ey. “ ' - ‘ : ' ‘ _ y F : } roe : 4 ox a . - - “ax = ; : 7 a ‘ ‘ * A Pd ‘ . ai + ad woe? a iJ bd . 7 . wee ios ‘ 7 a : ’ b ‘ ‘ + J ' ; is 7 A ) + . , ‘ { ‘ ‘ F J . . *Y i : . sy '§ ood oa ‘ eo 1 ee 7 > 4 A « 7 ine 7 “ de , v) . i Pris a 7 O iad i by SG &’ = % ~ Soa ~ : a : 7 ¢ é i ¥ i ) if = fee as 4 - a ian - , ‘a ‘ . - : o erat’ . Sie =e \ ad ber 4 - :& . A HAND-BOOK TO THE A HAND-BOOK TO THE BLORA’ OFAC ON CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE SPECIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS INDIGENOUS TO THE ISLAND, AND NOTES ON THEIR HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION, AND USES. BY HENRY TRIMEN, M.B. (Lonp.), F.R-S. DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, CEYLON. CONTINUED BY Slik. Dy TIOOKER; G.C.S.1, -CB Bikes: With an Atlas of Plates ILLUSTRATING SOME OF THE MORE INTERESTING SPECIES. Part ITV. EUPHORBIACEA?—_NAIADE%. WITH PLATES LXXVI-C. PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON. LONDON : DULAU & CO, 27, So0no: Souarn. WW. 1898. LONDON | PRINTED BY STRANGEWAYS & SONS, Tower Street, Cambridge Circas, W,C, PG PREFACE TO PART IV. 88 BEING intrusted by the Government of Ceylon with the com- pletion of Dr. Trimen’s Hand-book of the Ceylon Flora (left unfinished through the lamented death of the author), I have to render an account of the materials at my disposal for the above purpose. Premising that the three Parts already published com- prise three-fifths of the contemplated work, I have towards its completion— 1. The Natural Order Euphorbiacee (by Dr. Trimen), nearly ready for press (about 140 species). 2. A list of the genera and species of all the Orders from after Euphorbiacee to Cyperaceé inclusive, in the sequence in which Dr. Trimen intended to describe them (ze, in strict accordance with the Flora of British India), together with such synonyms and references as he thought necessary, habitats, native names (few), and occasional notes. For Gramineae, which are to conclude the work, he left no materials whatever. 3. That portion of the Peradeniya Herbarium which comprises the plants not published in Parts I—III.; and of the collection of drawings pertaining thereto. 4. The Ceylon collections in the Kew Herbarium, which are much richer than those in that of Peradeniya. li Preface. 5. The remaining 25 of the 100 quarto lithographed and coloured Plates that accompany this work. These 25 will appear with the present Part. Thus it appears that my share in the authorship of the Hand-book, as originally contemplated by Dr. Trimen, will be confined to passing his account of the Euphorbiacee through the press, and to supplying descriptions of all the succeeding Orders, together with a complete account of Gramine@, adding occasional notes on the genera and species where I think it expedient to do so. In addition to the above, I propose to give in Part V. (1), a key to the Natural Orders of Ceylon Flowering plants, without which the work cannot be of practical use to any but experienced botanists ; (2), brief biographical notices, by G. Boulger, Esq., F.L.S., of the botanists who have done most for the advancement of the Sinhalese Flora; (3), two very instructive Maps, of the Rainfall and of the Forest Areas of Ceylon, issued by the Surveyor-General of the Colony, to whom I am greatly indebted for sanctioning this use of them. Regarding Indexes, it will be observed that a complete Index of the Latin, Sinhalese, and Tamil names of the plants described in Parts I. and II. is appended to Part II. Part III. is not indexed. As I propose to append to Part V. a complete Index to the whole work, I have con- fined the Index to Parts III. and IV. to generic names. It remains to add to the above explanations that, in following Dr. Trimen’s footsteps, I shall adhere as far as possible to the plan he has adopted, in respect of one point in which I have an observation to make. It refers to the following passage in the Introduction to Part L., p. v.: ‘In the definitions of the Orders and Genera, it must be distinctly understood that the distinguishing characters here given for each group do not include the whole of those which Preface. iii belong to it, but such only as are shown by the species found in Ceylon. Had the Flora of Ceylon been exhaustively explored, this curtailment of the characters of the Orders and Genera would not interfere with the value of the work for its limited purpose, but such, I feel satisfied, is not the case. There are still large areas of the Forest region which await the visits of keen collectors, and there are not a few common (some amongst the very commonest*) plants of the plains of India that have not as yet been collected in Ceylon. J. D. HOOKER. September, 1898. * Of this a conspicuous example is Polygonum plebejum, Br., a weed extending from Africa to Australia; the tropical representative of the European P. aviculare, and perhaps the commonest of Indian dicotyledo- nous plants. Especially abundant in the Madras Peninsula. CXX.—EUPHORBIACEE. HERBS, shrubs, or trees, with often milky juice; 1. alt. and simple, rarely opp. or compound, usually stipulate; infil. various; fl. usually small, often minute, unisexual, sexes dissimilar; perianth simple, or, if double, of cal. and minute pet., sometimes o in one or both sexes; disk often present; stam. 1, few, or many, anth. 2-celled or 3~-4-locellate; ov. superior, of 3 or more, rarely 2, more or less united I—2-ovuled carp.; styles as many as the cells, free or united below (solitary in Dalechampia); ovules pendulous from the inner angle of the cells, funicle often thickened; fr. usually a capsule of 3 or more dorsally dehiscing 1~-2-seeded cocci separating from a central axis, or a more or less fleshy berry or drupe; seed arillate or not; embryo straight, endosperm fleshy, often oily (o in Actephila); cotyledons flat or folded, radicle superior. Chiefly a tropical Order, one of the largest of flowering plants, and one of the six largest of the Ceylon flora. Of genera not indigenous in the island, but widely cultivated, or more or less naturalised, are the scarlet-bracted Poinsettia pulcherrima, of Mexico; the Tallow tree of China, Excecaria sebifera; the American Manihot utilissima, yielding Cassava and Tapioca, together with the three recently introduced American Indiarubber-producing plants, Hevea brasiliensis, the Para Rubber, Manihot Glaziovit, the Ceara Rubber, and Cas¢z/loa elastica, the Mexican Rubber.—J. D. H. Infl. of many naked pedicelled stamens surrounding a naked pedicelled ov., all contained in a_perianth- like 4-5-lobed involucre (Zuphor- bie@) : ; . : ; : Infl. of unisexual fl. with a single or double perianth. Cells of ov. 2-ovuled. Ovules witha ventral raphe (Buxe@) 2. SARCOCOCCA. PART IV. = 1. EUPHORBIA. Euphorbiacee. Ovules with a dorsal raphe (PAy/- lanthe@). Pet. of male fl. distinct; stam. 5. Fil. united below in a column; cal. valvate. Fr. a drupe Fr. a capsule - : Fil. nearly distinct; cal. im- bricate Pet. and sep. of male fl. con- fluent in a 6-lobed perianth. Annual; fr. of 3 crustaceous cocci. : : Perennial ; fr. fleshy Petals o. Male fl. axillary, solitary or fascicled. L, alt. Fr. of 3 or more crusta- ceous or coriaceous dry dehiscent cocci. Styles free or connate below Styles confluent in an accrescent column. Fr. baccate, enclosing 3 or more dehiscent cocci. Styles 3, each twice 2-fid Styles 3, minute, 2-fid . Fr. baccate, enclosing (cocci-like) seeds with a bony testa. Stam. 5, fil. distinct Stam. 3, fil. connate Fr. a drupe, with a bony 1-4-celled putamen ; style - arms __ broadly dilated. Stam. 2-3 _. : Stam. 4 or more. Drupe_ t-celled,_1- seeded : Drupe_ 2-celled, seeded : N 1 L. whorled . Male fl. in axillary spikes, racemes, or panicles. FL. S catkin-like spikes ; fil. 2, long . Fl. panicled; fil. 5— 8 yvery ‘short Fl. loosely pare fil. Rae long Cells of ov. 1-ovuled. Male fl. with pets. Infl. of 2-3-chotomous cymes SIO’ - Id. oy fal . 10) . BRIDELIA. . CLEISTANTHUS. . ACTEPHILA. . AGYNEIA. . SAUROPUS. . PHYLLANTHUS. . GLOCHIDION. . PHYLL. EMBLICA. . PHYLL. RETICULATUS. FLUEGGIA. BREYNIA. . PUTRANJIVA. . HEMICYCLIA. . CYCLOSTEMON. . MISCHODON. . APOROSA. IZ: DAPHNIPHYLLUM. . ANTIDESMA. JATROPHA, Euphorbiacee. Infi. of terminal spikes or racemes 20. CROTON. Infl. of axillary spikes, racemes, or panicles. Cal. of male fl. imbricate in bud. Petals connate Rat) ¢ Petals distinct. Sep. of fem. fl. not ac- crescent. Stam. 3-5. e122; Stam. 15-30 . ee Sep. of fem. fi. accrescent in fr. Fl. umbelled . 24. Fl. racemed or clustered 25. Cal. of male fl. valvate in bud. Glabrous shrubs or trees. 26. Stellate-tomentose herb See Te Fl. apetalous. Male cal. well developed, val- vate in bud. Fil. distinct. Anth. 2-celled. Styles lacerate (see also Mallotus). Sep. of fem. fl. entire . 28. Sep. of fem. fl. lacerate 29. Styles entire. Styles united below in a column. Styles very long 330 Styles short . Sai Styles distinct, undivided. Sep. of fem. ‘fl. imbricate 32 Sep. of fem. fl. valvate. Anth. basifixed . 33 Anth. dorsifixed 5 By Anth. 4-locellate. Styles very long, filiform . 35. Styles short, recurved . 36. Fil. connate in a column or in bundles. Sep. of fem. fl. entire . 37s Sep. of fem. fl. laciniate . 38. Male cal. well developed, im- bricate in bud. Capsule smooth : 39: Capsule echinate or warted . 40. Male cal. minute, open in bud, not enclosing the stam. Capsule smooth. Male cal. cupular, 2-3-lobed 41. Male cal. of 2-3 distinct sepals : » 42: Capsule echinate ras GIVOTIA. TRIGONOSTEMON. OSTODES. BLACHIA. DIMORPHOCALYX. AGROSTOSTACHYS. CHROZOPHORA. ACALYPHA. ADENOCHLANA. . TREWIA. . TRAGIA. . PODADENIA. . CLAOXYLON. . MALLOTUS. CLEIDION. MACARANGA. HOMONOIA. DALECHAMPIA. GELONIUM. CHATOCARPUS. SAPIUM. EXCACARIA. SEBASTIANIA. te 4 Euphorbiacee. [Euphorbia. I. EUPHORBIA, /. Trees, shrubs, or herbs; 1. opp., rarely alt.; fl. moncecious, small, numerous, without a perianth, many male and one fem. arranged in a common perianth-like involucre, with thick glands at the mouth, each gland often bearing a petaloid limb; male fl.:—stam. I, pedicelled; fem. fl. :—ov. pedicelled, 3-celled with one ovule in each cell, styles 3, free or connate; capsule of 3 cocci separating from a central axis, and each splitting both ventrally and dorsally—Sp. 600; 52 in Fl. B. Ind. The flower-heads in this genus have all the appearance of a single bisexual flower, especially when the involucre bears petal-like appendages. Trees, with green fleshy branches a hag Styles connate 4 way up . . I. E, ANTIQUORUM. Styles very slightly connate at base . - «| 2», ke TORTIPAS: Dwarf shrub : F : : ; : . 3. E. AToTa. Herbs. Perennial. Stem tall, erect; inv.-glands without alimb 9. E. ROTHIANA. Stem prostrate; iny.-glands with large limb 4. E. ROSEA. Annual. Inv.-glands with a large Bere limb. Limb fringed. ‘ ; : » .§.. tes CRISTATA: Limb rounded . 5 . 6, E. HYPERICIFOLIA. Inv. glands with a small limb or 0. L. over 2 in., hairy above . ; : 7s Wee HER TAG L. under $ in., glabrous above . ; . 8. E. THYMIFOLIA. I.E. Antiquorum, Z. Sp. P/. 450 (1753). Daluk, S. Chatura-kKalli, 7. Burm. Thes. 96. Fl. Zeyl. 199. Moon, Cat. 37. Thw. Enum. 268. CaP. 2044. Fl. B. Ind. v. 256. Wight, Ic. t. 897. Bedd. Forest. Man. t. xxii. f. 4. Rheede, Hort. Mal. ii. t. 42. A tree, 15-30 ft.; trunk stout, often 3 ft. or more in cir- cumference, cylindrical or fluted ; bark thick, very rough and corrugated, brown; branches numerous, curving upwards, young whorled, stout, fleshy, green, jointed, with 3 very wide thick wings which are narrowed to either end in each joint, and very coarsely repand-crenate; |. very small, 4-3 in, sessile on summit of each crenation, cuneate, truncate, glabrous, fleshy, soon falling; stip. spines, short, sharp, di- varicate, persistent; fl. heads in small shortly stalked cymes of 3, the central one sessile, the 2 lat. on long stout ped.; inv. glands 5, very large, much broader than long, fleshy; male fl. (stam.) numerous, mixed with many laciniate bractlets; fem. Euphorbia. Euphorbiacee. 5 fl.:—ov. nearly sessile, styles combined for half their length; capsule 3-lobed, rather depressed, lobes ovoid, slightly compressed. Low country, in rocky and stony places, especially in the dry region; common. FI. Sept.-Feb.; greenish-yellow, ov. pink. Also in Peninsular India. A very abundant tree in the dry forests near the coast, and familiar to all travellers, by whom it is generally called a ‘cactus.’ I have never seen more than 3 wings to the branches, though Wight says that in India the number is most variable. The plant usually appears leafless, as the small fleshy leaves are quickly deciduous. The whole plant affords a very viscous, acrid, milky juice. 2. E. tortilis, Rottler ex Wight, Ic. iii. 2, 9 (1845). Sinuk, S. Thw. Enum. 268. C. P. 2943. Fl]. B. Ind. v. 256. Wight, Ic. t. 898. A small tree, 8-20 ft., much branched; young branches jointed, fleshy, more slender than in 2. Antiquorum, whorled, ascending, with 3 (rarely 4) broad fleshy wings, which are coarsely serrate-crenate, often spirally twisted, pale yellowish- green; |. 0, or very quickly deciduous; stip. spines minute, very sharp, at summit of each crenation, brown; fl.-heads much smaller than in £. Axtzguorum, on very short stout ped., in trichotomous cymes from the stem sinuses; inv.-glands large, broader than long, thick, glabrous; male fl. several, mixed with numerous fimbriate bractlets; fem. fl.; ov. shortly stalked, styles very shortly connate at base, spreading, minutely bilobed; capsule very small, lobes ovoid-globose, not compressed. In similar places to £. Amtzguorum, but much rarer. Between Nalande and Dambulla, abundant; Dambulla Hill. (The C. P. speci- mens are from the Peradeniya Gardens.) FI. Oct.—Feb.; greenish- cream-coloured. Also in S. India. I very much doubt if the Ceylon plant is rightly referred to this species. It certainly accords badly with Wight’s figure. Wight gives no locality. There is no specimen in Rottler’s Herbarium at Kew. The branches are frequently 4-winged, and often, but by no means invariably, have a distinct spiral twist. I have never seen any leaves. Affords an abundant sticky milk. E. neritfolia, L. Thw. Enum. 268. Pafak, S., a native of India; is sometimes cultivated. It is Fl. Zeyl. n. 200, and given by Moon (Cat. 37) as if a native. It has obscurely 5-angled branches and short stipular thorns. E. Tirucalli, L., Thw. l.c., Mawahandi, S., Kalli, T., is much used for fences in the low country, especially in the dry region, and called ‘milk-hedge by the English. It is supposed to have been introduced 6 LE uphoroiacee. [Euphorbia by the Portuguese from E. tropical Africa, where it is native, and is Fl. Zeyl. n. 196. It grows to a considerable tree if not cut or clipped, and may be recognised by its being thornless and having cylindric branches, 3. E. Atoto, Forst. Prod. n. 207 (1786). £. maritima, Moon, Cat. 38. Thw. Enum. 427 (£. dijfida, Thw. var. Hk. andArn.);.269,. C..P5 213%: Fl. B. Ind. v. 248. Rheede, Hort. Mal. x. t. 58. A dwarf shrub, stem usually prostrate or decumbent, stout, much branched, glabrous and shining, thickened at nodes; 1. opp., shortly petiolate, #-1 in., oval or oblong-oval, obtuse at both ends, entire, glabrous, the upper ones not imbricating; fl-heads axillary, or in small terminal cymes, stalked ; inv.- glands oblong, inconspicuous; capsule glabrous; seeds smooth. Seashore; rare. Batticaloa; Aripo; Trincomalie; Galle. Fl. Dec.- April. Also on the coasts of Malabar, Andaman Is., Malaya, China, Pacific Is., Australia. There are Ceylon specimens from Koenig in Mus. Brit. 4. BE. rosea, etz. Ols. Bot. iv. 26 (1786). Mudu-dada- kiniya, 5. Thw. Enum. 269. C. P. 2126, 2129. Fl. B. Ind. v. 251. A perennial herb, with a long woody tap-root and a short flattened rootstock ; stems very numerous, prostrate, spread- ing, slender, flexuose, glabrous; 1. numerous, opp., $-1 in., oblong strap-shaped or linear-spathulate, rounded and very unequal at base, rounded at apex, glabrous, rather thick; petiole short; stip. interpetiolar, triangular; fl.-heads few, stalked, in small axillary nearly sessile cymes ; inv. campanu- late, glabrous, glands with large petaloid conspicuous rounded appendages, broader than long; capsule small, slightly rough, lobes bluntly keeled; seeds transversely wrinkled. Sandy seashores; common, especially in dry region; rarely inland, as shore of Mineri Tank. Fl. Dec.-Feb.; bright pink. Also in S. India and Afghanistan. The bright pink colour of the involucral gland-appendages renders the flowers decidedly conspicuous. Kcenig’s type-specimens (Mus. Brit.) are from Ceylon. C. P. 2126, from Batticaloa, is a very narrow- leaved form. 5. BE. cristata, Heyne in Roth, Nov. Sp. 226 (1821). E. fimbriata, Heyne in Roth, Thw. Enum. 269. C. P. 3568. Fl. B. Ind. v. 247. Boiss, Ic. Euphorb. t. 8 (Z. fimbriata). Annual; stem erect or spreading, 6-12 in., much branched, slender, cylindrical, more or less clothed with scattered white Euphorbia) Euphorbiacee. 7 hair; 1. opp., very shortly petiolate, }—} in., oblong-oval, very unequal-sided and subcordate at base, obtuse, finely serrate in upper part, slightly hairy on both sides, the upper ones more orbicular, crowded and imbricated round the fl.-head; inv.- glands usually 4, with large spreading petaloid fringed limbs ; capsule very small, hairy; seeds slightly rough, with a few transverse ribs and furrows, white. Dry region; very rare(?). Gunner’s Quoin, Batticaloa Dist.; Nil- gala, Uva. Fl. Jan.—March; pinkish-green. Also in Peninsular India and Burma. 6. E. hypericifolia, /. Sf. Pil. 454 (1753). Hla-dada- kiniya, 5. Herm. Mus. 47. Burm. Thes. 224. Fl. Zeyl. n. 504. Thw. Enum. Pg E. parvifiora. L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1047 (1759); Moon, Cat. 38. Epes. FI. Bind. vy. 249,, Jburm: Whes:-t. 105, f 2: Annual, 6-18 in., spreading or erect, usually with long ascending branches from the base; stem cylindrical, usually slightly pubescent; 1. opp., very shortly petiolate, $-1 in., oval-oblong, rounded and usually unequal at base, obtuse, faintly denticulate-serrate, slightly pubescent and whitish beneath, with prominent veins; fl.-heads minute, stalked, in small very shortly peduncled axillary cymes; inv. oblong, glabrous, lobes small, lanceolate, glands with a large rotundate white petaloid limb; styles, short, bifid; capsule very small, lobes rounded, slightly hispid; seeds smooth. Waste and cultivated ground; a common weed. FI. Sept.—Dec. &c.; white or pinkish. Throughout the Tropics, except Pacific Is. and Australia. The Ceylon plant is £. Jarviflora, L., maintained as distinct by many botanists. It varies but slightly except in habit, being usually slender and more or less decumbent, but occasionally quite erect with stout stems. There is only a drawing, no specimen, in Herb. Herm. 7. E. hirta, Z. Sp. Pl. 454 (1753). #Budadakiriya, 5S. Palavi, 7. Herm. Mus. 31. Burm. Thes. 223, 224. E. pilulifera, L.\.c. Moon, €at. 37, 38. Thw.:Enum. 269. C. P. 3337. Fl. B. Ind. v. 250 (Z. pilulifera). Burm. Thes. tt. 104, 105, f. 1. Annual; stem 6-12 in., decumbent, ascending, or erect, cylindrical, rather stout, with more or less copious spreading bristly hair; 1. opp., 3-1} in., on very short petioles, lanceolate- oblong, very unequal-sided, acute or subacute, serrate, sparingly hairy on both surfaces, pale glaucous or pinkish, and with prominent veins beneath; stip. pectinate, soon 8 Euphorbiacec. (Euphorbia. falling; fl.-heads minute, numerous, shortly stalked, crowded in small rounded pedunculate axillary cymes; inv. very small, glands obscure or 0; capsule minute, adpressed-hairy, lobes keeled; seeds ovoid-trigonous, transversely wrinkled, bright light brown. Cultivated ground; a very common weed. FI. all the year; greenish. Throughout the Tropics. The names A7rta and pilulifera are of equal authority, and either may be used. 8. E. thymifolia, Z. SZ. P/. 454 (1753). Bin-dadekiriya, S. Chittirapalavi, 7. Burm. Thes. 225. Fl. Zeyl. n. 198. Moon, Cat. 38. 4. Burman- niana, Gay. Thw. Enum. 269. C. P. 2128. Fl. B. Ind. v. 252. (#. Burmanniana). Burm. Thes. t. 105, f. 3 (good). Small, annual; stems depressed-prostrate, cylindrical, divaricately branched, hairy; 1. opp. very small, 4-4} in, oblong-oval, rounded and very oblique at base, rounded at apex, dentate-serrate, glabrous above, glaucous and slightly hairy beneath; petiole very short; stip. minute, serrate; fl-heads very small, sessile, 1-3 in axil; inv. campanulate, hairy, lobes very short, glands 0, or very minute; capsule with bluntly keeled lobes, hairy. Waste and cultivated ground; a common weed. FI. all the year ; pinkish. Throughout the Tropics, except N. Australia. Whole plant often has a pale coppery tinge. The severed end of a branch, made to touch lightly the surface of water, has the singular effect of violently repelling to a considerable distance all floating particles in the neighbourhood. E. microphylla, Heyne in Roth, Nov. Sp.(?). Under the name of £. Chamesyce, Thwaites (Enum. 269) records C. P. 2655. The specimens were collected by Glenie at Trincomalie in 1859, but are so very frag- mentary as to be quite useless for determination. 9. BE. Rothiana, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 796 (1826). Thw. Enum. 269. £. oreophila, Migq.; Trim. Syst. Cat. 78. C. P. 2I « 24. FI. B. Ind. v. 263. Wight, Ic. t. 1864. Perennial herb; stem about 2 ft., erect, cylindrical, gla- brous, branched above, glaucous; |. alt., sessile, 24—4 in., linear- lanceolate, tapering to both ends, acute, entire, glabrous, floral ones (bracts) opp., ovate, rounded at base, mucronate; fl.-heads in the bifurcations of large ax dichotomous terminal cymes ; inv. small, glabrous, campanulate, villous within, lobes Sarcococca.] Euphorbiacee. 9 very short, ciliate, glands large, broad, 2-horned; capsule with rounded lobes, glabrous, pale brown; seeds oblong-ovoid, smooth, blue-black. Shady places in the montane zone, 3-7000 ft.; common. FI. Sept.— Dec.; green. Also in Peninsular India. E. leita, Heyne in Roth, Nov. Sp. 230, seems the oldest name (1821), and ought to be retained (as Z. /efa, Ait. is reduced to E. dendroides, L.). 2, SARCOCOCCA, Lind. Shrub; 1. alt.; fl. monoecious, in axillary clusters, bracteate; cal.-segm. 4, distinct, imbricate; male fl.:—stam. 4, opp. sep.; fem. fl.:—ov. 2-celled with 2 collateral ovules in each cell, raphe of ovule ventral, styles 2, undivided; fr. a drupe, endocarp bony; seed solitary or 2, endosperm fleshy, coty- ledons broad, flat.—Sp. 2 or 3; 1 in FZ. B. Lud. This genus, along with the box and a few others, is regarded by some authors as belonging to a different Order (Buzxee) from Euphorbiaceae, characterised chiefly by the raphe of the ovule being ventral. S. pruniformis, Z77d/. in Bot. Reg. t. 1012 (1826). Thw. Enum. 290. S. saligna, var. brevifolia, Muell. Arg. in DC. Prod: xvi. 1, 12: -C..P. 203. Fl. B. Ind. v. 266. Wight, Ic. t. 1877 (S. ¢vénervia). Shrub, 4-8 ft., much branched; branchlets long, virgate, somewhat angular, glabrous, green; |. numerous, alt. very variable, 14-34 in., broadly ovate to narrowly lanceolate, tapering to base, acuminate or caudate, acute, often somewhat falcate, entire, glabrous, basal pair of lat. veins usually dis- tinct, making 1. 3-nerved ; petiole }in., slender; fl. on short more or less bracteate ped., in small axillary racemes or clusters; cal.-segm. obtuse, glabrous; styles short, recurved ; drupe 4-2? in., oblong-ovoid, tipped with style-bases, smooth, purple. _ Var. B, zeylanica, Hz. /. S. zeylanica, Baill. Mon. Bux. 52; Muell. | Arg. lc. 12. Male fl. 4-bracteolate ; fruit shorter. Var. y, brevifolia, Muell. Arg. l.c. Male fl. without bracts. Montane zone, especially in the higher elevations; common. FI. all the year; green. Also in mountains of India, Afghanistan, and Sumatra. The leaves vary much in width, the broadest occurring at the highest elevations. 10 Euphorbracee. [Bridelia, 3. BRIDELIA, Willd. Trees or shrubs, rarely scandent; fl. small, dicecious or moneecious, in axillary clusters or spikes, dichlamydeous; cal.-segm. 5, valvate; pet. 5, inserted on cal., very small, disk conspicuous, annular in male, tubular in fem.; stam. 5, fil. united below into a column, distinct and spreading above; pistillode terminating the column; ov. 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell, styles 2, forked; fr. a drupe with two 1-seeded pyrenes.—Sp. 30; 18 in FZ. B. Lund. Erect, leaf-veins more than Io pair. Fr. globose 1. B. RETUSA. Fr. ovoid, acute ; : : ; : . 2. B. MOONII. Scandent, leaf-veins less than 7 pairs . : ; . 3. B. SCANDENS, 1. B. retusa, Spreng. Syst. Veg. ili. 48 (1826). MBeta-kala, 5S. Mul-venkai, 7. Herm. Mus. 27. Fl. Zeyl. n. 367. Cluytia retusa, L. Sp. Pl. 1042 ; Thw. Enum. 279. C. P. 2161. Fl. B. Ind. v. 268. Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 260. A small tree; bark smooth, pale yellowish-grey; young twigs rusty-pubescent; 1. numerous, alt., 34-4} in. oblong- oval, usually rounded at base, very obtuse or rounded. at apex, often emarginate, entire; lat. veins 16-20 pair, strong, parallel, uniting with a transparent marginal one, and con- nected by numerous fine transverse veinlets, glabrous and bright green above, whitish, with minute pubescence beneath, rather thick ; petiole short, stout, finely pubescent ; stip. lan- ceolate, with a broad base, very acuminate, pubescent, deci- duous; fl. dicecious, on very short ped., in small dense clusters on spicate or rarely branched axillary, infl. often exceeding 1. ; bracts ovate, acute, deciduous; male fl. } in., cal.-segm. narrowly triangular, acute, spreading; pet. much smaller, deeply pectinate; disk thick and pulpy; fem. fl. smaller; cal. as in male; pet. spathulate, acute, not pectinate, per- sistent; disk truncate, enclosing ov.; styles short; fr. seated on persistent cal. and pet., over } in., globose, slightly pulpy, purplish-black, pyrenes thin. Moist low country, up to 2000 ft.; common. FI. June, July; green, tinged with red, disk purple. India, Burma, Malacca. The leaves are minutely and beautifully reticulate beneath, with minute pits in the ultimate meshes. Often mistaken for a Dipterocarp. Timber useful for house-building. Cleistanthus. | E uphorb 2acee. gp 2. B. Moonili, 7iw. Enum. 279 (1861). Pat-kala, 5S. Muell. Arg. in DC. Prod. xv. 2, 497. Cluytia retusa, Moon, Cat. 71 (non L.). Fl. B. Ind. v. 268. Characters those of B. retusa, but |. usually larger, 4-6 in., more acuminate, with fewer (11-15 pair) lat. veins, and less white, and not so minutely reticulate beneath; fl. ‘moncecious’ (? always), in axillary clusters only; fr. about } in., ovoid, tapering to both ends, acute at apex. Moist low country, up to 2000 ft.; common. FI. June. Endemic. I doubt if this be distinct from 4. vefusa, but the shape of the fruit appears to characterise it, and the ultimate venation of the leaves is different. [In a drawing (in Herb. Peradin.) some of the leaves are as rounded at the apex as in &. retusa, and the berries, 14 in. long, are rounded at both ends, the pyrenes rugose.—J. D. H.] 3. B. scandens, Willd. Sp. P/. iv. 979 (1805). Gi P.- 3932. Fl. B. Ind. v. 270 (B. stifularis). Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 173. A scandent shrub; young branches long, slender, twigs slightly pubescent; 1. 1-2 in., on very short petioles, oblong- oval, subacute, very shallowly crenate, glabrous above, pale and slightly pubescent beneath, lat. veins 5 or 6 pair; fl. *monececious’ in small, very dense axillary clusters; cal. very hairy outside, segm. narrow, acute; fr. ‘oblong, nearly 4 in. long, obtuse, smooth, bluish-black.’ Moist low country; very rare. Below Alagalla (Ferguson). FI. Dec.; pale green. India, Malaya, Philippine Is., Tropical Africa. : I have seen only the C. P. specimens, which are poor and have no ruit. 4. CLEISTANTHUS, //. / Small trees; fl. in axillary clusters, rarely in spikes, moncecious (sometimes dicecious ?); cal.-segm. 4-6, valvate; pet. very small, often bifid; male fl.:—disk broad ; stam. 5, fil. more or less connate below in a column; pistillode small, terminating column; fem. fl.:—disk large, lobed; ov. 3-celled, _with 2 ovules in each cell; styles 3, bifid; fruit dry, 3-lobed; seeds exarillate, endosperm copious or scanty, cotyledons thin or fleshy, flat or folded.—Sp. about 30; 28 in FZ. B. Ind. 12 Euphortiacee. [Cleistanthus. Fr. large, # in., seeds globose . 1. C, COLLINUS. Fr. small, 3 in. or less, seeds not globose. Cal. glabrous. 3 : : ; : . 2. C. ACUMINATUS. Cal. pubescent. L. coriaceous . ; : n é A - 3. C. ROBUSTUS. L. not coriaceous. Fr. glabrous when mature. L. more or less rounded at base . 4 C: PAULUS: L. tapering to base . : : : . 5. C. PALLIDUS. Fr. with rusty tomentum 6. C. FERRUGINEUS. 1. ©. collinus, Benth. in Gen. Pi. iii. 268 (1880) Madaru, S. Amanoa collina, Baill.; Thw. Enum. 280 Lebidieropsis orbicularts, Muell. Arg. in Linnza, xxxii. 80. C. P. 2163. Fl. B. Ind. v. 274. Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 169. Bedd. For. Man. t. 23, f. 5. A small tree; branches stout, spreading; bark corky, pustulate, reddish-grey; young twigs pubescent; |. few, rather large, 2-4 in., broadly oblong-oval, shortly petioled, very obtuse or rounded at apex, glabrous, rather pale beneath, venation reticulate; fl. very shortly stalked, in axillary clusters; cal. hairy; sep. lanceolate, acute; pet. very minute; male fl.:—disk broad, circular; fil. connate half way up; fem. fl.:—styles bifid; fr. large, ? in. diam., depressed-globose, very indistinctly 3-lobed, smooth, shining, woody, brown; seeds nearly globose, dark brown, endosperm scanty. Low country ; very rare. Sabaragamuwa Prov. (Gardner); Kolona Korale (Thwaites) ; Bintenne (Wace). Fl. June; yellowish. This seems to form a genus distinct from Clezstanthus. It appears to be usually dicecious. The heart-wood is very hard and dark red. Bark and fruit said to be very poisonous. 2. ©. acuminatus, Wuell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. xvii. 508 (1866). Amanoa acuminata, Thw. Enum. 428. C. P. 2164. Fl. B. Ind. v. 276. Small tree; twigs numerous, slender; bark smooth, greyish- brown; young parts glabrous; |. 2-4 in., on short petioles, ovate, long-acuminate, entire, but somewhat undulate, thin but stiff, shining, slightly bullate between veins; fl. in small dense clusters, sessile; bracts minute; cal. glabrous, segm. triangular-oval; pet. very small, obovate-rotundate, in male slightly lobed; stam. column short, thick; ov. hairy, styles spreading; capsule small, deeply 3-lobed, crustaceous, gla- brous or very nearly so, yellowish or reddish. Moist low country, below 1000 ft. Colombo (Ferguson); Galle. Endemic. There is a specimen in Herb. Hermann; and it is FI. Zeyl. n. 431, among the ‘ Dubie,’ and not named by Linnzus. Cleistanthus.) Euphorbiacee. 13 3. C. robustus, MWuell. Arg. 1. c. 504 (1866). Amanoa indica, Thw. Enum. 428 (non Wight). C. P. 3721. FI. B. Ind. v. 279. A small tree with slender twigs ; young parts glabrous; |. 3-7 in., oblong-oval or ovate, acute at base, acuminate-caudate, subcoriaceous, glabrous and shining above, pale and with rather conspicuous reticulate venation beneath; petiole stout; fl. sessile, in axillary clusters, or in distant spreading spikes shorter than 1.; cal. pubescent, segm. acute; disk of fem. fl. with acute lobes; capsule 3 in., globose-pyriform, 3-lobed, glabrous. Moist low country, below 1ooo ft.; rare. Hewessee. FI, March. Endemic. Dries a dark coppery brown. 4. ©. patulus, J7uell. Arg. in DC. Prod. xv. ii. 505 (1866). Amanoa indica, forma minor, Thw. Enum. 428. C. P. 2151. Fl. B. Ind. v. 279. Wight, Ic. t. 1911 (Amzanoa indica). Bedd. For. Man. t. xxiii. f. iv. A small tree with very slender twigs; young parts pubes- cent; 1. numerous, small, 14-3 in., ovate, rounded or subacute at base, acuminate-caudate, obtuse, stiff, glabrous and shining above, paler beneath; fl.-clusters very small, in very lax axillary spikes; cal. pubescent, segm. lanceolate, acute; pet. very small, rotundate; ov. hairy; capsule over } in., faintly 3-lobed, usually apiculate, smooth. Moist low country, below tooo ft.; rather rare. Radnapura and other places in Sabaragamuwa. Fl. March; yellow. Also in S. India. 5. C. pallidus, J7uell. Arg. /. c. 508 (1866). Wisa, 7. Amanoa pallida, Thw. Enum. 280. C. P. 2166, Fl. B. Ind. v. 279. Bedd. For. Man. t. 23, f. 4. A small much-branched tree; twigs slender; bark greyish- brown; young parts hairy; 1. very numerous, on very short petioles, 14-44 in., lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, tapering to base, acuminate acute or obtuse, glabrous above, slightly pilose, pale, and with prominent venation beneath ; stip. subu- late, semi-spinous; fl. sessile; bracts subulate; cal.-segm. lanceolate, acute, pubescent; ov. densely tomentose, styles very shortly bifid; capsule near 2 in. distinctly 3-lobed, at first hairy, but becoming glabrous, or nearly so. Var. B, subglauca, 772m. Syst. Cat. 78. C. P. 3981. L. smaller, narrower, more acuminate, glaucous beneath. 14 Euphorbiaceae. [Actephila. Low country in both regions, up to 2000 ft.; rather rare. Dambulla; Ritigala; Harogama; Tlanguranketa; Yattiantota. Var. 6, Pasdun Korale. Fl. April; pale green. Endemic. Very variable in the size of the leaves. 6. C. ferrugineus, J/well. Arg. /. c. 507 (1866). Amanoa ferruginea, Thw. Enum. 280. C. P. 2407. Fl. B. Ind. v. 280. A small tree; bark dark brown; twigs numerous ; young parts rusty-pubescent; |. 3-5 in., lanceolate, acuminate, acute, on short petioles, stiff, pale, and with rather prominent veins beneath; fl.-clusters sometimes on short peduncles; cal. rusty-pubescent, segm. oval-oblong, subacute; pet. very small, bifid; capsule $ in. broad, depressed, shortly stalked, strongly 3-lobed, rusty-tomentose. Moist low country, to 3000 ft. Ambagamuwa; Hantane. FI. March. Endemic. 5. ACTEPHILA, 2/. A tree; |. entire, with minute stip.; fl. moncecious or dicecious, in small clusters, dichlamydeous; cal.-segm. 5, imbricate ; pet. 5, small; male fl.:—disk prominent, fleshy; stam. 5, fil. connate below in a stout column; pistillode columnar, with 3 spreading arms; fem. fl.:—disk flattened, expanded, lobed; ov. 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; styles 3, short, bifid; fr. a rather large dry woody capsule, 3-celled, 3-valved; seeds usually 3, endosperm o, cotyledons fleshy, unequal, folded, radicle very short——Sp. about 10; 2 in Fl. B. Ind. A. neilgherrensis, Wight, Jc. v. 2, 29 (1852). Satra zeylanica, Baill. Et. Euphorb. 571. A. zeylanica, Muell. Arg. LG; 22%. Thw. Enum. 280. C. P. 2532, 3430, 3431. Fl. B. Ind. v. 283 (A. excel/sa). Wight, Ic. t. 1910. Bedd. For. Man. t. xxiii. f. 3 (A. excelsa). A small tree; bark greyish-brown, lenticellate, marked with leaf-scars ; young parts glabrous; |. very variable, 2-10 in., oblong-lanceolate linear-oblong or broadly oval, obtuse subacute or caudate-acuminate, tapering to base, on longish petioles, glabrous; stip. deciduous; fl. small, male on short ped., fem. on ped. ? inch long and thickened upwards, in small axillary clusters; bracts short, hairy ; male fl. :—cal.-segm. broadly oval, obtuse; pet. wedge-shaped, often incised or Agyneia.] Euphorbracee. 15 bifid; fem. fl.:—cal.-segm. and pet. as in male; disk lobed, yellow; staminodes 0; ov. depressed-globose, styles short, thick, divaricate, bifid; fr. 1-1} in., on longish stalks, de- pressed, seated on persistent cal. and pet. 3-lobed, dark green. Moist region, up to 6000 ft.; rather common. Kalutara (Moon); Colombo; Weligama, &c., in Pasdun Korale; Medamahanuwara ; Dolosbagie; Elephant Plains; Hakgala. Fl. Sept.Dec.; pale green, pet. white, disk yellowish. Hills of India, Burma, Andaman Is., Java. Extremely variable in size and shape of leaves. It is frequently ‘moneecious, and thus the principal character for A. zeylanica fails. 6. AGYNETA, Vezt. Annual, with prostrate stems and fleshy 1.; fl. moncecious, dichlamydeous, axillary, fem. much larger than male; male fl.:—sep. and pet. combined to form a flat thickened viscous perianth, segm. 6; stam. 3, connate into a short column, anth, minute, capitate, sessile; pistillode 0; fem. fl.:—sep. 3, distinct; pet. 3,similar; ov. truncate, 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell, styles 3, sunk in the top of the ovary, deeply bifid; fr. small, splitting into 3 two-seeded cocci; seeds slender, curved, hilum long, endosperm fleshy, embryo curved, cotyledons broad flat.—Sp. 2; 1 in FZ. B. Lnd. A. bacciformis, 4. Juss. Tent. Euphorb. 24 (1824). Ete pilawakka, 5S. Thw. Enum. 283. C. P. 2130. Fl. B. Ind. v. 285. Wight, Ic. t. 1893 (not good). Baill. Et. Gen. Euph. t. 24, f. 10-14. Annual, with a large tap-root and many prostrate or ascending, much-branched, angular, glabrous stems; |. small, 1-3 in. nearly sessile, oval-oblong, obtuse, sometimes apicu- late, fleshy, glaucous; stip. minute, ovate, acute; fl. on short filiform ped., axillary, male minute, female much larger; bracts acicular; male fl.:—perianth much thickened except at margin, segm. rounded, denticulate; anth. adnate; fem. fl.—- sep. ovate, acute, imbricate; pet. rather smaller; ov. clavate, thickened upwards, bluntly trigonous, flat-topped, styles spreading; fr. seated on persistent sep. and pet., ovate- ovoid, truncate. Sandy seashores; common. FI. Jan.; pale green. Coasts of India, Java, Mauritius. 16 Euphorbiacee. [ Sauropus. 7. SAUROPUS, £7. Shrubs; fl. small, moncecious (or dicecious?), mono- dichlamydeous, axillary; male fl.:—perianth-tube either large and dilated with 6 very short segm., or short with long segm.; stam. 3, fil. connate into a short flat-topped column, anth. sessile; pistillode 0; fem. fl.:—per.-segments 6, nearly dis- tinct, persistent and enlarged in fruit; ov. pear-shaped, truncate or hollowed on top, 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each, cell, styles 3, bifid; fr. fleshy but dehiscent, with 6 crus- taceous cocci; seeds 6, endosperm fleshy, cotyledons broad, flat—Sp. about 20; 15 in Fl. B. Ind. L. over I in. Per.-segm. broad, flat, very short. Per. of male fl. flattened and disciform Per. of male fl. everted and reflexed . Per.-segm. long, ee meee L. under I in. ; : ? - A 1. S. albicans, 2/7. Bijd. 596 (1825). Mella-dum-kola, 5. S. Gardnerianus, Wight, Ic. vi. 6; Thw. Enum. 284. SS. zeylanicus. Wight, lc. C. P. 2146. F]. B. Ind. v. 332. Wight, Ic. t. 1951, fig. 2 (S. Gardnerzanus), and t. 1952 (S. zeylanicus and S. indicus). A small shrub with many elongated smooth green branches; |. on very short petioles, 1?-2} in., ovate-lanceolate or ovate, obtuse at base, acute, entire, thin, pale green, whitish beneath; stip. minute, acicular; fl. on long ped., male in small clusters, fem. solitary, drooping; male fl.:—per.-tube large, contracted at mouth, much flattened, so as to be dis- ciform, thickened, segm. very short; fem. fl.:—per.-segm. rounded, style-arms recurved; fr. rather large, about ? in. diam., pendulous, globose, fleshy; seeds hard, black. Moist region, 2—5000 ft.; rather common. FI. April-Aug.; yellowish- green. Travancore, E. Bengal, Burma, Malaya, Philippine Is. The rather large pendulous fruit is pale whitish or yellowish-green. When dried, the plant has the scent of celery. S. ALBICANS. S. RETROVERSA, S. ASSIMILIS. S. RIGIDUS. PYYs 2. S. retroversus, Wight, Jc. vi. 6 (1853). Thw. Enum. 284. C. P. 3134. PB. Und: -v: 333.- Wight ic. t 1951 ae. Very like S. albicans, but differs in the perianth of the male fl. being completely everted and reflexed, so as to appear pileate with the stam.-column on its summit, lobes (at base) very short, tooth-like, 6 or 12; fem. fl. as in S. albicans, fr. (ex Thwaites) 1 in., pyriform, white. Phyllanthus. Euphorbtacee. 17 Montane zone; very rare. Uda-pussolawe Dist., at about 4000 ft. Fl. April. Endemic. I have not met with this, and seen only the C. P. specimens. Thwaites briefly describes fem. fl. and fruit, but there are neither on his specimens in Herb. Perad. I am inclined to agree with Sir J. Hooker, that this is merely an abnormal form of the last, not a separate species. 3. S. assimilis, 7iw. Enum. 284 (1861). Muell. Arg. 1. c. 242. C. P. 2855. FI. B. Ind. v..333: L. 13-3 in., oblong-lanceolate, acute, very shortly petioled, thin, glaucous beneath; male fl. on very slender ped.; peri- anth divided almost to base, segm. equal, cylindrical, obtuse, curved, hollowed at base; fem. fl.:—per.-segm. oval, flat, acute; ov. truncate, styles hooked; fr. not seen. Moist region; very rare. Allagala, at 3000 ft.; Hiniduma Patta. Fl. May—Aug.; greenish-yellow. Endemic. I have but scanty material for this species. The female fl. above described are on a separate branchlet, but seem to belong to the species. 4. S. rigidus, 7/w. Enum. 284 (1861). Muell. Arg. 1. c. 243. C. P. 2135. Fl. B. Ind. v. 336. A small, rigid, much-branched shrub, 1-2 ft. high; branches angular, glabrous; 1. small, 1-1 in. on very short petioles, rotundate or broadly oval, obtuse, often somewhat tapering at base; fl. moncecious (sometimes dicecious?) on short slender ped., which are clothed below with imbricate bracts; fem. much larger than male; male fl.:—per.-segm. irregularly triangular, thickened at base, margin sinuate; fem. fl.:—per.-segm. obovate, obtuse, apiculate; ov. truncate, hollowed on top with short styles in the cavity. Dry and intermediate regions; rare. Dambulla; Hanguranketa ; Nilgala, Uva. Fl. Jan., Feb.; yellowish-green. Endemic. Leaves mottled with white in the centre. 8. PHYLLANTHUS, . Shrubs, rarely herbs or trees; |. usually small, distichous (except P. hakgalensis); fl. small, moncecious, apetalous, axillary; disk various; male fl.:—sep. 4-6, distinct, imbricate; stam. 3-5, fil. o, or free, and more or less connate, anth. cells either parallel or divergent and dehiscence thus either parallei PART IV. e 18 Euphorbiacee. [Phyllanthus. or transverse; pistillode o (or very small in Rezdia) ; fem. fl.:—sep. 5-6 (4 in Prosorus), ov. 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell (superposed in Kzrganelia); styles 3, distinct or connate, usually bifid; fr. usually dry (rarely fleshy), usually with 3 crustaceous 2-seeded cocci; seeds trigonous, with fleshy endosperm.—Sp. 350; 56 in FZ. B. Lnd. Shrubs or herbs; sep. of fem. fl. 6 or 5 (No. 3 a tree). Sep. of male fl. 6 or 5: Stam. 5. All fil. connate; fr. dry (Peltandra) . 1. P. THWAITESIANUS, Two fil. distinct ; fr. a sPeHy Sista nelia) 2. P. RETICULATUS. Stam. 3. Fr. large, fleshy (Ewzblica) . 2 . 3. P. EMBLICA. Fr. small, dry. Anth.-cells gpenitg by vertical slits. Shrub. 5 . 4, P. POLYPHYLLUS. Herbs Capsule glabrous. L. under 3 in 5. P. MADERASPATENSIS. L. over # in. : : . 6. P. RHEEDIIL. Capsule muriculate . : . 7. P. URINARIA. Anth. with transverse dehiscence. Large shrub . 8. P. MYRTIFOLIUS. Perennial herb g. P. SIMPLEX. Annual herbs. L. oblong-oval . c , : 10. P. NIRURE L. rotundate . - ; . I1. P. ROTUNDIFOLIUS. Sep. of male fl. 4 ney EL; OVER Tin... \. - : : . 12, P. BAILLONIANUS. L. under I in. Sep. fimbriate or toothed. L. crowded, narrowly oblong . . 13. P. ANABAPTIZATUS. L. not crowded, oval. : is . 14. P. OREOPHILUS. Sep. entire. Fruit glabrous. L. distichous . ‘ P : . 15. P. LONGIFLORUS. L. not distichous . : : . 16. P. HAKGALENSIS. Fruit rough : : : : . 17. P. CINEREUS. Fruit tomentose : 18. P. AFFINIS. Deciduous trees ; sep. 4 in both sexes (Prosorus). Male fl. minute ; anth. short ; : . 19. P. INDICUS. Male fl. } in. diam., anth. long . ‘ . 20. P. CYANOSPERMUS. P. Thwaitesianus, M/well. Arg. in DC. Prod. xv. 2, 341 (1866). Pulau Jiexuosa, Thw. Enum. 281. C. P. 3571. Fl. B. Ind. v. 287. Wight, Ic. t. 1892 (Peltandra parvifolia). A small, slightly branched shrub; branches very slender, angular, glabrous; |. varying in size, 1}—2 in. on stems, $—I in. on branchlets, on rather long petioles, broadly oval, acute at both ends, very thin, pale glaucous-green, usually mottled Phyllanthus.] Luphorbiacee. 19 with white along midrib and lat. veins, glabrous; stip. acicular; fl. very small, on long very slender ped., male in small clusters, fem. solitary; bracts fimbriate; sep. rounded; stam. 5, fil. connate half way; styles deeply bifid, spreading; fr. a dry capsule, very small, on long filiform stalk, glabrous. Dry region; rare(?). Matale East; Bibile ; Mineri ; Anuradhapura. Fl. March-June; pale green. Endemic. The very much smaller size of the leaves on the ultimate twigs than those on the older branches gives a singular character to this little shrub. The leaves are sometimes mottled with white in the centre. 2. P. reticulatus, Por. Enc. Méth. v.208 (1804). Wel-kayila, S. Pula, Pullanti, Mipullanti, 7. Burm. Thes. 198. Zzzyphus lineatus, Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 1102; Moon, Cat.17. P. multifiorus, Willd.; Moon, Cat. 65. P. microcarpus, Muell. Arg. l.c. 343. Kzxganelia* multiflora, Baill.; Thw. Enum. 282. C. P. 2142, 327, 2947. Fl. B. Ind. v. 288. Burm. Thes. t. 88. Wight, Ic. t. 1899 (Anzsonema multifiorun.). A shrub, 8-10 ft.; branches lenticellate; shoots finely pubescent or glabrous; 1. #-14 in., on short petiole, variable, lanceolate or oblong-oval or nearly rotundate, obtuse or acute, rather thin, glabrous or slightly pubescent, somewhat paler beneath ; stip. small, subulate, persistent ; male fl. in clusters of 2-6; sep. very obtuse; stam. 5, the 3 inner fil. connate into a short column, the 2 outer free, shorter ; fem. fl. solitary, sep. very obtuse, persistent; ov. 4-5-celled, stigmas very small ; fr. about } in., fleshy, depressed-globose, smooth and shining, purplish-black ; seeds usually 10, 2 superposed in each cell. Low country; very common in the dry region, rarer in the moist one. Fl. all the year; pink. India, Malaya, Trop. Africa, China. Burmann’s figure is very good for the pubescent variety, which is the more frequent in the moist districts. The glabrous form (var. g/aéra, Thw.) has sometimes smaller fruit when it is P. zcrocarpus, Muell. Arg. The little berries are purplish-black, and are sweetish to the taste. Affords a styptic gum. Plant also used medicinally as a diuretic. The twigs are used for tooth-brushes at Mannar. 3. P. Emblica,} Z. S~. P/. 982 (1753). Nelli, S. Toppi- melli, 7. Moon, Cat. 65. Thw. Enum. 282. C. P. 2144. Fl. B. Ind. v. 289. Wight, Ic. t. 1896 (Emblica officinalis). Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 258. * Kirganelia, from Kirganeli, the Malabar name of P. Nivuriz as given by Rheede in Hort. Mal. x. 29. t The fruit is the Emblic or Embelic myrobalan of the old phar- macists. 20 Euphorbiacee. [Phyllanthus. A small or middle-sized tree, rarely 30 ft. high, with a crooked trunk and spreading branches ; bark thin, grey, with numerous bosses, whence arise the leaf-bearing branchlets; young parts pubescent; 1. very numerous, closely placed, distichous, overlapping, spreading, nearly sessile, about 3 in., linear-strap-shaped, rounded at base, subacute, glabrous, paler beneath ; stip. minute, acute; male fl. very small, numerous, on slender ped., in axillary fascicles; fem. fl. few, nearly sessile; male fl.:—sep. 6, oblong, obtuse, disk 0; stam. 3, connate throughout ; fem. fl.:—sep. as in male; ov. surrounded by a cup-like lacerate disk, styles 3, large, spreading or recurved, dilated or lobed; fr. 4 in. or more, globose, fleshy, pale green or yellow, of 3 subdehiscent 2-seeded crustaceous cocci enclosed in a thick fleshy coat; seeds triquetrous, testa crustaceous, embryo with concave cotyledons. Exposed places, especially on patana land in the moist region, up to 4ooo ft.; very common. FI. Oct.; greenish-yellow. Throughout India, Malaya, China. The feathery leafy branchlets precisely resemble pinnate leaves; they are deciduous, and the plant leafless in the dry season. The acid and astringent fruit is an important native medicine; it also makes a good preserve. Hermann’s drawing of his ‘Kathukaramba’ (Mus. 68), quoted by Linnzus for this species, seems rather to represent the foreign P. longifolius (Cicca disticha), which is often cultivated. 4. P. polyphyllus, W7//d. Sp. P/. iv. 586 (1805). Thw. Enum. 282. P. emblicotdes, Muell. Arg. l.c. 353. C. P. 2140 2502). ‘ TL B. Ind. v. 290. Wight, Ic. t. 1895, f. 2. A shrub, or small tree; branches straight, terete; young parts striate, glabrous; |. very numerous, closely placed and often slightly overlapping, nearly sessile, small, under 4 in., linear-oblong, rounded at base, obtuse, mucronate, glabrous, veins rather prominent beneath; stip. minute, acute, persistent ; fl. numerous, male 2 or 3 together, fem. much larger, solitary; stam. 3, anth. sessile, connate; ov. globose, styles connate for a short distance, bifid; fr. nearly } in., dry, depressed, strongly 3-lobed, capped with persistent styles, glabrous but not shining. Dry region; common. FI. Nov., &c. Also in S. India. P. emblicoides, Muell. Arg., with a much thickened stylar column, seems to be based on an abnormal condition of that organ. 5. P. maderaspatensis, Z. S/. P/. 982 (1753). Moon, Cat. 65. Thw. Enum. 282. C. P. 2133. Fl. B. Ind. v. 292. Wight, Ic. t. 1895, f. 3 (not good). Phyllanthus.] Euphorbracee. 25 Annual, but sometimes slightly woody at base; stem I-2 ft., erect, with long, slender, ascending, glabrous branches; |. on veiy short petioles, small, +4 in., cuneate-obovate, much tapering to narrow base, rounded-truncate but often apiculate at apex, glaucous and with lat. veins conspicuous beneath; stip. linear-lanceolate, very acute ; fl. on very short ped., male in small clusters, fem. solitary; sep. obovate-rotundate, obtuse; male fl.:—stam. completely connate; fem. fl.:—styles very small; fr. dry, very small, under } in., depressed, 3-lobed, glabrous; seeds very finely muriculate in lines. Dry region; rather common. Jaffna; Mineri, &c. Fl. Jan.—March. India, Arabia, Trop. Africa, China, Java, Australia. 6. PB. Rheedii, Wight, lc. v. 2, 25 (1852). P. flaccidus, Thw. Enum. 283. Muell. Arg. l.c. 363. C. P. 320. Fl. B. Ind. v. 293. Wight, Ic. t. 1895, f. 1 (not good). Annual; stem 1-24 ft. rather stout, branched above, glabrous; 1. $-14 in., oblong-oval, acute or rounded at base, subacute and apiculate at apex, thin; petiole very short; stip. long, acicular, persistent; male fl. very small, on short ped. 1-3 together, fem. fl. much larger, solitary, on longer ped. thickened upwards; sep. oblong, obtuse, with white margins; fil. connate below; styles short, bifid; fr. 4 in. diam., sur- rounded by persistent sep., globose, dry, scarcely 3-lobed, glabrous, almost membranous ; seeds striate. Montane zone, 4-7000 ft.; rather common. FI. March, April. Also in Nilghiri Mts. Notwithstanding Wight’s name, it is doubtful if Rheede’s figure (Hort. Mal. ii. t. 27) really represents this plant. 7, PB. Urinaria, LZ. Sf. P/. 982 (1753). Rat-pitawakka, S. Herm. Mus. 4. Burm. Thes. 231. Fl. Zeyl. n. 332. Moon, Cat. 65. thw. Enum. 282. C.\P: 2137. Fl. B. Ind. v. 293. Wight, Ic. t. 1895, f. 4 (P. Zeprocarpus). Annual; stem 1-2 ft., erect, very slightly branched, slender, glabrous ; leaf-bearing branchlets short, flattened or slightly winged ; l. numerous, closely placed, distichously imbricate, nearly sessile, small, }—} in., oblong, rounded at base, apiculate, paler or silvery beneath; stip. peltate, very acute; fl. numerous, very minute, nearly sessile, solitary; sep. not enlarged in fr.; fr. very small, scarcely } in., depressed-globose, scarcely lobed, muriculate; seeds transversely furrowed. Waste ground in the low country; a common weed. FI. all the year; yellowish. Throughout the Tropics. Very like P. Virurt, but easily distinguished by the muriculate fruit. A diuretic. 22 E uphorbrac CL. [Phyllanthus. 8. P. myrtifolius, 7/00n, Cat. 65 (1824). Thw. Enum. 283. Macrea* myrtifolia, Wight, Ic. v. 2,27. C. P. 650. Fl. B. Ind. v. 296. Wight, Ic. t. 1902, f. 2 (not good). A large shrub, 8 ft. high, with very numerous irregular stems, and many slender, much-branched, elongated twigs ; bark vertically fissured; young parts very finely pubescent; l. very numerous, spreading distichously (on the older branches usually with a suppressed branchlet bearing 2 or 3 |. in axil, forming a fascicle), 3-2 in., lanceolate-linear, narrowed, but slightly sagittate at base, obtuse, glabrous, rather stiff; petiole very short; stip. minute, triangular, acute; fl. several from each |.-fascicle, on very slender pendulous filiform ped. }—# in. long, male extremely numerous, fem. much fewer; male fl.:— sep. 6, ovate, subacute, glabrous, connivent; stam. 3, short; disk 6-lobed; fem. fl.:—sep. narrower and more acute; ov. glabrous, styles short, spreading; fr. small, } in., depressed, slightly 3- lobed, smooth; seeds beautifully reticulate. Moist region by streams, 1000-2000 ft.; rare. Near Kandy; Uma- oya; Dolosbagie. Fl. April, Sept., &c.; purplish-red or greenish. Endemic. A very ornamental shrub when covered with the multitude of small pendulous flowers. g. P. simplex, Retz. Obs. Bot. v. 29 (1789). Thw. Enum. 282. Macrea oblongifolia, Wight, Ic. v. ii. 27. C. P. 2139. FL B: Ind -v..205,. Wight, Ic. :t. 19602,°f, 1: A perennial herb, often woody below, usually with a long tap-root and numerous elongated, slender, prostrate or as- cending, slightly branched, compressed, glabrous stems; l. numerous, small, }—4 in., on very short petioles, closely placed and often overlapping, linear-oblong, obtuse, apiculate; stip. peltate, sagittate, brown, scarious; fl. usually solitary, on slender axillary ped., fem. larger; sep. oblong, obtuse; stam. 3, distinct ; styles short, bifid; fr. very small, under } in., on somewhat enlarged sep., globose, faintly 3-lobed, usually slightly rough with minute prominences; seeds minutely tubercled. Var. 6, Gardnerianus, Muell. Arg. /. c. 392. Macrea_Gard-, neriana, Wight, Ic. v. ii, 27. P. Gardnerz, Thw. Enum. 282. Wight, 1G@t. £902,345 3. | (co. .75, Lye: More robust, |. usually larger, fl. more numerous, fr. on longer ped., smooth. * Commemorates James Macrae, Superintendent of Peradeniya Gardens, 1827-30, an active collector, especially of orchids. Phyllanthus.] Euphorbiacee. 23 Low country; common. Var. 6, montane zone, 3-7000 ft., on patanas3 common. FI. Jan.—Aug. The type throughout Trop. Asia, var. 8 in S. India. Var. 8 should perhaps be considered specifically distinct, as by Wight and Thwaites. It is sometimes pilose (var. pudescens, Thw.). At the higher elevations occurs a form with very small, stiff, rotundate leaves. A very variable plant in habit. The leaves readily disarticulate, and the lower parts of the stems are usually bare. 10. P. Niruri,* Z. Sf. Pi. 981 (1753). Pitawakka, S. Kil- kaynelli, 7. Herm. Mus. 11. Burm. Thes. 230. Moon, Cat. 65. Thw. Enum. Zoe, Ac. bo 2830.21 30. Fl. B. Ind. v. 298. Burm. Thes. t. 93, f. 2. Wight, Ic. t. 1894. Annual herb, 1-2 ft.; stem often branched at base, angular, glabrous ; |.-bearing branchlets slender, spreading; |. nu- merous, crowded, distichous, somewhat imbricated, spreading, nearly sessile, 3—? in., oblong-oval, obtuse, thin, pale beneath; stip. very acute; male fl. very minute, often 2 or 3 together, fem. much larger, solitary; male fl.:—sep. rounded; stam. 3; fem. fl.:—sep. oval, subacute, with broad white margins; fr. very small, ;5-7's in., depressed-globose, faintly 3—-lobed, quite smooth; seeds with slender ribs. Low country, in waste and cultivated ground; a common weed. FI. all the year; yellowish. Tropics generally, except in Australia. A diuretic. 11. P. rotundifolius, Klein in Willd. Sp. P/. iv..584 (1805). Thw. Enum. 282. C. P. 2134. Fl. B. Ind. v. 299. Annual, with a long tap-root; stems numerous, prostrate, long, spreading, rigid, branched, glabrous; |. very small, 4-4 in., on short petioles, more or less rotundate, often apiculate, thick, veins not visible, glaucous; stip. lanceolate, acuminate; fl. solitary, on very short ped., male minute, fem. larger; sep. broadly oblong, obtuse, with broad white margins; fr. very small, about 4; in., depressed-globose, scarcely 3-lobed, gla- brous; seeds with slender ribs. Sandy seashores; very rare. Batticaloa (Gardner); Trincomalie (Glenie). Fl. March, &c. India, Arabia, Trop. Africa. 12. P. Baillonianus, M/uell. Arg. in Linnea, xxxii. 47 (1863). Epistylium latifolium, Thw. Enum. 283 (excl. Syn.). £. cordifolium, Baill. Et. Euph. 648. . Fi. B. Ind. v. 300. * Linnzeus took this from a W. Indian name for the plant. 24 Fe uphorbra Cea. [Phyllanthus. A shrub, 2-4 ft., much branched; bark pale brown; young parts glabrous; |. numerous, large, 14-2} in., on very short petioles, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rounded or subcordate at base, attenuate, acute, rather thick, lat. veins wide-spreading, reticulate, conspicuous ; stip. long, very acuminate; male fl. very small, solitary or in small clusters, on filiform ped., fem. fl. much larger, on very long ped. thickened upwards, in very lax terminal racemes; bracts acicular; male fl.:—sep. 4, rotundate, entire; disk of 2 large uniform scales ; stam. 4, fil. connate below into a short thick column, anth.-cells confluent with transverse dehiscence; fem. fl.:—sep, 6, oblong-oval, ob- tuse, entire; disk large, dilated, 6-lobed; styles spreading, bifid ; fr.} in., nearly globose, dry, smooth, cocci 2-seeded ; seeds 4 in. long. Moist region, 1-4000 ft.; rather rare. Hunasgiriya; Hewaheta ; Ambagamuwa; Hiniduma. Fl. March, April, Aug.; pale red. Endemic. A very well-marked species, easily recognised by its large ovate leaves, pale and reticulately veined with white or purple beneath. Thwaites, by an oversight, refers Wight, Ic. t. 1904, f. 2 (Retdia latt- folia) to this, which repvesents a very different plant. 13. P. anabaptizatus, Muell. Arg.in DC. Prod. xv. 2, 421 (1866). Epistylium zeylanicum, Baill. Et. Euph. 648. L£. polyph illum, Thw. Enum. 283. Aezdia polyphylla, Wight, Ic. v. ii. 28. C. P. 432. Fl. B. Ind. v. 302. Wight, Ic. t. 1904, f. 4. A shrub, 3 or 4 ft., with straight branches; bark dark brown; branchlets very numerous, closely placed; 1. small, very numerous, closely inserted and overlapping, nearly sessile, 1 in. long, narrowly lanceolate-oblong, often slightly falcate and oblique, obtuse or acute, glaucous beneath ; stip. acicular, persistent, conspicuous; fl. numerous, male often in short bracteated axillary racemes, fem. solitary on ped. much ex- ceeding 1., mostly at ends of branchlets; male fl. :—sep. 4, roundish, fimbriate; disk of 4 roundish glands; stam. 4, con- nate, anth. with transverse dehiscence; fem. fl.:—sep. 6, broadly oval, fimbriate; disk annular, slightly crenate ; styles stout, deeply cleft; fr. very small, 4 in, 3-lobed, glabrous. Montane zone; very rare. Banks of stream at Sita-gangula near Adam’s Peak, at 5000 ft. (Thwaites). Fl. Feb.; reddish. Endemic. 14. P. oreophilus, M/uell. Arg. in Linnea, xxxii. 49 (1863). Epistylium montanum, Thw. Enum. 283. £. ‘polyphyllum, var., Thw. L..¢..428,, C. Pugras. Fl. B. Ind. v. 303. Phyllanthus.] Euphorbiacee. 25 A shrub, 3-4 ft., young parts glabrous ; 1. }—® in., on short petioles, rather close but not overlapping, oval, slightly oblique, obtuse at both ends, apiculate, thin, paler beneath; male fl. on filiform ped. longer than 1., fem. larger, on longer ped. ‘at upper ends of branchlets; male fl.:—sep. 4, oval, fimbriate or toothed; disk of 4 glands; anth. dehiscing transversely ; fem. fl.:—sep. 6, as in male; disk expanded, slightly lobed; fr. } in., smooth, cocci thinly crustaceous. Upper montane zone; rare. Horton Plains; Uva Prov. FI. Feb. Endemic. 15. P. longiflorus, Heyne in Wall. Cat. n. 2905 (1828). Fl. B. Ind. v. 302 (not given for Ceylon). A shrub; branchlets numerous, crowded at upper ends of stems, quite glabrous; 1. #-1 in., very distichous, oblong- lanceolate, unequal-sided, somewhat falcate, acute, rather thick, paler beneath, but glabrous ; stip. subulate, persistent; male fl. very small, on short ped.; sep. 4, oval, obtuse, entire; ‘disk of 4 rounded glands; fem. fl. much larger, sep. 6, as in male ; fr. } in., globose, smooth and shining. Low country; very rare. On Doluwe Kande, Four Korales Dist. Fl. Dec. Also in S. India and Malay Peninsula. My specimens are imperfect, and I cannot feel certain of the name. The plant has much resemblance to P. pulcher, Wall., but the sep. are not laciniate. Dries a dull greyish-brown. 16. P. hakgalensis, 7hw. ex Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. 242 (1885), (misprinted Uakgalensis). Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 80. C. P. gor5. Fl. B. Ind. v. 291. A small shrub, with many short slender branches, young parts glabrous; |. crowded, not distichous, numerous, small, under 4} in., oblong-linear, nearly sessile, tapering to base, acute at apex, not falcate or oblique; stip. subfalcate, very acute, persistent ; fl. solitary on ped. nearly as long as 1., fem. twice size of male; male fl.:—sep. 4.,, } in. broadly oval or rounded, very obtuse, entire, glabrous; disk of 6 glands; stam. 4, fil. connate; fem. fl.:—sep. 6, } in., as in male; disk pulvinate; fr. globose, + in., quite smooth, enclosed in the enlarged calyx. Montane zone; very rare. I have only seen the C. P. specimens which were presumably collected at Hakgala. FI. (?) Endemic. The Fl. B. Ind. places this in sect. Paraphyllanthus,; it seems to come rather under Aezdia, but my material is very scanty. The scattered, not distichous, leaves are remarkable; they are copiously dotted beneath. 26 Euphorbiacee. [Phyllanthus.. 17. P. cinereus, J/uell. Arg. in Linnea, xxxii. 48 (1863). Epistylium floribundum, Thw. Enum. 283 (part). C. P. 2531, 3872. F].. B. Ind: ve 303, A bush; bark brown, rough with scars of numerous leaf- branchlets, which are crowded at ends of branches; young parts pubescent or glabrous; 1. numerous, on very short petioles, 3-3? in., broadly oval-oblong or oblong-orbicular,. very unequal-sided, apiculate, rather thin, paler and often pubescent beneath; fl. solitary, drooping, on slender ped.,. fem. much larger than male, on much longer ped. thickened upwards, on upper part of branchlets; male fl.:—sep. 4, broadly ovate, entire; disk of 4 large orbicular glands; stam. 4, anth. sessile, with transverse dehiscence ; fem. fl.:— sep. 6, oval, obtuse; ov. hairy, styles short, deeply bifid; fr. erect, under j in., depressed, rough, with minute prominences; seeds quite smooth. Montane zone; rather rare. Maturata; Wattakelle Hill. Fl. Feb.- Sept.; red. Endemic. The branchlets and under surface of leaves vary in amount of pubescence, they are often quite glabrous. 18. P. affinis, Muell. Arg. in Linnea, xxxii. 48 (1863). Epistylium floribundum, Thw. Enum. 283 (part). C. P. 71. F]. B. Ind. v. 304. A bush; leafy branchlets numerous, crowded near summit of stems, more or less pubescent; |. numerous, on very short petioles, 4—} in., or rather more, broadly oval-oblong, very unequal-sided, apiculate, slightly pubescent above, strongly so and pale beneath; stip. linear, long-pointed, persistent ; male fl. not seen, ‘minute solitary’ axillary; ‘sep. rounded, obscurely toothed ;’ disk glands large, lobulate; fem. fl. on slender ped. thickened upwards and longer than L.; fruit 4 in. covered with a dense tomentum of branched processes; seeds smooth. Montane zone; very rare. Galagama (Gardner). Endemic. Very near the last, with which Thwaites combined it. When dried, leaves become nearly black on upper surface, pale yellow beneath. P. longifolius, Jacq. (Cicca disticha, L.), is a bush or small tree much grown in native gardens for its acid fruit, under the names ‘ Rata-nelli’ or ‘ Siri-nelli,’ and no doubt an ancient cultivation. It is the ‘ Nelli’ of Herm. Mus. 55, and therefore FI. Zeyl. n. 179 (and the Averrhoa acida of Linnzeus); but there is no specimen in Herb. Herm., and the drawing. is by no means characteristic. Rheede’s figures (Hort. Mal. iii. tt. 47,. 48) are good. Probably originally a Malayan plant. Phyllanthus.] Euphorbiacee. 27 19. P. indicus, Muell. Arg. in Linn@a, xxxii. 52 (1863). Karawu, 5. Prosorus tndtca, Dalz.; Thw. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 299, and Enum. 281. C. P. 2155 (3099). : Fl, B. Ind. v. 305. Kew Journ. Bot. vi. t. x. C. f. 3-6 (P. indica). A deciduous tree, 30—40 ft., much branched; bark whitish; young parts glabrous; 1. 2~—4 in., on slender petioles, lanceolate or oval, acute at base, subacute at apex, apiculate, glabrous, thin, glaucous beneath; stip. small, membranous, deciduous; fl. small, on long ped., in axillary umbellate clusters at base of annual growth; male fl. more numerous, minute; sep. 4, oblong, truncate, reflexed; disk annular, fleshy, large; stam. 4, distinct, fil. long, anth. short, extrorse; fem. fl.:—sep. as in male; disk smaller; ov. globose, styles large, bifid, reflexed; fr. globose, over 4 in., faintly 3-lobed, smooth, green, peri-: carp thin; seeds 2 in each coccus, irregularly triquetrous, blue, surrounded with an aril. Low country, up to 2000 ft., chiefly in the moist region; rather common. Pasdun Korale; Deltota; Uma-oya; Topare. Fl. April. Also in S. India. Wood white, tough; useful for building purposes. 20. P. cyanospermus, MMZuell, Arg. in Linn@a, xxxii. 51 (1863). Sudu-Vijan, Kulu-niyan, S Croton cyanospermus, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 120. Zygospermum zeyla- nicum, Thw. ex. Baill, Et. Euph. 619. Pvrosorus Gaertneri, Thw. in Kew Journ. Bot. viii. 272. Prosorus cyanosperma, Thw. Enum. 281. C. P. 2601 (2155 part). Fl. B. Ind. v. 305. Kew Journ. Bot. vi. t. 10, C. f. 1, 2, 7-10 (P. Gaertner’). Gaertn. Fruct. t. 107 (Croton cyanospermus). A deciduous tree, precisely like P. zxdzcus in foliage; fl. on long ped. at base of annual growth, male in small umbellate clusters, fem. solitary, often axillary; male fl. much larger than in P. zmdicus; sep. 4, oblong, very obtuse; stam. 4, fil. short, anth. long linear; fem. fl.:—sep. 4, rounded, very ob- tuse; ov. glabrous, styles large, reflexed; fr. 3 in., nearly globose, smooth, brown; seeds coherent in pairs in each coccus, covered with an arillus of a deep brilliant metallic blue. Moist region, below 1000 ft.; rare. Ambagamuwa Dist.; Karawita, near Ratnapura. Fl. March, April. Endemic. Very near P. zmdicus, but distinguished readily by the natives. The seeds are a splendid metallic blue. 28 Euphorbiacee. [Glochidion. 9. GLOCHIDION, Fors. Trees or shrubs; |. rather large, numerous, distichous, with stip.; fl. monoecious (rarely dicecious), apetalous, axillary, usually in clusters; male fl.:—sep. 6 (rarely 5), imbricate; stam. 3-8, connate; no disk; fem. fl.:—sep. 6 (rarely connate into a cal.); no disk; ov. 3-15-celled, styles connate into a globose, conical, clavate or columnar erect body, which in- creases in size after fertilisation, ovules 2 in each cell; fr. depressed-globose, crowned by the enlarged style, 3- or 6-lobed, with two seeds in each coriaceous or crustaceous coccus; seeds hemispheric or laterally compressed, testa crustaceous with often a succulent coat, endosperm fleshy, cotyledons flat.—Sp. 120; 57 in FZ. B. Ind. Stam. 5 or 6 . : : : : = : . I. G, ZEYLANICUM. Stam. 4 (rarely 3); styles globose - ? . 2. G. BRACHYLOBUM. Stam. 3; styles elongated. Cal. of fem. with 5 or 6segm. . - . . 3. G. PYCNOCARPUM. Cal. of fem. of 6 distinct sep. Styles not twice as long as sep. . - . 4. G. RIGIDUM. Styles twice as long as sep., or longer. Ped. and cal. glabrous. L. obtuse, coriaceous : : . 5. G. CORIACEUM. L. acute, narrowly lanceolate . : . 6. G. NEMORALE, Ped. and cal. hairy. L. glabrous. ‘ 5 5 . 7. G. GARDNERI. L. hairy beneath. Capsule glabrous or nearly . : . 8. G. MONTANUM. Capsule pubescent g. G. MOONIL. In the ‘Genera Plantarum’ and in Muell. Arg.’s monograph, this is reduced to a section of Phy//anthus, and in my ‘Cat. Ceyl. Pl. I followed these authorities in so treating it. In ‘Fl. B. Ind.” Sir J. Hooker has restored it to rank as a genus on very good grounds. A characteristic genus of our wet forests; all the species but one are endemic. 1. G. zeylanicum, 4. Juss. Tent. Euphord. 107 (1824). Hunu- kirilla, S. Bradleia zeylanica, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 128. Thw. Enum. 285. C. P. 149. Fl. B. Ind. v. 310. Gaertn. Fruct. ii. t. 109 (fruit only). Tree; bark rather smooth, brownish-grey; young parts glabrous; |. rather large, 4-6 in., oval-oblong, sometimes rather unequal-sided, rounded or slightly subcordate at base, obtuse, glabrous on both sides, rather thick, bright apple- green, paler beneath; petiole very short; stip. triangular, very acute, recurved; fl. shortly stalked, male and fem. together in Glochidion.] Luphorbiacee. 29 umbellate clusters, fem. more numerous; sep. oblong- roundish, obtuse; anth. 5 or 6; styles connate into a short pointed cone; fr. 2 in. much depressed, very obscurely lobed, tipped with short styles, glabrous, cocci 5-8, orange, shining, epicarp usually deciduous. Var. 8, tomentosum, 777m. Cat. Ceyl. P/.79. C. P. 3432. Branchlets, 1. beneath, and fruit finely tomentose. Moist low country, up to 2000 ft.; common. Var. 6, Kukul and Reigam Korales. Fl. Dec.—April, July; pale green. Also in India and Malaya. A very variable plant. [G. Zittorale, Bl. is given for Ceylon on the authority of Wight in Fl. B. Ind. v. 308. I have been unable to find a specimen at Kew.] 2. G. brachylobum, J7uell. Arg. in Linnea, xxxii. 62 (1863). G. coriaceum, Thw. Enum. 285 (part). C. P. 3016. Fle Be Ind.:v. 313. Small tree; bark whitish; young parts glabrous; 1. 3-5 in» ovate-oval, on short petioles, unequal at base, obtuse or sub- acute, glabrous, coriaceous; stip. triangular, acute, stiff; fl. few, male and fem. from same axils, fem. on very short ped.; cal. cup-shaped, with 4-6 shallow lobes longer in male; anth. 4 (or 3); styles connate into a globose head; fr. 2 in. or less, depressed, obscurely 5-6-lobed, glabrous; epicarp thick, not deciduous. Moist region in lower montane zone; rather rare. Ambagamuwa. Fl. March. Endemic. 3. G. pycnocarpum, edd. For. Man. 194 (1873°?). G. coriaceum, Thw. Enum. 285 (part). Phyllanthus pycnocarpus, Muell. Arg. in DC. Prod. I.c. 304. C. P. 2529. Fl, B. Ind. v. 315. Small tree; bark yellowish ; young parts glabrous; 1, 24-34 in., on short petioles, unequal-sided, the larger side rounded or subcordate at base, the smaller side acute, lanceolate, acuminate, acute, glabrous; fl. few, male on slender ped., fem. sessile, often solitary; male fl.:—sep. 5, lanceolate, acute; anth. 3; fem. fl. :—cal.-segm. 5 or 6, as long as tube, acute; style very large and stout, twice as long as ov., and much exserted, with 3 deep erect lobes; fr. small, about }tin., 3-6-lobed, crowned with the very stout style, glabrous. Var. 8, elliptica, //k. f. in Fl. B. Ind. v. 316. C. P. 2560, 30 Euphorbiacee. [ Glochidion. L. smaller, 14-2} in., less unequal-sided, acute at base, obtuse at apex; capsule larger, $ in. or more. Lower montane zone; rather rare(?). Hunasgiriya. Fl. Sept. Endemic. Dries nearly black. Thwaites considered var. 8 to be a variety of G. rigidum. 4. G. rigidum, Muell. Arg. in Linnea, xxxii. 67 (1863). Phyllanthus stellatus, Retz. Obs. Bot. v. 29; Moon, Cat. 65. Gynoon vigidum, A. Juss. Tent. Euphorb. 107. G. /ussieuzanum, Wight, Ic. v. 2, 29. Glochidion Jussteuianum, Thw. Enum. 285. G. Thwaztesiz, Muell. Arg. in Linn. 1. c. 66. Phyllanthus Jussteuianus, Muell. Arg. in DC. Prod. lc. 304) (Cs, P. 2568, Fl. B. Ind. v. 320. Wight, Ic. t. 1908 (Gynoon triandrum). Bush or small tree; bark pale, lenticellate; young parts glabrous ; |. 2-44 in., lanceolate, acute at both ends, some- times slightly unequal-sided and falcate, glabrous, stiff, on very short petioles; fl. on slender ped. longer in male; male fl.:—sep. 6, linear-lanceolate; anth. 3; fem. fl.:—sep. 6, lanceo- late, acute, style very stout, 3 times as long as ov., slightly exserted, deeply 3-lobed; fr. small, 4-4 in., depressed, capped with the short stout style 3- (6-) lobed, glabrous. Low country in both regions, and up to 4ooo ft.; common. Fl. Jan.— March; yellowish. Endemic. Koenig’s specimens of P. sfe/latus, Retz. are in Brit. Mus. 1, and are without doubt this plant. P. Jusszewanus, kept distinct by Muell. Arg., scarcely differs. 5. G. coriaceum, 7hiw. Enum. 285 (in part) (1861). Phyllanthus cortaceus, Muell. Arg. in DC. Prod. l.c. 304. C. P. 342. FI. B. Ind. v. 321. A shrub or small tree; branchlets angular, glabrous, or slightly pubescent; |. 24-6 in., variable, from lanceolate to broadly oval, acute or rounded at base, shortly acuminate or rounded, obtuse at apex, coriaceous, venation prominent beneath ; stip. triangular, very acute, stiff, persistent ; fl. in dense fascicles, male on glabrous ped., fem. sessile; sep. ob- long, obtuse, thick; style stout, twice as long as sep., faintly 3-lobed, glabrous; fr. fully 4 in., depressed, strongly lobed, crowned with long, often curved cylindric, style from its sunken top. Montane zone; rather rare. Hakgala; Hewaheta; Ambagamuwa. Fl. March. Endemic. Usually dries coppery-brown. Style sometimes deciduous in fruit. «Glochidion.] Euphorbiaceae. a1 6. G. nemorale, 7iw. Enum. 286 (1861). Phyllanthus nemoralis, Muell. Arg. in DC. Prod. 1. c. 312. C. P. 3015. Fl. B. Ind. v. 324. Tree; branchlets long, angular, glabrous, or slightly pilose ; 1, large, 44~7 in., narrowly lanceolate, narrowed or rounded at ‘base, acuminate, acute, glabrous, lat. veins very oblique, pro- minent, sometimes pilose beneath, on very short petioles; fl. numerous, in large clusters, on slender pilose ped. longer than petioles; sep. oblong, acute; style very long, 3 times length of sep., cylindrical, slightly clavate, very shortly 3-fid, glabrous; fr. $ in., much depressed, 3-lobed, capped with long, stout, columnar style, glabrous. Moist region, below t1ooo ft.; very rare. Pasdun Korale; Kuruwita. Fl. Dec. Endemic. . The very oblique prominent lat. veins well distinguish this species, as well as the long style. 7. G. Gardneri, 7iw. Exum. 286 (1861). Phyllanthus leptogynus, Muell. Arg. in DC. 1. c. 312. G. leptogynum, Bedd. For. Man. 195. C. P. 3156. BULB: Ind. vs 325. Small tree or shrub; branchlets slender, angular, glabrous; 1, 13-3 in., oval, tapering at base into short petiole, scarcely unequal-sided, shortly acuminate, apiculate, glabrous; fl. in small clusters, slender in male, short and pilose in fem.; sep. narrowly oblong, reflexed in male, hairy; style very slender, ‘more than twice as long as sep., 3-toothed; fr. 4 in., much depressed, 6-lobed, smooth, crowned with the long slender style, cocci orange-red. Var. 8, Thw. acuminata, 777m. L. larger, 24—5 in., lanceolate, often very unequal at base and falcate, very acuminate. Moist region, the type from ‘Central Province, Gardner.’ Var. 8 below 1000 ft.; rather common. Pasdun Korale; Reigam Korale ; Wattegulle, Deyandera, &c., S. Prov. Fl. March, Sept.; yellow. Endemic. Var. 8 is much the commoner plant; indeed, the only specimens of the type I have are from the Botanic Gardens. It is probably a distinct species. The type dries black. 8. G. montanum, 7/w. Enum. 286 (1861). Phyllanthus symplocoides, Muell. Arg. in DC.1. c. 311. G. symplo- coides, Bedd. For. Man. 195. C. P. 3133. BSB. Ind! v: 325: 29 Luphorbiacee. [Flueggea, Small tree, 15-20 ft.; branchlets more or less tomentose; 1. rather small, 15-3 in., on short tomentose petioles, oblong- oval, generally unequal-sided, usually rounded at base, obtuse or subacute, apiculate, rather coriaceous, glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath, and often somewhat glaucous ;. fl. in small clusters, male on long pubescent ped., fem. sessile; sep. more or less hairy; style stout, 2 or 3 times as long as sep., hairy; fr. } in., depressed, strongly 3-lobed, crowned by the long style, usually glabrous. Lower montane zone, 3-4000 ft.; rare. Atampitiya, Uva; Passara, Uva; Bilahul-oya-Balangoda. Fl]. Feb.—April. Endemic. I have not noticed the style to be so long as given in Fl. B. Ind. The capsules are sometimes slightly pubescent. 9. G. Moonli, 7iw. Enum. 286 (1861). Be-hunukirilla, 5S. Phyllanthus pubescens, Moon, Cat. 65. 2. Moonit and P. glauco- gynus, Muell. Arg. in DC. Prod. lc. 312. Gynoon hirsutum, Wight, Ic. V.-2, 20.5 Ch. 2050, 255, 6s. Fl. B. Ind. v. 325. Wight, Ic. t. 1909 (Gynoon hirsutum). Shrub or small tree; branches more or less pubescent or tomentose ; young parts often very tomentose; |. varying in size, 2—7 in., on short hairy petiole, lanceolate or oval, acute at base, acuminate, acute, hairy on both sides, especially beneath (rarely glabrous above), conspicuously reticulate- veined; stip. large, falcate-lanceolate, acute; fl. numerous, male on long hairy ped. fem. nearly sessile; sep. oblong, acute, reflexed in male; pet. 2 and 3 times as long as sep., 3-cleft, hairy ; style slender ; fr. nearly } in., strongly 3-lobed, topped by the long style, pubescent. Moist region, up to 4000 ft.; rather common. Hewesse ; Amba- gamuwa; Sabaragamuwa; Morowak Korale; Hantane; Maturata ; Adam’s Peak. Fl. JanMarch; pale yellow. Endemic. Very variable in amount of hairiness; C. P. 68, from Maturata, has the leaves and stems nearly glabrous (var. suéglabra, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 79). P. glaucogynus, Muell. Arg. (var. glaucogyna, Trim. l.c.), C. P. 2150, has broader leaves and a longer style. 10, FLUEGGEA, |V7lld. Spiny shrub; |. alt., small, distichous; fl. minute apetalous, dicecious ; male fl.:—sep. 5, distinct, imbricate in bud; disk glands 5; stam. 5, fil. distinct, anth. erect; pistillode large ; fem. fl.:—sep. as in male; disk annular; ov. usually 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, styles rather long, recurved, bifid ; Breynia.| EE uphorbiacee. 33 fr. a small globose berry; seeds usually 6, testa bony, endosperm scanty, embryo curved, cotyledons flat.—Sp. 6; 2 in Fd. B. Ind. F. leucopyrus, Willd. Sf. Pi. iv. 757 (1805). Hin-katupila, S. Mudpulanti, 7. Flacourtia nivea, Moon, Cat. 70. Thw. Enum. 281. C. P. 2154. Fl. B. Ind. v. 329. Wight, Ic. t. 1875. Large bush, with long straggling branches; leafy twigs horizontal, divaricate, rigid, usually ending in sharp spines; bark white or grey; 1. small, 4-1 in., obovate, obcordate, or rotundate, on short petioles, glabrous, entire, glaucous beneath; fl. pedicellate, in axillary clusters, fem. fewer than male; sep. obtuse; stam. much exserted; berry about } in., globose, smooth, quite white when ripe, 3-celled. Dry country; common. FI. June, Aug.; green. Also in Peninsular India. Easily recognised by its little white berries; a very rigid thorny shrub. F. microcarpa, B\., which differs in being unarmed and with larger but narrower leaves, is given for ‘Ceylon, Ke/aart, in FI. B. Ind. It is a common plant in the Tropics of the Old World. I searched in vain in Herb. Kew for a specimen. Il. BREYNIA, forest. Small trees or shrubs, with spreading branches, |. small, distichous, stipulate; fl. very small, apetalous, axillary, moneecious ; male fl.:—cal. very shortly 6-lobed; lobes in- flected; disk 0; stam. 3, fil. connate in a central column, anth.-cells linear; pistillode 0; fem. fl.:—cal. more deeply 6-lobed, ov. 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, styles 3, short, bifid, or stigmas 3; fr. small, fleshy, dehiscent or not, seated on cal., nearly globose; seeds 6, trigonous with rounded back, testa crustaceous or bony, cotyledons broad, flat, endosperm fleshy.—Sp. 12; 6 in #7. B. Ind. Cal. greatly enlarged in fruit . ; : . I. B. PATENS. Cal. not enlarged . : ‘ : ‘ ‘ . 2. B. RHAMNOIDES. 1. B. patens, Hk. 7. in Fl. B. Ind. v. 329 (1887). Wale murunga, 5S. Phyllanthus pomacea, Moon, Cat. 65. Melanthesa turbinata, Wight, Ic. v. ii. 26; Thw. Enum. 285. Melanthesopsis patens, Muell. Arg. 1. c. Nala AG. ewa glek ; = F]. Lb. Ind. v. 329. Wight, Ic. t. 1897 (delanthesa truncata). PART IV. D 34 Euphorbiacee. [Putranjiva. A much-branched bush ; twigs slender, angular, glabrous ; bark smooth, grey; |. numerous, distichous, on short petioles, $-1 in., rotundate-oval, often slightly emarginate, entire, glabrous, glaucous, paler beneath, thin ; stip. small, triangular, persistent ; fl. with the young 1. few, solitary, on slender ped.; the lower ones male, drooping ; the upper female, erect, smaller; male fl. :—cal. turbinate, bell-shaped, truncate, or very faintly lobed ; anth. adnate to column; fem, fl. :—cal.-segm. deep, rounded, in two series, styles 3, bifid ; fr. globose-depressed, faintly 3-lobed, supported on the greatly enlarged, flattened cal., pericarp thick, orange-red, fleshy, but dehiscent into 3 valves; seeds 6, triquetrous, each nearly, or quite, covered with an orange-yellow aril, testa perforate at the hilum. Low country in both moist and dry regions, to 3000 ft.; common. Fl. April-June; male lemon-yellow, fem. pale green. Also in India and Burma. Has an alliaceous scent; the fruit is orange-red when ripe, and dehiscent though fleshy. 2. B. rhamnoides, Muell. Arg. in DC. Prod. xv. 2, 440 (1866). Gas-kayila, S. Manipulnati, 7. Phyllanthus rhamnoides Willd.; Moon, Cat. 65. J/elanthesa rham- noides, Bl.; Thw. Enum. 285. C. 2141. Fl. B. Ind. v. 339. Wight, Ic. t. 1898, f. 1 (Phyllanthus rhamnoides). A small tree or bush, with many long horizontal branches; bark yellowish-grey ; twigs angular, glabrous; 1. numerous, distichous, spreading, on short petioles, 1-1} in., oval, acute at both ends, entire, glabrous, thin, pale beneath, veins in- conspicuous ; stip. minute, subulate ; fl. on slender ped., male very small, in clusters, fem. solitary; male fl.:—cal. turbinate, segm. short, obtuse, inflexed, nearly closing the mouth; stam.- column short; fem. fl.:—cal. cup-shaped, segm. acute; ov. much exserted, oblong, truncate, styles very short; fr. small, globose, } in., seated on the scarcely enlarged cal., smooth, dull red; seeds } in., aril 0, testa imperforate except at the very base. Low country in the moist region, to 3000 ft.; common. Fl. July; yellow. India, Burma, China, Malaya, Philippine Is. Dries nearly black. i2. PUTRANJIVA,®* lVal/. Trees; fl. small, in axillary clusters; apetalous, usually dicecious; male fl.:—cal. deeply cut into 3-6 segm., or of 2 * From the Sanskrit name (see Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 766). Putranjiva.| Lupho rbiacee. 35 distinct imbricate sep.; disk 0; stam. 2 or 3, distinct ; pis- tillode 0; fem. fl.:—sep. 4-6; disk 0; ov. 2- or 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, styles 2 or 3, stigmas short, spreading, broadly dilated; fr. a drupe, with a hard thin endocarp, 1- celled by abortion ; seed solitary, testa crustaceous, embryo with foliaceous cotyledons, in axis of copious endosperm.— The only 2 species. Sep. of fem. fl. 5-6; fr. globose ; : / . I. P. ROXBURGHII. Sep. of fem. fl. 4; fr. pointed . ; 2 25 Rae ZBVEANIGAG I. P. Roxburghii, Wa//. Tent. Fl. Nep. 61 (1826). Witchu- runai, Karippalai, 7. Thw. Enum. 287. P. spherocarpa, Muell. Arg.1.c. 443. C. P. 2122. Fl. B. Ind. v. 336. Wight, Ic. t. 1876. Bedd. Fl, Sylv. t. 275. A moderate-sized tree; bark whitish; buds pubescent ; ]. 24-33 in., oval or lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute and unequal at base, shortly acuminate, faintly serrate, glabrous; male fl, sessile, crowded in rounded clusters on a very short axillary peduncle, fem. fl. solitary or in pairs; male fl.:—cal.- segm. acute; stam. 3, fil. short, anth. globose; fem. fl.:—sep. 5-6, small, oval, subacute, ciliate; ov. flask-shaped, finely silky, 3-celled, styles 3, recurved, stigmas large, flabellate; drupe nearly 4 in., globose, not pointed, densely finely tomentose, pale green, stone hard, wrinkled. Dry region; rare. Haragama; Kondesale; Minneri. FI. Feb.; green. Also India and Burma. 2. YP. zeylanica, Mucell. Arg. in DC. Prod. xv. 2, 444 (1866). Pelan, S. Palenga* zeylanica, Thw. in Kew Journ. Bot. viii. 271; Enum, 287. CoP. 3340. ie Fl. B. Ind. v. 337. Kew Journ. Bot. viii. t. 7, f. C. A tree, 40-50 ft.; bark pale, smooth; young part glabrous; ]. 34-44 in., on short glabrous petioles, oval-lanceolate, acute, nearly equal at base, caudate-acuminate, slightly undulate, but scarcely serrate at margin, rather coriaceous, glabrous, and shining; fl. shortly pedicellate, the male numerous, the fem. I-3 together; male fl.:—sep. 2, obtuse, slightly ciliate; stam. 2; fem. fl.:—sep. 4, rotundate, obtuse, slightly ciliate; ov. as long as sep., densely pubescent, 2-celled, stigmas 2, flat, sessile; drupe (not seen ripe) ovoid, bluntly pointed, nearly ? in. long, densely finely tomentose, * From the Sinhalese name. 36 Euphorbiacee. [Hemicyclia. Moist low country; very rare. Ambagamuwa Dist., at about 2000 ft. (Thwaites). Fl, March; yellow. Endemic. The leaves are dotted beneath with glands which exude a waxy excretion; the buds also excrete a gum. I have only seen Thwaites’s specimens. The stones of the fruit are in India strung together to form rosaries by Hindu fakirs, and by parents to wear as a charm round the necks of their children. 13. HEMICYCLIA, VW. and A. Evergreen trees or shrubs; 1. alternate; fl. small, dicecious, apetalous ; male fl. clustered, sepals 4-5, imbricate, ribbed, inner larger; disk orbicular; stam. 4—many; pistillode 0; fem. fl. subsolitary; sep. of male; disk flat, annular; ov. ovoid, 1-2-celled, cells 2-ovuled, stigmas 1-2, broad, orbicular, reni- form or flabelliform; fr. an ovoid, fusiform or ellipsoid, I-seeded drupe, endocarp bony, crustaceous, or coriaceous ; seeds arilled, laterally grooved, endosperm fleshy, cotyledons broad, flat—Sp. 9; 8 in FZ. B. Ind. Fruit globose . : F : ; , ; . I. H. SEPIARIA. Fruit oval or ovoid. Stam. 10-16 . : 5 ‘ ; ; . 2. H. LANCEOLATA. Stam. 20-24 . ‘ 5 ; - F 3 . 3. H. GARDNERI. WN 1. H. sepiaria, W. and A. in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. xiv. 297 (1833). Wira, S. Virai, 7. Thw. in Kew Journ. Bot. vii. 271; Enum. 287. C. P. 2120. Fl. B. Ind. v. 337. Wight, Ic. t. 1872. A rigid much-branched shrub, 6-9 ft. high; shoots pube- rulous; |. 14-34 in. long, broadly oval or oblong, entire or repand-toothed, very coriaceous, glabrous, tip rounded, obtuse or retuse, base rounded or cordate, veins very faint; fl. villous, male 4 in. across, in bracteolate axillary clusters or short racemes ; fem. fl. subsessile, pedicel elongating; sep. 4, broad ; stam. 6-8 on a cupular disk, fil. slender ; ov. 1—2-celled, stigma peltate; fr. fusiform, 4 in. diam., endocarp bony. Forests of the dry region; very common. Said to be absent from Mannar. Fl, Feb.-March. Also in S. India. This is probably the commonest tree over large tracts of the dry forest. It grows to no great size, and in a gnarled and twisted manner, and the wood, though hard, is thus of little value. The small, round, crimson fruit is ripe in June, and much eaten by the natives. It is sweet, with somewhat of the taste and smell of dates, but more insipid. Cyclostemon.]| E uphor brace. 37 2. H. lanceolata, 7iw. Enum. 287 (1861). Muell. Arg. 1. c. 487. C. P. 2215. FI. B. Ind. v. 338. A moderately sized tree; branches slender; young parts and infl. pubescent ; |. 1-3 in., distichous, ovate or lanceolate, obtusely subcaudate, acuminate, glabrous on midrib, hairy beneath, base oblique, margin entire or faintly repand, thinly coriaceous, veins reticulate on both surfaces ; petiole ;4,—} in., pubescent; fl. } in. diam.; male ped. ,; in., fem. rather longer; sep. broadly oblong; stam. 10-16; ov. glabrous, stigma flabelliform, sessile, or on a short stout style; fr. $ in. long, narrow oval, red, apex oblique, with sometimes a lateral in- curved stigma, endocarp coriaceous, crested, and reticulate. Moist region, below 1000 ft.; very rare. Kalutara, first collected by Moon. FI. Sept. Endemic. 3. H. Gardneri, 7iw. in Kew Journ. Bot. vii. 271 (1855). Gal- wira, Eta-wira, S. [PLATE LXXXII.] Thw. Enum. 287. Muell. Arg. l.c. 488. C. P. 2121. Fl. B. Ind. v. 338. A small tree with numerous slender branchlets; bark whitish; young parts pubescent; |. small, 1}-2 in., oblong- oval, rounded or subacute at base, obtuse, sometimes emargi- nate at apex, faintly crenate, glabrous, rather coriaceous, bright green, petiole short, pubescent; fl. axillary, solitary or 2—3 on rather long slender ped.; sep. 4, oval, obtuse, con- cave, pubescent; stam. about 24, fil. slightly connate at the base; ov. obliquely ovoid, slightly pubescent, 1-celled, style short, thick, stigma dilated, cap-like; fr. small, ? in., ovoid, apiculate, glabrous, endocarp thin, hard, pulp scanty; seed reniform in section. Open places in the dry region; rather rare. Jaffna; Puttalam ; Nilgala; Haragama; Tiripane. Fl. April; pale yellow. Endemic. 14. CYCLOSTEMON, 4/. A tree with large leaves; fl. rather large, apetalous, dicecious, in clusters on the old wood; sep. 4 (rarely 5), much imbricate; male fl.:—stam. numerous, distinct, in several rows round a wide disk; fem. fl.:—disk small, flat, annular; ov. globose, 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell, style very short, stigmas 2, large, flat, transversely oblong; fr. rather large, slightly fleshy, indehiscent, nearly globose, 2-celled, pericarp 38 vis uphorb 1acee. [Mischodon. thick; seeds one in each cell, cotyledons broad, foliaceous, endosperm fleshy.—Sp. 18; 16 in #2 B. Lnd. Cc. macrophyllus, B/. 2ijd. 598 (1825). Sphragidia zeylanica, Thw. in Kew Journ. Bot. vii. 270. C. zeyla- nicum, Baill. Et. Euph. 562; Thw. Enum. 286. C. P. 2424. F]. B. Ind. v. 340. Kew Journ. Bot. vii. t. 10. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 278. A tree, 30-40 ft., bark grey, rugose; young parts with deciduous brown tomentum; |. large, 6-9 in., spreading dis- tichously, oblong-lanceolate, acute, slightly unequal-sided at base, shortly acuminate, very shallowly serrate, thick, veins conspicuous beneath, lat. ones oblique, connected by fine reticulation; petiole thick, on corky, flexible; stip. small, narrowly lanceolate, serrate; fl. ? in. diam., on tomentose peds;, sep. rounded, obtuse, apntece. spreading, finely tomentose outside; disk in male fi ilvasic aus anth. small, oblong; ov. densely pubescent; fr. about $ in., nearly globose, slightly bilobed, fulvous-pubescent at least when young, Moist region, at about 3000 ft.; rare. Dolosbagie; Alagala; Kadu- ganawa. Fl. Feb.-June; lemon-yellow. Also in Coorg, Andaman Is., Malacca, Java. The flowers suggest strongly a Bixacea, with which also the habit of the tree corresponds. 15. MISCHODON, 7iw. A large tree with spreading branches; |. whorled; fl. small, apetalous, dicecious, in axillary panicles; sep. 5-8 (usually 6), imbricate; disk in male o, in fem. annular; stam. usually 6, fil. distinct, exserted; pistillode 3-lobed ; ov. 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell, stigmas large, sessile, flat; fr. dry, very deeply 3-lobed, cocci 2-valved; seeds ovoid, testa crustaceous, shining, cotyledons broad, endosperm fleshy.— Monotypic. M. zeylanicus, 7hw. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 300 (1854). Tam- manua, ‘. Tampanai, 7. Thw. Enum. 275. Muell. Arg. 1. c. 1124. C. P. 557. Fl. B. Ind. v. 344. Kew Journ. Bot. vi. t. 10, f. B. Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 290. Tree 30-40 ft. or more, much branched with rough brown bark; branches bluntly quadrangular; young parts finely fulvous-pubescent; 1. numerous, usually in whorls of 4, often drooping, linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, with a narrow rounded base, obtuse, emarginate, subcoriaceous, glabrous and Aporosa.] E:- uphorbiacee. 39 shining; petiole long, swollen at top, pubescent; sep. pubes- cent; fil. very long, slender, and anthers pubescent; fr. ? in., trigonous, backs of lobes bluntly keeled, glabrous, dark green; seeds dark brown, shining. Forests of the dry region, common, and extending rarely into the moist region, as Hantane and Galle. Fl. Nov., March; pale yellowish- green or pinkish. Also at Tinnevelly in S. India. The young foliage is a fine rich lake colour. Dries a coppery-brown. Timber excellent. 16. APOROSA, Z/. Trees; |. entire; fl. very minute, apetalous, dicecious, male numerous, in dense catkin-like spikes, fem. few, in very short, spikes or solitary; male fl.:—sep. 4-5, membranous, imbricate, in bud; disk 0; stam. 2, exserted, anth. didymous; fem. fl.:— Sep, as in male; ov. 2- or 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cell, stigmas short, simple or bifid; fr. more or less ovoid, 2- or 3-valved or irregularly dehiscent or indehiscent, epicarp thick or thin; seeds 1-6, often enclosed in a large pulpy aril (?), testa thin, cotyledons flat in fleshy endosperm.—Sp. 30-40 28 in FZ. B. Ind. Fruit ovoid or spherical. Fruit 3-valved Fruit indehiscent . . LATIFOLIA, . LINDLEYANA Ea eS is Pb bP Fruit 2-valved A j . LANCEOLATA. Fruit irregularly dehiscent . ACUMINATA, Fruit fusiform . A . FUSIFORMIS. , 1. A. latifolia, 7iw. Enum. 288 (1861). Maput-kebella, Kampotta, Pépiliya, 5S. A eyneta latifolia, Moon, Cat.65. Muell. Arg. 1. c. 470. C. P. 3433. - Fl. B. Ind. v. 347. s A middle-sized tree; branchlets thick, marked with scars of |. and stip., glabrous; 1. numerous, crowded, large, 4-6 in., broadly oval or sub-rotundate, cordate or rounded or subacute at base, very obtuse or rounded at apex, thick and leathery, glabrous and shining, dark green; petiole 4-1 in., stout; male fl. very numerous and closely crowded, spikes 1-3 together, I—2 in., fem. fl. sessile in clusters; male fl.:—sep. linear-lanceo- late, rusty-hairy ; stam. exserted; fem. fl.:—ov. pilose, stigmas reflexed, bilobed; fr. large, #-1 in., broadly ovate-ovoid, slightly tapering to a blunt point, tipped with withered styles, smooth, brownish-orange, pericarp thick, spongy-woody, 40 E uph orbtacee. [Aporosa. tardily dehiscent from below into 3 very thick valves, each again splitting down centre; seeds usually 3, cotyledons green, Moist region, below 1ooo ft.; rather rare. Kukul Korale; Kalutara. About Moragala, Pasdun Korale; frequent. FI. March, April. Endemic. A handsome little tree from the large glossy foliage. Wood very hard and durable. Fruit eaten. 2, A. Lindleyana, Baill. Et. Gen. Euph. 645 (1858). Kebella, Barawa-embilla, S. Scepa Lindleyana, Wight, Ic. ii. 1, 5. Thw. Enum. 288 C. P. 153. Fl. B. Ind. v. 349. Wight, Ic. t. 361. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 286. A middle-sized much-branched tree; bark brown, smooth; young parts glabrous; |. 24-4 in., on short glabrous petioles, ovate-oval, rounded at base, slightly acuminate, obtuse, undulate, glabrous and shining, rather stiff; stip. large, lanceolate, acute, soon deciduous; male fl. sessile, spikes 1-4 together, 4-2 in. long, dense; sep. 4, ciliate; stam. 2-3; fem. fl. on short ped., racemes very short; sep. small, ovate, acute, glabrous; ov. flask-shaped, bristly-hairy, style stout, with 3 large laciniate recurved stigmas; fr. over 4 in., nearly globose, pointed with style, glabrous, pericarp thin, indehiscent; seed solitary, with a yellow pulpy covering. Moist region, to 2000 ft.; common. FI. Jan., Feb. Also in S. India. The fruit is eaten. 3. A. lanceolata, 7iw. Enum. 288 (1861). Hin-kebella, S. Agyneia multilocularis, Moon, Cat. 65. Lepidostachys lanceolata, Tul. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 3, xv. 254. C. P. 2152. FLUB. Ind, v..351. Small tree; branches slender; young parts glabrous; 1. 3-5 in., oblong-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, acute at base, glabrous, somewhat shining, stiff; petiole }-} in., slender; stip. as long as, or longer than, petiole, lanceolate, acuminate, soon falling; fl. sessile, very small; male spikes short, }-} in., 2-6 in a cluster, bracts very broad, ciliate; fem. fl. in very small clusters of 3 or 4; ov. 2-celled, stigmas 2, very minute, entire; fr. small, 4 in., in small nearly sessile axillary clusters, nearly globose, glabrous, 2-valved; seed usually solitary, with a yellow pulpy coat. Moist region, up to 2000 ft.; common, especially below tooo ft. Fl. Jan.—March; yellow. Endemic. The leaves dry a very pale yellow-green. The pulp round the seed is edible. Daphniphyllum.] Euphorbiacee. AI 4. A. acuminata, 7iw. Enum. 288. Muell. Arg. I. c. 473. C. P. 2530. Fl. B. Ind. v. 348. A small tree, slightly branched; twigs very slender; young parts pubescent; 1. 24-3 in., lanceolate, acute at base, caudate- acuminate, acute, glabrous, thin; petiole } in., slender; male fl.:—spikes short, under ? in., usually solitary; cal. pubescent; fem. fl. solitary; ov. silkily hairy, stigmas shortly bifid, spread- ing; fr. 2 in. long, ovate-ovoid, hairy, tipped with reflexed styles, pericarp hard-fleshy, irregularly dehiscent, smooth, red; seeds 3, each with a reddish pulpy covering. Moist region, 2-3000 ft.; rare. Ambagamuwa; Pitigalakande, near Balangoda. FI. Sept.; greenish. Also at Tinnevelly, S. India. Dries a pale whitish-green. 5. A. fusiformis, 7iw. Enum. 288 (1861). A. Thwaitesi?, Baill. Et. Euph. 645 (name only). Muell. Arg. 1. c. AP ies, Cob. 30. PLB. Ind. v. 351: A middle-sized tree; bark brown; twigs stout; young parts glabrous; 1. 24-44 in., from broadly oval to almost rotundate, acute or rounded at base, very obtuse at apex, often with revolute edges, glabrous, thick and coriaceous, purple when young; fl. sessile, male spikes 1-4 together, 3-1 in., bracts rounded, ciliate and ferrugineo-pubescent; fem. fl. 2-6 in a cluster; ov. glabrous; fr. about ? in., in short axillary spikes, fusiform, capped with stigmas, glabrous, pericarp rather thin, cells hairy within; seeds 1 or 2, oblong, plano-convex, Forests of the montane zone, 4-6000 ft.; rather common. Dimbula; Dickoya; Ramboda; Adam’s Peak; Ambagamuwa, &c. Fl. Dec.— March ; yellowish. Endemic. 17, DAPHNIPHYLLUM, 5/. A tree; 1. long-petioled, entire, without stip.; fl. apetalous, dicecious, in axillary racemes; male fl.:—sep. 5-8, minute; stam. 5-8 with very large apiculate anth.; no disk or pistillode; fem. fl.:—sep. as in male, but deciduous; ov. imperfectly 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, stigmas thick, recurved, undivided; fr. an ovoid drupe; seed solitary, testa mem- branous, embryo small in thick fleshy endosperm, cotyledons, narrow.—Sp. 11; 7 in Fl. B. Ind. 42 Luphorbiacee. [Antidesma, This genus is considered by some botanists the type of a distinct natural order. D. glaucescens, 4/. Bijd. 1153 (1826). Goughia* neilgherrensis, Wight, Ic. v. 2,22. D. neilgherrense, Thw. Enum. 290. C. P. 491. F]. B. Ind. v. 353 (D. glaucescens, Bl.). Wight, Ic. tt. 1878, 9. Bedd. Fl, Sylv. t. 288 (D. Roxburghit, Baill.). A small tree; branchlets stout, prominently marked with scars of the petioles; young parts glabrous; |. numerous, closely placed near end of year’s growth, 23-4 in., obovate- oblong, tapering to base, rounded at apex, glabrous, usually glaucous beneath, venation reticulate; petiole long, #-1} in.; fl. on longish ped., in short racemes from axils of lower L.; sep. obtuse; fil. very short, anth. erect, blunt, apiculate, very much larger than the sep.; fr. about 4 in., ovoid, glabrous, tipped with style-base. Forests of montane zone, 4-7000 ft.; rather common. Maturata ; Pedurutalagala; Hakgala; Galagama; Ambagamuwa. FI. July; yellowish. Also in S. India, Java, and China. Habit of a lauraceous plant; young leaves often pale pink. 18. ANTIDESMA,} Z. Trees or shrubs; |. entire, stipulate; fl. very small, dicecious, in lax spikes; male fl.:—cal. of 3-7 imbricate segm.; disk entire or lobed; stam. 3—5, inserted on disk, fil. inflexed in bark, anth.-cells often distant ; pistillode generally minute ; fem. fl.:—cal. as in male; disk annular or pulvinate; ov. usually t-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell ; stigmas 2-4; fruit small, drupaceous, more or less compressed, juicy ; cotyledons flat, endosperm fleshy.—Sp. about 60; 32 in F/. B. Jud. L. very obtuse, tomentose beneath ; ; . I. A. GHESAMBILLA. L. more or less acuminate, glabrous. Stam. 3 or 4. Male fl. sessile. L. over 4 in. 2. A. BUNIUS. L. under 3 in. 3. A. ZEYLANICUM. Male fl. stalked 4. A. DIANDUM. Stam. 5 5. A. PYRIFOLIUM. * Commemorates George Gough, B. C. S., who in 1842 explored the. Nilgiris with Genl. Munro. + Name bestowed by Burmann on A. sey/anicum, on the supposition that it was the ‘ Noeli-tali’.of Rheede, Hort. Mal. iv. 115 (really A. Lunius), which is said to cure the bite of the cobra. Antidesma.| rsh uphorbwac Ce. 43 1. A. Gheszembilla,* Gaertn. Fruct. i. 189 (1788). Bu- embilla, 5S. Herm. Mus. 11, 19. Fl. Zeyl. n. 357 (in part). A. Alexiteria, L. (in part). A. pubescens, Moon, Cat. 68. A. paniculatum, Roxb.; Thw. Enum. asoe. WC. P77 Fl. B. Ind. v. 357. Wight, Ic. t..820 (not good). A small tree; bark grey; twigs and young parts pubescent or rusty-tomentose ; 1. 14-3 in., oblong-orbicular, rounded at base and apex, often emarginate, glabrous above, densely pubescent (often becoming sub-glabrous) beneath; petiole rather long, pubescent; fl. sessile, closely placed on short, tomentose, panicled, terminal spikes; male fl.:—cal. pubescent, disk deeply lobed, stam. usually 5; fem. fl.:—ov. pubescent ; fr. t in., nearly globose, smooth, reddish-purple. Moist region, to 2000 ft.; common. FI. reddish. India, Malaya, China, Africa (?), Australia. Fruit sub-acid, pleasant. Leaves eaten in Bengal. Burmann’s name, Ghesemdzi/a, is clearly a corruption of the Sinhalese one. Gaertner’s references are all to Eméelia Ribes, but his figures of the seed (t. 39, f..5) are good for the present species. 2, A. Bunius,t+t Sfreng. Syst. Veg. i. 826 (1825). Karawala- Kebella, 5. Fl. Zeyl. n. 357 (in part). A. Alexiterda, L. (in part). Thw. Enum. zag... P. 660. SP Be ind: vi-gs§e. Wight, Ic. toro: Small tree, with greyish-brown bark; young parts pubes- cent; |. rather large, 4-6 in., lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, tapering at base, slightly acuminate, apiculate, glabrous, and shining ; petiole short, stout; stip. acicular, hairy, quickly deciduous ; fl.-spikes solitary, 1-3 in., stalked, terminating branchlets, male sometimes branched at base; fl. numerous, rather lax, male sessile, fem. slightly stalked ; male fl. :—cal. tomentose, segm. 3, shallow, rounded ; disk lobed, glabrous ; Stam. 3, exserted; pistillode short, truncate; fem. fl. :—ov. glabrous, stigmas 3, large, short, dilated, spreading ; fr. 4 in., globose-ovoid, stalked, smooth, very juicy, black when ripe, previously red. Var. 6, Thwaitesianum, 7777. Cat. Cey/. P/. 81. A. Thwaitestanum, Muell. Arg. 1. c. 263. C. P. 2922. L. subcoriaceous; infl, nearly glabrous; stam. usually 4. * Taken from Burmann, but his plant was E7udelia Ribes, not this {Thes. 112). + From the Malay name ‘ Bune,’ as given by Rumphius, A4 Luphorbiacee. [Antidesma. Moist region, up to 3000 ft.; common. Var. 8, Kalutara. Fl. April, May, Sept.; reddish. India, Burma, Malaya. Fruit eaten. There are specimens in Hermann’s Herbarium. The fruit is very juicy, acidulous, and pleasant to the taste. The inflorescence is not. unfrequently converted into curved and twisted galls, over 2 in. long. 3. A. zeylanicum, Lam. Encycl. Meth. i. 207 (1783). Win- embilla, 5S. Herm. Mus. 26. Burm. Thes. 22. Fl. Zeyl. n. 357 (in part), 4. Alexiteria. L. Sp. Pl. 1027 (in part); Moon, Cat. 68. Thw. Enum, 289. Muell. Arg. I. c. 256. C. P. 2210. Fl. B. Ind. v. 359 (A. Alextteria). Burm. Thes. t. Io. Small tree, much branched; twigs numerous, verticillate ; young parts glabrous; |. numerous, on very short petioles, small, 14-2} in., oval, acute at base, acuminate, apiculate, glabrous, and shining, pale green, rather thin; spikes solitary or few, terminating twigs, #-1} in., slender, fl. sessile, rachis. pubescent; cal.-segm. 3-4, hairy; stam. 3; ov. flask-shaped, glabrous, styles 2 or 3, recurved ; fr. small, } in., ovoid, rather lop-sided, red. Low country in both moist and dry regions; common. FI. July;. green. Also in S. India. There is no reason for restricting Linnzus’s name, 4. Alexiteria, to- this; it included equally A. Buntus and A. Ghesembilla. Burmann’s figure of the male plant is good and characteristic. Dries a pale brown. 4. A. diandrum, Roth, Nov. SP. 369 (1821). Stilago lanceolaria, Roxb.; Moon, Cat. 68. A. /anceolatum, var. Walkert, Tul. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 3, xv. 196. A. lanceolarium, Wight ; Thw. Enum. 289. C. P. 2602. Fl. B. Ind. v. 361. Wight, Ic. t. 766 (not good). A much-branched bush or small tree; twigs very slender, brownish-grey, smooth; young parts glabrous; 1. 2—6 in., from linear to oval, usually lanceolate, acute at base, acuminate, very acute at apex, glabrous ; petiole very short ; stip. linear, very acute; fl. on slender glabrous ped. in mostly terminal, short, very lax, glabrous spikes; male fl.:—cal.-segm. 4, rounded, shallow, glabrous; stam. 3 or 4; fem. fl.:—cal.-segm. deeper; styles 2, deeply bifid; fr. 3 in., broadly ovoid, very juicy, smooth, dark purple. Moist region, below 1500 ft.; rather rare. Pasdun-Korale; Hini- duma; Singhe-Rajah Forest; Ratnapura; Ambagamuwa. Fl. March, April; greenish. Also in India and Burma. Jatropha. Euphorbiacee. 45 Very variable in the width of the leaves, from 13 to less than in. The fruit is eaten, and the acid leaves, in India, made into chutney. I follow FI. B. Ind. in reducing this to 4. dandrum with some doubt, as the flowers are never diandrous in Ceylon, nor does our plant agree in some other respects. 5. A. pyrifolium, J/uell. Arg. in Linnea, xxxiv. 68 (1865). A. montanum, Thw. Enum. 289 (non BI.). C. P. 2208. Fl. B. Ind. v. 362. A middle-sized tree; young parts pubescent; |. 2-3 in., lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute at base, shortly acuminate-caudate, glabrous, rather stiff; petiole } in., finely pubescent ; male fl. shortly stalked, in lax axillary infl., often branched at the base; cal.-segm. 5, very obtuse; disk rather large, fleshy, surrounding the pistillode; stam. 5, fil. long, much exserted ; fem. fl. not seen; fr. nearly globose, over i in., pulpy, purple, stigmas terminal. Moist region, up to 5000 ft.; rather common. Pasdun Korale; Madagatte, S. Prov.; Ambagamuwa; Hantane; Ramboda; Hanas- giriya ; Ramgala. Fl. Dec.—March; pale pinkish-yellow. Endemic. A. brunneum, Hk. f. in Fl. B. Ind. v. 359. Some specimens of C. P. 2208 are described as a new species under this name, and placed next A. seylanicum. From the material here, I am not able to distinguish this; the fl. are described as quite sessile. [Microdesmis caseariefolia, Planch., is given as occurring in Ceylon in B. and H. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 288; but this seems to be an error.] 19. JATROPHA, /. Undershrub, rather succulent; 1. palmately lobed ; stip. laciniate ; fl. moncecious, in stalked cymes ; sep. 5, imbricate ; pet. 5, longer than sep., contorted in bud; male fl.:—stam. 8, fil. connate; disk of 5 glands; pistillode 0; fem. fl. :—disk annular, lobed; ov. usually 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell; styles 3, bifid and recurved ; fr. 2—4- (usually 3-) celled, with crustaceous 2-valved cocci; seeds ovoid, testa crustaceous, embryo in fleshy endosperm, cotyledons broad.—Sp. 70; 4 in Fl. B. Ind. *J. glandulifera, Roxd. F/. Ind. iii. 688 (1832). Atalai, 7. J. glauca, Thw. Enum. 277 (non Vahl). C. P. 2168. Fl. B. Ind. v. 382. Pluk. Phytogr. t. 220, f. 4. Semi-shrubby, 1-3 ft.; stem stout, glabrous, and shining, marked with large prominent leaf-scars; 1. 3-4 in., deeply palmately cut into 3 or 5 lobes, which are obovate-oval, 46 Luphorbiacee. [ Croton. acuminate, acute, sharply serrate with gland-tipped serrations; petiole 2—3 in., without glands; stip. divided into long capillary gland-tipped segm.; fl. in stalked cymes on stout ped. as long as petioles; cal.-segm. lanceolate, not glandular-ciliate; pet. obtuse ; ov. glabrous; fr. ovoid-globose, } in., faintly lobed, glabrous ; seeds } in., oblong-ovoid, smooth. Low country and chiefly on the coast, especially in the dry region; common. FI. Jan.; yellowish. Also in S. India and Trop. Africa. The leaves yield in India a green dye, and the seeds an oil extensively used in cases of rheumatism and paralytic affections. This is probably an introduction. It is in many parts of the coast extremely abundant, as at Jaffna, Mannar, Hambantota, where it is a gregarious weed covering large areas of ground. FI. Zeyl. n. 347, Crotox Spinosum, L., is, to judge from Hermann’s drawing, on which it is based, probably this plant. J. gossyptfolia, L., is an occasional weed in cultivated ground, and often confounded with /. glandulifera, but has glandular petioles and red flowers. Probably native to Trop. America. J. Curcas, L. (Rata-endaru, S., Kaddamanakku, T.) is very commonly planted as a fence round native gardens. The seed is the well-known * Physic-nut,’ violently purgative. For the medicinal and other uses of this plant, see Murray in Watts’s Dict. of the Economic Products of India. Aleurites triloba, Forst. (A. moluccana, Willd.), is the Rata-kékuna or Zel-kékuna, a very common tree about villages in the low country of the moist region, but certainly nowhere wild. The seeds are known as oil-nuts or candle-nuts, and the expressed oil is largely used for lighting and other purposes. It is a native of the Pacific Islands, and perhaps of the Moluccas, but must haye been long ago introduced. There are specimens in Herm. Herb., and it is n. 348 of FI. Zeyl. (Jatropha moluccana, U.). 30. CROTON, /. Bushes or small trees, young parts stellate-hairy or scaly; 1. usually with a pair of circular glands at junction with petiole; stip. linear; fl. moncecious, in usually terminal slender spikes, racemes, or panicles, fem. few at base; male fl. :—sep. 5, im- bricate; pet. 5, small, often woolly or hairy; disk glands opp. the sep.; stam. 12-30, fil. inflexed in bud; pistillode 0; fem. fl.:—sep. 5, often enlarged in fr.; pet.o; ov. densely stellate-hairy, 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell, styles very large, usually bifid, and again divided, spreading ; fr. globose more or less 3-lobed, always stellate-hairy, cocci hard, 2- valved, dehiscent; seeds 3, ovoid, testa crustaceous, endo- sperm fleshy.—Sp. 53; 27 in FZ. B. Ind. -Croton.] E uphorbiacec. 47 Fruit with scales as well as stellate hairs. L. silvery beneath, with white scales’. Coagillt L. glabrous when mature ; aes F oF pines or less stellate-hairy, without scales. 3-5-nerved at base, stellate-hairy. Becca 3 in.; not scandent Capsule ? in.; semi-scandent : L. penninerved, sparingly stellate-hairy. Infl. stellate-hairy ; : Infl. glabrous : L. strongly 3-nerved at base, nearly glabrous. - RETICULATUS. - OBLONGIFOLIUS. AA . AROMATICUS. - CAUDATUS. . MOONII. . KLOTZSCHIANUS, . NIGROVIRIDIS. pS er aed MAG Qe 1. C. reticulatus, Heyne ex Wall. Cat. n. 7724 B (1828). C. hypoleucum, Dalz.; Thw. Enum. 276. C. seylanicus, Muell. Arg. Ee, sor “CG. P: 2rto: Fl. B. Ind. v. 386. A bush; bark smooth, whitish; young parts finely stellate- hairy ; 1. 34-54 in., ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, acu- minate, acute, entire, glabrous above, densely covered with ‘minute silvery scales beneath, with a pair of stalked glands at base; petiole }-11 in., stellately hairy; spikes lax, minutely -scaly ; fl. on short ped., fem. few, at base; male fl. :—sep. oval; pet. short, obtuse; stam. 14-20; fem. fl.:—sep. linear, much enlarged in fruit; fr. oblong-ovoid, under 4 in., slightly 3- lobed, apiculate, rather rough, with stellate hairs mixed with scales; seeds purplish-brown, mottled with white. Moist region, 2—3000 ft.; rare. Hantane. Fl. Nov.; greenish. Also in Peninsular India. 2. ©. oblongifolius, ox). Fl. Ind. ili. 685 (1832). Milla- ‘kunari, 7. Thw. Enum. 276. CP: 2114; Fl. B. Ind. v. 386. A small tree; bark pale, smooth; young parts minutely scaly; l.numerous, 3-7 in., narrowly oblong-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, obtuse, faintly serrate, without obvious glands at base, glabrous on both sides when mature; petiole $-1 in. scaly ; spikes stellate-pubescent ; fl. pedicellate, fem. few, at base ; sep. with scales, narrower in fem.; stam. 12; capsule (not seen) ‘4 in., globose, scabrid with scales, top depressed.’ Dry region; rare. Batticaloa; Uma-oya. FI. July; pale greenish. Also India and Burma. Our plant has narrower leaves than the Indian. 3. ©. aromaticus, Z. SP. P/. 1005 (1753). Wel-keppetiya, S Teppaddi, 7. Herm. Mus. 11. Burm. Thes. 202. FI. Zeyl. n. 345. Moon, Cat. 65% Thw. Enum. 275. Muell. Arg. 1.c. 588. C. P. 2116. Fl. B. Ind. v. 388. 48 Euphorbiaceae. [Croton. A shrub or small tree; bark smooth, pale grey; young parts rough with harsh stellate hairs; 1. 2}—4 in., ovate, rounded or subcordate at base, shortly attenuate, acute, irregularly and shallowly crenate-serrate, slightly rough and with few distant stellate hairs above, much more so especially on veins beneath, pair of glands at base small, circular, peltate; petiole {-1} in., rough ; fl. numerous, on short ped.; sep. acute, stellate-hairy ; male fl. :—pet. ovate, bordered with white hair; stam. about 30; disk with long white hair; fem. fl.:—styles split almost to base into very long filiform branches; fr. under 4 in., nearly globose, barely 3-lobed, rough with scanty, short, stellate hair. Var. 3, lacciferus, 777. Keppetiya, Gas-keppetiya, Os Herm. Mus. 37, 46. Burm. Thes. 201. Fl. Zeyl. n. 344. C. lacct- ferus, L. Sp. Pl. 1005; Moon, Cat. 65; Thw. Enum. 275. Muell. Arg. L:e.588: ©. Po2tr7. Burm. Thes. t. 91. Wight, Ic. t. 1915. Larger, young parts almost villous, with yellowish hair; 1. larger and broader, hairy on both sides, woolly beneath, with simple longer hairs mixed with stellate ones; stip. smaller, filiform; stam. 20 or less; disk slightly hairy; fr. more densely hairy; seeds ovoid, smooth, dark-brown. Low country, the type principally in the dry region; common. Var. B chiefly in the moist region, up to 3000 ft.; very common. Fl. Aug.- Nov. ; greenish-white. Also in S. India. The Fl. B. Ind. does not distinguish C. /acciferus; but it is easily recognisable, and at least a marked variety, if not a species. The leaves when withering turn a bright brick-red colour; they are very slightly aromatic. A small red coccid occurs on the bark of the older trees, and is col- lected in districts where it is abundant to mix with the colours used in lacquer work. This lac is collected in the dry seasons near Matale for the Kandyan lacquer-industry. It is melted in a metal pot over a fire, and is then called Keppitiya Resin. 4. C. caudatus, Ge7se/. Crot. Monogr. 73 (1807). Muell. Arg. I. c. 599. FI. B. Ind. v. 388. Very like C. avomaticus, but semi-scandent, with long hori- zontal branchlets; 1. 3-4 in., cordate at base, acute, taintly and irregularly serrate, stellate-hairy beneath when young, after- wards glabrous; racemes very long, slender; fl. stalked, bracts setaceous ; sep. densely stellate-hairy ; stam. 18-30, fil. very hairy below; fr. (not seen) ‘2—1 in, globose or broadly oval, woody, scabidly pubescent, 6-valved.’ Dry region; rare. Koddryar, near Trincomalie. Specimens from Walker without locality are also referable to this; Muell. Arg. gives Croton.) Euphorbiacee. 49 Thunberg as his authority for Ceylon, and Fl. B. Ind. says ‘north part of the island’ Fl. Sept. Specimens from Walker without locality are also referable to this. India, Malaya, Philippines. Differs from C. avomaticus chiefly in its somewhat scandent habit. I have only seen male specimens, so that my material is insufficient. Muell. Arg. refers C. avomaticus of Gaertner and C. dacciferus of Wight to this species. 5. ©. Moonii, 7/w. Enum. 276 (1861). C. punctatum, Moon, Cat. 65 (non Retz.). Muell. Arg. l. c. 590. C. P. 577. F]. B. Ind. v. 390. A small tree; bark brown; young parts densely stellate- hairy; 1. 2}—-5 in., oval-oblong, rounded or slightly cordate at base, subacute, apiculate, nearly entire, rough on both sides with scattered stellate hairs; petiole }—1 in., stellate-hairy, with a pair of sessile glands at summit; stip. linear-subulate, decidu- ous; fl. stalked, racemes lax, very stellate-hairy ; sep. stellate- hairy; pet. woolly at margin; fr. 4 in., depressed-globose, finely coated with swollen bases of stellate hairs. Moist low country; veryrare. Onlyat Kalutara. Fl. Sept.; greenish. Endemic. The leaves when dried become nearly black on upper and pale on lower surface. 6. ©. Klotzschianus, 7iw. Enum. 276 (1861). C. Thwaitestanus, Muell. Arg. in Linnea, xxxiv. 116. C. P. 2113. Fl. B. Ind. v. 392. Wight, Ic. t. 1914 (Ziglum Klotzschianumy). A shrub or small tree; bark whitish; young shoots with scattered stellate hairs; 1. 2-4 in., oblong-lanceolate, rounded at base, slightly acuminate, acute, shallowly serrate, pale and ‘with scattered stellate hairs beneath, somewhat 3-nerved at base, thin; petiole with a pair of small glands at summit; racemes short, erect, very lax; male fl.:—sep. and pet. lanceo- late, hairy; stam. about 14; fem. fl. on-short stout ped.; styles very deeply divided into long filiform branches; fr. 4 in., 3-lobed, stellate-hairy, crowned with long styles, endo- ‘carp very hard; seeds grey mottled with black. Dry and intermediate regions; rather common. MHanguranketa ; Haragama; Kurundu-oya; Nalande; Mineri; Jaffna. Fl. Feb., July, Aug.; white. Also in S. India. C. Tiglhum, L., Jayapala, S., Nervalam, T., the croton-oil plant, is a not uncommon inhabitant of native gardens, and has also been cultivated for the oil as a commercial product on estates, but is not a native here. There are specimens in Herb. Hermann, and it is n. 343 of FI. Zeyl., and well figured in Burm. Thes. t. go. 7. ©. nigro-viridis, 7/w. Enum. 276 (1861). Muell. Ars. in°cDC. Prod.) c.6o1. C: P. 3637. PLB. ind..v 393: PART IV. E 50 Euphorbiacee. [Givotia. A small tree; bark smooth, grey; young parts stellate- hairy; 1. 24-4 in., oval, acute at base, subacute, sparingly serrate, glabrous beneath, with very minute scurf above mixed with scattered distant stellate hairs, rather thick, strongly 3-nerved at base; racemes long, slightly stellate-hairy; sep. sparsely stellate-hairy, in male obtuse with membranous margins; styles divided to base; fr. over 4 in., woody; dis- tinctly 3-lobed with keeled lobes, slightly rough with small thickened bases of stellate hairs, top depressed. Lower montane zone, 3-5000 ft.; rather rare. Ramboda; Dickoya; Nitre Cave Dist.; Lagalla. Fl. April, Sept. Endemic. 21. GIVOTIA, Grif. Tree; |. palmately nerved; fl. moderate-sized, dicecious, in terminal panicles, male panicles long, fem. very short; sep. 5, unequal, imbricate; pet. 5, connate into a cylindrical cor.; male fl.:—stam. about 15, on a woolly receptacle, outer shorter, fil. connate below; pistillode 0; fem. fl.:—ov. 2-3-celled, with one ovule in each cell, styles short, bifid; fr. a subglobose, I-celled, hoary drupe, #-1 in. diam., with thin crustaceous endocarp; seed solitary, large, globose, testa bony, endosperm fleshy, cotyledons broad, flat—Monotypic. G. rottleriformis, G7i7. 77 Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 388 (1844). Puttalai, 7. Fl. Zeyl. n. 346. Croton moluccanum, L. Sp. Pl. 1005 (chiefly). Thw: Enum,'278.. C. B) 1130: Fl. B. Ind. v. 395. Wight, Ic. t. 1889. Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 285. A small tree; branchlets very stout, rather succulent, smooth, marked with prominent leaf-scars; young parts scurfy tomentose, with stellate hairs; 1. variable in size, 3-7 in, broadly oval or rotundate, often broader than long, more or less cordate at base, acute or subacute, coarsely and irregularly dentate or incised, palmately veined, glabrous above when mature, densely coated beneath with a yellowish or fulvous tomentum of stellate hair; petiole about as long as leaf, stellate-hairy, with a few glands half way up, and one at the summit; bracts on infl. linear; sep. stellate-hairy outside; fil. hairy; fr. globose-ovoid, about I in., smooth, green, indehis- cent; seed nearly globose, purplish. Dry region; rather rare. Jaffna Dist.; Puttalam; Dambulla; Uma- oya. Fl. Aug.; yellow. Also in S. India. Trigonostemon. | ib upho rbracee. 5! The specimens in Herb. Hermann to which Linnzus gave the name Croton moluccanum are only leaves, but almost certainly belong to this species. iWallotus moluccanus, Muell. Arg., is quite another plant, and not native to Ceylon but to Amboyna. 22, TRIGONOSTEMON, £7. Shrubs; fl. moncecious in terminal and axillary racemes; sep. 5, imbricate; pet. 5; stam. 3, connate in a short column, anth. sessile on a thickened connective; pistillode, 0; disk of 5 glands; fem. fl.:—ov. 3-celled, with one ovule in each cell, hairy, styles bifid or twice bifid; fr. a 3-celled capsule; seeds nearly globose, mottled, embryo flat in fleshy endosperm.— Sp: 05; Gin £7 B. Ind. Pet. of male fl. as long as sep., very deeply 2-lobed 1. T. DIPLOPETALUS, Pet. twice as long as sep., not 2-lobed . 5 . 2. T. NEMORALIS. I, I. diplopetalus, 7/iw. Enum. 277 (1861). [PLATE LXXXIII.] Nueli Are: IS) 1108. EP: 570, Fl. B. Ind. v. 398. A bush, slightly branched; branchlets nearly glabrous; buds pubescent; |. rather large, 6-10 in., lanceolate, tapering to base, shortly acuminate, acute, entire, glabrous, rather thin; petiole about $in., with two minute glands at summit; ff. shortly stalked, numerous, in erect spicate racemes, often mixed; male fl.:—sep. oval, obtuse, concave; pet. about as long as sep., much denticulate and crisped, divided nearly to base into two rounded lobes; fem. fl.:—sep. } in., oblong- lanceolate, apiculate ; pet.as in male, but larger and reflexed ; styles twice bifid, with short stout branches ; capsule about + in., somewhat depressed, hairy. Forests in the moist region, below Iooo ft.; very rare. Pelawatte Forest, Hewesse, Pasdun Korale, abundant. Fl. March—May and Sept. ; dull crimson-lake. Endemic, 2. T.nemoralis, 7iw. Enum. 277 (1861). Muell. Arg. 1. c. 1108. C. P. 3570. Bliss nd: vy. 398: Bedd. ic; Pl. Indy Or:t 183: A slender bush or small tree; bark yellowish-grey, rather smooth; young parts strigose-hairy; ]. numerous, alt. or sub- opp. usually rather crowded at end of year’s growth, 4-8 in, linear-lanceolate, much tapering at both ends, obtuse at apex, irregularly and shallowly crenate-serrate, glabrous and shining, rather thick, veins conspicuous; petiole short, stout, curved, channelled above; stip, small, subulate, pubescent; fl. in 52 Euphorbiacee. [Ostodes. narrow, erect, stiff, spicate racemes, male on slender ped. in small clusters, fem. solitary on very stout ped. and somewhat larger; sep. oblong, subacute, pubescent, with a short hori- zontal horn near the end; pet. oblong (narrower in male), acute, nearly twice as long as sep.; styles broad, recurved; capsule } in., 3-lobed, depressed, thickly crustaceous, roughly “ pubescent, top depressed. Intermediate region; rare. Between ;Medamahanuwara and Bin- tenne ; Puwakpitiya, Matale East, abundant. Fl. Feb.-June; dull crimson. Also in Travancore. Codieum variegatum, Bl. The ‘Croton’ of gardens, native to the Moluccas and Pacific Islands, has long been cultivated under numerous varieties, and is very common in gardens in the low country. The oldest form here seems to be crésfum, which was collected in Ceylon by Thunberg in 1777. 23. OSTODES, 37. A large tree; |. large, serrate; fl. dicecious, in long pendu- lous racemes; male fl.:—sep. 5, unequal, imbricate; pet. 5, longer than sep.; disk of 5 glands; stam. 15, fil. free, outer ones shorter; pistillode 0; fem. fl.:—sep. and pet. as in male; disk annular, hairy; ov. 3-celled, with one ovule in each cell, styles 3, bifid; fr. a subglobose capsule, cocci 3, bony, de- hiscent; seeds ovoid, testa crustaceous, endosperm fleshy, cotyledon broad, flat—Sp. 6-8; 5 in FZ. B. Znd., but none in Peninsular India. O. zeylanica, Muell. Arg. in Linn@a, xxxiv. 214 (1865). Wal- kékuna, Olupetta, S. Desmostemon zeylanicus, Thw. Enum. 278. Muell. Arg. in DC. Prod. Gita Gavb 260: Fl. B. Ind. v. 409. Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 274 (reprod. from Trans. Linn. SOG. eXVeits 27). A tall tree; bark smooth; young parts puberulous; branches minutely lenticellate; 1. large, numerous, persistent, 6-12 in., lanceolate-oblong, acute at base, subacute at apex, very coarsely serrate, glabrous, thick, paler beneath; petiole 3-4 in., cylindrical, stiff, horizontal, thickened and corky at both ends; fl. rather large, stalked, in small clusters, panicles 1-2 ft. long; bracts very small; sep. obtuse ; pet. obtuse, erect, recurved at apex; stam. slightly exserted; capsule I} in, slightly 6-grooved, finely tomentose with close stellate hair; seeds large, mottled. Blachia.] Euphorbiacee. 53 Var. 8, minor, 7Thw. Enum. 278. O. minor, Muell. Arg. 1.c. Trigo- nostemon zeylanicus, Muell. Arg. in DC. 1.c. 1106. C. P. 2158. A shrub or small tree; fl. fruit and all parts much smaller. Forests of the moist region, up to 4ooo ft.; rather common. Var. £, below 1000 ft.; common. Kalutara (Moon). FI. Feb. and Oct.; yellow. Also in Travancore and the Wyraad, S. India. A very handsome tree. The flowers are strongly sweet-scented. The adherent petals simulate a campanulate gamopetalous corolla. Var. B has a different aspect, and may be, as considered by Mueller, a distinct species. 24. BLACHIA, ZLazil. Shrub; 1. entire, shining; fl. moncecious, on long ped., male in racemose umbels, fem. usually in threes; male fl.:—sep. 4 or 5, membranous, imbricate; pet. 4 or 5, much smaller, hyaline; disk of 4 or 5 scales; stam. about 15, on a convex receptacle, anth.-cells marginal; pistillode 0; fem. fl.:—sep. 4 or 5, unequal, imbricate in bud, becoming slightly enlarged in fruit; pet. 0; disk obscure; ov. 3-celled, with one ovule in each cell, styles 3, filiform, deeply bifid; fr. small, 3-lobed, of 3 2-valved cocci, supported on persistent sep.; seeds oblong, testa crustaceous, shining, endosperm fleshy, cotyledons broad, flat—Sp. 5; all in FZ B. Znd. B. umbellata, Baill. £t. Euphord. 387 (1858). Kosatta, S. Thw. Enum. 277. Codi@um umbellatum, Muell. Arg. in DC. 1. c. 1118. C.-P. 3014. Fl. B. Ind. v. 402. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. t. 23, f. 6. Wight, Ic. t. 1874 (Croton umbellatumy). Shrub or small tree; branches slender, dichotomous; bark smooth, finely lenticellate, young parts glabrous; |. numerous, 24-44 in., oval, acute at base; slightly acuminate, glabrous and shining, dark green; petiole very short, curved; infl. on long terminal peduncles, ped. of male long, filiform, of fem., stout, thickened upwards; sep. in male rounded, in fem, acute; fr. under 4 in., glabrous, lobes very bluntly keeled; seeds oblong, testa shining, mottled. Moist region, below 1000 ft., and especially on the coast ; common. Fl. Nov., Dec.; green. Also in S. India. I cannot distinguish 2. calycina, Benth., to which are referred in FI. B. Ind. some specimens from Ceylon in Rottlers Herb. Wight’s figure above quoted is also referred to it in Fl. B. Ind., and this appears to represent the common Ceylon plant. The Ceylon specimens also in Herb. Rottl. labelled by Sir J. Hooker ‘ Blachia calycina, G. B.,’ do not appear to me to differ from 2. uméellata. 54 Euphorbiaceae. [Agrostistachys. 25. DIMORPHOCALY:, 7iw. A small tree; 1. alt., with stip.; fl. dicecious (very rarely moncecious), moderate-sized, male in clusters on old wood, fem. solitary or 2 or 3 together, terminal or leaf-opposed ; male fl..—cal. cup-shaped, shallow, membranous, nearly truncate or with 5 very shallow segm. or teeth; pet. 5, erect, recurved in upper part, imbricate; stam. 10, in two rows, outer shorter, fil. connate below into a column; disk of 5 scale-like glands ; pistillode 0; fem. fl.:—cal. large, divided nearly to base into 5 oblong-lanceolate, obtuse segm.; pet. as in male, but rather larger; ov. 3-celled, with one ovule in each cell; disk annular; styles 3, bifid; fr. a capsule, of three 2-valved crustaceous cocci, surrounded at base by persistent cal., capped with styles ; seeds ovoid, testa crustaceous, endosperm fleshy, cotyledons broad, flat.—Sp. 5; all in #7. B. Jud. D. glabellus, 7/w. Enum. 278 (1861). Weliwenna, S. Tén- tukki, 7. [PLATE LXXXI1V.] Trigonostemon Lawianus, Muell. Arg. in DC. 1. c. 1105 (in part). C. P. 1046. F]. B. Ind. v. 403. A small, much-branched tree; twigs slender; bark cin- namon-grey; young parts glabrous ; |. 3-44 in., lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering to base, acuminate, subacute, entire or slightly repand-dentate, glabrous, dull dark green, paler beneath ; petiole } in.; stip.small, triangular; fl. few, stalked ; cal.-segm. of male much shorter than pet. of fem. much longer than pet., rather unequal, parallel-veined, each with a rounded gland on back at apex ; fr. under } in., pubescent. Dry region; very common. There are also specimens in the Her- barium from Galle and Kalutara in the moist region. Fl. July, Aug.— Feb.; white. Also in S. India (?). The male and female fl. are so different that the plants are constantly collected as different species. The young branches are often strongly ridged with thick lines of cork. Very near DV. Lawzanus, Hk. f. of Western India (=. gladbellus, Bedd. in Trans. Lin. Soc. xxv. t. 26, reprod. in Fl. Sylv. t. 273), but I think distinct. 26. AGROSTISTACHYS, Da/:. Shrubs or small trees; 1. simple, thick, erect, strongly penniveined ; fl. small or minute, dicecious, in small spikes or long racemes; male fl.:—solitary or in small clusters, globose ; Agrostistachys.| E uphorbiac €a@. 55 sep. 2-5, irregular, valvate ; pet. 5-8; disk of 5 glands; stam. S13, Om a convex reeepeacel distinct, anth. versatile; pistillode small; fem. fl.:—sep. 2-4; pet. usually 5; disk large; ov. 3-celled, with one ovule in each cell, styles 3, bifid ; fruit a strongly tricoccous capsule; seeds nearly globose, testa crustaceous, endosperm fleshy, cotyledons broad, flat.— Sp. 83 6in 72 Be lnd. There appear to be two genera here, and Sarcoclinium should be maintained. Leaves strongly serrate. ; a T, ANINDICA, Leaves entire or nearly so (Sarcoclinium). Stip. very large, lanceolate attenuate Stip. small, broadly triangular A. HOOKERI. A. LONGIFOLIA. 1S) N A. indica, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. ii. 41 (1850). Thw. Enum:'279. Muell: Are’ in DC. I. c.-726 (excl. var. 6). ©. PB. 2156. Fl. B. Ind. v. 406. Bedd. Ic. FI. Ind. or t. 241. Shrub, 5-6 ft.; branches stout; young parts glabrous ; I, numerous, 5-11 in., linear-lanceolate, gradually tapering into short petiole, acute, coarsely and sharply serrate with incurved teeth, thick, glabrous; male fl.:—minute, solitary in axils of very small bracts arranged to form little grass-like spikelets clustered in or above the |. axil, bracts finely ciliate ; fem. 41. similarly arranged; pet. 6-8; stam. 8-13, longer than pet. ; capsule scarcely } in., strongly 3-lobed, glabrous, red; seeds ovoid-globose, pale brown. Low country, to 2000 ft.; rather rare. Deyandera, S. Prov.; Balan- goda; Kurunegala; Kaduganawa; Haragama; Maturata. Fl. Sept.; white. Also in S. India. The leaves vary much in width and size. 2. A. Hookeri, Zenth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 303 (1880). Maha- béru, Duja-béru, 5S. Sarcoclinitum Hookert, Thw. Enum. 279; Muell. Arg. in DC. 1. c. 727. C. P. 3429. Fl. B. Ind. v. 406. A small tree, very slightly branched; stems thick, smooth, marked with large scars of petioles and stip.; 1. rather crowded, very large, 18-24 in., linear-lanceolate, much tapering to base, very shortly acuminate, subacute, shallowly serrate in upper part, glabrous, leathery, midrib very prominent; petiole about I in., much thickened at base, flat on top; stip. very large, 2-2} in, narrowly triangular, attenuate, pungently acute, papyraceous, brownish-yellow; male fl. not seen; fem. fl moderate-sized, on long thick horizontal ped., jointed near 56 Euphorbiacee. [Chrozophora. base in lax very elongated racemes, often exceeding |.; sep. 4, short, rounded, reflexed; ov. pubescent, styles stout, very shortly bifid; capsule about 1 in., glabrous. Moist region, below tooo ft.; very rare. Near Marai-Kalai; Kundu- gama; Eknaligoda; Ratnapura Dist. Fl. April. Endemic. The foliage is very handsome. 3. A. longifolia, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 303 (1880). Béru, 5. Sarcoclinium longtfolium, Wight; Thw. Enum. 279. Muell. Arg. in PCT 6. 927. SCP Sage: Fl. B. Ind. v. 407. Wight, Ic. tt. 1887-8. A shrub; branches stout, marked with scars of petioles and stip.; young parts glabrous, resinous; |. numerous, crowded at end of branches, usually 4~9 in. (occasionally much longer, up to 2 ft.), obovate-oblong, attenuate at base into obscure petiole, very shortly acuminate, obtuse, entire, glabrous, very stiff and leathery; stip. short, broad, acute, caducous; fl. in lax spicate racemes, shorter than ]., male in clusters of 1-4 in axil of single bract, fem. fewer, more lax, on longer ped., solitary ; male fl.:—sep. 2 or 3; pet. 5, small; disk-glands large; stam. about 10; fem. fl.:—sep. 5; pet 5; disk very large, lobed ; styles spreading ; capsule small, ? in., glabrous ; seeds globose. Montane zone, 3-600 ft., common. Fl. Feb., March, and Sept. - Also in S. India and Malay Peninsula. The stiff, hard, leathery leaves are used for roofing dwellings, like shingles, and are remarkably durable ; young shoots resinous. 27. CHROZOPHORA, Neck. Annual, covered with stellate hairs; fl. moncecious, in axillary racemes; male fl. :—cal. globose, segm. 5, valvate ; pet. 5; disk obscure; stam. 12-15, fil. connate; pistillode 0; fem. fl.:—cal. and pet. of the male ; ov. densely stellate-tomen- tose, 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell, styles 3, bifid; fr. a tricoccous capsule, hispidly tomentose with stellate hair ; seeds nearly globose, testa rough, shining, endosperm fleshy, cotyledons broad, flat.—Sp. 6; 3 in Fé. B. Jnd. 1. C. plicata, 4. Juss. Tent. Euphorb. 28 (1824). C. Rotilert, A. Juss.; Thw. Enum. 443. C. P. 3854. Fl. B. Ind. v. 409. Burm. FI. Ind. t. 62, f. 1. (poor.) Annual herb; stems prostrate, stout, divaricately branched, covered, especially when young, with stellate hairs; |. numerous, 1-14 in., spreading, rotundate-ovate, usually acute at base; Acalypha. Euphorbiacee. 57. rounded at apex, crisped at margin, shallowly lobed, rough with stellate hairs above, soft and white with more copious. stellate hairs beneath, veins prominent beneath, impressed ° = above; petiole 4-3 in., with 2 small glands at the summit ; racemes very shortly stalked, male fl. sessile in upper part, fem. fl. on curved ped. in lower part, all stellately hairy. Dry region, very rare. Nilavelly, near Trincomalie, 1864 (Glenie). Throughout India and westward to Mediterranean region and Spain. 28. ACALYPHA, /. Herbs or shrubs; 1. alt., petiole long; fl. minute, apetalous,, monoecious, mixed in axillary spikes, fem. surrounded by large persistent bracts at base; male fl.:—sep. 4, valvate ; disk 0; stam. 8, on a convex receptacle, usually distinct, anth.-cells divaricate ; pistillode 0; fem. fl.:—sep. 3-6, im- bricate ; ov. 3-celled, with one ovule in each cell, styles 3, usually much divided into several long slender branches ;. fr. a very small capsule of three 2-valved crustaceous cocci ; seeds subglobose, testa crustaceous.—Sp. 220; 9 in Fd. B. lund. Shrubs. Bracts, minute E A. PANICULATA. Bracts, large toothed 2. A. FRUTICOSA. Annual herbs. Bracts, shortly dentate-truncate 3. A. INDICA. Bracts, 3-lobed : : 4. A. BRACHYSTACHYS. Bracts, deeply toothed 5. A. LANCEOLATA. Bracts, fimbriate 6. A, CILIATA. 1. A. paniculata, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. ii. 406 (1859). a Wallichit, Thw. Enum. 271. Muell. Arg. in DC. 1. c. 802 C. P.. Orr B. Ind. v. 415. Rheede, Hort. Mal. x. t. 83. A small shrub, much branched; branches virgate, divari- cate, ascending ; young parts pubescent; |. numerous, alt., 14-3 in., ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded at base, acuminate, acute, strongly serrate, sparsely hairy on both surfaces, thin ; petiole various, often as long or longer than 1., spreading or deflexed, slender, pubescent; stip. minute, subulate; fl. minute, monoecious; male sessile in small clusters on very slender, rather dense fid., ascending, axillary spikes; fem. shortly ped., on branches of large, erect, very lax, slender, terminal panicles; bracts minute, inconspicuous; male fl.:—stam. 8; fem. fl.:—sep. 5, linear, very acute, glandular-hairy; styles long, erect, with many filiform, twisted branches; capsule very small, 3-lobed, strongly glandular-hairy. 58 Euphorbracee. | Acalypha, Shady places in the moist region 2000-4000 ft.; rather common. Matala; Kadaganawa ; Ramboda; Badulla; Nitre Cave Dist. Fl. Jan., Feb., Sept. ; pinkish green. S. India, Java, Trop. Africa. 2. A. fruticosa, Forsh. Fl. 4gypt.-Arab. 161 (1775). A. betulina, Retz. Obs. Bot. v. 30; Moon, Cat. 65; Thw. Enum. 271, ©. P. 2094. FL B. Ind, v. 415. A low shrub, very much branched; branches slender, vir- gate, spreading or ascending, glabrous; young parts scurfily pubescent; |. numerous, but rather distant, {-2 in., oblong or rhomboid-ovate, acute at base, shortly acuminate, coarsely or finely crenate-serrate, glabrous, with small, punctiform, orange, scattered glands beneath; petiole }—1} in., slender ; stip. minute, persistent; fl. minute, sessile, on strict ped., in clusters crowded in short axillary spikes, male very numerous, with minute bracts; stam. 8; fem. 2 or 3 at base of spikes, each with toothed bracts; styles 3, split into many filiform segments; capsule with 3 rounded lobes, densely pubescent. Dry region, rather rare. Puttalam; Uma-oya; Mantai, Aripo ; Kirinda, abundant ; also at Matale. Fl. Dec.—April, Aug. ; greenish- white. S. India, Burma, Arabia, Trop. Africa. First noticed by Koenig ; Moon’s locality is Wellasse. Often grega- rious and in great quantity, as on the site of the ancient city of Tirukel- tisvaram, Mantai. The leaves are fetid when bruised. The young spikes before expansion are very like the catkins of the birch, and this, coupled with the similarity in foliage, accounts for KRetzius’ name, betulina. 3. A. indica, Z. Sp. Pl. 1003 (1753). Muppamiénya, 5. Kuppaméni, Punairananki, 7. Herm. Hort. Lugd.-Bat. 686; Mus. 2. Burm. Thes. 203. FI. Zeyl. n. 341. Moon, Cat. 65. Thw. Enum. 271. C. P. 2098. Fl. B. Ind. v. 416. Herm. Hort. Lugd.-Bat. t. 687. Wight. Ic. t. 877. Annual herb, 1-2} ft., erect; branches numerous, long, ascending, angular, finely pubescent; 1. 14-3 in., rhomboid- ovate, tapering at base, acute, serrate, glabrous, thin, some- what 3-nerved at base, pale green; petiole usually longer than l., slender, spreading; stip. minute; fl. sessile, in numerous, lax, erect, axillary spikes, male very small, clustered near summit; stam. 8; fem. solitary, scattered, each with a large, leafy, truncate, dentate bract; ov. hispid; capsule small, quite concealed by enlarged bract. Cultivated and waste ground in the low country, especially in dry region; acommon weed. Fi. all the year; green. Tropical Asia and Africa generally. Acalypha.) Euphorbiacee. 59 4. A brachystachya, Hornem. Hort. Hafn. 909 (1815). Fl. B. Ind. v. 416. A herbaceous annual, 6-12 in., flaccid, nearly glabrous ; ]. 1-3 in., long-petioled, ovate or cordate, acute, obtuse, or acuminate, crenate-serrate, thin; petiole often longer than the blade; spikes all axillary, sessile, very short, androgynous ; male fl. very few, in minute clusters at the top of the spike; ‘bracts }-} in.; fem. in clusters, crowded at the base of the spike; bracts very large, cut into 3 linear spreading 1-nerved obtuse lobes, 2~3-fid.; styles pectinately laciniate ; capsules ‘quite concealed by the large green bracts; seeds subglobose, nearly smooth. Ceylon, Mrs. Walker (Herb. Kew). India, Java, Trop. Africa. Looks like a 777zumfetta. 5. A. lanceolata, W7z//d. Sp. P/. v. 524 (1805). Borm. Phes: 204. FL Zeyl. n. 342.’ A. vzrginica, L. Sp. Ply 1003 (in part); Moon, Cat. 65. A. Azspida, Thw. Enum. 271 (non Burm.). 4. jatiaz, Nuell. Arg. ; Trim. Syst. Cat.82. €,P. 2092, 2097. Fl. B. Ind. v. “416. (A. fallax). Plukenet, Phytogr. ii. t.99,f. 4. Burm. Thes. t..93, f..1? Annual, much branched from base; branches Pe sE or ascending, ‘glabrous or somewhat hairy ; ]. small, 4-1} in., ovate-lanceolate, rounded or acute at base, acute at apex, serrate, elabrous or slightly hairy, somewhat 3-nerved at base; petiole longer than 1., somewhat hairy; spikes very short, sessile; fem. fl. numerous, rather lax; bracts short, hairy, with several deep acute teeth; capsules rather exceeding bracts, hispid. A weed in the low country ; common. FI. (?) Also in S. India, Burma, Malaya. The Ceylon plant is certainly A. Janceolata, Willd., which is the earliest name. Linnaeus combined the plant with a N. American species, and his name is thus inapplicable. There is no specimen in Herb. Herm. I am doubtful whether Burmann’s figure should be referred to this ; it may be a large state. 6. A. ciliata, Forsk. F/. 4gypt.-Arab. 162 (1775). Thw. Enum. 273. C. P. 2095. FI. B. Ind. v.-417. Herbaceous; stem 14-2} ft.; erect, scarcely branched, pilose ; 1. 1-2 in., oval, acute at base, acuminate, subacute, finely serrate, thin, hairy on veins beneath; petiole longer than l., spreading, slender; spikes short, } in.; male fl. few, sessile, very minute; fem. several, crowded at base of spike ; 60 LEuphorbiacee. [ Trewia: bracts large, very concave, pubescent, fimbriate, with numerous setaceous teeth; capsule concealed by bracts, glabrous, nearly white. Dry country, rather rare. Uma-oya; Tissamaharama, abundant ; Batticaloa. Fl. Dec.—March ; greenish. India, Arabia, Tropical Africa. 29. ADENOCHLIENA, Bovv. ex Baill. A shrub; |. alt. with stip; fl. moncecious, male numerous, densely clustered, fem. few at base of same infl.; male fl.:— cal. globose, segm. 4 or 5, obtuse, valvate; stam. 4 or 5, dis- tinct; disk 0; pistillode columnar ; fem. fl. much larger; per.- segm. 6, linear, acute, persistent, enlarged, and pectinately multifid in fr.; ov. 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell, styles very large, deeply 3-cleft, with the arms copiously laciniate ; capsule 3-lobed, slightly depressed, surrounded by the pec- tinate sepals ; seeds subglobose, testa crustaceous, marbled.— Sp.4 on F432 in FZ Be ind. The only Ceylon species is, I think, a good endemic genus (Cezéro- stylis, Baill.). I. A. Zeylanica, 7iw. Enum. 270 (1861). [PLATE LXXXV.] Centrostylis zeylanica, Baill. Et. Gen. Euphorb. 470. Cephalocroton zey- lanicus, Baill.; Muell. Arg. in DC. 1.c. 419. C. P. 396 (2111). F]. B. Ind. v. 419. Baill. Et. Gen. Euphorb. 470, t. 2, f. 28, 29. An erect slightly branched bush, rough on the young parts, hoary with minute stellate hairs; 1. 3-5 in., narrowly ovate, rounded at base, elongate-acuminate, acute at apex, entire, slightly rough with stellate hair, especially beneath; petiole }—-1 in.; stip. subreniform, deciduous; fl. shortly stalked, crowded in short terminal or leaf-opposed stalked racemes, the male crowded at top, the fem. few at base, buds of male fl. globose ; ped. and per. densely stellate-tomentose ; fruiting per. segm. } in., much exceeding capsule, pectinate, branches filiform - setaceous, thickened at the tips, purple; capsule stellate - pubescent ; seeds subglobose, } in. diam., brown marbled with black. Montane zone, 3000-5000 ft., rare. Pusselawa; Hantane; Haputala; Ella Pass. Fl. May, Sept; styles red. Endemic. 30. TREWIA, Linn. A tree; 1. opp. entire; fl. moderate-sized, apetalous, dicecious, in axillary pendulous racemes, male numerous, fem. Tragia.] Euphorbiacece. 61 very few; male fl. globose; sep. 3 (or 4), valvate in bud; stam. numerous (over 20), distinct, anth. oblong; pistillode o; fem. fl.:—cal. split down on one side, caducous; ov. 3- or 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell, styles 3, long, filiform, free to the base, papillose; fr. globose, hard, indehiscent; seeds 3 or 4, ovoid, testa hard.—Sp. 2; both in FZ B. Lnd. T. nudiflora, Z. SA. P/. 1193 (1753). Thw. Enum. 272. Muell. Arg: in DC: l..c..953. (CG P2 2930; PL Bind! y. 423. Wight, Ic: tt. 1870; 712 \Bedd. Bl Sylvit 261. A moderate-sized tree; bark smooth, marked with leaf- scars; branchlets stout; young shoots finely stellate-tomen- tose; ]. opp., 6-7 in., ovate, cordate at base, entire, acuminate, glabrous above, finely stellate-hairy on veins beneath, thin, bright green, somewhat 3-nerved at base; petiole cylin- drical, 2-3 in., finely pubescent; stip. minute, acute, soon falling; male fl. on slender horizontal ped., racemes spicate, 4-6 in., buds globose; sep. valvate, concave; fem. fl.:—ov. globose, densely stellate-hairy, style thick, erect, stigmas very long, 4—? in.; fr. about } in., roughish with scattered stellate hairs; seed broad, brown. Dry country, rare; Uma-oya. Fl. May, Oct.; pale green. Also India and Malaya. Wood white, soft, not durable. 31. TRAGTIA, Linn. An evergreen twiner, hispid, with stinging hairs; |. entire, 3-lobed or 3-partite; fl. moncecious, apetalous, in terminal axillary and leaf-opposed racemes, male superior, fem. inferior; bracts small or very minute; male fl.:—cal. globose, valvately 3-partite; stam. 3, fil. distinct; pistillode o, or 3-fid.; fem. fl.:— sep. 6, imbricate in bud, entire or pinnatifid, accrescent; ov. 3-celled, ovules 1 in each cell; styles entire, united in a column below; capsule of 3 2-valved cocci; seeds globose, estrophio- late, testa crustaceous, endosperm fleshy, cotyledons broad.— —Sp. about 50; 3 in FZ. B. Ind. T. involucrata, ZL. Sf. P/. 980 (1753). Wel-kahambiliya, S. Herm. Mus. 18. Burm. Thes. 202. FI. Zeyl. n. 340. Moon, Cat. 62. Thw. Enum. 270. C. P. 2099, 2951. Fl. B. Ind. v. 465. Burm. Thes. t. 92. Stem elongate, slender, twining; ]. 1-4 in., very variable, from linear-oblong to broadly ovate-cordate, acuminate, 62 Euphorbiacee. [ Podadenia. serrate, membranous, from entire to deeply 3-fid or 3-partite,. with irregularly serrate or subpinnatifid lobes; petiole long or short; racemes I-2 in., with many male and few fem. fl., slender; male fl. shortly pedicelled; fem. fl. strigosely hispid; sep. rigid, entire or pinnatifid, stellately spreading, and } in. diam. in fr.; ov. hispid, style columnar, variable in length; capsule 4 in. diam., more or less hispid; seeds globose. Var. 8, cordata, J7/uell. Arg. in DC. l.c. 943. Var 8, montana, Thw, Enum. 270. 7: montana, Muell. Arg. 1. c. 944. C. P. 2100, 3519. L. ovate-cordate, cuspidately acuminate, coarsely serrate. Var. y, cannabina, /7%. f, 7. cannabina, L. f.; Thw. Enum. 270. Var. e, zntermedia, Muell. Arg. 1. c. 944. C. P. 3569. Pluk. Phytogr. t. 120; °£.16. L. all palmately 3-partite, with narrow, toothed, or pinna- tifid segments. Waste ground in low country, common. Var. 8 in montane zone ; Hantane; N. Eliya. Var. y, dry region only ; Anuradhapura; Mineri. Fl. Feb., March. India, Burma, China. Very variable in habit and in form of leaf. It stings sharply. 32. PODADENTA, 7hw. A large tree; 1. entire, penninerved; fl. dicecious, apeta- lous, in large terminal panicles; male fl. globose; sep. 3, valvate; stam. over 20, distinct; no pistillode; fem. fl.:—sep. 3-5, imbricate; ov. exserted, strigose, 3-celled, with one ovule in each cell, styles 3, long, filiform, undivided, twisted; fr. large, fleshy, indehiscent, covered with large stalked glandular processes; seeds usually only 2 or I, each completely en- veloped in a fleshy white aril, testa bony, grey, endosperm copious.—Monotypic. The only genus of Ewphorbiacee confined to Ceylon. P. sapida, 7iw. Enum. 274 (1861). Rottlera Thwaitesiz, Baill. Et. Gen. Euphorb. 426. P. Thwattesit, Muell. Arg. in DC. 1.c. 791. C. P. 3428. Fl. B. Ind. v. 423. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 282. A large tree; branchlets stout, fulvous-tomentose; young parts silky tomentose; 1. 5-9 in., oval, acute at base, very shortly acuminate, acute, entire, glabrous above, except on the veins, more or less hairy beneath on the veins; petiole 1-1} in., stout, tomentose; fl. pedicelled; male in clusters; fem. solitary, Claoxylon.| E uphorbrac BEES 63 on large glandular-pubescent terminal panicles, rather ex- ceeding the 1.; bracts linear, leafy; male fl. numerous, buds pointed, glandular; fem. fl.:—sep. very acute, reflexed, glandular; styles acute, united, deep crimson; fr. about 2 in., more or less globose, beaked, red, thickly set with large stalked spherical glands. Moist region below 2000 ft., very rare. Marai-kelai, Kandagama, near Ratnapura ; Ambagamuwa. FI. April; crimson-red. Endemic. I have seen only the C. P. specimens of this remarkable plant, collected in 1855, by Thwaites, who states that the aril of the seed has an agreeable taste. 33. CLAOXYLON, 4. Juss. Shrubs or herbs; 1. alt.; fl. minute, usually dicecious, apetalous, in long axillary racemes; male fl.:—cal. subglobose, valvate, 3- or 4-partite; stam. 5-14, fil. distinct, often mixed with stalked bodies, anthers erect, adnate to the top of the fil.; pistillode 0; fem. fl.:—sep. as in the male; disk of 3 linear petal-like scales; ov. 3-celled, with one ovule in each cell, styles 3, not bifid, fringed; fr. a small tricoccous capsule, cocci nearly globose; seeds subglobose, estrophiolate, testa crustaceous, endosperm fleshy, cotyledons broad.—Sp. 40; 15 in FZ. B. Lund. Elerb, J) under 3 in: : : : « a, C) MERCURIALIS. Shrmb; 1: over 4am: "); : : d . 2. C. OLIGANDRUM. 1. ©. Mercurialis, 7iw. Enum. 271 (1861). Burm. Thes. 205. FI. Zeyl. n. 334. Zragéa Mercurialts, L. Sp. Pl. 980. Moon, Cat. 62. Micrococca Mercurtalis, Benth., ex Trim. Syst. Cats2, (E2P.-3310: Fl. B. Ind. v. 412. Plukenet, Phytogr. t. 205, f. 4. Annual, 12-18 in., erect, with few ascending branches, glabrous; |. numerous, spreading, 1-21 in., lanceolate and oval-lanceolate, acute at base, subacute at apex, serrate- crenate, glabrous, thin; petiole $—1 in., slender; racemes numerous, very slender, usually longer than the 1.; fl. distinct, few; male fl.:—stam. variable, usually 5-10; fem. fl.:—ov. hairy; capsule very small, of 3 ovoid nearly distinct hairy cocci, Low country, a common weed in cultivated ground. Fl. May, July. Also in India, Burma, Arabia, Trop. Africa. The genus Mzcrococca, Benth., was rightly reduced by Thwaites to Claoxylon. 64 Euphorbiacee. [Mallotus. 2. C. oligandrum, Muell. Arg. in Linn. xxxiv. 104 (1865). C. longifolium, Baill. Et. Euphorb. 493 (in part); Thw. Enum. 271. oF, 2102: F). B. Ind. v. 412. A shrub; branches slender, virgate; bark very smooth, pale grey; young parts slightly puberulous; 1. 5—7 in., linear- lanceolate, tapering to base, acuminate, acute, irregularly dentate-serrate; petiole 1-2} in.; racemes very lax and slender, as long as 1.; male fl. minute, in little spikelets, fem. fl. solitary; male fl.:—stam. 10-14, mixed with stalled stellate processes; fem. fl.:—ov. silky, styles thick, recurved; fr. very small, cocci globose. Moist region in forests, 2000-5000 ft., rather rare. Matale; Deltota ; Maskeliya; Maturata. Fl. March—Sept. Endemic. Muell. Arg. has a variety defauperatum with the male flowers very distant, and with only 5-8 stamens. 34. MALLOTUWS, Lour. Trees or shrubs; 1. alt. or opp., often gland-dotted; fl. small, apetalous, dicecious (very rarely moncecious), in axillary or terminal spikes, racemes, or panicles; male fl. globose or ovoid; sep. 3-5, valvate; stam. numerous, distinct, anth. cells small, often widely separated; pistillode 0; fem. fl.:—cal. deeply 3-5-lobed, valvate; ov. 2- or 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell; styles short, entire, papillose; fr. a 3- or 2-lobed cap- sule, often softly spinous; seeds nearly globose, testa crustaceous, endosperm fleshy, cotyledons broad.—Sp. 70 ; 45 in #7. B. Ind. Capsule with spines. L. silvery-white, with scales beneath I. M. ALBUS. L. softly stellate-pubescent 2. M. ERIOCARPUS. L. glabrous ; : 3. M. WALKER. Capsule without spines. Capsule stellate-pubescent 4. M. RHAMNIFOLIUS. Capsule glabrous 5. M. FUSCESCENS. Capsule stellate-tomentose. L. opp., carp. 3 6. M. DISTANS. ealtacarp:i2 a. : : 7. M. REPANDUS. Capsule with red scurfy powder 8. M. PHILIPPINENSIS. 1. M. albus, Muell. Arg. in Linn. xxxiv. 188 (1865). Bu- kenda, 5. Croton moluccanum, Moon, Cat. 65 (non. L.) Rottlera* tetra- * Rottlera, Roxb., commemorates the venerable botanist and mission- ary, Dr. John Rottler, of Madras. He visited Ceylon in 1788; and in 1795-96 accompanied, as naturalist, Mr. Cleghorn, Secretary to Lord North, down the East Coast, collecting largely. His specimens are now in the Kew Herbarium. He died in 1836 at the great age of 87. Mallotus.) Euphorbiacee. 65 cocca, Roxb.; Thw. Enum. 272. Muell. Arg. in DC. 1. c. 965. C. Py 2118). Fl. B. Ind. v. 429. Wight, Ic. t. 1873 (Rottlera peltata). A tree, 30-40 ft.; branchlets rather stout ; bark yellowish grey, smooth; young parts rough with brownish stellate hairs; ]. numerous, variable, 4-6 in., oblong-oval, often somewhat rhomboidal, sometimes broader than long, narrowed to a cor- date or rounded base, or slightly amplexicaul, acute, usually entire, but sometimes with larger teeth, rather thin, glabrous (when mature), dark green above, silvery white with a fine pellicle of minute scales beneath; petiole 3-4 in., slender, thickened at both ends, finely scaly, set with a few irregular ‘glands and a pair of larger circular ones at the summit; ‘stip. } in. subulate, stellate hairy; spikes panicled, stellate- pubescent, terminal fl. male in distant clusters, fem. very ‘shortly stalked, crowded; sep. densely stellate- pubescent ; styles short, plumose; capsule under 4 in., thickly set with ‘soft woolly spines, capped with black persistent styles ; seeds black. Moist low country to 2000 ft.; very common. F]. April, May. E. Bengal, S. India, Burma. The Fl. B. Ind. distinguishes the S. Indian and Ceylon plant as var. occidentalis, and as having larger and more effuse fem. panicles and capsules, with longer denser spines. 2. M. eriocarpus, M/uell. Arg. in Linn. xxxiv. 185 (1865). Rottlera ertocarpa, Thw. Enum. 273. Muell. Arg. in DC. 1. c. 959. ‘C,-PS 2112. ; Bt! Bz Ind. v. 432. A shrub; branches slender, covered with fulvous-stellate pubescence, young parts densely so; 1. 2-6in., variable in form, rhomboid-ovate, ovate, or ovate-oblong, rounded at base, more or less acuminate acute or obtuse, irregularly and faintly dentate, softly and finely stellate-pubescent on both surfaces, veins prominent beneath; fl. on short ped, in clusters on axillary spicate racemes shorter than l., stellate- tomentose, buds pointed; sep. 3, recurved, densely stellate- pubescent ; ov. densely tomentose, with a ring of abortive ‘stam. round base, styles very hairy ; capsule over $ in., cocci nearly distinct (often only 2), thickly covered with long very hairy processes. Dry region ; rather common. Anuradhapura, abundant ; Dambulla; .Uma-oya. FI. July ; reddish. Endemic. M. moluccanus, Muell. Arg. (Croton moluccanus, L. in part), does not occur in Ceylon (see under Gzvo/za). PART IV. F 66 Euphorbiacee. [Mallotus. 3. M. Walkere, /7//. f. 7 Fl. B. Ind. v. 437 (1887). Rottlera muricata, Thw. Enum. 273. MM. muricatus, Muell. Arg. in DC. 1. c. 972 (in part). C. P. 2108. Fl. B. Ind. v. 437. A small tree; young parts glabrous, usually glandular and sticky ; 1. often opp., variable, 3-7 in., oblong-lanceolate or slightly rhomboid, acute or obtuse at base, more or less acuminate, acute, entire or sinuate or shallowly dentate or serrate, glabrous, thickly sprinkled beneath with minute circular glands; petiole short; stip. triangular, acute; male fl. in short racemose clusters or spikes, fem. solitary on bracteate ped., or in leaf-opposed racemes; ov. pubescent and with large blunt processes, styles short; capsule about 4 in., strongly 3-lobed, slightly puberulous, with long, soft, spinous processes which are deciduous. Moist and dry regions, and up to 4ooo ft.; rathercommon. Kalutara; Hewesse; Dambulla; Uma-oya; Hantane; Maturata. Fl. March—May, September ; greenish-white. Endemic. This is allied to the true IZ. muvricatus, Bedd. (part), which is S. Indian only, and figured in Wight, Ic. t. 1886 (as Claoxylon muricatum.) 4. M. rhamnifolius, M7/wel/. Arg. in Linn. xxxiv. 196 (1865). Marai-tium, 7: Croton reticulatus, Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 545. Rottlera oppositifolia, Thw. Enum. 272 (non BIl.). .W. zeylanicus, Muell. Arg. in DC. 1. c. 977, and W. micranthus, Muell. Arg. in DC. 1. c. 971. C. P. 196 (2106). Fl. B. Ind. v. 440. A shrub or small tree; bark smooth, yellowish; young parts slightly fulvous-pubescent; 1. opp. or alt., 3-6 in. (rarely more), oblong-oval, acute or rounded at base, subulate at apex, entire, glabrous, venation prominent beneath, often somewhat 3-nerved at base, with scattered, very minute, yellow, circular scales on lower surface; petiole 3-1 in, slender; fl. spikes usually exceeding |.; male fl. in clusters, fem. solitary; stam. very numerous, anth-cells distant; ov. stellate-hairy ; fr. } in., cocci globose, almost distinct, finely stellate-pubescent. Var. (?) B, ovatifolius, Hk. f. in Fl. B. Ind. v. 440. L. smaller, ovate, acuminate, base broader, rounded, veins 2-3 from above the basal. Low country, up to 3000 ft., chiefly in the moist region ; common. Fl. Dec.—Mar.; whitish. Var. 8, Balangoda (Thwaites). Also in S. India. There are specimens in Rottler’s Herb. from ‘Cocklai, Jan. 23,’ and ‘ Trincomalie, Jan. 28, 1796,’ labelled Croton reticulatum, Willd., which name is thus fixed for the Ceylon plant. Very variable in foliage. Var. 8 is scarcely worth notice. Mallotus.| F uphorbwac ce. 67 5. IM. fuscescens, MJuell. Arg. in Linn. xxxiv. 195 (1865). Rottlera fuscescens, Thw. Enum. 273. Fl. Zeyl. n. 432 (Nelughas), Muell. Arg. in DC. 1. c. 978. C. P. 2105. Fl. B. Ind. v. 441. A small tree; young parts glabrous but glandular; I. 3-5 in., opp. or alt., oval or oblong-oval, acute or slightly rounded at base, shortly acuminate, obtuse, entire, glabrous, rather thick; male fl. shortly stalked, minute, crowded in numerous short rufous-pubescent axillary and terminal spikes ; fem. on longer ped. in more lax racemes; styles rather long, recurved; capsule 4 in., glabrous, but somewhat glandular. Moist region to 2000 ft.; rather common. Galle; Mawarelle, S. Prov. ; Kalutara ; Ambagamuwa. Fl. Feb., March. ; pale green. Endemic. Hermann’s specimens are clearly this, but were not named by Linnzus.., It was also collected by Thunberg. Very near to WZ. rhamnifolius ; and there is some mixture of these two under C. P. 2105. 6. M. distans, .Wuell. Arg. in Linn. xxxiv. 194 (1865). Bl B. Ind.v. 441. A shrub; branches scurfily stellate-tomentose; |. 6-10 in., opp. in distant pairs, ovate or oblong, very variable, long petioled, acuminate, entire or obscurely sinuate, base connate, rounded, or cordate, thin, or the older coriaceous, glabrous above, stellate-tomentose without glands beneath; racemes axillary, male short, fem. few, elongate in fr.; capsule } in., unarmed, densely stellate-tomentose, yellow. Dry region ; very rare. Trincomalie (Rottler). Also in S. India. Rottler’s specimens are labelled ‘Croton distans, Nob.’ No one else seems to have collected it in Ceylon. The description is from Fl. B. Ind. 7. M.repandus, Muell. Arg. in Linn. xxxiv. 197 (1865). Croton rhombifolius, Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 555; Moon, Cat. 65. Rottlera rhombifolia, Thw. Enum, 272. C. P. 2115, Fl. B. Ind. v. 442. A large shrub or small tree; twigs numerous, slender, finely stellate-pubescent; 1. numerous, alt., 2-4 in., broadly deltoid or rhomboid-ovate, very slightly peltate at base, acuminate, subacute, coarsely dentate-sinuate, with scattered minute stellate scales above, thinly velvety, with pale scattered glands beneath; petiole 14-2 in., stiff, slender, pubescent, thickened at base; stip. minute; male fl. globose in bud, on short stalks, arranged in lax elongated terminal panicles; bracts shorter than ped., acute; per.-segm. acute, 68 Evuphorbiacee. [ Clecdion. densely pubescent outside; fem. fl. on long ped.; ov. nearly always 2-celled, styles short, plumose; capsule nearly 4 in., densely covered with stellate tomentum, valves caducous; seeds black. Intermediate and moist region to 2000 ft.; rather rare. Nalande; Haragama ; Ekiriankumbura; Peradeniya. Fl. Jan.- March, Sept. ; greenish-yellow. India, Burma, Malaya, China, New Caledonia. 8. M. philippinensis, Muel/. Arg. in Linn. xxxiv. 196 (1865). Hamparila, S. Kapila, 7. Croton punctatus, Retz. Obs. v. 30. C. coccineus, Vahl, Symb. Bot. ii. 97. Rottlera tinctorta, Roxb.; Moon, Cat. 70; Thw. Enum. 273. CyB 216s: Fl. B. Ind. v. 442. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 289. Benth. and Trim. Med. Pl. t, 236: A moderate-sized tree, much branched; bark smooth; young parts scurfy with fulvous pubescence; 1. variable, ovate- lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3-7 in., rounded or acute at base, subacute, entire, glabrous when mature, rather stiff, strongly 3-nerved with veins prominent beneath, pale or white and thickly sprinkled with minute crimson glands on lower surface; petiole 1-1} in., cylindrical, fulvous-pubescent, with 2 very small sessile glands at summit; fl. small, male in clusters, sessile in erect terminal spikes, which are usually several together and often longer than 1., buds globose; fem. fl. stalked, in short racemes; male fl. :—cal. densely rusty- pubescent ; stam. numerous, much exserted ; fem. fl. :—ov. glandular, styles simple, papillose; fr. } in., lobes rounded, smooth, but covered with a scurf of minute, easily detached, deep red particles; seeds nearly globose, black. Low country to about 2500 ft. in both moist and dry regions ; rather common. FI. Aug. India, Burma, Malaya, China, Australia. The powder of the seeds is medicinally, used as an anthelmintic in cases of tape worm, and in the cure of itch. The bark is used as a tanning material. The capsules yield a dye giving a permanent, rich, flame colour. Celodiscus Thunbergianus, Muell. Arg. in DC. Prod. xv. 2, 758, is founded on a plant in the Upsala Herbarium without female flowers or fruit, collected in Ceylon by Thunberg. It is probably a species of Mallotus, and possibly a variety of 17. rhamnzfolius. Thunberg collected only on the road from Colombo to Matara, a locality perhaps more thoroughly searched for plants than any other part of Ceylon. 35. CLEIDION, 2/. Small glabrous trees; ].nearly entire; fl.dicecious, apetalous, male in spikes, fem. solitary, larger; male fl.:—sep. 3 or 4, Cleidion. | E uphorbracee. 69: valvate; stam. very numerous, inserted on a conical receptacle, fil. distinct, anth. 4, locellate; pistillode 0; fem. fl.:—sep. 3-5, imbricate ; ov. 2—3-celled, with one ovule in each cell, styles 2-3, each bifid, with long branches; fr. capsular, of 2-3 2-valved cocci; seeds subglobose, testa coriaceous, endosperm fleshy, cotyledons broad.—Sp. 13; 2 in FZ. B. Ind. Petioles long : : : : : ‘ . . I. L. JAVANICUM. Petioles short. : ; : : : ‘ . 2. C. NITIDUM. 1. ©.javanicum, 4/. 2ijdr. 613 (1825). Okuru, 5. Thw. Enums272-— Muell’ Arcsin’ DC. f ¢..987.) -€.. P2656: Fl. B. Ind. v. 444. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 272. A small tree; bark pale yellowish-grey, smooth; young parts glabrous; |. alt. or subopp., 3-6 in., oval or lanceolate, acute at base, shortly acuminate, obtuse, crenate-serrate or nearly entire, glabrous, rather thick, dark green, paler beneath; petiole 1-14 in., slender, thickened at summit; male fl. very small, shortly stalked, in short terminal spicate racemes, buds globose ; fem. much larger, solitary, on long, thick, axillary peduncles ; male fl.:—sep. 3 or 4, acute, reflexed ; fil. slightly connate at base, anth.-cells short, didymous, connective slightly produced ; fem. fl.:—sep. 3-5, imbricate; ov. globose, some- what 2 -lobed ; styles 2, very long, each again split into 2 long, spreading, filiform arms ; fr. rather large, nearly 1 in. diam., didymous, tipped with persistent styles, lobes nearly globose, each splitting down back into 2 valves; seed nearly } in, globose, grey mottled with brown. Moist region to 2000 ft.; rather rare. Kaduganawa; Hantane. FI. March; green. ; E. Bengal, Burma, S. India, Andaman Is., Java. The seeds have an aril when young. The fruit is always 2-lobed in Ceylon, as described by all authors ; ‘tridymous’ in FI. B. Ind. is, no doubt, a misprint for ‘ didymous.’ 2. C. nitidum, 7iw. ex Kurz, For. Fl. Burm. ii. 391 (1877). Mallotus nitidus, Muell. Arg. in DC. 1. c. 979. C. P. 3930 (2469). Fl. B. Ind. v. 444. A small tree, with slender branches; bark whitish, marked with leaf-scars; young parts glabrous; 1. alt., 34-6 in., oval,’ acute at base, shortly acuminate, obtuse, obscurely crenate- serrate, glabrous and shining on both sides, rather thin; petiole very short; male fl. sessile in distant clusters on long, slender, axillary spikes; fem. fl. solitary, on long ped.; sep- short and broad; styles 3, deeply 2-fid; fr. not seen. 70 Euphorbiacee. [Macaranga. Lower montane zone; rare. Deltota; Knuckles Mts. Fl. May and September. Also in Andaman Is. Dries a dark brown. The Ceylon materials for this species are imperfect. 360. MACARANGA,* 7iouars. Large or small trees; |. alt., peltate, glandular beneath; fl, usually dicecious, apetalous, in axillary racemes or branched panicles, male many, minute, fem. one or few under each bract ; bracts entire or toothed; male fl.:—sep. 3-4, valvate in bud; stam. 2-14, fil. distinct, anth. 3—4-locellate; pistillode 0; fl. fem.:—cal. 2-4-lobed or toothed or spathaceous; ov. I-6- celled, cells with one ovule, styles entire; capsule small, of I-5 2-valved cocci, often glandular or with a waxy coat; seeds globose, testa crustaceous, endosperm fleshy, cotyledons broad.—Sp. 80; 24 in FZ B. Ind. Bracts minute, stam. 3-8 . 2 : : : . I. M. INDICA. Bracts broad, toothed, stam. 2-5 ; ; : . 2. M. TOMENTOSA. Bracts minute, stam. 10-14 : : : : - 3. M. DIGYNA. M.indica, Wight, Jc. v. 2, 23 (1852). Vattakanni, 7. Thw. Enum. 428. C. P. 379 5. Fl. B. Ind. v. 446. Wight, Ic. t. 1883 and 1949, f. 2. A large tree; branchlets stout, glaucous, marked with leaf- scars; young parts with rusty deciduous tomentum; |. 7-10 in., peltate, ovate-orbicular, acute, glabrous above, pubescent and thickly covered with minute dark glands beneath; petiole longer than l1., cylindrical, glaucous; stip. ovate, acuminate, caducous; male panicles narrow, fulvous-pubescent; bracts minute, with a large glandular appendage; fem. panicles larger, fl. on long divaricate ped.; male fl.:—stam. 3-8; fem. fl. :—ov. Sel 2-celled, styles 2, subulate, recurved; fr. very small, under 4 in., of 2 globose g glandular cocci. Low country, and up to 4000 ft.; common. FI. April. S. India, E. Bengal, Andaman Is. 2, M. tomentosa, light, /c. v. 2, 23 (1852). Menda, Pat- kenda, 5. Ricinus Mappa, Moon, Cat. 65 (non L.) Thw. Enum. 274. Muell. Arg. in DC. 1. c. Iolo. M. Roxburghit, Wight, Ic. C. P. 2171. Fl. B. Ind. v. 448 (AZ. Roxburghiz). Wight Ic. t. 817 (appa peltata), and 1949, f. 1. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 287. A small tree; branchlets very stout, green with glaucous bloom, when young marked with large leaf- and stip.-scars; * Madagascar name (?). Homonoia.]} Luphorbiacec. 7% l. very large, 9-12 in., broadly ovate, peltate with a round base, acuminate, acute or caudate, entire, glabrous, dark green above, pale beneath, venation prominent beneath, translucent ; petiole very long, usually longer than leaf, cylindrical, glabrous ; stip. large, ovate, acuminate, reflexed, soon falling; male panicles numerous, finely pubescent; bracts broader than long, toothed ; fem. panicles shorter and simpler; male fl. very small; stam. 2-5; fem. fl.:—ov. 1-celled, exserted, densely glandular, styles large, lateral, peltate; fr. small, } in., globose, glabrous, but warted with glands. Moist region up to 3000 ft.; very common. FI. Oct.; greenish. Also in S. India on the western side. Wight’s two names, ¢omentosa and Roxburghiz, are printed on one page, but the former name comes first there. There are specimens from Koenig in Mus. Brit. 3. M. digyna, MMZuell. Arg. in DC. Prod. xv. 2, 1007 (1866). Ota, Gal-ota, 5S. Claoxylon digynum, Wight, Ic. v. 2, 23. Rottlera digyna, Thw. Enum. a7 anc. Ps 2100, Fl. B. Ind. v. 453. Wight, Ic. t. 1884. A small tree with slender branches; bark yellow; young parts glabrous; 1. rather small, 3-5 in., lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, not peltate, rounded at base, attenuate-acuminate, acute, entire or slightly undulate at margin, glabrous, dotted with numerous minute glands beneath; petiole 1-2 in., slender; stip. } in., subulate, caducous; male spikes numerous, axillary, very slender; male fl.:—sep. 3; stam. 10-14; fem. fl.:—sep. 4, acute, pubescent; ov. 2-celled, glandular; styles very long, iin.; fr. small, 4 in.,didymous; cocci globose, almost distinct, glabrous. Low country; rare. Kalutara (Moon); Pelawatte; Kurunegala. FI. Sept.; yellow. Endemic. M. depressa, Muell. Arg., a Javan and Bornean species, is given for Ceylon in DC. Prod. 1. c. 989, on the authority of a specimen of Thun- berg’s in Herb. Upsala. Not in Brit. Mus.; probably an error of label. 37. HOMONOTA, Louw;. A shrub; 1. linear, covered entirely with minute scales beneath ; fl. dicecious, apetalous, in axillary spikes; male globose, sep. 3, valvate; stam. numerous, in dense globose heads, fil. in bundles, anth.-cells divaricate; pistillode 0; fem. fl.:—sep. 5-8, narrow, imbricate, caducous; ov. 3-celled, with one ovule in each cell; styles 3, simple, papillose; fr. very 72 B uphorb 1aCee. [Dalechampia. small, 3-coccous ; seeds ovoid, testa crustaceous, with a thin fleshy coat, endosperm fleshy, cotyledons broad.—Sp. 3 or 4; 2 in Fl. B. Ind. H. riparia, Lowr. F/. Cochinch. 637 (1790). Spathiostemon javense, Thw. Enum. 272 (non Bl.). C. P. 651. Fl. B. Ind. v. 455. Wight, Ic. t. 1868 (Adelia neritfolia). Bedd. For. ers t.. XXIV. f. 1. A shrub; branches erect, stout, rigid; young parts pubes- cent; 1. numerous, all closely placed, 3-6 in., linear, gradually tapering into a very short petiole, acute, entire, glabrous above, whitish beneath, and copiously dotted with minute circular scales; fl. sessile; spikes numerous, shorter than 1; bracts acuminate; male sep. glabrous; fem. sep. hairy, very acute; ov. densely pubescent; capsule puberulous; seeds: globose, yellow. Low country, and up to 4ooo ft. on banks of rivers and streams; rather common, often submerged. Mahaweli at Peradeniya, &c.; Bintenne; Dimbula. Fl. August. S. India, E. Bengal, Burma, Cochin China, Andaman Is., Java. Habit of a willow. Ricinus communis, L., Endaru, S., Chittamanakku, T., the Castor-oil plant, is an abundant weed in all parts of the island, though but little cultivated. It is n. 339 of Linnzeus’s Fl. Zeyl. Though now spread through all tropical and warm temperate countries, it is thought to be African in origin. 38. DALECHAMPIA, /. Stem twining; 1. alt., 3 foliolate; fl. clustered, moncecious,. apetalous, involucrate, male and fem. together mixed with fleshy scales; invol. bracts large; male fl.:—sep. 4-6, valvate,. membranous; stam. 20-30, united in a column or bundle on a convex receptacle ; pistillode 0; fem. fl.:—sep. 5-12, narrow, laciniate; ov. 3—4-celled, ovules one in each cell, styles slender, confluent in a column, stigma dilated; capsule of three 2- valved cocci; seeds globose, mottled, estrophiolate, endosperm fleshy, cotyledons broad.—Sp. about 60; 3 in FZ. B. Lud. D. indica, Wight, Jc. v. 2, 23 (1852). D. bidentata, Thw. Enum. 270 (non BL). JD. ternata, var. zeylanica, Muell. Arg. l..c. 1241... C. P. 2170. Fl. B. Ind. v. 467. Wight, Ic. t. 1882. Stem slender, twining, finely pubescent; 1. trifoliolate ; petiole 4-3 in., very slender; Iflts. acuminate, membranous, pubescent, terminal ovate-oblong, lateral dilated and some- times lobulate at the base; stip. and stipell., lanceolate; invol, Gelonium. | E uphorbiacee. AS bracts 3—I in., acutely 3-lobed, serrate; fl. minute, subcapitate; male fl.:—sep. ovate, acuminate; anth. oblong; fl. fem. :— sep. narrow, rigid, laciniate, segm. subulate with glandular tips; ov. pubescent, stigma sub 3-lobed; capsule } in. diam., pubescent, enclosed in the much longer cal. segm. Climbing over bushes and trees in the dry and intermediate country; very rare. Gonagama on lower Badulla Road (Thwaites) ; Pallavaraya- kaddu, Jaffna Dist. Fl. Feb., March. Also in S. India. : The pendulous hop-like heads of flowers are very ornamental when growing, and the compound gland-tipped hairs on the bracts of the involucre very beautiful. It stings slightly. I have seen no petiolules to the leaflets in Ceylon specimens. Omalanthus populifolius, Grah., is given by Muell Arg. (1. c. 1144) for Ceylon, on the authority of ‘Dahl.’ It is a Pacific and Malayan plant, reaching as far west as Penang. I suspect Sapzum sebiferum may have been mistaken for it here. 39. GELONIUM, 20.2. A tree; 1. alt. with caducous connate stip.; fl. small, dice- cious, apetalous, in axillary clusters; male fl.:—sep. 5, distinct, imbricate ; stam. numerous, crowded on a convex receptacle, fil. distinct; pistillode 0; fem. fl.:—sep. 5-6, imbricate ; disk membranous ; ov. 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell, styles 3, bipartite; fr.small, tricoccous; seeds subglobose, testa crusta- ceous, with a fleshy coat, endosperm fleshy, cotyledons broad. —Sp.15; 4 in F7. B. Ind. G. lanceolatum, Wl/d. Sp. P/. iv. 832 (1805). Kakkaipalai, Varittula, Potpattai, 7. ; Suregada angustifolia, Baill. Et. Euphorb. 396. Thw. Enum. 274- G. angustifolium, Muell. Arg. in DC. 1. c. 1128. C. P. 2101, 252. Fl.. B. Ind. v. 459. Wight, Ic. t. 1867. Bedd. For. Fl. t. xxii. f. 6. A tree, much branched ; bark grey, smooth, marked with annular scars of stip.; young parts glabrous; 1. very variable, usually about 24-4 in., obovate-oval or obovate-lanceolate, very acute at base, shortly acuminate, obtuse, entire, but sometimes much narrower, and the margin occasionally spinous-serrate, rather thick, glabrous, and shining ; petiole very short; fl. in ped. clusters, sometimes in short racemes ; male sep. membranous, rounded, very concave; capsule } in., glabrous, rough; seeds 4—} in., testa with large shallow pits. Low country, chiefly in the moist region, and rarely extending up to 4000 ft.; common. F1. Dec.—April; pale yellow. _ Also in S. India. al 74 Euphorbiacec. [Chetocarpus. | Very variable in foliage. Mueller makes 3 varieties—e//ipticum, lanceolatum, and spathulatwm—but (as observed in FI. B. Ind.) they are not to be distinguished. C. P. 252 is Thwaites’s var. 8, with smaller flowers and much smaller leaves, often very narrow, and with spines along the edge. I do not find the 1. pellucid-punctate, as stated in the generic characters given in Fl. B. Ind. 40. CHEE TOCARPUWS, 7iw. Trees; |. entire, coriaceous; fl. small, dicecious, apetalous, in axillary clusters; male fl.:—sep. 4 or 5,imbricate; disk a row of glands or scales; stam. 8, fil. connate below in a column; pistillode a 3-fid. column; fem. fl.:—sep. of male; ov. 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell; style 3-partite; capsule nearly globose, woody, 3-valved, warted or prickly, valves leaving a woody axis; seeds subglobose, black, with a red caruncle, endosperm copious, cotyledons broad.—Sp. 8; 3 in /7. B. Ind. The genus is unknown in Peninsular India. Capsule with rigid prickles. L. glabrous, under 4 in. . I. C. CASTANOCARPUS. L. hairy, over 4 in. . ‘ - < é . 2. C. PUBESCENS. Capsule with tubercles 5 é 5 : . 3. C..CORTACEUs. 1. ©. castanocarpus, 7/iw. Enum. 275 (1861). Hédoka, Hédawaka, 5. Herm. Mus. 25. Burm. Thes.195. FI. Zeyl.n. 434. ZEdokke, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 486. Muell. Arg. in DC. 1.c. 1122. C. pumgens, Thw. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 301 (in part). C. P. 2641. Fl. B. Ind. v. 460. Gaertn. Fruct. ii. t. 180, f. 7. Kew Journ. Bot. vi. t. 10, f. A, 2-5. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 284. A tree; twigs slender; young parts glabrous; 1. 2}—4} in., oval or ovate-oval, tapering to base, acuminate, acute, entire, glabrous, rather thick; petiole short; fl. on short ped., clusters globose; male fl.:—sep. 4, rounded, concave; disk a rim of small red glands; stam. 8, fil. united half way up in a column; capsule oblong-globose, # in., valves woody, densely covered with acicular rigid prickles, bright red; seeds black. Moist region below 2000 ft.; rather rare. Ambagamuwa and Ratna- pura districts frequent; Hewesse, Pasdun Korale. Fl. Dec.-March. E. Bengal, Burma, Andaman Is., Malay Peninsula. Hermann’s specimens are in young fruit, and Linnzeus did not refer them to any genus. Timber very hard. Leaves dry, dark brown. 2. ©. pubescens, //k. f. in Fl. B. Ind. v. 461 (1887). C. castanocarpus, var. B, pubescens, Thw. Enum. 275. C. P. 3013. F]. B. Ind. v. 461. A small tree; twigs and young parts hirsute-pubescent; |. large, 6-10 in., hairy-pubescent beneath, oblong-oval, shortly Sapium.| LE uphorbiracee. 75 acuminate, acute, thickly coriaceous; fl. numerous, crowded, as in C. castanocarpus, but smaller; fr. as in last. Moist region below Iooo ft.; very rare. Hewesse, Pasdun Korale. F]. Dec.—April. Endemic. I think this scarcely more than a variety of C. castanocarpus, but Sir J. Hooker considers it ‘entirely different,’ relying on ‘the much stouter -and very hirsute branches and leaves beneath, the much larger very coriaceous leaves 8-10 by 3-4 1in., and more minute sessile tomentose flowers, narrower sepals, and shorter tomentose staminal column.’ 3. ©. coriaceus, 7/w. Enum. 275 (1861). Hédoka, Héda- ‘waka, 5S. C. pungens, Thw. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 301 (part). C. P. 1025. Fl. B. Ind. v. 461. Kew Journ. Bot. vi. t. 10, f. A, 6-9. A moderate-sized tree; young parts glabrous, or nearly so; 1. 3-4 in. broadly oval or suborbicular, suddenly tapering below, shortly acuminate, subacute, or obtusely cuspidate, entire, quite glabrous, thickly coriaceous; petiole very short, stout, often corky; fl. in axillary clusters, male on short ped., fem. on longer ones; male fl.:—sep. glabrous; stam. 8, fil. connate only at base, pilose; capsule ovoid-globose, bluntly trigonous, nearly } in., glabrous, glaucous green, covered with ‘close bristle-pointed warts or tubercles; seeds black and -shining, caruncle red. Moist region, rather common, to 2000 ft. Ambagamuwa; Reigam Korale; Kukul Korale and Pasdun Korale; abundant; Galle. Fl. Dec.- March; pinkish. Endemic. 41. SAPIUM, ?. Zr. Trees, with acrid milky juice; 1. alt., with conspicuous pinnate venation; fl. moncecious (or dicecious ?), apetalous, in terminal or leaf-opposed spikes; male fl.:—calyx a minute membranous 2—3-toothed cup, not enclosing the stam. in bud; ‘stam. 2 or 3, fil. distinct; pistillode 0; fem. fl.:—cal. 3-fid. or 3-partite; ov. 3-celled, with one ovule in each cell; styles 2-3, undivided; fr. a dry capsule, with woody cocci, and a central persistent column; seeds trigonous, estrophiolate, testa crusta- ceous, endosperm fleshy, cotyledon broad.—Sp. 40; 6 in FZ. B. Ind. Evergreen, male and fem. fl. in same spikes . ._ « I. S. INDICUM. Deciduous leaved, male and fem. fl. on separate spikes. 2. S. INSIGNE. 1. S. indicum, W7//d. Sf. P/. iv. 572 (1805). KMiri-makulu, 5S. Moon, Cat. 65. Thw. Enum. 269. C. P. 2946. Fl. B. Ind. v. 471 (not given for Ceylon). Wight, Ic. t. 1950. 76 Ee uphorb 1ace@. [Excecaria. An evergreen glabrous tree 20-25 ft.; bark white, smooth; 1. 34-5 in., lanceolate, subacute at base, attenuate acute at apex, finely crenate-serrate, glabrous, shining above, venation translucent; petiole } in., bi-glandular at the top; spikes 2—3 in.,. leaf-opposed or subterminal; fl. sessile, male numerous, in clusters, fem. larger, usually I or 2 at base of the spike; sep. ciliate; styles 3, very long; capsule depressed-globose, not lobed, about I in. diam., glabrous, blackish-green, pericarp thin, cocci thick and hard, woody; seeds 3 in., grey. Moist low country, chiefly near the coast; rare. Kalutara (Moon); Galle (Dr. Anthonisz). Fl. April; greenish yellow. Sunderbuns of Bengal, Burma, S. India? Milky juice poisonous. L. like those of a willow. The very woody fruit is characteristic. 2. S. insigne, 777m. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. P/. 83 (1885). Tel-kadura, S. Tilai, 7. . Falconeria insignis, Royle ; Thw. Enum. 270. C. P. 654. Fl. B. Ind. v. 471 (not given for Ceylon). Wight, Ic. t. 1866 (Fa/- conerta malabarica). Bedd. Forest. Man. t. 22, f. 5 (Excecaria insignis). A moderate-sized deciduous-leaved tree; branchlets very thick, with smooth shining bark, marked with scars of 1.; 1. rather crowded at ends of branches, 6-9 in., oval or oblong- lanceolate, acute at base, acuminate, acute, crenate-serrate, often with a few glands on margin, glabrous, dark green above, paler beneath; petiole about I in., stout, with 2 conspicuous brown glands at summit; spikes 4-8 in., terminal, male and fem. separate, rachis very stout, glabrous; fl. sessile, male clustered; cal. 2 lipped; fem. solitary, with a pair of red glands at the base; sep. 3-5, ovate, acuminate; stam. 2; ov. glabrous, styles short, spreading; fr. (not seen) ‘not woody, 4 in., ovoid or globose, obscurely lobed, 1-3 celled.’ Dry region; rather rare. Hambantota, abundant; Trincomalie; Na- lande; Jaffna Dist. Tanukhai, N. Prov. (Brown). Fl. Jan., Feb.; green. Trop. Himalaya, E. Bengal, Burma. The stem exudes a white milky juice. S. sebiferum, Roxb., the Tallow-tree of China, is cultivated occasionally in the higher elevations, and shows a tendency to neutralise itself in the jungle near Hakgala Gardens and elsewhere. 42. EXCHECARIA,* Linn. Small glabrous trees, with acrid milky juice; |. alt. or opp.; fl. minute, spicate or racemose, moncecious or dicecious, apetalous, bracteate and bibracteolate, bracteoles with a broad gland; male fl. subsessile; sep. 3, connate in a minute cup, * Name given by Rumph, because of its producing blindness (exce@cans) in woodcutters if carelessly felling the tree. Excecaria.| E uphorb 1acee. 77 not enveloping the stamens in bud; stam. 3, fil. distinct; pistillode 0; fem. fl. pedicelled; sep. 3, minute, broad; ov. 3-celled, with one ovule in each cell, styles 3, distinct, un- divided, recurved; capsule of 3 crustaceous cocci falling away from a central column; seeds globose, estrophiolate, testa crus- taceous, endosperm fleshy, cotyledons broad.—Sp. about 30; 9 in FZ. B. Ind. I. EB. Agallocha,’ LZ. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1288 (1759). Tala- kiriya, 5S. Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 864. Moon, Cat. 68 and £. Camettia, Willd. Thw. Enum. 269. C. P. 2169. Fl. B. Ind. v. 472. Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. t. 30. Wight, Ic. t. 1865 B. A small tree; branchlets rather thick, marked with leaf- scars, smooth; |. 2}—-33 in., alt., oval, acute at base, shortly obtusely acuminate, obtuse, entire or obscurely crenate, rather thick, veins, except midrib, very inconspicuous; petiole ¢-1 in., slender; male spikes numerous, catkin-like, supra- axillary, crowded, 1}—2 in.; male fl. sessile in the rounded, acuminate bracts; fem. spikes fewer, more slender, pedi- celled; male fl.:—sep. minute, unequal, subserrulate; fil. elongate; capsule 4-4 in., very variable in size. __ On the coast, by tidal estuaries and backwaters; common. FI. Feb.— Sept.; yellow. Throughout the shores of Tropical Asia to Australia. Flowers fragrant, fresh sap extremely acrid, hence called the Blinding tree in India. . Camettia, Willd., is a form with larger fruit; Moon gives Trincomalie for this. 2. BE. crenulata, Wight, Ic. v. 2, 20 (1852). £. oppositifolia, Thw. Enum. 269 (non Jack). £. cochinchinensis, MuelivAre. in DC. Prod. xv., 11.) 1215.7. CoP: 2523: Fl. B. Ind. v. 473. Wight, Ic. t. 1865. Bedd. For. Man. t. xxii. f. v. A small tree; branchlets slender, marked with scars of 1. and stip.; 1. opp., narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, tip obtuse, shallowly crenate-serrate, thin; petiole about 4 in.; stip. ovate, acuminate, deciduous; spikes or racemes slender, axillary, or apparently terminal; male fl.:—bracteoles and lanceolate sepals erose; fem. fl. few, often at base of male spike; capsule I in. diam., smooth, green. Forests of montane zone, 4000-6000 ft.; rather common. Also on Ritigalu at about 2000 ft. Fl. Feb.; greenish. Also in S. India. Has much the appearance of a Chloranthus. * Name given by Linnzus, probably from the tree resembling the ‘Aloe tree (Aguzlaria agallocha) of Rumph. 78 E uphorbiacee. [Sebastiania. 43. SEBASTIANTA, Spreng. An annual herb; I. alt., distant; fl. moncecious, apetalous,. male very minute in short axillary or leaf-opposed spikes,, fem. solitary at the base of the male or axillary; male fl.:— cal. minute, 5-lobed, membranous, not covering the stam. in bud; stam. 1-4, fil. distinct; pistillode 0; fem. fl.:—sep. 3, larger than in male, obovate, acute, lacerate and _ ciliate,. 2-glandular within; ov. much exserted, 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell, styles 3, small, not bifid; fr. a small glabrous 3-lobed capsule, subglobosely oblong, valves with a double row of small spines on the back, separating from a persistent columella; seeds barrel-shaped, with a short strophiole, endo- sperm fleshy, cotyledons broad.—Sp. 40; all American but the following. S. Chameelea, Juell. Arg. in DC. Prod. xv. ii. 1175 (1866). Rat= pitawakka, 5S. Herm. Mus. 22, 33. Burm. Thes. 59. Fl. Zeyl. n. 335. Zvagia Chameiea, L. Sp. Pl. 981. Moon, Cat. 62. Microstachys Chamelea, A. Juss.; Thw, Enum. 270. C. P. 2132. Fl, B. Ind. v. 475. Burm. Thes. t. 25. An annual glabrous herb, 1-2 ft., with numerous prostrate or ascending slender branches from the root; |. small, distant, 4-3 in., nearly sessile, linear, acute at base, obtuse, apiculate, very minutely serrate, glabrous, often rather glaucous beneath ; stip. ovate, acute, ciliate; fr. under } in., glabrous, smooth except for the rows of spines. Open places and waste ground; common. FI. Oct.; yellowish. Tropics of the old world generally, Habit of an annual Luphorbia. CXXI.—URTICACE/. HERBS, shrubs, or trees, some with milky juice; 1. rarely opposite, often oblique at the base, rarely compound, stipu- late ; infl. various, sometimes immersed or on the surface of a fleshy disk, or, in Ficus, enclosed in a fleshy receptacle ; fl. unisexual, rarely polygamous, small; sep. distinct or forming a lobed or toothed cal.; stam. as many as and opposite the perianth divisions, or fewer, fil. erect or incurved in bud; pistillode of male small, or 0; ov. superior, 1-celled, with one Urticacee. 79 ovule in each cell, style simple or 2-fid, elongate, or stigma sessile, plumose or penicillate ; fr. a simple indehiscent samara or drupe, or a small achene, or a fleshy syncarpium of con- fluent pericarps and perianths with immersed achenes ; seed erect or pendulous, endosperm copious, scanty, or o. Ovule pendulous from near the top of the ov., anatropous. Stams. erect in bud, or nearly so. Fr. a winged samara; a tree (UW/mec) Fr.a drupe; trees or shrubs (Celtidec). Stip. free. Male sep. imbricate : : : - Male sep. valvate Stip. connate, convolute Fr. of crustaceous achenes enclosed in a fleshy receptacle or confluent with the sep. in a fleshy syncarpium; trees or shrubs (Artocarpea). Male and fem. fl. in closed receptacles : Male fis. in open disk-like receptacles Male fis. in globose or cylindric heads or spikes. Male fl. tetrandrous Male fl. monandrous Stams. inflexed in bud; trees or shrubs. Style deeply bifid, or styles 2 2 (except Dorstenia). Male fl. capitate, spicate, or racemed. Male fl. racemed; bracts minute . Male fl. subcapitate. Bracts and fem. seps. large, accrescent Bracts small; fem. seps. small Male and fem. fl. crowded ona flat receptacle Style undivided (or with a short arm in 13). Male fl. spicate, fem. distinct : Male fl. capitate, fem. confluent . Ovule erect from or near the base of the ov., 9 orthotropous. Stams. inflexed in bud. Herbs or shrubs with stinging hairs See): An annual herb . : . : Perennial herbs or shrubs. Fem. perianth 3-4-partite : : Fem. perianth 2-3-toothed Herbs, shrubs, or trees with no stinging hairs. Male and fem. perianth 3-5- partite (Pro- crtdeae). L. opposite. Fl. in cymes or heads . Fl. on a disciform recept. L. alternate. Male and fem. fl. in cymes . F : Male and fem. fl. on a fleshy recept. Male fl. in cymes, fem. on a disciform recept. . : . . : _ PWN 9. Io. - It. 12. . HOLOPTELEA. 5 (Qiayeaisy . TREMA. GIRONNIERA. Tews: . ANTIARIS. . CUDRANIA. - . ARTOCARPUS. TAXOTROPHIS. PHYLLOCHLAMYS, STREBLUS. DORSTENIA. . ALLAEANTHUS. . PLECOSPERMUM, FLEURYA. . LAPORTEA. . GIRARDINIA. ) RILEAS . LECANTHUS. . PELLIONIA. . ELATOSTEMMA,- . PROCRIS. 80 Urticacee. [ Holoptelea. Male perianth 2-5-cleft, fem. tubular or o (Boehmerie@). Fruiting perianth dry. Shrubs or trees, style filiform . . 23. BOEHMERIA. Herbs. Stigma ovate, persistent . ; . 24. CHAMABAINIA. Stigma filiform, deciduous 5 . 25. POUZOLZIA. Fruiting perianth fleshy. Fem. fls. surrounded by fleshy bracteoles 26. VILLEBRUNIA. Fem. fl. naked : t . 27. DEBREGEASIA. A very large, chiefly tropical family, to which belongs the common nettle. The stems of many yield a valuable fibre, especially the Pacific Island Browssonetia, from the inner bark of which tappa cloth is made. Ceylon, though containing more than half (27) of the number of genera of Urizcacee occurring in British India (45), is poor compara- tively in species. Of these there are nearly 300 in British India, but only about 68 in Ceylon. ’ 1. HOLOPTELEA, Planch. A deciduous tree; 1. alt., penniveined ; stip. scarious; fl. polygamous ; sep. 4-8, imbricate ; stam. 4-8 or more, fil. erect in bud, anth. pubescent ; ov. stipitate, compressed ; stigmas 2, subulate ; ovule pendulous, anatropous; fr. a dry, winged samara; seed flat, endosperm 0, cotyledons very broad, complicate.—M onotypic. Fl. integrifolia, Planch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, x. 266 (1848). Goda-kirilla, S. Ayil, Velayil, Kauchia, 7. Ulmus integrifolia, Roxb.; Moon, Cat.21; Thw. Enum. 267. C. P.2381. Fl. B. Ind. v. 481. Wight, Ic. t. 1968. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 310. A tree 50-60 ft. high, with ash-grey pustular bark ; shoots glabrous; |. 2-5 in., oval to obovate-oblong, cuspidately acuminate or apiculate, entire (young serrate), glabrous, base rounded or cordate, veins 5—7 pairs, glabrous, or with the petiole 1_1 in. puberulous ; fl. of both sexes usually mixed in short racemes or fascicles at the scars of fallen leaves, about } in. diam.; sep. usually 4, pubescent, deciduous; fil. glabrous, anth, pubescent; samara orbicular, in puberulous racemes, 2-1 in. broad, notched at the top with 2 usually incurved teeth, ped. }—} in., very slender, jointed in the middle, nucleus in the centre of the samara, broadly oval, flat, reticulate, wings beautifully veined. Dry region; common. FI. July; greenish. India, Burma, Cochin China. Planchon distinguishes the Ceylon tree as var. sey/anica; but on no valid characters. This is the Indian elm. Wood strong, heavy, pale, very useful for many purposes. Celtis.] Urticacee. 81 2. CELTIS, Zinz. Evergreen trees; |. bifarious, base 3-veined; stip. free ; fl. polygamous, cymose, green, fem. in upper axils, male and bisexual usually in lower; sep. 5, imbricate ; stam. 4-5, fil. erect in bud, anth. small; disk villous; ov. sessile, stigmas 2, slender or flattened, deciduous ; ovule pendulous ; fr. an ovoid or globose drupe; seed ovoid, endosperm scanty or oO, cotyledons surrounding the upcurved radicle.—Sp. 80 ; 4 in Fl. B. [nd. L. obliquely ovate . ; . I, C., CINNAMOMEA. L. nearly straight, oblong or ovate- oblong : . 2. C. WIGHTII. 1. ©. cinnamomea, Liza. in Wall. Cat. 3693 (1828). Gurénda, S. [PLATE LXXXVI.] C. dysodoxylon, Thw. Enum. 267. Planch. in DC. Prod. xvii. 181. C. orientalis, Moon, Cat. 73. C. P. 2563. HieebelindavaAs2- A tree, 30-40 ft.; branchlets tomentose; |. 3-4 in., obliquely ovate, long-acuminate, entire crenate or serrate, glabrous, coriaceous, dark green, 3-veined to below the tip, penniveined and “sulsulete with transverse venules, base acute or rounded ; petiole {-4 in.; male fl. in short puberulous racemose cymes with slender branches ; fem. and bisexual, in more slender axillary or terminal cymes; stam. 5; stigmas linear; drupe pisiform, narrowed to the obtusely beaked tip. Moist region, 2—5000 ft.; rather common. FI. Feb., March; greenish. E. Bengal, Burma, Malay Archipelago. The name czzzamomea refers to the character of the leaves ; Thwaites’ name, dysodoxylon, to the very disgusting smell of the fresh wood, espe- cially when wet, of which the Singhalese name is descriptive. Thunberg (Travels, iv. 234) says it was called ‘Strunt-hout’ by the Dutch, and employed as an alterative medicine internally and externally in skin affections. The wood in chips is sold in the bazaars as a medicine, under the name ‘ Pinari,’ and is exported to Bombay, where it is employed as a fumigatory against evil spirits. 2. ©. Wightii, Planch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, x. 307 (1848). Meditella, 5S. Thw. Enum. 267. Planch. in DC. Prod. xvii. 184. C. P. 50. F]. B. Ind. v. 483. Wight, Ic. t. 1969. A tree, 30-40 ft.; young shoots puberulous; 1. 4-7 in., oblong or oblong-oval or lanceolate, acuminate or caudate, entire or young, remotely toothed crenate or serrate, or coarsely toothed above the middle, glabrous or puberulous beneath, coriaceous, 3-veined to the tip, penniveined and reticulate with transverse venules, yellow-green, base rounded PART IV. G 82 Urticacee. [Givonntera. or acute; petiole }-}in.; stip. peltate ; cymes short, puberu- lous; sep. acuminate, ciliate; drupe shortly pedicelled, oval or ovoid, }-} in., scarlet, tip obtuse or bifid, endocarp rugose. Low country to 3000 ft., chiefly in the intermediate zone; rather common. Lunugala, Uva; Galagama; Hangaranketa; Kurunegala ; Peradeniya. Fl. Feb.; yellow. Fr. scarlet. Young foliage pink, like that of cinnamon, to which the venation is also similar. S. India, Andaman Is., Malay Is., Australia. 3. TREMA, Lour. Unarmed evergreen trees or shrubs; 1. alt., distichous, serrate, 3-nerved ; stip. lateral, caducous ; fl. in small axillary cymose clusters, moncecious or polygamous, 3-bracteolate ; sep. 4-5, induplicate-valvate, or subimbricate, concave, much smaller and flat in fem.; stam. 4-5, fil. erect in bud ; ov. sessile; styles short, subulate, incurved, ovule pendulous; drupe ovoid, endocarp hard, endosperm fleshy, embryo curved, cotyledons narrow, radicle slender.—Sp. 20-30; 6 in FZ. B. nd. T. orientalis, 2/. Mus. Bot. ii. 62 (1852). Gédumba, S. Herm. Mus. 14. Burm. Thes. 26. FI. Zeyl. n. 369. Cedt¢s orientalis, L. Sp. Pl. 1044; Moon, Cat.73. Sonia orientalis, Planch.; Thw. Enum. 267; Planch: in’ DG. lc.'200. (C2'P2 2203: Fl. B. Ind. v. 484. Wight, Ic. t. 1971 (S. Wightzz). Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 310. A fast-growing tree, 25-30 ft.; branchlets pubescent ; 1. 3-5 in., obliquely ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, crenate-serrulate, chartaceous, base cordate or rounded on one side, scabrid above, clothed beneath with silvery appressed hairs, midrib and outer sides of lateral veins penniveined ; petiole 4-4 in.; stip. caducous; cymes pubescent; male fl. globose, 3-bracteolate, sep. acuminate, pubescent; fem. sep. minute; ov. short, broad; drupe } in., black. Open places and waste ground up to 5000 ft.; very common. FI. Feb.: greenish. India and Malaya. This may well be called a weed, though forming a small tree. It is known as the ‘ Charcoal-tree’ by the English. 4. GIRONNIERA, Gaud. Unarmed evergreen trees or shrubs; l. alt., penniveined ; stip. sheathing the buds, caducous; fl. dicecious, in short axillary cymes, or the fem. solitary; male fl.:—minute, globose ; sep. 5, broad, obtuse, imbricate; stam. 5; fil. sub- erect in bud ; pistillode woolly ; fem. fl.:—seps. narrower than in the male fl., acute; ov. sessile, style central, stigmas 2, Ficus.] Urticacee. 33 filiform, spreading ; ovule pendulous ; drupe ovoid or globose, endocarp hard, endosperm present or 0, embryo contorted or convolute.—Sp. 8 or 10; 5 in Fi. B. Ind. Drupe pubescent . : 4 ; : ; . I. G. SUBAQUALIS. Drupe glabrous 3 : 2. G. RETICULATA. G. subequalis, Planch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, x. 339 (1848), var. zeylanica, 7iw. Enum. 268. Ak-médiya, S. Helminthospermum scabridum, Thw. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 302. G. parvifolia, Planch. in DC. 1. c. 206. C. P. 716. Fl. B. Ind. v. 485. Kew Journ. Bot. vi. t. 9, C. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ins, £2: A medium-sized tree; branchlets scaberulous; 1. alt., 2-6 in., oval-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate or caudate, base cuneate, serrulate towards the tip, above smooth and shining, scaberulous beneath, veins 8-10 pairs, strong and strigose beneath ; stip. } in., silky; male fl. :—sep. rounded ; anth. ovate; fem. fl.:—subsolitary, ped. 4-1 in., pubescent ; sep. 4; ov. sessile, hirsute ; drupe 4 in., ovoid, strigose, fleshy, endocarp bony, endosperm o, embryo vermiform, convolute. Moist region up to 4ooo ft.; rather common. Pasdun Korale; Ambagamuwa; Kotmalie; Hewaheta; Hanasgiriya. FI. Jan. Endemic (this variety); the type in Andaman Is., Malaya and China. 2. G. reticulata, 7iw. Enum. 268 (1861). Wal-munamal, 5S. Afphananthe cuspidata, Planch. in DC. 1. c. 209. C. P. 3565. Fl. B. Ind. v. 486. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 313, f. 1. A tree, 30-40 ft.; branchlets glabrous, lenticellate ; young parts glabrous or sparsely appressedly hairy; 1. 3-5 in., oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or caudate, base rounded or acute, smooth, glabrous, shining, and finely reticulate above, scaberulous beneath, veins 10-12 pairs, spreading; petiole +—lin.; stip. connate, lanceolate, hairy, caducous ; male cymes shortly peduncled; fem. fl. solitary, axillary; ov. glabrous ; drupe }-? in., ovoid, hardly compressed, stoutly beaked, glabrous. Low country, I-3000 ft.; rather rare. Between Kurunegala and Matale common (Alexander); Gangaruwa; Deltota; Peradeniya; Badulla Dist. Fl. Feb., March. S. India, E. Bengal, Burma, Java. Leaves dark red-brown when dry. Timber hard, heavy, useful for engineering purposes. 5. FICUS, Linz. Trees or shrubs, sometimes epiphytic and scandent, juice milky; leaves alt. rarely opp., rarely lobed, serrate or toothed, 3-5-veined at the base, penniveined above; stip. various; fl. minute, unisexual, of 3 kinds, male, fem., and imperfect fem. 84 Urticacee. [ Ficus. (gall fl.), crowded along with bracteoles on the inner walls of a fleshy receptacle, the base of which is usually 3-bracteate, and the mouth closed by imbricating bracts; male fl, :— perianth 2-6-fid or partite; stam. 1 or 2, fil. erect ; fem. fl. :— perianth of male or 0; ov. straight or oblique, style excentric, stigma simple or 2-fid, ovule pendulous; achenes minute, crustaceous, endosperm scanty, embryo curved.—Sp. about 60°; 112 in 472 Bong. In the Ceylon F7cz the receptacles are androygnous, with the male fl. nearest the mouth. The gall fl. are fem., but perfect no seed, the ov. being occupied by the pupa of a hymenopterous insect; they often occupy with the male fl. one receptacle, the fem. another. The descriptions of the species here given closely follow those of Dr. King in the Azmals of the Royal Bot. Gardens of Calcutta, and the species follow in the sequence adopted in that work, which is their natural classification. As, however, this classification is derived from characters difficult to detect in Herbarium specimens, I have given an artificial key to the species, and followed it by the definition of the natural groups, according to which they are arranged.—J. D. H. ARTIFICIAL GROUPING OF THE CEYLON /YCY. Tall trees. Veins of leaf more or less ican Basal pair of veins very distinct from the others. Recepts. sessile. L. glabrous. : : : 5 . 2. F. BENGHALENSIS. L. hoary beneath . F. TOMENTOSA. Recepts. peduncled (short i in Arnottian 2). L. broadly ovate-cordate, glabrous . Io. F. ARNOTTIANA. L. oblong, scabrid . : 17. F. ASPERRIMA. Basal pair of veins slender, short, not very distinct from the others. Recepts. sessile or subsessile. Recepts. oblong. : . 3. F. MYSORENSIS. Recepts. globose or subglobose. Basal bracts large connate below . 5. F. ALTISSIMA. Basal bracts free. Recepts. clustered . : : . 12. F. TSIAKELA. Recepts. in pairs. L. coriaceous , ; : . 13, F; TSiELa. L. membraneous . ; : . 14. F. INFECTORIA. Recepts. peduncled. Lateral veins 5-7 pairs . ; 5 . g. F. NERVOSA. Lateral veins 9-15 pairs. Recepts. tin. diam. . . ; . 15. F. CALLOSA, Recepts. 3-4 in. diam. : : . 11, F. MOONIANA, Veins of leaf very many and close-set. Recepts. sessile. Recepts. 3-2 in... - : : . 6, F. TRIMENI. , : 8. F. RETUSA. Recepts. }-2 in. Recepts. peduncled . CAUDICULATA. ats ty} Ficus. | Urticacec. 85 Shrubs or epiphytes, rarely arboreous ; recepts. peduncled in all. Recepts. on special arrested branches. L. glabrous. : ‘ ‘ P : . 21. F. GLOMERATA. L. hispid : ‘ : ; : : . 18. F. HISPIDA. Recepts. axillary, or on the scars of ordinary branchlets. L.scabrid . ‘ : : ; ‘ . 16 F. HETEROPHYLLA, L. smooth or nearly so. L. broadly ovate, caudate . : : 20s Ee EES. L. oblong or obovate. Recepts. warted . ‘ i 2 . 1. F. BARASICICA. Recepts. smooth . 5 : : . I9. F. THWAITESII. NATURAL SECTIONS TO WHICH THE CEYLON /YC/ BELONG. * Fl. monandrous (diandrous in 15. F. cadlosa). I. PALAEOMORPHE. Small tree or erect shrub; recepts. fascicled in the l. axils or at the scars of fallen 1.; basal bracts o:—1. /. parasitica. 2. UROSTIGMA. Tall trees or powerful climbers; recepts. solitary or binate in the |. axils, or at the scars of fallen 1.; basal bracts 3, large, o in 9. /&. nervosa. + Petiole short (3-14 in.), not jointed on the blade. L. with more or less distant veins :—2. F. benghalensis, 3. F. myso- vrensts; 4. F. tomentosa, 5. F. altissima,; 9. F. nervosa, 15. F.. callosa. L. with very close-set veins:—6. F. Trimeni,; 7. F. caudiculata ; 8. F. retusa. tt Petiole long (1-6 in.), often obscurely jointed on the blade :— 10. &. Arnottiana; 11. F. Mooniana,; 12. F. Tjakela; U3. £2 Tstela; 14. 2.) enfectoria. 3. SYCIDIUM. Small trees, shrubs, or climbers; recepts. small, solitary, or binate in the |. axils or at the scars of fallen 1.; basal bracts minute or o:—16. /. heterophylla, 17. F. asperrima. 4. COVELLIA. Shrubs or trees, never climbers; recepts. clustered on special arrested branches near the base of the trunk, or on cauline or rameal tubercles ; basal bracts 3 :—18. F. Aispida. ** F], di-tri-androus. 5. Eusycr. Erect or scandent shrubs or trees; recepts. subsolitary, axillary, small; basal bracts 3:—19. F. Thwattestz, 20. F. levts. 6. NEOMORPHE. ‘Trees; recepts. on short arrested branches, or on cauline or rameal tubercles; basal bracts 3:—21. /. glomerata. I. EF. parasitica, Koen. ex Willd. in Mem. Acad. Berol. 1798, 102 (1801). Gas-nétul, Wel-éhétu. S. Thw. Enum. 266. F. g7édosa, Bl., var. tuberculata, King, Fic. 6. CePy2227; Fl. B. Ind. v. 496 (F. gibbosa). Wight, Ic. t. 651 (F. ¢uberculata). King, Fic. tt.'2 A, 2 B. An epiphyte in a young state, finally a tree with spreading branches ; |. oblong or oval to lanceolate, obtuse acute or subcaudate, smooth or scaberulous on both surfaces, base acute, veins 3-7 pairs, spreading, prominent, basal pair con- spicuous ; stip. lanceolate, about as long as the short petiole ; recepts. axillary, solitary or binate, peduncled, pyriform, } in. 86 Urticacee. [Ficus. diam., verruculose, umbilicus prominent, open; basal bracts 0; ped. ;!,-} in., pubescent, with a few minute bracteoles ; male fl. close to the mouth of the gall-bearing recepts.; sep. of gall-fl. linear, fleshy, hairy; ov. globose; fert. fem. fl. in separate recepts.; sep. linear, hairy, style long. Low country to 3000 ft.; very common. FI. April. Fr. yellow. India, Burma, Andaman Is., Malaya, S. China. This is always, at first at all events, parasitic in Ceylon, but is described as a tree by KIng. It is very variable in the foliage. /. fara- sitica is very much the oldest name. /. gzbdosa is a larger-leaved variety confined to Malaya. The specimens in Herb. Perad. are very poor, and it is not stated whether they are from an old or young state of the plant. The leaves are nearly smooth on both surfaces, as in King’s F. gzbdosa, var. cuspidifera (Ann. p. 6), for which Ceylon is given as a habitat. 2.* F. benghalensis, Z. Sf. P/. 1059 (1753). Maha-nuga, 5. Al, 7. Moon, Cat. 74. Urostigma benghalense, Gasp., Thw. Enum. 265. G..B 2225. Fl. B. Ind. v. 499. Wight, Ic. t. 1989 (U. denghalense). King, Fic. fh 13751, 4c A very large evergreen tree, 70-100 ft., with huge spreading limbs that emit aerial roots, the latter forming accessory trunks, extending the area occupied by the tree indefinitely ; branchlets stout, softly pubescent; 1. 4-8 by 2-5 in., oval, ovate or orbicular-ovate to oblong, coriaceous, obtuse or obtusely cuspidate, quite entire, glabrous or puberulous be- neath, base rounded subcordate or acute, basal veins strong, lateral 7-8 pairs, finely reticulate beneath; petiole 4-2 in.; stip. }-1 in., coriaceous; recepts. in axillary pairs, sessile, globose, about ? in. diam., puberulous ; basal bracts 3, orbi- cular, spreading; male fl. near the mouth of the recepts., monandrous; sep. of male and gall fl. 4, broad ; fert. fem. fl. sep. shorter, style longer. Low country to 2000 ft., especially in the dry region, but always, J think, planted. Fl. December. Fr. dark red. The well-known ‘ Banyan’ of Europeans, in which the tendency to form aerial roots from the branches which become additional stems is carried to its greatest extent. There are several fine specimens in Ceylon, as at Jaffna, Negombo, &c., and in Hook. Journ. Bot. iii. (1841) at t. 13 is a drawing by Major Forbes of a tree near Matale; but it does not Seem to be indigenous. It is said to be native in the sub-Himalayan forests and the lower slopes of the hills of S. India. 3. EF. mysorensis, Heyne in Roth, Nov. Sp. 390 (1821), Bu- nuga, 5S. F. cotone@folia, Vahl. Moon, Cat. 74. Uvostigma mysorense, Thw. Enum. 265. King, Fic. 19. C. P. 2222. Fl. B. Ind. v. 500. King, Fic. tt. 14, 81, f. A. Ficus.| Urticacee. 87 A large umbrageous evergreen tree, with a few aerial roots embracing the trunk ; branchlets and leaves at first flocculent with a rusty-grey tomentum, at length glabrous; 1. 4-8 in,, oval-ovate ovate-oblong or obovate, obtuse or cuspidate, entire, base acute rounded or cordate, veins 8-15 pairs, pro- minent beneath, spreading and slightly arching, basal pair inconspicuous; petiole }-1} in., stout; stip. broadly triangular; recepts. binate, sessile, oblong or subobovoid, top truncate or depressed, young flocculent, enclosed in a calyptriform involucre, ripe glabrous; basal bracts 3, triangular, obtuse, spreading ; male fl. pedicelled; sep. 4; stam. 1, anth. didy- mous; achene of gall-fl. broad, style short; achene of fem. fl. ovoid, style lateral, elongate. Low country to 2000 ft., chiefly in the dry region; rather rare. Kurunegala; Nalande; Anuradhapura; Ekiriankumbura, Uva. FI. June. Fr. orange-red. Also in India and Burma.—Vahl’s name would seem to have priority over Heyne’s, but I follow King in the nomenclature given. There are two drawings named F. mysorensis in Herb. Perad.; one (C. P. 2222) has green, globose, speckled figs; the other, from a tree at the entrance of the Bot. Gardens, has oblong figs, I-14 in. long by 1 in. diam. 4. EF. tomentosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 103 (1814). Wel-aralu, S., Urostigma tomentosum, Miq., Thw. Enum. 265. C. P. 2226. Fl. B. Ind. v. 501. Wight, Ic. t. 647. King, Fic. tt. 18, 81, f. G. A large umbrageous tree; branches emitting small aerial roots; young parts clothed with rusty-grey tomentum ; l. crowded on the ends of the branches, 2—4 in., oval-ovate or obovate-oblong, obtusely apiculate, entire, coriaceous, glabrous, at length shining and dotted above, hoary beneath, base rounded or subcordate, veins 5-7 pairs, basal pair strong ; petiole 4-1 in.; stip. 4-} in., densely woolly; recepts. axillary, binate, sessile, globose, }-$ in. diam., tomentose; basal bracts 3, large, spreading ; male fl.:—sep. 4, lanceolate; stam. 1; gall and fem. fert. fl.:—sep. 4, shorter than the ov.; ov. of gall fl. smooth, style short ; achene tubercled, style long. Rocky places and old buildings in the dry region ; rather rare. Nilgala; Mihintale; Polonaruwa; Bintenne; Trincomalie. Fl. July-September; Fr. grey, Roxd. Also in India. Abundant in the ruins of Polonawura, which it has done much to destroy. Specimens in Herb. Perad. have |. ovate to orbicular, quite glabrous above, finely puberulous beneath. 5. FE. altissima, 27. Bijdr. 444 (1825), var. Fergusoni, K7n2, Fic. 31 (1887). Nuga, Kosgona, 5S. Urostigma lacciferum, Miq., Thw. Enum. 265. C. P. 2221. FL B: Ind. v. 504. King, Fic. t. 31, f. €. 88 Urticacee. [ Ficus. A large tree, 80-100 ft. high, with few aerial roots, quite glabrous, except the pubescent shoots; branchlets very stout; l. 4-7 in., ovate oval-oblong or lanceolate, obtusely cuspidate, quite entire, base cuneate, coriaceous, veins slender, 10-12 pairs, basal pair short ; petiole stout, ?-14 in.; stip. 1-17 in., lanceolate, very coriaceous ; recepts. axillary, sessile, solitary and binate, subglobose, }—? in. diam., smooth, young enclosed in calyptriform bracts ; basal bracts 3, rounded, hoary, connate below ; male fl. scattered over the walls of the recept., pedi- celled, sep. 4, stam. I, anth. subsessile; fem. fl. ;—perianth deeply 4-cleft; ov. of gall fl. smooth, of fert. fem. usually tubercled. Moist low country to 3000 ft.; common. FI. Aug.—November. Fr. orange-red, as large as a cherry. This var. endemic ; the type and other vars. in India, Burma, Anda- man Is., Malaya. I am not clear as to whether the type occurs wild in Ceylon, though it is given in Fl. B. Ind. There are trees in the Botanic Gardens, and I think I have seen it by the Mahaweli below Kandy. Dr. King erroneously spells W. Ferguson’s name with double s, after whom he names this tree. 6. EF. Trimeni, Aing in Journ. Bot. xxiii. 242 (1885). i LEME Tjtela, Thw. Enum. 265 (in part) (non Miq.). King, Fic. 46. pP. 2220: Fl. B. Ind. v. 509. King, Fic. tt. 55, 83, f. I. A gigantic glabrous tree ; branches widely spreading, with tew aerial roots; |. 3-44 in., oblong oval or ovate-oval, obtuse, coriaceous, base cuneate, veins very many pairs, close-set, slender, widely spreading and anastomosing; petiole ? in. ; stip. about 4 in., ovate, acuminate ; recepts. solitary or binate, axillary, sessile, globose, }-} in. diam., smooth, mouth minute ; basal bracts small, ovate-cordate ; male fl. scattered, pedicelled ; sep. 3, broadly ovate; stam. 1, anth. sessile ; sep. of pedicelled gall fl. and fert. fem. fl. 5, lanceolate ; style of achene elongate, stigma flattened. Low country to 2000 ft.; rather rare. Peradeniya; Kaduganawa; Ekiriankumbura, Uva. FI. April-May, July-Aug. Fr. orange-yellow or red when ripe, not dotted. Also in Western Peninsular India. ’ A magnificent specimen of this species, with the branches covering a circle of about Zoo ft. in diameter, is a well-known feature of the Peradeniya Gardens. It grew at first epiphytically on a Jack-tree, which it destroyed and supplanted. 7. EF. caudiculata, 772i. 7m Journ. Bot. xxiii. 243 (1885). King, Fic. 48. Fl. B. Ind. v. 510. King, Fic. t. 58 A. A large tree, quite glabrous, 1. 24-3} in., narrowly oval, Ficus.) Urticacee. 89 cuspidate or abruptly caudate, thickly membranous, minutely reticulate beneath, base broad rounded on subtruncate, veins many pairs, very slender, basal inconspicuous; petiole 4-3 in., rather stout; stip. I in., ovate, acuminate, membranous, subpersistent; recepts. solitary or binate, axillary, shortly peduncled, globose, $ in. diam., smooth ; basal bracts 3, broad, acute, connate in a shallow cup; male fl. few, scattered; sep. 3, lanceolate ; stam. 1, fil. short, broad, anth. ovate, apiculate; gall and fert. fem. fl. sessile or pedicelled, sep. 4-5, linear ; ov. ovoid, style elongate. Moist region below tooo ft.; very rare. Only found at Paregoda, Pasdun Korale. Fl. June. Fy. red. Endemic. 8. F. retusa, Z. Mant. 129 (1767). Panu-nuga, S. Itti, 7. F., nitida, Thunb. and F. Benjamina, Willd. (non L.), Moon, Cat. 74. Urostigma retusum, Miq., Thw. Enum. 265. C. P. 14, 2537. Fl. B. Ind. v. 511 (not given for Ceylon). Wight, Ic. t.642. King, Fic. tt. 61, 62, 84, f. P. A large umbrageous, evergreen, quite glabrous tree, with a few aerial roots; |. shortly petioled, 2-5 in. oval broadly ovate-obovate or rhomboid, obtuse or obtusely cuspidate, reticulate beneath, base narrowed into the petiole, veins very many pairs, slender, erecto-patent, anastomosing, basal pair rather conspicuous ; petiole }-4 in.; stip. lanceolate ; recepts. small, sessile, axillary, binate; basal bracts broadly ovate, obtuse, spreading, persistent ; male fl. scattered; sep. 3, sub- spathulate ; stam. I, anth. cordate, apiculate; gall and fert. fem. fl. sessile or pedicelled; sep. 3, oblong or broadly spathulate, largest in the gall fl, ov. smooth; achene ovoid or obovoid, style slender, stigma elongate. Moist and dry regions, in the former extending into the montane region up to 6000 ft.; common. FI. August, Sept., also Jan., April. Fr. pale yellow or reddish. India, Burma, China, Malaya, New Caledonia. One of our commonest and most widely distributed species. All (?) our specimens are referable to the variety /. zzt¢da, Thunb., but vary much in size and breadth of leaf. The high montane form has obovate broad very obtuse leaves, and the basal bracts of the fruit very large. The recepts. are often converted into densely hairy galls, twice the size of the normal ones. C. P. 2357 is referred to 7. 7sze/a, Roxb. by King, but in Herb. Perad. seems rather the present species. 9. EF. nervosa, Heyne in Roth, Nov. Sp. 388 (1821). Kaluma- duwa, 5S. Urostigma modestum, Mig.; Thw. Enum. 266. King, Fic. 53. C. P. 22109. Fl. B. Ind. v. 512. Wight, Ic. t. 660 (F. angustifolia). King, Fic. t. 65. gO Urticacee. [ Ficus. An evergreen tree, young parts appressed pubescent; branchlets slender; 1. }-1 in., oblong-lanceolate to oblong- obovate or oblanceolate, cuspidately caudate, base narrowed, shining on both surfaces, veins 5-7 pairs, slender, nearly horizontal, but arching, basal 3-5 pair, very short, margins subundulate; petiole 4 to } in., slender; stip. ovate-lanceolate, membranous; recepts. axillary, binate, globose, $—2 in. diam., puberulous, young subverrucose, ped. $—5 in., slender, pubes- cent; bracts at base of recepts. 0, at base of ped. 3, small, rounded ovate; male fl. few, pedicelled, sep. 2, unequal, spathulate; stam. 1, fil, adnate to one sep.; gall and fert. fem. fl. sessile or pedicelled, sep. 3, unequal, lanceolate, acuminate, style half as long as the ovoid achene, stigma simple or 2-fid. Moist region up to 5000 ft.; rather rare. Heneratgoda, abundant ; Hantane; Hunasgiriya; Maturata. Fl. August, December. India, Burma, China, Malaya. The Ceylon tree is var. #znor, King, and differs from the continental type in its smaller leaves, with fewer lateral veins, and globose recepts. F. religiosa, L., Bo, S., Arachu, T. (C. P. 3672), is a commonly planted ‘tree, and invariably found by every Buddhist temple, but is nowhere wild. The sacred tree at Anuradhapura, brought from Magadha, in India, in B.C. 288, and carefully tended and guarded ever since, is not improbably the original source of all the trees in Ceylon. It is wild in the sub-Himalayan forests only. There are specimens in Hermann’s Herb. (see Mus. Zeyl. 42, and Fl. Zeyl. n. 372). io. BE. Arnottiana, 1/77. Ann. Mus. iii. 287 (1867). Kaputo- bo, S. Urostigna Arnottianum, Miq., Thw. Enum. 264. King, Fic. 56. CS. RP. 2850: Fl. B. Ind. v. 513. King, Fic. tt. 68 and 84, f. v. A glabrous tree or shrub; |. 3-8 in., broadly ovate or deltoid, obtusely caudate-acuminate, minutely reticulate above, subcoriaceous, base truncate or cordate, veins 5-7 pairs, slender, all strongly arched, basal 3 pairs ; petiole 2—6 in. ; stip. 4-1 in., ovate-lanceolate ; recepts. mostly at the scars of fallen leaves, binate or clustered on tubercles, subsessile, depressed- globose, }-} in. diam., smooth, dotted ; basal bracts 3, brown, membranous ; male fl. few, sessile; sep. 3, loose, inflated, broad, acuminate, much larger than the small subsessile solitary anth.; gall and fert. fem. fl. alike; perianth lax, toothed, embracing the ov., style and stigma both long. Dry and intermediate region ; rather rare. Trincomalie; Lunagala, Uva; Haragama. Fl. June-August. Fr. yellow-brown or purplish. Also in S. India. Ficus.] Urticacea. gI 11. EF. Mooniana, A7zzg, Ficus, 57 (1887). Urostigma Wightianum, var. majus, Thw. Enum. 265. C. P. 2464. F]. B. Ind. v. 514. King, Fic. tt. 69 and 84, f. w. A large glabrous tree ; branchlets stout, rough ; 1. 44-6} in., oval or ovate-oblong, cuspidate or obtusely caudate, minutely reticulate, margin entire, minutely undulate, base rounded cuneate or narrowed into the petiole, veins 10-15 pairs, rather strong, spreading, basal short; petiole very variable, 1-21 in.; stip. about 4 in., puberulous; recepts. solitary or binate, peduncled, crowded below the tips of the branchlets, globose, 4-3 in. diam., smooth, dotted; basal bracts 3, broadly ovate; ped. 34 in. stout; male fl. few, sessile, sep. 3, lanceolate ; stam. 1, fil. as long as the ovate apiculate anth.; gall and fert. fem. fl, with a 4-toothed peri- anth, shorter than the ov. ; achene obovoid, style and stigma long. Moist region up to 3000 ft.; rather common. FI. Jan.-May. Fr. orange-red and punctate. Endemic. 12, F. Tsjakela,* Burm. Fl. Ind. 227 (1768). Kiripella, 5S. Pella ribestotdes, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 143. Ficus indica, Moon, Cat. 74 (non L.). Ovostigma ceylonense, Miq. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. 568. U. infectorium, Thw. Enum. 265 (non Migq.). C. P. 2931, 3083. PLE: Ind.v.514. Gaertn. Fruet. 1. t. 28, £. $ (fruit)! King Hic: tt, 70, $4, f. x. A large deciduous much-branched tree, aerial roots 0; branchlets stout, scarred; bud scales 3-5 in., lanceolate, membranous, caducous; |. 3-5 in., linear - oblong, acute, thinly coriaceous, obtusely acuminate or cuspidate, bright green and shining above, base rounded or acute, veins, 7-10 pairs, slender, spreading, basal 1-2 pairs not conspicuous ; petiole 17-24 in.; stip. small, ovate-lanceolate; recepts. solitary and clustered on rameal tubercles, subsessile, depressed globose, 1_1 in. diam., smooth, dotted ; basal bracts 3, broad, deeply 2-fid.; male fl. few, sessile ; sep. 3, ovate, acuminate ; stam. I, fil. larger than the ovate anther; gall and fert. fem. fl. similar, sep. 3-4; achene obovate, style long, stigma cylindric. Moist region to 2000 ft.; rather common. Fl]. March-April, Jan., July. Fr. not larger than a pea, dull grey-purple with pale spots. Also in Peninsular India. The tree is quite deciduous for a few days during the dry season. When coming into leaf the very large thin leaf-scales are very con- spicuous, but they quickly fall. Gaertner’s figure of the fruit is fairly good, but he mistook it for a berry, hence the synonyms he quotes are incorrect. * Tsjakela is the vernacular name given for this in the Hortus Malabaricus, ili. 87, t. 64. 92 Urticacee. (Ficus. , 13. BE. Tsiela,* Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 549 (1832). BHla-nuga, Ehétu, S. Kalatti, 7. Urostigma Tjtela, Migq., Thw. Enum. 265 (part). King, Fic. 59. Ci. 2216. Fl. B. Ind. v. 515. Wight, Ic. t. 668. King, Fic. tt. 74, 81, f Z 2. A tall glabrous tree, with spreading branches, aerial roots 0; bark smooth, greenish; 1. 2-44 in., ovate or ovate- oblong or lanceolate, acute or obtusely cuspidate, thinly coriaceous, entire with a thick marginal nerve, base narrowed or rounded, veins 8-10 pairs, slender, arched, basal short ; petiole 14-2 in.; stip. $-I in., ovate, acuminate; recepts. crowded towards the ends of the branches, sessile, globose,,. !_2 in. diam., smooth; basal bracts 3, minute, broadly ovate, scarious ; male fl. few, sessile, sep. 3, ovate, acuminate, longer than the solitary stam.; stam. 1, fil. clavate, much larger than the broadly ovate anth.; fem. and gall fl.:—sep. 3, ovate, longer than the ovoid achene, style long, stigma very long,. cylindric. Dry and intermediate region; rather common. Hanguranketa ; Maturata ; Ekiriankumbura; Puttalam ; Pomparippu; Anuradhapura ; Matale. Fl. Sept. Fr. purple. Also in S. India. The leaves when dry have the upper surface covered with minute raised dots. 14. EF. infectoria, Roxb. F7. Jd. iii. 550 (1832) (non Willd.). King, Fic. 59. #. Lacox, Ham. Fl Be dnd. v.515. Wight; le. t. 665: “King, Pict 75. A moderate-sized low glabrous deciduous tree; |. 34-7 in., ovate or ovate-oblong, cuspidate, thin, base broad, rounded, emarginate or subcordate, rarely narrowed, veins 5-7 pairs, slender, basal pair conspicuous; petiole 1-2 in., sometimes obscurely jointed with the blade; stip. }in., broadly ovate, acute, pubescent ; recepts. binate, axillary, sessile, globose, }—} in. diam., dotted, ped. ;1,-} in.; basal bracts 3, minute orbicular- ovate; male fl. few, sessile, sep. 4~-5, linear, stam. 1, fil. short, anth. broadly ovate; gall and fert. fem. fl.; sep. of male, style of fert. fem. long, of gall fl. short, stigma elongate. Var. 8, Lambertiana, A7g, Fic. 63. Kalaha, S. Urostigma Wightianum, Mig., Thw. Enum. 265. U. Lambertianum, Mig,. C. iP. 2223, Fl. Beind,'v.515.- Kins, Riest. 76, L. 14-4 in., coriaceous, broadly ovate or oblong, obtusely * Tsiela is the vernacular name given for this in the Hortus Mala- baricus, iii. 85, t. 63. Miquel’s ‘ 77ze/a’ was clearly a misprint. Ficus. Urticacee. 93 cuspidate, base broad, rounded, emarginate or subcordate, basal pair of veins very short, recepts. $3 in. diam., ped. 4-4 in., puberulous. Low country; rare. Pasdun Korale; Foot of Ritigala, N.C. Prov. Var. 6 moist and intermediate country to 6000 ft.; Fl. March-Sept. Fr. white or pink when ripe, and dotted. The leaves vary much in size; in the hills they are often much smaller, and the plant is then probably /. Wightiana, Wall. (King, Fic. t. 77). The bark is chewed with betel. F. Lacox, Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. (1827) 150, seems the earliest name for this species. 15. F. callosa, Willd. in Act. Acad. Berol. 102 (1798). Wale- gona, 5S. : F. cinerascens, Thw. Enum. 266. King, Fic. 64. C. P. 2562. El. B. Ind: v. 516. King, Fic. t. 85.and 84, fv. 2: A large evergreen tree, 40-60 ft.; branchlets hoary, warted; 1. 5-8 in. (on barren shoots up to 12 in. or more), oval or oblong, entire, obtusely cuspidate, very coriaceous, margin recurved entire, base broad, rounded or narrowed into the petiole, pale, smooth and shining above, beneath pale, pubescent when young, scaberulous when old, and strongly reticulate, veins strong beneath, lateral 5-12 pairs, spreading and arched, basal short, slender above; petiole 1j-1? in. ; stip. } in. or shorter, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent ; recepts. solitary, axillary, subglobose, top slightly depressed, I in. diam., pubescent and scabrid, ped. $ in.; bracts on the top of the ped. 3, broadly ovate; fl. mixed with many ovate-lanceolate bracteoles; male rather numerous, scattered, pedicelled, sep. 3, spathulate ; stam. 1 or 2, fil. short, slender, anth. small, ovate; gall and fert. fem. fl. similar, perianth deeply 3-4-cleft, segm. broadly lanceolate, style elongate, 2-fid.; achene obovoid. Low country up to 2000 ft.; rather rare. Hantane; Peradeniya ; Kurunegala ; Maturata. Fl. Sept. Fr. yellow. S. India, Andaman Is., Burma, Java. 16. EB. heterophylla, LZ. f Suppl. Plant. 442 (1781). Wal- éhétu, 5S. thw. Enum. 266: King, Wie: 75. C. PR. 2228: Fl. B. Ind. v. 518. Wight, Ic. 659. King, Fic. t. 94. An evergreen creeping or ascending shrub; branches pubescent; |. polymorphous, ovate or orbicular-ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, entire or 3-many-lobed and repand- toothed, membranous, scabrid on both surfaces, base obtuse rounded or cordate, veins 4-8 pairs, arched, sometimes - palmately disposed, basal 3-5 ; petiole }—24 in.; stip. 4-4 in., 94 Urticacee. [ Ficus. ovate, scarious; recepts. solitary, axillary, spherical to narrowly pyriform, $-1I in. long, umbilicus prominent, open, young hispid scabrid or warted, ripe smooth ; ped. $-1 in. ; bracts basal or high up on the ped., minute, triangular ; perianth of all fl. 3-4-cleft; male fl, stam. 1; ov. of gall fl. ovoid, smooth, style lateral; achene subglobose, perianth hyaline, viscid, tubercled, style long, lateral, stigma cylindric. _ Low country in damp places; said to be common. FI.(?) Fr. yellow. India and Malaya. The foliage is extremely variable in form on the same plant. 17. EF. asperrima, fox. Fl. Ind. ili. 554 (1832). Sewana- médiya, S. F. politoria, Moon, Cat. 74 (non Lam.). Thw. Enum. 266. King, Fic..So0, | C; P2220! Fl. B. Ind. v. 522. ‘ Wight, Ic. t. 633. King, Fic. t. roo. A shrub or small tree ; young parts scabrid ; 1. crowded towards the tips of the branchlets, oval ovate obovate or oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate or caudate, serrate toothed or crenate in upper part, scabrid and hispid on both surfaces, base obtuse or rounded, strongly reticulate beneath with cross venules, veins 3—5 pairs, strong beneath, basal pair prominent; petiole }—2 in., stout; stip. minute ; recepts. solitary, peduncled, globose, 4—} in. diam., top depressed, oval bracts erect, basal 0, ped. minutely bracteate ; male fl., sep. 4-5, linear-lanceolate, scabrid, stam. 1; gall-fl, sep. of male, ov. ovate-lanceolate, style thick, stigma dilated ; fert. fem. fl., sep. 6-7, linear- lanceolate, smooth; achene elongate obovoid, minutely tu- bercled, style lateral, stigma obovate. Moist region up to 3000 ft.; common. FI. (?) Fr. orange-yellow, or pale yellow with orange spots. Also in Peninsular India. The young leaves are sometimes deeply incised. This is the ‘Furniture-leaf’ of the English, and is generally in use for polishing, as sand-paper in Europe. 18. FE. hispida, Z. f Suff/. P/. 442 (1781). Kota-dimbula, 5. F. oppositifolia, Willd., Moon, Cat. 74. Covellia oppositifolia, Gasp., Thy, Enum, 266. King; Hic. 116: - C.P. 2230. Fl. B. Ind. v. 522. Wight, Ic. t. 638, and (7. demonum) 641. King, Fic. tt. 154, 155. A hispidly pubescent shrub or small tree ; |. opp., 4-12 in., oval ovate ovate-oblong or subobovate, apiculate, cuspidate or caudate, entire or toothed above the middle, base rounded cuneate or cordate, veins 3—5 pairs, strong beneath and re- ticulate with cross venules, basal pair strong ; petiole }-1} in. (3-34 on young shoots), densely hispid; stip. binate, or 4-whorled on leafy branches, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent ; Ficus.| Urticacea. 95 recepts. axillary, binate or fascicled on tubercles or shoots of the old wood, turbinate or subpyriform, 4-1 in. diam., hispid, with sometimes adnate lateral bracts, umbilicus rather large ; ped. 3-2 in., basal bracts, 3; male fl, sep. 3, concave, hyaline, stam. 1, i; , fil, broad ; gall and fert. fem. fl. pedicelled, naked ; achene ovoid, style long, hairy, stigma cylindric, tubular. Low country to 3000 ft.; common. FI. Nov., Dec., July. Fr. yellowish. India, Malaya, China, Australia. 19. FE. Thwaitesii, 1717. Ann. Mus. iii. 229 (1867). Fl. Zeyl. n. 438 (Oxycoccoides). &. stipulata, Moon, Cat. 74 (non Thunb.). /. dversiformis, Mig. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. 441; Thw. Enum. 266. . disticha, Thw. Enum. 266 (non BIl.). King, Fic. 125. Go PR. 22175 2224; 3116. BE Band .v525.. King) Fic. t. 150;.f.B: A dimorphous plant ; stem of young plant filiform, creep- ing, appressed to the bark of trees or to rocks, of old erect, stout, shrubby, with tomentose branches; |. of young state distichous, appressed to the bark, 4-1} in. long, oblong, obtuse, entire or 3-lobed, base cordate or hastate; of mature plant I-4 in., oval ovate or obovate, obtuse, coriaceous, subscabrid above, tessellately reticulate with pubescent veins beneath, veins 2-4 pair, strong, basal pair short; petiole ~,—} in. ; stip. binate, ovate, acuminate, scarious ; recepts. subsolitary, axillary, globose or oblong, about 4 in. diam., narrowed into a slender ped. about 4 in. long; bracts 3, above the middle or at the top of the ped., small, broadly obovate; male, gall, and fert. fem. fl. mixed; sep. 2-3, short, broadly obovate ; anth. 2, much longer than the sep.; achene obliquely ovoid, shining, of the gall fl. ridged. Climbing over rocks and trees in the moist region up to 5000 ft. ; rather common. Colombo; Hantane; Allogula ; Matale ; 5 Dolosbagie ; Hunasgiriya; Morowak Korale. Fl. March, September. Fr. pale pinkish- yellow or nearly white. Endemic. The slender creeping rooting stems look very unlike the free fruiting branches, and are the F. déversiformis, Miq. (C. P. 2217). This is the earliest name for the species, but it was given merely to the barren stems. 20. F. levis, 37. Bijd. 437 (1825), var. dasyphylla, King, Fic. 128. Pogonotrophe dasyphylla, Miq. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. 74; Thw. Enum. 266. P. ceylanica, Miq.1.c.75. F. ceylanica, Mig. Ann. Mus. iii. 293; Trim. Syst. Cat: $4. C. P. 233. Fl. B. Ind. ii. 526. King, Fic. t..161. A powerful epiphyte, young parts pubescent; 1. 4—7 in., orbicular or broadly oblong, abruptly caudate, entire or subserrate towards the tip, elabrous above, beneath appressed 96 Urticacee. [Antiaris. pubescent, rarely glabrous, base broad rounded or cordate, rarely narrowed, veins 3-4 pairs, strong, basal long ; petiole 14-4 in.; stip. ovate-lanceolate, 4-4 in.; recepts. axillary, subsolitary, globose or subpyriform, }-1 in. diam., tomentose, densely hispid within, umbilicus broad, ped. 4-1 in., hirsute ; basal bracts 3, small, triangular-ovate; male and gall fl, sep. 5, linear-lanceolate, male fl., stam. 2-3, anth. elongate, subsagittate ; achene of gall fl. globose, smooth, style sub- terminal, stigma dilated; fert. fem. fl. pedicelled, achene elongate ovoid, style nearly as long, terminal. Moist region 1-4000 ft.; rather rare. Ratnapura; Ambagamuwa; Adam’s Peak; Hantane; Hunasgiriya; Knuckles Mts. Fl. March—June. Fr. clothed with dull brownish orange tomentum. E. Bengal, Burma, Malaya. 21. EF. glomerata, Roxt. Cor. P/. ii. 13 (1798). Attika, S. Atti, 7 Moon, Cat. 74. Covellia glomerata, Miq., Thw. Enum. 266. King, HIGHT 8. (Ck S805; Fl. B. Ind. v. 535. Wight, Ic. t. 667. King, Fic. t. 218. An evergreen tree, 50-60 ft.; shoots glabrous, pubescent or scaberulous; |. 4-7 in., oblong-ovate to obovate or lan- ceolate, tapering to an obtuse apex, entire, membranous, glabrous on both surfaces, shining above, base obtuse, rarely acute, veins 4-6 pairs, strong beneath; petiole #2 in.; stip. $—{ in., linear-lanceolate, membranous ; recepts. shortly pedunculed on short warted branches, subglobose, pyriform or subturbinate, I{ in. diam., glabrous or pubescent, umbilicus depressed ; basal bracts 3, triangular-ovate; male fl. sessile, sep. 3-4, membranous, inflated, enveloping the 2 elongate- ovate anths., fil. connate ; gall-fl. pedicelled, perianth toothed, covering the base of the ovoid, rough ov., style lateral, elongate, stigma clavate ; fert. fem. fl. in a zone between the male and gall fl., subsessile, perianth 4-5-toothed, teeth lanceolate, enveloping the small minutely tubercled achene, style subterminal, much elongate, stigma clavate. Banks of rivers and streams, moist low country to 2000 ft.; common. Fl. November. Fr. reddish. India and Burma. This has much the largest fruits of the Ceylon species; they are scarcely edible. The juice of the stem is called ‘ Kallu toddy,’ and is used by the Tamils in diabetes. 6. ANTIARIS, Leschev. Evergreen trees ; |. alt., bifarious, penniveined, stip. small, connate, caducous; fl. moncecious, male crowded on the Cudrania. Urticacee. 97 surface of an axillary peduncled receptacle, surrounded by confluent imbricating bracts, fem. minute, solitary in a pyriform involucre of many confluent bracts; male fl. :— sep. 3-4, narrowly spathulate, imbricate ; stam. 3-8, fil. erect; pistillode 0; fem. fl.:—perianth 0; ov. adnate to the invo- lucre; style arms 2, subulate, recurved, ovule pendulous ; ft. fleshy, pericarp confluent with the receptacle, testa hard, endosperm 0, embryo subglobose, fleshy, radicle small, superior.—Sp. 5-6 or 1; tin #2. SB. Ind. A. toxicaria, Leschen. in Ann. Mus. Par. xvi. 478 (1810). Riti, S. Netavil, 7: A. zeylanica, Seem. in Bonplandia, x. 4. A. zzzoxza, Bl., Thw. Enum. 2035) aasacadora, Dalz Wicht, Ic. vi..7% CrP. 2231, Fl. B. Ind. v. 538. Wight, Ic. t. 1958. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 307. A tall tree, 120 ft, trunk straight, with buttressed base; bark grey, pustular; 1. 4-8 in., oblong or oval-oblong, acuminate, mucronate, cuspidate or subcaudate, entire or serrulate, glossy above, glabrous or tomentose beneath, base rounded or cordate, young hirsute, veins 8-10 pairs ; petiole very short; recepts. 3—4-nate, orbicular, 4 in. diam., velvety, at length convex ; fem. recept. axillary, subsessile, ovoid, } in., velvety ; fr. globose or pyriform, 4—? in. diam., narrowed into a short ped., red-brown, I-seeded. Low country to 2000 ft., rather common. Heneratgoda; Kurunegala; Kaduganawa; Badulla. Fl. August, September. Fr. red-purple. Also in S.W. India, Burma, Malaya. First collected by Gardner at Kurunegala in 1847. His specimens are labelled ‘A. acuminata, Gardn.’, a name never published (see his ‘Remarks on Flora of Ceylon’ (1848), p. 7). There are no sufficient botanical characters to separate this from the Upas tree of Java, the original A. ¢oazcaria; but the milky juice here seems far less poisonous, and does not appear to be even used as a medicine. The two trees grow side by side in Peradeniya Gardens, and the only differences in the foliage of the Ceylon plant are that its leaves are somewhat narrower, less acute, less cordate at the base, and with more numerous lateral veins. The very tough inner bark readily separates from the wood, and, removed entire from large stems, affords excellent ready-made sacks. The fig-like fruits are reddish-purple when ripe, and the flesh is eaten by bats and birds; the seed is bitter. The lateral branches disarticulate naturally, leaving a clean scar or stem.— 777772. 7. CUDRANIA, 77¢. Erect or scandent, small, often spinous trees or shrubs; 1. alt., quite entire, penniveined, stip. small; fl. dicecious, in small naked globose heads, bracteolate; male fl.:—sep. 3-5, imbricate, adnate to 2-4 bracts, stam. 4, fil. erect; pistillode PART IV. _ 98 Urticacee. [Artocarpus. styliform; fem. fl.:—sep. 4, ov. straight, style terminal, simple or 2-fid, ovule pendulous; fr. of achenes, bracts and sep., forming together a globose or ovoid compressed fleshy head, testa) membranous, endosperm scanty, cotyledons twisted or folded, radicle slender, upcurved.—Sp. 3 or 4; 1 in PAB. Und. C. javanensis, 77éc. 77 Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, vili. 123 (1847). Cudranus Rumphit, Thw. Enum. 262. Plecospermum cunetfolium, Thw. in Journ. Bot. vi. 303. C. P. 2526. Fl. B. Ind. v. 538. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. v. tt. 15,16. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. anal. 27, f. 1. A straggling or scandent shrub; branchlets red-brown, drooping; spines straight or recurved; |. 1-3 in., obovate oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse acute or acuminate, glabrous, reticulate, veins 8-10 pairs, slender, base acute or obtuse; petiole 4 in.; fl. heads solitary or 2-nate, sessile or shortly peduncled, pubescent, male about { in. diam.; sep. cuneiform, unequal, hairy; fem. sep. 4, tips thickened, velvety ; fr. 2-3 in. diam., glaucous green, velvety. Low country in dry and intermediate zone; rare. Haldummulla; Kindagodda; Rikiligaskodde. Fl. April. E. Bengal, Burma, Malaya, Australia, E. Africa. Has much resemblance to Plecospermum spinosum. 8. ARTOCARPUWS, fors?. Evergreen trees; |. alt., entire lobed or pinnatifid, penni- veined; fl. moncecious, male in catkin-like spikes; fem. crowded on oblong or globose axillary or terminal receptacles, with often peltate bracteoles ; male fl.:—perianth 2—4-lobed or- partite; stam. 1, fil. erect; pistillode o; fem. fl.:—perianth tubular, base confluent with the recept., mouth minute; ov. straight, style entire or 2-fid, ovule pendulous; achenes (anthocarps) sunk in the enlarged fleshy receptacle, their exposed tops flat pyramidal or spinescent ; seed oblong or subglobose, endosperm 0.—Sp. about 4o; 18 in FZ. B. Jnd. Fem. recepts. oblong . : : : : ‘ . I, A. NOBILIS. Fem. recepts. globose . : : ; , 5 . 2. A. LAKOOCHA. 1. A. nobilis, 7/w. Enum. 262 (1861). Del, Bedi-del, S. A. pubescens, Moon, Cat. 61 (non Willd.). King in Ann. Calc. Gard. 1s Ae | Grrri28rs. Fl. B. Ind. v. 542.. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 309. King, 1. c. t. Io. A tree 40-50 ft. hispidly scabrid on the very stout branchlets petiole and veins of |. beneath; 1. 6-14 in., broadly Artocarpus.] Urticacee. 99 ovate, cuspidate, margin sinuate, young pinnatifid, base nar- rowed or rounded, coriaceous, rough on both surfaces, veins about 9 pairs and midrib yellow; petiole ?-1} in., very stout; stip. 3-5 in., spathiform ; recepts. covered with stipitate, peltate, hairy bracteoles, male 3-6 in., cylindric, ped. 1-3 in. ; sep. 2, broad, truncate; fr. 6-8 in., oblong or cylindric, surface lobu- late, tops of anthocarps nearly flat, 4-5-angled; seed sub- globose, about } in. diam. Moist low country up to 2000 ft.; common. FI. June. Endemic. The outer shells of the seeds roasted are good eating. The wood is in great request for cabinet-making, and fishing boats are made out of its hollowed trunks. 2. A. Lakoocha, fové. 7. /nd. iil. 524 (1832). Kana-gona, 5. Thwaenum.262: King, 1c: 14, -C.P) 2831. FL Beind: v. 543. Wight, Ic: t: 681. King, lhc: it 13; A large deciduous tree, with a spreading head; bark rough; branchlets fulvous-tomentose; 1. 4-12 in. oblong or subobovate, obtuse, cuspidate, base broad or narrow rounded or cordate, entire, or young serrate, thinly coriaceous, glabrous and shining above, softly pubescent beneath, veins 4-12 pairs; petiole $-1 in.; stip. $ in., lanceolate, tomentose; recepts. axillary, globose, bracteoles peltate, puberulous, male $-1$ in. diam., sep. 2-3, triangular, truncate, puberulous; fr. 2-4 in. diam., lobulate, smooth, velvety, yellow, tops of anthocarps smooth; seeds few, about } in. diam., broad, flat. Var. 8, Gomeziana, /Wai/. (sp.) Thw. Enum. 262. King, ].c.t. 144. 5 'P 12232; L. glabrous on both surfaces, or puberulous on the midrib and veins. Moist region up to 3000 ft.; rather rare. The type, Ratnapura ; Morowaka. Var. 6, Colombo; Kalutara; Hantane. Fl. March-April and September. India, Burma, Andaman Is., Malay Penins. I cannot make two species of the Ceylon material; our var. 8 may not be the true A. Gomezzana, Wall., which is maintained as a species by King, but not given for Ceylon.— 7rzmen. The seeds are eaten, but the tree is not cultivated. Artocarpus integrifolia, L. f., is the well-known Jack tree, Kos, S., Pila, T., universally cultivated in the low country for its fruit, but nowhere wild in Ceylon. It is stated, in Fl. B. Ind. v. 541, to have been found wild by Beddome in the forests of the western Ghats of India, but it is not included in King’s Monograph of the Indian species, who had not this information in time. I have no knowledge as to the time of its introduction to Ceylon, but no doubt it was at a very distant period; curiously, Hermann has not any specimen or drawing. There are good figures in Rheede, Hort. Malab. iii. tt. 26-28, Gaertn. Fruct. i. tt. 71, 72 (Sitodium cauljflorum), and Bot. Mag. t. 2833-4. It is C. P. 2233. The timber is excellent.— 77zmen. 100 Urticacee. [Phyllochlamys. 9. TAXOTROPHIS, 3/. Spinous trees or shrubs; l. alt., penniveined; stip. small, connate ; fl. dicecious, male sessile, minute, globose, crowded in short axillary spikes, fem. pedicelled in axillary and terminal few-fid. racemes ; male fl.:—sep. 4, orbicular, valvate; stam. 4, fil. inflexed in bud ; pistillode short, stout; fem. fl. :-— sep. 4, persistent; ov. gibbously oblong, with the ovarian cavity on one side, styles 2, rather long, simple, spreading ; ovule pendulous; fr. gibbously oblong, fleshy, lower half solid, upper with a rounded summit and the styles lateral ; seed immersed nearly horizontally in the upper part of the fr., endosperm o, cotyledons crumpled, radicle up-curved.—Sp. 20r 43 1 ind b. iad. T. zeylanica, 7iw. Enum. 264 (1861). Epicarpurus zeylanica, Thw. in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 1. Dzplocos zeylanica, Bureau in DC. Prod. xvii. 215. C. P. 2213. Fl. B. Ind. v. 488. Kew Journ. Bot. iii. t. 11. Bedd. Fl, Sylyv. t. anal, 26; 3: A shrub or small much-branched tree, 8-10 ft., sparingly spinous, tips of branchlets hairy ; spines long, straight ; bark brown ; |. 14-3 in., lanceolate or rhombic-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, serrate, narrowed into the acute or narrowly cor- date base, or into the short hairy petiole, flaccid; male spikes. pale yellow, {—4 in., shortly ped.; bracts minute; fem. racemes about I in., fl. minute, green, ped. thickened upwards, elongat- ing often to I in. after flg.; stigmatic villi brown; seed globose. Low country, I-2000 ft.; rather rare. Kurunegala; Haragama ;. Hantane. Fl. July. Male yellow, fem. green. Also in Burma. io. PHYLLOCHLAMYS, Lureau. Spinous, quite glabrous trees or shrubs, juice milky; I. alt., penniveined ; stip. lateral, free ; fl. dicecious, male minute in axillary involucrate sessile pisiform heads, fem. much larger, but solitary, pedicelled, not involucrate ; male fl, :— sep. 3-4, obtuse, imbricate ; stam. 3-4, fil. inflexed in bud ;. pistillode short, top dilated; fl. fem. :—sep. 3-4, lanceolate, greatly enlarged and foliaceous in fr.; ov. subglobose, at length oblique, styles 2, lateral, ovule pendulous ; fr. a gibbous fleshy achene, much shorter than the sep., subglobose, top umbo- nate ; seed obliquely placed in the upper part of the achene,, Streblus.] Urticacee. IOI globose, endosperm scanty, cotyledons very unequal, the larger 2-fid., enclosing the smaller, radicle up-curved.—Sp ZrO 3.3) 1 in #7. Bb. Ind, P. spinosa, bureau in DC. Prod. xvii. 218 (1873). Gongotu, S. Taxotrophis Roxburghit, B\., Thw. Enum. 264. C. P. 1074. Fl. B. Ind. v. 488. Wight, Ic. t. 1962 (Zpzcarpurus spinosus). Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. anal. 26, f. 2. A small, gnarled, evergreen tree ; branches stout, woody, and spines strong, striate; bark pale; |. subsessile, 2-4 in., obovate or oval-oblong or subrhombic, caudate or acuminate, remotely coarsely serrate or subentire, base acute rounded or contracted and cordate, veins 5-7 pairs, not strong; male clusters subglobose, $ in. diam.; invol. of many lanceolate acuminate bracts much longer than the fl.; sep. pubescent, nearly orbicular ; fem. fl., long pedicelled, fruiting sep. 4-1 in., caudate-acuminate, base cordate; achene size of a cherry; seed immersed in the tumid upper part of the achene which is fleshy below the middle. Dry region; rather common. Mineri; Haragama; Nalande. . FI. July-Sept.; male whitish, fem. green. S. India, Andaman Is., Burma, Malay Is. 11. STREBLUS, Louwr. Unarmed shrubs or trees, juice milky; 1. alt., scabrid, penni- veined; stip. subulate; fl. axillary, mono-dicecious, male minute in shortly ped. pisiform heads, fem. larger, solitary or 2-3 nate; male fl. subsessile, sep. 4, imbricate; stam. 4, fil. inflexed in bud; pistillode short, top dilated; fem. fl.:—sep. 4, unequal, broad, concave ; ov. straight, styles 2, terminal, long, slender, ovule pendulous; achene subglobose, enclosed in the accrescent sep., pericarp thick; seed globose, endosperm o, cotyledons very unequal, the larger fleshy enfolding the smaller, radicle upcurved.—Sp. 2, both in 7. B. Lnd. S. asper, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 615 (1790). Géta-netul, 5S. Patpiray, Pirasu, 7. Trophis aspera, Retz., Moon, Cat. 88. Thw. Enum. 264. C. P, 2214. Fl. B. Ind. v. 489. Wight, Ic. t. 1961 (Zpicarpurus orientalis). Bedd. Fl, Sylv. t. anal. 26, f. 1. A shrub or small gnarled tree, unarmed ; branchlets pubes- cent or tomentose; |. I-3 in., ovate, obovate or rhomboid, acute or acuminate, coarsely toothed from below the middle, base acute, scaberulous on both surfaces, but especially beneath, veins 4-6 pairs; petiole 7,-§ in.; male heads solitary 102 Urticacee. [Allaanthus. or binate, sometimes androgynous ; fl. 3-bracteate, pubescent; fl. fem. on slender ped. that are thickened upwards ; fr. pisi- form, embraced by the persistent sepals, style persistent, }-in. long. Low country to 2000 ft.; common. Fl. March, April; yellow. India, Malaya, China. The yellow fruit is edible, but the bark is said to be an irritant poison. The wood is white, elastic, without annual rings. The leaves are employed for polishing, instead of sand-paper ; and pieces of the wood are used as tooth-brushes by the natives. 12, DORSTENTIA, /. Herbs or small shrubs, often succulent; 1. alt., penni- veined ; stip. lateral ; fl. moncecious, minute, crowded, males on the surface, fem. sunk in the substance of an expanded simple or lobed androgynous receptacle, which is bordered by bracts; male fl. :—perianths more or less connate, 2-lobed, or toothed ; stam. I-3, fil. inflexed in bud; pistillode 0; fem. fl. :—perianth adnate to the receptacle and ov., limb obscure, style simple, lateral, exserted, ovule pendulous; achene minute, pericarp crustaceous, endosperm 0, cotyledons subequal, contorted, embracing the upcurved radicle-—Sp. about 45; 1 in FZ. B. Ind. D. indica, Wall. Cat. 2. 4639 (1828). D. radiata, Moon, Cat. ii. (non Lam). Thw. Enum. 264. Bureau in DG, Prod. xvit 272." ‘CP. 29;/ 510: Fl. B. Ind. v. 494. Wight, Ic. t. 1964. An erect or ascending sparsely hairy herb, stem. 3-10 in., stout or slender ; |. 2-34 in., obovate-lanceolate, oval or ovate, acuminate, sinuate-toothed, base acute, veins about IO pairs ; petiole }-1 in.; recept. 3-2 in. diam., peltate, rounded or angular, with 5-12 linear, obtuse, pubescent arms spreading from the margin, ped. 1-14 in., gradually thickened upwards, and angular. Shady places, principally in woods in the moist region 4-6o00 ft., common; also in the dry region rarely. Dambulla. Fl. Jan.—April. Also in S. India. 13. ALLHANTHUS, 7/w. Deciduous trees, juice milky; 1. alt., penniveined; stip. lateral ; fl. minute, dicecious, male densely crowded on one side of an axillary elongate, catkin-like, flexuous, peduncled recep- tacle, fem. crowded in globose, axillary, peduncled, pisiform heads, mixed with clavate bracteoles; male fl. globose, peri- Plecospermum.| Urticacee. fa fe. anth. 4-fid, lobes concave, imbricate ; stam. 4, fil. inflexed in bud; pistillode minute; fem. fl.:—perianth tubular, un- equally obtusely 4-lobed ; ov, sessile, straight, style filiform, long, simple or with a short lateral arm, ovule pendulous ; achenes in globose heads, oblique, enclosed in the perianth, style subterminal, pericarp coriaceous ; seed subglobose, endo- sperm 0, cotyledons broad, crumpled, radicle ascending —Sp. 2'OF 33 im 2B? Lad. A. zeylanicus, 7hw. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 303 (1854). Alandu, 5S. Thw. Enum. 263. Bureau in DC. Prod. xvii. 223.. C. P. 2215. Fl. B. Ind. v. 490. Kew Journ. Bot. vi. t.9 B. Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 305. iN thee 30-407 iG. branchlets terete, hairy; I 3-4. im, distichous, lanceolate, acuminate, base cordate, serrate, sparsely hairy, veins 12-14 pairs; petiole }in. pubescent; stip. obliquely oblong, mucronate, striate; male spikes (or recepts.) I-2} in., pubescent, densely clothed with minute fl., except along a narrow canal-like passage; peduncle about } in.; fem. heads 4 in. diam., compact, bracteoles crowned with broad warted green pubescent tops; tips of perianth lobes pubescent. Moist region 1-2000 ft.; rather rare. Peradeniya, Maturata. FI. Feb., August; yellowish. Endemic. The inner bark yields a very tough fibre. 14. PLECOSPERMUM, 7 recu/. Trees or shrubs, spinous or not; |. alt., penniveined, entire; stip. minute; fl. dicecious, in globose axillary peduncled heads, male closely packed but distinct, bracteolate, fem. confluent by their fleshy perianths into a many-celled anthocarp; male fl.:—perianth 4-lobed, lobes imbricate, emarginate; stam. 4, fil. inflexed in bud; pistillode slender, pubescent; fem. fl.:—perianth 4-toothed; ov. straight, style filiform, undivided, ovule pendulous; fr. a globose fleshy anthocarp, enclosing a few globose immersed seeds, endosperm o, cotyledons very unequal, the larger fleshy enclosing the folded smaller, radicle short, upcurved.—Sp. 3; 2 in FZ. B. Ind. P. spinosum, 77. 77 Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, viii. 124 (1847). Katu- timbol, S. Trophis spinosa, Heyne, Moon, Cat. 68. Thw. Enum. 263. C. P. 2212. Fl. B. Ind. v. 491. Wight, Ic. t. 1963. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. anal. 26, f. 2. 104 Urticacee. [Fleurya. A shrub or small glabrous tree, with stout axillary nearly straight spines; branchlets drooping, pubescent; 1. rather distant, 2-3 in., oval-oblong or obovate, acute or obtuse, base subacute, hard shining, margins recurved, veins 4-6 pairs, slender; petiole }-4 in.; male heads 4 in. diam., fl. minute, subsessile, pubescent, bracteoles minute, perianth lobes obtuse or notched; fem. heads larger, fruiting 4 in. diam., lobed, pubescent. Low country to 3000 ft. in both regions; rather common. FI. Feb.- April; greenish. Throughout India. 15. FLEURYWA, Gaudich. Annual‘ herbs, with stinging hairs; |. alt., toothed, base 3-veined ; stip. connate in pairs ; fl. unisexual, in unisexual or androgynous spicate or cymose long-peduncled clusters ; male fl.:—sep. 3-5, subvalvate or imbricate; stam. 3-5, fil. in- flexed in bud; pistillode small; fem. fl.:—perianth 4- lobed or -partite, posticous lobe largest; ov. oblique, decurved, style subulate, upcurved, ovule erect ; achene half enclosed in the persistent perianth, obliquely ovate, compressed, gibbous, pericarp membranous, endosperm scanty, cotyledons broad, radicle short, straight—Sp. 10; 1 in FZ. B. Ind. F. interrupta, Gaud. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 497 (1826). Wal- kahambiliya, 5S. Herm. Mus. 29. Burm. Thes. 231, 232. Fl. Zeyl. n. 336. OUvitsca interrupta, L. Sp. Pl. 985. Boehmeria interrupta, Willd., Moon, Cat. 62. Thw. Enum. 258. C. P. 2186. Fl. B. Ind. v. 548. Burm. Thes. t. 110, f.1 and 2. Wight, Ic. t. 1975. Stem 2-4 ft., erect, flexuous, branched, furrowed ; whole plant more or less covered sparsely with scattered stinging hairs; 1. 1-6 in., broadly ovate, acuminate, coarsely crenate- serrate, membranous, base cuneate rounded or cordate, 3-5-veined, lateral veins 3-5 pairs; petiole long, very slender; cymes or spikes very variable with the ped. 2-10 in. long, bearing rather distant pedicelled clusters of small green fl.; fl. branches short, or long and very slender; male sep. con- cave; pistillode minute; fem. pedicel decurved, swollen above; achene cordate, compressed, keeled on one side, the keel decurrent on the pedicel. Low country in waste or cultivated ground; common. FI. Nov.; green. ri S. India, E. Bengal, Burma, Malaya, China, Pacific Is., Abyssinia. Laportea.] Urticacee. 105 16. LAPORTEA, Gaudich. Perennial herbs or shrubs, with (often very minute) sting- ing hairs; |. large, alt., penniveined ; stip. opposite, free or connate; fl. unisexual, in axillary cymes ; male fl. :—sep. 4-5, subvalvate ; stam. 4-5, fil. inflexed in bud ; pistillode short ; fl. fem. :—sep. 3-4, free or connate, persistent ; ov. compressed, style filiform, ovule erect or ascending; achene oblique, endosperm scanty or 0, cotyledons broad.—Sp. about 25 ; 3 in #7. B. Ind. Ped. of fem. fl. winged, achene deflexed . : . I. L. TERMINALIS. Ped. of fem. fl. cylindric, achene erect. 5 » 2. L. CRENULATA. 1. &. terminalis, Wight, Ic. vi. 9 (1853). Thw. Enum. 259. JZ. evittata, Wedd. in DC. Prod. xvi. 1,79. C. P. 3336. Fl. B. Ind. v. 549. Wight, Ic. t. 1972. Stem 2-4 ft., erect, herbaceous, glabrous or puberulous ; whole plant covered more or less with spreading stinging hairs; 1. 4-10, ovate-oblong, acuminate, coarsely toothed or serrate, membranous, base rounded or subcordate ; petiole up to 24 in. long, slender; stip. 4 in. long, or shorter; male cymes as long as the petioles or longer, fem. much larger, usually in the upper axils, with spreading branches; fl. moncecious, male shortly ped., sep. equal, pubescent ; fem. fl. on broadly winged cuneiform peds., sep. very unequal, lateral much the largest, style slender; achene sharply deflexed, faces slightly tubercled. Forests of montane zone 4—6000 ft.; rather rare. Hewaheta; Maturata. Fl. Jan.; green. Also in Himalaya and Nilgiri Mts. This nettle stings sharply, but the pain does not last very long. 2. L. crenulata, Gaud. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 498 (1826). ™la- ussa, .S. Urtica stimulans, Moon, Cat. 62 (? L. f.). Thw. Enum. 259. Wedd. resons Gs be 2200, Fl. B. Ind. v. 550. Wight, Ic. t. 686 (Urtica crenulata). Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 306. Stem 8-10 ft., stout, shrubby; whole plant clothed more or less with very minute stinging hairs; |. 9-12 in., oval to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, acuminate or caudate, entire or margins minutely sinuate or crenulate, base obtuse acute or notched, veins 12-16 pairs, petiole I-4 in., stout ; stip. small; cymes short, dichotomously branched; fl. dice- 106 Urticacee. [ Girardinia. cious, shortly pedicelled, ped. cylindric; male fl. :—sep. equal, free; fem. fl.:—perianth minute, subcampanulate, lobes acute, style stout, villous to the base; achene erect, turgid, obliquely ovoid. Damp forests 2-5000 ft.; common. FI. Sept.—Jan.; green. S. India, E. Bengal, Burma, Malaya. The Fever- or Devil-nettle stings severely, often producing distressing effects that remain for many days. 17, GIRARDINIA, Gaudich. Herbs or undershrubs with stinging hairs; |. alt., base 3-veined, entire or lobed; stip. connate, foliaceous; fl. monce- cious, in simple or panicled cymes or heads; male fl.:—sep. 4-5, subequal, valvate; stam. 4—5, fil. inflexed in bud; pistil- lode short; fl. fem.:—perianth subcampanulate, 2—3-toothed, persistent ; ov. erect, stigma subulate, ovule erect; achene flattened, endosperm scanty or 0, cotyledons broad.—Sp. 7 ;. 1in FZ. B. Ind. G. heterophylla, Deve. ix Jacqguem. Voy. Bot. 151 (1841). Gas= kahambiliya, 5. Herm. Mus. 47. Burm. Thes. 233 (in part). Urtica heterophylla, Vahl, Moon, Cat. 62. G. zeylanica, Dene. 1. c. 152; Wedd. in DC. 1. c. rol; Thw. Enum. 259. C. P. 2193. Fl. B. Ind. v. 550. Wight, Ic. t. 687 (Urtica). A tall, robust, perennial-rooted herb, up to 6 ft. high, closely armed with long rigid stout or slender stinging hairs; stem and branches furrowed; |. 4-12 in. long and often as broad, cordate, the upper variously lobed, often palmately or pinnatifidly, coarsely toothed, more or less pubescent; petiole up to 7 in.; stip. 2-fid; cymes peduncled, male inter- rupted, subcylindric, fem. in the upper axils, bearing heads of fi. clothed with long stinging hairs; achene broadly ovate, or subcordate, black, punctate. Var. 8, palmata. G. palmata, Gaud. (Wedd. 1.c. 101). G. Leschen- aultiana, Wcne. |. c. 152; Thw. Enum. 259. Wight, Ic. t. 1976 (2 plates). C, P3520. \ L. hirsute beneath, stip. broadly cordate. Waste ground in low country to 3000 ft.; common. Var. #, forests of montane zone 3-6000 ft.; rather common. FI. Feb.; green. India, Burma, Java. Var. 6 on the Nilgiris. This stings severely, especially var. 8, known to planters as the ‘elephant-maussa.’ In S. India it is known as the ‘ Nilgiri Nettle,’ and affords a very good fibre. Pilea. Urticacee. 107 18, PILEA, 77d. Glabrous herbs; |. opposite, base 3-veined ; stip. connate, sometimes obsolete ; fl. minute, mono- or dicecious, in axillary dichotomous spreading cymes; male fl.:—sep. 2-4; stam. 2-4, fil. inflexed in bud; pistillode stout; fem. fl.:—sep. 3-4, minute, unequal, dorsal longest, each with a staminode at its base; ov. straight, stigma sessile, penicillate, ovule erect ; achene compressed, endosperm scanty, cotyledons broad.— Sp. about 160; 20 in FV. B. Ind. Achene smooth, or nearly so. Cymes long-peduncled . : : : : . 1 P. WienTim Cymes short-peduncled . : : 5 ‘ - 2 P. STIPULOSA; Achene granular . : : : : J ‘ . 3. P. TRINERVIA. 1. P. Wightii, Wedd. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, i. 186 (1854). Thw. Enum. 259. Wedd. in DC. Prod. xvi. i, 125. C. P. 2185.. Fl. B. Ind. v. 554. Wight, Ic. t. 1974 (P. vadicans). Stem 1-2 ft., slender, creeping below; |. 4-1 in., ovate to orbicular-ovate, coarsely serrate, membranous, flaccid; petiole about half as long as the blade; stip. small, triangular, or obsolete; cymes long-peduncled, androgynous, branches divaricate; male sep. 4, dorsally horned below the tip; fem. sep. very unequal, narrow, acuminate; achene ovoid, nearly straight. Shady forests in montane zone 5~7000 ft.; very common. FI. Sept.; green. Himalaya Mts., Nilgiri Mts., Java. 2. P. stipulosa, 1/729. 77 Zoll. Syst. Verz. 102 (1854). Wedd. Monogr. Urt. 230. P. angu/ata, Bl., Thw. Enum. 259; Wedd. ingOG: 1) 'e-131.) (CGC) Pe2rea. Fl. B. Ind. v. 555. Stem 1-3 ft., stout, erect; 1. glabrous or very sparsely hairy, 3-4 in. long, oval or ovate-oblong, acuminate, obtusely cuspidate or caudate, coarsely serrate or toothed, membra- nous, base cuneate or rounded; petiole as long as the blade or shorter; stip. large, oblong, green; fl. dicecious; male cymes 3-1 in.; fem. cymes binate, shorter than the petiole, sessile or shortly peduncled, branches short; fl. in confluent clusters, sessile; male sep. broadly ovate ; fem. sep. subequal, orbicular; achene minute, smooth. Woods and shady places in lower montane zone; common. FI. October; green. Also in Java. 108 Urticacee. [Lecanthus. 3. BP. trinervia, Wight, Jc. vi. 9 (1853). Wedd. Monogr. Urt. 224. Thw. Enum. 259. Wedd.in DC.1.c. 131. a) EP. 2003. Fl. B. Ind. v. 557. Wight, Ic. t. 1973. : Stem 4-5 ft., robust, erect, succulent, internodes short, tumid, nodes constricted ; |. 3-6 in., from broadly oval to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or caudate, serrate, base acute or rounded, veins strong with parallel cross-venules ; petioles of opp. |. unequal, of longer up to 3 in.; stip. short, triangular,’ caducous ; fl. moncecious ; male cymes large, subcorymbosely branched, ped. long or short, fl. scattered or clustered ; fem. cymes usually 2-nate, shorter, slender; male sep. 4, equal, ovate, acuminate, shortly beaked dorsally below the tip, fem. sep. 3, dorsal larger than the others; achene ovoid, margins thickened, faces granular. Moist region up to 5000 ft.; common in damp shady places. FI. April-Sept.; green. Also in S. India and (?) Java. P. muscosa, Lindl. (P. microphylla, Liebm.), a small S. American ‘species, is now a very common weed in the low country, and completely naturalised. It was introduced previously to 1860, but I do not know ‘how much earlier. It is called the ‘Gunpowder Plant.’ 19. BECANTHUS, Jedd. An annual herb; |. opp., 3-veined and penniveined, in unequal pairs; stip. scarious; fl. mono- or dicecious, crowded on solitary axillary peduncled bracteate peltate fleshy recepts. ; male fl. :—sep. 4-5, subequal, dorsally horned below the tip; stam. 4-5, fil. inflexed in bud; pistillode conic; fem. fl. :— sep. 3, very minute, unequal; ov. straight, stigma sessile, penicillate, ovule erect ; achene ovoid, compressed, endosperm fleshy, cotyledons ovate.—Monotypic. L. Wightii, Wedd. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, i. 187 (1854). L. peduncularis, Wedd. in DC. Prod. xvi. 164. C. P. 3870. Fl. B. Ind. v. 559. Wight, Ic. t. 1985 (Elatostema ovatum). Wedd. Monogr. Urt. t. 9, f. C. An erect glabrous herb ; stem 6-18 in., stout or slender, simple or branched from a decumbent base; |. 2-3 in. long, obliquely ovate, obtuse, acute or acuminate, coarsely toothed or serrate from below the middle upwards, membranous, glabrous or sparsely hairy ; petiole of one leaf up to 2 in., of the opposite much shorter; stip. entire or toothed ; recept. long- or short-peduncled, flat or turbinate, }-# in. diam., green ; fl. pedicelled, many of fem. imperfect ; achene minute, smooth. Elatostema.] Urticacee. 109 Montane zone; very rare. Found only in East Matale Dist. by Beckett. Fl. Feb.; green. Himalaya, Nilgiris, and other mts. of India, Java, Trop. Africa. 20. PELLIONIA, Gaudich. Succulent usually glabrous herbs; 1. distichously sub-. opposite, often in unequal pairs, one large, the other minute, unequal-sided, 3-veined ; stip. persistent ; fl, mono- or dic- cious, in axillary, long-peduncled, contracted, dichotomously branched cymes; male fl.:—sep. 4 or 5, obtuse, imbricate, dorsally spurred below the tip; stam. 5, fil. inflexed in bud ; pistillode conic; fem. fl.:—sessile in small axillary heads; sep. 4-5, subequal; staminodes inflexed; ov. oval, shorter than the sep., stigma sessile, penicillate, ovule erect ; achene embraced by the sep., compressed, tubercled, endosperm very scanty, cotyledons rounded, radicle conic.—Sp. 15; 12 in FZ. B. Ind. | P. Heyneana, Wedd. Monogr. Urt. 287 (1857). Thw. Enum, 259. Wedd. in DC. Prod. xvi. 169. C. P. 2179. Fl. B. Ind. v. 561. Wedd. Monogr. Urt. t. 5. A perennial herb; stem 6-10 in. high, woody, branched, sometimes creeping below, tips of branches hirsute ; 1. 4-8 in., with often opposite each a minute subalternating re- curved leaflet, subsessile or shortly petioled, falcately oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate or caudate, quite entire, base unequally cordate, thinly coriaceous, veins arched and midrib puberulous beneath; petiole stout, pubescent ; stip. 3-} in., triangular, tip subulate, male cymes long- peduncled, dense- or lax-fid., ped. pubescent; fem. heads sessile. Moist country 2-4000 ft.; rather rare. Kaduganawa; Hantane. FI. May; male pink. Also in S. India. The female inflorescence is sessile not pedunculate in our plant. 21. BLATOSTEMA, forst. Herbs or undershrubs; |. alt., or subopp., with one of each pair minute, distichous, sessile or subsessile, unequal sided, base 3-veined, tissue with usually conspicuous cystoliths ; stip. various; fl. very minute, crowded in an involucre or receptacle of free or confluent bracts, mixed with bracteoles; male fl. :—sep. 4-5, two or more dorsally gibbous or spurred 3. stam. 4-5, fil. inflexed in bud; pistillode minute; fem. fl.:— 110 Urticacee. [Elatostema. sep. 3-5, very minute, persistent; staminodes minute or 0; ov. erect, stigma penicillate, ovule erect; achene minute, endosperm 0, cotyledons ovate.—Sp. about 50; 32 in #7. B. Ind. Small |. opp. the larger few or o. Cystoliths very minute or o. Tips of branches strigose Tips of branches glabrous Cystoliths large, conspicuous . E, LINEOLATUM. Small |. opp. all the larger . E. SURCULOSUM. 1. B. Walkeree, Hz. fin Fl. B. Ind. v. 566 (1888). E. sessile, Thw. Enum. 427 (non Forst). C. P. 3767. Fl. B. Ind. v. 566. Stem 4-10 in., rather stout, flexuous, base woody, tips strigosely pubescent ; 1. 3-4 in., sessile or very shortly petioled, broadly obliquely oblong or cuneate—obovate, acutely caudate, coarsely crenate above the middle, base obliquely cordate, membranous, cystoliths minute, upper surface setose, with tuberous - based bristles, under with softer hairs, veins slender, 4-6 pairs; bracts of fem. recept. confluent in a fleshy recept. }-? in. diam., closely appressed to the stem, margin membranous, crenate, ciliate; achene very shortly pedicelled, turgidly ellipsoid, ribbed. s eae montane zone; very rare (?). Rhamboda, at 4000 ft. (Thwaites). pate The same locality in Ceylon is given for Z. sessz/e, Forst, in Fl. B. Ind. v. 563, by an oversight. . E. WALKER. E. ACUMINATUM. PWN 2. E. acuminatum, Lrongn. in Duperr. Voy. Bot. ii. 211 (1829). Trim. Syst. Cat. 85. Wedd. in DC. Prod. xvi. 181. C. P. 3970. Fl. B. Ind. v. 566. Wedd. Mon. Urt. t. 9 D, f. 1-4. Stem much branched, woody below, glabrous; branches divaricate ; 1. subsessile, 2-5 in. long, obliquely oblong-lanceo- late or oblanceolate, caudate, coarsely crenate-toothed in upper third to two-thirds, membranous, base acute or sub- acute, cystoliths very minute, almost invisible; stip. subulate ; fl. moncecious or dicecious; recepts. small or minute, bracteoles ovate; sep. 5, ovate, glabrous; bracteoles of fem. recepts. linear-spathulate, ciliate, sep. linear, as long as the ovoid achene. Lower montane zone; very rare. Dolosbagie. Fl. May; green. S. India, Khasia, Burma, Malaya. 3. EB. lineolatum, Wight, /c. vi. 11 (1853). ps ayece Monogr. Urt. 312. Thw. Enum. 259. Wedd. in DC. I. c, 181. oi Ee OSy Fl. B. Ind. v. 565. Wight, Ic. t. 1984. Elatostema. | Urticacee. I1I Herbaceous or suffruticose, glabrous, pubescent or tomen- tose; stem simple or branched, branches often widely spreading; 1. subsessile, 1-6 in., obliquely or falcately oval, oblong-lanceolate, or linear-oblong, acuminate, or broadly caudate, entire or coarsely crenate, toothed or serrate above the middle, base acute or cuneate, lateral veins very few; cystoliths crowded and conspicuous: stip. linear-lanceolate; fl. dicecious, recepts. of both sexes sessile, capitate, males pisiform, fem. smaller; bracts rounded, pubescent; bracteoles of male recept. oblong with pubescent costa and tips, of fem. spathulate, ciliate; male sep. rounded, obtuse, pubescent; fem. sep. minute, denticulate; achene ellipsoid, acute. Var. 8, lineare, Wedd. Monogr. Urt. 313. C. P. 3426. Very slender, |. 2-4 in., linear, obtuse, quite entire or with 1-2 large teeth, veins very obscure. Var. y, bidentatum, /7/k. f. /.c. C. P. 456. Slender, much branched, |. ?-14 in., lower half cuneéately obovate, upper as long, ligulate, obtuse, with two large teeth or 3-4 rounded ones about the middle, branches often bearing much smaller accessory 1. Var. 6, faleigerum, Wedd. /.c. C. P. 3427. Very slender and much branched, |. 2-5 in. narrow, falcately linear-lanceolate, entire, or with 1-2 large marginal £eeth: Var. «, petiolare, 7hw. ex Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. 243. C. P. 3920. L. 5 in., linear-lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole $—? in. long, with 3-5 large teeth on each margin, and a caudate tip I in. long, cystoliths copious beneath, visible above only on the margin and along the midrib. Damp forests up to 5000 ft.; common, especially in lower montane zone. Fl. March—May; green. Himalaya Mt. and South to Travancore. Exceedingly variable in habit and foliage; none of our forms are precisely like Wight’s figure, but C. P. 2183, called var. szajor by Weddell, is nearest. Thwaites considered var. d¢dentata as the type of the species. Var. e ought probably to be reckoned a separate species, but I have too little material, and the only locality is ‘Central Province.’ 4. BE. surculosum, /7e/7, lc. vi. 35 (1853). Wedd. Monogr. Urt. 329. Thw. Enum.260. £. dversifolium, Wedd. 0. DCG. 160), 9C. Pa2reny BID Bs Ind. -vi05 720 Wipht lc. te. 260i, herd: Stems 3-12 in., tufted, erect from a rooting, stoloniferous base, or prostrate, stout and fleshy or slender, glabrous or I12 Urticacee. [Procris. pubescent ; 1. 14-3 in., uniformly increasing in size upwards, orbicular to oblong, obtuse to caudate-acuminate, entire crenate serrate or pinnatifid, each with a small subopposite usually deflexed leaflet, membranous coriaceous or almost fleshy, sometimes imbricating upwards and the small ones downwards, veins few, faint, base obtuse acute or subauricled on one side, cystoliths numerous ; stip. minute, ovate; male recepts. 4-3 in. diam., ped. longer or shorter than the l., rarely 0; bracts free, broad, membranous, outer often dorsally spurred ; bracteoles linear, tips hairy; male fl. few, sep. 4, ovate; fem. recept. smaller, bracteoles linear-spathulate, ciliate, sep. 3, minute, ovate ; achene narrow, ribbed. Var. B, rigidiusculum, 7/w. ex Hk. f. in Fl. B. Ind. C. P. 2182. Glabrous, stem 4-8 in., l. $ in., many, uniform, cuneately oblong or lanceolate, obtusely crenate or serrate towards the tip, base acute, recepts. minute, 2—3-fid., male sessile, bracts few, acute. Wet rocks and banks in shady places in montane zone to 6000 ft.; common. Var. 8, Adam’s Peak. Fl. Sept. Oct.; yellow-green. Himalaya, Khasia, and Nilgiri Mts. 22. PROCRIS, /uss. Succulent herbs or undershrubs, often epiphytic; 1. disti- chous, alt., usually of two forms, the larger on one side of the stem, oblique, penniveined, with a much smaller bract-like on the opp. side, cystoliths minute; stip. axillary ; fl. mono- or dicecious, males solitary, in ebracteate clusters, fem. sessile, densely crowded in ebracteate minute peduncled heads; male fl.:—sep. 5, obovate; stam. 5, fil. inflexed in bud; pistillode globose; fem. fl. very minute, perianth short, cupular; ov. ovoid, stigma penicillate, ovule erect ; achene ovoid or oval, striolate, endosperm scanty or 0, cotyledons oval.—Sp. 8 or 9; 2in Fl. B, L[nd. P. levigata, B/. Bijd. 508 (1825). Thw. Enum. 260. Wedd. in DC. Prod. xvi. 192. C. P. 2180, Fl. B. Ind. v. 575. Hook, Ic. Pl, t,'1295, A glabrous succulent suffruticose epiphyte, 2-5 ft. high ; stem as thick as the thumb below; larger 1. 6-10 in., obliquely oblanceolate, acuminate or subcordate, entire or crenate- serrate above the middle, base narrowed into a_ short petiole, veins 5-8 pairs, very oblique, small 1. if present 1 in., ovate, reflexed ; stip. small, triangular; infl. on the Boehmeria.| Urtecacee. Li3 naked branches; male in fascicles about } in. diam., pedicel zy in.; fem. in. minute fascicled peduncled heads ,-} in. diam., ped. j,-, in.; achene minute, ovoid, slightly com- pressed, base seated on the very short cupular perianth. Damp places on rocks and tree-trunks, epiphytic in forests of the montane zone 3-6000 ft.; rather common. FI. (?); green. Mountains of India, Java, Borneo, Trop. Africa. The figure of the plant above quoted, being made from a dried specimen, does not give the succulent habit. 23. BOEHMERIA, /acg. Pubescent shrubs or small trees; |. opp. or alt., petioled, base 3-veined, crenate or serrate; stip. deciduous; fl. monce- cious or dicecious, in unisexual axillary spiked racemed or panicled clusters ; male fl.:—sep. 3-5, free or connate, valvate ; stam. 3, fil. inflexed in bud; pistillode subglobose; fem. fl. :— perianth tubular, compressed, 3-4-toothed, persistent; ov. included in the perianth, sessile or stipitate, stigma filiform, persistent, ovule erect; achene crustaceous, enclosed in the marcescent perianth, endosperm copious or scanty, cotyledons broad.—Sp. about 45; 1o in FY. B. Lund. Fl. in axillary clusters. : : : : . I. B. MALABARICA. Fl. in axillary spikes’. : . : 4 » | 2) Bs PLATYPHY LUA. B. malabarica, Wedd. Mon. Urt. 355 (1857). Maha-diya- dul, 5S. Urtica aguatica, Moon, Cat.62. Thw. Enum. 260. Wedd. in DC. Prod, xvi. 1.203. ©. Pa2i68. F]. B. Ind. v. 575. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. anal. 27, f. 2 (B. ramzfiora). An erect shrub of 2-4 ft., or small tree, up to 20 ft. high ; stems or branches terete, smooth, pubescent or puberulous; 1. subequal or alternately large and small, the large 4-8 in., ovate oblong or oval, acuminate or caudate, with the tip serrate, crenulate or serrulate except towards the rounded or cordate base, membranous, glabrous and sometimes tessellately rugose above, pubescent or tomentose beneath, lateral veins 2-3 pairs, basal long, strong; petiole }-3 inch.; fl. moncecious, minute, in small axillary sessile clusters; achene ovoid, closely invested by the broadly oval truncate puberulous perianth. Moist region to 4000 ft.; rather rare (?). Kandy; East Matale. FI. May. S. India, E. Bengal, Burma, Java. The bark yields an exeellent fibre, used for making fishing lines. PART IV. I 114 Urticacee. [ Chamabainia. 2. B. platyphylla, Don, Fl. Nep. Prod. 60 (1825). Wedd. Mon. Urt. 364. Thw. Enum..260. Wedd. in DC. 1. c. 210, C. P. 2196, 2952. Fl. B. Ind. v. 578. Wight, Ic. t, 1977 (Splitgerbera macrostachya). A shrub with soft glabrous or strigose branches; |. 3-9 by 24-6 in., mostly opp., broadly ovate oval or orbicular, acuminate or caudate, with the tip serrate, coarsely toothed, nearly glabrous or pubescent on both surfaces, or smooth or tessellately reticulate on the upper, base rounded or cordate, veins 3-5 pairs, the basal long; petiole 1-5 in.; stip. tri- angular-lanceolate ; fl. in minute subremote pisiform clusters on long (up to 18 in.), on short slender flexuous androgynous or unisexual spikes; male or androg. spikes simple or branched, fem. simple; male sep. 4, ovate, acuminate, pubescent ; fem. perianth usually with a very small unequally 4-toothed mouth; achene crustaceous, shining, enclosed in a turgid gibbous compressed stipitate pubescent perianth. Moist region 2-6000 ft.; common. FI. April, October. Hills of India, Burma, Malay Is., China, Japan, Africa. ‘A very variable plant, and many mere varieties have been dis- tinguished by name. Of these, var. scadrve//a (Wight, Ic. t. 691), ~ugoszs- sima, rotundifolia, and longissima are recorded for Ceylon, but their differences do not appear to me to be worth varietal distinction.’— 77zmen. [Weddell distinguishes 20 varieties, of which 5 are found in Ceylon, namely: #acrostachya, with |. serrate almost throughout, and very long pendulous fem. spikes ; zey/anzca (C. P. 2197), with narrower 1. and short simple erecto-patent spikes; scaével/a, with small broad cuspidate acutely toothed 1., and short subsimple erect spikes; 7vzzgoszsszma, with large broad rugose |., and short subfascicled spikes; vo¢wndifolia, with broad cuspidately caudate coarsely toothed membranous |., and short spikes. I have also, in FI. B. Ind., distinguished a var. /omg¢sszma, with 1. ovate or ovate-oblong, glabrous, long-petioled, coarsely toothed, and very long and slender spikes. The specimen is from Col. Walker, and the same form occurs in the Pulney and Nilgiri Mts.—J. D. H.] 24, CHAMABAINIA, JVi¢/. A slender, diffuse herb; 1. opp., petioled, membranous, base 3-veined, toothed; stip. in pairs, orbicular, scarious, enclosing the young infl.; fl. in axillary bracteate clusters, male peduncled ; perianth 4-lobed, lobes valvate; stam. 4, fil. incurved in bud; pistillode clavellate; fem. fl. subsessile, perianth tubular, compressed, mouth 5-toothed; ov. ovoid, stigma sessile, fimbriate; achene ovate, compressed, acute, smooth.—Monotypic. Cc. cuspidata, Wight, Jc. vi. 11 (1853). Thw. Enum. 260. C. sgwamigera, Wedd. in DC.1.c. 218. C. P. 2882. Fl. B. Ind. v. 580. Wight, Ic. t. 1981. Pouzolzia. | Urticacee. I15 Stems rooting and ascending, more or less pubescent ; 1. $—2 in., ovate, acute, sparsely hairy, base rounded or cuneate, veins 2-3 pairs above the basal ; petiole 4-4 in., slender ; stip. 4 at each node, brown when dry; male fl. in upper axils, sep. mucronate, hairy ; fem. in dense clusters; bracteoles small, lanceolate ; perianth hirsute. Upper montane zone above 6000 ft.; rare. Nuwara Eliya (Ferguson) ; summit of Pedurutalagala. Fl. December; greenish. Himalaya, Khasia, and Nilgiri Mts. This plant is found at actually the highest possible elevation in Ceylon, growing abundantly among the stones of the Trigonometrical Mound on the top of Pedurutalagala. 25. POUZOLZIA, Gaudich. Erect or prostrate herbs, or undershrubs; 1. alt., quite entire, 3-veined at the base, dotted with cistoliths ; stip. free ; fl. moncecious, in axillary bracteate often androgynous clusters or terminal spikes, small, green; male fl. :—sep. 3-5, ovate, acuminate, valvate ; stam. 3—5, fil. inflexed in bud; pistillode various ; fem. fl. :—perianth tubular, persistent, including the ov., ovule erect, stigma filiform, articulate on the achene which is ovoid, closely embraced by the coriaceous ribbed or winged perianth, pericarp crustaceous, shining.—Sp. about 50; 13 in Hie B. Jad, Sep. of male fl. dorsally rounded. Stamens 4 . : : 5 : ‘ : 2 le Pan DIGA: Stamens 5 . 2, PAURICULATAS Sep. of male fl. sharply inflexed above the middle. Fl. in a terminal bracteate spike : . 3. P. WALKERIANA. F]. in axillary clusters or cymes. Stam. 5 . : : Z : b : . 4. P. BENNETTIANA. Stam. I-3 : . 5 . ; : 2 15.) PO PARVIEOLIA, 1. P. indica, Gaud. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 503 (1826). Parietaria indica, L., Moon, Cat. 72. Thw. Enum. 260. Wedd. in DC. Prod. xvi. I. 220. P. procumbens, Wight, Ic. vi. 42. C. P. 2188. Fl..B; Ind. v. 581. Wight, Ic.t: 1980; f. 1; t. 2100, f. 40; t. 2099, ff 35 (P. procumbens). A perennial-rooted herb, very variable in size and habit, glabrous, hoary, pubescent or hirsute; stem erect or prostrate, 6-24 in. long, stout or slender; 1. 3-3 in., opp. or alt., ovate to lanceolate, obtuse acute or acuminate, quite entire, base acute or rounded, veins usually only one pair above the basal; petiole 4-1 in.; stip. ovate, acuminate, ciliate; fl. in small axillary androgynous clusters, strigose with simple or hooked hairs; male fl.:—sep. 4, acute; stam. 4; fr. perianth ventricose, ribbed ; achene ovoid, shining. 116 Urticacee. [ Pouzolzia. Var. 8, alienata, Wedd. Mon. Urt. 399. Herm. Mus. 30. FI. Zeyl. n. 371. Parietaria zeylanica, L. Sp. Pl. 1052 (non Mant.) OUfrtica alienata, L. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 622. Pouzolzia zeylanica, Benn., Pl. Jav. Rar. 67. Wight, Ic. t. 693 (bad), and t. 2101, f. 45. C. P. 2189. L. mostly opp., ovate, base rounded, lateral ribs of fr. perianth dilated into coriaceous wings or auricles. Moist region up to 4ooo ft.; common. FI. all the year; reddish. India, Burma, Malaya, China. 2. P. auriculata, Wiehi, Jc. vi. 10 (1853). Thw. Enum. 260. Wedd. in DC. 1. c. 225. C. P. 2101. Fl. B. Ind. v. 582. Wight, Ic. t. 1980, f. 2. Stem 1-2 ft., stout or slender, erect, hoary, pubescent or tomentose ; |. I-5 in., alt., oval ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, quite entire, base usually acute 3-veined or 3-pli- veined, hispidulous above, more tomentose beneath, veins one or more pairs above the basal; petiole I-3 in.; stip. ovate, acuminate ; fl. in small axillary clusters; stam. 5; fr. perianth variously ribbed, one or more of the ribs sometimes dilated into wings or auricles, top short or produced into a longer or shorter bifid beak. Var. 3, bicuspidata. ?. dicuspidata, Wight, Ic. vi. 42, t. 2098, f. 33. C. P. 4001. L. narrowly ovate-lanceolate, fr. perianth ovoid, not winged, beak bifid, the lobes spreading. Low country, principally in dry region; common. FI. April, November. Also in Peninsular India. 3. BP. Walkeriana, Wight, Jc. vi. 41 (1853). Memorialis aquatica, Wedd. Mon. Urt. 418. Hyrtanandra Walkeriana, Thw. Enum. 261. P. glabra, Wight, Ic. vi. 41. C. P. 2192, 3372. Fl. B. Ind. v. 583 (P. pextandra, var.). Wight, Ic. t. 2095, ff. 15, 16. A tall erect glabrous perennial-rooted herb, 2-3 ft. high, terminating in the long spike of bracteate clusters of fl.; l. opp., 3-7 in., lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, quite entire, smooth or scaberulous above, base acute or rounded, margins ciliolate or not, veins o but the basal pair, which run to the tip of the 1.; petiole $-} in.; stip. small, broadly ovate; fl. clustered in the bracts of an erect or nodding terminal spike up to 18 in. long; bracts gradually smaller upwards, ovate, acuminate or cuspidate, sessile or petioled, much exceeding the fl. clusters; fr. perianth with two broad lateral membranous wings, forming an almost orbicular fr., bilobed at base and apex. Low country in rocky places of the moist and intermediate region up to 2000 ft.; rather common, FI. Jan., Feb. Endemic. Pouzolzia.] Urticacee. ip ty In a note on this plant, Dr. Trimen writes: ‘ This seems fairly distinct from P. fentandra, Benn., of India and Java, with which it is combined in Fl. B. Ind., but it may be an insular form only.’ In this work I defer to his opinion, though on a re-examination of the specimens in the Peradeniya Herbarium I find no ground for altering my own, namely, that it is only a well-marked variety, distinguished by the larger longer- petioled |. acute at the base. 4. PB. Bennettiana,* Wighi, Jc. vi. 10 and 4o (1853). Memorialis hispida, Wedd. Mon. Urt. 426. Ayrtanandra hirta, Thw. Enum. 261 (non Miq.). Memorialis hirta, Wedd. in DC. 1. c. 235°. CrP AZo: Fl. B. Ind. v. 583. Wight, Ic. t. 1978. Stems 2-3 ft., erect or prostrate, herbaceous or shrubby, glabrous or pubescent; |. 5-6 in., opp. or ternately whorled, shortly petioled, not passing into the bracts, oval or oblong to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or caudate, quite entire, base cuneate, more or less pubescent on both surfaces, veins 0 but the basal pair, which run to the tip of the 1.; stip. persistent ; fl. in dense axillary cymose clusters; male sep. with a trans- versed dorsal ridge at the flexure, tip acuminate; stam. 5 ; fr. perianth costate or with 2-4 membranous reticulate wings. Var. 8, Gardneri, Wedd. Mon. Urt. 427. P. Gardneriana, Wight, Ic, Wi..39;t. 2092, £5. CG. P.. 2195: L. 3-2} in., oblong, acuminate, base rounded truncate or subcordate, rarely acuminate. 7 Montane zone 4-7000 ft.; rather rare. Ramboda; Hunasgiriya Peak. Var 8, Maturata; Haputale; Ramboda. FI. April, Aug.—Oct. Also in the hills of S. India. 5. P. parvifolia, Wight, Jc. vi. 39 (1853). Hyrtanandra triandra, Mig., Thw. Enum. 261. Memorialis parvifolia, Wedd. im. DE. | c,235". ‘Gy Pi 2187: BL Bs indsv.587. Wight; le, 122002; 1: Stems 6-12 in., spreading diffusely from the root, very slender, prostrate, pubescent or hirsute; 1. opp., }-4 in., sub- sessile, oval or ovate, acute or acuminate, quite entire, 3-veined from the rounded or cordate base, strigosely hairy on both surfaces, veins 0 but the basal pair which run to the tip of the . 1; petiole 3, in.; stip. broadly ovate, persistent; fl. minute, solitary, or few, clustered in the axils; male sep. usually 3, pubescent at the flexure; stam. 3; fr. perianth minute, ovoid, acuminate, 4—-5-ribbed, not winged. * Commemorates J. J. Bennett, F.R.S, Secretary of the Linnean Society, 1840-1860, and Keeper of the Botanical Department, British Museum, 1858-1870, who wrote a monograph of this genus in Plant Javan. Rar. Died 1876. 118 Urticacee. [ Debregeasia. Patanas in upper montane zone above 6000 ft. Nuwara Eliya; Kandapolla. Fl. Feb. Also in Java. 26. VILLEBRUNEA, Gaudich. Trees or bushes; 1. alt., petioled, penniveined, basal pair very short ; stip. 2-fid.; fl. minute, dicecious, in axillary and rameal clusters of cymules ; male fl. :—sep. 4, valvate ; stam. 4, fil. incurved in bud; pistillode clavate; fem. fl:—base sur- rounded with fleshy bracts, perianth tubular, ventricose, adnate to the ov., mouth minute, 4-5-toothed; ov. firmly attached to the walls of perianth, stigma sessile, plumose; fr. perianth ventricose, furrowed, seated in a fleshy cup of confluent bracts, endocarp crustaceous.—Sp. about 8; 2 in Fl. B. Ind. Vv. integrifolia, Gaud. in Bot. Voy. Bonite, t. 91 (1844), var. sylvatica, Hk. f. in Fl. B. Ind. v. 590. Oreocnide sylvatica, Miq., Thw. Enum. 261. V. sylvatica, Bl., Wedd. Ine Crlve: 2358) IC {Prongo: Fl. B. Ind. v. 590. Bl. Mus. Bot.ii.t.15. Bedd. Fl. Sylv.t. anal. 26, f. 4. An evergreen tree, 18-25 ft.; branchlets pubescent; 1. 4-6 in. oval, oblong or obovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, subfalcate, entire or crenulate above the middle, base obtuse or acute, membranous, penniveined, glabrous above, pubescent on the veins beneath, veins 5-8 pairs, very obliquely ascending; petiole 4-1 in.; stip. lanceo- late; fl. minute, sessile in crowded forked axillary cymules 4-4 in. long, hispidulous. Moist region 2—5000 ft.; rather common. Hantane; Alagalla; Nitre Cave Dist.; Haputale. Fl. Jan. and September. S. India, E. Bengal, Andaman and Nicobar Is., Burma, Malay Is. 27. DEBREGEASIA, Cawdich. Trees or shrubs; 1. alt., serrate, ashy-white beneath, base 3-veined; stip. bifid; fl. moncecious or dicecious, fascicled in axillary pedicelled bracteolate cymes or heads, branches of cymes divaricate; male fl.:—sep. 3-5, valvate; stam. 3-5, fil. inflexed in bud; pistillode oblong, base woolly; fem. fl, densely crowded in at length fleshy heads; perianth tubular, ventricose, mouth minute, 4-toothed ; ov. adnate to the base of and included within the perianth, stigma sessile, peni- cillate; fr. a pissiform head of more or less fleshy obovoid perianths and contained achenes. Debregeasia.| Urticacee.. I19 L. linear- or oblong-lanceolate . ; ; : 22) Ds VELUTINA. L. orbicular, cuspidate 2 5 : , ; . 2. D. ZEYLANICA. e 1. D. velutina, Gaud. in Bot. Voy. Bonite, t. 90 (1844-6). Gas- ul, S. Urtica verrucosa, Moon, Cat. 62. MWorocarpus longtfolius, Bl., Thw. Enum. 261. D. longifolia, Wedd. in DC. 1. c. 235%. C. P. 2194. Fl. B. Ind. v. 590. Wight, Ic. t. 1959 (Conocephalus niveus). A tall shrub or small tree; branches and petioles pubes- cent or tomentose; |. 4-7 in., oblong or linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, serrulate,’rugulose, base cuneate or rounded, upper surface rugose smooth or scabrid, under white- or ashy- pubescent, finely reticulate, pitted between the venules, veins 3 from the apex of the petiole, very long, and 2-3 pairs from the midrib above; petiole 4-1 in.; heads of fr. } in. diam., in shortly ped. dichotomous cymes, with divaricate branches ; fr. perianth stipitate, obovoid or pyriform. Low country in moist region up to 3000 ft.; common. Fl. March, April. Fr. bright orange-yellow. S. India, E. Bengal, Burma, Java. The bark gives a strong fibre, much like that of Rhea (Boehmeria mtvea); and this is often called ‘Wild Rhea’ here. 2. D. zeylanica, /k. f in Fl. B. Ind. v. 592 (1888). D. Wallichiana, Wedd. Mon. Urt. 464 (part). JZorocarpus Walli- chianus, Thw. Enum. 262. C. P. 2201. Fl. B. Ind. v. .592. A small tree, 15-20 ft., with stout pubescent branchlets as thick as the little finger; |. orbicular, 3-4 in. diam., cuspidate, quite entire, base rounded or cordate, glabrous above, softly white tomentose beneath, veins 3—4 pairs above the long basal pair which are strongly penniveined towards the margin of the |.; petiole 2-4 in., subfurfuraceously pubescent ; heads of fr. 4 in. diam., on stoutly peduncled dichotomously branched cymes. Moist region in the low country to 2000 ft.; rather rare. Kukulkorale; Ambagamuwa; Hantane. FI. March, April. Endemic. A handsome plant; the inflorescence orange, and the under surface of the large leaves snow-white. Dr. Trimen follows me in keeping this distinct from the Khasia and Burma D. Wallichiana, but observes that ‘the characters separating the two are but trifling.’ These characters are: the orbicular leaves, shorter stouter petioles and peduncles, and much larger fruiting heads of the Ceylon plant. Parietaria reclinata, Moon, Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 72, is not taken up in any more recent work. The widely distributed (in the old and new worlds) P. debilis, Forst., which occurs in the Nilgiri Mts. and elsewhere in India has not been collected in Ceylon. 120 Cerat ophyllac ee. [Ceratophyllum. Casuarina equisetifolia, Forst., Kasa,S. Chavukku,T. This is a native of Burma, Malaya, Australia, and Pacific Is., but does not occur wild in India or Ceylon. It, however, is a very commonly planted tree in all parts of Ceylon, and affords a very hard, fibrous, strong, brownish-red timber. There are no representatives of the Orders Cupulifere or Salicinee in Ceylon. No fewer than 72 species of Oaks (Quercus and Castanopsis) are included in the FI. B. Ind., of which not one occurs in the Deccan Peninsula, though many do in the Malayan. CXXII.—CERATOPHYLLACEZ®. SUBMERGED fresh-water herbs; stem very slender, much branched, fragile; 1. whorled, dichotomously cleft into filiform denticulate segments; fl. moncecious, axillary, minute, soli- tary; male fl.:—sep. 6-12, narrow, subvalvate in bud, 2-fid; stam. 10-20, fil. very short, anth. oblong, 2-celled, valves opening outward, connective produced into 2 cusps; fem. fl.: —sep. of male; ov. sessile, ovoid, 1I-celled, style subulate, sometimes with a short basal arm, ovule solitary, pendulous, orthotropous; fr. a small coriaceous oval or ovoid compressed achene, tipped by a long or short style, and with 1 or 2 recurved spines on each side above the base; seed without endosperm, cotyledons thick, radicle very short, inferior, plumule many-leaved. An Order of doubtful affinity; peculiar in Natal, with the many-leaved plumule of Wedz7b¢u7. The numerous described species may prove to he all forms of one or two widely distributed water-plants. CERATOPHYLLUM, /. For characters, see Order:—Sp. 2; 1 in FZ. B. Jud. Cc. verticillatum, Roxb. F7. Jind. iil. 624 (1832). Thw. Enum. 290. C. P. 2311. Fl. B. Ind. v. 639. Wight, Ic. t. 1948, f. 3, 1. c. (taberculatum). Whole plant 8in.—3 ft. long, forming an excessively branched tangle of slender branches and leaves that collapse in a tassel when taken out of the water; |. about 1 in. long, segments spreading in water, variable in thickness and amount of toothing ; fl. about } in. long, male with 2-fid. sep. shorter than the bicuspidate anthers; fr. oval, not winged, compressed, free, muriculate, tipped with the long spiniform style, and with a deflexed rigid spine as long as the style from each margin towards the base. Cycas.] Cycadee. Ton Submerged in water in tanks, lakes, and ponds in the low country; common, especially in the dry region. Throughout the Eastern Tropics. ‘Sir J. Hooker is probably correct in referring this to the cosmopolitan species C. demersum, L. Our Ceylon form is that figured in Wight, Ic. 1948, f. 3, as C. tuberculatum, Cham.—T7yrimen. We have no species of Guetacee nor any Conifere in Ceylon. Of the latter Order a single species, Podocarpus latifolia, Wall., occurs in the hills of S. India, but the Peninsula is otherwise devoid of Conifers. CXXITI.—CYCADEZ., Low trees with a (usually unbranched) cylindric trunk, clothed with the compacted woody bases of petioles ; |. in a terminal crown, of two kinds, simple short sessile subulate woolly prophylla, and long petioled pinnate true leaves with alternate pinnules, involute in vernation ; infl. dicecious; male a peduncled, erect, woolly cone, consisting of a short axis, clothed with closely imbricate cuneiform scales, each scale bearing on its under surface groups of 3-5 globose anthers; fem. infl. a whorl of long spreading woolly open carpels (carpophylls), bearing on marginal notches one or a few naked orthotropous ovules; seeds large, globose or oblong, testa thinly fleshy, crustaceous within; endosperm copious, fleshy and farinaceous ; embryo small, axile. I may remind the reader, that in accordance with Dr. Trimen’s pro- cedure in this work, the above ordinal description is restricted to the characters of the Ceylon genus. For the understanding of the pecu- liarities of the Cycade@, which belong to a different class of plants from Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons, the ordinary botanical text-books must be consulted. CYCAS, J. For characters, see Order.—Sp. 12; 5 in FZ. 4. nd. Scales of male cone tapering into a long spine . » 1. Ce CIRCINALISs Scales of male cone shortly acuminate : : . 2, C. RUMPHII. 1. ©. circinalis, Z. Sp. P/. 1188 (1753). Madu, 5S. Fl. Zeyl. n. 393. Moon, Cat. 70. Thw. Enum. 294. C. P. 3689. Fl. B. Ind. v. 656. Rheede, Hort. Mal. iii. tt. 13-21. Bot. Mag. tt. 2826, 7. Stem attaining 15 ft. simple or forked, glabrous, brown ; prophylla 2-3 in. long; 1. 5-9 ft.; petiole 18-24 in., with short deflexed spines near the base ; Iflts. 10-12 in., by about } in. wide, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, subfalcate, midrib stout beneath, bright green, glabrous; male cone 1-2 ft., shortly 122 Flydrocharidee. peduncled, cylindric-ovoid; scales 14-2 in. long, deltoidly obovate, tip contracted into an upcurved spine an inch long, red brown; carpophylls about 1 ft. long, and 1-1} wide, nar- rowed into a long stalk, clothed with buff tomentum, crenate or spinous-serrate, bearing 3-5 pairs of ovules above the middle; seeds as large as a pigeon’s egg, pale reddish-yellow: foe of moist region up to 1500 ft.; common. FI. (?). Fr. orange- red. Also in S. India, Sumatra, Java, Madagascar, E. Trop. Africa. The stems are frequently bifurcated or branched. A clear gum exudes from the stems, and flour is obtained from the seeds. Linnzeus gives this as a cultivated plant only in Ceylon. 2*, ©. Rumphii, J/7g. 77 Bull. Sc. Phys. et Nat. Néerl. i. 45 (1839). Maha-madu, 5. A DC. in, DC Prod. xvioI 1527. Sear ss0e: Fl. B. Ind. v. 657 (not given for Ceylon). Rumph. Herb. Amb. i. tt. 22,23: Habit of C. czrcinalis, but taller, reaching 20 ft. and more; l. shorter, with fewer leaflets; scales of male cone thickened and obliquely truncate at the tip, with a short upcurved some- times caducous point ; carpophylls a foot long, narrower than in C. circinalis, with an entire often elongate subulate tip; seeds oval or subglobose, 2-2 in. long by 14-1? in. diam. Moist region below Iooo ft.; very rare and doubtfully native. Near Galle, 1853 (Ferguson); near Hewesse, Pasdun Korale (Thwaites). Fl. (?). Burma, Andaman and Nicobar Is., Malaya, New Guinea, N. Australia. This is probably not indigenous; it is much grown in Colombo gardens, but I have never seen a male plant there,* nor have I been cable to obtain one from Peradeniya, where there are many female plants. CXXIV.—HYDROCHARIDE. FRESH or salt-water herbs, with undivided submerged or floating leaves; fl. bisexual, moncecious or dicecious, enclosed in one or more spathes; sep. 3, green or petaloid, valvate or induplicate in bud; pet. 3 or.o; stam. 3-15, anth. erect; ov. inferior, I-celled, or partially 3-celled by projecting parietal placentas; styles or style-arms 3-12, ovules numer- ous, parietal, pendulous, anatropous or orthotropous; fr. membranous or fleshy, often beaked; seeds few or many, endosperm 0, embryo various. * Ferguson sent male fl. to Thwaites in 1865. Lagarosiphon.| Hlydrocharidec. 123 Fresh-water plants. Stem branching, leafy. L. whorled : ‘ : : : : 4 EIDRILLA. L. scattered : : : 4 ; E . 2. LAGAROSIPHON. Stem very short or o. Style short, stigmas 3 4 ‘ : Rich alte. ce Styles 6, 2-fid . : : : é s 7 ALOTTELTA. Salt-water plants. Stamens 3. Styles 6-12 : : 5 : F . 5. ENHALUS. Siylesr3n a. : ; , ; : ; .. 6, HALOPHILA, Stamens6 . : : F : : , 2 7 EA AS STAY 1. HYDRILLA, 2ic/. A submerged fresh-water herb ; |. 3-4-nately whorled ; fl. minute, dicecious, male solitary in a subglobose sessile spathe ; sep. 3, green; pet. 3; stam. 3, anth. reniform; pistillode small; fem. fl. 1 or 2, sessile in a tubular 2-toothed spathe ; sep. 3; pet. 3; ov. with a long filiform beak, styles 2-3, linear, stigmas fimbriate ; fr. subulate, 2-3-seeded ; seeds very minute, oblong, testa produced at both ends.—Menotypic. H. ovalifolia, Azch. 27 Mem. Inst. Fr. ii. 76 (1811). Serpicula verticillata, L.f. Moon, Cat.62. 7. verticillata, Casp.; Thw. Enum. 331. .C. P:,2310: Fl. B. Ind. v. 659 (4. vertictllata). Roxb. Cor. Pl. ii. t. 164 (S. verte- cillata). Stem slender, a foot or more long, with fibrous roots, much branched, flaccid, internodes long or short, nodes often rooting ; branches with a short sheathing |. at the base, upper floating ; 1. 1-4 in., sessile, spreading or recurved, lower some- times opp., linear or linear-oblong acute or apiculate, entire or serrulate, costa stout, veins 0; spathe of male fl. muricate; sep. ovate or obovate, very variable; pet. cuneate, reflexed ; fil. short, anth. large, bursting elastically; fr. squarrosely muricate. Ponds and still water up to 2000 ft.; common. FI. Feb. Trop. Asia and Australia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Cent. Europe. Variable in foliage. The ordinary Ceylon plant is exactly 7. Wightzz, Planch. of India, not distinguishable as a species. A very large form is a great pest in the Lake at Colombo. The littke membranous utricular spathe of the male fl. ultimately splits vertically into two valves, liberating the flower-bud, which separates from the plant and rises to the surface of the water, where it floats, expands, and scatters its pollen. 2, LAGAROSIPHON, Harv. Submerged fresh-water herbs; |. scattered fascicled or subwhorled, linear, serrulate, lower sometimes opposite; fl. 124 flydrochariaee. Blyxa. very minute, dicecious, male many, pedicelled on a short spadix contained in an ovoid bifid or 2-valved sessile axillary spathe; sep. 3, petaloid; pet. 3; stam. 2-3, anth. dehiscing transversely ; pistillode, 0; fem. fl. solitary in a narrow spathe; perianth minute on the filiform top of the ov.; sep. 3, orbicular or cuneate-obovate ; pet. 3, as long; staminodes 0; ov. oblong, narrowed into a filiform beak, styles 3, stout, notched or bifid, ovules many, orthotropous; fr. narrowly lanceolate, terete, membranous, many-seeded; seeds oblong, testa with a mucous coat.—Sp. about 5; 1 in FZ. B. Lud. ZL Roxburghii, Lenth. in Gen. P/. iii. 451 (1883). 2 A ale 6 alternifolia, Thw Enum. 332. iV. Roxburghii, Planch. PY 3r76. FL. Ind. v. 659. Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. t. suppl. 11 (Vallisneria alternifolia, Roxb.). Stem 2--3 ft., filiform, roots fibrous, flaccid, upper branches floating ; 1. 3-4 in. by 4 broad, alt. and opp., sessile, oblong- lanceolate, acute, serrate, veins one on each side of the slender midrib; male spathes in pairs, ovoid, acute, at length 2-valved; fl. very minute, bud globose; sep. broadly oblong, pink ; pet. as long, white; stam. 2, fil. clavellate; fem. spathe } in., bifid; ov. lanceolate, narrowed into a filiform flexuous beak 2-3 in. long. Tanks in the dry region; very rare. Near Batticaloa (Gardner, Nevill). Fl. March, September. Tropical Asia generally. As in fydrilla, the male fl. escape from their spathe, rise to the surface of the water, and there float, expand, and scatter their pollen. [Vallisneria spiralis, L., is given for Ceylon in FI. B. Ind. v. 660. The specimen so named in Herb. Kew is C. P. 237, and Blyxa zeylanica.] 3. BLYXA, Zhouars. Submerged, scapigerous, fresh-water herbs; stem very short; 1. long, narrow, quite entire ; fl. uni- or bi-sexual, male several, pedicelled, enclosed in a 2-toothed peduncled spathe; sep. 3, linear; pet. 3, narrower and longer; stam. 3, anth. linear ; pistillodes 3, filiform; fem. fl. solitary, long-pedicelled, enclosed in a long-peduncled spathe; sep. and pet. of male; staminodes 0; ov. very slender, long-beaked; styles 3, filiform; fr. included in the spathe, long, narrow, terete, membranous, 1-celled, with 3 parietal many-ovuled placentas; seeds many, minute, testa mucilaginous.—Sp. 7; all in 7/7. B. Ind. Ottelia.] FHydrocharidee. 125 B. zeylanica, Wk. f. in Fil. B. Ind. v. 661 (1888). Diya- hawari, 5. Vallisneria octandra (?), Moon, Cat.67. 2B. octandra, Planch. in Thw. moun. 332... C. P: 237: Fl. B. Ind. v. 661 (ceylanica). Stems tufted on a short rootstock, very short; 1. 4-2 ft. by 4 in. broad, flaccid, narrowed from the base to the acumi- nate tip, midrib and 2-3 pairs of veins very slender; ff. bisexual; ped. 1-2 ft., spathe I-3 in.; ov. as long as the spathe, tip exserted, produced into a filiform beak 1-2 in. long sup- porting the perianth; sep. narrowly linear, obtuse, spreading, green ; pet. as long or longer, acuminate with capillary tips ; anth. narrowly linear, as long as the fil.; fr. I-2 in. very narrow, crowned with the filiform top of the ov.; seeds many, testa rugulose or sparingly subspinulose, apiculate at both ends. In still water in the low country below tooo ft.; common. FI. Oct.- Dec.; white. : Endemic (?). ‘Distinguished from the common Indian B&B. Roxburghiz by its (? always) hermaphrodite flowers with 3 stamens, in which it resembles B. oryzetorum of India. The peds. are often in deep water of an immense length. We have, perhaps, 2 species in Ceylon.’ The description of the flowers is chiefly from a drawing of the fresh plant in the Peradeniya collection. The male fl. escape from the spathe and float about, supported on the water upon the tips of the reflexed perianth-segments.—J. D. H. 4. OTTELIA, ers. Submerged fresh-water herbs; stem very short, roots fibrous; |. of two forms, narrow submerged, and broader long-petioled floating; fl. bisexual, solitary, sessile in a peduncled tubular 2-fid spathe; sep. 3; pet. larger, with short fleshy processes at their bases; stam. 6-15, anth. linear; ov. oblong, beaked, I-celled, styles 6-12, linear, 2-fid, ovules many, parietal, and covering 6-12 intruded placentas; fr. enclosed in the ventricose winged spathe, oblong, beaked, beak crowned with the persistent perianth, fleshy, 6-valved ; seeds many, minute, testa soft.—Sp. 6 or 7; 1 in #72. B. /nd. O. alismoides, Pers. Syn. Pl. i. 400 (1805). Fl. Zeyl. n. 223. Stratiotes alismotdes, L. Sp. Pl. 535. Damasontum indicum, Willd., Moon, Cat. 30. C. P. 2316. Fl. B. Ind. v. 662. Roxb. Cor. Pl. ii. t. 185 (D. zzdicum). Bot. Mag. t £201; A succulent flaccid herb; |. from 2-6 by 1-3 in., orbicular, to oblong-cordate, and 7 in. diam., membranous, undulate, 126 Hydrocharidee. [Enhalus. 7—11-veined, usually submerged; petiole 3-gonous, depending for length on the depth of the water, as does the long 1-fld. ped.; spathe 1-14 in., 5-6-winged, wings undulate, mouth 5—6-toothed; sep. small, oblong, green; pet. nearly orbicular, I in. broad, veins reticulate; stam. small, fil. short, anth. linear; ov. as long as the spathe, narrowly oblong, placentas 6-12; fr. 1-14 in. Submerged in still water in the low country below Iooo ft.; common. Fl. Feb.; very large for this Order; petals white, with a golden-yellow base. Throughout Trop. Asia and Australia. 5. BNHALUS, Rich. A submerged, marine, perennial herb; rootstock long, stout, creeping, crinite with the long fibres of decayed leaves; 1. in pairs or threes at the nodes of the rootstock, arising from the axil of a scale, narrowly linear; fl. monoecious or dicecious; male very minute, many enclosed in a short compressed 2-valved spathe; sep. and pet. 3 each, broad; stam. 3, anth. subsessile; pistillode 0; fem. fl. much larger, solitary, sessile on a longer 2-valved spathe, which terminates a spirally coiled ped.; sep. 3, oblong, imbricate; pet. 3, linear, subvalvate ; staminodes 0; ov. ovoid, long-beaked, imperfectly 6-celled, styles 6, bipartitite, arms fimbriate, ovules few; fr. ovoid, beaked, indehiscent, placentas spongy; seeds large, conical, testa cellular, mucilaginous, cotyledons subconic, green, fis- sured, radicle large, white, plumule many-leaved.—Monotypic. E. Koenigii, Rich. 7x Mém. Inst. Fr. ii. 64 (1811). Stratiotes acorotdes, L. f. Suppl. Pl. 268; Moon, Cat.69. £. marinus, Griff., Thw. Enum. 332. C. P. 2296. Fl. B. Ind. v. 663. Griff, Ic. Pl. As. tt. 249, 250. Rootstock as thick as the middle finger, branched, creeping and rooting in sand; roots long, vermiform; |. 2-3 ft., by 4—- in. broad, loriform, tip rounded or truncate, toothed, margins thickened, veins very slender, bases enclosed two or three together in a membranous sheath; male spathe sessile or shortly peduncled, about 1 in. long, ovoid, strigose; fl. minute, globose in bud, long-pedicelled, crowded on a short spadix ; sep. and pet. broadly ovate, obtuse; anth. large, papillose ; fem. spathe on a very long spiral peduncle, narrowly oblong, about 2 in. long, compressed, valves at length spreading and recurved, strigose; fem. fl. much larger than the male, sep. ob- long, pet. longer, linear, upper surface transversely corrugated ; Thalassia. flydrocharidec. 127 ov. flagon-shaped, long-beaked, compressed, 1-celled, with 6 papillose ridges, stigmas 12, linear, papillose, ovules I-seriate on 6 parietal placentas; fr. ovoid, spongy, strigose, bursting irregularly, imperfectly 6-celled; seeds large, angular, testa cellular, radicle large, cotyledons subconic, plumule many- leaved. In salt-water shallows of 2 or 3 ft. in the dry region; rare. About Jaffna, abundant; Kalpitiya on W. Coast. Fl. Sept. S. India, Malaya, Australia. This plant is also very abundant in the shallow parts of the Pamban Channel between the mainland of India and Rameswaram I., just out of our boundaries. Kcenig first collected this, ‘inter insulas Zeylanicas.’ The leaves grow straight upwards to the surface of the water, and are usually somewhat twisted together spirally. The fruit scape is very much longer than the leaves, and the fruit lies floating on the water. 6. THALASSIA, Soland. Submerged, marine, perennial herbs; rootstock creeping, annulate ; |. in pairs or threes at the nodes of the rootstock, arising from the axil of a membranous sheath, linear, coria- ceous ; fl. moncecious, solitary, in a 2-valved spathe; male fl. with the valves of the spathe connate at the base; sep. 3, petaloid ; pet. 0; stam. 6, fil. very short, anth. linear, erect, 2-celled, dehiscence lateral ; pistillode 0; fem. fl. in a caducous spathe, at length pedicelled ; ov. 1-celled, ovules many, on parietal placentas ; fr. stipitate, globose, beaked by the style, smooth rugose or echinate with soft spines, coriaceous, 6- valved, valves persistent, stellately spreading, laciniate ; seeds many, small, imbedded in mucilage, embryo macropodous.— Spe 3.or 4. i in Mab wind. T. Hemprichii, Aschers. in Naturf. Fr. Berl. 83 (1870). Chatelai, 7. Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 86 (excl. syn. from Thw. Enum.). Fl. B. Ind. vi. 570 (name only). Hempr. and Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. Bot. t. xx. (cop. in Eng]. Nat. Pflanzen, fam. 11. f. 188). Rootstock as thick as a duck’s quill, internodes I-3 in.; root fibres densely woolly with matted root-hairs; young shoots clothed with hyaline sheaths ; 1. 8-12 by 4 in., linear, falcate, spreading, tip rounded, margins smooth, 10-12-veined ; male fl.:—pet. 1 in. long, oblong, tip rounded ; anth. stout,. linear, apiculate; fr. softly echinulate. In sea-water shallows of 1-2 ft.; rare. Jaffna, abundant; Dondra Head, S. Prov.; Wéligama Bay (?). Fl. Dec., Feb. Also on coasts of Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Malay and Pacific Islands. The falcate leaves spread stiffly over the sandy bottom, never standing 128 flydrocharidee. [Halophila. upright in the water; they are almost precisely similar to those of Cymodocea serrulata, and 1 am doubtful whether the Weligama plant may not be that species. In Syst. Cat. Ceyl.1.c. I have also inadvertently referred Thwaites’ specimens of the Cymodocea to this. The Jaffna specimens were in good fruit (in February), and thus readily identified. During the S.W. monsoon this is washed ashore in large quantities at Jaffna, and is extensively used as a manure for cocoanuts and also for paddy, as well as to slacken the action of the wood fires in burning the coral-stone for lime.— 77zmen. 7. HALOPHILA, 7houwars. Submerged, perennial, marine herbs; rootstock slender, creeping, branched; |. in pairs at the nodes of the rootstock, or on short branches, with a hyaline amplexicaul sheath at the base, oval oblong or linear; fl. very small, moncecious, axillary, in 2-leaved hyaline spathes; male pedicelled; sep. 3, ovate, imbricate, hyaline; stam. 3, linear, 4-celled, pollen confervoid ; fem. fl. sessile, sep. 3 on the apex of the beak of the ov., most minute; pet. 0; ov. ovoid, membranous, pro- duced into a slender erect beak, slightly dilated at the apex, I-celled, full of viscous fluid, styles 3, capillary, caducous, ovules few or many, on 3 parietal placentas, anatropous ; fr.a beaked utricle; seeds globose, translucent, testa mem- branous, minutely tubercled, embryo macropodous with the spirally coiled embryo in a pit at the top.—Sp. 8 or more; 2 in FL. Bind. L. ovate or oblong, with branching veins. : . I H.OvVATA L. linear, without branching veins : : : . 2. Ho BECCARIN 1. H. ovata, Gaudich in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 430 (1826). Thalassia stipulacea, Thw. Enum. 332 (non Koen.). 7. ovalis, Hk. f., Trim. Syst. Cat. 86.. C. P. 3055. Fl. B. Ind. v. 663. Griff. Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 161 C, f. 2 (Diplanthera). Balfour in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. xiii. (1879), p. 290, t. 8. Rootstock filiform, much branched, branches often forming intricate masses, clothed with capillary root-hairs; |. solitary or in pairs at the nodes of the rootstock, 2-24 in., from broadly oval to linear-oblong, glabrous, tip rounded or subacute, veins intermarginal and the costa united by faint reticulating venules; petiole }-2 in., filiform, base hardly dilated; spathes about zy in. long, male peduncled; fem. sessile or peduncled ; anth. subsessile, shortly oblong, obtuse; ov. ;’; in. long, ovules about 12. Shallow sea water on the coast in the dry region; rather common. Negombo; Chilaw; Kalpitiya; Jaffna; Aripo; Trincomalie; Batticaloa ; Mannar. FI. July-September. Burmanniacee. 129 ’ Shores of Red Sea, Indian Ocean, China, Malay Is., Pacific Is., Australia. The leaves of this pretty little marine plant vary in form and greatly in size; in the type the blade is oval-oblong, about 1 inch long, but it is as often almost rotund, or sometimes linear-strap-shaped, and then not more than 2 inch long. This last very small form, from Jaffna and Trincomalie, may be called var. mznor (= Lemnopsis minor, Zoll.), but there are intermediates. The brackish-water form is thought by Nevill to have narrower leaves than the ordinary marine one (see Taprobanian, ii. 67).— Trimen. H1. stipulacea, Aschers., is marked by Ascherson on his map in Peterm. Geog. Mitth. 1871, t. 13, as if in Ceylon. I have seen no specimens.— Trimen. Amongst the specimens marked #. ovafa in Herb. Peraden. there are some collected by H. Nevill, in six-fathom water off Chilaw, April 1881, of what appears to me to be a very different species, with very pale green, oblong, petioled leaves, covered on both surfaces with a fine pubescence, and with ciliolate margins. The petioles have no dilatation of the base. The fr. enclosed in its spathes is sessile, about 2 in. long, and resembles that of 7. ovata.—J. D. H. 2. H. Beccarii, Aschers. in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. iii. 302 (1871). Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxvii. 166. Fl, B. Ind. vi. 570 (name only). Rootstock about as thick as a sparrow’s quill, rather stiff, nodes giving off short, erect, slender, few-leaved branches 4-1 in. long; 1. 3-% in., by #,-4 in., linear or lanceolate, sub- obtuse, apiculate, quite entire, glabrous, with one vein on each side half way between the margin and costa, but no transverse venules, base narrowed into a filiform petiole, which is dilated at the base into an auricled sheath; fl. moncecious, male spathe terminal, with often a peduncled fem. on one or both sides ; spathes about ,}, in. long. In brackish water in dry region; very rare. Found by Mr. Nevill in a lagoon ten miles south of Batticaloa in 1885. Also in Burma and Borneo. Easily distinguished from the small narrow-leaved varieties of H. ovata by the absence of lateral transverse veinlets. Both species require to be fully described from living specimens. CXXV.—BURMANNIACEE. ANNUAL, erect, saprophytic herbs; |. chiefly radical, narrow, entire, or reduced to scales, or 0; fl. bisexual, in terminal simple spikes or racemes, or secund on the branches of a forked cyme ; bracts fl.-opposed; perianth superior, persistent, 6-lobed or cleft (cal.-lobes and pet.), valvate; anth. 3 or 6, sessile in the perianth-tube; ov. 3-celled, or 1-celled with 3 PART IV, K 130 Burmanniacee. [Burmannia. parietal placentas, style short, stigmas various, ovules many; fr. a loculicidal many-seeded capsule; seeds very minute, testa thin, reticulate, nucleus hard, homogeneous. Stamens 3, ov. 3-celled . : : : : F . I. BURMANNIA. Stamens 6, ov. I-celled . * ; ; ‘ : . 2. THISMIA. 1. BURMANNIA,* /. Annual herbs; stem simple or forked; 1. linear, subulate, or reduced to scales, or 0; fl. solitary or secund on the branches of a forked cyme; cal.-tube compressed, winged, limb superior, persistent, tubular, shortly 3—lobed ; pet. 3, smaller than the cal.-lobes; anth. 3, sessile or subsessile, opposite the pet., cells short, broad, separated by a dorsally crested con- nective, dehiscence transverse; ov. inferior, 3-celled, style short, 3-lobed; capsule 3-winged, dehiscing between the wings ; seeds very minute, testa thin, striate or reticulate.— Sp. about 20; 8 in FZ. B. Jnd. (probably reducible to 6). L. ensiform : ; » : ' . ; » 1. B: DISTICHAS L. subulate or reduced to scales. Perianth-tube much shorter than the ov. ; » 2. B: CGELESTIS; Perianth-tube much longer than the ov. ; . 3. B. CHAMPIONII. 1. B. disticha, Z. Sp. P/. 287 (1753). Ma-diya-jawala, S. Herm. Mus. 7, 52. Burm. Thes. 50. Fl. Zeyl.n. 128. Moon, Cat. 24. B. distachya, Br., Thw. Enum. 325. C. P. 2313. Fl. B. Ind. v. 664. Burm. Thes. t. 20, f. 1. Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 242. Stem with infl. 1-14 ft., stout or slender; roots fibrous ; l. at the base of the stem, 1-4 in. by }-4 in. broad, sessile, ensiform, subfalcate, finely acuminate, midrib obscure, veins parallel with transverse venules, cauline narrower, sheathing; fl. 3-3 in. long, secund, crowded and subsessile on the I-3 in. long branches of a forked cyme, oblong or oval in outline; bracts 4—} in.; cal.-tube above the ov. very short, lobes ovate, concave, dorsally keeled ; pet. shorter, linear-oblong ; capsule with the withered perianth 4-$ in., wings 3, truncate or rounded at the top. Low country in moist region up to 2000 ft. or more, in wet places; rather common. FI. March, September; bright blue. S. India, Nepal, Khasia, China, Australia. A beautiful plant. A drawing in Herb. Peraden. represents the bracts and flowers as vinous purple with yellowish lobes.—J. D. H. * Dedicated to John Burmann, Professor of Botany at Amsterdam and author of ‘ Thesaurus zeylanicus,’ 1737. Died in 1779. Burmannia.| Burmanniacee. 13! 2. B. coelestis, Don, Prod. Fl. Nep. 44 (1825). . e: pusilla, var. B, Thw. Enum. 325. £2. ¢réflora, Roxb. Moon, Cat. 24 ~ £. 2312. Fl. B. Ind. v. 665. Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. t. 91, f. 1. Griff. Ice. P. Asiat. t. 272, f. 1 (B. azurea). Whole plant 4-8 in. high, very slender, leafy at the base or nearly leafless; radical |. few, short, subulate, rarely } in. long; fl. solitary, or, if 2-3, one sessile central, the other peduncled, 4-4 in. long, oval orbicular or obcordate in outline; bracts minute, subulate; cal.-tube very short above the ov., lobes triangular, dorsally keeled; pet. minute; capsule with the withered perianth 3-3} in. long, wings 3, rounded, truncate or retuse at the top. Var. 8, pusilla, Trim. 2. pusil/a, Thw. Enum. 325 (excl. var. £). CoP.132023: Gonyanthus pusilla, Miers in Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. t. 38, f. 3. Stem 2-6 in., 1. very few, radical } in.; fl. } in. long. Swampy places, chiefly in the low country, rarely up to 4000 ft.; rather rare. Kalutara; Kukul Korale; Nilgala, Uva; Maskeliya. Var. £, Trincomalie (Glenie); Hewesse. Fl. December-March, August; pale sky-blue. India, Burma, Andaman Is., China, Malaya, N. Australia, Mauritius. Var. 8 is kept as a separate species in FI. B. Ind., but seems to be merely a dwarf nearly or quite leafless state. 2. candida, Griff., is given for Ceylon in Fl. B. Ind., but I suspect by error, the locality belonging to the previous species, B. pust/la, Thw. The species are scarcely distinct.— 7yimen. 3. B. Championii, 7iw. Enum. 325 (1864). [PLATE LXXXVII.] Pivb. ind. 666... -C. P2736. Whole plant 4-6 in., rather stout, colourless, or cal.-lobes pale brown; base of stem usually tortuous and more or less covered with root fibres; 1. 0, or a few distant scales on the stem ; fl. crowded on the branches of a very short forked cyme, }—} in. long, narrowly ovoid-oblong in outline ; bracts small, lanceolate; cal.-tube twice or thrice as long as the trigonous wingless ov., lobes ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, punctu- late ; pet. much smaller, linear, truncate, punctulate; anth. half way down the tube, connective thick, 3-toothed at the top, cells globose. Moist region below 1000 ft.; rare, growing amongst moss, dead leaves, &c., on rocks in shady streams. Karawita Kande, near Ratnapura; Mandagala Forest, Hewesse; Hiniduma; Palabadulla, Sa aragamuwa. Fl. March—May; white. Endemic. A saprophyte; the whole plant is milk-white and very delicate. There are good drawings and description by Champion in Herb. Kew. The Bornean B. ¢uderosa, Becc. (Malesia I. 245, t. 14, f. 1-4) is very closely allied. 132 Orchidee. [ ZAzsmia. 2, THISMIA, Grif. Dwarf, pale herbs, with simple stems; 1. 0, or reduced to scales; fl. few or solitary, terminal; cal.-tube produced far above the ov., campanulate or turbinate, at length deciduous, mouth contracted, annulate, lobes small, ovate, recurved; pet. 3, recurved; anth. 6, subsessile on the calyx-throat, connective broadly dilated, conniving or deflexed, forming a membranous curtain concealing the oval cells; ov. short, broad, 1-celled, style short, conic, stigmas 3, stout, erect; fr. turbinate.—Sp. Gi; 21nd. T. Gardneriana, //k. fin Thw. Enum. 325 (1864). 7. Brunoniana, Miers in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 376 and 381 (non Griff.). C. P. 4009. Fl. B. Ind. v. 666, Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. t. 15, f. 20, 21 (7. Brunoniana, fl. only). A pale yellowish, or white, fleshy, saprophyte, 2-4 in. high, with simple thick spreading roots from the base of the erect or flexuous stem ; I. 0, or a few scales; fl. in a terminal head, with sometimes a few lateral sessile on the stem lower down, 4-2 in. long, erect; bracts subulate; cal.-tube companu- late on a very small ovary, shortly 3-lobed, lobes broadly ovate, acute, mouth annulate; pet. many times longer than the cal.-lobes, as long as the cal.-tube, consisting of a narrow spreading linear column, bearing dorsally towards the tip a flexuous subulate process. Moist low country, among dead leaves; very rare. At the roots of trees at Narawella, near Galle (Champion); Botala Kanda, Hewesse; between Eratne and Palabadala. Fl. Sept.—Oct.; orange-yellow. Endemic. Champion’s specimens are in Herb. Kew, with good drawings. Those in Herb. Perad. (C. P. 4009) have no locality attached, but were probably from Hewesse. The allied 7. Brunoniana, Griff., from Burma, is figured beautifully by Griffith in Trans. Linn. Soc. xix. t. 39. The description of the petals of 7. Gardueriana is from a drawing in Herb. Peraden. In the figure of the flower by Miers in Trans. Linn. Soc. cited above the processes of the petals are represented as simple, terete, filiform, and tortuous.—J. D. H. CXXVI.—ORCHIDEE. HERBS, rarely shrubs, of two principal forms, either terrestrial, often tuberous-rooted with simple stems and terminal infl., or epiphytes, with simple or branched jointed often pseudobulbous stems; |, alt., quite entire; perianth superior, of 6 pieces, 3 Orchidee. 133 outer (sep.), 3 inner, of which 2 (fefals) are alike, the third (4p) is usually larger, dissimilar, often spurred; stam. and style confluent in a column opp. the lip; anth. one, sessile on the column (or in Afostasia anth. 2, one on each side of the column) ; pollen grains cohering in each cell in 1, 2,4 or 8 waxy or powdery masses (pollinia).; ov. 1-celled (3-celled in Ajo- stasia), usually narrow and twisted, stigma a viscid spot below the anther, or of 2 processes (or terminating the styliform top of the column in Afostasia) ; fr. a loculicidal capsule (rarely in- dehiscent), the valves separating from three persistent ribs ; seeds minute, testa lax, nucleus homogeneous. The third largest Order of flowering plants in number of species in Ceylon, ranking between Graminee and Cyperacee ; and the third largest also in number of genera. In percentage of endemic species it is the fifth of all the larger Orders, nearly half the species being endemic. On the other hand, it is remarkable for the paucity of endemic genera, of which there are only three out of the whole number (61). In the arrangement of the genera, I have adhered as closely as I could to the ‘Genera Plantarum’ and ‘FI. Brit. Ind.’ The principal deviation from these works is the placing of Phreatia in Vandea@, in which I am supported by Dr. King. I have also restored two imperfectly known genera of Thwaites, Octarrhena and Alvista. By far the greater number of species of Orchids have been described for this work from Herbarium specimens solely, or, if aided by published or unpublished figures, these are too often unaccompanied by good analyses. Consequently, not a few of those descriptions will require rectification or amplification from living specimens. An illustrated work on the Orchids of Ceylon, with careful analyses, like Sir G. King’s Orchids of the Sikkim Himalaya, would be a great boon to botanists and amateurs. Of the 160 species described in this work, only 97 have been figured, few of them from Ceylon specimens, most in inaccessible works, and not a few very imperfectly. Stam, I. Pollinia waxy; anth. operculate. Pollinia free or adhering in pairs or fours by a viscus. Pollinia 4. Sep. and pet. widely spreading, lip de- flexed or decurved from the base. Lip superior, column very short. L. equitant, fleshy. : OBERONIA. L. not equitant, membranous MICROSTYLIS. Lip inferior, column long. é 3. LIPARIS. Sep. and pet. more or less connivent, lip erect from the base. Column prolonged into a foot. Lip not articulate on the foot . 4. DENDROBIUM. Lip articulate on the foot. Lateral sep. not much exceeding the dorsal . : : . 5. BULBOPHYLLUM. Non Orchidee. Lateral sep. much exceeding the 134 dorsal . Column not prolonged into a foot. Lip embracing the column Lip not embracing the column. Column long Column very short Pollinia 2 Pollinia 8. Column prolonged into a foot. Sep. connate : Sep. free. Epiphytes. Column without appendages . Column with 2 frontal BPpERS dages ; : Terrestrial Column not prolonged into a foot (or very shortly in Phajus). L. distichous, not plaited. Fl. large ; : Fl. very small L. not distichous, plaited. Lip not spurred Lip spurred. Lip inserted on the base of the column . Lip inserted high up on the column . Pollinia 2 or 4 (8 in Octarrhena) attached singly or in pairs by straps or caudicles to a distinct viscid gland. Anth. terminal on the column, or facing the lip. Stem pseudobulbous or tuberous at the base. Pollinia 2. Terrestrial. Lip inferior Lip superior Epiphytic Pollinia 4. Lip inferior Lip superior . , Stem not pseudobulbous or tuberous. Column prolonged into a foot. Lip truncate, mid lobe minute Lip with an elongate mid lobe. Spur conical. Lip with a forked appendage Lip with no forked appendage Column not prolonged into a foot. Pollinia 2, on a single strap with one gland. 6. CIRRHOPETALUM. 7. COELOGYNE. sakes 12. . ADRORHIZON. . PHOLIDOTA. . CHRYSOGLOSSUM. ACANTHOPHIPPIUM. ERIA. . ALVISIA. 14. TAINIA. 15. ARUNDINA. 16. AGROSTOPHYLLUM. 18. 19. «Bee Spursaccate, laterally compressed 26. af 28. . IPSEA. PHAJUS. CALANTHE. . EULOPHIA. . GEODORUM. . CYMBIDIUM. . JOSEPHIA. . POLYSTACHYA. SARCOCHILUS. RHYNCHOSTYLIS. DORITIS. AERIDES. Orchidee. 135 Lip not spurred or saccate . 29. LUISIA. Lip spurred or saccate. Side lobes of lip large . 30, VANDA. Side lobes of lip small or o. Spurs 2, collateral . 31. DIPLOCENTRUM. Spur or sac single. Mouth of spur or sac open. Spur entire within . 32. SACCOLABIUM. Spur septate within 33. SARCANTHUS. Mouth of spur closed with calli . . 34. CLEISOSTOMA. Pollinia 2, each with a strap and gland : . 35. MYSTACIDIUM. Pollinia 4, one of each pair smaller. Infl. panicled . 36. COTTONIA. Infl. racemed or spicate. Sep. and pet. connate . 37. TAENIOPHYLLUM. Sep. and pet. free . . 38. DIPLOPRORA. Pollinia 8. Column prolonged into a foot . 39. PHREATIA. Column without a foot . 40. OCTARRHENA.. Anther posticous on the column, facing the dorsal sepal. Pollinia 4 in pairs é . 41. PODOCHILUS. Pollen granular, powdery, or lamellate. Anth. operculate (/Veottzee). Anth. dorsal on the column, facing the dorsal sep. Root tuberous, I. not plicate. Lip superior. Lip large flat : . 42. CRYPTOSTYLIS. Lip small cymbiform . 43. HETARIA. Lip inferior. Sep. connate. 44. CHEIROSTYLIS. Sep. free. Sac or spur protruded between the bases of the lateral seps. Claw of lip entire . . PHYSURUS, Claw of lip pectinate . 6. Sac of lip concealed by the lateral seps. Lip entire, cymbiform el) Lip clawed, claw entire . . 48 Lip oblong, disk hairy . - 49 Root fibrous, 1. plicate. Column long 50 Column short 51 Anth. terminal on the column or facing the lip. L. 0, or in Vanzlla flat, not ee Stem scandent . : 2 Stem erect, I. o. Sep. connate : 53 Sep. free. Lip spurred 54 ANCTOCHILUS. . GOODYERA. . ZEUXINE. . SPIRANTHES. . CORYMBIS. . TROPIDIA. . VANILLA. . GASTRODIA. . EPIPOGUM. 136 Orchidea. [ Oberonia. Lip not spurred. Column winged . s . 55. GALEOLA. Column not winged ‘ . 56. APHYLLORCHIS. L. plicate. . 57. POGONIA. Anth. confluent with the column, not oper- culate (Ophrydee). Lip inferior. Lip spurred . : ; : : . 58. HABENARIA. Lip not spurred . ‘ ‘ ‘ . 59. DISPERIS. Lip superior, 2-spurred . : ‘ . 60. SATYRIUM. Stam. 2 (Cypripediee) : : ; : . 61. APOSTASIA. 1. OBERONTIA, Lindi. Tufted epiphytes, never pseudobulbous; stem compressed ; |. distichous, equitant, ensiform oblong or linear, fleshy, veins obscure, bases often confluent with the stem or ped.; fl. very minute, densely crowded in elongate cylindric myuriform spikes, or spiciform racemes, which are usually curved or decurved in fl., more erect afterwards, sometimes in whorled fascicles, resupinate ; ov. short, not twisted ; perianth widely spreading, sep. subequal, broadly ovate (except O. Scyl/a) ; pet. narrower; lip superior, sessile on the base of the very short column, often shorter than the sep.; anther terminal, incumbent; pollinia 4, waxy, cohering in pairs.—Sp. 50 or 60; 45 in #2. B. Ind. The most minute flowered of Asiatic genera of Orchids, requiring a rather high magnifying power to determine the characters of the flowers. Sep. subequal. Pet. oblong or linear-oblong. Bracts not longer than the fl. Fl. not conspicuously whorled. Lip subreniform, shorter than the sep. 1. O. TRUNCATA. Lip 3-lobed, longer than the ah 2. O. RECURVA. Fl. conspicuously whorled . 3. O. THWAITESII. Bracts longer than the fl. . ‘ ‘ . 4. O. LONGIBRACTEATA. Pet. linear. Lip quadrate, entire, or obscurely lobed 5. O. ZEYLANICA. Lip 3-lobed. Side lobes of lip linear, recurved 6. O. TENUIS. Side lobes of lip broad, pene. Lip hardly longer than the sep. 7. O. FORCIPATA. Lip longer than the sep. 8. O. WIGHTIANA. Lateral sep. large, orbicular, dorsal lanceolate . 9. O. SCYLLA. 1. O. truncata, Lindl. Fol. Orchid., Ober. 3 (1859). Trim. Syst. Cat. 87. Thw. Enum. 296. C. P. 3913. Fl. B. Ind. v. 677. Stem very short; 1. 3-4 by 4-4 in., narrowly ensiform, sub- acute, straight or subfalcate; ped. adnate to the upper leaf, Oberonia.] Orchidea. 137 shortly produced and flattened above it; spike 2-3 in., stout, curved; bracts as long as the fl., lanceolate, acuminate, serru- late; fl. very minute, about 4, in. broad, in obscurely whorled fascicles, very shortly pedicelled; sep. triangular-ovate, acute; pet. linear-oblong, obtuse, quite entire; lip shorter than the sep., much broader than long, subreniform, with large orbicular side lobes and a short broad small mid lobe, margins quite entire; fr. subsessile, about #, in., turgidly ellipsoid. Moist region at about 3-4000 ft.; rare. Warriagala, Hantane, abundant. First collected by Champion. Fl. November, December. Endemic. 2. O. recurva, indi. in Bot. Reg. 1839. Misc. No. 8. O. Gardneriana, Thw. Enum. 296 (1861). C. P. 593. Fl. B. Ind. v. 680. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1784 A. Stem very short; 1. 1-24 by 3-4 in., ensiform, subacute or obtuse, nearly straight; ped. short, terete, adnate below to a small upper leaf, clothed with ovate acuminate appressed bracts ; spike 2—3 in., very slender, decurved, dense-fld.; bracts as long as the ovary or shorter, margins subcrenulate; fl. about ;/, in. broad, rather long-pedicelled, in obscurely whorled fascicles; sep. broadly ovate, obtuse, reflexed; pet. obovate- oblong, obtuse, irregularly crenate; lip twice as long as the sep, 3-lobed, margins crenate or erose, side lobes large, orbicular, mid lobe broadly obcordate, 2-lobulate; fr. 1, in., pedicel very slender, as long as the fr. Moist region; very rare. Ambagamuwa (Gardner); Maturata (Thwaites). Fl. Feb., August; reddish-pink. Also S. Indian Mts. In FI. B. Ind. this is placed among indeterminable species, owing to the absence of specimens at Kew, and the insufficiency of the description (in Enum. PI. Zeyl.) to determine its position. An excellent drawing and good specimens are in the Peradeniya Herb., and prove it to be in no way different from the Concan O. recurva, which has been also described by Lindley as O. se¢ifera (Fol. Orchid. Oberon. 3), owing to an error in regard to the shape of the pet. 3. O. Thwaitesii, Hz. f in Fl. B. Ind. v. 678 (1888). O. verticillata, var. pubescens, Lindl. Fol. Orch. Ober. 3; Thw. Enum. 206, C. B: 2572: Fl. B. Ind. v. 678. Stem very short or 0; |. 3-4 by } in., ensiform, straight, subacute; ped. 1-2 in., stout, terete, adnate to upper 1.; spike 6-10 in., suberect or slightly curved; bracts ovate, obtuse, fimbriate; fl. minute, sessile, in distinctly whorled fascicles ; ov. very short; sep. orbicular-ovate, acute; pet. broadly oblong, obtuse, erose ; lip longer than the sep., obcuneately obcordate, side lobes obscure, terminal, 2-lobulate, lobules rounded with 138 Orchidee. [Overonia. a broad obtuse sinus, margins quite entire; fr. very small, sessile or very shortly pedicelled, subglobose. Dry or intermediate region; rare. Puttalam; near Kurunegala. FI. July, August; yellow. Endemic. Fl. B. Ind. quotes for this C. P. 2516, which is of an old (afterwards can- celled) numbering. The C. P. numbers in Herb. Kew and Herb. Lindley do not tally with those of the Peradeniya Herb. Both the former Herbs. are very deficient in species and specimens of the Ceylon Oberonias. 4. O. longibracteata, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 15 (1830). Lindl. Fol. Orch. Ober. 2. Thw. Enum. 296. C. P. 543. F]. B. Ind. v. 678. Stem I-6 in., flexuous, flattened above; 1. 2-3 by }-} in, nearly straight, linear or linear-oblong, acute; ped. adnate to the upper leaf, very slender; spike sharply decurved, 1-2 in. long, slender; bracts } in. and upwards, subulate, quite entire, much longer than the sessile fl., which are about 3/5 in. broad, and whorled; sep. broadly ovate, obtuse, petals broadly oblong, quite entire, tip rounded; lip hardly longer than the sep., broadly 3-lobed, side lobes small, orbicular, mid lobe large, orbicular, retuse or obscurely 2-lobed; fr. 35 in. long, pyriform, pedicelled, strongly ribbed. Montane zone 3-6000 ft.; rather rare. Hantane; Hewaheta; Hak- gala. October-March; pale red, lip darker red. Endemic. 5. O. zeylanica, Hz. f. in Ic. Plant. xviii. t. 1782 (1888). O. Brunoniana, Trim. Syst. Cat. 87 (non Wight). C. P. 3869. Fl. B. Ind. v. 680. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1782, f. A. Stem very short; l. few, 4-7 by 4-3 in., linear-ensiform or loriform, obtuse, nearly straight; ped. 3-4 in., very stout, hardly compressed, with a small adnate leaf reaching to about the middle; spike 3 in., very stout, straight, curved or decurved, dense-fld.; bracts ovate, acuminate, sub-entire ; fl. subsessile, in dense fascicles, about 75 in. broad; sep. triangular-ovate; pet. linear; lip longer than the sep., quadrate, obscurely lobed towards the angles, margins quite entire; fr. sessile, broadly ellipsoid, } in. long. Montane zone 4-6000 ft.; rare. East Matale (Beckett); Hakgala. Fl. December, January. Endemic. 6. O. tenuis, Lindl. Fol. Orchid., Ober. 3 (1859). Thw. Enum. 296. C. P. 2654. Fl. B. Ind. v. 682. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1779, f. B. Whole plant 2-3 in. high; 1. few, 1-3 by }-} in., oblong or ensiform, acute; ped. very short, slender, bracteate to the base, bracts subulate or setaceous, hyaline, quite entire, longer than the very minute (4 in.) pedicelled fl.; raceme 2-5 in., Oberonia.] Orchidee. 139 sub-erect or decurved, rachis very slender, fl. in rather distant sub-whorled fascicles; sep. orbicular-ovate; pet. linear, sub- spathulate; lip much shorter than the sep., 3-lobed, mid lobe very short, hatchet-shaped, side lobes linear, falcate, ascending and together forming more or less of a wide circle round the column; fr. 35 in., clavate, pedicel nearly as long, slender. Moist low country; very rare (?). Sittawaka (Thwaites); Hantane (?). Fl. March; very pale with a coral-red lip. Endemic. 7. O. forcipata, Lindl. Fol. Orch., Ober. 2 (1859). Thw. Enum. 296. C. P. 2511. Fl. B. Ind. v. 681. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1782, f. B (flower only). Stem short; 1. few, 4-5 by 4-3 in., ensiform, straight or subfalcate; ped. 2-3 in., not or rarely adnate to a 1., gradually dilated (and 2-winged?) from about the middle to the base; spike 4-7 in., very slender, decurved, dense-fld., about =, in. diam.; bracts as long as the fl., ovate, acute, erose or fimbriate ; fl. sessile, very minute, and closely packed in whorled fascicles; ov. very short; sep. triangular-ovate, obtuse; pet. linear; lip rather longer than the sep., rather broader than long, 3-lobed, margins crenulate, side lobes large, rounded, mid lobe short, broad, retuse or bilobulate; fr. short, sessile, 4-3 in. long, turgidly pyriform, strongly ribbed. Moist region 1-4000 ft.; rather rare. Peradeniya; Hewaheta. F'. October—January; dull yellow. Endemic. The figure of the lip in Hook. Ic. Plant (1782 B) is inaccurate. 8. O. Wightiana, Lind/. in. Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 14 (1839). Lindl. Fol. Orch. Ober. 5. Thw. Enum. 296. C. P. 2506. Fl. B. Ind. v. 683. Wight, Ic. t. 1627 and t. 1628 (O. Arnotttana). Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1784, f. B (very small specimen). Whole plant 2-6 in.; 1. few, 1-4 in. linear-oblong or ensiform, obtuse or acute; ped. short, terete, clothed with a few bracts, raceme 4—6 in., slender, decurved, lax fld.; bracts oblong or lanceolate, as long as the very minute pedicelled fl.; sep. oblong-ovate, obtuse; pet. linear, obtuse; lip longer than the sep., 3-lobed, side lobes orbicular or broadly oblong, mid lobe cleft to the base into linear diverging entire or toothed segm.; fr. ,3, in., subglobose, pedicel as long. Montane zone 4-7000 ft.; rather common. N. Eliya; Ramboda; Horton Plains; Hantane. Fl. Sept.—Dec.; pale greenish yellow. The pedicels vary in length considerably. Also in S. Indian mountains. 9g. O. Scyllz, Lindl. Fol. Orch., Ober. 5 (1859). Thw. Enum. 296. C. P. 3124. Fl. B. Ind. v. 684. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1781. 140 Orchidee. [Microstylis. Stem very short; 1]. few, 14-2} in., linear or lanceolate, acuminate; ped. 1} in., filiform, crinite with filiform hyaline spreading empty bracts } in. long; raceme about as long as the scape, slender, erect or curved; fl. whorled, pedicelled, much shorter than the incurved bracts; dorsal sep. lanceolate, acuminate, lateral larger, orbicular; pet. much larger than the sep., falcately linear-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, spreading; lip very small, side lobes linear, erect, parallel, much smaller than the pet., mid lobe broadly semi-lunate, ciliate, very much smaller than the lateral sep. Montane zone 4-6000 ft.; Maturata; Elephant Plains; E. Matale; Hunasgiriya. Jan—May; deep pink, and of a very extraordinary appearance. Endemic. 2. MICROSTYLIS, Juiz. Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs, some of them sometimes pseudobulbous; |. not articulate with the sheath, broad, membranous, plicate, 5-7-nerved; fl. small, in terminal peduncled racemes or spikes, resupinate; ov. not twisted; perianth widely spreading; lateral sep. linear or oblong, usually broader and shorter than the dorsal, often deflexed under the lip; pet. as long, narrower, spreading; lip adnate to the base of the column, superior, short, broad, entire or pectinate; column short, often constricted in the middle; anth. terminal, incumbent; pollinia 4, ovoid or obovoid, waxy. —Sp. about 50; 22 in #7. B. Ind. Base of lip biauricled .. ‘ ‘ ‘ : . I. M. PURPUREA. Base of lip not biauricled. Lip not deeply toothed or pectinate. Lip quite entire : ‘ , : : . a. M. DISCOLOR. Lip 3-crenate at tip : ‘ 3. M. CONGESTA. Lip deeply toothed or pectinate. Stem elongate. Arms of column short or o ‘ : . 4. M. RHEEDII. Arms of column speading . ‘ 5 . 5. M. VERSICOLOR. Stem very short or o , ‘ ‘ ; 6. M. LANCIFOLIA. 1. M. purpurea, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 20 (1830). Thw. Enum. 297, 429. Ridley in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxiv, 540. C. P. 3768. Fl. B. Ind. v. 687. Stem 3-4 in., stout, base pseudobulbous; 1. 4-6, petioled, 3-4 in. long, oval to suborbicular, acute or acuminate, 5—6- veined, base very unequal; ped. 6-10 in., with many reflexed bracts, many-fld.; bracts as long as or shorter than the ov., deflexed; fl. 4 in. from dorsal sep. to tip of lip, dorsal sep. Microstylis.} Orchidee. I4I rather broad, 3-veined; pet. linear; lip rather fleshy, very concave; basal auricles narrowing upwards, obtuse, sides dilated, tip narrowed, obtusely 2-fid; column very short, arms obscure; fr. } in., clavate, shortly pedicelled. Shady places by streams in the moist region below tooo ft.; very rare. Mapalagama, near Galle; Pasdun Korale. Fl. June-August; dark purple. Endemic (?) Also in Java (?). 2. M. discolor, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 20 (1830). Thw. Enum. 297. Ridley, I.c. 336. C. P. 3698. Fl. B. Ind. v. 689. Wight, Ic. t. 1631. Bot. Mag. t. 5403. Stem stout below, not pseudobulbous; 1. 3-6, 2~3 in. long and broad, sessile or shortly petioled, oval or ovate, acute or acuminate, 5—7-veined, base very unequal-sided, often vinous purple with crisped green margins; ped. with raceme, 2-4 in.; bracts as long as or longer than the slender pedicels, subulate, reflexed; fl. minute; sep. ovate, decurved; pet. linear, obtuse; lip small, ovate or cordate or subreniform, quite entire, tip rounded; column short, arms projecting forward, long, obtuse; fr. 4 in., clavate, Damp forests in the moist region I- 6000 ft.; rather common. FI. July; at first yellow, then turning purplish-red, whence the specific name. Leaves often of a fine purple colour, as in the Bot. Mag. figure. Endemic. 3. M. congesta, (chb. f. in Walp. Ann. vi. 206 (1861). Dienia fusca, Lindl, Gen. and Sp. Orch. 22; Thw. Enum. 297. Ridley, 1G 33520 (CP. 3182, 3050; my F]. B. Ind. v. 689. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. viii. t. 23. Stem 2-6 in., stout, base pseudobulbous; 1. 3-6, sessile or petioled, 3-10 in. long, ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, 5-7 veined ; ped. 6-10 in., stout, furrowed, witha few subulate reflexed bracts; spike 3-6 in., cylindric, dense-fld.; bracts about as long as the ov., subulate-lanceolate, lower deflexed ; fl. s5-} in. long; dorsal sep. oblong, sides recurved, lateral larger, oblong, obtuse, deflexed; pet. linear; lip ovate-oblong, concave, with a fold under the column, 3-lobed, side-lobes broad, obtuse, mid-lobe small, ovate, obtuse; columnar arms short, erect; fr. crowded, erect, } in. turgidly clavate, shortly pedicelled, Moist region 1-3000 ft.; rather common. About Kandy; Peradeniya; Ambagamuwa; Pussalawa; Hiniduma; Ramboda. F1. July; dull purple. India, Burma, Andaman Is., Malaya, China, Australia. 4. M. Rheedli, Wight, Jc. iii. 11. 9 (1843) (? Lindl.). M. versicolor, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 21. Ridley, 1. c. 343 (part). Malaxis Rheediz, Moon, Cat. 60. Thw. Enum. 296. C. P. 2375. Fl. B. Ind. v. 690 (not given for Ceylon). Wight, Ic. t. 902. Hook le. Pl. t. 1832, 142 Orchidee. [Microstylis. Stem 4-12 in., base swollen or not, stoloniferous; |. 3-6, petioled, 3-7 in. long, broadly ovate to orbicular, acute or acuminate, 5—7-veined, bright green above, silvery or purplish beneath, base unequal, narrowed, rounded or lobed on one side, petiole 3-3 in., rarely 0; ped. 3-9 in., stout or slender, furrowed; bracts about as long as the fl., lanceolate, deflexed; fl. about 4 in. long, pedicel slender; sep. linear, obtuse, dorsal longest and narrowest; pet. oblong, obtuse, connivent with the lateral sep.; lip short, rounded, reniform, or fan-shaped, pectinate; column somewhat constricted in the middle; truncate, arms short or 0; fr. 4 in., oblong-clavate, erect, pedicelled. Shady places in moist region 2~-4000 ft.; rather rare. Dolosbagie; Ambagamuwa. Moon’s locality is Kalutara. Fl. May-July; pale orange- yellow, red when withering. Also in S. India. Lindley’s name, versicolor, has priority over Wight’s; but this is undoubtedly the plant of Rheede, which Lindley confused with other species. 5. M. versicolor, Wight, /c. iii. 11. 9 (1843 (non Lindl.). M. Rheedii, Thw. Enum. 296 (part), (non Wight). JZ. /uteo/a, Wight, Ic. v. I. 4; Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 87. JZ. versicolor, Ridley, 1. c. 344 (part). CaP. 2743: Fl. B. Ind. v. 691. Wight, Ic. t. gor, and t. 1632 (WZ. luteola). Stem 3-6 in., base pseudobulbous ; pseudobulbs at length globose, % in. diam., annulate; 1. 2-3, sessile or shortly petioled, 2-3 in. long, ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5-veined, margins waved; ped. I-3 in., with a few deflexed empty bracts; raceme 2-4 in.; bracts about as long as the fl., lanceolate, deflexed; fl. about }¢ in. long, pedicelled; sep. linear-oblong, lateral deflexed, dorsal narrowest; pet. linear, obtuse; lip subquadrate, broader than long, pectinate; column constricted in the middle, sides produced at the top into short suberect horns; fr. about 4 in., pedicelled, pyriform. Moist low country below Iooo ft.; very rare. Only at Ratnapura. Fl. March; yellow or greenish-yellow Also in S. India. Thwaites combined this with J. Rheediz, but it is very distinct. M. luteola differs from the type only by its larger flowers. 6. M. lancifolia, Thw. Enum. 297 (1861). Ridley, l.c. 346. C. P. 2742. Fl. B. Ind. v. 691. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1830. Stem 0, or very short; |. 5-6 or more, long-petioled, erect, 2-3 in. long, lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined ; petiole $-1} in.; ped. short, or long, with many spreading subulate empty bracts; raceme 4-6 in., much elongating in Liparis.] Orchidee. 143 fr.; bracts as long as the ov., subulate, erect or spreading; fl. about 4 in. long, pedicelled; lateral sep. falcately oblong, gibbous, obtuse, shorter than the linear dorsal; pet. linear, obtuse; lip broader than long, semicircular, with the base convex, pectinately 7-toothed, mid tooth shortest, broadest, triangular; column short, sides produced at the top into short spreading wings; fr. 4 in., ellipsoid, pedicelled. Moist region below 2000 ft.; on rocks in streams; very rare. Karawita Kande, near Ratnapura, abundant. Fl. March, September; yellow (?). Endemic. 3. LIPARIS, Rich. Stems simple, tufted, pseudobulbous or not (a slender rhizome in L. dzsticha); |. solitary or few, membranous and continuous with the sheath, or thicker and jointed on the sheath or pseudobulb; fl. in terminal racemes; sep. spreading, margins recurved or revolute; pet. as long, narrowly linear ; lip inferior, adnate to the base of the column, usually broad and deflexed or recurved from the base; column long, in- curved, usually slender, often winged towards the top; anth. terminal, 2-celled, pollinia 4, ovoid, waxy.—Sp. about 120; 64 in #2. B. Ind. Raceme with quaquaversal fl., bracts membranous. L. plaited, not jointed on the sheath. Stem very short or o. L. solitary 1. L.. THWAITESII. EAZ OF 3. L. 2-3 in. long j : : . 2. L. WIGHTIANA. L. 1-14 in. long . : ; : . 3. L. TRIMENII. Stem elongate. Bracts minute. é F 4. L. BARBATA. Bracts moderately long. Column long, very stout 5. L. NERVOSA. Column long, slender. Wings of column uncinate . 6 L. WALKERIZ. Wings of column rounded ‘ . 7. L. ATROPURPUREA. Column short . ; ; . §, L. BRACHYGLOTTIS. L. subcoriaceous, jointed on the sheath. Raceme shorter than the 1. , ‘ « 9. Le OBSCURA, Raceme longer than the I. Lip deflexed from the middle . : . Io. L. LONGIPES. Lip deflexed from near the base . . 11. L, VIRIDIFLORA. Raceme with distichous fl. 5 : . : 12-e LS DISMICHA, 1. L. Thwaitesii, Hz. f in Fl. B. Ind. v. 692 (1890). L. Wightiana, Thw. Enum. 295 (part). Ridley in Journ. Linn. Soc. xu. 278. €. P.3179) (part). Fl. B. Ind. v. 692. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 2006. Stem short, swollen at the base, closely sheathed; 1. solitary, 24-3 in. long, sessile or very shortly petioled, ovate or 144 Orchidee. [Liparis. ovate-cordate, acuminate, 5-7-veined, membranous, margin undulate-crenulate, base equal-sided; ped. with the long-fld. raceme slender, nearly 6 in. high, with a few lanceolate empty bracts; bracts shorter than the slender pedicel and ovary, spreading ; fl. suberect, # in. long; sep. 3-veined, flat, dorsal, linear, obtuse, reflexed, lateral much broader, oblong, acute, placed under the lip, 3-veined; pet. very narrowly linear, I-veined, falcately decurved; lip rather longer than the sep., broadly or cuneately obovate, flat, tip rounded or retuse, disk 5-veined, with 2 small acute calli at the very base, lateral veins branching outwards ; column slender, strongly incurved towards the 2-toothed tip. Moist low country; rare. I have only seen one specimen collected by Thwaites in Pasdun Korale. Fl. Aug. Endemic. Thwaites and Ridley did not distinguish this from Z. Wightiana, 2. L. Wightiana, 7hiw. Enum. 295 (1861). L. atropurpurea, Wight, Ic. iii. II. 9 (non Lindl.). C. P. 3179. Fl. B. Ind. v. 695. Wight, Ic. t. go4. Stem short, base swollen; 1. 2, subopposite, sessile or petioled, 2-3 in, long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-5 veined, membranous, often purple, base rounded, equal- sided; petiole o-? in.; ped. with the lax-fld. raceme 2-4 in., naked; bracts ovate-lanceolate, half as long as the pedicel and ovary; fl. about 4 in. long; sep. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, dorsal reflexed, lateral placed under the lip; pet. narrowly linear, falcately decurved, margins revolute; lip orbicular or orbicular-oblong, 4—4 in. long, flat, tip rounded, retuse, or notched, veins radiating, base of disk with 2 minute calli; column very slender, strongly incurved from the swollen base, tip 2-toothed. Shady places in montane zone 3-6o000 ft.; rather common. Hantane; Madulkelle; Dimbula; Wattakelle; Maturata; N. Eliya. Fl. September- November; sep. green, lip usually purple, sometimes yellowish-green, and the flowers considerably larger (not smaller, as stated in FI. B. Ind.) than those of L. Thwaztesiz. The leaves often more or less purple. Also Mts. of S. India. There is in Herb. Peraden. a figure of a plant named by Trimen L. Wightiana, Thw. Var., with much stouter pedicels, smaller all green fi., and a more quadrate lip, jy in. diam. 3. L. Trimenti, Ridley in Journ, Linn, Soc. xxiv. 350 (1888). Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxvii. 167. Fl. B. Ind. v. 695. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1836. Stem o-3 in., hardly pseudobulbous; 1, 2—3, sessile or very shortly petioled, lanceolate, acuminate, strongly many-veined. base equal-sided, acute or cuneate; ped. with lax-fld. raceme Liparis.] Orchidee. 145 4-4 in., slender, with few empty bracts; lower bracts } in., erecto-patent, membranous, lanceolate, acuminate, upper shorter than the pedicel and ovary; fl. about $ in. broad; sep. pet. lip and column as in ZL. Wightzana, but much smaller; fr. ellipsoid, {-} in., rather longer than its pedicel. Lower montane zone; very rare. Horagala, Dolosbagie. F1.September. Endemic. Scarcely distinct from Z. Wighdiana. 4. &. barbata, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 27 (1830). Thw. Enum. 295. Ridl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxii. 276. Fl. B. Ind. v. 66. Stem 1} in., swollen at the base; 1. 3, subsessile, about 2 in. long, ovate or oval, subacute, membranous, veins very slender; ped. angular, with the lax few-fld. raceme about 2 in., pedicel with the ovary about 4 in.; bracts very minute, ovate, acuminate; fl. about 4 in. long; sep. oblong, dorsal narrowest, I-veined, lateral spreading, 3-veined; pet. placed under the lip, narrowly linear, obtuse; lip oblong, base 2-auricled, 2-tubercled, tip erose and subfimbriate; column incurved, wings short, rounded, toothed. Ceylon; Macrae. A single specimen, without further locality, in Herb. Lindley (now at Kew), is all that is known of this species. Endemic. The specimens are very insufficient. I do not find the lip to be bearded as described by Lindley. 5. &. nervosa, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 26 (1830). L. paradoxa, Rchb. f. in Walp. Ann. vi. 218. L. odorata, Lindl.; Thw. Enum. 295. Empusa paradoxa, Lindl.; Thw. Enum. 429. C. P. 3180 (3375). Fl. B. Ind. v. 697. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. viii. t. 34 (Z. faradoxa). Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 28. Stem elongate, base more or less swollen; 1. 1-5, sessile, erect, 2-8 in. long, lanceolate, obtuse acute or acuminate, rarely more oval and narrowed into a broad petiole, rather thickly membranous, veins strong, base equal; ped. with the lax-many-fld. raceme 4-10 in., stout, rigid, angular, naked or nearly so; bracts 4-3 in., ovate or lanceolate, spreading; pedicels with the ovary rather longer, stout; fl. about 4 in. long, perianth rather thick, sep. obtuse, dorsal longest, linear, obtuse, margins revolute, 5-veined; lateral oblong, obtuse, spreading and recurved, placed under the lip; pet. narrowly linear, decurved, margins revolute; lip revolute or recurved from the middle, cuneately obovate or obcordate, tip 3-fid., base 2-tubercled; column stout, enlarged and incurved toward the top only, with two rounded wings. PART IV. L 146 Orchidee. [Liparis. Moist region 2-5000 ft.; rather common, Ambagamuwa; Dolosbagie ; Adam’s Peak; Ramboda. Fl. Feb., March, and July—Sept.; pale yellow, often tinged with pink or green. India, Siam, Java, China, Japan. The leaves vary greatly in shape and size. JZ. odorata, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orchid. 26, is an early name, but the flowers are scentless. L. nervosa, Lindl. |. c., is as early, and is unexceptionable. 6. L. Walkerive, Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 3770 (1839). Thw. Enum. 295. Ridley, 1. c. xxii., in Journ. Linn. Soc. 277. C. P. 2376. Fl]. B. Ind. v. 698. Bot. Mag. 1. c. Stem stout, clothed with purplish sheaths, base swollen; I. 2-3, sessile or petioled, 2-4 in. long, ovate or orbicular, acute, membranous, 7-veined, base sometimes very unequal-sided ; ped. with many-fid. raceme 3-6 in., with a few empty bracts; pedicel with ov. } in., longer than the lanceolate spreading bracts; sep. obtuse, 5-veined, lateral falcately oblong, diverg- ing from the lip, flat, spreading, dorsal longer, erect, linear- oblong, sides recurved; pet. narrowly linear, obtuse, widely spreading, margins revolute; lip orbicular (when spread out), crenulate, recurved from the middle, rather fleshy, wrinkled ; column long, incurved, apical wings uncinate. Montane zone to 6000 ft.; rare. Ramboda; Pedurutalagala. FI. August; purple, and the whole plant usually more or less tinged with that colour. Also on S, Indian Mts. 7, L. atropurpurea, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 28 (1830). Thw. Enum, 295. Ridley, l.c. xxii. 277. C. P. 3181. Fl. B. Ind. v. 698. Bot. Mag. t..5529. Wight, Ic. t. 903 (LZ. o/¢vacea) and t. 905 (L. Walkeria). Stem 6-8 in., stout, base hardly swollen; 1. 3-4, petioled, 3-4 in. long, ovate or orbicular, membranous, 5-veined, base very unequal-sided, often cordate, one side acute the other rounded or auricled, margins smooth or crisped; petiole }-1 in.; ped. slender, with lax-fld. raceme 4-8 in., bracteate or naked; pedicel with ovary 4-3 in., as long or longer than the lanceolate spreading bracts; fl. nearly I in. across the sep.; sep. very long, linear, obtuse, all with recurved sides, dorsal longest, 3-veined, lateral 5-veined, spreading; pet. narrowly linear, spreading; lip orbicular-obovate, fleshy, recurved from the middle, with 2 large long confluent tubercles on the narrow base, margins crenulate; column very slender, curved, wings small, rounded. Montane zone to 6000 ft.; rather rare. Ambagamuwa; Ramboda; N. Eliya, FI. July, August; whole infl. a uniform dull red-purple. Also on Pulney Hills, S, India, Liparis.| Orchidee. 147 8. L. brachyglottis, Achd. 6 in Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 87 (1885). inidley, 1 c.scai275, (Cy Paacce: FI. B: Ind. v. 699. Stem 2-3 in., rather slender, swollen at the base; 1. 1-2, 14-24 in., sessile or the lower petioled, ovate or ovate- cordate, acuminate, membranous, 5-veined, base equal-sided, rounded or subcordate, margins crisped; ped. short, slender, with the lax-fld. raceme 2-3 in.; bracts ovate, acute, shorter than the slender short pedicels and ovary, concave, spreading ; fl. about 4 in. broad; sep. oblong, obtuse, 3-veined, lateral placed under the lip, broadly ovate-oblong, dorsal much longer, margins recurved, pet. linear, spreading, margins re- curved; lip shorter than the sep., recurved, transversely oblong, obtuse or retuse or emarginate, base cordate, with a short broad emarginate callus; column short, stout, erect. Montane zone; very rare. Knuckles Hills; Wattakelle Hill. FI. Sept.; a very small species with small purple fis. Endemic. 9. L. obscura, Hk. f. in Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1886 (1889). L. angustifolia, Thw. Enum. 296 (non Lindl.). ZL. ce@spitosa, Ridl. 1. c. xxii. 290 (non Lindl.). C. P. 2351. Bi Beind=y, yor, Hook. le, Pllc; Pseudobulbs short, ovoid, or longer, up to I in, and cylindric, loosely sheathed; 1. solitary or few, articulate on the pseudobulb, 3-4 in., petioled, narrowly oblanceolate, subacute or mucronate, coriaceous, costate; ped. terminal on the pseudo- bulb, with the lax-many-fld. raceme much shorter than the 1. compressed, naked; bracts as long as the pedicel and ovary or longer; fl. very minute, about 4, in. broad; sep. lanceolate, acute, recurved or revolute, I-veined, margins not recurved; lateral placed under the lip; pet. narrowly linear, deflexed ; lip much smaller than the sep., broadly oblong or subquadrate, recurved from the middle, base truncate; column short, sub- erect, hardly winged. Moist region 2-5000 ft.; rather rare. Dolosbagie; Hantane; Hanas- giriya, Fl. Jan.; greenish-yellow. Endemic. 10. L. longipes, Lindl. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. i. 31 (1830). Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 30. Thw. Enum. 295. Ridl. 1. c. xxii. 293. GePow77: Fl. B. Ind. v. 703. Wight, Ic. t.g06. Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. viii. t. 37. Pseudobulbs short and ovoid, or elongate, up to 5 in. and cylindric,clothed with pale sheaths; ].2, articulate in the pseudo- bulb, 4-6 in., erect or recurved, linear, oblanceolate or obovate- oblong, obtuse, acute or acuminate, coriaceous, §—7-veined ; 148 Orchidec. [ Lipari. ped. slender, with the terete many and dense-fld. raceme 6-10 in.; bracts small, lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the pedicel and ovary, a few lower empty; fl. small, about } in. broad; sep. lanceolate, acute or obtuse, I-veined, at length revolute, lateral spreading; pet. shorter, narrowly linear, margins recurved; lip much shorter than the sep., broadly ovate, deflexed from the middle, subacute or apiculate, margins at the base thickened and fleshy, calli 0; column incurved, wings small, rounded. Moist low country to 3000 ft.; rather common. FI. Oct.—Dec.; greenish-white. S. India, E. Bengal, Burma, Malaya, Pacific Is., China. 11. G. viridiflora, Lizd/. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 31 (1830). Thw. Enum. 295. Ridl. 1. c. xxii. 289. C. P. 3178. F]. B. Ind. v. 704. Wight, Ic. t. 1735 (Z. eddiptica). Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. vili. t. 47. Pseudobulbs about I in., ovoid or oblong, compressed, naked; 1.. 2, jointed on the pseudobulb, sessile or petioled, 3-1 in., oval or oblanceolate, acute, thin, many-veined; ped. with the long curved or pendulous raceme 4-6 in., with scattered filiform-membranous bracts below the many-fld., elongate raceme; fl. % in., subsecund, erect or ascending from the at length decurved pedicels; bracts shorter than the pedicels ; sep. broadly oblong-lanceolate, flat, acute or sub- obtuse, I-veined, spreading; pet. narrowly linear, acute; lip 1-veined, orbicular-ovate, subacute, deflexed from the base, very obscurely 3-lobed, concave, rather fleshy, margins crisped, calli 0; column incurved, not winged; fr. 4 in, pyriform, pedicel shorter, spreading. Montane zone, 3-6000 ft.; rather common. Ambagamuwa; Ramboda; Hantane. Fl. Nov., Dec.; green. Himalaya and Nilgiri Mts., Java. 12. L. disticha, Zind/. in Bot. Reg. sub t. 882 (1825). L. gregaria, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 33; Thw. Enum. 296. Rid. Lc. scxilt 202. Fl. B. Ind. v. 706. Thouars, Orch. Ins. Afr. t. 89 (AZalaxis disticha). Rootstock long, rather slender, creeping and rooting; pseudobulbs terminal, 4$—? in., pyriform, compressed, clothed with papery sheaths; 1. solitary, erect, 4-6 in., linear, acute, coriaceous; ped. with raceme 6-12 in., stout, 2-winged, naked; bracts distichous, imbricate, equitant, ovate, acuminate, keeled, very coriaceous, rhachis of raceme flattened; fl. about 4 in., long, few expanding at a time, spreading or deflexed; sep. ovate-oblong, acute, 3-veined, reflexed; pet. linear-spathulate, obtuse; lip fleshy, tongue-shaped, acute, twice reflexed at Dendrobium.| Orchidee. 149 right angles, with two thickened prominences at each flexure; column short, broad, erect, broadly winged; fr. 4 in., ellipsoid, smooth, ribs slender, pedicel as long. On trees; montane zone 4~—7000 ft.; rather common. MHantane; Hakgala; below Horton Plains abundant. Fl. July, Sept., Oct.; dull yellow or orange, simulating a fly or bug, the pet. being the antenne. Burma, Malay Is., Mauritius, Bourbon; not in Peninsular India. There is a specimen from Moon, dated 1819, in Mus. Brit. (n. 467), but it is not included in Moon’s Cat. as quoted in FI. B. Ind. L. tristis, Loddiges, cultivated by Loddiges, and said to be from Ceylon in his Cat., p. 4, is a name only. 4. DENDROBIUM, Swarviz. Epiphytes; stem pseudobulbous or elongate and slender; |, never plaited; fl. solitary or racemose; sep. subequal, lateral obliquely adnate to the foot of the column, and forming with it a sac or mentum; pet. broader or narrower than the sep.; lip very various, adnate to and incumbent on the foot of the column, concave or saccate, rarely flat or convex, side lobes embracing the column, disk usually ridged or lamellate; column very short, foot long or short, top truncate, angled, or 2-toothed; anth. 2-celled, pollinia 4, oblong, waxy, collateral in pairs in each cell, free or pairs slightly adhering by a viscus.—Sp. about 300; 168 in FZ. B. Ind. The Indian species have been classed under twelve sections, only four of which are represented in Ceylon; which island possesses only two of the fine flowering species so much cultivated in Eurcpe, namely, D. Macarthig and D. heterocarpum. Fl]. 1-3, pedicelled on the top of a 1-leaved pseudobulb . : 1. D. MACR&I1. Fl. racemose (solitary in D. crumenatum). Stem a very small 2-3-leaved pseudobulb. Mentum long, spur-like. , Saye Mentum short, stout, incurved Seyi Stem elongate. Pet. not broader than the sep. Fl. solitary at the nodes of the stem 4. D. CRUMENATUM. Fl. racemose. Lip linear-oblong . 5 : * 5s. DD. NUTANS: Lip broadly ovate . é ; . 6 D. MACROSTACHYUM. Pet. broader than the sep. Stem slender. Lip tongue-shaped . D. H4MOGLOSSUM Lip subspathulate ; : . MACARTHIE. Stem stout, subclavate : : . g. D. HETEROCARPUM . PANDURATUM. - DIODON. S She) oh 2) 150 Orchidee. [ Dendrobium. 1. D. Macrei, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 75 (1830). JSata- makuta, 5S. Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 6. Thw. Enum. 296. C. P. 3695. Fl. B. Ind. v. 714. Rehb. f. Xenia Orch. ii. t. 118 (D. flabellatum) (poor). Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. viii. t. 86. Rootstock creeping, annulate, giving off pendulous stems 2-3 ft. long, bearing a few lateral and terminal fusiform pseudobulbs 2-23 in. long; internodes long, terete, smooth; |. solitary, 4-8 in., sessile, linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse; fl. 1-3, shortly pedicelled on the top of the pseudobulb, ?-1 in. long; sep. and pet. erecto-patent or recurved; sep. oblong- lanceolate, subacute; mentum short, conic; pet. linear-oblong, obtuse; side lobes of lip oblong, obtuse, mid Jobe almost clawed, recurved, claw crenulate, crisped, terminating in a sub- quadrate 2 2-lobed limb with 2 fleshy crests. Rocky places; rare. Near Badulla; summit of Ritigala, N. C. Prov. (2500 ft.), abundant. Macrae’s original locality is Peradeniya, and Thwaites says ‘not uncommon in the Central Prov.;’ but there are no specimens in Herb. Perad. from either. Fl. August; white, with the lip and mentum yellow. Himalaya and Nilgiri Mts., Java, As figured in the Annals of the Calcutta Gardens, from Sikkim specimens, the side lobes of the lip are pale pink speckled with red, the terminal lobes primrose yellow. 2. D. Dee rae Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 19 (1859). Thw. Enum. 298. C. P. 2353. Pl Bindi 717. Dwarf; stems tufted, 2-4 in., formed of superposed, short, ovoid or subglobose pseudobulbs 3~—4 in. long; 1. distichous from the upper nodes, sessile, 1-14 in., linear-oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, spreading, thinly coriaceous, strongly veined when dry; ped. terminal, capillary, erect, with the laxly 2 —6-fld. raceme I~3 in.; bracts minute, ovate; pedicel with ov. 4in.; sep. 4-4 in., dorsal oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, ‘lateral falcately ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, 5-veined; mentum nearly as long as the sep., stout, spur-like, straight or slightly incurved, tip 2-lobed; pet. narrowly oblanceolate, acute, 3-veined; lip } longer than the sep., panduriform, side lobes small, acute, mid lobe broadly ovate or orbicular, crenu- late, disk between side lobes with 5 strong veins, the outer branching, mid lobe reticulate with 3 strong branching veins. Montane zone 3-6000 ft.; rather common. Ambagamuwa; Galboda; Hantane; Ramboda; N. Eliya; Hakgala. Fl. July-Oct.; white, and base of sep. and lip often stained with pink. Endemic. A good drawing of this species in Herb. Peraden. enables me to correct the description of the lip given in FI. B. Ind. Dendrobium. | Orchidee. 151 3. D. diodon, ch. f. 2x Linnea, xii. 89 (1877). D. albidulum, Thw. ex Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. 243. C. P. 3879. Blpbalndivaryia Dwarf; pseudobulbs crowded on a slender rootstock, ovoid or oblong, 4—} in. long, clothed with a hyaline sheath, roots filiform; 1. 2-4, sessile, 1-14 in. long, linear or oblong, obtuse, acute, or unequally notched, thinly coriaceous, many- veined when dry, base narrowed, mid rib prominent beneath; ped. from the top of the pseudobulb, capillary, with the few.-fld. raceme 1-14 in.; bracts small, ovate, acuminate, pedicel with minute ov. 4 in.; sep. 4-3 in., dorsal linear-oblong, subacute, 3-veined, lateral subfalcately ovate-oblong, acute, 5-veined, mid rib strong; mentum large, 4 the length of sep., stout, incurved, tip rounded, notched; pet. shorter and narrower than the dorsal sep., 3-veined; lip § shorter than the sep., cuneately flabelliform or rhomboid, side lobes small, acute, incurved, mid lobe hardly longer than the side lobes, orbicular, concave, margins crisped and deeply toothed, veins reticulate, disk with a strong ridge from the base to the base of the mid lobe, ending in a 3-toothed callus; column short, top 3-toothed, anth. orbicular; fr. subglobose, # in. diam., quite smooth. Montane zone; rather rare. Hakgala, abundant; Hantane; Dum- bangala, Rangala. Fl. July-October ; sep. and pet. pure white, lip pale green, dotted with claret. Endemic. Very similar in infl. to D. danduratum, but the habit is different, the fl. are much smaller, the sep. broader and more obtuse, the mentum broad and incurved, the mid lobe of the lip toothed on the margin, and the callus on the disk 3-toothed. 4. D. crumenatum, Swartz in Schrad. Journ. ii. 237 (1799). Sudupareyi-mal, S. Moon, Cat. 60. Thw. Enum. 297. C. P. 3696. PY. B. Indi v..729.. Bot. Reg: xxv. t. 22; Bot. Mags t. 4or3. Stems tufted, elongate, 2-3 ft., rigid, simple or branched, internodes I in. or shorter, terete, lower 3 or 4 together, forming a fusiform elongated pseudobulb 2 in. long; |. many, 2-3 in. long, distichous, linear-oblong, obtuse or notched, coriaceous; fl. 1-1} in. long, solitary at the internodes of the long slender leafless top of the stem, ped. with ov. } in.; bracts much shorter; fl. 1 in. long; sep. erecto-patent, ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, 7-veined; mentum as long as the sep., conical, acute, incurved; pet. linear-oblong, acuminate, 5-veined; side lobes of lip narrow, mid lobe much larger, suborbicular, crisped, disk with crenulate ridges. 152 Orchidee. [Dendrobium. On tree-trunks, principally cocoanuts, on the coast in the moist region; common, but not improbably originally introduced from Malaya. FI. Dec.; pure white, with the disk of the lip lemon-yellow. Burma, Andaman Is., Malaya, China. The ‘White-dove Orchid’ of the English residents; much grown for its pretty and sweet-scented flowers. 5. D. nutans, Zind/. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 90 (1830). Thw. Enum. 298. C. P. 2 F]. B. Ind. v. 734. Ann. Bot. ‘Gard. Calcutt. v. t. 18. Stem very slender, 6-12 in., as thick as a goose quill or less, internodes $~I1 in., rather swollen in the middle, slender at the base, 4-channelled, hispidulous with black hairs; 1. 14-2 in., narrowly lanceolate, obtuse or shortly unequally bifid, stiff; fl. about $ in. long, in short leaf-opposed 2~4-fld. racemes, pedicel with ov. # in.; bracts very small, ovate, acute; sep. and pet. subequal, erect, linear-lanceolate, acuminate; mentum half as long as the sep., obtuse; lip. linear-oblong, under } in. long, side lobes small, obtuse, mid lobe elongate, oblong- lanceolate, subacute, crisped, with three ridges on the disk; fr. }-} in., pedicel decurved, smooth. Montane zone, 4—6000 ft.; rathercommon. Hantane; Ambagamuwa; N. Eliya. Fl. Nov._March, May; varies greatly in colour of flowers, which are orange, dull yellow, pale pink, or greenish-white; or white with a pink lip and yellow pedicel, which is the prettiest form. Also in Southern India. D. Jerdonianum, Wight, Ic. t. 1644, of the Nilgiris can hardly be distinguished, except by its more robust habit, deeper cleft 1, and much larger fl. 6. D. macrostachyum, Zind/. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 78 (1830). Thw. Enum: 297. C. P. 3183: Fl. B. Ind. v. 735. Wight, Ic. t. 1647. Stems many, crowded, very slender, leafing 1-2 ft. long, flg. up to 4 ft., pendulous, leafless internodes 14 in.; 1. sessile, 3-34 in. long, distichous, spreading, oblong or oblong-lanceo- late, acute, membranous; sheaths closely appressed to the stem; fl. 2-4, on a short curved ped., pedicel with ov. about I in., slender, curved; bracts very small, ovate; sep. and pet. subsimilar, about 4 in long, oblong-lanceolate, acute, sub- tortuously spreading and recurved; mentum narrowly funnel- shaped, about half as long as the sep., obtuse; lip shorter than the sep., side lobes small, rounded, convolute, mid lobe quadrately ovate, acute, recurved, crenulate, strongly veined. Moist region up to 4oooft.; common. FI. June, July; very pale green or ag tinged with pink, lip beautifully veined with pink; faintly scented. Also in Travancore. 7. D. hemoglossum, 7/w. Enum. 429 (1864). C. P. 3842. Fl Belndivn7o7 Dendrobium.| Orchidee. 153 Rootstock woody, nodose, with long vermiform roots; stem 12-18 in., pendulous, as thick as a crowquill, hard, slender, naked or clothed below with old leaf-sheaths, leafy above, base sometimes swollen and obpyriform, internodes #-14 in; 1. distichous, sessile, 3-5 by about 4 in., linear, rigidly papery, striate, with 5 stronger and many ’ slender veins, tip obtuse, slightly incurved, sheaths tight, striate; fl. 2-4 on leaf-opposed tubercles that burst through the sheath much below its mouth; pedicel with ov. 4 in.; bract at the base of the pedicel cupular; sep. about 4 4 in. long, connivent with recurved tips, dorsal oblong, lateral ovate- oblong, apiculate; mentum short, rounded at the tip, incurved; pet. as long as the sep., linear- oblong; Le tongue- shaped, quite entire, acute, glabrous, undulate; fr. ? in. long, oblong, narrowed at both ends, pedicel half as long. Montane zone; rare. Matale (Gardner); Dolosbagie; Knuckles Hills. Fl. July (?); yellow, the lip tinged with dark red. Also in Malabar. 8. a Macarthizw,* 7hw. in Bot. Mag. t. 4886 (1855). Wesak- mal, S. Tw. Enum. 297. Veitch, Man. Dendrob. 57. C. P. 3462. Fl. B. Ind. v. 736. Veitch, l.c. 58. Warner, Orch. Alb. vii. t. 319. Stems I-2 ft., tufted on a densely rooting rootstock, slender, terete, pendulous, base tuberous, internodes 14-2 in.; 1. 24-4 in., lanceolate, acuminate, membranous; sheaths ap- pressed, green, mottled with brown; racemes 2-4 in., leaf- opposed, laxly 2-4-fld.; ped. stout, with short, obtuse, imbricate basal sheaths; bracts }-4 in., lanceolate, brown; pedicel with ov. 4 in. or less, curved; fl. 24-3 in. long; sep. erect, lanceolate, acuminate; mentum short, “conical, straight ; pet. broader and rather shorter, ovate-oblong, acuminate: tip rounded; lip subpathulate, side lobes rounded, convolute, mid lobe broadly ovate, cuspidate. Forests in the moist region below 2000 ft.; rare. Ambagamuwa: Sabaragamuwa Prov. in many places; Hewesse. Fl. May-July, during the heavy south-west rains; clear violet- pink, the lip paler but veined and bordered with deep pink and with a large purple blotch on the disk; rarely all white, with a faint purple stain on lip. Endemic. Certainly the handsomest of Ceylon Orchids, and of late years so much collected for export as to have become very scarce in places which formerly produced abundance. The Sinhalese name means ‘ May-flower,’ from its time of flowering. * Named in honour of Mrs. (afterwards Lady) MacCarthy, wife of C. J. MacCarthy, Colonial Secretary (afterwards Governor, as Sir J. C.), of Ceylon. 154 Orchidee. (Bulbophyllum. 9. D. heterocarpum, Wail. Cat. n. 20 (1828). D. aureum, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 77; Thw. Enum. 297; Veitch, Man. Dendrob. 19_ C-. P. 574. Fl. B. Ind. v. 737. Wight, Ic. t. 1646. Bot. Mag. t. 4708. Bot. Reg. 1839, t. 20 (var. pallidum, Lindl.). Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. vill. t. 74. Stems 9-18 in., tufted, elongate, subclavate, green, con- stricted at the nodes, internodes I in. or shorter, shallowly many-ribbed, thickest $—1} in. diam., terete, leafless when fig.; 1. 4-5 in., oblong-lanceolate, flat, subcoriaceous, tip oblique, subacute or emarginate; fl. 2-3 on a very stout short ped., 2-24 in. diam.; pedicel with ov. about 1 in., very stout, bracts very short, tubular; sep. spreading and recurved, dorsal linear- oblong, obtuse; lateral broader, oblong, acute or apiculate; mentum short, broad, truncate; pet. broader than the sep., ovate-oblong, acuminate; lip as long as the sep., base short, convolute, expanding into a large ovate, acute, obscurely 3-lobed, recurved limb, side lobes of limb rounded, margins waved, disk pubescent. Upper montane zone above 6000 ft.; common. Fl. Jan.—April; pale or dull primrose yellow, the lip with two orange-purple blotches on the disk; or all orange-coloured but the apex; or (in var. Jallidum) nearly white, with the blotches pale orange. Himalaya, Khasia, and Nilgiri Mts., Burma, Java, Philippine Is. The so-called ‘ Primrose Orchid’ of Nuwara Eliya, from the sweet faint scent and colour of the flowers. The name, /eferocarpum, seems to have no application to this species, but has two years’ priority over aureuyn. D. criniferum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1844, Misc. 41, was described from cultivated plants ‘received from Mr. Power in Ceylon.’ It is cultivated in Peradenyia Gardens, but is not a Ceylon plant. D. lamellatum, Lindl. (D. compressum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1844, t. 53), was sent, in 1840, to Sion House by Mr. Nightingale from Ceylon. If collected here, it must have been as a cultivated plant; it is a native of Burma and Borneo. D. sanguinolentum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1843, t. 6, was sent from Ceylon by Mr. Nightingale, and fid. at Sion House. It is a native of Penang, cultivated at Peradenyia. 5. BULBOPHYLLUM, 7Zhowas. Pseudobulbs on a creeping rootstock, 1-3-leaved ; scape from the base of the pseudobulb; fl. solitary, spicate, racemose, or umbelled; sep. subequal, or the dorsal rather shorter, lateral adnate to the foot of the column, forming with it a mentum; pet. various, usually very small; lip jointed at the foot of the column and mobile, small, entire, usually coriaceous or fleshy, strongly recurved; column very short, its base produced into a long upcurved foot; anther terminal, 2-celled; pollinia 4; Bulbophyllum.| Orchiace. 155 waxy, collateral, cohering in pairs by a viscus, ovoid or oblong, 2 inner smaller.—Sp. about 130; 86 in FZ. B. Lnd. Lateral sepals flat or nearly so; fl. small. Flowers solitary I. B. CRASSIFOLIUM. Flowers fascicled on the top of the scape. 2. B. PETIOLARE. Flowers spicate . , : ‘ 3. B. PURPUREUM. Lateral sepals concave; fl. large i 4. B. ELEGANS. 1. B. crassifolium, 7hw. ex Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. 244 (1885). CHE 3870: Fl. B. Ind. v. 770. Dwarf; pseudobulbs pisiform, 4—? in. diam., smooth, crowded on a stiff slender rootstock bearing numerous branched flexuous filiform roots, 1-leaved, 1-fld.; 1. 4-2 in., sessile, oval or suborbicular, thickly coriaceous, channelled down the centre, margins thickened when dry; fl. solitary, very small, about 4 in. broad; pedicel with ov. } in., sheathed at the base by a short truncate bract; sep. subequal, broadly ovate, dorsal arched, erect, lateral spreading; pet. minute, broad, truncate; lip minute, tongue-shaped, obtuse. Moist low country; very rare. Kukul Korale (Thwaites). FI. Sept.; minute yellowish-green, punctate with red, lip white. Endemic. 2. B. petiolare, Ziw. Enuzi. 298 (1861). CTPF 3184. Fl. B. Ind. v. 759. Pseudobulbs very small, pisiform, ;>—} in. diam., crowded on a slender rootstock with long filiform roots; 1. petioled, 1-2 in., from linear-oblong 2 in. long to much shorter, obovate or oblanceolate or shortly oblong, thickly coriaceous, tip sub- acute, notched or rounded, margins thickened when dry; petiole 4-1} in., slender; ped. 2-3 in., very slender, erect, 4—5-fld., with one small subulate bract about the middle; fl. about 3 in. long, fascicled at the top of the ped., pedicel and Ov. very short; bracts minute; sep. lanceolate, acute, dorsal longest, lateral connivent, free; mentum rounded; pet. } the length of the sep., ovate, obtuse; lip broadly tongue-shaped, obscurely 3-lobed, obtuse, convex, recurved, deeply channelled down the middle; anth. with 2 tubercles, pollinia subglobose, one of each pair very small; fr. 4 in. long. Moist low country; very rare. Ambagamuwa; Singhe Raja Forest. F]. Aug., Nov., Dec.; orange or pinkish, strongly veined with red, lip red. Endemic. 3. B. purpureum, 7iw. Enum. 298 (1861). G.,.P3-36972 Fl. B. Ind. v. 768. I 56 Orchidee. [Bulbophyllum. Dwarf; pseudobulbs fusiform or ovoid, } in. long, densely crowded on a slender rootstock with filiform branched roots; 1. 4-14 in., obovate or spathulate, tip retuse or notched, base narrowed into a petiole $ in. long, coriaceous; ped. shorter than the l., filiform, naked, spike 4-; in., dense fld.; bracts very minute, triangular; pedicels deflexed, with the ov. +}; in.; fl. erect, about }+ in. long; sep. erecto-patent, dorsal ovate- lanceolate, obtuse, hooded, lateral oblong-ovate, strongly 3-veined, cohering, and together forming an obtuse notched recurved limb with recurved margins; mentum rounded; pet. half as long as the sep., linear-oblong, obtuse; lip one- third shorter than the sep., obscurely 3-lobed, reflexed ; column with 2 short arms. Moist region extending into montane zone; very rare. Ambagamuwa: Wattakelle; Hantane. Fl. Jan.; pink or purplish, with darker veins. Endemic. 4. B. elegans, Gardn. in Thw. Enum. 298 (1861). [PLATE EXXSVITE| GSP T2350: HIS wlnadsavaziZO: Pseudobulbs ovoid, 4—} in. long, closely set on a slender rootstock with branched fibrous roots; 1. 3-4 in., linear or linear-oblong or -lanceolate, obtuse, coriaceous, deeply grooved down the centre, sessile or base narrowed into a very short petiole; ped. 1-2 in., very slender, decurved, 1-2-fld., naked; fl. large, 1-14 in. long, pendulous; ov. with very slender pedicel 3-1 in.; bracts } in., lanceolate, red-brown; dorsal sep. broadly ovate, acute, hooded, lateral longer, oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, very concave, free or cohering in a cymbiform blade; mentum obscure; pet. minute, lanceolate ; lip half as long as the lateral sep., narrowly tongue-shaped, obtuse, very fleshy, with two small basal incurved lobes; column rather long, arms subulate, erect; anth. longer than broad, pollinia 4, subpyriform, those of each pair closely appressed; fr. } in., narrowly ellipsoid, rather longer than its pedicel. Montane zone 3-6000 ft.; rather rare. Ambagamuwa; Hantane, abundant; Maskeliya. Fl. Feb.May; dull purple tinged with green, lip orange with purple dots. Endemic. A singular plant, not without beauty. This species is placed in the section Zoe in the Fl. Brit. Ind., the pollinia being then unknown to me. The true Iones have (fid. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. viii. 157) two pairs of pollinia, each pair attached by a strap to a gland, and hence belong to Vandea. Cirrhopetalum. | Orchidee. 157 6. CTIRRHOPETALUM, Lind. Characters of Bulbophyllum, but lateral sepals more than twice as long as the dorsal—Sp. about 50; 36 in FZ. B. Jud. Cirrhopetalum is by general consent kept separate from Bz/bo- Phyllum, although resting on only one, and this an artificial and variable character. This is a matter of convenience; each having a great many species described under it, the confusion arising from uniting them would be great, and lead to involved synonomy. Dorsal sep. and pet. ciliate . ‘ - : . I. C. GRANDIFLORUM. Dorsal sep. and pet. glabrous. Lateral sep. parallel. Lateral sep. under 1 in. long. Lateral sep. 5-nerved ‘ «) 2. C. Wicrrin, Lateral sep. I-nerved ; : : . 3. C. TRIMENI. Lateral sep. over I in. long . e's, 4. ©. MAcR: Lateral sep. divergent . : 5. C. THWAITESII. 1. C. grandiflorum, Wight, ie Ve Tn. (185 I). Thw. Enum. 299. Bulbophyllum Wightit, Rchb. f. in eth Ann. vi. 2622) (CP. 3657; BEB. Ind: vy. 773: Wight, Ic. t. 1656: Rootstock stout, internodes long or short, giving off slender vermiform roots, and covered with old brown Il. sheaths; pseudobulbs about I in., ovoid-oblong, ribbed, green, clothed with broad brown papery sheaths; |. 24-5 by #?-1 in,, linear-oblong, emarginate, base narrowed into a short petiole, thickly coriaceous, ecostate and veinless, dark green; ped. 6-8 in., rather stout, spotted with red, 2-4-fld., with 2 short distinct sheaths besides the basal; fl. subumbelled, 2 in. long; bracts 4-% in., lanceolate, scarious; pedicel with ov. I in.; dorsal sepal nearly I in., ovate, acuminate, galeate, sparsely ciliate, lateral about 2} in., parallel, free or coherent, linear- oblong, obtuse, 5-veined; pet. about 4 in., linear-lanceolate from a broad base, copiously ciliate with long hairs; lip tongue-shaped, obtuse; column broad, 2-winged, wings bifid or 2-toothed at the top; fr. 14 in., narrowly pyriform, pedicel 3 in., much thickened, decurved. Montane zone 3-6000; rather rare. Maturata; N. Eliya; Hantane; Dimbula (W. Smith); Hakgala. Fl. Feb.-April; sepals and petals yellow, veined and spotted with red; lip purple. Endemic. A beautiful and curious species; the very long lat. sep. are often connected by their extremities or for a considerable distance. 2. ©. Wightii, 72w. Enum. 299 (1861) (part). Reichb. f. in Journ. Bot. xii.198. C. Ed/ie, Trim. Cat. 88. C. Macrai, Wight, Ic. v. I. 7 (non Lindl.). Bulbophyllum Ellie, Rchb. f. in Walp. Ann. vi. 263. C. P..3160. Fl. B. Ind. v. 776. Wight, Ic. t. 1652 (C. Macra@z). Rootstock flexuous, as thick as a crow-quill, internodes + in. long, with long flexuous roots; pseudobulbs ovoid, 15 8 Or chidee. | Cirrhopetalum. }_2 in. long, naked; 1. 14-34 in., shortly petioled, oval and I-2 in. long, or linear-oblong and 3-5 inch long, thickly coriaceous, tip emarginate, veins obscure; ped. rather stout, shorter or longer than the ]., 6—8-fld., green speckled with red, sheaths 2—3, distant, lanceolate; fl. subumbellate, bracts {5 in., subulate-lanceolate; pedicel with ov. 3 in., green speckled with red, as are the margins of the sep.; dorsal sep. broadly ovate, obtuse, 5-nerved, lateral 2-3 in. long, three times as long as the dorsal, parallel, linear-oblong, subacute, convex, 5-nerved; petals ovate, acute, erose, 3-nerved; lip very small, linear- oblong, obtuse, strongly recurved; columnar teeth very short. Montane zone 4-7000 ft.; rather common. Hantane; N. Eliya; Hak- gala; Horton Plains. I have also collected it at Veddagalle in Singhe Raja Forest at not more than 1500 ft. Fl. March-May, September; greenish-yellow, with minute crimson lines or dots, which also cover the inflorescence. Endemic, 3. C. Trimeni, Hook. / Rootstock much branched, internodes short; pseudo- bulbs globose-ovoid; 1. $-1 in., oblong or oval-oblong, obtuse, emarginate, thickly coriaceous, stiff; ped. 14 in., very slender, spotted with red; umbel 6-fld., bracts short, acute; fl. about } in. long.; dorsal sepal under } in., ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate, lateral under 4 in., lanceolate, acute, parallel, 1-veined; pet. } in., oval-oblong, obtuse, apiculate, sub-erose; lip tongue-shaped, thick, obtuse, strongly upcurved. —Trimen MSS. Hagkalle, creeping on trunks of trees, 18th Sept, 1894 (Trimen). Fl. Sept.; straw-coloured, lip darker. Endemic. All the above is from a MS. of Dr. Trimen. I find no specimen in the Perad. Herb., nor any figure amongst the drawings. 4. C. Macreei, /ind/. Gen. and Sp. Orch. $9 (1830). C. Walkerianum, Wight, Ic. v. 1,7. Thw. Enum. 299. C. P. 2362. Fl. B. Ind. v. 780. Wight, Ic. t. 1657 (C. Walkerianum). Bot. Mag. t. 4422. Rootstock stout, creeping, with filiform roots; pseudobulbs ¢ in., crowded, ovoid or lageniform, smooth, surrounded by the bristling remains of old sheaths; 1. 3-5 by 1-1} in, petioled, ovate-oblong to linear, obtuse, tip entire, very coria- ceous; petiole 1-1} in.; ped. 6 in. long, very slender, with 2-3 slender appressed bracts, green; fl. very shortly racemed, 14—2 in. long; pedicels and ov. } in.; bracts } in., lanceolate; dorsal sep. lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, decurved, lateral, three times as long as the dorsal, or longer, parallel, narrowly linear-lanceolate, narrowed into slender tips, 5-veined, free or Calogyne.| Orchidee. 159 cohering; pet. falcately ovate-lanceolate, apiculate, 3-veined ; lip very small, strongly recurved, tongue-shaped, obtuse; columnar arms widely spreading, long, broad, crenate on one side; pollinia pyriform. Lower montane zone 3—4500 ft.; rather common. Hantane; Hewa- hette; Pundaloya; also on summit of Ritigala, N. C. Prov. (2500 ft.). Fl. July-October; yellow, tinged more or less with brownish-purple; nearly white in the Ritigala plant, Endemic. 5. ©. Thwaitesii, Rchb. f. in Journ. Bot. xii. 199 (1874). C. Wightzt, Thw. Enum, 299 (part). Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 88. CrPa2 740: Bi. By ind: v.77. Rootstock rather stout, tortuous, moderately branched, emitting filiform roots, internodes 14% in. or shorter; pseudo- bulbs 4-3 in., subglobosely ovoid, at length ridged; |. 14-2} in., very shortly petioled, oblong to oval- or linear-oblong, obtuse, emarginate, very thickly coriaceous, stiff; ped. I or 2,.2—4 in., flexuous, usually spotted or streaked with red, and umbellately 3-6-fld., pedicel with ov. 7% in.; bracts minute, acute; dorsal sep. nearly 4 in., broadly ovate, acute, lateral, 4-4 in., ovate- lanceolate, subacute, widely spreading, 5-veined; pet. very small, ovate, subacute, quite entire; lip tongue-shaped, fleshy, channelled; fr. pyriform, 2 in., strongly ribbed, stoutly pedi- celled. Montane zone up to 7oooft.; rather rare. N. Eliya; Ramboda; Hakgala. Fl. March, August; pale greenish-yellow, without red streaks or spots. Endemic, 7, CELOGYNE, Lind. Epiphytes; rootstock creeping, bearing 1-few-leaved pseudobulbs; |. coriaceous or membranous and plaited; ped. from the base or top of the pseudobulb; raceme few or many-fld.; fl. medium-sized or small, bracts usually large; sep. subequal, dorsal oblong, lateral ovate-oblong, base more or less saccate; pet. narrower, nearly as long as the sep.; lip sessile on the base of the column, erect, as long as the sep., 3-lobed, lateral lobes embracing the column, disk crested; column long, slender, margined or winged, top dilated, hooded, foot 0; anth. 2-celled or imperfectly 4-celled, pol- linia 4, pyriform, waxy, cohering in pairs or all together by a viscus.—Sp. 90 or more; 62 in FZ. B. Ind. Bracts, 3-13 in. 5 , : é ‘ I. C. BREVISCAPA. Bracts, 3-3 in. ‘ : : 4 : : . 2. C. ODORATISSIMA. Bracts, ; in. By Ca ZEMPANTCN 160 Orchidee. [Calogyne. 1. C. breviscapa, Lindl. Fol. Orchid. Col. 4 (1854). Thw. Enum. 300. C. P. 3121. F]. B. Ind. v. 833 (excl. syn.). Rootstock very stout, as thick as a goose quill, clothed with rigid dark brown appressed scales; pseudobulbs 14~—2} in., crowded, 1-2-leaved, narrowly ovoid, sheaths broad, coria- ceous, red-brown; 1. 3—5 in., linear-oblong, subacute, coria- ceous, keeled, narrowed into a short petiole; ped. from the base of the terminal pseudobulb, with the 4-6-fld. raceme 3-4 in. long, slender, basal sheaths closely imbricate, hard, obtuse; fl. distant, #-1 in. broad, bracts 2-14 in., oblong- lanceolate, acute, chartaceous, brown, persistent, pedicels slender, with the ov. 4-} in., spreading or decurved; dorsal sep. oblong-lanceolate, acute, lateral ovate-oblong; pet. linear- oblong; side lobes of lip short, obtuse, mid lobe orbicular- obovate, retuse or apiculate, disk with 2 thickened ridges and a median slender one, top of column crenate; fr. 1} in., narrowly fusiform, acutely angled. Upper montane zone; rather rare. N. Eliya. Fl. Dec.—Jan.; white, lip tinged with yellow, bracts brown. Endemic. The name érev7scapa is unfortunate, as the ped. is longer than in the other Ceylon species. In FI. Brit. Ind., I (following Thwaites) referred Wight’s C. angustifolia (Ic. Tab. 1641) to this species, but, now that I have seen the Peradeniya drawings and specimens, I reject this identification. Wight’s figure is a bad one, to whatever species it may pertain. There is, in the Kew collection of drawings, one by Mrs. Walker of a variety of this, or of an allied congener, from Ramboda, with pseudobulbs 3 in. long, yellow- flowered, and a 2-lobed mid lobe of the lip. 2. C. odoratissima, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. n. 1960 (1828). [PLATE EXXXIX] ? Cee Gen. and Sp. Orch. 41; Fol. Orch. Cel. 5. Thw. Enum. 300. pekoumilicse BIB. Ind. v. 834. Wight, Ic. t. 1640 (?). Bot. Mag. t. 5462 (?). Rootstock creeping, with long slender roots; pseudobulbs many, crowded, 1—2-leaved, about 1 in. long, subglobose, obscurely 4-sided, wrinkled when old, sheaths hyaline; 1. 24-4 in., linear-lanceolate, subacute, keeled, thinly coriaceous, punctulate beneath; ped. from the base of an old pseudobulb, erect, shorter than the |., 2—4-fld., basal sheaths closely imbri- cate, obtuse: raceme lax-fld., bracts 4-% in., oval-oblong, acute, membranous, persistent, pedicel with ov. 4—? in.; sep. 1-1} in., subacute, dorsal oblong-ovate, lateral falcately ovate ; pet. narrowly oblong or oblanceolate; side lobes of lip oblong, obtuse, erect, mid lobe orbicular, entire, apiculate, Adrorhizon.| Orchidece. 161 disk with 3 slender crisped ridges; column margined, hood entire; fr. 1 in., pyriform, or broadly ellipsoid, thickly 6-ribbed, pendulous from the elongated thickened ped. Upper montane zone; common. Fl. Dec., Jan.; white, with a yellow stain on the lip. Also on the Nilgiri Mts., S. India. The name odoratissima is scarcely warranted by the very faint scent of the pretty flowers. Neither of the figures quoted, which represent the Nilgiri plant, are characteristic for ours, which has much larger flowers, less acute sep. and pet., and very crowded globose pseudobulbs. 3. ©. zeylanica, Hook. /. (nov sp.) C. P. 4003. Rootstock creeping, with slender roots; pseudobulbs 1~—2- leaved, } in. long, obpyriform or ovoid, somewhat wrinkled, green, bearded at the base with the red-brown fibres of old sheaths; |. 4-6 by +}in., narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute, keeled, coriaceous, narrowed into a petiole; ped. at the base of an old pseudobulb, much shorter than the |. (14 in.), slender, erect, 2-fld., basal sheaths imbricate in a cone, obtuse, green; bracts } in., oblong, brown; fl. drooping, sep. } in., subacute, dorsal oblong, lateral ovate-oblong; pet. narrowly linear; side lobes of lip broad, obtuse, mid lobe orbicular. Ambagamuwa district (Ic. Herb. Peradeniya). FI. (?) white, with two ochreous spots on the mid lobes of the lip. A very distinct little species, allied to C. odoratisstma, but much smaller in all its parts, with ovoid pseudobulbs, very narrow l., very short ped., and small bracts. The description is from an excellent drawing, and a flowerless specimen in the Peraden. Herb. on the same sheet with a specimen ticketed ‘C. P. 3121 (?) C. dveviscafa (?) (D. Morris).’ 8. ADRORHIZON, Hook. Rootstock creeping, emitting many long stout vermiform roots; pseudobulbs 0, or narrow, I-leaved; 1. narrow, coria- ceous; ped. from the base of the stem or pseudobulb, erect, 1-3-fld.; bracts minute; sep. linear-oblong, obtuse; pet. as long, narrowly spathulate, obtuse; lip sessile on the base of the column, erect, spathulate, entire, obtuse; base saccate, tip crenulate, disk smooth; column narrowly winged, top dilated with toothed sides; foot 0; anth. imperfectly 4-celled; pol- linia 4, free, waxy, narrowly pyriform, 2 larger than the others; fr. narrowly oblong or pyriform, strongly 6-ribbed. A. purpurascens, /ook. /. Celogyne (?) purpurascens. Hk. f.in Fl. B. Ind.v. 842. Dendrobium purpurascens, Thw. Enum. 298. C. P. 2352. Fl. B. Ind. l.c. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 2110. PART IV. M 162 Orchidee. [Pholidota. Roots 3-4 in. by Lin. diameter, simple, flexuous, constricted here and there, covered with a loose pale epidermis; stem or pseudobulb $—? in., terete or narrowly ovoid, clothed with membranous reticulate scales; 1. erect, I-4 in., linear- oblong or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, coriaceous, often purplish beneath, margins recurved when dry; ped. 3-4 in., very slender, with a small sheath about the middle, and several membranous ones at the base; pedicel with ov. $-4 in, straight; fl. about = in. broad, sep. 3-veined; pet. I-veined; fr. 4-5 in. Montane zone 4-7000 ft.; rather common. Ambagamuwa; Hantane; Nuwara Eliya; Horton Plains. Fl. Sept.-Nov.; pure white, the column and anther-case dark purple; leaves and infl. strongly tinged with purple. Endemic. I stated in Fl. Brit. Ind. that this little plant should probably form a separate genus from Celogyne, for which I proposed the name Adrorhtzon, in allusion to its curious thick roots; but that I awaited more specimens before establishing it. These I have (in the Peradeniya Herb.) now examined, and they confirm my opinion of its proving a very distinct genus, which is nearer to the Himalayan Pazisea, Lindl. (see Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. v. t. 29) than to any other, differing in the absence of the long sigmoid claw of the lip of that genus. 9. PHOLIDOTA, Linz. Epiphytes, pseudobulbs tufted, 1-2-leaved; |. broad, plaited; ped. terminal on the pseudobulb, elongate, very slender, decurved; fl. small, subglobose, in spiciform drooping racemes, with cymbiform distichous bracts; sep. broad, lateral concave; pet. narrow, flat; lip short, sessile on the base of the column, erect, saccate, shortly lobed; column very short, broad, cucullate, foot 0; anth, 2-celled, pollinia 4, waxy, sub- slobose, free or cohering in pairs by a viscus.—Sp. about 20; 11 in FZ. B. L[nd. P. imbricata, Lindl. in Hook. Exot. Fl. ii. t. 138 (1825). Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 36. Thw. Enum. 300. C. P. 3187. Fl]. B. Ind. v. 845. Wight, Ic. t. 967. Bot. Reg. t. 1213, 1777. Pseudobulbs 4-2 in. long, ovoid, sub-tetragonal, smooth, truncate, I-leaved; 1. 6-12 by 14-2 in., linear or oblong- lanceolate or oblanceolate, obtuse, coriaceous, base tapering, 3-5—costate beneath; ped. 8-10 in., longer than the 1., naked, decurved, raceme 4-9 in., very many-fld., bracts } in. broad, cuspidate, lowest empty closely imbricating; sep. } in. long, dorsal flat, lateral cymbiform, connate at the base, keeled dorsally, keél winged; pet. linear; lip saccate between the side lobes, mid lobe short, broad, bifid, disk 3-veined, median Acanthophippium. | Orchid e@. 163 vein thickened at the base; column orbicular when spread out; fr. ? in., globose or ellipsoid, strongly ribbed, fruiting rhachis thickened. Moist region up to 3000 ft.; common. FI. Aug.; white, with a pinkish or yellowish tinge, bracts brown. Also in the hilly districts of India, Burma, Andaman Is. Io, CHRYSOGLOSSUM, 27. Terrestrial herbs, with a creeping rootstock and erect stem, pseudobulbous at the base, 1-leaved, terminating in a lax-fld. raceme; 1. petioled, oval, membranous, plaited; fl. rather small; sep. subequal or dorsal narrowest, lateral con- nate with the short foot of the column, forming with the lip a short mentum; pet. broad or narrow; lip erect, 3-lobed, disk lamellate; column incurved, foot short, margins auricled above the middle; anth. 2-celled, pollinia 2, pyriform, waxy, free— Sp. 7; 4-in' 27. B. Jad. Cc. maculatum, ///. fiz F7. B. Ind. v. 784 (1890). Ania maculata, Thw. Enum. 301. C. P. 3515. Fl. B. Ind. v. 784. Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 2064. Rootstock stout, creeping, with thick vermiform roots; stem a foot high, narrowly pseudobulbous at the base, as thick as a crow-quill above, bearing a few distant tubular sheaths with obliquely truncate mouths; 1. 10 by 34 in., shortly petioled, oval, acute, 7-veined, quite glabrous; raceme 6 in. long, lax-fld.; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the slender pedicels; fl. nearly 1 in. diam.; sep. erect, obtuse, dorsal oblong, lateral larger, spreading and recurved, narrowly oblong, falcate; mentum short, conical, obtuse; pet. as broad as the sep.; lip shorter than the sep., base auricled, side lobes small, oblong, obtuse, mid lobe much longer, orbicular, concave, disk with 3 lamellz; auricles of column triangular, obtuse; anth. small; fr. 1} in., oblong-clavate, pendulous from a stout pedicel, strongly ribbed. Montane zone 4-5000 ft.; rare. Haputale; Kotiyagala; Dickoya. Fl. March, April; pale green, with rows of small purplish or reddish blotches; lip white, with purple spots within, spur yellow (Thwaites). Endemic. Inadvertently twice described in FI. B. Ind. v. 784; once as Tainia maculata, a name that shou!'d be deleted, as also the two last errata on p. 9IO. 11. ACANTHOPHIPPIUM, 5/. Terrestrial; stem very short, base pseudobulbous; |. few, petioled, plaited; scape short, stout, radical; fl. few, in a short lateral raceme, large, fleshy, pedicels thickened after flg.; sep. ] 64 Orchidec. [Eria. | connate in a ventricose fleshy channelled tube, with short free, recurved tips, lateral adnate to the foot of the column; mentum large, saccate; pet. narrow, erect, as long as the sep.; lip very small, stipitate on the foot of the column, side lobes broad, erect, mid lobe recurved, entire, disk lamellate; column short, stout, foot very long, inflexed; anth. 4-celled, pol- linia 8, waxy, in two bundles of 4 each, one pair of each bundle smaller, all seated on one granular viscus.—Sp. few; 3 in. FZ. B. Ind. A. bicolor, Zind/. in Bot. Reg. xx. t. 1730 (1835). Thw. Enum:+307. “C.*P.'2365- Fl. B. Ind. v. 815. Bot. Reg. t. 1730. Pseudobulbs crowded, with vermiform roots, ovoid, up to 4in. high and 3 in. diam., of several green fleshy internodes, the uppermost tapering into a short stem formed of the sheathing petioles; 1. few, 9-18 in., oval, acuminate, strongly ribbed beneath, base narrowed into the sheathing petiole; ped. 1-3 in., stout, erect, sheathed, 3—7-fld.; sheaths imbricating, oblong, pale purplish, striate; bracts broad, 1 in. long, cym- biform, greenish-purple; pedicels short, stout, with the ov. 1-13 in.; cal. pitcher-shaped, nearly 1 in. diam., gibbously inflated, base intruded, mouth oblique, lobes short, ovate- rotundate, recurved; pet. erect, narrowly spathulate, obtuse ; lip very small, included, jointed on the long erect foot of the column, nearly quadrate, side lobes rounded, erect, mid lobe oblong, obtuse, recurved, disk with 3 lamellz. Shady woods in moist low country to 2000 ft.; rare. Hantane; Gam- pola, abundant. Fl. March, April; bright yellow, the ends of the sepals and petals deep purplish-red. - Endemic. Discovered by J. G. Watson, Superintendent of Peradeniya Gardens, 1832-38. 12. ERIA, Lind. Epiphytes of various habit, with erect branching stems or with pseudobulbs that are tufted or crowded on a creeping rootstock; 1. various, membranous or coriaceous; ped. lateral or subterminal; fl. racemose, rarely solitary, never very large or bright cold; sep. subequal or dorsal narrowest, lateral adnate to the foot of the column, and forming with it a spur- like or saccate mentum; pet. linear or oblong; lip sessile on the foot of the column, entire or 3-lobed; column long or short; anth. imperfectly 4- or 8-celled, pollinia 8, pyriform Evia. Orchidee. 165 or broadly obovoid, waxy, attached in fours or all together by their narrow bases to a granular membrane or viscus.—Sp. upwards of 150; 95 in FZ B. Ind. Pseudobulbs small. lr 3; sna on the ee, of the Cres ; “14K. BRAGCATA, Fl. spicate. =f 12.) us MUSCICOLA,. Stem elongate. Stem very stout, simple. Lip entire, or nearlyso : : . . 3. E. BICOLOR. Lip 3-lobed. Sep. scurfy . : : ‘ ; P / 140°. PRICOLOR. Sep. glabrous . : . 5. LINDEEVI: Stem branched, terete, with woolly scales. . 6, E. THWAITESII. 1. BE. braccata, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 46 (1859). Dendrobium braccatum, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 75. Thw. Enum. 299... C. Pr-2356. HIB aindaiveor7. Pseudobulbs }—} in. diam., densely crowded on a short branched rootstock with long filiform roots, depressed globose, at first clothed with a network of fibres, at length naked, pale green; 1. 2, unequal, caducous, 14-1? in. long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, apiculate, pale bright green, base shortly sheathing; fl. solitary or 2-3, pedicelled on the top of the pseudobulb, pedicels about 1 in. long, slender, naked; bract 4-3} as long as and incumbent on_the dorsal sepai, triangular-ovate or oblong, acute, cymbiform, green; sep. and pet. 5-veined, 1-1 in. long, dorsal sep. linear-oblong, obtuse, lateral broader, oblong-lanceolate, subacute ; mentum broad, incurved, truncate; pet. like the dorsal sep.; lip rather shorter than the sep., inflexed and recurved, subpandureformly oblong, tip rounded, disk with 3 ridges; pollinia shortly pyriform ; stigma large; fr. 5 in., obovate-ovoid. Montane zone to 6000 ft.; rather common. MHantane; Ramboda; N. Eliya; Dumbanagala, Rangala; Horton Plains. F!1. October, April- August; creamy white, the lip yellow at the base, and with the ridges pink. Endemic. Very near C. reticosa, Wight (Ic. t. 1637) of the Nilgiri Mts., which has the lip 3-lobed. 2. E. muscicola, ind. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 47 (1859). Thw. Enum. 299. C. P. 2355. Fl. B. Ind. v. 789. Pseudobulbs clustered on a rather slender creeping root- stock, depressed-globose, $-1 in. diam., green; 1. 2-3 on the top of the pseudobulb, petioled, 1-4 in. long, broadly ovate- obovate or linear to oblanceolate, tip acute or rounded, apiculate, dark green; ped. from between the leaves, with the 3—6-fid. spike 1-2 in. long, filiform, naked; fl. 4-4} in. 166 Orchidee. [Eria. long, secund, sessile; bracts small, ovate or lanceolate; sep. and pet. 3-veined, dorsal sep. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, lateral falcately ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; mentum subglobose; pet. as long as the sep. narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; lip half as long as the sep., ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, nearly straight, disk with 3 slender ridges; column short, broad, truncate. Var. 8, oblonga, 777m. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 88. Pseudobulbs elon- gated; fl. larger, sep. 4-3 in. Chinks of rocks and tree-trunks in moist region throughout montane zone; common. Also in Nillowe Kanda, S. Prov., and in Ritigala, N.C. Prov. Fl. July-October; greenish-white. Var. 8 in Pedurutalagale. - Nepal, Khasia, Burma. A small but very pretty little plant. I have seen no specimen of var. /3. 3. E. bicolor, Lznd/. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 65 (1830). Thw. Enum. 299. C. P. 2982. Fl. B. Ind. v. 793. Stems tufted, erect, columnar or fusiform, 4-6 in. long, internodes many, $—1 in. diam., cylindric, clothed with brown sheaths; 1. tufted on the narrowed top of the stem, 3-5 by 4—} in., linear-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, thinly coriaceous, many-veined; ped. from the axils of the old sheaths, with the erect many-fld. raceme 4-5 in. long, stout, erect or inclined, puberulous, bearing a few oblong, acuminate, membranous bracts, rhachis brown; bracts 3 in., ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading and deflexed, scarious; pedicel with ov. $—$ in.; fl. 3 in. long; sep. 3-veined, dorsal ovate-lanceolate, outer pair of veins branching, lateral falcately ovate, subacute; mentum rounded, saccate; pet. shorter than the sep., linear, acute; lip ovate-lanceolate, acute, laterally obscurely lobed, claw broad, deeply saccate; foot of column short. Montane zone above 4ooo ft.; common. FI. Sept.—Oct.; pure white, on purple-red stalks, whence the specific name. Endemic. A very familiar up-country species, and generally known as the ‘ Lily-of-the-Valley Orchid.’ 4. BE. tricolor, 7iw. Enum. 429 (1864). Cre aso4o: Fl. B. Ind. v. 798. Stems tufted, erect, fleshy, rooting at the base, 3-5 in. long, fusiform, of many short cylindric internodes, }—% in. diam., young clothed with short obtuse brown sheaths; |. many, in a terminal tuft, 6-8 by 4—5 in., distichous, recurved, linear-lanceolate, strongly veined when dry, base shortly sheathing; ped. from the nodes of the stem, short, naked, or with a few bracts, with the laxly many-fld, raceme; 3-4 in. long, fl. about 3 in. broad, bracts broadly oval, obtuse, Evia. Orchidee. 167 much shorter than the ov.; pedicel with the furfuraceous ov. } in.; sep. scurfy, dorsal broadly ovate-oblong, obtuse, lateral falcately ovate, subacute; mentum rounded; pet. narrower, ovate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous; lip shortly clawed, 3-lobed, side lobes erect, subfalcate, obtuse, mid lobe orbicular, reflexed, tip recurved, disk with a central ridge;. column rather long, truncate. ‘More elevated parts of the Central Province’ (Thwaites). Fl. (?); creamy-white, the lip with the side lobes pink, and the mid lobe yellow. Endemic. 5. B. Lindleyi, 72w. Anum. 299 (1861). Dendrobium bicolor, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. 90. &. ézcolor, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 58. £. ephemera, Rchb. f. in Walp. Rep. vi. 272. (Cp IPS Bro Fl. B. Ind. v. 799. Stems 6-18 in., densely tufted, rooting at the base, as thick as a goose-quill in the middle, clavate at the. top, and tuberous at the very base, smooth, internodes many, terete, clothed with short acute sheaths; 1. clustered on the terminal internodes, sessile, 3-4 in. long, oblong or oval-lanceolate, obtuse, many-veined when dry; ped. from the upper nodes, 1-14 in., 2-3-fld., glabrous; bracts large, 4-? in., broadly oblong, obtuse, green, recurved ; pedicel with ov. 4 in.; sep. 4-2 in. long, glabrous, dorsal ovate-oblong, obtuse, lateral falcately ovate-oblong; mentum rounded; pet. linear-oblong, falcate, obtuse, 3—5-veined; lip very shortly clawed, side lobes broad, acute, almost as long as the suborbicular truncate mid lobe, disk with 2 calli between the side lobes; column long, top narrowed, truncate; anth. very small (‘pollinia 8, wedge- shaped, all united by a viscus. Jc, 2x Herb. Perad.); fr. 1 in, narrowly clavate. Montane zone to 7000 ft.; rather common. Hantane. Fl. Sept.—Dec.; white, the large bracts often yellow. Endemic. 6. BE. Thwaitesii, 7727 Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 88 (1885). E. velutina, Thw. Enum. 299 (non Lodd.). C. P. 2349. Fl. B. Ind. v. 803. Stem 6-12 in., rooting at the nodes, as thick as a swan’s quill, branching, internodes very short, clothed with silky sheaths, roots pubescent, branches short, leafy at the top, softly pubescent; |. 2-5 by 4-1 in., linear- or oblong-lanceo- late or oblanceolate, obtuse or subacute, thickly coriaceous, sometimes subfalcate, silkily tomentose, or woolly on both surfaces; ped. stout, terminal, with the lax-fld. spike 3-4 in. 168 Orchidee. [Alvisia. long, suberect, woolly; bracts 4~1 in., oblong, obtuse woolly; fl. subsessile; sep. } in. long, coriaceous, woolly or tomentose, dorsal oblong, obtuse, lateral broadly ovate-oblong, obtuse, decurved; mentum rounded, strongly incurved; pet. linear, subacute, glabrous; lip shorter than the sep., tongue-shaped, recurved, fleshy, tomentose, side lobes very small, mid lobe small, ovate, obtuse; column very short, broad; anth. pu- bescent on the crown; fr. 4 in. long, ellipsoid, shortly pedi- celled. Moist region, 2—6000 ft.; rare. Dolosbagie (Thwaites); near Hakgala (Nock); Ballangoda (Lewis). Fl. October-January; pale dull yellow. Endemic. E. profusa, Lindl., is another of Nightingale’s orchids said to have been obtained in Ceylon (Bot. Reg. 1842, Misc. 2). It flowered at Sion in 1841. Nothing more is known of it. 13. ALVISIA,* Lind. Pseudobulbs small, sessile on a slender rootstock, 1-2- leaved; 1. sessile, small; ped: terminal on the pseudobulb, erect, filiform, flexuous; fl. distant in an elongate spike, minute; sep. shortly connate at the base, dorsal linear-oblong, obtuse, apiculate, recurved, mid vein broad, lateral connivent, falcately ovate, strongly upcurved beyond the middle, very obtuse, bases confluent together and with the long foot of the column in a broad deep sac (mentum); pet. half as long as the sep.; lip very small, inserted on the foot of the column, claw broad, sigmoid, dilated into an obcordate, fleshy limb; column very minute, depressed, with the two projecting incurved arms in front; anth. minute, 2-lobed, 2-celled, pollinia 8, obovoid, waxy, free-—Monotypic. A. tenuis, Lindl. Fol. Orchid. Alvis. (1859). Thw. Enum. 300. Eria articulata, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 47. C.F. 265h, Fl. B. Ind. v. 788. Pseudobulbs 4-4 in., ellipsoid or subglobose; 1. sessile, $—-1 in., broadly oblong or oblanceolate, apiculate, 5-veined, membranous, dark green; ped. with the long erect flexuous few or many-fld. spike 1—3 in., rhachis often zigzag, with the fl. at the angles; bracts ,'; in., cymbiform, membranous, sheathing the small obconic ov.; sep. 74—} in., rather fleshy, tips rounded, dorsal thickened in the middle, lateral almost sigmoid, veinless; mentum half as long as the sep. upcurved, * Dedicated to Haramanis de Alivis Seneviratna, the Sinhalese artist attached to the Ceylon Botanic Gardens from 1823 10 1861. Tainza. | Orchidec. 169 tip rounded; pet. linear-oblong, faintly 1-veined; lip. im- mersed in the mentum, inserted on the top of the very long foot of the column, within the margins of the connate lat. sep.; anth. didymous (?), pollinia microscopic. Damp low country below 2000 ft.; rather rare. Ambagamuwa (Thwaites) ; Kotmalie (Braine); Karawita Kande, near Ratnapura. FI. Feb., March; bright orange-salmon-coloured. Endemic. This curious plant, which was included in Z7za by Bentham in Gen. Plant., and by myself in Fl. B. Ind., differs remarkably from that genus in habit, in the connate bases of the sep., and in the very minute column, with two projecting incurved arms in front. The flowers are very difficult of analysis in dried specimens, and the drawing in the Peradeniya collection is not altogether satisfactory. The anth. is there represented as didymous. 14. TAINIA, £5/. Terrestrial herbs, with a creeping rootstock, bearing a 1-leaved tuberous pseudobulb; |. solitary, long-petioled, coria- ceous; ped. from the base of the pseudobulb, tall, slender, with few sheaths; fl. racemed; sep. narrow, spreading, lateral falcate, adnate to the saccate base of the lip, and forming a mentum with it; pet. linear, falcate, spreading; lip adnate to the foot of the column, 3-lobed, disk lamellate; column slender, incurved, base produced into a short foot; anth. 2-celled, crowned with 2 short horns or tubercles, pollinia 8, waxy, united in fours by a granular viscus, subequal, globosely pyriform.—Sp. about 20; 14 in FZ. B. nd. T. bicornis, 7717. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 88 (1885). Ania bicornis, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1842, 37. E7éa bicornts. Rchb. f. in Walp. Ann. vi. 269. C. P. 3190. Fl. B. Ind. v. 820. Wight, Ic. t. 914 (Ania latifolia). Bot. Reg. 1844, t. 8. Pseudobulb fusiform or narrowly pyriform, 14-23 in. long, with stout vermiform roots; |. 4-6 by 2-21 in., oblong or ovate- oblong, acute or acuminate, many-veined, leathery, base acute ; petiole 3-5 in., slender, erect, naked; ped. with raceme 8-16 in., with a few distant spreading membranous bracts; raceme erect, laxly many-fld.; fl. 1-14 in. across, pedicel very short, with the ov. } in.; bracts small, lanceolate, spreading; dorsal sep. linear-oblong, obtuse, erect, lateral narrowly linear-spathu- late, obtuse, falcately decurved; mentum rounded; pet. like the lateral sep.; lip. much shorter than the sep., side lobes erect, rounded, mid lobe short, broad, subquadrate, emarginate, disk with three crests ; anth. shortly 2-horned. 170 Orchidee. [A grostophyllum. Moist region at about 3000 ft.; rare. Hantane; Punduloya (E. Green). Fl. Jan._March; sep. and pet. pale olive-green, stained with purple, lip bright yellow, with purple dots at sides of disk. Also in S. India. 7. maculata, Hk. f. (Ania maculata, Thw.) has to be deleted; the plant is properly referred to Chrysoglossum, q.v. (See FI. B. Ind. vi. 193.) 15. ARUNDINA, 37. Terrestrial, erect herbs; rootstock creeping, sheathed ; stem elongate, rigid, terete, leafy; |. distichous, narrow, flat, jointed on their sheathing bases; fl. in terminal, erect, stiff, simple, few-fld. racemes; bracts distichous in bud, coriaceous, per- sistent; sep. and pet. oblong or lanceolate, flat, spreading, many-veined; lip large, broad, sessile on the base of the column, and embracing it by its convolute side lobes, mid lobe flat, crisped, disk lamellate; column long, slender, narrowly winged, foot 0; anth. 4-celled, pollinia 8, in two superposed unequal groups of 4, united by a viscus, waxy, lower pair of each group smaller, incumbent on the upper.—Sp. 8; 7 in Fil. B.. Ind. A. minor, L77d/. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 125 (1831). Thw. Enum. 301. C. P. 485. Fl. B. Ind. v. 857. Stems 1-2 ft., tufted on the hard rootstock, as thick asa small goose-quill, terete, leafless below, and there clothed with long appressed distichous membranous sheaths, leafy above; l. many, erect, 2-3 by } in., linear, acute, strict, keeled, striate, sheath membranous, appressed, smooth, ribbed; raceme 2-3 in., 3-4-fld., ped. and rhachis stout, stiff; bracts broadly ovate, persistent; pedicel with ov. } in.; fl. 1} in. across; sep. and pet. subacute; fr. 1-1} in., fusiform, erect. Wet places in moist region, up to 4000 ft.; rather common. Dolos- bagie; Ramboda; Galagama; Atampitiya, Uva. FI. Jan., Feb.; pale pink, lip yellow, with rose-coloured margins. Endemic. 16. AGROSTOPHYLLUM, lume. Epiphytes; stems tufted, flattened, stiff, rooting at the very base only, pseudobulbs 0; 1. distichous, vertical, linear, or linear-oblong, sheath flattened, persistent; fl. very small, crowded in a sessile terminal head, mixed with paleaceous bracts; sep. erect, conniving, concave, lateral broader, adnate to the foot of the column; pet. narrow; lip adnate to the foot of the column, erect, entire, or 3-fid.; column short, Tpsea.] Orchidee. C77 stout, thickened above; anth. 2-celled, pollinia 8, ovoid, waxy, seated in fours on a small viscus.—Sp. 7; 6 in FZ. B. Ind. A. zeylanicum, Hook. f. F/. B. Ind. v. 825 (1890). Appendicula longifolia, Bl. ex. Thw. Enum. 306. Trim. Cat. Ceyl go: C. P. 3208; PL Bind: v. 625; Stem 8-12 in. long, strongly compressed, with the sheaths $ in. broad, sheathed throughout with long, distichous, equi- tant, laterally compressed, white, coriaceous, truncate sheaths; roots tortuous; |. 3-5 by 4-4 in. exactly linear, obtuse or retuse, apiculate, thinly coriaceous, smooth, striate, midrib slender; heads of fl. sessile, 1 in. diam., bracts slender, scarious, shorter than the fl.; ov. after flg. fusiform, 4 in. long, perianth (in drawing) } in. long, erect, white. Low country, in the moist region; very rare. Road to Adam’s Peak, abundant (McKenzie). Ambagamuwa Dist. (Thwaites). Fl. Feb.; white. Endemic (?). In the absence of flowering specimens it is impossible to determine whether or no this plant may not be referable to an Indian species. It closely resembles in habit and foliage A. cal/osum, Rchb. f. of India, figured in Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. viii. t. 213, which has much larger fl. According to a drawing in Herb. Peraden. the fl. of A. zeylanicum are very minute. 17. EPSEA, Zid. Pseudobulbous, terrestrial, erect herbs; 1. 1-2, long, narrow, plicate; scape tall, erect, slender, sheathed, few-fid.; fl. large, bracts spathaceous; sep. subequal, spreading, lateral ovate- oblong, adnate to the base of the column; pet. narrower than the sep.; lip sessile on the base of the column, erect, side lobes oblong, erect, mid lobe small, obovate, disk crested, base saccate; column slender, clavate above, foot 0; anth. 4-celled, pollinia 8, pyriform, waxy, in 2 groups of 4 each, united by a viscus, one pair of each group much smaller.—Sp. 3 or 4; 3 in Fl. B. Ind. I. speciosa, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 124 (1831). Thw. Enum. 301. Pachystoma speciosa, Rchb. f. Trim. Syst. Cat. Geyl88. jy de, Fb. WALRICNGE Ped. axillary , : : ; : ‘ ‘ ; 2. P. LUREOUS: 1. P. Wallichii, Zzzd/. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii. 46, t. 158 (1831). P. bicolor, Thw. Enum. 300 (non Lindl.). C. P. 2368. Fl. B. Ind. v. 816. Lindl. Sert. Orchid. t. 23. Bot. Mag. t. 7023 and 4078 (P. bicolor). Wight, Ic. t. 1659-60 (P. dzcolor). Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. viii. t. 150. Pseudobulbs crowded, ovoid, 1} in. diam., of many inter- nodes, annulate, green, emitting vermiform roots; |. few, 2-3 ft. oblong, oval, or lanceolate, acuminate, strongly ribbed beneath, base sheathing or petioled; ped. from the base of the pseudobulb, 3-4 ft. high, as thick as a swan’s quill, green, bearing a few distant acute sheaths an in. long; raceme loosely many-fld, bracts like the stem-sheaths, herbaceous, caducous; fl. 4 in. broad; sep. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, widely spreading; pet. linear-oblong, obtuse; lip with the Calanthe.| Orchidee. Lea margins of the convolute side lobes recurved, crisply cre- nate, as is the orbicular mid lobe, spur } in. long, horn-like, strongly incurved or involute, acuminate; fr. 2 in. long, clavately fusiform. Open pastures in montane zone 3-7000 ft.; rather common, especially at the higher elevations. Fl. Sept.-Nov., April, June; rather variable in colour; sep. and petals pale purplish-orange above, and greenish-yellow on back, but sometimes whole fl. pale orange-yellow, the lip a pale uniform orange-yellow; or lip white, more or less suffused with pink, or all red-violet. The colours in Lindley’s fine plate are too vivid. Endemic. It is remarkable that so conspicuous a plant should have no recorded native name. 2. P. luridus, 7iw. Enz. 300 (1861). (Ge Ps Ouse Fl. B. Ind. v. 816. Stem 2 ft. high, with vermiform roots at the base, stout, leafy, clothed more or less wholly with large, lanceolate, acuminate, green sheaths; |. 12-18 by 3-5 in., lanceolate, acuminate, or oblong-lanceolate, strongly ribbed beneath, petiole sheathing; ped. 1-2, from the lower leaf axils or sheaths, 8-10 in. long, erect, as thick as a swan’s quill, raceme 10-12 in., few-fld; bracts oblong, acute, pubescent, caducous; fl. 2 in. broad, sep. and pet. spreading; sep. oblong- lanceolate, acuminate; pet. rather narrower, broader upwards, acute; lip cucullate, rounded, obscurely 3-lobed, margins undulate, above sparsely hairy, with 2 contiguous rugulose ridges, glabrous beneath and grooved in the middle, base forming with the very short foot of the column a short spur or mentum; column short, stout, top toothed; anth. hairy; fr. 2 in., fusiform. Moist region in the low country; rare. Pasdun Korale; Reigam Korale; Rakwane; Hewesse. Fl. August, Sept.; sep. and petals yellow, striped longitudinally with red, lip yellow. Endemic. The reference to Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. in Fl. B. Ind. v. 818 is an error. 19, CALANTHE, 357. Terrestrial herbs; stem leafy, base often pseudobulbous ; |. plaited; scape from the side of the pseudobulb; sep. sub- equal, spreading; pet. oblong or spathulate; lip adnate to the top of the column, opposite the stigmatic cavity, 3-lobed, mid lobe bifid or bipartite, disk tubercled, spur long, slender; column obliquely truncate; anth. small, 2-celled, pollinia 8, in two bundles, narrowly pyriform, waxy, pairs superposed in each bundle, one pair usually smallest—Sp. about 80; 34 in Fil, B. 1nd. 174 Urchidee. [Calanthe. The above generic characters (drawn up in accordance with Dr. Trimen’s rules for this Flora) would exclude many spe of the genus. Mid lobe of lip obcordate : ‘ ‘ . I, C. PURPUREA. Mid lobe of lip bipartite ; ; : . 2. C. VERATRIFOLIA. Cc. purpurea, Lindl. Gen. and 3 Orch, 249 (1833). Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1844, sub t.37. Lind]. Fol. Orch. Cal. 6. C. Masuca, Thw. Enum. 308 (non Lindl.). Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 88. C. P. 2366. Fl. B. Ind. v. 851. Rootstock stout, with vermiform roots, bearing a row of close-set annulate pseudobulbs 4-—? in. long; stem erect; 1. many, 12-18 in., ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, tapering into the broadly sheathing ribbed petiole, pubescent on both sur- faces, 7-costate beneath; ped. 8-—I0 in., stout, and raceme 6-8 in., tomentose, few or many-fld., sheaths lanceolate, herba- ceous; bracts 4—? in., ovate-lanceolate, longer or shorter than the long pedicels, persistent ; fl. 1-14 in. broad; pedicel with ov. I-14 in.; sep. ovate-oblong, apiculate, 5-veined, pubescent ; pet. shorter, broader; lip shorter or rather longer than the sep., side lobes oblong, obtuse, falcate, mid lobe cuneately obcordate, or 2-cleft, disk prominently warted at the base, spur slender, I in. or more, obtuse, pubescent; pollinia narrow, stipitate; fr. 14 in. fusiform, pendulous from the thickened pedicel. Moist region up to 3000 ft.; rather common. FI. Feb., July, August; bright or dull, pale purplish-pink, with the lip darker. Very near C. AM/asuca, Lindl.. of India and Java, well figured in Bot. Reg. 1844, t. 37 and Bot. Mag. t. 4541, which differs in its leaves glabrous above, and in the larger flowers with a different lip. This was also recorded from Ceylon by Lindley (Macrae), and may possibly occur, being widely distributed in India. 2. C. veratrifolia, Lr. iu Bot. Reg. ix. t. 720 (1823). : See Gen. and Sp. Orch. 249; Fol. Orch. Cal. 8. Thw. Enum. 308. Cr 2307. Fl. B. fad v.851. Wight, Ic. t. 1664 (C. Perrottetiz). Bot. Reg. t. 720 (whole plant reduced). Bot. Mag. t. 2615. Rootstock stout, horizontal, with vermiform roots; stems crowded, stout, about 3-5-leaved; 1. 15 by 2-3 in., ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, or sparsely puberu- lous beneath, narrowed into a sheathing petiole, sometimes 5 in. long, veins strong beneath; ped. several, 2-2} ft., very stout, pubescent, sheaths scattered, pubescent, green; raceme 3-4 in., many-fld., rhachis stout, and pedicels and ovary pubes- cent; bracts 4-1 in., lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, green, pubescent, shorter than the long slender almost hori- zontal white pedicels, which are 1-1} in. long; fl. 1} in. broad, dorsal sep. oblong, lateral obovate-oblong, apiculate, Eulophia. Orchidee. 175 5-veined; pet. obovate-oblong, or oblanceolate, 3—5-veined; lip as long as the sep., side lobes oblong, obtuse, mid lobe cleft into 2 linear obtuse falcate diverging lobes, disk with a few small warts at the base; fr. ellipsoid, 1} in., pedicel stout, decurved. Var. 6, discolor, Lindl. Fol. Orch. Cal. 8. Thw. Enum. 308. Crs 2971. Smaller, lip yellow-brown stained with purple.— 77zmen. Moist region; rather rare or local. Maturata(Nock). Var. 8, Nuwara ’ Eliya. Fl. Feb.-April, July; pure white, the lip often pale pink; in var. 8 the lip dull yellow, with a purplish central stain. Also in S. India, Malay Is., Australia. 20. EULOPHIA, 37. Terrestrial herbs, pseudobulbous or with a tuberous root- stock;. 1. plaited; scape lateral or terminal on the pseudobulb or rootstock, erect; fl. racemose; sep. and pet. free, spread- ing or erecto-patent; lip erect from the base or foot of the column, base saccate, or with a mentum or short spur, side lobes embracing the column, mid lobe spreading or recurved, disk crested or echinate; column long, base produced into a foot or nob, top oblique, entire; anth. 2-celled, pollinia 2, globose, waxy, attached by a short broad strap to a flat disciform gland.—Sp. probably 70; 26 in FZ. B. /nd. Column not produced into a foot. Pseudobulb epigeal. Sep. linear-oblong, acute or obtuse Sep. lanceolate, acuminate Rootstock tuberous, hypogeal . Column produced into a foot. L. and fl. produced together . NUDA. L. produced after fl. : . SANGUINEA. E. virens, 37. in Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 182 (1833). ee virens, Sw.; Moon, Cat.60. Thw. Enum. 302. C. P. 2369. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 1. Bot. Mag. t. 5579 (from Ceylon specimen). Wight, lextaone: Pseudobulb 1-14 in. diam., conico-ovoid, clothed with broad acute membranous sheaths; roots short, vermiform; 1. many from the pseudobulbs, 6-24 by 4-1 in., grass-like, finely acuminate, keeled, 3-5-veined, base sheathing; ped. with erect branching panicle 1-3 ft., green or more or less stained with brown, sheaths few, distant, branches forming elongate lax-fld. racemes; bracts minute, ovate, acute, persistent; ped. with ovary 3-1 in.; sep. ? in., linear-oblong, obtuse, subacute, or apiculate; pet. broader, oblong, apiculate; lip obovate- . VIRENS. - GRAMINEA. - MACROSTACHYA. WR wWwneH He wwe 176 Orchidee. | ulophia. oblong, side lobes small, erect, mid lobe about as long, broadly oblong, tip rounded, disk with 5 ridges crested with subulate processes, spur short, cylindric, incurved; anth. umbonate, pollinia 2, globose, strap short, gland large; capsule ellipsoid- oblong, 14 in., pendulous, ribs rather slender. Dry and intermediate regions in open rocky places; rather rare. Kurunegala Rock; Puttalam; Chunavil, Jaffna Dist.; Bintenne; Trin- comalie. F]. Feb. June, August, Oct.; sep. and pet. yellowish-green, lip white with crimson lines. Also in Peninsular India. A handsome ground-orchid. The colouring of the Bot. Mag. plate is not that of the Ceylon plant.— Trimen. L 2. BE. graminea, Lizdl. in Wall. Cat. n. 7372 (1828). Eulophia Sp., Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 89. C. P. 3958. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 2, 8, 196. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. viii. t. 238. Pseudobulbs conic, clothed with broad, acute, mem- branous sheaths; roots vermiform; |. 6-10 by 4-3 in., narrowly linear, finely acuminate, grass-like, base sheathing; ped. with the erect branching panicle 1-2 ft., slender, branches suberect, forming lax-fld. racemes; bracts small, spreading, lanceolate, persistent, pedicel with ov. slender, 3-1 in.; sep. 4 in., linear-lanceolate, acuminate; pet. rather broader, lanceo- late, acuminate; lip obovate-oblong, side lobes small, erect, mid lobe about as long, obovate, tip rounded, disk with 5 ridges crested with hooked processes, spur short, cylindric, incurved; anth. hemispheric, pollinia 2, globose, strap short, broad, gland large; fr. 1-1} in., clavate, ribs slender. Dry region, by roadsides and other open places; rare. Near Dam- bulla; Maravila, near Chilaw (Nevill). Fl. March, April; sep. and pet. greenish, veined and tessellate, with lake; lip white, similarly veined. Also in S. India, E. Bengal, Nicobar Is., Malay Peninsula. There is a specimen from Kecenig in Herb. Mus. Brit. labelled ‘ Satys zum seylanicum. 3. B. macrostachya, Lindi. Gen. Sp. Orch. 183 (1833). Thw. Enum. 301. 9 C. P. 3188. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 4. Bot. Reg. t. 1972; Bot. Mag. t. 6246 (both from Ceylon specimens). Wight, Ic. tt. 1667-8. Pseudobulbs 2-6 in., up to # in. diam., fascicled, terete or very narrowly fusiform, young sheathed with membranous scales, internodes few; roots thick, vermiform; 1. 2-4, petioled, 6-10 by 2-2} in., oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-7- veined, base narrowed into a channelled petiole 4-8 in. long; ped. from the base or side of the pseudobulb, with the lax- many-fld. raceme 2-3 ft., stout, red-brown, sheaths tubular, 1 in. long, appressed; bracts } in., linear-lanceolate, per- sistent, a few lowest longer and empty; pedicel with ovary $ in.; sep. 4-3} in. long, lanceolate, acuminate, dorsal arching, Eulophia. Orchidee. LZ lateral spreading; pet. rather shorter, acuminate, erect; lip very broad, saccate, with rounded erect side lobes, mid lobe short, recurved, rounded-obcordate, deeply cleft, spur a very short, globose, or ampulliform, purple sac, disk with 2 short lamellz; column stout, base produced into a very short foot; anth. umbonate, pollinia trapeziform, united by a short broad strap to a rather large orbicular purple gland. Moist region up to 4ooo ft.; Heneratgoda. FI.; sep. and pet. pale or purplish-green, lip yellow, with orange or purple veins on the side lobes. Also in S. India. 4. &. nuda, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. n. 7371 (1828). Cyrtopera fusca, Wight, Thw. Enum. 429 (Cyrt. fuscum). C. Gardner, Thw. Enum. 302. Cyrtopodium fuscum, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. 89. C. P. 2370. oe B. Ind. vi. 5. Wight, Ic. t. 1690. Rootstock large, tuberous, annulate, slightly branched, with long vermiform roots; stem I-3 ft., rather slender, erect, leafy, with a few basal sheaths; 1. 2 at flg. (1-2 more after- wards), 1-2 ft. by 1-14 in. linear to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, strongly plaited, narrowed into the long sheath; ped. from near the base of the leafing stem, 14-2 ft., erect, stiff, sheaths few, distant ; raceme 8-9 in., erect, laxly 10—20-fld. ; bracts subulate-lanceolate, much shorter than the ov., mem- branous, pedicel with ov. 4—? in.; sep. I in. long, connivent at the base, oblong, acute, lateral inserted on the foot of the column; mentum broadly conical, tip rounded; pet. connivent, oval-oblong, obtuse; lip large, ovate-oblong, obtuse, recurved, side lobes obscure, margins crisped, base saccate, disk with many crested ridges; column rather long, acute, base produced in a foot; anth. umbonate, pollinia ovoid, divaricate on the top of the short broad strap, gland large; fr. 14-2 in., fusiform, pendulous. Moist region in the low country to 3000 ft.; rather rare. Mirigama (Wright); Dolosbagie. Fl. Feb-—June; sep. greenish-purple, pet. white, lip white or yellow, stained with pink or purple, spur dark purplish-green. S. India, E. Bengal, Burma. Four varieties from the Himalayan region are figured inAnn. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. v. tt. 47-50, but none are much like the Ceylon form.— 77zmen. 5. B. sanguinea, Hk. f. in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 8 (1890). Cyrtopera rufa, Thw. Enum. 302. Cyrtopodium rufum, Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 89. -C. P. 3566. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 196. Bot. Mag. t. 6161 (Cyrvtopera sanguinea). Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. t. 242. Rootstock horizontal, tuberous, annulate; roots very stout, vermiform; |. appearing after the fl. (not seen); flg. stem 2 ft., very stout, erect, green or red, with a few broad, brown, semi-amplexicaul sheaths I in. long; raceme 6-5 in., lax-fld PART IV. N 178 Orchidee. [ Geodorum. erect; bracts subulate-lanceolate, flexuous, as long as the ov., persistent, pedicel with ovary }~-I in.; sep. I in. long, dorsal] erect, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, lateral inserted on the foot of the column, spreading, obliquely ovate, acuminate; men- tum short, conical, incurved, obtuse; pet. } shorter than the sep., spreading, obovate, tip acute or minutely notched and apiculate; lip shorter than the sep., saccate, side lobes small, obtuse, mid lobe small, rounded or broadly ovate, recurved, apiculate, disk with many hairy ridges; column produced into a foot; anth. umbonate, pollinia subglobosely ovoid, erect on a short strap with a large gland; fr. 24 in., ellipsoid, pendulous. Moist region to 4000 ft.; rare. Hantane; Moneragala, Uva (Wall); Haputale (Wright); Mirigama (Wright). Fl. Jan.—-April; sep. and pet. dull purplish-red, as is the whole infl.; lip paler, pinkish-green, with dark purple wings and a green spur. E. Himalayas and Khasia. The plant is quite leafless at the time of flowering. A specimen that flowered at Kew, and is figured in the Botanical Magazine, had the sep. and pet. reddish-brown, inclining to purple, the lip nearly white, suffused with pink towards the margin and on the side lobes, and with two purple spots on the disk.—J. D. H. The following species of Huz/ofhia have been erroneously regarded as Sinhalese :— E. explanata, Lindl.,a Nepal species; Lindl. erroneously quotes Ceylon (Macrae) for it in Gen. and Sp. Orch. 180 (see Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1882) E. bracteosa, Lindl. (Z. grandiflora, Lindl.), is also given by Lindley (l.c. 181) for Ceylon (Macrae), but erroneously. It is from the Khasia and Burma hills. &. Aerdacea, Lindl., is also given for Ceylon (Macrae) by Lindley (1. c. 182), but probably also in error. 21. GEODORUM, Jack’. Herbs, with a tuberous leaf-bearing rootstock; 1. few, plaited, base sheathing; ped. from the base of the tuber; fl. in a lax-fld. decurved raceme, resupinate, bracts narrow, membranous; sep. and pet. similar, conniving, oblong or obovate-oblong, acute; lip superior, sessile on the base or short foot of the column, as long as the sep., cymbiform, membranous, margins incurved; base saccate or shortly spurred, disk appendaged; column short; anth. 2-celled, 2-auricled, from detached portions of the top of the column which adhere to it, pollinia 2, globose, waxy, subsessile on a broad gland.—Sp. 6-8 (?); 4 in #7. B. Lnd. G. diiatatum, 2». 17 Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 207 (1813). Moon, Cat. 60. Thw. Enum. 308. C. P. 3196. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 17. Roxb. Cor. Pl. i. t. 39 (ZLémodorum recurvumy). Wight, Ic. t. g12 (fl. too large). Cymbidium. | Orchidece. 179 Rootstock a chain of hypogeal tubers about 4 in. diam., with thick vermiform roots; leafing stem 4-5 in., sheathed; ]. 2-3, sessile, 8-12 in., oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base narrowed, sheathing, bright green, shining, 3~—5-ribbed beneath; ped. from the base of a tuber, often distant from the |., 16-20 in. high, stout, with a few herbaceous tubular sheaths; raceme 3-5 in., sharply decurved in flower, erect in fr, rather closely 10-12-fld.; bracts lanceolate, membra- nous, shorter than the ov.; fl. subsessile, sep. and pet. 4 in. long, linear-oblong, acute or obtuse; lip superior, subpanduriform, tip retuse, disk concave, with a broad ridge ending in a yellow warted callus; fr. 14-14 in. fusiform, pendulous from a short decurved pedicel. Moist region, Central province. Fl. June; white, the lip suffused with yellow and pink. Also in Peninsular India and Burma. A specimen that flowered in the Peradeniya Gardens agrees better with Roxburgh’s fig. 2, G. purpureum ike ph aaes 40, than with his t. 39 L. recurvum (= G: adtlatatum).—J. D. H G. purpureum, Br., a closely allied species, is given for Ceylon in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 16, but I do not know on what authority. It is probably ony dilatatum. G. fucatum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1687 (1834) is said to have. been sent from Ceylon by Mr. Watson in 1832, and, in Fol. Orch. Geod. 2, Lindley further quotes for it ‘Walker in Herb. Hooker.’ Thwaites never met with it, nor are any specimens now known; it seems from the figure to be merely a small state of G. Jurpureum.— Trimen. It is impossible from dried specimens to distinguish G. dlatatum, purpureum, and fucatum. They are possibly all forms of one species.— - D. H. 22. CYMBIDIUM, Swartz. Epiphytes, pseudobulb 0; roots vermiform; stem very short, densely clothed with leaf-sheaths; 1. long, linear, coriaceous, jointed on their sheaths; ped. from the axils of the leaf, loosely sheathed at the base, naked above, pendulous; fl. race- mose, large, bracts coriaceous; sep. and pet. narrow, widely spreading; lip small, sessile on the base of the column, and embracing it by its side lobes, base saccate, mid lobe recurved, disk lamellate or ridged; column long, foot 0; anth. I- or imperfectly 2-celled, pollinia 2, or 4, subglobose, waxy, sessile on a 3-lunar gland.—Sp. about 30; 15 in AZ SB. Lund. L. loriform, tip 2-lobed_. ; : 5 : 4 ft. CaBICOLOR: 1, aon tip acute : : . 2. C. ENSIFOLIUM. C. bicolor, Lindl. Gen. an SP. Orch. 164 (1833). C aloefolium, Moon, Cat. 60 (non Sw.). Thw. Enum. 308. C. P. 3379. FI. B. Ind. vi. 11. Wight, Ic. tt. 1687-8, C. alotfolium (not good). Bot. Mag. t. 387, C. aloides. 180 Orchidee. (Cymbidium. Stem short, very stout, clothed with broad, acuminate, membranous sheaths that embrace the leaf-bases; 1. 2-3, $12 by }-1 in., loriform, coriaceous, tip unequally obtusely 2-lobed, sheaths 2-3 in., very stout, strongly acutely ribbed, green; ped. short, clothed with imbricating, acute sheaths; raceme 12-18 in., pendulous, laxly many-fid., rhachis stout, terete; bracts minute, ovate, pedicel with ov., #-1 in.; sep. 1 in., linear or oblong-linear, obtuse, reflexed; pet. about } shorter, rather broader, erect, obtuse; lip about half as long as the sep., base saccate, side lobes short, acute, mid lobe small, nearly orbicular, revolute, with 2 calli at the base; column incurved, thickened upwards, foot very short; anth. hemispheric, pollinia 2, ovoid, sessile on a semilunar gland; fr. 24 in., narrowly pyriform. Low country up to 3000 ft., on tree trunks; very common. FI. March, April; sep. and pet. cream-coloured, more or less stained with reddish- purple down the middle, lip white with a purple blotch or veins and purple wings, ridges yellow. Also in Southern India. One of our commonest orchids. The great tufts of long leathery leaves and long pendulous racemes of flowers are very conspicuous, though of little beauty. There is a specimen of it in Kcenig’s Herb. (Mus. rit.) from Jafnapatnam, ticketed ‘in truncis Borassorum.’ Moon gives ‘Wisaduli’ as the Sinhalese name for this, but this is an error (see Centipeda, part ili. p. 42). 2. ©. ensifolium, Sw. 7 Nov. Act. Upsal. vi. 77 (1799), var. hematodes, 777m. Syst. Cat. 89. [PLATE XC.] C. hematodes, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 162. Thw. Enum. 307. C. P. 3694. ; Fl. B. Ind. vi. 13. Stem very short, clothed with ovate-lanceolate brown sheaths; roots very many, vermiform, } in. diam.; |. many, all radical, lowest short, membranous, conduplicate, upper 2-3 ft. by 4-2 in., erect, ensiform, acute, 3—5-veined beneath, margins scaberulous; ped. from the base of the stem, with the many- fld. suberect raceme 14-2 ft., rhachis stout; bracts lanceolate, }-2 in., green, pedicel with ov. 14 in.; sep. 13 in> long; oblong, subacute, or obtuse, pet. subsimilar; lip about half as long as the sep., side lobes rounded, mid lobe as long as the side lobes, broadly ovate or orbicular, revolute; anth. hemi- spheric, pollinia 4, sessile in pairs on a semilunar gland, one of each pair much smaller; fr. 24 in., fusiform, bluntly trigonous. Montane zone in open places to 5500ft.; rather common. Hantane; Kondagula; Bogawantalawa, abundant. Fl. December, April; sweet- scented, sep. and pet. dull citron yellow, veined with pink, lip pale yellow, stained and spotted with dark pink. In Sikkim, Khasia, China, and Japan. In Fl. Brit. Ind., Lindley’s C. h@matodes is referred to C. cyfertfolium, Josephia.| Orchidee. 181 Wall., and it is assumed that its author was mistaken in giving Ceylon (Macrae) as its locality. But, notwithstanding a few discrepancies in the description, I think our common plant is really intended. I have seen no good published figure ; it should, perhaps, be kept distinct from C. ensifolium as a species.— Trimen. There are two drawings of this plant in Herb. Peraden., one (PLATE XC. of this work) with oblong obtuse pale sep. and pet., with fine pink interrupted veins, lip white, spotted with blood red, mid lobe orbicular, and 4 small nearly globose pollinia, one of each pair much smaller than the other. The other drawing has ovate-lanceolate subacute pale straw- coloured sep. and pet., with 5 short red veins at the base of each, a straw-coloured lip, with red spots, and ovate mid lobe; the pollinia are 4, large, ovoid, and all equal. It is marked, in Thwaites’s writing, ‘C. hematodes, Lindl. C. P. 3694.—J. D. H. C. aloefolium, Sw. This is given for Jaffna (Gardner) in Thw. Enum. 308, and the specimens (C. P. 754), which are not very good, have the flowers smaller and with rather broader sep. and pet., thus agreeing with Roxburgh’s figure of C. pendulum (Cor. Pl. i. t.44). Further examination of living specimens of this is necessary before deciding whether the plant is distinct from C. dzcolor. Rolfe (in Herb. Kew) considers it to be true C. aloefolium. A specimen from Rottler (in Herb. Kew), without locality, is ticketed by him ‘Z. fendulum, scapo-erecto. The plant of Wight (Ic. t. 1687-8), from the Nilgiri Hills, has finely acuminate sep. and pet. —J. D.H. 23. JOSEPHIA,* Wight. Epiphytes; stem very short, tufted, hardy, pseudobulbous, base clothed with reticulate membranous sheaths, roots vermi- form; 1. solitary, petioled, coriaceous, linear-oval or oblong; ped. much longer than the leaves, slender, paniculately branched, branches subsecund, with many small appressed coriaceous persistent empty bracts; fl. terminal or subterminal on the branches, bracts subulate, persistent, shorter than the pedicels; fl. rather small; sep. connivent, subequal, oblong, obtuse, con- cave, base subsaccate; pet. as long as the sep., oblong, obtuse; lip inserted on the base of the column, as long as the sep., base recurved, concave, side lobes short, rounded, incurved, mid lobe small, rounded, disk with a transverse membrane between the side lobes and mid lobe; column nearly as long as the sep., broad above, erect; anth. 2-celled, pollinia 4, narrowly pyriform, waxy, all attached by a short caudicle to a broad gland.—Sp. 2; both in FZ. B. Lud. The following references of the two Ceylon species of /osephia, J. lanceolata and latifolia of Wight, involve a partial transposition of * Named in honour of Dr. (now Sir) Joseph Dalton Hooker, Director of Kew Gardens, 1865-85, and author of the ‘FI. Brit. India,’ and many other standard books on botany.— 77zmen. 182 Orchidee. [Polystachya. the diagnostic characters which that author has given to them. Accord- ing to Wight’s figures these two species differ, in /. lanceolata having narrower long-petioled |. and orbicular sep.; /. /atz/olia, having broader short-petioled 1., smaller fl., and oblong sep. These characters of flower and leaf are reversed in the Ceylon specimens of the Peradeniya Her- barium, and in excellent drawings of both species. 1. J. lanceolata, Wight, Jc. v. 1. 19 (1851) (in part). Thw. Enum. 307. GC. P.2358. Fl. B. Ind. v. 823. Wight, Ic. t. 1742 (leaves only; for fl. see t. 1743). L. 2-4 in., oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, obtuse or apiculate, very coriaceous, dull green, contracted at the base into a channelled petiole 1 in. long or less; ped. 6-8 in., very slender, branches spreading or deflexed ; bracts ,’; in., subulate, coriaceous; pedicel with the ov. very short; sep. $—'5 in. long, obtuse, 3-veined, dorsal oblong, lateral ovate-oblong, subacute ; pet. linear-oblong, obtuse, I-veined; lip with rounded side lobes, and subquadrately rounded mid lobe, saccate between the side lobes. Lower montane zone, 3-5000 ft.; common. Fl]. Aug.—-Nov.; white tinged with purple, column purple. Also in S. India. Wight (citing Jerdon) says that the fl. are annually reproduced on the same inflorescence. The resemblance of the inflorescence to that of a Statice is striking. 2. J. latifolia, Wight, Jc. v. 1. 19 (1851) (in part). Fl. B. Ind. v. 823. Wight, Zc. t. 1743 (leaves only ; for fl. see t. 1742). L. 2-3 in., oval or oblong, tip apiculate or 2-toothed, narrowed into a very short channelled petiole; ped. 4—6 in., branches slender, spreading; bracts minute, subulate, coria- ceous; pedicel with the ov. 75 in.; sep. § in., 3-veined, orbicular, concave, lateral hardly saccate at the base; lip as in J. lanceolata, but more deeply saccate between the side lobes, and mid lobe more ovate. Ramboda (Nock). Fl. Aug.; apparently deeper coloured than in I. lanceolata. 24. POLYSTACHYA, //ook. Tufted epiphytes; stem. short or elongate, base pseudo- bulbous or a hard rootstock; roots vermiform; |. few,’ disti- chous, narrow, coriaceous, ribbed; ped. terminal, erect, clothed throughout, as is the rhachis of the panicle, with tubular membranous sheaths, branches of panicle forming many-fld. spikes or racemes; fl. small or minute, resupinate; bracts very small, ovate, persistent; sep. connivent, dorsal oblong, lateral triangular, inserted on the foot of the column; mentum conical; pet. very narrow, as long as the sep.; lip superior, Sarcochilus.) Orchidee. 183 clawed, jointed on the foot of the column, 3-lobed, disk pubescent; column short, broad, foot rather long; anth. hemi- spheric, imperfectly 2-celled, pollinia 4, waxy, pyriform or subglobose, subsessile in pairs on a broad gland.—Sp. 40; 3 in Fl. L. nd. P. zeyla~ica, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. xxiv. Misc. 78 (1838). P. luteola, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 73; Thw. Enum. 308 (non Hook.). CrP. 2360: FI. B. Ind. vi. 21. Stem rather stout, 6-10 in., base more or less swollen and hard, clothed with old leaf sheaths; 1. few, alt., distichous, 4-8 by 3-11 in., oblong, linear-oblong, or oblanceolate, obtuse, many-veined, tip with a minute obtuse incurved tooth; ped. with panicle 6-10 in., branches 1-3 in., subsecund, striate, forming racemes I-3 in. long, pedicels with ov. } in.; sep. qs—1'y in. long; lip cuneate-obovate, side lobes small, acute, mid lobe rounded, disk furfuraceous; fr. $ in., fusiform. Moist region to 4000 ft.; rather common. Peradeniya; Medulkelle. Fl; pale yellow, tinged with pink. Endemic. P. Wightit, Rchb. f. of S. India is given doubtfully for Ceylon in Fl. B. Ind. It scarcely differs from P. zey/anica save in its smaller size, and is figured in Wight, Ic. t. 1678 (P. Zuzeola). 25. SARCOCHILUS, 37. Epiphytes; stem long short or 0, pseudobulbs 0 ; l. disti- chous, coriaceous; 4. usually small, racemose or spicate; sep. spreading, lateral adnate by a very broad base to the foot of the column; lip jointed or not, on the foot of the column, erect or incurved, clawed or not, saccate, sac various ; column very short, foot long or short, rostellum beaked or not; anth. membranous, convex, imperfectly 2-celled, pollinia 2 or 4, waxy, globose or oblong, strap short or long, broad, gland small; fr. linear or sausage-shaped, usually long, straight, terete, with narrow ribs.—Sp. about 50; 36 in 7. B. Ind. Fl. inserted all round the rhachis of a spike or raceme. F]. racemose. Lip sessile. : : 5 5 : , WES. WIGHTIIE Lip long-clawed ; 2 2. S. VIRIDIFLORUS. Fl. in a very short terminal spike. L. flat : ; : : 5 . 990.9. PULCHEELUS, L. semiterete . : . F . . . 4. S. PUGIONIFORMIS. Fl. distichous on a flattened rhachis 5. S. COMPLANATUS. 184 Orchidee. [ Sarcochilus. 1. S. Wightii, “2. f in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 37 (1890). S. minimifolius, Hk. f. l.c. Cymbidium minimtfolium, Thw. Mss. CRP A0n7). Fl. B. Ind. vi. 37. Wight, Ic. t. 1741 (right-hand figure) (Chzloschista usneotdes). A dwarf, almost stemless epiphyte, leafless when flg., with many long flexuous flattened spreading compressed roots 6-8 in. long, appressed to the bark of trees; |. 2 (or more?) 1-1} in., linear-lanceolate, acuminate, channelled; ped. several, radical, 1-3 in. long, flexuous, pubescent, with a few rather distant subulate bracts, and 2 or 3 short tubular ones at the base; spike short, decurved, laxly 5-6-fld.; bracts as long as the ov., broadly ovate, acute, concave, membranous; pedicel with ov. pubescent; fl. about 4 in. broad; sep. and pet. spreading, 5-veined, tips rounded, dorsal sep. oval, lateral rather larger; pet. as long as the sep., but broader, inserted by a broad base on the foot of the column; lip sessile on the foot of the column, shorter than the sep., transversely oblong (when spread out) with rounded sides, base shortly saccate, sac conical, disk pubescent, with a thick scurfy obcordate callus at the broad sinus; pollinia 2, globose, sulcate, strap elongate cuneiform; fr. spreading, 1 aA in., sessile, sausage- shaped, terete, ribs slender. Moist region, 1000-3000 ft.; apparently rare, on branches of trees: Peradeniya Gardens, frequent; Wattegodde, Hantane. FI. March; sep. and pet. pale pink, lip yellowish, with minute red dots. Also in S. India. 2. S. viridiflorus, /7%. f 7x F7. B. Ind. vi. 38 (1890). Aerides virtdifiorum, Thw. Enum. 430. C. P. 3835, 4016. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 38. Stem very short; roots long, stout, flexuous; 1. 3-6, sessile, 2-3 by § in, all facing one way, falcately oblong or ovate, subacute, tip obliquely notched or rounded, veinless, base very shortly sheathing; ped. short, stout, ascending from near the base of the stem, with 2-3 short broad sheaths, spike 4-8-fld.; bracts much shorter than the ov., broadly ovate, obtuse, membranous, ov. 4-} in.; fl. nearly $ in. across the sep.; sep. and pet. with rounded tips, dorsal sep. broadly oval, 3-veined, lateral much larger, adnate by a very broad base to the long foot of the column, 3—5 veined; pet. as long as the dorsal sep., linear-oblong, 1-veined; lip long-clawed, jointed on the foot of the column, carrying at the end of the claw a deep spur-like sac rounded at the base, and 2 oblong lobes, one on each side of the mouth of the sac, and with a marginal caruncled callus between them (in other words, claw ending in a semilunar limb with rounded cusps, a deep sac in the disk, Sarcochilus. | Orchidee. 18 5 and a callus in the sinus); column much shorter than its foot; pollinia 4, pyriform, those of each pair closely appressed; fr. 14 in., sessile, cylindric, straight. Montane zone; very rare (?). Central Prov. (Gardner); above Dun- sinane Estate, Gt. Western Mt. (Nevill). Fl. Feb.; sep. and pet. bright pale green, lip white. Endemic. I have not seen Gardner’s specimens (C. P. 3385), and C. P. 4016 are without locality. 3. S. pulchellus, 777m. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 89 (1885). Dendrocolla pulchella, Thw. Enum. 430. Cylindrochilus pulchellus, Thiws lc, 307-9 Gabe2s5A- Fl. B. Ind. vi. 39. Stem 2-3 in., erect, slender, rather flexuous; roots very long, slender, tortuous, branched; |. few, sessile, 2-2? in., linear-oblong or loriform, strict or falcate, thickly fleshy, tip rounded, obliquely 2-lobed; ped. longer than the 1., greatly elongate in fr., slender, striate, with I or 2 minute sheaths; fl. } in. across the sep., in a very short terminal spike } in. long, with a thickened rhachis, bracts coriaceous, imbricate, acute, persistent, much shorter than the hardly pedicelled ov.; dorsal sep. oval, obtuse, 3—5-veined, lateral larger, oblong- ovate, subacute, 5-veined, adnate by a rather narrow base to the foot of the column; pet. oblanceolate, obtuse, I-veined; lip shorter than the sep., shortly clawed on the foot of the column, semi-orbicular when spread out, with a deep broad sac on the disk, broadly truncate in front, surface pubescent, with a thick scurfy callus between the mouth of the sac and outer margins, outer angles acute; pollinia 2, orbicular, 2-partite, compressed, strap very short, gland small, orbicular ; fr. 2-3 in. long, subsessile, slender, straight, base and tip narrowed. Moist low country to 2000 ft.; rather common. Peradeniya Gardens, wild on trees; Hantane; Kaduganawa; Kurunegala; Heneratgoda. FI. April-June; pure milk-white, lip tinged and spotted with orange. Endemic. A very pretty little plant when in full flower, formerly frequent on the stems of the coffee bushes on estates. 4. S. pugionifolius, 44. / ix F/. B. Ind. vi. 196 (1890). Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 2125, f. B. Stem very short, compressed; roots tortuous, simple; 1. few, 14-2 in., elongate-subulate, acuminate, thickly coriaceous, deeply channelled on the upper surface, tip setaceous, green, sheath very short; ped. shorter than the 1., rather stout, green dotted with red; fl. about } in. across the sep., in a very short terminal spike, with a thickened rhachis and small coriaceous acute persistent bracts; sep. subacute, dorsal oblong, 3-veined, lateral much larger, adnate by a rather narrow base to the 186. Orchidee. [ Sarcochilus, short foot of the column, 5-veined; pet. linear-oblong, obtuse, 3-veined; lip very shortly clawed, sessile on the foot of the column, shorter than the sep., transversely oblong when spread out, obscurely 3-lobed in front, with a scurfy callosity on the margin in the middle, deeply saccate on the disk, sides rounded, surface pubescent; sac broad, incurved, 2-lobed; column with a short broad foot. Dry region, on branches of trees; rare. Samanturai, E. Prov., and Varuniya Vilankulam, N.C. Prov. (Nevill). First collected by Mr. Nevill at Samanturai in 1885. Fl. August; sep. and pet. pale sulphur-yellow, lip nearly white, with a few orange dots and lines. Leaves and peduncle minutely dotted with purple. Endemic. 5. S. complanatus, //k. f£ in FI. B. Ind. vi. 41 (1890). Epiden- drum complanatum, Retz. Obs. vi. 50. Liparis serreformis, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 33 (in part). Dendrocolla serreformis, Thw. Enum. 306. Sarcochilus serreformis, Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 89 (non Rchb. f.). C. P. 3209. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 41. Stem 6-12 in., stout, curved or tortuous, copiously rooting; roots very long, simple; internodes }—} in., clothed with the short leaf-sheaths; 1. 2-7 by 3-3 in., loriform, coriaceous, tip obtuse or unequally 2-lobed; ped. 1-3 in., stout, leaf-opposed, with few short obtuse coriaceous sheaths; raceme I-—5 in., flattened, pectinate with distichously imbricating oblong obtuse coriaceous laterally compressed incurved bracts } in. long; sep. and pet. very long, membranous, narrowed from the base into caudiform tips, sep. # in. long, 5-veined, lateral adnate by a broad base to the foot of the column; pet. narrower, rather shorter, 3-veined; lip small, sessile, jointed on the foot of the column, saccate, nearly semicircular when spread out, shallowly 3-lobed in front, side lobes sub- acute, mid lobe thickened, disk with a prominent styliform callus, basal sac conic; column very short indeed, foot broad, not long; anth. depressed, 2-celled, pollinia 4, in pairs, one of each pair shortly oblong, the other very much smaller, closely appressed to it, each attached by a very short caudicle to a semilunar gland; fr. 2-3 in. by } in. diam., linear, straight, narrowed at both ends, very shortly pedicelled. Low country to 3000 ft.; rare. Ambagamuwa Dist.; Ratnapura ; summit of Ritigala, N. C. Prov.; Kalutara. Fl. September; pale yellow, the lip nearly white, with a red blotch near the end. Endemic. The form of the inflorescence is much like that of Lzfards disticha. This is (according to FI. B. Ind.) Epidendrum complanatum, Retz. Obs. 30t. vi. 50, as shown bya specimen, unfortunately not localised, in Herb. Rhynchostylis.] Orchidee. 187 Rottler. Judging from the coloured figures in Herb. Perad., we have also in Ceylon S. Avachnites, Rchb. f.— 7rzmen. S. Arachnites is a Malayan species, with larger fl. than S. complanatus, and caudately acuminate sepals and petals. Probably the figures alluded to were made from imported specimens. The genus Dezdrocolla, Bl., should perhaps be maintained for the species of Sarcochz/us with an infl. of distichous, persistent, fleshy bracts, and the lip jointed on to the base or foot of the column.—J. D. H. 26. RHYNCHOSTYLIS, 35/. Epiphytes; stem very stout, leafy above, pseudobulb 0; 1. long, sessile, distichous, linear, preemorse, keeled, thickly coriaceous; fl. densely crowded in a shortly peduncled long cylindric drooping raceme; sep. and pet. spreading, very obtuse, dorsal sep. smallest, ovate-oblong, erect, lateral much larger, obliquely orbicular-ovate, adnate by a narrow base to the short foot of the column; pet. obovate-oblong; lip broadly clawed, claw deflexed, deeply saccate or spurred beyond the claw, side lobes minute or 0, mid lobe inflexed, elongate, narrowly cuneiform, disk fleshy, tip 2-lobed, sac or spur as long as the claw, deep, broad, laterally compressed, tip rounded, puberulous within; column erect, subclavate, rostellum shortly beaked, foot short; anth. hemispheric, im- perfectly 2-celled, pollinia 2, pyriform, waxy, sulcate, caudicle slender, gland small; fr. clavate.—Sp. 2 or 3; 1 in #2. B. /nd. R. retusa, 4/. id. 286 (1825). Saccolabium guttatum, Lindl., Thw. Enum. 303. C. P. 2344. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 32. Bot. Reg. t. 1443 (Sarvcanthus guttatus). Bot. Mag. t. 4108 (Saccolabium). Wight, Ic. t. 1745-6 (Saccolabium). Stem 2-10 in., as thick as the middle finger, hard, leafless below; roots many, very stout, branching, 6-10 in. Jong, and as thick as a swan’s quill; internodes short, clothed with brown leaf-sheaths; 1. 6-20 by 2-2 in., loriform, spreading and re- curved, obliquely preemorse and toothed, or unequally 2-lobed, one lobe rounded, the other truncate, bases closely imbricat- ing; raceme very shortly stoutly peduncled, 8—1o in. long by 14 in. diam., very dense-fld.; bracts very small; ov. with the very short pedicel, }in. long; fl. }-2 in. broad, sep. and pet. many-veined, all broad, dorsal sep. broadly ovate-oblong, lateral twice as large; pet. as large as the dorsal sep.; margins of mid lobe of lip recurved; fr. 1-1} in., stoutly shortly pedicelled, clavate, acutely 3-angled and 6-ribbed. Dry region, on trees; rather rare, but locally abundant. Bintenne; about Bibile, frequent; Batticaloa; near Ragam Tank, abundant. FI. 188 Orchidee. [Aerides. Nov.-April, July; white, more or less dotted with violet-pink, lip strongly tinged with the same colour. Indian Peninsula, Trop. Himalaya, Malay Islands. Called ‘Fox-tail Orchid’ or ‘ Batticaloa Orchid’ by the English residents. The most beautiful of our native species. 27. DORITIS, Lind. Epiphytes; stem short, stout, leafy, pseudobulb o; 1. sessile, distichous, broad, coriaceous; ped. leaf-opposed, simple or paniculately branched, flexuous, few-fld.; sep. and narrower pet. spreading, obovate or oblong, lateral sep. adnate to the foot of the column, oblong, subfalcate; mentum short, coni- cal; pet. as long, linear-oblong; lip shortly clawed, 3-lobed, disk with a bicuspidate callus; column short, broad, margins winged, foot 0; anth. low, acuminate, 2-celled, pollinia 2, waxy, strap long, slender, gland small.—Sp. 6; 2 in Fl. B. Ind. D. Wightii, Lenth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 574 (1883). D. latifolia, Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 89 (1885). Phalenopsis Wightit, Reichb. f. Aerides latifolia, Thw. Enum. 429. C. P. 3495. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 32. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. v. t. 59, and viii. t. 265. Stem very short, clothed with green leaf-sheaths, emitting long vermiform roots; |. jointed on the sheaths, 4-7 by 13-2} in., obovate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or cuspidate, coriaceous, keeled beneath, margins undulate, sheath very short; ped. one or more, simple or branched, with the panicle 6-18 in. long, flexuous, green, spotted with red, branches few, 3-4 in., spreading, forming strict racemes with a stout rhachis; bracts minute, pedicels with ov. }—} in.; sep. } in. long, obtuse, dorsal linear-oblong, lateral rather broader; pet. rather narrower; side lobes of lip spreading, mid lobe obcordate, cusps of calli pointing forward. Moist region below 1ooo ft.; rare. Hiniduma; near Ratnapura. FI. September; sep. and pet. white, lip veined with violet or pink. S.W. India, E. Himalaya, Burma. There are two drawings of this plant in Herb. Perad.: one (C. P. 3495) has a solitary, oval, apparently coriaceous, very dark green leaf, spotted with red, about 4 by 14in., and a simple dull blue ped. terminating in a raceme ; the other represents a much larger plant, with 4 leaves, the largest 74 by 14 in., very pale green, with conspicuous veins and cross- venules, margins waved; the ped. is branched, green, spotted with red, and with the panicle 16 in. long, it has narrower sep. and pet. than the other.—J. D. H. 28. AERIDES, ow. Epiphytes; stem elongate, leafy, rooting; |. lorate or terete, coriaceous; fl. few or many, in lax or dense-fld. decurved leaf- opposed racemes or panicles; sep. broad, spreading, adnate to Aerides.] Orchidee. 189 the base or foot of the column; pet. broad, spreading; lip deeply saccate or spurred, side lobes various, larger or smaller than the mid lobe; column short, foot long or short, rostellum 2-fid.; anth. 2-celled, pollinia 2, globose, waxy, channelled, strap long or short, gland large or small.—Sp. about 60; 18 in Lil Bs And, L. terete ; 3 A - : : j . I. A. CYLINDRICUM. L. lorate : ‘ : , ; ; if a 2s AG IN ARIE 1. A. cylindricum, Z77d/. in Wall. Cat. n. 7317 (1828). Thw. Enum. 306. C. P. 2348. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 44, 196. Wight, Ic. t. 1744. Stem. 1-2 ft., as thick as a goose quill, sending out long strong flexuous simple roots; internodes 1-2 in., sheaths green, speckled with red; 1. 2-6 in., terete, as thick as a crow- quill or rather thicker, tip very obliquely truncate, acute, coloured like the sheaths; ped. 14-2 in., stout, with a short tubular basal sheath, and a short obtuse one about the middle, 2—4-fld., bracts very short, coriaceous; fl. 14 in. broad, pedicel with ov. 1 in, slender; sep. and pet. all broad with rounded tips, many-veined, dorsal sep. oval, lateral smaller, base narrowed; pet. oval, larger than the dorsal sep., attached by a very broad base to the foot of the column; lip shorter than the sep. sessile on the foot of the column, funnel-shaped, 3-lobed, side lobes oblong, obtuse, erect, mid lobe rather longer, recurved, tongue-shaped, obtuse, disk ridged, base of funnel acute, straight or incurved; column stout, incurved, truncate, rostellum obtuse; anth. depressed, 2-celled, pollinia globose, strap short, broad, gland semilunar; fr. 2 in., fusiform or subclavate, ribs strong, acute, pedicel 4 in., stout, striate. Moist region at about 3000 ft.; rather rare. Hantane; Ramboda. F]. Feb.-May; creamy-white, lip with the lateral lobes finely lined with pink within, and the central lobe yellow, with red spots at the tip. Also in S. India. The foliage is much like that of Luzsza teretifolia. The lip is that of a Vanda, from which genus Aerides differs in the foot of the column. The attachment of the pet. to the foot of the column by a much broader base than do the lateral sepals is a peculiar character. —J. D. H. 2. A. lineare, 7k. f iz Fl. B. Ind. vi. 46 (1890). Saccolabium paniculatum, Wight; Thw. Enum. 429. C. P. 3769. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 47. Wight, Ic. t. 1676. Stem short, as thick as the thumb, with very stout simple vermiform roots; 1. 6-12 by 4—} in., scymitar-shaped, un- equally 2-lobed, sides complicate, thickly coriaceous, keeled, bases closely imbricating; fl. secundly racemose on the long 190 Orchidee. [Luzséa. spreading branches of a shortly stoutly peduncled panicle 12-18 in. long, ? in. long from the tip of the dorsal sepal to that of the spur, bracts very small, triangular, acute, persistent, pedicel with ov. 4-3 in., decurved; sep. and pet. all broad, reticulately many-veined, dorsal sep. oval, lateral larger, broadly ovate, adnate by a very broad base to the long foot of the column; pet. larger than the dorsal sep., obovate; lip sessile on the foot of the column, 3-lobed, side lobes small, rounded, bordering the mouth of the large subclavate sac or spur, mid lobe broadly ovate, acute, flat, many-veined, base with a fleshy rounded callus at the mouth of the sac; column very stout, foot with a long, broad, deep channel leading into the sac of the lip, and raised fleshy sides, rostellum shortly beaked; anth. depressed, imperfectly 2-celled, pollinia globose, sulcate, strap short, broad, gland large, cleft; fr. 4-1 in, pyriform, ribs thick, pedicel stout, decurved. Low country, below 2000 ft.; rather rare. Dumbara; Nelande; near Bibile ; Seven Korales Dist. Fl. Sept., Oct.; white, with a blush of pale pink. Also in S. India. 29. LUISIA, Gaud. Epiphytes; stem rigid, terete, simple or branching, not pseudobulbous; roots vermiform; 1. elongate, terete, obtuse; fl. spicate on a short axillary ped., rather small, drooping; bracts short, thick, persistent; sep. spreading or incurved; pet. narrower, but as long or longer; lip inserted on the base of the column, entire or obscurely 3-lobed; column very short, truncate, foot 0; anth. 2-celled, pollinia 2, globose or pyriform, waxy, strap short, flat, its margins replicate, gland broad; fr. narrow, erect.—Sp. about 15; 14 in FZ B. Lud. Lip with a broadly obcordate short terminal lobe . 1. L. TERETIFOLIA. Lip panduriform, tip with two divergent lobules . 2, L. TENUIFOLIA, 1. L. teretifolia, Gawd. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 427 (1826). Cymbidium triste, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 167 (non Willd.). Z. zey- lanitca, Lindl. Fol. Orch. Luisia, 3; Thw. Enum. 302. C. P. 2347 (part). Fl. B. Ind. vi. 22. Wight, Ic. t. 1689 (Cymbidium tenutfolium). Bot. Mag. t. 3648 (Cymb. triste). Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. viii. t. 271. Stem 6-12 in., about as thick as a swan’s quill, with stout branching vermiform roots; internodes }—} in.; 1. 4-7 in., as thick as a crow’s quill; green, purple-spotted, tip rounded; ped. with rhachis of few-fld. spike 1-2 in., ov. very short; bracts minute; sep. } in., dorsal oblong or linear-oblong, lateral broader, spreading, subacute, with a dorsal winged keel; pet. as long as the sep., linear-oblong, obtuse; lip rather Vanda. | Orchidee. IgI longer than the sep., base (or hypochile; quadrate, saccate, shorter and narrower than the broadly cordate, obtuse, obscurely 3-lobed fleshy limb (or epichile); fr. 3-14 in. Moist region to 4000 ft.; on trees, rather common. Hantane. FI. April; sep. and pet. pale purplish-yellow, base of lip green, spotted with purple, tongue dark purple. Also in S. W. India, E. Bengal, Burma, Malaya, Polynesia. 2. L. tenutfolia, 2/. Rumphia, iv. 50 (1848). Lindl. Fol. Orch. Luisia 2; Thw. Enum. 302. Cymbidium tenutfolium, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. 167 (non Willd.). C. P. 3530, 2347 (part). Fl. B. Ind. vi. 24. Wight, Ic. t. 911 (Cymbidium triste). Stem 12 in. or more, slender; 1. 4-7 in., more slender than the stem, green, spreading, straight or flexuous, tip rounded; ped. with rhachis of spike 4 in.; fl. few, bracts minute, per- sistent; sep. # in. long, dorsal oblong, obtuse, lateral ovate- oblong, subacute, concave; pet. linear, obtuse, from one third longer to twice as long as the lateral sep.; lip longer than the sep., narrowly panduriform, convex, base broad, 2-auricled, tip with 2 divergent lobules. Low country of moist region to 3000 ft.; rather rare. Hantane. FI.; sep. and pet. pale yellowish-purple, lip dark purple, with a broad white patch on either side, the terminal lobes pale purple. Also in S. W. India. The FI. B. Ind. quotes for this C. P. 2347, which is chiefly Z. teretzfolia, and (p. 26) refers C. P. 3£30, which is correctly given by Thwaites as L. tenutfolia, to ‘probably a new species near fi/zformis. We have only two species in Ceylon.— 772men. The numbers were mixed in Herb. Kew, and the specimens very indifferent. Judging from the drawings in Herb. Peraden., C. P. 3530 is, no doubt, L. tenuzfolia.—J. D. H. 30. VANDA, 2y. Epiphytes; stem long with vermiform roots; pseudo- bulb 0; 1. distichous, recurved, thickly coriaceous, linear, concave above, keeled, premorse or 2-lobed; fl. large or medium-sized, in peduncled stout leaf-opposed racemes or panicles; sep. and pet. subequal, spreading, bases narrowed, lateral sep. inserted on the base of the column; lip smaller than the sep., adnate to the base of the column, funnel-shaped, 3-lobed, side lobes erect, close to the column, mid lobe erect or recurved, narrow or broad, spur (base of the funnel), conical, subacute, straight or recurved; column short, stout, foot 0; rostellum obscure; anth. 2-celled, pollinia 2, globose or oblong, waxy, strap short, gland large—Sp. about 20; Ig in Fl. B. Ind. 192 Orchidee. [Vanda L. 6-10 in. Side lobes of lip obtuse : : : . I. V. PARVIFLORA. Side lobes of lip acute. , : : . 2. V. ROXBURGHIIL. L. 2-4 in. Ped. very short . . ; : ‘ . 3. V. THWAITESII. Ped. very long. : ‘ : . 4. V. SPATHULATA. V. parviflora, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxx. Misc. 45 (1844). ae Wightianum, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ili. 40; Thw. Enum. 305. A. festaceum, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 238. C. P. 752. F]. B. Ind. vi. 50. Wight, Ic. t. 1669. Bot. Mag. t. 5138. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. viil. t. 286. Stem very stout, 4-6 in., leafy; roots very large, vermi- form, up to 4 in. diam.; 1. 4-8 by 4— in., lorate, straight or recurved, very unequally 2-3-lobed or toothed, lower lobe sometimes 4 in. below the upper, sides complicate, thickly coriaceous, keeled, sheaths closely imbricate; ped. erect, 8-10 in., rather stout, green marbled with red; raceme 3-6 in., erect, laxly many-fld.; bracts minute, ovate, pedicel with ov., t-14 in.; fl. 1-1} in. across the sep., sep. and pet. obovate- spathulate, many-veined and reticulate; lip rather shorter than the sep., sessile, 3-cleft to below the middle, side lobes oblong, obtuse, erect, mid lobe rather longer, recurved, sub- quadrately obovoid, tip dilated, crenulate, truncate, or retuse, disk with 2 broad fleshy ridges, spur narrowly funnel-shaped with an incurved tip, column very short; anth. depressed, pollinia globose, strap linear, gland orbicular; fr. 14-2 in., fusiform, or narrowly pyriform, erect, ribs acute, pedicel 4? in., stout. Low moist country up to 3000 ft.; rather common. Galle (Champion); about Peradeniya. Fl. March; sep. and pet. cream-coloured, lip white, with purple markings. S.W. India, W. Himalaya, Burma. The Bot. Mag. figure shows much more brightly coloured flowers. 2. V. Roxburghii, 47. 7m Bot. Reg. vi. t. 506 (1820). Thw. Enum. 303. C. P. 2346. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 52. Bot. Reg. t. 506. Wight, Ic. t. 916. Stem 1-2 ft., stout, scandent by the stout simple and branching roots; internodes short, lower with brown sheaths; 1], 6-8 in., narrow, recurved, complicate, obtusely keeled, thickly coriaceous, preemorse with usually 2 unequal rounded lobes and a short acute interposed one, sheaths closely im- bricate; ped. with the raceme 6-8 in., 6—10-fld., stout, green, with a few distant empty short sheaths; bracts minute, ped. with ov. 14-2 in.; fl. 24 in. broad, sep. and pet. subequal, obovate, clawed, more or less waved, lateral sep. largest; lip small, funnel-shaped, side lobes small, erect, acute, mid lobe panduriform, constricted below the bifid tip, disk tumid with Vanda.| Orchidee. 193 fleshy ridges, spur (base of funnel) short, conical, obtuse; column very short; pollinia oval or subglobose, strap very short, broad, gland large; fr. 3-34 in., narrowly clavate, ribs acute, pedicel very short. Dry region, on trees; rather common. Jaffna; Batticaloa; Anurad- hapura; Maradankadawala, abundant; Puttalam. Fl. March—August ; sep. and pet. pale buff or grey tessellated with brown lines, margins white ; lip greyish-blue, dotted with purple. Peninsular India, Bengal, Burma. A beautiful sweet-scented Orchid, the colouring of the flowers very unusual in the family. 3. V. Thwaitesii, Hook. 7 (nov. sp.) Aerides tessellatum, Thw. Enum. 305 (non Wight). C. P. 3378. Stem 6-12 in., as thick as the little finger; lower inter- nodes covered with short brown coriaceous sheaths; 1. 3—4 in. long, falcately recurved, complicate, thickly coriaceous, tip 2-fid., sheaths closely imbricating; raceme with the stout ped. 4 in., green, 2—3-fld.; bracts very small, pedicel with ov. 1 in.; fl. 14 in. broad, sep. very obtuse, dorsal obovate-oblong, lateral larger, orbicular-obovate; pet. as large as the dorsal sep., obovate-oblong; lip shorter than the sep., sessile on the base of the column, funnel-shaped, side lobes small, erect, mid lobe broadly ovate, tip retuse or 2-lobulate, spur (base of funnel) shorter than the lobes, straight, acute; column short, stout, rostellum truncate; anth. depressed, 2-celled, pollinia 2, obovoid, sulcate, strap short, subulate, gland large, orbicular. Hunasgiria District (Alwis). FI.; yellow-green, streaked and spotted with red, lip white or pale yellow. Endemic. Of this fine species there are two drawings by Alwis in the Peradeniya Collection, from one of which the description by Thwaites in his ‘Enumeratio’ was taken. There are no specimens in the Herbarium. 4. V. spathulata, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 719 (1826). Cymbidium spathulatum, Moon, Cat. 60. Thw. Enum. 303. C. P. 2345. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 50. Wight, Ic. t. 915. Stem about 1 ft., leafy, thicker than a swan’s quill, rooting upwards; roots very stout, vermiform; internodes I in., green; 1, 2-4 by 14-14 in., lorate, keeled, recurved, flat, tip rounded emarginate or 2-lobed, lower |. sometimes smaller, ovate, sheath green, speckled with red; ped. from the middle or lower nodes, 12-18 in., erect, robust, with a few distant short, acute sheaths, green, speckled with red; raceme terminal, 4—5-fld., rhachis stout, bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, pedicel with ov. 1-14 in., fl) 14-14 in. broad; sep. and pet. obovate- oblong, tips rounded; lip longer than the sep., side lobes small, oblong, erect, mid lobe much larger, shortly clawed, triangular-ovate, tip contracted, obtuse, spur very short, PART IV. ) 194 Orchidee. [Diplocentrum, conical; column very short, rostellum obscure; anth. de- pressed, truncate, pollinia oblong, strap short, spathulate, gland large, 2-fid; fr. 14 in., obovoid, erect, ribs thick, pedicel I in., very stout. Low country below 2000 ft., on bushes and rocks; rather common, especially in the dry and intermediate districts. Fl. March-September ; entirely bright deep chrome yellow. Also in S.W. India. A striking species, the long erect peduncles carrying the flowers high above the bushes over which the plant climbs. 31. DIPLOCENTRUM, Jind. Epiphytes; stem short, pseudobulb 0; roots long, stout; |. distichous, narrow, fleshy, subterete or complicate; peduncle lateral, branched; fl. small, subspicate on the spreading branches; sep. spreading and incurved, dorsal oblong, lateral larger; pet. like the dorsal sep.; lip rather longer than the sep., tongue-shaped, jointed on the base of the column, entire; shortly 2-spurred at the base, disk fleshy, spurs short, col- lateral; column very short, clavate, 2-auricled, truncate, foot 0; anth. flat, ovate, obtuse, 2-celled, cells very small, at the broad end of the anth., pollinia 2, small, sulcate or 2-partite, waxy, strap very large and broad, gland broad.—Sp. 2 or 3; 2 in Fl. B. Ind. ; D. recurvum, Lindi. in Bot. Reg. xviii. sub t. 1522 (1832). Thw. Enum. 306. C. P. 3192. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 78. Wight, Ic. tt. 1680, 1681 (D. longifolium and D. recurvumy). Stem 2-6 in., densely leafy, very stout; internodes short; roots very long, flattened; 1. 4-6 by 4-4 in., linear, recurved, coriaceous, keeled, unequally obtusely 2-fid; panicle 5-8 in. long, shortly peduncled, curved, branches few, long, spreading and decurved, many-fld.; fl. about } in. broad; bracts minute, acute, deciduous; dorsal sep. oblong, obtuse, lateral larger, falcately broadly oblong, 3-veined; pet. like the dorsal sep., I-veined; lip ovate-oblong, side lobes obscure, disk fleshy, excavate, with a median ridge, spurs short, conical, acute, incurved; auricles of column incurved; anth. truncate, cells minute, basal; strap of pollinia large, cuneiform, narrowed from the broad base upwards to the insertion of the minute pollinia; fr. 4 in., clavate, strongly ribbed, stoutly pedicelled. Moist region; very rare. The only specimens were collected by Gardner somewhere in the Central Prov., but have no locality attached. Fl. described as pink, with a darker spur. Also in S. India. Saccolabium.| Orchidec. 195 32. SACCOLABIUM, £7. Epiphytes of various habit; stem usually simple, pseudo- bulb o; I. various, semi-terete, or lorate and keeled, articulate on a short sheath; fl. minute or small, racemose or panicled on a leaf-opposed ped.; sep. and pet. subsimilar, inserted with the lip on the base of the column; lip a sac or spur with small lobes, not septate within, but with sometimes a large scale or callus within it below the column; column short, stout, foot 0; anth, I- or imperfectly 2-celled; pollinia 2, entire or bipartite, waxy, strap broad or narrow, gland large. Sp. about 60; 47 in Fl. B. Ind. L. semi-terete or filiform. Fl. in slender panicles : : ; : . I. S. NIVEUM. Fl. in short racemes . é 5 2 . 2. S. FILIFORME. L. flat or channelled. Lip spurred. L. 3-4 in. long. Raceme slender, many-fid. . 3. S. GRACILE, Raceme short. Stem stout 4. S. BREVIFOLIUM. Stem slender 5. S. ROSEUM. L. 7-9 in. long 6. S. OCHRACEUM. Lip saccate. Mid lobe of lip fimbriate : : ; 1° 7. Sy ACAULE. Mid lobe of lip entire. L. 6-12 in. long . : i : : . 8. S. LONGIFOLIUM. L. 4-6in.long . : ‘ g. S. WIGHTIANUM. 1. S. niveum, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 224 (1833). Thw. Enum. 304. C. P. 2340. Pl. B. Ind. vi. 55. Stem 5-6 in., as thick as a goose-quill curved, clothed below with sheaths; internodes very short; 1. 2-4 by 4-4 in., distichous, spreading and recurved, linear, fleshy, concave, dorsally rounded, tip notched, speckled with red; panicle 4-5 in., leaf-opposed, ped. short and rhachis green, branches few, 2-4 in., spreading, spiciform, bracts minute, acute, brown; fl. about ;'; in. long, resupinate, dorsal sep. broadly oblong, subacute, I-veined, lateral dorsally thickened; pet. narrower, cuneate-oblong; lip longer than the sep., obtusely 3-lobed, saccately spurred, side lobes narrow, rounded, mid lobe spathulate, fleshy, concave, spur shorter than the lip; anth. hemispheric, pollinia 4, oblong, 2 much smaller, strap short, broad, flat, gland very large; fr. 4-4 in., clavate or subglobose, pedicelled, spreading and decurved. Montane zone, 3-6000 ft., on trees; rather common. FI. July, Sept., Oct.; white. Endemic. 196 Orchidee. [ Saccolabium. 2. S. filiforme, Zind/. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 36 (1859). Schenorchis juncifolia, Thw. Enum. 304 (non Bl.). C. P. 633. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 56. Wight, Ic. t. 1684 (Sarcanthus filiformis). Stem 6-12 in.,about as thick as a crow-quill, terete, purple- spotted, strongly curved, rigid, simple, naked below; inter- nodes 3—# in.; roots long, stout, terete or flattened; 1. 3-5 in., about as thick as the stem, acute; raceme 14-2 in., very shortly peduncled, simple, dense-fld., rhachis stout; bracts minute, lanceolate, pedicel with ov. } in. erect; fi. } in. long, sep. obtuse, 3-veined, dorsal ovate-lanceolate, erect, lateral linear; pet. } in., shorter than the sep., broadly oval, obtuse, 3-veined; lip a large inflated spur longer than the sep., base rounded, side lobes erect, rounded, mid lobe small, ovate, deflexed; column with 2 erect curved arms; anth hemi- spheric, pollinia 2, globose, yellow, strap narrow, dilated upwards, gland very large; fr. + in., turgidly pyriform, pedicel as long, spreading. Montane zone, 4—6000 ft., on trees; rather common. FI. May; yellow, sep. and pet. with orange veins. Also in S. India. 3. S. gracile, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 225 (1833). Thw. Enum. 304. C. P. 2528. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 57. Stem 2-8 in., as thick as a crow-quill, flexuous or zigzag; internodes }-} in.; roots very slender, flexuous; |. 24-4 by } in., elongate linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, straight or falcate, narrowed at base and tip, midrib obscure; racemes 4-6 in., pendulous, ped. and rhachis very slender, many-fid., bracts minute, subulate, pedicel with ov., 35 in.; fl. } in. long; sep. broadly oblong, obtuse, I-veined, lateral larger; pet. rather narrower, oblong, obtuse, I-veined; lip a long sub- incurved obtuse spur, three times as long as the sep., side lobes 0, mid lobe very small, lanceolate; anth. depressed, long-beaked, pollinia 2, globose, strap very slender, gland not seen; fr. globose, 4 in. diam., pedicel ;'5 in., slender. Montane zone, about 4000 ft.; very rare. Hantane; Horton Plains. Fl. July, May; white. Endemic. 4. S. brevifolium, Z7zmd/. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 225 (1833). Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 35. Thw. Enum. 304. C. P. 2341, 488. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 57. Stem 6-10 in., stout or slender, scandent; internodes 4—} in.; roots very slender; 1. distichous, 4-3 in., linear-oblong, channelled along the centre, coriaceous, unequally 2-lobed; raceme I-I} in., shortly peduncled, recurved, few- or many- Saccolabium.| Orchidee. 197, fid., ped and rhachis slender, bracts very minute; fl. 4 in. long; sep. and pet. subequal, incurved, orbicular-ovate; lip a nearly straight laterally compressed obtuse spur, three times as long as the sep., side lobes 0, mid lobe a minute tooth; anth. depressed, cuspidate in front, pollinia globose, purple, strap very slender, gland large, oblong, bifid. Forests throughout montane zone; common. Fl. Feb.—April, Sept.; deep purple-red, the lip yellow at the upper part, variable in the length and thickness of the leaves. A form with the fl. greenish-white (S. vévescens, Gardn. MSS.) is frequent. Endemic. 5. S. roseum, Zizd/. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 225 (1833). Sarcanthus Walkerianus, Wight, Ic.v.1, 11. S. Walkertanum, Rchb. f.in Walp. Ann. vi. 887. Thw. Enum. 304. C. P. 489. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 58. Wight, Ic. t. 1686 (poor). Stem 6-8 in., as thick as a pigeon’s quill to a crow’s quill, curved; internodes 4} in.; roots copious, long, slender; 1. 2-3 by 4-$ in, narrowly linear, flat, recurved, tip unequally notched, thickly fleshy, channelled along the centre; racemes I-14 in., ped. very short and rhachis slender, simple; bracts minute; pedicel with ov. ‘5 in.; fl. 4 in. long; sep. ovate-oblong, obtuse, I-veined; pet. shorter, orbicular-oblong, 1-veined; lip a large incurved laterally compressed spur, twice as long as the sep., rounded at the tip, side lobes 0, mid lobe a minute tooth; anth. depressed, cuspidate in front, pollinia 2, globose, purple, strap short, slender, gland large, oblong; fr. 4-4 in., oblong or subpyriform, straight or curved, pedicel slender. Forests of montane zone up to 6000 ft.; common. FI. Sept.—Dec.; pale purple, the tip of the lip green. Endemic. 6. S. ochraceum, ind. in Bot. Reg. xxviii. Misc. 2 (1842). S. lineolatum, Thw. Enum. 304. C. P. 2741. Cletsostoma maculosum, Benth. in Gen. Pl. ii. 581; Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 90 (non Lindl.). Fl. B. Ind. vi. 62. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. viii. t. 291. Stem 1-2 ft., stout, swollen upwards, internodes 4-1 in.; roots long, vermiform; |. distichous, 7-9 by 1-1} in., lorate, straight or recurved, keeled, thickly coriaceous, rather deeply 2-lobed; panicle as long as the 1. or longer, leaf-opposed, branches very short, rarely 4 in. long, spiciform, green, 2—5-fld. ; bracts minute, brown; pedicel with ov. }in.; fl. 3 in. broad; sep. and pet. subequal, obovate-oblong, spreading, tips rounded ; lip spurred, side lobes short, recurved, mid lobe broadly ovate, with a fleshy tooth on each side of the base, tip rounded, spur shorter than the sep., nearly straight, stout, obtuse; anth. 198 Orchulee. [Saccolabium. depressed, acute in front, pollinia 2, globose, yellow, strap filiform; fr. 14-2 in., narrowly pyriform, erect, shortly stoutly pedicelled. Moist region, 1000-3000 ft.; rather rare. Hunasgiriya; Hewaheta; Negombo. FI. Sept., Oct., Dec.; sep. and pet. yellow, with fine red transverse striz; lip white, with the spur pale yellow. Malabar, E. Bengal, Burma. First sent by Governor Sir Wilmot Horton to Loddiges’ Nursery. 7. S. acaule, zk. f. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 61 (1890). Cletsostoma acaule, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 227; Thw. Enum. 305. GC; P3191, Fl. B. Ind. vi. 61. Stem very short, 75-4 in., stout; roots ze to 10 in. long, stout, flexuous; |. few, 2-4, distichous, 3-14 in. long, linear- oblong, subfalcate, very unequally obtusely 2-lobed, one lobe oblong incurved up to + in. long, the other small rounded ; fl. 2-3, on a very short decurved green ped. 1-2 in. long, with short scarious sheaths; pedicel with ov. }in.; fl. 4 in. diam., sep. and pet. linear-oblong, incurved, tip rounded; lip a broadly conical obtuse sac, shorter than the sep., side lobes short, mid lobe triangular, fimbriate; column broader than long, sides rounded ; anth. depressed, ovate, truncate in front, pollinia 2 2, globose, strap very slender, gland large, 2-toothed; fr. 4-1 in., ellipsoid, obtuse at both ends, very shortly stoutly peduncled. Lower montane zone 3-5000 ft.; rather rare. Hantane, frequent ; Knuckles (Ferguson); Rangala. Fl. March, April; sep. and pet. pale green with red dots; lip white, the limb yellowish and red-dotted. Endemic. (Description chiefly from a drawing in Herb. Peraden.) 8. S. longifolium, /é. f 27 FI. B. Ind. vi. 62 (1890). Acampe Wightiana, var. 8, Thw. Enum. 303, var. dongepedunculata, Trim: syst.:Cat: Ceyly 90: “CP. FL B. Yad-yi.62. Lindl Collec Bok t. 38 (Vanda multifiora). Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. viii. t. 292. Stem 2-3 ft., as thick as the middle finger, clothed except towards the top with sheaths; 1. 6-12 by 1} in., lorate, thickly coriaceous, shortly 2-lobed ; panicle stoutly peduncled, 6-8 in. long, distantly branched, base with cupular SONS branches © short, lower 14-2 in.; bracts small, rounded; fl. ¢ in. broad, sep. broadly oblong, ‘obtuse: pet. sinall, obovate- oblong; lip saccate, side lobes short, mid lobe ovate, obtuse, channelled in the middle, sac short, rounded, with a hairy vertical plate projecting in the hollow opposite ‘the column. Moist low country, 1-3000 ft.; rare. Ambagamuwa; Kitalgala. FI. Sept., Oct.; entirely yellow, barred with red on both surfaces except the lip, which has a few red dots at apex. Sarcanthus.] Orchidee. 199 Trop. Himalaya, Assam, Burma, China. Lindley describes the spurs of Vanda multiflora as glabrous and inappendiculate within; but in all the specimens that I have examined (including Lindley’s) there is a hairy plate within the sac descending from the mouth on the opposite side from the column (not dorsal, as stated in FI. B. Ind.). A note of Dr. Trimen’s says that the Ceylon plant in the Peradeniya Garden exactly resembles Lindley’s figure, which was taken from a Chinese specimen that flowered in England. 9. S. Wightianum, 72. / in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 62 (1890). Acampe Wightiana, Lindl. Fol. Orch. Acampe, 2; Thw. Enum. 303. GP; 2342) F]. B. Ind. vi. 62. Wight, Ic. t. 1670 (Vanda Wightiana). Stem 12-18 in., as thick as the little finger, covered with leaf sheaths except towards the top; internodes short; roots long, very stout; 1. 4-6 by 11 in., ligulate, thickly coriaceous, flat, unequally 2-lobed, lobes rounded, sinus acute; panicle supra-axillary, I-2 in., very stout, with many cupular sheaths at the base of the ped., simple or sparingly shortly branched ; bracts very small, ovate persistent; pedicel with ov., }-} in.; fl. ? in broad; sep. and pet. subequal, obovate-oblong, obtuse; lip small, rather shorter than the sep., side lobes small, obtuse, mid lobe ovate, obtuse, fleshy, sac short, rounded; anth, umbonate, pollinia 2, large, globose, strap short, very slender, gland small; fr. 14-3 in., subclavate or fusiform, subsessile. Low country to 3000 ft.;, rare. Jaffna (Gardner); Hantane. FI. Sept.; sep. and pet. pale yellow, sparingly barred or spotted with red, lip white, with a few transverse red stripes. Also in S.W. India. Possibly not distinct from S. lomgifolium. S. congestum, Hk. f., is stated by Lindley (Bot. Reg. 1839, Misc. 61) to be from Ceylon, in Loddiges’ collection. The cultivated specimen in his Herbarium is dated 1839. The figure in Wight, Ic. t. 1672 (S. papillosum), is referred to the same species in Fl. B. Ind. S. vividifilorum, Lindl. There is a figure of this in Herb. Kew, with the locality ‘near Kandy,’ according to FI. B. Ind. vi. 63. But Dr. Trimen did not consider-its claim to be a native sufficient. S. curvifolium, Lindl. Given from ‘Ceylon (Macrae)’ in Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 222. May probably have been in cultivation, but it is not known in a wild state in Ceylon. 33. SARCANTHUS, Lindl. Characters of Saccolabtum, but with the cavity of the spur of the lip vertically divided by a septum from base to about half way up or higher, but not reaching the mouth; a callus is present within the spur below the column, and another opposite to it—Sp. about 40; 18 in FZ. B. Lud. 200 Orchidee. [Cletsostoma, S. peninsularis, Da/z. in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 247 (1857). Saccolabium acuminatum, Thw. Enum. 304. C. P. 3376. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 67. Wight, Ic. t. 1747 (.S. auciflorus, bad). Stem 10-12 in., about as thick as a duck’s quill, pendulous, flexuous, leafy, internodes 4-1 in.; 1. 6-8 by 4-4 in., ensiform, narrowed to the base and to the obtusely acuminate tip, strict or falcately recurved, keeled, 3-5-veined, sheaths ribbed; racemes 3-6 in., leaf-opposed, slender, peduncled, bracts minute; pedicel with ov. jy in.; fl. deflexed, sep. ovate- oblong, obtuse, rather spreading; pet. shorter, narrower, oblong-spathulate, lip as long as the sep., 3-lobed, side lobes very short, erect, subacute, mid lobe small, incurved, acute, spur as long as the mid lobe, subcylindric or conical, obtuse, septate to near the mouth or lower, dorsal callus 2-lobed; anth. with a long subulate beak, 2-celled; pollinia 4, sub- slobose, strap very slender, gland small; fr. $—-} in., narrowly fusiform or oblong, deflexed. Moist region below 1ooo ft.; very rare. Near Ratnapura. FI. Sept.; pale brownish-green, the lip white, with pink wings. Also in S. W. India. 34. CLEISOSTOMA, 37. Characters of Saccolabium, but with a large dorsal callus in the spur below the column; differing from CZecsostoma in the spur not being septate——Sp. about 30; 18 in AZ. B. Ind. I have stated, in FI. B. Ind. (vi. 61), that it would be better to unite Cleisostoma and Sarcanthus with Saccolabium. Here, in accordance with Dr. Trimen’s views for this Flora, I follow the ‘Genera Plantarum.’ —J.D.H. L. oblong or linear-oblong : : : : . I. C. MACULOSUM. L. lorate. Stem long, scandent . : : : : . 2..C. TENERUM Stem very short, stout . . 4 . 5 . 3. C. DECIPIENS: 1. ©. maculosum, Z7nd/. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 227 (1833). C. galeatum, Thw. Enum. 305 (non Benth.). C. P. 2343. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 71. Stem 12-18 in., as thick as a swan’s quill; internodes }-1 in.; roots very long, simple, articulate at intervals of 1-2 in.; 1. 6-7 by 2-1} in., lorate, flat, coriaceous, obtusely unequally 2-lobed; ped. equalling the 1. or shorter, stout, strict, simple or sparingly branched, sheaths distant, annular; fl. spicate at the end of the branches, about } in. broad; bracts short, broad; sep. and pet. similar, obovate-spathulate, obtuse, spreading; lip a subcylindric sac nearly as long as the sep., base rounded, side lobes truncate, mid lobe very small, ovate, retuse, papillose, dorsal scale truncate; anth. small, im- Cletsostoma. | Orchidece. 201 perfectly 2-celled, beak truncate, pollinia 2, globose, strap linear, gland small, bifid; fr. 14-14 in., sessile, fusiform, erect. Moist region I-3000 ft.; rather rare. Hantane; Avisawella. Fl. Jan.; orange-yellow, coarsely spotted with red. Endemic. 2. ©. tenerum, //. 7. iz Fl. B. Ind. vi. 73 (1890). A ceoclades tenera, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 236; Thw. Enum. 306. Saccolabium tenerum, Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 89. C. P. 2983. F]. B. Ind. vi. 73. Wight, Ic. t. 1680. Stem 1-2 ft., as thick as a crow’s quill, scandent, green speckled with red; internodes 4 in.; roots long, slender, flexuous; |. 1-14 in., oblong, or linear-oblong, spreading or recurved, tip notched; raceme or spike short, few-fld., on a short, stout, leaf-opposed ped. 4$—? in. long, basal sheaths cupular; bracts cymbiform; pedicel with ov. 4 in.; fl. $ in. across, sep. and pet. oblanceolate-oblong, obtuse, spreading, lateral sep. decurved; lip shorter than the lateral sep., side lobes erect, truncate, crenulate, mid lobe ovate, obtusely 3-lobulate, fleshy, spur very short, conical, incurved; anth. short, beak broad, obtuse, pollinia 2, globose, strap slender, gland small; fr. 1 in., oblong, fusiform or subpyriform, turgid, strongly ribbed, erect. Forests of montane zone 3-6000 ft.; rather common. Fl. March, April; sep. and pet. yellow, with red longitudinal veins, lip white, with the wings pink or orange. Also in the Nilgiri Mts., S. India. 3. C. decipiens, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. xxx. Misc. 11 (1844). *C. maculosum, Thw. Enum. 304 (non Lindl.). C. Zhwaztestanum, Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. 244. C. P. 3193. Hi Beind. vit75; Stem very short, stout; roots copious, tortuous; |. 5-10 by 4-1 in., lorate, flat., unequally obtusely 2-lobed, speckled beneath with purple, sheath very short, open; ped. slender, very short, bearing a simple or paniculately branched spike 5-6 in. long, lengthening to 7 in. in fr., branches flowering along their whole length; bracts minute, subulate; fl. ¢ in. broad, sep. oblong, subacute; pet. linear-oblong; lip a broad, subcylindric sac as long as the sep., rounded at the tip, side lobe truncate, mid lobe orbicular, dorsal callus broad erect; anth. orbicular, cuspidately beaked, pollinia 2, globose, strap linear, tip subulate, gland oblong; fr. ? in. long, sessile, linear- oblong, spreading. Low country in moist region; rather rare. Heneratgoda; Hunasgiriya; Peradeniya, wild in the gardens. Fl. Jan.—March ; sep. and pet. lemon- yellow, with crimson centres, lip paler, yellow or nearly white. Endemic. 202 Orchidee. [ Cottonia. 35. M¥STACIDIUM, Lind. Epiphytes, pseudobulb 0; 1. few, distichous, linear, coria- ceous; fl. small, in leaf-opposed racemes; sep. and pet. sub- equal, free, spreading; lip sessile on the base of the column, entire, spurred; column very short, foot 0; anth. hinged on the top of the column, persistent, 2-celled, pollinia 2, globose, waxy, attached by separate straps to two distinct glands.—Sp. about 20; 1 in #2. B. Jnd. M. zeylanicum, 77im. Syst. Cat. Cey/. 90 (1885). Angracum zeylanicam, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 40; Thw. Enum. 306. ee, 3693 (part). FI, B. Ind. vi. 78: Stem 3-4 in., stout, copiously rooting below; roots very long, simple and branched; |. 6-10 by $—# in., linear or linear- oblong, straight, flat, rigid, many-veined, mid vein slender, very unequally 2-lobed, one lobe produced straight or incurved; ped. many, shorter than the 1. slender, rigid; racemes 2-3 in., lax-fld., bracts minute, truncate, membranous, pedicel with ovary 4 in.; fl. }-4 in. broad, green, sep. lanceolate, acumi- nate, 5-veined; pet. similar, but rather narrower, 3-veined; lip nearly as long as the sep., broadly ovate, cymbiform, finely acuminate, entire, spur as long as the sep., suberect, slender, subclavate; anth. firmly hinged on the very short column; fr. # in., pedicelled, oblong or narrowly ellipsoid. Moist region below tooo ft. in forests; rather rare. Narawela, near Galle (Champion); near Ratnapura; between Matale and Kurunegala; Reigam Korale; Naluwa; Pelawatte near Hewesse. Fl. September; pale green. Endemic. C. P. 3693 partly consists of Diploprora Championii. I have seen no pollinia, and refer the ee to the African genus JZystacidium on Dr. Trimen’s authority.—J. D. H. 36. COTTONIA,* light. An epiphyte; stem stout, elongate, terete, leafy, emitting stout vermiform roots; internodes short; |. lorate, jointed on the sheaths, very coriaceous, keeled, tip unequally 2-lobed; ped. long, leaf-opposed, slender, simple or paniculately branched, flg. toward the ends of the branches; bracts small ; sep. subequal, oblong, obtuse, and rather narrower petals spreading or reflexed; lip adnate to the base of the column, nearly twice as long as the sep., subpanduriform, base * Dedicated to Major-General Frederick Cotton, C.S.I., of the Madras Engineers. Teniophyllum.) Orchidee. 203 2-auricled, with interposed calli, side lobes indistinct, mid lobe rounded, retuse, margins villous, disk with a tooth-like callus; column very short, foot 0; anth. depressed hemispheric, with a truncate beak, 2-celled, pollinia 2, waxy, pyriform, 2-cleft, or 4, 2 smaller incumbent on the larger, strap long, gland small.—Sp. 2; both in FZ. B. Jnd. Cc. macrostachya, Wight, Jc. v. 1, 21 (1851). Vanda peduncularis, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 216. C. peduncularis, Thw. Enum. 303. C. P. 2361. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 26. Wight, Ic. t.1755. Bot. Mag. t. 7099 (from Ceylon plant). Stem 4-8 in., nearly as thick as the little finger, woody, clothed with short appressed dark green leaf-sheaths; 1. 5-8 by 4-3 in., spreading, strict or recurved, abruptly ending in two lobes, one longer and more rounded than the other, with a broad acute sinus between them, keeled beneath, dull green, sometimes obscurely mottled; ped. 1-3 ft., stout, green, mottled with red, simple or branched, the branches forming terminal racemes; bracts very short, ovate, persistent, pedicel with ov. 1-1} in.; sep. } in. long; lip 4 in. long; fr. 24 in., narrowly fusiform, acutely angled. Moist region to 3000 ft.; rather rare. Hantane; Peradeniya, wild in the gardens. Fl. March, April; sep. and pet. pale yellowish-green, veined with pink, lip dark purple, with a pale green central line and margins. The colouring of the Bot. Mag. plate does not represent the ordinary condition of the plant in Ceylon. Also in S.W. India. The only Ceylon epiphytic orchid with flowers which resemble an insect; these look like a large fly, beetle, or bee. 37. TIENIOPHYLLUM, 3£/. Small stemless epiphytes, leafless (?) after flg., pseudobulbs ©; 1o0ots) “flattened;, 1 2\or 3) linear, fleshy, veinless;’ ped: radical, filiform; fl. very minute, spicate; sep., pet., and lip connate in a 6-toothed perianth; lip cymbiform, margins free, fleshy, base produced into a saccate spur; column short, broad, foot 0; anth. quadrate, sub 4-celled, pollinia 4, in super- posed pairs, pyriform, waxy, sessile on the gland—Sp. 7; 3 in #2, B. Ind. T. Alwisii, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 42 (1859). Thw. Enum. 305. C. P. 3195. Bl Be Tndsvie76), Rehbi f, Xen: Orchid. ¢..116,; £1. A very minute epiphyte, apparently leafless after the first growth; roots green, fleshy, tortuous; |. 2-3, spreading and 204 Orchidee. [Diploprora. lying flat on the bark of the tree on which the plant grows, an inch long or shorter, obtuse, green; ped. with the spike }-} in., very slender, erect, few- or many-fld.; bracts minute, keeled; fl. about .'5 in. long, perianth shortly tubular, 6-fid., sep., pet., and lip acute, all of equal length, and all conformable, except the lip, which is cymbiform with free margins, and has a large sac or spur with a rounded tip as long as the rest of the perianth; column very short, with 2 stout projecting arms in front; anth. depressed, sub 4-celled, pollinia sessile on the broad gland; fr. sausage-shaped, 4—3 in. long. On branches of trees in moist region; apparently rare Hunasgiriya; abundant in Peradeniya Botanic Gardens; Hakgala Gardens. Fl. at any time of year; pale greenish-orange. Endemic. This very minute plant, barely half an inch in height, is no doubt constantly overlooked. It was discovered by the late H. de Alwis, draftsman to the Bot. Gardens, in January 1853. The above character of 7. A/wzsz? may want modification. It is founded chiefly on Thwaites’s description drawn up from a single specimen and more recent drawings in the Peradeniya Herbarium, which represent what appears to be an early state of the plant, with linear green leaves, but these may be roots; the analyses accompanying the drawings are not quite satisfactory.—J. D. H. 38. DIPLOPRORA, //:. /. An epiphyte; stem short, stout, curved, leafy, with long vermiform roots from the bases of the short lower internodes, clothed with leaf sheaths; |. sessile, distichous, narrowly oblong, flat, flaccidly coriaceous, tip unequally 2-toothed ; ped. leaf-opposed, stout, erect, few-fld.; fl. rather small, spicate, sep. spreading, dorsally winged, oblong, obtuse; pet. rather smaller, ovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse; lip rather longer than the lateral sep. adnate to the base of the column, narrowly cymbiform, abruptly contracted into an incurved long laterally compressed beak with a forked tip, disk with a fleshy keel; column very short, truncate, foot 0; anth. depressed hemispheric, beaked, 2-celled, pollinia 4, 2 hemi- spheric, each with a smaller adnate to its flat surface, strap short, gland small.—Monotypic. D. Championli, //%. f. in F/. B. Ind. vi. 26 (1890). Vanda bicaudata, Thw. Enum. 429. JLuista bicaudata, |. c. 302. Cottonia Championit, Lindl, Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 89. C. P. 3494, and C. P. 3693 (part). __FI. B. Ind. vi. 26. Hook. Ic. Plant, t.2120. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. Vill. t. 274. Podochilus.] Orchidea. 205 Stem 2-6 in. or more, sometimes leafy to the base, at others leafless below for several inches, and emitting numerous very long roots; |. jointed on the sheaths, 2-3 by 3-1 in, thinly coriaceous, bright green, veinless; ped. with raceme 2-3 in., very stout, sometimes zigzag, green, bracts shorter than the ov., broadly ovate, obtuse, pedicel with ov. } in., stout; sep. about § in. long. Moist low country below 2000 ft.; rare. Ambagamuwa Dist.; Kara- wita Kande, Sabaragamuwa, Balangoda. Fl. August; straw-coloured, with a few red markings on the lip. Also in the Himalaya, Khasia, Burma, Hong Kong. 39. PODOCHILUS, £7. Stems tufted, leafy, rooting at the base only, pseudo- bulbs 0; 1. short, distichous, closely imbricate, equitant, laterally strongly compressed, coriaceous, not jointed on the sheaths; fl. small or minute, in short terminal or subterminal spikes or racemes, resupinate; sep. and pet. conniving, dorsal sepal small, lateral much larger, adnate to the long decurved foot of the column, and forming with it a spur-like mentum; pet. broader and narrower than the dorsal sep.; lip jointed on the apex of the foot of the column, narrow, entire, membran- ous; column short, rostellum broad, erect, at length 2-fid.; anth. at the back of the column, erect, 2-celled, pollinia 4, pyriform, waxy, pendulous in pairs from a small gland at the tip of the rostellum, each pair enclosed in a calyptriform membrane that is removed with it.—Sp. 12 or more; 9 in 7. B. Ind. The above description does not include the species with flat or acicular non-equitant leaves, of which none have been found in Ceylon. L. 3-1 in. long. Pet. orbicular Pet. linear : : F L. 3-} in. long : ; : : : ‘ : 1. P. faleatus, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 234 (1833). thw: Enum: 300. C.Pe2527. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 80. Stems 6-15 in. long, slender, naked at the base, with stout spreading roots; 1. #-1 in. by 4 in. broad at the equitant base, ovate, obtuse, straight, erect, upper gradually smaller; racemes I—3, very shortly peduncled, 13-2 in. long, inclined or deflexed from the top of the stem, rhachis slender, fl. secund, about } in. long from the tip of the dorsal sepal to . P. FALCATUS. P. MALABARICUS. 3. bs SAXATILIS: bom 206 Orchidee. [ Podochilus. that of the mentum; bracts ovate, acuminate, membranous, deciduous; dorsal sep. oblong, obtuse, lateral broadly ovate, prolonged downward along the longdecurved foot of the column into a spur-like saccate dependent mentum with a globose base; pet. nearly orbicular; lip jointed on to the globose base of the mentum, as long as the sep., narrowly obovate or spathulate, 5-veined, tip rounded, margins undulate; fr. —4 in., oblong, terete, pedicelled. Montane zone 3-6000 ft., on rocks; rather common. FI. June-Sept.; pink, with the spur yellowish. Endemic. 2. P. malabaricus, W7ght, Jc. v. p. 20 (1852). P. falcatus, var. angustatus, Thw. Enum. 306. C. P. 3889. Fl. B. Ind. 80. Wight, Ic. t. 1748, f. 2. Habit of P. falcatus, but more slender, with smaller shorter erect obtuse 1. 4-3 in. long; raceme 1-14 in., inclined, lax-fld., rhachis capillary, ovate, bracts minute, acute; ff. about } in. long, from the tip of the dorsal sep. to that of the mentum; dorsal sep. lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, lateral ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, prolonged downwards along the decurved foot of the column into a spur-like rather recurved dependent mentum with a rounded base; pet. linear, obtuse; lip very narrow. Montane zone. Mattakelle, Galagedara. FI. Oct., Jan.; white. Alse in S. India. The specimens are insufficient to render the reference of the Ceylon plant to the Malabar one quite conclusive. In Wight’s figure of the latter (of which I have seen no flowers) the sep. and pet. are represented as more oblong than in the Ceylon specimens. There is a figure of the latter in Herb. Perad.; but, though showing a very different plant from P. falcatus, it is not satisfactory as to the structure of the flowers.—J. D. H. 2. P. saxatilis, Lind/. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 235 (1833). Thw. Enum. 307. C. P. 3194. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 81. Stem 2-3 in.; ]. +-} in., equitant, suberect or recurved, broadly ovate, tip rounded; raceme }—1 in., terminal, filiform inclined, 6-8 fld.; fl. 54 in. long, secund; bracts minute, ovate; dorsal sep. broadly ovate, obtuse, lateral broader, obtuse, prolonged downwards along the decurved foot of the column into a saccate rather recurved spur-like mentum with a rounded base; pet. obovate-oblong, obtuse; lip spathu- late; fr. ;'5 in. diam., globose or ellipsoid. Moist and intermediate regions to 3000 ft., creeping over rocks and tree-trunks ; rather rare. Ambagamuwa; Hantane; Dolawa Kande, abundant. Fl. December; ‘yellow, lip red in the middle’ (Ic. in Herb. Lindl.). Endemic. Octarrhena.]| Orchidee. 207 40. PHREATIA, Lindl. Epiphytes of various habits, pseudobulbous or not; 1. disti- chous, narrow, jointed on the equitant sheaths, coriaceous or fleshy; ped. terminal; fl. minute, in spiciform racemes, secund, and bracts of soft cellular tissue; sep. connivent, subequal, oblong or triangular, lateral adnate to the foot of the column, bases saccate, forming a mentum; pet. shorter than the sep., oblong; tip inserted in the foot of the column, very small, clawed; column short, broad, base produced into a foot; anth. terminal, 2-celled, pollinia 8, microscopic, globosely pyriform, waxy, united by a narrow caudicle to a gland on the rostellum. —Sp. about 10; 4 or 5 in #2. B. Ind. The genus Phreatia is, owing to the minuteness and soft texture of the flowers, very difficult of examination from dried specimens, and the above description does not embrace various Indian and Malayan species. Its close affinity with Octarrhena and Thelasis, as shown in habit, in the cellular tissue of the flowers, and in the dorsal position of the anth. on the column, seems to prove its belonging to the tribe Vandee and sub- tribe Wotylide.—J. D. H. 1. P. elegans, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 63 (1830). Thw. Enum. 299. TZhelasts elegans, Bl. Mus. Bot. ii. 187. C. P. 3186. Fl. B. Ind. v. 810. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. viii. t. 333. Stems densely tufted, very short, sub-pseudobulbous, roots ~ of stout fascicled fibres; 1. 2-4 in., sessile on their thin sheaths, linear, narrowed at the base, obtuse, coriaceous, I-veined; ped. longer than the L., erect, with the spiciform many-fld. raceme 2-3 in. long; fl. very shortly pedicelled, subsecund; bracts ovate-oblong, acuminate, I-veined, closely sheathing the curved ov.; sep. xo—-7z in. long, I-veined, broadly triangular, acute, dorsal rather the smaller, lateral gibbous at the saccate base; mentum rounded; pet. 4 shorter than the lateral sep., oval, obtuse; lip very small, nearly orbicular, with a sigmoid claw, disk faintly veined, column truncate in front, with a minute rostellum; anth. obtusely conical, transversely. oblong after dehiscence; pollinia most minute, cohering by a viscus. Very rare. Peradeniya (Macrae). No one else has collected it in Ceylon. Fl. white. Also in the Khasia Hills. The single specimen in Herb. Perad. has no locality; and there is no drawing. 41. OCTARRHENA, 7/w. A small epiphytic tufted leafy herb; roots fibrous; 1. disti- chous, laterally compressed, jointed on their equitant sheaths, coriaceous; ped. axillary; fl. minute, secund in spiciform 208 Orchidee. [Cryptostylis. racemes, and bracts of soft cellular tissue; sep. subequal, orbicular-ovate, obtuse; pet. half as long as the sep., ovate- oblong, obtuse; lip sessile at the base of the column, ovate- oblong, concave, fleshy, entire; column very short, broadly triangular, with a deep stigmatic pit at the base, foot 0; anth. dorsal, erect, 2-celled, pollinia 8, microscopic, globosely pyriform, waxy, pendulous by a linear caudicle from a gland attached to the minute rostellum at the top of the column. This genus was referred by Bentham to P&rea?za, and is retained in that genus in Fl. Brit. Ind. A re-examination of the flowers, and com- parison with an excellent drawing in Herb. Perad., inclines me to retain the genus as proposed by Thwaites, who correctly refers it to Vandee. 1 do not find the caudicle of the pollinia to be forked as represented in the Peradeniya drawing. O. parvula, 7iw. Enum. 305. C. P. 3072. Phreatia parvula, Benth. ex Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 381. Stem 3-5 in., stout, curved, at length naked below; 1. 1-3 in., linear-oblong, acute, fleshy, ped. with spiciform raceme I in., rhachis stout, usually curved, pedicels very short; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, sheathing the short nearly straight ov.; sep. about 75 in. long. Montane zone, 4-7000 ft.; rather‘common. MHantane; near Matale; Rangala; Maturata; Dimbula; Hakgala; Horton Plains. Fl. Aug.—Jan.; pale green. Endemic. Dr. Trimen observes that this plant has much the habit of an Oderonza, and that it can scarcely come under Phreatia. It is very closely allied to, if not the same with, Pireatia nana, F1. B. Ind. v. 811. (Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 2084), from Perak.—J. D. H 42. CRYPTOSTYLIS, Ar. Terrestrial herbs, rootstock short, stout, bearing long petioled membranous leaves, and leafless flg. scapes; roots of strong fibres; fl. loosely racemed, sep. subequal, narrowly linear, subacute, spreading; pet. as narrow, shorter, spread- ing; lip superior, large, erect, inserted at the base of the column, oblong or lanceolate, entire, base contracted em- bracing the column; column very small, short, foot o, rostellum broad, thick, acute, notched after detachment of the pollinia; stigma anticous, tumid; anth. dorsal, short, broad, 2-celled, pollinia 2, pyriform, granular, sessile on the small sland, pendulous from the rostellum.—Sp. 7; 1 in FZ. B. /nd. Heteria.] Orchitee. 209 Cc. Arachnites, 3/7. Orch. Arch. Ind. 132 (1858). Zosterostylis zeylanica, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 446; Thw. Enum. 312. Z. Walkera, Wight, Ic. v.1, 20. C. P. 383. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 118. Bot. Mag. t. 5381. Wight, Ic. t. 1748, f. 4. Quite glabrous; rootstock thick, with long, stout, tomentose root-fibres; 1. I-3, erect, 3-6 in., oval or oval-lanceolate, acute at both ends, bright green, membranous, with 3 principal veins and many intermediate connected by transverse venules; petiole about as long as the blade, slender, red-brown, sur- rounded at the base by membranous sheaths; scape 8-18 in., slender, red-brown, with short acute imbricating basal sheaths, and a few much longer above; raceme 4-8 in., laxly many- fld.; fl. suberect, bracts convolute, as long as and embracing the ov., which, with the very short ped., is decurved, nearly 1 in. long; sep. and pet. exactly linear, subacute; lip superior, erect, as long as the sep. or longer, oval, apiculate, very flat, with recurved margins, disk without calli or crests, base cordate, embracing the minute column. Moist region, 1- 4000 ft., in shady forests; rather common. FI. March, September, October; sep. and pet. green, lip reddish-pink, spotted with darker red. Khasia, Malay Peninsula, Java. The column is so small that it is not at once apparent that the anther is dorsal as in Spzvranthes, &c.—J. D. H. 43. HETZERIA, 47. Characters of Goodyera (p. 213), but lip superior, margins adnate to the sides of the column, and stigmatic tubercles 2, lateral—Sp. about 15; 7 in FZ. B. Lnd. Spike, 4-Io in. . : : P : : : . I. H. GARDNERI, Spike, 3-5 in. . , f ‘ : : : . 2. H, ELONGATA, I. H. Gardneri, Zenth. in Gen. P/. iii. 604 (1883). Rhamphidia Gardneri, Thw. Enum. 313. C. P. 3425. FL B. Inds vi. 115. Tall, stout, 12-20 in. high; stem leafy below, as thick as a swan’s quill, green; |. few, rather distant, 2-4 by 14-34 in, petioled, ovate, subacute, often oblique, 3-veined, membra- nous, glabrous; petiole short, dilating into the short large ventricose hyaline sheath; ped. with 2 or 3 rather large acute sheaths, puberulous; spike 4-10 in., laxly many-fld., glandular- pubescent; fl. subsecund, bracts } in., as long as the ov. or shorter; dorsal sep. glandular-pubescent, ovate, I-veined; lateral { in. long, oblong, obtuse, 3-veined; pet. inserted on the sides of the column, narrowly spathulate, I-veined: lip as long as the sep., superior, cymbiform, membranous, with a few calli on the veins within; column very short, rostellar arms PART IV. P 210 Orchidee. [ Chetrostylis. short, stigmatic lobes large; anth. short, pollinia 2, broadly pyriform or subglobose, each attached by a short strap to an oblong gland. Moist region to 4000 ft.; rare. Morowak Korale; Peradeniya, abundant in shady places, doubtfully wild there. Fl. Jan.; sep. and pet. greenish- brown, lip yellow. Endemic. 2. H. elongata, Lizd/. in Wall. Cat. n. 7384 (1828). Rhamphidia elongata, Thw. Enum. 313. C. P. 2739. FI. B. Ind. vi. 116, 167; Hook. Te. Pl: 2190. Tall, slender, 13-23 in. high; stem leafy in the lower half, as thick as a goose-quill below ; |. 2—4 in., petioled, obliquely oval or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, subacute, or lower obtuse, membranous, veins 5, very slender, parallel, with many cross-venules; petiole }—? in., sheath hyaline, inflated; ped. slender, pubescent, with a few distant lanceolate sheaths; spike 3-5 in., Pegi rhachis slender, and fl. laxly glandular- Jee bracts } in., lanceolate, shorter than the erect ov. ; sep. ¢ in. long, oblong, obtuse, pubescent; pet. inserted on the sides of the column, subfalcately oblong-obovate, tip rounded ; lip superior, as long as the sep., cymbiform, with 2 short, lateral lobes at the base, acute, membranous, 5-veined, veins with a few soft spines towards the base; column very short, rostellar arms subulate; anth. ovate- cordate, tip elongate, flexuous, pollinia subglobose, each attached by a slender caudicle to a small oblong gland. Montane zone, 3-4000 ft.; rare. Hunasgiriya; Hewahetta; Amba- gamuwa. FI. Nov.—Jan.; pink. Also in Malay Peninsula (?). Finlayson’s specimen is supposed to be Malayan; but, as he also collected in Ceylon, it is probable that it is from here. 44. CHEIROSTYLIS, 27. Small terrestrial herbs, with simple stems and fibrous roots at the lower nodes; |. few, ovate, membranous; fl. small, in terminal racemes; sep. 3, connate to the middle in a gibbous tube; pet. narrow; lip inserted at the base of the column, erect, narrow, shortly clawed, base of claw saccate, limb dilated, crenate or toothed; column short, with 2 elongate, flat appendages in front, rostellum at length 2-cleft; stigmatic lobes lateral; anth. erect, 2-celled, pollinia 2, bipartite, granu- lar, on a short strap, gland narrow.—Sp. about 12; 6 in FZ. B. Ind. Raceme elongate, puberulous . ‘ ; : . I, C. PARVIFOLIA. Raceme short, glandular-pubescent . - ‘ . 2, C. FLABELLATA Physurus.| Orchidee. ZYE 1. ©. parvifolia, ind/. in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 19 (1839). Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 488; in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 187. Thw. Den, Sigh (Ca IPS Bolin Fl. B. Ind. vi. 105. Whole plant 3-6 in. high, slender; stem prostrate below with short, tumid, green internodes, the upper internodes enclosed in hyaline sheaths; 1. 3-6, rather distant, 4—1 in. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, dark greenish-brown above, glabrous, veins obscure; petiole + in., sheath hyaline, inflated ; raceme elongate, puberulous, bracts about as long as the pedicels; fl. minute, sep. +; in., glabrous, connate to the middle, dorsal broadest, ovate, obtuse; pet. oblong-obovate, obtuse, tips exserted; lip rather longer than the sep., base of claw subsaccate, enclosing 2 small forked calli, limb exserted, subquadrate, 6—-8-lobed; column with 2 parallel appendages in front; rostellum at length bifid, arms subulate; anth. dorsal, ovate-cordate, pollinia pyriform, sessile on a short narrow gland. Moist region, 2-4000 ft.; rare. Ambagamuwa; Hantane. FI. Jan., Feb.; pinkish-white. Endemic. 2. C. flabellata, Wight, Jc. v. 1, 16 (1851). Thw. Enum: 313. “C)P53377. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 105. Wight, Ic. t. 1727 (Zonochilus flabellatus). Whole plant 6 in. high; stem stout, prostrate below with tumid internodes; |. few, 3-2 in. petioled, ovate, acute, 3-veined, glabrous, sheaths hyaline, truncate, inflated; ped. very slender, flexuous, and bracts and tubular parts of perianth elandular-pubescent, sheaths few, loose, narrowly lanceolate; raceme short, few- and lax-fld., bracts lanceolate, longer than the very short pedicels; cal. about 4 in. long, tube ventricose, lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse ; pet. linear-oblong, falcate, obtuse, tips exserted; lip with a very short saccate claw, and a broad spreading suborbicular 2-lobed limb, lobes sub 5-fid, sac cym- biform, with 2 enclosed calli; appendages of column and rostellar arms long, subspathulate; anth. with a dilated mem- branous tip, pollinia 2, pyriform, subsessile on the elongate gland. Montane zone, 3-6000 ft.; rare. Ambagamuwa; Nuwara Eliya. FI. Feb., March. Hills of S. India, Bhotan, and Burma. 45. PHYSURUS, Rich. Terrestrial herbs; stem stout and creeping below; roots fibrous; |. petioled, ovate, acute; fl. in a small terminal spike; 202 Orchidee. [Anectochilus. sep. distinct, dorsal forming a hood with the pet., lateral oblong, spreading; pet. obovate or oblong; lip small, inserted on the base of the column, as long as the lateral sep., entire, base spurred, spur protruded beyond the bases of the sep., disk naked; column very short, not appendaged in front, rostellum at length bifid; stigma anticous, tumid; anth. dorsal, ovate, long-acuminate, erect, 2-celled, pollinia 2, clavate, granular, bipartite, attached to the rostellum by a small gland.—Sp. about 20; 2 in #7. B. Ind. P. Blumei, Zind/. in Wall. Cat. n. 7397 (1828). Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 504; in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 181; Thw. Enum. 314. .C. Pggai FI. B. Ind. vi. 94. Bl. Orchid. Archip. Ind. t. 27, f. 2. Stem 1-2 ft., as thick as a crow’s quill, ascending from a creeping sometimes branched rooting base, glabrous below; l. scattered, 24-3 in. long, ovate or ovate-cordate, acute, 3-5- veined ; petiole very short, sheath } in., hyaline, inflated ; ped. tall, slender, pubescent; sheaths an in. long, finely acuminate ; spike 2-5 in., glandular-pubescent or villous, laxly many-fld. ; bracts 4 in., equalling the curved glandular-pubescent ov.; sep. ¢ in., pubescent I-veined ; pet. obovate-oblong; lip saccate, with a retuse glabrous flabelliform limb, sac much shorter than the ov., and 2-lobed. Moist region, 1-3000 ft.; rather rare. Hantane; Peradeniya. FI. Jan.—March; orange-pink, the limb of the lip white. Also in Sylhet and Java. 46. ANZECTOCHILUS, 5/. Terrestrial leafy herbs; stem creeping below; roots fibrous; 1. petioled, membranous, ovate; fl. small, in a glandular-pubescent terminal spike; sep. free, dorsal forming a hood with the pet., lateral spreading; pet. falcate; lip attached to the base of the column, longer than the lat. sep., clawed, terminal lobe 2-winged, claw fimbriate, spurred at the base, spur protruded beyond the base of the lateral sep., cavity with 2 calli; column short, with 2 parallel lamellz in front, rostellum short, at length 2-fid. or 2-toothed, stigmatic lobes lateral; anth. dorsal on the column, 2-celled, pollinia 2, clavate or pyriform, lamellate, narrowed into a single caudicle, which is attached by a gland to the rostellum.—Sp. about 10; 7 in £2. B. Ind. Goodyera.]| Orchidee. area A. regalis, 37. Orch. Archip. Ind. 46 (1858). Wana-raja, .S. A. setaceus, Lindl. Gen, and Sp. Orch. 499; Thw. Enum. 314 (non BI.). Cow, 384, F]. B. Ind. vi. 95. Wight, Ic. t. 1731. Bot. Reg. t. 2010. Bot. Mag. t. 5208, Whole plant 6-10 in. high; stem erect from a long creep- ing tortuous base, as thick as a small goose-quill; |. 3-5, spreading, 1-14 in. long, sessile or shortly petioled, ovate or ovate-cordate, subacute or acuminate, glabrous, dark velvety green above with orange reticulations, or almost black-purple with red reticulations, pale beneath, sheath hyaline, inflated ; ped. stout or slender, with 2-3 distant lanceolate coloured sheaths, glandular-pubescent; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the ov.; sep. $ in. long, ovate, subacute; pet. broadly falcate; lip longer than the sep., margins of claw crinite with long flexuous cilia, wings quadrate, much shorter than the claw; spur shorter than the ov., inflated, tip contracted, notched. Moist region, 1-4000 ft., among leaves in forests; rather common. Fl. May—Sept., Jan.; sep. and pet. greenish-pink, lip white. Endemic. The plant varies a good deal in colouring; the leaves, in the most ornamental form, are dark greenish-purple, with the network of veins orange, but sometimes they are pure deep green with golden veining, and at other times, as in the Bot. Mag. fig. above quoted (var. zzornatus, Hook.), the veining is not differently coloured to the rest of the leaf. Doubtfully distinct from the A. sefaceus of Java. Linnzus’s name, Satyrtum repens, inadvertently given as a synonym in FI. B. Ind., belongs to the N. European Goodyera repens.— Trimen. 47. GOODYERA, 37. Terrestrial leafy herbs; stem erect, from a creeping base; l. few or many, ovate or lanceolate, petioled; fl. small, in often twisted spikes; sep. subequal, dorsal erect, forming a hood with the narrow pet., lateral conniving or spreading, covering the sac of the lip by their bases; lip erect, sessile on the base of the column, entire, cymbiform or saccate, sac not pro- duced beyond the base of the lateral sep., naked or setose within, limb 0, or very small; column short or long, without frontal appendages, top cupular, rostellum erect, entire, or 2-fid; stigma broad, anticous; anth. dorsal, operculate, beaked, pollinia 2, pyriform or clavate, granular, with or without a ais) strap, gland small.—Sp. about 40; 15 in #7. B. Jud, Lip with a short recurved tip : A 2 : . I. G. PROCERA, Lip with a long revolute tail 3 : : ; . 2. G. FUMATA. 214 Orchidee. [ Goodyera. 1. G. procera, Hook. E-vot. Fl. i. t. 39 (1823). Lind]. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 493. Thw. Enum. 313. C. P. 597. FE 8B, Ind. vi. 111.. -Wight, Ic. t.1720. “Bot (Ree "t71039 (Neottia procera). Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. viii. t. 378. Stem tall, stout, 2-3 ft. high, from a prostrate rooting base as thick as the little finger, leafy; roots long, vermiform; 1. 4-8 by I-2 in., petioled, oval or oval-lanceolate, acuminate, penniveined from a stout midrib, veins very obliquely ascend- ing; petiole 2-3 in., very stout, dilated into a broad open sheath; ped. stout or slender, strict or flexuous, sheaths many, large, lanceolate, acuminate, lower foliaceous; spike 3-6 in., cylindric, dense-fld., rhachis glabrous or pu- bescent, bracts lanceolate, as long as the ov.; fl. small; sep. spreading and recurved, ;'5 in. jong, dorsal oblong, lateral broadly ovate, obtuse ; pet. spathulate; lip as long as the sep., cymbiform, setose within, and with two large calli towards the recurved tip; column very short, rostellum bifid; anth. broadly ovate, pollinia broadly pyriform, sessile on the oblong gland. Moist region in damp places to 4000 ft.; common. FI. Jan., June; orange-cream coloured, fragrant. S. India, Trop. Himalaya, Burma, China, Java. 2. G. fumata, 7/iw. Enum. 314 (1861). C. P. 3668. F1..B. Ind. vi. 111. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. viii. t. 377. Stem 3 ft. high, stout, leafy; 1. 6-10 by 3- 4 in., obliquely oval-lanceolate, veins many, obliquely ascending, most of them from towards the base of the midrib, petiole 2-4 in., stout, sheaths broad, inflated; ped. stout, and spike glandular- pubescent, sheaths large, lower leafy, bracts as long as the fl. or shorter, lower larger, foliaceous; spike a foot long, stout, lax-fld., bracts longer than the ov., 4 in., ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, cemibrenodee sep. oot in. long, dorsal ovate- lanceolate, lateral ovate, acute, 3-veined; pet. dimidiate- lanceolate, acuminate, falcate; lip short, rhomboidly orbicular, concave, as broad as long, strongly many-veined, abruptly contracted into a revolute ligulate, acuminate tail, glandular within; column long, slender, arched, tip dilated, funnel- shaped, rostellum elongate, erect, entire or 2-toothed; anth. broadly ovate, acute, pollinia clavate, sessile on a small oblong gland. Central Province; rare (Thwaites). The C. P. specimens, all I have seen, are localised ‘Ambagamuwa,’ with a ?. Fl. December; sep. and pet. pinkish-green, lip pale yellow. Also in the Sikkim Himalaya. The column is incorrectly described in Fl. B. Ind. Zeuxine.| Orchidee. 2165 48. ZEUXINE, Liza. Terrestrial, leafy herbs; stem creeping below; 1. sessile or petioled, narrow or broad, membranous; fl. in a terminal spike, small; sep. subequal, dorsal cohering with the pet. in a hood, lateral free, connivent or spreading; pet. narrower; lip sessile or shortly clawed, cymbiform or saccatc, with a small entire or wing-like terminal lobe, sac not produced beyond the base of the lateral sep., with two calli or spurs at the base within; column very short, 2-keeled or winged in front, rostellum short, stigmatic lobes 2, marginal; anth. dorsal on the column, 2-celled, membranous, pollinia 2, pyriform, attached by a gland to the rostellum with or without a (sometimes append- aged) caudicle.—Sp. about 20; 11 in FZ. B. nd. L. all cauline, sessile, erect, narrow . : a 1 Z.SULCATAY L. towards the base of the stem, ovate or oblong. Wings of lip toothed. 3 : 5 ‘ . 2. Z. LONGILABRIS. Wings of lip entire. L. oval-lanceolate L. broadly ovate Z. REGIA. Z. FLAVA. Tas 1. Z. sulcata, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 485 (1840). Fl. Zeyl. n. 319. Orchis strateumatica, L. Sp. Pl. 943. Lindl. in Journ. Pimn. Soe, 1. 166.0 Thw. Enumy 312. “C..P? 3077. PLB, indy vii too. — Wight) Te. tte 1724bis. (Z).oreceara) 725 (Z. brevifolia), and 1726 (Z. robusta). Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. viii. t. 381. Whole plant 2-10 in. high, leafy throughout, glabrous; roots fibrous; 1. erect, lower 1-2 in., sessile, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, upper gradually smaller, margins usually recurved, midrib stout; spike 3-2 in., strict, dense-fld., bracts }-4 in, about as long as the fl. or longer, erect, lanceolate, sonia hyaline; sep. about } in. long, oblong, obtuse, membranous: pet. oblong, obtuse; lip about as long as the lateral sep. cymbiform, contracted into a short pubescent Sears ray by a very small hammer-headed simple or 2-lobed limb; column very short, top 2-winged; anth. short, ovate, covered by the wings of the column, pollinia pyriform, attached to the face below the tip of a linear gland; fr. 4 in. long, ellipsoid. Low country; rather rare. Kukul Korale; Dolosbagie; Nilgala, Uva Pasdun Korale. Fl. Dec., Jan.; sep. and pet. greenish-white, lip yellow Throughout India, China, Burma, Java, Philippine Is. R. Br. (Prod. Fl. Nov. Holl. 319) remarks that Hermann’s specimens of Orchis strateumatica, L., are a /Veottia as he understood that genus; hence Lindl. (Gen. and Sp. Orch. 465) referred the name to Spzranthes australis as being the only species of that genus from Ceylon. 216 Orchidee. [Zeuxine. 2. Z longilabris, Benth. in Gen. P/. iii. 600 (1883). Monochilus longilabre, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 487; Journ. Linn. Soc.3, 100; Lhw. Enum, 313... €..P; 2377: Fl]. B. Ind. vi. 107. Wight, Ic. t. 1728 (7. affiinis). Whole plant 6-10 in. high, very slender, ascending from a creeping rooting base about as thick as a crow’s quill; 1. few, rather distant, shortly petioled, 1-1} in. long, ovate or ovate- oblong, acute, base rounded, 7 veined, glabrous, sheath short, hyaline, inflated ; ped. very slender, pubescent, with 2 distant narrowly lanceolate sheaths; spike 2-3 in., lax-fld., glandular- pubescent; bracts about as long as the ov., narrowly lanceo- late; sep. { in. long, oblong, obtuse, pubescent; pet. oblong, obtuse, glabrous, lip twice as long as the sep., claw saccate at the base, gradually dilated into the deeply 2-lobed obovate- cuneate mid lobe, the cuneate wings or lobes of which are separated by a narrow acute sinus, and are crenulate or coarsely toothed on the outer margin, sac with 2 spurs in the cavity; anth. long-beaked, pollinia pyriform, adnate for two- thirds of their length to a linear strap, gland small. Low country to 3000 ft. in intermediate region; rare. Maturata Dist.; Lagalla. Fl. May, September; sep. greenish, pet. and lip white. S.W. India, E. Bengal, Burma. 3. Z. regia, Benth. in Gen. P/. iii. 600 (1883). Tru-raja, S. Monochilus regium, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 487; Thw. Enum. 313. C. P. 2643. Kl Bind wi, roo. ‘Hook, 1c. Plant t) 2174, Whole plant 4-6 in. high, slender, lower internodes elon- gate, rooting; |. few, 15-23 in., rather distant, shortly petioled, oval- or oblong-lanceolate, acute, green, with a median pale band above, sheath short, tubular, truncate, membranous; ped. very slender, short, few-fld., sheaths distant, narrowly lanceolate ; spike pubescent, bracts lanceolate, equalling or shorter than the pubescent ov.; sep. 4 in. long, glabrous, dorsal oblong, hooded, lateral spreading, ovate-oblong, obtuse; pet. linear-oblong, falcate, tip rounded; lip rather longer than the lateral sep., claw naked, its cymbiform base enclosing 2 uncinate calli, wings divaricate, subquadrate, outer margin sinuate or crenate; rostellum deeply 2-fid, arms long; anth. broad, obtusely beaked, pollinia 2, obovoid, sessile on the end of a linear strap, with incurved margins, gland small, ovoid, Moist region 1-4000 ft. in damp forests; rather common. Hantane; Ambagamuwa. FI. Dec.; greenish-white. Endemic, Cultivated for its foliage (like Anectochilus, &c.) Spiranthes. | Orchidee. 207 Z. nervosa, Lindl. is given for Ceylon in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 187, on authority of a specimen so labelled in Herb. Hk. at Kew. The locality is _an error (see F]. B, Ind. vi. 108). 4. Z. flava, Benth. in Gen. Pi. iii. 609 (1883). Monochilus flavum, Lind). in Journ. Linn. Soc. 1. 187; Thw. Enum. 313... Ttim. Syst. Cat.o0, | C2 P) 3120. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 108. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 2176. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. viii, t. 386. Whole plant 10-24 in. high; stem stout, inclined or pro- strate below, with long rooting internodes and roots clothed with matted fibrils; 1. 4-7, distant, 1-2 in. long, sessile or shortly stoutly petioled, ovate, acute, or obtuse, 5-veined, bright green, membranous, sheath obliquely truncate, rather inflated, hyaline; ped. and spike sparsely hairy, purplish, with few distant small lanceolate sheaths; spike 3-5 in., slender, laxly many-fld.; bracts lanceolate, as long as the ov.; sep. 7'5 in. long, hairy externally, dorsal hooded, lateral ovate, obtuse, spreading ; pet. dimidiate-oblong, obtuse; lip rather longer than the lateral sep., sessile, base saccate enclosing 2 twisted spurs, claw naked, suddenly dilated into two divaricate, oblong-quadrate wings, outer margins of wings entire or toothed; rostellum at length 2-partite, segm. erect; anth. -ovate-lanceolate, pollinia obovoid, sessile or shortly stipitate on an oblong gland. Moist region I-3000 ft. in damp forests; rare. Dolosbagie; Amba- Sue Fl. Feb., March; white, sac of the lip pink, limb tinged with JELLOW. ; Himalaya, Assam, Burma, Java, Borneo. 49. SPIRANTHES, A&7ch. Small, terrestrial, leafy herbs ; roots of fleshy, cylindric or tuberous fibres; 1. narrow, bases sheathing or petioled; fl. small, secund in a twisted erect spike; sep. subequal, dorsal arched, forming a hood with the pet., below spreading from an erect gibbous base; pet. linear; lip as long as the lateral sep., erect, obovate or fan-shaped, recurved, base concave or sac- cate, sac not produced beyond the bases of the lateral sep. ; -column short, terete, rostellum short, stigma broad, anticous ; anth. dorsal, erect, 2-celled, pollinia 4, united in pairs, clavate, granular, pendulous from the rostellum by a small gland.—Sp. 80; 2 in. FZ. B. Lnd. S. australis, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. x., sub t. 823 (1824). Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 464; Journ. Linn. Soc. 1.178. Thw. Enum. g12.. G. Ps 550: F]. B. Ind. vi. 102. Wight, Ic. t.1724. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. viii. t. 369. 218 Orchidee. [Corymbis.. Roots of elongate, fleshy, white, cylindric or almost tube- rous fibres; stem 6-18 in., rather stout or slender, distantly leafy; lower |. 1-5 in., linear oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, narrowed into a long or short petiole, upper subulate ; spike 3-6 in., slender, dense-fld., twisted, glandular-pubescent ; bracts ovate, acute or acuminate, exceeding the short suberect _ ov.; fl. 34—} in. long, glabrous; sep. linear-oblong, tips obtuse, recurved ; pet. narrower ; lip oblong or sub-flabelliform, trun- cate, crenate-toothed, margins undulate, tip retuse or apiculate, base saccate, 2-glandular within, disk pubescent; fr. } in., fusiform, pubescent. Montane zone, above 4000 ft. in grass on open patana land; common. Fl. May, &c.; white. Throughout India, N. Asia, Burma, Java, Australia, New Zealand. Very like the ‘ Ladies’-tresses’ (.S. au¢ummmnalis) of the English downs. 50. CORYMBIS, 7/ouwars (Corymborchis, Bl.). Tall, terrestrial, rigid, leafy herbs; roots fibrous; |. broad,. plaited, base sheathing; fl. in very short stiff spreading axillary panicles; sep. and pet. very narrow, at first cohering in a tube with spreading tips, persistent; lip inserted on the base of the column, erect, linear, channelled, tip dilated and recurved; column nearly as long as the pet., erect, terete, tip clavate, top 2-lobed or 2-auricled, rostellum at length bifid, anticous, 2-lobed; anth. terminal, narrow, erect, acuminate, 2-celled, pollinia long, clavate, granular, grooved, peltately attached by a subulate caudicle to a gland ; fr. elongate.— Sp. 60r 75) 4.16 LB nd. C. veratrifolia, B/. Orch. Archip. Ind. 125 (1858). Corymbis disticha, Thw. Enum. 314 (non Thouars). C. P. 3200. Fl. B. Ind. vi. gt. Bl. lc. t.42,f.1. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. viii. t. 354. Stem 4 ft. high, as thick as a swan’s quill or thicker, leafy throughout; 1. 12-18 by 3-4 in., oval or oval-lanceolate, cau- date-acuminate, veins very many and strong, sheath strongly ribbed; panicles 4-6 in. long and broad, bracts ovate-lanceo- late; fl. 1-1} in. long, erect, sep. and pet. subsimilar, narrowly oblanceolate; lip lanceolate, acuminate, column j{ in. long, slender; fr. sessile, 14 in. long, fusiform, erect. Moist region in low country; very rare. Maturata (Moon); Four Korales. Fl. October; greenish-white, according to Blume’s figure. S. India, E. Bengal, Andaman Is., Malaya. The Herb. Peraden. specimens are in fruit only Good flowers are wanted to complete the description.—J. D. H. Tropidia.) Orchidee. 219 51. TROPIDIA, Lindi. Tall, terrestrial, leafy herbs, with a woody rootstock and rigid root-fibres; stem simple or branched; |. broad or narrow, strongly veined, bases sheathing; fl. in short terminal spikes, resupinate, bracts narrow, coriaceous, strongly veined, per- sistent; sep. connivent, dorsal free, lateral broader, more or less connate at the base, forming a mentum with the base of the lip; pet. falcate; lip superior, shorter than the sep., sessile on the base of the column, entire, disk thickened towards the margins, base saccate; column short, stout, rostellum elongate, at length bifid, stigma anticous; anth. dorsal, erect, acute, cells contiguous, pollinia 2, clavate, granular, 2-cleft, pendulous by a slender caudicle from a small gland on the tip of the rostellum; fr. oblong, cylindric.—Sp. 8; 6 in FZ. B. /nd. L. narrowly linear . : : : ; é 2) ie, 2 PAWATT RSI: L. oval or oval-lanceolate : ; : : . 2. T. BAMBUSIFOLIA. 1. T. Thwaitesii, Wz. fiz Fl. B. Ind. vi. 93 (1890). T. curculigoides, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 497 (in part); Thw. Enum. 314. C. P. 3565. F]. B. Ind. vi. 93. Rootstock small, branching, root-fibres slender and wiry, or stout, as thick as the stems, woody; stem 6-12 in., slender, about as thick as a duck’s quill, clothed with the leaf-sheaths except at the base; |. suberect, 3-6 by 4-2 in. narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, 3-—5-veined, with many slender intermediate venules; sheaths elongate, strongly ribbed; ped. 4-1 in., with many circular, erect, strongly nerved, empty bracts 4-? in. long; spikes subcapitate, many-fld.; bracts as long as the ov., subulate from a short broadly dilated base; dorsal sep. } in. long, lanceolate, acumi- nate, 5-veined, lateral 4 in., ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 7- veined, connate at the base with the lip in a saccate mentum ; pet. shorter and broader than the dorsal sep., falcate, 3-veined; lip much shorter than the sep. ovate, sub- acute, recurved, with thick intramarginal ridges, margins undulate; anth. linear-oblong, apiculate; fr. # in. long, linear- oblong, straight, sessile, strongly 6-ribbed. Var. major, stem stouter, ]. 1-2 in., broad, 5~7-veined, fl. larger. Dry and intermediate regions in high grass; rare. Bintenne; Minery; Polonaruwa; Four Korales. Fl. March, July, November; yellow-green. Endemic. I am unable from Herbarium specimens to determine accurately the character of the lip, column, and anther.—J. D. H. 220 Orchidee. [ Vanilla. 2. T. bambusifolia, 777m. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 90 (1885). Cnemidia bambustfolia, Thw. Enum. 314. C. P. 3207. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 94. Stem 2-3 ft., as thick as a crow’s quill or thicker, lower 12-14 in. naked; |. 4-9 by 1-2? in., oval or oval-lanceolate, acuminate or caudate-acuminate, base acute, 5—7-veined, veinlets very slender, sheaths strongly ribbed ; spikes stoutly peduncled, $—2 in. long, stout, clothed with imbricating oval or oblong strongly ribbed coriaceous green sheaths; spike very short, bracts ovate-lanceolate. Moist region; rare. Adam’s Peak (Gardner); Katukande (Thwaites) ; Lihinigala, Hewesse. FI. June, July. Endemic. The specimens are wanting in fl. and fr. 52. VANILLA, Sw. Stem terete, green, branching, climbing by aerial roots, leafy or leafless; 1. alt., sessile or subsessile, oblong oval or lanceolate, fleshy or coriaceous, without evident midrib or veins, base not sheathing ; fl. large, in short axillary racemes or spikes; bracts short; perianth infundibular, sep. and pet. subequal, spreading and recurved from an erect base; lip erect, inserted on the base of the column which it embraces by a convolute claw, that gradually dilates into an entire trumpet- formed limb with recurved margins, disk with 2 pubescent ridges; column long, narrow; anth. terminal, incumbent, mitriform, deciduous, 2-celled; pollinia free, powdery, oblong, without strap or gland; fr. a long, slender, fleshy, terete or trigonous berry, indehiscent, or at length loculicidally 3-valved. —Sp. 50; 6in FV. B. Ind. L. imperfect or o ; : ; ; : 1. V. WALKERIA. L. 5-7 in. long . , ; ; : ; : . 2. V. MOONIL. I. V. Walkerizw, Wight, Jc. iii. 3, 1 (1845). Thw. Enum. 311. Rolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 474. C. P. 2964. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 90. Wight, Ic. t. 932. Stem as thick as the middle finger, flexuous, terete, deeply channelled; 1. (arrested) 4-14 in., lanceolate, acuminate; fl. in very stout many-fld. racemes 5—6 in. long, with broadly ovate, acute bracts, pedicel with ov. 14—2 in. long; fl. 3 in. broad ; sep. 1} in. long, broadly oblanceolate, subacute ; pet. broader, spathulately obovate, margins thin, waved; lip 14 in. long, broadly obovate-oblong, undulate, crenate, side lobes 0, tip Gastrodia.]| Orchidee. 224 triangular, acute, disk with two broad pubescent ridges from the base to beyond the middle; fr. 5-6 in. elongate, very slender. Dry and intermediate regions below tooo ft., scrambling over bushes ; common. Fl. March-June; pure white, hairs on lip orange. Also in S. India. 2. V. Moonii, 7/w. Enum. 312 (1861). [PLATE XCI.] Rolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxii. 461. V. aromatica (?), Moon, Cat. 60. CiP;3204: Bl B. Inds vi; ‘go: Stem many feet long, terete, flexuous, as thick as the little finger, deeply channelled; |. 5-7 in., subsessile, oval or linear- oblong, obtusely acuminate, fleshy; fl. crowded on a very stout ped.; bracts short, ovate, subacute; pedicel with ov. 4-11 in.; sep. and pet. about 1 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, subacute, spreading from an erect base; lip entire, tube 2 in. long, margins of limb undulate, disk with a broad hirsute band from the upper third to the tip, and a hemispheric tuft of papillz at the base of the band; fr. linear-oblong, 4 in. long. Moist region below 2000 ft., in thick jungle; rather rare. Kalutara; Galle; Heneratgoda, abundant; Hunasgiriya. Fl. April; sep. and pet. buff-coloured, lip yellowish-white; a very pretty orchid. Endemic. The officinal Mexican Vanilla (V. planzfolia, Andr.), cultivated in Ceylon, may be recognised by its pale-green fl., linear-oblong sep. and pet., the lip adnate to the sides of the column, and column villous in front.—J. D. H. 53. GASTRODIA, Sr. Terrestrial, leafless, pale or brown herbs, (saprophytes ?) with tuberous rootstock, and sheaths on the simple stem ; fl. in terminal lax racemes; sep. connate with the pet. in a ventricose 5-lobed tube or sac, cleft in front ; lip inserted on the foot of the column and to the base of the tube of the perianth included, entire, spur o; column long, narrow, sides narrowly winged towards the top, base produced into a long or short foot, stigma prominent, anticous; anth. terminal, very convex, erect, 2-celled, pollinia 2, pyriform, free, coarsely granular, without strap or gland.—Sp. 9; 5 in FZ. B. Lnd. G. javanica, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 384 (1840). Thw. Enum, 3017, (C.. Ps 3t 1. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 123. Bl. Bijd. v. t. 4 (Epiphanes javanica). Rootstock very slender, creeping, straight or flexuous, swelling here and there into globose or ovoid tubers 4 in. diam., and provided with tuberiferous rootlets; stem 3-6 in., erect, 222 Orchidee. [Epipogum. straight or flexuous, naked or with a few empty bracts above; raceme 3-6 in., elongating much during flowering; bracts very small, orbicular, pedicel with ov. $-} in.; fl. about 4 in. long and broad ; lip articulate with the foot of the column, shorter than the sep., broadly oblong, tip rounded, base with a large bifid callus. Moist region below 2000 ft.; very rare. Hiniduma Kande, Pasdun Korale; Karawita Kande, near Ratnapura; near Eratne. Fl. Feb.— April; white, slightly tinged with violet. Also in Java. Apparently a saprophyte, attaching itself to dead leaves by root- suckers. There is some doubt whether this is really the Java species. 54. BPIPOGUM, Gc. Terrestrial, leafless, pale brown or white herbs (sapro- phytes?) with tuberous rootstock, and a simple sheathed stem; fl. in terminal lax racemes; sep. and pet. subequal, narrow, spreading; lip inserted at the base of the column, about as long as the sep., entire, oblong, base spurred, disk with glandular ridges, spur short, obtuse; column short, strongly incurved, truncate, stigma anticous; anth. horizontal, tumid, dorsally thickened, 2-celled; pollinia 2, pyriform, bifid, coarsely granular, each with a slender caudicle, but no gland. —Sp. 2; 1 in #7. B Ind. E. nutans, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 177 (1857). Thw. Enum. 31z;. (CP) 3205: Fl]. B. Ind. vi. 124. Wight, Ic. t. 1759 (Podanthera pallida). Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. viii. t. 335. Rootstock an oblong-ovoid tuber, 1-3 in. long, marked with close set scars; stem 15-20 in., stout, up to } in. diam. at the base, cylindric, hollow, bearing many appressed broad papery scales; raceme 3-8 in., lax-fld., rhachis stout, bracts about } in., as long as the slender decurved pedicels, lanceo- late, acuminate; sep. and pet. similar, $—} in. long, about as long as the ov.,, linear-lanceolate, acute; lip rather longer than the sep., ovate, acute, tip recurved, serrulate, spur much shorter than the lip. Moist region below 2000 ft., in damp shady places; rather rare. Hantane; Rangala; Peradeniya, B. G., a rather frequent weed in the beds under trees. Fl. Jan., May, July; like the rest of the plant, quite white or speckled with red. S.W. India, E. Bengal, Java, Australia, W. Africa. A root-parasite or saprophyte; the short rhizome, like the stem, is hollow at flowering time. Aphyllorchis.| Orchidee. 223 55. GALEOLA, Zon. Leafless, fleshy, erect, yellow or brown saprophytes, with scale-like 1.; fl. in loose terminal panicles or racemes, rather large; sep. subequal, concave, connivent, at length spreading; pet. like the sep., but smaller; lip sessile, and adnate to the base of the column, which it embraces by its base, shorter than the sep., broad, concave, entire or 3-lobed, fleshy, spur o, disk bearded; column short, incurved, dilated above with mem- branous wings; anth. terminal, conical, 2-celled, opercular, deciduous, cells 2-locellate, pollinia 2, oblong, powdery, grains ellipsoid, without caudicle or gland; fr. a fleshy indehiscent berry.—Sp. 8 or 9; 7 in FZ. B. Ind. G. javanica, Benth. in Gen. Pl. iii. (590). Cyrtosia javanica, Bl., Thw. Enum. 311. C. P. 3203. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 88, 197. Bl. Rumph. 1. t. 69 (Cyr¢osza). Roots of clavate or cylindric fascicled, fleshy fibres, 1-2 in. long; stems many from the root, 4-6 in. high, simple or sparingly branched, glabrous and shining below, papillose above, dull red purple in age; scales alternate, ovate, the colour of the stem; fl. loosely spicate, about 4 in. diam., nodding, rose-cold, turning yellow-brown; sep. and _ pet. erecto-connivent, subsimilar, oblong, acute, membranous, deciduous, sep. rather the longest; lip shorter, broader, and much thicker than the sep., semi-rotund, concave, sulphur- cold, disk thickened, bearded and ribbed; base of column thickened, gibbous above, dilated, fornicate, with 2 short, lateral, rounded, erose wings, rostellum short; berry about 2 in. long, sausage-shaped, terete, pendulous. Moist region 2—3000 ft.; very rare. Pasbage (Gardner); Pundaluoya, at the roots of coffee-trees (Nietnez); Ramboda (Thwaites). Fl. pale- green, the column yellow. Also in Java and Assam. In a note Dr. Trimen says: ‘I have never met with this very singular plant.’ The only specimen in Herb. Peraden. is quite unfit for examina- tion, being shrivelled up. There is a drawing of it in the collection, representing a young specimen with imbricating scales, and the flowers in a head, the sep. and pet. green, column and lip golden-yellow. The description given above is from Blume.—J. D. H. 56. APHYLLORCHIS, 4/. Pale, leafless saprophytes, with fleshy rootstocks or roots; stem simple, stout, or slender, with membranous sheaths; fl. in terminal racemes; sep. 3, subequal, connivent or spreading; pet narrower; lip as long as the sep., inserted 224 Orchidce. [ Pogonia. at the base of the column, entire, or lobed at the base, spur 0; column rather long, arched, truncate, stigmatic disk anticous below the tip; anth. terminal, suberect, orbicular, operculate, persistent, 2-celled, cells contiguous, pollinia 4, oblong, united in pairs, granular, without strap or gland.—Sp. 5 or 6; 4 in Fl. B. Ind. A. montana, ch. /. in Linnea, xli. 57 (1877). Apaturia montana, Thw. Enum. 301 (non Lindl.). C. P. 3189. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 116. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutt. viii. t. 349. Quite glabrous; stem 2-3 ft. high, purplish, stout or slender, naked, base clothed with oblong scales }—4 in. long and broad; roots vermiform, 2—3 in. long, as thick as the rootstock; raceme 4-8 in., lax-fld.; bracts linear-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, membranous, shorter than the ov., reflexed, pale, persistent; ov. with the spreading pedicel $-1 in.; sep. 4-3 in. long, linear-oblong, obtuse, dorsal arching, lateral adnate to the base of the lip; pet. narrower than the sep., subfalcate; lip with a small two-lobed, saccate, hypochile, the lobes triangular, erect, and a large, ovate, veined, naked, 2-lobed epichile, attached to the hypochile by a very narrow neck, with 2 small calli at the juncture; column slightly swollen at the truncate top, rostellum 0; anth. attached by a broad base, persistent; fr. 1 in. long, oblong-fusiform, pedicel slender. Moist low country below 2000 ft.; rare. Ambagamuwa; near Ratna- pura; Hewesse. FI. Feb., April, August; pale lemon-yellow, tinged, as is the whole plant, with purple. Also in Sikkim Himalaya. I have never met with this curious plant, which appears to be sapro- phyte or root parasite. Afaturia montana of Lindley, to which Thw. refers this, is a very different plant (Pachystoma senile).— Trimen. 57. POGONIA, Grif. Terrestrial, tuberous, scapigerous herbs, leafing after flg.; l. usually solitary, long-petioled, broad, membranous, plaited, flabellately veined; fl. solitary or racemed, horizontal or pendulous; sep. and pet. subequal, connivent or widely spreading; lip inferior, inserted at the base of the column, spurred or saccate at the base, entire or three-lobed, disk without calli or crests; column long, slender, top clavate, rounded or truncate, stigmatic surface anticous; anth. ter- minal, horizontal, imperfectly 2-celled, pollinia 2, granular, entire or cleft, without gland or caudicle-—Sp. about 40; 10 in F2. B. Ind. fTabenaria.]| Orchidee. 225 P, juliana, Wall. Cat. 2. 7399 (1828). Thw. Enum. 430. C. P. 3841. BL B. Ind!.w. 1195 Hook le. Pit 2194: Tubers globose, $-1 in. diam., white; stem 2-3 in., white, erect, giving off a few vermiform roots above the tuber, a solitary leaf-bud and a long flowering scape; 1. developing after the flowering of the scape, petioled, broadly ovate- cordate, acute, about 2 in. diam., membranous, plicate with 5-7 veins radiating from the top of the petiole, green or purplish beneath; petiole short, with a few acute sheaths at the base ; scape 5-6 in., with several convolute sheaths, the upper longest; fl. solitary, shortly pedicelled, I in. broad, bracts shorter than the ov.; sep. and pet. narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; lip longer than the sep., side lobes small, oblong, toothed, terminal oval from a narrow base, disk pubescent between the lobes. Dry country; rare. Near Haragama and Uma-oya, Dumbara; Nil- gala, Uva, abundant. Fl. October; sep. and pet. green, side lobes of lip white, mid lobe pale pink, mottled with red. Assam, Sylhet, Lower Bengal. There is in Herb. Peraden. a drawing and a flowering specimen of a plant that may be Pogonta juliana, but without leaves it is impossible to be sure that it is that species. On the other hand, there are, in the Peraden. Herb., leaves from several localities of plants named P. ju/iana which differ entirely from the leaves of the Bengal plant, being orbicular with many radiating veins; but none resemble those of true P. judiana. In describing P. ju/iana as a native of Ceylon, I am following Thwaites and Trimen’s catalogues.—J. D. H. 58. HABENARIA, /V7//d. Terrestrial leafy herbs with undivided or lobed tubers, and fleshy radical fibres; 1. not plaited, bases sheathing; fl. spicate or racemed; sep. subequal or the dorsal shortest, lateral ascending spreading reflexed or deflexed; pet. smaller or larger, simple, or cleft (sec. AZe); lip continuous with the base of the column, entire 3-lobed or 3-partite, base spurred; anth. adnate to the very short column, cells parallel or divergent below, bases often produced into a long or short tube; pollinia 2, clavate or pyriform, granular, caudicle long, short, or O, sometimes winged, terminated by an exposed gland; staminodes on the side of the column, glandular, rarely elongate; stigma a single or double viscid area on the column below the anth., or two globose or clavate processes; rostellum usually small and erect between the cells of the anth., rarely obsolete; fr. capsular.—Sp. about 400; 112 in AZ. B. Ind. PART IV. Q 226 Orchidee. [ Halenaria. Tubes of anth.-cells elongate. Pet. bifid or bipartite (AZe). Pet. bifid, margins tomentose . é . I. H. BARBATA. Pet. bifid, glabrous . : : : . 2 H. ACUMINATA. Pet. bipartite. Spur shorter than the ov... . 3. H. MACROSTACHYA., Spur as long or longer than the ov. Lower segm. of pet. shorter - . 4. H. DOLICHOSTACHYA. Segm. of pet. subequal 5. H. DICHOPETALA. Pet. entire. Side lobes of lip broad, mid lobe narrow. Sep. small, acute . 6. H. PLANTAGINEA. Sep. broad, obtuse : 7. H. CRINIFERA. Side lobes of lip very narrow. Lip twice as long as the sep. 8. H. PTEROCARPA. Lip as long as the sep. . 9g. H. RHYNCHOCARPA. Tubes of anth.-cells very short or o. Spur very long, slender : : : . Io. H. VIRIDIFLORA. Spur short. Lip entire or nearly so, spur globose. Lip longer than the sep., orbicular . 11. H. BREVILOBA. Lip shorter than the SED: Pie : . 12. H. WIGHTII. Lip 3-lobed or 3-partite. Sep. and pet. membranous. Spur clavate . : : ; . 13. H. ARISTATA, Spur globose. : - . 14. H. TRIMENI. Sep. and pet. thick, fleshy. Spur globose. : Spur sessile. : 5 ; “Se de LORTAS Spur stipitate . : 4 : . 16. H. GARDNERI. Spur short, cylindric . ; . « 7... CUBITALIS, 1. H. barbata, Wight in Wall. Cat. n. 7034 (1828). Ate virens, Lindl., Thw. Enum. 309. Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 91. C. P3200, Fl. B. Ind. vi. 133. Wight, Ic. t. 928. Stem 10-12 in., rather stout, leafing sate the middle, sheathed below it, tubers oblong or pyriform; 1. 3-5, erect, lanceolate, acuminate, 5-7- -veined, bases eee raceme lax-fld.; bracts large, as long as the fl., lanceolate, acuminate, sheathing the ov.; * A. 3 in. “broad, sep. ovate, acuminate, 5- veined, glabrous or puberulous, dorsal horizontal, concave, lateral spreading or reflexed, narrowly falcate, oblong; pet. much broader than the sep., bifid, sinus broad, rounded, margins tomentose, upper lobe the longest ; tip filiform, lower broader, acuminate ; lip longer than the sep., linear, trifurcate at the end, scaberulous, segm. subulate, spur as long as the ov., mouth with a long recurved ligule; anth.-cells parallel, tubes as long as the cells, upcurved, pollinia clavate, cau- dicles long, glands small; staminodes short, stout, capitate; rostellum obtuse; stigmatic processes long, spreading ; fr. ? in long, linear- oblong, Habenaria.| Orchidee. 227 Lower montane zone at about 4000 ft.; very rare. Maturata Fort (Thwaites); Hakgala (Nock). Fl. Dec., Jan.; yellowish-green, the lip pale yellowish-brown. Also in Travancore. 2. H. acuminata, 777m. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 91 (1885). Ate acuminata, Thw. Enum. 309. C. P. 514. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 133: Stem 1-2 ft, leafy, leafing above the middle, sheathed below it; tubers oblong; |. 2-4 in., erect, lanceolate, and as the large cymbiform bracts setaceously acuminate, indistinctly 5-7- -veined, bases sheathing; raceme elongate, lax-fld.; bracts erect, cymbiform, sheathing the fl., green; fl. subsecund, } in. broad, glabrous; sep. spreading, dorsal hemispheric, lateral broadly ovate, obtuse, or suborbicular; pet. 2-lobed to the middle, lobes variable in length and breadth, incurved, upper slender, longer than the dorsal sep., and about twice as long as the subulate lower; lip as long as the sep., broadly 3-lobed, lobes variable in length, fleshy, Sune spur longer than the ov., narrowly clavate, mouth witha ligula: anth.-cells spread- ing below, tubes recurved, pollinia clavate, as long as their caudicles, glands minute; staminodes short, fleshy; rostellum small, triangular ; stigmatic processes large, globose. Among grass on patanas, lower montane zone 3-5000 ft.; rather common. Dimbula; Ramboda; Hantane; Galagama; top of Doluwa Kande. FI. Oct. _Dec.; ; sep. green, pet. yellow-green or purple, lip purple. Endemic. 3. H. macrostachya, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 307 (1835). Thw. Enum. 309. C. P. 3197. Fl. B. Ind. a 134. Stem 1}-3 ft, robust, leafy about the middle, closely sheathed ie it; 1. 5-7 by 2-3 in., oval obovate or oblanceo- late, acute, many-veined, and with cross venules, narrowed into a broad petiole 1-3 in. long; raceme 6-10 in., laxly many- fld., rhachis stout, channelled; bracts narrowly lanceolate, as long as the narrow decurved ov., 1-1} in. long; sep. 3 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, finely acuminate, dorsal erect, lateral deflexed under the lip; pet. nearly as long as the sep., bipartite, erect, segm. subequal, or the lower shorter, filiform, sinus acute; lip longer than the sep., I in. long, 3-partite, segm. subequal, filiform, lateral spreading with recurved tips, terminal straight, spur shorter than the ov., very slender, thickened downwards, mouth with a ligula; anth.-tubes as long as the parallel cells, suberect, pollinia pyriform, glands minute; rostellum small; stigmatic processes long, slender, adnate to the mouth of the spur. 228 Orchidee. [ Habenaria. Low country up to 3000 ft. in both regions; rather common. Han- tane; Peradeniya; Dolosbagie; near Kégalla; E. Matale; Bintenne; Bibile. Fl. Oct.—Jan.; sep. whitish-green, pet. and lip purple-brown. Also in Travancore. 4. H. dolichostachya, 7iw. Enum. 309 (1861). GaPs 31990: F]. B. Ind. vi. 135. Stem 2-3 ft. slender, leafless below; tuber oblong and root-fibres clothed with matted root-hairs; |. rather distant, 2~3 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, many veined, base amplexicaul; raceme 8-12 in, laxly many-fld., rhachis stout, channelled; bracts as long as the fl. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; fl. subsessile, about 4 in. broad, ov. } in., slender, decurved, almost beaked, sep. all spreading, 3-veined, dorsal orbicular-ovate, concave, mucronate, lateral } in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute; pet. erect, bipartite, segm. filiform or subulate, lower shorter, sinus rounded; lip 4 in., longer than the sep., tripartite, segm. filiform, $ in., middle longest, lateral spreading, spur slender, nearly as long as the ov., mouth with a short ligula; anth. broad, cells parallel, tubes long, upcurved, pollinia clavate, caudicles slender, glands small; rostellum short, triangular; stigmatic processes clavate, curved round the mouth of the spur. Montane zone 3-6000 ft.; rare. Ramboda; Bogawantalawa; Hakgala. FL Oct-Dec; ereen. Endemic. 5. H. dichopetala, 7iw. Enum. 309 (1861). GE 3504: Fl. B. Ind. vi. 136. Stem 1-2 ft. robust, leafy about the middle; tubers globose, as large as a hazel nut, and root fibres matted with root-hairs; 1. 2-3 in. long, very shortly petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 7—9-veined, dark green; raceme many- and lax-fld.; bracts 4-$ in., ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; fl. about 4 in. across the sep., ov. with pedicel —1 in., sep. spread- ing, 3-veined, dorsal erect, broadly ovate, hooded, lateral ovate, acute; pet. bipartite, segm. subequal, as long as the sep., divaricate, narrowly linear or subulate, sinus rounded, tips sometimes revolute; lip tripartite to the base, 1 in. long, segm. equal or median longest, filiform, or flattened and falcate, straight, or tips of lateral revolute, spur $ in., as long as the ov., slender, pendulous, incurved, clavate towards the subacute tip, mouth minute, anth.-cells distant, tubes rather short, ascending, pollinia clavate, glands small; staminodes pulvinate; rostellum short ; stigmatic processes large, clavate, glandular. Hatbenaria.] Orchidee. 220 Dry region; rather rare. Anuradhapura; Bintenne; Bibile; Nilgala. Fl. Nov.—Jan.; sep. and pet. greenish, lip yellow. Endemic. 6. H. plantaginea, Linzd/. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 323 (1835). Thw. Enum:310; {G2 P: 2374: F]. B. Ind. vi. 141. Wight, Ic. t. 1710. Scapigerous ; stem very short; tubers oblong; 1. 3-6 in., narrowly oval or oblong, acute, spreading, membranous, narrowed at the base into a short sheath, veins many, slender ; scape 8-12 in. slender, with many rather distant, open, lanceolate, acuminate sheaths 4-1 in. long; spike 4-6 in., lax-fld.; bracts subulate-lanceolate, much shorter than the ov.; ov. 3-1 in. long, slender, beaked; fl. subsecund, about $ in. broad, across the spreading sep.; sep. } in. long, subequal, 3-veined, acute, dorsal ovate-oblong, lateral falcately oblong; pet. linear-lanceolate; lip more than twice as long as the sep., flabelliform from a narrow claw, puberulous, 4—% in. broad, 3-lobed; lobes subacute, entire or toothed, lateral 4-ovate, mid lobe as long, narrowly linear, spur I-14 in, very slender, pendulous; anth. rather broad, cells divergent below; tubes rather short, upcurved, meeting at their tips, pollinia pyriform, as long as their broad caudicles, which are inserted upon an at first apparently simple, entire, lanceolate, concave gland, which divides longitudinally; staminodes on the sides of the anth., pulvinate; rostellum broad, triangular; stigmatic processes prominent, clavate; fr. 2 in. long, turgidly fusiform, curved, beak short, slender. Dry region; common. FI. April; pure white. Also in Peninsular India. A pretty plant, often called ‘Pigeon-orchid’ by the English. The late cohesion of the glands of the pollinia is unique in the genus, so far as is recorded.—J. D. H. [77. Lindleyana, Steud. (H. latzfolza, Lindl.), a very little-known plant, is given from ‘ Ceylon, Macrae,’ by Lindl. (Gen. and Sp. Orch. 321). No one else has found it, and the locality is probably an error (see FI. B. Ind. vi. 140.)] 7. H. crinifera, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. 323 (1835). AMD A IDiaybian, Be), terminal, subsessile amongst the leaves, 3-4 in. long, oblong, dense-fld.; bracts about 2 in. long, linear-lanceolate, subacute, hyaline, inner narrower; cal.-tube about 1 in. long, cylindric, narrow, hyaline, bifid; cor.-tube over 2 in., very slender, cylindric, erect, or curved at the top, segm. about # in., oblong, acute; staminodes 3, 2 lateral equal, $ in., oval-oblong, obtuse, spreading; lip # in. broad, broadly oval-panduriform, undulate; anth. erect, recurved, tipped with a bifid appendage.— Trimen MSS. 244 Scitaminee. [ Hedychium. In native gardens, never I think really wild. Fl. May; pale pink, the lateral staminodes darker, the lip mottled with purple. Also in Western India, Burma, and Malaya. The rhizome has a warm, slightly aromatic flavour, used in medicine only. The ‘Mango-Ginger’ of India is a different plant (Curcuma Amada, Roxb.). K. Galanga, Linn., Hingum-pujali, S., is largely cultivated in native gardens. Hermann mentions it (Mus. 54), Burm. gives a wretched figure (Thes. t. 13, f. 1), and it is Fl. Zeyl.n.8. There is a good figure in Wight, Ic. t. 899. 2. *K. rotunda, Zzzn. Sp. P/.2 (1753). Wawakenda, Lan- kenda, 5S. Burm. Thes. 67. Fl. Zeyl. n.9. Moon, Cat.2. Thw. Enum. 316. C.Pagiase Fl. B. Ind. vi. 222. Wight, Ic. t.2029. Bot. Mag. t. 6054. Rootstock tuberous, with many very thick fascicled suc- culent root-fibres, bearing oblong tubers 1~—2 in. long; 1. few, erect, 12 by 3-4 in., oblong, acuminate, mottled green above, beneath pale red-purple, base contracted into a long cylindric purple-brown sheath; spike produced before the 1. oblong, sessile, 4—6-fld., clothed with large purple imbricating bracts ; fl. very large, 2 in. broad; bracts oblong, acute, inner 2-3 in. long, outer shorter; cal. tubular, nearly as long as the cor.-tube, minutely toothed, spathaceous, slit on one side; cor.-tube 2-3 in., segm. 2-23 in., narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate, widely spreading, margins involute; lateral staminodes 14-2 in. long, erect, oblong, obtuse ; lip deflexed, deeply cleft into 2 suborbicular coloured lobes as long as the staminodes and broader ; anth. erect, crest divided to the base into 2 erect lanceolate or subulate segments. Low country, not uncommon, but nowhere wild; abundant in Pera- deniya Gardens. ‘There are specimens from Moon in Brit. Mus. from Three Korales collected in 1820. Fl. March, April; petals and staminodes white, lip with darker green, bright violet-purple. A very handsome plant; fl. sweet-scented, 1. often clouded in the middle, and with paler green between the veins. 4. HEDYCHIUM, Kez. Rootstock horizontal, stout, root-fibres not tuberous ; stem elongate, leafy ; 1. distichous, oblong or lanceolate ; fl. few or many, in terminal bracteate spikes ; bracts oblong, coriaceous, 1 or more-fld.; cal. tubular, 3-toothed; lateral staminodes linear or cuneately oblong; lip large, 2-fid ; fil. narrow, usually very long, anth.-cells contiguous, connective not produced ; ov. 3-celled, ovules many, superposed, style long, filiform, stigma subglobose ; capsule globose or oblong, 3-valved; seeds many, aril lacerate—Sp. 35; 24 in FZ. B. Lnd. Hedychium.]| Scztaminee. 245 Stam. about as long as the lip. L. pubescent beneath, fl. white. : : . I, H. CORONARIUM. L. glabrous beneath, fl. yellowish ; : . 2. H. FLAVESCENS. Stam. twice as long as the lip or more . : . 3. H. COCCINEUM. 1. H. coronarium, Kez. in Retz. Obs. iil. 73 (1783). Gla- mal, S. Moon, Cat. 1. Thw. Enum. 319. C. P. 3018. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 225. Wight, Ic. t. 2010. Bot. Mag. t. 708. Rootstock stout, horizontal, }-2 in. diam., fleshy, jointed ; stem 3-4 ft., erect, leafy ; 1. 9-12 by 2 in., lanceolate, finely acuminate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent along the midrib beneath, sheath smooth, ligule long, membranous; spike 3-6 in. long, oblong ; bracts closely imbricate, 3—4-fld., oblong, tips rounded, outer 14-2 in., coriaceous, brown in age, brac- teoles 3, membranous; cal. 1-14 in., cylindric, green, shorter than the bracts; cor.-tube 3 in., segm. linear, half as long as the tube, reflexed; lateral staminodes 14-2 in., oblong or oblong-lanceolate ; lip 1}-2 in. broad, suddenly constricted into a short claw, entire or 2-fid, lobes rounded ; stam. 1# in., as long or rather longer than the lip, anth. about 3 in. long ; fr. oblong, glabrous, valves orange-yellow within ; seeds many, with a crimson aril. Moist region by streams to about 4ooo ft.; common. Fl. Aug., Sept.; fragrant, pure white, with a tinge of green in upper staminode. Throughout India and Malaya. 2. H. flavescens, Carey in Rosc. Scitam. P/. t. 50 (1825). H. coronarium, Koen. var., Wall. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 325; Thw. Enum, 3105 Trim. Syst- Cata91., ‘C. P3728. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 226 (under H. coronarium). Wight, Ic. tt. 2008-9. Bot. Mag. t. 2378 (7. flavum). Rootstock stout, horizontal, 2-3 in. diam., jointed; stem 6-8 ft., stout, leafy; 1. 2 ft. linear-lanceolate, caudate-acumi- nate, glabrous above, appressed silky beneath, with easily detached hairs, sheaths long, quite glabrous; ligule 1% in., thin, obtuse; spike 4-5 in.; bracts 24 in., thick, convolute, very obtuse, slightly hairy, margins ciliate, membranous; fl. numerous, in clusters of 3—4 opening consecutively, sessile, bracteoles large, membranous; cal.-tube 14 in., narrow, split half way down, membranous, slightly silky and ciliate; cor.- tube over 3 in., very slender, at first straight then curved, segm. 14-14 in., linear, acute, membranous; lateral stami- nodes 2 in., erect, oblong-spathulate, emarginate or bilobed, lip broadly obcordate, bilobed, narrowed into a short claw; fil. 14 in., stout, erect, anth. 3 in.; ov. silkily hairy —Chiefly Trimen MSS. 246 Scitaminee. [Costus. By streams in moist region up to 6000 ft.; rather common, especially in the hills. Fl. Aug., Sept.; yellowish-cream-coloured, sweet-scented. Bengal, Khasia, Nilghiri Hills, &c. Doubtful if distinct from 7. coronarium, which is a smaller and more slender species, with smaller 1., glabrous beneath, narrower fewer-fld. spikes, more slender lateral staminodes, and pure white fl. 3. H. coccineum, Ham. in Rees Cyclop. xvii. 5 (1819). H. angustifolium, Wall., Thw. Enum. 319. C. P. 3669. Fl. B. Ind. v. 231. Bot. Mag. t. 2078 (H. angustifolium). Rootstock stout, horizontal, jointed, stoloniferous; stem 4-8 ft., compressed, densely leafy; 1. 14-18 in., close set, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, tip setaceous, glabrous, except the midrib beneath, dark green, base obtuse or rounded, sheath short, ligule about $ in., rounded, membranous ; spike 4-8 in., subsessile, strict, rigid; bracts 6-ranked, oblong, 2-4-fld., tips rounded; bracteoles membranous; cal. cylindric, about as long as the bracts and cor.-tube, mouth equally 3-toothed; cor. tube nearly I in., cylindric, segm. as long as the tube, narrowly linear, reflexed; lateral staminodes 1 in., cuneate- oblong, subacute, spreading; lip long-clawed, about 1 in. broad, orbicular, deeply bifid, lobes obtuse; fil. 13-2 in., anth. linear; stigma funnel-shaped.—Partly from 7vimen mss. Open shrubby places in moist region up to 5000 ft.; rather common. F]. Feb., July; bright red-pink or salmon-red. Also in E. Himalaya and Burma. A widely spread and variable species, of which the Ceylon form is not exactly that of any of the 5 vars. given in Fl. Brit. Ind. Baker refers it to var. H. sguarrosum, Harv., but it agrees better with var. H. angustz- folium, Roxb. (Bot. Mag. t. 2078). 5. COSTUS, Linn. Rootstock tuberous; stem tall, stout, leafy; 1. oblong, spirally arranged, sheath broad; spike terminal, dense-fid., bracts large; cal.-tube short, infundibular, teeth ovate ; cor.- tube not longer than the cal., segm. 3, large, subequal, oblong ; lateral staminodes 0, or minute; lip large, ovate or sub- orbicular, margins incurved ; fil. confluent with the connective in an oblong petaloid limb, anth.-cells in the centre of the limb, linear, parallel; ov. 3-celled, cells many-ovuled, style filiform, stigma clavate, mouth semilunar, ciliate; fr. coria- ceous, dehiscent ; seeds many, arilled.—Sp. 25; 3 in #7. B. nd. ©. speciosus, Smith in Trans. Linn. Soc. i. 249 (1791). Tébu, 5S. Moon, Cat. 2. Thw. Enum. 320. C. P. 3082. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 249. Wight, Ic. t.2014. Rheede, Hort. Mal. xi. t. 8. Rootstock stout, tuberous, insipid; stem 6-9 ft. stout, erect ; 1. 6-12in. or more, sessile, oblong, acute, acuminate, or Alpinia.| Scrtaminee. 247 cuspidate, silky beneath, sheath coriaceous, ligule 0; spike sessile, many-fld., 2-4 in. diam.; bracts 1-11 in. ovate, acuminate, bright red, as long as the cor.-tube; cal.-tube 1 in. long, lobes 3, ovate, cuspidate ; cor.-tube as long as the calyx, segm. longer than the tube, acute; lip suborbicular, 2~3 in. diam., concave, plicate, and crisped, margins sometimes meet- ing in the middle, disk pubescent, and with a tuft of hairs at the base; stam. 14-2 in., linear, with a tuft of hairs at the base of the fil, connective petaloid, pubescent on the sides, produced into a recurved, lanceolate, glabrous appendage as long as the linear cells; ov. subglobose, pubescent; fr. globosely trigonous, red, I in. diam. Shady places in low country; rather rare. Ambagamuwa; Morowak Korale; Kaduganawa; Nilgala. Fl. Jan—March, June; lip white, with yellow centre. Throughout India and Malaya. Rootstock used medicinally, and eaten in famine times. 6. ALPINIA, L277. Rootstock stout ; stem tall, stout, simple, leafy ; 1. oblong or lanceolate; fl. in terminal panicles or racemes, bracteate and bracteolate; cal. loosely tubular or subcampanulate, mouth shortly 2-3-toothed or -lobed; cor.-tube cylindric, about as long as the cal., lobes spreading, dorsal broader and more convex ; lateral staminodes small ; lip large, spreading, sessile or clawed ; fil. broad, concave, anth.-cells linear, separated by a broad or narrow connective; ov. 3-celled, style filiform, stigma subglobose; fr. globose, many-seeded ; seeds with a fleshy or spongy aril.—Sp. about 40; 17 in FZ. B. Ind. Panicle broad, erect or inclined; lip long-clawed . I. A, ALLUGHAS: Panicle narrow, drooping; lip sessile . : : 2-2. Ay NUSANS, 1. A. Allughas, Rosc. in Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 346 (1807). Alu, Alu-gas, Alan, Kelenuja, S. Herm. Mus. 46. Burm. Thes. 54. FI. Zeyl. n. 448. Aeritiera Allughas, Retz. Obs. Bot. vi. 17. Zingiber nigrum, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 35. Moon, Cat. 1. Thw. Enum. 320. C. P. 3157. Fl, .B.: Ind: :vi: 253. » Retz. Obs. Bot: viz t.1.\ | Wight, ext) 2026 (A. Rheediz). é Root tuberous, aromatic; stem. 3-6 ft.; l. very shortly petioled, 1-14 ft. by 3-6 in., linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with usually a twisted cusp, glabrous, base acute, sheath compressed, ligule rounded; panicle erect, decompound, 6-12 in. long, pubescent or tomentose, lax- or dense-fid., branches short, ascending, with linear deciduous bracts 4-6 in. long at the lower forks; fl. suberect, shortly pedicelled, 248 Scrtaminee. [Apinia. 1-14 in. long; bracts small, cupular; cal.-tube 4—} in., sub- campanulate, pubescent, mouth oblique, obtusely 2—3-toothed ; cor.-tube as long as the cal., segm. longer than the tube, linear-oblong, cymbiform, dorsally pubescent, shortly spurred below the hooded tip; lip 1 in. long, including the slender claw, cuneiform or nearly orbicular, bifid, margins waved and erose, claw as long as the limb, base with 2 fleshy teeth; fil. nearly as long as the anth., cells distant, glabrous, connective produced into a small lobed crest; style glabrous, stigma small; fr. globose, # in. diam., pericarp black, fragile; seeds small, black. um wet places in the low country; rather common. Fl. Jan._March; Ink. 7 All India and Malaya, wild or cultivated. There being no specimens in Herb. Hermann Linnzus left this un- named. Kcenig’s specimens, on which Retzius founded the species, are in Brit. Mus. Rootstock used as a medicine. 2. A. nutans, Roscoe in Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 346 (1807), var. sericea, J/o0n, Cat. 1 (sp.). Ran-kiriya, 5S. thw. Enum, 320: (CP. s3r2. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 256. Bot. Mag. t. 1093. Wight, Ic. t. 2027. Rootstock tuberous; stem 8-10 ft., leafy; 1. bifarious, sub- sessile or petioled, 1-2 ft. by 3-6 in., linear-oblong, cuspidately acuminate, glabrous, smooth, shining, base acute or obtuse, petiole up to 2 in., sheath smooth, ligule oblong, coriaceous, hairy ; panicle narrow, racemiform, inclined or decurved, villous, rhachis very stout, 1 ft. long; branches short, simple, termi- nated by very shortly pedicelled bracteate fls.; bracts 14 in. long, cymbiform, enveloping the buds, often bifid, deciduous; cal.-tube 1 in. long, campanulate, inflated, broadly 3-lobed, lobes acute; cor.-tube shorter than the cal. dorsal segm. much largest, ovate-oblong, entire or obscurely 3-lobed, lateral linear-oblong, tips rounded; lip large, 14 in. long, sessile, broadly ovate-cordate, obtuse or 2-fid, sides incurved, margins crisped, base with 2 short spurs embracing the base of the style; fil. short, anth.-cells glabrous, connective not produced beyond the cells; style hairy; fr. globose, } in. diam., pedi- celled, tomentose; seeds angular. Low country; very rare. In a forest between Negombo and Kurune- gala (Thwaites). FI. June; white, the lip yellow, veined and speckled with vinous red. Our variety endemic; the type is Malayan and common in Ceylon Gardens; has larger fl., bracts tipped with red, and a longer infl. — Trimen. A very common and variable plant. The Ceylon form seems to me hardly to constitute a marked variety.—J. D. H. Amomum.] Scrtaminee. 249 A. Galanga, Sw., Kaluwala, S., is very commonly cultivated, but not, I think, anywhere wild. It is recorded by Hermann (Mus. 51), and there is a good figure by him in Mus. Brit. which is Costus arabicus, L., as far as Fl. Zeyl. n.5 is concerned. It may he known by the large bracts, gale white lip veined with lilac, and the orange-red fr. the size of a cherry. A. calcarata, Rosc. is given from Ceylon in FI. B. Ind., but I have never seen it out of gardens. Figured in Wight, Ic. t. 2028. It is Kata- kiriya, S., and C. P. 3730. The lip is sessile, variegated with red and yellow, the bracts small. 7, AMOMUM, Linu. Rootstock elongate ; leafing stem elongate, distinct from the fig., except in A. rufescens, |, oblong or lanceolate ; infl. spicate or subcapitate ; bracts large, imbricate, few- or many- fid.; fl. bracteolate; cal. tubular or funnel-shaped upwards, 3-toothed or 2-lobed, or split down one side; cor.-tube cylindric, usually very slender, segm. oblong or linear, dorsal usually largest ; lateral staminodes of minute teeth or 0, lip petaloid or fleshy, recurved; anth. free, cells parallel or diverging upwards, bases obtuse, connective sometimes pro- duced beyond the cells in a short or broad crest ; ov. 3-celled, cells many-ovuled, style slender, not produced beyond the anth., stigma various, mouth ciliate ; fr. dehiscing irregularly, seeds many, arillate-—Sp. about 150; 48 in FZ B. Ind. Fl. spikes on leafless stems from the rootstock. Anth. not crested, or crest very short. FI. stems long. Lip obscurely lobed or entire Lip strongly 3-lobed Fl. stems short : ‘ ; ‘ Anth. crested, crest broader than long. Anth.-crest entire or crenate. Spike globose or oblong, many-fld. L. glabrous beneath. Anth.-cells hairy. L. 5-6 in. long L. 1-2 ft. long Anth.-cells glabrous. Anth.-crest semilunar Anth.-crest orbicular L. pubescent beneath . Spike few-fld. . Anth.-crest, 3-lobed. A. FLORIBUNDUM. . INVOLUCRATUM. A. NEMORALE. wo > . ACUMINATUM. . FULVICEPS. . MASTICATORIUM. - GRAMINIFOLIUM. . CILIATUM. HYPOLEUCUM. COND >> p> pp [eai—2'ft Fr. ribbed : : : : . Io. A. PTEROCARPUM. Fr. echinate . ; : : . 11. A. ECHINATUM. L. 6-8 in., fr. echinate . : 2 . 12. A. BENTHAMIANUM. Spike terminating the leafy stem : . 13. A. RUFESCENS. 250 Scrlaminee. [Amomum. 1. A. floribundum, 777m. Syst. Cat. 92 (1885). Elettaria floribunda, Thw. Enum. 319. C. P. 3374. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 233. Leafing stem 3-6 ft. or more; |. 18-24 by 3-5 in., oblong or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces or pubescent on the midrib beneath, firm, base narrowed into a petiole 4-1 in. long, sheath glabrous, ligule short, rounded, entire, coriaceous; flg. stem 1-14 ft., very stout, 4 in. diam. clothed with erect,obtuse, brown,smooth sheaths; spike globose, truncate, many-fld., 3-4 in. diam.; bracts blood-red, very broad, outer 14 in. long and broad, retuse rounded or mucro- nate; fl. shorter than the bracts, about 14 in. long; cal.-tube ventricose, about as long as the cor.-tube, split; cor.-tube —} in., segm. subequal, 1-4 in. long, broadly oblong, obtuse, concave; lateral staminodes 0; lip spathulate, subacute, fleshy, about as long as the cor.-segm., tip recurved; anth. zin., subsessile, connective dilated upwards into a very low fleshy 2-lobed crest, cells slender, diverging upwards, glabrous; ov. and style glabrous, stigma subcapitate; fr. ? in. long, ovoid, narrowed into the longer persistent calyx-tube, sub- trigonous, coriaceous, appressed pubescent. Forests in montane zone 3-4000,ft.; rare. Ambagamuwa; Hantane. Fl. Novy.; pale yellow, bracts crimson. Endemic. The description given above is taken from several flowers in the Peraden. Herb. It differs in the character of the lip from that of Thwaites, who calls this ‘ obovate, retuse, obscurely 3-lobed.’ A fruiting specimen in Herb. Peraden. has an oblong spike 6 in. long by 4 in. diam., like that of A. fu/viceps.—J. D. H. 2. A. involucratum, 771m. Syst. Cat. 92 (1885). Elettaria involucrata, Thw. Enum. 319. C. P. 3019. FI, B. Ind. vi. 233. Leafing stem 6-10 ft. and upwards; |. 14-3 ft. by 4-7 in., subsessile, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, mem- branous, glabrous, or finely pubescent beneath, base acute, sheath coriaceous, pubescent, ligule short, rounded, entire, pubescent; fig. stem 14-3 ft., very stout, erect, clothed with oblong or ovate-oblong obtuse red sheaths 3-10 in. long; spike globose, spreading and truncate above, involucrate by large red bracts; outer bracts ovate-oblong, much longer than the fl., inner shorter, almost orbicular, membranous, innermost 1-1} in., oblong, obtuse; cal.-tube nearly as long as the cor.- tube, coriaceous, glabrous, inflated above, usually dorsally cuspidate; cor.-tube ?-1 in. long, stout, curved, glabrous, funnel-shaped above, segm. broadly ovate-oblong, or orbicular, not half the length of the tube; lip rather longer than the cor.- Amomum.| Scitaminee. 251 segm., obovate, subequally 3-lobed, thick, margins crisped; fil. short, broad, anth. large, glabrous, cells diverging above, ‘crest O; ov. and style glabrous, Forests in montane zone 4-6000 ft.; rather common. FI. Sept.—Nov.; pale yellow, lip white, with pink stripes, cor.-segm. pinkish. Endemic. 3. A. nemorale, 77im. Syst. Cat. 92 (1885). Elettaria nemoralis, Thw. Enum. 319. C. P. 3703. FI. B. Ind. vi. 233. Rootstock woody, creeping and rooting, root-fibres stout ; leafing stem 2-4 ft.; 1. 8-15 by 14-2 /in., shortly petioled, linear or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, firm, glabrous on both surfaces, thinly coriaceous, base acute, midrib slender, petiole short, sheath long, narrow, ligule short, rounded, entire ; flg. stem 2-3 in., decurved or decumbent, clothed with broad loose scales, the upper scales longer; spike short, oblong, or subglobose, 1-14 in. diam.; bracts 4-2 in., orbicular or obovate, concave, membranous, floral lanceolate; fl. about ? in. across the limb; cal.-tube 4 the length of the cor.- tube, membranous, glabrous; cor.-tube 14 in., very slender, segm. 4-4 in., subequal, oblong, obtuse ; lip reniform, 3-lobed, crenate, side lobes falcately recurved, mid lobe smaller, rounded, 2—3-fid ; anth. small, narrow, cells parallel, glabrous, crest 0; ov. hairy, style glabrous, stigma ciliate with long hairs ; fr. subglobose, 4 in. diam., shortly beaked, smooth, beak truncate; seeds few, large, enclosed in white spongy pulp. Forests in moist low country; rare. Hewesse; Reigam Korale. FI. Sept.; greenish-white, lip veined with pink. Endemic. 4. A. acuminatum, 7/w. Enum. 317 (1861). C. P. 3466. Fl.-B. Ind: vi..237: Rootstock widely creeping, as thick as a swan’s quill, clothed with red imbricating sheaths 4-1 in. long; leafing stem 2-4 ft., slender, leafless below, but covered with long green sheaths mottled with black, the lowest red-brown; l. 5-6 by 14 in., shortly petioled, oblong-lanceolate, finely acuminate, subcoriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, base subacute, sheath green, ligule about as broad as long, entire; flg. stem very short, decumbent, clothed with short, imbricating, obtuse, tumid scales; spike subglobose, 1-14 in. diam.; bracts under I in., obovate-oblong or rounded, obtuse, puberulous, margins tomentosely ciliate, inner shorter, broader; fl. about I in. across the limb, cal.-tube ventricose, silky, as long as the 252 Scilaminee. [Amomum. cor.-tube; cor.-tube } in. long, slender, pubescent, seg. linear, obtuse, tips pubescent; lip as long as or longer than the cor.-segm., orbicular, 3-lobed, mid lobe emarginate; anth.- cells short, divergent above, ciliate, crest semilunar, crenulate. Moist low country; very rare. I have seen only the C. P. specimens from Ekmaligoda, Sabaragamuwa. FI. April; yellow, orange within the lip. Endemic. 5. A. fulviceps, 7/w. Enum. 317 (1861). CURA ai22" Fl. Bond vin237- Leafing stem 6-10 ft., stout ; |. 1-2 ft. by 24-3 in., sessile, or very shortly petioled, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, acuminate or caudate, quite glabrous on both surfaces, subcoriaceous, base acute, sheath glabrous, ligule as broad as long, entire, coriaceous ; flg. stem 2-4 in., procumbent and ascending, stout, clothed with broad, short, imbricating sheaths ; spike oblong, ovoid or subglobose, up to 4 in. long and 24-3 in. diam. ; bracts 1-1} in., closely imbricate, broadly ovate-oblong, retuse, appressedly fulvously hairy and villously ciliate, when living dark blood-red, tipped with yellow, when dry almost golden- brown; fl. hardly longer than the bracts, cal.-tube ventricose, as long as the cor.-tube, lobes ovate, obtuse; cor.-tube 1} in., segm. $ the length of the tube, oblong, obtuse, densely hairy externally, dorsal twice as broad ; lip orbicular or flabelliform, 3-4-lobulate and crenulate, about as long as the cor.-segments, base 2-toothed; anth.-cells widely divergent above, hairy, crest semilunar, emarginate ; style hairy. Forests in lower montane zone; rare. Raxawa; Dolosbagie: Hantane (N. C. Potter). Fl. Feb.; pale yellow, bracts orange-crimson. Endemic. 6. A. masticatorium, 7hiw. Enum. 317 (1861). CEs Ol Fl. B. Ind. vi. 238. Rootstock slender, creeping and rooting; leafing stem 2-8 ft.; 1. 5-15 in., sessile, linear-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces, subcoriaceous, base acute or obtuse, sheath glabrous, ligule 14 in., oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, white, scarious ; flg. stem 2-3 in., procumbent, flexuous or tortuous, loosely clothed with short sheaths, tomentose ; spike globose, 14 in. diam. ; bracts under I in., obovate, obtuse, hairy and ciliate; fl. 14 in. broad; cal.-tube membranous, glabrous, as long as the cor.-tube, 3-fid, tips of lobes bearded ; cor.-tube }$-1 in. long, twice as long as the bracts, loosely villous, outer segm. oblong, obtuse, dorsal twice as broad ; lip. Amomum.| Scitaminee. 253 orbicular, 3-lobed, side lobes large, broad, mid lobe smaller, bifid, lobules rounded, base 2-toothed ; anth.-cells glabrous, narrow, divergent from the middle upwards, crest semi-lunar, crenate ; fr. ? in. diam., globose, echinate. Forests of lower montane zone; rare. Hantane, abundant. FI. April, May; yellow, lip dotted with red. Endemic. Rhizome aromatic, chewed with betel. >. A. graminifoiium, 7/w. Enum. 430 (1864). GC. P) 3820: Fl. B. Ind. vi. 238. Rootstock slender, 1-1 in. diam., creeping, rufous, root- fibres long, much thickened upwards; leafing stem 3-5 ft. about as thick as a goose-quill; 1. 12-14 by }$—} in., shortly petioled, linear, acuminate, with a filiform tail 1-2 in. long, base narrowed, subcoriaceous, glabrous, midrib slender, sheath long, terete, ligule short, rounded or truncate ; flg. stems many at intervals on the rootstock, 2—3 in. long, flexuous, clothed with cucullate, oblong, imbricating scales ; spike obovoid or subglobose, I in. diam. ; bracts } in. long, linear-oblong, mem- branous, glabrous; fl. 1 in. broad; cal.-tube as long as the cor.-tube, ventricose, 3-toothed, teeth bearded ; cor.-tube I in. long, slender, glabrous, segm. linear-oblong, obtuse, half as long as the tube or more, dorsal broadest ; lip longer than the cor.-segm., obovate, truncate; anth.-cells ciliate, divergent above, crest 2 in. broad, as long as the cells, reniformly flabellate, entire. Moist low country; rare. Abundant in Singhe-raja Forest. Fl. May. Endemic. 8. A. ciliatum, Baker in Fi. B. Ind. vi. 238 (1892). A. fulviceps, var. 8, Thw. Enum. 317. C. P. 3704. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 238. Rootstock very stout, creeping, with thick root-fibres ; leafing stem 3-4 ft., stout, erect; 1. 12 by 14-2 in., sessile, lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, base acuminate, coriaceous, finely pubescent beneath, sheath long, loose, margins above ciliate, ligule short, rounded ; flg. stem 3-4 in., ascending from the rootstock, very stout, sheathed with large rounded loosely imbricating scales, upper scales oblong with tomentosely ciliate margins; spike ovoid or oblong, 1$-2 in. long by I-I¥ in. diam.; bracts 1 in., oblong, obtuse, pubescent, margins densely ciliate ; fl. 14 in. broad, shorter than the bracts; cal.-tube 2_3 in., ventricose, silkily pubescent, entire or bifid, coriaceous ; cor.-tube as long as the cal., stout, silky, funnel-shaped above, 254 Sceztaminee. [Amomum. segm. } in., oblong, obtuse, silky dorsally ; lip oval, longer than the cor.-segm.; fil. stout, anth.-cells hairy, tips divergent, crest transversely oblong, entire. Moist low country; very rare. I have only seen the C. P. specimens from Reigam Korale, collected in 1861. Fl. March. Endemic. 9. A. hypoleucum, 7iw. Enum. 318 (1861). C. P. 3532. — F]. B. Ind. vi. 240. Rootstock very stout, annulate, emitting many long flexuous straw-coloured, naked, spike-bearing stems, several feet long; leafing stem, 4-5 ft. long and about I in. thick at the base; |. 14-2 ft. by 3-5 in, petioled, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base acute, glabrous and shining above, appressed pubescent with silvery-white hairs beneath, petiole 1-3 in., sheath loose, ligule short, 2-lobed; peds. many, ascending from the nodes of the flg. stems, I-2 in. long, stout, clothed with oblong, thin, pale scales; spikes narrow, pale, 3-fld., 14-2 in. long, ovate; bracts oblong, retuse, membranous, much shorter than the fl., glabrous, pale; fl. 2 in. broad and upwards; cal.-tube 14-2 in. long, oblong, spathiform, tumid, 3-toothed or -lobed; cor.-tube as long as the cal., slender, glabrous, segm. I in., subequal, oblong, obtuse or dorsal mucronate; lip much larger than the cor.-segm., I-14 in. broad, orbicular, base cuneate, narrowed into a linear claw; anth.-cells glabrous, hardly divergent above, crest semilunar; stigma globose; fr. globose, I in. diam., smooth, deeply 6-lobed, dark red. Damp forests 1—4000 ft.; very rare. Alagalla. Fl. June, July; white, lip stained with yellow and veined with pink. Endemic. 10. A. pterocarpum, 7/iw. Enum. 317 (1861). Cyr go2t: Fl. B. Ind. vi. 241. Rootstock very stout, annulate, root-fibres vermiform; leafing stem 3-6 ft. or more; 1. 1-3 ft. by 2-6 in., sessile, oblong - lanceolate, acuminate, base acute, membranous, glabrous on both surfaces, sheath smooth, ligule 4-1 in. membranous, bipartite, segm. lanceolate, acute; flg. stems ascending from the rootstock at the base of the stem, 2-5 in. long, very stout, woody, clothed with large decidu- ous sheaths; spike ovoid or globose, few-fld., 1 in. diam., elongating in fr.; bracts 14 in., oblong, glabrous, caducous, white; fl. pedicelled, 2 in. broad; cal.-tube ?-1 in., spathiform, 3-toothed, glabrous; cor.-tube as long as the cal., slender, Amomum.| Scilaminee. 255 segm. }-2 in., linear, obtuse, dorsal broader, oblong; lip broadly ovate or orbicular, longer than the cor.-segm., nar- rowed into a linear claw, base 2-toothed; anth. 4 in. long, cells glabrous, very narrow, tips divergent, crest short, semilunar, 3-lobed; fr. 1-14 in., stoutly pedicelled, crowded on the thickened ped., ovoid, curved, fleshy, 9-ribbed, ribs acute or winged; seeds many, small, obtusely winged, immersed in pulp. Forests in moist zone 2-4000 ft.; rather common. Hantane; Wata- goda. Fl. Aug.-Nov.; white, lip stained with orange. Endemic. : The seeds are aromatic in a sweet pulp. 11. A. echinatum, W7//d. Sp. Pl. i. 8 (1797). Moon, Cat. 2. Thw. Enum. 316. C. P. 3020. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 242. Rumph. Amb. vi. t. 61, f. 1. Rootstock short, with short internodes; leafing stem 6-12 ft., very stout ; 1. 1-2 ft. by 2-3 in., sessile, linear-lanceo- late, acuminate or caudate, base acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces, almost black-green above, pale beneath, sheath loose, glabrous, ligule $—3 in. long, truncate or rounded, entire, coriaceous, with membranous margins ; flg. stem about 12 in., very stout, erect, procumbent or ascending, as thick as the thumb, bright red below, clothed with obtuse, coriaceous, imbricating scales 1-2 in. long; spike nodding, subglobose or ovoid, 14-2 in. diam.; bracts 1 in., oblong, obtuse, sparsely hairy, dark brown; fl. about 1 in. broad; cal.-tube broad, ventricose, glabrous ; cor.-tube I in., rather longer than the bracts, curved, segm. 2 in. long, oblong, obtuse; lip rather longer than the cor.-segm., broader than long, suborbicular, fleshy, concave, clawed, 3-lobed, claw linear, base 2-toothed, lobes rounded; anth.-cells ciliate, hardly divergent above, crest transversely oblong, 4 in. broad, more or less 3-lobed ; style hairy; fr. globose, 1 in. diam., stoutly pedicelled, copiously armed with hooked spines, dark purple, shining. Forests of moist region 1I-4000 ft.; rather common. FI. Sept., Oct.; cream-coloured, lip orange, speckled with red. Endemic (?).* 12. A. Benthamianum, 771m. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. 245 (1885). C. P. 3864. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 242. Rootstock slender; leafing stem 2-4 ft., slender; 1. 6-10 by 1-14 in, petioled, linear-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, base * Willdenow’s species is based on Keenig’s Asmomum No. 2 in Retz. Obs. Bot. iii. 50. No locality is given, but all the plants described in that treatise were obtained in the Malay Peninsula. 256 Scitaminee. [Zingzber. acuminate, glabrous above, minutely puberulous beneath, petiole 4 in., sheath slender, margins villous, ligule 2 in., villously bearded ; flg. stem 2-3 in., stout, clothed with short oblong scales; spike globose, I in. diam.; bracts 4 in. long, oblong, acute, membranous, glabrous, tips tomentose; cor.- tube I in., segm. oblong, obtuse; anth.-cells glabrous, crest broad, 3-lobed; fr. pedicelled, } in. diam., ovoid, obtuse, copiously echinate with short curved spines. Moist low country; very rare. The C. P. specimens are from Reigam Korale, 1864. Fl. Sept. Endemic. The specimens are very imperfect, and there is no drawing of the plant.—J. D. H. 13. A. rufescens, 77m. Syst. Cat. 92 (1885). Elettaria rufescens, Thw. Enum. 430. C. P. 3732. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 242. Rootstock short, with long root-fibres; whole plant rufous- brown when dry; stem. 14-2 ft., rather slender; 1. 5-10 by I—2 in., sessile, oblong-lanceolate, finely acuminate, base acute, firm, green, glabrous, sheath narrow, ligule short, rounded; ped. terminal on the leafy stem, short, stout, naked or with 1-2 arrested |.; spike globose, 14-2 in. diam., involucrate by a few outer loose coriaceous bracts, inner bracts oblong, acute or cuspidate; fl. shorter than the outer bracts, $ in. across the cor.-seg.; cal.-tube as long as the cor.-tube, narrowly funnel- shaped, broadly 2-lipped; cor.-tube 4 in. long, very slender, glabrous, segm. 4 in. long, almost orbicular, concave; lip rather longer than the cor.-segm., cuneately spathulate, fleshy, 3-lobed towards the apex, side lobes small, rounded, disk hairy, mid lobe small, retuse or 2-lobulate; anth.-cells glabrous, parallel, connective not produced beyond the cells; style glabrous, stigma obconic. Lower montane zone; very rare. Dickoya. Fl. Sept.; reddish- yellow. Endemic. Except in the terminal infl. this species is closely allied to A. floribundum and involucratum. (A. vitellinum, Lindl., was grown at Chiswick, and said to be of Ceylon origin. Figured in Bot. Reg. 1847, t. 52. It has terminal spikes on the leafing stem like A. 7u/fescens, but the lip is orbicular, twice as long as the cor.-segm., and the anth. has a large trifid crest. ] 8. ZINGIBER, Adans. Rootstock horizontal, tuberous, jointed; leafing stem elongate, distinct from the flg., or bearing terminal infl.; |. distichous, oblong-lanceolate, sheaths long; spike on a leafless stem or terminal on the leafing stem; bracts large, Zingiber.| Sczlamince. 257 persistent, usually single-fld.; cal.-tube cylindric, shortly 3-lobed ; cor.-tube cylindric, slender, segm. lanceolate, dorsal hooded, lateral staminodes 0, or adnate to the lip; lip cunei- form or oblong, entire or 3-lobed, sessile; fil. short, anth.-cells contiguous, parallel, connective ‘ending in a long erect incurved slender beak as long as -the cells, grooved in front, and embracing the top of the style; -dv. 3-celled, cells’ many- ovuled, style filiform, as long‘as the anther beak, tip in- curved within the beak, stigma small, ciliate; fr. oblong, at length dehiscent, seeds arillate—Sp. about 30; 26 in FV. B. [nd. Side lobes of lip small. : Spike subcapitate : ‘ : : : . I. Z. WIGHTIANUM. Spike elongate. ‘ : : : : . 2. Z. CYLINDRICUM. Side lobes of lip large. ; Spike cylindric : 5 : ; . 3. Z. CASSUMUNAR. Spike conico-oblong . : : . : . 4. Z. ZERUMBET. 1. Z Wightianum, 7/w. /7zi7. 315 (1861). C. P. 2286. Z. sguarrosum, Wight, Ic. vi. 16 (non Roxb.). Fl. B. Ind. vi. 244. Wight, Ic. t.’2004 (Z. sguarrosum). Rootstock tuberous, with fleshy root-fibres; leafing stem 4-6 ft.; 1. 12-18 by 3-4 in., sessile or very shortly petioled, oblong-lanceolate, subcaudately acuminate, puberulous beneath, membranous, base narrowed, acute, sheath membranous at the 2-lobed top, ligule membranous, bifid, lobes about ;}, in., rounded, ciliate; flg. stam ascending, 2—4 in. long, straight or decurved, clothed with membranous white or pale rose col’d. or green sheaths 1-1} in. long; spike oblong or subglobose ; bracts I$ in., narrowly oblong, green, glabrous or laxly pubescent; cal.-tube 1} in. long, loosely tubular, membranous, sparsely hairy; cor.-tube as long as the cal., slender, sparsely pubescent, segm. about I in. long, narrow, acuminate; lip sessile, nearly as long as the cor.-segm., obovate or cuneate- obovate, with 2 small basal lateral lobes (staminodes?); stam. | shorter than the lip, anth. $ in. long, cells ciliate; ov. pubes- cent, style glabrous, stigma very small, truncate ciliate; fr. 3-1 in. long, oblong, curved, pericarp rather thin; seeds rather large. Forests in low country and extending up to 4ooo ft.; common. FI. Feb.—July; yellow, lip veined with violet. Also in Travancore. 2. Z. eylindricum, Joon, Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 1 (1824). Dhw. aam, 3rs., C..P. 2287: Fl. B. Ind. vi. 247. PART IV. S 258 Scitaminee. [Zingiber. Rootstock stout, annulate, with simple and _ tuberiferous root-fibres, tubers 1-14 in. long, oblong or ellipsoid, brown ; leafing stem 3-6 ft. or more, rather slender; 1. 5-8 by 1-2 in., subsessile, very variable in form, narrowly lanceolate to oblong- or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent beneath, mouth of sheath entire and margins pubescent, ligule very short, truncate, ciliate; flg. stem 3-9 in., erect, loosely sheathed with obtuse scales 1 in. long ; spike 2-3 in., fusiform or subcylindric, about 1 in. diam.; bracts ovate-oblong or orbicular, obtuse or subacute, green, at length reddish, closely appressedly imbricate: cal.-tube loose, as long as the cor.- tube, glabrous; cor.-tube 1 in. long, slender, glabrous, de- curved, segm. lanceolate, acuminate, dorsal largest; lip shorter than the cor.-segm., 3-lobed, side lobes spreading, linear, obtuse, median broadest, cuneate-oblong, truncate, with small obtuse basal auricles ; anth. glabrous ; ov. hairy, stigma clavate; fr. subquadrate, compressed, } in. diam., thinly coriaceous, retuse at base and top, red ; seeds few, } in. long, turgidly ovoid, testa black, hardly shining, hilum swollen, aril white. Damp shady places in forests of the moist region to 4000 ft.; common. F]. Sept., Oct.; cream-coloured. Endemic. : Very similar in habit to the common ginger, Z. officinale, which is only known in cultivation, but distinguished, as pointed out by Thwaites, by the entire mouth of the |. sheaths, to which may be added the colour of the lip, which in the ginger is dark purple. According to Roxburgh, Z. officinale very rarely flowers in India, and such were unknown to him. 3. Z Cassumunar,* Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 347 (1810). Thw, Enum. 315. C. P3727. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 248. Bot. Mag. 1426. Rootstock stout, tuberous, over } in. diam., with many vermiform roots; leafing stem 2-2} ft., stout, clothed with sheaths; |. numerous, spreading, 9-12 by 24-3 in., linear- lanceolate, acute, glabrous and channelled above, densely pubescent beneath, base slightly rounded, margins narrowly membranous, sheath pubescent, auricled at top, ligule very short, pubescent; flg. stem 4 in., stout, with few imbricate bracts; spike 6 in. and more, narrow, cylindrical, acute ; bracts closely imbricate, broadly oval, thick, green, pubescent, margin narrowly membranous; cal.-tube 2 in. long, mem- branous, truncate, glabrous, cleft half way down; cor.-tube longer, I in. long, slender, glabrous, segm. lanceolate-acumi- nate, lateral about as long as the tube, deflexed, dorsal much * Thought by Roxburgh to be the source of the root so called in the drug-shops of India. Zingiber.] Scetaminee. 259 larger, broadly ovate, cymbiform, erect; lip suborbicular, 1 in. broad, decurved, retuse or 2-lobed, margins erose and wrinkled ; anth. large, sulphur yellow, decurved, cells parallel, glabrous; style glabrous, stigma obconic, ciliate; fr. ovoid, 2 in. long, membranous ; seeds many, very small, purple. Moist country; rare (?); cultivated only. Fl. Aug., Sept.; pale yellow. Cult. throughout Tropical Asia. With regard to the above plant, it was described by Dr. Trimen from a Bot. Garden specimen (July 1896). He says of it: ‘I am quite in doubt whether this is C. P. 3727, or whether it belongs to Z. Cassumunar at all;’ also that ‘he does not know Thwaites’s plant, called var. sxd- glabra” He further describes the roots as ‘very pale yellow, within nearly white, almost scentless, taste moderately bitter, not at all aromatic.’ Roxburgh, the author of 2. Cassumunar, says it is wild in Coromandel and Behar, flowering in Nov. and Dec., and that the fresh rootstock is deep yellow, with a strong, not very agreeable, camphoraceous flavour. Dr. Trimen’s description tallies fairly well with Roxburgh’s and with the Bot. Mag. figure.—J. D. H. 4. Z. Zerumbet,* Swzth, Exotic Bot. ii. 105 (1805). Wal- inguru, S. Herm. Hort. Lugd.-Bat. 636; Mus. 51. Burm. Thes. 234. FI. Zeyl. n.2. Amomum Zerumbet, L. Sp. Pl.t. Moon, Cat. 1. Thw. Enum. 315. CB. 63609. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 247. Herm. Hort. Lugd.-Bat. t.637. Wight, Ic. t. 2003. Bot. Mag. t. 2000. Rootstock very large, not much branched, hard, tuber- culous, biennial, root-fibres vermiform ; leafing stem 5-6 ft., about § in. diam., cylindric, glabrous, annual; |. to-12 by 2-3 in., sessile, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, base narrowed, ligule $-# in. long, truncate, mem- branous ; flg. stem 12—18 in., stout, usually flexuous, clothed with long appressed obtuse sheaths with sometimes rudi- mentary blades; spike 3-4 in. by 2 in. diam. conico-oblong ; bracts 1-14 in., closely imbricate, ovate-oblong, tip rounded, glabrous, green, bright red in fr., margins membranous; cal.- tube I in., appressed to the cor.-tube, 3-toothed, glabrous; cor.- tube 14 in., segm. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, lateral smaller, adnate to the base of the lip; lip shorter than the cor.-segm., 3-fid, lobes obtuse, median. longest ; anth. glabrous; style glabrous, stigma minute, funnel-shaped, mouth ciliate; fr. 1 in. Jong, oblong ; seeds } in. long, oblong, black. Low country, very doubtfully native, up to 2000 ft. Fl. June; very pale yellow, the lip rather darker. Cultivated throughout Tropics of Old World. This wild ginger has the aromatic flavour of Z. officinale mixed with some bitterness. * Name taken from Garcia ab Orto, but this Arabic name doubtfully has any claim to be this plant. 260 Scrtaniinec. [ Liettaria. g. CYPHOSTIGMA, enti. Rootstock stout, horizontal; leafing stem short, distinct from the flg.; |. petioled, oblong-lanceolate; flg. ped. flexuous, decumbent, ascending, branched, furnished with spathaceous sheaths or bracts; fl. solitary or binate in the bracts, bracteo- late, pedicelled; cal. loosely tubular, 3-toothed, at length split; cor.-tube shortly exserted, 3-lobed, lobes subequal, revolute, lateral staminodes ©; lip sessile, orbicular-reniforni, broadly 3-lobed; fil. short, anth. erect, cells parallel, connective narrow, dilated above into a very broad petaloid, crisped, crest nearly as broad as the lip; ov. ovoid, 3-celled, cells many-ovuled, style filiform, stigma urceolate, mouth ciliate; fr. globose, fleshy, crowned with the cal.-segm., ribbed, many-seeded ; seeds small, subglobose, testa grey, reticulate-—Monotypic. C. pulchellum, Lenth. in Hook. [c. Pi. ser. 3, iv. 61 (1882). Amomum pulchellum, Thw. Enum. 318. C. P. 2736. Pl B. dndyvis25i.. dook Fer Pit 1380. Stem 6-10 in., formed of compressed I. sheaths; |. 14-2 ft. by 3-5 in., acute at both ends, membranous, finely reticulate, midrib hairy beneath, petiole } in., slender, sheaths compressed, thin, ligule bifid, lobes short, rounded; flg. stem from the base of the leafing stem, 2-4 ft. long, slender, distantly paniculately branched, internodes long or short, clothed with coriaceous oblong, obtuse, ribbed bracts 2-24 in. long, branches slender, erect, clothed with tubular spathaceous bracts; fl. solitary in the sheaths terminating the branchlets, erect ; cal.-tube 1-14 in., coriaceous, puberulous, tip recurved; cor.-tube rather longer, slender, tomentose, segm. 4$-% in., linear-oblong, pubescent, dorsal broadest; lip 1 in. long and broad, lobes short, rounded, disk smooth; fil. very short, villous, anth.-cells narrow, gla- brous, tips diverging, crest }—} in. broad, lobulate; ov. pu- bescent, style glabrous, stigma urceolate; fr. } in. diam., g-ribbed. Forests in moist region to 3000 ft.; rather common. Hiniduma; Ambagamuwa; Hantane; Adam’s Peak, &c. Fl. Feb.; bright pale pink. Endemic. 10. BLETTARIA, J7a/oz. Rootstock stout, horizontal; leafing stem distinct from the flg. ; 1. distichous, narrow ; flg. stem from the base of the leafing stem, elongate, prostrate, flexuous, branched, with spathaceous bracts at the nodes, and bearing many short few- fle. racemes; bracts 2-3-fld.; fl. erect, shortly pedicelled, Llettaria.] Scitaninee. 201 bracteolate; cal. tubular, membranous, 3-lobed or toothed ; cor.-tube cylindric, as long as the cal., segm. 3, dorsal broadest, suberect, concave, lateral narrow, spreading or recurved; lateral staminodes 2, small, at the base of the lip; lip obovoid, longer than the cor.-segm., recurved ; anth. subsessile, cells linear, parallel, base and tips obtuse, connective thick, not produced into a crest ; ov. ovoid, and style glabrous, 3-celled, cells many-ovuled, stigma small; fr. globose or oblong, 3-celled, few seeded, pericarp thin, at length loculicidally 3-valved ; seeds angular, cuneiform.—Monotypic. E. Cardamomum, Maton in Trans. Linn. Soc. x. 254 (1811), var. major, S7zth in Rees Cyclop. xxxix. n. 2 (Sp.). Hmsal, S. E. Cardamomum, var. 8, Thw. Enum. 318. Herm. Mus. 66.