather
common. Kalutara (Moon); Reigam Korale; Mawerelle. Fl. Sept. ;
crimson ; fruit reddish.

Endemic.

This is perhaps Moon’s Gwatterta pumila, Cat. 43

7. PB. persicifolia, Benth. and Hk. f. in Thw. Enum. 399 (1864).

Guatteria persicifolia, Hk. and Th. Fl. Ind. 140. Thw. Enum. Io.
C. P. 3917.

FL LB. Ind.i.'66., Bedd. Text. 55:

A shrub, young shoots hairy; 1. 23-44 in., on very short
hairy petioles, lanceolate, acuminate, rounded and oblique at
the base, glabrous above, very slightly hairy beneath; f1.
small, solitary or 2 together, extra-axillary, ped. under } in.
long, slightly hairy ; sep. lanceolate, acute, slightly hairy ;
outer pet. broad-ovate, acute, inner larger, suborbicular, thick,
curved over the stam. and carp.; fr.-carp. few, very shortly
stalked, size and shape of a small pea, slightly hairy.

Moist low country ; Narawelle, near Galle (Champion) ; near Colombo
(Ferguson); Marai-calai, near Ratnapura (Thwaites). Fl. Jan.—April ;
pale red.

Endemic.

Xylopia.] A nonacee. Pas,

6. ANAXAGOREA, ‘Si. H7/.

A shrub; fl. axillary or extra-axillary or from old wood ;
sep. imbricate in bud; pet. biseriate, valvate, inner rather
smaller ; carp. 1-4, ovules about 3; ripe carp. 1-4, dry, woody,
follicular, dehiscent, 1-2-seeded.—Sp. about 6; the following
only in Fl. B. Ind.

A. luzonensis, Gray, Bot. U.S. Expl. Exped. 27 (1854).

A. zeylanica, Hk. and Th. Fl. Ind. 144; Thw. Enum. to. C. P. 3883.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 68. Bedd. Ic. t. 46 (bad).

A small erect shrub with smooth reddish-grey bark, young
shoots glabrous; |. 4-8 in., oval, suddenly and bluntly cau-
date-acuminate, acute at base, glabrous and shining, paler
with rather conspicuous venation beneath, petiole 4-4 in. ;
fl. axillary or leaf-opposed, 3 or 4 together, or from knots on
the old branches and trunk very much more numerous, ped.
very short, stout, curved, bracts small, obtuse, sheathing ; sep.
suborbicular, imbricate in bud, very finely ciliate ; pet. rather
thick, concave, 2in., acute, outer row ovate, inner row smaller,
spathulate-oblong, distant at base; stam. loosely arranged,
anthers linear, connective scarcely prolonged ; ov. 1-4, ovules
about 3, styles subulate, curved; fruit-carp. 1-4, 1 in. long,
elongate-pyriform, oblique, apiculate, glabrous, woody, de-
hiscent from above downwards ; seeds I or 2, 2 in. long, com-
pressed-pyriform, black, shining.

Lower montane zone; rare. Yattiantota; Maskeliya; Kitulgala.
Fl. March-July, December ; pure white.

Also in Burma, the Andaman Islands, Malacca, and the Philippines,
but not in Peninsular India.

The above description of the flower from living specimens differs a
good deal from that in Fl. B. Ind.

7. XYLOPIA, Z.

Trees ; sep. more or less connate into a calyx; pet. bi-
seriate, valvate, narrow, outer flat, somewhat hollowed at
base, inner rather shorter, trigonous, connivent at concave
bases ; carp. I-5, usually sunk in the hollowed torus, ovules
2-10; ripe carp. I-5, ovoid, several-seeded.—Sp. 30-40; 14 in
Fil. B. Ind., but none occur in the Indian Peninsula.

Our species are all endemic.
Flower-buds, narrow, acute.
Sep. connate half-way up. . I. X. PARVIFOLIA.
Sep. free almost to the base ; : . 2. X. NIGRICANS.
Flower-buds broad-ovoid, blunt. 5 : . 3. X. CHAMPIONII.

28 A nonacee. [Xylopia.

I. X. parvifolia, Hz. f and Th. Fi. Ind. 125 (1855). Netawu,
Atukétiya, 5S.

Unona tripetaloidea, Moon Cat. 43. Patonia parvifolia, Wight, III. i.*
Thw. Enum. 9. C. P. 3335.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 84. Bedd. Ic. 43, and FI. Sylv. t. 172.

A tall tree with a straight trunk, bark rather smooth,
young shoots silky; 1. 3-5 in., oval, acuminate, acute at base,
glabrous, petiole } in. finely pubescent; fl. axillary, I or 3
together, on very short ped., with several rounded imbricated
bracts ; sep. small, broad, united half-way up, acute, pubescent;
pet. hairy, outer 4-4 in., linear-strap shaped, acute, hollowed
at base, inner a little shorter, thick, trigonous, hollowed at
base; stam. truncate; carp. 5, sunk in the receptacle, ovules
4-6 in 2 rows, styles elongated, fusiform ; fr.-carp. 1-4, on
very short thick stalks, broadly ovoid, 1-1} in., glabrous or
slightly hoary ; seeds several, oblong, smooth, brown.

Moist low country; rather common. Near Colombo; Kalutara;
Negombo. Fl. Sep.; ochre-yellow.

Endemic.

The bark, especially of the root, the flowers, and the fruit are all very
sweet-scented and aromatic, and are chewed with betel. Wood yellowish-
grey, soft.

2. K.nigricans, 72. f and Th. Fl. Ind. 125 (1855).

Thw. Enum.g. C. P. 615.

Fl. B. Ind. 1. 84. Bedd. Ic. t: 44.

A moderate-sized erect tree, bark smooth, grey, buds very
finely silky ; Il. 3-4 in., oval, bluntly acuminate, acute at base,
somewhat undulate, smooth and polished above, venation
reticulate, not prominent; petiole + in. slender, slightly
pubescent ; fl. axillary, 1-5 together, on short slender ped.,
bracts broadly ovate, pubescent, deciduous; sep. triangular-
lanceolate, very slightly connate at base, slightly pubescent ;
outer pet. 3-1 in., linear, concave at base, inner rather shorter,
triquetrous ; carp. 5, sunk in the torus, ovules about 10; fr.-
carp. 2-5, narrowed at base, scarcely stalked, over I in. long,
smooth ; seeds 6-10, in 2 rows, ovoid, compressed, smooth,
dark brown.

Low country ; rare. Trincomalie ; Between Kurunegala and Matale.

Fl. Sept.; very sweet-scented, yellow.

Endemic.

3. %. Championii, zk. f and Th. Fil. Jnd. 126 (1855). Date-
kétiya, 5.

Thw. Enum. 9. C. P. 1038.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 84. Bedd. Ic. t. 45.

* Patonia in compliment to Miss Paton (really Patton), better known
to botanists as Mrs. (Colonel) Walker. Subsequently Wight dedicated
another genus to this lady as Pattonia (Ic. t. 1750), which is now
reduced to Grammatophyllum. (See also under Diospyros Gardneri.)

Goniothalamus.| Anonacee. 29

A tree, bark brown, buds very silky; 1. 24-44 in., lanceolate
or oval, slightly acuminate, subacute at base, glabrous above,
slightly pubescent beneath, petioles fin. ; fl. solitary, axillary
or supra-axillary, on very short curved hairy ped.; sep. com-
bined to form a 3-lobed or 3-toothed cal., hairy ; outer pet.
4-3 in., very thick and fleshy, oblong, obtuse, downy; inner
1 in., shorter, linear-triquetrous above, concave and hollowed
below ; ov. solitary, with 4 ovules (Hooker) ; fr.-carp. 1} in.,
longitudinally 5-ribbed ; seeds enveloped in pulp (Thwaites).

Moist low country to 2000 ft.; rather common. Ambagamuwa ;
Kurawita Korale; Ratnapura district; Morowak Korale. Fl. Dec.-
March 3 pale yellow, the inner with a red-purple stain at base; sweet-
scented. F

Endemic.
I suspect that the flowers of this are often unisexual.

8. GONIOTHALAMUS, 5/.

Small trees or shrubs ; sep. distinct; pet. biseriate, valvate,
outer distinct, thick, flat, inner connate by their margins to
form a cap or cone over the essential organs ; carp. numerous,
ovules 1 or 2, styles simple or 2-fid.; ripe carp. numerous,
I- (rarely 2-) seeded.—Sp. about 24; 17 in FZ. B. Ind.

Sepals persistent.
Styles undivided.
Outer pet. reaching 14 in. . : : . I. G. THWAITESII.
Outer pet. reaching 2 in.

Leaves narrow lanceolate 2. G. GARDNERI.
Leaves oval . A : : 3. G. HOOKERI.
Styles bilobed ; outer pet. fin. . 4. G. WALKERI.
Styles divided into 2 long branches 5. G. THOMSONI.
Sepals not persistent.
Leaves 5-I0in. ; outer pet. ?in. ; : . 6. G. RETICULATUS.
Leaves 4-5 in. ; outer pet. 3—-}in. : : . 7. G. SALICINUS.
1. G. Thwaitesii, H%. f and Th. Fl. Ind. 106 (1855). Halu-

kera, S.

Thw. Enum. 7. C. P. 1040.

PLB. tnd, 1. 72.. -Bedd./Ic. t-58.

A small or moderate tree, bark smooth, young shoots
glabrous ; 1. 4-7 in., oval, bluntly acuminate, glabrous on both
sides, margin slightly recurved, petiole +4 in.; fl. large,
solitary or 2 together, axillary, ped. #-1}in., thickened
upwards; sep. broadly ovate, acute, persistent, glabrous ;
outer pet. 1-14 in., from ovate to narrowly ovate-oblong,
tapering from broad base to subacute apex, glabrous, thick with
an obvious midrib, somewhat reduplicate, inner pet. 5-+in.,
ovate-triangular, distinct at base, cone acute; styles simple,

30 Anonacee. [ Goniothalamus.

tapering; fr.-carp. 10-20, shortly stalked, about } in., ovoid,
with a blunt tip.

Lower montane zone, descending into the upper zone of moist low
country ; rather rare. Hunasgiria; Morowak Korale.

Fl. December, March, April; bright green.

Also in Travancore and in S. India.

2. G. Gardneri, Hk. f and Th. Fl. Ind. 107 (1855).

Dhw. Enum: 7:° °C. P1020;

MiB. ind:1, 73.) (Bedd* ic ti6o,

An erect shrub, 8-Io ft.; 1. 5-g in., on short thickened
petioles, narrowly lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, tapering at
both ends, bluntly acuminate, coriaceous, glabrous ; fl. solitary,
axillary, ped. 4-4 in., thick, curved, bracts 2, basal, minute ;
sep. cordate-ovate, }in., subacute, persistent ; outer pet. 2 in.,
oblong-lanceolate, not tapering, obtuse, flat, very thick, inner
1in., narrowly ovate-triangular, cone acute, slightly pubescent
within ; fr.-carp. numerous, }-1 in., very shortly stalked, ovoid,
apiculate, smocth, often 2-seeded.

Upper zone of low moist country ; rare. Hantane; Kaduganawa.

Fl. November, December ; pale green. Fruit orange-yellow.
Endemic.

Readily known from G. 7hwazteszz by the different shape of the outer
petals.

3. G. Hookeri, 7iw. Enum. 6 (1858).

Thw. Enum. 6. C. P. 3399.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 73. Bedd. Ic. t. 66.

A tree, about 30 ft.; 1. very large, 6-13 in., oval or oblong-
oval, abruptly acuminate, tapering at base, glabrous, petiole
4—3in., very stout ; fl. solitary, axillary’ or fasciculate on old
branches, ped. 3 in., rather slender ; sep. cordate-ovate, acute,
slightly connate below, persistent ; outer pet. 2 in., broad-
lanceolate, subacute, cone of inner pet. acute; fruit-carp.
numerous, very shortly stalked, ovoid ; seeds brown, shining.

Forests in the moist low country below tooo ft.; rather rare. Hini-
duma and Reigam Korales ; Hewesse ; Singhe Rajah Forest. Fl. April;

pale green.
Endemic.

4. G. Walkeri, Hk. f. and Th. Fi. Ind. 109 (1855). KMapuru, S.

Thw. Enum. 8, 398. C.P. 3825.

Fl. 8. Yad.1.-74.

A small, slightly branched, erect tree, bark reddish-grey,
twigs glabrous; 1. 6-10 in., lanceolate, tapering, glabrous,
rather thin, pale beneath, petiole } in.; fl. axillary, ped. very
short ; sep. ovate, acute, 4 in., persistent; outer pet. 2 in.,
ovate-lanceolate, inner 1—4 in.; styles clavate with a bilobed
stigma ; fruit-carp. numerous, }in., oblong-ovoid, mucronate,
glabrous, on very short stalks.

Gontothalamus.| Anonacee. 31

Moist low country; very rare. Oniy known from the Singhe Rajah
Forest. Fl. Sept.; red.

Endemic.

The specimens in Herb. Perad. consist merely of leaves, but Thwaites
has described the flowers, and Hooker (in his F]. Ind.) the fruit.

The roots are fragrant when bruised and contain camphor, they are
chewed by the Singhalese ; the leaves are also aromatic.

5. G. Thomsoni, 7iw. Enum. 7 (1858).
Thw. Enum. 7. C.P. 3398.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 74. Bedd. Ic. t. 59.

A small erect shrub, 14-3 ft.; 1. 5-7 or more in., obovate-
oval or obovate-lanceolate, abruptly long-acuminate, narrowed
at base, rather thin, glabrous, petiole } in., stout; fl. solitary
or 2, from the old wood, ped. # in., bent downwards at top ;
sep. lanceolate, acute, persistent ; outer pet. 1} in., much
tapering to apex, rounded at base, cone of inner pet. 3 in.,
ovoid, acute ; styles divided into 2 long filiform branches ; fr.-
carp. several, 4 in., ovoid, apiculate, shortly stalked.

Moist low country below tooo ft.; very rare. Hiniduma Kande

(Haycock Hill). Fl. May ; yellow.
Endemic.

6. G. reticulatus, 7iw. Enum. 7 (1858).

dhiw. Enum. 7, G.P..3397-

BEB Indi. 75. “Bedd.lext: 642

An erect shrub, 6-8 ft., young shoots blackish, strigose ;
1. 5-8 in., lanceolate-oblong, tapering to bluntly acuminate
apex, subrotund at base, thin, very minutely and densely
punctate, glabrous above, strongly reticulate and with small
scattered black sete beneath, petioles } in., thickened,
narrowly winged, tubercular and strigose; fl. solitary, from
a little above the axils, ped. }in., strigose ; sep. ovate, acu-
minate, hairy, not persistent; outer pet. in. lanceolate,
attenuate, hairy, cone 3in., acute; styles clavate, stigma
dilated bilobed, ov. densely strigose; fr.-carp. numerous, 3 in.,
shortly stalked, globose or ovoid, often 2-seeded.

Moist low country; very rare. Karanita Kande; Nillowe. Fl. Sep-

tember ; ‘red or yellow-brown ;’ fruit red.
Endemic.

7. G. salicinus, Hz. f. and Th. Fil. Ind. 106 (1855).

iw: Pnum. 7) - C+P373.

Bly. Indrr. 76) Bedd. Ic. t 65.

A shrub, 10-12 ft., young shoots black-strigose; 1. 4-5 in.,
lanceolate-oblong, tapering to acute apex, narrowed below,
stiff, glabrous above, minutely gland-dotted, prominently
veined beneath and set with scattered, short, stiff, black hairs ;
fl. axillary, solitary, ped. very short, curved ; sep. ovate, { in.,

32 Anonacee. [Bocagea

acute, hairy, deciduous; outer pet. 4-3 in., lanceolate, attenuate,
acute, hairy; cone }in., acute, hairy; ov. hairy; style thickened
at top, bilobed; fr.-carp. $ in., very shortly stalked, ovoid,
apiculate, finely hairy.

Moist low country extending up to 3000 ft.; rare, Adam’s Peak ;
Ambagamuwa ; Kukul Korale. Fl. Feb., March ; reddish-yellow; fruit
fulvous.

Endemic.

9. MITREPHORA, 21.

Trees; sep. distinct ; pet. biseriate, valvate, outer distinct,
thin, flat, inner coherent, forming a vaulted cone over the
essential organs; carp. numerous, ovules 3 or more; fruit-
carp. several, 2—3-seeded.—Sp. about 10; 7 in FZ. B. Ind.

M. Heyneana, 7/iw. Enum. 8 (1858).

Orophea Heyneana, Hk. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 110. Thw. Enum. 8.
C3P.'1033.*

FL B. Ind..775)7 Beddic: 77.

A medium-sized tree, with slender twigs, buds pubescent ;
|. 24-4 in., ovate-oval or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat attenuate,
obtuse, rounded at base, sub-coriaceous, glabrous, finely and
rather prominently reticulate-veined, petiole + in.; fl. moderate-
sized, solitary or 2-3 together, leaf-opposed or extra-axillary,
ped. very short ; sep. very small, obtuse, pubescent, outer pet.
2 in., lanceolate or oval, acute, thin, spreading pubescent .on
both sides, cone of inner pet. acute; stam. very numerous,
anther-cells distant ; ov. hairy, ovules 3 or more; stigma large,
globose ; fr.-carp. several, nearly sessile, ovoid-oblong, $—}in.,
hoary-pubescent, 2—3-seeded.

Dry country; rather rare. Haragama; Dambulla; Kalawewa ;
Horanpotana. Fl. Feb.-July. Very sweet-scented ; dull yellow, the
inner pet. spotted with red.

Also in Southern India.

Anona muricata, Dun. the Sour sop, and A. reticulata, L. the Bullock’s
heart, are common in native gardens. Both are tropical American, and
were early introductions to the East, where no Avzona is native. The
A. asiatica, L. is indeed based on Hermann’s Ceylon collections, but his
drawing represents the Trop. American A. sgwamosa, L., the Custard-
apple. Hermann seems to have also confused Morinda citrifolia with
this. (See Journ. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 144.)

10. BOCAGEA, Sz. H7/.
Trees; 1. coriaceous; sep. small, distinct or slightly co-
herent ; pet. biseriate, nearly equal, I or both rows imbricate ;
stam. 6-20, connective produced, but not concealing anther-

* In a few collections some specimens of Uvaria seylanica are mixed
under this number,

Bocagea.] Anonacee. 33

cells ; carp. 1-6, ovules 2-8; fr.-carp. 1-4, with 1 to several
seeds,—Sp. about 12; 5 in FZ B. Ind.

Stam. about 20 I. B. THWAITESII.
Stam. 6 2. B. OBLIQUA.
Stam. 9 3. B.(?) CORIACEA.

1. B. Thwaitesii 72. f and Th. Fl. B. Ind. i. 92 (1872).

Sagenea Thwaitesit, Hk. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 93. Thw. Enum. 6. C.P.
2702.

: Hie B.. Ind: 1,92; - Bedd. Ic. tf 41.

A tree, bark blackish-brown ; 1. large, 8-13 in., lanceolate-
oblong, obtuse or shortly obtusely acuminate, acute at base,
glabrous, coriaceous, petiole 4 in., stout; fl. in small clusters
or solitary, axillary, mostly on the old wood, ped. 3—3 in.,
bracts basal, glabrous, buds globular; sep. short, broad, very
obtuse ; pet. nearly equal, about 4in., orbicular, very obtuse,
deeply concave, glabrous, outer rather larger, both rows
strongly imbricate ; stam. about 20; carp. 3-6, ovules about 8,
in 2 rows, stigma bilobed ; fr.-carp. 1-4, nearly sessile, 3—? in.,
subglobular, smooth; seeds several in each carp., oblong,
somewhat compressed, transversely rugose, deeply channelled
round margin.

Moist country from tooo ft. to 4000 ft. in lower montane zone ; rather
ae Ratnapura ; Maturata; Maskeliya ; Ambagamuwa ; Doluwa

ande.

Fl. Feb.-March ; orange-yellow.
Endemic.

2. B. obliqua, Hi. f. and Th. Fil. B. Ind. i. 93 (1872).
Orophea(?) obliqua, Hk. f.and Th. Fl. Ind. 112. Thw. Enum. 8. C. P.

2703.
BEE. ind: i593. Bedd. Ic:.t. 72:

A moderate-sized tree, young twigs glabrous, angled;
1. 4-6 in. oblong-oval or oblong-lanceolate, more or less
tapering at each end, acuminate, obtuse or acute at apex,
unequal at base, glabrous, very shortly stalked; fl. small,
2 or 3 together on very short slender pedicels at end of sub-
terminal peduncles 4-—?in.; sep. very small, triangular, co-
herent below; pet. nearly equal, 4in., oval, obtuse, fleshy,
outer row spreading, inner imbricate; stam. 6, in 2 rows;
carp. 3, with 2 ovules, stigma large, flattened; fr.-carp. 1-3,
sessile, 3-4 in., globose, glabrous, pinkish red, 1-2-seeded.

Moist low country ; rare. Near Galle; near Ratnapura. Fl. March,
April ; deep rose-coloured.
Endemic.
D

34 Anonacee. [Miliusa

3. B. coriacea, Hk. f. and Th. Fl. B. Ind. i. 93 (1872). Reku, S,

Orophea coriacea, Thw. Enum. 8. C. P. 2612.

FL. Bi Ind.f.93., Bedd. Ic.'71.

A large tree, with blackish bark ; 1. 24-4 in., subsessile or
on very short swollen petioles, ovate, acute, rounded or sub-
cordate at base, thick and coriaceous, glabrous, shining, mid-
rib prominent beneath ; fl. small, 1-4 together in pedunculate,
axillary or subterminal clusters, pedicels slender, slightly
pubescent, bracts small, strigose; sep. very small, ovate,
acute, ciliate ; pet. about equal, }in., outer row broadly ovate,
acute, imbricate (?), inner row coherent to form a blunt cone ;
stam. 9, in three rows; carp. I-2, ovules 2; fr.-carp. I or 2,
4in., nearly sessile, subglobose, oblique, smooth, 1—-2-seeded.

Lower montane region up to 5o000ft.; rather common. Raxawa;
Dimbula; Maskeliya. Fl. April; purple, the outer pet. pale green
within.

Endemic.

The very tough inner bark is used on estates for tying purposes.
This must be regarded as a doubtful member of the genus. I have
not seen fresh flowers, but neither row of petals appears to be imbri-

cate in dried ones. It ought perhaps to form a separate genus from both
Orophea and Locagea, but seems nearer the former, where Thwaites puts it.

Il. MILIUSA, Leschen.

Shrubs ; sep. very small, distinct ; pet. biseriate, valvate ;
outer pet. very small, sepaloid, inner much larger, somewhat
cupped at base, coherent when young by margins; stam. 20-30,
anther-cells not concealed ; carp. numerous, I—2-ovuled ; fruit-
carp. numerous, I—-2-seeded. Sp. 7; all in FZ B. Ind.

Leaves 1-3in. Inner pet. ovate-oblong . : . I. M. INDICA.
Leaves 3-6 in. Inner pet. linear-oblong . : . 2. M. ZEYLANICA.

1. M. indica, Lesch. in A. DC. Mem. Soc. Genev. V.213 (1832).

Guatteria montana, Moon Cat. 43. MJliusa montana, Gardn. in Hk. f.
and Th. Fl. Ind. 148. Thw. Enum. to. C. P. 194.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 86.

A much-branched, twiggy shrub, bark rather rough, len-
ticillate, young shoots more or less pubescent; 1. small,
numerous, I-3 in., usually oval-oblong, obtuse, rounded or
subcordate at base, sometimes lanceolate and acute, rarely
subrotund, glabrous or more or less pubescent or strigose ;
fl. solitary, axillary, drooping on short curved ped.; sep. very
small, ovate, acute, ciliate; outer pet. very small, sepaloid,
imbricate, oblong, about twice as long as sep., ciliate, spread-
ing, subpersistent, inner much longer, 4-1 in., oblong or ovate-

Orophea.] Anonacee. 35

oblong, obtuse, somewhat cupped at base, at first coherent by
their margins, afterwards free but connivent ; anth.-connective
not prolonged, cells contiguous ; carp. smooth, I or 2 ovules ;
fruit-carp. numerous, sessile or very shortly stalked, globular,
+ in. or more, smooth, purple or pink ; seeds smooth, yellow.

Var. 8. tomentosa, 7iw. Enum. to. C.P. 1036.

Leaves beneath and young shoots more or less densely
tomentose.

Upper zone of moist low country ; rather common. Hantane; Balan-
goda; Badulla; Raxawa; Kolonna Korale; Uva (Moon). Var. £.
extending into the dry districts also, as at Polonarua, and in Eastern
Province, where Mr. Nevill tells me it is called ‘ Kekili-mzssa’ FI.
Feb., March ; yellowish-green, the lower.part reddish-purple.

Also in Southern India.

I do not find the fruit of var. 8. pubescent, as stated in FI. B. Ind.

2. M. zeylanica, Gardn. in Hk. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 149 (1855).

igs | nim.p. iF. -C. P. 2678.

FI. B. Ind. i. 87. Bedd. Ic. t. 89.

A large shrub, bark wrinkled, young shoots pilose ;
1. 3-6in., lanceolate or oval, attenuate, acute, subacute at
base, glabrous, except the midrib beneath, which is often
strigose, petiole very short, strigose; fl. solitary, axillary,
drooping, ped. slender, }-} in. long; sep. and outer pet. very
small, equal or nearly so, oblong, acute, ciliate, inner pet. ? in.
or more, oblong-linear, obtuse or subacute, somewhat cupped
at base; fr.-carp. numerous, nearly sessile, crowded, nearly
globose, about size of a pea, glabrous, minutely granular,
often 2-seeded.

Shady places in moist low country, especially near the shore. Weli-
gama ; Bentota, common under the cocoanut palms ; Reigam Korale.

Fl. Nov.; yellowish-green suffused with reddish purple at base.

Endemic.

12, OROPHEA, 5/.

Small trees or shrubs ; sep. distinct ; pet. biseriate, valvate,
inner much larger, clawed, coherent by the margins to form a
pointed cone over the essential organs; stam. 6, anther-cells
not covered ; carp. about 15, ovules 4; fruit-carp. few, I-2-
seeded.—Sp. about 16; 8 in FZ, B. Lud.

O. zeylanica, Hk. f. and Th. Fil. Ind. 111 (1855).

Thw. Enum. 8. C. P. 2406.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 90. Bedd. Ic. t. 70.

A shrub or small tree, young shoots pubescent ; 1. 2-34 in.,
oval, obtusely acuminate, acute at base, glabrous, very shortly

36 Anonacee.

stalked ; fl. rather small, on slender pilose ped., solitary or in
axillary, few-fld., stalked clusters, bracts small, very hairy ;
sep. ovate, acute, hairy ; outer pet. } in., very broadly ovate,
acute, spreading, pubescent, inner considerably larger, trape-
zoid, glabrous, cohering by their margins to form a long-
pointed cone ; stam. 6; carp. about 15 ; fruit-carp. few, shortly
stalked, nearly globose, +-4in., glabrous, 1-2-seeded.

Upper zone of moist low country and lower montane zone; rare (?)
Hantane; Dolosbagie. Fl. Sept.; brownish-green.

Also in Western India.

Leaves often deeply tinged with brownish-purple.

13. ALPHONSEA, 2. f. & Th.

Trees; sep. very small, distinct ; pet. biseriate, equal,
valvate ; stam. 15-30, anther-cells not concealed ; carp. I-5,
ovules 4-10, in 2 rows; fruit-carp. 1-5, with 4-10 seeds.
—Sp. 7; all in 72. B. Lud.

Pet. 3 in. long.

Pet. obtuse . : : ; ; : . 1. AS LURBAS
Pet. acute . : ; ‘ ; : : . 2, A. ZEYLANICA.
Pet. ¢ in. long. 3. A. SCLEROCARPA.

1. A. lutea, Hk. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 153 (1855).
Thw. Enum. 399. C. P. 3826.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 89. Bedd. Ic. t. 91 (from Ceylon specimens).

A tree, young shoots pubescent ; |. 24—5 in., oval or ovate-
oval, attenuate, obtuse, shortly tapering to base, glabrous
except midrib pubescent beneath; fl. in small leaf-opposed
fascicles, ped. short, densely pubescent, buds subglobular ;
sep. very small, rounded, densely pubescent; outer and inner
pet. equal, } in., ovate, obtuse, densely pilose outside, more or
less glabrous within ; carp. 4-10, style oblong, densely hairy ;
fruit-carp. 1-5, shortly stalked, broadly ovoid, obtuse, I-14in.,
fleshy, yellow, with a very fine brownish tomentum, juicy
within when ripe; seeds 8-10 in 2 rows, compressed, covered
with adherent yellow pulp, testa thin brown.

Low country in both moist and dry regions; very rare. Panadura ;
plentifully in the Sillankandal Forest; Puttalam (Col. Clarke). A drawing
of a fruit brought from Dambulla also probably belongs to this species.

Fl. Sept.; ochreous-yellow.
Also in India and Ava.

2. A. zeylanica, //k. f and Th. Fl. Ind. 153 (1855).
Thw Enum.1i1. C. P. 1039.
Fl B. Ind. i. 89. Bedd. Ic. t. 90 (from Ceylon specimens).

Alphonsea.| Menispermacee. 7

A tree, buds pubescent; |. 2-3 in., narrowly lanceolate,
caudate-acuminate, obtuse, attenuate at base, glabrous, shortly
stalked ; fl. solitary or 2 together, extra-axillary, ped. 4in.,
curved, hairy; sep. minute, reflexed; outer and inner pet.
equal, 4 in. ovate, acute, outer spreading ; stam. about 30;
carp. I-5, pilose; style very short, thick; fruit-carp. 1-4, on
stalks 4in., globose or nearly so, 1in., hard and woody, some-
what wrinkled, covered with fine close fulvous tomentum.

Upper zone of the moist low country, ascending into lower zone of the
montane region; common. Hantane; Matale; Hunasgiria; Lagalla;

Ramboda; Galagama. FI. Sept., March ; pale yellow.
Also in Travancore.

3. A. sclerocarpa, 7iw. Enum. 11 (1858).
Thw. Enum. 11. C.P.2727.
Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 89.

A tree, bark rough, grey, buds fulvous-pilose; 1. 2-34 in.,
lanceolate, obtuse, tapering to base, often somewhat falcate,
glabrous, shortly petioled ; fl. small, in leaf-opposed fascicles
or on the old wood, ped. very short, hairy; sep. very small,
rounded, pilose; outer and inner pet. about equal, 4 in., lan-
ceolate, obtuse, the inner rather narrower, pilose externally ;
stam. about 15; carp. 3—5, ovules about 8 in 2 rows, style
short, glabrous ; frt.-carp. 3-5, on stout stalks }in. long, sub-
globose or ovoid, 1-2in., very hard and bony, coarsely warted,
covered with short yellowish tomentum.

Low country ; very rare. Only known from or near Haragama on the
old road from Kandy to Badulla. Fl. March; very pale greenish-yellow.
Endemic.

V.—MENISPERMACE.

TWINING shrubs or rarely herbs; 1. alternate, simple, entire,
without stip.; fl. very small, unisexual, dicecious; sep. 6, in
2 rows (rarely 5 or 4 or 1), imbricate, distinct, rarely connate ;
pet. 6 (rarely 4 or 3 or I or 0), distinct (rarely connate) ; stam. 6,
in 2 rows (rarely numerous), opp. pet., distinct or mona-
delphous, usually represented by staminodes in fem. fl. ; carp.
3-6 (rarely 12 or 1), ovule solitary; ripe carp. indehiscent
(drupes), with style-scar lateral or sub-basal or sub-terminal,
endocarp thin, hard, often deeply excavated on ventral
surface and projected inward; seed usually more or less

38 Mentspermacee. [ Zinospora.

reniform or hooked, curved round the projection of endocarp,
embryo with flat or narrow cotyledons, curved in axis of even
or ruminate endosperm (rarely without endosperm).

Carp. 3 or more.
Seed ovoid or reniform.
Style-scar on ripe carp. sub-terminal. d . I. TINOSPORA.
Style-scar lateral or sub-basal.
Stam. monadelphous. Pet. o : . 2. ANAMIRTA,
Stam. in 2 rows, outer free. Pet.3 . . 3. COSCINIUM.
Seed horseshoe-shaped or hooked.

Endosperm ruminate on ventral side . 4. TILIACORA.
Endosperm not ruminate. .
Anth. bursting vertically . 5. LIMACIA.
Anth. bursting transversely . . 6. COCccuLUS:
Endosperm none : P - . 7. PACHYGONE.
Carp. solitary. Stam. monadelphous.
Sep. of male fl. 6 distinct ; pet. distinct 8. STEPHANIA.
Sep. of male fl. 4 distinct ; pet. connate g. CISSAMPELOS.
Sep. of male fl. 4, connate ; pet. connate 10, CYCLEA.

Almost entirely a tropical family. Of our 13 species 4 are confined
to the dry region and 7 to the moist region, of which 2 ascend into the
lower montane zone, whilst 2 occur in both regions. No species is
endemic here.

The very small size of the flowers renders them difficult to examine.

1. TINOSPORA, JViers.

Extensive climbers; fl. in axillary racemes or panicles ;
sep. 6, in 2 rows, inner much longer ; pet. 6, shorter than inner
sep.; male fl. :—stam. 6, distinct, fil. thickened upwards; fem.
fl.:—carp. 3, styles short, stigmas broad, staminodes 6, very
small; ripe carp. 1-3, style-scar subterminal, endocarp thin,
with a deep depression on the ventral surface; seed ovoid,
deeply hollowed on the ventral side, endosperm ruminate on
ventral side only, cotyledons flat, foliaceous, divaricate.—Sp.
about 8; 5 in FZ. B. Jnd.

Leaves larger, 4—5 in. long.
Leaves tomentose beneath
Leaves quite glabrous .

Leaves smaller, 13-24 in. long

T. MALABARICA.
. L. ‘CRISPAE
. T. CORDIFOLIA.

Wns

1. T. malabarica, JMJers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vii. 38
(1851). Bu-kinda, Walkinda, 5S.

Hk. f. and Th. Fl. Indica, 183. Trim. in Journ. Bot. 1885, 141.
C. P. 2804 (in part).

Fl. B. Ind. i. 96 (not given for Ceylon). Rheede, Hort. Mal. vii. t. 19.

Stems wide-climbing, }in. diam., smooth and shining, with
white or reddish papery bark, more or less worted, internodes

Tinospora. Menispermacee. 39
long, young shoots pubescent or subtomentose ; |. 4—-5 in.
broadly cordate-ovate, acute, pubescent above, finely tomen-
tose and whitish beneath, petioles very long, pubescent,
twisted at base, leaving a prominent scar after falling; fl. on
slender pedicels, in small clusters, arranged in slender droop-
ing spicate panicles 4—5 in. long, and solitary from the axils of
fallen leaves; male fl.:—stam. adnate to base of pet.; fem.
fl.:—-stigmas capitate ; ripe carp. I-3, usually 2, on very short
thick stalks, ovoid, smooth, $in., endocarp tubercled.

Var. B. tomentosa, Jers, 7. c. 39 (sp.). Thw. Enum. 12. C. P,
2804 (part).

L, larger, 5-7 in., with 3-5 acute palmate lobes.

Low country; rather common. MHeneratgoda, abundant. Var.
6. Kurunegala; Gonagama. Fl. July; pale green-yellow ; fr. crimson-
red.

Also in India and Burma.

T. tomentosa is kept up a species in FI. B. Ind. (not given for Ceylon),
but I fail to find good characters to distinguish it.

*2, IT. crispa, Miers, 7. c. 40 (1851). Titta-kinda, S.
Trim. in Journ. Bot. 1885, 141.
Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 96. Rumph. Herb. Amb. v. t. 44, fig. 1 (good).

Stems widely climbing and twining, similar to the last, but
much more strongly worted; 1. 4-5 in. broadly orbicular-
cordate, suddenly acuminate, 7-veined, glabrous on both sides,
thin, petioles 3-4 in., thickened and twisted at base, smooth ;
fl. 1-3 together, on very slender pedicels, in the axils of small,
persistent bracts, rather distantly arranged in slender pendent
spicate racemes or panicles 4-6 in. long from axils of old
leaves; male fl. as in the last; female fl. and ripe carp. not
seen.

Moist low country; doubtfully native. Kaduwella, 10 miles from
Colombo, abundant; Asgiriya Temple near Heneratgoda. FI. May;
greenish-white.

Not found in Peninsular India, but extends from East Bengal to
Malacca, and is common in the Malay Archipelago.

All the plants I have seen are male. The fruit is said to be larger
than in 7. malabarica, and pale yellow.

Considered to be a valuable tonic medicine and bitter febrifuge, and
not improbably an introduction to Ceylon by the Malays. Moon includes
it in his list of Sinhalese names (Cat. pt. 2, p. 8), and it is cultivated in
native gardens. The stems drop down very long slender aérial roots
from great heights (as in 7. cordifolia).

3. %. cordifolia, Miers, /. c. 37 (1851). Rasa-kinda, S.
Chintil, 7.

40 Menispermacee. [Anamirta,

Herm. Mus. 27. FI. Zeyl. n. 358 (referred by Linn. Sp. Pl. 1033, to
Dioscorea alata). Thw. Enum. 12. GPS 1053,

Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 97. Miers Contrib. Bot. t. 91. Bentl. and Trim.
Med. PI. t. 12.

Stems climbing to a great height, and sending down very
long thread-like aérial roots, closely worted, shoots glabrous ;.
1. small, 14-2} in., broadly cordate, acute or acuminate,
glabrous, thin, 5—7-nerved, petioles I—2 in., slender, thickened
and curved at base; fl. large for the order, #in. diam., male in
clusters of 1-6 on the slender branches of a drooping panicle
exceeding the leaves, female in shorter racemes, solitary ;
male fl.:—stam. free, but wrapped in the pet.; female fl.:—
stigma dilated, laciniate; ripe carp. I-3, size of a pea, some-
what ovoid, apiculate, smooth, red.

Low country ; common in the dry districts. Batticaloa; Kalpitiya $

Hewahetta ; Jaffna; Mannar. Fl. Feb.; greenish-yellow. Fruit red.
Also in Southern India.

2. ANAMIRTA, Coleir.

Woody climbers; fl. in panicles from old wood; sep. 6,
equal, imbricate ; pet.o; male fl.:—stam. numerous, filaments
combined into a central column; fem. fl.:—carp. 3-5, on a
stout globular gynophore, staminodes 10, in a ring; ripe carp.
1-3, globose, style-scar lateral, endocarp brittle, deeply pro-
jected inwards on ventral side and reflexed in the cavity
thus formed making it 2-celled ; seed reniform, embryo with
narrow cotyledons in axis of abundant, not ruminated, endo-
sperm.—Sp. 7 (Miers), only the following one in FZ. B. Lund.

A. paniculata, Colebr. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 66 (1821).
Titta-wel, 5S.

A. toxifera, Miers, Contrib. iii. 51. Thw. Enum. 12. C.P. 2722.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 98 (A. Cocculus, W. and A.) Miersl.c.t.97 Bentl.
and Trim. Med. Pl. t. 14 (drawn from a Ceylon specimen).

A large woody twiner, bark thick, vertically furrowed or
corrugated, young shoots glabrous; 1. 3-6 in., broadly ovate,
acute or obtuse, rounded or subcordate at base, sub-coriaceous,
elabrous above, paler and with very small tufts of hair in the
axils of the veins beneath, petioles 2-4 in., thickened and
prehensile at lower ends; fl. } in. diam., with 2 or 3 small
bracts at base, on short, thick divaricate pedicels, arranged on
the horizontal branches of large glabrous panicles 8-12 in.
long springing from the old leaves, buds globular ; sep. equal,
ultimately reflexed ; pet.o; male fl.:—anth. forming a globose

Coscinium.] Menispermacec. 41

head on the short, stout column of coherent filaments, anth.
square ; fem. fl.:—carp. usually 5, on a short globose gyno-
phore, surrounded at base by a ring of 10 very small bifid
fleshy staminodes, smooth, stigmas reflexed; ripe carp. 1-3
(usually 2), on thickened branches of enlarged gynophore,
nearly globose, 4in., smooth, black.

Moist low country, up to 2000ft.; rather common. FI. May, June ;
pale greenish-yellow, sweet-scented.

Also in Eastern Bengal, S. India, and the Malay Archipelago.

The seeds are very bitter and poisonous, and are known as ‘ Cocculus
indicus’ in pharmacy and in trade; they do not appear to be used in
Ceylon.

3. COSCINIUM, Coleir.

Woody climbers; fl. in globose heads; sep. 6; pet. 3;
male fl.:—stam. 6, in 2 rows, outer distinct, inner coherent
half-way up; fem. fl.:—carp. 6, styles deflexed, staminodes 6 ;
ripe carp. 1-3, globose, endocarp bony, very hard, deeply
projected inwards on ventral face; seed with endosperm
ruminate on ventral side, cotyledons laciniate.—Sp. 3 or 4;
2in FZ, B. Ind.

C. fenestratum, Colebr. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 65 (1821).
Weni-wel, S.

Herm. Mus. 27. FI. Zeyl. n. 436 (Azbzscoides). Menispermum fene-
stratum, Gaertn. Fruct.i. 219. Czssampelos convolvulacea, var. B., Moon
Gat.70. Thw: Enum.12; -C, P; 1055.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 99. Miers, Contrib. 111. t. 88.

A woody climber, bark smooth, young shoots densely but
finely yellow - tomentose; 1. large, 4-8 in., broadly ovate or
roundish, suddenly acute, truncate, rounded subcordate or
slightly peltate at base, entire, glabrous above, densely felted
with fine yellow tomentum beneath, strongly 5-—7-nerved,
nerves and reticulated veinlets very prominent beneath,
petioles 3-4 in.; fl. sessile in small dense rounded heads,
which are long-stalked and umbellately or racemosely arranged
in the axils of the leaves, ped. yellow-tomentose, bracts beneath
the fl. numerous, small, imbricated ; sep. rounded ; pet. ovate,
spreading ; fem. fl.:—carp. hairy, styles filiform, reflexed ; ripe
carp. I—3, globose, #in., densely finely tomentose, brown.

Moist low country ; common. FI. Jan.—_March ; yellow.

Also at Malacca and Singapore, and doubtfully in S. India.

Konig’s specimens are labelled ‘ Cissampelos aurea’ by him,

The wood is of a bright yellow colour, and is valued as a bitter tonic
by the Sinhalese. It has been exported to England as a substitute tor

42 Mentspermacee. [Limacia.

Calumba root, and called ‘false calumba’ (see W. J. Hooker in Pharm.
Journ. Oct. 1852). ‘A yellow dye is also obtained from it.

The leaves of the young shoots are often deltoid-oblong, truncate and
peltate at the base. The yellow tomentum becomes dull white when dry
in the herbarium,

4. TILIACORA, Coleir.

Woody climber; fl. in panicles; sep. 6, biseriate, inner
larger ; pet. 6, minute; male fl.:—stam. 6, anth. adnate; fem.
fl.:—carp. 3-12; seed strongly hooked, endosperm ruminate,
cotyledons linear.—A single species.

T. racemosa, Colebr. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 67 (1821).

T. cuspidiformis, Miers, 1. c. 78. Z. acuminata, Thw. Enum. 12.
G.-P;- 1056.

Fl. B. Ind. i.99. Miers, Contrib. iii. t. 104.

A woody climber, young shoots glabrous ; 1. 4—5 in., ovate,
somewhat attenuate, acute, rounded at base, undulate, glabrous,
somewhat 3-veined, petiole ?-1 in., slender; fl. }in., stalked,
rather laxly arranged in elongated axillary panicles shorter
or longer than leaves, ped. with 2 small bractlets at base;
sep. erect, inner row much the longer, lanceolate, acute ; pet.
spathulate, obtuse ; fem. fl.:—style short, subulate; ripe carp.
1-10, ovoid, 4 in., on short stalks, smooth, endocarp wrinkled,
seed bent double.

“Dry country ; rather common. Dambulla; Kantalai; Batticaloa. Fl.
Jan., Feb.; yellow. Fruit red or yellow.

Throughout the Indian and Malay Peninsulas, Java.

Miers gives another species for Ceylon, 7. /raternaria, distinguished
by its hermaphrodite flowers. It is based on specimens in the British

Museum collected in 1785 by the Danish missionaries, ‘and labelled
‘Kaddukoddi Smilax zeylanica, Pseudochina.’

5. LIMACTIA, Zour.

Slender woody climbers; fl. in small panicles; sep. 6, in
2 rows, inner much larger; pet. 6, short; male fl.:—stam. 6,
anth. adnate ; fem. fl.:—carp. 3; ripe carp. I-3; seed curved
into a circle, endosperm not ruminate, cotyledons elongate,
linear.—Sp. 4; all in #7. B. Ind.

L. cuspidata, Hk. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 189 (1855). Niri-wel, S.
[PLATE IV.]

Hypserpa cuspidata, Miers, |. c. 102. Thw. Enum. 12. C. P. 1051.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 100, Miers, Contrib. iii. t. 108 (Hyfserfa).

A small twining shrub, branches slender, striate, pubescent ;
l, small, 14-3 in., ovate-lanceolate, acute, cuspidate, often

Cocculus.] Mentspermacec. 43

twisted at apex, rounded or tapering at base, glabrous, thick,
somewhat 3-nerved at base, finely reticulate, petiole 3 in.,
slender; fl. few, in small, axillary, racemose clusters much
shorter than the leaves, bracts small, subulate ; sep. surrounded
at base by several small rounded bracts, inner row much
larger, rotund, concave; pet. $ length of inner sep., truncate ;
male fl.:—stam. as long as pet.; ripe carp. I-3, usually 2, 2in.,
ovoid-pyriform, sessile, smooth, endocarp hard, with a large
round intrusion, wrinkled ; seed curved into a circle round the
central cavity.

Low country and lower zone of hill country to 4000 ft.; rather common.
Deltota; Pussellawa; Dimbula; Passara; Bintenne. FI. July—Sept.;
yellow. Fruit dull reddish- purple.

From East Bengal through the Malay Peninsula and Islands.

This is considered a separate genus, Hypserpa, by Miers, who gives
2 other species for Ceylon, H. Jauczflora and H. uniflora, but they cannot
be distinguished even as varieties. The number of sep., pet., and stam.
seems to vary. I do not find the structure of the fruit to be as described
in Fl. B. Ind.

A plant from Lunugala, Uva (with male fl.), may be distinct ; the
leaves are lanceolate-oblong, smaller, and show no tendency to be tripli-
nerved at the base.

6. COCCULUS, DC.

Woody climbers; fl. in panicles; sep. 6, biseriate, inner
larger ; pet. 6; male fl.:—stam. 6, anth.-cells bursting trans-
versely ; fem. fl.:—carp. 3, staminodes 6; fruit-carp. com-
pressed, endocarp hard, keeled on back, transversely ridged,
hollowed at sides or perforated ; seed doubled into a hook,
endosperm scanty, not ruminate, cotyledons linear, flat—Sp.
about 10; 5 in FZ. B. Lud.

Leaves 2-33 in. long, panicle 15-2 ft., carp. gin. . 1, C. MACROCARPUS.
Leaves 13-1 in., panicle 1 in., ae: $ in. Hensobane
perforated : 2 ‘ : . *2; KG. VILEOSUS.

I. ©. macrocarpus, W. and A. Prod. 13 (1834).

Diploctisia inclyta, Miers, |.c. 282. Thw. Enum. 13. C. P. 1052.

Fl. B. Ind. tor. Wight, Ill. i. t. 7. Miers, Contrib. iii. t. 127.

A large woody climber, bark smooth, young shoots striate,
glabrous ; |. 2-3} in. rotundate, rather broader than long,
obtuse, apiculate, undulate, glabrous, 5-nerved, glaucous
beneath, petioles 1-2 in., slender, flexuose, divaricate ; fl. very
numerous, in very large, much-branched, glabrous, pendulous
panicles 13-2 ft. long from the old wood; inner sep. oval,
rather larger than outer ones ; pet. smaller, with lateral lobes ;
male fl.:—anth. subglobose ; fem. fl.:—carp. smooth, style

44 Menispermacee. [Pachygone.

horizontal ; ripe carp. 1-2, nearly sessile, 2 in., obliquely ovoid,
compressed, tapering to short neck, glabrous, glaucous, style-
scar conspicuous, basal, endocarp strongly transversely ridged,
seed doubled into a hook.

Moist low country to 2000 ft.; rather common. Allagalla; Pera-
deniya; Uva. Fl. June; pale yellow. Fruit pale glaucous orange.
Also in Southern India and South China.

2. ©. villosus, DC. Syst. Veg. i. 525 (1818).
Fi. B. Ind. i. tor (not given for Ceylon). Miers, 1. c. t. 126 (Zolopetra).

A small, much-branched, straggling climber, branches long,
slender, twining, striate, hairy-pubescent ; |. 1-1} in., deltoid-
ovate, very obtuse, apiculate or mucronate, tapering or trun-
cate at base, almost entirely glabrous above (save when
young), slightly hairy on veins beneath, ciliate at margin,
3-5-veined at base, petiole }in., hairy; male fl. in small
cymose panicles, on very slender axillary peduncles shorter
than the leaves, bracts subulate, hairy ; fem. fl. 2 or 3 together
in axillary clusters; sep. villous outside ; pet. bifid, lobed at
sides ; male fl.:—stam. with filaments hairy at base ; fem. fl.:—
carp. smooth; ripe carp. small, % in., endocarp bony, horse-
shoe-shaped or rather annular, with the centre perforated,
sharply keeled along the back, the sides with strong transverse
ridges.

Dry country; rare. Trincomalie (Glenie); between Jaffna and
Kankesanturai. Fl. Feb.—March.

Peninsular India, Burma, Trop. Africa.

The specimens collected at Jaffna were in very young bud and would |.
have been scarcely determinable but that they clearly corresponded with
better ones in fruit collected at Trincomalie many years ago by Mr.
Glenie (and labelled ‘ Pachygone ovata’ by Thwaites). Our form is very
much less hairy than those from India.

The perforated annular endocarp is remarkable, and the basis of
Miers’ genus Holopeira.

7, PACHYGONE, Jfers.

Climbers ; fl. racemed; sep. 6, in 2 rows, inner much
longer ; pet. 6; male fl.:—stam. 6, free, anth. bursting hori-
zontally, rudimentary carp. 3; fem. fl.:—carp. 3, styles un-
divided, staminodes 6; endocarp bony, reniform, finely
wrinkled ; seed horseshoe-shaped, embryo large, cotyledons
thick, semicylindric, no endosperm.—A single species.

Very near to Coccz/us, but distinguished by the structure of the seed,

Stephania.) Menrspermacee. 45

P. ovata, Miers in Hk. f. and Th. Fi. Ind. i. 203 (1855). Kad-
dukkodi, 7.

P. Plukenetiz and P. adversa, Miers, |. c. 330 and 332. Thw. Enum.
i. CYP. 1050 (1054, 1057):

Fl. B. Ind. i. 105. Wight, Ic. tt. 824, 825 (Cocculus Plukenetzz),
Miers, 1. c. t. 135.

A small woody climber, young shoots hairy; 1. small,
numerous, I-—3 in., ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, base
rounded or cuneate, glabrous, rather thick, 3-nerved at base,
petiole 4—} in., pubescent or hairy; fl. pedicellate, in axillary,
erect or drooping, hairy racemes usually shorter than the
leaves, but the male sometimes longer ; sep. oval, inner twice
as long; pet. as long as outer sep., bifid, toothed at the base ;
male fl.:—anth. didymous ; fem. fl.:—carp. smooth, styles
horizontal ; ripe carp. usually solitary, reniform, somewhat
compressed, style-scar sub-basal, endocarp finely wrinkled on
back,

Dry country, principally near the coast, rather common ; Jaffna; Kal-
ee 3 Mannar ; Batticaloa; Kurunegula; Uma-oya_ FI. Nov.—Feb.;

Ow.

Also on the Carnatic coast of Madras and in Timor and Java.

Gaertner’s ‘ Koon zeylonens.’ (Fruct. t. 180, fig. 11) is referred to this
in Fl. B. Ind. (following Miers), but I think erroneously. The seed
figured seems really to be that of the Kon (Schletchera trijuga) as named
by Gaertner.

Miers (1. c.) gives C. P. 1054 for his P. adversa, which is described as
differing by the leaves dilated at base and longer panicles.

8. STEPHANTIA, Lowry.

Twiners; fl. in umbels; male fl.:—sep. 6, pet. 3, stam. 6,
monadelphous, filaments forming a central column, anthers in
a ring, bursting transversely ; fem. fl.:—sep. 3-5, pet. 6, carp. I,
style 3-fid., no staminodes; endocarp strongly tubercled on
back; seed almost annular, endosperm scanty, cotyledons
slender, }-terete—Sp. about 5; 3 in FZ B. Lud.

S. hernandifolia, Wa/p. Rep. i. 96 (1842). Lunukeétiya-wel, 5S.

Cissampelos hernandifolia, Willd., Moon Cat. 70. S. intertexta;
Miers, Contrib. iii. 222. Thw. Enum. 13. C. P. 2757.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 103. Wight, Ic. t. 939 (Clyea).

A slender twiner, shoots glabrous ; |. 2-4 in., round-ovate,
acute or obtuse, peltate cordate or truncate at base, glabrous,
glaucous beneath, petiole 1-2 in., slender, divaricate ; fl. very
small, nearly sessile, in small umbels at ends of branches of
long-stalked, axillary umbels, bracts subulate; male fl.:—sep.
nearly equal, obovate, obtuse, pet. much shorter, staminal
column short, summit expanded; fem. fl. :—sep. acute, pet.

46 Mentspermacec. [Cissampelos.

shorter, styles subulate ; ripe carp. solitary, sessile, small, 4in.,
compressed, glabrous, endocarp strongly tubercled on back
and sides; seed curved almost into a ring.
Moist country up to 2000 ft.; common. FI. July; greenish-white.
Fruit scarlet. ;
Also in Peninsular India, Malaya, and tropical Australia and Africa.
The head of fruit looks as if it were the produce of a single flower
instead of an umbel of several sessile ones.

9. CISSAMPELOS, /.

Twining shrubs; male fl. in lax cymes, sep. 4, pet. 4,
coherent into a 4-lobed corolla, stam. 4 (or 5), monadelphous,
anth. in a ring, bursting transversely ; fem. fl. in crowded
umbels, sep. I, pet. 1, carp. 1, style 3-fid., staminodes none;
endocarp tubercled on back ; seed horseshoe-shaped, embryo
linear, terete, much curved, in axis of plain endosperm.—
Sp. about 18; 1 in FZ. B. Ind.

C. Pareira,* Z. Sf. P/. 1013 (1753), Diya-mitta, S.
Cocculus orbiculatus, Moon Cat. 69. Thw. Enum. 13. C. P. 169.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 103. Bentl. and Trim. Med. PI. t. 15.

A woody twiner, usually of small size, with straggling
branches, young shoots pubescent or tomentose; 1. small,
13-24 in., ovate- or reniform-orbicular, acute or obtuse,
mucronate, more or less peltate and slightly cordate at base,
smooth above, usually stellate-pubescent and pale but some-
times glabrous beneath, ciliate at margin, petioles 1-14 in.,
pubescent ; male fl. pedicellate, in small, branched, lax, cymose
clusters at end of filiform axillary peduncles shorter than the
leaves ; fem. fl. in crowded umbels or short racemes, in axils
of large, leafy, reniform, hairy bracts, on racemose axillary
panicles longer than leaf-petioles; male fl.:—sep. ovate-
spathulate, toothed, corolla cup-shaped, lobes half as long as
sep., stam.-column slender ; fem. fl. :—sep. hairy outside, oval,
pet. glabrous, broader and shorter than sep., carp. ovoid,
gibbous, silky, style-branches spreading; ripe carp. small,
; 1n., ovoid, somewhat compressed, style-scar basal, endocarp
transversely ridged and tuberculate, hollowed on sides; seed
horseshoe-shaped.

"So named by Linnzus in the belief that it afforded the ‘ Pareira
brava’ of commerce now known to be the produce of Chondrodendron
tomentosum.

Cyclea.] Mentspermacec. 47

Var. 8. subpeltata, Z7iw. Enum. 13 and 399. Miers, |. c. 195.
CyP:. 168.

Fem. inflor. with very small bracts; corolla of male fl. not
lobed ; fruit rather larger ; 1. scarcely peltate.

Common throughout the island up to 4ooo ft., Var. 8. Ratnapura.
Fl. throughout the year; greenish-yellow. Fruit red.

Cosmopolitan in all tropical and sub-tropical countries.

Varies greatly in the form of the leaves and the amount of hairiness
of the whole plant. Miers considers true C. Parezra to be confined to S.
America, the Ceylon forms he refers to his species C. gradlatoria, C. delz-
catula, and C. subpeltata.

9. CYCLEA, Arn.

Woody twiners; fl. in panicles; male fl.:—sep. 4-5,
coherent to form a campanulate calyx, pet. 4-5, coherent into
a lobed corolla, stam. 4, monadelphous, anth. bursting trans-
versely ; fem. fl.:—sep. I, pet. I, carp. 1, style 3-fid., no stami-
nodes; endocarp tubercled on back; seed horseshoe-shaped,
cotyledons narrow.—Sp. 3; 2 in FZ. B. Ind.

Cc. Burmanni, Miers in Hk. f. and Th. Fl. Ind. 201 (1855).
Kéhi-pittan, Kesi-pissan, 5S.

Herm. Mus. 21. Burm. Thes. 218. FI. Zeyl. n. 362 (Dzoscorea).
Cocculus Burmannt, DC. Syst. Veg. i. 517. Moon Cat. 69. Miers,
Contrib. iii. 239. Thw. Enum. 13. C. P. 1049.

Fl. B. Ind. 1. 104. Burm. Thes. Zeyl. t. 101. Miers, Contrib. iii. t. 121.

A small woody twiner, young shoots hairy-pubescent ;
1. 3-4 in., peltate, elongate-deltoid, very acute, truncate or
shallowly subcordate at base, undulate at margin, smooth and
shining above, more or less pubescent beneath, reticulately
veined ; fl. pedicellate, in small clusters, on a long, branched,
pubescent, axillary panicle; male fl.:—cal. inflated, the lobes
shallow, corolla-lobes inflexed, staminal column short; fem.
fl.:—sep. hairy, pet. glabrous, truncate, carp. hairy; ripe carp.
globular-ovoid, glabrous, white, style-scar sub-basal, endocarp
convex on sides, muriculate in lines on back.

Throughout the low moist country ; common in waste and cultivated
ground. FI. Sept.; green. Fruit white.

Occurs in Western India, but rarely.

The dense masses of fruit are precisely like miniature bunches of
small white grapes. The seeds are figured by Gaertner (Fruct. t. 180,
f. 12) under the name of ‘Wal-tiedde and Keipisan’ among the ‘ Bar-
barze’ at the end of the book.

C. peltata, Hk. f. and Th., is given for Ceylon in FI. B. Ind. i. 105.
This rests on a poor specimen (in bud) of Walker’s (No. 194) in the Kew
Herbarium labelled Clypfea Arnoittit, Miers. Miers, however, quotes this
number (Contrib. iii. 239) under C. Burmanni. The species can be
separated only by the slight differences in their flowers ; the leaves are
nearly indistinguishable, those of C. De/tata, however, being rather broader.

48 Berberidee. [ Berbers.

VI.—BERBERIDE/L.

SHRUBS; |. simple or transformed into 3-fid spines; fl.
regular, bisexual ; sep. 6, in 2 rows, imbricate ; pet. 6, distinct,
in 2 rows, imbricate ; stam. 6, distinct, opp. pet. ; anth. adnate,
opening by 2 upwardly recurved lids; carp. I, ovules few,
basal, erect ; ripe carp. fleshy, indehiscent ; seeds with copious
endosperm, and embryo with flat cotyledons in its axis.

We have but a single species of this chiefly temperate Order.

BERBERIS, J.

For characters, see the Orvder.—Sp. about 50; 12 in FZ
B. Ind.

B. aristata, DC. Sys¢. ii. 8 (1821).

Thw. Enum. 13. C. P. 2405.

Fl. B. Ind.i. 110. Wight, Ill. t. 8 (B. “ctorza). Bentl. and Trim.
Med. PL £/16,

An erect, much-branched shrub, 6-10 ft. high, bark pale,
smooth, twigs elongated, glabrous ; |. in fascicles of 3-6, ze.,
on very short branches from the axils of strong 3-branched
spines (modified leaves) which are }—}in. long and very
sharp, lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, tapering to base,
strongly mucronate, entire or with a few spinous teeth, thick,
with prominent veins, petioles very short; fl. in drooping,
corymbose racemes or panicles from the leaf-fascicles and
somewhat longer than them, pedicels 4 in., glabrous, bracts
small, 3, just beneath calyx and looking like outer sep.,
glabrous ; sep. oval, obtuse, spreading, concave, petaloid, the
inner row twice as large as the outer; pet. rather longer,
obtuse, erect, concave, equal, tapering to base, where are
2 small nectarial glands; stam. slightly connate to base of
pet.; ov. smooth, style short, thick, stigma peltate; fruit
fusiform or obovoid, nearly din. long, tipped by the persistent
style, smooth, soft, 2-seeded ; seeds ovoid, somewhat com-
pressed, smooth.

Upper montane region; very common in bushy open places. FI.
May, June, and most other months ; bright yellow. Fruit purple, with a
white ‘bloom’ easily rubbed off.

Also throughout the Himalayas from 6000 to 10,000 ft. and in the

Nilgiris ; the only one of the numerous Himalayan species (besides
LB. nepalensis) which extends into the peninsula. Taken throughout its

J. Vi /
Nymphea.| Nympheacee. 49

range it is a very variable shrub, and some of the more showy varieties

are in cultivation in Europe under different names.

‘ The stamens are irritable, and bend over the stigma if touched at the
ase.

Wood yellow, hard. The root-bark of this species is much used in
India as a bitter tonic in fevers, and an extract from the wood is there
well known as ‘ Rasout,’ and is found a valuable local application in
chronic ophthalmia.

VIT.—NYMPHAZACE.

AQuatTic herbs ; |. large, simple, peltate, usually floating ;
sep. 4-5, distinct ; pet. numerous, in several rows; stam. very
numerous, distinct ; carp. numerous, either distinct in distant
pits in the recept., or confluent with the recept. to form a
many-celled ov.; ovules 1-2 or very numerous; fruit either
distinct 1-seeded nuts or a spongy berry; seeds either with
or without endosperm.

Leaves and fl. floating. Carpels confluent, ovules

numerous. Seeds with endosperm (Vympheeew) 1. NYMPHAEA.
Leaves and fl. elevated above the water. Carpels

distinct, ovules 1-2. Seeds without endosperm

(Nelumbiee) : : : ‘ : j . 2. NELUMBIUM.

The differences between the two genera are sufficient to constitute
separate Natural Orders.

1. NYMPHZEA, J.

Aquatic herbs; |. and fl. floating; sep. 4, petaloid ; pet.
numerous, in many rows, passing gradually into stam. ; stam.
numerous, fil. broad, the outer petaloid, anth. adnate, linear,
introse ; carp. numerous, sunk in and confluent with the
fleshy receptacle to form a many-celled ovary, ovules very
numerous ; stigmas sessile, connate, radiating ; fruit a soft,
spongy berry, bursting irregularly, with very numerous seeds
on the walls of the cells; seeds small, with endosperm,
enveloped in a large aril.—Sp. 20; 4 in FZ. B. Ind.

Stam. without an appendage beyond the anther.

Fl. white or rose . : 1. N. LOTUus.
Stam. with a tongue-shaped appendage beyond the
anth. Fls. white or blue. , . 2. N. STELLATA.

. N. Lotus,* Z. Sf. P/. i. 511.(1753) Olu, Et-olu, S.

* The Egyptian Lotus of the earlier botanical writers, and apparently
also of Herodotus and other classical authors.
E

50 Nympheacee. [Mymphea.

Herm. Mus. 19. Burm. Thes. 173. Fl. Zeyl. n. 194. Moon Cat. 41.
Thw. Enum. 14. C. P. 1020.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 114. Wight, Ill. i. t. 10 (VV. rubra).

Rootstock short, erect, roundish, tuberous ; |. on very long,
erect, cylindrical, submerged petioles, blade horizontal, float-
ing, peltate, 6-8 in. diam., sagittate-rotundate, very obtuse,
with a narrow or wide sinus 3 in. deep at base, coarsely and
sharply sinuate-dentate, smooth above, more or less densely
and finely velvety-tomentose beneath, with the veins very
prominent; fl. solitary, very large, 5—7 in. diam., on very long,
usually pubescent, peduncles; sep. oblong, obtuse, ribbed,
glabrous or pilose externally ; pet. about 12, oblong or oval-
oblong, obtuse, spreading ; stam. about 40, anthers without
appendages, filaments dilated at base; rays of stigma ter-
minating in fleshy, club-shaped, incurved appendages; fr.
ii in. diam., globular, fleshy, green, crowned with erect, con-
nivent, stiff, persistent sep., cells (about 15) closely crowded
with seeds ; seeds ovoid-globular, ribbed with vertical lines of
little tubercles and very minutely transversely striate, aril
white, transparent.

Var B. pubescens, Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 1154 (sp.). C. P. 101g.

L. more densely tomentose-pubescent beneath ; fl. smaller
3-4 in. diam. ; sep. acute.

Streams and ponds and tanks throughout the low country up to about
1000 ft.; very common, especially var. 8. Fl. throughout the year ; white,
pale or dark rose-coloured, open only in the morning, fragrant. The
flower sinks to mature the fruit, which ripens under water.

Equally abundant throughout tropical India, Africa, Java, and the
Philippines. There is also a remarkable outlying station in Europe (in
Hungary) where there are hot springs.

The small seeds are eaten.

The colour of the flowers varies from pale pink or nearly white toa
rich deep rose colour, their size is also very variable ; but these differ-
ences are not united with any structural ones of sufficient importance to
distinguish separate species. Perhaps all our specimens should be re-
ferred to pubescens.

2. N. stellata, W7//d. Sp. P/. ii. 1153 (1799). Manel, S.

Moon Cat. 41. Thw. Enum. 14. C. P. 1021.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 114. Bot. Mag. t. 2058.

Rootstock ovoid, short, erect; 1. on long, rather slender,
submerged petioles, blade floating, about 5-8 in. diam.,
sagittate-rotund, very obtuse, with a usually narrow sinus,
2-3 in. deep at base, entire or coarsely sinuate, glabrous on
both sides ; fl. solitary on long peduncles, 3-6in. diam. ; sep.
narrowly oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute ; pet. linear-
lanceolate, acute or subobtuse; stam. with a tongue-shaped
appendage beyond the anth.; stigmatic rays acute, curved

Nelumbium.] lV ‘ympheacece. 51

upwards at the ends without appendages; fruit globular;
seeds longitudinally striate.

Shallow streams, tanks, and ponds throughout the low country, especi-
ally in the dry districts. Fl. all the year; pale blue or violet, open all
the day.

Throughout the warmer parts of India, and in tropical and Northern
Africa.

This also varies greatly in the size and colour of the flowers. Usually
their colour is a very pale whitish-violet, and less commonly a bright
light blue ; occasionally it is pinkish-purple.

The small starchy ovoid rhizomes are eaten when roasted.

2. NELUMBIUM,* Juss.

Aquatic herbs; 1. and fl. raised much above the water ;
sep. 4-5, caducous; pet. 15-18 or more, soon falling ; stam.
very numerous, with an appendage beyond the anth.; carp.
10-20, separately sunk in the top of a large, obconic recep-
tacle, ovules 1-2, pendulous; ripe carp. distant, I-seeded ;
seed filling the carp., cotyledons thick, fleshy, no endosperm.
—Sp. 2; 1 in #2. B. Ind.

N. speciosum, Willd. Sp. Pi. ii. 1258 (1799). Nelun, S.
Tamarai, 7.

Herm. Parad. Bat. 205; Mus. 66. Burm. Thes. 173. Fl. Zeyl. n.
193. Mymphea Nelumbo, L. Sp. Pl. 511. Moon Cat. 43. Thw. Enum.
Awe C.)P- 1022:

FILS. Ind. i. 116: Wight, Ill. i.t..9.. Herm. Parad. Bat, t: 205.

A large water-herb, with a slender, elongated, branched,
creeping stem, with tufts of roots at the nodes ; |. very large,
erect, petioles very long, rough, with distant prickles, blade
peltate, 1-2 ft. diam., horizontal, concave or cupped, rotundate
in outline, entire, radiately-veined, glabrous, glaucous; fl.
solitary, very large, 4-10 in., on very long, erect, asperous
ped., coming off from the nodes of the stem and sheathed at
the base ; sep. small; pet. 3-5 in., oval, obtuse, finely veined,
very concave, at first erect, afterwards spreading; anth.-
appendage spathulate ; receptacle ?in. high, spongy, top flat,
I in. wide; carp. small, seed-like, styles short, exserted,
stigma capitate ; ripe carp. 4 in., loose in the cavities of the
greatly enlarged receptacle, which is now 2-4 in. wide, ovoid,
glabrous.

Still water, especially tanks, in the dry country ; common ; possibly

not a native in the moist region. Fl. Feb._Aug.; white or rose-coloured,
sweet-scented.

* Hermann (Par. Bat. 205) gives Nelumbo as the Sinhalese name.

52 C rucefe eve. [ Nasturtium,

Throughout India, and extends to Persia, and to China, Japan, the
Malay Islands, and tropical Australia ; often planted.

This is the Cyamus or ‘ Sacred Bean’ of ancient Egypt, but is usually
called the ‘ Lotus’ by Europeans in the East. It does not now grow in
Egypt. lo

A great ornament to the tanks, often covering many acres with its
curious leaves and fruit and magnificent flowers.

The large seeds are an article of food.

Argemone mexicana, L. (Papaveracez), a yellow-flowered poppy with
variegated green and white prickly leaves, is frequently found as a weed
in waste ground, especially in the dry region. It is a native of trop.
America, and is figured in Wight, Il. t. 11.

VIII.—CRUCIFERZ:.

HERsBs ; |. alternate, without stip.; fl. regular, bisexual; sep. 4,
imbricate ; pet. 4 or 0; stam. 6 (or 4 or 2), the 4 inner longer,
in pairs; ov. 2-celled by an extension of the placentas form-
ing a false dissepiment, ovules several or numerous, in I or 2
rows on parietal placentas ; fruit a 2-celled siliqua or pod,
dehiscent by 2 valves, which are completely deciduous ;
embryo large, with flat cotyledons and a bent-up radicle;
no endosperm.

Pods cylindrical, seeds ovoid . ; : ; . I. NASTURTIUM.
Pods compressed, seeds flattened . ; : . 2. CARDAMINE.

Three species only scarcely represent this vast family, which is mainly
characteristic of temperate regions. Two are found in our montane zone,
and the other is a weed in cultivated ground. Both the genera are
British.

1. NASTURTIUM, /,.

Herbs; sep. 4, spreading; pet. 4, spreading; stam. 6;
fruit a short, cylindrical, slightly turgid siliqua, dehiscent by
2 papery valves, septum very thin, transparent ; seeds numerous,
in 2 rows, ovoid.—Sp. 20; 4 in FZ. B. Lund.

*N.indicum, DC. Syst. Veg. ii. 199 (1821).

Hk. f. and Th. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 138. Thw. Enum. 399. C. P.

3747.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 134. Wight, Ill. t. 13 (V. madagascariense).

An annual herb, 1—2 ft., erect, branched, glabrous ; 1. sessile,
lyrate-pinnatifid, irregularly dentate, acute, tapering to base,
which is suddenly dilated and auriculate; fl. small, in elon-
gated, erect, lax racemes terminating stem and branches,

Cardamine. | Cruc ofe eve. 53

pedicels divaricate, without bracts; sep. obtuse; pet. rather
longer than sep., narrowed to base; siliqua 2 in., cylindrical,
slightly curved, tipped with the truncate style, ped. very short;
seeds numerous, finely muriculate.

A weed in damp cultivated ground ; rare, and probably only intro-
duced here. Near’ Badulla, 1890. The C.P. specimens are labelled
‘Peradeniya, 1862 ;’ Gardner and Walker also collected it. Fl. yellow.

Common throughout India, Malaya, China, and Japan.

Nasturtium officinale, Br., the common English watercress, has
become naturalised in many small streams in the mountains where inten-
tionally introduced. The name ‘ Kakkuta-pala’ has been given to me
by Sinhalese for this, but by Moon (Cat. 13) this native name is applied to
his Anagallis esculenta from Uva, which is undetermined. The water-
cress is also given by Moon (p. 47) as found naturalised at Kandy.

2, CARDAMINE, Z.

Herbs; 1. compound ; sep. 4; pet. 4 or 0; stam. 2-6;
fruit a narrow, linear, compressed siliqua, the 2 valves
separating elastically, septum membranous; seeds in I row,
flattened.—Sp. 60; 11 in FZ. B. Ind.

Leaflets 3 ; ‘ : : : : = 1. C, ABRICANA:
Leaflets 5-7. . 3 : : : . 2. C. SUBUMBELLATA.

I. C. africana, L. SP. P/. i. 655 (1753).

Hk. f. and Th. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 144. Thw. Enum. 399. C. P.
Iol

fl, Bo Inds 15.137. Wight, Ic.t. 948:

A small, perennial herb, with an irregular, creeping root-
stock, stems erect or decumbent at base, 6in—1 ft. or more,
slightly branched, more or less hairy; 1. trifoliolate, on very
long petioles, Iflts. shortly stalked, 1-2 in., ovate-lanceolate,
acute, tapering at base (the lateral ones often oblique),
coarsely crenate-serrate, nearly glabrous, thin; fl. few in erect
racemes at end of stem and branches; sep. oblong, obtuse,
glabrous ; pet. much longer than sep., oval-oblong, clawed ;
stam. 6, nearly equal ; siliqua erect, 14-2 in., much tapering to
point, smooth, on ped. # in. long.

Upper montane zone, in shady places; rather common. Horton
Plains ; Hakgala; N. Eliya; Palagalla; Maturata. FI. all the year;
whitish or pale sulphur-yellow.

Also in the Nilgiris, but not the Himalayas or elsewhere in Asia, but
in South and Trop. Africa and the island of Bourbon.

2. ©. subumbellata, Hz. fin Fl. B. Ind. i. 138 (1872).

C. hirsuta, L., Hk. f. and Th. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 146 (in part);
Thw. Enum. 14 (in part). C. P. 2962.

lB. Indi. 138.

A small annual herb, 3-12 in., branched, sparingly hairy,

54 Capparidec.

the young parts more so; |. stalked, pinnate, with 2-3 pair of
Ifits. and a larger terminal one, Iflts. very shortly stalked,
coarsely and irregularly crenate or lobed ; fl. few, very small,
on short hairy ped., at first corymbose, afterwards racemose ;
sep. oblong, obtuse, with few bristly hairs; pet. often 0;
stam. 4 (or 2); siliquas shortly stalked, in racemes which are
somewhat crowded at the ends, 2—?in., slender, slightly
tapering at end, compressed ; seeds few, 4-8, distant.

Montane zone, in open places; rather common. N. Eliya ; Madul-
kelle ; Rangala ; Dimbula. Fl. various months ; whitish-green.

Also found in the hills of Western India.

I cannot think this is more than a local form of the cosmopolitan
C. hirsuta, L. The corymbs usually elongate themselves into racemes as
in other crucifers, but the flowers are often very few and the racemes
thus very short.

Brassica juncea, Hk. f. and Th. Aéa,S. C. P. 3772. Thw. Enum.
399. This is commonly cultivated about cottages, and is a frequent weed
in waste ground. It is grown for the oil from its seeds, and is figured in
Duthie’s ‘ Field Crops of India,’ t. 41.

Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench., the ‘Shepherd’s Purse’ of England,
is a frequent garden weed in the hills, having been introduced from
Europe.

IX.—CAPPARIDE.

ANNUAL herbs, shrubs (often climbing), or small trees ;
1, simple or compound, alternate, with or without stip. ; fl.
regular or irregular, bisexual; sep. 4, distinct (rarely connate
into a tube), valvate or imbricate; pet. 4 (rarely 2); stam.
indef., sometimes 6 or 4, inserted at base of or half way up
gynophore ; disk usually absent, rarely developed as a flat
expansion or a horn-like process; ov. usually at end of a long
gynophore, rarely sessile, 1-celled, ovules numerous on 2
(rarely 4-6) parietal placentas; fruit a 2-valved capsule, or
indehiscent and fleshy; seeds with a curved embryo, no
endosperm.

Herbs (Cleomea).
Stam. inserted on receptacle at base of gynophore. 1. CLEOME.

Stam. inserted half way up gynophore . 2. GYNANDROPSIS.
Woody (Cafpparee).
Sep. combined at base into a calyx-tube 3. MARUA.

Sep. distinct.
Sep. distant, inserted on edge ofexpanded recept. 4. CRATAVA.
Sep. biseriate.
Stam. 4-6, inserted half way up gynophore . 5. CADABA.
Stam. indef., inserted at base of gynophore . 6. CAPPARIS.

Cleome.| Gi appa ridec. 55

Our 19 species are all, with the exception of Capfaris Moonzi, found
in the dry region ; 3 or 4 of them, however, also extend into the moist
region. No species occurs in the montane zone.

1. CLEOME, Z.

Annual herbs; sep. 4; pet. 4, quite or nearly regular;
stam. 6—indef., inserted on receptacle or at base of the gyno-
phore ; ov. sessile, or with a short gynophore, I-celled, ovules
numerous on 2 parietal placentas ; capsule linear, 2-valved ;
seeds reniform.—Sp. 80; 12 in F/. B. Ind.

Leaves simple ‘ : : 4 : : . I. C. MONOPHYLLA.
Leaves compound.
Stam. 6.
Lfits. linear 2. Co TENELLA:
Lflts. ovate 3. C. ASPERA.
Stam. numerous.
Fis. pink . 4. C. CHELIDONII,
Fls. yellow. 5. C. VISCOSA.

I. ©. monophylia, Z. SP. P/. 672 (1753).

Herm. Mus. 1o. Burm. Thes. 217. FI. Zeyl. n. 243. Moon Cat. 48.
Thw. Enum. 14. C. P. 2702.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 168. Burm. Thes. t. 100, fig. 2 (not good).

Annual, 1-2 ft., stems erect, branched, strongly pubescent ;
1. 4-3 in., passing gradually into bracts above, lanceolate,
acute, entire, rounded at base, finely pubescent on both sides,
petioles slender, 4-14 in., pubescent; fl. solitary, in axils of
leafy bracts, in a long erect raceme, ped. slender, shorter than
the bracts; pet. erect, twice as long as sep., long-clawed ;
stam. 6; pod 24-3 in., on a very short stalk, linear, straight,
cylindrical, striate, pubescent ; seeds strongly ridged on back.

Low country, in waste and cultivated ground common ; also in rocky
places in the dry districts.

Fl. Dec.-March ; pale violet-pink.

Also in S. India and in tropical Africa.
Herm. |. c., followed by Burman, erroneously describes the flower as

yellow.

2. ©. tenella, Z. f Suppl. Pl. 300 (1781).

Trim. in Journ. Bot. 1885, 142.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 169. ;

A much-branched annual, 4-6 in. branches spreading,
slender, glabrous ; |. petiolate, trifoliolate, lfits. sessile, narrowly
linear, acute; fl. few, very small; stam. 6; pod about 1 in.,
without a gynophore, on ped. + in., linear, apiculate, glabrous ;
seeds minute, brownish-yellow, finely muriculate.

Dry region. Only known at present from the sandy coast at

56 Capparidee. [Cleome.

Puttalam and Chilaw, but easily overlooked, and likely to occur in other
dry tracts.

Fl. Oct., Nov. ; ‘ purplish.’

Also in S. India, Nubia, and Senegal.

3. ©. aspera, Koen. in DC. Prod. i. 241 (1824).

Thw. Enum. 14. C. P. 1068.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 169. Wight, Ic. t. 287.

A branched annual herb, 6-24 in., branches ascending,
glabrous, more or less rough with small distant prickles ;
1. trifoliolate, on petioles as long as or longer than themselves ;
Ifits. sessile, ovate, acute or subobtuse, finely serrate, glabrous;
fl. solitary, very small, on long ped., from axils of upper 1,
(bracts), forming a very elongated leafy raceme; stam. 6;
pods I-2in., tapering into the sharp style at apex, and
gradually to the slender gynophore at base, linear, often
somewhat torulose; ped. slender, 4 in., spreading horizon-
tally; seeds pale brown, strongly ridged on the back.

Low country, in sandy places common ; especially near the coast in
the dry districts.

Fl. Dec.—March ; pink (not ‘yellow’ as in FI. B. Ind.).

Also in Southern [ndia.

C. Burmanni, W. and A., is given for Ceylon in FI. B. Ind. 1. 170,
the authority being ‘ Koenig, &c.’ There are no specimens in the herbaria
of Peradeniya, Kew or the Brit. Mus. C. dodecandra, L. is given generally
as synonymous with this, and is based on FI. Zey]. n. 242 ; but Hermann’s
drawing (there is no specimen) seems to be merely 3-foliolate C. vzscosa;
Burman’s figure, however (Thes. Zeyl. t. 1oo f. 1), shows a different plant,
quite glabrous, and Linnzeus’ description seems to be partly taken from
this figure. The species is doubtfully distinct from C. aspera, and is
perhaps included under above description.

4. ©. Chelidonii, 2. / Supf/. P/. 300 (1781).

Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxvii. 161.

F]. B. Ind. i. 170. Wight, Ic. t. 319.

An annual herb, 6~—12 in., slightly branched, stem slightly
scabrid; 1. on very long petioles, 5—-9- usually 7-foliolate,
Iflts. sessile, obovate, very obtuse, entire, densely appressed-
hairy on both sides; fl. few, large, # in. diam., ped. #~1 in.,
solitary in leaf-axils; sep. ovate, acute; pet. rounded, not
clawed; stam. very numerous, fil. thick; pods 3 in. or more,
without a gynophore, linear, tapering ; seeds pale brown,
slightly muriculate on back.

Dry low country ; very rare, and as yet only found at Mineri Tank in
the N. Central Prov., in Sept. 1885.

F]. Sept. ; pink.

In several places in South India and also in Java.

[C. felina, L. f., is founded on a plant of Koenig’s collecting, and the
locality given as ‘Zeylona.’ But it was probably trom the Coromandel
coast, aS no specimens are known from Ceylon. |

Gynandropsts. | C. appa viene. 57

5. C. viscosa, Z. SP. P/.672 (1753). Wal-aba, Ran-manissa, 5S.

Herm. Mus. 13. Burm. Thes. 215. Fl. Zeyl. nn. 240 and 241.
C. icosandra, L. Sp. Pl. 672. Moon Cat. 48. Polanisia viscosa, Thw.
Enum: 04. ‘CoP; 1073: :

Pi Binds. 170" Burm: Thes.t.99." Wight, Ic: t.2.

An annual herb, 1-3 ft., erect, sparingly branched, softly
glandular-hairy and viscid throughout ; |. 3—5-foliolate, Iflts.
sessile, ovate, entire, terminal the largest, lateral often unequal
at base, petioles 4-1 in. becoming shorter above and upper-
most (bracts) often sessile; fl. # in. diam., on axillary ped.
4in. long ; sep. ovate, acute; pet. twice length of sep., obtuse,
long-clawed, 2 approximate, 2 divaricate; stam. 12-24, anth.
linear, curled, blue-black ; pod 2-4 in., without a gynophore,
erect, linear, cylindrical, tipped by glabrous blunt style, very
viscous ; seeds black, finely ridged on back.

Low country ; a very common weed in cultivated ground.

Fl. Jan.—March ; lemon-yellow.

Throughout the tropical and warm regions of the world.

Linneus distinguishes his C. zcosandra by having quinquefoliate
leaves and 24 stamens. There is neither specimen nor figure of this
form in Hermann’s collection, but Burman’s plate well represents it.

2. GYNANDROPSIS, VC.

Annual herbs; sep. 4; pet. 4, with long claws; stam. 6,
inserted half way up the gynophore ; ov. at summit of a very
long gynophore, ovules numerous, style none; capsule linear,
2-valved ; seeds reniform, embryo helicoid.—Sp. 10; t in
Hl B.. dnd,

G. pentaphylla, DC. Prod. i. 238 (1824). Wela, S. Tayir-
valai, 7.

Hema. Mus. 1; 30, Burm. Thés. 215. Fl, Zeyl. mn. 239: Cleome
gynandra, L. Sp. ed. 1. C. pentaphylla, L. Sp. ed. 2. Moon Cat. 47.
Thw. Enum. 14. C. P. 2460.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 170. Rheede, Hort. Mal. ix. t. 34. Bot. Mag. t. 1681.

An erect, branched annual, 2-4 ft., stem shaggy, with long,
white, spreading hair; |. 5-foliolate, lflts. sessile, broadly ovate,
acute, entire, pubescent on both sides and ciliate, pale beneath,
terminal largest, 1}—2in., petioles 2 in., stout, hairy and rough
with prickles ; fl. at first distinctly corymbose, afterwards in
long erect racemes, bracts of 3 sessile leaflets, many empty,
ped. over 3 in., viscid-pubescent ; sep. narrowly lanceolate,
acute, glandular-pubescent ; pet. rotundate, with a long,
narrow claw, thrice the length of sep., all curved upwards;
gynophore 1-1} in., slightly curved upwards; stam. inserted
about half-way up; ov. on summit of gynophore, linear-

58 Capparidec. [Crateva.

oblong, very glandular, style 0, stigma capitate, flat, ovules
numerous ; pods 2-3 in., linear, slightly curved, somewhat
compressed, viscid-pubescent ; seeds helicoid-reniform, rough,
dark brown.

Low country ; very common in waste and cultivated ground.

Fl. May, June; pet. white or very pale pink with pink claws, gyno-
phore and stam. purplish.

A common weed in all tropical countries.

Develops when bruised a very strong and peculiar scent.

The ovaries are sometimes very small and abortive, the fl. being then
practically male. The internodes of the floral axis (gynophore) between
the whorls of pet., stam, and ovary are remarkably developed in this
plant.

G. speciosa, DC., with large handsome rose-coloured flowers, is a
common garden annual, and often appears there spontaneously. It isa
native of Central America.

3. MFERVA, Forsh.

Shrubs ; sep. 4, combined at base into a narrow tube, half
as long as the lobes; pet. 4; stam. numerous, inserted at
base of long gynophore; ov. I-celled, with many ovules; fruit
elongated, irregularly moniliform, soft ; seeds large, strongly
muriculate—Sp. 20; 1 in AZ. B. nd.

M. arenaria, (zk. f. and Th., Fl. B. Ind. i. 171 (1872).

M. oblongifolia, Thw. Enum. 15 (non A. Rich). C. P. 1064.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 171 (not given for Ceylon). Hk. Ic. Pl. t. 127.

A straggling shrub, with divaricate branches, bark smooth,
pale; I. 1-2 in., oval or oblong-oval, very obtuse or retuse,
entire, glabrous, glaucous, somewhat fleshy, petiole } in. ;
fl. few, rather large, in terminal, corymbose racemes without
bracts, ped. # in., smooth; cal.-lobes } in., lanceolate, acute
or obtuse, reflexed ; pet. distant, + in., ovate, acute, erect,
veined, green; stam. much exceeding pet., spreading, fila-
ments white, anth. green; gynophore } in.; ov. short, trun-
cate; fruit 1-2 in. long, irregularly and interruptedly monili-
form, smooth.

Dry or desert country, chiefly near the coast. Trincomalie ; Batti-
caloa ; Hambantota; Puttalam; Jaffna. Fl. Feb.—April ; green, sweet-
scented. Fruit pale yellow.

Also in Southern and Central India.

4. CRATHIEVA, J.
Trees; |. deciduous; sep. 4, inserted on the edge of a
large lobed disk; pet. 4; stam. indef., inserted on base of
long gynophore ; ov. 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas, ovules

Cadaba.] Capparidee. 59

numerous ; fruit globose; seed imbedded in pulp.—Sp. 6 or
more; 1 in FZ. B. Jnd.

Cc. Roxburghii, £7. 7x Denh. and Clapp. Travels, app. 224 (1826).
Lunu-warana, S. Navala, Navilankai, 7.

hw: nom. 14: ‘C..P. 1067.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 172 (not given for Ceylon). Hk. Ic. Pl. t.178. Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 116.

A small tree, with a much-branched head, young twigs
prominently marked with leaf-scars ; 1. deciduous, 3-foliolate,
Ifits. shortly stalked, 24—4 in., broadly oval, acuminate, taper-
ing to base, entire, glabrous, the lateral ones oblique, petioles
3-4 in.; fl. large, 2in. diam., from the axils of the bud-scales
below the new leaves, forming corymbose clusters at the end
of the new growths, ped. 14 in., stout, glabrous ; sep. distant,
small, ovate-acute, pet. #-1 in., rounded-oval, with a long,
narrow claw ; stam. longer than pet., wide-spreading ; gyno-
phore 1-14 in. exceeding stam.; ov. small, ovoid; fruit a
globose berry, on the thickened, woody gynophore now nearly
2 in. long, pericarp hard, smooth; seeds several, imbedded in
pulp, nearly smooth, black.

Dry country; rather common. Jaffna; Trincomalie ; Hambantota ;
Kekirawa ; Dambulla.

Fl. December, with the young foliage ; greenish-white.

Also on the Coromandel coast of Madras, and in many other parts of
India, and in Tropical Africa.

In the Fl. B. Ind. this is considered a variety of the Pacific Island
plant C. veligzosa, Forst.

Much planted by the Tamils for the sake of its bitter leaves, used as

a stomachic. Wood yellowish-white, fairly hard; used for making
sandals.

5. CADABA, Forss.

Shrubs or small trees ; sep. 4, biseriate, the outer valvate ;
pet. 2 or 4; stam. 4 or 6, inserted half-way up the gynophore ;
disk with a horn-like process projecting excentricly opp. the
gynophore ; ov. 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas; fruit long,
cylindrical, soft, but finally dehiscing by 2 valves; seeds
numerous.—Sp. 12; 4 in FZ. B. Jud.

Leaves trifoliolate. Pet. 2. Stam. 6 : 2 . obke Cy TRIFOLIATAS
Leaves simple. Pet. 4. Stam. 4. ~ P ; > 2.00 INDICA:

1. ©. trifoliata, W. and A. Prod. 24 (1834).

Thw. Enum. 15. C. P. 1066.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 172. Hk. Bot. Misc. iii. t. suppl. 37.

A large, straggling, much-branched shrub, bark smooth,
grey; |. 3-foliolate, lflts. very shortly stalked, 13-3 in., lan-

60 Capparidec. | Capparis.

ceolate, acute at both ends, entire, glabrous, petioles I-14 in. ;
fl. few, in short terminal corymbs, ped. 1}in., spreading ; sep.
ovate, 2 outer larger, pubescent outside; pet. 2, large, 1}in.,
roundish-ovate, acute, with a long, slender claw ; disk-process
3 in. long, erect between the pet., hollow, dilated at the end ;
gynophore 2 in.; stam. 6; ov. small, linear, truncate ; fruit
about 3 in., linear, cylindrical, blunt, usually curved, soft,
smooth, green; seeds reniform, finely muriculate.

Dry low country; rare. Mannar; Trincomalie; Pomparippu. FI.

Feb. ; pet. pale yellow, disk-process orange-yellow.
Also in dry districts of South India.

2. ©. indica, Lam. Encycl. i. 544 (1783). ‘Wili, 7.

Thw; Enum. 15:. "C..Po31o07o;

Fl. B. Ind. i. 173 (not given for Ceylon). Burm. Fl. Ind. t. 46, f. 3
(Cleome fruticosa) (bad).

A small, straggling tree or shrub, bark smooth, purplish-
grey ; |. small, simple, shortly stalked, 1-14 in., oblong-oval,
rounded at base, obtuse or retuse, entire, glabrous ; fl. rather
small, 3 in., in short, terminal, one-sided racemes ; sep. equal,
acute, outer concave; pet. 4, slightly longer than sep., oval,
obtuse, long-clawed ; disk-process }in., curved, declinate,
expanded and toothed at end; gynophore ?in., much exserted ;
stam. 4; fruit 1-2 in., linear-oblong, cylindrical, irregularly
torulose, smooth; seeds surrounded by a red aril, striate.

Dry or desert country ; very rare. Mannar district in several places ;
‘Kokotaduwa’ (Gardner), a locality I do not identify.

Fl. Feb. ; pet. nearly white, disk-process violet-pink.

Also in Southern India, where it is common.

6. CAPPARIS, J.

Trees or shrubs, erect or more usually climbing, generally
with 2 stipular thorns at base of petioles; sep. 4, biseriate ;
pet. 4, imbricate; stam. indef. (rarely few), inserted at very
base of long gynophore; ov. I-celled, with 2-6 parietal
placentas, ovules numerous ; fruit hard or fleshy, indehiscent ;
seeds imbedded in pulp, embryo helicoid.—Sp. about 120;
31 in FL. B. Lud.

Fls. solitary, axillary, or corymbosely arranged at
ends of branches.

Shrubs.
Fruit ovoid, soft, scarlet , : : . 3, CG. ZBYEANICA
Fruit globose, hard, brown . . : . 2, C. DIVARICATA.
Climbers.

. MOONIIL.
. ROXBURGHII.
. GRANDIS.

Fl. 4-5in. Young branches smooth
Fl. 14in. Young branches finely tomatose .
Small tree

Whe
QA tA

Capparis.] Capparidec. 61

Fls. in simple umbels.

Shrub : : : : : : . 6, C. PEDUNCULOSA.
Climbers.
Umbels solitary on short peduncles. =. 7. G. SEPIARIA,
Umbels numerous on long peduncles, form-
ing a large panicle : , 3 . 8 C. FLORIBUNDA.
Fls. supra-axillary, 1-3 in a vertical line.
Young shoots supra-tomatose. Fl. 15 in. . 9. C. HORRIDA.
Young shoots, glabrous. Fl. 3 in. ; . Io. C. TENERA.
1. GC. zeylanica, Z. S/. P/. ed. 2720 (1762). Kattoddi, Venna-
chchi, 7.

Herm. Mus. 7. Burm. Thes. 53. FI. Zeyl. n. 210 (in part). Moon
Cat. 41. C. brevispina, Thw. Enum. 15. C. P. 1059, 1060, 1062, 2509.
Pisbwindsiet7a. Wook. le, Plot, 126:

A much-branched shrub, young shoots glabrous; |. 14-4 in.,
lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire,
glabrous, rather thick, reticulate, venation prominent, petioles
short, usually with 2 small, straight, sharp, persistent, stipular
spines ; fl. large, 13-2 in. diam., solitary, axillary or 2 together
at ends of branchlets, ped. about 1 in.; sep. nearly equal, very
concave ; pet. 3 or 4 times as long, oblong-lanceolate, very
obtuse, undulate, the lower pair spreading, the upper pair
approximated ; gynophore as long as stam.; ov. oblong, with
4 placentas, ovules numerous, stigma capitate; fruit irregularly
ovoid, 2} in. long, 1} in. broad, pointed or blunt, on a stalk 3 in.
long, smooth, shining, soft ; seeds immersed in a white, creamy
pulp, sub-reniform, with a thick, white, waxy coat (aril ?),
testa thin, brittle, dark brown.

Dry country ; common.

Fl. March-July ; white, the 2 upper pet. usually with a basal blotch of
yellow, afterwards purple ; anth. pale blue. Fruit bright orange-pink,
very conspicuous.

Also common in Southern India.

The leaves vary greatly in width, but the varieties based on their forms
are connected by intermediate states. The coloured patch at the base of
the upper petals may be either yellow, pink, dull purple, or crimson,
or either in combination, as seen at different stages of growth.

Some of Hermann’s specimens are doubtful.

The green fruit is sliced, dried, cooked, and eaten.

C. Heyneana, Wall.—To this species are referred, in Fl. B. Ind. i. 174,
some specimens in Herb. Kew included under C. P. 2509 (which is not
represented in Hb. Perad.), but they are scarcely sufficient to warrant
a certain reference. An imperfect specimen from Mandagalla Tank,
E. Prov., sent by Mr. Nevill, may possibly be this ; he describes it as
forming a round-topped tree, and it has pubescent young foliage and
smaller flowers.

2. ©. divaricata, Lam. Encycl. Meth. i. 606 (1783).
C. stylosa, DC., Thw. Enum. 15. C. P. 1072.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 174 (not given for Ceylon). Wight, Ic. t. 889 (?).

62 Capparidec. [Capparis.

A shrub or small tree, much-branched ; |. about 2 in.,
broadly oval, obtuse or subacute, entire, glabrous, rather
thick, venation strongly marked on both surfaces, petiole
short, stipular spines short, sharp; fl. (not seen) solitary,
axillary; fruit large, 13 in. long, 1} in. diam., with a short,
blunt beak } in. long, surface rough, not ribbed ; ped. much-
thickened and woody, stiffly hooked or curved downward,
pericarp thick; seeds numerous, in firm white pulp, 2 in.,
ovoid, smooth, purplish-brown.

Dry districts ; apparently very rare. Pomparippu (Gardner) ; Panuwa
Pattu, E. Prov. (Nevill). Fl. ?

Also occurs in S. India.

[ have not seen flowers of this species. In Wight’s figure (I. c.) they
are represented with 6 linear apiculate ciliate pet., and an ovary with 6
parietal placentz, a very thick style, and a hairy capitate stigma. This
shows also much narrower leaves, and may be different from our plant.

3. ©. Moonii, Wight, [7/. i. 35 (1840).

Thw. Enum. 16. C. P. 2415.

PL Boing. 1.175.

A very large woody climber, stems attaining 8 in. diam.,
much-branched, bark smooth, young branches shining; 1.
3-44 in., oval-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute,
apiculate, entire, rather thick, glabrous, shining, ped. } in,
stipular spines sharp, hooked; fl. few, very large, 4—5 in.
diam., 3-6 together in corymbose clusters at end of branches,
ped. over 2in., stout ; sep. I in., orbicular, very concave, much
imbricated ; pet. 2in., spreading, pubescent on upper surface ;
stam. very numerous, erect, 3-4 in. long; gynophore slightly
longer; ov. urceolate, glabrous, with 4 placentas, ovules
numerous, style short; fruit very large, 4 in., subglobose,
pointed, on much thickened woody stalk; seeds numerous,
large, }in., rotundate, pinkish, cotyledons foliaceous.

Moist country up to 3000 ft.; rather rare. Uva (Moon); Hunasgiriya ;
Panwila ; Alagalla. Fl. March, April; pure white.

Has also been found in Concan, W. India.

Extremely ornamental when in flower.
Wight erroneously quotes C. grandis, Moon Cat., for this.

4. ©. Roxburghii, DC. Prod. i. 247 (1824). Punai-virandi, 7.
Thw. Enum. 15. C. P. 1065.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 175 (not given for Ceylon). Wight, Ic. t. 1048.

A large woody climber, young branches finely tomentose ;
1, 2-3 in., oval, acute or obtuse, often apiculate at apex, acute
at base, glabrous, petioles } in., slender, stipular spines hooked
or absent; fl. 14 in. diam., in corymbs of 4-10 at ends of
branches, ped. 1-1} in., stiff; sep. 4 in., rotundate, cupped,

Capparis.] Capparidec. 63

much imbricated, glabrous; pet. # in. broadly obovate-
cuneate; stam. 13 in. long, erect; gynophore rather longer ;
ov. urceolate, placentas 5, ovules numerous ; fruit 14-2 in.,
globose, apiculate, on a woody stalk 24in. long; seeds
numerous, ?in. diam.

Dry low country ; rather rare. Trincomalie ; Puttalam ; Hanguran-

kette ; Kekirawa; Mannar. Fl]. August; white.
Also in Southern India.

5. C.grandis, ZL. / Suppl. Plant. 263 (1781). Mudkondai, 7.
Moon Cat. 41. Thw. Enum. 16. C. P. 1071.
Fl. B. Ind: 4.176:

A small tree, young shoots palely tomentose ; |. 2-3 in.,
rhomboidal-oval, acute at both ends or obtuse at apex,
glabrous above, finely tomentose-pubescent beneath, venation
reticulate, prominent, petioles short, pubescent, no stipular
spines; fl. in. diam., on slender, pubescent, spreading ped.
2-1 in. long, crowded in corymbs at end of branches; sep,
pubescent outside; pet. narrowly obovate; gynophore #in. ;
ov. glabrous, apiculate ; fruit (not seen ripe) ‘subglobose, size
of a nutmeg,’ smooth, 2—6-seeded, purple.

Dry low country in forest; rare. (C. P. 1071 is without locality).
Kambukkan-ar, E. Prov. (Capt. Walker); Anaradhapura ; Mannar. Fruit
collected in Ceylon by Koenig. Fl. September.

Also in S. India.

6. ©. pedunculosa, Wall. Cat. n. 6993 (1828). Pichchuvilatti, 7.
Thw. Enum. 16. C. P. 1069.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 176 (not given for Ceylon). Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 128.

A much-branched, spreading shrub, with wiry, pubescent
branches ; |. numerous, very shortly stalked, closely placed,
ovate-rotundate, 3-1 in., obtuse retuse or apiculate, glabrous,
stipular spines small, hooked ; fl. small, 4 in., 2-5 together in
shortly stalked, simple, axillary umbels, pedicels 1 in., slender ;
sep. less than }in., glabrous, reflexed; pet. equalling sep.,
oval ; gynophore }-1 in.; fruit ovoid-globose, }in., apiculate,
smooth.

Var. B. longispina, ‘7k. f. and T. (sp.).

Stipular spines straight, divaricate, 2 in., leaves pubescent
beneath.

Dry low country; rare. Chilaw ; Haragama; near Nalande. Var.
f. Mannar. FI. March.

Also in a few places in South India.

Specimens from Moon n. 323, collected in 1819, are in Mus. Brit.
(C. myrtifolia, Br. Ms.).

64 Capparidee. [Capparis.

I have seen onlyileaves of var. 8. ; the stipular spines are occasionally
straight in the type. The T. name above given refers to this variety.

7. C. sepiaria, /. Syst. Nav. x. 1071 (1759). Karunchurai, 7.

Thw. Enum. 16. C. P. 1063.

Rie Be ind iha7 7s lOOks ew biti ar2s:

A woody, scrambling climber, much-branched, young
shoots hairy; |. 1-1} in., oval or oblong-oval, retuse, glabrous
above, more or less pubescent or tomentose beneath, petiole
very short, tomentose, stipular spines hooked; fl. small, 4in.,
numerous, crowded, in stalked, terminal, or axillary umbels,
ped. }in., slender; sep. oval, reflexed; pet. a little longer
than sep., oblong; gynophore }—}in.; ov. oblong, pubescent,

rov py Ta)

placentas 2; fruit 2in., globose, black.

Var. B. retusella, 7iw. Enum. 16, 400 (Sp.). C. P. 2550.

L. linear-oblong, or narrowly ovate, tapering to retuse
apex, glabrous or nearly so beneath ; fl. corymbose rather
than umbellate.

Dry country, common. Jaffna; Hambantota, abundant; Puttalam ;
Anuradhapura ; Kekirawa; Mannar. Var. 6. Maturata (Moon); Hara-
gama; Matale ; Kekirawa (the latter a very extreme form). Fl. July;
white.

Throughout India ; also in the Philippines ; Var. 8. endemic.

8. ©. floribunda, Wight, ///. 1. 33 (1838).

Cy Ras 700:

Bl. B.indi.,177. Wieht,. last 14

A large woody climber, young twigs glabrous; 1. 3-34 in.,
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at both ends, retuse, apiculate at
apex, glabrous, petiole 2 in., stipular spines, small, broad-
based, very decurved (often absent) ; fl. small, numerous, in
numerous dense umbels on long peduncles from axils of upper
leaves and ends of branches, forming together a large terminal
panicle, pedicels about 4in.; sep. reflexed in fl., pet. oblong,
gynophore 4in.; stam. 8, erect ; fruit globose, ?in. diam.

Dry country, very rare. I have only seen it from Haragama, where
the ©. P. specimens were gathered in 1862. Fl. white.

Also in Malabar, Tenasserim, and the Philippines.

g. ©. horrida, Z./ Suppl. Plant. 264 (1781). Welangiriya, S.

Thw. Enum. 15. C. P. 1058.

EL Balndsin17é: Wight ilicat 173,

A climbing shrub, with long, divaricate branches, young
shoots with rufous, scurfy tomentum; |. oval-lanceolate or
oblong, obtuse, strongly apiculate, tomentose when young,
afterwards glabrous and shining, petioles short, stipular spines
recurved ; fl. rather large, 1} in. diam., supra-axillary, solitary
or 2 or 3 together above one another in a vertical line, ped.

Viola.) Violacee. 65

4—? in., tomentose ; sep. rufous-tomentose outside ; pet. twice
as long, hairy ; stam. much longer than pet.; gynophore 1 in.;
ov. ovoid, apiculate, with 4 placentas ; fruit subglobose, 1} in.
diam., on a greatly thickened stalk, many-seeded.

Dry low country, rather rare. Jaffna; Anuradhapura ; Uma-oya;
Hangurankette ; first collected by Koenig. Fl. March, April; Pet.
white, stamens crimson.

Distributed through the Indian Peninsula, Malaya, and the Philippines.

10. ©. tener, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. ii. 41 (1850), var. zey-
lanica, /. f. and Th., Fl. B. Ind. i. 179 (1872).

C. tetrasperma, Thw. Enum. 15. C. P. 614.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 179.

A climbing shrub, with slender, glabrous branches ; 1.
14-4 in., oval, acuminate or slightly caudate, glabrous, petiole
very short, stipular spines small, hooked ; fl. small, $in. diam.,
supra-axillary, I-3 in a vertical line, ped. $in., slender; sep.
deflexed, oval, tomentose at margins ; pet. a little longer than
sep., oblong, hairy outside; stam. about 20, 2 in. ; gynophore
about $in.; ov. glabrous, with 2 placentas ; fruit slobose, 2 2 in,
diam., usually 4-seeded.

Low country, very rare. Matale ; Hangurankette. Specimens from
Moon, ‘Feb. 1819,’ in Mus. Brit. (C. glabella, Br. MS.). Fl. May, June.
Also in South-western India, E. Bengal, and Burma.

X.—VIOLACE.

HERBS, shrubs, or trees; |. simple, alternate, with stip.; fl.
regular or irregular, bisexual; sep. 5, distinct, imbricate,
persistent ; pet. 5, distinct, equal or unequal, imbricate or
contorted ; stam. 5, anth. distinct or connate; disk annular
or none; ov. I-celled, with few or numerous ovules inserted
on 3 parietal placentas ; fruit a 3-valved capsule; seeds few,
embryo straight, in fleshy endosperm.

Herbs.
Sep. produced at base, anth. connate VIOLA.
Sep. not produced at bea anth. distinct. , 2. IONIDIUM.
Shrubs or trees. : 3. ALSODEIA.
All the three species of Viola aids one af ies are montane ;
Lonidium and the other two species of A/sodeza are low-country plants.

2 NH

1. VIOLA, Z.
Herbs; fl. solitary ; sep. 5, with a backward projection at

the base; pet. 5, the lowest larger, and produced into a spur
F

66 Violacee. [Viola.

at the base; stam. 5, the 2 lower spurred at the base, anth.
connate; ov. I-celled, ovules numerous on 3 parietal pla-
centas ; stigma obtuse, more or less 3-lobed ; capsule 3-valved ;
seeds several, nearly globose.— Sp. about 100; 11 in £7.
LB. Ind.

Leaves linear-oblong, dilated at base . ; , . a: V. PATER:
Leaves ovate with cordate base
Glabrous. Capsule linear-oblong : 5 : . 2. VA. DISTARS
Hairy. Capsule subglobose : 3 : . . 3. V. SERPENS.

1. V. Patrinii, DC. Prod. i. 293 (1824).

V. hastata, Moon Cat. 17. V. Walkerit, Wight, Ill. i. 42. Thw.
Enum. 20. C. P. 1087.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 183. Wight, Ill. i. t.18 (Vi Walkeriz).

A perennial herb, with a short, tufted, woody rootstock
without stolons; 1, all radical, erect, very variable, usually
oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse at apex, dilated below into a
broad triangular base, and thence very gradually tapering
into petiole, coarsely crenate-serrate, glabrous, petioles slender,
varying from 4-6 in. winged in upper part, glabrous; fl. on
slender erect ped. exceeding the leaves, bracts linear; sep.
lanceolate, acute, glabrous; pet. 4in., oval-obtuse, with short
claws, spur inflated ; stigma dilated, 3-lobed; capsule twice
the length of persistent sep., valves straight.

Montane zone from the highest elevations down to 3000 ft.; rather
common. FI. Jan.

Distributed widely through Northern and Central Asia to Japan ; in
India only on the mountains.

Wight figures the flowers pale lemon-yellow.

2. V.distans, Wall. Cat. 7. 4022 (1828).

V. Wightiana, var. glabra, Thw. Enum. 20. C. P. 153 (part).

FI. B. Ind. i. 183.

A perennial herb, with a stout, erect rootstock giving off
numerous long, trailing branches (stolons), rooting at nodes
and bearing leaves and flowers, whole plant glabrous ;
], 1-14 in., ovate-cordate, acute, shallowly crenate-serrate,
petioles longer than leaves, stip. free, very acute, fimbriate ;
fl. about 4 in., ped. axillary, rather longer than leaves, bracts
minute ; sep. lanceolate, acute; pet. oval-oblong, spur not
inflated ; stigma truncate, obscurely 3-lobed; capsule 2 in.,
linear-oblong, acute, glabrous, valves straight.

Upper montane zone in wet places; rather rare. Abundant on
Nuwara Eliya Plain. Fl. April; pale violet, lower pet. with darker
veins, spur green.

Also in the Himalaya, Nilgiri, and Pulney Mountains.

Lonidium.] Violacece. 67

3. V- serpens, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. (ed. Carey) ii. 449 (1824).

V. crenata, Moon Cat.17. V. Wightiana, var. pubescens, Thw. Enum.
20... C.-P.. 15 3.(part).

Fl. B. Ind. 1.184. Royle, Ill. t..18, fig. 1.

A perennial herb, with a slender, ascending rootstock,
usually giving off long, prostrate, glabrous, rooting branches ;
], 1-14 in., broadly cordate-ovate, acute or obtuse, crenate-
serrate, more or less hairy on both surfaces, petioles usually
longer than 1, hairy especially at upper part, stip. free fim-
briate ; fl. 3-3 in., nodding, ped. longer than 1, slightly hairy,
bracts setaceous ; sep. linear-lanceolate, very acute; pet.
oblong, spreading, spur not inflated, stigma oblique; capsule
4 in., subglobose, pubescent, valves dehiscing irregularly.

Montane zone descending to 4000 ft.; common. Moon gathered it
on Adam’s Peak. Fl. most of the year ; pale violet-blue or nearly white.

All the Indian mountains, and ‘extends to China and Java.

This is the common hill-violet of Ceylon, and very like some forms of
the wild V. canina of Europe.

2. LONIDIUDE, Vezt.

Semi-shrubby herbs; fl. solitary ; sep. 5, not produced at
base ; pet. 5, the lowest much the largest, spurred at base ;
stam. 5, distinct, 2 lower spurred at the base, anthers with a
tongue-like appendage; ov. 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas,
ovules few; capsule 3-valved.—Sp. 40; 2 in FZ B. Ind.

Leaves few, spreading acute ; : : . I. I, SUFFRUTICOSUM.
Leaves very numerous, imbricate, acuminate . 2. I. RAMOSISSIMUM.

I. L.suffruticosum, Ging. 7x DC. Prod. i. 311 (1824). Oritad-
tamarai, 7.

Herm. Mus. 47. FI. Zeyl. n. 318 and 317. Viola suffruticosa and
V. enneasperma, L. Sp. Pl. 937; Moon Cat. 17. Thw. Enum. 20.
CaP 7G:

Fl. B. Ind. 1.185. Wight, Ill. t. 19. Burm. Thes. t. 85.

A small, semi-shrubby herb, with many diffuse or ascend-
ing branches, glabrous or finely pubescent ; 1. linear or linear-
lanceolate, 1-14 in., sessile or nearly so, entire or very shallowly
crenate-serrate, stip. minute, subulate; fl. solitary, axillary,
ped. 4in., erect, slender; sep. linear, acute; pet. unequal,
2 upper ones oblong, slightly longer than sep., 2 lateral longer,
falcate, lowest twice as long as lateral ones, } in., with an oval
convolute limb and a long claw; capsule subglobular, apicu-
late, smooth, valves papery ; seeds white, longitudinally
striate.

Low country; common, especially in the dry districts in open ground.
FI. all the year; rose-pink.

68 Violacee. [Alsodeza.

Throughout tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia.

Moon (Cat. 41) gives as the Sinhalese name for this ‘ Yotu-wenna.’

Burman’s figure above quoted was made from a specimen collected by
Hartog, and is referred to Polygala by him (Thes. 195). Burm. f. named
it P. Thea (Fl. Ind. 154) because a similar plant had been sent from Java
as Thea. Linn. (Mant. 260) gives the name P. ¢heezans, and does not
quote Ceylon as a locality at all. The V. exneasferma, L. is merely a
diffuse form with nearly entire leaves.

2. I. ramosissimum, 7/iw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 21 (1858).

Thw. Enum. 21. C. P. 1084.

F]. B. Ind. 1. 186.

A small under-shrub, 6-8 in. high, with numerous slender,
ascending, woody branches; |. very numerous, crowded, im-
bricated, erect, sessile, very narrowly linear, acuminate, entire,
margins slightly recurved ; fl. and fruit as in Z. suffruticosum.

Low country ; very rare. Maturata (Moon); Banks of the Mahaweli
at Haragama; Medamaha-nuwara. Fl. July, August, and Feb.; pale

violet-pink.
Endemic.

3. ALSODETIA, 7Jhouars.

Trees or shrubs ; fl. solitary or fascicled, with many bracts;
sep. 5, equal; pet. 5, equal; stam. 5, equal, inserted within a
fleshy disk, fil. very short, anth. distinct or connate, with a
long, tongue-like appendage; ov. 1-celled, with 3 parietal
placentas, ovules I or 2 to each placenta, stigma 3-lobed ;
capsule 3-valved, seeds 3.—Sp. about 40; 11 in FZ. B. Lnd.

Anthers distinct, disk annular

Leaves acute, stipules persistent 1. A, ZEYLANICA.
Leaves obtuse, stipules caducous . 2. A. DECORA.
Anthers connate, disk of 5 separate scales . 3. A. VIRGATA.

1. A. zeylanica, 7iw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 21 (1858).
Pentaloba zeylanica, Arn. in Mag. Zool. Bot. ii. 543. C. P. 2669.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 187. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 229.

An erect shrub, 10-12 ft. young shoots pubescent; 1,
3-5 in., lanceolate or oval, acuminate, acute, shallowly serrate,
glabrous, venation reticulate, conspicuous, stip. free, 2 in.,
lanceolate, very acute, adpressed to stem.; fl. small, solitary
or fascicled, axillary, nearly sessile, surrounded by many
small, acute, rufous bracts; sep. lanceolate, acute, striate ;
pet. twice as long as sep., erect, oblong-linear, acute, recurved
at apex ; disk 5-lobed; ov. 1-celled with 3 ovules; fruit }in.,
globose, apiculate, smooth ; seeds smooth,

Moist low country; rather rare. Hantane (Macrae); Ratnapura.
First collected by Wight in 1836. Fl. March; white.

Bixacee. 69

Also in Malabar and Cochin.
The Fl. B. Ind. describes the leaf-axils as bearded beneath ; this is
never the case in Ceylon specimens.

2. A. decora, 771m. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. 203 (1885).

C. P. 4006.

A small tree, young twigs finely pilose ; 1. oblong-lanceolate
often slightly trapezoid, somewhat acuminate, acute at base,
obtuse or emarginate at apex, shallowly crenate-serrate in the
upper half, reticulate venation prominent, petioles } in., stip.
subulate, very early caducous; fl. small, 4-¢ in., shortly pedi-
celled, in very short, contracted, axillary racemose fascicles,
bracts numerous, soon falling; sep. lanceolate, subacute, per-
sistent ; pet. oblong-strap-shaped, scarcely twice as long as
sep., persistent ; fruit globose, apiculate ; seeds mottled.

Montane zone ; rare. Hewahette near the Great Western mountain

(Thwaites) ; Nitre Cave District. Fl. Sept.
Endemic.

3. A. virgata, Hkh. f. and Th. in Fl. B. Ind. i. 189 (1872).
[PLATE V.]

Scyphellandra virgata, Thw. Enum. 21. C. P. 1085.

Fl. B. Ind. 1. 189.

A small shrub, with long, straight, virgate, pubescent
twigs ; 1. numerous, very variable, 4-1} in., the smaller ones
in fascicles, very shortly stalked, oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse or subacute, faintly serrate, glabrous, stip. very small,
acute; fl. solitary or in small axillary fascicles, pedicels short,
very slender; sep. subacute ; disk of 5 scales (not annular) ;
stam. with nearly sessile anth. coherent by their margin ;
style long, stigma 3-fid; fruit globose, with a long apiculus ;
seeds cream-coloured.

Dry and intermediate country; rather rare. Mineri (Gardner) ;
Bintenne; Uma-oya; Atakalan Korale; Lenadore, near Dambulla.
Fl. July.

Endemic.

XI.—BIXACE..

TREES or shrubs, sometimes spinous; 1. alternate, simple,
without stip; fl. regular, bisexual or unisexual and dicecious ;
sep. 4-8, usually 5, distinct, imbricate (rarely completely
connate); pet. 4-6, usually 5, imbricate or contorted, or 0;
ov. i-celled, with 3-7 parietal placentas (in Flacourtia pro-

70 Bixacee. [ Scolopia.

longed to meet in centre and form false dissepiments), ovules 1,
few or numerous ; fruit an indehiscent berry, rarely 3-valved ;
seeds few, with or without an aril, embryo with foliaceous
cotyledons in oily endosperm.

Pet. without an adnate scale (Flacourtia).
Fl. bisexual, with petals
Stam. indefinite. . RA ors : . I. SCOLOPIA.
Stam. 5 4 : : : % 5 . 2. ERYTHROSPERMUM.
Fl. dicecious, pet. o
Spinous. Sep. slightly imbricate . 3. FLACOURTIA.
Not spinous. Sep. valvate. ; 7 . 4, ABERIA.
Pet. with an adnate scale within (Pangiee
Cal. undivided : : : : ; . 5. TRICHADENIA.
Sep. 5. : ; : : : : . 6. HYDNOCARPUS.

With the exception of one Sco/ofia, all our species are inhabitants of
the low country only, of which four are confined to the humid and one to
the dry region respectively, and the rest occur in both.

Cochlospermum Gossypium, DC. Thw. Enum. 41. XK7nihiriya or
Lla-imbul, S., Kongu,T. This is frequently found on rocky hills in the dry
districts, but usually near the temples so often placed in such localities,
and planted for the sake of the large splendidly golden-yellow flowers
which are used for offerings. This is called Czstus lobatus by Moon
(Cat. 42). It is considered to be native to the dry hills of Central India,
whence it has been introduced to other parts of the East. There are
specimens in Hermann’s herb., and it is Bombax gossypinum, L. (FI.
Zeyl. n. 222).

Lixa Orellana, L. is included in Thw. Enum. p. 16, and is C. P. 2821+
It is the annatto dye-plant, and called Kaha by the Sinhalese, who often
grow it in their gardens, but more for the ornament of its pretty pink or
white flowers than for the colouring matter of its seeds. It is figured in
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 79, and is said there to be quite naturalised in the
Madras Presidency. A native of tropical America.

1. SCOLOPIA, Scired.

Trees, usually with woody spines; 1. without stipules ;
fl. bisexual ; sep. 4-6; pet. 4-6, smaller than sep., imbricate ;
stam. numerous, inserted on expanded receptacle, connective
produced beyond anth.; ov. 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas,
ovules few, pendulous ; fruit a berry, surrounded at base by
persistent sep., pet., and stam., 2-4-seeded.—Sp. 15; 4 in
fl. B. Ind.

Fruit green when ripe.
Leaves acuminate-caudate, 24-44 in..
Leaves not acuminate, 1-2 in.

Fruit bright scarlet

S. ACUMINATA.,
S. CRASSIPES.
S. G2RTNERI.

yp

1. S. acuminata, Clos in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser.

» Vili. 251 (1857).
Katukenda, 5S.

-

Scolopia. | Bixacec. 7%

Thw. Enum. 17, 400. C. P. 1077.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 191 (under S. crenata). Bedd. F1. Sylv. t.78 (S. crenata)?

A small tree, with smooth, rufous-grey bark, branches
with straight simple spines when young, afterwards unarmed ;
]. 24-44 in., oval, tapering to the short petiole, very acuminate
or caudate, obtuse, shallowly repand-dentate, rather thick,
glabrous and shining on both sides ; fl. numerous, articulated
to stout ped., in lax, axillary, racemose panicles shorter than
the leaves ; sep. 5-6, broad, obtuse; pet. 5-6, smaller; disk a
ring of numerous orange-coloured papillz; stam. and style
tin.; fruit globular-ovoid, }—-{in., apiculate, fleshy, green.

Low country both moist and dry, up to 1500 ft.; rather common.
Hantare (Gardner); Deltota; Nillembe ; Hangurankette ; Dambulla ;
Alut-oya. Fl. May-August ; pinkish-white.

Also in S. India and S. China.

Specimens from the dry region have the leaves less acuminate and
smaller, and a smaller fruit, and form a distinct variety. Many of the fis.
are barren, disarticulating from the pedicels and falling away without
fertilisation.

This is not distinguished in Fl. B. Ind. from S. crenata, Clos, of the
S. of India. To that species are also referred the cultivated specimens
(C. P. 3526) named 5S. chinensis, Clos, in Thw. Enum. 400 (.S. Arnottianus,
Thw. Enum. 16). This is quite different from the present species, and
is not known wild in Ceylon, though common in the Peradeniya Gardens.
It has a small pulpy dull purple berry the size of a pea.

2. S. crassipes, Clos. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, vill. 251 (1857).

Phoberos Hookerianus, Wight MS., Thw. Enum. 17. Thw. Enum.
yoo), CP. 620;

Fl. B. Ind. i. 191 (under SS. crezaéa).

4

A very large tree, branches with spines when young;
], 1-2 in., lanceolate or oval-oblong, tapering to the short
petiole, obtuse, entire or slightly crenate, coriaceous, glabrous,
veins prominent beneath; fl. on very stout ped., crowded in
dense axillary racemes shorter than the leaves, bracts con-
spicuous, subulate; sep. and pet. 5-6; fruit subglobose,
usually broader than long, 4in., apiculate, fleshy, green.

Montane region down to about 3000 ft.; common. N. Eliya; Matu-
rata ; Dolosbagie ; Galagama; Deltota. Fl. April, May ; white.

Endemic.

This may possibly be a montane state of the last; with it, it is
included under SS. cvevzaza in F1. B. Ind.

3. S. Geertneri, Ziw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 400 (1864). Katu-
kurundu, 5.

Fl. Zeyl. n. 410 (Rhamnicastrum). Limonia pusilla, Gaertn. Fruct. i.
297. S. pusilla, Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 981 (1799); Moon Cat. 39. Phoberos
Gerineri, Thw. Enum. 17. C. P. 64, 1076, 2497.

Fl. B, Ind. i. 191. Gaertn. Fruct. i. t. 58. f. 4 (fruit).

ye Bixacee. [Erythrospermum.

A moderate-sized tree, bark grey, young branches usually
armed with slender, axillary spines 14 in. long, and the trunk
with large, woody, compound, branched spines; I. very variable,
1-3 in., on very short ped., oblong-oval or ovate, acute, rounded
or cordate at base, obtuse at apex, entire or faintly crenate,
sub-coriaceous, glabrous; fl. in lax, simple racemes shorter
than or as long as the leaves, ped. 4-2 in., slender, bracts
minute; sep. and pet. 4-5 (usually 4); no disk; fruit 3 in.,
ovoid, on a stalk 4in. long, strongly apiculate, fleshy, bright
red:

Low country ; common up to 1500 ft., both in moist and dry region.
Fl. June-September ; white. Fruit bright scarlet.

Endemic.

Willdenow’s name S. fuszl/a has long priority, but was rejected by
Thwaites as being inapplicable to a tree.

There is much variety in the form of the leaves, and Thwaites divides
the species into three varieties, odlongifolius, cordifolius, and lanceolatus,
which are not noticed in Fl. B. Ind. The formidable branched divaricate
spines on the trunk are very characteristic of this tree.

2. ERYTHROSPERMUM, Lam.

Trees ; fl. bisexual, in racemes; sep. 5, imbricate; pet. 5;
stam. 5; ov. I-celled, with 3 parietal placentas, ovules few;
fruit coriaceous, 3-valved ; seeds invested with a scarlet, pulpy
aril, endosperm firm, embryo with a long, straight, blunt
radicle-—Sp. 8; 1 in FZ. B. Ind.

Six species are from Mascarene Islands, and one has been recently
found in the Malay Peninsula.

E. phytolaccoides, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 9 (1846).
[PLATE VI.]

Herm. Mus. 67. Pectinea zeylanica, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 136. Thw.
Enum, 18. C. P. 468.

Fl. B. Ind. i. r91. Gaertn. Fruct. ii. t. 111, f. 3. Bedd. Ic. t. 195.

A small tree, 20-30 ft., young shoots glabrous; 1. 4-7 in.,
oval or lanceolate, shortly acuminate, acute, entire, glabrous
and shining, petiole 2—-}in.; fl. nearly $in. diam., numerous,
in racemes from the upper axils and ends of branches, ped.
4 in., slender, bracts minute; sep. oval, glabrous, pet. a little
longer, pilose at the base; anth. sagittate; ov. tapering,
elabrous ; fruit 3-2 in., nearly spherical, apiculate, rough, pale
reddish-purple, splitting tardily into 3 ovate valves ; seeds 1-6,
when solitary ovoid or globular, when more numerous flattened
from mutual pressure, enveloped in a brilliant, scarlet, pulpy
aril, testa hard, bluntly muriculate.

Moist low country, rather rare. Between Balangoda and Palma-

Flacourtia.] Bixacee. 7s

dulla (Gardner) ; Ratnapura; Wattegoda; Pasdun Korale; Morowak
Korale ; Singha Rajah Forest. Fl. Feb.-April ; white.

Endemic.

A native guide in Pasdun Korale gave me ‘ Dodan-wenna’ as the name
of this, and Gaertner’s name is ‘ Dodham-pana.’

3. FLACOURTIA, Comm.

Trees or shrubs with spinous branches; fl. unisexual,
dicecious, in axillary clusters; sep. 4-5, slightly imbricate ;
pet. 0; stam. numerous; ov. surrounded by an annular or
lobulate disk, 1-celled, with 3-6 parietal placentas, which
often meet in centre and give the appearance of as many
cells, ovules few, stigmas 3-6, recurved ; fruit a few-seeded,
pulpy berry.—Sp. about 12; 8 in 42. B. Ind.

Small tree. Stigmas 5-6

‘ : F «ee RAMONTCHI.
Shrub. Stigmas 3-4 . : : : : se

1m
F. SEPIARIA.

1. EF. Ramontchi,* 1’ eri, Stirp. Nov. 59 (1784), var. sapida,
Roxb. Cor. Pl. i. 49 (1795) (sp.). UWguressa, S. Katukali, 7.

fhw. Enum. 17. C. P. 2583:

PY Bind, 17193. Roxb! Cor: Pk ¢: 60:

A small tree, with long, simple, spinous twigs on the
young branches, and often large, compound, branched spines
on the trunk, bark rather smooth, grey, young shoots pubes-
cent; |. 2-3 in., broadly ovate, acuminate, obtuse, acute at
base, more or less crenate-serrate, glabrous or pubescent on
the veins beneath, thin, petioles }in., often pubescent ; fi.
small, in little, few-flowered, axillary, racemose clusters; male
fl. :—sep. reflexed, ciliate; fem. fl. :—sep. very small, ciliate,
disk annular, ov. globular, stigmas 5-6, nearly sessile, re-
curved ; berry globular, $ in. diam., pulpy, smooth, marked
with scars of fallen stigmas ; seeds 4-6, strongly lobulated.

Low country, rare (?) Kandy; Peradeniya; Nilgala and Bibile.
Fl. Jan., Feb.; yellowish-white. Fruit inky-purple.

Also in Southern India.

The small dark purple fruit is edible, and hence the tree is often
cultivated. About Colombo, &c. another variety with much larger and
better fruit is grown, and called ‘Rata Uguressa,’ which is probably
£.. Cataphracta, Roxb. (F. Jangomas, Miq.) and introduced from Malaya.
C. P. 2583 seems partly made up of this.

fF’, inermis, Roxb., is the Lovi-lovi, the red acid fruit of which is well
known, and the tree commonly grown in native gardens ; it is of Malayan
origin.

2. F. sepiaria, Roxb. Cor. Pi. i. 48 (1795). Mulanninchil, 7.

Thw. Enum. 17. C. P. 1650:

Fl. B. Ind. i. 194. Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 68.

* Ramontchi is the native name of the tree in Madagascar.

74 Bixacea. [ Trichadenia.

A much-branched shrub or small tree, with the branchlets
ending in sharp, pointed, rigid spines; 1. 1-2 in., in fascicles,
cuneate-obovate or oblong, tapering to petiole, very obtuse,
more or less crenate-serrate, glabrous, stiff; fl. very small, in
axillary, racemose clusters shorter than the leaves ; sep. acute,
pilose; disk lobular ; stigmas 3-4, very short, recurved ; berry
globular, 4in., smooth.

Dry country, common. Jaffna; Haragama. Fl. Feb.; greenish.

Berry purplish.
Throughout India, also in Java.

4. ABERIA, Lochst.

Trees, without spinous branches; fl. dicecious, axillary ;
sep. 5-8, valvate; pet. 0; disk (in fem. fl.) annular; stam.
very numerous; ov. I-celled, with 3-7 parietal placentas ;
styles 3-7, spreading; fruit a juicy berry.— Sp. 5; 1 in
FL. B. [nd.

The rest African.

A. Gardneri, C/os, in Ann. Sc. Nat. 4, vill. 236 (1857). Kétam-
billa, S. [PLATE VII.]

Roumea hebecarpa, Gardn. 1. c.9. Thw. Enum. 18, 400. C. P. 1075.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 195. Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 194.

A small, much-branched tree, 16-20 ft., bark pale grey,
young shoots hairy; 1. 24-4 in., lanceolate or oval, somewhat
attenuate, acute at both ends, entire or very faintly serrate,
slightly pilose above, paler and densely pubescent or tomen-
tose beneath, lateral veins very oblique, prominent, pink,
petioles 4in., tomentose; fl. $in., on short ped., male in small
umbels of 10 or more, female 1 or 2 together in the leaf-axils ;
sep. lanceolate, acute, tomentose; ov. densely tomentose,
styles radiately spreading, stigmas fimbriate; fruit 1 in. diam.,
globular or somewhat depressed, velvety-pubescent.

Upper zone of moist low country and lower montane zone to 4000 ft.,
rather rare. About Kandy; MHangurankette; Maturata; Wilson’s
Bungalow. Fl. June; greenish. Fruit pale purple.

Endemic.

The fruit is edible and pleasantly acid, but the finely hairy skin is an
objection.

5. TRICHADENIA, 7hwzites.

Tree; fl. dicecious, in panicles; cal. undivided, opening
irregularly; pet. 5, imbricate, each with a lanceolate scale
adnate to its inner face; stam. 5 ; ov. I-celled, with 3 parietal
placentas, each with 1 ovule; styles 3; fruit a spherical berry;

Hydnocarpus.| Bixacee. 75

seeds with oily endosperm, embryo with foliaceous, plicate
cotyledons.—Monotypic and endemic.

T. zeylanica, Z7hw.in Kew Journ. Bot. vii. 196 (1855). Tolol,
Titta, S. [PLATE VIII.]

Thw. Enum. 19. C. P. 2505.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 196. Kew Journ. Bot. vii. t. 5.

A very large tree, young shoots tomentose; 1. large,
5-12 in., oblong or oval-oblong, very coarsely sinuate-serrate,
obtuse or acute, rounded at base, glabrous above, tomentose
on the prominent veins beneath, coriaceous, petioles 14—-3 in.,
tomentose, stip. foliaceous, concave, ovate, tomentose, soon
falling ; fl. $in., in axillary, racemose panicles from below the
new leaves, 3-4 in. long, ped. and bracts tomentose; cal.
tomentose ; pet.-scales hairy ; stam. hairy at base, anth. linear ;
ov. ovoid, hairy ; styles short, divergent, stigma dilated, reni-
form; berry subglobose, 14in., apiculate, 1-3-(rarely 2-)
seeded ; seed ovoid, #in., with a bony testa.

Moist low country, extending to its upper limit; rather rare. Alla-
gala; Hunasgiriya ; Kottawa (Ferguson); Karawita Korale. FI. May,
June ; pale yellow.

Endemic.

A little known forest tree, now become scarce through extensive
clearing.

The leaves of seedling trees or young shoots are sometimes very large
and deeply palmately 7-fid.

The wood is useless. An oil is obtained from the seeds and used in
skin diseases and for burning.

6. HYDNOCARPUWS, Gaerin.

Trees ; fl. dicecious, fasciculate ; sep. 5, imbricate ; pet. 5-6,
with a large scale on the inner face; male fl.:—stam. 5-8,
ov. rudimentary or 0; fem. fl.:—stam. with small anth. with-
out pollen, ov. 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal plac.,ovules numerous,
stigmas 3-5, sessile, dilated ; fruit a berry, with tough or hard
rind; seeds several, endosperm oily, cotyledons foliaceous,
broad, flat—Sp. 6; 5 in FZ. B. Ind.

Stam. 5.
Sep. rotundate; pet. rotundate, shorter than sep. . 1. H. VENENATA,
Sep. ovate; pet. lanceolate, longer than sep. . « 2. H. AEBINS
Stam. 8 - : , ; ; : 3 ‘ . 3. H. OCTANDEA:

I. H. venenata, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 288 (1788). Makulu, S.
Makal, 7.

Herm. Mus. 50. 4. zwebrians, Vahl, Symb. Bot. iii. too ; Thw. Enum.
18. Moon Cat. 74. C. P. 1630.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 196. Gaertn. Fruct. i. t. 60, f. 3 (fruit only).

76 Bixacee. [Hydnocarpus.

A tree, bark smooth, whitish, young shoots pubescent ;
]. 4-6in., narrowly or broadly lanceolate, narrowed at base,
attenuate to subacute apex, shallowly serrate, glabrous above,
pubescent on veins beneath, thick, veins very oblique, petioles
4-lin., pubescent, stip. minute, soon falling; fl. $in., male in
small, short, crowded, shortly-peduncled, axillary panicles,
female solitary or 2 together, axillary, all densely pubescent ;
sep. rotundate, 2 larger; pet. rotundate, rather shorter than
sep., strongly ciliate, pet.-scales ovate, acuminate, very hairy,
golden brown; stam. 5; ov. globular, shaggy, with golden-
brown hair, stigmas deeply bifid, flat, spreading, bright green ;
fruit nearly globular, with a short, blunt beak, #-1 in. diam.,
densely covered with thick, ferrugineous tomentum ; seeds
about 6, closely packed, angular.

Low country up to about 2000 ft., on banks of rivers ; rather common.
Ratnapura: Kurunegala; Hantane; Peradeniya; Colombo (Jonville,
1796, Mus. Brit.); Tambalagam Pattu, E. Prov.

Fl. March, April; brownish-white. Endemic.

The fruits are used as a fish-poison, having narcotic properties ; and
it is said that these are sometimes communicated to the fish so killed.

The oil from the seeds is employed in skin complaints.
Wood yellow, moderately hard.

2. H. alpina, Wight, /c. iii. 3,2(1845). Gomma, S. Attuchan-
kulai, 7.

Thw. Enum. 19. C. P. 2918.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 197. Wight, Ic. t. 942. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 77.

A large tree, young shoots nearly glabrous; 1. 34-6 in.,
lanceolate or oblong-oval, attenuate, narrowed at base and
often unequal, entire, glabrous; fl. nearly 1 in., axillary, male
in crowded, paniculate fascicles, fem. solitary or 2 together,
ped. $in., pubescent; sep. ovate, acute or obtuse; pet. lan-
ceolate, longer than sep., margins revolute, pet.-scales strap-
shaped, pubescent; stam. 5, shorter than pet.; ov. densely
pubescent, stigmas flat, spreading or recurved ; fruit nearly
globose, pointed, tipped with persistent stigmas, I-I} in.,
densely and finely tomentose ; seeds numerous, closely
packed.

Low country, chiefly in the dry districts. Bintenne; Batticaloa ;
Karawita Kande.

Fl. April ; yellowish-white.

Occurs also in the Nilgiri Hills, up to nearly 6000 ft.

The name is unfortunately chosen ; even in the Nilgiris there is no

alpine country, and in Ceylon this tree shows no tendency to ascend into
the montane region at all.

3. H. octandra, 7hw. in Kew Journ. Bot. vii. 197 (1855).
Thw. Enum. 19. C. P. 2640.
FL. B..Inds1.197.

Pittosporum.] Pittosporacee. 7D

A tree, 40-50 ft, bark brown, young shoots scurfy-
pubescent ; 1. 2-4 in., oval, acute and usually unequal at
base, shortly caudate, obtuse, entire, thick, glabrous above,
sparingly stellate-hairy and glandular (especially when young)
beneath, petioles $in., sulcate, stip. minute, deciduous; fl.
nearly #in., 2-8in axillary fascicles, ped. }2in.; sep. unequal,
broadly oblong, obtuse; pet. rotundate, shorter than sep.,
strongly ciliate, pet.-scales $ length of pet., rotundate, apicu-
late, fringed; stam. 8, rather shorter than pet., fil. hairy;
ov. tomentose, placentas 4, stigmas 4, very large, flat; fruit
spherical, large, 15-24 in., pericarp thick, hard, covered with a
fine, rusty-brown tomentum ; seeds 4-12 or more, immersed
in pulp, oblong-ovoid.

Moist low country ; very rare. Ambagamuwa district at about 250o0ft.;

Mandagalla; Pasdun Korale. Fl. March; greenish-white.
Endemic.

XII.—PITTOSPORACE.

TREES or shrubs; |. simple, alternate, without stip.; fl. regular,
bisexual ; sep. 5, imbricate ; pet. 5, imbricate, slightly connate
at base; stam. 5, distinct ; ov. with 2 parietal placentas often
meeting in the middle and so falsely 2-celled, ovules few or
numerous ; fruit a tardily 2-valved capsule ; seeds few, with a
small embryo in copious endosperm.

PITTOSPORUM, Lazks.
For characters, see Order.—Sp. about 50; 9 in Fl. B, Ind.

Fls. in simple, sessile umbels’. ‘ é . I, P, TETRASPERMUM.
Fls. in long-stalked, racemose corymbs . , 2 Py ZEYEANICUM.

I. P. tetraspermum, VW. and A. Prod. p. 154 (1834).

Thw. Enum. 68. C. P. 572, 3994 (?).

Fl. B. Ind. i. 198. Wight, Ic. 971.

A small tree or shrub, young shoots glabrous; 1. 13-3 in.,
sub-verticillate, crowded, lanceolate or oval, tapering to base,
subacute, entire or nearly so, glabrous, thick, reticulate vena-
tion conspicuous beneath, petioles } in. or less; fl. few, in
small, terminal, nearly sessile umbels, ped. 4-3 in., slightly
pubescent ; sep. narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, pet. nearly
4 in., erect, strap-shaped ; capsule globose, %in., apiculate,
valves flat; seeds 4.

78 Polygalacec.

Upper montane zone on banks of streams; rather common. FI. Feb.;
greenish yellow.

Also in the Nilgiri Mountains.

C. P. 3994 is referred by me (Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 6) doubtfully to P. zeelghe-
nense, W. and A., figured at Wight, Ill. i. t. 70. The specimens are in
flower only, so that the seeds cannot be examined. The flowers are in
racemes, not umbels, larger, with ovate sep. and longer glabrous ped.,
and the leaves narrower and more oblong. I have gathered the same
plant with very revolute leaves on the Elk Plains, also without fruit. It
may be W. and A.’s species, but can scarcely be distinct specifically from
P._tetraspermum.

2. P. zeylanicum, W7zghi, ///. i. 173 (1838). Kétiya, S.

Thw. Enum. 68. C. P. 476.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 199.

A small tree, 15-20 ft., bark smooth, whitish, young shoots
glabrous or slightly pubescent ; 1. 3-5 in., crowded at ends of
branches, lanceolate- or obovate-oblong, much tapering at
base, obtuse or rounded at apex, entire, often rather undulate,
glabrous, ped. }-{in.; fl. numerous, in long-stalked, racemose
or paniculate corymbs at end of branches, equalling or ex-
ceeding 1., ped. smooth ; sep. oval, subacute, glabrous ; pet.
nearly $in., linear, erect, spreading at ends; stam. shorter
than pet.; ov. glabrous or nearly so, ovules 8, style long ; cap-
sule subglobose, somewhat depressed, }—} in., tipped with
style, slightly rough, yellow, valves very thick, resinous, hard ;
seeds about 8, angular, closely packed, unequal, erect from
basal placentas, testa pulpy, orange-red.

Moist low country, and extending in the montane zone up to 6000 ft.;
rather common. Sabaragamuwa (Moon); Deltota; Atampitiya ; Ba-
dulla, Galagama and elsewhere in Uva; Hakgala ; Summit of Ritigala,
N.C. Prov. Fl. April; yellowish-white, sweet-scented.

Endemic.

I do not find that this turns black in drying as stated in Fl. B. Ind.
(following Wight).

XIITI.—POLYGALACEE.

HERBS rarely shrubs, or trees ; 1. simple, alternate, entire, with-
out stip.; fl. irregular, bisexual ; sep. 5, more or less unequal,
imbricate ; pet. 3 or 5, distinct or somewhat connate, free or united
at base with stam.; stam. 8 or 4-5, distinct or monadelphous,
anth. opening by terminal pores; ov. I- or 2-celled, with 1 or
few ovules in each cell; fruit a 2-celled, 2-seeded capsule, or
I-seeded and indehiscent ; seeds with or without endosperm.

Polygala.] Polygalacee. 79

Herbs (rarely shrubs). Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded.

Sep. very unequal. Stam.8 . : : 3 I. POLYGALA,
Sep. nearly equal. Stam. 4-5 . ‘ : . 2. SALOMONIA.
Trees. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded . ; : . 3. ZANTHOPHYLLUM.

Of the species of Polyga/a only four occur in the montane zone, one,
P. arillata, being confined to it. Salomonia and Zanthophyllum inhabit
the moist low region.

I. POLYGALA, Z.

Herbs, rarely shrubs; fl. racemose ; sep. 5, 2 inner much
larger (wings); pet. 3, adnate at base to monadelphous
stamens, lower one keeled and crested at end; stam. 8, fila-
ments connate for lower half, forming a split sheath, anth.
opening by pores; ov. 2-celled, with a single ovule in each;
fruit a more or less compressed capsule, 2-celled, 2-seeded ;
seed with endosperm, usually with an aril or caruncle.—
Sp. about 250; 16 in FZ. B. Ind.

Anerect shrub . , : : : : « 1. POARILLATAL
Herbs, sometimes with a woody base.
Wing-sep. membranous.
Racemes lateral, hairy 5 , 2 BP. JAVANA,
Racemes terminal, glabrous ; , . 3. P. LEPTALEA,
Wing-sep. herbaceous.
Leaves thin.

Capsule ciliate.
Wings longer than capsule.

N
ie)

Lves. acute 4. P. GLAUCOIDES.
Lves. obtuse 5 5. P. CHINENSIS.
Wings as long as capsule 6. P. ROSMARINIFOLIA.
Capsule with a thick wing 7. P. SIBIRICA, var.
Leaves thick - : : 8. P. TELEPHIOIDES.

I. P. arillata, Ham. zn Don Prodr. 199 (1825).
Thw. Enum. 22. C. P. 434.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 200. Wight, Ic. t. 946.

A slender shrub or small tree, 8-12 ft., bark smooth,
yellowish-grey, young parts pubescent; 1. 3-5 in., lanceolate
or obovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends, entire, glabrous
above, slightly pubescent and with prominent veins beneath,
thin, petioles }in.; fl. large, }in., in lax, drooping, long-
stalked, terminal or extra-axillary racemes, ped. }in., pubes-
cent, bracts linear, very early caducous; sep. very unequal,
soon falling, wings very large, petaloid, oblong-ovate ; pet.
erect, large, equal, connate for half their length, soon falling ;
capsule didymous, rotundate, nearly 4 in., somewhat com-
pressed, longitudinally wrinkled when dry ; seeds large, +in.,

fe) Polygalacee. [Polygala.

globular, smooth, nearly covered with a fleshy aril, yellowish,
the top black, shining.

Montane zone, from 7000 down to 4000 ft.; rather common. Pedum-
talagala; Elk Plains ; Hunasgiriya; near Badulla. FI. July-November ;
golden-yellow.

Occurs in the mountains of India, Malaya, and S. China.

A graceful little tree, with much the habit of a Leguminosa.

2. P. javana, DC. Prod. i. 327 (1824). Tilo-guru, S.

Thw. Enum. 22. C. P, 184.

P1Be ind: 1-201,

Semi-shrubby, 1-3 ft. high, with long, divaricate, wiry,
pubescent branches; 1. numerous, crowded, 4—1 in., sessile or
nearly so, obovate-oblong, obtuse, apiculate, pubescent above,
finely stellate-hairy beneath; fl. in extra-axillary, hairy
racemes, $—-3 in. long, ped. very slender, hairy, bracts 3 to-
gether, small, ovate, acuminate, persistent ; sep. hairy, wings
membranous, triangular-ovate, much veined ; capsule much
flattened, ciliate on edge, keeled, shorter than the wings ;
seeds hairy.

Low country, principally in the dry districts; rather common.
Karativu, W. Coast; Vavuniya Vilankulam; Mannar; Jaffna; Balan-
goda; Maturata ; Galagama ; Bibile. Fl. all the year; yellow, the
crest purple.

Also in Peninsular India and in Java.

3. PB. leptalea, DC. Prod. i. 325 (1824).
Thw. Enum. 22. C. P. 3550.
BEB: ina. 4. 202:

Perennial, rootstock woody, sending up numerous, erect,
very stiff, slightly branched, angular, glabrous stems; 1.’ very
few, erect, sessile, linear, 1-1} in., acuminate, glabrous; ff.
small, drooping, secund, in an erect, terminal, lax, spicate
raceme 3 or 4 in. long, ped. very short, readily disarticulating,
slender, curved, bracts long, setaceous, very soon falling ;
wings membranous, oval-oblong ; capsule small, much flattened,
rotundate, transparent, much shorter than wings.

Dry low country, amongst long grass; very rare. Confined to the
grassy country in the north part ‘of. Uva and adjacent part of Central
Province. Medamahanuwara; about Nilgalla abundant. . Jan-
March ; pink, the crest darker.

Also in Northern India, the Nilgiris, and Burma, and in tropical
Australia.

4. P. glaucoides, Z. Sp. P/. 705 (1753).

Fl. Zeyl. n. 270. Moon Cat. 51. P. arvensis, Willd., var. a. Thwe
Enum. 400. C. P. 715.

Fl, B. Ind. i. 203.

Polygala.| Polygalacee. 81

A small, perennial herb, with numerous, wiry, slightly
branched, pubescent, prostrate stems spreading from a centre;
]. numerous, 4in., nearly sessile, lanceolate-oblong, mucronate,
glabrous ; fl. small, few, in short racemes scarcely exceeding
the l.; outer sep. oval, acute, wings ovate, very acute, slightly
exceeding the glabrous or ciliate capsule.

Var. 6. triflora.

Fl. Zeyl. n. 269. P. triflora, L. Sp. Pl. 705. &. arvensis, Willd.,
var. B. Thw. Enum. 4oo. C. P. 1083.

Branches more erect; 1. longer, linear, more strongly
mucronate; fl. rather larger.

Var. y. hirsutula.

P. hirsutula, Arn. Pug. 4. P. elongata, Klein, var. B., Thw. Enum. 22.
€. Po ioss:

Often woody below, branches very numerous, prostrate ;
l. oval or lanceolate, usually pubescent on both sides; f1.
larger, 3in., in long-stalked, divaricate, 1-4-flowered racemes
usually much exceeding the 1.; capsule 4 in. wide, finely
ciliate ; seed black, sparingly hairy, aril divided to the base
into 4 narrow lobes nearly as long as the seed.

Grassy open places ; common. Vars. a. and f£. in the low country,
var. y. on the montane patanas 4-7000 ft. Fl. all the year; white.
Var. y. often pale violet, crest purple.

Endemic (?).

Linneeus’ Zrzflora is placed under P. chinenszs in F1. B. Ind. I follow
that work in placing P. hzrsutula as a variety here, but should prefer to
consider it as a distinct species.

[P. elongata, Klein, given for ‘Ceylon, Walker’ in FI. B. Ind. i. 204,
must be considered very doubtful. There is a strong suspicion that the
specimens (in Herb. Kew) came from the Himalaya. ]

5. PB. chinensis, Z. Sp. Pi. 704 (1753).

P. arvensis var ¢., Thw. Enum. 400. C. P. 3674.

Fl. B. Ind. 1. 204.

Annual or perennial (?), with many short, prostrate stems
with long, scattered hairs; 1. small, §-? in. nearly sessile,
obovate-oblong or obovate, obtuse, apiculate, with a few long
hairs beneath and on margin; fl. small, in slender racemes,
tin. long; outer sep. lanceolate, acuminate, wings oval,
oblique, cuspidate, longer than the broadly oblong, notched,
ciliate capsule.

Low country, in sandy places; common (?). Colombo (Ferguson) ;
Trincomalie (Glenie). ;

Throughout tropical Asia and Australia.

This is not readily to be distinguished from the last, and is connected

with it by intermediates. I have not noted its distribution.
G

82 Polygalacee. [Polygala.

6. P. rosmarinifolia, WV. and A. Prod. 37 (1834).

Thw. Enum. 22, 400 (var. uberula), C. P. 1082.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 204.

An erect annual, stems 12—18in., with ascending, appressed -
pubescent branches ; |. numerous, sessile, erect, linear, apicu-
late, glabrous or slightly hairy ; fl. few, erect, in erect racemes
usually shorter than the 1.; outer sep. oblong, acute, ciliate,
wings oblong, oblique, mucronate, membranous at margin,
about as long as oblong-ovoid, notched, pubescent, ciliate
capsule.

Upper zone of low country and lower montane zone to about 4000 ft. ;
rather rare. Palagalla; Kandy; ‘common in the Uva _ district’
(Thwaites) ; Atampitiya; Lunugala; Wilson’s Bungalow; Mannar.
Fl. all the year ; reddish-pink.

Also in Southern India.

7. PB. sibirica, Z. Sf. Pil. p. 702 (1753), var. macrolophos,,
Hassk. tn Mig. Ann. Mus. i. 167 (sp.).

P. glomerata, Lour., var. pedunculosa, Thw. Enum. 4oo. C. P. 592.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 205.

A semi-shrubby herb, with many long, ascending, finely
hairy branches; 1. extremely variable, 4-2} in., from broadly
oval to narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute at both ends or
acuminate at apex, glabrous but for a few long hairs beneath,
midrib prominent; fl. rather large, 4} in. on rather long,
slender ped., in few-fld. axillary or extra-axillary racemes
shorter than or about as long as the I|., bracts caducous or
persistent ; outer sep. oval, ciliate, acuminate, wings oval,
acute; capsule shorter than sep., orbicular, notched, surrounded
by a thick, narrow wing; seeds hairy, aril large, with 3 linear
lobes.

Moist country, ascending into the montane region. Labugama;
Ambagamuwa; Maturata; Adam’s Peak; Dolosbagie. Fl. Jan.-_March;
white, the crest violet.

The type is found throughout India, Central Asia, China, and Japan.
Our variety (perhaps a distinct species) is endemic.

8. PB. telephioides, W7//d. Sp. P/. iii. 876 (1800).
Thw. Enum. 22. C. P. 1080.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 205.

A perennial herb, with numerous, short, thick, prostrate
or ascending, pilose branches from a woody rootstock ;
|. numerous, crowded, about 4 in., sessile, oblong-oval, acute,
thick, glabrous; fl. very small, crowded in short, racemose,
extra-axillary fascicles; outer sep. acute, wings oval, oblique,
strongly acuminate ; capsule broadly ovoid, notched, glabrous,
not winged.

[ Salomonia.]| 1x olygalac Ce. 83

Low country, principally in the dry districts. Colombo (Gardner) ;
Haragama ; Nilgalla ; Mannar. FI. Jan.—April; bright blue and yellow.
Also in Southern India, the Malay Islands, China, and the Philippines.

2, SALOMONIA,* Zour.

Annuals; fl. in terminal spikes; sep. 5, nearly equal;
pet. 3, united at base to stam.-tube, lower not crested ; stam.
4 or 5, fil, monadelphous for lower half, anth. opening by
pores ; ov. 2-celled, each cell with 1 pendulous ovule; capsule
2-celled, didymous, flattened, 2-seeded ; seeds without an aril,
with endosperm.—Sp. 8; 5 in FZ. B. Ind.

Leaves not ciliate. : ; : : . I, S. OBLONGIFOLIA.
Leaves strongly ciliate . é : : ; '2,/5. CORDATA.

1. S. oblongifolia, DC. Prod. i. 354 (1824).

F]. Zeyl. n. 268. Polygala celiata, L. Sp. Pl. 705. Arn. Pug. 4.
Thw. Enum. 22. C. P. 1086.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 207. Wight, Ill. t. 22 B. (.S. obovata).

A slender, erect annual, stem 6-12 or more in.,, striate,
glabrous, often slightly winged, with few ascending branches
in the upper part; 1. sessile, oval-lanceolate-oblong or linear,
acute or acuminate, rounded at base, entire, glabrous ; fl. very
small, sessile, in a rather lax, erect, filiform spike, 2-3 in. long,
bracts acuminate ; capsule twice as broad as long, glabrous,
with a marginal crest of rigid, spinous cilia.

Wet places in the moist low country; rather common, Kalutara
(MacRae); Reigam Korale; Pasdun Korale; Kalawane, S. Prov.;
Hiniduma. Fl. March, September; purplish-white.

Also in many parts of India and Malaya to tropical Australia.

There is a specimen in Hb. Banks (Brit. Mus.) labelled ‘ Wil-mudu-
magane Cingalensibus’ from Van Royen, probably collected by Hermann.

The original Polygala ciliata of Linnzeus (Herb. Hermann) I refer
to this (also noted in Thw. Enum. by Ferguson), but Bennett (in FI.
B. Ind.) thinks the specimens identical with S. corvdata. Linn.’s name
referred to the capsule, not the leaves, as is shown by his excellent de-
scription in Fl. Zeyl. (see Journ. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 146).

The figure of Wight quoted above is of a starved form; Ceylon
plants are usually very much taller and more slender.

2. S. cordata, Arn. Pus. 4 (1836).

S ciliata, DC. Prod. i. 354. Thw. Enum. 22. C. P. 2906.

FI. B. Ind. i. 206 (S. céléata, DC.). Wight, Ill. t. 22¢.

An erect annual, differing from S. oblongzfolia only in the
following points:—stem stouter, more evidently winged ;
|. broader, ovate or ovate-oblong, subcordate at base, strongly

* Commemorates King Solomon, the earliest of known botanists.

84 Caryophyllacee.

ciliate; spikes very crowded; spinous cilia on margin of
capsule longer and more filiform.
Wet or swampy ground in the moist low country; rather rare.

Colombo; Pasdun Korale. Fl. August, December.
Endemic.

S ciliata, DC., is the earliest name; but as this is is not Linnzeus’
P. ciliata, as was supposed, it is perhaps better to abandon it in favour of
Arnott’s later one.

3. KANTHOPHYLLUM, oxi.

Trees ; fl. in racemes; sep. 5, rather unequal; pet. 5, free,
the lowermost keeled; stam. 8, distinct; ov. I-celled, with
2 parietal placentas, ovules 4; fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded ;

seed globular, without endosperm or aril—Sp. 15; 10 in
Fil. B. Ind.

X. flavescens, foxd. Cor. P/. iii. 82 (1819). Palala, S.

Fl. Zeyl. n. 407 (Bannisteriotdes). Wight, Ill. i. 50. Thw. Enum. 23,
and X. vivens, Roxb. 400. C. P. 1244.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 209. Roxb. Cor. Pl. iii. t. 284 (X. vzvens).

A tree, young parts smooth; 1. 23-7 in. oblong-ovate,
acute at base, acuminate, entire, smooth and shining above,
pale and reticulate beneath, thick, yellow when dry ; fl. ?in.,
in short, extra-axillary racemes, together forming a large
panicle at end of branch, ped. short, pubescent ; sep. rounded,
obtuse, pubescent ; pet. oblong; fil. hairy ; ov. hairy, sur-
rounded by a disk, style conical ; fr. globular, 2in., glabrous,
olive-green with a glaucous bloom.

Moist low country; rather rare. Kalutara; Pasdun Korale ; Ratna-
pura; Colombo.

Fl. March ; pinkish-white.

Also in S.W. India, E. Bengal, Burma, Sumatra, and Java.

The Ceylon plant is X. vévens, Roxb., which is reduced to a variety of

X. flavescens in F\. B. Ind. The leaves frequently present large circular
pores scattered over the under surface.

XIV.—CARYOPHYLLACE:.

HERBS; |. simple, opposite, with or without stip. ; fl. regular,
bisexual ; sep. 5, distinct, persistent; pet. 5, distinct; stam.
2-5 or I0, distinct; ov. 1-celled, with ovules on a free central
or basal placenta, styles 3 or 5, distinct or more or less con-

Cerastium.] aryophyllacee. 85

nate ; fruit a 1-celled capsule, 3-valved or opening by teeth at
top; seed with embryo usually curved round the mealy endo-
sperm.

Leaves without stipules. Styles distinct (A/szzee).
Styles 5. Capsule cylindrical, opening by 1oteeth. 1. CERASTIUM.

Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, opening by 3 teeth . 2s STELUARTA,
Leaves with scarious stipules. Styles more or less combined (Polycarfec).
Pet. bifid . : ‘ : : : ‘ - . 3. DRYMARIA.

Pet. entire or nearly so.
Sep. keeled on the back : : 5 : . 4. POLYCARPON.
Sep. all scarious . - : j ; : . 5. POLYCARPAA.

A very large extra-tropical and alpine family, scarcely (the tribe
Szlenee not at all) represented here. Cerastzum and Séel/aria are
montane, and Drymaria extends into the lower montane zone ; the other
two genera are in the low country.

1. CERASTIUM, Z.

Herbs ; fl. in dichotomous cymes; sep. 5, distinct; pet. 5,
distinct, bifid; no disk; stam. 10; ov. I-celled, with numerous
ovules on a central placenta, styles 5; capsule cylindrical,
membranous, splitting at top into 10 short teeth; seeds
numerous.—Sp. about 40; 5 in FZ, B. [nd.

Capsule scarcely longer than cal., teeth recurved . 1. C. INDICUM.
Capsule twice as long as cal., teeth straight . . 2. C. VULGATUM.

1. ©. indicum, VW. and A. Prod. 43 (1834).
Thy. enum. 24. C. P. 2057.
EY B. Ind. 1.227. Wight; Ill, 1.t.:26,

A perennial herb, with very weak, straggling, slender,
brittle, flaccid, hairy stems, 1-2 ft. or more; 1. 1-2 in., nearly
sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute at both ends, hairy on both
sides, ciliate, thin; fl. few, small, in terminal, dichotomous
cymes, ped. densely glandular-hairy ; sep. linear-lanceolate,
acute, glandular-hairy, with membranous margins; pet. fin.,
longer than sep., linear-oblong or spathulate, bifid ; ov. ovoid-
oblong, styles 5; capsule a little longer than persistent sep.,
membranous, opening at summit by Io recurved teeth; seeds
several, dark brown, muriculate.

Upper montane zone; common. Fl. Aug., Sept.; white.

Also in the mountains of Southern India.
I find the styles always 5, not 3 as given in FI. B. Ind.

*2. C. vulgatum, Z. F/. Swec. ed. 2, 158 (1755), var. glomera-
tum, 7/uzll. F/. Par. (1790) (sp.).

Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. 142.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 228. Wight, Ic. t. 948.

86 Caryophyllacee. [Stellaria.

A much-branched, erect annual or perennial herb, branches
ascending, densely pubescent; 1]. nearly sessile, oval-oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, hairy on both sides ;
fl. numerous, the cymes at first capitate, afterwards open and
spreading, ped. hairy, bracts with membranous margins; sep.
acute or subacute, hairy, with membranous margins; pet.
slightly longer, bifid ; capsule twice as long as persistent sep.,
slightly curved, opening by 10 short, straight teeth ; seeds
very small, rough, brown.

Upper montane zone; a common weed about Nuwara Eliya, &c., but
perhaps introduced with grass-seed. Fl. all the year ; white.

Throughout Europe and temperate Asia; very common in Britain,
also in the Nilgiris.

This is not given in Thw. Enum. as a native, though mentioned in the
Preface as an introduced plant.

2. STELLARIA, Z.

Herbs ; fl. in cymes; sep. 5, distinct; pet. 5, distinct,
bifid; stam. 10; ov. I-celled, with few ovules on a central
basal placenta, styles 3; capsule ovoid, 3-toothed or valved ;
seeds few.—Sp. about 70; 20 in FZ. B. Ind.

S. drymarioides, 7iw. Enum. Pi. Zeyl. 24 (1858).
Gz P2400;
FL B. Ind: 1: 220.

An herb with procumbent, quadrangular, glabrous stems,
rooting at the nodes and giving off erect flaccid branches
pilose when young; 1. {-1jin., rotundate-oval, acute at base
and tapering into pubescent petiole, slightly pilose, thin, with
a conspicuous intra-marginal vein; fl. 4-3 in., nodding, in
small, terminal, paniculate cymes, ped. glandular-pubescent ;
sep. ovate, subacute, glandular-pubescent, with membranous
margins; pet. wedge-shaped, half as long as sep., deeply
bifid ; ov. subglobose, ovules 3 or 4, styles 3, filiform ; capsule
(not seen) ‘ 1-seeded.’

Lower montane zone ; very rare. Only found as yet near the Hapu-
tale Pass at about 4ooo ft. Fl. April ; white.

Endemic ; unless a plant from Mauritius be the same (see Baker,
F]. Maur. p. 14).

S. media, With., the common Chickweed of Europe, is a frequent
weed in the higher hill districts, but I think certainly introduced. It is
C. P. 3090, and is figured in Wight, Ic. t. 947 from Nilgiri specimens.

Two other introduced European weeds of cultivated ground are met
with in the mountains; Sagina procumbens, L., rather rarely, and
Spergula arvensis, L., the Spurrey (C. P. 564) commonly.

Polycarpon.| Caryophyllacee. 87

3. DRYMARIA, Wid.

Herbs; fl. in dichotomous cymes; sep. 5, distinct, her-
baceous ; pet. 5, distinct, bifid; stam. 2-5; style 3-fid.; cap-
sule 3-valved.—Sp. 16; 1 in FZ. BL. Ind.

D. cordata, Willd. in R. and S. Syst. v. 406 (1819). Kukulu-
pala, S. (Moon).

Alsine nervosum, Moon Cat. 23. Thw. Enum. 25. C. P. 1og1.

Fl]. B. Ind. i. 244.

An erect annual, 1-2 ft., with many erect, very slender,
glabrous, dichotomous branches ; 1. rotundate-oval, subcordate
at base, acute, tapering into petiole, glabrous, 3—5-veined from
base, petiole 4-1 in., stip. of several setaceous bristles ; fl. very
small, + in., in long-stalked, lax, dichotomous, terminal and
axillary cymes, ped. very slender, glandular-pilose, deflexed
after flowering, bracts membranous ; sep. oblong, obtuse,
prominently 3-nerved, with membranous margins ; pet. about
as long as sep., deeply bifid; stam. usually 2; style short,
3-fid.; capsule shorter than cal., globose, 3-valved, I-seeded ;
seed reniform, slightly compressed, muriculate, dark brown.

Open waste ground in the moist region, 1000 to 4000 ft.; common.
Matale ; Maskeliya ; Rambodde: Peradeniya. Often a weed in gardens.
Fl. Jan. to May.

Found in hilly country throughout the tropics of Asia, Africa, and
America.

Strangely described as a ‘shrub’ in Fl. B. Ind. Our plant has usually
only 2 stamens, and is probably D. diandra, BI.

4. POLYCARPON, J.

Herbs; fl. in dichotomous cymes; sep. 5, distinct, keeled
on the back; pet. 5, distinct, not bifid; stam. 3-5; style
3-fid ; capsule 3-valved ; seeds numerous, narrowly ovoid,
embryo nearly straight—Sp. 6; 1 in FZ. B. Lnd.

P. Loeflingie, 2. and Hk. f. Gen. Pl. i. 153 (1862).

Harpalosia Leflingia, Wall., Thw. Enum. 25. C. P. 1ogo.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 245 (not given for Ceylon).

A perennial herb, with very numerous, diffuse, wiry,
pubescent, prostrate or ascending branches, 4-10 in. long,
spreading from a centre ; 1. numerous, sessile, linear or linear-
spathulate, subacute, pubescent or glabrous, stip. scarious,
white; fl. small, in numerous, small, more or less dense,
dichotomous cymes, bracts scarious ; sep. somewhat unequal,
linear, acute, thick and keeled on the back, with white, scarious
margins ; pet. small, shorter than sep., linear, truncate ; cap-

88 Portulacacee.

sule very thin, enclosed in the sep.; seeds numerous, rough,
pale brown.
Dry low country; rather rare. Haragama; Kantalai. Fl. all the -
year. ;
Occurs throughout tropical Africa and Asia.

Short leafy branches in the axils give the appearance of whorled
leaves.

5. POLYCARPEA, Lam.

Erect herbs; fl. in cymes; sep. 5, scarious ; pet. 5, entire ;.
stam. 5; ov. I-celled, with a free basal placenta, style short,
stigmas 3; capsule 3-valved, with 3 or 4 perfect and numerous
abortive seeds.—Sp. 24; 3 in Fl. B. Ind.

P. corymbosa, Lam. /i/. ii. 129 (1793).

Herm. Mus. 66. Burm. Thes. 184. Fl. Zeyl. n. 100. Achyranthes
corymbosa, L. Sp. Pl. 305. Thw. Enum. 25. C. P. 2383.

Fl. B. Ind. 1.245. Wight, Ic. t.:712. Burm: Thes. t)65,4, 229)

An erect, annual herb, occasionally somewhat woody
below, 6-18 in., slightly branched, glabrous below, pubescent
above ; 1. 3-4 in., narrowly linear, sessile, mucronate, glabrous,
stip. linear-lanceolate, acute, scarious; fl. numerous, small,
crowded in many-stalked, dense, much-branched cymes, form-
ing large, flat-topped heads, bracts scarious, silvery, bristle-
pointed; sep. linear-lanceolate, not keeled, very acute, scarious,
silvery, veined with red; pet. very small, much shorter than
sep.; style 3-lobed; capsule very small, much shorter than
sep., Shining, brown.

Low country, especially in the dry districts, in sandy and rocky
ground ; common. FI. all the year; pinkish.

Ranges widely throughout the tropics of the world.

Hermann gives ‘Kiri-henda’ as the Sinhalese name, which is more
usually applied to the somewhat similar Ce/oséa argentea.

Very variable in appearance, often dwarf and prostrate. The leaves

appear to be whorled owing to the presence of leaf fascicles (short leafy
branches) in their axils.

XV.—PORTULACACE:.

HERBS or under-shrubs; 1. alt. or opp. with or without stip.;
fl. regular, bisexual, sessile, terminal; sep. 2, connate below,
free part imbricate, deciduous ; pet. 4 or 5, distinct, perigynous,
fugacious ; stam. 4-16, perigynous, distinct; ov. adherent to
base of sp., and half-inferior, 1-celled, ovules numerous on

Portulaca. Portulacacee. 89

basal placenta ; capsule dehiscent transversely by a deciduous
lid ; seeds reniform, numerous, embryo curved round mealy
endosperm.

Of our 5 species 2 are common weeds of cultivated land, 2 seashore
plants, and 1 a rock plant in the dry region.
PORTULACA, Z
(For characters, see Order).—Sp. 16; 5 in #2. B. Lund.

Leaves flat or nearly so.

_Fl. in clusters. : : : , : . Ts POLERACEA.
Fl. solitary.
Nodes with large white stipular scales . . 2. P. WIGHTIANA.

Nodes with a ring of hairs.
Leaves opposite .
Leaves alternate .

Leaves terete or nearly so

. P. QUADRIFIDA.
. P. TUBEROSA.
P. SUFFRUTICOSA.

WB oO

1, P. oleracea, Z. Sf. Pl. 445 (1753). Genda-kola, S. Pulik-
kirai, Pulichchankirai, 7.

Moon Cat. 37. Thw. Enum. 23. C. P. 1103.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 246.

A stout, glabrous annual, with numerous prostrate or
ascending branches ; 1. alternate, 2—-}in., crowded beneath the
branches, oblong-spathulate, very obtuse, thick, pale and
glistening beneath, petiole very short, no stipular appendages;
fl. sessile, few together, in terminal heads, inconspicuous ;
sep. fleshy, very acute, persistent, pet. 4-5, about as long as
sep., very delicate and soon falling, or 0; stam. 8-12; capsule
dehiscent transversely, enclosed in sep., the free portions of
which also separate by a transverse division and come away
with the lid ; seeds numerous, muriculate, dark brown.

An abundant weed in cultivated ground throughout the country. Fl.
all the year ; yellow.

In all tropical and warm countries. The Purslane, a common pot-
herb.

The fis. are open only for a few hours in the morning.

2. P. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. No. 6845 (1828).
Fl. B. Ind. i. 247.

A small, woody, prostrate, rooting, much-branched peren-
nial, the nodes very close, glabrous; 1. alternate, sessile,
crowded, imbricate, oval, acute, very fleshy, easily detached,
stipular appendages persistent, scales as long as the |. and
nearly hiding them, lanceolate, acuminate, shining and silvery ;
fl. solitary, terminal, sessile, with an involucre of 4 fleshy leaves ;
pet. 4, ovate, acute, spreading ; stam. 4.

90 Portulacacee. [ Portulaca.

Dry region by the coast; very rare. Abundant on dried mud flats
near Illupaikaduvai, Mannar Dist., 1890. Fl. Feb. ; bright yellow.

Also in the Carnatic, S. India.

First found by Koenig, whose specimens (in Brit. Mus.) are labelled
‘Zeylona, ad littora maris preecipue prope Ramanad’ (which may rather
be in India).

A very remarkable little plant, closely covered with dead white
glistening leafy scales, which persist after the leaves have fallen.

3. P. quadrifida, Z. Mont. 73 (1767). Hin-genda-kola, 5.

Moon Cat. 37. Thw. Enum. 23. C. P. IIoo.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 247. Wight, Ill. ii. t. 109.

A prostrate, much-branched annual, creeping and rooting
at the nodes, with numerous, slender, glabrous stems; 1.
numerous, opposite, }in., very nearly sessile, oval, sub-obtuse,
very fleshy (lenticular on section), stipular appendages a ring
of long white hairs; fl. solitary, terminal, sessile, surrounded
with long white hairs and an involucre of 4 leaves; sep.
oblong-oval, obtuse, thin ; pet. 4, oval, obtuse ; stam. 8; style
filiform, 4-fid at apex; capsule acute; seeds twice the size of
P. oleracea, muriculate, dark brown.

Extremely common in cultivated ground in the low country, extending
up to 3000 ft.

Fl. all the year ; lemon-yellow, open in the middle of the day only.

Throughout tropical Asia and Africa, a common weed.

Variable ; in dry places often very small, with the stipular hairs very

long and shaggy.

4. P. tuberosa, Rox). Hort. Beng. 91 (1814). Urd-genda, S.

Thw. Enum. gor. C. P. 3638.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 247(?).

A perennial herb, with a very large, thick, branched, fusi-
form root, and numerous, prostrate, straggling, succulent,
glabrous branches, 6-15 in. long; 1. alternate, crowded at
ends of branches, very shortly stalked, lanceolate- or linear-
oblong, obtuse, rather fleshy, stipular appendages a ring of
crisp hairs; fl. solitary, terminal, sessile, with a ring of hair
and an involucre of 4 or 5 long leaves; sep. very thin; cap-
sule apiculate ; seeds nearly smooth, black.

Rocks on the seashore ; rather common on the S.W. coast. Colombo ;
Bentota; Dondra Head.

Fl]. Jan.—Feb. ; yellow.

Also in Sind ang parts of Peninsular India.

This is probably Roxburgh’s plant, but it is doubtful if it be that
described in FI. B. Ind., which is said to have terete leaves and flowers in
clusters ; and in several other respects the description given does not
tally with ours.

5. P. suffruticosa, Wight in Wall. Cat. n. 6842 (1828).
Thw. Enumr2, (G2, pio:
Fl. B. Ind. i. 247 (not given for Ceylon).

Tamarix.] Tamariscinee. QI

A dwarf shrub with a woody, stunted, much-branched
rootstock and several short, spreading, prostrate, fleshy
branches ; 1. alternate, 4-4 in., sessile, terete or oval on
section, pointed, stipular appendages a few short, bristly
hairs ; fl. rather large, solitary, terminal, sessile, with a dense
ring of hairs and an involucre of 4-8 long leaves; stam.
about 16.

Dry low country, in the crevices of rocks ; rather common. Dam-
bulla; Anuradhapura; near Puttalam; Uma-oya. Fl. most of year ;
salmon-yellow.

Also in Southern India.

In Fl. B. Ind. i. 246, the Ceylon plant is, I know not on what grounds,
referred to the very different P. o/evacea; but the Kew examples are
leafless.

XVI.—TAMARISCINEA.

TREES; |. scale-like, without stip.; fl. regular, bisexual ; sep.
and pet. 5, distinct, free, imbricate ; stam. 5, distinct; ov.
1-celled, with numerous ovules on 3 basal placentas, styles 3 ;
fruit a 3-valved capsule; seeds with a plume of hair, no
endosperm.

TAMARIX, Z.

(For characters, see Order.)—Sp. about 20; 6 in FZ. B. Ind.

T. gallica, Z. Sf. Pl. 270) 1753. Biri, 7.

I. indica, Willd., Moon Cat. 22. Thw. Enum. 401, 23. C. P. 1254.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 248. Wight, Ill. t. 24 4.

A large shrub or small tree, with slender, articulated
branches ; I. very small, scale-like, persistent, at first imbri-
cated, afterwards distant, subulate; fl. very small, numerous,
shortly pedicellate, closely placed on the long, very slender,
spike-like branches of large, terminal panicles, bracts acute,
immediately beneath the fl.; sep. oval, obtuse, persistent ;
pet. acute, rather longer; styles 3; capsule small, }in,, tri-
gonous, tapering, glabrous, valves flat; seeds several, very
small, crowned with a long plume of white hairs.

On the sea-coast; rare. Chilaw; Puttalam; Mullaitivu ; Jaffna.
Confined apparently to the dry districts. Fl. Feb.; pink.

A sea-coast plant throughout the Mediterranean and extending to
India and Burma and tropical Africa. Often planted ; the Tamarisk.

[ 7. ericotdes, Rottb., given for Ceylon in FI. B. Ind. i. 249, has not, I
believe, been found in the island. Thwaites (Enum. 23) at first referred
our 7. gallica to this species. ]

92 Llatinee. [Bergia.

XVII.—ELATINE.

ANNUAL herbs; |. opposite, stipulate; fl. regular, bisexual,
in axillary fascicles ; sep. and pet. 3 or 5, distinct, imbricate ;
stam. 3 or 10, distinct ; ov. 3- or 5-celled, with many ovules
on axile placentas ; fruit a septicidally 3- or 5-valved capsule ;
seeds numerous, without endosperm.

BERGIA, J.

For characters, see Order.—Sp. 14; 4 in Fl. B. Ind.

Stam; of. : ; : 1. B. AMMANIOIDES.
Stam 10) 7. A ‘ 3 : * ‘ . 2. B. VERTICILEATAS

1. B. ammanioides, Roxt. Hort. Beng. 34 (1814).

Thw. Enum. 23. (CP. 1545.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 251. Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. t. supp. 28. Wight, Ill. i.t. 25 A.

Annual, 6-10 in. high, erect, with many long, often decum-
bent branches from the base, more or less glandular-pubescent ;
1, 4-1 in., spathulate-lanceolate, acute, tapering to long base,
slightly serrate, stip. lanceolate, serrate, membranous; fl. small,
shortly pedicellate, in dense, axillary, sub-verticillate fascicles ;
sep. 3, acute ; pet. 3, obtuse, a little longer; stam. 3; capsule
globular, apiculate, valves 3-4, very acute, with inflexed mar-
gins, to which the numerous barrel-shaped seeds are attached.

Dry region, in wet and marshy places; common. Jaffna; Mineri;
near Badulla. Fl. March.

Throughout tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia, and extends into
Persia. The Ceylon plant has the flower nearly always trimerous, and is
the var. ¢riandra, Wight (¢rzmera, Fisch. and Mey.).

Very like Ammannia lanceolata in habit and appearance.

2. B. verticillata, W7//d. Sf. P/. ii. 770 (1799).

Moon Cat. 36. Thw. Enum. 23. C. P. 3551.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 252. Roxb. Pl. Cor. ii. t. 142 (B. aquatica).

Annual, aquatic, 1 ft. or more high, with very succulent,
elabrous, pink, branched stems, decumbent and rooting at the
lower nodes; |. 1-14 in., nearly sessile, lanceolate, tapering at
both ends, subacute, finely serrate, glabrous, stip. triangular,
acute, serrate, soon falling ; fl. on short ped., crowded in
axillary, subverticillate fascicles; sep. 5, lanceolate; pet. 5,
oblong, rather longer than sep.; stam. 10; capsule globose,
valves 5, broad, apiculate.

Wet places, chiefly on the coast in the dry districts ; rather rare.
Pig po Batticaloa; Kalutara; Anuradhapura. Fl. March; greenish-
white.

Widely spread throughout the tropics.

Hypericum.) fLypericacee. 93

XVITI.—HYPERICACE.

HERBS or shrubs; 1. opposite, entire, no stip.; fl. regular,
bisexual, solitary or cymose; sep. and pet. 5, distinct ; stam.
indef., 1- or 5-adelphous, free; ov. either 1-celled with 3
parietal placentas, or 5-celled with axile placentas; styles
distinct ; fruit a septicidal capsule ; seeds numerous, no
endosperm.

HYPERICUM, J.

For characters, see Order.—Sp. about 160; 19 in FZ. B.
Ind.

Shrub. Fls. large and shops: : : . I. H. MYSORENSE.
Herb. Fls. small . , ; ; : . 2. H. JAPONICUM.

I. H. mysorense, Heyne zn Wall. Cat. n. 4808 (1828).

HZ, auritum, Moon Cat. 56. Thw. Enum. 48 C. P. 48.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 253. Wight, Ic. t. 56 (Vorysca mysorensis).

A much-branched bush, 4-8 ft. high, bark yellow, young
branches glabrous; 1. numerous, decussate, I-14 in., acute,
tapering to base, which is amplexicaul with very small,
rounded auricles, glabrous, lateral veins very oblique ; fl. large,
3 in. diam., terminal, solitary, on short ped.; sep. }in., oblong-
ovate, acute, with a prominent midrib, persistent ; pet. I} in.,
irregularly oval-oblong, very oblique, obtuse; stam. very
numerous, in 5 groups, half as long as pet., spreading; ov.
5-lobed, tapering into 5 long, Eevee en styles, ovules numerous,
on 5 axile placentas; capsule 4 in., valves 5, long-beaked ;
seeds cylindrical, long.

Upper montane zone; common in open and bushy places. FI. all
the year ; bright golden-yellow.

Also on the hills of Southern India.
A remarkably ornamental shrub.

2. H. japonicum, 7/hund. Fl. Jap. 295 (1784).

FT, campestre, Moon Cat. 56. Thw. Enum. 48. C. P. 2420.

Fl. B. Ind. 1. 256. Royle, Ill. t. 24 (poor).

Annual, erect or procumbent, stem 6-12 in., dichotomous,
4-angled and branched above, glabrous; 1. small, 4-2 in.,
sessile, amplexicaul, ovate or oval, obtuse at both ends,
glabrous, with pellucid dots; fl. }-2in., solitary, on ped. fin.
long, in elongated, dichotomous, leafy cymes; sep. lanceolate,
acute, persistent, gland-dotted at the margin; pet. as long as
sep., persistent ; stam. not very numerous, fil. slightly com-

94 Guttifere. (Garcinia.

bined at base; ov. 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas, styles 3
(rarely 4) ; capsule ovoid, equalling persistent sep., valves 3.
Throughout the island in ditches, paddy fields, &c., but commoner
in the montane region. FI. all the year ; yellow.
Throughout India, and extends to Japan and China, and to Java,
Australia, and N. Zealand.

H. humifusum, L. has occurred occasionally about N. Eliya, but
certainly introduced there.

XIX.—GUTTIFER-.

TREES ; |. opposite, entire, without stip; fl. regular, bisexual
or polygamo-dicecious ; sep. 4-5, imbricate, persistent ; pet.
4-8, distinct, much imbricate, rarely 0; stam. indef., distinct
or 1-4-adelphous, in fem. fl. reduced to staminodes; ov.
I—many-celled, with 1-4 erect or axile ovules in each cell;
fruit usually indehiscent, rarely 2-valved ; seeds large, with or
without an aril, embryo either a homogeneous mass without
cotyledons, or with the cotyledons, large, fleshy, often con-
solidated, no endosperm (but see under Calophyllum).

Stigmas sessile. Embryo a homogeneous mass
(Garcintee) ; : ; 3 - :

Style well developed. Embryo with large cotyle
dons (Calophyllec).

1. GARCINIA.

Ovary t-celled, ovule 1 . 2. CALOPHYLLUM.
Ovary t-celled, ovules 4 3. KAYEA.
Ovary 2-celled, ovules 4 4. MESUA.

A completely tropical family. Of our 19 species, 15 are found in the
low country of the moist region, 4 of them extending also into the dry
region, and 3 others up into the lower montane zone. The remaining 4
species—Garcinia echinocarpa and 3 species of Calophyllum—are con-
fined to the hills, C. Wadkerzz, attaining to the highest elevations.

1. GARCINIA, J.

Trees ; 1. thick, smooth; fl. axillary, polygamously
dicecious ; sep. 4-5; pet. 4-5, imbricate; male fl.:—stam.
indef., fil. connate into one or more bundles, anth. dehiscing
vertically or transversely, ov. rudimentary or 0; fem. fl. :—
stam. (abortive) 10-20, in a single row, usually connected at
base, ov. 2—12-celled, with a single axile ovule in each cell,
stigma sessile, peltate; fruit fleshy, 1-few-seeded ; seeds large,

Garcinia.| * Gutt afe eve. 95

enveloped in a juicy aril, embryo a solid, homogeneous mass
(tigellus), without obvious cotyledons.—Sp. about 50; 30 in
FLLB: dnd.

Stam. monadelphous.
Fruit smooth.

Fruit deeply grooved 1, G. CAMBOGIA.
Fruit not grooved. 2. G. MORELLA.
Fruit tuberculate : : 3. G. ECHINOCARPA.
Stam. in 2 or 4 spreading bundles 4. G. TERPNOPHYLLA.
Stam. in 5 erect bundles 5. G. SPICATA.

1. G. Cambogia, Desrouss. in Lam. Enc. iii. 701 (1789). Goraka,

S. Korakkaipuli, 7. Wangostana Cambogia, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 106.
G. zeylanica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 621(?). Moon Cat. 37. Thw. Enum. 48.
G. gusta, Pierre; la For, Coch. 1.22) C2 PL 1172.

Hi Be Indea. 202, Bedd. PI Sylv. t. S548 Gaertn. Mruct let) 105
(fruit). Pierre Fl. For. Coch. i. t. 83 B.

A moderate-sized or large tree, with a round head and
rather drooping branches, bark rough, dark brown, young
shoots quite glabrous; 1. 34—5 in., lanceolate oblong-lanceolate
or oval, much tapering at base, acute or acuminate, glabrous,
lateral veins very oblique, petiole 4—in., stout; male fl. :—
3 or 4 together in simple umbels in axils of fallen 1, ped.
3-1 in., stout, stiff, much thickened upwards; sep. 4, obtuse,
very thick; pet. 4, more than twice as long as sep., oval-
oblong, obtuse, concave; stam. monadelphous, forming a
central globular head ; fem. fl.:—larger than male, 1-3 from
axils of terminal pair of leaves; sep. and pet. as in male;
stam. 10-20, in a ring round ov.,, free or slightly connate at
base ; ov. globular, grooved ; stigma 7-12-rayed ; fr. large,
24-3 in., more or less globular-depressed, variable in form,
with 7-13 (usually 8) very deep vertical grooves forming as
many blunt lobes, and a terminal prominent or depressed
mamilla, smooth, orange or yellow, pericarp very thick, fleshy ;
seeds as many as lobes, each surrounded with a copious, juicy,
red or white aril, ?in. long, oval, compressed, testa pale brown,
veiny.

Var. B. Papilla, Wight, Zc. t. 960 and 960-2 (sp.).

L. broadly oval, subobtuse; fruit ovoid, with a long,
conical, blunt mamilla.

Low country up to 1500 ft., principally in the moist region ; rather
common. Var. 8. near Colombo (Ferguson). F1.iFeb., March ; orange-red.

Also on the western side of Peninsular India.

Koenig’s specimens under the native name are in Herb. Mus. Brit.

The fruit varies extremely in the number of grooves, often as many as

96 Gutt fere. [ Garcinia.

12 or 13, and in the shape and depth of the lobes and their colour; one
red variety is very like a large tomato. It is ripe in July, and is acid but
pleasant ; the rind cut into pieces and dried in the sun is much eaten by
the natives, and is very palatable.

Wood hard, fine-grained, greyish. The bark affords a transparent
gum-resin.

G. zeylanica, Roxb., is referred to this species by Anderson (FI. B.
Ind. l.c.), but Roxburgh’s drawing in Herb. Calcutta labelled first ‘ G.
Gutta, and altered to ‘G. zey/anica, appears to be G. Morella.

2. G. Morella, Desrouss. in Lam. Enc. iii. 701 (1789). Hana-
goraka, Gokatu, Kokatiya.

Herm. Mus. 26. Burm. Thes. 27. FI. Zeyl. n. 195. Camdbogia Gutta,
L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 728. Mangostana Morella, Gaertn. |. c. Stalagmitis
cambogtoides, Murr., Moon Cat. 73. Hebradendron cambogtioides, Graham
in Hk. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 199. Thw. Enum. 49. C. P. 322.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 264. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 86. Gaertn. Fruct. ii. t. 105
(fruit).

A small pyramidal tree, with spreading branches, bark
smooth, brown, young twigs quadrangular; 1. 3-44 in., broadly
lanceolate or oval, acute at base, subacute, shining, paler
beneath, lateral veins very oblique, inconspicuous, petioles
4 in.; fl. sessile, in axils of fallen 1, male 2 or 3 together,
female solitary; sep. and pet. each 4, the latter longer; male
fl. :—stam. monadelphous, the fil. combined into a subquadr-
angular central column but free at their summits, anth. dehis-
cing transversely; fem. fl..—stam. about 12 in a ring round ov.,
connate at base, ov. globular, smooth, 4-celled, stigma peltate,
irregularly lobed and tubercled; fr. small, #in., globose,
surrounded at base by persistent sep., glabrous; seeds 4,
ovoid, kidney-shaped, slightly compressed, testa finely muricu-
late, blackish-brown.

Moist low country, ascending to about 2000 ft.; common. Kalutara
(Moon) ; Hewesse ; Deltota; Balangoda; Hantane; Uva, abundant.
Fl. May; greenish-white.

Also on western side of Peninsular India and in East Bengal and the
Malay Peninsula.

Wood hard, yellowish-brown. This is the gamboge tree, and yields
abundance of that pigment, which is, however, but little collected here.
The gamboge of commerce is obtained from Siam, and is the produce of
a variety (var. fedicellata, Hanb.) of this species, recently raised to
specific rank as G. Hanburiz, Hk. f. It is fully described and figured in
‘Medicinal Plants,’ t. 33.

3. G. echinocarpa, 7hw. zz Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 71 (1854).
Madol, 5S.

Thw. Enum. 49. C. P. 335, 2445.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 264.

A moderate or large tree, with a thick trunk throwing
down many long aérial roots near the ground, bark rather

Garcinia. | Gutt. afe eva. 97

smooth, dark brown; 1. 3-5 in., broadly oval or somewhat
obovate, acute or tapering at base, obtuse, rarely acuminate,
with numerous prominent, parallel, lateral veins, petiole 4 in,
very stout, usually purple; fl. sessile, terminal, the male in
clusters, the fem. solitary; male fl.:—sep. and pet. 4, obtuse,
thick, concave, the pet. rather the longer; stam. about 20,
monadelphous, the fil. connate to form a 4-sided central
column ; fem. fl.:—sep. and pet. as in male; stam. about 15,
in a ring round ov., connate at base; ov. covered with
numerous, imbricated, fleshy scales, 4-celled, stigma peltate,
with irregular tuberculated lobes; fr. 1-14 in. long, ovoid,
very bluntly beaked, covered with large sharp tubercles ;
seeds I-3, I in., subglobular or ovoid, testa thick, reddish-
brown.

Moist region, in forests from 1000 up to 6000 ft.; common in the
lower montane zone. Adam’s Peak ; Deltota; Singhe Raja Forest, abun-
dant ; especially abundant in the N.E. mountain group, e.g., Hunasgiriya,
Madulkelle, Rangala, where it is a principal tree of the hill-forest. FI.
April ; greenish.

Endemic.

Easily recognised by its numerous aérial roots, which are copiously
produced from the lower part of the stem, as in the Mangroves. In the
low country the leaves are larger and longer and more acute, and the
flowers smaller. An oil is obtained from the seeds. Wood light and
rather soft; much used.

4. G. terpnophylla, 7iw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 406 (1864). Koka-
tiya, S.

Terpnophyllum zeylanicum, Thw. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 70; Enum.
49. Duscostigma zeylanicum, Planch. and Tri., Gutt. 209. C. P. 2695.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 268. Kew Journ. Bot. vi. t. 2 C.

A rather small, pyramidal tree, with slender, pendulous
branches, bark very smooth, greyish-brown ; |. variable,
3-8 in., from broadly oval to lanceolate-oblong, abruptly or
gradually acuminate or attenuate, acute or tapering at base,
stiff, paler beneath, lateral veins conspicuous, parallel, in-
arching with an intramarginal one near the edge, bright lake-
pink when young, petiole 44 in., thick; fl. small, in stalked
axillary clusters, ped. }in., smooth ; male fl.:—sep. 4, rounded,
obtuse ; pet. 4, twice as long as sep., oblong, obtuse; stam.
connate in 2 or 4 spreading, scale-like bundles, opp. the pet.
and adnate to their bases, anth. very small, cells distant ;
ov. (rudimentary) a short capitate papilla; fem. fl. :—rather
larger, sep. and pet. as in male; stam. (rudimentary) about
18 triangular scales surrounding ov.; ov. globular, 2-celled,
stigma peltate, irregularly lobed; fr. #-1 in., ovoid, bluntly
pointed, smooth, I-seeded ; seed with a membranous testa.

H

98 Guttifere. [Calophyllum.,

Var. 6. acuminata, 7/w./.c. Lyescostigma acuminatum, Planch.
and Tri.c. ‘GP. 3400.
L. smaller, abruptly caudate, obtuse.

Forests in the moist low country, and (according to Thwaites) also up
to 4000 ft. in the lower montane zone; rare. Wattegodde; Kalutara ;
Karawita; Singhe Raja Forest. Fl. Jan.—April, June; pale yellow,
scented.

Endemic.

Wood yellow, close-grained, smooth.

5. G. spicata, Hk. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 486 (1875). Zla-
gokatu, Gonapana, ‘.; Kokottai, 7.

Xanthochymus ovalifolius, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 632; Thw. Enum. 49.
CaP ers:

Fl. B. Ind. i. 269 (G. ovaléfolia, Hk f. non Oliv.).

A rather low tree, with wide-spreading, horizontal branches,
bark thick, smooth, brownish, young shoots compressed,
2- or 4-edged, striate; 1. 3-4 in., rotundate or broadly oval,
rounded at base, very obtuse, retuse, thick and leathery,
shining, paler beneath, lateral veins not very prominent,
petiole }in., very stout; fl. in. axils of fallen leaves, the male
numerous, crowded in very short racemes, the fem. 2-5
together, ped. slender, {-4 in.; male fl. :—sep. 5, very small,
pet. 5, many times longer, orbicular, concave, stam. combined
into 5 erect, spathulate bundles of 8-10 each; fem. fl. :—sep.
and pet. as in male, stam. (abortive) in 5 trifid bundles, ov.
ovoid, 3-celled, stigma peltate, 3-lobed; fr. 1-14 in., ovoid,
acute, smooth, 1—3-seeded ; seeds 1 in., testa brown, veiny.

Var. 6. acutifolia, 7. and in Fl. B. Ind. i. 269.

X. ovalifolius, var. B. Thw. Enum. 50. G. 7hwaiteszt, Pierre, Fl.
Forest. \Goch:-Ghin: (Gares45) Gx ban.

A taller tree; |. larger, oval or lanceolate, acute, 5-6 in.
long ; fr. more globular, on a shorter stalk.

Forests of the dry region; very common. Abundant about Jaffna
(Ferguson). Specimen from Koenig in Mus. Brit. Var. 8. in the upper
zone of the moist low country, 1000-3000 ft.; common. Fl. Feb.—May,
July ; pale yellow. Also in Southern India.

Wood yellowish, close-grained, heavy. The pulp of the fruit when
young affords a chrome-yellow pigment, but no gamboge is produced by
the bark.

>, CALOPHYLLUM, /.

Trees ; |. thick or coriaceous, lateral veins very numerous,
close and parallel; fl. in axillary or terminal racemes or
panicles, bisexual; sep. 4, in 2 rows, petaloid; pet. 4-8,
imbricate, or 0; stam. indef.,, fil. distinct or slightly connate
at base, anth. dehiscing vertically ; ov. 1-celled, with a solitary
erect ovule ; fruit with a thin pulp and crustaceous endocarp ;

Calophyllum.| Guttefere. 99

seed large, cotyledons very large, plane-convex, fused, fleshy,
no endosperm (? always).—Sp. about 25; 20in 772. B. Jnd.
et.,0:

Leaves large, 5-Ioin. . ; . + ol. €.-SPECTABILE:
Leaves small, 1-2} in. . ; :
Lves. broadly oval or obovate. . 2. C. BURMANNI.
Lves. lanceolate or oval, tapering to
apex . ; : : ; : . 3. C. PULCHERRIMUM.
ete:
Inflor. shorter than leaves.
Young parts glabrous . : ‘ 24. ColNOPEYEnUM:
Young parts rufous-tomentose.
Lves. all similar : : ; . 5. C. TOMENTOSUM.
Lves. of two kinds. - . 6. C. BRACTEATUM.

Inflor, equalling or longer than leaves.
Lves. small, 1-3 in.

Lves. rounded or cordate at base . 7. C. THWAITESII.
Lves. acute at base.
Inflor exceeding leaves . : . 8. C. TRAPEZIFOLIUM.
Inflor. equalling leaves . ; . g. C. CUNEIFOLIUM.
Leaves large, 4-6 in. . ‘ 5 . 10. C. CORDATO-OBLONGUM.
Pet. 8 (see alsogandtio) . : : . 11. C. WALKERII.

1. ©. spectabile, W7//d. in Mag. Berol. (1811), 80. Domba-
kina, S.

C. Moontz, Wight, Ill. i. 129; Thw. Enum. 52; Planch. and Tri.,
Mem. Gutt. 241. C. P. 3402.

EL Bi Ind.i. 277. Wight, Ie: t. 11.

A large pyramidal tree, with horizontal branches, bark
smooth, yellowish-grey, young shoots ferrugineous-tomentose ;,
1. 5-10 in., lanceolate-oblong, acute at base, subacute, margin
slightly recurved, lat. veins very fine and close, petiole $-# in.,
very stout, pubescent, becoming glabrous; fl. }in., in small,
erect, axillary panicles or umbellate clusters, ped. 4-4 in. ;
sep. 4, roundish-oval, nearly equal; pet. 0; fr. subglobose,
apiculate, smooth.

Moist low country; rare, and apparently confined to Hewesse and
Singhe Raja forests in Pasdun Korale. Moon’s specimens were col-
lected ‘between Horana and Nambapane.’ Fl. December to March.

Also in many parts of the Malay Peninsula and in Java, Fiji, and

Society Islands.
Wood reddish, moderately hard, rather light ; attains large dimensions,

2. C. Burmanni, Wight, ///. i. 129 (1838). Gurukina, Hin-
kina, S., Chirupunnai, 7.

Herm. Mus. 11. Burm. Thes. 130. FI. Zeyl. n. 202. C. Calada,,
L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 723 (in part). Moon Cat. 41. Thw. Enum. 52. Planch.
andi, 1c.233. C. Pl 242.2447:

Fl. B. Ind. i. 272. Wight, Ic. tt. 107, 108. Burm. Thes. t. 60.

A small, round-headed, much-branched tree, bark thick
and furrowed, twigs quadrangular, buds and young parts with

100 Guttifere. [Calophyllum.

an easily detached rufous tomentum; |. 1}-24 in., broadly
oval or obovate, very obtuse, tapering to short, thick petioles,
stiff, lat. veins very fine, close and prominent on both sides,
glabrous; fl. }-? in. diam., on slender glabrous ped. 4—3 in.,
arranged in stalked, axillary, spreading panicles usually shorter
than the leaves; sep. 4, spreading, obtuse, the inner 2 much
the longer ; pet.o; stam. erect ; fr. subglobose or ovate-ovoid,
3% in., tipped with persistent style, smooth, bright orange ;
seed ovoid, testa thin, pale brown.

Low country, especially on the coast and in the dry districts ;
common. Jaffna; Chilaw; Batticaloa; Bentota ; Colombo; and inland
at Kurunegala ; Deltota; Ratnapura. Fl. March-May ; white.

Endemic (?) (Cochin China (?)

Specimens from Jonville, 1800, are in Mus. Brit.

A remarkable variety with oblong fruit, sent by Mr. Vincent from the
sea-coast of the Eastern Prov., requires further examination.

The embryo appears quite solid and homogeneous, and I fail to see
the structures shown in Wight’s figures. On a careful examination, how-
ever, a transverse line is to be detected on a cross section, and with some
difficulty the mass can be separated into the two thick more or less fused
plane-convex cotyledons.

Linnzeus included also a W. Indian species under his C. Ca/aéa, and
to that the name is now usually restricted.

Heart wood red, rather hard and heavy.

3. C. pulcherrimum, WWa//. Caz. 4848 (1828) (?)
Trimen in Journ. Bot. xxvii. 161.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 271. Pierre Fl. For. Coch.-Chine, t. 104.

A small, slender tree, with very smooth, bright yellow
bark, twigs quadrangular, buds finely pubescent ; 1. 1-2} in.,
lanceolate or oval, tapering at both ends but actual apex
obtuse, petiole }in., lat. veins prominent on both sides; fl.
4-2 in. diam., about 5 together in small axillary racemose or
umbellate stalked clusters much shorter than the 1. ped.

4-4 in., very slender, glabrous ; sep. and pet. as in last ; fruit
not seen.

Moist low country ; very rare. Only seen in Mandagala Forest,
Hewesse, Pasdun Korale, by the stream. FI. March ; white.

Also in Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Banca.

I feel some doubt as to the name of this, but Pierre’s plate above
quoted appears to represent it. C. floribundum, Hk. f., seems scarcely to
differ. VB meat from Col. Walker in Wight’s Herb. (Hb. Kew)
labelled ‘C. Burmtanni, var. parvifolium’ may perhaps be the same.

Differs from C. Burmanni in habit and locality, in the narrower and
more tapering leaves, and in the fewer and much smaller flowers. The
bright yellow bark is also very distinctive.

, ©. Inophyllum, Z. S/. /?/. 2 3 (1753). Domba, Tel-domba,
Ss “Saanad: Dommakottai, 7:

Calophyllum.) Guttifere. IOI

Herm. Mus. 15. Burm. Thes. 170. Fl. Zeyl. n. 201. Moon Cat. 41.
Thw. Enum. 51. C. P. 2764.
FEB. Ind, i.:273:. Wight, Ic. t..77.

A moderate-sized tree, with a thick trunk and smooth,
grey bark, buds glabrous; |. large, 4-8 in., oval or oblong-
oval, acute at base, acute or emarginate, smooth and shining,
petiole short, }-?in., stout, flat; fl. 1-1} in. diam., in stalked
racemes from the upper leaf-axils and shorter than 1., ped.
3—{ in., stout, glabrous; sep. 4, ovate, obtuse, concave, reflexed,
the 2 inner longer; pet. 4, oblong, obtuse, spreading ; stam.
very numerous, spreading, fil. connate at base into 4 or 6
bundles ; style long, twisted, stigma large, capitate ; fr. large,
globose, 14-1} in., quite smooth, outer pulp very scanty, endo-
carp spongy-woody, seed 1 in. long.

Low country, principally on the sea-coast; common. FI. May; white,
sweet-scented.

On or near the sea-shore throughout the Eastern Tropics, and often
cultivated in inland localities.

A very ornamental tree.

The fruits are the ‘Punnai nuts’ of commerce, and are exported to
India; they afford abundant oil. Wood rather hard, tough, reddish-
brown, closely grained; much used.

5. ©.tomentosum, W7ehi, ///. i. 128 (1840). Bina, S.
Planch. and Tn. |, c. 241... Thw. Enum. 51. C. P. 1171.
BLOB, Ind? 1,274. -Wight, Te. t.110.

A large tree, with straight trunk, twigs quadrangular and
with the buds densely tomentose with rusty hair; l. numerous,
4-5 in., lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute at base, bluntly
acuminate, stiff, slightly undulated, veins very fine, conspicuous
beneath, petioles }-?in., stout, densely pubescent, afterwarils
glabrous ; fl. numerous, #-1 in. diam., in lax, axillary racerns
or panicles shorter than the I., ped. slender, tomentose ; :
and pet. as in the last but smaller; fr. nearly globular, ? tn.,
apiculate, smooth.

Moist country at elevations of 2000-4000 ft.; common. FI]. March,
April, Nov.; white.

Also in Western India (?).

This is the ordinary ‘kina’ of the lower hill-country, and its seeds
afford orange-coloured oil, ‘kina-tel,’ much used by the natives. Wood
pale red, rather light, smooth.

C. elatum, Bedd. is recorded by Mr. Vincent in his Forest Report
(pt. 1, pars. 106 and 147) from the Eastern Prov., where it is called
*Tombu-kata.’ Also sent by Capt. Walker from the Devilane Forest,
near Batticaloa. I have seen only leaves of this, and am not certain of
the name. C. edatum is figured in Beddome’s FI. Sylvat. t. 2, and in his
Forest Report for 1863-4, and is referred in the Fl. B. Ind. to C. tomen-
zosum (see Journ. Bot. 1885, 142). The leaves of our plant are much

102 Guttifere. [Calophyllum.

longer than in Beddome’s plate, and the tree may perhaps be C. angustz-
folium, Roxb.

6. C. bracteatum, 7iw. Enum. P/. Zeyl.51(1858. Walu-kina, S.

C. acuminatum, Moon Cat. 41. Thw. Enum. 51. Planch. and
Wirie 1; ¢5252:, “C..P22674.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 274.

A large tree, with smooth bark and pendulous branches,
young shoots and buds with ferrugineous tomentum ; |. di-
morphic, the ordinary ones 4-8 in., lanceolate-oblong, acute
at base, acuminate, sub-obtuse, petiole 4 in. often twisted, the
other ones smaller, in groups of 2-4 pairs at intervals on the
branches, closely placed and overlapping, nearly sessile, 1-2 in.,
oblong-linear, acute, pubescent ; fl. small, less than $ in. diam.,
in small, axillary racemes much shorter than the leaves, ped.
pubescent, with a conspicuous, oblong, very pubescent bract
at the base of each; pet. 4, ovate, obtuse ; fr. ovoid, 3—# in.,
apiculate.

Moist low country, in wet forests; rather rare. Palabadalla, &c., fre-
quent; Hewesse ; Kukul Korale. FI. Feb. March; white.

Endemic.

When young the leaves are white and flaccid and hang perpendicu-
larly downwards like those of Humboldtia, Saraca, Amherstia, and other
Cesalpinee.

The dimorphic leaves give this tree a very singular appearance. The
smaller leaves appear to be of the nature of persistent bud-scales, and to
mark periods of less vigorous growth. Thwaites’ name dvacteatwm refers
to the conspicuous bracts of the inflorescence ; not, as thought by Planch.
and Tr. (I. c.) to the dimorphic leaves.

7. ©. Thwaitesii, Planch. and Tri. in Ann. Sc. Nat. s. 4, xv. 260
(1861).

Thw. Enum. 407. C. decipiens, Thw. Enum. 51 (non Wight). C. P.
3403, 3401 (?). |

Fl. B. Ind: 1. 275.

A much-branched tree, twigs quadrangular; 1. 14-3 in.,
orbicular or broadly obovate, obtuse or retuse, rounded or
cordate at base, very thick and leathery, lat. veins coarse,
prominent above, petiole very short; fl. large, nearly 1 in.
diam., in stalked axillary racemes much exceeding the l., ped.
glabrous ; fr. nearly globular, 2 in.

Moist country, from 1000-4000 ft.; rare. Nillowe Kande ; Ambaga-
muwa; Adam’s Peak. FI. March, April; yellowish-white.

Endemic.

C. P. 3401 is considered to be a young state of this species by Thwaites.
The specimens are from Singhe Raja, and consist of leaves only, which
are long-oblong, obtuse, sessile, and amplexicaul.

Calophyllum.] Guttifere. 103

8. C. trapezifolium, 7iw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 51 (1 58).

Planche and in: i. c. 254. C. P. 2446.

FI): Ind. i275.

A large or small tree, twigs quadrangular, glabrous ;
l. small, 14-24 in., obovate-oval or slightly rhomboid, acute
at base, obtuse or bluntly acuminate, lat. veins fine, petioles
very short; fl. large, nearly 1 in. diam., in few-fid. axillary
racemes at the ends of the branches and exceeding the lL,
ped. long, #in., bracts 2 in., glabrous ; sep. and pet. 4, spread-
ing, the latter longer; fr. globular-ovoid, ? in., pointed, smooth,

Lower montane zone; rare. Only in N. E. mountain region, between
4000-5000 ft. Madulkelle; Rangala; Hunasgiriya. Fl. April; white.

Endemic.

Thwaites has described the seed of this species (Kew Journ. Bot. vi.
72) as having a moderate-sized well-developed deep green embryo
immersed in an abundant endosperm ; and his original drawing at Pera-
deniya shows this structure. I have not had the opportunity of examining
the seed, so as to be able to confirm this. The curious 2-lipped galls
described under C. Wadkeri occur also in this species.

A plant from Dolosbagie (in fruit only) may be this, but has longer
leaves and the fruit more acuminate.

9. CG. cuneifolium, 7iw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 51 (1858).
Planchvangbrinl. G 261., ‘G. PB. 2017.
Bie. lnd.10275-

A large tree, with dark bark, twigs glabrous; |. small,
14—2 in., rhomboid-lanceolate or spathulate, obtuse or retuse,
tapering to cuneate base and short petiole, veins coarse, very
prominent ; fl. ?in., in erect, axillary racemes scarcely longer
than the 1. ped. stout, glabrous ; sep. 4, two inner larger ;
pet. 4-8, inner ones shorter; fr. globular, $ in., smooth.

Lower montane zone; very rare. Nugatenne; Medamahanuwara;

Debedde near Badulla. FI. June; white.
Endemic.

10. GC. cordato-oblongum, 7iw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 407 (1864).

CoPE 3823

BL-B. Ind.1.; 275.

A very large tree, twigs quadrangular, at first pilose with
ferrugineous hair; |. large, 4-6in., oblong-oval, obtuse, very
shortly stalked, cordate at base, margins slightly recurved,
very coriaceous, veins rather coarse, prominent ; fl. large, I in.
or more diam., in terminal panicles equalling or somewhat
exceeding the |., ped. very stout, tomentose ; sep. 4, two outer
densely tomentose outside, two inner much longer, with a hairy
midrib ; pet. 4, orbicular, }in.; fr. not seen.

Moist low country; very rare. Only found in Hiniduma Reserved

Forest, in Sept. 1863.
Endemic.

104 Guttifere. [Kayea.

The large tomentose flower-buds readily distinguish this handsome
species.

11. ©. Walkerii, Wight, ///. i. 128 (1840). Kina, S.
Planehand ‘Tri. ioc: 2635 “CPS 1170:
F]. B. Ind. i. 275 (localities omitted). Wight, Ill. i. t. 45 (poor).

A very large tree, with a thick, straight, tall trunk and a
rounded head, bark reddish-brown, thick, twigs quadrangular,
glabrous ; |. small, 14-2 in., crowded, rotundate or obovate-
oval or obcordate, cuneate or rounded at base, obtuse, very
stiffly coriaceous, lat. veins coarse, not prominent, petioles
very short, stout; fl. large, 1 in. diam., numerous, in axillary
and terminal racemes forming together a large terminal
panicle much exceeding the 1., ped. $—-}in., glabrous ; sep. 4,
inner twice as long; pet. usually 8, longer than sep., inner
row smaller; stam. very numerous, slightly coherent at base ;
fr. globose, ?in. or rather more, apiculate, smooth, pale yellow
mottled with brown.

Upper montane zone in forests; common. N. Eliya; Adam’s Peak;
Ambagamuwa; Knuckles. There is a specimen from Moon in Mus.
Brit. without definite locality. Fl. Jan.April; white or pinkish (not
yellow as in Wight’s fig.).

Endemic.

The well-known ‘ Kina’ tree of the mountains, growing often to an
immense size. The flowers are very beautiful and sweet-scented, and
are said to be produced only once in 3 or 4 years. Wight’s plate gives a
very poor idea of this fine species.

Wood pale reddish-brown, hard, rather light, durable.

This is liable to very curious terminal galls which have been often
mistaken for fruit; they are urceolate in form with a 2-lipped chink at the
summit, and appear to be formed by the fusion and malformation of a
pair of opposite leaves. They occur in other species also of this genus.

3. KAYEA,* Wail.

Trees; 1. with lateral veins arched, inconspicuous; fl.
bisexual, in axillary racemes ; sep. 4, in 2 rows, much enlarged
in fr.; pet. 4, imbricate; stam. very numerous, distinct, anth,
dehiscing vertically ; ov. 1-celled, with 4 erect ovules, style
very long, stigma 4-fid; fr. coriaceous, indehiscent, enclosed
in enlarged sep., 1-4-seeded, embryo with large fleshy coty-
ledons.—Sp. 4; all in #7. B. Ind.

K. stylosa, 7iw. Enum. P/. Zeyl. 50 (1858). Suwanda, S.

K cuspidata, Planch. and Tri. |. c. 268. C. P. 2708.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 276. Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 102.

_ * Commemorates Dr. Robert Kaye Greville, of Edinburgh, a dis-
tinguished botanist Died 1866

Mesua. Guttifere. 105

A large tree; |. small, 2-3 in., lanceolate or oval, rounded
at base, acuminate, acute and often cuspidate at apex, stiff,
not coriaceous, glabrous, lat. veins faint, connected by fine
reticulate venation conspicuous beneath, petioles 4-1 in.;
fl. small, under in. diam., in stalked, erect, axillary racemes
longer than 1., ped. slender, glabrous, thickened upwards; sep.
thick, concave, persistent ; pet. very concave, longer than sep.,
obtuse ; stam. spreading, shorter than pet., persistent ; style
stout, much longer than stam., branches of stigma subulate ;
fr. enveloped in the very greatly enlarged coriaceous imbricate
sep., depressed-spherical, #-1 in. diam., tipped with persistent
base of style, pericarp coriaceous ; seeds 1-4, large, angular,
dark red.

Moist low country ; very rare (?). Kalutara. Fl. Sept.; white, sweet-
scented, buds red.

Endemic. ;
Wood brownish-red, fine grained, rather soft.

4. MESUA, J.

Trees; |. with lateral veins inconspicuous; fl. axillary,
bisexual ; sep. 4, in 2 rows; pet. 4, imbricate; stam. very
numerous, distinct, anth. dehiscing vertically ; ov. 2-celled,
with 2 erect ovules in each cell, style long, stigma peltate;
fruit surrounded by enlarged sep., woody-coriaceous, 2-valved ;
seeds 1-4, cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex, coherent.—Sp. 3
or more; all in 77. 2: [ud.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 3-4in. . 3 : 4. I. Mi PERREA:
Leaves linear-oblong, 8-12 in. . : 3 : ~ 2. M. THWAITESI.

1. M. ferrea, LZ. Sp. P/. 515 (1753).. Na, S. Naka, 7.

Herm. Mus. 7. Burm. Thes. 25. FI. Zeyl. n. 203. Moon Cat. 51.
M. Nagaha, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vill. 4. Thw. Enum. 50.
Pl. and Tri. 1. c. 271. M4. Walkeriana, P|. and Tri. |. c. 273. MM salicina,
JL aievel Iie Ile, ayy, (C, 1) Co,

Fl. B. Ind. i. 277 (not given for Ceylon). Wight, Ic. t. 118.

A moderate-sized tree, pyramidal till old, much branched,
bark smooth, pale, young branches virgate, thickened at
nodes, twigs nearly cylindrical, glabrous ; 1. numerous, spread-
ing, 3-4 in., oblong-lanceolate, acute at base, acuminate,
obtuse, coriaceous, glabrous and shining above, covered with
dense white powder beneath, lateral veins fine, quite incon-
spicuous, petioles short, }-4in.; fl. large, 3-4 in. diam.,
axillary (often apparently terminal), solitary, nearly sessile ;
sep. rotundate, very obtuse, much cupped, somewhat reflexed,

106 Guttifere. [Wesua.

finely puberulous outside, persistent, the inner pair twice as
long as the outer; pet. 2in., obovate, with a broad cuneate
base, crisped and undulated, wide-spreading, fugacious ; stam.
very much shorter than pet.; ov. pyramidal, compressed,
style twice as long as stam., stigma capitate, 2-lobed ; fr.
surrounded by the enlarged crustaceous sep., ovoid or sub-
globular, pointed, I-1} in., pericarp tough, semi-woody,
ultimately 2-valved ; seeds 1-4, angular, testa crustaceous,
smooth, chestnut brown.

Var. 6. sclerophylla, 7iw. Enum. 407 (sp.), J. spectosa, var. B.
Thw. Enum. 50. C. P. 603.

L. rounded at the base, very thick and rigid, veins quite
hidden.

Var. y. pulchella, Planch. and Tri. |. c. 279 (sp.). MZ. coroman-
delina, Thw. Enum. 50 (non Wight). Thw. Enum. 407. C. P. 3404.

L. quite without white powder beneath ; fl. 1-3 together
in axils.

Forests of the low country especially in the moist region ; common.
Var. . four or five trees only in Reigam Korale. Var. y. in Singhe Raja
Forest. A very narrow-leaved form (JZ. sa/icéna, Planch. and Tri.) abun-
dant at Galagama. FI. April-June; sep. bright pink, pet. white, anth.
orange, fil. lemon-yellow. Very sweet-scented.

Throughout Indian and Malay Peninsula and Andaman Is.

One of our most beautiful trees, and much planted, especially near
Buddhist temples. The large fl. are deliciously scented, and the young
leaves of an intense blood-red passing into the dark green of the adult
growth through delicate shades of pink.

The ‘ Iron wood’ of the English. Wood very hard and heavy, dark
red, extremely durable.

An oil is obtained from the seeds.

2. M. Thwaitesii, Planch. and Tri. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 4. xv. 305
(1861). Diya-na, S.
M. speciosa, Thw. Enum. 50 (non Chois.). Thw. Enum. 407. C. P.

675.
FI. B. Ind. i. 278.

A tree, with rather smooth bark, young parts glabrous ;
]. very long, 8-12 in., linear-oblong, rounded or narrowed at
base, acuminate, coriaceous, glabrous, covered with white
powder beneath, petiole 4 in.; fl. very large, 3-4} in. diam.,
sessile, I-3 together on a short peduncle in leaf-axils, each
surrounded by 2 or 3 large adpressed bracts ; fr. surrounded
by enlarged sep. and bracts, depressed-globose, apiculate,
valves very thick; seeds 2, testa dark brown, smooth.

Moist low country in forests, near streams; rather common. Ratna-
pura; Kitulgala; Palabadulla ; Labugama.

Ternstremia.] Ternstremiacee. 107

Fl. April; white. To judge from a drawing in Herb. Perad. the
petals are sometimes increased in number.

Endemic.

Wood as in ™. ferrea.

XX.—TERNSTRGEMIACEZ:.

TREES or shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, without stip.; fl.
regular, bisexual or dicecious, usually bracteate ; sep. 5 (rarely
3 or 4), distinct, often unequal ; pet. 5, distinct or connate at
base, imbricate; stam. numerous (rarely few), distinct or 5-
adelphous, free or adnate to base of pet. ; ov. 2-5-celled, with
numerous (rarely 1-2) ovules in each cell (rarely 1-celled,
with 3 parietal placentas), styles more or less connate ; fruit
indehiscent, or a loculicidal capsule ; seeds with scanty endo-
sperm.

Fruit indehiscent, anthers basifixed.
Fls. bisexual.

Stam. glabrous. Seeds 2-4 3 : : I. TERNSTREMIA.
Stam. hairy. Seeds numerous . é : . 2. ADINANDRA.
Fls. dicecious . : : : ; ; : . 3. EURYA.
Fruit dehiscent, anthers versatile. : : . 4. GORDONIA.

With the exception of Eurya acuminata all our 7 species are montane.

I. TERNSTREMIA, /.

Trees or shrubs; leaves coriaceous, lat. veins invisible ;
fi. axillary bisexual ; sep. 5; pet. 5 ; stam. numerous, anth.
introrse, connective somewhat prolonged; ov. 2-celled, with
I or 2 ovules in each cell; fr. indehiscent, 2-4-seeded; seeds
large.—Sp. 25; 3 in FL LB. Lud.

Leaves subacute, fls. yellow. : : : -- f. Lo JAPONICA®
Leaves very obtuse, fls. white . : : : . 2. T. EMARGINATA,

1. I. japonica, 7hund. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. 335 (1794):

Cleyera gymnanthera, W. and A., Thw. Enum. go. C. P. 778.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 280. Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 91 (7. gymnanthera).

A moderate-sized, much-branched, tree ; bark thick, soft ;
young shoots glabrous; |. 13-3 in., closely placed, lanceolate
or oval, tapering at base, slightly acuminate, subacute, entire,
thick, petioles + in., stout, red; fl. 4-} in. diam., solitary, in
axils of fallen |, ped. 4-4 in., rather stout, curved, glabrous,
bracts 2, immediately beneath fl., oval, obtuse ; sep. rounded,

108 Ternstremiacec. [Adinandra.

with narrow scarious margins ; pet. twice the length of sep.,
rounded, spreading ; anth. apiculate; fr. surrounded at base
with persistent bracts and sep., } in., ovate-ovoid, tipped with
persistent style, fleshy, brown ; seeds 3-4, testa very hard.

Montane zone, descending to about 4ooo ft.; common. N. Eliya;
Hakgala; Dimbula; Maturata; Deltota; Rangala; Haputale. FI.
April, May ; yellow.

Also in the Nilgiris, East Bengal, the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra,
China and Japan.

Wood even-grained, pinkish-brown, rather heavy, durable; called by
the carpenters in the hill districts ‘ Pena-mihiriya,’ ‘ Rattota,’ and ‘ Rata-
tiya.’ The bark is chewed.

2. T. emarginata, Choisy, Mem. Tern. 14 (1855).

Cleyera emarginata, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 447. Thw.
Emin: 40), (Gs 2752:

F]. B. Ind. 1. 281.

A shrub, 10-16 ft., young twigs glabrous; |. crowded,
14—2+ in., sessile, obovate-spathulate, very much attenuate at
base, obtuse, usually emarginate, faintly crenate-serrate in
upper part, coriaceous, margin revolute ; fl. solitary from axils
of fallen leaves, }—} in. diam., ped. ?, erect, thickened and
curved at top; sep. and pet. as in last; anth.-cells distant,
connective prolonged ; style deeply bifid, shorter than stam.;
fr. 3} in., oblong-ovoid, pointed, tipped with persistent style ;
2-seeded.

Upper montane zone, especially by streams; rather rare. Horton
Plains, abundant ; near Adam’s Peak; Maskeliya; Ambagamuwa. FI.
Feb., March ; white becoming purplish-yellow.

Endemic.

2. ADINANDRA, /ac/.

Trees; fi: axillary, bisexual; sep. 5; pet. 53) Seam
numerous, hairy, anth. introrse ; ov. 1-celled, with 3 parietal
placentas (apparently 3-celled), with numerous ovules ; fruit

fleshy, indehiscent; seeds numerous, very small.—Sp. 10;
8 in /7. B. Ind.

A. lasiopetala, Choisy, Mem. Tern. 24 (1855). [PLATE IX.]

Cleyera lastopetala, Wight, Ill. i. 99. Eurya lastopetala, Gard. |. c.
446. Sarosanthera lastopetala, Thw. Enum. 41. C. P. 775.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 283. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. t. iii. f. 3.

A small, slender tree, 20~30 ft., young parts minutely
hairy ; 1. 24-4 in., oblong-lanceolate, tapering to base, obtuse,
entire or faintly denticulate, margin recurved, glabrous above,
minutely pubescent beneath, petiole very short; fl. rather
large, } in., solitary, axillary, petioles } in., very stout, thickened

Eurya.) Ternstramuiacee. 109

above, pubescent, stiffly recurved, bracts 2, immediately
beneath fl., triangular, acute; sep. very obtuse, rough or the
inner 2 hairy on the back, with scarious margins ; pet. twice
as long as sep., covered on back with dense, silky hair ; stam.
about 18, adherent to base of pet., sparsely hairy throughout ;
ov. with 3 bifid, revolute, parietal placentas, style short,
stigmas 3, obtuse ; fr. surrounded by persistent sep., globose,
}in., apiculate, dry-fleshy, 3- or 6-celled ; seeds kidney-shaped,
black, shining, punctate.

Upper montane zone ; rather common. N. Eliya: Hakgala ; Horton

Plains; Maturata; Dimbula. Fl. Feb.-May ; white.
Endemic.

The Nuwara Eliya carpenters give the name of ‘ Ratu-mihiriya’ to
the wood of this tree.

3. BURYA, Thun.

Shrubs ; fl. small, axillary, surrounded by small bracts,
gicecious.; Sep: 5,;/ pet. 5, connate ‘at base; stam: 5-20,
glabrous ; ov. 3-celled, ovules several in each cell, styles 3,
more or less connate below ; fruit a dry, indehiscent berry,
3-celled; seeds several, endosperm scanty.—Sp. about 10;
6 in FZ. B. Ind.

Leaves oval or lanceolate . : ; F : . I. E. JAPONICA.
Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate . : ; . 2. E. ACUMINATA.

1. E. japonica, 7hunb. Fl. Jap. 191 (1784). Neya-dasse, S.

E. elliptica, Gardn. 1. c. 443. Thw. Enum. 41. C. P. 777.

Fl, B. Ind. i. 284, 5. Wight, Ill. i. t. 38 (£. Wightiana).
Sylv. t. 92.

Presents itself under several varieties.

Bedd. FI.

Var. a. Thunbergii, 7/w. /. c.

A shrub, 6-16 ft., young twigs glabrous, striate ; 1. 2—4 in.,
nearly sessile, oval or lanceolate, acute at base, acuminate,
obtuse or retuse, serrate at the upper part, glabrous, veins
prominent beneath ; fl. very small, 1-2 together in the leaf-
axils, ped. short, bracts 2 or more beneath the fl., obtuse;
sep. orbicular, obtuse, glabrous, persistent; stam. 5-15; fr.
zin., ovoid, tipped with persistent style, glabrous.

Var. 8. zeylanica, Wight, J//. i. 98 (sp.). Gardn.1.c. 444. C. P.
2600.

Twigs very hairy ; 1. 1}-2}in., petiole and midrib beneath
hairy, margin somewhat revolute; stam. 14; berry often
pilose.

Var. y. Chinensis, Br. zz Abel Voy. 379 (1818). L£. parvifolia,
“Gardn. 1. c. 445. C. P. 784.

I1O Ternstremiacee. [ Gordonia.

Twigs hairy; 1. #-1 in. very rigid, glabrous, margin very
strongly revolute ; stam. 6-10.

Montane zone from the highest elevations down to about 4oo0 ft.;
very common. FI. all the year ; white.

Mountains of India and Malaya, extending to the Fiji Is. and to
China and Japan.

These varieties are considered species in FI. B. Ind., but I agree with
Thwaites that no permanent characters can be found to separate them.

2. E. acuminata, DC. Mem. Tern. 26 (1855).

E. japonica, var. B. Thw. Enum. 41. ££. membranacea, Gardn. |. c.
444 (?) C. P. 1078.

FI. B. Ind. i. 285. Royle, Ill. t. 25.

A shrub, 8-10 ft., twigs sparsely hairy, buds silky;
l. 24-3 in., narrowly oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate or.
caudate serrulate, glabrous except on midrib beneath ; fl. 2-5
together in the axils; stam. 12-20. Otherwise as in
E. japonica.

Moist low country, extending up to 2000 ft.; very common. FI. all
the year ; white.

Also in Eastern Himalaya, Assam, Malay Feninsula and Islands.

Thwaites combines this also with £. jafonica, and perhaps rightly,
but it is readily separable by its narrow attenuated leaves.

The habit and foliage of these species of Huvya are very like those of
Tea, and young plants have been frequently mistaken, for it, and even
cultivated in nurseries. Hence the plant has acquired the name of ‘ Wild
Tea’ among the planters.

4. GORDONIA,* £//is.

Trees; fl. large, solitary, axillary, bracteate, bisexual ;
sep. 3-5, unequal ; pet. 5, often connate at base; stam. very
numerous, free or in 5 bundles, adnate to base of pet., anth.
versatile ; ov. 5-celled, with several ovules in each cell, style
simple, stigma 5-lobed ; fruit a woody capsule, dehiscing
loculicidally into 5 hard valves and a central axis; seeds
numerous, compressed, with an oblique oblong wing on one
side above; cotyledons ovate, flat or plicate-—Sp. 10; 6 in
FB AAnG:

Stam. not connate. Fl. white . : - , . I. G. ZEYLANICA.
Stam. connate in 5 bundles. Fl. crimson . : . 2. G. SPECIOSA.

1. G. zeylanica, Wighi, ///. i. 99 (1840).
Thw. Enum. 4o. C. P. 788, 2417.
Pl By Inds 1. 201

* In memory of James Gordon, a London nurseryman, and corre-
spondent of Linnzeus.

Gordonia.] Ternstremiacee. FUE

A moderate-sized or large tree, young shoots silky-
pubescent ; 1. on very short thick petioles, 3-5 in., lanceolate
or oval or oblong-lanceolate, acute or rounded at_ base,
acuminate, acute or subacute, entire, margin sometimes
revolute, glabrous, paler and veinless beneath ; fl. large,
13-3 in., axillary, solitary, ped. under 4 in.; sep. rotundate,
stiff, scarious at margins, 2 inner much larger, glabrous,
ciliate ; pet. very much longer than sep., rotund, with a broad
claw, pilose externally at the base ; stam. not connate at base,
anth.-cells curved ; capsule 1-14 in., surrounded at base by
persistent sep., oblong-ovoid, obtuse, apiculate, valves triangular
in section ; seeds flattened, pale brown.

Var. B. elliptica, Gardn. tn Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 448
(1846) (sp.).

Young shoots glabrous; |. sessile, broadest at the base,
very obtuse at both ends; fi. sessile, rather larger; sep.
puberulous outside.

Montane zone in the forests 4000-7000 ft.; common. Haputale;
N. Eliya; Dimbula; Maturata; Hakgala; MHunasgiriya; Rangala.
Var. 3. Elephant Plains, 6000 ft. (Gardner). FI. Sept.-Nov.; white.

Endemic.

Gardner’s G. e//iptica is kept up as a species in Fl. B. Ind. I can see
no difference from G. zey/anica save the shorter and somewhat broader
leaves ; it is No. 93 of Gardner's plants. C. P. 2417 referred to it by
Thwaites is intermediate between it and the type. I have never seen
either leaves or flowers absolutely sessile.

Wood red, smooth, hard, shining. The up-country carpenters apply
the name ‘ Mihiriya’ to this, but it is very unlike the wood properly so
called (Dichopsis grandis).

2. G. speciosa, Choisy, Mem. Tern. p. 52 (1855).

Carria® speciosa, Gardn. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 7. Thw. Enum
dive, (C5 IP eyiig}.

LANL, 18%, Moval, ry exoee

A tree, 40-50 ft., bark smooth and shining, young twigs
glabrous ; 1. 3-6 in., sessile or nearly so, oval or oblong-oval,
very obtuse, often emarginate, entire, margin often revolute,
coriaceous, glabrous, purplish and veinless beneath; fl. very
large, 3-4 in. diam., solitary, on short, thick, axillary ped.,
bearing a few bracts; sep. 3-5, broad-oval, glabrous, ciliate ;
pet. broadly obcordate, 2in., connate at base, silky outside ;
stam. coherent into 5 bundles, adherent to base of pet. and
1 as long; ov. hairy, style as long as stam.; capsule surrounded

* Dedicated to the Hon. (afterwards Sir) W. O. Carr, F.L.S., Senior
Puisne Judge of Ceylon in 1846.

112 Dipterocarpacee.

at base by persistent sep., 1-2 in., ovoid-oblong, pointed,
5-angled, smooth ; seeds with flat cotyledons.

Montane zone ; very rare. Gregarious in the forest above Rambodde
at about 4ooo ft., July 1845 (Gardner). Galagama; Ambagamuwa
(Thwaites); Corfu Estate, Maskeliya, 1889. Fl. March-September ; deep
crimson.

I fear that the extensive clearings in the hills have exterminated this
fine species in most places.

Camellia Thea, Link, the Tea plant, is figured in J. W. Bennett’s
“Ceylon and its Capabilities,’ p. 276, and said to have been found wild at
Batticaloa in 1826. An error is undoubted, but as the Tea plant was in
cultivation in Ceylon before 1824 (being included in Moon Cat. p. 42,
published in that year), itis probable that the specimen figured was a cul-
tivated one. In the text Bennett has confused true Tea with the leaves
of the ‘Wild Tea’ of the East coast, which is Cassta auriculata. (See
also under -urya and /l@odendron glaucum).

XXI.—DIPTEROCARPACE.

TREES with resinous wood; |]. alternate, simple, entire, sti-
pulate; fl. regular, bisexual; sep. 5, very slightly connate
at base or rarely combined into a cal.-tube, persistent, usually
much enlarged in fruit; pet. 5, usually connate at base,
contorted ; stam. 15 (rarely 10 or 5) or indefinite, fil. very
short, distinct or connate at base, connective often prolonged ;
ov. free, or very nearly so, 3-celled (rarely 2-celled), with 2
pendulous ovules in each cell, style simple; fruit a 1-seeded,
usually indehiscent nut, often closely surrounded by, or en-
closed in, but not adherent to, the persistent cal.-tube or the
usually much enlarged and often winged sep. ; seed large,
cotyledons usually unequal, often divided, or lobed, or folded
and convolute, no endosperm.
Sep. combined below into a distinct calyx-
tube. ; : ; : : : : 1. DIPTEROCARPUS.
Sep. very slightly connate at base.
Fruit-sep. greatly enlarged, all with a thick-
ened base, and some terminating in long

wings.
Stam. 20 or more . ; : - : : 2. SHOREA,
Stam. 15.
Three fruit-sep. with wings. 3. DOooNna.
Two fruit-sep. with wings . 4. HOPEA.

Difterocarpus.| Dipterocarpacee. rts

Fruit-sep. much enlarged, but without a
thickened base or distinct wings, erect or
spreading.

Sep. unequally enlarged, wing-like, erect 5. SUNAPTEA.
Sep. equally enlarged, spreading.
Sep. loosely or not at all imbricate + 6. VATICA,
Sep. strongly imbricate 7. BALANOCARPUS.

Fruit-sep. slightly and equally enlarged, reflexed.

Stam. indefinite : aed
Stam. 15; ov. 3-celled : nee
Stam. 5; ov. 2-celled . : 5 : . 10

. VATERIA.
. STEMONOPORUS.
. MONOPORANDRA.

The limits of the genera in this Order are very uncertain, and the
present arrangement will be found to differ in some respects from that
given in F7. B. 7nd. Dr. Burck, of Java, has recently (Ann. Jard. Buiten-
Zorg, vi. 145) proposed new limitations, based on the anatomical relations
of the secretory channels in the internodes and petioles ; but, whether these
be truly natural or not, they are not available for use in the field, and I
have here kept to the more easily recognised characters afforded by the
fruiting calyx and stamens and the structure of the seed.

The Family is confined to the Eastern Tropics, and is especially
characteristic of the Malayan flora. All our species are endemic, except
Vatica Roxburghiana. Very few species occur in Peninsular India.

Our knowledge of the Ceylon species is imperfect. They are for
the most part tall trees, very local and inhabiting dense wet forests ;
many appear to flower only at long intervals ; and fruit, upon which the
nomenclature so much depends, is difficult to obtain. It is probable
that there are several more species than those here described, but leaves
alone afford no characters for determining even their genera; the native
names, too, are often very vaguely applied, and give little help.

Of our forty-six species all are confined to the moist region, with the
exception of Vatica obscura, which is found only in the dry country, and
Stemonoporus acuminatus, Hopea(?) cordifolia, and Balanocarpus
zeylanicus, which inhabit what may be called the intermediate region.
Only about six species reach up into the lower montane zone, of which
Doona Gardneri, Stemonoporus Gardneri, and S. affints, extend the
highest.

In the descriptions of the leaves the number of lat. veins given is that
on each side of the midrib. On young shoots the leaves are often of
considerably larger dimensions than those here given.

I. DIPTEROCARPUWS, Gaerin. f

Large trees; |. with very large membranous deciduous
stip.; fl. large, in axillary racemes or spikes; sep. 5, com-
bined into a lobed cal., 2 (rarely 3) lobes much longer than
others, greatly enlarged in fruit ; pet. 5, usually connate at
base; stam. indef., anth. linear, long-acuminate; ov. 3-
celled ; fruit indehiscent, enclosed in but not adherent to
the tube of the enlarged persistent cal., of which two of the

lobes have become long wings; pericarp thin; seed large ;
I

114 Dipterocarpacee. [Dipterocarpus.

cotyledons nearly equal, very thick, partially fused, much
convoluted, ruminated on section.—Sp. about 50; 17 in F7Z.
B. Ind.

Tube of fruit-calyx without ribs or wings. . i DD. BISPIBUS.
Tube bluntly 5-ribbed_ . : : : ; . 2. D. ZEYLANICUS.
Tube 5-winged.
Wings undulated : : : : . 3. D. SCABRIDUS.
Wings not undulated.
Fl. pedicelled ‘ ; : ‘ . 4. D.GLANDULOSUS.
Fl. sessile ; : 5 , ; . 5. D. INSIGNIS.

1. D. hispidus, 7iw. Enum. 33 (1858). Bu-hora, S.

D. oblongifolius, Thw. Enum. 33 (non BI.); D.. oblomgus, A. DC. in
DC. Prod. xvi. 608. C. P. 2903, 3405.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 296.

A very large tree; younger parts very densely covered
with tufts of long fulvous hair; |. very large, 6-12 in., broadly
oblong-oval, rounded or subcordate at base, shortly acumi-
nate, sinuate, glabrous, except on midrib above, thickly set
with tufts of soft hair on veins beneath, lat. veins 13-16 on
each side, petioles 1-2 in. with tufts of long fulvous hair, stip.
6 in., glabrous outside, stellate-hairy within; fl. large, 2 in.
diam., few in the raceme, ped. hairy; cal.-tube 4 in., obscure,
5-ribbed, densely stellate-pubescent ; pet. densely stellate-
hairy outside ; fruit-cal. 7-8 in., tube spherical, without ribs,
at first stellate-pubescent, afterwards glabrous, wings very
obtuse, strongly reticulated, not obviously 3-veined.

Moist low country; rare. Neighbourhood of Ratnapura only; Pala-
badulla. Fl. April.

Endemic.
The wood yields an aromatic reddish gum-resin.

2. D. zeylanicus, 7hiw. Enum. 33 (1858). Hora, S. (PLATE X.)

D. turbinatus, Moon Cat. 42 (non Gaertn. f.). C. P. 1921, 2398.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 297.

A very tall tree, with straight, erect trunk, branching
mostly near the top, bark flaking off in small pieces, twigs
marked with scars of fallen leaves and stip., young parts
densely pubescent or silky; 1. large, 5-8 in., broadly oval,
rounded at base, suddenly acute, obscurely crenate-serrate,
glabrous (except when young on the veins beneath), lat.
veins 14-18, petioles 14-2 in., pulverulent when young, stip.
5 in. long, oblong, acute, thick, pink, pubescent inside, cadu-
cous ; fl. 1;in. diam., racemes double, drooping, ped. 4-4 in.,
at first stellate-puberulous; cal.-tube }—? in., campanulate,
glabrous, stellate-pubescent ; pet. about 1 in., oblong, obtuse,
recurved at end; stam. with an apiculus nearly as long as

Dipterocarpus.] Dipterocarpacee. II5

anth.; ov. pubescent; fruit.-cal. 7 in., tube 1% in., bluntly
5-ribbed down part or whole length, urceolate, wings strongly
3-veined, reticulated, smaller lobes about 1 in., broad-oval,
very obtuse, nut about I in., ovoid-conical, blunt, finely silky.

Moist low country and extending into lower montane zone ; common.

Fl. February. Pet. purplish-red with a yellow border.

Endemic.

Affords a greenish-grey semi-liquid gum-resin.

Wood moderately hard, rather light, red; not durable, but great
lengths can be obtained, which makes it valuable for scaffolding and
other temporary purposes.

The ribbing of the fruiting cal.-tube is often very slight, but the fruit
can be distinguished from that of D. Azspidus by the different venation of
the wings.

[D. turbinatus, Gaertn. f., has been said to be cultivated in Ceylon,
but erroneously so (see Thw. Enum. p. 402); C. P. 2398, above quoted,
was at first thought by Thwaites (l.c. p. 34) to be this species. It
aay the Gurjun oil of medicine, and is a native of the Malay Penin-
sula.

3. D. scabridus, 7hw. Enum. 34 (1858).

C. P. 2692, 2590 (in part).

Fl. B. Ind. i. 298.

A large tree; young twigs with copious adpressed hairs ;
1, 6-9 in., oblong-lanceolate, rounded or acute at base, shortly
acuminate, acute, nearly entire, glabrous above, ciliate, veins
hairy beneath, lat. veins 12-18, petioles #in. or more, densely
adpressed-hairy ; fl. not seen; fr.-cal. 4-5 in., tube oblong-
ovoid, with 5 strong marked, broad, undulated, vertical wings,
generally reaching to the base, slightly stellate-pubescent ;
lobe-wings 3-4 in., somewhat undulated mottled, smaller lobes
oblong-rotundate, much undulated and crumpled.

Moist low country; very rare. Near Ratnapura. FI. not collected.
Endemic.

4. D. glandulosus, 7iw. Enum. 34 (1858). Dorana, S.
C. P. 2590.
Fi. B. Ind. 297.

A large tree; young parts hairy; 1. 3-5 in., oblong-oval,
rounded at base, shortly acuminate, entire, glabrous above,
except on midrib, finely stellate-pubescent and glandular
beneath, lat. veins 11-13, petioles 3-1 in. stellate-hairy,
stip. 1, in., with tufts of long stellate hair outside ; fl. 1} in.
diam., few, in short axillary racemes, ped. stellate-hairy; cal.
stellate-pubescent, with a narrow campanulate tube, promi-
nently and bluntly 5-winged ; pet. stellate-pubescent outside ;
fruit-cal. 4-44 in., nearly glabrous, tube globular-ovoid, with
5 strong narrow vertical wings reaching nearly to the base;
lobe-wings (often 3) 34-4 in. long.

116 Dipterocarpacee. [ Shorea.

Moist low country; rare. Ambagamuwa; near Ratnapura. FL
March, April; pale yellow with a pink tinge.

Endemic.

The blackish resinous oil, ‘Dorana tel,’ is a good substitute for
Gurjun Balsam, and is used in the Leper Hospital at Colombo.

5. D. insignis, 7iw. Enum. 34 (1858).
C. P. 3406.
Fl. B. Ind. 1. 298.

A large tree, twigs woolly-pubescent ; 1. 33-5 in., oval,
rounded or acute at base, shortly and bluntly acuminate,
entire, glabrous above, hairy on veins beneath, lat. veins 10-12,
petioles }in., pubescent; fl. 2} in. diam., sessile, few (1-3),
distant, on short, drooping, axillary spikes ; cal. glabrous, tube
oblong, with 5 very wide undulated wings reaching to the
base, enlarged lobes as long as tube, others very short truncate ;
pet. oval-oblong broad, stellate-pubescent outside ; fruit-cal.
4-44 in., glabrous, tube ovoid, with 5 straight not unduiated
wings } in. wide.

Moist low country; rare. Near Ratnapura; Hewesse, Pasdun Korale.
Fl. April; purplish-yellow. ,

Endemic.

2. SHOREA,* ox.

Large trees; |. with small deciduous, or large coriaceous,
persistent stip.; fl. small, in axillary panicles ; sep. 5, distinct ;
pet. 5; stam. numerous, connective cuspidate ; ov. 3-celled ;
nut closely surrounded by the somewhat cupped dilated bases
of enlarged winged sep., 3 of which are much longer than
the other two, wings 7-11 veined ; cotyledons unequal, plane-
convex, each deeply bilobed.—Sp. about 40; 19 in #7. B. Lnd.

Stipules inconspicuous, soon falling.
Lateral veins of leaves 11-16 on each side.

Leaves 4-8 ins. I. S. OBLONGIFOLIA.
Leaves less than 4 ins.
Tertiary leaf-veins sub-parallel 2. S. DYBRIE
. reticulated : 3. S. RETICULATA.
Lateral veins 6-8 on each side 4. S. LISSOPHYLLA.
vente large, persistent . 5. S. STIPULARIS.

S. oblongifolia, 7iw. Enum. e (1858).

C. P. 3005.

Fl; Biiind, 1307;

A large tree; young shoots finely pubescent ; |. 4-8 in.,
ovate-oblong, more or less cordate at base, shortly acuminate,
glabrous on both sides, shining above, finely reticulate and
often paler beneath, lat. veins about 16, petioles ? in., puberu-

* In honour of Sir John Shore, afterwards Lord Teignmouth,
Governor-General of Bengal, 1793-8.

Shorea. Dipterocarpacea. 117

lous; fl. small, nearly sessile on one side of the spreading or
drooping branches of long lax axillary and apparently ter-
minal panicles; sep. hood-oval, obtuse, densely pubescent ;
pet. 4 in. erect, linear-oblong, the margin revolute, silky
outside; stam. about 60, with three terminal bristles; fruit-
sep. pubescent, the larger 24-2? in., obovate-oblong, the
shorter 2 in., oblong-linear, nut ? in., pointed, finely pubescent.

Moist low country; rather common. Eknaligoda; Hiniduma;
Singhe Raja; Moragala; Avisawella; Labugama. Fl. April-June; yellow
with pink base.

Endemic. Very near S. Zumbugaia, Roxb., of S. India.

Liable to produce the curious hop-like galls noticed under Doona
cordifolia.

Called ‘ Dun’ in W. Prov.

2. S. Dyerii, 7hw. in Trim. Journ. Bot. xxiii. 204 (1885).

C.P. 4010.

Tree, young parts finely pubescent; 1. (upper) 24-3 in.,
narrowly ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, gradually taper-
ing to shortly acuminate, obtuse or subacute apex, paler
beneath, lat. veins 12-14, petioles }in., slender, puberulous ;
fl. numerous, sessile, rather closely placed along upper side of
short divaricate branches of lax spreading axillary and ter-
minal panicles ; sep. broad-oval, subacute, densely pubescent ;
pet. oblong-oval, flat, spreading, 4 in., densely silky outside ;
stam. about 60, anth. with a strongly ciliated apiculus half as
long as themselves ; style very short ; fruit not seen.

‘South of the Island’ (Thwaites). I have no further information
about this species, which has not been again collected. Fl. red.

Endemic.

The material for this species is imperfect.

3. S. reticulata, 7hw. in Fl. B. Ind. i. 307 (1874).

C. P. 3884.

A tree, young parts glabrous ; |. 3-4 in., oblong-lanceolate,
attenuate, acute, glabrous, shining above, paler beneath, lat.
veins II, curved, not very prominent, tertiary veins reticulate,
petioles } in., channelled above; fl. not seen; fruit-sep.
pubescent, the larger 2-2} in. the smaller 1-1} in., wings
linear 7-9 veined.

Only known from the C. P. specimen, collected in Morowak Korale,
Sept. 1865. .

4. S. lissophylla, 7iw. Enum. 402 (1858).

CaP 3407.

Fl. B. Ind. 1. 307.

A large tree, with blackish bark, young shoots glabrous ;
]. 3-5 in., broadly ovate, rounded or subcadate at base,
abruptly and shortly acuminate, obtuse, coriaceous, smooth

118 Dipterocarpacee. [Doona.

and shining on both sides, paler beneath, lat. veins 6-8,
distant, much curved, petioles 4 in., glabrous, thick; fl. on
very short ped., nodding, arranged in short branches of lax
elongated axillary panicles shorter than 1.; sep. broadly ovate,
acute, pubescent ; pet. nearly } in., linear, acute, spreading,
pubescent outside; stam. about 35, anth. bearded ; fruit not
seen.

Moist low country; rather rare. Singhe Raja Forest; Maddegatte,
S. Prov.; Nillowe, near Akuressa, S. Prov. Fl. April.

Endemic.

Called ‘Malmora’ in S. Prov.

5. S. stipularis, 7iw. Enum. 36 (1858).

C.P. 3408.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 307.

A large tree, young shoots glabrous; |. 5-7 in. or more,
broadly oblong-oval or rotundate, rounded at base, suddenly
acuminate or caudate, obtuse, glabrous on both sides, coria-
ceous, midrib very prominent beneath, channelled above, lat.
veins 16-18, petioles 14-3in., thick and fleshy, stip. large,
I in., erect, oval, obtuse, with numerous parallel veins, very
persistent ; fl. not seen; fruit-sep. glabrous, the larger 5 in.,
the shorter 2} in., base very thick, wings very obtuse, with
Q-II veins.

Var. B.minor, Zhw. in Trim. Fourn. Bot. xxiii. 205. C. P. 4024
and 3987 (part).

Leaves much smaller, 3 in. long, the apex strongly twisted,
very finely but densely pubescent beneath, stip. acute,
pubescent ; fl. not seen; fruit as in the type.

Moist low country up to 3000ft.; rather rare. Karawita-Kanda;
Singhe Raja Forest; Morowak Korale. Var. 8. Morowak Korale. Fl.
not seen.

Endemic.

There are often produced in the leaf-axils hard pale-green finely
lobulated and rounded masses viscous on the surface and formed of
crowded coral-like abortive branches. These may be of similar cha-

racter to those on Hopfea Wightiana, Wall. as figured in Wight, IIl. t. 37.
Var. B. may be a separate species.

_S. brevipetiolaris, Thw. in Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 9, is not a member of
this genus, but perhaps referable to Balanocarpus (q. V.).

3. DOONA, 7iw.

Large trees; 1. conduplicate, obtusely acuminate, gla-
brous, with small deciduous stip.; fl. small, with articulated
ped., in axillary and terminal panicles; sep. 5, 3 outer much
larger ; pet. 5, slightly connate at base, stam. 15, fil. usually
connate at base, anth.-cells apiculate, connective prolonged

Doona.| Dipterocarpacee. 119

into a conspicuous clavate appendage; ov. as in Sovea, three
of the enlarged fruiting sep. with long wings, the other 2
inconspicuous, thickened bases very closely adpressed
to nut, resinous, wings obscurely veined; cotyledons much
plicate and convoluted, with the testa following the con-
volutions.—Endemic Genus.*

Caryolobis, Gaertner, should strictly be the name of this genus, as
there can be no doubt that the C. zzdica described and figured by him
(Fruct. i. 215 and t. 45 f. 4) is one of our species, probably D. ¢rapezzfolia.
He gives the Sinhalese name, ‘ Beralie,’ for it.

Pierre in 77. Fox. Cochinch. describes the embryo as surrounded by
an abundant and sometimes ruminate endosperm; I have not been able
to corroborate this in the fresh specimens I have examined.

It is a difficult matter to discriminate the species of this genus; the
fl. and fr., so far as they are known, present great similarity, and
in the following key I have been forced to attempt to define them
by their leaves. It is probable that there are yet other species in
Ceylon.

L. under 6 in.

Lat. veins more than Io (except sometimes No. 7).
Lat. veins inconspicuous.

L. acute at base. : : é . | ‘i. DeZEYLANICA.
L. rounded at base
Bruit-caly 17 in, . : ; : . 2. D. AFFINIS.
Fruit-cal. 13-2 in. ‘ ; : . 3. D. GARDNERI.
Lat. veins conspicuous.
Conspicuous both above and beneath.
Fl. laxly arranged.
L. over 3 in., lat veins Io-12 . 4. D. NERVOSA.
L. under 3 in., lat. veins about 20 . 5. D. TRAPEZIFOLIA.
Fl. crowded : 6. D. CONGESTIFLORA.
Conspicuous beneath only 7. D. CORDIFOLIA.
Lat. veins Io or less.
Lat. veins all parallel.
L. ovate or ovate-oval . : : . 8 D. OVALIFOLIA.
L. lanceolate-oblong . ‘ : . 9g. D. OBLONGA.
Lower lat. veins ascending : : . Io. D. VENULOSA.
L, over'6Gun. : ; 4 ‘ : . 11. D. MACROPHYLLA.

1. D. zeylanica, 7iw. ix Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 7 (1852) Dun, S.

hw Enum: 345) (CG; Py2A23%

Fl. B. Ind. i. 311. Kew Journ. Bot. iii. t. 12. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 97.

A large tree, reaching 60 or more ft., trunk erect, much
branched at top with horizontal branches, bark rough, cinna-
mon-brown, twigs glabrous, drooping; |. 2~3 in., lanceolate,
acute at base, attenuate-caudate, glabrous and shining, lat.

* Burck, on anatomical grounds, refers to Doona 4 Malayan species
(including Hofea odorata, Roxb., and Petalandra micrantha, Hassk.)
but the union does not appear to me very natural.

120 Dipterocarpacee. [Doona.

veins numerous, slender, inconspicuous, pellucid, with minute
reticulations between, margins at base usually rigidly revolute,
giving a rhomboidal form to the leaf, petiole 4 in., slender,
curved ; fl. in. diam., panicles few-fld., lax, axillary and
terminal, shorter than or scarcely exceeding 1. ped. } in,,
glabrous ; sep. obtuse, glabrous ; pet. oval, obtuse, entire or
notched at tip, minutely silky outside; appendage as long as
anth. ; ov. glabrous ; enlarged fruit-sep. 1} in., wings obovate-
oblong, obtuse, twisted, with about 10 inconspicuous veins ;
nut quite concealed by enlarged base of sep., sharply pointed.

Lower montane zone and upper zone of moist low country, I000-
4000 ft.; common and formerly much more so. Fl. March—May;
pale rose colour or quite white. The enlarged sep., when half grown, a
brilliant crimson.

Endemic.

A characteristic tree of the lower hill-forests, now much cleared. The
mode of branching horizontally chiefly at the top, and the preference of
the tree for the crests of hills, which causes their outlines to stand out
against the sky, gives the tree at a distance much the appearance of the
Stone Pine of Italy.

The timber is light, moderately hard, pale greyish-brown, durable,
and greatly in request for shingles, whence the tree is often called
‘shingle-tree. It burns with a bright flame. An excellent colourless
Dammar-like resin exudes from the trunk.

2. D. affinis, 7iw. Enum. 35 (1858).

CP 73400;
Ley Mbovels we Syne
A large tree, twigs glabrous; 1. 2-24 in. lanceolate,

rounded at base, caudate-acuminate, rather thick, drooping,
lat. veins numerous, inconspicuous, much arched, midrib
channelled above, margin revolute at base and slightly re-
curved throughout ; fl. drooping, articulated on rather long
ped., in axillary and terminal panicles about as long as l.,
nearly 3} in. diam.; sep. oblong, obtuse, very resinous ; pet.
silky on back; appendage about } length of anth.; enlarged
fruit-sep. rather less than I}in., wings broadly oblong-
spathulate.

Moist low country; very rare. Singhe Raja Forest, April 1855;
Kokawita, Kukul Korale, 1892 (Lewis).

Endemic. Fl. March ; creamy-white.

More material is required for the satisfactory determination of this
species.

C. P. 3712 was accidentally referred to this by Thwaites (Enum. 402),
and the description in FI. B. Ind. is taken from that C, P. number (which
is from Lihinigala, Hewesse, collected in March, 1861). The specimens
are in young bud, and differ from D. affinzs in the venation of the leaves,
which is intermediate between that of D. venu/osa, Thw. and D. oblonga,
to one of which species they belong.

Doona.] Dipterocarpacee. 12

3. D. Gardneri, 7iw. Enum. 35 (1858).

GH Aa Koy cok

Fl. B. Ind. i. 312. Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 98.

A large tree, bark thick, smooth, fibrous, young parts
glabrous ; |. 24-34 in., ovate-oval, rounded at base, margin
revolute at base, thick, lat. veins about 13, rather inconspicuous,
petioles 4—?in., slender, deeply channelled ; fl. $in., on very
short, nodding ped., in axillary and terminal panicles; sep.
oval, obtuse, glabrous and shining ; pet. rotundate, concave,
very hairy outside ; enlarged fruit-sep. 1?-2 in., wings oblong-
linear.

Lower montane zone; rather rare. Hewahette; Dickoya; Raxawa
(Gardner); Ambagamuwa. Formerly more common. The only hill
species of Doona. FI. Jan.—-April; pale pink.

Endemic.

Wood hard, even-grained, durable, reddish-brown; called ‘Red
Doon’ by the sawyers in the hill-country, and used for sleepers on the
Haputale railway.

4. D. nervosa, 7iw. Enum. 35 (1858). BRotikan-beraliya, 5S.

CePe 3410:

Fibs ind. i: 311.

A large tree, young parts glabrous; |. 3-5 in., ovate-
lanceolate, rounded or slightly subpeltate at base, lat. veins
10~12, curved, fine, with the reticulations prominent beneath
as well as above, petioles }-2in.; fl. 2in. diam., nodding, in
few-flowered axillary panicles shorter than 1., ped. thick; sep.
glabrous ; pet. silky outside; enlarged fruit-sep. 14 in., wings
narrowly oblong-spathulate, twisted, nut sharp-pointed, con-
siderably exceeding the thickened bases of sep.

Moist low country; rare. Eknaligoda and Palabadulla, Kuruwita
Korale ; Hewesse ; Pasdun Korale ; Udugama, S. Prov. (Capt. Walker) ;
Waddagalle, Kukul Korale (Lewis). Fl. March, April.

Endemic.

The curious hop-like galls are also found on this species.

I am not sure that the specimens from the S. Prov. should be referred
to this species.

, 5. D. trapezifolia, 7iw. Enum. 35 (1858). Wakahalu, 5S.

CoP 3340.

F]. B. Ind. i. 311.

A large tree, young parts puberulous; 1. 24-3 in., oblong-
oval or slightly rhomboid, acute or rounded at base, shortly
caudate-acuminate, lat. veins numerous (about 20), fine, and
with the connecting veinlets more conspicuous above than
beneath ; fl. }in. diam., in short axillary panicles, ped. slender,
puberulous; enlarged fruit-sep. 4-2 in., wings linear-oblong,
nut #in., longer than thickened bases of sep., sharply pointed.

122 Dipterocarpacee. [Doona.

Moist low country up to 2500 ft. or more; rather common. Near
Navalapitiya ; Ambagamuwa ; Singhe Raja Forest; Morowak Korale
(Capt. Walker) ; Pelmadulla (F. Lewis). Fl. April.

Endemic.

Easily recognised by the fine small raised reticulation of the upper
surface of the leaf.

The name ‘ Yakahalu’ is applied, with different prefixes, to several
other species of this family in South of Ceylon. This is called ‘ Beraliya-
Yakahalu’ in S. Prov. There appear to be several varieties recognised
by the natives, and possibly more than one species are confounded here.
The fruit of the Ambagamuwa tree (2200 ft.) is shorter and has smaller
fruit-sep. than as above described.

The fruits are dried, pounded, and made into flour for food, and are
largely consumed when they can be got, but are said to be produced only
every seventh year. It was abundant in the S. Prov. in 1887.

6. D. congestiflora, Z7hw. Enum. 35 (1858). Tiniya, S.
[PLATE XI.]

CAE 34.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 312.

A very large tree, young parts velvety - pubescent ;
1. 33-43 in., oval or ovate-oval, rounded at base, rather thick,
shortly acuminate, lat. veins 10-12, curved, more conspicuous
above than beneath, petioles }in., rugose; fl. 4 in. diam., very
shortly pedicellate, crowded at the ends of branches of short,
stout, pubescent, axillary and terminal panicles ; sep. glabrous,
oblong, obtuse; pet. truncate, notched; enlarged fruit-sep.
I}-2 in., often unequal, wings oblong-linear, nut ? in., much
exceeding the thickened bases of sep.

Moist low country; rare. Hiniduma; Hewesse; Singhe Raja ; Bam-
barabotuwa ; Gilimale, Sabaragamuwa (F. Lewis). Fl. August, Sept.;
pale pink.

Endemic.

Wood pale reddish-brown, rather light, moderately hard.

7. D. cordifolia, 7iw. Enum. 35 (1858). Beraliya, S.
GPs 3340;
FI, Bind: 1. 312.

A large tree, bark smooth, coming off in large flakes,
young parts slightly pubescent; 1. 4-6 in., ovate or oblong-
oval, rounded or slightly subcordate at base, tapering to long
caudate-acuminate apex, lat. veins about 10, often less, curved,

conspicuous beneath only, petioles 44 in., fl. and ripe fruit
not seen.

Moist low country; rather rare. Sabaragamuwa; Lihinigala, Hewesse,
abundant ; Lunugala ; Uva(?); near Matara (Walker). Fl. Feb. ; said
to flower every third year.

Endemic.

Only seen by me in very young fruit in 1887.

Hop-like globular leafy galls are abundantly produced on this species,

Doona.] Dipterocarpacee. 123

even on seedling plants ; they are composed of small undeveloped de-
flexed linear leaves with tubular bases.

A very good varnish-resin is afforded by this tree.

The name ‘ Yakahalu’ seems to be applied to this in the S. Prov.
The seeds are eaten after having been roasted. -

8. D. ovalifolia, 7iw. Enum. 402 (1864). PKPini-beraliya, S.

CPL a711.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 312.

A large tree, young parts glabrous; 1. usually small,
2-3 in., sometimes 4-43 in., ovate or ovate-oval, rounded at
base, attenuate to long caudate apex, paler beneath, lat. veins
8-9, prominent beneath, petioles }-} in., slender, channelled ;
fl. on slender, drooping ped., in few-fld. axillary racemes or
panicles shorter than the |.; sep. glabrous; pet. pilose out-
side ; enlarged fruit-sep. a little over I in., wings oval-
spathulate.

Moist low country; rare. Sabaragamuwa (Thwaites) ; Lihinigala,
Hewesse ; Timbera, Kukul Korale (Lewis). Fl. April.

Endemic.

Affords a good white resin.

Similar leaf-galls to those mentioned under D. cordifolia are produced
in this tree also.

The usual form is easily known by its small long-tailed leaves and
small broad fruit-sepals, but there is a larger-leafed tree which in the
absence of fl. and fr. is provisionally placed under this species.

An allied species, unfortunately in leaf only, has been sent me by
Mr. Broun from Ingiriya Forest, near Labugama. It has the small
leaves broadly ovate, much less caudate, with 7-10 lateral curved veins
very conspicuously marked on the under surface, which is also very pale.
The local name was ‘ Yakahalu.’

g. D. oblonga, Thw. zz Trim. Journ. Bot. xxiii. 206 (1885).

GC. P. 3900337 12)(2):

A tree, young parts pubescent; 1. 34-44 in., lanceolate-
oblong, rounded at base, coriaceous, with a recurved margin,
lat. veins 8-11, distinct, curved, petioles } in.; fl. not seen;
enlarged fruit-sep. 14-14 in., wings oblong-spathulate, thick,
nut din.

Only known from the C. P. specimens which are without locality.

Mr. Broun, Conservator of Forests, sends leaves which may be this
species from Kaniliya Forest, Hiniduma Pattu (where it is called
‘ Beraliya’).

C. P. 3712 is doubtfully referable to this (see under D. affinis).

Io. D. (?) venulosa, 7/iw. Enum. 402 (1864).

Ce P. 3675:
FI. B. Ind. i. 313:

A large tree, bark of smaller branches black, young parts
glabrous ; |. 24-3} in. oval or ovate-oval, rounded at base,

124 Dipterocarpacee. [Hopea.

suddenly acuminate, lat. veins 6-8, the lower very oblique,
ascending, tertiary connecting veinlets very prominent on
upper surface; fl. and fr. not seen.

Only known from the C. P. specimens, which consist of leaves only.
They are localised ‘ Low Country, Sept. 1860.’

These leaves may not belong to Doona at all, but the prominent
reticulation on the upper surface is not unlike that of D. trapeztfolia.

11. D. macrophylla, 7iw. Enum. 402 (1864). Honda-ber-
aliya, S.

(Nee yk iets

Fl. B. Ind. i. 312.

A large tree, young parts glabrous; 1. large, 6-8 in., lan-
ceolate-oblong, rounded at base, suddenly and shortly acu-
minate, thick, lat. veins 13-20, very prominent beneath, mid-
rib channelled above, petioles 3-1 in.; fl. ? in., on short stout
ped.; sep. very obtuse, glabrous, resinous ; pet. oblong,
pubescent outside ; enlarged fruit-sep. 2-2} in., wings oblong-
oval, broad.

Moist low country ; rare. Hiniduma Pattu; Kukui Korale; Hewesse ;
Kumbala and Kaniliya Forests, S. Prov.; Atakalan Korale (Lewis).
F]. Feb.

Endemic.

Called ‘ Napat Yakahalu’ in S. Prov. (Broun).

Affords a good yellowish-white resin. Timber good.

4. HOPEA,+ Rox.

Large trees ; fl. small, in axillary and terminal panicles ;
sep. 5, equal; pet. 5, slightly connate at base; stam. 15, fil.
slightly connate at base, connective with a very long apical
bristle ; ov. as in Shorea; nut as in Shorea; 2 enlarged sep.
with long wings, the other 3 inconspicuous, wings strongly
veined ; cotyledons slightly unequal, each conduplicate (the
larger including the smaller) bilobed, not plicate——Sp. about
35; 11 in: FZ b. lua.

Very near Doona, to which the two first species are referred by Burck,
but the embryo very different.

Leaves under 5 in., rounded at base.
Leaves bright brown beneath : . 1, HE DISCOLOR:
Leaves green beheath : : ; ; 2 2. He JUCUNDAS
Leaves 5-7 in., cordate at base 3. H (?) CORDIFOLIA.

* Specimens have been also accidentally distributed under the
C. P. numbers 3408 and 3987.

+ Commemorates Dr. John Hope, Professor of Botany in the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh in 1761.

Hopea.] Dipterocarpacee. Nie

1. H. discolor, 7iw. Enum. 36 (1858).

C. P. 3125, 2970.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 310.

A large tree, young parts finely scurfy; 1. 24-3 in., lan-
ceolate-ovate, rounded at base, gradually tapering to acu-
minate or caudate obtuse apex, glabrous above, densely
covered with bright brown scurf beneath, lat. veins con-
spicuous beneath, petiole 4 in., scurfy; fl. $in. diam., shortly
pedicellate, secund on short spreading branches of axillary
and terminal racemes which are shorter than the 1.; sep.
nearly equal, glabrous ; pet. 3 or 4 times as long as sep.,
linear, hairy outside; stam. with terminal bristle nearly thrice
length of anth.; enlarged fruit-sep. 2} in. wings linear-
spathulate, strongly 7-veined ; nut sharp-pointed, much
exceeding the thickened sep.-bases.

Moist low country; rather rare. Eknaligodde ; Kuruwita Korale ;
Ambagamuwa; Kaniliya Forest, Hiniduma Pattu; Akuressa ; Pelma-
dulla. Fl. April ; pinkish-yellow, very sweet-scented.

Endemic.

Like many other Dipterocarps this is called ‘ Dun’ in S. Prov.; it is
also known as ‘ Malmora’ there.

2. H.jucunda, 7/w. Enum. 403 (1864). Rat-beraliya, S.
Thw. Enum. 403. C. P. 3709.
Bl. B. Inds 1. 370.

A large tree, twigs dark purplish- brown, glabrous ;
1. 3-5 in., oval or ovate-oval, rounded at base, abruptly
caudate with tail # in. long, glabrous, lat. veins 4, curved,
conspicuous beneath, usually with pilose glands in their axils,
petioles }in.; fl. very shortly pedicellate, secund on short
branches of lax, axillary and terminal panicles, which are as
long as or longer than 1.; sep. equal, very obtuse, glabrous ;
pet. thrice as long as sep., linear, silky outside; stam. with
terminal bristle 4 times as long as anth.; fruit not seen.

Var. 8. modesta, A. DC. Prod. xvi. 2. 633. C. P. 3710.
L. smaller, 1-2 in., branches of panicle very slender.

Moist low country forests ; ratherrare. Near Ratnapura ; Hewesse ;
Hiniduma Pattu; Kukul Korale. Var. 8. Lihinigala, Hewesse; Kukul
Korale (Lewis). Fl. April.

Endemic. HH. malabarica, Bedd. Ic. Fl. Ind. Or. t. 185 (7. racophlea,
Dyer, Fl. B. Ind.) of Malabar is very closely allied.

Var. B. is called at Hewesse by the same name, ‘ Pini-beraliya,’ as
Doona ovalifolia, along with which it grows and to which it has much
resemblance.

Wood hard, smooth, yellowish-brown, rather heavy.

126 Dipterocarpacee. [Sunaptea.

3. H.(?) cordifolia, 77.

Vatica (?) cordifolia, Thw. Enum. 404. C. P. 3726.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 303.

A very large tree, bark thick, with deep, longitudinal
fissures, nearly black, young parts softly pubescent ; 1. large,
5-7 in., ovate-oblong, strongly cordate at base, subacute,
glabrous, shining above, lat. veins 5—7, oblique, conspicuous
beneath, with glandular pits in 2 or 3 of their axils, petioles
I in., rugose, stip. very small, subulate, caducous; fl. not seen;
enlarged fruit-sep. 34-4 in., wings oval-oblong, not tapering
to base, 9-veined, nut 4 in., pointed ; cotyledons deeply divided
into 2 long lobes.

Intermediate region at 1500-2000 ft.; very rare. Along banks of
streams at Tanamilwila and Telula, near the Wellaway River, in Atakalan
Korale.

Endemic.

Leaves only were first collected in Sept. 1857, and were doubtfully
referred by Thwaites to Vatéca. Specimens (old and half-rotten) of the
fruit have been sent to me (April, 1891) by Mr. Broun, and appear to
indicate a Hofpea, but flowers are still wanting, and the correct position
of the tree cannot be determined at present.

It is called ‘ Mendora’ where it grows.

Wood heavy, hard, yellow, smooth, and shining.

5. SUNAPTEA, Grif.

Trees ; fl. in short axillary panicles, with large deciduous
bracts ; sep. and pet. 5; stam. 15, apiculate; fruit-sep. all
enlarged, 2 much more so than the others, wing-like, erect,
loosely surrounding the nut, the bases not thickened ; coty-
ledons slightly unequal, bilobed.— Sp. about 10; 5 in
fl. B. Ind.

This is the section of Vazzca called Eu-Vatica in F1. B. Ind., but the
fruiting cal. is quite unlike that of Vatica, and it cannot come under
Linnzus’ genus (see Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. 204). .S. dantamenszt’s and
S. dancana are figured by Burck (l.c. tt. 27 and 28), and S. astrotricha,
S. Dyert, and S. faginea by Pierre (Fl. For. Cochinch. tt. 240-242).

Leaves finely scabrous beneath : : . I. S., SCABRIUSCULA
Leaves glabrous beneath. - : - . 2. S. (?) DISTICHA:

1. S. scabriuscula, Zrim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. P/. 9 (1885). Na-
mendora, S. [PLATE XII.]

Vateria (Stemonoporus) scabriuscula, Thw. Enum. 404. Vatica
scabriuscula, A. DC. in DC. Prod. xvi. 2, 620. C. P. 3708, 3542.

FI. B. Ind. i. 303 (Vatica).

A large tree, young shoots woolly-pubescent ; 1. 4-5 in.,
lanceolate-oblong, o>tuse at base, shortly acuminate, obtuse,
glabrous above, very finely scabrous and white with stellate

Vatica.] Dipterocarpacee. 127

pubescence beneath, lat. veins very numerous, connected by
loops near the margin, petiole 3in., rugose; fl. rather large,
nearly sessile, in small axillary and terminal tomentose
spicate panicles much shorter than the 1. bracts large, 2 in.,
acute, tomentose; sep. tomentose; nut spherical, } in., very
hairy, loosely surrounded by irregularly enlarged, erect,
pubescent sep., the 2 largest 2 in., linear, obtuse, 3-veined, the
others ?-14in., lanceolate, acute.

Moist low country; rare. Hiniduma Pattu; Hewesse; Pasdun
Korale ; Lanegal Kanda, near Pelmadulla (F. Lewis). Fl. April.

Endemic.

I have not seen mature fls. The fruit was obtained at Hewesse in
June. Wood heavy, hard, smooth, pale greyish-yellow.

The leaves of young trees attain very much larger dimensions than
those above given.

Pierre (1. c. sub t. 237) erroneously refers this to Stemonoporus.

2. S. (?) disticha, 7rim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 9 (1885).

Vateria (Stemonoporus) disticha, Thw. Enum. 404. Vatica disticha,
A. AOC LG. 620: (C. IPi/3707:

F]. B. Ind. i. 303 (Vatica (?).

A large tree, young branches finely tomentose ; 1. 4—5 in.,
lanceolate-oblong, obtuse at base, attenuate, acute, glabrous,
coriaceous, lat. veins about II, conspicuous on both surfaces,
petiole }in., thick, rugose; fl. in short, erect, axillary panicles,
bracts large, 4-4 in., ovate, distichous, imbricate at first,

tomentose, soon falling; fruit not seen.

Moist low country ; very rare. Hinduma Pattu and Pasdun Korale
(Thwaites). The C. P. specimens are from ‘ Lanegal Kanda, March,
1861,’ and are in bud only.

Until further material is obtained the genus of this plant is quite un-
certain. Pierre (1. c. sub t. 237) says it is a Doona near D. nervosa.

6. VATICA, Z. (sect. /sauxis, Arn.).

Trees; fl. in axillary panicles; sep. 5, slightly connected
below ; pet. 5; stam. 15, apiculate; fruit-sep. all equally and
considerably enlarged but not wing-like, spreading, not
imbricate or enclosing the fruit ; fruit with a thick pericarp
marked with 3 grooves, indehiscent (or tardily 3-valved ?) ;
cotyledons equal, thick, plano-convex, deeply divided into
2 equal lobes.—Sp. about 12; 6 in FZ. B. Ind.

Arnott’s name /sauxzs was given (Ann. Nat. Hist. ili. 155) to a section
of Vateria, and was never used by him as a generic name.

Stemonoporus might perhaps be combined with this, as is done by
A. DC.

128 Dipterocarpacee. [Vatica.

Fruit nearly spherical . : ; : : . I. V. ROXBURGHIANA.
Fruit ovoid.

Lateral leaf-veins 4-6 on each side. . 2. V. AFFINIS.

Lateral leaf-veins about 12 on each side . 3. V. OBSCURA.

1. V. Roxburghiana, £/. Mus. Bot. ii. 331 (1852). Mendora, S.
Tsauxis Roxburghiana, Thw. Enum. 37 and 404. C. P. 604.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 302. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 95 (from a Ceylon specimen).

A moderate-sized tree, young parts finely pubescent ;
l. large, 5-10 in., oblong-oval, rounded at base, tapering to
obtuse apex, coriaceous, glabrous, shining above, lat. veins
10-12, conspicuous beneath, petiole 141n., thickened above ;
fl. on very short, densely tomentose pedicels, arranged in
erect panicles much shorter than the l.; sep. ovate, acute,
densely and finely tomentose, combined below; pet. 4 times
as long as sep., erect, oblong, obtuse, finely tomentose ; anth.
with short apiculus; stigma obscurely 3-lobed; fr. nearly
spherical, }-14in., not apiculate, finely but densely pubescent,
indehiscent, but marked with 3 vertical grooves, surrounded
at base by enlarged sep., which are 4-2 in., ovate, acute,
5-nerved, glabrous, pericarp very thick, fibrous-woody with
radiate fibres ; seed filling the fruit, embryo #in. diam., coty-
ledons plane-convex, each almost completely divided into
2 equal halves.

Moist low country ; rather common, especially near streams. Colombo ;
Kalutara; Hanwella. FI. July.

Also in the west of India and Travancore.

V. chinensis, L. is a much older name, but the tree does not grow in
China (see Journ. Bot. 1885, 204). This is the type of Linnzeus’ genus
Vatica, and is well figured in J. E. Smith’s Ic. Ined. t. 36. It does not
appear whence Linnzus really obtained his specimens.

Wight, Ic. t. 26, probably represents this species, but is not cha-
racteristic.

The foresters call this the ‘Swamp Mendora.’ Wood hard, moderately
heavy, smooth, even-grained, brown ; very useful. A yellow transparent
resin exudes abundantly from the stem.

The fruit has the appearance of an Euphorbiaceous one, but it does
not appear to dehisce along the three grooves.

2. V. affinis, 7iw. Enum. 404 (1864). Hal-mendora, S.

C. P. 3416.
FI. B. Ind. i. 303.
A large tree, young parts glabrous; |. 4-6 in., ovate-

lanceolate, rounded at base, tapering to subacute apex,
glabrous, coriaceous, lat. veins 5-6, oblique, very prominent
beneath, as are also the small, reticulate, connecting veins,
petiole }-1 in., thickened above; fl. on short ped., in upright,
nearly glabrous, axillary and terminal panicles shorter than

Vatica.| Dipterocarpacee. 129

the |.; sep. lanceolate, very acute, finely tomentose ; pet.
thrice as long as sep., pubescent ; fruit (? ripe) less than }in.,
ovoid, blunt, densely pubescent, loosely surrounded at base
by the enlarged sep., which are nearly } in., broadly ovate,
acute, thick, concave, glabrous, spreading.

Moist low country; rare. Kalutara; Hewesse, and elsewhere in the
Pasdun Korale; Hiniduma Pattu. Fl. March.
_ Endemic.
Wood like V. Roxburghiana, but heavier and of darker colour.

3. V. obscura, 77m. Journ. Bot. xxiii. 203 (1885). ‘Tumpalai, 7.
{PLATE XIII.]
Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxvii. 161.

A large tree, with rather smooth brown bark, young parts
pubescent ; |. 4-6 in., narrowly lanceolate-oblong, acute or
obtuse at base, tapering to obtuse apex, glabrous, lat. veins
about 12, not very prominent beneath, paler beneath and
pellucid-punctate with transmitted light, petiole $in., slender;
fl. rather large, nearly ? in. diam., on articulated ped. about as
long as sep., arranged in many-fld., tomentose, erect, axillary
panicles much shorter than the |.; sep. very small, oval-
lanceolate, subacute, tomentose; pet. 5 or 6 times as long as
sep., oblong, the base concave and stiffened, tomentose in
bud ; stam. very small, fil. shortly apiculate ; fr. about I in,
broadly ovoid, bluntly pointed, puberulous, glabrescent, sur-
rounded at base by the enlarged sep., which are —}in., ovate,
acute, stiff and rigid, with the bases deflexed and the tops
erect with their points against the base of the fruit, obscurely
3-veined, pericarp rather thick, brittle, with 3 faintly marked
vertical furrows, cotyledons vertically divided almost to the
base into equal halves.

Dry country; rare. Gregarious, forming forests in the Eastern
Province inland from Batticaloa, at Polukanawa, Devilane, &c., and in
the Province of Uva at Bintenne; locally abundant. FI. June; pinkish-
white.

Endemic.

Though long known to the timber dealers, this tree was not botanically
determined till 1882, when Mr. Vincent, of the Indian Forest Service,
collected and sent me specimens of the leaves and fis.

Wood hard, heavy, brown. Affords an odorous sticky gum-resin.

Mr. Nevill tells me that the Tamil name is a corruption of the
Vedda ‘Dummala,’ resinous, and that the resin of the tree is used
by those people for light. The Sinhalese wood-cutters call the tree
‘Dun,’

In germination the pericarp splits down the 3 vertical furrows, and
allows the radicle to escape at the apex.

K

130 Dipterocarpacee. [Vateria.

7, BALANOCARPUS, Zedd. in For. Man., Add. 236 (1873 ?).

Trees ; fl. in axillary panicles; sep. 5; pet. 5; stam. 15,
anth. strongly apiculate; fruit with a thin pericarp, indehiscent,
surrounded at base by a shallow cup formed of the equally
enlarged very strongly imbricate sep.; cotyledons plane-
convex, thick, very unequal, each divided nearly to the
base into 2 equal lobes; radicle long, lying in a groove
between the lobes of the larger cotyledon.—Sp. 3; the other
2 S. Indian.

The two species from the Tinnevelly Hills of S. India upon which
Beddome founded this genus are figured in his Fl. Sylvat. tt. 329, 330.
One (BZ. utilis, Bedd.) is the Hopea longifolia of Fl. B. Ind.; our species is
nearer the other, 2. evosa, Bedd.

Beddome describes the sep. in the Indian species as forming ‘a hard

woody 5-lobed cup;’ this does not quite apply to our plant, which indeed
doubtfully belongs to the genus.

B. (?) zeylanicus, 77im. in Journ. Bot. xxvii. 161 (1889). [PLATE
XIV.

‘dort brevipetiolaris, Thw. in Trim. Journ. Bot. xxiii. 205 (1885).
C. P. 4008 (?).

A small tree, bark smooth, blackish, young shoots strongly
pubescent or glabrous; |. 4-5 in., ovate or lanceolate-ovate,
rounded or subcordate at base, tapering to acuminate obtuse
apex, somewhat undulated, glabrous, lat. veins about 6, curved,
prominent beneath, with small glandular pits in the axils,
petiole }—-4 in., thick, rugose, glabrous or densely pubescent;
fl. shortly pedicellate, secund on short spreading branches of
slender pubescent panicles, 2 or 3 of which come from a leaf-
axil and are shorter than the 1, buds nearly spherical ;
sep. ovate, obtuse, glabrous; fil. much dilated below,
apiculus as long as anth.; fr. 3-4 in., ovoid, acute, strongly
apiculate, enlarged sep. } in., broadly oval, very obtuse, hard,
glabrous, much imbricated, forming a shallow, somewhat
spreading cup, pericarp thin, brittle, glabrous, embryo green.

Intermediate region ; very rare. Only known from summit of Doluwa
Kanda (about toooft.?) a few miles N. of Kurunegala, but probably
occurs elsewhere. C. P. 4008 is without locality, and is probably different.

Fl. May, June. I have not seen fully developed fls., only buds.
Endemic.

8. VATERIA, /.
Trees ; fl. in panicles ; sep. 5, slightly connected at base ;
pet. 5, distinct ; stam. about 50, anth. linear, with each cell
produced into a filiform tail, connective not apiculate ; fruit

Vateria.] Dipterocarpacee. 131

large, indehiscent, supported on the slightly enlarged, some-
what reflexed sep.; cotyledons very unequal, the larger
deeply 2-fid.—Sp. 2, both in #7. B. Ind.

V. acuminata, Hayne Arznetk. xi. 5 (1830), won Thw. HMal., S.

Eleocarpus copalliferus, Retz. Obs. iv. 27. V. indica, Bl. Mus. Bot. ii.
29 (non L.); Moon Gat..22; Thw. Enum. 37. A. DC.Iic: 625. C. P.
1918.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 313. Gaertn. Fruct. iii. t. 189 (fruit). Bl. Mus. Bot. ii.
t.4. (V. indica.)

A large tree, with spreading branches and a round head,
young shoots covered with brown, stellate hairs; 1. large,
6-10 in., oblong or lanceolate-oblong, rounded or subcordate
at base, very shortly acuminate, entire, coriaceous, glabrous
and shining above, slightly hispid on veins beneath, midrib
very thick, lat. veins 18-20, all very prominent beneath,
petioles 14-1} in., very thick, swollen at top, cylindrical,
hairy ; fl. large, 1 in. diam., on stout ped. as long as sep., in
stout, ascending panicles from the ends of the branches below
the terminal bud, bracts large, ovate, acute, deciduous, whole
infl. shaggy with tufts of rufous hair; sep. oblong-oval, sub-
acute, shaggy outside; pet. rotundate, subacute ; anth. almost
sessile, the cells linear, auriculate at base, prolonged into
filiform hooked points; ov. densely silky; fr. large, 3-5 in.
long, oblong-ovoid, somewhat pointed, rounded-truncate at
base, where it is supported by the enlarged lanceolate sep.,
indehiscent, 3-grooved, rough, pale reddish-brown, pericarp
thick, spongy-woody ; embryo very large, cotyledons very
unequal, the smaller one undivided, the larger deeply split
into two nearly separate portions.

Moist low country, especially near streams, up to about 2000 ft.;
common. FI. April, May; cream-coloured, sweet-scented.

Endemic.

A very beautiful tree, often planted for ornament.

The stem exudes a clear yellowish (erroneously said to be ‘ green’ in
Fl. B. Ind.) resin abundantly, equal to the best dammar. The bark is
much used for checking the fermentation of toddy, and many trees are
killed by being stripped. Wood light, rather hard, yellowish-grey. The
seeds are ground into meal and eaten.

Gaertners figure of the fruit is very good, but represents a small
specimen. Though the pericarp is indehiscent, it partially splits down
the line of the grooves at the time of germination to allow the exit of the
radicle.

Hermann seems to have known this, as Blume says there are speci-
mens from him in the herbaria of J. Burman and Van Royen ; but he did
not clearly distinguish it from Canarium zeylanicum. There are speci-
mens from Koenig in the Brit. Museum.

132 Dipterocarpacee. [Stemonoporus.

[V. indica, L. (V. malabarica, 87.) does not occur in Ceylon. Yet
Linnzus (see Fl. Zeyl. No. 204) partially based the species on a specimen
in Hermann’s Herbarium. This, however, cannot now be discovered
there (see Journ. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 143). The species is figured, under the
name V7. malabarica, in Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 84; it affords the ‘Piney
varnish’ or ‘white Dammar’ of S. India.]

9. STEMONOPORWUS, 7iw.

Trees ; fl. in axillary panicles, racemes, or small clusters,
or solitary ; sep. 5; pet. 5; stam. 15, in 2 rows, IO external,
5 internal, anth. short, with the outer valves longer than the
inner, opening by a terminal, tubular orifice formed by the
involution of the large valve, connective, not prolonged or
apiculate; ov. 3-celled, style filiform, acute; fruit more or
less spherical, indehiscent, supported on the persistent,
reflexed, scarcely enlarged sep., pericarp coriaceous, rough ;
cotyledons very unequal, the larger much lobed and divided.
—Endemic.

This genus is reduced to Va¢erza in the FI. B. Ind. and to Vatica by
A De Candolle. It has, however, as good claims to independence as
many others in this family.

The following key is based mainly on the leaves, the fl. and fr. being
very uniform in all.

Stipules inconspicuous, caducous.
Fls. panicled or racemose.
Lat. veins 21 on each side . : : . &..S: WIGHTH.
Lat. veins 10-12 on each side.

L. ovate or oblong-ovate . ; . 2. S. GARDNERI.
L. narrowly lanceolate- oblong . : . 3. S. ACUMINATUS.
Fls. in clusters of 1-5.
Lat. veins conspicuous beneath.
Petiole under 13 in.
Midrib not channelled above.
L. over 5 in. : ; ; j . 4. S. LANCEOLATUS.
L. under 5 in.
L. ovate-oval . , 5. S. AFFINIS.
L. obovate-oblong . ; . 6. S. RIGIDUS.
Midrib channelled above. 2 . 7. 9. CANALICULATUS:
Petiole 2-3 in. 8. S. PETIOLARIS.
Lat. veins conspicuous above and beneath . g. S. OBLONGIFOLIUS.
Lat. veins inconspicuous, unequal.
Principal lat. veins 9 or more . : . Io. S. RETICULATUS.
Principal lat. veins 5-6. 5 ; . It. SND:
Principal lat. veins 3-5. : : . 12. S. NERVOSUS.
Stipules long, rigid, persistent . ; ; . 13. S. MOONII.

1.8. Wightii, 7iw. Enum. 37 (1858). Hal-mendora, 5S.
Vateria ceylanica, Wight, Ill. i. 88; Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl.9. C. P.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 314 (V. ceylanica).

Stemonoporus.] Dipterocarpacee. 133

A large tree, young parts glabrous; |. 5-10 in., oval or
oblong-oval, more or less rounded at base, suddenly and
shortly acuminate, glabrous above, very slightly scabrous
beneath, stiff, lat. veins about 21, very prominent beneath,
petioles 1-2 in., stout ; fl. nearly I in. diam., stalked, in small,
axillary, pubescent panicles much shorter than the 1.; sep.
oval-oblong, obtuse, pubescent ; pet. half as long again as
sep., ovate, acute ; fr. (? ripe) 3in., broad-ovoid, blunt, rough,
sep. 2in.

Moist low country; rather rare. Singhe Raja Forest ; Pelmadulla ;
Nambapana and Labugama (F. Lewis) ; Gilimale, Kuruwita Korale (?)

Fl. April; pale yellow.
Endemic.

The Gilimale specimens are in leaf only, and are probably a new
species allied to S. Wighizz.

2. S. Gardneri, 7hiw. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 58 (1854).
Vateria Gardneri, Thw. Enum. 403. C. P. 1920.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 314. Kew Journ. Bot. vi. t.2 A. Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 99.

A large tree, young parts glabrous; |. 3-44 in., ovate or
oblong-ovate, rounded at base, acuminate, obtuse, glabrous,
thick, lat. veins 10-12, prominent beneath, petioles } in,
slender ; fl. nearly #in. diam., on rather long, curved ped.
near the end of numerous, stout, erect, axillary racemes from
the end of the branches; sep. broadly ovate, acute, glabrous
fruit }-114in., nearly spherical, rough, sep. over } in.

Lower montane zone; rare. Ramboda (Gardner); Gangalla, near
Adam’s Peak at about 5000 ft.; Maskeliya. Fl. JanMarch; yellowish

white.
Endemic.

3. S. acuminatus, Bedd. F/. Sylv. ¢. 100 (1870 ?).

Vateria acuminata, Thw. Enum. 403(non Hayne). V. jucunda, Thw.,
Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 10. C. P. 3687, 3595, 3474.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 314 (V. jucunda). Bedd. F1. Sylv. t. 100.

A large tree, young parts glabrous, red; 1. 34-5 in,
narrowly lanceolate-oblong, acute or obtuse at base, gradually
caudate-attenuate, or ovate-oblong and shortly acuminate,
glabrous, lat. veins 10-12, usually much curved, petioles
1-14 in., slender; fl. 2 in. diam., in stiff, few-fld, axillary
racemes or panicles much shorter than the 1.; sep. linear-
lanceolate, acuminate; pet. scarcely longer than sep.; fr.
(? ripe) small, 4 in., depressed-globular, with 2 or 3 longi-
tudinal furrows, sep. } in. or a little longer.

Low country; rare. Ambagamuwa; by the Mahaweli between
Medamahanuwara and Alutnuwara (C. P. 3595); Badulla Dist. (J.

134 Dipterocarpacee. [ Stemonoporus.

Bailey. C.P. 3474). Apparently extends into the dry region. Fl. Novem-
ber ; dull yellow.
Endemic.

There seem to be two forms of this, distinguishable by their leaves;
a, as above described, and 4 with more numerous lat. veins, 14-16, which
are more horizontal and less strongly marked.

4. S. lanceolatus, 7iw. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 68 (1854).

Thw. Enum. 38. Vateria lanceolata, Thw. Enum. 403. C. P. 2658.

PLB, Ind. i; 31s.

A small tree, young parts puberulous ; |. 5—8 in., lanceolate,
acute at base, attenuate-caudate, obtuse, glabrous, stiff, lat.
veins 9-11, arched, very prominent beneath, petiole $—} in.,
thickened at top; fl. few, } in. diam., shortly stalked, solitary
or 2 together, axillary or supra-axillary ; sep. lanceolate-
linear; pet. half as long again as sep.; anth. pubescent; fr.
globose, I in., rough, sep. nearly $ in.

Moist low country ; very rare. Karawita ; near Ratnapura ; Deman-

handiya, Kuruwita Korale. Fl. March ; yellowish-white.
Endemic.

5. S. affinis, 7/w. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 68 (1854). [PLATE XV.]

Thw. Enum. 38. Vateria affinis, Thw. Enum. 403. Vatica Thwattesit,
AC DC, I'c. 621.5 ‘CoP. .2430:

Fl. B. Ind. 1. 314.

A small or moderate-sized tree, young parts glabrous,
glutinous; |. deflexed, 24-44 in., ovate-oval or ovate-lanceolate,
rounded at base, more or less acuminate, obtuse, glabrous
above, scabrous beneath, stiff, somewhat bullate, lat. veins Io,
curved, prominent beneath, petiole {-1} in., thickened at top ;
fl. }in., on short, thick ped., solitary or 2 together, axillary ;
sep. oblong-lanceolate, acute; pet. not fully expanding, twice
as long as sep., orbicular; tubular pore of anth. long; fr.
nearly globular, over I in., with 3 grooves, rough, sep. 3 in. ;
embryo bright pink.

Lower montane zone; rare. Only in the N.E. mountain-mass.
Hunasgiriya ; Knuckles; Rangala, at about 4ooo ft. abundant. Fl.
Aug.—Nov. ; yellowish-white.

Endemic.

The fruit dehisces along the grooves to allow of germination but not
before.

6. S. rigidus, 7/w. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 69 (1854).
Thw. Enum. 38. Vateria rigida, Thw. Enum. 403. C. P. 2645.
PL ings ia) 5

A large tree, young parts puberulous; 1. 3—5 in., oblong or
obovate-oblong, tapering below but rounded at the actual
base, very obtuse, often emarginate, glabrous above, minutely

Stemonoporus.] Dipterocarpacee. 135

scabrous beneath, very stiff and rigid, lat. veins 9-12, prominent
beneath, petioles short, }in.; fl. ?in., on very short ped.,
about 3 together in axillary clusters ; sep. oval-oblong, obtuse,
puberulous ; fr. not seen.

Moist region ; very rare. Ambagamuwa. FI. Dec.; yellow.
Endemic.

7. S. canaliculatus, 7hw. Enum. 38 (1858).
Vateria canaliculata, Thw. Enum. 403. C. P. 3413.
IME 15%, Whole ie, Siris

A moderate-sized tree, young shoots angular, pubescent ;
1. 4-6 in., oval or oblong-oval, rounded at base, shortly
acuminate, obtuse, glabrous above, slightly rough beneath,
stiff, often somewhat bullate, midrib depressed and channelled
on upper surface, lat. veins 11-12, prominent beneath, petiole
I-14 in., pubescent, thickened at end; fl. usually solitary,
supra-axillary, ped. very short; sep. ovate, acute, densely
pubescent ; fr. depressed - globular, 1} in. diam., rough,
sep. + in.

Moist low country; rather rare. Pasdun Korale; Reigam Korale ;

Nillowe Kande; Hiniduma Kande; Fl. April.
Endemic.

8. S. petiolaris, 7/w. Enum. 38 (1858).

Vateria petiolaris, Thw. Enum. 403. C. P. J151.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 315.

A moderate-sized tree, young parts roughly pubescent ;
l. large, 5-10 in., narrowly lanceolate-oblong, obtuse at base,
shortly acuminate, obtuse, glabrous or slightly rough on veins
beneath, lat. veins 13-15, petiole long, 2-3 in., slender,
thickened at end; fl. ?in., in clusters of 1-4, axillary or
extra-axillary, ped. very short; sep. ovate, acute, pubescent ;
fr. not seen.

Moist low country; very rare. Only collected at Kitulgala. FI.
Feb. ; yellow.

Endemic.
The stamens seem to be sometimes 10 only.

9. S. oblongifolius, 7/iw. ix Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 68 (1854).

Thw. Enum. 38. Vateria oblongifolia, Thw. Enum. 403. C. P. 2646.

A large tree, young parts densely puberulous ; |. 2}—-6in.,
oval or oblong-oval, obtuse or acute at base, usually very
obtuse or rounded at apex, glabrous, coriaceous, lat. veins
7-9, distant, prominent on both surfaces, petioles } in.,
channelled ; fl. over }in., on pubescent ped., 3-5 closely
placed in very short axillary racemes at end of branches ;

136 Dipterocarpacee. [Stemonoporus.

sep. ovate, acute; fr. over } in., nearly globular, with 3 grooves,
rough, sep. jin.
Lower montane zone; very rare. Ambagamuwa, at about 4ooo ft.

Fl. May.
Endemic.

10. S. reticulatus, 7iw. Enum. 38 (1858).

Vateria reticulata, Thw. Enum. 403. C. P. 3414.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 316.

A moderate-sized tree, young parts puberulous; |. 2}+44 in.,
ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded at base, more or less acuminate,
glabrous, thick, very rigid, lat. veins about 9, faintly prominent
on both surfaces, the finer reticulate venation prominent
beneath, petioles 1-2 in., thickened at end; fl. 1 in., on short
ped., 3-5 in short axillary racemes, buds sharply pointed ;
sep. lanceolate, acute, glabrous; fr. large, 14 in. globular-
ovoid, pointed, with 3 grooves, rough, sep. { in.

Moist low country ; very rare. Nillowe; Hiniduma Pattu, at about

tooo ft. Fl. Sept.; pale yellow.
Endemic.

11. S. nitidus, 7/w. Enum. 39 (1858).

Vateria nitida, Yaw. Enum. 403. C. P. 3483.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 316.

A moderate-sized tree, with whitish bark, young parts
glabrous ; |. 24-3 in., ovate-oval, oval or lanceolate, acute or
obtuse or rounded at base, caudate-acuminate, glabrous and
shining on both sides, not coriaceous, chief lat. veins about
5 or 6, much curved, inconspicuous, petioles 2 in., slender ;
fl. solitary, axillary, ped. very short, stout ; sep. lanceolate,
acute, puberulous ; fr. nearly globular, } in. diam., sep. oblong,
4 in.

Var. B. lancifolius, Dyer in Fl. B. Ind. i. 316. Monoporandra
lancifolia, Thw. Enum. 39. Vateria lancifolia, Thw. Enum. 404. C. P.
3412.

L. narrower, more gradually acuminate ; ped. about 2in.,
very slender, sometimes 2-flowered ; sep. linear, very acute.

Moist low country; rare. Gilimale, Kuruwita Korale; Pasdun

Korale ; var. 8. Hewesse. Fl]. April.
Endemic.

Var. B. certainly belongs to Stemonoporus, but should perhaps be
reckoned as distinct from .S. z¢édus.

12. S. nervosus, 7/iw. in Zrim. Journ. Bot. xxiii. 206 (1885) (sub
Vateria).

C. P. 3885.
L. 3-4} in., oblong-lanceolate, acute at base, gradually

Monoporandra.] Dipterocarpacee. 137

attenuate, obtuse, glabrous and shining, lat. veins 3-5, curved,
faintly marked, the basal very oblique so that the leaf is there
somewhat 3-nerved, petioles 3-4 in.; fl. and fr. not seen.

Moist low country. Only known from the C. P. specimens (which

consist of leaves only) labelled Hewesse, Sept. 1865.
A very doubtful species, and probably only a variety of S. xz¢tidus.

13. S.(?) Moonii, 7iw. Enum. 39 (1858).

Vateria Mooniz, Thw. Enum. 403. C. P. 1792.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 316.

L. crowded, soon deciduous, leaving very distinct scars
with which the branches are closely covered, 6-9 in., erect,
lanceolate-linear, tapering at both ends, acuminate, subacute,
glabrous, shining above, hairy on the veins beneath, rather
thin, lat. veins about 16, oblique, much curved, prominent
beneath, petioles 1 in., cylindrical, erect, fulvous-hairy when
young, stip. 4-2 in., linear, rigid, persistent, becoming black
when old; fl. solitary in the axils of the fallen leaves among
the persistent stip.; ped. and sep. stellate-hairy ; fr. not seen.

Very rare, the only specimens were collected in ‘ Maturata(?)’ by
Moon, and now consist of leaves only. Thwaites, however, examined an
unopened bud, and determined the genus to be Stesmonoporus.

Very unlike the rest of the genus, the rigid, persistent, crowded

stipules giving it a very singular aspect. It is greatly to be hoped that
this curious plant may be rediscovered.

10. MONOPORANDRA, 7/1.

@rees, untlor.. axillary ; sep. 5.5. pet.5 5 stam, 5, fil. very
short, connate at base, anth. pubescent, opening as in
Stemonoporus by a very large terminal pore; ov. 2-celled;
fruit as in Stemonoporus.—Endemic.

Reduced to Vateria (Stemonoporus) by Bentham and Hooker, followed
by Thwaites, but maintained in Fl. B. Ind.

Fl. in stalked panicles, numerous. : 2 . I. M. CORDIFOLIA.
Fl. 1-4, in small racemes . ; ; ? ; . 2. M. ELEGANS.

1. M. cordifolia, 7iw. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 70 (1854).
Thw. Enum. 39. Vateria cordifolia, Thw. Enum. 404. C. P. 2647.
Fl. B. Ind. 1. 317. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. ror.

A moderate-sized tree, much branched, with smooth bark,
young parts puberulous; |. 23-4 in., ovate or oval-ovate,
rounded at base, rather suddenly caudate-acuminate, obtuse,
glabrous, shining, !at. veins 6-7, conspicuous and prominent
beneath, petioles {—-1 in., slender ; fl. small, on nodding pubes-
cent ped., in small, stalked, axillary panicles much shorter

138 Anctstrocladee. (Ancistrocladus.

than the |.; sep. linear-lanceolate, acute, glabrous ; pet. rather
longer, acute; anth.-valves very unequal, pubescent; ov.
pyramidal ; fr. } in. diam., globular, apiculate, rough, sep. } in.

Moist country; rare. Not uncommon in Ambagamuwa and Sabara-
gamuwa districts at about 3oooft. Fl. Dec.-April; yellow.

Endemic.
Beddome shows the ovary as 3-celled.

2. M. elegans, 7hw. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 69 (1854).
Thw. Enum. 39. Vateria elegans, Thw. Enum. 404. C. P. 371.
Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 317. Kew Journ. Bot. 1. c. t. 2, f. B.

A moderate-sized, much-branched tree, young parts gla-
brous ; 1. 24-3 in., lanceolate, obtuse at base, narrowly acu-
minate-caudate, obtuse, glabrous and shining, margin at base
somewhat revolute, lat. veins numerous, indistinct on both
surfaces, petiole }—2 in.; fl. on glabrous, filiform ped., 1-4, in
small axillary racemes ; sep. narrowly linear, very acute ; pet.
obtuse ; ov. globular; fr. small, }in., globose, apiculate, rough,
Sep. qu in.

Moist low country; very rare. Sabaragamuwa, at the foot of Adam’s

Peak, at about 200oft. Fl. April.
Endemic.

XXI dzs—_ANCISTROCLADE.

SHRUBS, climbing by woody hooks ; |. alternate, entire, with-
out stip.; fl. regular, bisexual; sep. combined into a 5-fid
cal., the tube adherent to ov., the segments unequal, persistent
and much enlarged in fruit; pet. 5, slightly connate at base;
stam. 5, distinct, adnate at base to pet. ; ov. zzferzor, 1-celled,
with 1 erect ovule; seed with a small embryo in copious
ruminate endosperm.

I have followed A. De Candolle, Planchon, Burck, and others in
regarding this anomalous genus as forming a separate Natural Order. Its
affinities are very doubtful, but it cannot be placed in Dipterocarpacee,
as is done in Gen. Plant. and FI. B. Ind.

ANCISTROCLADUS, Wail. (Bigamea,* Koen. in Endl.).
For characters, see Order.—Sp. 10; 7 in Fd. B. [nd.

* From ‘Bigam,’ the name of the place in Ceylon where Koenig
collected it in Feb. 1781. It is difficult to say what locality can have

Ancistrocladus.| Anetstrocladec. 139

A. Vahlii, 47x. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xviii. 325 (1836). Gona-
wel, S. (PLATE XVI.)

Wormia hamata, Vahl in Skrift. Nat. Selsk. Kjob. vi. 105. Planch.
in Ann. Sc. Nat. 3, xiii. 317. Thw. Enum. 188. C. P. 1600.

Fl GB: Ind: x. 299:

A scrambling, shrubby, sarmentose climber, with smooth,
shining, pale brown bark, branches short, divaricate, provided
with 1-4 distant, reflexed, rigid hooks (leafless petioles ?),
curved nearly into a ring and ultimately woody, young parts
glabrous ; 1. crowded at ends of branches, sessile, disarticulating
by a large scar, 4-7 in. or more, narrowly oblong-lanceolate,
much attenuate at base, obtuse or acute, entire, glabrous and
shining, pinkish-orange when young, without stip.; fl. few,
small, + in., nearly sessile, distant on the slender, glabrous
branches of a lax, slightly branched, terminal (but apparently
axillary) panicle much shorter than the |.; cal.-tube 5-angled,
segm. obtuse, unequal, the 2 outer shorter; pet. oval, im-
bricate, twice the length of sep.; base of fil. combined into a
fleshy ring adnate to base of pet.; ov. completely inferior,
style articulated on a persistent, conical base, deeply 3-fid,
lobes spreading, toothed ; fr. indehiscent, about 4} in., obconic,
flat-topped with a central mamilla, 5-ribbed, glabrous, shining,
brown, crowned by the horizontally spreading, enlarged cal.-
segm., which are oblong, obtuse, at first fleshy, afterwards
chartaceous, 3—-5-veined, the 2 shorter }—?in., the 3 longer
I-14} in.; seed solitary, at first enveloped in white, spongy
tissue, afterwards filling whole cell, globular, testa very thin,
endosperm copious, fleshy, much convolute-ruminated, coty-
ledons short, blunt, linear.

Forests and bushy places in moist region, up to about 2o000ft.;
common. FI]. March-June; pale yellow.

Endemic.

The leaves on the main branches often attain 20 in. in length.

There are specimens in Hermann’s collection, but they were not dis-
tinguished by Linnzus from AHwgonza Mystax. Thwaites has fully
described and figured the structure of the fruit and seed in Trans. Linn.
SOG: sexi: 225) ty 24;

been meant by this name. Azgamea perhaps has generic priority, as
Wallich’s Ancistrocladus was not defined. Arnott (I. c.) simply quotes
Vahl’s description of Wormia hamata.

140 Malvacee.

XXIL—MALVACE.

HERBS, shrubs or trees, often with stellate hairs ; 1. alternate,
simple (very rarely compound), with stip. (absent in Cu/lenza);
fl. regular, bisexual, usually with a whorl of (often connate)
bracteoles outside cal.; sep. 5, more or less combined into a
cal., valvate; pet. 5, usually connate at base (very rarely 0),
twisted ; stam. indef. (rarely def.), fil. usually monadelphous,
forming a tube adnate to base of pet., rarely in 5 bundles (in
Dicellostyles nearly distinct), anth. 1-celled; ov. 2-many-celled,
with I or more axile (rarely erect) ovules in each cell; styles
distinct or more or less connate ; fruit either apocarpous with
distinct dehiscent or indehiscent 1—5-seeded carp., or a loculi-
cidal capsule (in /z/ostylis 1-seeded and indehiscent) ; seeds
with a curved embryo and leafy often crumpled cotyledons
(fleshy in Czdlenza); endosperm scanty or o.
Stam. monadelphous.
Ripe carp. separating from axis.
Styles as many as carp.
Carp. I-seeded_ : 5 : : « Is SEDA,
Carp. 3-5-seeded.
Fl. solitary axillary
Fl. in panicles ‘
Styles twice as many as carp.

2. ABUTILON.
3

Carp. set with spines. : , : - 4. URENA.
. 5

6

. WISSADULA.

Carp. smooth . PAVONIA.
Fruit capsular.
Stam. Io

. JULOSTYLIS.
Stam. numerous.

Styles spreading, 2 7. DICELLOSTYLES.
Styles spreading, 5 8. HIBISCUS.
Styles connate g. THESPESIA.
Stam. 5-adelphous (Bombacee).
Bracteoles 0. Pet. conspicuous.
Stam. numerous ; style 5-fid . ; . Io. BOMBAX.
Stam. apparently 53; style undivided . . I1. ERIODENDRON.
Bracteoles 3-5. Pet.o . : : 3 . 12. CULLENIA.

The large majority of our 36 species are coarse weedy plants of waste
ground and roadsides, some of doubtful nativity in Ceylon, but now
found throughout the tropical belt of the world. The curious tree,
Cullenia, extends into the montane zone, and another montane species
is the beautiful //zd¢scus angulosus, var. purpureus; nearly all the rest
are confined to the low country, and are especially common in the dry
region, to which the genus Pavonza is confined.

Malvastrum tricuspidatum, A. Gray, is recorded, as M. carpinifolium,

Sida. Malvacee. I4I

from Colombo by W. Ferguson in Thw. Enum. 441. The specimens
(C. P. 3614) were collected in 1858, and were doubtless mere casuals.
The species is a frequent tropical weed in both hemispheres, probably of
American origin. It is figured in Fl. Brasil, fasc. 109, t. 53 under the name
of 17. coromandelianum, Garcke, but it is not, as there supposed, M/alva
coromandeliana, L. That is Szda acuta, as I have determined by ex-
amining Plukenet’s original specimens in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Anoda hastata, Cav. At Badulla in 1888 as a weed. A native of
Central America and the W. Indies, frequently found also in India. A
mere casual here. The name of the genus is taken from the Sinhalese
word for Aduzz/on.

1. SIDA, L.

Perennial herbs or under-shrubs; fl. axillary, solitary,
without bracteoles ; sep. 5, connate into a cup-shaped, 5-lobed
calyx ; pet. 5, connate at base and adnate to the tube of the
stam.; stam. indef., tube of filaments long; ripe carp. 5-10,
separating from axis, usually with a beak or awn, irregularly
dehiscent, 1-seeded.—Sp. about 80; 9 in FZ. B. Lnd.

Prostrate, trailing herbs . : : : ; i i./ Ss UMILITS:
Erect, herbaceous or shrubby.
Viscous-hairy : ‘ ‘ : : ‘ . 2. S. MYSORENSIS.
Stellate-hairy.
With recurved spines below petioles . . 3. S. SPINOSA.

Without spines.
L. lanceolate-oblong
L. rhomboid- lanceolate, or cuneate-obovate
Velvety or silky : ‘

- RHOMBIFOLIA.

S$
S
S. ACUTA.
S
S. CORDIFOLIA.

Oe

1. S. humilis, Cav. Diss. v. 277 (1788). Bévila, S. Palam-
padu, 7

Phw-Enum,. 28. C.. Prr124,

Fl. B. Ind. i. 322 (not given for Ceylon). Cav. Diss. v. t. 134, f. 2.

A perennial herb, branches long, prostrate, trailing, rooting
at the nodes, with scattered stellate hairs; 1. variable in size,
4-2 in., broadly ovate, cordate at base, acute, coarsely crenate-
serrate, sparsely covered with long hairs, petiole 1—? in., hairy ;
fl. rather small, numerous, less than } in. diam., ped. I in. or
more, stiff, slender, slightly hairy; cal. 5-angled, segm. tri-
angular, very acute, with stellate hairs on margin; pet. broader
than long, truncate; ripe carp. 5, pointed, very slightly bi-
cuspidate, smooth.

Grassy ground and waste places ; very common in the low country.
Fl. Jan.—_March ; pale yellow.

Distributed generally through the Tropics.

S. veronicifolia, Lam. Encycl. i. 24 is, according to Schumann, the
oldest name for this.

142 Malvacee. [ Sida.

A specimen from Trincomalie (Glenie) has very much larger and
more hairy cal. and larger coarsely crenate leaves.

The roots and leaves of this and all the other common species of
Sida are much used in Sinhalese medicine.

2. S. mysorensis, lV. and A. Prod. 59 (1834). Giriwadi-
bévila, 5S.

Noh, Wahihan eke (Cy lee iirey

His Bee lndit.322.

An erect, perennial herb, 2—3 ft., stem more or less viscous-
hairy ; |. I-2 in., ovate, cordate at base, acute or attenuate,
coarsely serrate-dentate, with a tendency to be 3-lobed, softly
hairy on both sides, petioles }-1} in., hairy; fl. small, under
4 in., ped. short, }-4 in., hairy ; cal. hairy, segm. narrowly
triangular, acuminate; ripe carp. 5, shortly bi-cuspidate,
smooth. —

Low country ; rather common. Peradeniya; Haragama. FI. all the
year ; yellow.

Also in Peninsular India and Burma.

3. S. spinosa, L. Sp. P/. 683 (1753).

Herm, Miis..2. Fl. Zeyl. ni 254. 3S: a/é¢, 1., Thw. Enum
CP Sh54: J

Bl. B. Ind: 1.323: Dill. Hort. Elth: 11: t. 171, f 210:

An erect, much-branched under-shrub, stems slender,
rough, with minute stellate hairs, often with small, recurved
prickles at the nodes below the petioles ; 1. 1-14 in., oval or
oblong, obtuse, coarsely crenate-serrate, glabrous above, finely
stellate-pubescent beneath, petioles }—2 in., stellate-pubescent ;
fl. }in., ped. 4—-$in, slender, jointed near top; cal. hairy,
segm. short, triangular, acute ; ripe carp. 5, with 2 long, erect,
rough beaks, equalling the cal.

Dry country; rather rare. Near Batticaloa. Probably overlooked

elsewhere. Fl. March; white.
Distributed throughout the Tropics.

S. alnifolia, L. is referred to this species by Masters in FI. B. Ind.
This, however (=FI. Zeyl. n. 253), is represented in Herb. Hermann by
specimens of S. cordifolia and of a var. of S. rhombifolia (q. V.).

4. S. acuta, Lurm. Fil. Ind. 147 (1768). Gas-bévila, S.
Moon Cat. 50. Thw. Enum. 27. C. P. 2760.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 323 (S. carpinifolia). Wight, Ic. t. 95.

A much-branched, semi-shrubby perennial, branches erect,
smooth or slightly rough, with minute stellate hairs ; 1. }-24in.,
lanceolate-oblong, rounded at base, acute or obtuse, sharply
serrate or crenate-serrate, glabrous, pale beneath, petioles } in.,
thickened at top, slightly stellate-hairy, stip. linear-subulate,
exceeding petioles, veined, ciliate; fl. 2 in., ped. }—4 in., stellate-

Sida.] Malvacee. 143

pubescent ; cal. nearly glabrous, segm. very broadly triangular,
acute or acuminate ; pet. twice as long as cal.; ripe carp. 5-11,
rugose on the back, black, with two sharp, erect beaks.
Low country ; common in waste ground. FI. all the year; yellow.
Throughout the Tropics.

S. carpinifolia, the name adopted for this in Fl. B. Ind., is later in
date than S. acuta, having been given by the younger Linnzeus in 1781.

5. S. rhombifolia, Z. S/. P/. 684 (1753). Motikan-bévila, S.
Chittamaddi, 7.

Herm. Mus. 17. Burm. Thes. 15. Fl. Zeyl. n. 252 and n. 253 (part).
Moon Cat. 50. Thw. Enum, 28. C. P. 1131, 3615.

Bl By Ind:.1923-) Dill HortsEithei.t. 172 £202:

An erect, much-branched under-shrub, branches rough
with stellate hairs; 1. 1-2 in., rhomboid-lanceolate, obtuse at
base, acute, entire below, dentate-serrate above, glabrous
above, more or less densely stellate-hairy beneath, petioles
j in., stellate-hairy, stip. setaceous, longer than petioles; fl.
$in. ped. 4-14 in., stellate-hairy ; cal.-segm. broadly tri-
angular, very acute or apiculate; ripe carp. 9-10, with or
without beaks.

Var. 8. retusa, Z. (sp.) S. vetusa, L., Thw. Enum. 28. C. P. 3117.

Stems prostrate, thick and woody, much branched ; 1. very
small, cuneate-obovate, retuse, apiculate; ripe carp. usually
with beaks as long as themselves.

Roadsides and waste places ; a very common weed, especially var. B.
in the dry country ; extends into montane zone. FI. all the year; yellow,
becoming white when fading.

Throughout the Tropics.

The stems afford a good fibre.

6. S. cordifolia, Z. Sf. P/. 684 (1753). Wal-bévila, Hin-
anoda, S. Chevakanpudu, 7.

Fl. Zeyl. n. 253 (part) and 255 (?). JZalva tomentosa, L. Sp. Pl. 687.
ThwsEnum.'28. C€.P.2

Bis Be Ind: i374. Dill “Hort. Elth.n, t. 171,/f. 209:

Erect, semi-shrubby, branches numerous, soft with silky,
spreading hair; |. #-2 in. ovate, cordate at base, obtuse,
strongly dentate-serrate, densely velvety on both surfaces,
petioles 4-1 in., with spreading hairs, stip. linear, caducous ;
fl. rather small, ped. 2 in., woolly; cal. very woolly ; segm.
triangular, acute; ripe carp. 10, much wrinkled on sides,
white, with 2 long, straight beaks set with reflexed hairs and
a little exceeding cal.

Waste ground in the low country, especially in the dry districts

common. FI. all the year; yellow.
Found throughout the Tropics.

144 Malvacee. [Abutilon.

Fl. Zeyl. n. 255, quoted above with doubt, is the M/a/va tomentosa, L.
This is represented in Hermann’s Herb. by an indeterminable scrap,
but his drawing seems to represent S. cordzfolia, to which also most of
Linnzeus’ synonyms are referable.

2. ABUTILON, CGzerin.

Herbs or shrubs, with ovate, cordate |. and axillary, solitary
fl, without bracteoles ; sep. pet. and stam. as in Szda, ripe
carp. 10-20, separating from axis, with or without a beak,
dehiscent along the back and top, 3-5-seeded.—Sp. 70; II in
Fl. B. Ind.

Carp. more than Is.
Fl. 2 in. diam.

L. hairy above . : : 1. A. ASIATICUM.
L. densely velvety above . 2. A. MUTICUM.
Fl. 1 in. diam. : 3. A. INDICUM.

Carp. 15 or less.
Fl. over 1 in. diam.
Fl. about 4 in. diam.

. A. GRAVEOLENS.
. A. CRISPUM.

wnt

1. A. asiaticum, GC. Don. Gen. Hist. i. 503 (1831). Anoda, S.

Herm. Mus. 52. Fl. Zeyl. n. 520. Szda asiatica, L., Moon Cat. 50.
Thw. Enum. 27. C. P. 1135.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 326.

Stem erect, I-2 ft, somewhat woody below, slightly
branched, densely pubescent ; 1. 14-2 in., ovate, deeply cordate
at base, acute, dentate-serrate, slightly hairy and rugose above,
velvety and with prominent veins beneath, petioles 14-1} in.,
tomentose; fl. large, 2 in., ped. 14—2-in., stout, jointed near
top, tomentose ; cal. densely tomentose outside, very hairy
within, cut about $ way dewn, lobes oval, acuminate, 3-veined,
ultimately deflexed ; ripe carp. about 20, very densely covered
on the back with long white hair, pointed but not beaked ;
seeds about 3, kidney-shaped, smooth.

Waste ground, chiefly in the dry country ; rather rare. Anuradha-
pura; Kottiyar (Nevill). Fl. July-Sept.; yellow.

Found in the Tropics of both hemispheres.

I have very few notices of this, but it has probably been overlooked.
In our few specimens the valves of the ripe carp. are never awned, but
end in an acute angle.

A. polyandrum, W.and A. Thisis C.P. 1186, and the specimens were
from the Botanic Garden. It has not been found wild in Ceylon (see
Thw. Enum. 27), but there is a drawing and description by Moon in Mus.
Brit. made in 1823, wherein it is said to be ‘a native of the vicinity of
Kandy,’ with the native name ‘Boo Anoda.’ In Moon Cat. 50 it is
entered as Szda persica, which is Burman’s name for it.

Abutilon.| Malvacee. 145

2, A. muticum, G. Don, Gen. Hist. i. 502 (1831).
Thw. Enum. 27. C. P. 3259.
Hie Be ind.12327.

Shrubby, branches with fine dense pubescence mixed with
long spreading hairs; 1. 13-3 in., broadly ovate, cordate at
base, acute, irregularly dentate, velvety on both sides, petioles
4-1 in., densely hairy, stip. linear-falcate, deflexed; fl. very
large, 2 in., ped. {-I in., stout, very hairy ; cal. densely felted,
segm. shallow, triangular, very acute; ripe carp. 20 or more,
obscured by dense tomentum and forming a _ depressed-
globular fruit, quite without beaks ; seeds 3, finely muriculate,
hairy.

Low country ; very rare. Only found about Tangalla, S. Prov. FI.
Sept._Jan.; orange-yellow.

Found in N.W. India, and extends to Affghanistan, Trop. Africa, and
Egypt.

3. A. indicum, G. Don, Gen. Hist. i. 504 (1831). Anoda, S.
‘Peruntutti, Vaddattutti, 7.

Bl Zeyl. n.:510(t)-. ol aw. Enum:-27,. ‘G2 P 1133.
Pi B. Inds ir 326.. Wight, Tet. 12!

A semi-shrubby perennial, branches very finely downy;
1, }+2 in., broadly ovate, very cordate at base, acute, irregu-
larly and coarsely dentate or erose, white, with very fine dense
pubescence on both sides, especially beneath, petioles very
long, 1-3 in.; fl. about 1 in., nodding; ped. slender, jointed
near top; cal.-lobes shallow, apiculate; ripe carp. 15-20,
readily separating when ripe, sparsely and roughly hairy on
back, beak short, sharp, spreading horizontally; seeds mi-
nutely dotted.

Dry country; common. Fl. most of the year; orange-yellow.

Found throughout the Tropics.

I suspect Fl. Zeyl. n. 519 to be this, but there are no specimens in
Hermann’s Herb., only a drawing. Linnzeus refers it to his Szda Abutilon
(Abutilon Avicenna, Gaertn.).

4. A. graveolens, VW. and A. Prod. 56 (1834). Vaddattutti, 7.

thw Hnum..27. (Cy Py rr.

EE. Indi 327.

A much-branched shrub, 4-6 ft., branches covered with
minute glandular pubescence mixed with long white spread-
ing hairs ; 1. 2-34 in., ovate, very deeply cordate, acute, more
or less dentate, softly pubescent on both sides, whitish be-
neath, petiole 1-2 in., with spreading hair, stip. setaceous,
usually soon falling; fl. 14 in. (often apparently terminal),
ped. 13-24 in., erect, stout, thickened at top, jointed below
upper third; cal. very large, densely pubescent, becoming

L

146 Malvacee. [Wissadula.

considerably larger in fruit, deeply divided into ovate-triangu-
lar, long, acuminate segm.; ripe carp. 10-15, scarcely exceed-
ing enlarged cal., coherent, hairy on the back, splitting down
whole length, beak short, triangular, acute, horizontal ; seeds
4-5, slightly hairy.

Waste ground in the low country; common, especially in the dry

districts. Fl. March-July ; yellow becoming pink when withering.
All the Tropics.

I do not notice any scent in the Ceylon plant.

5. A. crispum, G. Don, Gen. Hist. i. 502 (1831).
Thw. Enum. gor. C. P. 3646.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 328 (not given for Ceylon). Wight, Ic. t. 68.

A large annual herb, branches with spreading hair; 1.
21-31 in, ovate, cordate, acute, crenate-serrate, pubescent
above, softly hairy beneath, petioles 14~2 in., hairy, stip.
setaceous, hairy; fl. small, about } in., ped. #in., very slender,
jointed about the middle; cal. segm. lanceolate, acute; ripe
carp. about 12, forming a globose fruit, papery, with a few
long hairs on back, without beaks.

Moist low country; very rare. Only collected near Colombo in Aug.,.

1859, by W. Ferguson, and possibly an introduced casual.
Occurs in S. India, and commonly in Trop. and Sub-trop. America.

3. WISSADULA,* Mek.

Fl. in large panicles, otherwise as in Adztzlon. — Sp.
about 6.

Based on habit merely, this genus can scarcely be considered distinct
from A dbutzlon.

3. W. zeylanica, MWedik. Malv. 25 (1787). Wiri-kaju, S.
Herm. Mus. 31. Burm. Thes. 2. Fl. Zeyl. n. 251. Szda periploci-

folia, L. Sp. Pl. 684; Moon Cat. 50. W. periplocifolia, Thw. Enum. 27.
CoP 132

Fl. B. Ind. i. 325 (W. rostrata). Dill. Hort. Elth. i. t. 3 (cult. from.
Ceylon seed).

Semi-shrubby, 3-4 ft., erect, much-branched above, more
or less covered with stellate tomentum ; |. 24-34 in., deltoid-

* From the Sinhalese name ‘ Wisaduli,’ which has been very variously
applied. Hermann (in Par. Bat. Prod. 309) gives it for this; but in Mus.
Zeyl. 11 refers it to Kwnoxia zeylanica, which also represents it in his
Herbarium. But at p. 42 of Mus. he applies the name to some parasitic or
epiphytic plant, and Moon (Cat. 60) gives it to Cymbidium bicolor. 1 find
the name in use still, but for the little prostrate weed, Centipeda orbicularis
(q. v.). ‘Wisa’=poison, and Hermann explains it as meaning the pain
and inflammation caused by the bite of the cobra; ‘duli’ is a very fine
powder.

Urena. | Malvacee. 147

ovate, cordate at base, much attenuated to acute apex, entire,
glabrous above, more or less densely clothed with white or
brown stellate wool beneath, petioles 4-1 in., woolly; fl. small,
2 in. on long, slender pubescent ped. jointed near top, at
first nodding, arranged in large, lax, erect, terminal panicles ;
cal. puberulous, lobes ovoid, acute; ripe carp. much exceed-
ing cal., smooth, truncate at top, spreading, acutely pointed
but not beaked, dehiscent along top and outer side; seeds
2-3, pubescent.

Moist low country ; common, extending rarely into the drier country
and lower hills. Fl. Nov.—Feb.; pale yellow.

Throughout the Tropics.

First known from Ceylon specimens, and I see no good reason for
considering this any more than our other Malvaceous weeds as an intro-

duced plant here.
Affords an excellent fibre.

W. Leschenaultiana, Mast. (Adutélon, Don) is C. P. 3521. It is a
common weed (as recorded in Thw. Enum. 401) in Peradeniya Gardens,
but has not spread beyond them. Fl. white, appearing from Dec. and
Feb. in spicate panicles.

4. URENA, Z.

Herbaceous perennials, fl. axillary, solitary; bracteoles 5,
adnate to cal.; sep. 5, connate below into cup-shaped cal.;
pet. 5, connate below and united to tube of stam.; stam.
monadelphous; anth. nearly sessile; ov. 5-celled, with 1
ovule in each cell; styles 10; ripe carp. 5, indehiscent, sepa-
rating from axis, covered with glochidiate spines.—Sp. 5; 4 in
Fl. B, Ind.

Leaves shallowly cut ; P ‘ : ‘ : 221M e ORAL A
L. cut to below the middle . f ‘ : : Zan SINMATAT

1. U. lobata, Z. Sp. P/. 692 (1753). Patta-épala, S.

Fl. Zeyl. n. 256. Moon Cat. 50. Thw. Enum. 25. C. P. 3328.

Pi, Bind? 1;429/) Dilly Hort. Eltho i... 310-

A large, erect, branched herb, 2-4 ft. stem and branches
densely covered with spreading stellate hairs; 1. 2-3 in.,
rounded, shallowly cut into about 5 acute lobes, serrate, stel-
late-hairy on both sides, paler beneath, with sub-palmate
veins, the upper ones ovate, petioles $—2 in., very hairy, stip.
linear ; fl. on short, stout, hairy ped., bracts oblong, obtuse, a
little exceeding sep., hairy; ripe carp. rounded on back,
densely stellate-hairy, set with stiff spines with sharp deflexed
prongs at the extremities.

Waste open ground; very common. FI. Dec.-Feb.; bright pink,
darker in centre.

14 8 Malvacee. [Pavonia.

A weed throughout the Tropics.

An oval glandular pore is situated at the base of the midrib beneath
in both species.

Affords a good fibre.

2. U. sinuata, Z. SA. P/. 692 (1753). Hin-épala, 5S.

Herm. Mus. 63. Burm. Thes. 150. FI. Zeyl. n. 257. Moon Cat. 50.
Anahi, Brith, Ay (Cp le reetey

PLB: Inds1.-331. “Burm, Thes,.t. 169, f. 2.

A perennial herb, stem 2-4 ft., much branched, finely
stellate-hairy; 1. very variable, 14-3 in., rotundate, usually
deeply palmately cut into 5 lobes, which are again lobed or
pinnatifid, serrate, stellate-hairy on both sides; fl. as in U.
lobata, bracts a little shorter than cal.; ripe carp. as in the
last, but with the spines rather longer.

; ee places as the last, and equally common. FI. Nov.—Feb.; bright
pink.

Generally distributed throughout the Tropics.
Scarcely a separate species from U. /odata.

5. PAVONTA, Cav.

Herbs; fl. axillary, solitary, bracteoles 5-14, nearly free ;
sep. 5, connate at base; pet. 5, connate at base and adnate
to stam.; stam. monadelphous ; ov. 5-celled, with 1 ovule in
each cell, styles 10; ripe carp. 5, indehiscent, separating from
axis, without a beak, smooth.—Sp. 60; 6 in FZ. B. Lnd.

Bracteoles 5, broad . : : : : . I. P. GLECHOMIFOLIA.
Bracteoles 8-14, setaceous.
Ripe carp. narrowly winged on the edges . 2. P. ZEYLANICA:
Ripe carp. not winged. : 2 : . 9 P. ODORATAS

1. P. glechomifolia, 4. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. i. 54 (1847).
Trim. in Journ. Bot. 1885, 142.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 330. Wight, Ic. t. 4 (Lebretonia procumbens).

Herbaceous, stems procumbent, with a few scattered hairs ;
1. 14-2 in., roundish-ovate, cordate at base, slightly 3-lobed,
acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, sparingly stellate-hairy, pe-
tioles I in., hairy, stip. filiform ; fl. about 1 in., ped. equalling
or exceeding |, slender, stellate-hairy, jointed near top,
bracteoles 5, free, broadly oval, acute, longer than sep.; sep.
ovate, acute; pet. twice as long as sep.; ripe carp. keeled,
strongly muriculate on back and sides.

Dry or desert regions ; very rare. Tissamaharama, S. Prov. 1882.
Fl. December ; yellow (?).

Also in Peninsular India and Burma, and extends to Arabia and
Trop. Africa.

Julostylis.] Malvacee. 149

2. PB. zeylanica, Cav. Déss. iii. 134 (1787).

FHitbiscus zeylanicus, Moon Cat. 50 (non L.). Thw. Enum. gor.
Cc, P. 3641.

Fle Be Ind: i: 33%. Burm.-Ul, Ind. t..48, f. 3 (poor):

A much-branched perennial herb, 2-4 ft., often slightly
woody below, branches covered with short viscous pubescence
mixed with longer spreading hairs; |. small, under 1 in,
roundish, more or less deeply cut into 3 lobes, segm. often
wedge-shaped, coarsely serrate, petioles longer than l., viscous-
pubescent ; fl. over 4 in., numerous, crowded at the ends of
branches, ped. #-I in., viscous and hispid, jointed near the
top, bracteoles 8-10, slightly connate at very base, setaceous,
erect, with long, rigid, spreading hairs ; ripe carp. enclosed in
persistent bracteoles, rounded on back, smooth, with a narrow
prominent wing along each angle.

Dry country in rocky ground; rather rare. Trincomalie; Mineri;
Kattragam (Moon). Also near Colombo (Ferguson). Fl. Sept.; pink.

Peninsular India, Tropical Africa, and Mauritius.
In hot sunny places this is often extremely viscid.

3. P. odorata, Willd. Sp. P/. iii. 837 (1800).

Fl. Zeyl. n. 266. Azbtscus zeylanicus, L. Sp. Pl. 697. Thw. Enum. 26.
Cr Ps1is.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 331

An erect, branched, annual herb, 14~3 ft., stems cers
with soft, viscous pubescence and a few longer hairs ; 1. 1-
ins roundish- ovate, cordate at base, shallowly 3-5 lobed, fe
lobes acute, dentate, stellate-hairy on both sides, often felted
and whitish beneath, petioles longer than 1.; fl. as in the last,
but rather larger, bracteoles 11-14, setaceous, with copious
long spreading hairs; ripe carp. gibbous on back, without
any wing along the angles, glabrous or hairy. :

Dry country; rather common. Batticaloa; Hambantota; Gona-
gama; Dambulla; Ekiriankumbura.

Fl. Dec.—April ; pale pink or white.

Distribution of P. zeylanica.

Hermann’s specimen is certainly rather P. odorata than P. zeylanica,
and Linnzeus’ description of it also agrees with the former.

6. SULOSTYLIS, 7hw.

Tree; fl. in large, lax panicles; bracteoles 4, connate be-
low; sep. 5, connate below; pet. 5, slightly connate at base
and adnate to staminal tube; stam.-tube 5-toothed at apex,
bearing below the middle 10 reniform anth. on long fil.; ov.
2-celled, with two erect ovules in each cell, styles 2, woolly,

150 Malvacee. [Dicellostyles.

connate half way up; fruit indehiscent, 1-(or 2?) seeded ;
cotyledons foliaceous, plicate-convolute, no endosperm.—
Monotypic, endemic.

J. angustifolia, 7iw. Hnw. 30 (1858).

Kydia angustifolia, Arn. in Nov. Act. xviii. 1, 322. C. P. 1146.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 333. Bedd. Ic. t. 280.

A small, slender, slightly branched tree, bark smooth,
shoots with scurfy stellate pubescence; 1. large, 5—7 in., lance-
olate, rounded at base, tapering to obtuse apex, nearly entire,
with a few scattered stellate hairs above, paler and stellate-
hairy on veins beneath, base 3-nerved, petiole + in., pubescent,
stip. leafy, oval-spathulate, very obtuse, 2 in. puberulous,
caducous; fl. numerous, about } in. diam. pedicellate, in large
lax spreading often drooping axillary and terminal panicles,
bracteoles 4, combined below to form a cup-shaped involucre,
oval, acute, completely enclosing bud; sep. 5, connate halfway
up, rather shorter than bracteoles, stellate-tomentose ; pet.
oblong, longer than sep., covered outside with stellate hairs ;
ov. stellate-hairy, styles densely hairy, stigmas flat ; fr. globular,
4 in., indehiscent, densely stellate-hairy, enclosed in enlarged
bracteoles and sep.; seed oblong.

Moist low country, extending into its upper zone; rather common.
Ambepusse (Gardner); Ruanwelle; Ambagamuwa. FI. October;

yellowish with a red centre.
Endemic.

7. DICELLOSTYLES, Lenth.

Trees ; fl. solitary, axillary ; bracteoles 4, slightly connate
below; sep. 5 combined into a campanulate cal.; pet. 5,
slightly connate at base; stam. about 30, fil.combined at very
base only, anth. reniform ; ov. 2-celled, with 2 erect ovules in
each cell, styles 2, connate more than half-way up, stigmas
globose; fruit splitting into 2 indehiscent I-seeded cocci.—
Sp. 2; both in FZ. B. Ind.

D. axillaris, Benth. in Gen. Pl. i. 207 (1862).

Thw. Enum. 401. <A ydia axillaris, Thw. Enum. 30. C. P. 3126.

FL-B. Ind. 1; 333.: Beda} acon 27¢.

A moderate-sized tree with smooth bark, young parts
nearly glabrous ; |. 4-7 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or
obtuse at base, tapering to obtuse apex, glabrous on both
sides, petioles 2 in., stip. linear, #in., acute, with a strong
midrib; fl. large, campanulate, solitary, ped. }-4$in., much
dilated at apex, bracteoles 1-1} in., erect, dilated at base,

Hibiscus.] Malovacee. 151

obtuse, glabrous, veined; cal. 4 in., campanulate, with 4-5
very obtuse, shallow lobes; pet. 1in., erect, oblong, dilated
and rounded at the revolute ends, densely covered within with
small glandular papilla ; stam. included, the basal tube very
short, forming a cone round ov., ov. globose, glandular, styles
;in., exserted, more or less hairy, stigmas large, globose,
densely pilose; fr. over } in., globose, 8-ribbed, stellate-hispid,
enclosed in persistent cal. and bracteoles.

Low country; very rare. Bank of the Uma-oya near Kindegoda,
i miles from Badulla, at about 200oft. First collected in April 1854, in
rut.

F]. Feb. June, July, Oct.; yellow, red inside.

Endemic.

The erect overlapping pet. present the appearance of a campanulate
corolla. The young leaves are a brilliant lake-pink.

The description is from trees flowering in the Botanic Garden, raised
from seed of the wild plant.

$. HIBISCUS, /.

Herbs, shrubs or rarely trees ; fl. axillary and solitary, or
in an erect terminal raceme; bracteoles 4-12, rarely o, dis-
tinct or rarely connate; sep. 5, more or less connate into a
5-lobed cal., or quite combined and spathaceous; pet. 5,
staminal tube antheriferous for whole length; ov. 5-celled,
with several ovules in each cell, styles 5, more or less connate,
stigmas spreading; fruit a capsule, 5-celled or (spuriously)
10-celled, loculicidally dehiscent ; seeds numerous.—Sp. 150;
33 in Fl. B. [nd.

Capsule 5-celled.
Sep. connate for 3 length or less.
Bracteoles distinct.
Bract. 10-12, with leafy appendages.

Stip. semi-cordate, auricled . 2) His SURAT OENSIS:
Stip. linear-lanceolate 2. H. FURCATUS.
Bract. 5-8, without appendages.
Wires: bract. foliaceous i EE COLLINUS,
Herbs; bract. setaceous or linear.
Stem densely stellate-hairy ; bract. 5 4. H. LUNARIIFOLIUS.
Stem finely scabrid ; bract. 8 . 5. H. MICRANTHUS.
Stem slightly pubescent; bract. Ee 6. H. VITIFOLIUS.
Bracteoles connate at base. 7. H. PANDURAZFORMIS,
Bracteoles 0 (Lagumea) . g 8. H. SOLANDRA.
Sep. combined for whole length into a
spathaceous calyx (A belmoschus).
Bracteoles setaceous, distinct.
Bract. 5-6, very fugacious . , . 9. H. FICULNEUS.
Bract. 8 5 . Io. H. ABELMOSCHUS.
Bracteoles ovate, connate for whole length 11. H. ANGULOSUS.
Capsule to-celled (Paritium) - : . 12. H. TILIACEUS.

152 Malvacee. [Aibiscus:

I. H. surattensis, Z. Sf. P/. 696 (1753). Win-napiritta, 5.

Herm. Mus. 65. Burm. Thes. 135. Fl. Zeyl. n. 264. Moon Cat. si.
Thw. Enum. 26. C. P. 1118.

BIB? Ind-1. 334. Wight, Ic: t: 197.

An annual (?), erect or straggling herb, stem weak,
slightly branched, glabrous or hairy, more or less set with
small reflexed horny prickles; |. 2-3 in., on pricl:ly petioles of
equal length, roundish, deeply cut into 3-5, oblong, acute
segments, serrate, thin, hairy on both sides, stip. broad, semi-
cordate, auricled, long-ciliate; fl. 1} in., ped. stiff, horizontally
spreading, about as long as petioles or somewhat shorter,.
prickly, bracteoles 10-12, linear, bristly, lower half spreading,
upper half erect, furnished at the middle with a large hori-
zontally spreading leafy appendage; sep. connate at base,
very acute, smooth with prickly apex, as long as bracteoles ;
capsule hairy.

Low country in bushy places; very common, especially in the dry

region. Fl. Dec.—Feb.; yellow with a purple centre.
Throughout Tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia.

2. H. furcatus, Rox. Hort. Beng. 51 (1814). Napiritta, S.

hwasb num 20.0 Gb 275

PLB: Inds 1.335:

A large scrambling or climbing semi-shrubby perennial,
stem more or less tomentose or glabrous, set with numerous.
scattered sharp decurved hooked prickles ; |. 2-3 in., roundish
in outline, deeply palmately cut into 3-5 lanceolate, acute,.
strongly serrate segm. (the lower |. often nearly entire), gla-
brous or pubescent, usually very prickly on the veins beneath,
petioles as long as or longer than 1. stout, horizontal, cylin-
drical, very prickly, stip. linear-lanceolate ; fl. large, 2}—4 in.,
ped. I-3in., very prickly, bracteoles 10-12, linear-setaceous,
bristly, lower half spreading or reflexed, upper half erect,
with a small deflexed leafy appendage at the middle; sep.
connate half way, ovate, very acute, bristly, much enlarged
in fruit ; capsule conical-ovoid, sharp-pointed, 4 in., enclosed
in thickened and enlarged connivent cal., covered with very
coarse appressed bristly hair; seed compressed, rough with
scattered papille, grey-brown.

Low country; very common, climbing over trees and bushes. FI.
Dec.—Feb.; yellow, with dark crimson centre.

Tropical Asia and Africa generally.

This is a very handsome climber, but excessively prickly. There
seems to be no published figure of this common plant.

3. H. collinus, Rox). Hort. Beng. 51 (1814).
H. ertocarpus, DC., Thw. Enum. 26. C. P. 1119.
Fl. B. Ind. 1. 338,

Hibiscus. ] Malvacec. iste

A small, slender, much-branched tree, with smooth bark,
young parts tomentose with stellate and simple hairs; 1. large,
4-6 in., roundish, cordate at base, more or less deeply
palmately 3-lobed (on young shoots 5-lobed), lobes acute,
coarsely dentate, more or less stellate-hairy on both sides,
paler beneath, petioles I-3 in., stellate-hairy, stip. setaceous ;
fl. large, 4in. or more, ped. larger than petiole, stellate-hispid,
bracteoles 8, foliaceous, linear-lanceolate, undulate, attenuate,
hairy ; sep. as long as bracteoles, connate half way, broadly
lanceolate, attenuate, hairy on both sides; capsule 14 in.
globose, depressed or pointed, very densely and coarsely
hairy; seeds smooth.

Forests of the dry country; common. FI. Jan., Feb.; pale pink or
white, with deep red-purple centre.

Also in Peninsular India.
A beautiful flowering shrub or small tree well worthy of cultivation.

4. H. lunariifolius, W7i//d. Sp. Pi. iii. 811 (1800).

Thw. Enum. gor. C. P. 3634.

Fl. B. Ind. 1. 338. Wight, Ic. t. 6.

A large perennial erect herb, stem 6 ft. or more, branched,.
densely felted with rigid stellate hairs; |. 2~3 in., rounded-
ovate, subcordate at base, more or less 3-5 lobed, coarsely
serrate-dentate, slightly stellate-hairy on both sides, petiole
very long, 2-4 in., stip. very small, subulate; fl. large, 4 in.,
on very short, stout, densely hispid ped., thickened at the top
and closely placed at end of branch forming a racemose inflor.,
bracteoles 5, linear, attenuate, as long as sep. ; sep. triangular,
with long attenuate apex, stellate-hairy ; capsule ? in., globose,
pointed, densely stellate-hispid; seeds reniform, rough with
distant stellate scales.

Low country; rare. Near Kandy, in Dumbara Dist. (Thwaites).
Between Kandy and Peradeniya. Fl. Jan.; yellow, with very dark purple
centre.

Also in Southern India, Burma, and Trop. Africa.

5. H.micranthus, L./ Suppl. Plant. 308 (1781). Perumaddi, 7.

Hf, rigidus, L. f. Suppl. Pl. 310; Moon Cat. 50. Thw. Enum. 26.
Cy Pe 1526:

Fl. B. Ind. 1. 336.

A rigid, erect, much-branched perennial herb or small
shrub, 3-5 ft., stems scabrid with harsh, stellate, appressed
hairs ; 1. small, 2-1 in., ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute at
base, acute at apex, coarsely dentate-serrate, stellate-hairy on
both sides, petiole slender, {—4 in., hairy, stip. setaceous ; fl..
numerous, # in., ped. 4-1 in., jointed near top, bracteoles about
8, very small, setaceous ; sep. small, connate at base, linear-

154 Malvacee. [Aibiscus.

lanceolate, acute, hairy, much longer than bracteoles; pet.
oblong, obtuse, reflexed; capsule small, over } in., nearly
globose, smooth; seeds horseshoe - shaped, black, covered
with copious long cottony hair.

Dry region ; common. FI. Feb., &c.; white.

Throughout India, and in Arabia and Trop. Africa.

First collected by Koenig (4. rég¢dis L. f.).
A valued febrifuge medicine.

6. H. vitifolius, Z. Sf. P/. 696 (1753). Maha-epala, S.
Vaddattutti, 7.

Herm. Hort. Lugd.-Bat. 26. Burm. Thes. 137. Fl. Zeyl. n. 265.
Moon Cat. 51. Thw. Enum. 26. C. P. 1122.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 338. Herm. Hort. Lugd.-Bat. 28.

A tall, much-branched perennial herb, stems 3-5 ft.,
slender, wholly pubescent or with a line of pubescence down
one side; |. generally small, 1-2 in., cordate at base, pal-
mately 3-5 lobed, lobes acute, the middle one the longest,
serrate, glabrous or with a few stellate hairs beneath, stip.
very small, setaceous ; fl. rather large, 24 in., drooping, ped.
over } in., bracteoles 5-8, setaceous, distinct, hairy; sep. con-
nate half-way, twice as long as bracteoles, lanceolate, acute,
pubescent ; capsule surrounded by the enlarged spreading
cal.,2 in. diam., depressed, apiculate, 5-winged, hairy ; seeds
dark brown, tubercled.

Low country, especially in the dry region ; common. ‘FI. Aug.-Sept.;
bright sulphur yellow with red purple centre.

Also in India, Trop. Africa, and Australia.

A very pretty species.

Hl. cannabinus, L. (C. P. 3833) is found near cooly lines, or as an
occasional roadside weed (see Thw. Enum. 4o1), but is not a native plant
nor much cultivated. It is figured in Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 190, but its native
country is doubtful.

HT. Sabdariffa, L. is cultivated in gardens, and occasionally occurs
wild. There is a drawing of it in Hermann’s Herb., and it is Fl. Zeyl. n.
262. Generally known as ‘Rozelle.’

7. H. pandureformis, Burm. F/. Jnd. 151 (1768).

Thw. Enum. 26. C. P. 3528.

FI. B. Ind..47338. Burm. Fl. Ind... 47, £ 2 (bad):

Annual or perennial, stem 2-3 ft., slightly branched, covered
with fine dense pubescence and scattered rigid tufted hairs ;
1. 15—3 in., ovate, cordate at base, acute, often slightly 3-lobed,
dentate-serrate, densely tomentose-velvety on both sides,
whitish beneath, petioles often as long as |.; fl. on very short
stout tomentose ped., articulated below the middle, bracteoles
7-10, connate at base, erect, spathulate-linear; sep. connate
two-thirds, acute, longer than bracteoles, 3-veined, hairy ;

Liibiscus.| Malvacee. 155

capsule 4 in., globose, shorter than cal., covered with dense,
appressed, bristly hairs ; seeds densely pubescent.
Dry country; rare. Atakalan Korale (Thwaites) ; Anuradhapura.

Fl, July, August ; yellow, with a purple centre.
India, Trop. Africa, and Australia.

8. H. Solandra, lL’ Herit. Stirp. i. 103 (1784).
Lagunea lobata, Willd.; Thw. Enum. 27. C. P. 67.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 336. Lam. Ill. t. 580 (Solandra lobata).

An erect annual, 1-24ft., stem slightly branched, pubescent
or slightly hispid; lower |. ovate, upper ones more or less
deeply 3-lobed, uppermost ones often deeply :3-fid or even
3-foliolate, all cordate at base, acute, coarsely serrate, hairy on
both sides, petioles as long as or longer than leaves, of the
upper leaves shorter, stip. setaceous; fl. few, 4in., distant,
forming an erect terminal raceme, ped. I in., jointed near top,
pubescent, bracteoles 0 ; sep. connate for one-third, triangular-
lanceolate, acute, 3-veined, hairy; capsule ovoid, pointed,
hairy at top, as long as sep.; seeds smooth.

Roadsides and waste places in the dry region; common. Fl. Dec.—
March ; pink.

Also in India, Burma, and E. Trop. Africa.

The flowers are described in FI. B. Ind. as ‘ yellow ;’ here they are
always pink. I have never seen any trace of bracteoles.

9. H. ficulneus, Z. SZ. P/. 695 (1753).

Burm. Thes. 137. Fl. Zeyl. n. 263. Moon Cat. 51. Adelmoschus
_Jficulneus, W. and A., Thw. Enum, 27. C. P. 1157.

Pl Boind. 29340; Wight, Ie. t. 154. Dill: Hort. Elthsi. t..157:

A large annual herb, stem. stout, glabrous or pubescent or
with a few prickles, slightly branched ; |. few, roundish in out-
line, more or less cut palmately into 3-5 lobes, base cordate,
lobes usually obovate or spathulate, serrate, hairy on both
sides, petioles as long as |., pubescent or slightly prickly, stip.
setaceous, soon falling; fl. 24 in., secund, the upper in axils
of quickly falling bracts and forming an erect, naked, terminal
raceme, ped. 4 in., stout, hairy, dilated at top, bracteoles very
small, 5-6, setaceous, caducous in very young bud; sep.
connate for nearly whole length, the free filiform ends forming
a long tip to the unopened buds, densely pubescent, caducous ;
capsule 14 in., oval-oblong, shortly beaked, 5-angled, hispid
especially on the angles ; seeds globose, striate, hairy.

Low country, chiefly in the dry region; rare. Colombo (Moon) ;
borders of Mineri Tank (Thwaites); Allai Tank, Kottiyar (Nevill) ;
Jaffna. Fl. Jan.—March ; white or pinkish, with a purplish-pink centre.

Also in Peninsular India, but often cultivated.

15 6 Malvacee. [Hibiscus..

10. *H. Abelmoschus,* LZ. Sf. Pi. 696 (1753). WMapu-
kinissa, 5.

Herm. Mus. 40. Burm. Thes. 134. Fl. Zeyl. n. 261. Moon Cat. 51.
Abelmoschus moschatus, Moench., Thw. Enum. 27. C. P. 726.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 342. Wight, Ic. t. 399.

A tall annual, slightly branched, stems hispid with long
deflexed hair ; 1. variable, ovate-cordate, or more usually pal-
mately cut into 3—5 acute lobes, dentate-serrate, hairy on both
sides, petiole usually longer than I., with long deflexed hairs,
stip. small, subulate ; fl. large, 3-4 in., solitary, often appearing
to be terminal, ped. stout, curved, much thickened beneath
the fl., bracteoles 8, distinct, linear, hispid, much shorter than
cal.; sep. completely connate save at their points into a tube
which splits down one side; capsule 23}—3 in., ovate-ovoid,
acute, hispid ; seeds kidney-shaped, striate.

Moist low country; rather rare, and doubtfully native. Colombo
(Moon); Kandy; Badulla; Reigam Korale. FI. September; bright
yellow, with a purpie centre.

Found wild or cultivated in most Tropical countries.

The seeds have a very strong odour of musk, but I do not know that

they are used in Sinhalese medicine, though they have a reputation in
Persia and Arabia.

Hf. esculentus, L. is commonly grown as a vegetable, and met with
half wild in native gardens. Its capsules are the Vandakkay, T.so much
used in Ceylon cookery.

11. H. angulosus, J/as¢. zz 7. B. Ind. i. 341 (1874). Kapu-
kinissa, 5S.

Abelmoschus angulosus, Thw. Enum. 26.

BL Be lad 341. (Wicht,ac. toa u.

Occurs under 2 varieties :—

Var. a. grandiflorus, Thw. Enum. 26. C.P. 2567. [PLATE XVII.],

A very large perennial herb; stem more or less hispid
with long hair, or nearly glabrous, |. 4-8 in., roundish, cordate
at base, deeply palmately cut into 3-5 acute segm., crenate-
serrate, hairy or glabrous, petioles of lower |. very long, of
upper |. shorter, 1-3 in.; fl. very large, 4-5 in. forming long
erect racemes, the upper part being without leaves but with
short sessile ovate bracts, ped. 14-3 in., very hispid with
spreading rigid hairs, bracteoles 4, large, 1-14 in., ovate,.
acute, connate throughout and completely enclosing the
flower-bud, splitting down one or more sides, somewhat hispid
outside, silky within, persistent with fruit; cal. 1} in., very
thin, membranous, toothed at top, splitting down one side,
veinless, pubescent, caducous; pet. yellow; capsule 14 in.,

* Abelmoschus is a Latinisation of the Arabic name ‘ Habb-el-misk,’
musk-seed.

Thespesia.| Malvacee. 157

fusiform-ovoid, much acuminate, surrounded by the persistent
bracteoles or naked, very hispid with spreading hairs; seeds
globose-kidney-shaped, striate with fine ciliate ridges.

Var. 8. purpureus, Thw. Enum. 26. C. P. 1117.

Very much more hispid with sharp bristly hairs ; fl. rather
smaller, never in leafless racemes, pet. at first white, becoming
a deep pink afterwards.

Rather common in the upper low country and lower montane zone ;
var. 3. in upper montane zone by streams; rare. Sita-Eliya, near Hak-
gala ; Ramboda; Ohiya Valley. Fl. Nov.-March; a. bright primrose
yellow, with a small purple base ; 8. white, becoming rich pink.

Also in Southern India.

Both varieties very handsome. Wight describes the flowers in the
Nilgiris as ‘ white, or very pale yellowish.’ In Fl. B. Ind. the united per-
sistent bracteoles are described as the caiyx, the real calyx being over-
looked, and the bracteoles said to be fugacious.

12. H. tiliaceus, Z. S/. P/. 694 (1753). Béli-patta, S.

Herm. Mus. 45. Burm: Thes. 136. Fl. Zeyl. n. 259. Moon Cat. 50.
Paritium tiliaceum, Juss., Thw. Enum. 26. C. P. 1120.

Bly Ba lnds 1 3438 Wicht;, le.-tx7.

A small, much-branched tree, young shoots pubescent ;
1], 24-34 in., rotund, more or less cordate at base, abruptly
acuminate, denticulate, smooth above, finely pubescent and
white beneath, petiole 1-14 in., pubescent, stip. large, J in.,
ovate, obtuse, pubescent; fl. 3 in., appearing terminal, ped.
4 in., stout, curved, pubescent, bracteoles 10, connate for
three-fourths to form a campanulate persistent cup, sep.
connate for one-third, much longer than bracteoles, lanceolate,
acute, persistent; capsule 4 in, shorter than cal., pointed,
hairy, 10-celled.

Low country, chiefly near the coast ; common near rivers and streams,
growing gregariously. Fl. Dec.-March; pale yellow, with a crimson
centre.

Widely distributed in the Tropics of both hemispheres.

Wood light, rather soft, the heart purplish-grey. The fibre of the
inner bark is much used for cordage and mats.

9. THESPESIA, (077.

Trees or shrubs; fl. solitary or in racemes, axillary,
bracteoles 5 or 0; sep. 5, completely combined into a truncate
cal.; pet. and stam. as in Azbiscus; ov. 4-5-celled, with
many ovules in each cell; styles completely connate, stigma
club-shaped; fruit a capsule, 4-5 celled, loculicidally or
irregularly dehiscent.—Sp. 6; 2 in FZ B. [nd.

15 8 Malvacee. [ Thespesia.

L. 3-lobed, stellate-tomentose : F ; » & “DL. LAMeas:
L. entire, covered with peltate scales . : : . 2. T. POPULNEA.

1. T. Lampas, Dalz. and Gibs. Bomb. Fi. 19 (1861).

Hibiscus Lampas, Cav., Thw. Enum. 26. C. P. 3555.

FL. B. Ind. i. 345. Wight, Ic. t. 5.

A shrub or very small tree, branched from the base, young
parts tomentose with brown stellate hair; 1. 3-44 in., cordate
at base, palmately cut into 3 acute lobes, entire, stellate-
pilose above, densely stellate-tomentose beneath, petiole
4-1 in.; fl. large, 34in., on short ped. dilated at top, 2 or 3
in stalked axillary racemes, bracteoles about 5, very small,
distant, subulate, deciduous; cal. cup-shaped, with 5 subulate
distant teeth on the truncate margin, stellate-pilose, per-
sistent ; capsule I in., ovoid, pointed, stellate-pilose, sur-
rounded at base by persistent cal. 4 or 5-valved; seeds
glabrous.

Dry country ; apparently very rare. In plenty near Bibile, Uva Prov.,
where it was first noticed by Thwaites in 1858. Fl. Feb.; bright yellow,
with a crimson centre.

Through India, Burma, Java, and E. Trop. Africa.

2. T. populnea, Soland. ex Corr. in Ann. Mus. ix. 290 (1807).
Suriya, S. Kavarachu, Puvarachu, 7.

Herm. Mus. 4o. Fl. Zeyl. n. 258. Azbiscus populneus, L. Sp. Pl.
694; Moon Cat. 50. Thw. Enum. 27. C. P. 1121.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 345. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 63. Wight, Ic. t. 8.

A small, much-branched, spreading tree, bark rugged,
young twigs covered with peltate scales ; 1. 3-5 in., broadly
ovate, cordate at base, attenuate, acute, entire, undulate, pal-
mately 7-veined, more or less covered on both sides with
minute peltate scales, with a glandular pore between the bases
of the veins beneath, petioles 1-3 in., stip. subulate, deciduous ;
fl. about 2 in. diam., axillary, solitary, campanulate, ped.
I-14 in., bracteoles 0 or very early deciduous ; cal. cup-shaped,
truncate, the teeth very faintly marked; capsule about 1 in.,
depressed-globose, somewhat lobed, surrounded at base by
persistent cal., more or less covered with peltate scales,
irregularly dehiscent or indehiscent; seeds woolly, large,
compressed.

On the sea-coast; wild in the dry districts, but usually planted in the
moist ones. Trincomalie, abundant; Batticaloa; Kalpitiya; Jaffna ;
Mannar. Fl. all the year; yellow, passing into purplish-pink when
withering.

On the shores of the Eastern Tropics generally.

A favourite tree in our maritime towns, where it was largely planted
by the Dutch as an avenue and shade tree. From the shape of the
flowers it is known as ‘ Tulip-tree’ by the English. It ripens seed only
in the dry region.

Bombax. | Malvacee. 159

Heart-wood hard, smooth, durable, dark red ; much used in carriage-
building at Colombo.

Hermann has transposed the Sinhalese names of this and A7dzscus
teliaceus.

Gossypium herbaceum, L. There is a specimen of Cotton, apparently
of this the commonly cultivated Indian species, in Hermann’s Herb.
(=FI. Zeyl. n. 267). Roxburgh gives his G. obtustfolium as a native of
Ceylon (FI. Ind. iil. 183) ; this appears to be also a form of G. herbaceum,
but we have no native Cotton. FI. Zeyl. n. 222, referred by Parlatore in
his monograph of the Cottons to G. re/igiosum, L. is Cochlospermumi (q.v.).

G. barbadense, L. Forms of this, ‘Sea Island Cotton,’ ‘ Peruvian
Cotton,’ &c., the remains of cultivation, are occasionally met with semi-
wild.

Adansonia digitata, L. (C. P. 1141). The Baobab trees at Mannar
have long been well known, and are said to have been introduced by the
Arabs. The tree is native to Trop. Africa. Roxburgh (FI. Ind. iii. 164)
quotes a letter from Gen. Hay Macdowell, written in 1802, describing one
of these trees at Mantota (Mantai) nearly 5o0ft. in circumference, and
stating that there were then many about that place. In 1890 I observed
only a few there, on the site of the ancient city of Tirukettisvaram, the
largest stem measured being 48 ft. in circumference at 6ft. from the ground.
On Mannar Island itself are several dozen, very conspicuous objects in
the low scrubby jungle, and Mr. M. S. Crawford, C.C.S., gives the circum-
ference of the largest stem (in 1890) as 61 ft. 9in., whilst the tree is only
30 ft. high. The trees fruit freely, but, though the seeds germinate well,
no young plants are to be seen, being at once eaten off by cattle. The -
Tamil names for the tree are Papparappuli and Perukka, and the Roman
Catholics call it ‘ Judas’ Bag’ because the fruit contains 30 seeds.

I have not seen naturalised trees elsewhere in Ceylon, but Moon
(Cat. 49) gives Jaffna, and Thwaites (Enum. 28) says ‘naturalised in the
north’ There are specimens from Koenig in Brit. Mus. labelled by him
‘in sylvis zeylanicis solo arenoso arido,’ no doubt from Mannar, and col-
lected in 1781. Specimens from Gardner in Herb. Perad. are labelled
‘ Batticaloa (?) 1848,’ and Tennent (Ceylon, ii. 627) mentions a large tree
at Puttalam in 1848, which was destroyed a few years later.

The pulp round the seeds is agreeably acid and is eaten with buffalo
milk and sugar; the leaves are excellent fodder for cattle.

10. BOMBAX, J.

Large trees; |. digitate, deciduous; fl. large, axillary, no
bracteoles ; cal. irregularly 2-3-lobed or truncate; pet. 5,
distinct, twisted in zstivation, adnate to base of cal.; stam.
indef., inserted on base of cal., all connate at very base and
adnate with pet., then combined into 5 bundles of 8 or 9 each
and a central bundle of 15 (forming a tube round ov. and base
of style), of which the five innermost are longer with larger
sinuate anth., other anth. reniform ; ov. 5-celled, with numerous
ovules in each cell, style 5-fid at apex ; fruit a leathery 5-celled
capsule, loculicidally 5-valved ; seeds numerous, imbedded in
dense cottony wool.—Sp. 10; 2 in FZ. B. Jud.

160 Malvacee. [Eriodendron.

B. malabaricum, DC. Prod. i. 479 (1824). Katu-imbul, S.
Parutti, 7.

Fl. Zeyl. n. 221. B. Cezba, L. Sp. Pl. 511 (in part) ; Moon Cat. 50.
Salmalia malabarica, Schott, Thw. Enum. 28. C. P. 545-

Fl. B. Ind. i. 349.. Wight, Ill. t. 29. Bedd. FI. Syiv. t. 82.

A tall, deciduous tree, with a straight, erect, buttressed
trunk and wide-spreading branches, bark smooth, whitish, set
with broad-based, conical, hard, sharp prickles, young parts
glabrous ; |. large, spreading, digitate, closely placed, petiole
longer than Iflts., glabrous, cylindrical, Iflts. 3-7, lanceolate or
oval, 4-8 in., middle are the largest, on short stalks, acute at
base, acuminate, acute, glabrous, stip. small, triangular, acute,
deciduous; fl. large, 3 in. diam., on short stout deflexed ped.
solitary in axils of last year’s fallen leaves near the ends of
the branches, appearing before the new 1.; cal. I in., very
thick, cup-shaped, deeply obtusely 2 or 3-lobed, glabrous
outside, densely silky with long white adpressed hairs within,
wholly deciduous; pet. 2-3 in., obovate-oblong, obtuse or
subacute, erect, recurved above, densely finely stellate-hairy
outside, stellate-pilose within, thick, deciduous with cal.;
stam. half as long as pet., 55-60, fil. connate only at base of
bundles, pink, anth. brown; ov. conical, glabrous, closely
surrounded by the tube of inner bundle of stam., style a little
exceeding stam. stigmas 5, acute, spreading, recurved ; capsule
34-4 in., fusiform, blunt, glabrous, green, valves leathery
densely lined w vi with long white cottony or silky hair ;
seeds ovoid, over } in. , smooth, glabrous, enveloped in closely
packed cotton.

Low country, up to 2500 ft.; common, but often planted. Fl. Jan.
Feb.; bright pinkish-red.

Also throughout India, and in Burma, Java, and Sumatra.

The well-known ‘Cotton-tree,’ very conspicuous in the dry season
from its display of large showy flowers on the bare branches and soon
after strewing the ground, followed quickly by the ripe pods. It is one of
our few completely deciduous trees, and often grows to an immense size.

The calyx separates from the receptacle by ; a clean annular scar, and
carries away with it the pet. and stam. in one piece.

Linnzeus included under his 4. Cezba a Tropical American species also,
and it is to that that his name is now restricted by botanists. Hermann
does not seem to have noticed this tree.

The cotton is used for stuffing cushions, &c. The wood is very light
and soft, whitish, with no heart-wood.

Il. BRIODENDRON, DC.
Large trees ; |. digitate ; fl. in clusters, no bracteoles ; cal.
campanulate, rather obscurely 5-lobed, persistent; pet. 5,
slightly connate at base, imbricate; stam. apparently 5 (pro-

Eviodendron.| Malvacee. 161

bably three or four combined in each), connate at base into a
fleshy tube and adnate to pet.; anth. large, sinuous; ov. 5-celled,
with very numerous ovules in each cell; stigma obscurely
5-lobed ; fruit a capsule, with a thick central axis, dehiscent
by 5 thin, completely deciduous valves; seeds numerous,
enveloped in copious silky cotton.—Sp. 3; 1 in 7. B. Ind.

* E. anfractuosum, DC. Prod. i. 479 (1824). Imbul, Pulun-
imbul, 5S.

Fl. Zeyl. n. 220. Bombax pentandrum, L. Sp, Pl. 511; Moon Cat.
50. £. orientale, Steud., Thw. Enum. 28. C. P. 1138.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 349. Wight, Ic. t. 4oor -

A tall tree, with a straight trunk, the primary branches
horizontal in whorls of three, bark smooth, greenish-white,
young parts glabrous; 1. closely placed, on long glabrous
petioles, digitate, lflts. 5-7, on short winged stalks, 3-5 in.,
lanceolate, acute at both ends, finely cuspidate, entire or
serrulate near tip, glabrous, paler beneath, stip. } in., linear-
filiform, deciduous; fl. 14-2 in., in axillary clusters of 2-8
appearing with the young |. at ends of the branches, drooping,
ped. about 1 in., no bracteoles ; cal. 4 in., tubular-campanulate,
with very shallow lobes, glabrous outside, lined with dense
appressed hairs at the base within, pet. twice as long as cal.,
spreading, obovate-oblong, acute, densely tomentose outside,
nearly glabrous within, stam. a little longer than pet., erect ;
ovary globular, glabrous; capsule 31-4 in., surrounded at
base by persistent cal., ovoid-fusiform, blunt, tardily dehiscent
from the base upwards by 5 septifragal membranous valves,
5-celled, cells densely lined with long white silky hair which is
deciduous, sothat thevalves are ultimately glabrous and areolate
within ; seeds over } in., compressed-globose, quite glabrous,
blackish, each surrounded by a copious crumpled mass of
silky hair,

Low country up to 2000 ft., very common, but nearly always planted, and
I doubt if really a native. FI. Jan.—March ; creamy-white, faintly scented.

Apparently found in Tropics of both worlds ; native of Malaya(?).

Though each seed appears to have a separate investment of cotton,
this is quite unconnected with the testa, and really arises from the inner
side of the wall of the capsule and from the central axis ; it ultimately
becomes separated from these, and is then a mere stuffing round the
seeds. This material is called ‘ Pulun,’ or silk-cotton, and is largely used
for stuffing cushions and pillows ; of late years (under its Malay name
‘Kapok’) it has become an article of export on a rather Jarge scale,
chiefly to Queensland.

This tree was not noticed by Hermann, who has neither specimen nor
drawing of it in his collection.

A bright red resinous gum is afforded by the stem.

M

162 Malvacee. [ Cullenia..

12. CULLENTIA,*® Wight.

A tree; leaves simple, no stip.; fl. in fascicles from old
wood; bracteoles 3-5, completely connate; cal. tubular,
bursting irregularly ; pet. o; stam. numerous, connate into a
long tube below, 5-adelphous above, anth. minute in globose
clusters ; ov. 5-celled, with two ovules in each cell; fruit a
fleshy, spiny, slowly dehiscent, 5-celled capsule; seeds large,
enveloped in an aril, cotyledons unequal, fleshy, no endosperm.
—Monotypic.

C. excelsa, Wight, /c. v. i. 23 (1851). Matu-boda, S.

Durio ztbethinus, Moon Cat. 56 (non L.). Durio zeylanicus, Gardn..
.n Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. viii. Thw. Enum. 28. C. P. 734.

Fl) Be Ind.1.-350., “Wight, ‘Ic. t:1761,.2;

A moderate-sized or large pyramidal tree, with smooth
grey bark, young parts completely covered with peltate scales ;
1. 6-7 in., lanceolate-oblong, obtuse at base, caudate-acuminate,,.
entire, glabrous above, completely covered beneath with
silvery or orange-coloured peltate scales, petiole 1 in., cylin-
drical, thickened at top, no stip.; fl. in large clusters from
bosses on the old wood, ped. 4-1 in., jointed above the middle,.
bracteoles 3-5, ? in. long, connate throughout into a tube
which splits irregularly, deciduous, covered with large peltate
scales ; cal. 14 in., tubular, obscurely 5-lobed, deciduous, com-
pletely covered with very large peltate scales; stam.-tube
exserted ; style a little longer than stam., hairy, stigma globose,.
ov. oblong, scaly; fr. 4-5 in., globose or short-ovoid, densely
covered with long green spines, slowly dehiscent, valves thick;
seeds 2 in each cell, about 14 in., nearly covered by the large
fleshy white aril, testa hard, shining, chestnut-coloured.

Moist region, chiefly at elevations between 2000 and 5000 ft., common;
rarer at lower elevations as Four Korales (Moon) and Galle (Gardner).
Fl. May; reddish brown.

Also in Malabar.

This is known as the ‘ Wild Durian,’ and it very closely resembles
that Malayan fruit-tree, Durio zibethinus, L., in foliage and the structure;
of the fruit ; this, however, has not the disgusting odour of the Durian,
nor is it edible.

The flower-bud is completely closed up by the tubular calyx till burst
open irregularly by the growth of the stamens and pistil, and the pollen
is shed in the bud before it opens.

Wood light, rather soft, pale yellow.

* Dedicated to Major-General Cullen, Resident at the Court of the
Rajah of Travancore.

Sterculia.] Sterculiacee. 163

XXI1.—STERCULIACEA®.

TREES or shrubs, rarely herbs; 1. alternate, simple (rarely
compound), with stip.; fl. regular (irregular in Helicteres), bi-
or unisexual ; sep. 5, more or less combined into cal.; pet. 5,
usually Sommerer connate at base, or 0; stam. 5— 20 (some
often reduced to staminodes), fil. more or less connate or quite
monadelphous ; anth. 2-celled ; carp. (sometimes on a gyno-
phore) 2-5, distinct or combined into a 5- or I-celled ov.-
with I—many axile ovules in each, styles distinct or connate ;
fruit of distinct follicles or indehiscent carp., or a loculicidal
capsule; seeds often winged, sometimes’ with aril, with or
without endosperm.

Pet. o ; fl. unisexual or polygamous.
Anth. 10-20; fr. follicular . : : : 7 in DERRCULIA.
Anth. 5 ; fr. indehiscent : : : : . 2. HERITIERA.
Pet. 5; fl. bisexual.
Stam. I-20,

Fruit of spirally twisted follicles 3. HELICTERES.
Fruit a capsule.
Tree ; seeds winged . é ; . 4. PTEROSPERMUM.
Annual herb ; seeds not winged 5. PENTAPETES.
Stam. 5.
Fr. 5-valved, 5-seeded . : . 6. MELOCHIA.
Fr. 2-valved, I-seeded_ . 7. WALTHERIA.

An Order hardly separable from Malvacez. All our 12 species are
inhabitants of the low country only, Herztéera being confined to the sea-
coast.

1. STERCULIA, J.

Trees; fl. in racemes or panicles, unisexual or polyga-
mous; cal. 5-fid.; pet. 0; stam. combined into a central
column, anth.. 10-20, sessile, capitate; carp. 4-5,on a gyno-
phore, ovules 2—many ; ripe carp. follicular, woody or mem-
branous ; seeds often with an aril, winged or wingless, with
firm endosperm.—Sp. 60; 31 in 7. B. Lud.

Seeds not winged.
Follicles woody.

Leaves digitate . 5 . 5 : . s I. 5. FETIDA:
Leaves simple
Leaves palmately cut . : : . . 2. S. URENS,
Leaves not cut.
Cal.-segments spreading or reflexed . tGeto GU TPAr As
Cal.-segments connate at tips . . 4. S. BALANGHAS.
Follicles membranous (/2rmiana) . : ~ §. 5,,COLORATA.
Seeds winged (Pterygota) . : . 6. S. THWAITESII.

164 Sterculacee. [Sterculia.

1. S. foetida, Z. SP. P/. 1008 (1753). Telambu, 5.

Herm. Mus. 5. Burm. Thes. 169. Fl. Zeyl. n. 349. Moon Cat. Add.
hw num 2o.) Cb rio;

Fl. B. Ind. i. 354. Wight, Ic. tt. 181, 364.

A large tree, with whorled horizontal branches, bark thick,
whitish, flaking off, twigs thick, marked with large leaf-scars ;
]. closely placed at ends of branches, digitate, on long petioles,
Iflts. 5-7, sessile, 5-7 in., lanceolate, tapering at both ends,
very acute, entire, glabrous (pubescent when very young), stip.
caducous ; fl. 14-1} in. diam.,in erect racemose panicles 6-8 in.
long, given off from the new growth immediately beneath the
young |.; ped. #-1 in., pointed above the middle; cal. very
deeply cut, segments linear-lanceolate, acute, spreading,
slightly pubescent, more or less woolly within; male fl.:—
stam.-column nearly 4 in., much curved, anth. 15-20; fem.
fl.:—carp. 5, woolly, gynophore } in. long, styles woolly,
curved downwards, abortive anth. nearly sessile, in a ring
below carp.; follicles 1-5 usually 3, very large, pendulous,
5 in. long, ovoid-pyriform, blunt, bright scarlet, very thick and
woody, almost flat when fully open, glabrous within; seeds
several, nearly sessile, large, nearly 1 in., ovoid-oblong, gla-
brous, black with a small yellow aril or caruncle on one side
at the base.

Low country ; common, especially in the dry region. Fl. August ;
dull orange.

A Also in Southern India, Burma, Moluccas, N. Australia, and E. Trop.
rica.

The flowers have a most offensive odour. The great pendulous red
follicles gaping open and showing the black seeds within are very striking
objects.

Wood very light, open in texture but tough, yellowish-white. The
seeds are eaten roasted.

2. S. urens, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50 (1814). KBavali, 7.
Moon Cat. Add. Thw. Enum. 29. C. P. 2854.
PLB s ld. 1, 355-, isoxb. Cor, Blin 245

A tree, with few spreading branches and thick blunt
twigs, outer bark papery, flaking off, leaf-scars conspicuous,
young parts pubescent; |. large, 8-12 in., on tomentose
petioles about the same length, closely placed at ends of
branches, rotundate, cordate at base, shallowly palmately cut
into 5 caudate-acuminate lobes, slightly pubescent above,
velvety beneath; fl. small, under 4 in. pedicellate, in much-
branched, glandular-pubescent panicles appearing before the
leaves at the end of the branches; cal. pubescent on both
sides, segments ovate-oblong, acute, tube campanulate ; male
fl.:—stam.-column short, anth. about 20; bisexual fl.:—few,

Sterculia.] Sterculiacee. 165

carp. usually 5, on a short gynophore, follicles 4-6, spreading,
I in. long, oblong-ovoid, densely pubescent and also set with
stiff red stinging bristles.

Dry country ; rather rare. Uma-oya; Bintenne; Haragama. FI.
April ; greenish, with a purple centre.

Also in the Indian and Malay Peninsulas.

3. S. guttata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50 (1814).

ihiweeEnoim 2 OneCare 2 723:

FL. B. Ind. 1,355. Wight, Ic. t. 487. Bedd. Fl. Sylv..t. 105.

A tree, bark vertically furrowed, young parts pubescent ;
I. 5-10 in., broadly oblong-oval, rounded at base, acuminate,
entire, glabrous above, stellate-hairy on veins beneath, petioles
1}—3 in., stellate-scurfy ; fl. small, 2 in. long, on very short ped.,
arranged on stout horizontal branches of short pubescent
panicles from ends of branches, bracts as long as ped.;
cal. pubescent outside, segm. oblong, acute, ultimately very
strongly reflexed; male fl.:—stam.-column long, slender,
anth. 10 or 12; fem. fl.:—gynophore } in., curved, carp. very
woolly ; follicles (not seen, described as) 3 in. long, obovate,
villous, brilliant scarlet, with black seeds.

Moist low country; very rare. Raitunwelle ; Ambagamuwa; Eratne;
Kuruwita Korale. Fl. Feb.; white with pink spots.

Also in S. India, Malacca, and the Andaman Islands. A very
common tree in Southern India, though so rare here.

4. S. Balanghas,* Z. Sp. P/. 1007 (1753). Nava, S.

Herm. Mus. 23. Burm. Thes. 84(?), 170. Fl. Zeyl. n. 350. Moon
CarmAdd thw. Knum: 29; C. P1142.

FI. B. Ind. i. 358. Wight, Ill. t. 30.

A tree, bark whitish, young parts pubescent; |. 3—5 in.,
ovate-oval, rounded at base, shortly acuminate, obtuse, re-
curved, entire, glabrous and shining above, paler and slightly
rough with stellate pubescence beneath, petiole $—?in., rough,
stip. small, acute, hairy, deciduous; fl. small, 2 in. diam., on
rather long ped., in stellate-hairy panicles 4-5 in. long, and
slightly drooping from ends of branches; cal. deeply cut,
segm. linear-lanceolate, remaining connected by their tips,
pubescent outside, hairy inside; anth. about 15 ; follicles 4-5,
spreading horizontally, shortly stalked, 34 in. long, oblong-
ovoid, acuminate, very minutely pubescent, brilliant orange-
scarlet, pericarp thick, leathery, smooth within; seeds few,
sin. long, ovoid, jet-black, shining, with a small yellow ca-

* Linnzus took this name from Burman, but it is doubtful what plant
the latter intended. I do not know any plant called Balan or Balan-gas
in Sinhalese, and Hermann gives rightly ‘ Nawaghas’ for this.

166 Sterculiacee. [Sterculia.

runcle at base, embryo large, cotyledons thick, fleshy, endo-
sperm between fleshy and horny.

Low country; common. FI. July, August; green, with crimson
hairs, sweet-scented.

Also in the Indian and Malay Peninsulas.

The brilliant red downy follicles burst along one side when mature,
and show the large jet-black seeds, which remain pendulous for some
time ; the whole fruit is then very conspicuous as it hangs down from the
tree. Each seed-coat consists of an external very thin and brittle black
skin and an internal thick coriaceous coat black outside and pale shining
brown within, and between them a layer of cheesy pulp.

5. S. colorata, Rox). Hort. Beng. 50 (1814). Malaiparutti, 7.
Firmiana colorata, Br., Thw. Enum. 29. C. P. 2566.
FB. ind..1. 356.0 sRoxb. Corse git.25.

A tree with thick, spreading branches, bark very smooth,
shining, white or purplish, papery, young parts glabrous ;
1, 34-5 in., cordate at base, variable in form, ovate or more or
less deeply 3-lobed or deeply 5-fid., entire, lobes caudate-
acuminate, glabrous or with scattered stellate hairs, petioles
longer than |., stip. setaceous, pubescent ; fl. polygamous, # in.
long, on shorter ped., in racemes I-3 in. long appearing before
the |. at the end of the branches and densely tomentose with
scarlet stellate hairs ; cal. tubular, with short triangular teeth,
densely stellate-hairy outside, finely stellate pubescent within,
usually persistent ; carp. with 2 ovules ; follicles 3 in., stalked,
opening long before maturity, flat, leaflike, oblong-oval, veiny,
obtuse, greenish-pink ; seeds 2, borne on the edge of the
flattened carp. near the base, 2 in., ovoid, smooth, yellow,
endosperm scanty.

On rocks in the dry region ; rather common. Trincomalie ; Nilgala ;
Kurunegala; Dambulla; Uma Oya. The C. P. specimens are from Del-
tota, which is out of the usual range. Fl. June, July; scarlet-orange.

In the Indian Peninsula and Burma.

The brilliant orange-scarlet flowers appear when the tree is leafless,
and are thus very conspicuous. Mr. Nevill tells me that the Veddas call
it ‘ Kénawila’ and sing odes to it.

The inner bark gives a fine fibre.

6. S. Thwaitesii, Mast. in Fl. B. Ind. i. 361 (1874).
Pterygota alata, Thw. Enum. 29 (non Br.). C. P. 2963.

Fl, By Ind. 1. 361.

A tall tree with straight trunk and longitudinally cracked
bark, young parts densely puberulous; |. 5—8 in., ovate-oblong,
subcordate at base, obtuse, entire, thick, glabrous and shining,
petioles 2 in.; fl. small, } in., on short ped., in short rufous-
pubescent, racemose panicles from below the new leaves ; cal.

eritiera.| Sterculiacee. 167

thick, densely tomentose, lobes deep, lanceolate, acute; anth.
10; follicles 2} in., very broad, blunt, very thick and woody,
smooth ; seeds numerous, 14 in. long, I in. being a terminal
thick obtuse wing, cotyledons flat, endosperm copious.
Dry or intermediate country ; very rare. Only found at Haragama,
on (coeur iailer River, by Thwaites in 1853. Fl. Oct.; pale green.
ndemic.

2, HERITIERA, 4/1.

Trees; fl. small, in axillary panicles, unisexual, moncecious;
cal. 4- (or 5-) cleft; pet. 0; stam. combined into a very small
central column, anth. 5, minute, sessile; carp. 4-5, styles
distinct, ovule solitary ; ripe carp. woody, indehiscent ; seed
solitary, large, no endosperm.—Sp. 5; 3 in #7. B. lnd.

H. littoralis, Dryand. in Ait. Hort. Kew, iii. 546 (1789). Etuna,
S. Chomuntiri, 7.

Balanopteris Tothila, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 94. Moon Cat. 73. Thw..
num: 28. 6 C.P.1143;

Fl. B. Ind. i. 363. Rheede, Hort. Mal. vi.t.21. Gaertn. Fruct. 11. t. 99.

A moderate-sized tree, bark longitudinally furrowed, young
parts clothed with peltate scales ; 1. 5—8 in., lanceolate-oblong,
rounded or acute at base, obtuse, undulate, glabrous above,
completely covered beneath with minute silvery peltate scales,
petiole #in., stip. small, setaceous, deciduous; fl. small, % in.
long, the fem. rather larger, pedicellate, in pubescent, much-
branched, drooping, axillary panicles shorter than |1.; cal.
campanulate, pubescent inside and out, lobes ovate, acute;
‘carp. glabrous, styles tapering; ripe carp. I-3, spreading
horizontally, 24 in., indehiscent, broadly ovoid, depressed, the
dorsal margin with a broad keel or wing, thick, woody,
smooth and shining, pale brown; seed 1 in. long, with very
thick cotyledons.

On the sea-coast ; rather common. Panadure; Kalutara; Trincomalie;
Chilaw. Fl. July to October; pale greenish-pink.

Found on all Tropical shores of the Old World, the hard indehiscent
ripe carpels being carried by the waves.

According to Gaertner this is ‘Tothila’ of Herm. Mus. 48, of which
there is no specimen in his Herb. But that Sinhalese name is properly
applied to Oroxylum indica. Koenig’s specimens are in Mus. Brit.

The heart-wood is dark red, heavy, very hard, and extremely tough
and durable ; it appears to be sometimes called ‘ Ho-méderiya’ by the

nhalese, a name which really belongs to a species of Dzospyros.

Kleinhovia Hosfita, L., a tree of the Malay Islands and E. Trop.
Africa, is given for Ceylon in Fl. B. Ind. i. 364. It is only cultivated
here, and that rarely; the C. P. 1145 specimens are from Peradeniya
Gardens.

168 Sterculiacee. [Pterospermunc..

3. HELICTERES, /.

Shrubs; fl. in axillary clusters, irregular; cal. tubular,
5-fid. ; pet. 5, unequal, connate at base, long-clawed ; stam. 10,.
adnate to gynophore, ov. on a very long gynophore, 5-celled,
styles connate ; fruit of 5 linear follicles, more or less twisted
spirally together; seeds many, not winged.—Sp. 30; 7 in FZ
B. Ind.

H. Isora,* Z. SA. P/. 963 (1753). Liniya, S. Vallampuri, 7.

Moon Cat. 49. Thw. Enum. 28. C. P. 1137.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 365. Wight, Ic. t. 180.

A shrub or small tree, with finely wrinkled bark, twigs
rough with scattered stellate hairs ; 1. 24-34 in., distichous,.
rounded or cordate and oblique at base, suddenly caudate-
acuminate, serrate, sometimes 3-lobed in upper part, slightly
hairy on both sides, rough beneath ; petioles } in., stellate-
pubescent, stip. setaceous, as long as petiole; fl. rather large,
1} in. long, on short stellate-tomentose ped., 4-8 together in.
axillary clusters, bracts } in., setaceous, hairy, buds curved,
sharp-pointed ; cal. } in., curved, laterally compressed, tubular,
with a wide mouth, 2-lipped, teeth triangular, acute, unequal,
rough with stellate hairs; pet. very unequal, long-clawed,
more or less connate below, obtuse, upper half ultimately
reflexed, 2 lower wing-like, very much the largest, broad oval-
oblong, auricled on one side above, 3 upper oblong-linear ;
stam.-column fused with gynophore, very much exserted, sud-
denly turned downwards at the end, anth. 10, in a ring round
ov.; ov. conical, at end of curved gynophore, which is r$ in.
long, style as long as ov., deflexed ; follicles 2—24 in., linear,
tapering to point, stellate-scurfy ; seeds numerous, with a
loose wrinkled testa.

Low country up to 2000 ft.; rather common. Fl. July, August;
crimson, yellowish lead-colour when fading.

Found throughout India, in Java, and Trop. Australia.

The inner bark gives a very tough fibre.

The leaves are remarkably like those of the European Hazel, Corylus
Avellana.

4. PTEROSPERMUM, S¢/ir<).

Trees; fl. axillary, solitary; sep. 5, slightly connate at
base ; pet. 5, connate at base; stam. 20, connate at base, 5
much larger and barren ; ov. shortly stalked, 5-celled ; fruit a
loculicidal, 5-valved, woody capsule ; seeds several, winged.—
Sp. 18; 11 in FL B. Ixd.

* Isora mulli is the native name given in Rheede, Hort. Mal. vi. 55.

Pentafetes | Sterculiacee. 169

P. suberifolium, Zam. J///. iii. 136 (1823). Welanga, S.
Vinanku, 7.

Herm. Mus. 3. Fl. Zeyl. n. 250. Pentapetes suberifolia, L. Sp. Pl.
698 ; Moon Cat. 49. Thw. Enum. 30. C. P. 1136.

FI. B, Ind. i. 367. Hook. Bot. Mise. iii. t. supp. 26.

A rather small tree, with thick longitudinally cracked
bark, young parts finely tomentose; |. distichous, 2-4 in.,
obovate-oblong, rounded at base, bluntly acuminate, often
irregularly lobed or jagged in the upper part, often unequal-
sided, glabrous above, white or yellowish beneath with fine
omentum, petioles short, tomentose, stip. small, caducous ;
fl. rather large, 1-1} in. diam., axillary, usually solitary, on
thick, tomentose, jointed ped., with several caducous bractlets ;
sep. # in., linear, obtuse, reflexed, thick, densely stellate-
tomentose outside, pubescent and with a central line of long
hair within, caducous; pet. rather shorter than sep., linear
lanceolate ; stam. connate into a short tube at base, anth.
linear ; capsule 2-24 in., oblong, attenate at base, tapering to
a sharp point, covered with fine white tomentum ; wing of
seed broad, terminal, twice the length of the seed.

Low country, especially in the dry region; common. Fl. May;
yellowish-white, very sweet-scented.

Also in Southern India and Burma.
Wood moderately hard, tough, pale red.

5. PENTAPETES, /.

An annual herb; fl. axillary, solitary, with caducous
bracteoles ; sep. 5, slightly connate at base; pet. 5; stam. 20,
connate at base, 5 very much longer, barren ; ov. 5-celled,
with many ovules ; fruit a loculicidal, 5-valved capsule ; seeds
numerous, angular—Monotypic.

* P. phoenicea, LZ. Sf. P/. 698 (1753).

Fl. B. Ind. i. 371. Rheede, Hort. Mal. x. t. 56.

A slightly branched annual, 2-5 ft., stem glabrous ; |. very
variable, 1-5 in., oblong-deltoid to linear, strongly crenate-
serrate, glabrous above, with a few stellate hairs on the veins.
beneath, petiole short, stip. linear, as long as petiole ; fl. large,
1-14 in, solitary or 2, axillary, ped. shorter than 1., jointed
near the top, scabrid with few stellate hairs, bracteoles 3-5,
filiform, half as long as cal., very early caducous ; sep. narrow-
lanceolate, very acute, caudate, scabrous with few stellate
hairs; pet. obovate ; barren stam. (staminodes) linear, obtuse,
3 times as long as the fertile ones; capsule subglobose, $ in.,.

170 Sterculiacee. [ Waltheria.

shorter than the persistent sep., densely stellate-hairy ; seeds
angular, rough.

Dry country ; very rare, and doubtfully native. Near the Giant’s
Tank, Mannar Dist. 1890. Fl. Feb. ; bright red.

Throughout India.

This was brought by my collectors, and I have never met with it

myself in Ceylon except in gardens. At the above locality it may readily
have been introduced by Indian immigrants.

6. MELOCHIA, /.

Herbs; fl. in terminal clusters, with numerous bracteoles ;
sep. 5, connate below; pet. 5; stam. 5, connate into a tube
at base; ov. 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; fruit a
loculicidal, 5-valved capsule, seed solitary in each cell.—Sp.
about 50; 2 in FZ. B. Ind.

M. corchorifolia, Z. S/. 675 (1753). Gal-kura, S.

Herm. Mus. 43. Burm. Thes. 156. Fl. Zeyl. n. 246 (no specimen)
es M. concatenata, L. Sp.1.c. Moon Cat. 48. Thw. Enum. 30.

hee

Et B. ind. i. 374. Rheede, Hort. Mal. ix. t. 73. Dill. Hort. Elth. ii.
fF 70: ;

An erect or prostrate branched herb, stem with a line of
slightly stellate pubescence down one side; 1. variable, often
very small less than }in. but sometimes 2 in. or more, ovate
or oblong-ovate, rounded at base, acute or obtuse, serrate,
glabrous or nearly so, petiole half as long, stip. small, lanceo-
late, ciliate; fl. small, nearly sessile, densely crowded in
small terminal clusters with numerous hispid bracteoles ; sep.
lanceolate; capsule very small, depressed - globose, hispid ;
seeds angular, mottled black and grey.

Roadsides and waste ground ; a common weed, especially in the dry
country ; Fl. June-August ; pink.

Generally distributed through the Tropics.

M. pyramidata, L., is Fl. Zeyl.n. 245. There is no specimen in Her-
mann’s Herb., but it is figured in Burm. Thes. t. 69, f. i. This American

species is said to occur also in India as an introduced weed. I have not
seen it in Ceylon.

7, WALTHERIA, /.

Perennial herbs ; fl. very small, in axillary clusters ; sep. 5,
connate for ? below; pet. 5,connate ; stam. 5, connate below;
ov. I-celled, with 2 ovules; fruit a membranous capsule ir-
regularly 2-valved ; seed solitary.—Sp. 15; 1 in #2. B. Jnd.

Tilacee. 1774

W. indica, Z. S/. P/. 673 (1753). Punnikki, 7.

Herm. Mus. 30. Burm. Thes. 149. FI. Zeyl. n. 244. Moon Cat. 48.
“‘Thw. Enum. 30. C. P. 1128.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 374. Burm. Thes. t. 68.

A perennial herb, 1-3 ft., erect, slightly branched, stems
softly pubescent ; 1. 1-24 in., ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded
or cordate at base, obtuse, crenate-serrate, closely velvety on
both sides, lat. veins very prominent beneath, plicate, petiole
short, woolly ; fl. very small, % in., sessile, in dense axillary
-clusters, bracteoles linear, ciliate ; cal.-tube campanulate, teeth
narrowly triangular, strongly ciliate, very hairy outside, per-
sistent ; capsule very small, enclosed in cal., membranous,
2-valved ; seed solitary, smooth, black.

Rather common in the dry districts, rare in the moist low country.
Fl. Nov.-Feb.; yellow.
Distributed throughout the Tropics as a weed.

Guazuma tomentosa, Kunth. is occasionally planted in the drier dis-
tricts. Itis C. P. 1114, and figured in Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 107.

XXIV.—TILIACEA.

TREES, shrubs or herbs, often with stellate hairs or scales ;
1, alternate, simple, with stip.; fl. regular, bisexual ; sep. usually
5, distinct or connate into a cal.; pet. 5, distinct; stam.
numerous, distinct, free, anth. 2-celled ; disk fleshy or 0; ov.
(sometimes on a gynophore) 2-5-celled, with 2-many ovules
in each cell, style simple; fruit either a loculicidal or in-
‘dehiscent capsule, or a drupe with 1 or 4 stones; seeds with
fleshy endosperm, embryo with flat cotyledons.

Anth. opening by slits.
Sep. combined into a calyx.

Capsule 5-valved, not winged : : : . I. PITYRANTHE.
Capsule 3-valved, 6-winged . : : : . 2. BERRYA.
Sep. distinct.
Trees or shrubs 3. GREWIA.
Herbs.
Fruit indehiscent, spiny . : . : . 4. TRIUMFETTA.
Fruit a 2-5- -celled capsule . . 5. CORCHORUS.
Anth. opening by a terminal pore (Eleocarpee) . . 6, ELZOCARPUS.

With the exception of H/@ocarpus all the genera are confined to the
low country. /Pztyranthe and four species of Gvewza occur only in the
dry region. 7Z7zum/fetta and Corchorus are weeds of cultivated and waste
ground. Of the species of El@ocarpus, 4 are montane exclusively, 2
extend also into the moist low country, and one, £. serratus, is confined
to it; none are found in the dry region.

172 7 w1acee. [Berrya-

1. PITYRANTHE, 7/w.

A tree; fl. small, in panicles; cal. irregularly 5-lobed ;.
pet. 5, distinct; stam. 20, distinct, 5 (opp. sep.) reduced to
barren staminodes; ov. 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell;
fruit a loculicidal 5-valved capsule; seed usually solitary (by
abortion).—Monotypic and endemic.

P. verrucosa, 7/w. Enum. 29 (1858). Dik-wenna, S. Vid-
pani, 7:

G]PP nag:

Fl. B. Ind. i. 382. Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 109.

A rather small tree, with erect trunk, bark smooth, young
branches rough with peltate scales; 1. 3-44 in., variable,
usually ovate-oblong or oblong, subcordate at base, obtuse,
shallowly crenate or repand, stiff, pale green and stellate-
scaly above, whitish and densely stellate-pubescent beneath,
petiole ?in., scaly ; fl. small, numerous, in erect, much-
branched, terminal and axillary panicles; ped. +-}in.,, scaly,
buds globular-ovoid apiculate, bracts caducous; cal. cam-
panulate, lobes triangular, acute; pet. twice as long as cal.,
tapering to base; 5 barren stam., linear-spathulate, shorter
than the fertile; ov. globose, covered with peltate scales,
style simple, as long as stam.; capsule 2 in., pyriform, sur--
rounded at base with remains of persistent cal. and stam.,
inflated, 5-angled, very harsh, worted, yellow, 5-valved ; seed
usually solitary, globular, finely wrinkled, black with a few
white stellate scales.

Dry districts ; locally common. Jaffna (Gardner) ; abundant in Batti-
caloa District (Thwaites); plentiful in the Trincomalie District, and ex-
tending into adjacent parts of North Central Province, Tamankadua, &c.,
where it forms much of the undergrowth ; Nilgala, rare. Fl. Sept.—Jan.;.
pinkish-white.

Endemic.

Wood tough, heavy, yellow, very strong, and much sought after in the:

E. Prov. for axles of timber carts, &c., but it is small, rarely exceeding
23 or 3 ft. in girth.

2, BERRYVA,* Lox.

A tree ; fl. in terminal panicles ; cal. irregularly 3-5-lobed ;.
pet. 5, distinct ; stam. numerous, distinct, no staminodes ;
ov. 3- (or 4-) celled, with 4 ovules in each cell; fruit a locu-

* Named after Dr. Andrew Berry, of Madras, an eminent physician
and botanist, from whom, in 1802, the Calcutta Gardens received this.
plant.

Grewia.] Tiliacee. 172

licidally 3-valved capsule, with 2 long wings to each valve;
seeds several, hairy.—Monotypic.

B. Ammonilla,* Rox. Hort. Beng. 42 (1814). Hal-milla, 5S.
Chavandalai, 7.

Moon Cat. Add. Thw. Enum. 32. C. P. 1108.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 383. Wight, Ill. t. 34. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 58.

A large tree, with a straight, erect trunk and round, dense
head, bark smooth, pale, young parts slightly scaly; 1. 5-8 in.,
ovate, cordate at base, acute, entire, glabrous on both sides,
undulate, bright apple-green, petioles 1-2 in., stip. 3 in., linear-
setaceous; fl. numerous, 2 in. diam., in large lax terminal
panicles, ped. nearly 4 in., pubescent, buds globular ; cal. cup-
shaped, densely pubescent, lobes obtuse ; pet. oblong, obtuse,
ultimately reflexed ; stam. very numerous; capsule surrounded
at base by persistent sep. and pet., 2 in., globose, pubescent,
with 6 long, horizontally spreading, twisted, blunt, papery
wings 1 in. long; seeds 1-4 in each cell, angular, densely
covered with long yellow hair.

Forests of the dry country ; common, extending rarely into the inter-
mediate and moist low country. Fl. March, April; white.

Found also in Malabar and Travancore, and in Burma and the
Andaman Islands; but both Wight and Beddome say they have never
seen it wild in S. India.

Wood moderately heavy, straight-grained, smooth, tough, pale reddish-
yellow ; one of our best timbers and easily worked. Exported to Madras,
where it is well known as ‘ Trincomalie wood’ from the usual port of ship-
ment, and used for the construction of Masula boats.

3 GREWIA,+ Z.

Trees or shrubs; infl. various, usually axillary; sep. 5,
distinct ; pet. 5, smaller than sep. with a glandular scale
within at the base; stam. and ov. on a raised torus or gyno-
phore; stam. numerous, distinct ; ov. 2-4-celled, with 2 or
more ovules in each cell; fruit indehiscent, fleshy outside,
usually 4-lobed, containing 4 bony stones which are often
divided into 2 or more false cells and 1-6-seeded.—Sp. 60 ;
36 in FZ. B. Ind.

* Roxburgh gives ‘Ammonilla’ as the Sinhalese name, no doubt an
accidental alteration of Halmilla.

+In memory of Nehemiah Grew, M.D., F.R.S., author of the
‘Anatomy of Plants.’ Died 1712.

174 Tiliacee. [Grewia

Infl. axillary
Fruit (if fully developed) more or less 4-lobed.
Stellate-pubescent or hairy.

L. hairy on both sides.
L. not white beneath . : 5 5 . I. G. COLUMNARIS.
L. white beneath : : ; . 2.°G, ASIATTCR

L. hairy beneath on the veins.
Fl. solitary or twin : s : . 3. G. BRACTEATA.
Fl. in threes : : : ‘ . 4. G. DIPLOCARPA.

L. glabrous on both sides 5. G. TILLEFOLIA.

6

Densely velvety-tomentose G. HIRSUTA.
Fruit globose, not lobed.
Semiscandent ; 1. pubescent beneath . 7. G. ORIENTALIS.
Tree; 1. glabrous. ‘ , : ; . §. G. POLYGAMA.
Infl. terminal ; : ; : . 9: G- MICRGCcOs
Fl. solitary, leaf- opposed . : : . ; . 10. G. POPULIFOLIA.

1. @. columnaris, Sm. 77 Rees Cycl. xvii. (1811). KBodi-
taviddai, 7.

Thywaenum. si. 1C. Be rir Ty

FI. B. Ind. i. 383. Wight, Ic. t. 44.

A shrub or small tree, much-branched and twiggy, young
parts stellate-pubescent ; |. 2-3 in., oval, rounded at base,
bluntly acuminate, serrate-dentate, rough with stellate hairs
on both sides, petiole very short, sua Ie -tomentose ; fl. about
I in., on stellate-tomentose ped., 4 in. long, in axillary and
terminal, umbellate cymes, hide: conical, furrowed, bracts
oblong ; sep. oblong-linear, pubescent outside, recurved ; pet.
3% length of sep., erect, acute, densely hairy within; stam.
shorter than sep.; ov. densely hairy, style longer than stam.,
stigma 4-fid; fr. subglobose, depressed, slightly 4-lobed,
somewhat bristly, dark yellow.

Dry country ; rather common. Jaffna ; Puttalam ; Anuradhapura ;
Kekirawa ; Kantalai; Haragama; Mannar; Kurunegala. Fl. July to

November ; yellowish-white.
Also in India, Java, and E. Trop. Africa.

2. *G. asiatica, Z. Mant. 122 (1767).

Herm. Mus. 3. FI. Zeyl. n. 208. Moon Cat. 41. G. rotundifolia,
Thw. Enum. 402 (non Juss.). C. P. 3785.

F]. B. Ind. i. 386.

A small tree, young parts densely stellate-pubescent ;
|. 4—5 in., ovate-orbicular, rounded or subcordate and slightly
unequal at base, acute, coarsely and irregularly serrate,
puberulous above, white with dense stellate pubescence
beneath, petiole }-} in, stip. 4 in. lanceolate or linear,
acuminate; fl. over 4 in. diam., on slender ped., in small
umbels of 2-5, on long peduncles, peduncles 1-4 together,
axillary, greatly exceeding the petioles, buds obovate-oblong ;

Grewia. | Trlacee. 175

sep. oblong-lanceolate, densely pubescent without ; fr. 3 in.,
globose, slightly lobed, somewhat stellate - hairy, stones
I-celled.

Low country; very rare. Kalutara (Moon) ; Trincomalie (Glenie) ;
Colombo. Probably always cultivated.

Also in S. India, but usually cultivated.

Hermann calls this ‘ Hamdamanias.’

I do not know this plant well; in my Cat. Ceyl. PL. p. 12, it is referred
to G. orbiculata, Rottl.

3. G. bracteata, Heyie in Roth. Nov. Sp. 243 (1821).

Fl. B. Ind. i. 389.

‘Shrubby ; 1. 3-4 by 14-12 in. somewhat oblique, oval-
lanceolate, serrate, base rounded, 3-nerved, secondaries arched,
with straight hairs along the nerves beneath, petiole + in. ;
peduncles equalling the petioles, axillary, solitary or twin,
3-flowered, bracts broad, pilose, as long as the peduncle, buds
conical or ovoid, pilose, sulcate ; sep. linear, covered with
golden down; pet. much shorter than sep., oblong, entire,
recurved ; torus prolonged beyond the glands ; drupe 4-lobed,
shrivelled when dry, the size of a cherry, covered with yellow
hairs, stones 2—3-celled.’

Entered on the faith of a scrap in Herb. Kew from Gardner (No. 78),
and somewhat doubtful.

Also in Southern India.
I know nothing of this, and have copied the description from Fl. B. Ind.

4. G. diplocarpa, 7hw. Enum. 31 (1858).
Thw. Enum. 31. C. P. 2568.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 390.

A shrub, young parts hairy ; |. 3-4 in., lanceolate, acute or
obtuse at base, acuminate, crenate-serrate, glabrous above,
slightly hairy on veins beneath, 3-nerved at base, veins very
oblique, prominent beneath, petiole } in., hairy, stip. linear-
setaceous, rigid ; fl. over ¢in. diam., on short ped., in threes
at end of axillary peduncle, buds globular-ovoid, bracts small,
ovate ; sep. linear, pilose outside ; pet. less than half as long ;
fr. 4-lobed (ze. of two didymous halves), with a few stellate
hairs.

Low country; rare. Maturata; Uva (Thwaites); Uma-oya. FI.

November.
Endemic.

5. G. tilizfolia, Vahl Symé. i. 35 (1790). Daminiya, S. Chad-
achchi, 7.

Moon Cat. 41. Thw. Enum. 32. C. P. 621.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 386. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 108.

176 Trhacee. [Grewia.

A tree, with brownish pale bark, young parts pubescent ;
|. 23-5 in., ovate-orbicular, more or less cordate and oblique
at base, obtuse, serrate, glabrous on both sides, 3—5-veined at
base, petiole #-1 in., stip. nearly 4in., slightly falcate, auricu-
late, acuminate, veiny; fl. small, not 4 in. diam., on slender
ped., in stalked umbellate clusters of 3, several together from
the axils and about equalling the petiole, buds oblong-ovoid ;
sep. linear-oblong g, stellate-tomentose outside ; pet. about half
as long ; fr. Zin. 4-lobed, slightly stellate-hairy; stones 3- or
6-celled.

Low country, and extending into lower montane zone; common. FI.
April-July; pale yellow.

Found throughout India and Burma, and in E. Trop. Africa.

A variety with very small flowers was collected near Kekirawa.

Heart-wood hard, close-grained, moderately heavy, tough, brown; a
valuable wood, but of no great size. The inner bark makes good ropes.
The fruit is said to be eaten.

6. G. hirsuta, Va// ae: i. 34 (1790).

Thw.Houn, 3h. (Co P.35 5a

Be Balin 3One Waske NGS tis 7X0),

A low, much-branched shrub, Saisie throughout with
dense, velvety, stellate tomentum ; 1. 24-34 in., lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, rounded and oblique at base, very acute,
finely dentate-serrate, 3-nerved at base, tomentum more
dense Jee mixed above with minute scales, petiole very
BOF stip. 2in., setaceous ; fl. }in. diam., pedicellate, usually

2 together on short, solitary, axillary peduncles ; sep. linear,
very hairy outside; fr. over 4 in., globose, slightly 4-lobed,
very hairy, stones 4, 2-seeded.

Dry country ; very rare. Only found about Nilgala, in Uva Province.

Fl. January ; white.
Also in Southern India.

7. G. orientalis, Z. Sf. Pl. 964 (1753). Wel-kéliya, Wel-
médiya, S. Taviddai, 7:

Herm. Mus. 3. Burm. Thes. 26. Fl. Zeyl. n. 324. Moon Cat. 41.
Thw. Enum. 31. C. P. 11Io.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 384. Rheede, Hort. Malab. v. t. 46.

A semi-scandent shrub, with smooth, cinnamon-brown
bark and divaricate branches, young parts with fine rufous
pubescence ; |. 3-4 in., ovate-oval, rounded at base, acuminate,
finely crenate-serrate, glabrous on both sides, 3-nerved at
base, veins very prominent beneath, with glandular pores in
their axils, petiole short, stip. small, rigid, lanceolate, soon
falling ; fl. about i4in., in small, axillary, stalked, umbellate
cymes ‘much shorter than the 1, buds ovate-oblong, blunt,
bracts linear; sep. in., linear, densely stellate-hairy outside ;

Ces Tihacee. 177

ov. very hairy; fr. globose, not lobed, nearly $in., apiculate,
densely pubescent, yellow, stones 4, 2-seeded.

Low country; rare, and perhaps not native. Chilaw (Nevill);
Colombo ; Hantane ; common in Peradeniya Bot. Gardens, but doubtful
if native there. Fl. Feb.-April; white.

Native in Southern India.

Hermann, who notes that the branches are often sarmentose, says
that the wood is particularly adapted for bows.

8. G. polygama, orb. Hort. Beng. (1814). Bora-daminiya,
S. Taviddai, 7.

G. helicterifolia, Thw. Enum. 31. C. P. 1113.

EE BR. Indaizor

A much-branched tree, with smooth, whitish bark, twigs
slender, young parts pubescent ; |. 13-3 in., distichous, oblong-
lanceolate, unequal at base, acuminate, acute, finely serrate in
upper part, 3-nerved at base, nearly glabrous above, white
with stellate pubescence beneath, petiole short, stip. longer,
linear, very acute; fl. small, under } in. diam., polygamous,
3-5 in., pedunculate umbels 1-4 together from axil, buds
oblong, bracts linear; sep. linear, pubescent on both sides ;
fr. 4in., globular, not lobed, hairy, stones 4, 1-seeded.

Dry country ; rather common. Dambulla; Hangurankette ; Anurad-
hapura; Karativu ; Vavuniya. Fl. July-October.

Also in India, Burma, Trop. Australia.

Heart-wood heavy, rather hard, smooth, even-grained, pale brown.

9. G. Microcos,* Z. Syst. ed. xii. 602 (1767). Kéliya, Kohu-
kirilla, 5S.

Herm. Mus. 10. Burm. Thes. 159. FI. Zeyl.n.207. MJicrocos panicu-
lata, L., Moon Cat. 41. Thw. Enum. 32. C. P. r1o9.

FL. B. Ind. i. 393. Wight, Ill. t. 33. Burm. Thes. t. 74.

A shrub, young parts stellate-pubescent ; 1. 4-9 in., lan-
ceolate, rounded at base, tapering, acute, entire or nearly so,
glabrous above, finely stellate-hairy beneath, 3-nerved at base,
veins prominent beneath, petiole }-2in., stip. 4 in., linear,
acuminate ; fl. small, 3in. diam., shortly pedicellate or nearly
sessile, rather crowded, in small terminal panicles, buds
globular-ovoid, bracts linear; sep. lanceolate-oblong, woolly
on both sides; ov. 3-celled; fr. small, 2 in., ovoid, smooth,
fleshy, purplish, stones combined into one, 3-celled, hairy.

Low country; common. FI. June, July ; White.
Throughout India, and in Burma, Java, and China.

* Microcos is Burman’s translation of the names ‘Kocurille,’ ‘de
Kleine Cocos,’ given by Hermann (who has also ‘ Kohukirilla’), for this
plant, apparently referring to the small hard stone of the fruit, suggesting
a miniature coconut.

N

178 Tiliacee. [ Triumfetta.

10. G. populifolia, Vazh/, Sym. i. 33. (1790). Matu-peratti,
Achchu, 7. [PLATE XVIII.)

Trim. in Journ. Bot. 1885, 143.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 385. (Not given for Ceylon.)

A bush, with numerous divaricate branches, bark white,
smooth, young parts stellate-puberulous ; 1. small, 3-11 in,
often fasciculate, orbicular or ovate, rounded at base, obtuse,
irregularly crenate-serrate, often somewhat 3-lobed, 3- -nerved
at base, glabrous on both sides, petiole half as long, slender,
nearly glabrous, stip. small, linear, soon falling ; fl. about 1 in.
diam., ‘solitary, extra- axillary or leaf-opposed, ped. about
# in, thickened above ; sep. oblong-linear, gets pubescent
on both sides, 3- -nerved ; pet. linear, acute, 4 as long as sep.,
bifid at top, basal scale broad, rotund, Be: oynophore
short, glabrous ; ov. 4-lobed, glabrous, style longer than stam.,
stigma with 2 reflexed lobes ; fr. $ in. broad, of 2 separable
halves, smooth, shining , yellowish- -brown, each half didymous,
with 2 rounded lobes, pericarp thin, brittle, pulp scanty,
fibrous, stones 4, bony, compressed, muriculate, 2-celled,
2-seeded.

Desert tracts in the dry country, rather common. Puttalam (Nevill) ;
abundant about Hambantota, Kirinda, &c. ; Matalan, N. Prov. (Nevill);
Mannar. FI. Dec., July; white.

Also in Southern India, the Punjab, Sind, Affghanistan, Arabia,
Tropical Africa, and Mauritius.

The pulp of the fruit is pleasantly acid.

Very unlike all the other Ceylon species.

4. TRIUMFETTA,* Z.

Annual or perennial herbs; fl. small, yellow, in clusters
opp. the |. and in spicate terminal panicles ; sep. 5; pet. 5,
distinct ; stam. 5-25, distinct; ov. 2—5-celled, with 2 ovules in
each cell; fruit small, indehiscent, spiny, 2—5-celled, with 1 or
2 seeds in each cell.—Sp. 40; 9 in #7. B. Ind.

Spines of fruit not hooked : : ; d . I. T. TOMENTOSA.
Spines of fruit hooked
L. ovate-lanceolate . , d : ‘ , 2 Le PICOSAS
Lower |. more or less 3-lobed
Fruit globose, spines glabrous . ‘ . 3. T. RHOMBOIDEA.
Fruit somewhat ovoid, spines strongly hairy.
L. densely stellate- pubescent beneath . . 4. T. GLABRA.
L. sparsely hairy beneath . : : . 5. T. NEGLECTA.

* J. B. Triumfetti was an Italian botanist. Died 1707.

Triumfetta. Trlhacee. 179

1. T. tomentosa, oj. 772 Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, xx. 103. (1843.)

T. pilosa, Roth. var. a, Thw. Enum. 31. C. P. 2902.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 394.

An erect, branched, perennial herb, stems softly hairy ;
1. 3-5 in., passing gradually into bracts in upper part of stem,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, slightly cordate at base, acute,
serrate, densely stellate- tomentose on both sides, petiole
3-2 in., stip. }in., setaceous; fl. small, numerous, on slender
ped., clusters forming interrupted, spicate, terminal panicles,
buds linear-clavate ; sep. narrowly linear, apiculate, densely
stellate-hairy ; fr. globose, about 4in., glabrous, covered with
numerous straight sharp spines equalling its diam. and bristly
for lower half.

A weed in cultivated ground ; ‘common,’ according to Thwaites. I
have only seen it about Peradeniya. Fl. Jan.; yellow.

Also in India, E. Trop. Africa, the Mascarene Is., and perhaps the

W. Indies.
The flowers open only in the afternoon.

2. 'T. pilosa, Roth Nov. Sp. 223 (1821).

I. ~ilosa, var. B., Thw. Enum. 31. C. P. 730.

Fl. B. Ind. 1. 394.

A large, erect, branched, perennial herb, stems more or
less shaggy with soft, stellate hair; 1. 2-4 in., ovate-lanceolate
or lanceolate, rounded or subcordate at base, acute, irregularly
serrate, softly hairy above, felted with velvety stellate hair
beneath, petiole $-?in., very hairy, stip. lanceolate, acute,
very hairy ; fl. large, 1 in. diam., shortly pedicellate, clusters
not much exceeding petioles, buds oblong -linear, rather
dumb-bell-shaped ; pet. strap-shaped, rather shorter and
broader than sep.; fr. globose, about } in., densely covered
with long, spreading hair except at top, spines equalling
‘diam., thickened at base, sharply hooked at the points, cells 4,
with I ovoid, compressed, shining seed in each.

Bushy places in low country ; rather rare. Maturata ; Alutnuwara ;
Ramboda; Mawarelle, S. Prov.; about Ratnapura; Matale. Fl. Jan.
Feb.; yellow.

Throughout the Indian and Malayan Peninsula, and in Trop. Africa.
The large bur-like fruits readily adhere to neighbouring objects.

3. T.rhomboidea, Jacg. Stirp. Amer. Hist. 47 (1763). Epala, S.
Herm, Mus. 8. Burm. Thes.9. Fl. Zeyl. n. 174. 7. Bartramia, L.
Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 638 ; Moon Cat. 37. Z. angulata, Lam., Thw. Enum. 31.

<P. 2750.
Fl, B. Ind. i. 395. Wight, Ic. t. 320.

An annual or perennial herb, 14-3 ft., slightly branched,
branches pubescent with simple hairs; 1. 1-24 in., variable,

180 Tihacee. [ Triumfetta:

the lower more or less deeply 3-fid, the upper ovate-lanceolate,
all coarsely and irregularly serrate, simply hairy on both
sides, often tomentose and white beneath, petiole of lower 1.
long, of upper 1. very short; fl. small, 2 in. diam., on short
ped., clusters crowded into a spicate inflorescence at end of
branches, buds oblong, slightly stellate- pubescent ; pet.
equalling sep.; stam. 8-15; fr. very small, globose, ¢ in.,.
finely tomentose, spines less than in. glabrous, hooked,
cells 3 or 4.

Waste ground in low country ; a very common weed. Fl. Nov.—Feb ;
yellow.

Throughout Tropical Asia and Africa.

The name 7. Lartramia has priority (1762), but Linnzeus may have
included in it more than 7. rhomboidea, Jacq. as now understood.

4. T. glabra, Rottl.in Spreng. Syst. ii. 450 (1825). [PLATE XIX.]
W. and A. Prod. 75. TZ. conspicua, Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. 206.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 395.

Semi-shrubby, stems 3-5 ft., much branched, rough with
stellate hairs; 1. 2-24 in., sub-orbicular, rather broader than
long, cordate at base, acute, irregularly crenate-dentate, some-
what 3-lobed, glabrous above, paler and finely but densely
stellate-pubescent beneath ; fl. rather large for genus, nearly
#in., pedicellate, crowded in small, stalked, paniculate clusters.
rather distantly arranged on the elongated, erect, quite leafless
branches of the large terminal inflor., buds ovoid, crowned by
a star formed of the appendages of the sep.; sep. linear,
densely stellate-pubescent, with a rather long, curved, spread-.
ing, apical appendage ; pet. as long as sep., broadly spathu-
late, ciliate at base ; stam. 20; fr. small, Lin. diam., globular-
ovoid, densely covered with yellowish pubescence of short
simple hairs and set with stiff red spines } in. long, hooked
at the end and shortly hairy in the lower part, the upper ones
erect, the others spreading, 2—-4-celled, 2—4-seeded ; seed.
smooth, yellowish-grey.

Dry country, very rare. Batticaloa (Rottler) ; Near Tissamaharama
Tank, Hambantota, in great abundance, 1882. Mr. Nevill thinks
he has seen it about Mandagalla in Eastern Prov. Fl. Dec.—Feb.;
bright yellow.

Endemic.

Rottler collected this in Feb. 1796, and his specimens are now in Herb.
Kew. They scarcely warrant his name g/aéra, but are less densely stellate-
hairy than my Hambantota ones.

The description in Fl. B. Ind. so little agrees with the plant as to
have caused me to miss the identity of my species with Rottler’s, and to-

Corchorus.] Tihacee. 181

give itanewname. The locality is also there given as ‘ Canara,’ instead
of Ceylon.
The most showy of the Ceylon species, quite ornamental in mass.

5. T. neglecta, W. and A. Prod. 75 (1834).

T. pilosula, Thw. Enum. 401. C. P. 2901.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 396.

An annual herb, 2-4 ft., slightly branched, stem slightly
scabrous with broad-based, stellate hairs ; 1. 1-24 in., the lower
rotundate, acute at base, acute, somewhat 3-lobed, coarsely
crenate-serrate, the upper lanceolate, all sparsely hairy or
nearly glabrous on both sides, petiole as long as lower 1., very
short in upper ones, hairy, stip. small, triangular, acuminate,
persistent ; fl. very small, on short, slender, drooping ped.,
clusters forming an interrupted, erect, spicate inflor., buds
short, ovoid; stam. 5-10; fr. about }in. globular-ovoid,
densely hairy, spines stiff, hooked, strongly ciliated along the
upper side, upper ones erect, others spreading, cells 4.

Dry country, rare. Trincomalie; Dambulla. Fl. Jan.; yellow.
Also in Peninsular India and Trop. Africa.

5. CORCHORUS, J.

Annual or perennial herbs ; fl. 1-3 together, small, yellow,
leaf-opposed ; sep. 5, distinct ; pet. 5, distinct; stam. numerous,
distinct ; ov. 2—5-celled, with numerous ovules; fruit a locu-
licidal, 2—-5-valved capsule, with numerous seeds.—Sp. 35; 8
in FL B. Ind.

Capsule subglobose . : : : : . I. C. CAPSULARIS.
‘Capsule elongated.
Capsule 5-valved

Capsule 2 or 3-valved.
Capsule hairy

L. glabrous. : 2 ; ‘ . 3. C. URTICAFOLIUS.

ie, Hairys, a: : , ; ; ; . 4. C. FASCICULARIS.

5

6

N

C. OLITORIUS.

Capsule glabrous
Capsule not winged
Capsule strongly 3-winged .

. C. TRIDENS.
. C. ACUTANGULUS.

1.* ©. capsularis, Z. Sf. P/. 529. (1753.)
Fl. Zeyl. n. 214. Moon Cat. 42. Thw. Enum. 31. C. P. 1105.
BL RB. Ind is 3072.) Wisht, lc tss1a

Annual, erect, glabrous; 1. 2-4 in. narrowly . ovate-
lanceolate, rounded at base, acuminate, acute, serrate, the
two lowest serratures produced into filiform deflexed tails,
glabrous, 3—5-veined at base, stip. filiform, as long as petiole;
fl. less than } in. diam., pedicellate ; capsule depressed, broader

182 Tihacee. [ Corchorus.

than long, }in. diam., ridged and muricated, 5-valved, valves.
woody, without transverse partitions on inside; seeds wedge-
shaped, smooth, brown.

Low country ; ‘very common,’ according to Thwaites, but I have
never met with it. Kalutara (Moon); Bintenne (Gardner). A casual
weed? FI. yellow.

Native of India, and perhaps of Malaya, cultivated elsewhere in the
Tropics.

There is a drawing, but no specimen in Hermann’s Herb.

This is one of the species so largely cultivated for jute in Bengal, but
it is not grown in Ceylon. It is, perhaps, only a cultivated race of C.
olitorius.

2. C. olitorius, Z. SA. P/. 529 (1753).
ow, enum, 41.. °C. Purio7.
F]. B. Ind. i. 397. Bot. Mag. t. 2810.

An annual or perennial herb, 3-4 ft. much branched,.
stems glabrous; |. 3-5 in., ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base,
acuminate, acute, serrate, the two lowest serrations prolonged
into deflexed filiform tails 4 in. long, glabrous on both sides,
3-5-veined at base, veins conspicuous beneath, petiole 1-14 in.,.
slightly pilose above, stip. 2in., setaceous; fl. on very short
ped., } in. diam., buds obovate, angled, cuspidate ; sep. linear,
acuminate, cuspidate ; pet. longer than sep.; style papillose ;.
capsule linear, 13-2} in. long, linear, cylindrical, tapering,
with 5 short points at apex, glabrous, 5-valved, valves with
transverse partitions between the seeds; seeds triangular,
pointed, slightly wrinkled, black.

Low country, a weed by roadsides, common, but, perhaps, introduced.
Fl. July ; yellow.

Native of India and Malaya, and spread by cultivation to other Tropical
and Sub-tropical countries. Largely grown in Bengal for the production
of jute and elsewhere as a potherb.

I have not seen much of this. It is represented in Hermann’s Herb.
by C. acutangulus.

3. C. urticefolius, WV. and A. Prod. 73 (1834).
Thw. Enum. 31. C. P. 2758.
Fl)B, Ind, i) 397.

Annual, stems 1-3 ft., softly hairy; 1. 2-24 in., ovate,
rounded at base, acute, coarsely serrate, glabrous or slightly
hairy above, softly hairy beneath, petiole 1-1} in., hairy, stip.
4 in., setaceous ; fl. shortly pedicellate; sep. apiculate, very
hairy ; capsule about 1 in., linear, slightly curved, deflexed,
beaked, hairy, 2-3-valved, valves with internal partitions
between the seeds; seeds wrinkled, black.

Corchorus. | Titliacee. | 183

Dry districts, rather common. Trincomalie (Moon) ; Puttalam (Nevill) ;
Anuradhapura. FI. all the year; yellow.
Also in Southern India, Burma, and Abyssinia.

4.* ©. fascicularis, Zam. Encycl. ii. 104 (1786).
thw. Enum 401.) ©... 3773.
El, B. Ind. 1., 398.

An annual herb, much branched, stems glabrous; |. #-14 in.,
oval-oblong, rounded at base, obtuse, serrate, glabrous, petiole
short, pilose, stip. linear, filiform ; fl. very small, 3-5 together,
nearly sessile; capsule 3 in., cylindrical, long-beaked, very
hairy, 3-valved, valves faintly septate, seeds trigonous, smooth,

black.

Low country, very rare. Only found near Colombo by Ferguson in
1862, and probably a casual weed only. FI. July.
Also in Peninsular India, and Trop. Africa and Australia.

5. C. tridens, Z. Mant. ii. app. (1771).

Thw. Enum. jor... C. P. 3791.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 398. (Not given for Ceylon.) Burm. FI. Ind. t. 37, f. 2
(C. ¢rilocularis).

Annual, 1-2 ft., slightly branched, glabrous; 1. 14-23 in.,
oblong-linear, acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, the two lowest
teeth produced into filiform tails, petiole very short, stip.
setaceous, about as long; fl. nearly sessile; capsule 14 in.,
slender, glabrous, with a short beak terminating in 3 spreading
or reflexed points, 3-valved, valves without partitions ; seeds
truncate at both ends, smooth, black.

Dry country ; very rare. Trincomalie 1863 (Glenie).
Distributed through Tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia.

6. ©. acutangulus, Zam. Encycl. ii. 104 (1786).

Herm. Mus. 31. Burm. Thes. 75. Fl. Zeyl. n. 213 (C. olztorius, L.).
Moon Cat. 42. Thw. Enum. 31. C. P. 1106,

Fl. B. Ind. i. 398. Wight, Ic. t. 739.

Annual, 1-2 ft., much branched, branches slightly pubes-
cent ; 1. I-2in., oval or ovate, rounded at base, acute, crenate-
serrate, the 2 lowest teeth often prolonged into filiform tails,
hairy on veins beneath, petiole hairy, stip. filiform, shorter
than petiole; fl. shortly pedicellate; capsule $#-1} in., erect,
cylindrical, truncate, 6-angled, 3 of the angles strongly winged
and terminating above in a horizontal or recurved beak,
3- (or 4-) valved, valves slightly septate; seeds truncate,
rough, dark brown,

184 Tilacee. [El@ocarpus.

Low country ; a common weed. FI. Dec.—Jan.; yellow.

Throughout the Tropics of both worlds.

Much the commonest species in Ceylon. This represents C. olztordus,
L., in Hermann’s Herb. It is called ‘ Jaladara’ by Moon.

6. ELZZOCARPUS,* J.

Trees; fi. in axillary racemes; sep. 5, distinct; pets.
distinct, laciniate ; stam. 15-30, inserted within a fleshy,
5-lobed disk ; anth. linear, opening by a terminal pore; ov.
2—3-celled, with 2-many ovules in each cell; style simple;
fruit an indehiscent drupe, with fleshy epicarp and hard, bony
stone, usually 1-celled, 1-seeded ; cotyledons flat, endosperm
copious.—Sp. 50; 40 in FZ, B. Lnd.

One anther-valve tipped with a brush of hairs . 1. E. SERRATUS.

Anther-valves equal, not bearded.
L. glabrous beneath.

L. oval ; petiole 1 in. long : : . 2. E. AMG@NUS,
L. obovate ; petiole very short : F - 3. E. OBOVATUS.
L. pubescent beneath.
L. rotundate, very obtuse : ; : . 4. E. MONTANUS.
L. oval : : : - : : ~ 5. EO SUBVILEOSUS:
One anther-valve elongated into a beak or bristle
(Monocera).
L. ovate . ; ; 5 : 5 5 » 6. ZEYLANICUS:
L. lanceolate attenuate . ; : j . 7. E. GLANDULIFER.

1, &. serratus, LZ. Sf. P/. 515 (1753). Weralu, S. [PLATE XX.]

Herm. Mus. 9. Burm. Thes. 93. Fl. Zeyl. n. 206. Moon Cat. 42.
bw. num, 32). C:P2i30:

Fl. B. Ind. i. gor (not given for Ceylon). Burm. Thes. t. 40. Lam.
Ill. Gen. t. 459, f. 2 (fruit).

A rather small tree, young parts pubescent; 1. 2-4 in.,
oval or obovate-oval, acute at base, obtuse, often rounded at
apex, usually shallowly crenate-serrate, glabrous, paler beneath,
with glandular thickenings in the vein-axils, petiole 4 in.; fl.
drooping, in numerous racemes from axils of past and present
1. and rather shorter than them, ped. as long as sep., bracts
none, buds conical ; sep. } in., lanceolate, acute, finely pilose
or glabrous ; pet. larger than sep., with a broad cuneate base,
cut more than half-way down into numerous filiform lacinie ;
stam. 25-35, fil. short, anth. linear, black, one valve tipped
with a brush of hairs half as long; disk hairy, orange ; ov.
hairy, 3-celled ; drupe 1-1} in., ovoid, bluntly pointed, smooth,
dull greenish yellow, pulp copious, stone under I in., ovoid-

* From the very strong resemblance of the fruit of £. serva/us to the
olive.

Eleocarpus.| Trliacee. 185

oblong, pointed, thick, bony, strongly tubercled, 1-celled,
1-seeded.

[Var. B. cuneatus, Wight, Ill. i. 83 (sp.), stone 3-celled.]

Low country in the moist region up to 2000 ft.; common. Fl. Jan. and
July, August ; white.

Throughout the Indian and Malay Peninsulas and in Java.

Wight gives Ceylon asa locality for his £. cumeatus, and in FI. B. Ind. i.
402, where it is maintained as a separate species, all the Ceylon £. serratus
is apparently referred to it. But the common Weralu is the basis of
Linnzeus’ species, and the stone is invariably 1-celled.

When the leaves are nearly entire (as is often the case), it is Z. zuze-
grifolius, Lam. Ill. t. 459.

The fruit is generally known as ‘wild olives’ by the English, and is
eaten, the pulp being pleasantly subacid and palatable. Wood light,
open, yellowish-white.

[Z. robustus, Roxb., is given for Ceylon in FI. B. Ind. i. 402, I do not
know on what authority. There are no specimens from here in Hb. Kew.
It is figured in Wight, Ic. t. 64.]

2. HE. amoenus, 7iw. Enum. 32 (1858). Titta-weralu, S.
C. P. 2651, 2587, 2524 (?), 3906.
WSS. Inds i404. ‘Bedd. FI Syly.t. 111:

A moderate-sized, much-branched tree, young parts finely
appressed-puberulous ; |. variable, 2-4 in., oblong-oval or oval,
usually tapering at both ends, slightly acuminate, obtuse,
-crenate-serrate, glabrous, rather thick, veins prominent beneath,
with glandular pits in their axils, petiole 1 in.; fl. drooping, in
short, spreading racemes from the axils of past leaves below
the new growth, ped. longer than sep., buds nearly globular ;
sep. $in., lanceolate, acute, pilose, red; pet. a little longer
than sep., cuneate, more or less deeply cut into linear lacinie ;
stam. 18-30, pilose, fil. as long as beardless anth.; ov. and
disk pilose; drupe nearly globular, #-14 in., smooth, stone
spherical, deeply tubercled, with 3 vertical grooves, 1-celled.

Moist country at elevations of 2—-sSoooft.; rather common. Dickoya ;
Hewahette ; Hantane; Dolosbagie; Dimbula; Rambodde. FI. Sept.,
October, March, and April; white.

Said in Fl. B. Ind. to occur also in S. India.

Probably more than one species is here included, but I cannot
separate them. C. P. 3906 from Dickoya is a form with considerably
smaller fruit. C P. 2587 from Dimbula has broader leaves and wider
sepals than the type, very large fruit, and quite differently shaped petals.

C. P. 2524 from N. Eliya is thought by Thwaites to be perhaps a
different species. It has smaller flowers, more coriaceous, very obtuse
leaves, and approaches £. montanus. 1 have also collected it in Rangala.

The rather ornamental bony stones of the fruit are said to be exported
to India as beads for necklaces.

186 Tirliacec. [Eleocarpus.

3. E. obovatus, Arn. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xviii. 323 (1836).
E. coriaceus, Hk. in Wight, Ill. i. 83. Thw. Enum. 32. C. P. 316.
Fl, B. Ind. i. 404. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 154 (2. cordaceus).

A small tree, young branches stout, prominently marked
with leaf-scars; 1. crowded, I-3 in., obovate-oval, obtuse or
acute at base, rounded at apex, shallowly mucronate-serrate,
very coriaceous, glabrous, veins strongly marked, reticulate,
petiole very short, stout; fl. large, #-1 in. diam., drooping, on
long pilose ped. thickened upwards, often whorled, in racemes
from the axils of upper 1. and much exceeding them, bracts
sharply toothed, buds bluntly pointed ; sep. 4 in., lanceolate-
linear, acute, pilose, red; pet. exceeding sep., oval, cut about
+ down; stam. 25-30, fil. as long as beardless anth., drupe
nearly spherical, about 1 in., stone rugose and tubercled.

Upper montane zone; rare. Pedurutalagala; Nuwara Eliya. FI.

Feb.; white.
Endemic.

4. E. montanus, 7hw. Enum. 32 (1858).

(G5 IES fey,

Fl. B. Ind. i. 404.

A moderate-sized tree, young parts pubescent ; |. 13-34 in.,
broadly oval or rotundate, rounded at base, very obtuse,
denticulate, the margin usually revolute, glabrous above,
glandular-pubescent, becoming glabrous beneath, coriaceous,
veins very prominent beneath, with large glandular pits in
their axils, petiole under }in.; fl. gin. diam., on short tomen-
tose ped., in axillary racemes a little shorter than the |., buds.
ovoid ; sep. narrow, acute, tomentose; pet. longer than sep.,
cuneate, cut } way down, hairy on both sides, anth. beardless ;
fr. nearly globular, about 1 in.

Upper montane zone; very rare. Nuwara Eliya (Gardner) ; Hakgala
(Nock). Fl. April, September.

Endemic.

I have not met with this species.

5. &. subvillosus, 4rz. zx Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xviii. 323 (1836).
Gal-weralu, S.

Thw. Enum. 33. C. P. 704.

F]. B. Ind. i. 404. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 155 (Z. pubescens).

A tree, young parts finely tomentose; 1. 3-5 in., oval,
narrowed or rounded at base, obtuse or very shortly acu-
minate, shallowly spinous-serrate, glabrous above (when
mature), more or less tomentose or pubescent beneath and
on margin, petiole 1-14 in., tomentose, stip. very small,.
subulate, persistent; fl. rather large, about ? in. diam., on

Eleocarpus.| Trlacec. 187

short thick tomentose ped. in long racemes from axils of
fallen 1. below the new growth, bracts serrate, silky ; sep. Lin.
densely fulvous-tomentose ; pet. twice as long, cut } down;
stam. 15-20, pubescent, anth. beardless; fr. subglobular or
ovoid, I-14 in., apiculate, at first densely covered with fulvous
tomentum, stone pointed, 3-grooved, tuberculated.

Moist low country extending into the montane zone to 4000 ft.; rather
common. Pasdun Korale; Adam’s Peak; Ambagamuwa ; Hunasgiria.
Fl. Feb.—April ; white.

Also at Malacca and in Borneo.

6. E. zeylanicus, J/as?. zx Fl. B. Ind. i. 406 (1874).

Monocera zeylanica, Arn. Pug. 5. M. Walkerit, Wight, Ill. i. 84.
Thy, Enum: 33) C: P38, 166,

Fl. B. Ind. i. 406.

A tree, young parts glabrous; |. 2-3 in., ovate, acute or
obtuse at base, acuminate, shallowly serrate-crenate or nearly
entire, glabrous, veins prominent beneath, with or without
glandular pits in their axils, petiole ?in.; fl. 2in. diam., on
long drooping ped. in corymbose racemes from axils of I. of
past year and about as long, bracts deciduous, buds ovoid-
oblong, pointed; sep. 2in., oblong-linear, acute, glabrous ;
pet. equalling sep., cuneate-oblong, silky on both sides, cut
about 4 way down; stam. 30, anth. linear, almost sessile,
pilose, one valve produced into an erect beak; ov. silky,.
z-celled ; fr. 3 in., oblong-ovoid, blunt, smooth, polished,
gereenish-white, stone 2-edged, muriculate, 1-seeded.

Montane zone; very rare. Adam’s Peak, at about 5oooft. FI.
March ; white.

Endemic.

7. E. glandulifer, J7/as¢. in FV. B. Ind. i. 406 (1874).

Monocera glandulifera, Hk. in Wight, Ill. i. 84. Thw. Enum. 33.
C.. P6725:

Fl. B. Ind. i. 406.

A large, much-branched, graceful tree, young parts
glabrous ; 1. 3-5 in., lanceolate, acute at base, tapering to
attenuate obtuse apex, more or less coarsely crenate-serrate,
undulate, coriaceous, pale beneath, with prominent oblique
veins and very large glandular pits in their axils, petiole very
long, 14-2 in.; fl. }in. diam., on long, drooping, slender ped.
in axillary racemes at end of branches shorter than 1. and form-
ing an apparently terminal inflor., buds oblong, pointed ; sep.
3 in., acute, pilose; pet. equalling sep., hairy on both sides,
cuneate-oblong, cut about { way down; stam. 30, fil. short,
anth. narrowly linear, pilose, with one valve produced into a

188 Linacee. [Zznum.

long somewhat recurved bristle; ov. 2- or 3-celled, silky;
fr. $—-3 in., ovoid, smooth, glaucous ; stone thick, 1-seeded.

Montane zone from about 3000-6000 ft.; common. Haputale ; Amba-
gamuwa ; Ramboda; Hantane; Maturata; Atampitiya; Hakgala, &c.
Fl. Jan.—March and Sept.; white.

Endemic.

There are specimens in Mus. Brit. collected by Moon in 1819.

The glandular pits in the leaf-axils are often very large, and even
perforate the leaves, but do not differ in character from the smaller ones
in other species.

XXV.—LINACEA.

HERBS, shrubs or trees; |. alternate, simple, with or without
stip. ; fl. regular, bisexual; sep. 5, distinct or connate ; pet. 5,
distinct, contorted or imbricate; stam. 5 or 10, fil. more or
less connate ; ov. 3- or 5-celled, with 1 or 2 ovules in each
cell, styles distinct or slightly connate; fruit a few- or 1-seeded
capsule or drupe; seed with a flat embryo and scanty endo-
sperm.

Annual herb. Pet. contorted . LINUM.
Climbing shrubs. Pet. contorted . : : . 2. HUGONIA.
Shrubs or trees. Pet. imbricate (Evythroxyle@) . 3. ERYTHROXYLON.

Linum is a montane plant, and Lrythroxylon obtusifolium and £.
/anceolatum also occur in the lower hills; the rest are low-country plants.

Ne

1. LINUM, Z.

Herbs; sep. 5, distinct ; pet. 5, distinct, contorted; stam. 5,
connate below; ov. 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell,
styles 5; fruit a 5-celled capsule, splitting septicidally and
again loculicidally ; seeds with a straight, flat embryo, in
scanty endosperm.—Sp. 80; 4 in FZ. B. Ind.

L. mysorense, Heyne zn Wall. Cat. n. 1507 (1828).

Thw. Enum. 25. C. P. 3127.

FlB ind. irr,

An annual herb, 1-2 ft., stem slender, erect, glabrous,
striate, much branched corymbosely above ; 1. } in., becoming
smaller upward, sessile, linear-strap-shaped, tapering to base,
acute, glabrous, 3-veined ; fl. } in. diam., numerous, on short
curved ped., solitary, leaf-opposed, collectively forming a
corymbose, terminal panicle made up of unilateral cymes;

Hugonia.] Linacee. 18q

sep. lanceolate, acute, glabrous, with membranous margins,
3-veined ; pet. slightly longer than sep., rotundate; stam.
with fil. dilated and connate below; no staminodes; style
very slightly connate below, stigmas globose; capsule globose,
apiculate, surrounded by persistent sep., splitting into 10 valves;
seeds 10, oval, compressed, smooth.

Montane zone from 4000-6000 ft., on the patanas ; rare. Abundant
between Hakgala and Wilson’s Bungalow, and about Sita Eliya. FI.

March and April; pale yellow.
Also in the W. Himalayas and the hills of the Indian Peninsula.

2. HUGONTIA, J.

Shrubs, climbing by circinate peduncles; fl. axillary ;
sep. 5, distinct, unequal, imbricate; pet. 5, distinct, contorted ;
stam. 10, fil. connate at base; ov. 5-celled, with 2 ovules in
each cell, styles 5, distinct; fruit a drupe, stone to-celled,.
1—5-seeded ; seeds pendulous, embryo flat, endosperm scanty.
—Sp. 6; 2in FZ B. Ind.

L. glabrous. : E - : fe) he he EV STA:

L. densely silky beneath . ‘ : ‘ : . 2. H. FERRUGINEA.

The circinate spines are evidently modified peduncles and occasion-
ally bear flowers.

I. H. Mystax,* Z. SJ. Pl. 677 (1753). Maha-gétiya, Bu-
gétiya, S. Motirakanni, 7.

Herm. Mus. 9. Burm. Thes. 57. FI. Zeyl. n. 249 (part). Moon Cat.
49. Thw. Enum. 25. C. P. 1185.

BEB Inds. 4135. Wight; Ml 732:

A scrambling shrub, with wide-spreading, yellow-tomen-
tose branches set with short, horizontal twigs leafless below
and provided at the end with a pair of nearly opposite, woody,
reflexed, circinate, tapering, tomentose spines in the axils of
the two lowest 1. or scales ; 1. alternate, on the main branches
distant, on the lateral twigs crowded at their ends, 1-4 in.,
variable, oval or oblong-oval or obovate-oval, tapering to
base, obtuse, entire or somewhat dentate, glabrous, thin, with
reticulate venation prominent on both sides, petiole very
short, stip. conspicuous, setaceous, persistent ; fl. rather large,
I-I}in., on woolly ped. as long as sep., in axils of the crowded
l. at end of twigs; outer sep. lanceolate-oblong, tomentose,
obtuse ; pet. many times longer than sep., oblong-oval, acute
or truncate ; styles longer than stam., stigmas capitate ; drupe

* From the resemblance of the curved woody tendrils to a pair of
moustaches.

190 Linacee. [Erythroxylon.

nearly globose, } in., supported on persistent sep., pulp scanty,
stone bony, grooved, 1o-celled, with usually 2 or 3 seeds.

Low country, especially in the dry region; rather common. Jafina
(Gardner) ; Kurunegala: Doluwe Kande; Hambantota; Galle. Fl.
May-Aug.; yellow. Fruit scarlet.

Also on the west coast of Peninsular India.

There are specimens collected by Jonville in 1800, in Hb. Mus. Brit.

Some of Hermann’s specimens are Avcistrocladus Vahlit (q. V.).
H. villosa, Moon Cat. 49, appears to be a mere variety, judging from a
drawing so named in Herb. Perad.

2. H. ferruginea, W. and A. Prod. 72 (1834).

Thw. Enum. 25. C. P. 1184.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 413.

A sarmentose scrambling shrub, shoots and young parts
densely covered with orange tomentum, spines as in H. Mystax ;
]. 2-3 in., ovate, shortly acuminate, entire or faintly toothed,
finely golden-silky, ultimately glabrous above, densely golden-
silky beneath, lat. veins prominent, arched, not reticulate,
bracts subulate ; fl. 2 or 3 together, on short ped. from leaf-
axils, buds pointed; sep. ovate, acuminate, densely tomen-
tose, pet. about twice as long ; fruit not seen.

Moist low country; rare. Kalutara (Moon); Galle ; Heneratgoda.

I do not know whence Wight’s specimens (n. 286, collected by Col.
Walker in March, 1836) were obtained. Fl. Dec.; yellow.

Endemic.

I have not met with this living, and the dried specimens are not very
good.

3. ERYTHROXYLON, /.

Trees or shrubs, glabrous; |. entire, with combined, intra-
petiolar stip.; fl. axillary, heterostyled ; sep. 5, slightly con-
nate below ; pet. 5, distinct, imbricate, spreading, with a large
double erect scale on the inner surface ; stam. 10, fil. connate
into a tube; ov. 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell; styles 3,
nearly free or connate; stigmas capitate ; fruit a drupe, stone
I-3-celled, 1-seeded.—Sp. 50; 6 in #7. B. Lnd.

Tree ; stip. persistent . P : 1. E. MONOGYNUM.
Shrubs ; stip. caducous. .
Leaves tapering to apex ; styles connate.
Lat. veins horizontal
Lat. veins oblique . - :
Leaves rounded at apex ; styles free.

. E, LUCIDUM.
. E. LANCEOLATUM.
. E. OBTUSIFOLIUM.

-& oo NV

1. BE. monogynum, fox. Cor. P/. i. 61 (1795). Devadaram,
Chemmanatti, 7:

Moon Cat. 36. Sethia indica, DC., Thw. Enum. 53. C. P. 1168.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 414. Wight, Ill. t. 48, copied in Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 81
(EZ. indicum).

Erythroxylon.] Linacee. IgI

A tree, usually small, much branched, bark dark brown,
thick, very rough; |. 14-2} in., shortly stalked, oval-obovate,
tapering to base, very obtuse, thin, paler beneath, veins
reticulate, combined stip. triangular, persistent; fl. + in., on
slender ped. very much shorter than 1., 1-4 together, axillary;
sep. triangular, acute, glabrous; pet. much longer than sep.,
spreading ; styles connate for nearly whole length; drupe
3in., oblong, apiculate, somewhat trigonous, smooth, bright
scarlet, surrounded at base by persistent sep. and stam., stone
thin, 3-celled.

Dry country; very common. Fl. August, &c.; greenish-white.
Fruit scarlet.

Also in Southern India.

There are specimens from Koenig in Brit. Mus.

Heart-wood very hard, heavy, smooth, dark brown. It has a pleasant
resinous scent, and yields, by distillation, a kind of tar, said by Dr.
Ondaatje (Obs. Veg. Prod. (1853) 13) to be used by the Moormen at
Puttalam as a preservative for the wood of their boats. The leaves con-
tain an alkaloid, which is bitter and astringent, but it has none of the
properties of Cocaine, the alkaloid of Z. Coca of Peru.

2. E. lucidum, J/oon Cat. 36 (1824). Bata-kirilla, S. Chiru-
chemannatti, 7.

Sethia acuminata, Arn. Pug. 6; Wight, Ill. t. 35; Thw. Enum, 54.
CP 222) 3488, JOLT.

Fl. B. Ind.i. 415.

A much-branched, twiggy shrub, with pale bark; 1. 13-3 in.,
linear-lanceolate to oval-lanceolate, acute or rounded at base,
tapering, acuminate with obtuse apex, shining on both sur-
faces, lat. veins horizontal, petiole very short, stip. caducous ;
fl. solitary, axillary, ped. much longer than petiole; sep.
lanceolate, acute; pet. oblong, obtuse ; styles connate nearly
to apex ; drupe 4in., pointed, grooved.

Low country; rather common. Ratnapura; Ambagamuwa; Kuruwita
Korale ; Singhe Raja Forest ; and (in dry region) Uma Oya; Nilgala ;
Dambulla. Occurs as an undergrowth in forests. Fl. March—May ;
greenish-yellow.

Endemic (?): perhaps in Borneo.

C. P. 3488 (from Singhe Raja) is Thwaites’s var. 6.; it has smaller
and more caudate leaves than the type. C. P. 4o11 (from Dambulla) has
the leaves abruptly narrowed at the base, as is the case generally in the
dry country.

The juice of the leaves is a valuable anthelmintic and much used,
especially for children.

3. E.lanceolatum, 2%. /. Fl. B. fnd. i. 415 (1874).
Sethia lanceolata, Wight, Thw. Enum. 54. C. P. 493.
Bis. ttidsi.. 415.

192 Malpighiacee.

An erect, branched shrub; |. 24-4 in., narrowly lanceolate,
tapering at both ends, obtuse, shining above, midrib very
prominent beneath, lat. veins somewhat oblique, petiole very
short, stip. caducous; fl. solitary, axillary; styles united for
= of their length ; drupe not seen.

Lower montane zone; rare. Galagama, on the banks of streams ;
Raxawa. FI. Feb.
Also at Courtallum in S. India.

I have very insufficient material for this species, which seems scarcely
separable from £. lucidum.

4. E. obtusifolium, /7//. f F/. B. Ind. i. 415 (1874).

Sethia obtusifolia, Thw. Enum. 54. C. P. 25, 2613.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 415.

A much-branched shrub, twigs angular; |. variable,
13-4 in., oblong-lanceolate or oblong-oval or oval, tapering
to short petiole, rounded or obtuse or retuse at apex, rather
thick, paler beneath, shining on both surfaces, lat. veins
prominent beneath, slightly oblique, stip. caducous, leaving
conspicuous scars; fl. nearly }in., solitary, axillary, ped.
4-1 in., stiff, thickened upwards; pet. obtuse; styles nearly
free; drupe }in., scarlet.

Lower montane zone; rather common, up to 4oooft. Dimbula ;
Ambagamuwa; Hunasgiria; Hantane; Ritigala, N.C. Prov. (2500 ft.)
abundant ; Fl. March—May ; greenish-white. Fruit scarlet.

Endemic.

Scarcely a distinct species from £. lucidum and L. lanceolatum, but
the flowers are larger and the styles almost entirely distinct.

XXVI.—MALPIGHIACE/:.*

CLIMBING shrubs ; 1. opposite, entire, without stip. ; fl. slightly
irregular, bisexual, in racemes; sep. 5, connate at base;
pet. 5, distinct, clawed, imbricate, the uppermost larger ;
stam. 10, distinct, declinate, 1 much longer than the rest ;
ov. 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell; fruit of 1-3, dry,
indehiscent, winged, 1-seeded nuts; seed without endosperm.

* A very large Order, mainly American, and sparingly represented in
the Old World.

Hiptage.] Malpighiacee. 193

HIPTAGE, Geertz.
For characters, see Order.—Sp. 5; all in FZ. B. Ind.

L. 4-7 in. long . : é : : A : . I. H. MADABLOTA.
L. 2-4 in. long . : : : ; 5 : . 2. H. PARVIFOLIA.

I. H. Madablota,* Gaertn. fruct. ii. 169 (1791). Puwak-gédi-
ya-wel, S.

Fl. Zeyl. n. 176. Bannisterta bengalensis, L. Sp. Pl. 427. Gaertnera
vacemosa, Roxb., Moon Cat. 34. Thw. Enum. 53. C. P. 659.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 418. Wight, Ill. t. 5o.

A large woody climber, stems stout, cylindrical, much
branched, young parts silky; 1. 4-7 in., opposite, oval or
lanceolate, acute at base, acuminate, acute, entire, glabrous,
thick, paler beneath with prominent veins, petiole very short,
thick, sparingly silky; fl. rather large, # in. diam., on long,
2-bracteolate ped., arranged in erect, axillary, finely tomen-
tose racemes about as long as 1.; sep. oblong, obtuse, densely
pubescent, persistent, one with a large oblong gland at the
base outside; pet. twice as long as sep., rotundate, clawed,
pubescent, strongly ciliate, the uppermost broader than the
rest ; stam. exserted, curved, declinate, one much longer than
the rest ; style hooked at end, longer than stam. ; nut (usually
only a single carpel developed) with a flat top, on which isa
short, triangular wing or crest, pilose, provided with 3 lateral,
spreading, horizontal, oblong, obtuse wings, the middle one
14 in. and two lateral about #in. long; seed solitary, globose.

Low country ; common in both moist and dry regions. FI. March ;
white, the back petal stained with yellow.

Also in India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Java, and China.

There is a specimen in Herb. Hermann, but he does not give it any
name.

2. H. parvifolia, W. and A. Prod. 107 (1834).

Dhiw. Eaum. 53. -G. BP. 1166:

Fl. B. Ind. 1. 419.

A woody climber, young parts silky ; 1. 2-4 in., lanceolate,
acute at both ends, entire, glabrous, shining above; fl. smaller
than in the last, on very long ped., in axillary and terminal
racemes ; nuts (often 2 or all three developed) without any
wing or crest on top, each provided with 3 spreading, hori-
zontal wings, the middle one about 1 in. long and erose-bifid
at apex, the two lateral $—?in., acute.

Dry region; rare. Jaffna (Gardner); Dambulla. Fl. March.
Also in Southern India.

* Madablota is given as a native name for this by Sonnerat in his
Voyage to the E. Indies (1782).

O

194 Zygophyllacee. [ Tribulus.

Smaller in all its parts than A. Madodlota, and with quite different
wings to the carpels.

Tristillateta australasica, A. Rich. This, under the name of Platy-
nema laurifolium, is recorded by W. and A. (Prod. 107) as from Ceylon.
According to Fl. B. Ind. i. 418 the specimens were from Singapore, where
it is a common plant, both wild and cultivated.

XXVIT.—ZYGOPHYLEACE Az:

HERBS; 1. opposite, pinnate, with stip.; fl. regular, bisexual ;
sep. and pet. 5, distinct, imbricate; stam. 10, distinct, alter-
nate ones (opp. pet.) longer; disk annular, 10-lobed; ov.
5-celled, with several superposed ovules in each cell, styles
combined ; fruit of distinct, indehiscent cocci, each with
several seeds ; seed with green embryo, no endosperm.

TRIBULUS, J.
For characters, see Order.—Sp. 15; 3 in FZ. B. Ind.

T. terrestris, Z. Sf. Pl. 387 (1753). Sembu-nerinchi, 5S,
Chiru-nerinchi, 7:

Herm. Mus. 44. Burm. Thes. 226. FI. Zeyl. n.168. 7. danuginosus.
L. Sp. PL 3875) Moon:Gat. 35; “Thw. Enum.'68.. ©. Paar:

Fl. B. Ind. i. 423. Wight, Ic. t.98. Burm. Thes. t. 106, f. 1.

Annual, with numerous, long, prostrate, more or less hairy
or hispid branches ; 1. opposite (the pair usually unequal),
pinnate, with 3-6 pair of opposite, nearly sessile Ifits., lfits.
+} in., oblong, apiculate, white and silky beneath, slightly
silky above, stip. lanceolate, acute; fl. }-?in. diam., solitary,
axillary or leaf-opposed, ped. slender, shorter than 1.; sep.
linear, acute; pet. rounded, longer than sep., fugacious; ov.
bristly, style short, stout; fr. of (usually) 5, hairy or nearly
glabrous, woody cocci, each with 2 pair of stiff sharp spines
one pair longer than the other, often muriculate, together
forming a more or less spherical spiny ball; seeds several in
each coccus, with transverse partitions between them.

Low country ; very common in sandy ground, especially in the dry
region. Fl. all the year; bright yellow.

Distributed throughout the warmer countries of the world.

A very variable plant. Linnzeus distinguished his 7. d/anuginosus
(the Ceylon plant) by having 5 (instead of 6) pairs of leaflets.

Geranium. | Geraniacee. 195

XXVITI.—GERANIACE#.

HERBS, or semi-shrubby ; |. alternate or opposite, simple or
compound, usually stipulate ; fl. bisexual, regular or irregular ;
sep. 5 or 3, distinct, equal or unequal, imbricate, 1 often
spurred ; pet. 5 (or apparently 3), distinct or connate, equal
or unequal, imbricate; stam. 5 or 10, fil. distinct or connate,
anth. distinct or coherent ; ov. 5-celled, with few or many
ovules in each cell; styles distinct or 0; fruit either distinct
t-seeded cocci, or a 5-celled capsule, or a drupe with a
5-celled stone; seeds with or without an aril, endosperm
scanty or O.

Fls. regular.
Pet. imbricate ; fruit of 5 cocci . d . I. GERANIUM.
Pet. contorted ; fruit a capsule (Oxalidec).

L. trifoliolate . 2. OXALIS.

L. pinnate 3. BIOPHYTUM.
Fls. irregular (Balsaminee).

Lat. pet. connate; fruit a capsule . ; : . 4. IMPATIENS.

Lat. pet. distinct; fruitadrupe . : ; . 5. HYDROCERA.

Our species are mostly montane :—Geranium, 3 species of Biophytum
and 17 of Impatiens. Of these, 4 or 5 /wzpatiens also extend downwards
into the low country, to which are confined 2 species of Biophytum, 4
species of /wzfatiens and Hydrocera. Oxalis corniculata is a universal
weed ; it occurs even in Britain ; and Geranium and [mpatiens are also
British genera.

1. GERANIUM, J.

Herbs; 1. opp., stipulate; fl. regular, axillary; sep. 5,
imbricate ; pet. 5, imbricate; stam. 10, distinct; ov. with a
long beak, 5-celled, with 2 or 3 superposed ovules in each
cell, styles 5; fr. dry, separating into 5 one-seeded cocci, each
with a long beak which curls upwards elastically, remaining
attached to apex of the axis; cotyledons leafy, endosperm
very scanty.—Sp. 100; 18 in #2. B. Lnd.

G. nepalense, Sweet. Ger. t. 12 (1820).

Thw. Enum. 64. C. P. 2788.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 431. Wight, Ill. t. 59 (G. affime, W. and A.).

A perennial herb, with a woody rootstock and numerous
long, ascending, diffuse, much-branched, pilose stems ; 1.
opposite, roundish in outline, I-14 in., very deeply divided

196 Gerantacee. [Oxalis.

into 5 wedge-shaped segments, which are again deeply cut
and serrated, hairy on both sides, teeth cuspidate, petiole of
lower |. very long (often 6 in.), of upper 1. shorter or very
short, hairy, stip. subulate-lanceolate, persistent; fl. about
3 in. diam., solitary or rarely 2 together, on long, slender,
hairy, axillary ped., which are bi-bracteolate and jointed
above the middle; sep. oblong-lanceolate, strongly cuspidate
or awned, hairy; pet. rounded, clawed, rather longer than
sep.; stam. with fil. dilated below ; cocci ovoid, pointed,
hairy, their beaks }in., hairy; seed oblong-ovoid, finely
striate, black.

Upper montane zone; very rare. The C. P. specimens are from
between Nuwara Eliya and Maturata at 7000 ft. First collected by Col.
Walker. Fl. Aug.; pink (?).

Also in the mountains of Southern India, and throughout the Tem-
perate Himalayas.

I have not met with this species. In Wight’s figure above quoted the
flowers are coloured yellow.

2, OXALIS, Z.

Herbs ; 1. alternate, trifoliolate, stipulate ; fl. regular,
axillary; sep. 5, imbricate; pet. 5, contorted, very slightly
coherent at base; stam. 10, connate at base, 5 inner longer ;
av. 5-celled; styles 5; fruit a 5-celled, loculicidal capsule ;
seeds numerous, with an elastic, dehiscent aril, embryo in
endosperm.—Sp. 200; 3 in £7. B. Lnd.

O. corniculata, Z. S/. P/. 435 (1753). Hin-embul-embiliya, S.

Herm. Mus. 60. Burm. Thes. 179. Fl. Zeyl.n. 499. Moon Cat. 36.
Thw. Enum. 64. C. P. 1188, 1189.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 436. Wight, Ic. t. 18 (O. repens).

A perennial herb, with very long, slender, creeping or
subterranean stems, rooting at the nodes and giving off long,
ascending, slender, much-branched, pilose branches, roots.
often somewhat tuberous or swollen; 1. alt., trifoliolate, on
very long, slender, hairy petioles, Iflts. over 4 in., sessile,
broadly obcordate, glabrous, ciliate, stip. small, adnate to
petiole; fl. 2 in., in little umbels of I-3, on erect, axillary
peduncles greatly exceeding the 1. ped. slender, hairy, bracts
setaceous in a ring below ped.; sep. lanceolate, obtuse, pilose ;
pet. exceeding sep., rounded, long-clawed ; ov. oblong, stigmas
papillose ; capsule } in. or more, linear-oblong, 5-angled, with
a short beak, pubescent ; seeds surrounded by a white fleshy
aril which bursts elastically, testa strongly transversely ridged,
brown.

Biophytum. Geraniacee. 197

Extremely common throughout the island, especially in cultivated
land. Fl]. throughout the year; yellow.

Found in all Tropical and Temperate countries.

One of our commonest weeds. The leaves have an acid taste.

O. violacea L. This I take to be the name of the species which has
become a very troublesome weed in some parts of the hill districts in
cultivated ground, increasing very rapidly by means of its numerous
bulbils. It is a native of the United States, and already recorded in
Moon Cat. 36.

3. BIOPHYTUM, DC.

Annual or perennial herbs; 1. crowded at nodes and ends
of stem and branches, abruptly pinnate, with a hairy rachis
and opposite pairs of oblique, sessile Iflts.; fl. in small,
axillary, stalked umbels, with numerous, rigid, setaceous
bracts ; sep. 5, imbricate; pet. 5, connate into a salver-shaped
cor.; stam. 10, distinct, 5 inner longer; ov. 5-celled, styles 5 ;
fr. and seed as in Oxalis.—Sp. about 20; 8 in FZ. B. Ind.

The fl. are strikingly dimorphic (heterostyled).

Annual. Stem unbranched.

Pedicels longer than sep. Seedstuberculate . 1. B. SENSITIVUM.
Pedicels shorter than sep. Seeds Hen orgy
ribbed . é ‘ 2. B. NERVIFOLIUM.

Perennial. Stems proliferously branched.
Peduncles longer than leaves; Iflts. glaucous

beneath . 3. B. NUDUM.
Peduncles shorter than leaves ; Ifits. not glaucous.

Stems erect; leaves 2-4 in. . : . 4. B. INTERMEDIUM.

Stems prostrate ; leaves under1in. . . 5. B. PROLIFERUM.

Thwaites (Enum. 409) combines all these under one species, Oxalzs
sensitiva, L.

1. B. sensitivum, DC. Prod. i. 690 (1824). Gas-nidikumba, 5,

Herm. Mus. 5. Burm. Thes. 178. Fl. Zeyl.n. 180. Ovxalis sensitiva,
L. Sp. Pl. 434; Moon Cat. 36; Thw. Enum. 64, 4o9. C. P. 1190.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 436. Bot. Reg. xxxi. t. 68.

An annual, stem short, erect, 1-2 in. high, perfectly simple,
glabrous or hairy, red; 1. crowded into a rosette at top of
stem, spreading, 14-3 in., petiole short, lflts. in 10-16 pairs
(rarely fewer), the lower ones much the smaller, terminal pair
largest, 2 in. long, oblong, truncate or subcordate at base,
apiculate, glabrous, paler beneath; fl. 4 in., numerous in the
umbel, peduncles erect, slightly exceeding 1., stiff, glandular-
pubescent, ped. slender, spreading, a little longer than sep.,
bracts very small, numerous, crowded ; sep. linear-lanceolate,
acute, 3-5-veined, glandular-hairy ; cor.-tube much exceeding
sep., lobes rounded, spreading; styles nearly glabrous; capsule
globular-ovoid, very slightly exceeding sep., apiculate, valves

198 Geraniacee. [Biophytum.

flat and spreading after dehiscence; seeds strongly tuber-
culate.

Low country, on banks by roadsides and as a weed ; very common.
F]. throughout the year; golden-yellow with red veins.

Throughout the Tropics.

I cannot distinguish B. Retnwardtiz, Hk. f., given for Ceylon in FI. B.
Ind. i. 437, from the above. It is said to differ in its more slender habit
and smaller flowers, and the old figure in Hort. Malab. ix. t. 19 is quoted
for it. Specimens from Mrs. Walker (Hb. Kew) and from Fraser (Mus.
Brit.) appear to satisfy these characters, which are scarcely sufficient for
specific difference. Part of C. P. 2787 ought perhaps to be referred to
this.

2. B. nervifolium, 7/w. Enum. 64 (1858).

C. P. 2787 (part).

Annual, with a very short, erect, unbranched stem ;
1. numerous, forming a crowded rosette almost on the ground,
14—4 in., Iflts. 8-14 (usually 12) pair, generally overlapping,
broadly oblong, apiculate, glabrous, paler beneath, with the
lat. veins very prominent, terminal ones the largest; fl. 2 in.,
umbels dense, crowded, ped. shorter than sep., bracts hairy,
peduncles stiff, with adpressed hairs, longer or shorter than 1.;
sep. long, lanceolate-linear, attenuate, very acute, with 7
prominent parallel veins; pet. much exceeding sep.; styles
hairy ; capsule ovoid, shorter than sep.; seeds strongly, trans-
versely (? spirally) ribbed, not tubercled.

Sandy ground in the dry region ; rather common. Jaffna; Puttalam;
Chilaw; Anuradhapura ; Batticaloa. FI. Dec.-March ; orange, brownish
or pale-pink.

Endemic (?)

This is reduced to &. sensztzvum in Fl. B. Ind., but the dwarf habit,
long narrow sepals, and very different seeds seem to easily distinguish it,

as well as the different colour of the flowers. It is strictly confined to the
ary region,

[B. Candolleanum, Wight, figured in Wight, Ill. t. 62, is given in Fl.
B. Ind. i. 437 for Ceylon. It is a Nilgiri montane plant, and I have seen

nothing like it here. I doubt if it can be referred to B. sensztivum as in
Fl. B. Ind.]

3. B. nudum, Wight, /7//. i. 161 (1840).

Oxalis nuda, Arn. Pug. 8. Thw. Enum. 64, 409. C. P. 464.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 438.

Perennial, semi-woody, stem 6 in.—2 ft., erect, simple or
with whorled branches, pilose or nearly glabrous ; 1. 14-3} in.,
Iflts. 10-20 pair, oblong, truncate at base, slightly falcate,
strongly cuspidate, faintly hairy, glaucous or whitish beneath
with prominent veins, lower ones smaller; fl. few, umbels
small, ped. slender, about as Jong as sep., hairy, bracts very
numerous, lanceolate, crowdd, peduncles exceeding the Ll,

Biophytum.] Geraniacee. 199

adpressed-hairy ; sep. lanceolate, acute, mucronate, nearly
glabrous, veined ; capsule ovoid, blunt, about equalling sep.;
seeds not furrowed, slightly tuberculated.

Montane zone from 4000 to 6ooo ft. in wet forest ; rather common.
Adam’s Peak; Maskeliya; Nillembe; Rambodde; Knuckles; Ran-
gala; Ambawella. One specimen in Hb. Perad. is labelled by Thwaites
‘Pasdun Korale,’ probably by error. Fl. March, April, and September ;
yellow.

Endemic.

There is a specimen from Moon in the Brit. Mus.

B. intermedium, W7g7/, ///. i. 162 (1840). [PLATE XXI.]

LB. proliferum, vax. B. Thw. Enum. 64, 409. C. P. 2419.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 438.

Perennial, semi-woody at base, 2-4 ft., erect, with many
dichotomous or whorled branches, pubescent, with a ring of
stiff, reflexed hairs at the nodes; |. 2-4 in,, Iflts. 15-25 pair,
lowest the smallest, scarcely overlapping, oblong, truncate at
base, very obliquely apiculate, somewhat falcate, glabrous,
midrib curved at apex, lat. veins fine, numerous, oblique,
anastomosing ; fl. large, over 4 in. diam., 4-8 in the umbel,
ped. 3 times as long as sep., bracts subulate, peduncles slender,
shorter than 1., strongly pubescent; capsule as long as sep.;
seeds tuberculated.

Montane zone at 4000-6000 ft.; rare. Raxawa (Gardner); Dolos-
bagie ; Uda Pusselawe ; Lunugala, Uva. FI. Feb., April, June ; yellow.
Also in the mountains of Southern India (?).

5. B. proliferum, Wight, J//. i. 162 (1840).

Oxalis prolifera, Arn. Pug. 9. Thw. Enum. 64, 409. C. P. 2418.

Fl. B. Ind. 1. 438.

Perennial, with numerous prostrate or ascending, filiform
stems, rooting at the thickened nodes, with very numerous
dichotomous or whorled branches, pubescent or hairy, with
tufts of long, deflexed hair below the nodes; 1. small, under
I in., Iflts. 8-15 pair, very small, crowded and often over-
lapping, oblong, truncate at base, obliquely apiculate, with
few long bristly hairs on both sides ; fl. }-2 in. diam., solitary
or 2 in the umbel, ped. as long as or longer than sep., bracts
setaceous, peduncle very slender, shorter than 1.; sep. linear-
lanceolate, attenuate, very acute, with long hairs; capsule
shorter than sep., 5-angled; seeds tuberculated.

Montane zone, from 4ooo ft. upwards in open sunny places, often
forming large mats covering a considerable space ; common. N. Eliya ;
Horton Plains ; Hakgala; Hunasgiriya; Rangala; Haputale. FI. all
the year ; yellow.

200 Geraniacee. [Zmpatiens.

Endemic.
A very curious and pretty dwarf species, well suited for pot cultivation.

Averrhoa Carambola, L., Kamaranga, S., and A. Biliméz, L., Bilin, S.,
are both common in gardens. There are specimens of both in Hermann’s
Herbarium, and they may have been introduced by the Portuguese from
the New World, but they are not known anywhere in a wild state.
Figured in Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 37 and t. 117.

4. IMPATIENS, Z

Annual or perennial herbs; fl. axillary, solitary or in
racemes, or (rarely) on scapes, irregular, resupinate; sep. 3,
imbricate, 2 lateral ones small, anterior one (really posterior)
petaloid, here called zp, usually produced into a spur; pet. 3
(really 5), posterior one (really anterior) erect, here called
standard, generally small, lateral ones (each of 2 connate)
here called wézgs, generally large, 2-lobed ; stam. 5, fil. short,
broad, anth. seieieaes OV. creolled! arth many uniseriate
ovules in each cell, stigmas sessile; fruit a fleshy, 5-valved
capsule, dehiscing elastically, the valves separating from the
seed-bearing axis ; seeds without endosperm.—Sp. about 150;
123 1n 77, Bi lua.

No less than 15 of our 21 species of Balsam are endemic.

Leaves radical . : : : : : : Sie. ACAULIS:
Leaves opposite . . 2. I. OPPOSITIFOLIA.
Leaves alternate, often crowded at top of stem.
Fl. fascicled or solitary.
Upper lobe of wings larger than lower . 3. I. CUSPIDATA.
Upper lobe of wings smaller than lower or
nearly equal.
Fl. fascicled.

L. small, narrow-lanceolate or linear . 4. I. BALSAMINA.
L. large, oval or ovate.
Lip 41 in. hairy, wings exserted . . 5. I. GLANDULIFERA.
Lip $in. nearly glabrous, mee in-
cluded. . 6. I. MACROPHYLLA.
Fl. solitary (rarely 2 together).
Stem creeping, fl. yellow . ; > 7.01, "RERENS:
Stem erect, fl. pink or white.
Wings divaricate . ; , . 8. I. LEPTOPODA.

Wings approximated.
Lower lobe of wing much larger

than upper. . 9. I. TRUNCATA.
Lobes of wing nearly equal.

Spur I- 13in., glabrous . . 10, I, FLACCIDA.

Spur 14-24 in., hairy : . I1. I. HENSLOWIANA.

Impatiens.) Geraniacee. 201

Fl. in stalked racemes.
Lobes of wing nearly equal, fl. violet . . 12. I. JANTHINA.
Lobes of wing very unequal, fl. white, pink,
or red.
Lip more or less boat-shaped or funnel-
shaped.
Racemes few-flowered, corymbose or
umbellate.
Fl. over 1 in. diam. . é ; . 13. I. HOOKERIANA.
Fl. under 1 in. diam.
L. more or less cordate at base . 14. I. SUBCORDATA,
L. tapering to base
Lower lobe of wing 3-lobed . 15. I. LEUCANTHA.
Lower lobe of wing undivided.
Upper lobe of wing oblong-oval 16. I. LINEARIS.
Upper lobe of wing falcate

acuminate . ‘ ‘ . 17. I. APPENDICULATA.
Racemes many-flowered, elongated.
Fl. rather large, spur over I in.. . 18. I, ELONGATA.

Fl. rather small, spur under # in.
Spur stout, suddenly curled up at

point . ; ‘ : : . 19. I. CORNIGERA.
; Spur slender, tapering gradually . 20. I. ARNOTTII.
Lip deeply saccate : : 3 . 21. I. WALKERI.

1. E. acaulis, 477. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 325 (1835).

!. bulbosa, Moon Cat. 18. Thw. Enum. 68. C. P. 490.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 443. Bot. Mag. t. 3587 (. scapzflora).

A perennial herb, with a small, tuberous, fleshy rootstock ;
1. all radical, rotundate or ovate or oval-oblong, tapering or
rounded or cordate at base, acute or obtuse, slightly and
‘distantly glandular-serrate, glabrous or with scattered papillose
hairs, petiole erect, stout, glabrous, as long as the |.; fl. rather
large, 1-1} in. diam., on slender, straight, glabrous ped. 1-14 in.
long, arranged in an erect, corymbose raceme at the ends of
‘stout, erect scapes exceeding the 1., bracts short, ovate,
spreading ; sep. } in., ovate, obtuse, lip small, boat-shaped,
‘with a very slender, tapering, much-curved spur over I in.
long; standard very short, wings very deeply bifid, lobes
falcate, unequal, the upper one oblong, rounded, the lower one
much broader, obliquely truncate ; capsule # in.

Lower montane zone, on wet perpendicular rocks, especially within
reach of the spray of waterfalls ; common. Moon’s locality is the Three
Korales. Fl. all the year; bright rose-pink.

Also found in Malabar.

A lovely plant, common in the planting districts.

The leaves are very variable in form and size, they are sometimes

fleshy. A dwarf sub-uniflorous state with very small orbicular leaves,
found on top of Rangala Hill, has the look of an Utricularia.

[Z. fasciculata, Lam. is figured in Bot. Mag. t. 4631 from plants which
flowered at Kew in 1851 from seeds said to have been ‘sent by Mr.

202 Gerantiacee. [Zmpatiens..

Thwaites from the hilly country of Ceylon.’ An error is certain, as this.
species does not occur here, though found in the Nilgiris.]

2. I. oppositifolia, Z. Sf. P/. 937 (1753).

Herm. Mus. 19. FI. Zeyl. n. 314. J. xosmarinifolia, Retz. Obs. v. 29 5.
Atma cc16255-ubwalnum.65.) Car. 30.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 448. Wight, Ic. t. 883.

Annual, stems erect, 1-14 ft., much branched, glabrous,
flaccid ; 1. opposite (sometimes 3 or 4 in a whorl), nearly
sessile, I—3 in., linear or lanceolate-linear, acute at both ends,
distantly spinous-serrate, glabrous, stip. small, acute ; fl. about
4 in., usually solitary (rarely 2 or 3), axillary, on very slender,
glabrous ped.; sep. very small, oval, acute, lip boat-shaped,
with a very short, stout, curved spur; standard rotundate,.
notched ; wings approximated, lower lobe much the larger,
oval, obtuse, upper falcate, acute; capsule under 1 in., fusi-
form ; seeds glabrous, black.

Wet places in all parts of Ceylon ; very common. FI. all the year;.
pink.

Also in S. India.

The only one of our species of /patéens which extends into the dry
region.

I. tenella, Heyne. Specimens from Nilavelli, near Trincomalie, sent
by Mr. Ferguson in 1885, are probably this species. The upper leaves.
are very narrow, almost filiform, and often in whorls of 3, the sep. linear
acuminate; the spur is longer than in ordinary J/. ofposztifolia, and the
whole plant much more slender and delicate.

3. I. cuspidata, W. and A. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 321 (1835).
I. serrata, Moon Cat. 18 (probably). Thw. Enum. 65. C. P. 156.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 450 (under /. /atzfolia). Wight, Ic. t. 741.

Perennial; stem stout, 6—8 ft., somewhat woody below,
slightly branched, glabrous, branches usually nodulose with
prominent leaf-scars ; 1. alternate, usually crowded at ends of
branches, 2-34 in., narrowly lanceolate, tapering at both ends
especially into petiole, closely spinous-serrate with the lower
teeth filiform, glabrous, paler beneath, with the lat. veins ob-
lique and very prominent; fl. large, 14 in. or rather more diam.,
ped. long, glabrous, solitary or 2 together, from axils of upper
l.; sep. lanceolate, acuminate; lip boat-shaped, acuminate ;
spur slender, 1-1} in. slightly curved; standard larger than
wings, deeply bifid, with obtuse, divaricate lobes ; wings deeply
lobed, the upper lobe much the larger, spreading, falcate,
retuse, the lower one enclosed in the lip, oblong, obtuse ;
capsule 11 in., very pointed ; seeds oval, compressed, reticulate
or papillose.

Impatiens. | Geraniacce. 203

Var. B. bipartita, Arn. /.c. 322 (sp.). C. P. 503. Bot. Mag. t.
5625 (/. dadzfolia). FI. B. Ind. i. 457 (under /. flacc¢da).

Large, 8-10 ft., much branched ; |. narrower, thicker, with
more oblique veins ; spur shorter ; fl. paler in colour.

Montane zone, from 4000-7000 ft.; rather common. Above Gala-
gama (Gardner); Adam’s Peak ; Bopatalawa ; Rangala. Var. 6. Nuwara
Eliya, abundant; Nanu-oya; Ramboda, &c. Fl. March and April,
September; mauve-pink ; Var. . pale pink or nearly white.

Also in mountains of S. India ; var. 8. endemic.

This is referred in Fl. B. Ind. to Z. Zazzfolia, L. and said to have sub-
opposite and whorled leaves. The leaves of our plant are always alter-
nate. Linnezeus’ /. /a¢zfolia is based on Rheede’s figure (Hort. Malab. ix.
t. 48), which seems rather to agree with 7. flaccéda (q. v.) than with this.

Var. 8. is a very conspicuous Balsam from Nanu-oya to Nuwara
Eliya. J. d¢partita, Arn. is given, with doubt, as asynonym of /. flaccida
in Fl. B. Ind., but it is much better put with 7. cusfzdata, as Thwaites also
has it.

4. I. Balsamina, Z. S/. P/. 938 (1753). BMudalu-kola, S.
Thw: Enum: 65...C. P1213.
Fl, B. Ind. i. 453. Rheede, Hort. Malab. ix. t. 52.

Annual, erect, I—3 ft., stem glabrous or pubescent, slightly
branched ; |. alternate, obscurely petioled, 13-5 in., narrowly
lanceolate or linear, tapering at both ends, especially at base,
coarsely spinous-serrate, the lowest serratures often filiform
and glandular, glabrous ; fl. rather over I in. diam., on slender,
pubescent ped. much shorter than 1., 1-3 from axils of upper
l.; sep. very small, linear, lip keeled, mucronate, hairy ; spur
I in. or more, slender, curved, strongly pubescent ; standard
small, roundish, retuse ; wings very much larger, lower lobe
very large, bifid, rounded, upper lobe much smaller, obtuse,
retuse ; capsule #in., pointed, tomentose ; seeds globose,
tubercled.

Var. 6, cornuta, 7777. Herm. Mus. 30. Burm. Thes. Zeyl. t. 16,
1.0) El ZeylinsgiG, 1. cavuuia, lav op, rl. 937.

L. broader ; fl. smaller; spur longer, very slender.

Wet places at elevations of 2-4000 ft.; common. Fl. Sept.—Jan.;
bright pink.

Found throughout India, Malaya, and China. Considered to be
original of the Garden Balsam.

5. L. glandulifera, 477. 7x Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 322 (1835).
chwa Enum: 66.0 Cee 2A2r.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 454. Bot. Mag. t. 4623 (LZ cornigera).

Annual, stem very stout, erect, 4-6 ft., scarcely branched,
succulent, red; 1. large, 5-7 in. crowded near top of stem,
oval or oval-ovate, much tapering at base, acute, finely

204 Geraniacee. [Jmpatiens.

spinous-serrate, the lowest serratures filiform and glandular,
nearly glabrous on both sides, slightly scabrous above, ciliate,
thin, paler beneath, lat. veins numerous, parallel, conspicuous,
petiole very long, the upper part winged, with a row of long,
tentacular, marginal glands, red; fl. numerous, moderate-
sized or rather large, on slender, glandular-hairy ped., in
fascicles of 4-6 from the axils of lower and fallen 1.; sep.
minute, lip saccate, ? in. deep, densely hairy ; spur very short,
blunt, incurved ; standard 4 in., orbicular, hooded, with an
erect, sharp beak on back, hairy, wings bifid, large, upper lobe
short, rounded, lower lobe half-obovate, exserted from lip;
capsule $in., gibbous, pointed, glabrous; seeds flattened,
pilose.

Montane zone, 36000 ft., extending also down to below 2000 ft.; rather
rare. Hantane ; Ramboda; Nuwara Eliya; Eratne, Kuruwita Korale.
F]. Feb., March, October; pet. pink and green, lip yellow, veined with
red inside.

Endemic.

The stems, petioles, and midribs are a uniform purplish-red.

6. I. macrophylla, Gardn. in Bot. Mag. t. 4662 (1852).
Thwe Enum 766; 5G Parez re:
Fl. B. Ind. i. 455. Bot. Mag. t. 4662.

Annual, stem very thick, 6-10 ft., scarcely branched,
glabrous below, hairy above, succulent; 1. very large, 5-12 in.,
crowded at upper part of stem, ovate, much tapering at base,
acute, acuminate, spinous-serrate with the lower serratures fili-
form and glandular, glabrous or hairy above, hairy on the
veins beneath, lat. veins numerous, parallel, very oblique,
conspicuous, petiole very long, winged and gland-bearing in
upper part; fl. rather small, very numerous, on slender,
glabrous ped. much shorter than the petiole, in fascicles of
4-10; sep. minute, setaceous ; lip compressed, shortly saccate,
4 in. deep, sharply acuminate, glabrous or nearly so; spur
very short, inflated and bilobed at end, incurved ; standard
4 in., oval, with an erect beak on the top; wings small,
included in the lip, the upper lobe undeveloped, the lower
oblong, obtuse; capsule turgid, beaked, glabrous; seeds much
tubercled.

Montane zone, 4-7000 ft.; rather common. FI. Jan., Sept.; dull
orange-red.

Endemic.

The largest of our species, and handsome in foliage, but the flowers
are inconspicuous. The stem, petioles, midribs, pedicels, and flowers
are usually all coloured of a similar brick-red tint.

Impatiens. | Gerantacee. 205,

7. I. repens, J7o0z Cat. 18 (1824). Gal-demata, 5S.

Wight, Ill. i. 160. Thw. Enum. 66. C. P. 2790.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 455. Wight, Ill. i. t. 61, Bot. Mag. t. 4404.

Perennial, with thick, prostrate, somewhat zigzag, angular,
branched, glabrous stems rooting at the nodes; 1. small, ? in.
long, on erect, glabrous petioles over I in., ovate-reniform,
broader than long, truncate or subcordate at base but tapering
into petiole, acute, sparingly spinous-crenate with the two
lowest teeth filiform, slightly hairy above, paler, glabrous and
shining beneath; fl. rather large, 14 in. long, solitary, ped.
14-2 in., glabrous; sep. ¢in., lanceolate, acute, glabrous ; lip:
saccate, over }in. deep, sharply pointed in front, gibbous at
base, very hairy; spur curved, inflated at end; standard }in.,
broader than long, keeled and hairy on the back; wings
deeply bilobed, the upper rounded, the lower obliquely trun-
cate, with a raised ridge in the centre and an oblong process
projecting from inner side; capsule very hairy.

Moist country, up to 3000 ft. or more, on rocks; rare. Four Korales.
(Moon); Sitawaka; Ruanwelle; Alagala; Yatiantota ; Ambepusse ;
Bambarabotuwa (Lewis). Fl. most of the year; bright yellow, lip veined
with crimson at the base within.

Endemic.

Very unlike the other species in habit and in its yellow flowers. It is
much cultivated as an ornamental plant in pots and on rockwork, and
looks more like a Zyvof@olum than a Balsam. The Sinhalese name
alludes to a certain resemblance of the flowers to those of Gmedzna.

The drawing in Wight, Ill. was made by Mrs. Walker.

8. I. leptopoda, Arz. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 321 (1835).

Hk. f. and Th. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv.132. J. drevicornu, Arn. and J.
gibbosa, Arn. 1.c. 321. Thw. Enum. 65.. C. P. r4o.

Fl. B. Ind. 1. 455.

Annual, stems 1-3 ft., much branched, glabrous; 1. variable,.
14-4 in., lanceolate or oval, acute at both ends, spinous-
crenate, flaccid, glabrous, pale beneath, petiole 4 in., slender ;
fl. rather small, about # in. diam., solitary or 2 together, on
slender, glabrous ped. 1-14 in. long; sep. minute, lanceolate ;
lip boat-shaped, beaked ; spur very slender, slightly curved,
3 in. or shorter or quite absent; standard 4in., broadly
obcordate, keeled on back ; wings spreading, divergent, lobes
rounded, truncate, ecual in length, the upper broader ; capsule
smooth.

Upper montane zone ; very common. FI. all the year; pale pink.

Endemic.

A very variable plant. Arnott’s species 7. dvevicornu and J, gibbosa
cannot be maintained even as varieties, for flowers with long and short
spurs and without spurs are all to be found on the same plant.

206 Gerantacee. [Zmpatiens.

I. Leschenaultiz, Wall. (Wight, Ic. t. 970 bis) may be the same as
this ; it iscommon in the Nilgiris. De Candolle, who first described it as
Balsamina Leschenaultii (Prod. i. 686), says that Leschenault collected
it in Ceylon,* but this is denied in Fl. B. Ind., where it is kept as a
distinct species near /. /atifolia (cuspidata).

9, I. truncata, Ziw. Enum. 66 (1858).

Ci 2. 2426.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 455.

Annual, stem 1-2 ft., decumbent at the base and rooting
at the nodes, hairy or glabrous; 1. 1-3 in., oval, tapering to
base, acute, spinous-crenate or nearly entire, glandular-hairy
or glabrous, flaccid, pale beneath, petiole long, slender, winged
in upper part; fl. small, } in. diam., solitary (rarely 2), on
slender, glabrous or hairy ped. 4-1 in. long; sep. minute ; lip
shallowly boat-shaped, hairy; spur very short, straight ;
standard }in., rotundate, cuspidate on back; wings # in.,
approximate, lower lobe much the larger, $-oval, upper lobe
rounded, truncate ; capsule pilose.

Montane zone from 4000-7000 ft.; rather common. FI. all the year ;
pale pink or nearly white.

Endemic.

The very different wing-petals easily distinguish this from /. leptopoda.

10. I. flaccida, Arz. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 332 (1835). Rudalu-
mail, S.

I. latifolia, Moon Cat. 18 ? L.). C. P. 2791.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 457. Bot. Mag. t. 5276 (good).

Annual, 1-2 ft., stems branched, swollen at nodes, rather
zigzag, nearly glabrous, succulent ; 1. always alternate, 2}—4 in.,
oval or ovate, tapering into petiole, shortly acuminate, acute,
elandular-serrate, glabrous above, paler beneath, with the lat.
veins prominent and puberulous, thin, petiole }-1}in., flat on
top; fl. rather large, 1-14 in. diam., solitary, ped. 14-2 in.,
smooth, erect ; sep. minute, linear, acute; lip saccate, with an
acute point, keeled; spur 1-1} in., slender, curved ; standard
broadly obcordate, strongly keeled on back; wings very
deeply lobed, lobes nearly equal, rounded, shallowly bifid ;
capsule 1 in., ovoid, pointed, gibbous; seeds globose, papillose.

Moist low country, extending upwards slightly into lower montane
a very common. Fl. most of the year; bright mauve-pink, rarely
white,

In Java; apparently also in Southern India, but I am not sure that the
plant called /. flaccida there is the true plant.

* Leschenault spent seven months in Ceylon in 1820-21, and visited
the interior.

Impatiens. | Geranziacee. 207

This may be really /. /aézfolia L.,* but that name has been so variously
applied that it is better dropped (see under /. cusfzdata), and one about
which there is no question employed.

The most familiar of all our Balsams, being found everywhere in the
low country in moist, shady places, but it is not a hill species. It isa
very pretty plant, and there is a variety with the flowers pure white which
has long been under cultivation in England under the name ‘/. Alaty-
petala alba’

The FI. B. Ind. erroneously quotes Bot. Mag. t. 5625 for this.

11. I. Henslowiana, 47x. 77 Comp. Bot. Mag. 1. 322 (1835).

Thw. Enum. 65. C. P. 547, 49.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 458. Wight, Ic. t. 743 (2. albzda).

Perennial (?), stem stout, semi-woody below, slightly
branched, usually nodose with prominent leaf-scars, glabrous,
white, young parts pilose; 1. 3-4 in., lanceolate, crowded, taper-
ing at both ends, acute, spinous-serrate with the lower serra-
tures filiform-glandular, more or less hairy or nearly glabrous,
petiole 1-2} in., more or less hairy; fl. large, 12 in. or more
diam., solitary, ped. 2 in., erect, hairy; sep. large, nearly } in.,
ovate, acuminate; lip about same length; spur long, 14-24 in.,
tapering, slightly curved, hairy; standard # in. orbicular,
broader than long, keeled on back; wings very large, lobes
about equal, broad, rounded, flat ; capsule 1-1} in., pilose.

Montane zone, 4000-6000 ft., in rocky places ; rather common. Gala-
gama; Ramboda; Wattakelle; Knuckles Mts. Fl. Sept., Oct.; white,

more or less tinged with pink.
Also in Malabar.

12. L.janthina, 7iw. E77. 68 (1858).

CyPy 3008;

Fl. B. Ind. i. 461.

Annual, 6—9 in., stem short, about 3 in., simple, erect, very
succulent, quite glabrous ; |. few, 1-5, closely placed at top of
stem, 24-4 in., broadly oval, rounded at base, acuminate,
acute, distantly spinous-serrate, thin, membranous, glabrous,
petiole 1-2 in.; fl. #in., ped. about as long, very slender, 2-8,
arranged in umbels, which lengthen out into short racemes,
peduncle erect, as long as or longer than 1., bracts ovate,
persistent ; sep. cordate-ovate, lip saccate, spur tapering,
curved nearly into a ring; standard rotundate, hooded, wings
with the lobes nearly equal, the upper lobe acute, the lower
rounded ; capsule glabrous.

Moist low country; veryrare. Hiniduma; Mapalagama; Lihinigala,

in the Pasdun Korale. Fl. December, August; clear violet.
Endemic.

* Koenig’s specimen in Brit. Mus. is so named.

208 Geraniacea. [Jmpatiens..

The violet-coloured flowers give this curious little plant a very different
appearance to all the other species; the purple colouration extends to:
the pedicels and bracts.

13. L. Hookeriana, Arn. 72 Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 324 (1835).
I. biglandulosa. Moon Cat. 18. Thw. Enum. 66. e. P. 2425
Fl. B. Ind. i. 463. Bot. Mag. t. 4704.

Perennial, stem 3-4 ft., semi-woody below, often nodose:

with prominent leaf-scars, glabrous ; 1. large, 5—7 in., crowded,
spreading, oval, acute at base, slightly acuminate, acute,
shallowly spinous-crenate, glabrous, petiole long, 14-3 in.,
with 2 conspicuous round glands at the summit; fl. very

large, 1-2 in. diam., ped. 14-24 in., 3 or 4 together at end of
peduncle, which is shorter than ik bracts caducous ; sep. small,.

1% in., narrowly lanceolate, lip funnel - shaped, cradually
tapering into the much- curved spur 2—2}in. long; standard
wider than long, strongly keeled on back, emarginate, crisped
on margin, cupped in centre; wings very large, lobes very
unequal, upper obovate, shallowly 2-lobed, lower more deeply
2-lobed, all crisped on margin.

Montane zone, 3000-6000 ft.; common. Moon’s locality is Uva. FI.
Oct.—March ; white, stained and veined with vinous red.

Endemic (?).

It is questionable whether this should not be combined with /. grandis,
Heyne, of the S. Indian mountains, in which case it would take that
name. This is figured in Bedd. Ic. t.-153, who considers the Ceylon
plant to be the same, but Hooker, in FI. B. Ind., distinguishes them by
apparently good characters. Arnott, 1. c., also keeps them distinct, but
considers a Ceylon specimen of Walker’s to be probably Z. grandis.

Perhaps the most beautiful of our Balsams, and certainly the one with
largest flowers. Well known in cultivation at home ; the amount of red
in the flowers varies very much, it is sometimes altogether absent.

14. I. subcordata, Arz. ix Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 323 (1835).

Thw. Enum. 67. C. P. 1230, 2789.

Bl Binds: 460.

Annual, stem 1-14 ft., branched at the base and often
decumbent there and rooting, stout, succulent, glabrous ;
]. 2-24 in., ovate, more or less cordate at base, acute, coarsely
spinous-serrate or crenate, glabrous above, pale beneath with
white, scurfy scales, petiole 1-2 in.; fl. rather small, ? in. on
ped. about as long, 2 or 3 together at end of peduncles much
shorter than 1, bracts oblong, acute; sep. ovate, acute, con-
spicuous, lip small, boat-shaped, spur 4 in., slender, curved ;
standard small, broadly oval, apiculate, wings large, the lobes
very unequal, upper very small, rounded, lower large, oval,
obtuse ; capsule glabrous.

Impatiens. Geraniacea. 209

Montane zone, 4000-6000 ft.; rather rare. Ambagamuwa; Nuwara
Eliya ; Hewahette; Ramboda. Fl. October-Feb.; white, with the
standard pink.

Endemic.

15. ZT. leucantha, 7iw. Enum. 67 (1858).

C. P. 3548.

le Belinda AoA:

Annual, 4-10 in., stem erect, simple, succulent, glabrous ;
1. crowded at summit, 2—4 in., narrowly lanceolate, tapering
into short petiole, acuminate, acute, distantly spinous-serrate
with the lower teeth filiform glandular, glabrous or with a few
scattered hairs, very thin; fl. about #in., on slender, din. ped.,
few, in short, crowded racemes at end of straight peduncles
rather shorter than |., bracts ovate, acute ; sep. ovate, acute ;
lip small, boat-shaped, spur as long, conical, straight; standard
short, rotundate, wings long, over } in., approximate or over-
lapping, lobes very unequal, upper small, lanceolate, lower
3-lobed, with the middle one the longest ; capsule }in., ovoid,
pointed, glabrous ; seeds finely muriculated.

Moist low country; very rare. Hiniduma; Kitulgala; Ambaga-

muwa. FI. Sep., Nov.; white.
Endemic.

16. I. linearis, Avz. in Comp. Bot. Mag. 1. 323 (1835).

fhw: Enumy67- 6.52372:

F]. B. Ind. 1. 464.

Perennial (?), stem stout, 9-12 in., prostrate at base then
erect, succulent, glabrous, marked with prominent leaf-scars ;
]. 1-24 in., numerous, rather crowded, sessile, linear- or lan-
ceolate-oblong, tapering to base, acute, strongly and distantly
spinose - serrate, glabrous, rather thick, paler beneath; f1.
3—} in., ped. long, slender, 6-10 crowded in a very short
raceme, peduncle straight, exceeding the 1., bracts ovate,
apiculate; sep. oblong-ovate, apiculate; lip boat-shaped,
rounded, acuminate; spur about as long as lip or shorter,
slender, straight ; standard short, wings long, approximate,
upper lobe very small, oblong-oval, lower lobe large, half-oval,
acute, slightly falcate.

Moist low country ; very rare (?). Lower slopes of Adam’s Peak ;

Veddagalle, Kukul Korale. Fl. March; rose-pink.
Endemlec.

17. I. appendiculata, drz. zn Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 323 (1835).
Bhw. Enum.'67. ‘€. P., 1207, 1208; 1200:
Fl. B. Ind. i. 464.
Annual, stem 6-12 in., stout, erect, sometimes branched
below, glabrous ; |. scattered on stem and also crowded at its
PR

210 Geraniacee. [Lmpatiens..

end, 1}-3) in., variable, ovate or oval or ovate-lanceolate,
tapering or rounded at base, more or less acuminate, acute,
spinous-serrate or -crenate or nearly entire, glabrous or pilose,
petiole {-1}in.; fl. about #in., ped. long, slender, about 4-10,
in very short umbellate racemes, peduncles straight, longer or
shorter than 1. bracts rather large, ovate, acuminate; sep.
ovate, acute, lip boat-shaped, spur small, half length of lip,
slender ; standard small, hooded, wings large, approximated,
upper lobe lanceolate, acuminate, lower much longer, half-
cordate, acute.

Moist country, from about 1000-5000 ft., but chiefly in the lower mon-
tane zone; rather common. FI. Oct.—Dec.; fl. white or pink, lip striped:
and dotted with brick-red.

Endemic.
The low country form (C. P. 1209) has larger and more pilose leaves.

18. I. elongata, 47x. 77 Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 324 (1835).

Thw. Enum. 67. C. P. 346.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 466.

Perennial, stem about 2 ft., woody below, unbranched,,
elabrous, nodose with prominent leaf-scars ; 1. mostly rather
crowded near top of stem, 2-34 in. oval, tapering at both
ends, acute, spinous-serrate, glabrous, rather thick, lat. veins
very oblique, prominent, pet. #-1 in.; fl. rather large, I}in., in
long-stalked (often apparently terminal) racemes, ped. I in.,
curved, thickened upwards, peduncles erect, much exceeding L;
sep. lanceolate, acute, lip small, boat-shaped, spur 14 in.,
slightly tapering, curved; standard very small, keeled on
back, acute, wings large, over } in., upper lobe small, lower
one large, broad, half-rotundate, obtuse.

Lower montane zone; very rare. Only known from Adam’s Peak,
where first collected by Mrs. Walker. I found it half-way up on the
Maskeliya side, at about 4500 ft., in abundance.

Fl. March; bright deep rose-pink.

Endemic.
A beautiful species ; the whole plant is tinged with red.

19. I. cornigera, Arvin. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 323 (1835) (nom
fook.).
Thy. Enum. 67), Cubaaae.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 466.

Annual, stem erect, I-3 ft., simple, glabrous below,
glandular-hairy above, thick, succulent, swollen at the nodes ;
l. mostly crowded at upper part of stem, 2—4 in., lanceolate or
lincar-lanceolate, tapering at both ends, acute, spinous-crenate,
thin, quite glabrous, red or purplish beneath, petiole very
short; fl. rather small, on very slender, spreading ped. in
ercct, lax racemes, peduncle usually slightly exceeding the lL,

Linpatiens. | Geraniacee. 201

bracts oval, acute, persistent; sep. small, ovate, acute, lip
funnel-shaped, tapering into spur, which is about $ in., rather
thick, slightly curved, narrowed into the suddenly curled-up
end; standard small, rotundate, hooded, apiculate; wings
2in., upper lobe very small, ovate, lower much larger, long-
stalked, exserted, oblique, cordate, attenuate, emarginate ;
fr. }in., tapering at both ends, beaked, glabrous ; seeds few.
Moist low country; rather rare. Hiniduma Kande; Singhe Raja

Forest ; Ambagamuwa ; Palabadulla, Kuruwita Korale, common. FI.
March ; standard and spur pink, wings pinkish-white, with a dark yellow
blotch.

Endemic.

The stems are of a dark blackish-purple colour. The leaves have
frequently a band of silvery white down the centre, and the flowers have
a singular resemblance to those of an orchid.

A form with wholly green flowers is figured among the drawings at
Peradeniya.

20. I. Arnottii, 7/w. Anum. 67 (1858).

Thw: Enum. 67; .°C..P.:725.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 466.

Annual (?), stem stout, tuberous at base, erect, I-3 ft.
simple, glabrous, swollen at the nodes; 1. closely placed at
top of stem, 24-4 in., lanceolate, acute at base, somewhat
attenuate, acute, spinous-crenate, glabrous or nearly so on
both sides, purple beneath, petiole 4-1 in.; fl. rather small, on
long, slender, spreading ped., arranged in a short raceme,
peduncles erect, exceeding the |., bracts lanceolate, subacute ;
sep. very small, ovate, oblique, acute; lip saccate, passing
gradually into the long spur, which is ? in. or more long,
slender, tapering, curved at the end only; standard rotundate,
hooded ; wings #in., upper lobe very small, lower very much
larger, stalked, half-rotundate, with a tooth on inner edge.

Moist low country from 1000-3000 ft., and perhaps extending into
montane zone; rare. Muruta (Gardner) ; Dolosbagie ; Haputale. FI.
Jan.—April ; pale violet-pink.

Endemic.

21. Z. Walkeri, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 324 (1835).
ADayiie Wrohon. Cfo, (C5 leo wai

Fl. B. Ind. i. 468. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. t. 18 (drawn by Mrs. Walker),
Bot. Mag. t. 5237.

Perennial, stem 2-3 ft., branched, glabrous, swollen at the
nodes, usually purple; |. scattered, 2}—4 in., lanceolate, acute
at base, somewhat attenuate, acute, spinous-serrate, sparsely
hairy above, glabrous and purple beneath, petiole }~4 in. ;
fl. rather large, nodding, on slender ped. in lax racemes,

peduncles scarcely exceeding 1., bracts ovate, acuminate; sep.

212 Geraniacee. [Hydrocera-

oblong-ovate, acute; lip very large, saccate, nearly 1 in. deep,
inflated ; spur very short, narrow, blunt, strongly curved
upward ; standard } in., broad, acute, hooded; wings small,
Lin., upper lobe short, inconspicuous, lower lobe rotundate.
Montane zone, 4000-6000 ft.; rare. Between Ramboda and Nuwara
Eliya ; Maturata ; Haputale ; Uda Pusselawe ; near Badulla.
F]. Oct.—April ; scarlet.

Endemic.
The Haputale specimens have yellow flowers.

5. HYDROCERA, 27.

Annual; fl. in axillary clusters, irregular; sep. 5, the
anterior one, lip (really posterior) shortly spurred; pet. 5,
the posterior, standard (really anterior) large, the lateral
ones distinct ; stam. 5, fil. flat, anth. slightly coherent, opening
at apex ; ov. §-celled, with 2 or 3 ovules in each cell, stigma
sessile; fruit a drupe, stone bony, 5-celled ; seeds one in each
cell, without endosperm.—Monotypic.

H. angustifolia, 2/7. Bijd. 241 (1825). Diya-kudalu, Wal-
kudalu, ‘.

Herm. Par. Bat. 105. Herm. Mus. 35. Burm. Thes. 42. FI. Zeyl. n.
315. Lmpatiens trifiora, L. Sp. Pl. 938; Moon Cat. 18. A. triflora, W.
and A., Thw. Enum. 68. C. P. 1210.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 483 (4. ¢viflora). Burm. Thes. t. 16 f. 2 (bad). Herm.
Pats Batts 105.

Annual, stem long, erect, or floating and rooting at the
nodes, with erect branches, thick, hollow, quadrangular,
glabrous; |. very long, 5-8 in., alternate, sessile, linear, much
attenuate at both ends, serrate, with 2 rounded glands at the
base in the place of stip.; fl. rather large, about I in., on
slender, glabrous ped. about 4 in., usually 3 together at end of
short, axillary peduncle, bracts oblong, obtuse, caducous ;
sep. oval-oblong, obtuse, unequal; lip concave, boat-shaped,
acute, gibbous at base; spur short, blunt, curved, smooth at
the end; standard broad, hooded, lower pet. long, clawed,
included in lip, somewhat 3-lobed, with margin involute near
the base, upper ones much smaller; drupe subglobose, under
1 in., smooth, purplish-red, pulp scanty, green, stone sharply
5-angled, readily separating into its 5 constituent carp.

Low country in wet places, very common. Fl. all the year; white ;

the lip and lower pet. stained with yellow and pink.
Throughout India, Malay Peninsula, and in Java.

Rutacec. 212

XXIX.—RUTACE.

TREES or shrubs, sometimes scandent, often spinous ; |. alter-
nate, rarely opposite, pinnate or 3-foliolate, rarely 1-foliolate
or simple, without stip., punctate with pellucid glands; fl.
regular, bisexual, rarely unisexual or polygamous; sep. 4 or 5,
usually more or less connate, imbricate ; pet. 4 or 5, distinct,
imbricate or valvate; stam. 4 or 5, 8 or I0, rarely 12, free,
distinct or rarely monadelphous; disk large or small and
annular; ov. often on a short gynophore, 2—7-, usually 4—-5-,
celled, with 2, or rarely 1, ovules in each cell (numerous in
Feronia) ; styles free or connate; fruit usually an indehiscent,
fleshy berry, rarely of distinct, dehiscent cocci; seeds with or
without endosperm.

The genera are, as a rule, badly defined, especially in the Auvrantie.

F]. unisexual or polygamous ; seeds with endosperm.
Fr. of distinct dehiscent cocci (Zanthoxrylee).
L. opposite, 3-foliolate . ; : ; . I. EUODIA.

L. alternate, pinnate 2. ZANTHOXYLUM.
Fr. syncarpous, indehiscent (Toddaliee).
L. tri-foliolate ; stam. 5 : ‘ ; . 3. TODDALIA.
L. simple ; stam. 8 5 4. ACRONYCHIA.
Fl. bisexual (in Feronia polygamous); seeds with-
out endosperm (Awrantiee).
Unarmed ; I. pinnate.
Ovule solitary i in each ov.-cell 5. GLYCOSMIS.
Ovules 2 in each ov.-cell (I in Murraya
Koentgiz).
Pet. valvate ; cotyledons crumpled . . 6, MICROMELUM.
_ Pet. valvate or imbricate ; cotyledons RINE:
convex ; style long : . 7. MURRAYA.
Pet. imbricate ; ; Style short , 8. CLAUSENA.
Armed with axillary spines (occasionally sup-
pressed).
Ovules I or 2 in each ov.-cell.
L. compound (3-7- Ae aa
Cal. 4-5-lobed ‘ ; : . 9g. LIMONIA.
Cal. cupular not lobed . 2 ‘ . Io. LUVUNGA.

L. simple (1-foliolate).
Climbing ; disk (gynophore) conspicuous 11. PARAMIGNYA.
Not climbing ; disk small annular . 12, ATALANTIA,
Ovules numerous in each ov.-cell. , . 13. FERONIA.

Chiefly plants of the low country, especially of the dry region, to
which 6 of the 18 species of Auvrantiee are quite restricted. Zanthoxylum
and Luvunga are found chiefly in the lower montane zone, and 5 other
species ascend into it from the low country.

214 Rutacec. [Zanthoxylum.

I. BUODIA, forvst.

Trees; 1. opposite; fl. unisexuai, in axillary panicles ;
sep. 4 (or 5), imbricate ; pet. 4 (or 5), valvate ; stam. 4 (or 5);
disk large, 4-lobed ; ov. deeply 4-lobed, 4-celled, with 2 ovules
in each cell; fruit of 4 (or less by abortion) distinct, coriaceous
cocci, splitting into 2 valves, with a separate horny endocarp ;
seed solitary in each coccus, embryo straight, in fleshy endo-
sperm.—Sp. 22; 10 in FZ. B. Ind.

E. Roxburghiana, fenth. Fl. Hongk. 59 (1861). LGunu-
ankenda, 5.

Fagara Lunu-aukenda, Gaertn. Fruct. 1. 334. Zanthoxylum zeylani-
cum, DC. Prod. i. 728. Fagara triphylla, Roxb., Moon Cat. 11. Xan-
thoxylum triphyllum, Juss., Thw. Enum. 69. FEuodia triphylla, Thw.
Enum. 409 (?DC.). CP. 538.

F]. B. Ind. i. 487. Wight, Ic. t. 204 ( X. tréphyllum),

A small tree with opp. branches, bark grey, smooth, young
parts finely tomentose ; 1. opp., 3-foliolate, petiole as long as
Ifits, lfits. 24-4 in., nearly sessile, oval or obovate-oval, tapering
at base, shortly acuminate, entire, emarginate, glabrous when
mature, pale beneath, lat. veins prominent, nearly horizontal ;
fl. very small, on very short ped., densely crowded in small
clusters at end of opp. branches of axillary, pubescent panicles
much shorter than |.; sep. minute, rounded, pubescent ; pet.
ovate-oblong, acute; male fl.:—stam. rather exceeding pet.
disk large, 4-lobed, pubescent ; fem. fl.:—stam. shorter than
pet., ovary pubescent, style much longer than pet.; ripe carp.
1-4, globular-ovoid, } in., finely modulated, brown; seed hemi-
spherical, smooth and shining, blue-black.

Moist country, 2000-6000 ft.; common, and at lower elevations, rarer.
Fl]. April-May ; greenish-yellow.

Also in the mountains of India, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and
Java.

At the lower elevations the leaves are larger and less obovate; a

variety with five leaflets occurred at Ratnapura, and is var. B. of Thw.
Enum.

Wood soft and light.

2 ZANTHOXYLUM, /.

Trees or climbing shrubs; |. alternate; fi. unisexual, in
axillary and terminal panicles; sep. 4; pet. 4, valvate;
stam. 4; disk small; ov. divided into 4 almost separate carp.,
each with 2 ovules, style capitate ; fruit of 4 (or less by
abortion) coriaceous cocci dehiscent into 2 valves; seed

Toddalia.| Rutacee. 215

solitary in each coccus, embryo in fleshy endosperm.—Sp. 8o ;
atin FZ. B. L[nd.

Z. tetraspermum, VW. and A. Prod. 148 (1834).

Thw. Enum. 697 €.P. 386.

F]. B. Ind. 1. 494.

A wide-climbing shrub, with long rope-like stems, set
with large, woody, conical, spine-tipped prickles, { in. high,
smaller branches glabrous, with small, deflexed, hooked
prickles ; |. alternate, imparipinnate, 6-10 in., petiole and
rachis cylindrical, armed beneath with numerous large, hooked
prickles, lflts. in 3 or 4 pairs and a terminal one, sessile,
24-31 in., oval or lanceolate, acute at base, suddenly attenuate,
retuse, coarsely serrate, thick, smooth and glossy, lat. veins
numerous; fl. small, on very short ped., arranged in pyramidal,
finely tomentose, axillary and terminal panicles 2-4 in. long ;
sep. minute; pet. oblong, acute ; ripe carp. 1-4, nearly globose,
i in., rugose; seed nearly globose, hanging out of the carp.
when ripe, polished, black.

Montane zone, 3000-6000 ft.; rather common, much rarer at lower
elevations. Fl. April, May; yellowish-pink.

Also in the Nilgiri Mts. and Kurg.

The young shoots are precisely like those of a wild rose.

A variety was collected near Eratne (below 1500 ft.) with smaller
leaves, not shining, and very shallowly and coarsely crenate. It was not
in fl., and the fruit had burst, but further examination may show it to be
distinct.

Z. Rhetsa, DC., is occasionally cultivated. It is C. P. 3490, and is
are in Thw. Enum. 69, where the native name ‘ Katu-kina’ is given
or it.

3. TODDALIA,* /uss.

Climbing, prickly shrub; |. alternate, 3-foliolate ; fl. uni-
sexual, in panicles; sep. 5, connate; pet. 5, valvate; stam.
(usually) 5 ; ov. syncarpous, 2—7-celled, with 2 ovules in each
cell, stigma capitate; fr. fleshy, indehiscent, 2—-7- (usually 5-)
celled, with a single seed in each cell; embryo curved, in
fleshy endosperm.—Sp. 8; 2 in FZ. B. Jnd.

- T. aculeata, Pers. Syv. i. 249 (1805). Kudu-miris, S. Kan-
ai, 7.

Herm. Mus. 22, 36. Burm. Thes. 58. FI. Zeyl. n. 143. Pazllinia
asiatica, L. Sp. Pl. 365. Scopolia aculeata, Sm., Moon Cat. 17. Thw.
Enum. 69. C. P; 2413,

F]. B. Ind. i. 497. Burm. Thes. t. 24. Wight, Ill. t. 66. Bentl. and
Trim. Med. Pl. t. 49 (from a Ceylon specimen).

* Kaka-toddali is given as the Malabar name of this by Rheede.

216 Rutacee. | Acronychia,

A small, erect or scrambling or climbing shrub, stems and
branches more or less set with recurved, compressed, sharp
prickles, cylindrical, glabrous or slightly tomentose ; 1. alter-
nate, 3-foliolate, petiole divaricate, $—}in., often with prickles
beneath, Iflts. sessile, articulated, 14-2 in., oval- or oblong-
lanceolate, acute at base, obtuse or bluntly acuminate, very
shallowly crenate-serrate, glabrous or with scattered stellate
scales above, thick, gland-dotted, midrib often prickly beneath,,
lat. veins numerous; fl. small, $in., on very short ped., in
clusters at ends of branches of small axillary and terminal
panicles shorter or longer than |; cal.-lobes very small,
triangular; pet. oblong, thickened at tip, longer in the fem. f1.;
ov. raised on a short gynophore, oblong, glabrous, stigma
sessile ; fr. subglobose, apiculate, with 3-5 grooves, set with
large sunk glands, orange-coloured ; seeds sub-compressed,
rounded on back, smooth.

Bushy places from sea-level up to 6000ft.; very common. FI. Jan.—
April ; cream-coloured.

Throughout India, and in Java, Sumatra, China, the Philippines, and
Mauritius.

When growing as a shrub the prickles are smaller and less numerous.

The whole plant is bitter, and is employed as a tonic medicine ; the
seeds are hot and pungent.

4. ACRONYCHIA, (ors.

Tree ; |. opposite or alternate, simple; fl. polygamous, in
corymbose cymes; sep. 4, connate; pet. 4; stam. 8, anth.
versatile ; disk large, tumid ; ov. sunk in top of disk, 4-celled,
ovules 2 in each cell, stigma 4-lobed ; fr. indehiscent, 4-celled,
with a single seed in each cell; embryo straight, in copious.
endosperm.—Sp. 15; 2 in “ZB. Ind.

A. laurifolia, 2/. 2ijd. 245 (1825). Ankenda, S.

Herm. Mus. 23. FI. Zeyl. n. 139. /ambolifera pedunculata, L. Sp.
Pl. 349; Moon Cat. 31. Cyminosma Ankenda, Gaertn. Fruct. 1. 280.
C. pedunculata, DC., Thw. Enum. 69. A. pedunculata, Walp., Thw.
Enum; 409; * CSP. 1240:

Fl. B. Ind. i. 498. Vahl, Symb. t. 61 (Jambolifera pedunculata).
Wight, Ill. t. 65 (Cymznosma pedunculata).

A small tree, with pale, smooth bark, young twigs glabrous ;.
]. opposite or some alternate, 3-5 in., oval or oblong-oval,
acute at base, usually shortly acuminate, obtuse, entire,
glabrous and shining especially above, dark green, petioles
about }in.; fl. about #in., on rather long ped., loosely
arranged in pyramidal, divaricate, corymbose cymes on long,

Glycosmis. | Rutacee. 217

straight, axillary peduncles; cal.-lobes short, broad ; pet. 2 in.,
strap-shaped, acute, inflexed at tip, hairy within at base, sub-
persistent ; stam. shorter than pet., 4 inner rather shorter,
fil. slightly dilated at base; disk tomentose ; ov. tomentose,
style very short ; fr. nearly globular, 3-4 in., glabrous, rough
with immersed glands, harder in centre but with no distinct
stone, 4-celled.

Moist region from sea-level up to 5000 ft.; common. Fl. Feb.-April ;
pale yellowish-green.

Also in E. Bengal, S.W. India, Malaya, and Cochin-China.

Confounded by Linnzus with Eugenza Jambolana (on which con-
fusion see my note in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 140). Vahl’s excellent figure
was made from Ceylon specimens collected by Koenig, from whom are
others in Brit. Mus.

The whole plant when bruised has a warm terebinthinate scent. The
bark is used as an external application to sores and ulcers. Wood close-
grained, rather heavy, yellowish-white.

5. GLYCOSMIS, Correu.

Shrubs or small trees without spines; |. imparipinnate ;
fl. in axillary panicles; sep. 5, distinct, imbricate ; pet. 5,
imbricate ; stam. 10, distinct, alternate ones shorter; ov. ona
broad, tumid gynophore, 2~5-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule
in each cell, style very thick and short ; fr. a 1—3-seeded berry.
—Sp.5; 4in FZ B. Ind.

Ov. 5-celled ; infl. more or less stalked . ; . I. G. PENTAPHYLLA.
Ov. 2-celled ; infl. nearly sessile. : A . 2. G. BILOCULARIS.

1. G. pentaphylla, Corr. iz Ann. Mus. Par. vi. 384 (1804).
Dodan-pana, S. Kulapannai, 7.

Limonia pentaphylla, Retz. and L. arborea, Roxb., Moon Cat. 35.
Thw. Enum. 45, 406 (incl. G. arborea, DC.). C. P. 180, 1192.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 599. Wight, Ic. t. 167 (G. ¢rzphylla).

A shrub or small tree without spines, bark thin, brown,
young parts scurfy-pubescent; 1. imparipinnate, rachis
flattened with sharp edges, Iflts. 3-5, often reduced to I,
rarely 7, nearly sessile, alternate or opposite, 2~5 in., oval,
acute at base, shortly acuminate, obtuse, entire or faintly
denticulate ; fl. small, under 4 in., nearly sessile, crowded in
small clusters arranged in erect, rusty-pubescent, axillary
panicles 1-4 in. long; sep. small, obtuse; pet. lanceolate,
acute ; fil. flattened ; ov. on a short, thick gynophore, broader
than long, studded with large glands, 5-celled, style as wide
as ov., stigma capitate; berry globose, 2in., apiculate, smooth,
pinkish-white or cream-coloured ; seeds I or 2, testa mem-
branous, cotyledons green.

218 Rutacee. [Microme/um.

Var. 6. longifolia, O/7v. C. P. 3822.
L. unifoliolate, very large, 7-10 in., lanceolate-oblong.

Under the shade of trees, from sea-level throughout the low country
up to 3000ft.; especially abundant in the dry region, where it forms much
of the undergrowth of the forest. Var. /3. in the Singhe Raja Forest. Fl.
Jan.—April ; white, very sweet-scented.

Common throughout the Eastern Tropics.

G. pentaphylla is an inappropriate name, as the leaves are more fre-
quently 3- or 1-foliolate and sometimes 7-foliolate. G. arborea, DC., can-
not be separated as a species.

Specimens from Koenig are in Mus. Brit.

Wood close-grained, smooth, yellowish-white.

2. G. bilocularis, 7/w. Enum. 45 (1858).

C. P. 3362.

FI]. B. Ind. i. 500.

Shrub ; |. pinnate, lIflts. 14-24 in., alternate, shortly stalked,
narrowly lanceolate, acute at base, obtuse; fl. few together,
sessile, in axillary, nearly sessile, clusters; pet. oblong; fil.
much dilated throughout, concave; gynophore rather wider
than ov.; ov. conical, truncate, 2-celled ; fr. not seen.

Low country ; very rare. Maturata District (Thwaites); near Mihin-
tale, N.C. Prov. 1885. Fl. July, August; white.

Endemic.

The C. P. specimens of this are poor, but there is a good drawing
The Mihintale plants perfectly agree with them. Perhaps only a variety
of G. pentaphylla, but recognisable at once by its small narrow leaflets
and the very small sessile inflorescence.

6. MICROMELUM, 47.

Small trees, without spines; |. imparipinnate; fl. in corym-
bose cymes; cal. 5-lobed ; pet. 5, valvate; stam. 10, distinct,
alternate ones shorter; ov. on a short gynophore, 2—6-, usually
5-celled, with 2 superposed ovules in each cell, style as long
as ov., deciduous; fr.a rather dry, 1-seeded berry ; cotyledons
leafy, crumpled.—Sp. about 4; 2 in #2. 4. Ind.

M. pubescens, //. /}i/d. i. 137 (1825). Wal-karapincha, 5S.
Kakaipalai, 7.

Wight, Ill. 1. 109. Thw. Enum. 46. C. P. 188.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 501. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. t. 7, f. 1 (fis. only).

A small tree, shoots very finely and densely pubescent ;
|. imparipinnate, 8-10 in., rachis pubescent, Iflts. 9-15, alter-
nate or sub-opposite, shortly stalked, 1}—3 in., very oblique at
base, ovate-lanceolate, attenuate, obtuse, irregularly finely
crenate and wavy, with very numerous, rather conspicuous
glands, glabrous above, nearly so or slightly pubescent

Murraya.] Rutacee. 219

beneath ; fl. {-$in., very shortly stalked, arranged in terminal
and ie eerie, pubescent, dichotomous, corymbose
-cymes, bracts small, opposite at the bifurcations ; cal.-lobes
broad, triangular, pubescent : pet. oblong-linear, spreading,
pubescent ; ov. oblong, very hairy, style rather longer, very
‘thick, stigma capitate; berry 2 in. long, oblong-ovoid, pointed,
rough with glands, glabrous, yellow.

Low country, especially in the dry region; rather common. FI. Oct.-
Feb.; white, strong-smelling.

Also in E. Bengal, Malay Peninsula and Islands, China, and Pacific
Islands ; but not in S. India.

The scent of the leaves is faintly aromatic.

Apparently very variable in foliage and amount of pubescence, and
easily confounded with Wurraya Koenigit and Clausena indica. In its
lobed calyx and long style our plant differs from the Maiayan type of ai
species, and if considered a distinct species will take the name J. =
lanicum, as suggested by Wight (I. c.).

7, MURRAYA,* Z.

Small trees or shrubs; °l. imparipinnate, inflor. cymose ;
sep. 5, small, nearly distinct; pet. 5, imbricate or valvate ;
stam, 10, alternate ones usually shorter ; ov. with or without
-a short gynophore, 2- or 5-celled, with 2 or 1 ovules in each
cell, style long, deciduous, stigma capitate; fruit a I—2- or
5-celled berry ; seeds 1-several, cotyledons plane-convex.—
Pes 5 ju LB. Ind.

Fl. few ; pet. oval, imbricate ; ov. on a short gynophore.
Rachis glabrous ; fruit 1-celled : : ‘
Rachis pubescent ; fruit 5-celled

Fl. numerous; pet. linear, valvate ; no gynophore
but a fleshy disk (Bergera) ; t

PVE xXOmiGar
. M. GLENIEI.

=

iS)

. M. KOENIGII.

Go

1. M. exotica, Z. J/anz. il. 563 (1771). Ettériya, S.

Moon Cat. 34. Thw. Enum. 45. C. P. 1199.

PLB. Ind: & 502.7 eWieht lc. 4,90.

A small, graceful tree, with smooth, yellowish - white,
fibrous bark and slender, somewhat drooping branches ;
‘|. imparipinnate, 4—7 in., rachis glabrous, Iflts. 3-7, on short
stalks, alternate or sub-opposite, oval or rhomboidal-oval,
acute at base, obtuse, emarginate, glabrous and shining, the
terminal one the largest; fl. 3-} in. diam., campanulate, on
short ped., 1-4 in short, cymose clusters from the axils of the
upper leaves, drooping ; sep. very small, triangular, obtuse,

* Commemorates Johann Andreas Murray, Prof. Bot. at Gottingen,
who died in 1791.

220 Rutacec. [| Wurraya-

glabrous ; pet. } in. or more, oval-oblong, clawed, obtuse ;
ov. on a short annular disk or gynophore, 2-celled; berry
3—} in., ovoid, pointed, smooth, 1-celled, 1-2-seeded.

* Var. 8. buxifolia, Zw. This is a more floriferous shrubby
variety, much grown in gardens for its beauty and sweet scent. It is.
C. P. 1200. In FI. B. Ind. i. 503 the name is misprinted ‘ évevzfolia.’ It
is wild in Northern India, but not in Ceylon.

Low country up to 3000 ft.; rather common. F/I. June, July ; white,
very sweet-scented.

Throughout India, and in China, Australia, and Pacific Islands.

The leaflets are sometimes reduced to one as in specimens from Trin-
comalie. Wood heavy, very hard, and close-grained, yellow; has been.
used as a substitute for boxwood for engraving.

2. M. Gleniei, 7/w. ex Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v.. Suppl. ii. 29
(1861). [PLATE XXII. ]

Thw. Enum. 406. C. P. 3627.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 503 (4. exotica, L. var.).

A bush, much branched, bark very white, young twigs
strongly pubescent; |. imparipinnate, 13-4 in., rachis strongly
pubescent, Iflts. 3-7, on short pubescent stalks, upper ones.
much the longest, rhomboid-lanceolate, obtuse, emarginate,
lower ones rotundate, all slightly crenate, glabrous; fl. $—-}in.
diam., about 3-7, in short, racemose, axillary and terminal
cymes, ped. very pubescent ; sep. very small, densely tomen-
tose; pet. }in.; ov. on a distinct gynophore, 5-lobed, 5-celled;
berry large, I in. somewhat pyriform or urn-shaped, flat-
topped, but mamillate in centre, 5-lobed or bluntly 5-angled,
rough with large glands, shining, green, 5-celled, the large
inflated cells each containing 1-3 globose green seeds.

Forests of the dry country; rather rare(?). Trincomalie (Glenie) ;.
about Anuradhapura, Mihintale, &c., abundant. ¥1l. Aug.; white.

Endemic.

This appears to be a very distinct species, and, apart from the remark-
ably different fruit, is readily known from JZ. exotica, under which it is
placed in Fl. B. Ind., by the very pubescent, almost tomentose, inflor-
escence, calyx, rachis of leaves, and young parts generally, the smaller
flowers and the different habit.

3. M. Koenigii, Spreng. Syst. Veg. ii. 315 (1825). Karapincha,
S. Karivempu, 7.

Bergera Koenigiz, L., Moon Cat. 34. Thw. Enum. 406, 46. C. P.
2547.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 503. Wight, Ic. t. 13 (Lergera Koentgiz).

A small tree, with dark grey bark, branchlets pubescent ;
l. imparipinnate, somewhat crowded, spreading, 6-10 in.,
rachis pubescent, Iflts. 15-25, shortly stalked, 1-2 in., oval or
oblong-lanceolate, very oblique at base, slightly caudate,.

Clausena.| Rutacee. 221

obtuse or emarginate, irregularly crenate, smooth above,
pubescent beneath, the lower ones smaller and more rotun-
date; fl. about 4 in., on short ped. in much-branched, flat-
topped, corymbose, terminal cymes, bracts minute; sep. tri-
angular, subacute, pubescent ; pet. linear, erect, glabrous,
valvate, gland-dotted ; stam. inserted on a fleshy disk, fil.
narrowed at top; ov. glabrous, without a gynophore, 2-celled,
with 1 (rarely 2) ovule in each cell, style long, stigma large ;
berry 4-2 in., nearly globular, apiculate, rough with glands,
black, 2-seeded.

Low country, especially in dry region; rather rare. Badulla;
Maturata. Very much cultivated. FI. Dec., August ; white, scented.

Also in India. ; }

This is the familiar ‘ curry-leaf, a constant ingredient in curries and
mulligatawny. Its scent is pungent and slightly aromatic. Wood hard,
close-grained, smooth, pale brownish-yellow, durable.

Extremely like the small-leaved form of A/icromelum pubescens, from
which it may be distinguished by its more numerous more pubescent and
smaller leaflets, and more compact corymbose terminal inflorescence.

This is the type of Sergera, Koen. It does not well agree with
the other members of J/urraya, and should perhaps be retained as a
distinct genus.

8. CLAUSENA, Lurim.

Small trees or shrubs; |. imparipinnate ; fl. in racemes or
panicles ; sep. 4-5, small; pet. 4-5, imbricate; stam. 8-10;
ov. on a short gynophore, 2—4-celled, with 2 ovules in each
cell, style short, deciduous; fruit a 1-—2-secded berry, coty-
ledons plane-convex.—Sp. 14; 9 in FZ. B. Ind.

Fl. 5-merous, in terminal panicles . : : a+ at Gs ENDICR:
Fl. 4-merous, in axillary racemes . ‘ : . 2, C. WILLDENOVIL

1. ©. indica, Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Supp. ii. 36 (1861).
Migon-kKarapincha, S., Pannai, Puravkainari, 7.

Thw. Enum. 406 and (ones. Mitigd) AG Ps 2427, 1203,
Fl. B. Ind. i. 505. Kew Journ. Bot. ii. t. 2 (Pzptostylis indica).

A small tree or shrub, young parts pubescent ; 1. impari-
pinnate, large, 6-12 in., rachis glabrous or puberulous, Ifits.
7-13, distant, alternate, shortly stalked, 13-3} in., very unequal
at base, ovate or lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, very faintly
crenate, wavy, glabrous on both sides, shining ; fl. small,
4-4 in., shortly pedicellate, laxly arranged in a short, strictly
terminal panicle; sep. ovate-triangular, ciliate; pet. oval-
oblong ; fil. slightly dilated in middle; ov. 2-celled, glabrous,
glandular, on a short, broad gynophore, stigma capitate;

222 Rutacee. [Limonia..

berry nearly globular, under } in., smooth, gland-dotted, pale
salmon- or cream-coloured, pulp abundant ; seed solitary,
green.

Low country, principally in the dry region; rather common; abundant
at Anuradhapura. FI. Jan.-March; greenish-white.

Also in Southern India. Ty

Leaves faintly aromatic. Fruit edible. The larger shining leaflets
and strictly terminal paniculate inflorescence with smaller flowers dis-
tinguish this from A@crome/um pubescens, which it a good deal resembles.

2. C. Willdenovii, |”. and A. Prod. 96 (1834). Wéda-pana, S.

Thw. Enum. 47. C. P. 1204.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 506. Wight, Ic. t. 14.

A small, slender tree or shrub, young parts puberulous ;
|. 6-12 in., imparipinnate, rachis puberulous, Iflts. 7-15, dis-
tant, shortly stalked, very oblique at base, lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, finely crenate, very thin, conspicuously
gland-dotted and finely reticulated, glabrous ; fl. small, on
rather long divaricate ped., arranged in slender, simple racemes
from the axils of the young |. and shorter than them ; sep. 4,
broad-ovate, apiculate, glabrous ; pet. 4, oval, concave, gland-
dotted ; stam. 8, fil. long, dilated at base; ov. on a short,
narrow gynophore, cylindrical, 4-grooved, glandular, 4-celled,
style stout ; berry ovoid, smooth, greenish-white, I—2-seeded.

Var. 8. pubescens, VW. avd A. (sp.). C. P. 2546.

Lflts. larger, 24-3 in., with the rachis densely woolly-
tomentose.

Dry country; rather rare. Jaffna (Gardner); Porativa Pattu, E.
Prov. (Nevill) ; near Sigiri ; var. 8. in Maturata at about 3000 ft. Fl.
June-Sept.; white.

The scent of the leaves is peculiar, like myrrh and aniseed com-
bined.

Mr. Nevill says this is called by Sinhalese and Veddas in E. Prov.
‘Etkara-bembiya.’

9. LIMONTA, Z. (Azc/.)

Small trees, usually with spines; 1. compound, petiole
winged ; fl. in panicles or racemes; cal. 4—5-fid.; pet. 4—-5,.
imbricate ; stam. 8-10, fil. subulate ; ov. 4—5-celled, without a
gynophore, with 1 or 2 pendulous ovules in each cell ; fruit
a globose berry, 1-4-celled and seeded.—Sp. 4; all in
Fl. Ba ind:

L. trifoliolate; fr. large, Tin... : 5 > ay L pAUATAD
L. pinnate ; fr. small, under $in. : : . 2. L, CRENULATA.

Limonia. | Rutacee. 223.

1, L.alata, and A. Prod. 92 (1834). Tumpat-kurundu, 5S.

L. Cinnamomum, Moon Cat. 35. Thw. Enum. 45. C. P. 11g.

Fl]. B. Ind. i. 508. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. t. 7, f. 4 (flowers). Wight,
Ill. t. 41.

A small tree, with straight, sharp, axillary spines often in
pairs, or spineless, bark thick, slightly rough, white ; 1. 3-folio-
late, petiole narrowly winged, glabrous, Iflts. sessile, oval or
obovate, tapering to base, obtuse, often emarginate, almost
entire, glabrous, shining, the terminal one largest; fl. about
4 in., on short ped., arranged in small, terminal and axillary
panicles; cal.-segm. broadly ovate, obtuse, pubescent ; pet.
oblong, pubescent outside; ov. 5-celled, ovules 2 in each cell,
style longer than ov., stigma capitate; berry globose, about
I in., rough with glands, seeds several.

Dry country; common. Fl. May; white.

Also in Southern India.

The leaves are lemon-scented when bruised, the citrus-like fruit is:
very bitter. Wood very heavy and hard, close-grained, smooth, yellow.

2. L. crenulata, orb. Cor. P/. i. 60 (1795).

L. acidissima, Auct. plur. (non L.), Moon Cat. 35. Trim. in Journ.
Bot. xxvii. 162.

FJ. B: Ind. i. 507 (Z. actdisstma). Cor. Pl. i. t. 86.

A small, slender tree or large shrub, with rigid, flexuose
branches and sharp, straight, woody spines over 4 in. long
from axils of fallen 1.; 1. pinnate, 3-4 in., with 2 or 3 pair of
opposite Iflts. and a terminal one, petiole #in., narrowly
winged, rachis winged, broad, crenate, leaf-like between each
pair, lflts. sessile, trapezoid-oval, obtuse, emarginate, crenate-
serrate, dotted with pellucid glands; fl. not seen (4-merous,
ov.-cells with 1 ovule); berry globular, under } in., smooth,
2-4-celled, 1-4-seeded.

Dry country ; very rare. Observed, in fruit, in Jan., 1888, scattered
over the country about Bibile and Ekiriyankumbura, Uva. Moon includes
this name in his Cat., and gives Jaffna for locality.

Also in several parts of Peninsular India.

The small fruit is very acid and bitter.

I have shown in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 142, that Linnzeus’ Z.
acidissima was not this plant, but /ervonta elephantum (which see).
He no doubt afterwards confused the two plants (as is shown by his
quotation of Hort. Malab. iv. t. 14, which represents the present species),
but his name cannot be retained for either. As it is the species on
which Zzszonza, L. was founded, that genus strictly falls to the ground,
and, as the present plant forms the genus Hesferethusa, Roem., that name
ought perhaps to be maintained in its stead.

224 Rutacee. | Paramignya.

10. LUVUNGA, Hamil.

Climbing shrubs, with axillary spines; 1. trifoliolate ;
fl. in axillary racemes; cal. cup-shaped, very obscurely
4-5-toothed ; pet. 4-5, imbricate ; stam. 8-10, fil. dilated,
quite distinct, anth. oblong; ov. 3- (or 2-) celled, with 2 super-
posed ovules in each cell; fruit a large, 2-3-seeded berry.—
Spi 2 in 7. 6. ind.

L. eleutherandra, Da/z. in Kew Journ. Bot. ii. 258 (1850).
Thw. Enum. 48 and 406 and (Z. scandens) 47. C. P. 1195.
Fl. B. Ind. 1. 509.

A climbing shrub, with very long flexuose branches set
with stout, sharp, woody, nearly straight, somewhat deflexed,
axillary spines about 1 in. long, bark yellowish-white; I. large,
6-9 in., 3-foliolate, petioles divaricate, 14-2} in., lflts. on short
stalks, nearly equal, very variable, 3-8 in., oval or lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate or oblong-linear, shortly acuminate, entire,
glabrous, conspicuously gland-dotted ; fl. 3 in., pedicellate, in
glabrous, axillary racemes or panicles shorter than the petiole;
cal. glabrous; pet. thick, glandular; fil. quite distinct, dilated ;
disk or gynophore small, annular; ov. glabrous, style long,
stout, stigma capitate ; berry globular, # in.

Lower montane zone ; rather rare. Ambagamuwa ; Hewahette ; Rem-
boda. Fl. March, April ; greenish-white.

Also in Southern India and Java.

The leaves are very variable ; when the leaflets are oblong-linear, the
plant looks very different from the type. Thwaites remarks that in some
plants all the ovaries are entirely without ovules.

Scarcely distinct from Z. scandens, Ham. of Assam and Burma, well
figured in Bot. Mag. t. 4522.

i. PARAMIGNYA, Wig/.

Climbing shrubs, with axillary spines; 1. unifoliolate ;
fl. rather large, in axillary fascicles; cal. 4-5-toothed ; pet.
4-5, imbricate ; stam. 8—fo, distinct, equal; fil. flat, anth.
oblong; ov. on a conspicuous gynophore, 3-5-celled, with -
I or 2 ovules in each cell, style long, ultimately deciduous
near the base; fruit a 1-5-seeded berry—Sp. 6; all in
FiBeilad,

Very closely allied to Luvunga.

Cal. with 5 broad lobes, densely pubescent. . I. P. MONOPHYLLA.
Cal. with 4 minute teeth, glabrous . : . . 2. P. ARMATA.

1. P. monophylla, ///eh/, ///. i. 109 (1840). Wellangiriya, 5.
Thw. Enum. 47. C. P. 1201, 1202.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 510. Wight, Ill. t. 42.

Atalantia.] Rutacee. 225

A climbing shrub, shoots densely pubescent, the older
branches with sharp, recurved, axillary spines 4 in. long;
l. numerous, 2—4 in., oval or oblong-oval or lanceolate, rounded
at base, obtuse or acute, entire or nearly so, glabrous except
the pubescent midrib beneath, conspicuously gland-dotted,
petiole 4 in., twisted ; fl.. # in., on short pubescent ped.,
1-3 together in the axils; cal. woolly-pubescent, lobes 5,
shallow, rounded ; pet. 5, oblong-linear, recurved ; fil. hairy ;
ov. 5-celled, stigma large, capitate; berry globose-pyriform,
over I in. long, smooth ; seeds several, large, compressed.

_Low country, principally in the dry region; rather common. Dolos-
bagie ; Hanasgiriya ; Kurunegala; Haragama; Pankulam, near Trin-
comalie ; Mineri. Fl. March, August ; white.

Also in India and Burma.

The dry country form has the leaves obtuse ; in the moist region the
leaves are acute, as in Wight’s figure.

2. P. armata, Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 43 (1861).
Thw. Enum. 406. <Arthromischus armatus, Thw. Enum. 47. C. P.

1197, 3115.

Piyb, tad srr. Bedd: Ic. t.-275:

A climbing, much-branched shrub, branches long, slender,
glabrous or puberulous, with numerous, long or short, straight
or slightly curved, axillary spines; 1. rather small, 14-3 in.,
ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, rounded
at base, acuminate, acute or obtuse, entire, the margin often
revolute, glabrous, petiole 1} in., jointed in the middle; f1.
nearly #in., on rather long slender ped., 3-7 in the axils;
cal. very small, 4-toothed; pet. 4, oblong; stam. 8, equal,
fil. slightly dilated in middle; ov. 3—4-celled, with 1 ovule in
each cell, gynophore narrow, stigma small, capitate; berry
nearly globular or ovoid, $—-#in., yellow; seeds 1-4.

Ranges from the moist low country up to 6000 ft.; rare. Ratnapura;
Karawita Kande; Ambagamuwa ; Hangurankette ; Ragalla, Uda Pusse-

lawe ; Elephant Plains. Fl. Nov., Dec.; greenish-white.
Also in Wynaad, &c., S. India (Beddome).

I collected another species of this(?) genus at Madola in Sabara-
gamuwa in Feb. 1882. It is an apparently spineless climber, with large
clusters of flowers and large leaves, narrow linear petals about 3 in. long,
and a very short and truncate calyx. My material is insufficient to
describe it fully, but it is probably a new species.

12, ATALANTIA, Correa.

Small trees or shrubs, usually armed with straight, axillary
spines ; 1. simple; inflor. axillary ; cal. 4- (or 3- or 5-) lobed or
irregularly split; pet. 4 (or 3 or 5), usually distinct, imbricate ;

Q

226 Rutacee. [Atalantia.

stam. 8 (or 10), distinct or united into a tube, equal or the
alternate ones shorter, anth. various; disk small, annular;
ov. without or with a very short gynophore, 2- or 4- or 5-celled,
with 1 or 2 collateral ovules in each cell, style short or long,
stigma capitate; fruit a berry with thick rind, 2-5-celled,
2-5-seeded.—Sp. 10; 6 in FZ. B. Ind.
Stam. combined into a tube.
Fls. in umbels or corymbs . 2 5 : . I. A. MONOPHYLLA,
Fls. in racemes , . A. RACEMOSA.
Stam. distinct.

L. veiny ; fil. flat . : ‘ i ; ‘ . 3. A. ZEYLANICA.
L. veinless ; fil. slender ‘ ; : : . 4. A. MISSIONIS.

N

1. A. monophylla, Correa, Ann. Mus. Par. vi. 383 (1804).
Perunkuruntu, 7.

Thyseenum. 44:0) Ce aAG7.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 511. Wight, Ic. t. 1611 (4. floribunda).

A small tree or shrub, with numerous rigid branches, the
older ones armed with short spines, young parts glabrous ;
1, 13-3 in., rhomboid-lanceolate, acute at base, obtuse, deeply
notched at apex, glabrous, thick, veiny, petiole short, slightly
pubescent, with 1 or 2 linear or setaceous stipular scales at
base ; fl. }in., rather crowded in axillary umbels or corymbs,
ped. }in., glabrous, bracts small, ciliate ; cal. glabrous, irregu-
larly split to the base; pet. obovate-oblong, obtuse, recurved ;
stam. 8, fil. completely connate into a long tube and some-
times adnate to pet. at base, anth. broadly ovoid ; ov. oblong,
glabrous, 4-celled, style short, no gynophore ; berry globular-
ovoid, #in., with a long apiculus, 4-celled, 4-seeded.

Dry region; common. Fl. July, August, December ; white.

Also throughout Peninsular India.

Wight’s figure shows a very large-flowered form. Wood very hard,
heavy, close-grained, yellow.

2. A. racemosa, W. and A. Prod. 91 (1834).
Oliv. lc. 24. Thw, Enum. 405. C. P. 3673.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 512. Wight, Ic. t. 71 (Sclerostylis atalantioides).

An (? always) unarmed bush; 1. precisely as in A. mono-
phylla; fl. also as in the last, but ped. shorter and arranged
in short but distinct racemes; cal. glabrous, equally 4-fid,
lobes acute ; fil. united into a tube; berry as in the last.

Lower montane zone; ‘apparently very rare. Galagama (Gardner) ;
Nonpareil Valley, 1882 (? same locality). Fl. Feb.; white.

Also in S. India.

This is hardly separable from A. monophylla as a species.

Atalantia] Rutacee. 227

3. A. zeylanica, Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 25 (1861).
Yakinaran, S. Péykuruntu, 7.

Burm. Thes. 143. Fl. Zeyl. n. 406 (Phantis). Limonia monophyila,
L. Mant. 237; Moon Cat. 34. Azssoa zeylanica, Arn. Pug. 6. Sclero-
stylis zeylanica, Wight, Ill. 109. Thw. Enum. 46. S. Arnottiana, Wight,
Ill. 109. Thw. Enum. 405. C. P. 1196.

Fl. B. Indi. 612," Burm. Thes. t..65, f. 1 (poor).

A much-branched bush, usually armed with very sharp,
stout spines 4-1 in. long, bark smooth, brown, young parts
glabrous ; |. very variable, 13-3 in., lanceolate or oval-oblong
or somewhat ovate, rounded at base, emarginate or 2-lobed at
apex, entire, coriaceous, veiny, petiole short, thick, glabrous ;
fl. }in. or rather more, on somewhat slender, glabrous ped.,
usually crowded in short, very finely pubescent, corymbose or
racemose cymes much shorter than the |, bracts minute;
cal.-lobes broad, shallow, often obscure, finely ciliate ; pet. 4
(rarely 3 or 5), oval, with a broad claw, obtuse, thick, slightly
concave, glandular; stam. 8, alternate ones longer, quite
distinct, fil. flat, rather wider than anth., anth. cordate-ovate,
apiculate; ov. sessile, smooth, 2-celled, with 2 collateral ovules
in each cell, style short, stout, stigma clavate; berry 4—? in.,
globular-ovoid, 2—-4-seeded.

Var. 8. rotundifolia, Oliv. Sclerostylis rotundifolia, Thw. Enum.
AGr VC. P3205.

Smaller, very much branched, unarmed; 1. oval-rotundate,
strongly emarginate or bilobed; fl. larger, more numerous, in
longer-stalked racemes equalling or exceeding 1.; cal. deeply
and distinctly 4-lobed ; ov. on a short gynophore.

Low country; rather common in both regions. Colombo; Kalutara ;
Puttalam ; Ratmale, E. Prov.; Jaffna. Var. 6. montane zone at about
4ooo ft.; rare. Nillembe; Maturata. Fl. March-August ; white, sweet-
‘scented.

Also in S. India. Var. 8. endemic.

Varies in size of fl.and length of ped. The figure of Burman (a very
poor one) appears to represent this rather than A. monophylla, to which
it is referred in Fl. B. Ind. and elsewhere; this is therefore Lz7zo0nZa
monophylla, L. Hermann’s specimen, however, is described by Linnzeus
(Fl. Zeyl. n. 406) under the name of Phantis, a name never afterwards
referred to in his later works; it is certainly 4. zeylanica.

4. &. Missionis, Oliv. in Journ. Linn, Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 25 (1861).

Pamburu, S. Kuruntu, 7.
Limonia cttrifolia, Moon Cat. 34 (non Roxb.). Lzmonia Missionis,

Wall., Thw. Enum. 45. Thw. Enum. 405. C. P. 1194.
F]. B. Ind. i. 513. Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. t. supp. 33. Wight, Ic. t. 175.
A small tree, much branched, bark grey, rugged, branchlets
very smooth, often sharply angled, armed with short, sharp

228 Rutacee. - [Feronia.

spines 4-4 in. long; |. large, 24-4 in., broadly oblong- or
obovate-oval, somewhat tapering at base, obtuse or rounded
at apex, entire or shallowly crenate, undulate, glabrous,
coriaceous, pellucid-punctate, veins very obscure; fl. numerous,
4 in., in erect, glabrous panicles 1-2} in.. long;. cal. small,
4-5-lobed, lobes acute; pet. 4 or 5, narrowly oval, spreading
or recurved, soon falling; stam. 8 or 1o, fil. slender, quite
distinct, anth. narrowly oblong; ov. small, glabrous, on a.
short eynophore, 4-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, style
long, stout, thickened upwards ; berry about 1 in., globular,
with thick rind, aE ee Ge -celled, Each cell with 1 (or 2) elees
seeds imbedded in glutinous mucilage.

Low country, chiefly in the dry region ; rather common. Batticaloa ;
Jaffna; Panadure (Moon). Fl. April; white, fragrant.

Also in Southern India.

There are specimens from Van Royen in Mus. Brit., probably ociienres
by Hermann.

The fruit is just like a small orange. Wood moderately heavy, rather’
hard, close-grained, smooth, pale yellow.

Citrus flystrix, DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 97 (1813). To this apparently
belongs the ‘ Kudalu-dehi’ or ‘ Lima-dehi’ of the Sinhalese, a tubercled
Lime, commonly grown in native gardens and semi- wild (or possibly nativ e)
in the east of Ceylon. It is C. Papeda, Miq. (Papeda Rumphii, Hassk.),
and is found in Burma and Khasia, and in Sumatra and other islands of
the Malay Archipelago, whence it may have been introduced to Ceylon.
It is well figured in Rumph. Herb. Amboin. ii. tt. 26, f. 1, and 27; and
there is a coloured plate with the name C. ¢zéeroides in Bennett’s
‘Rare Fruits of Ceylon.’ Ceylon specimens from Koenig are in Brit.
Mus. This is not improbably the original form of the now universally
cultivated Lime, C. Lzmonel/us, Hassk. (see also Bonavia in Journ. Linn.
SOc. xxil. 213).

13. FERONIA,* Correa.

A small tree, with straight axillary spines; 1. pinnate;
fl. polygamous, in axillary panicles; cal. small, 5-toothed ;
pet. 5, imbricate ; stam. 7-12, equal, distinct, fil. very short,,
anth. large, oblong; ov. on a short disk, 5-celled (spuriously
I-celled), with very numerous ovules on the dissepiments ;
fruit large, globose, indehiscent, I-celled, with many seeds.
immersed in pulp.—Monotypic.

F. elephantum, Correa in Trans. Linn. Soc. v. 224 (1800). Diwul,
S. Wila, Vilatti, Mayladikkuruntu, 7.

Herm. Mus. 13, 17. Fl. Zeyl. n. 175. Limonia acidissima, L. (pro:

max. parte) non Auct.- Moon Cat. 73. Thw. Enum. 48. C. P. 1205.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 516. Wight, Ic. t.15. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 121.

* One of the deities to whom the ancients dedicated forests.

Simarubacee. 229

A small tree, branches numerous, with smooth, whitish
bark and with sharp, straight, ascending spines }-14 in. long ;
1, pinnate, 3-4 in. rachis and petiole flat, very narrowly
winged, glabrous, Iflts. opposite, in 2 or 3 pair and usually
a terminal one, nearly sessile, 1-1} in., oval or obovate, obtuse,
entire, glabrous, basal ones the largest; fl. small, numerous,
in small, paniculate, sessile cymes from the axils of fallen 1.,
ped. slender, pubescent; cal. very small; pet. ovate, acute,
spreading, smooth; stam. 7-12, fil. very short, anth. very
large ; disk finely woolly ; ov. with numerous ovules in each
cell, style very short, stigma fusiform ; fruit large, 2-2} in.,
globose, hard, pericarp woody, rough, whitish, 1-celled ; seeds
oblong, compressed.

Throughout the dry region; very common. FI. Feb., March; pale
green, Stained with red-purple, anthers dark red.

Found through India, also in Java.

This is the ‘ Wood-apple’ of the English, the hard fruit of which is
sometimes mistaken for that of the Bael. The specific name refers to its
common appellation in India, ‘ elephant-apple.’

Pulp of the fruit eatable. Wood hard, heavy, yellowish-white. Affords
a good gum.

i-gle Marmelos, Corr., the Bael fruit, Belz, S., Vilvam, T., is culti-
vated, though not very commonly. It is included in Linnzus’ Flora
Zeylanica, n. 212, and there is a drawing but no specimen in Hermann’s
Herbarium. It is C. P. 1206. Considered native in India.

XXX.—SIMARUBACE:.,

TREES or shrubs; |. alternate, pinnate or simple, no stip.;
fl. regular, bisexual or polygamous; sep. 4 or 5, more or less
connate, imbricate or valvate; pet. 4 or 5, imbricate or valvate ;
stam. 5 (or 10) or 8, distinct ; disk annular or inconspicuous ;
ov. 2-5-lobed or of distinct carp., with 1 or 2 ovules in each,
styles distinct or connate; fruit of 1 to 5 distinct, indehiscent,
1-seeded carp. ; seed with or without scanty endosperm.
Ovules solitary ; styles connate.
L. pinnate ; fl. small AILANTUS.

I
iL sunples fl large ©. Seen : : - + +2, SAMADERA.,
Ovules 2 in each cell; styles distinct . : : -. je SUREANA,

Low country plants ; Swvzana on the sea-shore.

O — Stmarubacee. [Samaaera.

ios)

1. AILANTUS,* Des/.

Large trees; |. pinnate; fl. polygamous, in large panicles ;
cal. 5-fid; pet. 5, valvate; stam. 10 (in bisexual fl. often
fewer) ; disk 10-lobed ; ov. 2-5-celled (usually 3-celled), with
1 ovule in each cell, styles combined ; fruit of 1-5, distinct,
flat, indehiscent, winged samaras; seed solitary in each
samara, pendulous, with scanty endosperm.—Sp. 4; 2 in
Fl. B. Ind.

A. malabarica, DC. Prod. ii. 89 (1825), Kumbalu, Wal-
bilin, S.

Thw. Enum. 69. C. P. 3456.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 518. Wight, Ic. t. 1604. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 122.

A lofty tree, with straight trunk and rough bark, branch-
lets with large, closely placed leaf-scars, young parts pubes-
cent, with fine, simple or stellate hairs; 1. very large, 14-2 ft.,
crowded, spreading, pinnate, rachis cylindrical, with a raised
line along upper side, very finely stellate-pubescent, much
thickened at base, lflts. 16-20, distant, opposite or sub-opposite,,
shortly stalked, 3—5 in., ovate-oblong, tapering, acute, unequal at
base with upper half larger and rounded and lower half acute,
entire, margin slightly reflexed, glabrous, glaucous beneath,
rather thick; fl. small, the bisexual rather larger than the male,
numerous, shortly pedicellate, in long, loose, stalked, axillary
panicles; cal. small, hairy, segm. acute; pet. oval-oblong,
acute; stam. exceeding pet.; ov. ovoid, glabrous; samara
24-3 in., flat, oblong, obtuse at both ends, papery, glabrous,
with the seed about the middle; seed much compressed,
circular.

Low country of the moist region; rather rare. Seven Korales;
Colombo ; Heneratgoda. Fl. Jan. ; white.

Also in Southern India and Cochin China.

The bark is tonic and febrifuge. A brown, fragrant, resinous exudation
is given by the inner bark, and is used in dysentery as well as material
for incense. Wood very light, soft, and spongy.

Moon, Cat. 73, gives Az/antus excelsa, Roxb. for Jaffna. The present
species was probably intended by him.

2. SAMADERA, Gaerin.

Small trees; 1. simple; fl. large, bisexual, in stalked
umbels ; cal. 4- (or 5-) fid; pet. 4 (or 5), convolute-imbricate ;

* From ‘ Ailanto,’ said to be the native name of A. g/andu/osa in the
Moluccas.

Suriana.] Szmarubacee. 231

stam. 8 (or 10), fil. with a small scale at base; ov. on a gyno-
phore, deeply 4-lobed, 4-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in
each cell, styles completely connate ; fruit-carp. 1-4, distinct,
indehiscent, flattened, hard, 1-seeded.—Sp. 3; 2 in FZ. B. Ind.

S. indica, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 352 (1791). Samadara, S.

Herm. Mus. 5. Burm. Thes. 19, 25. Fl. Zeyl. n. 433 (Samandura).
Vitmannia elliptica, Vahl, Symb. Bot. iii. 51; Moon Cat. 31. Thw.
Enum. 70. C. P. 2766.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 519. Wight, Ill. t. 68. Vahl, Symb. Bot. iii. t. 60.

A small tree, bark transversely cracked, young parts
glabrous; 1. large, 7-10 in. oblong or oval-oblong, obtuse at
base, usually shortly acuminate, entire, glabrous and shining
on both sides, paler and veiny beneath, coriaceous, petiole
4—? in., very thick, usually curved; fi. 14-2 in., in few- or
many-fld. umbels, peduncle axillary, glabrous, short to very
long, ped. 3—# in., glabrous, red; cal.-lobes broad, subacute,
glabrous; pet. 1 in., linear-oblong, obtuse; stam. a little
shorter than pet., basal scale hairy; ov. shortly stalked,
glabrous, style filiform, a little longer than stam.; ripe carp.
large, 2-24 in., compressed, semicircular, with a straight inner
edge, hard-leathery, smooth, reticulate, outer edge blunt, seed
large.

Moist low country, in forests; rather common. Galle; Kalutara ;
Hewesse; Chilaw. Fl. March; pinkish-yellow.

Also on the Malabar coast of S. India.

The whole plant is very bitter, and the bark, root, and fruit are all
used as febrifuge medicines. An infusion of the leaves is a good in-
secticide and destructive to white ants. Wood light, soft, pale yellow.

Hermann’s specimens were not sufficient to enable Linnzeus to define
this plant, and he left it among his ‘Dubiz’in FI. Zeyl, Specimens
from Koenig are in Mus. Brit.

Brucea sumatrana, Roxb. is a common weed about Kandy and in
some other parts, but is not native here, though it has a wide distribution
throughout the Eastern Tropics. The whole plant is bitter, and the
seeds (called ‘ Macassar Kernels’) are much used in Java as a cure for
dysentery.

3. SURIANA, Z.

A small bush; |. simple; fl. bisexual, in short racemes ;
cal. 5-cleft nearly to the base, imbricate ; pet. 5, imbricate ;
stam. 5 (or 10); ov. of 5 distinct carp., each with 2 erect,
collateral ovules, styles distinct, basal, persistent ; ripe carp.
2-5, small, 1-seeded ; seed without endosperm.—Monotypic.

232 Ochnacee. [Ochna.

S. maritima, Z. Sf. P/. 284 (1753).

Trim. in Journ. Bot. 1889, 162.

PIB. Ind.ay 522... Lam. ‘Ul... 389.

A low shrub, 2-4 ft. high, very much branched, soft with
silky hair throughout, especially on the young shoots ;
]. numerous, sessile, densely crowded, erect, overlapping,
small, about I in., spathulate-linear, acute, much tapering to
base, entire, silky-pubescent, thick, readily disarticulating ;
fl. 2 in., on slender ped., 3 or 4 together in short, axillary
racemes slightly exceeding |., bracts linear, longer than ped.;
sep. ovate, acuminate, pubescent, persistent ; pet. rather shorter
than sep., oval, rounded; stam. usually 5, short; ripe carp.
surrounded by persistent sep., roundish, hairy.

Sea-shore; very rare. Foul Point, Trincomalie, first collected in
1885 by W. Ferguson ; small island opposite Jaffna, 1890. Fl. Dec.,
Jan. ; yellow.

Almost universally on the sea-shore throughout the Tropics.

It is remarkable that this common Tropical shore plant should never
have been found on our coasts till so recently, especially as it is known
to occur on those of the Andaman, Nicobar, and Laccadive Is., and
perhaps also on the Maldives, and is readily carried by currents.

Resembles Pemphzs in habit, but readily known by its conspicuous
bright yellow fis.

XXXI.—OCHNACEE.

SMALL trees or shrubs; |. alternate, simple, with stip.; fl.
regular, bisexual; sep. 5, distinct, imbricate, persistent ; pet. 5,
distinct, imbricate ; stam. indef. or 10, distinct; ov. of 3-10
distinct carp. on a swollen gynophore, with a solitary ovule in
each; styles basal, connate; ripe carp. 3-8, quite distinct,
indehiscent, 1-seeded ; seed with or without endosperm.

Anth. indef., opening longitudinally . : : . . I. OCHNA.
Anth. 10, opening by terminal pores . : : : . 2. GOMPHIA.

All the four species are low-country plants.

1. OCHNA, J.

Small trees or shrubs; fl. in racemes or panicles from ends
of short woody branches; sep. 5, imbricate, persistent; pet. 5,
imbricate; stam. indef., anth. dehiscing longitudinally, de-
ciduous ; ov. of 3-10 distinct carp., on a swollen gynophore,

Ochna. Ochnacee. 233

each I-celled, with a solitary ovule; styles basal, connate;
ripe carp. quite distinct on the enlarged gynophore, fleshy,
1-seeded; seed with endosperm.—Sp. 25; 5 in Fv. B. Ind. ‘

Fl. large, 2in. . - - : : a . I. O. SQUARROSA.
FI. small, less than 2 in.
FI. few, or in umbellate Baul ; ped. ioued t-3
from base : . 2. O. WIGHTIANA.
Fl. in corymbose racemes ; ; ped. jointed near base 3. O. RUFESCENS.

1. O. squarrosa, ZL. Sf. P/. ed. 2,731 (in part) (1762). Mal-kéra,
S. Chilanti, 7.

Herm. Mus. g. FI. Zeyl. n. 209. O. Jucida, Lam. Dict. iv. 510.
sDhw. Enum. (70, CG: Bs 1223:

Fl. B. Ind. i. 523. Wight, II. t. 69.

A small tree, young parts glabrous, buds closely covered
with numerous acute leaf-scales ; 1. 2-5 in., oval or lanceolate,
acute at both ends, finely crenate-serrate, the teeth minutely
spinous, glabrous on both sides, veiny, petiole }in., stip.
lanceolate-subulate, deciduous; fl. large, 2-2} in., in short
umbellate panicles, ped. 1-14 in., slender, glabrous, drooping,
jointed near base; sep. —#in., broadly oval, obtuse, glabrous,
many-veined ; pet. a little longer than sep.; anth. long, linear,
deciduous, fil. much shorter, persistent; styles completely
combined, persistent, stigma lobed; ripe carp. 3-6, surrounded
by the somewhat enlarged sep., ovoid, sessile, shining, black.

Var. B. cordata, 7iw. Enum. 409. C. P. 1222.

L. smaller, 1-2 in., cordate at base, rounded at apex, more
sharply serrate.

Dry country; rather rare. Jaffna; Trincomalie; Batticaloa ; var. p.
Matale East ; Puttalam. Fl. June; yellow, fragrant.

Also in the Indian and Malayan Peninsulas.

Linnzeus quotes for this Burman’s t. 56, which is clearly Gomphia
angustifolia, but all the specimens in Herb. Herm. seem O. sguarrosa.

I have never seen more than 5 petals in Ceylon specimens.

2.0 Wightiana, Wall. Cat. n. 2808 (1828). Bo-kéra, 5S.
Katkarai, 7.

O. Walkerit, Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 653. Thw.
IDintbhas Flop, Cy 126 IIe

Fl. B. Ind. i. 524. Wight, Ic. t. 223 (°).

A small tree or shrub, much branched, young parts gla-
brous; |. 13-2 in., very shortly stalked, lanceolate or rhomboid-
lanceolate, sub-obtuse at base, acute, finely serrate, paler
beneath, = fl. under 3 in., solitary Of 270 3 together,
ped. jointed 1-1 from base; sep. oblong-oval, much enlarged

234 Ochnacee. [Gomphia. °

in fruit; pet. about equalling sep.; anth. about as long as fil.;
ripe carp. 5—7, }in., smooth, purplish-black. ,

Var. 8. Moonii, Zrim. ©. sguarrosa, Moon Cat. 41 (non L.). O.
Moonii, Thw. Enum. 70. C. P. 1224, 2554.

L. much larger, 3-6in.; fl. larger, }in., 6-12, in umbellate
panicles.

Low country; the type rather common in the dry region. Jaffna;
Mannar; Trincomalie; Puttalam; Haragama. Var. B. in the moist
region up to 2000 ft.; common. Fl. Nov.-Feb.; bright yellow, sep.
crimson in fruit.

Also in Travancore.

Wood light, soft, pale yellow.

C. P. 2554 connects var. 8. with the type, otherwise O. M/ooniz seems
worthy of specific rank, and is our commonest Ochza.

3. O. rufescens, Ziw. Enunt. 70 (1858).
C. P. 3455. |
Fl. B. Ind. i. 523 (under O. sguarrosa).

A small tree or shrub, young parts glabrous; |. 4-6 in.,
very shortly stalked, tapering to base, acuminate, very acute,
oblong-lanceolate, finely but sharply spinous-serrate, glabrous,
veiny, stip. subulate, longer than petiole; fl. small, $ in., 6-12
together in short corymbose racemes, ped. #-I in., slender,
jointed near the base; sep. 2in., oblong, obtuse; pet. oblong,
nearly equalling sep.; ripe carp. 7—8.

Moist low country ; very rare. I have only seen the C. P. specimens
which were collected on Nillowe Kande, Hiniduma Pattu, in 1855, by
Thwaites. Fl. May; yellow.

Endemic.

This is placed as a synonym under O. sguarrosa in FI. Brit. Ind.,

but it is much nearer to O. Moonzz, from which it differs in its much
smaller flowers, more distinctly racemose.

O. nitida, Thunb., collected by Thunberg in Ceylon (F/oru/a), may
possibly be this species (see Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 650).
It is described and figured from the specimen in Herb. Delessert by De
Candolle in Ann. Mus. xvii. 412, t. 12.

2. GOMPHIA, Schred.

Small trees; fl. in large terminal panicles; sep. 5, imbricate,
persistent ; pet. 5, imbricate; stam. 10, anth. dehiscent by
terminal pores; ov. of 5 distinct carp., each 1-celled; styles
basal, connate ; ripe carp. quite distinct, on greatly enlarged
synophore, I-seeded; seed without endosperm.—Sp. 80; 3 in
Fl. B. Ind.

Burservacee. 235

G. angustifolia, Vah/, Sym. ii. 49 (1791). Bo-kéra, S.

Burm. Thes. 123. JZeesta serrata, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 344. Ochna
geylanica, Lam. Dict. iv. 512. Walkeria* serrata, Willd., Moon Cat. 17.
Gomphia zeylanica, DC. Prod. i. 736. Thw. Enum. 71. C, P. 2412.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 525. Burm. Thes. t. 56 (good).

A small, much-branched tree, young parts glabrous ;
1. 24-5 in., distichous, nearly sessile, lanceolate, acute at both
ends, finely serrate, glabrous, shining, veins very close and
numerous, pellucid, with 2 marginal ones near the edge, stip.
deciduous; fl. numerous, about $in., on slender ped., in large
pyramidal, terminal’and axillary panicles; sep. oval, acute,
glabrous; pet. twice as long as sep., clawed, obtuse; stam. 10,
fil. very short, anth. large, oblong; ov.-carp. ovoid, smooth,
style stout, much exceeding stam.; ripe carp. 5 (or fewer),
attached near their base to sides of the very large gynophore,
surrounded by the persistent sep., 4-2 in., ovoid-reniform,
purple-black, shining; seed erect, embryo green.

Low country, especially in the upper zone; common; rarer in the dry
region, as Pattipal Ar, Uva and Ritigala, N.C. Prov. Fl. Jan.—April;
yellow, sep. red.

Also on the Malabar Coast, Singapore, and the Philippines.

Wood moderately hard, close-grained, pale brownish.

A form with smaller coriaceous leaves and abreviated inflor. was
collected on Nillowe Kande, S. Prov.

XXXII—BURSERACE.

TREES ; |. alternate, compound, without or rarely with stip.;
fl. small, regular, unisexual or polygamous; cal. 3~-5-fid,
valvate or imbricate; pet. 3-5, valvate or imbricate, distinct ;
stam. 4, 5,6, 8 or 10, inserted outside or on (rarely within)
the disk; disk annular or lining cal.-tube, fleshy, conspicuous
or inconspicuous ; ov. 2—3-celled, with 2, or rarely 1, ovules in
each cell; fruit a drupe, the epicarp sometimes 2-valved,
endocarp hard or membranaceous, often surrounded by a
fleshy or pulpy mesocarp, 1-3-celled, with a solitary seed;
cotyledons crumpled or folded, no endosperm.

* This is an error for Walkera, Willdenow’s name for the genus. It
is not commemorative of any one, but taken from the native name, which
is given by Gaertner as ‘ Wal-kera,’ doubtless a misprint for ‘ Mal-kéra,’
the name of Uchna squarrosa (9g. v.).

236 Burseracee. | Balsamodendrum.

Stam. 8 (or 10) ; fl. in dichotomous cymes. 1. BALSAMODENDRUM.
Stam. 6 or 10; fl. in panicles. : : . 2. CANARIUM.
Stam. 5 : : : ‘ : 5 2 - 3. FILICIUM:

All 5 species are confined to the low country ; Balsamodendrum to
the dry region, Canarium brunneum to the moist.

1. BALSAMODENDRUM, Kunth. (Includes Protium,
W. & A., non Burm.)

Small trees; 1. compound; fl. small, polygamous (male
and bisexual), in dichotomous cymes; cal. 4- (or 5-) toothed;
pet. 4 (or 5), valvate or slightly imbricate; stam. 8 (or I0),
alternate ones shorter or suppressed; disk fleshy, annular,
lobed ; ov. 2-celled, with 2 suspended ovules in each cell,
style 0, stigma 4-lobed ; fruit a drupe, epicarp 2-valved, stone
surrounded by a 4-lobed fleshy mesocarp, I-seeded; seed with
cotyledons much folded and crumpled, no endosperm.—Sp.
about 12; 6in F/. B. Ind.

Lfits. entire, attenuate-caudate . : : ; .. I. B. CAUDATUM.
Lflts. crenate-serrate, obtuse : : : ; -- 2. By DERRWI

Attention is called to the lobed arillus-like mesocarp in this genus,
which seems to have been overlooked by monographers.

Protium cannot be maintained as a genus distinct from Ba/samo-
dendrum ; both are sunk in Commiphora by Engler.

1. B. caudatum, March. in Adansonia, vii. 266 (1867). Bili-
vai, 7.

Protium caudatum, W. and A., Thw. Enum. 78. Commiphora cau-
data, Engl. in Mon. Phan. iv. 28. C. P. 1261.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 530 (Protzum). Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 125.

A small deciduous tree, with a thick trunk and smooth,
pinkish bark which flakes off in large pieces, much branched,
young parts quite glabrous; 1. imparipinnate, articulated,
deciduous, rachis 3-7 in., glabrous, lflts.in 2 or 3 (rarely 4)
pair and an odd one, 14-3 in., shortly stalked, oval or ovate,
unequal at base, attenuate-caudate, with very long, slender
tail, entire, glabrous ; fl. numerous, small, in numerous, long-
stalked, crowded, dichotomous cymes 3-8 in. long, from the
ends of branches below the new leaves and appearing before
them, ped. slender, divaricate, bracts minute ; cal. campanu-
late, glabrous, lobes shallow, acute; pet. erect, oblong or
linear, with a recurved point; stam. 8, alternate ones shorter,
longer in male than in bisexual fl.; ov. conical, longer than
stam.; fruit appearing with the young 1., pendulous, broadly

Gomphia.| Burseracee. ay.

ovoid, blunt, slightly compressed, % in. supported on small
persistent cal., epicarp fleshy, valves wholly deciduous, each
readily again splitting down centre, stone lenticular, flatter
and thicker on one side, hard, thin, 1-celled (by abortion of
the other), surrounded by aril-like, pulpy, 4-lobed, scarlet
mesocarp; seed suspended, testa membranous.

Rocky hills in the dry region ; rather rare. Kalpitiya ; Trincomalie;
Bintenne ; foot of Ritigala; Kekirawa and other places in N.C. Prov.;
Dambulla ; Nilgala, Uva. A bush which is apparently this species (but
which has the 1. often slightly serrate) is used everywhere as a live fence
throughout the Jaffna Peninsula. It attains a considerable size, but
is always, I think, planted, and fruits freely. Fl. July; pinkish or red.

Also in Southern India.

The whole plant is ‘strongly resinous and has an agreeable scent.

I have not been able. to get a Sinhalese name for ‘this with certainty,
but I have heard it called ‘Siviya’ and ‘Ensalu,’ and a specimen of wood
labelled “Masbedde’ (from N.C. Prov.) seems to be the same.

2.,B. Berryi,* Arz. ix Ann. Nat. Azst. iii. 86 (1839). Mul-
kilivai, 7.

Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. 143.

EER. Ind. 1.529;, Bedd: Fl Sylv. 4. 126:

A small, much-branched tree or bush, bark smooth, silvery-
purplish, lateral branchlets divaricate, often spinous ; |. com-
pound, often crowded, rachis glabrous, Iflts. in I or 2 pair and
an odd one, sessile, obovate-oval, tapering to base, obtuse,
usually crenulate-serrate, glabrous ; fl. small, shortly stalked,
in’ small pedunculate, dichotomous cymes, }-I4 in. long,
several together from end of short lateral branchlets; cal.
glabrous or pubescent, teeth triangular, acute; pet. erect,
long-clawed, twice as long as cal., linear-spathulate, concave,
strongly recurved at end; stam. (in male fl.) 8 or 4, about
equalling pet.; fruit not seen.

Dry and desert region; rare. Said to be wild in the islands in the
Gulf of Mannar, especially on Delft I. (Neduntivu), whence it is brought
to the mainland.. Much used as a hedge-plant, but not wild, in the
Jaffna Peninsula and down the west coast to Negombo; also at
Vavuniya, N. Prov.; often mixed with B. caudatum. F|. March; pale
_ pinkish-yellow.

Also in dry parts of S. India.

I have not met with the fruit; the fl. are very liable to attacks of
insects resulting in malformation and hypertrophy.

At Colombo, where this is sometimes grown for a fence, the spines
almost disappear, the leaflets become much larger, and the inflorescence
more developed, the whole plant thus putting on a very different look.

* Commemorates Dr. Berry of Madras, who first sent it to the Calcutta
Botanic Garden.

He 8 Burseracee. [Canarium.

In Indian specimens (from Coimbatore) the fis. are quite sessile in little
clusters of 2-5, and the Iflts. (always 3) thick and rigid, the terminal one
much the largest.

Closely allied to the plants affording Myrrh (2B. Ayrrha, Nees), and
Balm of Gilead, (2. Ofobalsamum, Kunth); both fully described and
figured in ‘ Medicinal Plants,’ tt. 59, 60.

Boswellia glabra, Roxb. There are leafless flowering twigs of this
under C. P. 3878 collected by Glenie ‘between Nalande and Dambulla,
March, 1865.’ This should be looked for, but is scarcely likely to be
indigenous to Ceylon.

2. CANARIUM, J.

Large trees; |. imparipinnate, with or without stip; fl.
unisexual, in panicles ; cal. 3- or 5-lobed, valvate ; disk lining
cal.-tube; pet. 3 or 5, valvate or imbricate; stam. 6 or 10;
ov. 2- or 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; fruit a drupe,
epicarp fleshy or leathery, stone hard, 1~3-celled, surrounded
or not by watery pulp; seed solitary or 2, with large, much-
folded and often crumpled cotyledons.—Sp. 30; 18 in
FI. B. Ind.

Fl. 5-merous, ov. 2-celled (Scutinanthe) . : . I. C. BRUNNEUM.
Fl. 3-merous, ov. 3-celled. : ; : : . 2. C. ZEYLANICUM.

1... brunneum, Jedd. Fil. Sylv. t. 127 (1868?). Maha-
bulumora, S. [PLATE XXIII.]

Scutinanthe brunnea, Thw. in Kew Journ. Bot. viii. 266; Enum. 79.
Garuga brunnea, March. Rech. Burser. 18. Engl. in Mon. Phan. iv. 105.

C. P. 1149.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 531. Kew Journ. Bot. viii. t. 8, f. B. Bedd. Fl. Sylv.

£127;

A large tree, 50-60 ft., with a straight, erect, buttressed
trunk, bark rough, not furrowed, blackish, young shoots
densely pubescent; |. imparipinnate, rachis 8-12 in., cylin-
drical, pubescent, Iflts. 3-5 pair and a terminal one, on
pubescent, $in., stalks, 4-6in., oval or oblong-oval, acute or
obtuse and often unequal at base, acuminate, acute, entire,
glabrous, veins prominent beneath, no stip.; fl. on very short
ped., in fulvous-tomentose, axillary panicles 4-6 in. long,
bracts small, densely tomentose ; cal. cup-shaped, very thick
and fleshy, 5-cleft; pet. 5, scarcely longer than cal. and
inserted on its tube, very thick; stam. 10, inserted on cal.-
tube, fil. very short, connate below, rudimentary in fem. fl.;
ov. conical-ovoid, hairy, 2-celled, style very short, stigma
capitate (ov. glabrous with longer style in male fl.) ; fr. 1-1} in.,
ovoid, supported on the somewhat enlarged cal., narrowed at
base, pointed, finely tomentose, brownish- orange, epicarp

Canarium.| Burseracee. 239

readily separable, leathery, thin, stone very thin, hard, brittle,
somewhat compressed, pointed at both ends, greyish-white,
1-celled, covered externally by a thick layer of watery, pulpy
tissue (forming the bulk of the fruit) through which radiate
from the stone numerous very fine long hairs; seed solitary,
cotyledons very large, cordate-ovate, acute, entire, very much
folded and crumpled.

Upper zone of the moist low country; rare. Allagala; Kadugannawa;
Morankanda, W. Matale; Kuruwita Korale. Fl. March-May; brownish-

white.
Endemic.

Scutinanthe seems to be a good genus, abundantly distinct from
Canartum, with which, however, it is combined by nearly all recent
authorities. Marchand, however, places it under Garuga, which, if it is
to be reduced, would seem a better position for it. The fruit is very in-
correctly figured both by Beddome and by Engler (Mon. Phan. iv. t. iii.
f.9-14). The structure of the flowers is perigynous.

The pulp of the fruit, which is very watery and a development of the
fine long hairs which cover the surface of the pyrene, is pleasant but
.Slightly bitter to the taste and devoid of any resinous flavour, as indeed
is the whole plant.* The seed is very bitter.

2. G. zeylanicum, £7. M/us. Bot. i. 218 (1849). Kékuna, S.
Pakkilipal, 7.

Herm. Mus. 52. Burm. Thes. 28. Azmyris zeylanica, Retz. Obs. iv.
25. C. balsamiferum, Moon Cat. 68. Engler in Mon, Phan. iv. 113.
Thw. Enum. 79. C. P. 2649.

PIB: Inde1..1532.

A very large much-branched tree, with smooth, pale,
thin bark, young shoots covered with dense fulvous pubes-
cence; |. imparipinnate, rachis 6-8 in., cylindrical, thick,
almost woody, pilose, lenticellate, brown, Iflts. 3 pair anda
terminal one, on short, stout, pilose, brown stalks, 2—3 in.,
broadly oblong-oval, subcordate at base, very shortly acu-
minate, entire, margin somewhat reflexed, glabrous, not
shining, subcoriaceous, rigid, deep apple-green, veins yellow,
very broad, very conspicuous above, lateral ones prominent
beneath, stip. on the petiole and looking like a lower pair of
small Ifits., rotundate-sagittate, shortly stalked, quickly falling
and leaving prominent raised scars; fl. on short, stout ped.,
arranged in narrow, rufous-tomentose, pedunculate, terminal
panicles, the male numerous, }—2 in., crowded, the female
few, }-? in., bracts rotundate, tomentose, soon falling ; male
fl.:—cal. cup-shaped, 3-lobed, pilose ; pet. 3, twice as long as
cal., acute, erect, very thick, pilose outside; stam. 6, erect,
shorter than pet., ov.a mere rudiment; female fl.:—cal. and

* There is a slight resinous odour in the bark when fresh.

240 Burseracee. [Filicium..

pet. as in male; stam. 6, rudimentary; ov. 3-celled, glabrous,
style short, stigma capitate, large, 3-lobed ; drupe supported
on the enlarged and hardened persistent cal., 1} in., oblong-
ovoid, faintly trigonous, blunt, plum-coloured with a blueish-
erey ‘bloom,’ pulp scanty, stone very thick and bony, usually
3-celled (one or two generally small and empty), seed large,
oblong, testa thin, brown, cotyledons longitudinally plicate,
lobed, not crumpled.

Low country in the moist region; common. Also at Batticaloa.
Fl. May-Sept.; pale greenish-yellow.

Endemic.

Whole tree fragrant when bruised. Abundance of a beautifully clear
fragrant balsamic gum-resin, like the Elemi of commerce, flows from the
bark ; it is much used for fumigation, and also burnt for light in houses,.
mixed with sand. Hermann, who spells the name ‘ Kekuriaghaha,’
notices the flow of gum Elemi. The oily seeds are eaten. Wood
rather light and soft, even-grained, white.

C. commune, L., the Java Almond, Rata-kékuna, S., is not unfrequently
found as an introduced tree; it is a native of Malaya generally. The
fruit is considerably larger than in C. zey/anicum, and the seeds form a
good substitute for almonds.

3. PILICIUM,* Ziv.

Tree; |. pinnate, without stip.; fl. unisexual, in panicles ;.
cal. 5-cleft; pet. 5, imbricate; disk large, hairy; stam. 5,
inserted within the disk; ov. 2-celled, with 1 suspended ovule
in each cell; fruit a drupe, epicarp fleshy, endocarp mem-
branaceous, I-celled; seed solitary, cotyledons much crumpled,
no endosperm.—Monotypic.

The genus is considered to belong to Safindacee by Thwaites,
Radlkofer, and Engler.

F. decipiens, 7/w. Enum. 408 (1864). Pehimbiya, 5.

Herm. Mus. 5, 35. Fl. Zeyl.n. 443. Aus decipiens, Wight, Ill. i. 184.
Pteridophyllum decipiens, Thw. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 66; Enum. 59.
CHP 530:

Fl. B. Ind. i. 539. Burm. Thes. t. 45 (leaf only). Wight, Ill. t. 75.

A moderate-sized tree, with reddish-grey, rough bark,.
leaf-scars very large and prominent, young parts glabrous ;
1. closely placed, spreading, pinnate, rachis 8—Io in., much
thickened at base, puberulous, with a leafy wing on either
side between the Iflts. which is broad at top, narrowing down-

* From the fern-like form of the leaves. It does not appear why
Thwaites substituted this name for his earlier one, Pteridophyllum, of
the same meaning.

Mehacee. 241

wards, lflts. 6-8 pair, opposite or often alternate above, sessile,
linear-oblong, acute and unequal at base, emarginate, entire,
undulate, glabrous and shining, dotted, lat. veins numerous,
parallel ; fl. small, numerous, on short ped., in erect, narrow,
glabrous, axillary panicles 6-8 in. long; cal. glabrous, per-
sistent, segm. acute; pet. in the male fl. longer than cal.,
concave, in the fem. fl. very small; disk very hairy; stam. in
the male fl. long, exserted, in the fem. fl. very small, barren;
ov. globose, glabrous, style short, curved ; drupe ovoid, }—3 in.,
apiculate, smooth and shining, purple; seed pendulous.

Forests in the low country ; common. FI. Jan.; pinkish-white.

Also in Malabar; where the Tamil name is given as ‘ Athalangi.’

Much planted as an ornamental tree. Hermann gives as the
Sinhalese names ‘Jurighas’ and ‘ Maniglia.’ Burmann figures the leaf
as a fern; and its outline does a good deal resemble the frond of some
Preris, such as P. umbrosa. Linnzus corrected this error, but did not
attempt to name the plant.

Wood close-grained, heavy, rather hard, pale red. Some fine trees
in the Pattipal-ar Forests in Wellasse measured Io ft. in girth at the
level of my chest.

XXXITIL—MELIACE.

TREES, rarely shrubs; 1. alternate, compound (unifoliolate in
Walsura Gardneri), without stip.; fl. regular, bisexual or
polygamo-dicecious ; cal. 4-5-fid (sep. distinct in Amzoora) ;
pet. 4 or 5, rarely 3, distinct or rarely connate, imbricate or
valvate; stam. 5, 6, 8 or Io, fil. more or less completely
connate into a tube (distinct in Chloroxylon and nearly so in
Walsura), free or rarely adnate to cor., inserted outside disk ;
disk conspicuous or inconspicuous, rarely 0; ov. 2—5-celled,
with 2 or rarely numerous ovules in each cell, style simple ;
fruit a capsule, rarely a drupe or indehiscent, 1-5-celled, with
I-numerous seeds ; seed with or without an aril, with or more
usually without endosperm.

Seeds not winged.

Ovules 1-2 in each cell.
Fil. connate into a tube.

Pet. connate, and adnate to stam.-tube . I. MUNRONIA.
R

242 Mehacee. [Munronia.

Pet. distinct and free.
Pet..5;
Fl. bisexual.

Fruit a drupe, stone 2-5-celled . 2. MELIA.
Fruit a drupe, stone 1-celled 3. AZADIRACHTA.
Fruit a berry A 4. CIPADESSA.
Fl. polygamous 5. AGLAIA.
Pet. 4.
Disk tubular-cup- eres 6. DYSOXYLON.
No disk. : 7. PSEUDOCARAPA.
Pet. 3 - : 8. AMOORA.
Fil. nearly distinct . : ‘ ; 9. WALSURA.
Ovules several in each cell. Fr. very large Io. CARAPA.

Seeds winged.
Fil. connate into a tube
Fil. distinct (Cedvelez)

I. CHICKRASSIA.
12. CHLOROXYLON.

.
~

Of our 14 species none extend upwards out of the low country, except
Aglaia apiocarpa and Pseudocarapa. Melia, Cipadessa, Pseudocarapa,
Aglaia apiocarpa, Amoora, Chickrassia, and Walsura Gardner are con-
fined to the moist region ; Azadirachta and Chloroxylon to the dry; the
rest occur in both, Carafa being a tree of mangrove swamps. Nearly all
afford fine timber.

1. MUNRONIA,* Wight.

Small undershrubs; |. imparipinnate; fl. few, large, race-
mose ; cal. very deeply 5-cleft ; pet. 5, with long claws con-
nate into a tube; staminal tube adnate to cor.-tube below,
10-toothed, anth. 10, alternating with teeth; ov. 5-celled, with
2 superposed ovules in each cell; fruit a loculicidal, 5-valved
capsule, the valves also separating from axis; seeds narrowly
winged, endosperm scanty.—Sp. 3; 2 in 7. b. Lund.

M. pumila, Wight, /c. t. 91 (1840). Bin-kohomba, 5S.

gee pumila, Moon Cat. 35. Wight, Ill. i. 147. Thw. Enum. 59.
Say,

FL. B. Ind. i 543. Wight, Ic. t. 91.

A very small shrub, with long, woody roots, stem 4-6 in.,
unbranched, bark whitish : l. numerous, rather crowded,
spreading, pinnate, rachis strongly pubescent, lflts. I-2 pair
and a terminal one, very shortly stalked, oval, unequal at
base, acute, entire or coarsely lobed, pubescent above, densely
silky beneath, terminal one much largest; fl. 1$-2 in., pedi-
cellate, about 2-4 in., in short, axillary pubescent racemes ;
Sep linear-oblong, subacute, leafy, hairy, persistent ; cor.-tube
# in., slender, hairy, lob2s oblong-oval, spreading ; stam.-tube

* Named in honour of L eut. Munro, 39th Foot, afterwards General
Munro, C.B., the well-known botanist and authority on Graminee.

Melia.) Melacee. 243

exserted $in. beyond corolla, with 10 spreading, filiform teeth
at mouth, anth. almost sessile, erect, bluntly apiculate; ov.
pyramidal,style long, hairy, stigma capitate ; capsule depressed-
globose, 4 in. wide, 5-lobed, hairy ; seeds pyriform, narrowly
winged, smooth, brown.

Low country in rocky places; common, but not generally abundant in
its localities. Moon’s station is Wellasse; there are specimens from
him, 1819, in Mus. Brit. Fl. April, July, August; white.

Endemic.

An excellent bitter tonic, and used just as Chiretta (Ophelia Chirata),
with which, indeed, it is often confounded here.

Turrea villosa, Benn. There is a specimen of this in Hermann’s
Herbarium, but it is not given in Fl. Zeylanica. The plant has only been
certainly met with in a few places in S. India, but should be looked for in
Ceylon (see Journ. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 155).

2, MELIA, Z.

Trees; |. bipinnate; fl. in panicles; cal. very deeply 5-cleft,
imbricate; pet. 5, imbricate; stam.-tube free, with 20 teeth in
pairs; anth. 10, alternate with pairs of teeth (ze, fil. bifid
with anth. between teeth); ov. 5-celled, with 2 superposed
ovules in each cell, stigma 5-toothed ; fruit a drupe, stone
bony, 2—5-celled; seeds with very scanty external endosperm.
—Sp. 12; 4in FL. B. Ind.

M. dubia, Cav. Diss. vii. 364(1789). Lunu-midella,S. Malai-
vémpu, 7.

M. Azedarach, Moon Cat. 35 (non L.). JZ. composita, Willd., Thw.
Enum. 59. C..P. 699.

F]..B. Ind. i. 545. Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 12 (AZ. composita).

A very large tree, bark smooth, thin, dark purplish-brown,
young parts stellate-mealy; 1. crowded, very large, 1-3 ft. or
more, bi- or somewhat tripinnate, pinnze 3-0 pair, distant,
opposite or nearly so, lflts. 2-5 pair in each pinna and a
terminal one, stalked, oval or ovate, slightly oblique at base,
acuminate, coarsely shallowly crenate, the lowest often again
pinnate, glabrous, rachis cylindrical, glabrous, dilated at base ;
fl. numerous, in corymbose panicles 4-8 in. long, peduncle
axillary, stellate-scurfy ; cal.-segm. lanceolate, acute, stellate-
mealy; pet. linear-oblong, obtuse, reflexed, stellate-mealy
outside, pubescent within; stam.-tube somewhat tapering,
hairy within, teeth spreading, filiform, anth. nearly sessile ;
style long, stigma clavate, 5-toothed ; drupe ovoid, 1-14 in.,
smooth and shining, yellowish ; seeds solitary in each cell,
pointed, smooth, brown.

244 Mehacee. [Azadirachta.

Moist low country ; rather common. FI. Feb.; white.

Also in the Indian Peninsula, and has a wide range through Tropical
Asia, Africa, and Australia.

A tree of extremely rapid growth. Wood much used, light, soft, pale
brownish-red, with large pores. The outriggers of native boats are always
made of this.

M. Azedarach, L., the Indian or Persian Lilac or Bead-tree, is often
cultivated. Specimens are in Hermann’s Herb., and it is n. 162 in FI.
Zeyl. It is native in Northern India, China, and Persia, and perhaps also
in the West Indies (JZ. sempervirens, Sw.).

3. AZADIRACHTA, 4. Juss.

Trees; 1. pinnate. As in Wefa, but ov. 3-celled, with
2 collateral ovules in each cell, stigma 3-lobed; stone of drupe
1-celled, 1-seeded; no endosperm.—Monotypic.

A. indica, 4. Juss. in Mém. Mus. xix. 221 (1830). Kohomba, S.
Vémpu, 7.

Burm. Thes. 4o. Fl. Zeyl. n. 161. Melia Azadirachta, L. Sp. Plant.
385. Moon Cat. 35. Thw. Enum. 59. C. P. 1159.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 544 (Melia Azadirachta) (not given for Ceylon). Wight,
lent. 17. Burm) Phes.t 15:

A tall tree, with straight trunk and long, spreading
branches, bark brown, rugged, young parts glabrous; 1. rather
crowded, pinnate, rachis 6-9 in., glabrous, Iflts. 2-8 pair and a
terminal one, opposite or alternate, very shortly stalked,
2-4 in., lanceolate-falcate, very unequal-sided, oblique at base,
alternate, coarsely dentate-serrate, glabrous, pale green; fl.
small, in lax, narrow, axillary panicles 5-8 in. long; sep.
rounded, finely ciliate; pet. spathulate-oblong, ciliate ; stam.-
tube dilated above, hairy within, teeth truncate, trifid, recurved,
anth. small, erect; drupe oblong-ovoid, 3—$in., blunt, smooth,
dark purple; pulp scanty, endocarp bony; seed solitary.

Dry country, common ; planted elsewhere in Ceylon. Fl. March-
May ; white, sweet-scented.

Also throughout India.

This tree is generally known by its Portuguese name, ‘ Margosa.’ In
India it is called ‘Nim.’ Wood moderately heavy, very hard, dark red,
with large pores. The bark is astringent and bitter, and used as a febri-
fuge and tonic. The oil from the seeds, Kohomba-tel, is a universal
external application for rheumatism, &c., and as an insecticide. Thw.
states that the juice of the leaves, which is very bitter, is used as an
anthelmintic for cattle.

Stands drought well,and much planted as an avenue and roadside tree
in the Jaffna district.

M. parviflora, Moon, is erroneously cited for this in Fl. B. Ind.

Aglaia. Mehacee. DAS

4. CIPADESSA,* £7.

Shrubs or trees; |. imparipinnate; fl. in axillary panicles;
cal. 5-toothed; pet. 5, valvate; stam. 10, fil. coherent only at
base, bifid at apex with anth. between teeth; ov. 5-celled,
with 2 collateral ovules in each cell; fruit a small berry,
5-celled ; seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, with fleshy endosperm.—
Sp: 43 bin 27, Band.

C. fruticosa, 4/. 4777. 162 (1850). Hal-bembiya, 5S.

Melia parviflora, Moon Cat. 35. MJallea Rothiz, A. Juss.; Thw. Enum.
60;. C2 P. a06:

Fl. B. Ind. i. 545. Bedd. FI. Sylv., t. anal. 8.,f. 5 (fls. only).

A small, much-branched shrub, young parts silky; |. not
crowded, pinnate, rachis 4-10 in., glabrous, Iflts. 2-3 pair and
a terminal one, opposite, shortly stalked, oval, acute at both
ends, very coarsely serrate, finely hairy on the veins on both
sides; fl. small, in long-stalked, axillary, corymbose panicles
3-4 in. long; cal. hairy, teeth acute; pet. narrowly oval, hairy
outside, spreading; fil. hairy within, teeth of fil. sharp, as long
as anth.; style short, stigma capitate, 5-lobed; berry small,
under }in., globose, 5-lobed, juicy, scarlet; seeds angular.

Low country, up to 2000 ft.; very common. FI. Jan., Feb.; white.

Also in Southern India and Java.

Liable to be confused with Lrucea sumatrana, which, however, has
the leaves much more silky with yellow hairs.

5. AGLATA, Lour.

Trees; |. imparipinnate; fl. small, globose, polygamo-
dicecious ; cal. deeply 5-lobed, imbricate; pet. 5, imbricate ;
stam.-tube subglobose, nearly entire at mouth, anth. 5, in-
cluded; ov. 2-celled, style very short; fruit a fleshy, 1-celled
berry, pericarp thin; seed solitary or 2, with a thick, succulent
testa; cotyledons thick, entire or 2-lobed, no endosperm.—
Sp. 50guta an 7, 2.7720.

L. densely scaly beneath; fr. tindiam. . . I. A. APIOCARPA.
L. glabrous beneath; fr. under #in. diam. . . 2. A. ROXBURGHIANA.

1. A. apiocarpa, Hiern in Fl. B. Ind. i. 555 (1875).

Milnea apiocarpa, Thw. Enum. 60. Cas. DC.in Mon. Phan. i. 620.
C2P. 403;

EE B, India 555:

A small tree, the young parts covered with minute, dark-
brown scales; |. pinnate, variable in size, rachis 3-8 in., Iflts.

* Cipadessa, the Malay name.

246 Mehacee. [Aglaia.

2-3 pair and a terminal one, oval or lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, 2—7 in., acute or tapering at base, acuminate, entire,
glabrous above, more or less densely covered with minute
coppery scales beneath; fl. in lax, ferruginous-scaly, some-
what supra-axillary panicles, the male smaller and more
numerous, ped. as long as fl.; berry at first pyriform, nearly
globular when ripe, I in., smooth, orange-coloured ; seed
solitary, cotyledons divided nearly to the base into 2 unequal
lobes.

Moist region, principally in the lower montane zone ; rather common.
Adam’s Peak; Maturata; Ambagamuwa; Ramboda; Hiniduma Kande;
Rangala. Fl. Jan., Feb.; yellow.

Endemic.

A variety with narrow leaflets, very coppery beneath, was met with in
the Rangala district on the way to Nitre Cave.

I doubt if this be really distinct from A. Roxburghiana; the principal
differences are the greater amount of the covering of coppery scales, and
the larger fruit; the ped of the fl. also is somewhat longer.

2. A. Roxburghiana, J/g. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. iv. 41 (1868).
Kannakompu, 7.

Fl. Zeyl. n. 442 (Panaghas). Milnea Roxburghiana, W. and A., Thw.
Enum, 60s 9. P.1t4s.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 555. Wight, Ic. t. 166 (A/z/nea). Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 130.

A moderate or large tree, much branched, bark thin,
smooth, dull greyish-orange, young parts covered with minute
ferruginous scales; |. pinnate, rachis 2-4 in., cylindrical,
smooth, Iflts. usually 2 pair and a terminal one, shortly
stalked, 24-4 in. oval, acute or tapering at base, obtuse,
entire, somewhat undulate, glabrous on both sides, paler
beneath ; fl. small, the male numerous, in pyramidal, spread-
ing panicles exceeding the 1, the bisexual few, in short
racemes, peduncle slightly supra-axillary, lepidote; pet. or-
bicular, very concave ; stam.-tube truncate, thickened below
each sessile anth.; berry 2-}in., broadly ovoid or pyriform,
gibbous at base, minutely rusty-pilose, pale orange-coloured,
pericarp thin, brittle-coriaceous ; seeds 1 (or 2), ovoid, testa
white, thick, pulpy, embryo green, cotyledons very thick, not
readily separable, externally lobulated.

Low country, common in the dry region, and rather common in the
moist region up to a little over 200o0ft. Fl. July; yellow.

Also in Southern India and Malaya generally.

Wood hard, heavy, smooth, close, brown. The Sinhalese wood-
cutters in the E. Prov. call this ‘ Kirikon,’ a name which properly belongs
to Walsura Piscidia, which possesses a fruit externally very similar. The
pulpy covering of the seed is edible and slightly acid. Though very like
an aril in appearance, it is really a part of the testa and quite inseparable
irom the very thin brown skin covering the embryo.

Dysoxylum.] Zeliacee. 247

Aglaia odorata, Lour., of Malaya and China, is occasionally cultivated.

<

Macrae’s Ceylon specimens quoted by Cas. DC. (Mon. Phanerog. i. 602)
were no doubt from the Botanic Gardens.

6. DYSOXYLUM,* 57.

Trees; |. imparipinnate; fl. in supra-axillary panicles ;
cal. truncate, obscurely 4-lobed; pet. 4, valvate; stam.-tube
8-lobed at mouth, anth. 8, included ; disk conspicuous, tubular-
cup shaped, as long as ov.; ov. 4-celled; fruit a large, coria-
ceous, sub-dehiscent capsule, 4- (or 5-) celled, with 1 seed in

each cell; no endosperm, cotyledons plane-convex.—Sp. 85 ;
14 in FL. B. Ind.

D. binectariferum, /72. f ix Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv. 212 (1866).

Cas. DC. 1. c. 493. D. macrocarpum, Thw. Enum. 60 (non Bl.).
C. P. 2637.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 546. Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 150 (from Ceylon specimens).

A large tree, with straight trunk, young parts puberulous ;
l, pinnate, rachis 6-9 in., angular, very finely puberulous,
Iflts. 5-9, alternate, 5-7 in., shortly stalked, oval, acute and
often unequal at base, acuminate, entire, glabrous, thick, not
shining ; fl. under 3in., few, on short, pubescent, articulated
ped., in narrow, erect, supra-axillary panicles 3-5 in.; cal.
cup-shaped, truncate, obscurely lobed ; pet. triangular, acute,
spreading or reflexed, puberulous outside; stam.-tube wide,
somewhat 4-angled, crenulate, anth. sessile, within the tube ;
disk closely surrounding ovary; style equalling stam.-tube ;
capsule 2-24 in., depressed-globular, deeply 4- (or 5-) grooved,
smooth, orange-coloured, pericarp thick, coriaceous-fleshy,
indehiscent or tardily loculicidal ; seeds solitary in each cell,
large, nearly 1 in., chestnut-coloured, shining.

Var. 6B. pyriforme, 777i. C. P. 3596.

Lflts. much smaller, 3-4 in., oblong, thinner, much reticu-
late, with prominent veins ; fr. much smaller, 1-1} in., pyriform.

Low country, principally in the moist region up to 3000ft.; rather
common. Var. #. in the dry country at Batticaloa. Fl. Jan.—March;
green.

Also in Southern India and Assam.

C. de Candolle in his monograph of the Order (Mon. Phan. i. 493)
has a var. punctulatum from Ceylon, with the leaves thickly pellucid-

* From the disagreeable scent of the wood and bark of D. aldiaceum of
Java, the first species described. Our species does not possess it.

248 Melacee. [Amoora.

punctate ; he quotes for this C. P. 2639, which, however, must be an
error, as that number is a Hedyotzs. He calls the ordinary Ceylon plant
Var. Corzaceuim.

Wood hard, moderately heavy, close-grained, reddish.

7, PSEUDOCARAPA,* Hevis/.

Tree; |. abruptly pinnate; fl. in racemose panicles; cal.
obscurely 4-lobed; pet. 4, nearly valvate; stam.-tube shallowly
crenate at mouth, anth. 8, included; no disk; ov. 4-celled,
with 2 collateral ovules in each cell; style as long as stam.-
tube, stigma small, capitate; fruit a 4-celled capsule, tardily
dehiscent, with 4 valves; seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, half
surrounded by a fleshy aril; no endosperm.—Monotypic.

P. Championi, ems/. in Ic. Plant., ser. 3, v. 46 (1884). Gona-
pana, S. [PLATE XXIV.]|

Dysoxylum Championit, Hk. f. and Th., Thw. Enum.61. Avmoora(?),
B. and Hk. f., Enum. 409; Cas. DC. 1.c. 591. C. P. 1193, 2504.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 562 (Asmoora ?). Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1458.

A very large tree, bark roughish, grey, young parts slightly
puberulous; 1. pinnate, rachis 2-4 in., cylindrical, glabrous,
Iflts. 2-3 pair, opposite, on short stalks, obovate - oblong,
24-41 in., tapering at base, very obtuse, entire, glabrous; fl.
rather large, 2in., in small, supra-axillary, racemose panicles;
cal. shallowly cup-shaped ; pet. oval-oblong, acute; stam.-tube
somewhat inflated, with 8 bilobed crenulations at mouth,
anth. small, included ; capsule #-1 in., globose-pyriform, apicu-
late, smooth ; seeds 4 in., ovoid, half covered by the reddish
aril, testa smooth, brown.

Moist region from 1000-4000 ft.; rather rare. Hantane; Deltota;
Hunasgiriya; Dikoya; W. Prov. FI. Jan.; yellow.

Endemic.

Hemsley (l.c.) describes and figures 9 anthers. I have never found
more than 8, as Thwaites describes them.

Wood very hard and heavy, close-grained, reddish.

8. AMOORA,? fox.

Trees; |. imparipinnate; fl. polygamous, in lax spikes;
sep. 5. imbricate; pet. 3, strongly imbricate; stam.-tube
globular, nearly entire at mouth, anth. 6, nearly included ;
ov. 3-celled, with 2 superposed ovules in each cell; fruit a
3-celled capsule, loculicidally dehiscent, with 3 valves; seeds

* From the remarkable similarity of the foliage to Cavafa moluccensts.
+ From the Bengalese name of A. cucudlata.

Walsura.| Mehacee. 249

3 or less, suspended, completely enveloped in fleshy aril,
embryo homogeneous, no endosperm.—Sp. 27; I1 in
fb. Ind.

A. Rohituka,* W. and A. Prod. 119 (1834), Hingul, S.
Thw. Enum. 60. C. P. 558, 2479.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 559.. Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 132 (?).

A moderate-sized tree, with straight trunk, drooping
branches and smooth, thin bark, young parts finely silky;
l. large, pinnate, spreading, rachis 1-24 ft, cylindrical,
thickened at base, lflts. 6-8 pair and a terminal one, opposite,
stalked, 3-5 in., unequal at base, acuminate, obtuse, glabrous
on both sides, terminal one smallest; fl. sessile, distant, the
male numerous, small, on the spicate branches of large,
spreading, supra-axillary panicles, the fem. fewer, twice as
large, in long, drooping spikes; sep. rotundate, downy, ciliate;
pet. rotundate, very thick, concave; ov. 3-lobed, pilose, stigma
sessile, large, trigonous; capsule I in., nearly globose or some-
what pyriform, smooth, red, valves thick, fleshy, spongy within ;
seeds 1 in., broadly ovoid, apiculate, aril fleshy, yellow, testa
smooth, shining, purplish-brown, marked along ventral side
with raised fibrous raphe.

Moist region, up to about 3000 ft.; rather rare. Hantane; Maturata ;
near Ekiriyankumbura, Uva (?). Fl. July, August; yellow.

: ao on Malabar coast, E. Bengal, Malaya, and Andaman and Philip-
Me is.
: The young leaves are purple. Beddome’s figure above quoted shows

the flowers on longish pedicels, and may be difterent.
Wood hard, close-grained, dark red.

9. WALSURA,?+ fox.

Trees ; 1. 1-3-foliolate ; fl. bisexual, in paniculate cymes;
cal. 5-lobed or -toothed ; pet. 5, nearly valvate; stam. I0,
fil. distinct nearly to the base; disk large, annular, tumid ;
ov. sunk in the disk, 2-celled, with 2 collateral ovules in each
cell, style very short, stigma large, turbinate-capitate ; fruit
indehiscent, iI-celled, pericarp thin, brittle; seed usually
solitary, more or less completely enveloped in aril, coty-
ledons plane-convex, no endosperm.—Sp. about 10; 8 in
Fl. B. Ind.

* The Sanskrit name for the tree.
+ Given by Roxburgh as the Tamil name for W. Péscidia.

250 Melacee. [ Walsura.

Leaves uni-foliolate . : ; : ; : . I. W. GARDNERI.
Leaves tri-foliolate . 2 3 F ; : . 2 We RISsciore

1. W. Gardneri, 7iw. Enum. p. 61 (1858).

Dhiweenum. or §C..P. 1163?

FI. B. Ind. i. 563.

A small tree, 10-20 ft., young parts glabrous; I. uni-
foliolate, 3-6 in., oval or lanceolate, acute at base, acuminate,
entire, glabrous, petiole ?-1 in.; fl. in small, short, dense,
paniculate cymes on extra-axillary peduncles shorter than
the |.; cal.-teeth short, acute; pet. oblong-oval, apiculate ;
fil. distinct almost or quite to base, contiguous, flat, hairy
within ; fruit 1-1} in., fusiform-ovoid, beaked, finely tomen-
tose, dull orange; seed nearly covered by the white aril,
filling the fruit.

Moist region at about 2000-3000 ft.; rather rare. Hantane; Alla-

gala; summit of Ritigala. Fl. Feb., March; white.
Endemic.

2. 'W. Piscidia,* Roxb. Hort. Beng. 32 (1814). Kiri-kon, Mol-
petta, S. Chadavakku, 7.

hw, Enum—6r.” €. Po1r62,

Fl. B. Ind. i. 564. Wight, Ill. t. 55.

A small or moderate-sized tree, bark light-brown, vertically
cracked, rather thick, young parts glabrous; 1. 3-foliolate,
rachis stiff, glabrous, brown, Iflts. 13-3 in., stalked, oblong-
oval, acute at base, obtuse, entire, glabrous, pale and finely
reticulate beneath; fl. }in., on short ped., in small, rather
dense, long-stalked, pubescent, axillary or terminal, paniculate
cymes, as long as or longer than the 1.; cal.-lobes acute,
pubescent; pet. pubescent outside; fil. slightly connate at
base, broad, flat, hairy inside, anth. terminal, apiculate; fr.
3_l in., broadly ovoid, minutely apiculate, finely tomentose,
bright orange- yellow; seed usually solitary, completely
enveloped in white, juicy aril, testa pale brown, with promi-
nent raphe down ventral side.

Var. 8B. acuminata, Z77im. W. Thwaitesit, Cas. DC. 1.c. 635.

Lflts. larger, more or less (often very) acuminate; fruit
larger, Zin.

Low country ; very common in the dry region; var. 6. in Am-
bagamuwa and other parts of the moist region. Fl. March; pinkish-
white.

Also in Malabar and Travancore; var. 8. endemic (?).

Varies much in appearance and character of foliage. The pulpy
aril of the seed is edible and pleasant. Wood hard, heavy, close-grained,
dark reddish-brown.

* Piscidia from the use of the bark as a fish-poison.

Chickrassia.| Mehacee. 251

10. CARAPA, 42/.

Trees; |. abruptly pinnate; fl. in small panicles; cal. 4-fid;
pet. 4; stam.-tube-depressed-globose, with 8 bi-dentate lobes
at the mouth, anth. 8, just included; disk large; ov. immersed
in disk, 4-celled, with several ovules in each cell, style short,
stigma capitate; fruit a very large I-celled, 4-valved capsule;
seeds 6-12, very large, no endosperm.—Sp. 6; 1 in #7. B. Ind.

C. moluccensis, Lam. Encycl. Méth. i. 621 (1763).
Xylocarpus Granatum, Koen., Thw. Enum. 61. C. P. 2650,
FL B. Ind: 1.567. _Bedd.. Fl: Sylv. t. 136.

A moderate-sized tree, perfectly glabrous throughout ;
]. pinnate, rachis cylindrical, brown, lflts. 1 or 2 pair, nearly
sessile, opposite, articulated, 24-4 in., obovate-oblong, entire,
shining, pale green; fl. 2 in. few, in small, apparently ter-
minal panicles; cal.-teeth broadly triangular; pet. spreading
or reflexed; disk large, turbinate, glabrous; fr. 34-6 in,
globose, 4-grooved, smooth, brown, valves woody, {in. thick;
seeds variously angular from mutual pressure, pink, testa very
thick, dry-spongy.

Mangrove swamps on the west coast; rather rare. Chilaw;
Negombo; Colombo. Fl. September, December; pinkish-yellow.

On the Tropical shores of Asia, Africa, and N. Australia.

This is called the ‘Cannon-ball’ tree from its great spherical hard
fruits. I have the Sinhalese name ‘ Mudu-nelun’ for it from Mr. Nevill,
but it is generally reckoned with the Mangroves and called, like them,
*Kadol.’

[Soymida febrifuga, A. Juss., is given in FI. B. Ind. i. 567, for Ceylon
on the faith of a specimen in Herb. Kew from Jaffna collected by Dyke.
This was doubtless cultivated there (as were many other foreign
trees) by Mr. Dyke. This tree is also included in Moon’s Catalogue,
p- 34, the locality given being ‘ Saffragam’ and the native name ‘ Kokun.’
Moon may have confounded Kokoona zeylanica with Soymida, and there
is a specimen of the former from him collected in ‘ Saffragam 1820’ in
Herb. Perad. But there are also specimens, in leaf only, from Moon, col-
lected at Kalutara in 1821, which may be truly Soymzda. Ifso, they were
probably cultivated in the old Botanic Gardens there. |

11. CHICKRASSIA,* 4. Juss.

Large trees; 1. imparipinnate; fl. in terminal panicles ;
cal. 4- (or 5-) lobed; pet. 4 (or 5), slightly contorted ; stam.-
tube cylindrical, almost entire at mouth, anth. 8 (or 10),
terminal; ov. 4- (3-5-) celled, ovules very numerous, style

* From Chickrassi, the Bengali name. Jussieu spells it Chukrasza.

252 Mehacee. [Chloroxylon.

long, stout ; fruit a woody capsule, septicidally dehiscent by
4 (3-5) valves; seeds very numerous, with a large wing, no
endosperm.—Monotypic.

C. tabularis, 4. Juss. in Mém. Mus. xix. 251 (1830). Hulanhik,
S. Aglai, Kaloti, 7.

C. velutina, Roem., Cas. DC. 1. c. 727. Thw. Enum. 61. C. P. 2454.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 568. Wight, Ill. t. 56. Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 9.

A very large tree, with a tall, straight trunk, bark brown,
deeply vertically cracked, young parts pubescent; 1. pinnate,
rachis 8-10 in, cylindrical, softly tomentose, Iflts. 10-16,
usually 12, stalked, alternate, 24-5 in., ovate, very unequal
at base, acuminate, acute, entire, closely velvety-tomentose
on both sides, dark green above, paler beneath; fl. 4-1 in.,
pedicellate, in large, terminal, pyramidal panicles; cal.-lobes
shallow, rounded, hairy; pet. linear-oblong, spreading; stam.-
tube 1 in., style as long as stam.-tube; capsule 1} in., broadly
ovoid, apiculate, smooth, brown, valves woody, separating
entirely from the 4-winged axis; seeds closely packed, com-
pressed, with a broad, obtuse, terminal wing twice as long as
themselves.

Low country; rather rare (?). Deltota; Hanguranketa; Kandy.
Fl. May; pale green.

Also at Bombay and on the Malabar coast, and at Malacca.

Our plant is the variety with the leaves silky-tomentose, which is
C. velutina, Roem., and is maintained as distinct from C. Zadu/aris by
Cas. DC. in his monograph (I. c. p. 727). I have only seen 4-merous fl.,
but in Fl. B. Ind. the anth. are given as Io and the ov. and capsule
3-celled, and in Wight and Beddome’s figure the ov. is 5-celled.

Wood hard, rather heavy, even, shining, brownish red, with rather
large pores, durable. Much valued, and goes by the name of ‘ Chitta-
gong wood’ and ‘ White cedar’ at Madras. The finely carved pillars in
the audience-hall (now District Court) at Kandy are made of it.

Cedrela Toona, Roxb., a tree common throughout India, Burma, &c.,
is curiously absent from Ceylon. It has, however, been introduced and
planted on tea estates. There are figures in Wight, Ic. t. 161 and Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 10. C, serrata, Royle, native of the Himalaya, has also been
a good deal planted on estates in the hills, where it is called the ‘Red
Toon.’ These distinct species are combined in FI. B. Ind.

12. CHLOROXYLON, DC.

Tree; 1. imparipinnate; fl. in terminal panicles; cal.
deeply 5-lobed; pet. 5, clawed, imbricate; stam. 10, quite
distinct ; disk large, tumid, 10-lobed; ov. 3-celled, with many
ovules in each cell, style short; fruit a coriaceous, 3-celled

Charlletiacee. 253

capsule, loculicidally 3-valved ; seeds numerous, with a long
wing, no endosperm.—Monotypic.

Cc. Swietenia, DC. Prod. i.625 (1824). Buruta, S. Mutirai, 7.

Swietenta Chloroxylon, Roxb., Moon Cat. 34. Thw. Enum. 61.
GaP; L160,

Fl. B. Ind. i. 569. Wight, Ill. t. 56 bis, cop. in Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 11.

A moderate-sized tree, bark very rough, deeply furrowed,
branchlets smooth, purplish, lenticellate, young parts with
orange puberulence ; |. pinnate, spreading or reflexed, rachis
4-8 in., cylindrical, puberulous, Iflts. 18-30 or more, alternate
or opposite, shortly stalked, very unequal-sided, oblong, obtuse,
entire, glabrous, dull blueish-green, paler and minutely gland-
dotted beneath; fl. 2in., pedicellate, in small, pyramidal,
pubescent, terminal panicles; cal.-lobes small, oval, obtuse ;
pet. with a short claw and ovate, acute blade sagittate at
base ; stam. inserted between lobes of disk, shorter than pet.,
anth. versatile; disk pubescent; ov. sunk in the disk, 3-lobed;
capsule nearly 1 in., oblong-ovoid, obtuse, glabrous; seed
with wing #in., angular, compressed, wing linear-oblong,
obtuse.

Dry region; common. FI. April-June ; cream-coloured.

Also in Southern India.

The timber is the well-known ‘satin-wood ;’ very hard, heavy, fine-
grained, yellow, with a satiny lustre. It is difficult to work, but good for
turning, and is the principal timber exported from Ceylon. The best
satin-wood forests are in the Batticaloa and Puttalam Districts, and there
are also some good ones near Anuradhapura.

XXXIV.—CHAILLETIACE/.,

TREES or shrubs; |. alternate, simple, with persistent stip. ;
fl. regular or nearly so, polygamous; sep. 5, unequal, imbricate;
pet. 5, distinct, 2-lobed, with a small scale at base (? disk),
narrow; stam. 5, distinct; ov. 2-celled, with 2 pendulous
ovules in each cell, styles distinct; fruit 2-valved, with a hard,
didymous, 2-seeded stone; embryo large, no endosperm ;
cotyledons thick, plane-convex.

254 Olacinee.

CHAILLETIA, DC.
For characters, see Order.—Sp. 30; 6 in FZ. B. Lnd.

GC. sumatrana, Mig. Fi. Ind. Bot. Suppl. 328 (1860). Balu-
nakuta, S.

Moacurra gelonioides, Roxb., Thw. Enum. 79. C. P. 1245, 1231.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 570 (C. gelonioides). Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. anal. vi. f. i.
(fls. only).

A bush or small tree, young parts pubescent, twigs slender;
l. 2-5 in., variable, usually oval or oblong-oval, acute or
tapering to base, acuminate, acute, entire or with a few large
teeth in upper part, glabrous, rather thick, paler and reticulate
with prominent veins beneath, petiole very short, bristly, stip.
small, unequal, setaceous, pubescent, persistent; fl. small,
pedicellate, in small axillary or extra-axillary clusters ; sep.
very obtuse, concave, pubescent; pet. a little longer than sep.,
oblong-linear, deeply bifid, connective dilated ; ov. woolly,
styles 2, very short; fruit 2in., orbicular, didymous, com-
pressed, pubescent, grey-green, epicarp coriaceous, 2-valved,
splitting along the edge, stone thin, hard, rugose outside,
completely covered by a soft scarlet coat (mesocarp), testa
thin, pale brown.

Moist low country up to 3000 ft.; common. Fl. March; pale green.

Also in East Bengal, the Malabar coast, and Sumatra.

The leaves are sometimes hairy beneath, and the plant is then var. p.
Thw. (C. P. 1231 from Galle and Ratnapura).

Very Euphorbiaceous in aspect, and much like some species of
Cleistanthus.

XXXV.—OLACINE.

TREES or shrubs, sometimes climbing; 1. alternate, simple,
without stip.; fl. small, regular, bisexual or rarely dicecious ;
cal. usually small, 4-5-lobed, or obsolete ; pet. 4 or 5, distinct
or coherent into a tube, valvate or imbricate; stam. 3, 4, 5,
8 or 10, often with staminodes, opposite to or alternate with
pet., distinct, free or rarely adnate to pet. at base; disk
annular or cup-shaped (large and epigynous in S¢rombosta) ;
ov. (inferior in Strombosia) 1-5-celled, with 1 or-2 pendulous
(erect in Cansjera) naked ovules in each cell; fruit a drupe,

Xinentia. | Olacinec. 255

with a hard, woody or crustaceous stone, I-celled, 1-seeded ;

embryo with usually leafy cotyledons, endosperm copious,
fleshy.

Fl. bisexual (exc. some in Spear t
Stam. 8 or Io : : : : . I, XIMENIA.
Stam. 3, with 5 staminodes . : : : nna OLAX:
Stam. 4 or 5, opp. pet.
Dichlamydeous, stam. 5.

Stam. adnate to pet. (ov. inferior). 3. STROMBOSIA.
Stam. free (with 5 staminodes) 4. OPILIA.
Monochlamydeous, stam. 4 (with 4 staminodes) 5. CANSJERA.

Stam. 4 or 5, alternate with pet. (/cacznee).
Pet. glabrous inside.
Fil. strongly bearded at top, stigma minute. 6. LASIANTHERA.
Fil. slightly glandular-hairy at “top; eee

large, disciform; pet. connate . 7. GOMPHANDRA.
Fil. glabrous ; style lateral; pet. distinct 8. APODYTES.
Pet. hairy inside 9g. MAPPIA.

Fl, unisexual, dicecious, monochlamydeous (Phyto-
CLONE in) : ; : . Io. PYRENACANTHA.

Most of the 13 species are aes to the low country, X7zenza,
Pyrenacantha, and Olax scandens being confined to the dry region, whilst
O. zeylanica, Strombosia, Opilia, Lasianthera, Gomphandra axillaris,
and Maffia occur only in the moist. The two last ascend into the
mountain zone, to which, however, Gomphandra coriacea and Apodytes
alone are restricted.

I. XIMENTA, J.

Shrubs or small trees; fl. in small racemes; cal. small,
cup-shaped, 4- or 5-toothed; pet. 4 (or 5), covered inside with
long hair; stam. 8 (or 10), anth. long, linear; ov. 4-celled,
with a solitary pendulous ovule in each cell; fruit a drupe,
stone I-celled, 1-seeded.—Sp. 5; 1 in #2 B. Ind.

x. americana, W7//d. Sp. P/. ii. 338 (1799). Chiru-illantai, 7:

C. P2362:

BL Be ind.t. 574:

A small tree or shrub, much branched, young parts gla-
brous ; 1. 1-2 in., often closely placed on short lateral twigs,
oval, obtuse at both ends, minutely apiculate, entire, glabrous,
petiole gin.; fl. 2in., shortly pedicellate, in small short-stalked
racemes of 3 from the ends of the lateral twigs, buds acute ;
cal. glabrous; pet. oblong, revolute; stam. as long as pet.;
ov. glabrous, style as long as stam.; fr. #in., ovoid, apiculate,
glabrous.

Dry country; apparently very rare. Trincomalie; Batticaloa (Capt.
A. Walker). FI. Sept.; white.

Found throughout Tropical Asia, Africa, and America.

256 Olacinee. [Olax.

I have very scanty material for the description of this plant; the
C. P. specimens are without flowers, and the species is not given in Thw.
Enum. The leaves turn black in drying.

2, OLAX, Z.

Shrubs or small trees, usually climbing ; fl. in racemes or
panicles; cal. minute, truncate, cup-shaped, very greatly
enlarged in fruit ; pet. 5, more or less coherent into a tube;
fertile stam. 3, inserted at base of pet.; staminodes 5, inserted
with stam., usually bifid; ov. surrounded by a small cup-
shaped disk, 1-celled above, 3-celled below, ovules 3, pendulous
from top of central placenta, style long; fruit drupaceous,
more or less covered by the greatly enlarged cal., stone
I-celled, 1-seeded ; embryo minute in axis of endosperm.—
Sp. about 30; 7 in FY, B. Ind.

Climbers.
Branches pubescent; fl. ¢ in. long
Branches glabrous; fl. 4 in. long .
Erect .

. O. SCANDENS.
. O. WIGHTIANA.
. O. ZEYLANICA.

ON =

1. O. scandens, fox. Cor. Pi. ii. 2 (1798). BMadalranchi, 7.
Moon Cat. 5. “Thw. Bnum\42; sGaP. r2n6:;
¥l.-B. Ind. 1,575... Roxb: Cor. Pla ist; 02:

A climbing shrub, with strong, slightly curved prickles on
the old wood only, much branched, branches cylindrical, more
or less pubescent; 1. 14-24 in., oval or oblong-oval, obtuse at
both ends, entire, glabrous above, glabrous or pubescent
beneath, petiole } in., pubescent; fl. } in., shortly pedicellate,
in axillary, pubescent racemes less than 1 in. long, bracts
ovoid, as long as ped., caducous, buds ovoid; cal. finely ciliate;
pet. more or less connate, linear, acute, recurved; ov. glabrous,
tapering, style half as long as pet.; drupe globose, 2 in.,
apiculate, covered, except at top, by greatly enlarged mem-
branous cal.

Dry region; rather common. Jaffna; Trincomalie; Anuradhapura ;
Puttalam. Fl. August; white.

Also in India, burma, and Java.
The flowers are very sweet-scented.

2. O. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. n. 6779 (1828).

O. psittacorum, Vahl Enum. ii. 33 (partly). Thw. Enum. 42. C. P.
1215.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 575. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. anal. ix. f. 2 (fls. only).

A very large climbing shrub, much branched, young parts
glabrous; 1. 3-5 in., oblong-oval, acute at base, acuminate,

Strombosia. | Olacinee. 257

subacute or obtuse, entire, glabrous and shining, petiole 2in.,
glabrous; fl. numerous, }in., ped. glabrous, $in., in lax,
divaricate, axillary panicles, bracts deciduous, buds clavate,
blunt; cal. minute, glabrous; pet. narrowly linear, somewhat
coherent but readily separable, spreading at the ends; stam.
and staminodes as long as pet., somewhat exserted ; drupe
2—3in., broadly ovoid, apiculate, loosely enclosed, except at
top, by the greatly enlarged cal., orange-yellow.

Low country; rather rare. Hunasgiria; Hanguranketa; near Kala-
wewa; Hiniduma; near Nalande. Fl. Feb., March; cream-coloured.

Also Malabar Coast and Malacca.

A handsome climber, covering large trees.

Vahi (l.c.) quotes Koenig as the authority for O. psctfacorum in
Ceylon. I cannot, however, find with certainty Koenig’s specimen in
Mus. Brit. The original O. pstttacorum (ftsstlia, Lam.) is from
Mauritius, and a different plant.

3. O. zeylanica, Z. S~. P/. 34 (1753). Mélla, S.

Herm. Mus. 13. Burm. Thes. 26. Fl. Zeyl: n.) 34.’ Moon. Cat. 5.
‘Thw: Enum. 42. C. P1214.

Bib. ind: 1.°576.

A small tree, young branches acutely angled, finely ridged
transversely, glabrous, yellow; |. 2-3 in., ovate-oblong, acute
at base, attenuate to acute or obtuse apex, entire, rather thick,
glabrous and shining, petiole very short; fl. } in., few, pedi-
cellate, in very small axillary racemes, buds slightly clavate,
blunt; pet. oblong; stam. and staminodes rather shorter than
pet.; drupe 2in., broadly ovoid, strongly apiculate, smooth,
scarlet, less than half covered by the cup-shaped, enlarged cal.

Moist low country; common. Fl. April.

Endemic.
The leaves are eaten as a salad.

3. STROMBOSIA, 27.

Trees ; fl. in axillary fascicles; cal. with a fleshy tube,
limb 5-toothed ; pet. 5, distinct, inserted on cal.-tube, hairy
within ; stam. 5, opp. pet. and adnate to them; ov. zuzferzor,
completely adnate to cal.-tube, 5-celled, with 5 ovules pen-
dulous from central placenta; disk large, efzgynous, fleshy,
tapering upwards round base of the style; fruit an inferior
drupe, stone 1-celled, 1-seeded, embryo minute, at summit of
fleshy endosperm.—Sp. 6; 2 in F%. B. Ind.

S. zeylanica, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 350 (1845).

S. gavanica, Thw. Enum. 42 (non Bl.). Lavallea ceylanica, Baill.
Adansonia, 11. 361. C. P. 1237.

Fl. B, Ind. i. 579. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 137 (not good).

258 Olacinee. [ Opilia.

A moderate-sized or large tree, with erect, straight trunk
and drooping branches, bark smooth, yellowish, rather thin,
young parts glabrous; |. 4-6 in., lanceolate, often unequal-
sided, acute at base, shortly acuminate, acute, entire, rather
thick, glabrous and shining, paler beneath, lat. veins oblique,
petiole }in., glabrous; fl. small, nearly sessile, in small axillary
fascicles; cal.-tube glabrous, campanulate; pet. erect, oblong,
glabrous outside, hairy within; anth. appearing as if sessile in
centre of pet.; fr. oblong-ovoid or sub-pyriform, #-1 in.,
crowned when young by persistent limb of cal., smooth or
slightly worted.

Upper zone of moist low country; rather rare. Hantane; Watagoda;
Gangaruwa. FI. July, Aug., Sept.; pale greenish-white.

Also occurs in Southern India.

The ovary appears to be entirely inferior and the disk epigynous, and
the plant should perhaps form a separate genus as proposed by Baillon.

Wood moderately heavy, rather soft, pale yellowish-brown, shining.
Received from Pasdun Korale under the name ‘ Pub-bériya.’ It is also

called ‘ Liyan’ in some parts, but that name properly belongs to Black-
qwellia.

4. OPILIA, Roxb.

Sub-scandent shrubs; fl. minute, in axillary spikes; cal.
minute, annular, scarcely toothed; pet. 5, distinct; stam. 5,
distinct, opp. pet.; staminodes 5, fleshy, alternate with pet.;
ov. I-celled, with solitary pendulous ovule; fruit a drupe,

stone 1I-seeded, embryo long, in axis of endosperm.—Sp. 2;
1in #2. B. L[nd.

OQ. amentacea, Roxb. Cor. P/. ii. 31 (1798).

Thw.:Enum. 4. CP. 2016.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 583. Wight, Ill. t. go.

A weak, semi-scandent shrub, young branches finely
pubescent ; |. 2-3 in., lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute at
base, tapering to acute apex, often somewhat falcate, entire,
glabrous, petiole very short; fl. on slender ped., arranged in
little clusters of 2-4 in narrow, erect, shortly stalked, axillary
spikes about 1 in. long, each cluster covered before expansion
by a rotundate, acute, ciliate bract (these overlapping give the
unexpanded infl. the appearance of a catkin); cal. a mere
ring; pet. oblong; stam. a little shorter than pet., staminodes
very fleshy, shorter than stam.; ov. narrowly oblong, style
very short; drupe 2 in., ovoid, blunt, puberulous, glaucous-
green, stone very thin.

Dry country; rather rare. Pomparripu; Gonagama; Kalpe, E. Prov.
Fl. April; yellow.

Lastanthera.] Olacinee. ; 259

Also in Southern India, Burma, Malay Archipelago, and Trop. Africa
and Australia.

5. CANSJERA,* /uss.

Climbing shrubs; fl. zonochlamydeous, in spikes; perianth
gamophyllous, urceolate, 4- (or 5-) lobed; stam. 4 (or 5), opp.
per.-lobes, distinct, free; staminodes 4 (or 5), alternating with
stam., small, fleshy; ov. 1I-celled, with solitary erect ovule ;
fruit a drupe, stone I-seeded; embryo with linear cotyledons,
in fleshy endosperm.—Sp. 4; 2 in FZ. B. Lid.

This genus is probably more naturally placed in 7hymel@acee, as is
done in Thwaites’ Enum. There is certainly no separate calyx present in
our species.

C. Rheedii, Gme/. Syst. i. 280 (1790). Eta-mura, S.

C. scandens, Roxb., Moon Cat. 12. Thw. Enum. 251. C. P. 3930.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 582 (not given for Ceylon). Wight, Ic. t. 1861.

A small climbing shrub, much and divaricately branched,
the younger branchlets finely pubescent; |. 14-4 in., ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, acute or slightly rounded at base,
acuminate, obtuse, entire, glabrous, thick, petiole very short ;
fl. small, sessile, in small, pubescent, axillary spikes }—} in.
long; per. with minute, rough pubescence outside, lobes small,
acute, recurved ; stam. as long as tube of per., staminodes,
very short, erect, ovate, acute; ov. conical, style a little longer
than stam., stigma capitate, 4-lobed; drupe 3-4 in., oblong-
ovoid, blunt, apiculate, smooth, red, stone thin, brittle,
crustaceous,

Low country in both dry and moist regions; common. Mannar,
Koenig (Mus. Brit.). Fl. Jan., Feb.; pale yellow.

Also in India, Malaya, China, and Trop. Australia.

The leaves are finely wrinkled and greyish-yellow when dry.

Three women at Galle are said to have been poisoned by this plant,
eaten accidentally with vegetables.

6. LASIANTHERA, Beauv.

Trees; fl. in axillary, pedunculate heads; cal. cup-shaped,
5-lobed; pet. 5, valvate; stam. 5, free and distinct, alt. with
pet., fil. flat, with a thick tuft of long white hair at top; disk
small, cup-shaped; ov. t-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules,
tapering to subulate style, stigma minute; fruit a drupe,
stone woody, I-celled, 1-seeded ; seed with embryo in axis
of copious fleshy endosperm, cotyledons leafy, ovate, cordate.
—Sp. 5; 4in #7. B. Ind.

* From Tsjerou-Cansjeram one of the Malabar names given by
Rheede for this plant.

260 Olacinec. [Gomphandra.

L. apicalis, 7/w. Enum. 405 (1864). Urukanu, Uruhonda, S.

Urandra apicalis, Thw. in Kew J. Bot. vil. 211. Stemonurus apicalis,
Thw. Enum. 43. C. P. 25609.

Fl. B. Ind. 1. §84. ,Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 139.

A moderate-sized or large pyramidal tree, with a straight
trunk and the lower branches somewhat drooping, bark nearly
smooth, young parts glabrous, varnished; 1. 5—8 in., lanceolate-
oblong, acute at base, suddenly and shortly acuminate, entire,
glabrous and shining, coriaceous, paler beneath, with a very
prominent midrib, “petiole 3-3 in.; fl. }-2in., sessile, 6-12
together in a head surrounded by 4 ovate, pubescent bracts,
peduncle stout, usually shorter than petiole; cal. very slightly
pubescent, lobes obtuse; pet. thrice as long as cal., oblong,
flat; hairs on stam. exserted beyond pet., completely covering
over and Bodegas the anth. on the outside; disk slightly
5-lobed ; drupe 14-1 in., ovoid-oblong, subacute, supported
on persistent cal., smooth, lower half” purplish-green, upper
half white, pulp very scanty, stone thick, woody, with large
cavities filled with soft tissue, the outer part with vertical,
fibrous, woody bands.

Moist low country up to 2000 ft.; rather rare. Pasdun Korale; Alla-
gala. Fl. June; purplish-green.

Also in Borneo.
A very handsome pyramidal tree with laurel-like foliage; the young

leaves are coppery-red.
I have also the S. names ‘ Uru-éta’ and ‘ Kospana’ for this from

Pasdun Korale.

7, GOMPHANDRA, Ja//.

Shrubs or small trees; fl. polygamo-dicecious, in small
paniculate clusters; cal. minute, annular, 4- or 5-toothed ;
pet. 4 or 5, connate into a 4- or 5-lobed tubular corolla;
stam. 4 or 5, distinct, free, alt. with pet., fil. fleshy, usually
with a small tuft of gland-tipped hairs at the top on back;
disk small, annular; ov. 1-celled, with 2 collateral pendulous
ovules, style 0, stigma Jarge, sessile, disciform; fruit a drupe,
capped with persistent flat stigma, stone woody-crustaceous,
1-celled, 1-seeded; seed with minute embryo at apex of
copious endosperm, which is divided into two halves longi-
tudinally.—Sp. 6; all in #7. 2. Lnd.

L. thin; infl. axillary . é : : : . 4. G. AXILLARIS.
L. coriaceous ; infl. extra- axillary ; - ; . 2. G. CORIACEA.

Apodytes.] Olacinee. 261

1. G. axillaris, Wa//. Cat. n. 3718 (1828).

Stemonurus zeylanicus and S. Heyneanus, Miers, Contrib. i. 91 and 93.
Platea axillaris, Thw. Enum. 44. C. P. 251.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 586. Wight, Ic. t. 954 (G. polymorpha ?), Miers, Contrib.
i. t. 14 f. 1 (S. zeylanicus),

A shrub or small slender tree, young parts puberulous ;
]. variable from broadly oval to narrowly oblong-lanceolate or
slightly obovate, tapering at base, acuminate or caudate,
obtuse, entire, glabrous, thin, veins rather prominent beneath,
petiole about }in.; fl. very small, 2-10, usually 3, in little,
axillary, paniculate clusters, or solitary, peduncle 4-3 in.,,
puberulous, buds very blunt; corolla-lobes shallow ; stam.
exserted, hairs conspicuous; drupe }$-2 in., oblong, blunt at
both ends, smooth, white.

Moist region, up to 4oooft.; common. Fl. May; pale green.
Also in Southern India and Silhet.

2. G. coriacea, Wight, ///. 103 (1840).
Stemonurus Walkert, Miers, |. c. 93. Platea coriacea, Thw. Enum,

AAS eee! 375+. ; é

Fl. B. Ind. 1. 586 (G. polymorpha). Wight, Ic. t. 953 (G. olymorpha
é). Miers, Contrib. i. t. 14, f. 2 (S. Walkert).

A shrub; 1. as in G. axillaris and equally variable but
coriaceous, with rather longer petioles; fl. rather larger, more
numerous, sessile, panicle larger, dichotomous, leaf-opposed
or extra-axillary; corolla rather more deeply lobed; hairs on
stam. much shorter or quite absent; drupe as in the last.

Montane zone up to 6000 ft.; rather common. Dimbula; Maturata ;
Ambagamuwa ; Kellebokka; Rangala, &c. Fl. March, April; green.

Also in South Indian mountains.

A common and variable plant in wet forests in the hills, possibly only
a montane var. of G. axillaris. Wight’s G. polymorpha seems to have
been made up of this and the last, and the name is better not maintained
for either of them.

8. APODYTES, £. Meyer.

Trees; fl. bisexual, in terminal panicles; cal. minute, cup-
shaped, 5-toothed ; pet. 5, distinct, valvate; stam. 5, alt. with
pet., distinct, fil. not bearded ; ov. 1-celled, with 2 collateral
pendulous ovules, style lateral, stigma small, capitate; fruit a
drupe, small, compressed, very gibbous, stone 1-celled, 1-seeded ;
seed with small embryo in apex of fleshy endosperm.—Sp. 9 ;
4 in FU. B, Lnd.

262 Olacinee. [Mappia.

a Gardneriana, Jers, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 1x. 389.
1852).
Bae Enum: 42, C./P.204,

F]. B. Ind. i. 588. Miers, Contrib. t. 5 (poor).

A small or moderate-sized tree, with smooth grey bark,
young parts puberulous; |. 24-54 in., variable, from broadly
oval to oblong-lanceolate or slightly obovate, tapering to
base, rounded, obtuse or slightly acuminate at apex, entire,
the margin usually strongly revolute, glabrous, more or less
coriaceous, petiole $-?in.; fl. small, on short ped., in small
terminal, rarely axillary, lax panicles with divaricate branches,
buds oval-oblong; pet. strap-shaped, apiculate, recurved ;
stam. spreading, anth. linear, versatile; ov. gibbous, pubescent,
style as long as ov.; drupe jin. long, }in. wide, compressed,
lop-sided, flat on one side and with a flat, shield-like appendage
there, very gibbous on the other side, black, shining, style
persistent, terminating the flat side.

Montane zone up to 6000 ft.; rather common. Nuwara Eliya ; Hak-
gala; Uda Pusselawe ; Maturata ; Ambagamuwa; Madulkelle; Matale
East ; Rangala. FI. all the year ; white, sweet-scented.

Endemic.

This is very close to A. Benthamiana, Wight, of the Nilgiris (Wight,
Ic. t. 1153), and if it prove the same must take that name. The plant
turns black in drying.

9. MAPPIA, /acg.

Small trees; fl. bisexual, in terminal cymes; cal. cup-
shaped, 5-toothed; pet. 5, connate below, hairy within;
stam. 5, alt. with pet, free; disk cup-shaped, lobed; ov.
I-celled, with 2 pendulous collateral ovules, style short,
stigma capitate; fruit a drupe, stone hard, very thin, 1-seeded;
embryo in axis of fleshy endosperm, cotyledons foliaceous,
ovate.—Sp. about 8; 4 in FZ. B. Lnd.

M. ovata, Miers in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, ix. 395 (1852).
Gandapana, S.

M. Gardneriana, Miers, Contrib. 1. c. 66. MW. fetida, Thw. Enum. 43
(non Miers). C. P. 492.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 589. Miers, Contrib. i. t. 8.

A small tree, bark whitish, buds pubescent; |. 4-8 in.,
ovate or oblong-ovate, acute at both ends, usually shortly
acuminate, entire, glabrous above, lat. veins oblique, 6-8 on
each side, prominent beneath, usually with a tuft of hair in
the axils or hairy throughout, petiole $-1} in.; fl. 2 in. on
very short ped., in a stout, erect, pubescent, terminal, corymbose

Pyrenacantha.| Olacinee. 26 3

cyme about 3 in. long, buds nearly globular; cal. pubescent;
pet. lanceolate, acute, hairy on both sides; ov. flask-shaped,
hairy; drupe 3-2 in., oblong-ovoid, obtuse at both ends,
minutely apiculate, smooth, purple.

Var. 8. Championiana, J/7ers, |. c. (sp.).

Fl. B. Ind. i. 589 (JZ. oblonga, Miers).

L. larger, thinner in texture and with fewer lat. veins, buds
ovoid.

Moist region from sea-level to 7ooo ft. Fl. April; yellow.

Also in Southern India.

The true WZ, fwtzda, Miers, confined to the Nilgiris, is figured in Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 141.

I cannot see more than one variable species in the Ceylon plants.
Miers’ J/7. ovata is based on Gardner, n. 99 (from Peradeniya), his JZ.
Gardneriana on Gardner, n. 98 (from N. Eliya), which is the common
montane form with smaller leaves. Var. 8. is scarcely more worth dis-
tinction.

The flowers and, to a less extent, the leaves, have a strong foetid
odour, whence the native name.

io, PYRENACANTHA, /o0/.

Climbing shrubs; fl. minute, unisexual, dicecious, 7ono0-
chlamydeous ; perianth gamophyllous, deeply 4-fid; male fl.:—
stam. 4, distinct, alt. with per.-lobes, ov. abortive; fem. fl.:—
ov. 1-celled, with 2 collateral pendulous ovules, style none,
stigma sessile, with many radiating branches; fruit a drupe,
stone thin, provided on the inner surface with numerous,
obtuse, horizontal spines penetrating the endosperm; seed
solitary, embryo in centre of fleshy endosperm, cotyledons
large, foliaceous.—Sp. 6.

P. volubilis, ook. Bot. Misc. ii. 108 (1831).

Baill. in DC. Prod. xvii. 20. Thw. Enum. 290. C. P. 1024.

Omitted in Fl. B. Ind. Hook. Bot. Misc, ii. tt. Supp. 9 and Io.

A scandent shrub, with very slender stems and a milky
juice, branches filiform, slightly rough, young parts pubescent;
l. 3-5 in., narrowly lanceolate-oblong, tapering to narrow
truncate base, which is provided with a small gland at each
corner, tapering also to acute mucronate apex, somewhat
undulate, entire or with shallow, distant, angular teeth each
tipped with a gland, glabrous above, harsh with stiff adpressed
hair beneath, petiole 2-1 in., flexuose, glabrous; fl. minute
sessile, male in lax, filiform, axillary spikes about 2 in., fem.
about 8-10, in a little head on a filiform, axillary peduncle
4-}in.; per.-leaves acute, spreading in male, deflexed in fem.;

264 Lhicinee. [lex.

stam. shorter than per.; ov. hispid, with erect hairs; drupe
ovoid, slightly compressed and keeled, obtuse, smooth, orange-
red, stone thin, pitted externally; endosperm perforated with.
holes to accommodate the internal spines of the endocarp. ~*

Dry country; veryrare. Kurunegala; Puttalam. Fl. June; pinkish.

Occurs also in Southern India.

This very singular genus has been omitted in the Flora of B. India,
being found neither under O/acinee@ nor Santalacee@, to one of which
Families it should be there referred.

XXXVI.—ILICINEA.

TREES; 1. alternate, simple, without stip.; fl. regular, uni-
sexual, dicecious, in axillary cymes or umbels; cal. deeply
4- or 5-fid, segments imbricate, persistent ; pet. connate into
a 4- or 5-lobed corolla; stam. 4 or 5, inserted on base of cor.;
no disk; ov. 3-6-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell,
style 0, stigma large, sessile; fruit a drupe, with 4-6 stones,
each with 1 seed; embryo minute in fleshy endosperm.

Of our three species two are found in the higher montane zone and
the other in the moist low country.

On account of the gamopetalous corolla this Order is sometimes placed
along with the Corolliflore.

ILEX, J.

For characters, see Order.—Sp. 145; 24 in #2. B. Lud.
Leaves under I in. . : : : : : . 2. I. WALKERI.
Leaves over 2 in.

Leaves serrate ; fl. 4-merous ‘ ‘ . 2. I. DENTICULATA.
Leaves entire ; fl. 5-merous . : : : . 3». L. WIGHTIANA

I. I. Walkeri, Wight and Gardn. in Thw. Enum. 184 (1860).
Ci'Ps208.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 600.

A small tree, much branched, bark grey, longitudinally
furrowed, young parts glabrous; |. numerous, closely placed,
persistent, very variable, usually }—1 in., rotundate or oblong-
oval or obovate or lanceolate, obtuse or retuse or apiculate or
acute, entire or with few shallow serratures near tip, margin
revolute, coriaceous, glabrous, petiole short, stout; fl. very

Tex. Llicinee. 265

small, fem. in sessile, male in shortly stalked, umbellate fascicles
much shorter than |., ped. slender, much longer than f1.; cal.-
segm. acute, glabrous; cor. 5-lobed, lobes rounded ; stam. 5,
stigma lobed ; drupe 7 in., nearly globular, stones 5, coherent.

Upper montane zone to the highest elevations; rather common.
Pedurutalagala; Totapella; World’s End, Horton Plains; Adam’s Peak;
Uda-Pusselawe ; Ambagamuwa. FI. April, Oct.; white.

Also in the hills of S. India.

The leaves are sometimes larger (13-13), lanceolate, and slightly
acuminate ; this is var. #ajor, Thw. MS.

2. I. denticulata, Wall. Cat. n. 4333 (1828).

Thw. Enum 183. C. P. 573.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 600. Wight, Ill. t. 149. Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 142.

A large tree, bark grey, twigs angular, young parts
minutely puberulous; 1. 2-3 in., oval or oblong-oval, acute
at base, acuminate, obtuse, sharply and irregularly serrate,
entire below, coriaceous, glabrous, veiny beneath, petiole }in.;
fl. 2 in., in sessile or shortly stalked umbellate clusters much
shorter than |., ped. }in., slender; cor. deeply 4-lobed, lobes
oval, obtuse; stam. 4, shorter than cor.-lobes; drupe over
1 in., ovoid-globose, smooth, scarlet, stones 4, trigonous,
ribbed.

Upper montane zone; rare. Nuwara Eliya; Bopatalawa Plains. FI.
Jan. Feb.; greenish-white.

Also in the Southern Indian Hills.

Of our three species this alone at all resembles the English holly
(Ll. Aquifolium).

3. I. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. n. 4332 (1828). Andun-wenna, S.
Thw. Enum. 183. C. P. 2656 (female), 3484 (male).
Fl. B. Ind. i. 603 (var. zeylanica). Wight, Ic. t. 1216.

A large tree, bark white, young shoots glabrous; 1. 24-5 in.,
oval, tapering at base, shortly acuminate, acute, quite entire,
glabrous, veined beneath, petiole }-3in.; fl. }in., numerous, in
small umbels arranged in axillary, stalked, paniculate cymes
1-14 in. long, ped. short, puberulous; cal.-lobes rounded,
ciliate ; cor. deeply 5-lobed, lobes ovate; stam. 5 (or less),
shorter than cor.-lobes; drupe { in., globose, strongly apicu-
late, stones 5 or 6, trigonous, furrowed on back.

Moist low country, to upper limit; rare. Ratnapura; Nillowe;
Hantane. Fl. Sept.—March; white.

Also in Southern India.

The Ceylon plant differs from the Indian in having much larger and

more distinctly veined leaves and a more compound inflor. with the
umbellules stalked ; it is, perhaps, a distinct species.

266 Celastracee. [Euonymus.

AXAXXVIT.—CELAST RACEA.

SHRUBS, sometimes climbing, or trees; |. simple, opp. or alt.,
with or without stip.; fl. regular, bisexual (rarely polygamous),
small; cal. more or less deeply 5- (rarely 4-) lobed, persistent,
lobes or sep. imbricate; pet. 5 (rarely 4 or 6), imbricate
(rarely contorted), slightly connate in IZzcrotropis, disk usually
large and conspicuous, often lobed; stam. 5 or 4 or 3 (rarely 2),
inserted on or outside disk; ov. free or immersed in disk,
2-5-celled, with 2 or more erect (rarely 1 pendulous) ovules
in each cell, style short, more or less 3- (or 2-) fid; fruit a
2~—5-valved loculicidal capsule, 1-many seeded, or a 1-seeded
drupe (in the A/zppocratee a berry or of distinct carp.); seed
with or without a fleshy aril, usually with copious endosperm,
rarely without endosperm, cotyledons flat, usually foliaceous.

Stam. 5 or 4, fil. subulate.
Leaves opposite.
Fruit a capsule.
Seeds not winged.
Capsule 5-valved with several seeds.

Pet. 5; ovules 2 in each cell 1. EUONYMUS.
Pet. 4; ovule solitary in each cell 2. GLYPTOPETALUM.
Capsule 2-valved, 1-seeded 3. MICROTROPIS.
Seeds winged 4. KOKOONA.
Fruit a drupe.
Stam. inserted outside small disk 5. PLEUROSTYLIA.
Stam. inserted on surface of large disk 6. ELAODENDRON.
Leaves alternate.
Climbing shrub. 4 7. CELASTRUS.
Shrubs; capsule 3-valved . . . §. GYMNOSPORIA.
Tree; capsule 2-valved . : : : . 9. KURRIMIA.
Stam. 3, fil. flattened (/zppocratec).
Fruit of 1-3 two-valved carpels . : . . Io. HIPPOCRATEA.
Fruit a fleshy berry . : > : : - II. SALACIA.

Of our 19 species, 10 are found in the moist low country, and 2 of
these, Kokoona, and Kurrimia, extend upwards into the lower montane
zone. Six are species of the dry region, of which one, E/@odendron, has
also a montane variety. J/icrotropis and Euonymus revolutus are con-
fined to the hills.

1. BUONYMUS, J.
Trees or shrubs; fl. in small axillary infl.; cal. deeply
5-fid, persistent; pet. 5, flat, rotundate, spreading; disk large,
fleshy, 5-lobed; stam. 5, inserted on margin of disk; ov. sunk

Euonymus.] Celastracee. 267

in disk, 5-celled, with 2 superposed ovules in each cell, style
very short; fruit a 5-celled, 5-valved, loculicidal capsule ;
seeds more or less covered with fleshy aril, embryo in axis of
copious endosperm.—Sp. 40; 27 in FZ. B. Lund.
L. entire; inflor. pedunculate.

Pedicels very short . REVOLUTUS.

é : : ; Bar ined
Pedicels } in. or more . : : , 2. E, THWAITESII.
L. serrate-crenate ; inflor. nearly sessile : 3. E. WALKERII.

1. E. revolutus, Wig/t, ///. i. 178 (1840).

hw enum, 735 "EP. .579:

Fl. B. Ind. 1. 608.

A small or moderate-sized tree, young parts glabrous ;
l. often 3 at a node, 14-3 in. oval or rotundate, acute or
rounded at base, obtuse, entire, margins usually strongly
revolute, glabrous, coriaceous, petiole very short; fl. about
3 in., shortly Betneelnns 1-3, on slender, axillary peduncles
often in pairs 4-3 in. long; cal.-segm. rotundate ; capsule
4—} in., turbinate, flat-topped; seeds angular, smooth, brown.

Upper montane zone; rare. Nuwara Eliya; Adam’s Peak; Horton
Plains. Fl. Jan., Feb.; bright flesh-pink.

Endemic.

The fl. are very pretty.

2. BE. Thwaitesii, Laws. 7x Fl. B. Ind. i. 608 (1875).

E. dichotomus, Thw. Enum: 73 (non Heyne). C. P. 171.

Fl. B: Ind. 1. 608.

A small tree, twigs slender, glabrous; |. 14-24 in., rhom-
boid-lanceolate, tapering to base, obtusely acuminate, margin
not revolute, entire, glabrous; fl. } in, ped. 4in., slender,
jointed, in threes on slender axillary peduncle 3—? in. long;
cal.-segm. very obtuse; capsule } in., obovate - turbinate,
glabrous; seeds as in £. revolutus.

“" Moist low country; very rare (?) Ambagamuwa; Galagama. FI.
ay.

Ende

[Z. dichotomus, Heyne, has been inadvertently given in FI. B. Ind.

for Ceylon, the locality quoted being that at Galagama, above given for
E. Thwattesiz.|

3. E. Walkerii, Wight, 7/7. i. 178 (1840).

E. zeylanicus, Moon Cat. 17. Thw. Enum. 73. C. P. 478.

Fl, B. Ind. i. 608.

A small tree, branches dichotomous, ae somewhat
quadrangular, glabrous; |. nearly sessile, 1$-4 in., variable,
oval or lanceolate or subovate or sub- Sinabeid acute at
base, obtuse or acute or acuminate at apex, usually shallowly

268 Celastracece. [AWicrotropis.

crenate-serrate, entire at base, glabrous; fl. 4 in., on very short
ped., solitary or in threes, sessile in the axils, or on a very short
peduncle; sep. very obtuse; capsule }in., pyriform-turbinate;
seeds with a very large aril, smooth, yellowish.
_ Moist low country to upper limit; common. Fl. Jan.-April ; greenish-

crimson.

Endemic.

Foliage varies considerably, but the inflor. is uniform. The inner
bark is a brilliant dead orange-colour.

2. GLYPTOPETALUM, 7/w.

Small trees; fl. in extra-axillary, paniculate cymes; cal.
small, 4-lobed; pet. 4, oblong, with 2 deep pits on upper
surface; disk large, tumid, quadrangular, tapering into style;
stam. 4, inserted at angles of disk, connective very large,
anth.-cells small, divergent at base; ov. immersed in disk,
4-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell, style very short,
stigma minute; fruit a loculicidal, 1-4-celled and -seeded
capsule ; seed nearly covered by aril, embryo large, in axis of
endosperm, cotyledons flat, leafy.—Sp. 6; 3 in #7. B. Jud.

G. zeylanicum, 7/w. 72 Kew Journ. Bot. viii. 263 (1856).

Thw. Enum. 73. C. P. 589.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 612. Kew Journ. Bot. viii. t. 7 B. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
anal. 9 f. 5.

A small tree, young parts glabrous; |. 3-6 in. oval or
janceolate, tapering at both ends, usually acuminate, acute,
sharply and shallowly serrate or nearly entire, glabrous,
petiole } in.; fl. }-? in., arranged in smooth, stalked, dicho-
tomously paniculate, extra-axillary cymes shorter than lL,
ped. over }in.; pet. very obtuse or truncate, fleshy, reflexed;
disk very conspicuous ; capsule 1—4-lobed, depressed, green,
smooth; seed #in., ovoid, aril crimson.

Moist low country to its upper limit; rather common. Pasdun
Korale ; Morowak Korale; Kaduganawa; Ambagamuwa; Hantane; Uwa.

Fl. Feb.; pale green.
Also in Annamally Hills, S. India.

3. MICROTROPIS, /Wai/.

Shrubs or trees; fl. sessile, in small clusters; sep. 5,
rounded, strongly imbricate; pet. 5, often slightly connate at
base; disk annular, slightly lobed; stam. 5, inserted on upper
edge of disk; ov. 2-celled, with 2 collateral ovules in each

\\

‘Kokoona.] Celastracee. 269

cell, style short, stigma faintly 4-lobed; fruit a tardily 2-valved
capsule, 1-celled, 1-seeded; seed erect, without an aril, embryo
straight in axis of copious endosperm, cotyledons foliaceons.—
Sp. 98; in #7 B. Lund.

L. acute or tapering at base . “ : ; . I. M. WALLICHIANA,
L. rounded or subcordate at base ; : . 2. M. RAMIFLORA.

1. M. Wallichiana, Wight, in Thw. Enum. 71 (1858).
Ca Pa Ae:
BY Be ind), 1613:
A small or moderate-sized tree, young parts glabrous ;
]. 24-6 in., shortly petiolate, oval or lanceolate, acute or
tapering at base, obtuse, usually acuminate, glabrous, entire;
fl. very small, about ;; in., sessile or very nearly so, in small,
dense, axillary or extra-axillary fascicles; pet. broadly oval,
somewhat narrowed at base; capsule }—}in., fusiform-oblong,
narrowed to base, acute, apiculate, striate.

Lower montane zone; rather common. Kellebokka; Hunasgiria;
Hantane; Deltota; Galagama; Adam’s Peak; Haputale. Fl. Feb.,
March; white.

Endemic.
The Haputale specimens have the fruit shorter, only 4-2 in. long.

2. M. ramiflora, Wie¢ht, lc. iii. 3, 7 (1845).

hw: Enum 72. CPP: 148.

BiB. Ind-1.613.* Wight, le: t..977.

A much-branched shrub or small tree, twigs somewhat
angular, glabrous; 1. 1-2} in., variable, rotundate or broadly
or narrowly oval, rounded or subcordate at base, usually very
obtuse, entire, glabrous, very coriaceous, the margin often very
strongly revolute, petiole short, thick; fl. about }in., sessile,
in small, dense, sessile or shortly pedunculate, axillary or
extra-axillary clusters; capsule 4in., ovoid, tapering to apex,
apiculate, scurfy.

Upper montane zone; rather common. Nuwara Eliya; Horton
Plains ; Totapella; Maturata; Adam’s Peak; Rangala. Fl. Nov.—Feb.;

white.
Also in the Nilgiri Mts. of S. India, but Wight’s figure above quoted

is not very good for our plant.
Varies a great deal in the leaves ; in the Adam’s Peak plant they are

remarkably cucullate.

4. KOKOONA,* Tiw.

Large trees; 1. opp., with minute stip.; fl. in axillary
panicles; cal. cup-shaped, shallowly 5-lobed; pet. 5, contorted

* From the Sinhalese name.

270 Celastracee. [Pleurostylia,

in bud; disk large, perigynous, annular, lobed; stam. 5,
inserted on top of disk; ov. 3-celled, with 2 pairs of ascending
ovules in each cell, style short, stigma capitate, slightly
3-lobed ; fruit a 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal capsule, with
4 seeds in each cell; seeds with a large wing, cotyledons flat,
oval, no endosperm.—Sp. 3; 2 in #7. B. Lnd.

K. zeylanica, 7/iw.in Kew Journ, Bot. v. 380 (1853). Kokun,
Wana-potu, S.

Dh nun 52. iC. P2584.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 616. Kew J. Bot. v.t.6. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 146.

A very large tree, much branched, bark rough, corky,
grey, bright yellow within, young parts glabrous; |. 23-4 in.,
obovate, cuneate at base, rounded or retuse at apex, entire or
faintly serrate, coriaceous, glabrous, paler beneath and there
punctate with numerous, minute, glandular dots each covered
by a red scale, petiole about $in., stip. very minute, triangular,
persistent; fl. }in., in axillary or extra-axillary panicles much
shorter than |., ped. glabrous, bracts minute; cal. glabrous,
lobes very shallow; pet. rounded, concave, thick, dotted
within; stam. shorter than pet.; disk fleshy, dark green;
capsule nearly 4 in., oblong-ovoid, bluntly trigonous, valves
thick, coriaceous, glabrous; seed compressed, over 3 in. long
(with the wing), wing broadly oblong, straight on one side,
obtuse, veined, orange-yellow.

Forests in moist region, between 1000-4000 ft.; rather rare. Pela-
wata, Pasdun Korale; Ratnapura; Porey (Ferguson) ; Ambagamuwa ;
Dimbula; Sabaragamuwa (Moon); Udugama and Hiniduma Forests
(Capt. Walker). Fl. March-May ; dull yellowish-brown.

Also in the Annamally Hills, S. India.

Moon’s specimen is a young branch with leaves only, he appears to
have referred it to ‘ Swietenia febrifuga’ (see under Soymzda).

Wood pale yellowish-brown, smooth, light, readily splitting. The
inner bark is of a brilliant yellow colour, and is used by jewellers for
polishing gold embroidery, and also as a snuff when powdered.

5. PLEUROSTYLIA, Wigit.

A tree; 1. opp., with very minute stip.; fl. in axillary
cymes; cal. cup-shaped, shallowly 5-lobed; pet. 5; disk
perigynous, small, annular, lobed; stam. inserted outside disk;
ov. 2- (or I-) celled, with 2 collateral ovules in each cell, style
very short, stigma large, capitate; fruit a small drupe, enco-
carp thin, crustaceo-fibrous ; ‘seed solitary, erect, cotyledons
flat, rotundate, in axis of copious endosperm.—Monotypic.

Eleodendron.] Celastracee. 271

P. Wightii, W. and A. Prod. 157 (1834). Piyari, Panaka, S.
Chiru_piyari, 7.

Thw. Enum. 71. C. P. 329.

Fl. B. Ind. 1.617. Wight, Ic. t. 155.

A moderate-sized, much-branched tree, bark rough, pale,
young parts glabrous; 1. 2-3 in., lanceolate-oblong or oval,
tapering to very short petiole, obtuse or rounded or emarginate,
entire, glabrous, rather thick, shining, stip. very minute,
deciduous ; fi. very small, in small, axillary, shortly stalked,
paniculate cymes, ped. short, divaricate; cal. glabrous, lobes
very obtuse; pet. rotundate, spreading or reflexed; stam.
shorter than pet.; drupe 2in., ovoid, supported on persistent
cal., smooth, marked half way down one side with scar of
style, pure white, endocarp thin.

Dry country; common. A specimen (Gardner, 172) is labelled by
him ‘ Kalutara,’ but this must be an error, unless cultivated there in the
old Botanic Garden. Fl. Sept., Oct.; pale green.

Also in S. India, Mauritius, and Madagascar.

Wood pale brown, close-grained, smooth, rather heavy. The pure
white berries are precisely like birds’ eggs in miniature ; the embryo is
green.

6. ELHIODENDRON, /acz. /.

Trees; |. opp., with minute stip.; fl. in dichotomous,
spreading cymes; cal. deeply 5-fid, imbricate; pet. 5, imbricate ;
disk large, tumid; stam. 5, inserted on disk; ov. immersed in
disk, 2-celled, with 2 collateral erect ovules in each cell, style
conical, very short; fruit a drupe, stone I-celled, 1-seeded ;
seed without an aril, embryo in copious endosperm.—Sp. 30;
Din fL Bind.

E. glaucum, fers. Sy. i. 241 (1805). Neralu, S. Piyari,
Perun-piyari, 7:

Schrebera albens, Retz. Obs. vi. 25. Celastrus glaucus, Vahl, Symb.
Bot, t., 42). oon Cat 17. “Lhw. Enum, 73... C.:P. 1227:

Fl. B. Ind. i. 623. Wight, Ill. t. 71 (2. Roxburghiz). Retz. Obs. vi. t. 3.

A small tree, much dichotomously branched, bark worted,
thick, brownish-grey, twigs slender, young parts glabrous;
l. opp., 2-3 in., variable, oval or roundish-oval, acute at base,
obtuse, often twisted at apex, shallowly serrate-crenate or
entire, glabrous, rather coriaceous, glaucous, reticulate, petiole
+ in. or more, stip. minute, triangular; fl. under 3 in., numerous,
in very divaricate, axillary or extra-axillary, paniculate, dicho-
tomous cymes, ped. long, glabrous; sep. almost distinct,
rounded ; pet. oblong, obtuse, distant ; stam. much shorter

272 Celastracez. [Celastrus.

than pet., anth. roundish; disk obscurely lobed; drupe ovoid,
4—}in., apiculate, glabrous, stone bony.

Var. 8. montanum, 7iw. Enum. 73. C. P. 2520.

L. less glaucous; fl. much larger, }in.; fr. larger, }in.

Dry country ; common, especially near the coast. Var. 8. lower
montane zone, from 3000 to 4500 ft.; rather common. Dimbula; Del-
tota; Hunasgiria. Fl. all the year ; pale yellowish-green.

Also in India and Malay Archipelago.

Wood hard, heavy, close-grained, smooth, reddish-brown.

First noticed by Koenig, whose specimens are in Mus. Brit. Moon
gives the name ‘ Bat-hik’ for this.

The leaves vary extremely; in the dry region they are frequently
found strongly serrate, and this form is called ‘ Karukku-vaychchi’ by
the Tamils. It is this which Roxburgh records (Hort. Beng. 18) as
‘Ceylon Tea,’ under which name it was sent from Ceylon to the Bot.
Garden, Calcutta, by Gen. McDowall (see Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 639).

7, CBELASTRUWS, J.

Climbing shrubs; 1. alternate without stip.; fl. polygamous,
in terminal panicles; cal. 5-lobed; pet. 5; disk annular;
stam. 5, inserted on edge of disk; ov. 3-celled, with 2 erect
ovules in each cell, style short, stigma deeply 3-lobed ; fruit a
loculicidal, 3-valved capsule, with 1-6 seeds; seed completely
enveloped in aril, embryo in axis of copious endosperm, coty-
ledons flat, oval—Sp. 15; 4 in FZ. B. Ind.

C. paniculatus, W7//d. Sp. P/.i. 1125 (1797). Duhudu, 5.

Thw: Enum: 72. (‘€P) 12323

Fl) B. Ind. i617. Wight, Ul a. t..72,

A large climbing shrub, bark rough, furrowed, young
parts glabrous; |. alternate, 2-3} in., broadly oval, acute at
base, shortly acuminate, obtuse, shallowly crenate - serrate
except at base, glabrous, petiole }—-Zin.; fl. }in., in terminal,
pyramidal panicles 2-4 in. long, ped. slender, puberulous ;
cal.-lobes shallow, unequal; pet. oblong, broad-based, acute;
disk inconspicuous; capsule }in., broadly ovoid or roundish,
blunt, transversely wrinkled, bright yellow, valves septifragal
above, remaining united at base and spreading or reflexed,
leaving the seeds exposed; seed 4 in., cinnamon-brown, striate,
completely enveloped in scarlet fleshy aril.

Moist low country to 2000 ft.; common. Fl. May; pale yellow.

Throughout India, Malaya, and the Philippines.

The ripe fruit is a very pretty object: the seed is very often solitary,
and the fruit thus 1-celled. The bark and an oil from the seeds are used

medicinally.

Gymmnosporia.] Celastracec. pape

8 GYMNOSPORIA, lV. & A.

Shrubs; 1. alternate, without stip.; fl. in crowded cymes;
cal. shallowly 5-lobed; pet. 5; stam. 5, inserted outside and
beneath disk; disk large, tumid, not lobed; ov. fused with
disk, 2~-3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, style short,
stigmas 3; fruit a 3-valved, 3-celled, loculicidal capsule, with
I or 2 seeds in each cell; seed with a small basal aril, embryo
straight in axis of endosperm, cotyledons flat, broadly oval._—
Sp. 60; 16 in FZ. B. Ind.

Lateral branchlets not spinous; |. crenate-serrate . 1. G. FRUTICOSA.
Lateral branchlets spinous; |. entire : : . 2. G, EMARGINATA.

1. G. fruticosa, Hk. f. in Thw. Enum. 409 (1864).
Catha fruticosa, Thw. Enum. 72. C. P. 3386.
Fi B: Ind. i: Grog.

A shrub, 8-10 ft., twigs angular, not spinous, young parts
glabrous; |. 1-14 in. spathulate-oblong, tapering to short
petiole, obtuse or retuse, finely crenate-serrate except at base,
thick, glabrous, reticulate beneath; fl. } in. in corymbose
cymes shorter than the 1, ped. very slender; pet. ovate,
obtuse ; stam. very short; stigmas recurved ; capsule small,
4 in., roundish-obovoid, apiculate, transversely striate, crimson;
seed globular, shining, scarlet, partially covered by the small
white aril.

Upper zone of moist low country; very rare. Only found on the
aus of the Mahaweli, near Navalapitiya, in 1855. FI. Oct.; yellowish-
white.

Endemic.

2. G. emarginata, Hi. fin Thw. Enum. 409 (1864).

Fl. Zeyl. n. 437 (Zuonymoides). Catha emarginata, G. Don, Thw.
Enum. 72. -C. P. 1235.
HE By lad. 1621,

A shrub, with numerous long, rigid, divaricate, zigzag
branches, set with short, straight, lateral, horizontal twigs.
spinous at the point; 1. scattered on the branches, usually
fasciculate on the spinous twigs, 1-2} in. usually oblong-
spathulate but varying from narrow-lanceolate to rotundate,
very obtuse or retuse, entire, very coriaceous, glabrous, shining
above, paler beneath; fl. 2in., in dense, sessile or very shortly
stalked, cymose clusters on the spinous twigs or immediately
above them, ped. long, very slender, glabrous; cal.-lobes very
obtuse, thin, ciliate; pet. triangular-lanceolate, subacute, often
reflexed ; disk very broad and tumid; stam. nearly as long as

Ar

274 Celastracee. [Kurrimia,

pet., erect; capsule about }in., turbinate, flat-topped, strongly
trigonous, apiculate, finely transversely wrinkled.

Dry region; rather rare (?). Jaffna; Batticaloa; Lunugala, Uva.
Fl. Oct.; pale greenish-yellow, sweet-scented.
Also in Southern India.

9. KURRIMIA, J2/.

Trees; 1. alternate, stipulate; fl. sessile, in terminal
panicles; cal. deeply 5-lobed, imbricate; pet. 5, imbricate ;
stam. 5, inserted on the disk; disk small, cup-shaped, with
5 lobes alternate with stam.; ov. 2-celled, with 2 erect
collateral ovules in each cell, styles 2, filiform; fruit a leathery
capsule, tardily 2-valved, 1-3-seeded; seed nearly covered by
fleshy aril, embryo straight, green, in centre of fleshy endo-
sperm, cotyledons narrow, oblong.—Sp. 5; all in 72 B. Lud.

K. zeylanica, Avn. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xviii. 328 (1836).

Palen, Et-heraliya, Uru-honda, S. Konnai, 7.
Dhw. Enum: 72) © Pi2z254400;
Fl. B. Ind. i. 622,. Bedd:, Fl. Sylva. 147.

A large tree, young parts glabrous, bark smooth, rather
thick, dark grey, buds pointed, enveloped in loose stip.;
l. 4-6 in., oval or ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, acute,
often twisted at apex, entire, glabrous, lat. veins conspicuous,
I2-15 on each side, parallel, curved, petiole about 1 in,,
thickened at top, stip. large, convolute, quickly deciduous ;
fl. 4 in., sessile, laxly arranged on the branches of a glabrous,
terminal panicle exceeding the 1.; cal.-lobes oval, acute; pet.
rounded, concave, longer than sep.; anth.-cells distant at base;
ov. globular, with a dense tuft of hair on top; capsule #-I}in.,
irregularly ovoid, blunt, glabrous, red; seeds erect, oblong-
ovoid, brownish, aril thick, greenish-white, covering all but
summit of seed, lacerate at top.

Moist region chiefly in the low country, but extending to 5000 ft.;
rather common. Colombo; Kalutara; Singhe Raja Forest; Galagama;
Hantane; Ambagamuwa; Maturata; Rangala; Sabaragamuwa. FI.
Feb., March, and (in hills) September ; green.

Endemic.

Wood pale yellowish-brown, heavy, close-grained. The leaves are
very like those of a Dipterocarp. The aril is slightly acidulous and edible.

C. P. 409 is a mountain form, var. montana, Thw., with larger flowers
and shorter panicles,

Hippocratea. Celastracec. 275

Io. HIPPOCRATEA, /.

Trees or climbing shrubs; 1. opposite; fl. in paniculate
cymes; cal. 5-lobed; pet. 5 (rarely 6); disk cup-shaped,
closely surrounding ov.; stam. 3, inserted on or combined
with disk, fil. flat, recurved ; ov. 3-celled, with 2-6 ovules in
each cell, style simple, short ; fruit of 1-3 distinct carp., each
2-valved, with 2 or more seeds; seed with a long terminal
wing, no endosperm.—Sp. 60; 8 in #72. B, Lund.

Fl, 3in. diam.
Pet. acute with a broad base

; : . I. H. OBTUSIFOLIA.
Pet. rounded with a narrow claw 5 ; . 2. H. ARNOTTIANA.
Fl. minute 3. H. INDICA.

1. H. obtusifolia, Roxd. Fi. /nd. i. 166 (1832). Diya-kirindi-
wel, S.

H. virtdifiora, Moon Cat. 5. Thw. Enum. 52. C. P. 3158.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 623 (not given for Ceylon). Wight, Ic. t. 963.

A climbing shrub, young branches divaricate, somewhat
quadrangular, young parts glabrous; 1. 3-6 in., lanceolate,
acute at base, shortly acuminate, obtuse, entire or very faintly
crenate, glabrous, coriaceous, reticulate beneath, petiole very
short; fl. 4 in. in axillary, dichotomous, paniculate cymes
usually shorter than 1. ped. stout, puberulous; cal.-segm.
triangular, reflexed; pet. narrowly triangular, very acute,
hairy within, spreading; disk pubescent; ripe carp. not seen.

Moist low country; very rare. Kalutara; Peradeniya. Fl. Nov.;

green.
Also in most parts of Tropical Asia, Australia, and Africa.

2. H. Arnottiana, Wicht, ///. i. 133 (1838).

Salacta terminalis, Thw. Enum. 407. C. P. 3737.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 624. Wight, Ill. tt. 46, 474.

A tree, about 30 ft. very much branched, young parts
glabrous; |. 3-4 in., oval, very shortly acuminate, obtuse, very
shallowly serrate in upper part, glabrous, coriaceous, petiole
under }in.; fl. 4 in. numerous, in large, spreading, lax,
divaricate, paniculate cymes, terminal and from upper axils
and much exceeding the l|., ped. glabrous; cal. glabrous, lobes
rounded; pet. rotundate, clawed, spreading or reflexed; disk
very tumid; ripe carp. not seen (in Wight, IIl., 2} in., oblong,
emarginate at top, with several seeds).

anes low country; very rare. Galle district (Thwaites). Fl. October;
ellow.
- Also in Southern India.

I have not met with this. Wight (in Malabar) describes it as a
climbing shrub, Thwaites as a tree.

276 Celastracee. [Salacia.

3. H. indica, W2lld. Sp. Pi. i. 193 (1797).

Herm. Mus. 13. Fl. Zeyl. n. 439 (Waelmedija). Moon Cat. 5. Thw.
Enum.§2, “CIP ) 3164.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 625. Roxb. Cor. ii. t. 130 (bad).

A shrub, widely climbing by its divaricate branches, young
parts glabrous; |. 14-3 in., oval, tapering to base, shortly
acuminate, obtuse, finely serrate in upper part, glabrous, thin,
petiole about }in.; fl. minute, nearly sessile, in large terminal,
branched, elongated panicles (made up of axillary cymes, the
subtending 1. being usually undeveloped); cal.-lobes oval,
obtuse; pet. oblong, ‘obtuse, spreading; ripe carp. I-3, 14-1? in,
linear-oblong, much compressed, striate; seeds 2, wing emar-
ginate, with a central vein.

Dry region; common. FI. July, Dec.; pale yellow.

Also in India, Malaya, and Trop. Asia.

Hermann’s native name is equivalent to ‘Wel-mendiya;’ I doubt if
this is applied to the present species now.

11 SALACIA, Z.

Climbing shrubs; 1. opposite; fl. in clusters (rarely soli-
tary), on axillary tubercles; cal. 5-lobed, imbricate; pet. 5
(or 4), imbricate; disk large, fleshy, closely investing ov.;
stam. 3 (or 2), inserted on outer face of or combined with
disk; ov. 3- (or 2-) celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell,
style short, simple; fruit an indehiscent berry, scarlet, with
1-8 seeds immersed in pulp; seeds large, without a wing, no
endosperm.—Sp. 70; 20 in FZ. B. Ind.

Fruit under 4 in. long 4 . : : : . I. S, PRINOIDES.
Fruit over in. long.

Fl. shortly pedicellate ; pet. oblong: spies 2. S. RETICULATA.
Fl. sessile ; pet. oval, erect . .- 3. 5. OBLONGA:

1. S. prinoides, DC. Prod. i. 571 (1824). Hin-himbutu-wel, S.
Thw. Enum. 53. C. P. 1165.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 626. Wight, Ic. t. 321.

A large climbing shrub, with divaricate branches, young
twigs angular, glabrous; |. 2-34 in., oval or lanceolate, acute
at base, shortly acuminate, sub-obtuse, pes crenate-
serrate, glabrous, rather coriaceous, petiole } in.; fl. is in.,
solitary or 2, from the axils of past or present I. ped. 4 in,
divaricate, smooth; cal. shallowly lobed, pubescent, persiseetie:
pet. ovate-spathulate, clawed, rounded at apex, spreading ;
disk cup-shaped, enclosing ov.; fr. under } in., ovoid or slightly
pyriform, blunt, minutely apiculate, supported on the disk

Salacia.] Celastracec. aa7

and the somewhat enlarged, reflexed, persistent cal., smooth,
bright scarlet, 1-seeded.

Low country, chiefly in dry region; rather rare. Kalutara (?);
Mannar Dist.; Jaffna. Fl. Dec.; greenish-yellow.
Also in India, Malaya, and the Philippines.

2. S. reticulata, Wight, /i/. i. 134 (1838). Himbutu-wel,
Kottala-himbutu, S.

Thw. Enum. 53. C. P. 658.

Fl. Bo ind. 1. 627.

A large woody climber, much dichotomously branched,
bark pale yellow, young parts glabrous; 1. 24-4} in., oval,
narrowed at base, usually shortly acuminate, obtuse, very
shallowly crenate-serrate, glabrous and shining, paler and
with prominent reticulate veins beneath, sub-coriaceous, petiole
+in.; fl. }in., on short glabrous ped., 2-10 together on woody
axillary tubercles; cal. scarcely lobed, glabrous; pet. oblong,
obtuse, spreading; fr. }-14in., globular, smooth, bright pinkish-
orange, pericarp soft-leathery, with 1-4 seeds immersed in
pulp; seed 1 in. almond-like, testa membranous, yellowish,
embryo homogeneous.

Var. 8. diandra, 7iw. Enum. 53 (sp.). C. P. 2720.

L. rather narrower, more acuminate, entire, reticulation
finer; fl. usually solitary; pet. 4; stam. 2; ov. 2-celled.

Moist low country up to 3000 ft.; rathercommon. Bentota; Hantane;
Hunasgiria. Var. 8. Eknaligoda, Sabaragamuwa (Thw.). Fl. March,
April; greenish-yellow.

Also in S. India; var. 8. endemic.

I have little material for var. 8., which is probably a distinct species.

The pulp of the fruit is eaten, and a decoction of the root is given in
diabetes.

3. S. oblonga, Wall. Cat. n. 4226 (1828). Chundan, 7.
C.. Bo toot:
Fl BSinds:628.. Wight, lent. 973) It 47 B;

A climbing shrub, smaller branches densely sprinkled with
lenticels, young parts glabrous; 1. numerous, 24-4 in., oblong-
lanceolate, tapering to base, obtuse, more or less strongly
crenate-serrate, glabrous, sub-coriaceous, venation beneath
prominent, reticulate, petiole 4 in. rugose; fl. usually 3 to-
gether, sessile, with or without a very short common peduncle;
cal. glabrous, deeply divided, lobes rounded; pet. oval, obtuse,
erect; fr. }-14in., globular or somewhat pyriform, supported
on enlarged persistent cal. and pet., faintly muriculate, bright

278 Rhamnacee. [ Ventilago.

orange-red, with 1-8 seeds immersed in pulp; seeds somewhat
angular.

Dry region; rather common. Trincomalie; Haragama; Atakalan
Korale; Uma-oya. Fl. April; yellow.
Also in Southern India.

XXXVITI.—RHAMNACE-.

SHRUBS or small trees, often climbing; |. alt. or more rarely
opp., with small stip.; fl. small, regular, bisexual, rarely poly-
gamous; cal. 5-fid, lobes valvate, usually keeled within ;
pet. 5, usually very small and involute, or 0; stam. 5 (rarely 4),
opp. the pet. and often slightly adnate to their base, inserted
at the mouth of cal.-tube outside disk; disk fleshy, lining or
filling the cal.-tube, the margin often free; ov. free or more
or less immersed in disk (in Gowanza quite inferior), 2—4-celled,
with 1 erect ovule in each cell, style usually 2-4-fid; fruit
usually indehiscent, fleshy or dry, or a 3-valved capsule of
3 separable carp.; seed with large embryo usually immersed
in scanty, fleshy endosperm.

Fr. dry, indehiscent, 1-celled ; ov. half-inferior . . I. VENTILAGO.
Fr. a fleshy drupe, stone 1-4-celled ; ov. half-inferior 2. ZIZYPHUS.
Fr. a berry with 2-4 sete ; OV. superior.
Pyrenes 3 or 4 3. RHAMNUS.
Pyrenes 2.
Fl. pedicellate in axillary umbels 4. SCUTIA.
Fl. sessile in long spicate pannicles 5. SAGERETIA.
Fr. a 3-valved capsule ; ov. half-inferior 6. COLUBRINA,
Fr. of 3 separable winged carpels ; ov. quite inferior 7. GOUANIA.

Of our 12 species, 9 are low country plants, 5 being confined to the
dry region and 2 to the moist. Sagevetia and both species of Rhamnus
are mountain species.

I. VENTILAGO, Gaerin.

Woody climbers; 1. alternate, with stip.; fl. in large ter-
minal panicles; cal. with an obconical tube, 5-fid; pet. 5,
small; stam. 5, slightly adnate to base of pet.; disk broad,
flat, slightly 5-lobed; ov. half-inferior, 2-celled, styles 2; fruit

Zizyphus.) Rhamnacee. 279

quite superior, dry, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded, with a long
terminal wing; seed globose, embryo large, no, endosperm.—

Sp. 1055 in 725. ind.

V. maderaspatana, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 223 (1788). YWaccada-
wel, S. Vempadam, 7.

Moon 'Cat: 17." Thw. Enum: 74, ‘C. P. 1236.

Fl, B. Ind. i. 631. Wight, Ic. t. 163.

A large, much-branched, woody climber, branchlets elon-
gated, slender, young parts pubescent; 1. 14-5 (usually about
24) in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or rounded at base,
acuminate, obtuse or rarely acute, shallowly crenate-serrate or
entire, glabrous and shining, lat. veins 6-10 on each side, fine
but conspicuous, oblique, connected by very fine transverse
reticulation, petiole }-}in., stip. very small, lanceolate, pubes-
cent; fl. }in., numerous, on short pubescent ped., arranged in
clusters on the branches of large, spreading and drooping,
pubescent, elongated, terminal panicles; cal. pubescent, lobes
erect, very acute; pet. shorter than cal., 2-lobed; stam. as long
as pet., styles short; nut small, globular, supported on per-
sistent cal., wing 1-14 in., linear-oblong, leathery pubescent,
veined, slightly bifid at apex.

Low country, in dry region very common; in moist region rather rare,
é.g., Heneratgoda; Pasdun Korale; Mirigama. Fl. June, July; pale green.

A very large climber, reaching the summit of the highest trees and
hanging down in great masses. Said to be a favourite food of the
elephant.

Moon gives ‘ Kola-wakka’ as the S. name of this, and ‘ Patabambara
is used in the W. Prov. I have also had ‘Wam-bodiya-wel’ given me
for it.

Vempadam bark is used for tanning, and is an article of export on a
small scale from Trincomalie.

>

2, ZIZYPHUS, Juss.

Shrubs or small trees, usually semi-scandent by hooked
prickles (transformed stip.); 1. alternate, 3-veined; fl. in
axillary clusters or paniculate cymes; cal. with an obconical
tube, 5-lobed ; pet. 5, small, reflexed, or 0; stam. 5, slightly
adnate to base of pet.; disk flat, 5- or 10-lobed, with a free
margin; ov. }-inferior, 2-4-celled; styles 2-4, distinct, or
more or less connate; fruit a drupe, supported on adherent
flattened cal.-tube, stone usually bony, 1—-4-celled, 1-4-seeded ;
embryo large, no endosperm.—Sp. 50; 18 in FZ. B. Lud.

280 Rhamnacee. [Zizyphus

Pet. 5.
Styles connate half-way up.

L. rotundate, densely tomentose beneath 1. Z. JUJUBA.
L. lanceolate or oval.
L. silky beneath . , 2. Z. CENOPLIA.
L. glabrous on both sides . 3. Z. NAPECA.
Styles distinct, 3 4. Z. XYLOPYRA,
Peto... A - 5. Z. RUGOSA.

1. Z. SJujuba, Zam. Dict. iii. 318 (1789). Maha-debara, 5S.
Tlantai, 7.

Herm. Mus. 12. Fl. Zeyl. n. 89. Rhamnus Jujuba, L. Sp. 194.
Moon Cat. 17. Thw. Enum. 74. C. P. 1242.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 632. Wight, Ic. t.99. Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 149.

A small, much-branched tree or a large shrub, bark dark
grey, with deep, longitudinal fissures, branchlets elongated,
flexuose, woolly-pubescent ; |. 1-14 in., broadly oblong-oval
or rotundate, rounded at both ends, faintly and irregularly
denticula e, glabrous above, densely covered beneath with
whitish or Luff-coloured tomentum, petiole short, woolly,
prickles short, very sharp, one usually curved, the other
straight, often absent; fl. on hairy ped., in small axillary
clusters or very shortly pedunculate, paniculate cymes; cal.
woolly outside, segm. very acute; pet. very small, spathulate,
recurved ; disk 10-lobed, 10-grooved; styles connate, trifid ;
drupe about $in., globose, fleshy, smooth, yellow, stone 2-celled,
brown, excavated on surface.

Dry region; rather common, é.g. Trincomalie and Anuradhapura,
Cultivated elsewhere. FI. greenish-white.

Also in India, and extending to Afghanistan, China, Trop. Africa,
Malaya, and Australia ; but much cultivated.

The cultivated tree is the only sort in the moist districts, and is
usually known by its Portuguese name, ‘Masan’ (maga, an apple). The
fruit of this is usually larger and more elongated, and the stone gener-
ally one-celled. The pulp has a pleasant sweetish flavour when fully
ripe.

Wood pale reddish-brown, rather heavy, hard.

[Z. Nummularia, W. and A. is recorded by Vincent (Forest Report,
par. 122) as a plant of our arid coast regions, but perhaps erroneously.
It should be looked for, however. ]

2, Z. Gnoplia,* 17/7//. Gard. Dict., ed. 8 (1768). Hin-eraminiya,
S. Perilantai, Churai, 7.

Burm. Thes. 131. Fl. Zeyl. n. 88. Rhamnus Cnoplia, L. Sp. 194.
Moon Cat. 17. Thw. Enum. 74. C. P. 1240.

Fl]. B. Ind. i. 634. Burm. Thes. t. 61 (good).

* It is difficult to conceive what Linnzus intended by applying this

term to the present species, which has nothing vinous about it in any
Way. ‘ i

Zizyphus.) Rhamnacee. 281

A scrambling shrub, semi-scandent by its prickles, bark
very rough, branchlets rufous-pubescent, becoming glabrous;
], numerous, distichous, 14-1} in., lanceolate or oval, very
unequal-sided, acute and oblique at base, acute or rounded
and apiculate at apex, entire or minutely denticulate, glabrous
or closely pubescent above, silky with adpressed fulvous
hair beneath, petiole short, hairy, prickles (usually only one
developed) strong, short, compressed, hooked; fl. very small,
crowded on the contracted branches of small, hairy, very
shortly pedunculate, axillary, paniculate cymes, about } in.; cal.
very hairy; drupe small, } in., ovoid, apiculate, black, shining.

Low country, chiefly in the dry region, where it is very common.
F]. March, April.

Also generally in Trop. Asia and Australia.

Some of the branches very often produce a mass of crowded slender
branchlets covered closely with very small, nearly glabrous, membranous,
pale green leaves very different from the normal ones, and with straight,

slender, spinous stipules ; such branches are flowerless. (I have seen a
similar dimorphic state from Khasia.)

3. Z. Napeca, W7l/d. Sp. Pi. i. 1104 (1797). Wak-eraminiya, 5.

Fl. Zeyl. n. 87. Rhamnus Napeca, L. Sp. Pl. 194. Trim. in Journ.
[uinnts Soc; xxiv. 137:

Fi. B. Ind. i. 635.

A shrub, young stems very woolly with rufous tomentum ;
], oval, slightly oblique at base, abruptly acuminate, obtuse,
finely serrulate, glabrous on both sides, shortly petioled,
prickles solitary or in pairs, both recurved, short, stout, hairy,
purple; cymes very rufous-hairy; styles 2, recurved; fruit
not seen.

Var. B. lucida, Moon Cat. 17 (sp.). Thw. Enum. 74. Z. Linnei,
Laws.aoseee: Ind. 1.0635..°C. P..1241.

Young stems much less tomentose; 1. narrower, lanceolate,
gradually acuminate, subacute, veins purplish, slightly hairy
beneath, connecting transverse veinlets copious and con-
spicuous; cymes I-I}in., lax, rufous-hairy; styles 3 or 4,
connate half-way up; fruit 3-? in., globose, fleshy, smooth,
purple, stone very bony, rugulose, 3- or 4-celled.

Low country; rather rare. The type (only seen in Hermann’s Herb.)
presumably from Colombo. Var. 6. Kalutara (Moon); Matale; Kurun-
egala, &c. Fl. July; pale greenish-yellow.

Endemic.

No one, since Hermann, appears to have met with the typical Vapeca.
Lawson states that his Z. Lzmuez is the R. Mapeca of Linn. Herb., but he
bases the species on poor specimens from Walker in Herb. Kew, which
seem to be merely a very glabrous form of Z. lucida.

282 Rhamnacee. [Rhamnus.

4. Z xylopyra, Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 1104 (1797). Makuru, S.
Nari-ilantai, 7.

Thw. Enum. 74. C. P. 1243.

Fl. B. Ind. 1. 634.

A small tree, with a round head, young branches woolly-
pubescent; 1. 14-3 in., very unequal-sided, oblong-oval or
sub-rotund, very oblique, often cordate at base, very obtuse,
often mucronate at apex, finely serrate, finely pubescent,
becoming glabrous above, densely covered beneath with fine
white or yellow tomentum, petiole + in. woolly, prickles
usually absent (when present, one straight the other curved);
fl. in small, dense, woolly, dichotomous, axillary panicles
4-1 in. long, peduncle about } in.; cal. very woolly outside,
segm. broad ovate, acuminate; ov. 3-celled, styles 3, distinct;
fruit #-1 in, globular, covered with close, dense, grey
tomentum, adherent base of cal. large, stone large, very thick
and hard, pointed, excavated on surface, 3-celled, 3-seeded.

Dry country; rather rare. Jaffna; Kurunegala; Bintenne ; about
Nilgala, abundant and gregarious ; Mulliativu Dist. (Broun). Fl. July.

Also in India.
I have not seen any prickles on Ceylon specimens.

5. Z. rugosa, Zam. Encycl. iii. 319 (1789). Maha-eraminiya,
S. Churai, 7.

Thw. Enom,.'73; ‘©. Pa2z710:

Fl. B. Ind. i. 636. Wight, Ic. t. 339.

A large straggling or climbing bush, with long virgate
branches, fulvous-tomentose when young; |. 2-3 in., broadly
oval or rotundate, unequal-sided, oblique at base, very shortly
acuminate, denticulate, glabrous above, densely fulvous-
tomentose becoming glabrous beneath, petiole 2in., tomen-
tose, prickles usually solitary, numerous, strong, broad-based,
recurved or nearly straight, hairy; fl. very small, numerous,
in tomentose, pedunculate cymes about I in., arranged along
one side of short, usually leafless, lateral branches; cal. hairy
outside, lobes ovate; pet. 0; disk 5-lobed ; styles 2, connate
at base; fr. small, + in., pyriform-globose, apiculate, smooth,
stone very thin, 1-celled, 1-seeded.

Moist low country to 2000 ft.; common. FI. greenish.
Also in E. Himalaya, Burma, and South India.

3. RHAMNUS, J.

Small trees or shrubs; I. alternate; fl. in axillary clusters;
cal. 4- or 5-fid; pet. 5 or 0; disk inconspicuous, lining cal.-
tube; stam, 4 or 5, inserted at mouth of cal.-tube (perzgynous) ;

Scutia.] Rhamnacee. 283

ov. quite free, 3- or 4-celled; styles 2-4, more or less connate;
fruit a fleshy berry, with 3 or 4 hard pyrenes; seed with
curved embryo, in scanty endosperm.—Sp. 60; 8 in FZ, B. Ind.

Pet. o, stam 4. : ; ‘ ; : : . I. R. ARNOTTIANUS.
Pet.andstam.5 . : F : : : . 2. R. WIGHTII.

1. R. Arnottianus, Gardn. in Thw. Enum. 74 (1858).
GIP 201.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 638.

A small tree, young parts puberulous; |. 2-234 in., ovate-
lanceolate, acute or obtuse at base, acuminate, obtuse, sharply
elandular-serrate, glabrous, coriaceous, venation reticulate,
depressed above, prominent beneath, petiole }-} in., stip.
linear, soon falling, with a line of minute, erect, red, persistent
glands within; fl. axillary, on long, slender, puberulous ped.
longer than petiole; cal. pilose, segm. 4, very acute; pet. 0;
star. 4; styles 2 or 3, united at base; fr. $in., supported on
cup-shaped, persistent, not adherent cal., pyriform-globose,
apiculate, purple-black.

Upper montane zone; rather rare. Pedurutalagala; Horton Plains ;

Elk Plains; Nuwara Eliya. Fl. May.
Endemic.

2. R. Wightii, W. and A. Prod. 164 (1834).
Thw. Enum. 74. C. P. 2525.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 639. Wight, Ic. t. 159.

A large shrub, young parts puberulous; |. 2-34 in., ovate-
oval or ovate, rounded at base, acuminate, obtuse, apiculate,
finely glandular-serrate, glabrous on both sides, petiole 4 in.,
stip. very early caducous; fl. on glabrous ped., shorter than
petiole, 1-5 in axillary clusters; cal. glabrous, segm. 5,
triangular; pet. 5, very small, spathulate; stam. 5; ov. 3- (or
4-) celled ; styles 3 (or 4), connate half-way up); berry 4in.,
globose, supported on flat, persistent cal.-tube, tipped with
persistent styles, smooth, reddish-purple.

Upper montane zone ; common. Fl. September; yellowish-green.

Also in the hills of Southern India.

Dries quite black.
Nearly allied to R. Frangi/a, the Alder-buckthorn of England.

4. SCUTIA, Comm.

Shrubs, often with axillary, hooked spines (abortive
branches); |. alternate or sub-opposite; fl. in small axillary
umbels ; cal. 5-cleft; pet. 5, very small; disk inconspicuous,

284 Rhamnacee. [ Sageretia.

lining cal.-tube; stam. 5, inserted at mouth of cal.-tube (peri-
gynous); ov. free, 2-3-celled, styles connate; fruit a slightly
fleshy berry, with 2 thin, woody pyrenes.—Sp. 8; 1 in
Fl. B. Ind.

S.indica, Lrongn. in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1,x.363 (1827). Tavadi, 7.

Rhamnus circumscissus, L. f. Suppl. Pl. 152. Ceanothus zeylanicus,
Heyne in Roth. Sp. Nov. 153. Thw. Enum. 75. C. P. 1233.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 640. Wight, Ill. i. t. 73. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. and xi. f. 1.

A bush, with numerous, straggling, divaricate branches,
the younger ones usually provided with small, sharp, hooked
axillary spines, young parts puberulous; |. ?-1}in., obovate-
rotundate, acute at base, rounded or truncate, often emar-
ginate at apex, faintly crenate in upper part, glabrous and
shining above, paler beneath, coriaceous, petiole } in., stip.
linear-lanceolate, attenuate; fl. on very short glabrous ped., in
small, very shortly pedunculate, axillary umbels as long as
petioles; cal. glabrous, segm. lanceolate, acute; pet. very
small, shorter than cal.-segm., bifid, enclosing stam.; stam. as
long as pet.; berry over }in., globular, apiculate, smooth.

Dry country ; common. Abundant about Anuradhapura. FI. March,

September; pale green.
Also in S. India, Burma, and Mauritius.

5. SAGERETIA, Lrongn.

Straggling shrubs, with straight axillary spines; 1. opposite
or nearly so; fl. small, in very lax panicles; cal. 5-fid, tube
short; pet. 5, minute, involute; stam. 5, inserted outside disk;
disk lining cal.-tube, margin free, 5-lobed; ov. free, 2-celled,
style very short, 2-lobed; fruit a berry, with 2 coriaceous
pyrenes.—Sp. 11; 3 in FZ. B. Ind.

S. costata, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. 645 (1855).
S. affinis, Thw. Enum. 410. Berchemia parviflora, Thw. Enum. 74.
Gy. P, 2477.

Oniittad in Fl. B. Ind.

A straggling shrub, with slender, divaricate branches, often
Witistraight, blunt, deflexed, axillary spines, young shoots
pubesnt ; 1. opposite or sub-alternate, 3-5 in., oblong-oval,
round at base, acuminate, acute, finely serrate-denticulate,
glabro. on both sides, lat. veins 6-10, oblique, depressed
above, yrominent beneath, petiole 2-}in., spreading or
deflexe; fl, sessile, in little clusters of 1-3, very laxly
arrangec jn slender, filiform, slight - branched, pubescent

Gouania.] Rhannacee. 285

panicles 2-3 in., from the axils of the 1, especially of the
terminal pair; cal. glabrous, segm. triangular ; pet. enclosing
stam.; berry }in., ovoid, supported on persistent cal., smooth,
red.

Upper montane zone; rare. Maturata (Thwaites); Hakgala; Peduru-
talagala. Fl. July, August; pinkish-white.

Also in Java. This may perhaps not be distinct from S. hamosa,
Brongn., of Nepal and Peninsular India (see FI. B. Ind. i. 641).

6. COLUBRINA, Rich.

Shrubs; 1. alternate; fl. in small axillary cymes; cal.
deeply 5-fid, tube hemispherical, enlarging in fruit; pet. 5;
stam. 5, inserted outside disk; disk fleshy, filling cal.-tube ;
ov. half-inferior, immersed in disk, 3-celled, style 3-lobed;
fruit a capsule, surrounded for lower third by closely adherent
cal.-tube, 3-celled, septicidally dehiscent by 3 cartilaginous
valves; seed with a straight embryo, in scanty endosperm.—
Sp. 10; 3 in FZ B. Ind.

C. asiatica, Brongn. in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 1, x. 369 (1827). Tel-
hiriya, S. Mayirmanikkam, 7.

Herm. Mus. 18. Burm. Thes. 111. Fl. Zeyl. n. 98. Ceanothus
astaticus,L. Sp. Pl. 196; Moon Cat.17. Thw. Enum. 75. C. P. 1239.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 642. Burm. Thes. t. 48. Wight, Ill. i.t.74. Bedd. Fl.
Sylv.t. anal. x. f..5.

A much-branched shrub, young parts glabrous; |. 1$—2}in.,
ovate, rounded or subcordate at base, acuminate, obtuse,
crenate-serrate, glabrous, thin, somewhat 3-veined at base,
petiole 4—?in.; fl. pedicellate, in small, axillary, nearly sessile
cymes ; cal. slightly hairy, segm. acute; pet. as long as sep.,
clawed, involute; disk lobed at margin; capsule globose, 3 in.,
smooth; seeds dull, brownish-grey.

Dry region; rather common. Trincomalie; Batticaloa; Karativu I.;
Kurunegala. Fl]. greenish-yellow.

Throughout India and Malaya, and in Australia and S.W. Africa.

Hermann gives the name ‘ Wel-mindi’ for this, which seems to be
properly the name of the grape-vine.

7, GOUANTA, J.

Climbing shrubs, with axillary, circinate tendrils (modified
branches); |. alternate; fl. polygamous, in axillary and ter-
minal spikes; cal. deeply 5-lobed, tube obconical, connate
with ov.; pet. 5, involute; stam. 5, inserted outside disk;

286 Ampelidee.

disk lining cal.-tube and epigynous, margin free; ov. guzte
inferior and covered by disk, 3-celled, style 3-lobed; fruit
inferior, crowned by persistent cal.-lobes, bluntly 3-winged
and separating from a central, tripartite, filiform axis into
3 indehiscent mericarps.—Sp. 30; 3 in FZ. B. Jud.

G. microcarpa, DC. Prod. ii. 40 (1825).
Thw.baum 75. CC. P1233.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 643.

A shrub, climbing by short, circinate, axillary tendrils,
branchlets (including tendrils) pubescent; |. 2-3 in., ovate-
oval, rounded at base, shortly acuminate, acute, entire, gla-
brous, lat. veins 4 or 5 on each side, conspicuous, much curved,
intermediate reticulations extremely fine; male fl. sessile,
fem. fl. on short woolly ped., in little clusters, laxly arranged
on narrow, elongated, spicate branches of terminal and axillary
panicles 4-9 in. long, collectively forming a large terminal
infl.; cal. densely tomentose, segm. triangular; disk pubescent,
angles truncate; fr. } in. long by nearly 4 in. wide, at first
pubescent, afterwards glabrous and shining, wings thick,
rounded at top and bottom, parchment-like.

Low country up to 2000 ft.; common. FI. Jan.

Also in S. India and at Malacca.

The appearance of the fruit is singularly like that of a Dzoscorea ; but
its structure is more similar to that of an Umbellifer, but with 3 mericarps
instead of 2.

XXXIX.—AMPELIDE/.

SHRUBS or perennial herbs, usually climbing; 1. alt., with
stip.; fl. small, regular, bisexual or rarely unisexual; cal. cup-
shaped, entire or slightly 4~-5-lobed; pet. 4 or 5, distinct or
connate, valvate, usually caducous; stam. 4 or 5, inserted
opp. the pet., distinct and free or completely connate into a
tube adnate to pet.; disk large, cupular or annular (in Leea
adnate to pet.); ov. free or somewhat adnate to disk, 2-celled,
with 2 collateral ovules (Vz¢zs); or 6-celled, with 1 ovule in each
cell (Zeea); fruit a berry; seed with copious endosperm.

Stam. distinct, free ? : : : ; ‘ ; 1. VITIS,
Stam. connate into a tube, adnate to pet. , : ; . 2. LEEA

Vitis.) A mpelidec. 287

Of the 20 species, only 2, Vitis Gardneri and V. lanceolaria, are found
in the montane zone ; the rest are plants of the low country ; 4 are con-
fined to the dry region, viz., V. comentosa, yuadrangularis, Linnei, and
Ssetosa.

I. VITIS, Z. (including Czsszs, L.).

Shrubs or perennial herbs, climbing by means of tendrils
(barren inflorescences); |. alternate, stipulate; fl. bisexual or
unisexual, often in little umbels arranged in paniculate or
corymbose cymes usually opp. the 1. rarely axillary, some-
times terminating lat. branches; cal. cup-shaped, truncate or
scarcely lobed; pet. 4 (rarely 5), distinct at base, valvate, soon
falling; stam. 4 (rarely 5), inserted outside disk, opp. the pet.;
disk large, usually cupular or annular, lobed; ov. usually
adnate to base of disk, 2-celled, with 2 collateral ovules in
each cell, style simple; fruit a pulpy berry, with 1-4 erect
seeds; seed with the testa usually projected inwards, forming
a septum, embryo small, straight, in copious endosperm.—
Sp. 375 (Planchon); 75 in FZ. B. Ind.

The species here (following Fl. B. Ind.) included under the genus
Vitzs are, in the most recent account of the Family by Planchon (Mon.
Phaner. v. (1883), distributed under the genera Ampelocissus, Tetra-
stigma, and Czssus, and we have no species of V7¢zs, as restricted by him,
in Ceylon.

Pet. 5, fl. polygamo-moneecious, infl. with a
tendril (A mfeloctssus).

L. 3-lobed, floccose on both sides : . I. V. TOMENTOSA.
L. ovate, glabrous apOVe) | 2. V. ERIOCLADA.
Pet. 4, fl. bisexual, stigma minute (Cissus).
L. simple (often 3 3- foliolate i in V. Rheediz).
Stems 4-angled.
L. very obtuse i : ‘ B . 3. V. QUADRANGULARIS,
L. acute.
Angles strongly winged 4. V. GLYPTOCARPA.
Angles not winged 5. V. LONCHIPHYLLA.
Stems cylindrical.
L. pubescent or tomentose beneath.
L.notlobed . : 5 - . 6. V. ADNATA.
L. 3-5 lobed. ; ‘ 2 . 7. V. LINNAI.
L. glabrous or nearly so.
L. not lobed.
L. obtuse, thick . 8. V. PALLIDA.
L. acute, thin, broader than long . g. V. REPANDA.
L. gradually ee one than
broad . : S . Io. V. ACUMINATA.
3-5 lobed.
ares globular, ? in. : : . I1. V. HEYNEANA.
Berry ovoid, 2 in. . : : 212; V. RHEEDIN

288 Ampelidee. [Vitis.

L. compound.
Fruit smooth.
L. simply 3-foliolate.

Fl. umbellato-cymose : , . 13. V. GARDNERI.
Cymes dichotomous.
Lfits. small, rotundate, thick . . 14. V. CARNOSA.

Lfits. large, acuminate, thin . . 15. V. RETICULATA.
L. usually pedate.

Stem and 1. pubescent. ; . 16. V. PEDATA.
Stem and 1. glabrous. . : . 17. V. TENUIFOLIA.
Fruit hispid. 18. V. SETOSA.
Pet. 4, fl. dicecious, stigma dilated, lobed
(Tetrastigma) i . 19. V. LANCEOLARIA.

It is probable that we have other species here not yet clearly dis-
tinguished.

I. V. tomentosa, Heyne in Roth. Sp. Nov. 157 (5821).

Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. 144. Ampelocissus tomentosa, Planch.
ie

FB. Ind. i. 650 (not given for Ceylon). Wight, Ill. i. t. 57 (not
good).

Stems stout, white-pruinose, nearly glabrous, tendrils long,
bifid ; 1. 3-4 in., rather broader than long, somewhat cordate
at base, with a very wide sinus, 3-lobed, coarsely serrate-
dentate, floccose with scanty, white, cobwebby wool, lobes
ovate, acute, middle one smallest, petiole 1-14 in., stip. short,
truncate; fl. small, sessile, crowded, in pyramidal, paniculate,
much-branched cymes I-2 in. long, ending stiff, divaricate,
leaf-opposed peduncles, with a long bifid tendril below the
cyme, buds broadly oblong, truncate; cal. nearly glabrous ;.
ov. conical, 10-grooved at summit; berry not seen.

Dry country; very rare. Anuradhapura; Mihintale. Fl. Aug.,
Sept.; dark vinous-red.
Also in S. India.

Our plant appears to be much less tomentose than the Indian one.

2. V. indica, LZ. S/. P/. 202 (1753). To-wel, Rata-bulat-
wel, S.

Burm. Thes. 230. Fl. Zeyl. n. 99. Moon Cat. 18. Thw. Enum. 63.
CP. 1184

Fl. B. Ind. i. 651 (V. ervzoclada, W. & A.) Rheede, Hort. Mal. vii. t. 6.

Stems stout, semi-woody, cylindrical, floccose - woolly,
tendrils 6 in. or more, simple, woolly; 1. 4-6in., broadly
cordate-ovate, with a rather narrow sinus and rounded lobes,
very acute, very coarsely glandular-dentate, glabrous above,
woolly with rufous or grey tomentum on the prominent veins
beneath, margin slightly reflexed, cottony beneath, petiole
3 in., densely floccose-woolly ; fl. sessile, in dense clusters

Vitis.) Ampeldec. 289

surrounded with rufous wool, on the thick, very woolly
branches of a paniculate cyme 3-4 in. long, on a peduncle
2-3 in., usually with a simple tendril below the cyme, buds
broadly oblong-ovoid; stam. twice as long as ov.; ov. flat on
top, 10-grooved; berry #in., oblong-ovoid, smooth, purple.

Moist low country up to 2500 ft.; common. Fl. December.

Also in Western Peninsular India.

The fruit of this very much resembles that of the true grape-vine,
V. vinifera, but is bitter in taste.

Rheede’s figure above quoted well represents our plant; his t. 7
quoted for V. evzoclada by W. & A. (followed by Lawson, who quotes
it again under V’. /atzfolia, however) is another species with lobed leaves.

The name V. zzdica, L. is given in Fl. B. Ind. to a different species
(from South India) called Amfelocissus Arnottiana by Planchon. Linnzus’
name has been used for other species also, but Hermann’s specimens
conclusively show that Thwaites correctly applied it to the present one.
Though Planchon casually alludes to his Ampelocissus erioclada (1. c.
pp. 380, 622), he appears to have accidentally omitted it altogether from
the body of his monograph.

3. V. quadrangularis, Wail. Cat. n. 5992 (1828). Hiressa, S.
Pirandai, 7.

Cissus guadrangularis, L., Moon Cat. 11. Czssus edulis, Dalz., Thw.
Enum. 62. C. P. 1174.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 645. Wight, Ic. t. 51.

Stems very long, not woody, thick, sharply compressed,
quadrangular but scarcely winged, the sides concave, much
branched, jointed by contractions at the nodes, glabrous,
green, fleshy, the younger ones square on section and with
winged angles, tendrils long, slender, simple; 1. distant, few,
I—2 in., broadly ovate or rotundate-deltoid, truncate at base,
very obtuse, distantly spinous-crenate, glabrous, thick, petiole
4-3 in., subquadrangular, stip. small, broadly oval, obtuse ;
fl. pedicellate, in small umbels on branches of a short, panicu-
late cyme; pet. ovate, acute; style short, blunt; berry globose,
apiculate, red.

Dry region ; very common.

Also in India, Malay Peninsula, Java, and Trop. Africa.

The stems are often leafless and extend to a very great length over
trees and bushes. They are an article of food both fried and curried.

4. V. glyptocarpa, Laws. F/. B. Ind. i. 645 (1875).

Cissus glyptocarpa, Thw. Enum. 62; Planch. 1.c. 501. C. P. 1183.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 645.

Stems slender, herbaceous, strongly 4-winged, glabrous,
tendrils slender, bifid; 1. 2-3 in., ovate, very broad and trun-
cate or subcordate at base, acuminate, acute, distantly and
shallowly spinous-serrate, glabrous and shining, dotted (when

U

290 Ampelidee. [ Vitis.

dry) on both sides with minute white crystals (cystoliths),
petiole 1 in., quadrangular, stip. ovate, acute, concave; fl. small,
on glabrous ped., cymes rather longer than petiole, umbellate
with 3-5 rays; pet. acute, reflexed; ov. 4-sulcate, stigma
bilobed; berry oblique-pyriform, apiculate, 2in., purple; seed
solitary, pyriform, 2-grooved in front, gibbous on back with
3 vertical ridges connected by transverse ones.

Low country ; rather common up to 2000 ft. Batticaloa (Gardner) ;
Deltota ; Nillembe; Peradeniya. Fl. Jan., Feb.; pink.

Endemic.

Easily recognised by the ribbed and rugose seeds and the minute
white points (cystoliths) in the leaves.

Thwaites appears to have distributed to the Paris Herbarium, under
C. P. 1183, some fruiting specimens labelled ‘C. Heymeana’ These are
described by Planch. (I. c. 502) as C. Thwaztesii and characterised by
having the cymes much shorter than the long petioles, and pale glaucous
leaves. I have not seen this.

5. V.lonchiphylla, Zaws. F/. B. Ind. i. 646 (1875).

Cissus lonchiphylla, Thw. Enum. 62; Planch. 1.c. 501. C. P. 1177.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 646.

Stems moderately stout, quadrangular, not winged, gla-
brous; |. 4-6 in. ovate- or lanceolate-oblong, rounded or
somewhat truncate at base, acuminate, acute, distantly and
shallowly serrate, glabrous and shining, 3-veined at base,
petiole under }in., stip. cordate-ovate, obtuse; fl. on long ped.,
cymes much longer than petiole, lax, paniculate, divaricate,
glabrous ; cal. large, with margin expanded ; pet. reflexed ;
berry 4 in., depressed-globose.

Moist low country; rather rare. Ambagamuwa; Colombo; Pasdun

Korale ; Kuruwita Korale. Fl. June; pinkish-white.
Endemic.

6. V. adnata, Wall. Cat. n. 5998 (1828).

Cissus adnata, Roxb., Thw. Enum. 62. C. P. 3450.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 649. Wight, Ic. t. 144.

Stems slender, cylindrical, at first covered with orange
tomentum, afterwards glabrous, tendrils forked, woolly ;
]. 2-3 in., broadly ovate, cordate or wide-truncate at base,
shortly acuminate, acute, spinous-serrate, nearly glabrous
above (when full-grown), densely covered with orange
tomentum beneath, petiole about I in., very tomentose, stip.
broad, obtuse, membranous, hairy; fl. on slender, hairy, rather
drooping ped., cymes paniculate, orange-tomentose, peduncle
exceeding petiole; berry }in., on recurved stalk, pyriform,
apiculate.

Moist low country ; rather rare. Near Sittawaka ; Kuruwita Korale.
Fl. April ; green.

Widely distributed in Trop. Asia, also in Madagascar.

Vitis.] Ampelidee. 291

7. V. Linnei, Wall. Cat. n. 5987 (1828). Wal-niviti, S.
Kaddumuntiri, 7.

Fl. Zeyl. n. 60. Czssus vitiginea, L. Sp. Pl. 1173; Planch. |. c. 472;
Moon Cat. 11. Czssus angulata, Lam., Thw. Enum. 62. C. P. 1181.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 649. Plukenet, Mant. t. 337, f. 2 (poor).

Old stems woody with smooth bark, branches rather
short, stout, densely pubescent, tendrils stout, pubescent
simple or pinnately branched; 1. 13-34 in., variable, rotundate-
ovate, cordate or truncate at base, obtuse or acute, shallowly
or deeply palmately 3-5-lobed, sharply and irregularly den-
tate, finely pubescent above, softly and densely glandular-
pubescent and white beneath, petiole variable in length,
densely pubescent, stip. large, ovate, obtuse, pubescent out-
side, membranous; fl. on long spreading or slightly drooping,
unequal ped., cymes about as long as petiole, 3—5-branched,
pubescent; cal. pubescent; ov. 4-lobed, style as long as ov.;
berry 2in., obovate-ovoid, drooping, apiculate, glabrous, blue
with a glaucous ‘bloom.’

Dry and desert regions; very common. FI. July-September ;
greenish.

Also in Southern India.

This is the original type of the genus Czssus, L. It varies a good deal
in depth of the leaf-lobing and amount of pubescence. The leaves have
a pleasant scent like those of the grape-vine when bruised.

8. V. pallida, W. and A. Prod. 125 (1834).

Cissus repens, Thw. Enum. 62 (non Lam.). C. pallida, Planch. |.c.
A774 Cl E- FICO:

FI]. B. Ind. i. 647 (not given for Ceylon). Rheede, Hort. Mal. vii.

t. 48 (2).

Stems semi-woody below, cylindrical or nearly so, branches
slightly puberulous or quite glabrous, tendrils very long,
simple; 1. 2-4 in., broadly ovate, cordate with a very wide
sinus or truncate at base, shortly acuminate, obtuse, sharply
and shallowly spinous-serrate, perfectly glabrous and shining
on both sides, rather thick, pale green, petiole 1% in., stip.
broadly oblong, obtuse, membranous, caducous; fl. on slender
ped. in little umbels, cymes pedunculate, shorter than petiole;
pet. reflexed; berry 4in., globose-pyriform, on a fleshy stalk.

‘Warmer parts of the island, not uncommon’ (Thwaites). There is
no locality to the C. P. specimens, and I have not met with the plant,
except in the Botanic Garden. Fl. Sept.—Dec.; pinkish.

Also in Southern India.

I am little acquainted with this, and follow Planchon. Lawson refers
Thwaites’ plant to V. repanda.

Rheede’s figure seems to fit our specimens very well, but is usually
quoted for C. repens, Lam.

292 Ampelidec. [ Vitis.

9. V. repanda, I. and A. Prod. 125 (1834). Wal-diyalabu, S.
Cissus latifolia, Moon Cat. 11 (? Vahl). C. P. 3962.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 648. Rheede, Hort. Malab. vii. t. 11. (good).

Stems cylindrical, woody below, glabrous, white-pruinose,
young parts slightly rusty-hairy, tendrils deciduous; 1. 3-6 in.,
broader than long, cordate-ovate, with a narrow or wide sinus,
suddenly and narrowly acuminate, acute, margin somewhat
repand, sharply spinous-serrate, glabrous on both sides or
slightly pubescent on veins beneath, rather thin, petiole 1-2}in.,
glabrous or slightly pubescent, stip. large, thick and wart-like,
persistent, with a short, blunt, scarious margin; cymes lax,
much longer than petioles, paniculate, ped. slender, puberulous;.,
cal. truncate, pubescent; ov. flat-topped; berry 4in., pyriform,
apiculate.

, Low country; rather common, chiefly in the dry region. Trinco-
malie; Dambulla; Jaffna; Galle. Fl. March, April.
Also in S. India.
I feel much doubt as to the name of this; Planchon does not give
V. repanda for Ceylon. Rheede’s figure is referred in Fl. B. Ind. to
V. glauca. W. and A. The solid stipules in our plant are very remark-

able. Czssus vitiginea, L. and C. repens, Thw. are wrongly referred to
V. repanda in FI. B. Ind.

10. V. acuminata, 77m.
Cissus acuminata, Thw. Enum. 62. C. P. 3451.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 648 (under V. vefanda).

Stems cylindrical, smooth, young parts very glabrous,
tendrils short, much branched, provided with large peltate
disks; 1. 4-6in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, slightly cordate at
base, gradually acuminate, acute, distantly and slightly spinous-
serrate, glabrous and shining especially beneath, sometimes
slightly pilose on veins above, very thin, petioles 2—3 in., stip.
broad, peltate-cordate, finely ciliate, scarious ; cymes shorter
than the petioles; fl. umbellate, ped. rather long, rusty-pilose;
berry not seen.

Moist low country; rare. Ratnapura District (Thw.); frequent about
Eratne, &c., Kuruwita Korale. Fl. April.

Endemic.

This is combined with VY. refanda in FI. B. Ind., but seems quite
distinct, though I have but scanty material. It is a forest species, and
climbs like the ‘Virginia creeper’ by the large disks at the ends of the
tendril-branches.

The species is not given in Planchon’s Monograph, nor is C. P. 3451
quoted there.

11. V. Heyneana, Wad/. Cat. n. 5988 (1828).

V. pallida (?), Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 19 (non W.& A.) Cissus glauca,
Thw. Enum. 62; Planch. I. c. 476 (non Roxb.). C. P. 2939.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 647.

Vitis.) Ampelidee. 293

Stem very stout, woody below, with white bark, far-
climbing, branches quite glabrous, shining, pale green or
glaucous, cylindrical, tendrils stout, long, simple, usually
deciduous by a clean scar; |. variable, lower ones 6 in. long
by 8 in. wide, palmately 5-lobed, lobes triangular, acute, upper
ones 3-5 in., ovate or often slightly 3-lobed, acute, all coarsely
and distantly spinous-serrate, quite glabrous and shining,
somewhat glaucous beneath, rather thick, petiole of lower 1.
5-6 in., of upper ones I-2 in., cylindrical, very smooth, stip.
broadly oblong, obtuse, very caducous; fl. rather large on
long pubescent ped., cymes few-fld., about equalling petiole;
pet. reflexed, with an inflexed apex; ov. strongly 4-angled ;
berry #in., globular, purple-black, shining.

Low country ; common up to 2000 ft. FI. June ; pink.

Also in Southern India.

This is a very large and vigorous vine, abundant about Kandy, with
handsome foliage and purple-black fruit as large as a small cherry. The
rope-like white-barked stems are often 24 in.in diameter. There is some

doubt as to its correct name. The fruits are not obovate or pyriform
when fresh, but take that form after drying.

12. V. Rheedii, WV. and A. Prod. 127 (1834).
Cissus trilobata, Lam., Thw. Enum. 62; Planch. |. c. 503. C. P. 1182,
Fl. B. Ind. i. 653. Rheede, Hort. Mal. vii. t. 45.

Stems stout, cylindrical, slightly rough, glabrous ; |. very
variable, mostly simple, ovate, subcordate or rounded at base,
3-veined, more or less deeply 3-lobed, often compound,
3-foliolate, with shortly stalked Iflts. all acuminate, acute,
spinous-serrate, glabrous on both sides, thin, petiole I—3 in.;
fl. rather large, pedicellate, cymes stalked, usually exceeding
petiole, numerous near end of branch and the last one ter-
minating it, dichotomously branched, divaricate ; pet. obtuse,
spreading; style long; berry %in., ovoid.

Moist low country ; rather common. Heneratgoda; Reigam Korale,
Fl, May-September ; pinkish.

Also on the Malabar coast.

The leaves in this species are found both simple (entire or 3-lobed)
and compound (3-foliolate) on the same plant.

13. V. Gardneri, Laws. F/. B. Ind. i. 656 (1875).

Cissus Gardneri, Thw. Enum. 63; Planch. l.c. 515. C. P. 1176,
Fl. B. Ind. i. 656.

Stems slender, terete, striate, glabrous, reddish; 1. 3-folio-
late, petiole 1-2 in., Iflts. very shortly stalked, unequal, oblong-
oval, acute at base (the lateral ones oblique), acute, mucronate,

‘distantly spinous-serrate, glabrous, rather thick, veins stout,

294 Ampelidec. [ Vitis.

conspicuous beneath, stip. oblong, cordate, persistent; fl. rather
large, pedicellate, in small umbels, cymes lax, slender, corym-
bose, glabrous, pink, peduncle longer or shorter than petiole;
pet. obtuse, spreading ; style long; berry about 4 in., nearly
globular, apiculate, smooth, purple.

Lower montane zone; rather rare. Ramboda; Hunasgiriya ; Matale.
Fl. Dec.—April ; pinkish yellow.

Endemic.

According to Planchon (l.c. 515), another plant, allied to V. pedata,
has also been distributed under the name of V. Gardneri. The true
plant at nearly allied to V. Rheedzz, but the inflor. seems to be never
terminal.

14. V.carnosa, Wail. Cat.n. 6018 (1828). Walratdiyalabu, S.

Cissus carnosa, Lam., Moon Cat. 11; Thw. Enum. 63; Planch. l.c¢.
570:., CP. 2038;

Fl. B. Ind. 1.654. Wight, Ic. t. 171.

Stems slender, much-branched, angular, quite glabrous,
tendrils long, slender, branched, young shoots glabrous, red;
1. 3-foliolate, peduncle 14—1#in., channelled above, Ifits. small,
stalked (the middle one the largest and on longer stalk),
broadly oval or rotundate, rounded at base, acute or obtuse,
very coarsely crenate-serrate, glabrous and shining, thick,
stip. small, ovate, acute; fl. shortly pedicellate, cymes di- or
trichotomous, lax, divaricate, terminating lateral branches,
peduncle 23-3 in., glabrous; pet. acute, spreading; berry #$in.
or more, depressed-globose, smooth, purple, 3- or 4-seeded,
very juicy ; seed acutely trigonous, sharply pointed, bluntly
muricated on back.

Low country in both moist and dry regions ; rather common. Galle;
Reigam Korale; Medamahanuwara; Kantalai. Fl. July-September ;

green.
Throughout Tropical Asia and Australia.

V. trifolia, L. seems to be this, and, if so, is the oldest name. This
and the three following species come under Planchon’s section Cayratia of
Cissus.

15. V. reticulata, Laws. F/. B. Ind. i. 655 (1875).

Cissus reticulata, Thw. Enum. 63. C. retiveniza, Planch. Mon. Phan. v.
570. CrP. 2557:

Fl. B. Ind. i. 655.

A very large climber, stems cylindrical, glabrous, purplish,
tendrils slender, forked; |. large, 3-foliolate, petiole 14-2 in.,
Iflts. equal, stalked (the middle stalk the longest), 4-6 in.,,
ovate-oval, acute at base, suddenly acuminate, cuspidate,
faintly repand-dentate, usually quite glabrous, thin, venation
prominent, reticulate; fl. pedicellate, cymes axillary, di- or
trichotomously branched, lax, longer than petioles; berry

Vitis.) Ampelidee. 295

large, { in. long, ovate-ovoid, blunt, pinkish-cream-coloured,
pendulous; seeds oblong, smooth.

Moist low country ; rare. Ambagamuwa; Pasdun Korale; Kottawa,
S. Prov. Fl. March, April ; white.

Endemic. A very distinct species. Specimens under this same C. P.
number (in Hb. Perad.), with narrower lflts. pubescent beneath, are
probably a different species.

Thwaites’ specific name has clear claim to retention, as Blume’s C.
reticulata was only in MS. till printed in Planchon’s Monograph.

ae V. pedata, Vahl. ex Wall. Cat. n. 6027 (1828). Médiya-
wel, S.

Cissus pedata, Lam., Moon Cat. 11. Thw. Enum. 63; Planch. 1. c. 558.
GP. 1175.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 661.

Stems weak, cylindrical, striate, usually covered with short
pubescence mixed with longer brown spreading hairs, tendrils
long, forked, very slender, young parts tomentose; I. large,
3-foliolate, the lateral lflts. usually pedately compound, petiole
2-3 in., pubescent and hairy like the stem, cent. Ifit. long-
stalked, lat. lflts. shortly stalked, rarely simple, usually divided
into 2, 3, or 4 Iflts., which are unequal, nearly sessile or shortly
stalked, all Ifits. ‘acute and often oblique at base, shortly
acuminate, acute, coarsely and shallowly repand - dentate,
more or less pubescent on both sides, especially beneath ;
fl. on short pubescent ped., cyme corymbose, shortly pedun-
culate, dichotomous, lax, spreading, axillary, shorter or longer
than petiole; cal. very shallow; pet. usually 4 (rarely 5),
hooded and slightly coherent at top, pubescent outside, soon
falling; berry 4 in., depressed - globose, cream - coloured,
2-4-seeded ; seed semi-globose, smooth.

Low country, in both regions ; very common. FI. July; white.
Found throughout Tropical Asia.

17. V. tenuifolia, W. and A. Prod. 129 (1834).

Cissus tenuifolia, Heyne, Planch. l.c. 563. C. P. 2725.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 660 (not given for Ceylon).

Stems slender, striate, quite glabrous, tendrils forked ;
1. 3-foliolate, the lat. Ifits. usually pedately compound with
Zot 2 distinct Iflts., petiole 14-24 in., all Ifits. stalked (the
central stalk the longest), lanceolate, acute at both ends,
acuminate, shallowly repand-serrate, quite glabrous, thin ;
cymes axillary, dichotomously branched, lax, divaricate,
longer or shorter than petiole, glabrous or nearly so; berry
2-Lin., depressed-globose, cream-coloured, 1—4-seeded ; seed
semi-globose, very convex on back, flat on face, smooth.

296 Ampelidee. [ Vitis.

Low country in both moist and dry regions; probably common.
Hewahetta ; Nitre Cave Dist. Fl. Aug., Sept.

Also in South India and China.

Thwaites does not distinguish this from C. fedata, and it is difficult to
find good characters to separate them ; though in Fl. B. Ind. they stand
in different sections of the genus.

18. V. setosa, Wall. Cat. 6009 (1828). Anaittadichchal, 7.
Cissus setosa, Roxb., Thw. Enum. 63. Planch. 1. c. 608. C. P. 1179.
Fl. B. Ind. 1. 654. Wight, Ic. t. 170.

Stems prostrate, weak, branched, succulent, zigzag, striate,
hispid with glandular hairs, tendrils long, forked; 1. 3-folio-
1ate (rarely simple), sessile, lflts. shortly stalked, obovate-
oblong, cuneate at base, obtuse, irregularly toothed or laciniate,
succulent, glabrous above, glandular hispid on the veins
beneath, pale green, the central one narrower and on longer
stalk, stip. broad-ovate, acute; fl. small, on long glandular
ped., cymes terminating lateral branches, dichotomous, lax,
divaricate, peduncle 14-4 in. long, glandular-hispid; cal. loose,
truncate; pet. contracted in the middle, hooded, ultimately
reflexed; berry over } in. ovoid, strongly glandular-hispid,
scarlet.

Desert districts; rather common. Jaffna, abundant; Puttalam
. (Nevill) ; Hambantota, Kirinda, &c., abundant; Matalan, N. Prov.
(Nevill); Mannar. Fl. Nov., Dec.

Also in Southern India.

This is the only species we have of Planchon’s large section Cypho-
stemma, which is mostly African. The scarlet hispid fruit is acid at
first taste, but afterwards very burning and acrid.

Planchon says the cymes are axillary; in appearance they are usually
terminal, and certainly sometimes leaf-opposed.

19. V.lanceolaria, Wal/. Cat. 6013 (1828).

Cissus lanceolaria, Roxb. Thw. Enum. 63. Zetrastigma lanceolarium,
BlanchmincaA Zein Gara O77.

Fl. B. Ind, i. 660. Wight, Ic. tt. 28 (?), 177 (6), and 740 (V. muricata).

Stems woody below, cylindrical or somewhat compressed,
glabrous, with copious brown lenticels, young parts quite
glabrous, tendrils long, very slender, simple; 1. 3-foliolate,
the lat. lflts. often pedately 2-foliolate, petiole about I in,
Iflts. shortly stalked, lanceolate or oval, acute or tapering at
both ends, coarsely and irregularly serrate, glabrous, thick,
dark green, stip. lanceolate, acute, membranous; fl. dicecious,
male cymes lax, paniculate, longer than petiole, female cymes
denser, corymbose, shorter than petiole, all axillary, at first
covered with short tomentose pubescence; pet. acute, thickened
at apex; style very short, stigma large, dilated, 4-lobed ;

Leea.] Ampelidee. 297

berry about 4in., globose, cream-coloured, 2—4-seeded ; seed
ovoid, pointed, flattened on one side, back very convex, grooved
down the centre, transversely rugose.

Var. 6. glycosmoides, Planch. |. c. 426 (sp.). C. verrucosa,
Moon Cat. 11 (?). Czssus muricata, var. minor, Thw. Enum. 63.
Oy 1, Gey

Smaller, more copiously lenticellate; 1. usually reduced to
a single lflt., more rarely 3-foliolate, Iflts. broader, less serrate,
berry rather smaller; seed less strongly rugose.

Montane zone up to 6000 ft.; rather rare (?) Hakgala; Dimbula.
Var. 8. in the low moist country up to 3000 ft.; common. FI. Feb.—
April ; greenish-white.

Throughout Peninsular India, and in Malay Peninsula and Java;
var. 3. endemic.

The leaves, especially in var. ¢dycosmoides, are very often unifoliate,
but this is insufficient for the separation of another species.

Planchon’s Zetrastzgma, to which genus this belongs, is distinguished
by its dilated 4-lobed stigma and polygamo-dicecious fl.

2, LEEA,* Z.

Semi-shrubby perennials, not climbing; 1. alternate, com-
pound, stipulate; fl. bisexual, in terminal or leaf-opposed
cymes; cal. cup-shaped, 5-lobed; pet. 5, connate below
into a cup-shaped tube; stam. 5, connate below into a
wide tube, which is adnate below to tube of the pet. and
deeply 5-lobed at mouth, anth. on inside of tube, alternate
with the lobes and opp. the pet., connate by their edges;
ov. 6-celled, with 1 erect ovule in each cell, style simple;
fruit a 3-6-seeded berry; seed with horny endosperm.—
Spe 25515 in A7/,.8: (xd,

iL. sambucina, Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 1177 (1797). Burulla,
Gurulla, S.

Aguilicia Otillis, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 275. Leea Otillis, DC. Prod. i.
636. Moon Cat. 18. ZL. Staphylea, Roxb., Thw. Enum. 64. C. P. 732.

FI. B. Ind. 1, 667." Wight, Ic. t. 78. “Gaertn. Fruct. t.57, f. 7 (Onlis
zeylanica).

A large semishrubby perennial, 4-6 ft., stems cylindrical,
branched, sulcate, usually rough with small prominences,
glabrous; |. pinnate or bi-pinnate, very large, 14-3 ft., petiole
and rachis glabrous, furrowed, rough like the stem, thickened

* Commemorates James Lee, nurseryman, of Hammersmith, who, by
his ‘Introduction to Botany’ (1760), brought the Linnean system into
England, Died 1795.

298 Sapindacee.

at the base and joints, Iflts. stalked, opposite, lanceolate-
oblong, acute at base, acuminate, strongly serrate, glabrous,
lat. veins very prominent, arched, stip. united to petiole, large,
sheathing, deciduous; fl. in. very shortly pedicellate, in
large, branched, corymbose cymes opposite the terminal leaf ;
pet. hooded at apex, reflexed; tube of stam. large, dome-
shaped; berry }in., depressed- globular, smooth, - shining,.
purple-black.

Low country; very common. Fl. November ; greenish-white.

Throughout the Eastern Tropics.

The leaves have a pleasant scent, like apples, when bruised. They
turn black in drying.

The plant has an evil reputation among the Sinhalese, and is con-
sidered to have a bad influence over cattle.

XL.—SAPINDACE/E.

TREES or shrubs (rarely herbs); 1. alternate, without stip. (in
Turpinia opp. with stip.), usually compound; fl. generally
small, regular or irregular, polygamous or dicecious (rarely
bisexual); sep. 4-5, distinct and imbricate, or connate into a
4-6-lobed valvate cal.; pet. 4 or 5, distinct, sometimes unequal,
often with a scale at the base, or 0; disk annular or unilateral ;.
stam. usually 8, often 5 or 10, inserted inside (rarely on) the
disk, or unilateral, fil. distinct, rarely slightly connate at base;
ov. 2- or 3-celled, with 1 or 2 (rarely more) erect or ascending
ovules in each cell; fruit either syncarpous and generally
indehiscent, more rarely capsular, or of 1—3 indehiscent carp. ;.
seed with or without an aril, without endosperm (except
Turpinia).
L. alternate, without stip. ; seeds without endosperm.
F]. irregular, disk unilateral.
Herbs; fr. an inflated capsule
Trees or shrubs ; fr. indehiscent.
L. pinnate : .
L. 3-foliolate or simple
Fl. regular, disk annular.
Stam. inserted inside disk; fr. not winged.
Fr. not inflated ; fl. very small.
Fr. syncarpous, indehiscent.

Pet. o ; seed with an aril
Pet. 5; seed without an aril

. CARDIOSPERMUM..

—

. HEMIGYROSA.
. ALLOPHYLUS.

Wn

. SCHLEICHERA.
. GLENIEA.

ut

Cardiospermum.| Sapindacee. 299

Fr. of 1-3 indehiscent cocci.

Sep. much imbricate 6. SAPINDUS.
Sep. valvate or nearly so.
Stam (in male fl.) Io. 7. NEPHELIUM.
Stam.'5". : : : : 8. POMETIA.
Fr. an inflated capsule ; fl. rather large 9. HARPULLIA.
Stam. inserted outside disk ; fr. 3-winged . 10. DODON#A.
L. opposite, stipulate; seeds with endosperm
(Staphylee) : : 3 2 ‘ Z . II. TURPINIA.

All our 19 species are natives of the low country ; 2 species of Sapindus,
1 of Nephelium, and 1 of Cardtospermum are confined to the dry region,
and Gleniea is nearly so; 3 species of Sapindus, 1 of Allophylus, Pometia,
and Harpullia occur only in the moist region; Allophylus zeylanicus and
Turpinia have montane varieties, and Allophylus Cobbe and Dodonea
also reach into the mountain zone.

I. CARDIOSPERMUM, Jl.

Annual herbs; 1. alternate, without stip., 2-ternate; fl.
polygamo-dicecious, irregular, in small cymes; sep. 4, per-
sistent, in pairs, outer much the smaller; pet. 4, 2 upper each
with a large scale near the base, 2 lower distant, each with a
smaller crested scale; disk unilateral, of 2 glands opp. lower
pet.; stam. 8, excentric, fil. connate at base; ov. 3-celled, with
I ascending ovule in each cell, style short, stigmas 3; fruit an
inflated, 3-celled, 3-valved, membranous, loculicidal capsule ;
seed globose, with a small aril, cotyledons large, no endo-
sperm.—Sp. 15; 2 in #2. B. Ind.

L. glabrous ; fl. }in.; capsule depressed-pyriform

I, C. HALICACABUM.
L. pubescent ; fl. over $in.; caps. globular-ovoid. 2. C.

CORINDUM.

1. C. Halicacabum,* Z. S/. P/. 366 (1753). Penela-wel, S.

Herm. Mus. 5, 42. Burm. Thes. 75, 76. Fl. Zeyl. n. 142. Moon
Gat. 32, Ehw. Enum: 54. C. P.'2598.

F]. B. Ind. i. 670. Wight, Ic. t. 508. Bot. Mag. t. 1049.

Annual, subscandent, stem slender, strongly furrowed,
slightly branched, glabrous, young parts puberulous; 1. bi-
ternate, petiole long, 2—3 in., spreading or deflexed, furrowed,
lfits. sessile or shortly stalked, ovate, tapering at base, acute,
deeply incised-serrate, glabrous, thin and flaccid; fl. very
small, 4 in., on slender ped. 3-7 in., a very small cyme ter-
minating a stiff, slender, horizontal, axillary peduncle 4 in.
long, and provided beneath the cyme with 2 opp. reflexed,

* Halicacabum peregrinum was the name for this in the early writers
on plants, but the a\uakaBor of the Greeks was probably a Physalis.

300 Sap mdacee. [Cardiospermum.

circinate or hooked tendrils; sep. rounded, the outer pair very
small; pet. rounded, scarcely clawed, scales of upper ones
emarginate; style very short; capsule on a short slender
stalk, bladder-like, 4—? in. wide, depressed-pyriform, trigonous,
truncate at top, winged at the angles, valves papery, veiny,
finely pubescent; seeds }—} in., globular, glabrous, black, the
aril heart-shaped, white.

Low country in both moist and dry regions; very common. Often a
weed in waste ground. FI. all the year; white.

Throughout the Tropics of the world.

The form with smaller capsules (C. microcarpum H.B.K.) is equally
common with the type, and was already distinguished by Hermann.

A plant collected on the shores of Kantalai Tank and in the Kottiyar
District has very large, less angular, and more strongly pubescent capsules
I¢in. wide, and the young leaves are very pubescent, but the very small
flowers separate it from the next, which it otherwise much resembles. It
requires further study.

2. ©. Corindum,* Z. SZ. P/. ed. 2, 526 (1762).
C. canescens, Wall., Trim. in Journ. Bot. 1885, 144; Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 20.
Fl, B. Ind. i. 670 (C. canescens). Wight,-Ic. t. 74.

Annual, scandent, much-branched, stems deeply furrowed,
minutely cottony-pubescent; |. bi-ternate, Iflts. smaller than
in the last, pubescent on both sides, densely so beneath,
terminal ones very acuminate, cuspidate; fl. large, 3 in. diam.,
numerous, in pyramidal, paniculate cymes, peduncles stiff,
sparingly pubescent; scales of upper pet. as long as them,
entire, those of lower pet. strongly crested; style larger,
stigmas longer; capsule 14-1} in., inflated, ovoid-globose,
3-angled, not winged. Otherwise as in C. Halicacabum,

Dry country; very rare (?). About Hambantota, abundant. Fl,
])ecember ; white and yellow.

S. India, Burma, Trop. Africa, and America.

I have reduced C. canescens, Wall. to Linnzeus’ C. Corindum (origin-
ally based on S. American specimens), from which it does not appear to
ditfer materially so far as descriptions go.

A very pretty climber, abundantly distinct from C. Halicacabum.

Dittelasma Rarak, Hk. f. There are a few trees of this near the
Badulla road about Palagama, Uva, but they are probably introduced ;
the tree is native in Java and Malacca. The berry is used here for soap,
and called ‘Penela” Thwaites distributed specimens ‘from a native
garden’ under C. P. 3509.

* Properly two words, Cor zndum,; another name used by the old
botanists for this genus, and alluding, like Cardospermum, to the heart-
shaped aril of the seed.

Hemizgyrosa.| Sapindacee. 301

2. HEMIGYROSA, 35/.

Trees; |. alternate, pinnate, without stip.; fl. polygamo-
dicecious, irregular; sep. 5, unequal, imbricate, concave;
pet. 4 (or with a smaller 5th), erect, imbricate, clawed, with a
jagged hooded scale near the base; disk unilateral, cushion-
shaped ; stam. usually 8, unilateral on opp. side from disk,
distinct ; ov. excentric, 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell;
fruit indehiscent, woody or cartilaginous, 1-3-seeded ; coty-
ledons fleshy, no endosperm.—Sp. 4; 3 in FZ. B. Ind.

Radlkofer places this genus under Lepzsanthes, Bl.

H. canescens, 7/w. Enum. 56 (1858).
Sapindus tetraphylla, Vahl, Symb. iii. 54. Thw. Enum. 408. C. P. 3508.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 671. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 151.

A moderate-sized tree with whitish-grey bark, young parts
pubescent ; 1. abruptly pinnate, petiole and rachis 2}—3% in.,
stout, smooth, lflts. 2 pair, nearly opp., shortly stalked, 3-43 in.,
lanceolate-oblong, acute at base, obtuse or emarginate, entire,
glabrous, rather thick, ashy-green, venation reticulate, promi-
nent; fl. numerous, on short, stout, tomentose ped., laxly
fasciculate on the narrow branches of short (3-6 in.), floccose-
pubescent panicles from the axils of fallen 1, bracts minute,
triangular, rather shorter than ped.; pet. usually 4, shortly
clawed, slightly laciniate, hairy at base, scale about $ as long,
laciniate, woolly; stam. rather longer than pet., fil. hairy ;
fr. scarcely I in., oblong-ovoid, apiculate, finely tomentose,
yellow, pericarp cartilaginous, not woody; seed usually
solitary, oblong-ovoid, smooth, brown.

Var. 8. trichocarpa, 7/iw. Enum. 56 (sp.). C. P. 607.

Lfits. 3-4 pair, larger, oval, acuminate, bright green,
venation less prominent; fl. more crowded, in larger panicles,
bracts subulate, much longer than ped.; fr. trigonous-globose,
somewhat depressed, apiculate, very densely hairy, pericarp
woody, hairy inside, greyish-green; seeds usually 3.

Low country; the type common in the dry region; var. 3. in the
moist region to 2000 ft.; rather rare. Frequent about Kandy. FI.
March-May ; white.

Also in S. India and Burma.

Vahl’s S. ¢etraphylla was collected by Koenig, but I have not seen his
specimen.

Judging from Ceylon specimens only, I should feel inclined to retain
specific rank for H. trichocarpa, Thw.; but, as in FI. B. Ind. it is not even
regarded as a variety, I suspect that there must be connecting links on

302 Sapindacee. [Allophylus.

the mainland. Specimens from Mawerella, S. Prov. have very large
Ifits. and an abbreviated inflor.

H. deficiens, Bedd. Thwaites (l.c.) gives as var. 8. of H. trichocarpa
from Bintenne and Matale East a plant with more numerous (4-5 pair)
and narrower very acuminate Iflts. This I suspect to be Sapindus de-
fictens, Wight, Ill. i. 141 (from Ceylon), figured in Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 231,
and kept up as a species in Fl. B. Ind. But our specimens are somewhat
imperfect.

3. ALLOPHYLUS, J.

Shrubs or small trees; |. simple or ternate, without stip.;
fl. small, polygamo-dicecious, slightly irregular, in spicate
racemes; sep. 4, in pairs, imbricate, the outer smaller; pet. 4,
clawed, usually with a large hairy scale near the base; disk
rather one-sided, of 4 rounded glands opp. pet.; stam. 8,
inserted inside disk, fil. distinct ; ov. 2-lobed, 2-celled, with
I ovule in each cell; fruit indehiscent, of 2 distinct carp., one
often abortive, pericarp pulpy; seed with a short aril, coty-
ledons plicate, no endosperm.—Sp. 80; 2 in FZ. B. Lnd.

L. simple.
L. glabrous ; inflor. longer than petiole 1, A. ZEYLANICUS.
L. hairy on veins; inflor. shorter than petiole . 2. A. HISPIDUS.
L. ternate . : : ; : 4 é . 3. A. COBBE.

1. A. zeylanicus, Z. Sf. P/. 348 (1753). Wal-kobbe, S.

Fl. Zeyl. n. 140. Ornitrophe allophylus, Pers., Moon Cat. 31.
Schmidelia allophylla, DC., Thw. Enum. 55. C. P. 2679.

Fl. B. Ind. 1. 673. Bedd. Ic. t. 286.

A small tree or shrub, with smooth, whitish bark, young
parts glabrous; |. simple, 5-9 in., lanceolate, acute at base,
more or less acuminate, acute, entire or with a few very
coarse teeth in upper part, glabrous, petiole 4—} in.; racemes
short, #-14 in., hispid, fl. on very short ped., crowded ; pet.
slightly longer than sep., spathulate, hairy, scale very hairy ;
ripe carp. divaricate (one often abortive), each about } in.,
ovoid, smooth, red; seed ovoid, pointed at one end, smooth,
white.

Var. 8, acuminatus, Hiern. Schmidelia acuminata, Thw. Enum.
55. Bedd. Ic. t. 287. C. P, 3001.

L. much smaller, 3—4 in., oval, suddenly caudate-acuminate,
obtuse; fl. on longer ped., in lax, nearly glabrous racemes.

Var. y. varians, Hiern. S. varians, Thw. Enum. 408. Bedd. Ic.
t. 288. C. P. 562.

Allophylus.) Sapindacee : 303

L. small, 2-4 in., variable from oval to linear-lanceolate,
usually rather obovate, repand-dentate in upper part, veins
prominent beneath; racemes lax, pubescent; fl. rather larger.

Moist region ; the type in the low country rather common; var. p.
Galle, Galagama, abundant by streams; var. y. montane zone up to
‘6000 ft., common. Fl. March—May, Sept., Oct.; greenish white.

Also in Sikkim and Assam, but under different varieties to the above,
which are all endemic.

A very variable plant. The Fl. B. Ind. has another Ceylon variety,
var. Zhwaztesiz, Hiern, which seems scarcely distinguishable from the type.

Wood yellowish-brown, even-grained, rather soft.

2. A. hispidus, 777m. Syst. Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 20 (1885).
Schmidelia hispida, Thw. Enum. 55. C. P. 3294.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 673 (under A. zeylanicus). Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 152.

A small tree, branchlets hispid, with spreading hairs ;
1. 5-14 in., oval or oblong, acute or rounded at base, acuminate,
acute, shallowly and coarsely serrate in upper part, coarsely
hairy on the veins and margin, becoming glabrous, petiole
4-1} in, very hispid with spreading hairs; fl. 4 in., on very
short ped., densely crowded in very short, capitulate, axillary
racemes shorter than the petioles; pet. with very villous scales;
styles exserted; ripe carp. as in A. zeylanicus.

Moist low country; rare. Ambagamuwa; Singhe Raja Forest. FI.
March ; greenish-white.

Endemic.

Seems too distinct a plant to be placed under A. zeylanicus, as is
done in Fl. B. Ind.

3. A. Cobbe, 4/7. Rumph. iii. 131 (1837). Kobbé, Bu-kobbé,
S. Aamarai, 7.

Herm. Mus. 24. Burm. Thes. tor. Fl. Zeyl.n. 441. Rhus Cobbe, L.
Sp. Pl. 267. Toxicodendron Kobbe, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 207. Ornitrophe
Cobbe, W. and O. serrata, Roxb., Moon Cat. 31. Schmidelia Cobbe, DC.,
shaw/bnum..55:<) C. P1156,

Fl. B. Ind. 1.671. Wight, Ic. t. 964, 2 (Schmidelia).

A tall, much-branched shrub or small tree, branches
pubescent, young parts densely so; |. 3-foliolate, spreading,
petioles 3-4 in., cylindrical, very pubescent, Iflts. on short
stalks, the central the longer, 4—6 in., oval, rounded at base,
the terminal one acute at base, all slightly acuminate, acute,
faintly serrate, softly pubescent on both sides, paler beneath,
with tufts of hair in the vein-axils; fl. very small, on very
short ped., in small fascicles on the slender branches of spicate,
axillary panicles shorter than 1.; sep. glabrous; pet. cuneate,
scale half as long, hairy; ov. didymous, finely hairy; style
twice as long as ov., stigmas recurved; ripe carp. usually
solitary (one abortive), 4 in., globular-ovoid, smooth, red.

304 Sapindacee, [Schleichera.

Var. 6. villosus, Hiern. Schmedelia villosa, Wight, Thw. Enum,
55. Wight, Ic. t. gor and 964 (S. Rheediz). C. P. 3549.

L. densely and softly velvety, with yellowish pubescence.

The type in the low country, principally in the moist region ; very
common. Var. 6. also extending into the lower montane zone. FI.
October; greenish.

Also in S. India, Malaya, and Trop. Australia.

Not very variable in Ceylon. The leaves are sometimes nearly
glabrous above.

The Veddas employ the wood of this for making bows, as I am in-.
formed by Mr. Nevill. The little pulpy fruit is eaten. The leaves, bark,
and root are accounted medicinal.

4. SCHLEICHERA, Wild.

Trees; |. pinnate; fl. small, polygamo-dicecious; cal.
4-6-fid; pet. 0; disk flat, crenate at margin; stam. 5-8,
inserted within the disk; ov. 3-celled, with 1 erect ovule in
each cell, stigma 3-lobed; fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded;
seed with a fleshy aril, embryo strongly curved, cotyledons
connate, unequal.—Sp. 2; 1 in FZ. B. Ind.

S. trijuga, Willd. Sp. Pi. iv. 1096 (1805). Mon, S. Puvu,
Kula, 7:

Herm. Hort. Lugd.-Bat. 536. Herm. Mus. 69. Burm. Thes.1o9. FI.
Zeyl. n. 603. Koon, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 486. Moon Cat.74. Thw. Enum.
Boo te. ek D5 5:

Fl. B. Ind. i. 681. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 119 (not good). Brandis, For.
Fl. t. 20. Gaertn. Fruct. ii. t. 180, f. 11 (fruit only).

A large tree, with rather smooth grey bark and spreading
branches, buds pubescent; |. abruptly pinnate, petiole and
rachis 3—7 in., hard, cylindrical, pubescent, much swollen at
base, Iflts. 3 or 4 pair, opp. or nearly so, on very short swollen
stalks articulated with rachis, oblong or obovate - oblong,
tapering or rounded often unequal at base, very obtuse, entire,
much undulated, glabrous, shining above, paler beneath, with
lat. veins prominent, rather stiff, the lowest ones smallest ;
fl. pedicellate, in lax, slightly branched, spicate panicles,
2-6 in., from the young shoots below the new leaves; cal.-
segm. acute; stam. usually 7; ov. hairy, style long, stigma
capitate; fr. under I in., ovoid, sharply pointed, smooth; seed
roundish-ovoid, aril pulpy, nearly covering the seed.

Low country up to about 2000 ft.; common. Fl. March; green.

Throughout Peninsular India, also in Burma, Java, and Timor.

The ‘Ceylon Oak’ of the English, the foliage in the mass, especially
when young, very much resembling that of Quercus Robur,

The fruit sometimes bears sharp spines on its sides.

There are no specimens in Hermann’s Herb., and Linnzeus names the

Gleniea.] Sapindacee. 305

‘Conghas’ Sapindus trifoliatus in Sp. Pl. 367, but it is without doubt
Schleichera.

Koenig states (in Hb. Banks) that the seeds excite vomiting ; the pulpy
aril is, however, eaten. An oil is obtained from the seeds. Wood very
hard, heavy, close-grained, pale reddish brown, strong and durable.

5. GLENIEA* [by error Glenniea]l, Hk. /.

A tree; 1. pinnate; fl. small, polygamo-dicecious ; cal.
5-lobed, valvate; pet. 5, minute, deciduous; disk wide, flat,
lobed at margin; stam. 8 (or 10), inserted within the disk ;
ov. 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell, style very short, thick;
fruit hard-fleshy, indehiscent, 1-3-seeded; seed globose, with-
out an aril.—Monotypic.

G. zeylanica, ik. f. iz Thw. Enum. 408 (1864). Wal-mora, S.
Huma, 7. [PLATE XXV.]

Nephelium fuscatum, Thw. Enum. 58. Sapindus Gleniet, Thw..
Enum. 408. C. P. 2577, 3676.

#1 B. Ind: 1. 682. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 153.

A moderate-sized tree, with thin whitish bark; 1. pinnate,
rachis I-2 in., stiff, smooth, much swollen at base, lflts. 2 or 4
(I or 2 pair), opp. or alternate, very shortly stalked, 24-4 in.,
oval or lanceolate-oblong, acute at base, very obtuse, entire,
undulate, quite glabrous, rather thick, stiff, venation reticulate,
prominent; fl. shortly pedicellate, in little clusters on the
sides of spicate, minutely pilose inflor., which is in the male
tree terminal, paniculate and much exceeding |., and in the
bisexual mostly axillary, simple and shorter than 1.; cal.-lobes
acute, pubescent; pet. hairy, easily overlooked; stam. in male
fl. spreading, exceeding cal., in bisexual fl. short; ov. hairy;
fr. 1-14 in., depressed-globose, 2- or 3-lobed, smooth, green;
seed $in., globose, smooth, cinnamon-brown.

Var. 6. unijuga, Trim. Sapindus untjugus, Thw. Enum. 56.
©; Bs 2465:

Lfits. 2, opposite, rather larger and narrower.

Forests of the dry region; common. Var. 8. much less common, and
passing into the moist region at Deltota and Matale. Fl. Sept.—Dec.;
greenish-white.

Endemic.

Wood yellowish-white, rather heavy, smooth, fine-grained.

This is nearly dicecious, and the inflorescence of the male and fruit-

* Named in commemoration of Rev. S. O. Glenie, Colonial Chaplain
and Archdeacon of Ceylon, F.L.S. He resided at Trincomalie from 1859
to 1871, where he made large collections and sent them to Thwaites for
determination and incorporation in the ‘Enumeratio.’ Died 1875.

X

306 Sapindacee. [Sapindus.

bearing trees are conspicuously different. Thwaites’ VV. fuscatum was
described from male fl. only, and his S. wzzjugus from bisexual ones.

6. SAPINDUS, J.

Trees or shrubs; 1. pinnate, rarely simple; fl. polygamous,
in terminal or axillary panicles; sep. 5, much imbricate;
pet. 5, with or without a scale within; disk annular, fleshy,
usually lobed; stam. 8 or 7, inserted within the disk; ov.
2- or 3-celled, with 1 erect ovule in each cell, 2- or 3-lobed,
stigma small, lobed; fruit of 1-3 nearly distinct, indehiscent,
fleshy cocci; seed large, with or without an aril, testa hard
or membranous, cotyledons thick.—Sp. about 40; 7 in
FI. B. Ind.

This genus requires division into several.

Pet. without a scale.

Lfits. 4-6.
Lflts. shortly acuminate . ; ; $ . I. S, LAURIFOLIUS.
Lfits. rounded, emarginate . : : . 2. S. EMARGINATUS.
Pet. with a scale.
Lfits. 2 F , E : : : . 3. S:. BIFOLIATUS:
Lfits. 8-14 . : ‘ : : A : . 4. S. ERECTUS.
Leaves simple : é ‘ i . 5. 5. [THWAITESH:

1. S. laurifolius, Vahl, Symi. iii. 54 (1794). Maha-penela, S.
Moon Cat. 32. Thw. Enum. 55. C. P. 2545.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 682 (.S. ¢vzfoléatus). Rheede, Hort. Mal. iv. t. 19.

A tree, young parts pubescent ; |. pinnate, long-stalked,
rachis 6-10 in., rigid, pubescent, lfts. 4-6, on very short,
thick, pubescent stalks, sub-opposite, 5—7 in., lanceolate or
oval-lanceolate, acute at base, shortly acuminate, obtuse,
entire, glabrous above, softly and shortly hairy beneath ;
fl. small, numerous, on short ped., in an erect, much-branched,
dense, pyramidal, terminal, more or less pubescent panicle ;
sep. silky, obtuse, 2 outer much smaller; pet. linear-oblong,
erect, longer than sep.; stam. 8, fil. hairy throughout; ov. very
hairy; ripe fr. not seen.

Moist low country; rather common. Panadura (Moon). Fl. July,
November ; white, slightly sweet-scented.

Also in Southern India.

Hiern, in Fl. Brit. Ind., gives the name S. ¢7¢foliatus, L. to this and
the next combined. The name is an absurd one, as neither plant is
trifoliate. Moreover, the plant so called by Linnzeus is the ‘Conghas’ of
Hermann, which, as already noticed, is Schleichera trijuga. Linneeus
afterwards added a quotation of Rheede’s figure, and hence his name has
got transferred to the present species; but it should not be maintained.

Sapindus.] Sapindac ee. 307

The Fl. B. Ind. describes a scale to the petals, which I have never
seen either in this or S. emarginatus.

2. S. emarginatus, Vah/, Symo. iii. 54 (1794). Penela, S.
Neykkoddan, Panalai, 7.

Moon Cat. 32. Thw. Enum. 55. C. P. 1151.

Fl. B. Ind. 1. 682 (S. ¢réfoliatus). Wight, Ill. t. 51. Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 154.

A large tree, with rough whitish bark and much-branched
spreading head, young parts glabrous; |. pinnate, rachis
2-4 in., glabrous, Iflts. 4-6, opposite or sub-opposite, 24-4 in.,
broad-oval or oval-oblong, acute or rounded at base, rounded
and not at all acuminate at apex, emarginate, glabrous above,
glabrous or densely pubescent beneath, very stiff, convex
above, greyish-green, with very prominent veins; fl. very
shortly stalked, in large, much-branched, spreading, terminal
panicles; sep. erect, obtuse; pet. erect, longer than sep.,
oblong -linear, very silky, with white down especially on
margins and with a dense tuft in centre but no scale; disk
5-lobed; stam. 8, as long as pet. (in male fl.), fil. hairy below;
fr. of 1 (rarely 2 or 3) nearly globular carp., } in., pericarp
thick, fleshy; seed globular, with a hard thick testa, black.

Forests of the dry region; common. FI. March; greenish-white.

Common throughout India and in Burma.

The fruit is the ‘soap-nut’ of Europeans, and is much used by the

natives for soap. Wood hard, heavy, yellow.
Much resembles Hemigyrosa canescens in foliage.

3. S. bifoliatus, ern in Fl. B. Ind. i. 684 (1875).
Nephelium bifoliatum, Thw. Enum. 57. C. P. 1721.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 684. Bedd. Ic. t. 289.

A moderate-sized tree, young parts pubescent; |. com-
pound, rachis ? in., glabrous, lflts. 2, opp., on short swollen
stalks, 3-4 1n., narrow-lanceolate, acute at base, obtuse, entire,
undulate, glabrous; fl. +in., numerous, very shortly pedi-
cellate, in small clusters on the branches of open, spreading,
terminal and axillary panicles; sep. rounded, ciliate; pet.
about as long as sep., broad-oblong, obtuse, strongly ciliate,
with a short ciliate scale at base; stam. usually 7; ov. didy-
mous, 2-celled, style as long as ov.; ripe fr. not seen, usually
of I carp., ovoid, glabrous.

Dry region; rather rare. Trincomalie; Uma-oya; Dambulla; Kala-
wewa. Fl]. Feb.—April; white.

Also in S. India.

This is placed under the genus Aphanza, B). by Radlkofer. Hand-
some when in flower, from the large masses of blossom. Resembles
Gleniea zeylanica, var. unijuga, in its foliage.

308 5 apindac ce. [Nephelium.

4. S. erectus, Hiern in Fl. B. Ind. i. 683 (1875).
Nephelium erectum, Thw. Enum. 57. C. P. 1150.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 683.

A shrub, 8-10 ft. high, scarcely. branched; |. large, pinnate,
rachis 12—16in., stiff, glabrous, Iflts. 8-14, opp. or sub-opp., on
short swollen stalks, 4-10 in., oblong-lanceolate, acute at base,
shortly acuminate, acute, entire, glabrous, rather thin, reticu-
late; fl. }in., on short stout ped., in elongated, slightly
branched, terminal panicles; cal.-segm. concave, obtuse, very
pubescent ; pet. spathulate-oval, broadly clawed, with a bifid
hairy scale; disk annular; ov. hairy, style very short; fr. of
I (rarely 2 or 3) ripe carp., ovoid, about 1 in., finely tomentose,
yellow, pericarp leathery ; seed entirely enveloped in white
fleshy aril, testa brown, cotyledons thick, unequal.

Moist iow country up to 3000 ft.; rather rare. Hantane; Hewahette;
Kurunegala. FI. April-June; greenish-white.

Endemic.
This and the following form the genus 7hrazlococcus, Radlk.

5. S. Thwaitesii, Wzern in F/. B. Ind. i. 683 (1875).

Nephelium simplicifolium, Thw. Enum. 57. C. P. 443.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 683.

An erect shrub, 6-10 ft. high, slightly branched; 1. simple,
large, 8-14 in., narrow-lanceolate, acute at base, tapering into
petiole, caudate-acuminate, subacute, entire, glabrous, thin,
reticulate, petiole 1 in.; fl. on short ped., in small, narrow,
erect, finely pubescent, terminal or axillary panicles 2-3 in.
long; cal.-segm. rounded ; pet. rounded, not clawed, ciliate,
with a small villous scale at base; ripe fr. not seen, apparently
quite similar to S. erectus.

Moist low country, lower zone; very rare. Reigam Korale (Thwaites) ;

Deyandera, S. Prov. Fl. Sept.; greenish-white.
Endemic.

7, NEPHELIUM,§* J.

Trees; |. pinnate; fl. polygamous, in terminal panicles ;
cal. deeply 5-fid, valvate, persistent; pet. 5, narrow, without
scales; disk annular, fleshy, lobed; stam. in male fl. 10, in
bisexual fl. 5 or 8; ov. 2-celled, with 1 erect ovule in each
cell, tuberculate; fruit of 2 (or 1 by abortion) indehiscent,
nearly distinct cocci; seed surrounded by pulpy aril, coty-
ledons plane-convex.—Sp. 30; 12 in FZ. LB. Jud.

* Refers to the bur-like fruit of the original species, the Rambutan
N. lappaceum).

Nephelium.] Sapindacee. 309

Leaflets entire . : ; : : 3 : . I, N. LONGANA.
Leaflets dentate-serrate : : : ; , . 2. N. GARDNERI.

I. N. Longana,* Camb. in Mém. Mus. Par. xviii. 30 (1829).
Mora, Rasamora, S. Nurai, 7.

More, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 487. Dimocarpus pupilla, Moon Cat. 31.
Nephelium pupillum, Wight, Ill. i. 141. Thw. Enum. 58. Euphoria
Longana, Lam., Thw. Enum. 408. C. P. 1152.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 688. Gaertn. Fruct. t. 180, f. 5. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 156.

A large tree, with much-branched head, bark smooth,
yellowish-grey, flaking off in small pieces, young parts with
fine rufous stellate pubescence; |. pinnate, rachis 4-6 in.,
cylindrical, rough, with fine stellate puberulence, Iflts. on very
short tumid stalks, 7-11, oblong-lanceolate, acute and unequal
at base, shortly acuminate, sub-obtuse, entire, rather undulate,
glabrous, dark green and shining above, pale dull green, often
puberulous and minutely reticulate beneath, drying brown ;
fl. on pubescent ped., in clusters on branches of large, lax,
pyramidal, pubescent, terminal panicles; cal. densely pubes-
cent, lobes obtuse; pet. about as long as cal., linear-spathulate;
fil. and disk hairy; ov. didymous, very hairy, style long,
stigmas 2, recurved; fr. supported on persistent cal., of 2,
or usually 1 by abortion, divaricate carp., }-2 in. globular-
ovoid, faintly tuberculated, with stellate hair on the tubercles
when young afterwards glabrous, pericarp thin, brittle; seed
‘completely covered with thin pulpy aril, black, shining.

Var. 8. pallida, 777.

Lfits. fewer, 3-7, broader, quite glabrous beneath, drying
a pale yellowish-green (not brown); fl. larger; cal.-segm. very
obtuse, less hairy; pet. very hairy; fr. not seen.

Low country in dry and moist regions to 2000 ft.; common. Var. #.
on Dambulla Hill. FI. April—July ; pale yellow.

Also in S. India, E. Bengal, Burma, and S. China.

Wood moderately hard and heavy, pale brownish-red. The aril of
the seed is edible and very sweet, but is inferior to that of the Litchi or
the Rambutan. It a good deal resembles that of Walsura Piscidia.
The tree is not cultivated in Ceylon.

2. N. Gardneri, 7iw. Enum. 58 (1858). Nurai, 7.
Euphoria Gardnert, Thw. Enum. 408. C. P. 1154.
F]. B. Ind. i. 690. Bedd. Ic. t. 285 (Auphoria).

A tree, with pale bark, young parts pubescent; 1. pinnate,
rachis 2}—34 in., glabrous, lflts. usually 6, opp. or sub-opp.,
shortly stalked, lanceolate, acute and oblique at base, slightly

* ‘Long-yen’ is the name of the fruit in China,

310 Sapindacee. [Pometia.

acuminate, obtuse, very coarsely dentate-serrate, glabrous,
rather thick, pale beneath, drying pale yellowish-green ; fl. as
in VV. Longana; cal.-segm. acute; pet. longer than cal., very
hairy, linear; fr. as in the last but more tuberculated.

Dry or desert region; very rare. Puttalam (Gardner, Ferguson) ;

Northern Province (Vincent).
Endemic.

8. POMETIA, /ors/.

Trees; |. pinnate; fl. polygamous, in large terminal
panicles; cal. 5-fid, valvate; pet. 5, very short, without a
scale; disk annular, fleshy; stam. 5, inserted within the disk;
ov. 2-lobed, 2-celled, with 1 erect ovule in each cell, stigma
bilobed ; fruit a solitary, indehiscent coccus; seed enclosed
in a pulpy aril.—Sp. 5; 1 in FZ. B. Ind.

P. eximia, Hz. fin Thw. Enum. 408 (1864). Gal-mora, Bulu-
mora, 5S.

Eccremanthus eximius, Thw. in Kew Journ. Bot. vii. 272. epheliunt
extmtum, Thw. Enum. 57. C. P. 1153.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 691 (P. tomentosa). Kew Journ. Bot. vii. t. 9. Bedd.
FI, Sylv. t. 157.

A very large tree, with a straight erect trunk and large
spreading head, bark yellowish or pinkish, smooth, thin,
flaking off in small pieces, young parts covered with short
fulvous hair ; |. very large, pinnate, rachis 10-15 in., densely
fulvous-hairy, lflts. 6-10 pair, opp. or nearly so, on short,
thick, hairy stalks, lanceolate-oblong, rounded or subcordate
and unequal at base, acuminate, acute, shallowly and distantly
dentate-serrate, glabrous, except on midrib, above, hairy on
veins beneath, with the lat. veins parallel and prominent
beneath, unequal, the middle one the largest, the basal pair
very small, stipuliform, soon deciduous; fl. small, very
numerous, on long slender ped., in little stalked, unilateral
cymes closely arranged on the slender, elongated branches of
a very large, much-branched, pubescent, pendulous, terminal
panicle; cal.-segm. triangular, hairy; pet. shorter than cal.,
very small, not clawed, broader than long, truncate ; fil. (in
male fl.) long, slightly hairy; ov. rather hairy; fr. of 1 coccus
(by abortion), 1-1} in., oblong-ovoid, smooth, crimson, peri-
carp fleshy-leathery, rather thick; seed covered with a soft
mucilaginous aril, testa brown.

Upper zone of moist low country; rather rare. Kadaganuwa; Deltota;

Watagoda ; about Kandy, &c.; Forests of Kuruwita Korale, abundant.
Fl. May, June; yellowish-brown, pet. greenish.

Harpullia.] Sapindacee. 311

Also in Andaman Is., Malacca, and Malay Archipelago, and perhaps
not distinct from P. Aznnata, Forst. of the Pacific Islands.

A very handsome tree, much planted for shade. Grows to a gigantic
size in the wet forests. Wood pale yellowish-red, rather light, with large

pores. } rae
Kurz’s name, adopted in Fl. B. India, is several years later than that

here given.

9. HARPULLIA,* Rox.

Trees; 1. pinnate; fl. large, polygamo-dicecious ; sep. 5,
distinct, much imbricate; pet. 5, with long claws, imbricate;
disk small, 5-lobed; stam. 5, inserted on the disk; ov. 2-celled,
with 2 superposed ovules in each cell, style very long, stigma
long, spirally twisted ; fruit an inflated, 2-celled, dry, locu-
licidal capsule, with 1 or 2 seeds in each cell; seed with a
small cup-shaped aril at base, cotyledons large, thick.—Sp. 6;
1 in FZ, B. Ind.

H. imbricata, 7iw. Enum. 56 (1858). Na-imbul, Pun-
dalu, 5S.

Streptostigma viridifiorum, Thw. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 298. C. P. 605.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 692 (47. cupanioides). Kew Journ. Bot. vi. t.9 A. Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 158.

A large tree, with an erect straight trunk and pale smooth
bark, young parts finely fulvous-pubescent; |. pinnate, rachis
6-10 in., cylindrical, pubescent, Iflts. 8-10, opp. or alt. on
short thick stalks, articulated, 3-6 in., lanceolate, acute and
unequal at base, acuminate, obtuse, entire, glabrous and
shining, bright light green, thin, with veins conspicuous
beneath, upper ones largest; fl. large, 2 in., on long puberulous
ped. on very lax, drooping or pendulous, axillary panicles
2-12 in. long, bracts linear-lanceolate, leafy, shorter than ped.;
sep. broadly oblong-oval, very obtuse, pubescent; pet. erect,
3 in., recurved at top, veined, claw long, blade oblong-spathu-
late, obtuse, cordate and inflexed at base; stam. in male fl.
exceeding pet., in bisexual fl, much shorter, anth. versatile ;
ov. compressed, densely pubescent, tapering, style 3 or 4 times
as long, stigma exserted, long, spirally twisted; capsule
pendulous, inflated, didymous, I in. long, 14-1? in. wide,
somewhat compressed, tipped with persistent style, pubescent,
becoming glabrous, bright orange, pericarp chartaceous; seed

* From the Bengali name used in Chittagong.

312 Sap indacee@. [ Dodonea.

about } in., oblong-ovoid, smooth and shining, jet black, aril
very small, orange, embryo green.

Moist low country up to 3000 ft.; rather common. Hantane; Kadu-
ganawa; Hangurankette; Haldummulla; Haputale. FI. April—July,
November ; pale greenish or sulphur-yellow.

Also in S.W. India and Malay Archipelago.

A very ornamental tree both in flower and fruit.

The fruit is used for washing purposes, and, like other Sapindacez so
used, often called ‘ Penela.’ The name ‘ Na-imbul’ is sometimes applied
to Pometia.

Our plant is certainly O/onychium imbricatum, Bl. of Java and
Sumatra, and differs from 4. cupanioides, Roxb. of Burma, to which it is
referred in Fl. B. Ind., in its deciduous calyx, spirally twisted style, and
very small aril. The tree of S.W. India is the same as ours.

10. DODONZA, J.

Shrubs or small trees; |. simple, alt.; fl. polygamous or
dicecious, in axillary panicles; sep. 5, distinct; pet. 0; stam.
generally 8, fil. very short, inserted outside disk; disk very
small; ov. 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; fruit a trigonous
winged capsule; seed without an aril, embryo spiral, no
endosperm.—Sp. about 40; 1 in FZ. B, Ind.

D. viscosa, LZ. Mant. ii. 149 (1771). Eta-werella, S.
Virali, 7.

Herm. Mus. 32. Burm. Thes. 55. Fl. Zeyl.n.141. Moon Cat. 31.
D. Burmanniana, DC., Thw. Enum. 59. C. P. 1158.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 697. Burm. Thes. t. 23. Wight, Ill. t. 52.

A shrub or smal] tree, with numerous erect, twiggy
branches, bark longitudinally cracked and striate, young parts
scurfy-puberulous ; 1. simple, nearly sessile, 2-34 in., linear-
lanceolate, very tapering at base, subacute or obtuse, entire,
margin often slightly revolute, glabrous, more or less viscid
with a shining resinous exudation ; fl. small, on long slender
ped., nodding, in lax axillary panicles shorter than 1.; sep.
ovate, acute, glabrous; anth. oblong-linear, very large; ov.
pilose, style very long, conspicuous; capsule over 4 in.,
trigonous, the angles with a broad, membranous, veined,
rounded wing, glabrous, viscid with resin, orange-brown; seed

black.

Open waste ground in the low country and ascending to 4000 ft. ;
rather rare or local, but where it occurs growing gregariously in great
abundance, as in Uva beyond Wilson’s Bungalow, the Teak Plantation
near Matara, &c. Fl. Jan.-April; yellowish.

In all Tropical countries.

Turpinia.] Sapindacee. et
11. TURPINIA,* Vez.

Trees; 1. opp., with interpetiolar stip.; fl. bisexual, in
panicles; cal. deeply 5-lobed, imbricate; pet. 5, imbricate ;
stam. 5, inserted outside disk and slightly connate with it ;
disk cup-shaped, lobed; ov. 2- or 3-celled, with 2 or more
ovules in each cell, style short, stigma sub-capitate ; fruit
fleshy, indehiscent, 2- or 3-celled, several-seeded ; seed angular,
without an aril, embryo straight, in fleshy endosperm.—Sp. 8;
tin, Ae, 6: ind.

T. pomifera, DC. Prod. ii. 3 (1825). Eta-hirilla, Kankum-
bala, S.

T. nepalensis, Wall., Thw. Enum. 71. C. P. 218.

Fl. B. Ind. i. 698. Wight, Ic. t. 992. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 159.

A large or small tree, young parts glabrous; |. opp,
imparipinnate, rachis 2-6 in., striate, glabrous, Iflts. 3-9
(1-4 pair and a terminal one), opp., on short furrowed stalks,
3-44 in., tapering at base, strongly acuminate, obtuse, finely
serrate, glabrous and shining, stip. triangular, early deciduous;
fl. numerous, on glabrous ped., in lax, axillary and terminal
panicles shorter than |, cal.-lobes finely ciliate, obtuse ; pet.
erect, oblong-oval, obtuse, finely ciliate, as long as sep.; stam.
shorter than pet.; fr. nearly globose, 4-1 in., smooth, purplish-
black, pericarp hard-fleshy; seeds angular, shining, dark
brown.

Var. B. montana, 7hw. /.c.

Lfits. thick, coriaceous, margins often revolute; fl. fewer,
more crowded, larger.

Moist low country ; common. Var. 8. in the upper montane zone ;
common. FI. March, October; white.

Also in S. India, E. Bengal, Malay Peninsula, and China.

The young foliage of var. 8. is brilliantly coloured pink- or scarlet-
orange, and very ornamental to the hill forests.

I am uncertain as to the true Sinhalese name of this common tree ;
those above given are doubtful.

* Commemorates the French botanist and artist P. J. F. Turpin;
died 1840.

314 Sabtacee. [Meliosma..

XLI.—SABIACE/E,

TREES; |, alternate, simple or pinnate, without stip.; fl. bi-
sexual, irregular, small, in panicles ; sep. distinct, surrounded
by several persistent bractlets indistinguishable from them, in.
all 5~13; pet. 5, distinct, unequal, 3 larger valvate or imbricate,
orbicular, concave, 2 much smaller, bifid; stam. 5, distinct,
only 2 fertile, opp. and adnate to the smaller pet., fil. dilated
at top, anth.-cells globose, the other 3 reduced to barren,
scale-like staminodes, opp. and adnate to base of larger pet. ;.
disk small, annular, toothed ; ov. 2-celled, with 2 superposed
ovules in each cell, style short, conical; fruit an oblique drupe,,.
stone I-celled, 1-seeded; seed globose, no endosperm.

Two of our three species are montane, the other inhabits the moist
low country.

MELIOSMA, 34/.
For characters, see Order.—Sp. 20; 11 in FV. B. Ind.

L. simple.
Bractlets and sep. about 13 ; : ; . I. M. WIGHTII.
Bractlets and sep. about 5 . 4 : . 2. M. SIMPLICIFOLIA..
L. pinnate. : é ’ i F ; . 3. M. ARNOTTIANA,

I. M. Wightii, Planch. in Fl. B. Ind. ii. 4 (1876).

M. pungens, Thw. Enum. 59 (non Walp.). C. P. 300.

Fl. B. Ind. ii. 4. Wight, Ic. t. 964, 3 (A@zdlingtonia pungens).

A small tree, young shoots shortly woolly-pubescent ;
I. simple, 4-7 in., lanceolate or oblong-oval, acute at base,
slightly attenuate, acute, entire or with a few sharp, shallow,,
distant serrations in upper part, glabrous above except on
veins, slightly pubescent beneath, stiff, harsh, veins prominent
and reddish beneath, often with tufts of hair in axils, petiole
+—I in., woolly-pubescent ; fl. small, nearly sessile, in clusters.
on the short branches of narrowly pyramidal, erect (drooping
in bud), rufous-hairy, terminal panicles; bractlets and sep.
about 13, broad, obtuse, ciliate, the outer ones pubescent ;
large pet. rounded, obtuse, with the margin involute, small
ones bifid; staminodes scale-like, various in form; ov. flask-
shaped, glabrous; drupe supported on persistent sep., } in.,
nearly globular.

Upper montane zone; common. FI. April, September ; pale yellows
Also in Southern Indian Hills.

Meliosma.| Sabracee. 315

Scarcely differs from (7. pungens, Wall. of the Himalaya, to which
Wight referred it.

2. M. simplicifolia, Wa/s. Rep. i. 423 (1842). HBlbedda, S.

Thw. Enum. 59. C. P. 703.

Fl. B. Ind. ii. 5. Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 254 (A/¢llingtonia).

A moderate-sized tree, bark white, smooth, marked with
large leaf-scars on the younger branches, young parts rufous-
pubescent ; 1. 5-12 in., simple, obovate- or oblong-lanceolate,
much tapering at base, obtuse or shortly acuminate and acute,
entire, thin, glabrous above, slightly pubescent beneath on the
veins and with tufts of hair in their axils, lat. veins parallel,
prominent beneath, petiole 4—}in., much swollen at base,
nearly glabrous; fl. very small, nearly sessile, laxly arranged
in large, spreading, pubescent, pyramidal, axillary and ter-
minal panicles; bractlets and sep. about 5 or 6, outer ones
setaceous, hairy, inner ones broad, acute; large pet. rotund-
oval, obtuse, small ones bifid with filiform segm.; drupe {in.,
nearly globular, shining, purple.

a! zone of moist low country; very common. FI. Jan.; yellowish-
white.
Also in S. India, E. Bengal, and Burma.
Wood pale reddish, moderately hard, rather light, splits readily.

3. M. Arnottiana, Walp. Rep. i. 423 (1842).

Millingtonia Arnottiana, Wight, Ill. i.144. Thw. Enum. 59. C. P. 293.

FL. B. Ind. ii. 6. Wight, Ill. t. 53. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 160.

A moderate-sized tree, young parts with rusty, deciduous
hair ; 1. imparipinnate, rachis 4—7 in., pubescent or tomentose,
Iflts. 9-15, opp. or nearly so, on short tomentose stalks,
2-34 in., lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, often somewhat falcate,
acute or rounded at base, usually caudate-acuminate, acute,
entire, glabrous except on midrib above, more or less rusty-
tomentose beneath ; fl. small, very nearly sessile, crowded on
the branches of copious, pyramidal, rufous-tomentose, axillary
and terminal panicles; bractlets and sep. about 5, orbicular, ©
very obtuse, ciliate; large pet. orbicular, small ones minute,
deeply bifid; drupe about 4 in., ovoid-globular, usually with
the remains of the persistent style near the base.

Montane zone, above 4ooo ft.; common. FI. April; yellowish-white.

Also in the mountains of S. India.

A great ornament to the montane forests when covered with its sheets
of cream-coloured blossoms. The tree is bare of leaves for a short time
in January.

The wood is called ‘ Nika-dawulu’ at N. Eliya; it is light, spongy,
and of no value.

316 Anacardiacee. [Buchanania.

XLII.M—ANACARDIACE:.

TREES, rarely shrubs; |. alt., simple or compound, without
stip.; fl. small, unisexual, often dicecious, rarely bisexual ;
cal. 3—5-fid, or of 5 distinct sep.; pet. 5, 4, rarely 3, imbricate,
rarely valvate; stam. 4-10, inserted inside or outside or on
the disk ; disk conspicuous, annular, often lobed; ov. 1-celled
(rarely 5-celled), with a solitary pendulous ovule (in Buchanania
of 5 distinct carp.); fruit a drupe, with a I- (rarely 5-) celled,
1-seeded stone ; seed without endosperm, embryo large, with
plane-convex or flat cotyledons.

Carp. 5 distinct, only 1 fertile ; stam. 10 F I. BUCHANANIA.
Carp. combined into a I- celled ovary ; stam. 4-8.
Stam. 5-8, only 1 fertile; pet. 5; Ane I 2. MANGIFERA.
Stam. 8 ; pet. Avs styles 4 3. ODINA.
Stam. and pet. 5 ; styles 3 4. SEMECARPUS.
Stam. and pet. 4; style I 5. NOTHOPEGIA.
Stam. 6; pet. 3; style 1 6. CAMPNOSPERMA,
Carp. combined into 5-celled ovary ; ; stam. 10 7. SPONDIAS.

Eminently inhabitants of the moist region of the low country, but a
few also in the dry region to which Semecarpus obscura is restricted.
Semecarpus coriacea and S. nigrovirid’s alone are found in the hills, the
former being restricted to the montane zone.

I. BUCHANANTA,* fox.

Trees; |. simple; fl. bisexual, in axillary panicles; sep. 5,
imbricate, persistent; pet. 5, imbricate; stam. 10, inserted
outside disk; disk annular, lobed; carp. 5, distinct, only
I perfect, the rest barren; funicle of ovule basal; drupe small,
stone bony, 2-valved.—Sp. 20; 6 in FZ, B. Lud.

B. angustifolia, Roxd. 17. nd. ii. 386 (1832).
Thw. Enuma7s. (GlPyA7 1,
Fi, B. Inds; 23. . Wight, lest. 107,

A tree, young parts glabrous; |. 34-6 in., oblong or
lanceolate - oblong, acute, not tapering at base, obtuse or
emarginate, entire, quite glabrous, shining above, coriaceous,
petiole }—}in., stout; fl. small, nearly sessile, in small, axillary,
crowded, glabrous panicles shorter than the 1.; sep. orbicular,

* Commemorates Francis Buchanan (afterwards Hamilton) M.D.,
F.R.S., superintendent of Calcutta Botanic Garden, 1814-15. Died 1829.

Mangifera.] Anacardiacee. 317

glabrous; pet. oblong-oval, obtuse, recurved; ov. pilose, style
short ; drupe broadly pyriform-ovoid, 4 in., somewhat com-
pressed,

Low country; rather rare. Jaffna (Gardner) ; Haldummulla; Gala-
gama ; Morowak Korale ; Hantane 2000 ft.(Gardner). Fl. April; white.

Also in Southern India.

The Ceylon plant has rather thicker leaves and a little larger fruits
than the type, and is called var. sey/antca by Engler (Mon. Phan. iv. 184).

Anacardium occidentale, L., the Cashew-nut, is so completely esta-
blished in the low country, especially in sandy ground near the sea, as to
have all the look of a native tree. There are specimens in Hermann’s
Herbarium. The Sinhalese call it ‘Caju,’ an adoption of the name used
by the Portuguese, who no doubt introduced it. The Tamil name for the
edible part is ‘Montirikay.’ It is figured in Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 163. Its
native country is Tropical America, and ‘Acaju’ is the native Brazilian
name.

2. MANGIFERA, J.

Large trees; |. simple; fl. polygamous, in terminal panicles;
sep. 5, imbricate; pet. 5, with thick veins, imbricate; disk
large, 5-lobed; stam. 5-8, only one fertile, rest barren and
reduced in size, inserted within the disk; ov. 1-celled, funicle
of ovule inserted on side near base, style lateral; drupe with
a fibrous compressed stone.—Sp. 27; 20 in FZ. B. Ind.

M. zeylanica, /. f F/. B. Ind. ii. 16 (1876). Bt-amba, Wal-
amba, S. Kaddu-ma, 7°

Buchanania(?) zeylanica, Bl. Mus. Bot. i. 185. MM. indica, Thw.
Enum. 75 (non L.). Engler, Mon. 204. C. P. 1256, 2614.

Fl. B. Ind. ii. 16.

A very large tree, bark rather rough, brownish-grey, young
parts glabrous; |. 2-6in., lanceolate- or oval-oblong, much
tapering to base, usually very obtuse, rarely shortly acuminate,
glabrous, entire, coriaceous, venation reticulate, petiole about
din.; fl. small, on rather long, slender, glabrous, jointed ped.,
in elongated, erect, stout, narrowly pyramidal, glabrous, ter-
minal panicles; sep. ovate, obtuse, quite glabrous; pet. twice
as long as sep., obtuse, clawed, reflexed; barren stam. reduced
to short subulate processes; drupe 1} in., ovoid, compressed,
smooth.

Forests of the low country in both moist and dry regions ; common.
Fl. Feb. March ; pale yellow.

Endemic.

Attains a very large size.

Wood dull whitish, rather light, soft, coarse-grained. The fruit is

occasionally eaten by the Sinhalese, but is very unpalatable. The tree is
not cultivated.

318 Anacardiacee. [ Odina.

M. indica, L. the common Mango, or ‘Amba,’ is cultivated, but not
anywhere wild in Ceylon. It differs from the wild JZ. zey/anica in having
the panicle more or less pubescent and less spreading, and in the acute
or acuminate leaves of a thinner texture. It seems to be native in many
parts of India.

3. ODINA,* Roxb.

Trees; |. imparipinnate; fl. unisexual, generally dicecious,
in axillary panicles; cal. 4-lobed, imbricate, persistent; pet. 4,
imbricate; stam. 8, inserted outside and beneath disk, sterile
and very small in fem. fl.; disk annular, 8-lobed; ov. 1-celled,
with the ovule pendulous from top, barren and reduced to
4 lobes in male fl.; styles 4, short, distinct, stigmas capitate;
drupe small, reniform-ovoid, stone very hard.—Sp. 13; 1 in
Fl. B. Ind.

O. Wodier,+ Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 293 (1832). Hik, S. Odi, 7.
Engler, Mon. 267. Thw. Enum. 78. C. P. 1161.
Fl. B. Ind. ii. 29. Wight, Ic. t. 60. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 123.

A small deciduous tree, bark thick, brown, rather smooth,
young parts nearly glabrous or finely stellate-puberulous ;
|. imparipinnate, rachis 6-10 in., cylindrical, glabrous, swollen
at base, Iflts. 2-6 pair and a terminal one, shortly stalked or
nearly sessile, 3-5 in., lanceolate, acute or rounded, often
unequal at base, more or less caudate-acuminate, entire or
faintly crenate, glabrous, shining and deeply tinged with pink
when young; fl. small, nearly sessile, in small clusters laxly
arranged on elongated, slightly branched, stellate-pubescent,
axillary panicles, appearing with the young leaves on the
new shoots; cal. minute, hairy; pet. oblong-oval, obtuse,
reflexed in fem. fl.; ov. large, oblong, glabrous, styles very
stout, divaricate; drupe about } in., reniform-ovoid, obtuse,
compressed, smooth, stone reniform, very hard.

Low country, in both dry and moist regions ; common, especially in
the former. Fl. Jan.—April, when the tree is bare of leaves ; pinkish-
yellow.

Throughout India, and in Burma and Andaman Is.; also varieties in
Java and Trop. Africa.

One of the few deciduous trees of Ceylon.

Heart-wood red, rather heavy, moderately hard, close-grained. The
stem affords a gum.

* From the Tamil name.
+ Wodier is said to be the Tamil name in S, India; probably merely
another form of ‘ Odi.’

Semecarpus.| Anacardiacee, 319

4. SEMECARPUWS, J.

Trees, very rarely shrubs; 1. simple, entire; fl. small,
polygamous or dicecious, the male usually smaller, in terminal
or axillary panicles; cal. 5-lobed, lobes deciduous ; pet. 5,
imbricate ; stam. 5, inserted outside disk; disk broad, annular,
faintly lobed; ov. I-celled, with a single pendulous ovule,
funicle basal; styles 3, stigmas clavate; drupe more or less
obliquely ovoid, seated on a very large fleshy receptacle
formed by the persistent, much-enlarged cal.-tube and disk,
stone crustaceous; cotyledons plane-convex.—Sp. 38; 16 in
Fl. B. Ind.

An erect unbranched shrub; inflor. cauline . . I. S. MARGINATA.
Trees ; inflor. terminal or axillary.
L. peltate. . ; : ; : j - 2 S. SUBPELTATA.
L. not peltate.
L. hairy beneath. ‘ ; P , . 3. S. PUBESCENS.
L. glabrous.

Base of blade not tapering into petiole.
L. very coriaceous.
Petiole very short.

L. sub-rotund 4. S. OBOVATA.
L. lanceolate 5. S. MOONII.
L. obovate . 6. S. CORIACEA.
Petiole long . 7. S. WALKERI.
L. not coriaceous.
Lat. veins nearly horizontal . 8. S. GARDNERI.
Lat. veins oblique . g. S. ACUMINATA.
Base of blade tapering into petiole.
L. more than 3 in.
L. oval, shortly acuminate. F . Io. S. NIGROVIRIDIS.
L. oblong, obtuse ‘ ; : - (1; 5. OBSCURA.
L. under 3 in.
Margin cartilaginous . : : . 12. S. PARVIFOLIA.
Margin not cartilaginous . , . 13. S. LAVIGATA.

The species are very difficult to discriminate, the flowers being much
alike in all. The above key is based almost wholly on the leaves, but I
am unable to determine the species by the venation-characters given in
Engler’s recent monograph (Mon. Phan. iv. (1883).

All our 13 species are endemic.

1. S.marginata, 7hw. Enum. 77 (1858).
Engler, Mon. 476. Thw. Enum. 77. C. P. 2677.
Fl. B. Ind. ii. 32.

An erect, almost unbranched shrub, 6-8 ft. high; I. closely
placed, very large, 8-15 in. obovate-lanceolate, tapering to
narrow but cordate base, sharply acuminate, entire, bordered
by a thick intra-marginal vein, outside which is a semi-

320 Anacardiacee. [Semecarpus.

transparent, stiff, strong, parchment-like, horny, reflexed
border with a sharp-cutting edge, glabrous on both sides,
very stiff and coriaceous, lat. veins horizontal, petiole very
short and thick, transversely wrinkled; fl. small, $in., on
slender articulated ped., panicles 3 or 4 in., much branched,
coming off in clusters from the old wood of the stem for its
whole length ; cal. glabrous, lobes broadly triangular, acute ;
pet. oval, spreading, obtuse; drupe small, % in., almost dry,
striate, red, receptacle as long as drupe, pear-shaped, brilliant
crimson.

Moist low country; rare. Galle; Veddagalle; Ratnapura; Adam’s.
Peak; Kuruwita Korale. Fl. Nov.-March; white.

Endemic.

Var. B. hirsuta, Thw. |. c. has the leaves stiffly hairy beneath, but of
this I have seen no specimens.

Very unlike the rest of the species in habit; the horny border to the
leaves is also very remarkable. The receptacle of the fruit is sweet and
edible.

2. S. subpeltata, 7iw. Enum. 75 (1858). Maha-badulla, S.
Engler, Mon. 476. C. P. 3004.
Fl. B. Ind. ii. 33.

A large tree, bark smooth, leaf-scars very prominent,.
young parts glabrous; 1. very large, 9-15 in., lanceolate-
oblong, rounded and peltate at base, suddenly and shortly
acuminate, entire, with a marginal vein close to the edge,
very coriaceous, glabrous and shining, lat. veins horizontal,
petiole 14 in., extremely thick; fl. sessile, articulated, panicles
6-10 in., with spreading branches, glabrous, from the axils of
fallen 1.; drupe much depressed, } in. long by I} in. wide,
slightly compressed, striate, receptacle large, broad, cupped.

Moist low country; rare. Kuruwita Korale ; Singhe-Raja Forest ;
Hiniduma Kande. FI. March.

Endemic.

The panicles are certainly axillary, not terminal, in this, and often
come off from the old wood in axils of the fallen leaves. After flowering
they become woody and greatly enlarged, reaching 12 in. in length, with
thick branches bearing the fruit.

3. S. pubescens, 7iw. Enum. 77 (1858).
Engl. Mon. 475. Thw. Enum. 77. C. P. 163.
Fl. B. Ind. ii. 31.

A small tree, branchlets and young parts densely pubes-
cent ; 1. 5-12 in., narrowly oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at base,
very acuminate, acute, entire, glabrous except on midrib
above, softly hairy beneath, rather thin, lat. veins horizontal,
curved, prominent beneath, petiole }in., densely tomentose ;

Semecarpus:| Anacardiacee. 321

fl. 4 in. diam., on short ped., panicles lax, 8-14 in., slightly
branched, hairy; cal. glabrous; pet. veiny; drupe small, $in.,
ovoid, slightly oblique, purplish-red, receptacle short, cupular.

Var. B. Thwaitesii, Exg/. Mon. Phan. iv. 476. S. Thwaitesiz, Hk.
f. in Fl. B. Ind. ii.-31. C. P. 3886.

L. smaller, slightly hairy beneath, lat. veins more oblique ;
panicles less hairy.

Moist low country; very rare. Near Ratnapura. Var. 6. Morowak

Korale. Fl. March, September; pale green.
Endemic.

4. S. obovata, Joon Cat. 22 (1824). Kalu-badulla, S.

Engler, Mon. 495. Thw. Enum. 77. C. P. 3339.

Fl. B. Ind. ii. 32.

A moderate-sized tree, bark very smooth, whitish, young
parts glabrous; 1. closely placed at ends of branches, 3-7 in.,
nearly sessile, obovate-rotund, rounded or subcordate at base,
entire, very coriaceous and _ stiff, glabrous, shining above,
whole reticulate venation very prominent beneath; fl. 2 in.,
panicles terminal, about 6in., glabrous; drupe 4 in., oblong-
ovoid, apiculate, receptacle 4 in., narrower than drupe.

Moist low country; rare. Kalutara (Moon); Ratnapura; Galle.

FL Sept., Oct.; green:
Endemic.

5. S. Moonii, 7iw. Enum. 77 (1858).

Engler, Mon. 490. C. P. 3338.

FI. B. Ind. 11. 32.

A moderate-sized tree, bark smooth and shining, flaking
off, young parts quite glabrous; 1. large, 6-12 in., almost
sessile, lanceolate, tapering or slightly rounded but not de-
current on petiole at base, shortly acuminate, entire, with a
narrow, sharp, cartilaginous margin, very coriaceous, lat. veins
horizontal and with the connecting reticulations very pro- —
minent beneath, petiole very short, thick; fl. 4in., nearly
sessile, panicle terminal, large, 6-12 in., pyramidal, minutely
puberulous; drupe (not ripe) 2in., apiculate, striate, receptacle
small, narrower than drupe.

Moist low country; very rare. Kalutara. Fl. Sept., Oct.; green.
Endemic.

6. S. coriacea, 7iw. Enum. 76 (1858). Badulla, S. (of the hills).
Engler, Mon. 490. C. P. 313.
Fl. B. Ind. ii. 32.
A moderate-sized or large tree, with smooth shining bark,
ultimate. branchlets thick, with prominent leaf-scars; 1. closely
Ys

322 Anacardiacee. [Semecarpus.

placed, 4-6 in., obovate-oblong, tapering to acute or slightly
rounded base, rounded or emarginate at apex, extremely
coriaceous, lat. veins nearly horizontal, curved, and with the
connecting reticulations rather prominent beneath, petiole
very short, stout; fl. rather large, fully 4in., panicle terminal,
short, 3-6 in., very stout, much branched, glabrous or slightly
pilose; drupe over 1 in. wide, #in. long, compressed, strongly
apiculate, receptacle small, 2in., scarcely cupped.

Forests of the montane zone, above 4000 ft.; common. FI. April;
pale green.

Endemic.

The common ‘ Badulla’ of the hill-forests, and our only high mountain
species, though S. 2¢gro-viridis extends into the lower hills.

7. S. Walkeri, /ZZ. f. in Fl. B. Ind. ii. 33 (1876).

Engler, Mon. 491. SS. obscura, Thw. (part) Enum. 410. C. P. 2940.

FI. B. Ind. ii. 33.

A moderate-sized tree, young parts glabrous; 1. 4-8 in.,
oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse at base, acuminate, often
twisted at apex, stiffly coriaceous, lat. veins nearly transverse,
with the connecting reticulations rather prominent beneath,
midrib somewhat channelled above, petiole 1-14 in., thickened
at base; fl. nearly 4in., panicles terminal and axillary, 4-6in.,
slightly branched, slender; drupe over 4 in., ovoid, not oblique,
receptacle cup-shaped, enclosing half the drupe.

Moist low country up to 2000 ft.; common (?). About Kandy; Allagala;

Hewesse. Fl. March; pinkish-green.
Endemic.

8. S. Gardneri, 7iw. Enum. 76 (1858). Badulla, 5.

Engler, Mon. 491. C. P. 1257.

FI. B. Ind. ii. 33.

A moderate-sized or large tree, with finely grooved grey
bark, young parts glabrous; |. large, 6-13 in., narrowly
lanceolate-oblong, acute or slightly rounded at base, not
decurrent on petiole, shortly acuminate, entire, somewhat
undulate, rather thick but not coriaceous, bright green and
shining above, paler beneath, midrib very broad, lat. veins
horizontal, intermediate reticulations very fine, with included
curved free veinlets, conspicuous beneath, petiole I-14 in,,
stout; male fl. }in., bisexual ones over 4in., panicles terminal
and axillary, 6-12 in., slightly branched, glabrous; drupe very
oblique, nearly 1 in. wide, apiculate, receptacle large, swollen,
much wider than drupe, cup-shaped, red.

Moist low country, up to 3000 ft.; common. Hewesse; Singhe Raja
Forest; Morowak Korale; Ambagamuwa; Kandy. FI. Dec.; green.

Semecarpus. | Anacardiacee. 323

Endemic.

The commonest species in the low country of the moist region. The
character of the ultimate reticulation of the veins in this and the next is
remarkable, but not conspicuous till the leaves are dried.

A nearly black resin is afforded by the bark.

9. S. acuminata, 7iw. Enum. 76 (1858).

Engler, Mon. 495. S. oblongéfolia,var.y., Thw. Enum. 410. C. P, 2676.

FL. B. Ind. ii. 33.

A moderate-sized tree, glabrous throughout; 1. 6-10 in.,
lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or acute at base, but not decurrent
on petiole, tapering to long caudate-acuminate apex, glabrous,
thin, midrib broad, lat. veins very oblique, intermediate
reticulations as in S. Gardneri, petiole ? in., stout; fl. small,
under } in., panicles small, under 3 in., axillary or terminal,
very slender, slightly branched; drupe not seen.

Var. 8B. intermedia, 777.

L. smaller, 2-7 in., very slightly decurrent on petiole at
base, more suddenly caudate-acuminate, stiffly coriaceous,
lat. veins more horizontal, reticulations coarser, much more
prominent beneath, petiole $-#in., channelled above; fl. nearly
4 in., panicles over 4 in., terminal, stouter; drupe large,
14-14 in., cordate-ovoid, obliquely acuminate, receptacle $ in.,
much narrower than drupe, obconic.

Moist low country; very rare. Singhe Rajah Forest. Var. 6B. com-
moner; Ambagamuwa; Ratnapura; Dolosbagie. Fl. Feb., March; pale
green.

Endemic.

Var. B. is probably a distinct species, but Thwaites does not distinguish
it even as a variety. Engler’s description of S. acuminata refers chiefly
to this var., whilst Fl. B. Ind. describes the type as here considered.

The plant from Dolosbagie has longer petioles, and the leaves more
shortly acuminate; it may be another variety or species. It was referred
to C. P. 631 (S. mégroviridis) as a ‘large form’ by Thw. (in Herb.
Perad.).

lo. S. nigro-viridis, 7iw. Enum. 76 (1858).

Engler, Mon. 492. S. oblongifolia, var. B. Thw. Enum. 41o. C. P.
631 (2444 2586).

B. Ind. ii. 34.

if moderate - sized tree, glabrous throughout; 1. often
crowded at ends of branches, 3-6 in., obovate-oblong, narrowed
at base and tapering into petiole, suddenly and shortly
caudate - acuminate, obtuse, with a narrow cartilaginous
margin, somewhat undulate, coriaceous, dark green, lat. veins
horizontal, curved, and with the reticulations prominent
beneath, petiole 4-} in., channelled above; fl. nearly 4 in.,
panicles 3-5 in., terminal, stout, with horizontal branches ;

324 Anacardiacee. [Semecarpus.

drupe nearly 1 in, broadly ovoid, somewhat compressed,

obliquely acuminate, receptacle } in., narrower than drupe,
cup-shaped.

Moist country, extending into the montane zone to 4000 ft.; common.
Fl. Feb.—April; green.
Endemic.

At the higher elevations the leaves are often smaller and more leathery,
and the tree reduced to a much-branched shrub.

S. cuneata, Engl. Mon. 493, is based on a specimen of C. P. 631, and
is described as differing from S. xZgro-virid7s by its membranaceous leaves
with longer petioles. I do not clearly recognise it.

11. S. obscura, 7iw. Enum. 76 (1858). Badulla, 5.

Engler, Mon. 494. S. oblongifolia, Thw. Enum. 76. C. P. 2556, 1258.
Fl. B. Ind. ii. 33.

A moderate-sized or large tree, glabrous throughout ;
l. rather crowded at ends of branches, 4-8 in., oblong- or
obovate-oblong, much tapering at base and decurrent on
petiole, rounded or obtuse or bluntly acuminate, coriaceous,
with a narrow cartilaginous margin, shining above, lat. veins
nearly horizontal and with the intermediate reticulations
prominent beneath, petiole variable, }—}in. or scarcely any ;
fl. 4 in., panicles terminal, of male 4-8 in., of bisexual much
shorter, slender, much branched; drupe $—}in., ovoid, slightly
compressed, more or less obliquely acuminate, receptacle
4-8 in., wide, cup-shaped.

Low country, principally in the dry or intermediate region; rather
common. Batticaloa; Uma-oya; Medamahanuwara; Maturata; Deltota.
Fl. Feb., March; pale green.

Endemic. ‘The only species in the dry region.

Thwaites’ typical S. obscura (C. P. 2556) is from Deltota, and has
very coriaceous leaves and a larger, more cup-shaped receptacle.

12. S. parvifolia, 7iw. Enum. 77 (1858).
Engler, Mon. 492. C. P. 3444.
Fl. B. Ind. ii. 34.

A moderate-sized tree, glabrous throughout; 1. small,
2-3 in., crowded at the ends of the annual growths, oval or
lanceolate, tapering into petiole, very shortly and obtusely
acuminate, stiffly coriaceous, with a narrow cartilaginous
margin, midrib very broad, lat. veins horizontal and with the
coarse reticulation very prominent beneath, petiole } in.,
tumid at base, channelled; fl. } in., panicles (or rather racemes)
terminal and axillary, few-flowered, 2-3 in.; drupe (not ripe)

Nothopegia.] Anacardiacee. 325

2 in., ovoid-conical, very sharp-pointed, only slightly oblique,
receptacle nearly }in., turbinate.

Low moist region; very rare. Only from Hiniduma, S. Prov. FI.
May; pale green.
Endemic.

13. S. levigata, Thw. in Fl. B. Ind. ii. 35 (1876).
Engler, Mon. 493. C. P. 3948.
Fl. B. Ind. ii. 35.

A tree, bark of branchlets white, marked with conspicuous
leaf-scars, glabrous; |. small, 2-3 in., crowded at ends of
annual growths, oblong-oval or slightly obovate, tapering
into petiole, suddenly and shortly acuminate, obtuse, undulate,
coriaceous, petiole }-2in.; fl. not seen; drupe (not ripe) 3in.,
apiculate, receptacle as long and as broad as drupe.

South of the island (Thwaites). Only known from the C. P. specimens

which are in young fruit, collected June 1867.
The material for this species is very scanty.

5. NOTHOPEGIA, 47.

Trees; |. simple, entire; fl. polygamous, in small spicate
axillary racemes; cal. 4-fid, persistent; pet. 4, imbricate ;
disk small, annular; stam. 4, inserted on disk; ov. 1-celled,
ovule suspended from the side near the top, style I, very
short, stigma capitate; drupe depressed-globose, stone thin,
hard; seed with very thick plane-convex cotyledons.—Sp. 3;
all in FZ. B. [nd.

N. Colebrookiana,* 47. Mus. Bot. i. 203 (1849). Bala, S.

Engler, Mon. 467. Glycycarpus racemosa, Dalz., Thw. Enum. 78.
C. P. 1260.

Fl. B. Ind. ii. 4o. Wight, Ic. t. 236 (Pegza). Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 164
(from a Ceylon specimen).

A small tree, with smooth, thin, brown bark, buds pilose;
l. rather small, 24-4} in., narrowly lanceolate-oblong, acute at
base, acuminate, entire, often undulate, glabrous and shining
above, paler beneath, lat. nerves numerous, intermediate
reticulation minute, pellucid, not prominent; fl. small, nearly
sessile, in axillary, erect, spicate racemes shorter than the L,
longer and laxer in male, crowded and short in the bisexual ;

* In honour of H. T. Colebrook, F.R.S., of the Bengal Civil Service,
who wrote on Terebinthaceous plants in 1826. Died in 1837. |

326 Anacardiacee. [Campnosperma.

cal.-teeth shallow; pet. oblong, obtuse; ov. glabrous; drupe
Sin. wide, fig-like, longitudinally striate, purple, pulp copious.
Moist region up to 3000 ft.; common. Fl. March; greenish-white.

Also in West Peninsular India.
Wood yellowish, rather heavy, smooth-grained, easily splitting.

6. CAMPNOSPERMA, 7iw.

Trees; |. simple, entire; fl. minute, bisexual, in axillary
racemes; cal. deeply 3-fid, persistent ; pet. 3; stam. 6, inserted
outside and below disk; disk large, cup-shaped, fleshy ; ov.
1-celled, ovule pendulous from apex, style nearly absent,
stigma large, dilated, lobed; drupe ovoid, stone bony, with a
vertical process projecting into the upper half of the cavity;
seed curved round the process, cotyledons flat, oblong.—Sp. 4;
all in #2. B. Jnd., but none in Peninsular India.

Cc. zeylanicum, Zw. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 65 (1854).
Aridda, 5.

Engler, Mon. 318. Thw. Enum. 78. C. P. 246.

Fl. B. Ind. ii. 41. Kew Journ. Bot. vi. t. 1, A. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 168.

A moderate-sized or large tree, with a very straight erect
trunk, bark roughish, not furrowed, whitish- or yellowish-grey,
branchlets with conspicuous leaf-scars, young parts with
ferrugineous scales; |. crowded, 5-9 in., oval or obovate-oval,
attenuate into very short petiole, rounded, often emarginate
at apex, entire, coriaceous, glabrous and shining above, paler,
reticulated and with minute, scattered, rufous scales beneath;
fl. very small, shortly pedicellate, in erect, axillary, spicate
racemes shorter than the 1|., peduncle stout, glabrous; cal.-
segm. triangular; pet. erect, broadly triangular, acute; ov. free,
but enclosed in cupular disk; drupe @ in., apiculate, pulpy,
purple.

Moist low country, below 1500 ft.; rather rare. Singhe Rajah Forest ;
Hewesse; about Ratnapura; Ambagamuwa; Veddagalle; Kuruwita
Korale, abundant. Fl. March; white.

Endemic.

A handsome tree with fine dark foliage. Attains a great height in
Kuruwita Korale, and 6 or 7 ft. in circumference. In a few forests this is
a gregarious tree.

Wood white, smooth, rather light and soft, coarse-grained, of little
use except for tea-boxes, for which it is said to be very good.

7. SPONDIAS, /.
Deciduous trees; |. imparipinnate; fl. polygamous, in
terminal panicles; cal. 5-fid, deciduous; pet. 5, valvate;

Spondias.] Anacardiacee. ao?

stam. I0, inserted outside and beneath disk; disk large,
expanded ; ov. partly immersed in disk, 5-celled, with 1
pendulous ovule in each cell, styles 5, distinct, short; drupe
large, ovoid, stone spongy-woody, very hard, 5-celled, usually
only 1-seeded ; cotyledons flat—Sp. 8; 4 in FZ. B. Ind.

S. mangifera, Willd. Sp. Pi. ii. 751 (1799). Embarella, S.
Ampallai, 7.

Moon Cat. 36. via amara, Comm., Thw. Enum. 78. Engler,
Mon. 248. C. P. 1263.

Fl. B. Ind. ii. 42. Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 169. Wight, III. t. 76.

A small or moderate-sized deciduous tree, with a straight
trunk and smooth, pale bark, young parts glabrous; 1. large,
pinnate, rachis 9-12 in., thickened at base, cylindrical, striate,
glabrous, Iflts. 3-5 pair and a terminal one, opp. or alt.,
articulated, very shortly stalked, 3-6 in., oval or oblong-oval,
often rather unequal at base, acuminate, quite entire, glabrous,
thin, lat. veins numerous, horizontal, straight, pellucid, con-
nected by a strong intra-marginal one; fl. }in., sessile, in
small clusters on the spreading branches of stout, erect,
pyramidal, glabrous, terminal panicles, appearing before the
young 1.; pet. acuminate, reflexed; disk 10-lobed; drupe
ovoid, 2 in., smooth, yellow, flesh firm with a milky juice,
stone very large, thick and woody, cells small, usually all
empty but one.

Moist low country ; common, often planted. Fl. Jan.; pale pinkish-

reen.
: Throughout Tropical Asia.

Wood whitish, soft, light, useless. The fruit is called the ‘Hog-Plum,’
and is eaten, but is unpalatable unless preserved.

This is deciduous and quite bare of leaves for a short time at end of
the dry weather. The young foliage, which appears in April, is a beauti-
ful orange-pink colour. All the plant has a strong terebinthinate odour
when bruised.

Moringa plerygosperma, Gaertn. (M. zeylanica, Pers.) is much culti-
vated in native gardens, and appears semi-wild. There are specimens in
Hermann’s Herb. (Fl. Zeyl. n. 155), and it is figured in Burm. Thes. t. 75.
Well known as Murunga, S. and as ‘ Horse-radish tree’ by the English.
The long fruit is much eaten in curries, and the root is a good substitute
for horse-radish, the seeds afford an oil. Native of Northern India.
Moringa has a remarkable floral structure, and forms of itself the small
order Moringacee.

LONDON:
Printed by STRANGEWAys & Sons, Tower Street, Cambridge Circus, W.C.

5 pt — Garden Library

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