LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY. /. Endcunus brachius. ^.Erionota tiirax. 2. Entheus tcUmis. S. 5. Pytkonides cranion. ^' ^y •' ^ 6 . EeUopetes arsoLte. 7. Mi/noniades versicolor. D T^ LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY. EOITKD i;V R. BOWDLF.R SllAkl'E. LL.I)., F.L.S., .^c. A HAND-BOOK TO THE ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.Ent.S., DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, BRITISH MUSEUM. Author of "A Synonymic Catalogue of Lepuioptera Ileterocera,'" ^'■Eutofcan Bii'.terflus and Moths,'''' "A Text- Booh of Entoinolgy^'" etc., etc. VOL. III. ^ BUTTERFLIES (C^«^.W^ncr. P. cronion (Felder). Genus IIeliopetes, Billbcrg. II. arsalte (Linnxus). Genus IIespekia, Fabricius, II. nialvcc{Linn:eus). var. II. taras (Bergstrasscr). Genus TiiANAUS, Boisduval. T. tages (Linnxus). 5:UB-FAMILY III. PAMI'IIILIX.l Section A. Genus Erionota, Mabillc. E. thrax (Linnxus). 'nuctl) PAGE I I I 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 II 12 u 14 M '5 15 SYSTEMATIC INDE?C. Genus PAMniiLA, Fabricius. P. palcemon (Pallas). Section B. Genus Adop^a, Billberg. A. ihaumas (Hufnai:jel). A. lineola (Ochsenhcimer). A. actceon (Von Rottenberg). Genus Erynnis, Schrank. E. comma (Linnoeus). Genus Hylephila, Billberg. H. phylceus (Drury). Genus Augiades, Hiibner. A. sylvanus (Esper). Section C. Genus Ismene, Swainson. I. cedipodea, Swainson. Genus RiiorALOCAMPTA, Wallengren. R. forestan (Cramer). B. LEPIDOPTERA HETEROCERA FAMILY I. MEGATHYMID.^. FAMILY II. EUSCHEMONID^. Genus EuschExMON, Doubleday. E. rafllesice (Macleay). FAMILY III. NEOCASTNIID/E. Genus Neocastnia, Hampson. N. nicevillei, Hampson FAMILY IV. CASTNIID^. Genus Castnia, Fabricius. C. icarus (Cramer). C. eudesmia, Gray. C, huebneri, Latreille. Genus Svnemon, Doubleday. S. Sophia (White). ... S. catocaloides, Walker. ... FAMILY V. COCYTIID^. ... SYSTEM AllC INDEX. X' VM'.t FAMILY VI. CVDIMONID/E 4i SUB-FAMILY I. CYDIMONIN.F 43 Genus CVDIMON, Dalman. 44 C. Icilus (Linnxus). 4^ C. brasiliensis (Swainson). 45 C. boisduvalii (Guerin) ■• 4 C. fulgens (Walker) ^7 C. sloanus (Cramer). ••• "^ Genus CiiRYSiRiDiA, Iliibncr 49 C. madagascaricnsis (Lesson) •• 5^ SUB-FAMILY II. NYCTALEMONIN/E 53 Genus Nyctalemon, Dalman 54 N. zampa, Buller 5^ SUB-FAMILY IIL CORONIDIIN/E 55 FAMILY VII. AGARISTID/E 5<5 Genus IlESPAGAKisTA, Walker 57 II. echione (Boisduval) 57 Genus IIiiCATESiA, Boisduval 5 II. fcncstrata, Boisduval 59 Genus IrANA, Jordan 59 I. diversa (Walker) 59 Genus Agarista, Leach. A. agricola (Donovan) Genus EriSTEME, Hubner E. lectrix (Linnaeus). E. irenca (Boisduval) '^ E. maculatrix (Westwood). °4 E. westwoodi, Kirby "5 Genus Xantiiosi'ILOI-ti:ryx, W^allengrcn 66 X. africana (Butler) "7 Genus Pais, Iliibner 7 P. gordoni, Butler. ••• Genus BURGENA, Walker. B. splcndida (Butler) ^9 Genus EUTIIISANOTIA, Ilubner. 7° E. sanctijohannis (Walker) 7° 6i 62 62 Xll SYSTEMATIC INDE)^. PAGt FAMILY VIII. CHALCOSIID^ 71 Genus Erasmia, Hope. ... ... ... 72 E. pulchella, Hope. ... ... ... ... ... ... 72 Genus Amesia, Westwood. ... ... 73 A. sanguiflua (Drury). ... ... ... ^ ... 7-7 Genus Devanica, Moore. yc D. tricolor (Hope). ... 76 FAMILY IX. PSEUDOPONTIID^ 76 Genus Pseudopontia, Plotz 77 P. paradoxa (Felder). ... ... ... 78 FAMILY X. EPICOPHD^ ... 81 Genus Epicopia, Westwood 81 E. caudata, Butler. ... ... ... ... 82 FAMILY XL TIIYMARID^C 83 Genus Thymara, Doubleday 83 T. papilionaria, Walker. ... ... ... ... ... ... 84 FAMILY XIL ZYG^NID^ 85 SUB-FAMILY L ZYG^NIN/E 85 Genus Anthrocera, Scopoli 86 A. purpuralis (Mliller). ... ... ... ... ... ... 87 var. A. nubigena{Lederer). ... ... ... ... ... 87 A. exulans (Hochenwarth & Reimer). ... ... 89 var. a. subochracea (White). ... ... ... ... ... 89 var. d. vanadis (Dalman). ... ... ... ... ... 89 A. trifolii (Esper). ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 90 A. lonicerre (Scheven). ... ... ... ... ... ... 91 var. A. eboraca (Brest). ... ... ... ... ... ... 92 A. vicice (Fuessly). ... ... ... ... ... ... 93 A. filipcnduloe (Linnreus). ... „. ... ... ... ... 94 var. A. hippocrepidis, Stephens. ... ... ... ... 94 Genus Arichalca, Wallengren, ... ... ... ... ... g^ A. erythropyga, Wallengren. ... ... ... ... ... ge SUB-FAMILY II. ADSCITIN/E 97 Genus Adscita, Retzius. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... gy A. statices (Linnceus) gS SYSTEMATIC INDKX. X'll 99 lOO lOO lOI I02 I02 AdSCITA— {(OntinuCif). A. geryon (ITvibner). ... A. globularix (IHil'iicr) Genus AcLAorE, Lalrcillc A. infausta (Linnxus^ '°' SUB-FAMILY III. ZYG^NIN^ Genus ZYG.r.NA, Fabricius. Z. phegea (Linnrcus) Genus Dysauxes, Hubner ^°3 D. ancilla (Linni^us) •• ^^^ SUB-FAMILY IV. TIIYRETIN/E 104 Genus Thyretes, Boisduval ^°5 T. monteiroi, Butler ^°5 SUB-FAMILY V. PHAUDIN^ 106 SUB-FAMILY VI. PYROMORPIIIN/F 106 SUB-FAMILY VIL EUCIIROMIIN.F 107 Genus Euchromia, Iliibner ^°7 E. siamensis, Butler ^°^ Genus Agyrta, llubner ^°9 A. micilia (Cramer) ^°9 Genus Isanthrene, Hubner I. flavicornis (Fabricius) Genus CosMOSOMA, Iliibner C. festivum (\Valker) SUB-FAMILY VIII. TRICIIURIN.K "3 Genus Trichura, Hubner ^^3 T.cerberus( Pallas) ^^3 SUB-FAMILY IX. ANTICHLORIN/E lU Genus Antichlokis, Hubner ^'-^ A. quadricolor (Walker). ^'-^ FAMILY XIH. ARCTIID/E ''5 SUB-FAMILY I. CIIARIDEIN.F: '^^^ Genus Cyanopepi.a, Clemens C. cinctipennis (Walker) , no . Ill . Ill . 112 . Mb . ii(J XIV SYSTEMATIC INDEX. PAGE Genus Charidea, Dalnian. ... ... ... .. ... ... 117 C. smaragdina (Butler). ... ... ... ... ... ... 117 SUB-FAMILY II. CTENUCIIIN^. 118 Genus Ctenuciia, Kirby. 119 C. virginica (Charpentier). ... ... ... ... ... 119 Genus Philoros, Walker. 120 P. opaca (Boisduval). ... ... ... ... ... ... 120 SUB-FAMILY IIL PERICOPIN^ 120 Genus Calodesma, Iliibner. ... ... ... ... ... ... 121 C. temperata (Walker). ... ... ... ... ... ... 121 Genus Composia, Iliibner. ... ... ... ... ... ... 122 C. credula (Fabricius). ... ... ... ... ... ... 122 Genus Anthomyza, Swainson. ... ... ... ... ... ... 123 A. tiresias (Cramer), var. ... ... ... ... ... ... 123 SUB-FAMILY IV. PH^GOPTERIN^ 124 Genus Ecpantheria, Pliibner 124 E. ocularia (Fabricius). ... ... ... ... ... ... 125 SUB-FAMILY V. SPILOSOMATIN^ 126 Genus EsTiGMENE, HUbner 127 E. acraea (Drury) ... 128 var. E. caprotina (Drury). ... ... ... ... ... 128 Genus SriLOSOMA, Stephens ... 129 S. lubricipeda (Linnceus). ... ... ... ... ... ... 130 var. S. walkeri, Curtis. ... ... ... ... ... 130 Genus Spilarctia, Butler. 132 S. lutea (Ilufnagel). 133 var. S. zatima (Cramer). ... ... ... ... ... 133 Genus Diaphora, Stephens 134 D. mendica (Clerck). ... 134 SUB-FAMILY VI. ARCTIIN/E 136 Genus Phragmatobia, Stephens. 136 P. fuliginosa (Linnaeus). ... ... ... ... ... ... 136 Genus DiACRisiA, Hiibner. 138 D. sannio (Linnseus). ... ... ... ... 138 SYSTEMATIC IN'DKX. XV Genus Parasf.mia, Ilultncr, P. jilantiiginis (LiniKvus). ... Genus Callimorpha, Latrcille, C. dominula (Linnxus). Genus IIypercomta, Hubncr. ... II. caia (Linnxus). Genus Arctia, Schrank. A. villica (Linnceus). Genus Euplagia, Iliilmcr. E. quadripunctaria (Poda). Genus Eucharia, Hiibner. E. festiva (Ilufnagel). Genus Apantesis, Walker. A. virgo (Linnceus). A. arge (Drury). Genus CallArctia, Packard. C. pudica (Esper). ... FAMILY XIV. CViMBID.E. ... Genus IIylopiiii a, Iliibncr. II. prasinana (Linnxus). ... n. bicolorana (Fuessly). ... FAMILY XV. LITHOSIID.E. Genus Miltochrista, Hiibner. M. miniata (Forster). Genus Gnopiiria, Stephens. G. rul)ricollis (Linnxus) ... Genus Litiiosia, Fabricius. L. lurideola, Zincken. Genus Gi^ONisTis, Hiibner. CE. quadra (Linnxus). Genus CosciNiA, Hiil)ncr. C. striata (Linnxus). C. cribraria (Linnxus). (}enus Utktiieisa, Hiibner. U. pulchclla (Linnxus). U. l)flla (Linnxus). U. venusta (Dahnan). TAOl 140 141 141 142 M5 145 146 146 147 14S 149 149 150 151 152 153 154 154 155 156 157 157 15S 159 iCo 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 K.S 169 XVI SYSTEMATIC INDEX, PACK Genus IIiPOCRiTA, Hubner ., 169 n. jacoboece (Linnceus) 170 Genus Setina, Schranck. 171 S. irrorella (Linnreus) 171 Genus Nudaria, Ilaworth .. 171 N. mundana (Linncx;ui). ... ... ... .,. .., __ ij-r Genus Nycteola, Hubner. 174 N. revayana (Scopoli) 17^ Genus Nola, Leach \ 175 N. cucullatella (Linnceus). ... 175 var. N. fuliginalis, Stephens 177 N. rerugula (Hubner). ... ,,. ... ... 173 Exotic genera of Lithcsiidce. ... ... ... ... ... ... 170 Genus JosiODES, Felder ... ... ... ... J7g Genus BizoNE, Walker ... ... ... ... .. 170 Genus Macrobrochis, Herrich-Schafirer 180 Genus Argina, Hubner ... ... jgo FAMILY XVL HYPSID^ 181 Genus Hypsa, Hubner ... ... ... ... ... J82 H. clavata, Butler ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 182 Genus Caryatis, Hubner. ... ... ... 183 C. phileta (Drury). ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18^ FAMILY XVH. CALLIDULID.^ ...184 Genus Callidula, Iltibner ... 18? C. petavia (Cramer). ... ... ... ... ... ... 181; FAMILY XVIII. CYLLOPODID.^ 186 Genus Cyllopoda, Dalman. ... j86 C. vespertina (Walker). ... ... ... ... ... ... 187 FAMILY XIX. DIOPTIDiE 187 Genus Lauron, Walker. ... ... jgg L. rufilinea, Walker. j8q FAMILY XX. NYCTEMERID^ 189 roths than to the true Butterflies; for while there are several transitional forms between the IJespcriidie and the Moths, no such forms between the Hesperiidce and the true Butterflies are known to exist. Hence, although the division of the Order Lepidoptera into the two great groups of Rlwpalosera^ or Butterflies, and Hetcrocerci^ or Moths, is more or less artificial, it is rendered more so by the inclusion of the Jfcsperiid r \\\ the former group ; and I have always considered that if the distinction was worth retaining at all, except as a mere matter of convenience, the line of demarcation should be drawn before, instead of after, the Hcsperiidic. This Family was actually included by Duncan in his "British Moths," in Jardine's "Naturalist's Lib- rary," and was passed over altogether in the volumes on Exotic Lepidopfcra. Two modern authors. Zebra wski and Mcyrick, have proposed systems of classification, in which the Butter- XXIV INTRODUCTION. flies are placed in the middle of the Moths ; but although a natural linear arrangement of any group of animals or plants is impossible, yet the Butterflies exhibit so many well-marked characteristics that they appear to have every claim to be treated as an isolated group, placed either at the head of the Lepidoptera, as the most highly organised group, if we follow the descending series of forms, as is usually done ; or at the extremity, if we adopt the reverse arrangement, and con- clude the series with the highest forms. The Heterocera, or AIoths. The Moths are distinguished from the Butterflies rather by an aggregation of characters, none of which hold good through- out, than by any hard-and-fast line. Thus, the antennae in Moths, are very various in form; and, although in a few genera, such as Synemo?i, Doubleday, they much resemble those of a Butterfly in shape, this occurs in conjunction with other characters, such as the possession of a frenulum, which are never found in Butterflies at all. In many Moths, simple eyes, or ocelli, are present, a character never found in Butterflies, and in some of the Micro- Lepidopf era the maxillary palpi are well developed, though they are obsolete in the Butterflies and in the larger Moths. In most Moths there is an apparatus called the frenulum, which consists of one or more bristles on the under side of the hind-wings near the base. These serve to con- nect the fore and hind-wings together during flight, but many Moths do not possess them ; and in some cases a bristle is only found in the male. In the males the apparatus consists of one bristle only, but in the females which possess it, it generally con- sists of two or three. It is never found in any Butterfly, un- less we regard the anomalous Australian Ettschemon rafflesice (Macleay) as a Butterfly rather than a Moth. Moths are very INTRODUCTION. XXV varied in their habits. The majority of the species fly at niijht or at dusk ; but many fly by day, hke Butterflies, while others are easily disturbed during the daytime. They hold their wings in different positions when at rest, but generally flat or expanded, though many Saturniidcc^ Geonteirce, j ENTHEUS PRIASSUS.* {P/a/g LXIX. J'\-s. 2 J, 3?.) Papilla pnassus^ Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 487, no. 185 (175S); id. Mus. Ludov. Ulriccc, p. 319 (1764). Fapilio talaus^ Johanssen, Amoen. Acad. vi. p. 407, no. 70 (1764); Clerck, Icones, pi. 45, fig. i (1764); Linn. Mu.s. Ludov. Ulricce, p. 259 (1764); Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 393, fig. C. (1782). Hesperia fa/aus, Latr. Enc. Mctli. ix. p. 757, no. 81 (1823). Paramimis tahius, Hiibncr, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. pi. 150 (1S24?). This species, which is common in South America, measures about i],4. inches across the wings. The male is black, the fore-wings with a broad transverse orange band beyond the middle, generally connected above with an oblique sub-apical band and throwing out a branch from the side towards the lower edge of this band. In the female, the fore-wings have an orange stripe at the base, and two white interrupted bands beyond ; below the first is generally a white spot towards the inner margin, and between the bands a short oblique white stripe. On the hind-wings a broad greenish-white band runs from the inner-margin of the hind-wings to the middle of the wing. SUB-FAMILY IL HESPERIIN^. Section B. Antennas seldom hooked, occasionally bluntly pointed. Palpi : third joint either minute or projected in front of the face, in the latter case stout and not slender as in the Entheus group in Section A; palpi never curving over the vertex. Fore-wing: cell less than two-thirds the length of costa ; vein 5 invariably nearer to 6 than to 4. Hind- wing frccjuently * E, lalaus on plate. g Lloyd's natural history, falcate, but never with a distinct tail or tooth at the sub- median ; vein 5 never fully developed. . . . AH the species of this group of which there is any record (with the exception of some species of Hesperid) rest with their wings extended flat when in a state of repose, frequently settling on the under side of a leaf. This section occurs throughout both the New and the Old Worlds, some of the genera having a very wide range. Most of the New-World forms and a few of the Old-World ones are provided, in the male, with a costal fold on the fore-wing, and never with a discal stigma. A very large number of the genera are also provided in the male with a tuft of long hairs attached to the hind tibi« or to the fore coxae. There are invariably two pairs of spurs on the hind tibi^, and the epiphysis of the fore tibiae is invariably present, with the doubtful exception of some individuals of Abaiitis feitensls, Hopffer, an East African species. ( Watson) GENUS PYTIIONIDES. Pythonides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. pp. no, m (1816). An extensive genus of Tropical American Butterflies, most of the species being of small size, and black, with grey and blue markings. PYTHONIDES CRONION. {Plate LX IX, Fig.S-) Ltucochitonea cronion, Felder, Reise d. Novara, Lepid. ili. p. 525, no. 924, pi. 74, figs. 23, 24 (1867). This Butterfly measures about i }< inches across the fore- wings, which are brown, dusted with grey. The hind-wings are black, with a broad blue transverse band. It is found in Brazil. Some of the species of this group are of extremely dull IIELIOPETES. 9 colours. Among them is Eantis busirus (Cramer), a dull brown species measuring two inches in expanse, with rather broad dark brown wings, crossed with darker striae, and slightly hooked at the tip of the fore-wings; the hind-margin of the hind-wings is broadly bordered beneath with yellowish, dusted with brown. It inhabits Brazil. GENUS IIELTOrETES. Ileliopdes, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 8i (1S20). This genus includes a number of rather small white Butter- flies, peculiar to Tropical America. I have figured the typical species. HELIOPETES ARSALTE. {Plate LXIX, Fig. 6.) Papilio arsalle, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 469, no. 67 (175S); id. Mus. Ludov. Ulricx, p. 246 (1764); Clerck, Icones, pi. 23, fig. 2 (1764)- Papilio niveus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 22, fig. C (i775)- Urbanus juvettis niveiis, 9, Hubner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. i. pi. 157 (1805?)- Hesperia arsalte, Latreille, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 786, no. 152 '(1823). This is a white Butterfly, expanding from \]{ inches to ij^ inches across the wings. There is a black marginal line (the incisions are white) and the tips of the nervures are black, sometimes forming a slight border, interrupted with white, at the tip of the fore-wings. On the under side the base of the wing is marked with orange, and the costa of the fore-wings, and the costa, median nervure and lowest median nervulc, and the sub-median nervure of the hind-wings, are black. lo Lloyd's natural history. GENUS HESPERIA. Hesperia^ Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (i), p. 258 (1793) ; Cuvier, Tabl. Elem. d'Hist. Nat. p. 592 (1799); Latreille, Enc. Meth. pp. II, 713 (1819-1823). Pyrgus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 109 (1816); West- wood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 516 (1852). We have only one British representative of this genus, the type, Hesperia malvce (Linn.), the Grizzled Skipper. The genus includes a considerable number of black, white-spotted species, scattered over the world. They differ somewhat in the tufts, &c., peculiar to the males. Some of the European species are Alpine. Our British species belongs to Captain Watson's Section D, in which the male is provided with a costal fold, and a tuft of hair on the hind tibiae. THE grizzled SKIPPER. HESPERIA MALVCE. {Plate LXX. Fig. i.) Papilio malvce^ Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 485, no. 167 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 285 (1761); Esper, Schmett. i- (i) P- 345. P^- 30, fig- 5 (1778); Lewin, Ins. Brit. pi. 46, figs. 6, 7 (1795)- Papilio alveolus^ Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 466, 467, 597 (1803?). Hesperia malva^ Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 170 (1881); Kirby Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 6t^^ pi. 15, fig. 9 (1879). Syrichthus malvce^ Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 344, pi. 81, fig. i (1884). Thymele alveolus^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 97 (1828); Buckler, Larvse of Brit. Lepid. i. p. 123, pi. 16, fig. I (1886). Syrichthus alveolus^ Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. i. p. 268, pi. 37 fig. I, t^«-/(i893)- HESPERIA. II Var. //. taras. PapHio faras, Eergstrasser, Nomencl. iv. pi. 91, figs. 5, 6 (1780). Papilio 7nalv(e^ Esper, Schmctt. i. (2) p. 149, pi. 51, ^v^. 2 (1780). Papilio fritillum, Fabriciiis, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 91, no. 624 (1787); Lewin, /. c. pi. 45, figs. 4, 5 (1795). Papilio lavatercE^ Haworth (nee Esper; an Fal>ricius ?), Lepid. Brit. p. 52, no. 72 (1803). Papilio alveolus^ Hiibner, Eur. Schmctt, i. figs. 847, 848 (1818?). Hesperia lavaterce^ Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 170 (1881). Syrichthus vialvcE, var. laras, Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 345 pi. 81, fig. 2 (1884). This is a conspicuous little Butterfly, measuring about an inch across the wings, which are dark brown above, with the fringes spotted with white, a sub-marginal row of small white spots, and two irregular rows of larger ones on the fore-wings; on the hind-wings is a large white spot at the apex, and another obliquely below it. The fore-wings are blacker beneath, with Var. //. taias. the white markings more extended ; it is greenish grey between the black and white markings and the si)otlcd fringes. The hind-wings are irregularly banded with white, and greenish-grey below. In the variety //. laras^wWwh is nut very uncommon, the white spots on the upper side are larger and confluent, covering the centre of the fure wings. 12 Lloyd's natural history. The larva is greyish or yellowish-brown, with a darker dorsal line, and two lateral yellow lines varied with reddish; head black. The pupa is smooth and brown, with white markings. The larva feeds on bramble, raspberry, &c., and is double-brooded on the Continent, the Butterfly appearing throughout the sum- mer ; in England it is rarely seen except in May and June, the autumn brood seldom appearing with us. It is very common in many parts of the South of England, but more local in the midland and northern counties and in South Scotland. The single record of its occurrence in Ireland was probably an error. This is the only Butterfly of the genus which is generally common in North-Western Europe. It is found in bushy places, open places in woods, lanes, &c., sitting with its wings partly open, or sometimes closed, with the fore-wings drawn down almost between the hind-wings. One or two specimens which have been referred to, the larger Continental species, H. alveiis and H. carthamioi Hiibner, have been taken in England, but though no doubt has been thrown on the authenticity of the captures, England lies beyond the recognised range of these species, which renders it less probable that they are truly in- digenous. Mr. Barrett suggests that the specimens were intro- duced with plants, or by casual migration, but the former sup- position is by far the most probable. GENUS THANAUS. Thanaos, Boisduval, Icones, p. 240 (1833). Nisoniades, pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 108 (1816); Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 519 (1852). There is but one species of Thanaus in Northern Europe. It is a rather larger Butterfly than Hesperia malvce, with much more obscure markings. The name Nisojiiades is now re- stricted to some American species. TIIANAUS THE DINGY SKIPPER. THANAUS TAGES. {Plate LXX. Pis'. 2.) r.ipilio ta-cs, Linn. Syst. Nat. (cd. x.) i. p. 4S5, no. 168 (1758); id. Faun. Succ. p. 286 (1761); Esper, Schmett. i. (i) p. 306, pi. 23, fig. 3 (1777); Hubner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 456, 457 (1S03). Hesperia tages, Latreille, Enc. T^Iclh. iv. p. 780. no. 141 (1819); Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 170 (1881). Thymele tages, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 98 (1828). Nisoniades tages, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 61 (1879) ; Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 348, pi- 80, fig. 3 (transf.), pi. 81, fig. 7 (1884); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 304, pi. 40, figs. 2, 2^-^(1893). Thanaus tagcs, Buckler, Larvee of Brit. Lepid. i. p. 126, pi. 16, fig. 3 (1883). The Dingy Skipper measures from an inch to an inch and a quarter across the wings. It is dull greyi.h brown, with a sub- marginal row of pale dots, and with two obscure greyish bands on the fore-wings, and one on the hind-wings. The under side is paler brown, with dull yellowish dots towards the hind-mar- gins. The species varies, some specimens being very obscurely marked, \Nhile in others the markings are much more distinct and prominent. The larva is bright green, with yellow stripes dotted with black on the sides; the head is brown. The pupa is dull green in front and reddish behind. The larva feeds on bird's-foot tre- foil, and Eryngium campcstre, and like JLspcria ma/vcc, the insect appears in May and June, and is occasionally double- brooded in the South. This Butterfly is more generally distributed over l-Lngland and Scotland than Hesperia malitc, and has also been taken in Ireland ; it is, however, usually considered to be a local insect. '4 Lloyd's natural history. It is more attached to dry places than H. malvcB, which is often found in damp as well as in dry woods; but T. tages prefers dry banks and lanes, where it flies close to the ground, on which it often settles. It has been found by several good observers at rest with the wings folded over its back in the exact position oi 7i Noctua, and Mr. Barrett figures a specimen which shows this very clearly. SUB-FAMILY III. PAMPHILIN^. Section A. Antenna : Very varied, never much hooked, and usually sharply pointed. In all the genera in which the tip of the antennae is blunt, the epiphysis on the fore tibise is wanting, ex- cepting in one or two Australian forms. Palpi : Third joint usually short and inconspicuous, in some few genera long and slender; in these it is also always erect, and never porrected horizontally m front of the face. Fore-wings : Cell always less than two-thirds of length of costa ; vein 5 slightly nearer to 4 than to 6, except in some aberrant Australian forms, in which it is slightly nearer to 6. Hind-wing never with a conspicuous tail or tooth, though fre- quently more or less lobate ; vein 5 never well developed. Male never with a costal fold, and only comparatively sel- dom with a discal stigma on the fore-wing ; frequently with glandular patches and tufts of hair on the wings ; never with a tuft on the hind tibise. The epiphysis on the fore tibiae and the medial pair of spurs on the hind tibiae are occasionally wanting. Confined almost entirely to the Old World. As far as is known the species of this group rest with their wings raised over their backs, assuming that position immediately on settling. (IVafson.) ERIONOTA 15 GENUS ERIONOTA. Ericmota, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Bclg. xxi. p. 34 (187S); Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 393 (1SS6). The species of this, and one or two alHed genera, are con- fined to the Indian Region, and arc (with the exception of one African species) the largest Hesperiidic known. ERIONOTA THRAX. {Plate LX IX. Fig. 4.) Papilio thrax, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.)i. (2) p. 794, no. 260 (1767) ; Donovan, Ins. Ind. pi. 49, fig. 2 (1800). Hesperia thrax, Latreille, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 748, no. 53 (1823). Erionota thrax, Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 393, pi. 34, fig. 1 7 ; p. 367, figs. Ill (transf.) (1886). Casyapa thrax, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 291, pi. 98 (1888). This species, which sometimes measures nearly three inches in expanse, is brown, with three pale yellow spots on the fore- wings, one large square one before the end of the cell, a larger oblong one obliquely below it, between the two lowest median nervules; and a third smaller one, transverse, and placed between the two upper median nervules nearer the hind-margin ; the under side is paler. The larva, which feeds in Java on the " Pisang " {Musa paradisaicd), is white, with long white woolly hair. It also feeds on Platanus. The pi pa is yellowish-white. This species is found in most parts of the Indo Malayan Region, and extends beyond it into Celel^es. Another species, closely resembling this, and equally com- mon in India, Ceylon, Malacca, and Java, is Gani^ara thyrsi s (Fabricius), a larger and darker insect, with broader hind- J 5 Lloyd's natural history. wings. The spots are more widely separated, and of a deeper ochreous-yellow, and there are two or three small ones towards the tip of the fore-wings GENUS PAMPHILA. Pamphila, Fabricius, Illiger, Mag. f. Insect, vi. p. 287 (1807). Cydopides, pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. no (1816). Carterocephalus, Lederer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, u. pp. 26, 49 (1852). As now restricted, this genus, formerly employed almost as synonymous with Hesperia, or at least to include the great bulk of the tawny Skippers, is now restricted to two European species, one of which is British ; one Siberian ; and two or three North American species. This is the only genus of tawny Skippers found in Britain in which there is no patch of raised scales on the fore-wings of the male. THE CHEQUERED SKIPPER. PAMPHILA PAL^MON.* {Plate LXX. Fig. Z.) Papiliopalcemon, Pallas, Reise, i. p. 47^ (I77I)• i'a//7/^/^/^/^«^^, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 531, no. 377 (i775) ; Esper, Schmett. i. (i) p. 322, ph 28, fig. 2 (1777) ; i- (2) p. 14, pi. 95, fig. 5 (178S). PapiUo brontes, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 160, no. 6 (1776); Hubner, Eur. Schmett. 1. figs. 475. 476 (1803?). Hesperia paniscus, LatreiUe, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 773,^0. 126 (1823); Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 171 (1881). Pamphila paniscus, Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p, 100 (1828). Cyclopides palcemon, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 64 (1879). * Fainphila paniscus on plate. ^ PLATE LXX . "■i^^ y^cffy^ "^ ^*;^'?- / lii\sf)( ria mah^j' 3 PiunpluLi pa/iisni.s 2 Tluuum.s tti/fcs . 'i. Adofurui (Juuwuls 'H.-r^. PAMriTITA. 17 Carlcrncephahis pahvmr>ti^ I^ang, Butterflies Eur. p. 556, pi. 82, fig 5 ; pl- ^o, fi V 4 (transf.) (1884). Steropes taniscus^ Buckler, Larvcc of Brit. Lcpid. i. [)p. 129, 19^, pi. 17, fig. I (1886). Cydopidcs paniscus^ Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 298, pi. 40, figs. I, \a-d {iZcfi). This Butterfly is common in many places in Central Europe, but in North Germany and Denmark it is al)scnt, reappearing in England and Finland. Eastwards it occurs throughout Northern and Central Asia. I do not remember having taken it except at Heidelberg, where it was not very common. In England it is a very local insect, appearing at the end of May and June, in woods. It has been recorded from seven or eight counties of England, chiefly in the eastern and east midland counties, though it has also been met with in Hamp- shire and Devon. " Its principal haunts in this country appear now to be the larger woods of Northamptonshire and Lincoln- shire." {Barrett.) Its occurrence in Devon is one of a series of observations which suggest some affinity between the speci- ally Midland Fauna, and that of the south-western counties. The distribution of PolyoJiimatus arion points in the same direction. 'J'hc Chequered Skipper, which measures an inch or rather more in expanse, is brown, with yellow fringes, and a row of sub-marginal spots of pale fulvous. The fore-wings have an oblique fulvous band on the disc, a fulvous spot above it on the costa, and some fulvous spots in the cell, and towards the base. On the hind-wings there are several pale fulvous spots towards the l)ase, and the sub-marginal spots are larger than on the fore-wings. In the female, the sub-marginal spots arc smaller, there are fewer spots towards the base of the fore- wings, and thc;se on the hind-wings are much paler than in the male, being almost crcam-colour ur white. On the under J3 c i8 Lloyd's natural history. side of the fore-wings the fulvous markings are extended to cover much of the surface, and the hind-wings are yellowish- brown, with large tawny spots towards the base, and four large white spots on the middle of the wing (there is a smaller spot between the two outer ones), and some smaller white spots nearer the hind-margin. The larva is dark brown on the back, with the sides paler, and there are two yellow longitudinal stripes. The head is black, and there is an orange-coloured collar. It feeds on Platitago major in September. The pupa is white, with brown and buff lines ; a sharp spike between the eyes, and another flat projection, spined at the end, at the other extremity of the body, The larv?e hibernate in a silk-lined tube in a rolled-up leaf. Hellius observed them leave the cases, and attach themselves by the tail and a belt round the body, but thought that if undisturbed, they might have turned to pupse in the cases in which they had hibernated. This is a point which requires further investigation. {^See Buckler's *' Larvae," cited above.) SUB-FAMILY PAMPHILIN^. Section B. . AntenNvE very varied, but never hooked ; the club either entirely without, or with, a crook of varying length. Palpi : third joint of several genera long, slender, and curving over the vertex, a character never found in the Hesperiincc ; in most of the other genera the third joint is minute, only very rarely being horizontally porrected, and when this is the case, it is always stout. Fore-wing : Cell invariably less than two-thirds the length of costa; vein 5 curves downwards at its base, and conse- quently arises considerably nearer to 4 than to 6 ; the middle disco-cellular considerably longer than the lower A DO Pit A. 19 one, ficqucnlly more than twice as long as it. IIind-wing : usually rather elongate, but never with a conspicuous tail or tooth ; vcui 5 very rarely developed. The male is frequently furnished with a discal stigma on the fore-wing, and never with a costal fold. Loth pairs of spurs are invariably present on the hind tibine, and there never is a tuft of hair on the tibice in the male. The epiphysis on the fore tibiae is invariably present. This group is of world-wide distribution; the South American forms, however, are comparatively few. The majority of the species, when sunning themselves on a leaf, depress their hind-wings, and elevate their fore-wings, an altitude peculiar to this section. When in a complete state of rei)Ose, both pairs of wings are raised till they meet over the back. {Jl'a/so/i.) This section includes all the British tawny Skippers except ranipliila palcemoji., and in all our species the black stripe of raised scales on the fore-wings of the males is more or less conspicuous. GENUS ADOP^A. Thymelicus^ pt. Iliibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 113 (1S16). Adopccay Billberg, Enum. Ins, p. 81 (1820); Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 98. We have three British species belonging to this genus, two of which are very local with us. The name Thyineliais is now restricted to a different genus, the type of which is the \Vest Indian T. zv/vv, Ilubner. The type of Adopica is A. thauinas (Hufnagel), a species figured by Baibut under the name of Urbicola comma. As, however, A. than mas is not a Linnean species, it cannot be allowed to be the type of Urbicola^ and we are therefore spared the immediate necessity of considering c 2 20 LLOYD S NATURAL HISTORY. whether Urbicola (which must date from Linnaeus, and not from Barbut, if used at all) is admissible as a generic name. THE SMALL SKIPPER. ADOP^EA THAUMAS. {Plate LXX. Fig. 4 ; pi. LXXL Fig. i.) Papilio ihaumas^ Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. ii. p. 62, no. 10 (1766) ; Von Rottenberg, Naturf. vi. p. 4 (1775) ; Espcr, Scbmett. i. (i) p. 344, pi. id, figs. 2, 3 (1777) ; i. (2) p. 25, pi. 98, figs. 5-10(1790?). Papilio linea, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien.p. 160, no. 5 (1776) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 485-487(1803?). 9 Papilio venula, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 666, 669 (1818?). Pamphila linea, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. loi (1828) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 175, pi. 38, figs, i, la-e (1893); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i. pp. 139, 195, pi. 17, fig. 3(1886). Pamphila thauinas, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 66, pi. 15, fig. 14 (1879). Hesperia ihaumas, Lang, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 350, pi. 81, fig. 9 ; pi. 80, fig. 5 (transf.) (1884). The Small Skipper measures from an inch to an inch and a quarter across the v/ings, which are of a light fulvous or tawny above, with a black line at the base of the pale fringes ; on the fore-wings of the male is generally a rather broad black streak. The hind-wings are greenish ash-colour beneath, broadly tinged with fulvous along the inner-margin. The antennae are blackish, ringed with pale yellow, and yellowish beneath ; the tip of the club is fulvous. The larva is green, with a darker dorsal stripe divided by a pale thread, and two yellowish-white lines on the sides ; it feeds on grass. The pupa is yellowish-green. ADOP/EA. 2 I This species, which appears in summer and autumn, is found over the greater part of Europe, the Mediterranean Region, and Western Asia, frequenting meadows, lanes, oi^en places in woods, and similar localities, and is generally common, though somewhat local, in Britain. It is, however, met with (commonly, where it occurs) in many places in England and Wales, and in several parts of Ireland. Duncan says : " The fly ajipears in July, and is frequent in many parts of the country, both in England and Scotland;" but its presence in Scotland does not seem to have been confirmed by recent observers. THE SCARCE SMALL SKIPPER. ADOP/EA LINEOLA. {Plate LXXr. Fi^. 2.) Papilio li/ieo/iiy Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. i. (2) p. 230 (iSoS). Papilio virgula, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 660-661 (18 18?). Hesperia lineola^ Latreille, Enc. Method, ix. p. 771, no. 119 (1823); Duponchel, Le'pid. Erance, Sup[)l. i. p. 253, pi. 41, figs. I, 2 (1832); Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 35i,pl.8r, fig. 10 (1884); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 279, pi. 38, figs. 2, 2^7-^/(1893). Pamphila lincohi^ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. '$>(i (1879). This species is very similar to the last, and is of about the same size. It is darker, and the black line on the win^, fig. 4 (1776)? Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 488-490 (1803). ^esferia ac/(CO?tj Latreille, Enc. Mediod. ix. p. 772, no. 120 (1823); Curtis, Brit. Ent. x. pi. 442 (1833); Newman, Brit. Butterflies, ii. p. 173 (1881); Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 352, pi. 81, fig. II (1884); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 283, pi. 37, figs. 2, 2a-d (1893). Patnphila actccon, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 383 (1835) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 66 (1879). ADOP^A. 23 This Butterfly closely resembles the two last species, but is darker, and of a smaller average size. The wings are of a dark greenish fulvous, with a narrow curved black line in the male. The female has a fulvous stripe in the cell (slightly indicated in the male), and a curved row of fulvous spots on the upper [)art of the disc beyond. The wings are pale fulvous beneath, glossed with greenish; the antenna: are black above, and fulvous below. The larva is pale green, with a darker dorsal line, edged with yellovish, and divided by a pale central line, and wiih two yellow lines on the sides. It feeds on CalcDnagrostis epigejos and AnniJo pJiragmitcs on the Continent ; in England its principal food appears to be Brachypodium pinnatum. It is full fed in June, the Butterfly appearing a little later. The pupa is pale greenish, and becomes pink before the Butterfly emerges. Like the other species of the genus, the l:irv?e form themselves silk-lined galleries among grass-blades, in which they live, and finally assume the pupa-state in them. This is a rather sluggish, gregarious, and extremely local insect in Central Europe ; in the Mediterranean district it appears to be much more generally distributed. It is, how- ever, generally abundant wherever it is met with. It is found in sunny weedy places, and has some preference for a chalky soil. In Britain, so far as is known, it appears to be absolutely confmed to a few localities along the coast of Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall, the twc principal ones, and those longest known, being the Burning Cliff and Lulworth Cove in Dorsetshire. It was first discovered in the last locality (from which it derives its name) by the late Mr. J. C. Dale in 183 j. It has been reported to have been taken at Shenstone, near Lichfield, and near Strat- ford on Avon, in Warwickshire ; but these accounts have not been confirmed, and are now discredited. Vet, with the cui ious connection between the Faunie, to which I h.ave called alien- 54 Lloyd's natural history. tion eiscwhere {antea, p. 17), 1 am inclined to believe that the occurrence of this Butterfly in the Midland Counties is less improbable than Mr. Barrett thinks. The form which is found in the Canaries, and which has been supposed to be identical with this, is now considered by Dr. Rebel to be a distinct species, which he calls Thymelicus chrlsti. GENUS ERYNNIS. Erynnis, Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (i) p. i57 (1801); Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 99. This genus and Aiigiades include larger species than Ado- pcea, and the fore-wings are longer and more pointed, while the bar of raised black scales on the fore-wings of the male is much more conspicuous and strongly developed. The antennae are hooked at the tips in both genera. There is but one European species each of Erynnis and Aiigiades, both of which occur in Britain. The present genus may be distinguished at once by the distinct white spots on the under side of the hind-wings. THE pearl skipper. ERYNNIS COMMA. {Plate LXXI. Fig. 9.) Papilio comma, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 464, no. 162 (1758) id. Faun. Suec. p. 285 (1761); Esper, Schmett. i. (i) p. 300, pi. 23, figs, la, b (1777); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 479-481 (1803?). Hespei ia comma, Latreille, Enc. Method, ix. p. 769, no. 116 (1823); Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 172 (1881); Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 353, pi. 82, fig. 2 (1884); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 294, pi. 39, figs. 2, 2^-^(1893). Famphila comma, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 102 (1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. (i^, pi. 15, fig. 12 (1879); Buckler, Larvce of Brit. Lepid. i. pp. 14^, 198 (1886).. \ / ^. 9. I! 8. 1. Adopce/:i thcuumxLS. 3, F> . Anqixi^iej> syU'anus. 2. ,. luienhv G 8.Aovp(ra^ cLct tufted above, and shorter and more strongly clubbed antennae. The black oblique stripe of raised scales on the fore-wings of the male is bordered below with a blackish patch, and the brown border runs up into the tawny part of the wings of the male in large curves. In the female, the tawny markings are reduced to an irregular row of large tawny spots. The under side is more uniformly coloured than in A. sykanus. It lias no pale spots, but is marked witli a row of black spots be) ond the middle. The larva is said to feed on crab-grass {Panicuni sa ngu inah\ Linn.). GENUS AUGIADES. Augiades, Ilubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 112 (1816); Wat- son, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. loi. The single European species of this genus much resembles Ervnuis iO/n/na, from which it may be at once distinguished by the absence of clear white s[)ots on the under surface of the wings. THE LARGE SKIPPER. AUGIADES SVLVANUS. {Plate LXXI. Figs. 3 (J, 4V, 5 muhr side.) Papi/io sr/vafius, Esper, Schmett. i. (i) p. 343, i)l. 3^), fig. i (1778?); Ilubner, Eur. Schmett. i. fii^s. 482-484 (1803?). 28 Lloyd's natural history. Hesperia sylvaiius^ Latreille, Enc. Method, ix. p. 770, no. 117 (1823); Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 172 (1881); Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 352, pi. 82, fig. i (1884); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 294, pi. 39, figs, i, 1^-^(1893). Pamphila sylva?iHS, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. loi (1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 65, pi. 15, fig. 13 (1879); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i. pp. 141, 196, pi. 17, fig. 4 (1886). This species, which is of about the same size as Erymiis comma, is greenish-brown, with large fulvous markings. On the fore-wings this colour is much extended, the greater part of the cell, and the portion of the wing above and below being fulvous, clouded with brown at the base, and (in the male) separated by an oblique black streak of raised scales running up to the outer part of the cell from an oblique band on the disc. This, beyond the cell, turns inwards along the costa, where it is cut by the nervures. In the female the black bar is absent, but the fulvous band on the disc is continued upwards, being separated from the costa by a broad brown curved band running from the costa round the end of the cell, but not continued further. On the hind-wings the centre is fulvous, clouded with brown at the end of the cell, and all the borders are broadly brown. The under side is greenish ; the hind-wings are tinged with tawny at the anal angle, and there are several indistinct pale yellowish spots scattered over the wings. The larva is dull green, with a dark dorsal line, and dotted with black. There are snow-white transverse spots on the tenth and eleventh segments beneath. The head is brown. It feeds on various grasses, especially Holcus lanatus and Triii cum repeats in April, the Butterfly, which is double-brooded, ap- pearing from May to August. The pupa is long, and pale brown, formed among grass-blades folded together, and lined with silk. PAMririT.iN.^. 29 Tlie DuUcrriy is common lliroiigliout the greater pan of Europe and Northern and \Vestern Asia, and in most parts of England and Wales, extending to the South of Scotland. It is very fond of bushy places, especially in or near woods, preferring to rest on leaves rather than flowers, which is thj hab'.t of many of the ITesperiidiV. SUB-FAMILY rAMrillLIN.E. Section C. Antenn.^ : Club of varying robustness, always tapering to a fine point, occasionally hooked, in which case the terminal portion is always more than half the length of the remainder of the club. Palpi : Second joint upturned, pressed closely against the face ; third joint long, slender, naked, porrect, projecting hori- zontally in front of the face. Cell of fore-wing ranging from just over one-half to just over two-thirds the length of costa. Hind-wing more or less lobate ; vein 5 of hind-wing usually well developed ; vein 5 of fore-wing equi-distant from 4 and 6, or slightly nearer to 6. Male : Never with a costal fold on fore-wing, but with various other secondary sexual characters, both on wings and legs. As far as is known, all the species rest with their wings raised above their backs, frequently settling on the under side of leaves. They are remarkably crepuscular in tlieir habits, being specially active only in the very early morning, and at dusk. The section is confined entirely to the Old World. The palpi of this section are very distinct, and readily separate them from nearly all the other genera. The few genera of Jlcsperiituc {Phanus^ Eiithcus^ and alh'cs) which have somewhat similar palpi, vary in the entirely different form of antenncc, in the constant absence of vein 5 of the hind-wing, and in some cases by the presence of the costal fold of the fore-wing. ( Watson,) 30 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. Only five genera are included by Captain Watson in this section, which, however, comprises many large and handsome species, including the largest of all known HesperiidcBy Rhopa- locampta iphis (Drury). GENUS ISMENE. Ismeiie, Swainson, Zool. 111. i. pi. i6 (1S21 ?) ; Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 514 (1852); Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 125. A well-known East Indian genus, the type of which is /. cedi- podea, Swainson, from Java and Sumatra. It measures from 2 to 2^ inches across the wings, which are brown, with a sub- costal tawny stripe on the Imsal half of the fore-wings, and the hind-wings lobate at the anal angle; the fringes are tawny, espe- cially towards the lobe. In the male, the base of the fore-wings is tawny, followed by a large square black blotch. In the female the hind-wings and the fore-wings also are greenish towards the base. The larva is pale grey, with a lateral yellow stripe ; the head is black and orange. It feeds on Hiptage. The pupa is pale salmon-colour, covered with a thin pearly bloom. GENUS RIIOPALOCAMPTA. RJiopalocampfa, Wallengren, Lepid. Rhop. Caffr. p. 47 (1857); Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 129. The type of this genus (which Captain Watson employs to , include a large number of East Indian and African species) is the following : RHOPALOCAMPTA FORESTAN. Papilio forestan, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 391, figs. E, F (1782). He.speria forest a7i, Trimen, S. African Butterflies, ni. p. 368 (1889); i. pl.ii. figs. 6, da (transf.) (1887). RHOPALOCAMPTA. 3» This is a brown Butterfly, measuring two inches in expanse; the hind-wings are covered with yellowish hair, and bordered with black ; towards the anal angle is a lobe, edged with orange. On the under side of the hind-wings is abroad transverse white band, interrupted above the inner-margin. It is common in many parts of Africa. The larva is pale yellow, banded with purpli^h and crimson, and feeds on Rol'{?ua pseiidacacia. The pupa is greenish, co\cred with whitish efflorescence, and spotted with black. There arc several very remarkable Butterflies of this genus found in \Vc.-:.t Africa. One is R. bixce (Linnreus), a Butterfly expanding from 2 to 2)4 inches; the wings are purplish-blue above, and t!ie liind-wings are lobate at the anal angle ; the head is streaked and spotted with white beneath; the pectus is clothed with orange hair, and the hind-wings are marked beneath with a pure white spot, running from the sub-costal nervure to about the end of the cell, and tapering towards the inner-margin. Another is R. iphis (Drury), the largest of the Hesperiidce, with which we will conclude our notice of the Family. The wings are long, and measure four inches in expanse ; the fure-wings are slightly rounded off at the tips, and the hind-wings project s!i;;htly at the anal angle. The Ivnly is black, with the pa'pi and the tip of the abdomen beneath crimson. The wings are blue-l)la(^k in the male, but with brassy-green reflections to- wards the hind-margins, and with the ti[) of the fore-wings nar- rowly edged with or-mge in the female. The under side is of a yellower brassy-green than the ui)])er. This species sits with its wings erect, and likes the company of small parties of Euphcrdra ^vz/rz/z/j (I'\abricius), and is fre- quently seen sij)ping water with them. 32 Lloyd's natural history. THE MOTHS. LEPIDPOTERA HETEROCERA. Flight nocturnal or crepuscular, more rarely diurnal. Antennce of very various shapes, but mc^t frequently fiUform, serrated, or (especially in the males) more or less pectinated or plumose ; rarely thickened at or beyond the middle, in which case they are sometimes hooked ; still more rarely thickened into a club at the extremity. Labial and maxillary palpi variously developed. A frenulum (or very rarely a jugum) generally present. Wings occasionally more or less aborted, especially in the females. The first two families are of rather doubtful position, some authors regarding them as Hesperiidce^ and others as more nearly allied to the Castniidce. For further information respecting Moths in general, I refer my readers to the introduction. FAMILY I. MEGATHYMID^ (GIANT SKIPPERS). jjgg_ — Sub-conical, flattened at the top, and slightly de- pressed in the middle ; not unlike an inverted pudding-basin in shape. I^arva. — With sixteen legs, white, sparsely clothed with short scattered hair ; head small. Feeds in the stems and roots of the Agave and Yucca when adult. When young the head is proportionately larger, the hair longer, and the larva feeds in the open. Pupa. — Cylindrical, the several coverings well marked. Abdomen with a row of very small spines on the back. The pupa is found in the long galleries formed by the larva. Ima^o. — Of moderate size (expanding from two to three nUSClIEMONlD^E. . 33 inches) ; wings densely clothed with large scales, and, especially towards the base, with long hair ; fore-wings rather long, more or less pointed at the tips ; hind -wings rounded, the frenulum absent. Cells simple, closed, very long, the two lower sub- median nervules rising in the male very near the base on the fore-wings. Body very stout. Antennae strongly clubbed or thickened at the extremity. Range — Southern United States, to Mexico and Costa Rica. Habits. — Plight diurnal, rapid, darting, and sometimes tower- ing. They frequent open places, and generally settle near the ground. At rest they fold their wings vertically. There are but two genera of this curious Family known. They include a few brown species with tawny or yellowish markings. In MegalJiyma^ Scudder, the antennae have a large knob like club, and in Acentroaieme^ Scudder l^yEgiale^ Felder), there is a long thickening before the tip, as in Cas//iia. FAMILY II. EUSCIIEMOXIIXE. This P'amily may be suggested to include a very curious Australian species, Eusclienion rajjksice (Macleay), respecting which authors differ, as to whether it is to be regarded as a Butterfly or a Molh. It measures upwards of two inches across the wings, which are dark brown. The fore-wings are rather narrow and pointed, and the liind-wings rounded. There is a narrow oblicjue yellow stripe on the fore-wings, and there are two large yellow patches on the hind-wings. The hairy [)alpi and the tip of tlie abdomen are scarlet. The antennae are very long, much thickened, and slightly hooked at the tip. The cells are sim[)le, and closed ; 'out the i»resence of a iVctui- lum is a character of so much importance as to remove it from the typical JhspcriiJi.c. Nothing a[)pe.us to be Kioided respecting its habits and metamorphoses. 13 o 34 Lloyd's natural historV. FAMILY III. NEOCASTNIID^. This small Family has lately been established by Sir Georg(i Hampson to include two East Indian genera : Tascina, West- wood, and Neocastnia, Hampson. They have broad fore- wings with the base but slighdy narrowed, the costa arched, and the tip more or less falcate ; the hind-wings are broad and rounded; all the wing-cells are open. The antennse are strongly thickened before the extremity, as in Castnia. Tas- c'ma oriental-is, Westwood, from Singapore, measures 3>^ inches across the fore-wings, which are sub-falcate, and dark brown, with a white stripe running from below the middle of the costa to the hind-margin, just above the hinder angle ; the hind-wings are of a dull red, with a broad brown border. It is found at Singapore. NEOCASTNIA NICEVILLEL {Plate LXXII. Fig. 4.) Neocastnia nicevillei, Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1895 p. 285, cum fig. This species, which is found in Tenasserim, has golden- rufous fore-wings, with a broad white band running from the middle of the costa to the inner margin, within the hinder angle ; the hind-wings are black, with a large blue patch in the middle. It is slightly larger than Tascina orioitalis, and the tip of the fore-wings is less pointed. Another species of Neocast- nia, N. metallica ( Pagenstecher) from Celebes, has a narrower white band on the fore-wings, which, as well as the thorax, are suffused with blue. FAMILY IV. CASTNIID^. Egg. — Much resembling a grain of wheat in shaDC and appearance, but rounded on both sides. CASTNIA. ^r Larva.— Naked, with sixteen legs, feeding in the stems, routs, or bulbs of plants. Papa. — Rather long, with spines on the abdomen, and en- closed in a cocoon. Imago. — Of large or moderate size; antennae strongly thickened towards the tip ; wings broad, often long, thickly clothed with scales, which are often very large ; sometimes more or less transparent ; discoidal cells usually more or less divided, or accompanied by accessory cells ; frenulum pre- sent. Range, — Troi)ical America, and Australia. Habits. — Day-flying species, frecjuenting, however, the shades of the forests, rather than open country. The larvse of the genus Casinia which have been observed, chiefly feed in the bulbous roots of various Orchidacece and Broineliacecc. GENUS CASTNIA. Casinia, Fabricius, in Illiger, Mag. Insekt. vi. p. 2S0 (1807); Latreille, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 794 (1823) ; Gray, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ii. p. 15 (1838); Boisduval, Lepid. Heter. i. P- 495 (1875); Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. (2) i. p. 165 (1877). The genus Casinia is widely distributed throughout the warmer parts of America, from Mexico to Chili. Its general characteristics have been exi)rcsscd in our remarks on the family. There are now nearly 100 species known, differing very much in size, colour, and even in the shape, clothing, and neuration of the wings. Few of the species measure much less than two inches across the wings, and the larger .species ex- prnd as much as seven or eight inches. Many exhibit strong metallic reflections. The ty[)e is Casinia iiarus (Cram.). D 2 ^5 Lloyd's natural history. castnl\ icarus. Papilio icarus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 18, figs. A, B (1775)- Urbanus Celebris teams, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. i. pi 146 1805?). Castnia teams, Latreille, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 798, no. 5 (1823); Boisduval, Lepid. Heter. i. p. 5^3 (1875); Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (2) i. p. 170, no. 9 (1877). This species measures from three to five inches across the wings, which are broad and gradually rounded, with the hind- wings hardly longer than the fore-wings. The fore-wings are brown, with green or violet reflections, and two or three oblique white bars slightly bordered with red, while the hind- wings are brick-red, with the base grey, some short curved black marks running from the costa, and the outer third of the wing mostly black, with irregular rows of round or oval red spots. The body is grey, banded with red. We have figured Castnia eiidesmia. Gray, because its trans- formations are better known than those of any other species. CASTNIA EUDESMIA. {Plate LXX II. Fig. i.) Caslnia eudesmia, Gray, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ii. p. i45, no. 14 (1838) ; Gay, Fauna Chilena, p. 45. pl- v. fig- 8 (1852); Herrich-Schaff"er, Ausser-eruop. Schmett. i. figs. '^ 140, 141 (1854); Philippi, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxiv. p. 337 (1863); Boisduval, Lepid. Heter. i. p. 51? (1875); West- wood, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (2) i. p. 177, no. 29 (1877); Butler, 111. Lepid. Heter. B. M. i. p. 3, pl- i- ^g- 2 (1875). This insect is the only species of Cast?iia known to occur in Chili, and thus marks the southern limit of the range of the genus ' It measures about 3>4 inches across the wing. The fore-wings are of a greyish-brown, with a broad oblique while CASTNIA. 37 band running from the costa just beyond the middle, and a short oblique white stripe beyond ; hind-wings black, with blue and green reflections, and with two rows of sub-marginal red spots, pupilled with white ; above the inner row is a large white spot on the casta ; the base is also reddish. This Moth is common in December in many parts of Chili, where it flies by day round the flowers of Bromeliaceous plants, belonging to the genus Pourretia. Its flight is heavy, and resembles that oi Ag/ia tan, a well-known European species of Saturniiihv, and in repose it is said to hold its wings erect, like a Butterfly. The egg, as already mentioned, resembles a grain of wheat in size, shape, and colour. The larvcX feed in the trunk of Pourretia coarcfata, and their presence is indicated by the exuding gum ; where no gum appears, it is useless to examine the tree. The larvae, which measure 4}4 inches in length, are of a greenish semi-transparent white, with the head and anal extremity brown, and some brown markings on the back of the first segment behind the head, which is much enlarged. They are provided with a few short scattered hairs, and the legs, pro-legs, and claspers are all rather short. The larvai are very similar, both in size and appearance, to those of various large wood-feeding beetles. The pupa is enclosed in a laige cocoon formed of fragments of leaves, scales, &:c., in the trunk of the tree. The pupa is brown, wiih a row of small spines on the back of the abdomen, and the cases of the wings, legs, antennce, and proboscis are all more or less separated, an un- usual character in Lepidoptcra. CASTNIA HUE FINER I, {Plate I.XXn. Fit:. 2.) Casttua hi'ibficr^ Latreille, in Cuvicr, Rcgne Anim iii. p. 439, pi. 20, fig. 2 (1830). -8 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. Castnia huehneri, Gray, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ii. p. 146, no. 19 (1838); Boisduval, Lepid. Heter. i. p. 516 (1875); Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. (2) i. p. 182, no. 45 (1S77). This species, which is a native of Brazil, is one of the smallest of the genus, scarcely measuring as much as two inches across the wings. The fore-wings are reddish-brown, with two more or less continuous oblique white bands, or rows of spots, and the hind-wings are brown at the base and inner-margin, reddish towards the costa, but on the outer half of the wing black, crossed by a row of seven bluish-white spots ; beyond this is a sub-marginal row of fulvous spots. In addition, I may mention one or two more interesting species of Castnia. C dccdahis (Cram.), found in Guiana, is a large species, measuring from six to eight inches across the wings, which are blackish-brown, with a strong purplish reflection; the fore-wings have one or two oblique white stripes running from the costa, and there are two sub-marginal rows of white spots on the hind-wings, and one on the fore-wings. Castnia licus (Drury) is one of the commonest species throughout South and Central America ; it measures from three to four inches in expanse. The fore-wings are brown, with a white stripe running from the middle of the costa towards the anal angle ; between this and the tip, an irregular row of white spots runs from the costa. On the hind-wings a broader white band runs from the costa beyond the middle to the anal angle, and there is a more or less complete row of rather large spots close to the hind margin. Other species, again, have long and com- paratively slender bodies, and long brown wings, with tawny and yellow markings, very similar to various species of Lycorea, SVNEMON. 39 Jle/iiOfiiuSy &€., found in the same localities. C. linus (Stoll) is four or five inches in expanse, and is black, with broad yellowish semi-transparent bands, and white sub-marginal spots, very like the genus Thyriilia. \ GENUS SYNEMON. Synemon, Doubleday, in Stokes, Australia, i. p. 515 (1846); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. p. t^^ (1^54) i Boisduval, Lepid. Heter. i. p. 548 (1875). This genus, which represents Castnia in Australia, includes small insectc, not much exceeding an inch in expanse, and very unlike the large American Castniidcc. The species of .Sy;/^/;/^;/ are very like Hesperiidic^ the antennae being more or less abruptly clubbed at the tips, and much more resembling those of a Butterfly than of a Moth. The insects also much resemble ITespcriidcc in shape and colour, having oval fore-wings and oblong hind-wings. The fore-wings are brownish-grey, with lighter or darker markings, and the hind-wings are yellow or red, with brown or black bases, borders, bands, or spots. But they differ entirely from the HespcriidiC in the more or less divided cells, the partly open cells of the hind wings, and in the pre- sence of a frenulum, an organ not found in any true Butterfly, unless Liischemon nij/lesicc, Doublcday, which is likewise an Australian insect, is to be regarded as a Butterfly rather than as a Moth. The type of the genus was originally described as a Hesperia, SVNKMON SOl'HIA. IJesperia sophia, White, in drey's Australia, ii. \\ .j;.), Hl;. 7 (1841). Syncmon sophia, Doubleday, in Stokes' Australia, i. p. 516, pi. 3, f;g. 5 (iS|6); Klug, Abh.uidl. Akad. Berl. i8|S, p. 24S, 40 Lloyd's natural history. figs. I, 2 (1850); Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lend. Zool. (2) i. p. 194, no. I (1877) ; Butler, 111. Lepid. Heter. Brit. Mus. i. p. 6, pi. 3, fig. 6 (1877). This species was brought from King George's Sound, and measures an inch and three-quarters across the fore-wings, which are brown, with irregular black spots and markings, and three curved transverse rows of grey and white spots. The hind-wings are black, with a large orange spot near the base, a broad orange band beyond the centre, interrupted to- wards its extremity, and a sub-marginal row of orange spots, the three nearest the anal angle large, and the four towards the tip small. SYNEMON CATOCALOIDES. {Plate LXXII. Fig. 3.) Synemon catocaloides, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxi. p. 44(1864); Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. (2) i. p. 195, no. 6 (1877). This species, which is rather smaller than the last, has brown fore-wmgs dusted with grey ; the hind-wings are black, with some yellowish hairs at the base, and are crossed by two irre- gular bright red and partly connected bands, which are abbre- viated towards the costa, and there is also a broken sub-marginal band, narrowed towards the costa ; on the under side, all the wings are banded and spotted with red. This species was brought from Swan River by Mr. Digg'es. There are several other species found in Australia, most of which, though not all, have brightly coloured hind-wings, like those which we have noticed. FAMILY V. COCYTIID.^. This is another small Family, including only the genus Cocytia, of which the '"ew known species are confined to New Cdsltiin en (h'.s ffi I (I It n <-lni r rt S\'ii riiiDii <(i I (n ti 1 1> I tl r.\ Nt'iu . {Nyctalemo?!, V>2i\m., NydalemonidcB, GucnQQ). Palpi with the terminal joint long, slender, and pointed. * Each of the veins of the hind-wings produced into a short scallop ; post-costal vein of fore- wings wanting the second branch.— Genus Alcidla, Westw. ; type, U. orontes. ** Hind-wings with the second and third branches of the median vein produced into a long tail.— Genus Lyssidia, Westw. ; type, U. patroclus. B. {SematnridcE, Guenee.). Fore-wings with the upper discoi- dal vein arising at a short distance beyond the discoidal cell, between the cell and the origin of the second branch of the sub-costal vein. a. Discoidal cell of the hind-wings terminating at a distance before the emission of the first branch of the median vein.— Genus Manidia, Westw.; type, U. lunus. b. Discoidal cell of the hind-wings extending nearly to the emission of the third branch of the median yein.— Genus Coronidia, Westw.; type, U.orithea. Both the larvse and perfect insects differ considerably in structure and appearance, even without extending the limits of the Family to include a number of forms which have hitherto been included in the Geoinetrcc, as some recent authors have proposed. I therefore propose to divide the CydimoiiidcE into three Sub-families, the Cydimonitm, Nyctalemonince, and Coronidiinoi, each containing two very distinct genera. West- wood has incorrectly represented the wing-cells of several species as open, but they are really closed by a more or less atrophied nervule. CYDTMONIN.^. 43 Sir G. Ilampson, in his work on tlie Moths of India, has lately extended the Family Uraniidcc (here called Cydi)iionid(e) so as to include a number of large and small white Moths belonging to the genera L/rapferoides, Moore; StropJiidia^ Hiibner; Mi- cronia, Guenee, &:c., most of which have hitherto been regarded as Geo/nefnr. Many of these have a short lobe or tail at the ex- tremity of the up[)cr median nervule of the hind-uings, and at the base of the tail are several black spots. He likewise includes in the same Family the genus C/iafa//i/a, Moore, a black Moth, with large white and yellow markings, which has a superficial resemblance to the genus Eiischei)ia^ Hiibner, in the Geometrce^ and several other genera, of duller colours, which have long wing cells and rounded hind-wings, frequently provided with two sub-median nervures of nearly equal length. How far this extension of the Family is tenable will be tested when we are better acquainted with the transformations of these Moths. SUB-FAMILY I. CYDIMONIN^.. Egg. — More or less spheroidal, ribbed, smooth at the summit Larva. — Sixteen-legged, cylindrical, with scattered hairs or short bristles, gregarious, sometimes feeding under a web ; head small. Papa. — Enclosed in a slight cocoon, or attached by a few threads round the body. Imago. — Diurnal, of large size and brilliant colours; the hind- wings tailed. Antennne pointed, more or less thickened before the tips. Wings ample, w ilh no internal nervures, but sometimes with pre-costal cells ; cells of both wings closed by an imperfect nervule. 'I'his Family includes two genera of brightly coloured tailed Moths, which were originally placed with the E(/uifes. Later authors regarded them as allied to the I/cspcriidic, but 44 Lloyd's natural history. they are now universally regarded as Moths, though Entomo- logists are not quite in accord concerning their actual position. Some of the old authors called them " Pages," doubtless in allusion to their liveries of black and golden-green. Only two genera are known, one South American, and the other African. It should be noted that green black-striped and swallow-tailed Equitidce occur in the same countries. GENUS CYDIMON. Urania, Fabriclus, in Illiger, Mag. Insect, vi. p. 279 (1807). Cydimon, Dalman, Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockholm, 1824, p. 407 ; Guenee, Uranides et Phalenides, i. p. 6 (1857). Uranidia.^N estwood, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. x. p. 521 (1879). This genus inhabits Tropical America, from Mexico to Brazil, and several of the West Indian Islands. It may be distinguished from the next by the single long tail on the hind- wings. The name Urania, by which this genus is generally known, cannot be retained, as it was previously given to a genus of plants. There are not many known species, but they are sre^arious, and several of them migrate, especially C. ful- gens, Walker. All the species are black, with bright green transverse bands, which are sometimes more or less coppery. On the fore-wings there is a broad band, more or less forked towards the costa, and the other bands are linear. On the hind-wings there is generally a row of sub-marginal green markings, sometimes connected. That nearest the apex is bluish, and there are often some whitish markings towards the anal angle. The long tail on the hind-wings is traversed by the upper median nervule, the middle nervule coinciding with the lower side of the tail. The tail is black, generally more or less bordered with snow-white. CVIHMON. 45 We must notice several species of this beautiful Sub-family. The typical species (C lei/us) was fust figured by Madame Merian, in her work on the Insects of Surinam, as early as 1705- CYDIMON LEILUS. Vapilio Itiius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 462, no. 25 (1758); id. Mus. Luduv. Ulr. [). 206 (1764); Clerck, Icones, pi. 27, P'- 28 (1837)- Urania crameri, Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xl. p. 115 (1879)- PLATE LXXrv r\ ^ .yh C/ifjs I ri f/u/ ///{/ f/z/f/f/ ,s'' /, NyctaJerrufTv xccrnpoy. 2. IJe^spa^curishay c<:hion^ HESPAGARISTA. 57 nearly as long as the sub-median. Frenulum present ; tibi^ spurred. Abdomen often tufted at the extremity. A Family of modernte extent, well represented in Africa, and in the Indo- and Austro-Ma'ayan R( gions generally, as well as in Australia. They are also represented by several genera in North America, but very few have been described from the tropical parts of the New World. Many of the species fiy by day. GENUS HESPAGARISTA. Hespagarista^ Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. p. 13 (1854). This is a small genus of South African Moths with short antennce, thickened before the tips, and in the male, slightly pectinated. The fore-wings are rather long and narrow, sub- trigonate, and much longer than the rounded hind-wings. The accessory cell is large, and the lowest discoidal and upper median nervule are parallel, and close together. The legs arc tufted, but the most remarkable character is the very large anal tuft, which is half as long as the whole of the abdomen, in the male. HESPAGARISTA ECHIONE. {Plati LXXV. Ft^ 2.) Agarista echione^ Boisduval, in Delegorgue, Voy. Afr. Austr. ii. p. 595, no. 115 (1847). Angas, Kaffirs Illustrated, pi. 30, fig. 10 (1849). Hespagarista in/crlt'cia, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. p. 14 (1854). Amazela echione^ Boisduval, Rev. Zool. (3) ii. p. 67 (1S74). Hespagarista inferjecia, Wcstwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. (2) i. p. 203 (1877). Eiisemia 7wve?n-mactilata^ Mabille, Ann. Soc. I'^nt. France, (6) X. p. 54 (1890); id. ..^c \'uillut, Nuv. Lepid. p. 56, pi. 9, fig. 1(1892). ^8 Lloyd's natural history. This Moth, which is found at Natal, Delagoa Bay, and other parts of South-eastern Africa, measures about two inches across the wings. It is black ; the thorax is clothed with luteous hair, and the fore-wings are marked with five or six large yellowish-white spots, and some smaller ones ; on the hind- wings there are two interrupted yellowish-white bands. GENUS HECATESIA. Hecatesia, Boisduval, Mon. Zyg. p. ii (1829); id. Rev. Zool. (3) ii. p. 48 (1874) ; Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. (2) i. p. 199 (1877). We may here notice a curious Australian genus, which is usually r laced in the Agaristidce, but which Westwood referred, with doubt, to the CasUiiidcB, on account of the presence of an accessory cell on the fore-wings, a character, however, which it shares with many genera of AgaristidcE. In Hecatesia the antenna are gradually, but considerably, thickened before the tips. The fore-wings are striped or spotted with white or yellow, and the hind-wings are orange, with broad black bor- ders. The abdomen is comparatively short and stout, but is distinctly tufted at the extremity, and the thorax and palpi are very hairy. In the male, the fore-wing is dilated by a horny vitreous sub-costal lunule, transversely striated, and forming a stridulating organ. This forces the sub-costal nervules almost together beneath it. Oa the fore-wings, the median and sub- median nervures spring from a common stalk. This curious stridulating apparatus is also found, though less conspicuously developed, m some of the species of yEgocera, Latreille, a genus containing several Indian and African species, which have brown or reddish fore-wings, traversed by a broad longi- tudinal white bar, generally interrupted twice, and yellow hind- wings, bordered with black, brown, or, more rarely, reddish. IPANA. 59 HECATESIA FENESTRATA. {Plate LXXV. Fig. 3.) Ilecaiesia feiiesirata, Boisduval, AFon. Zyg. p. it, pi. 1. figs, i, 2 (1S29); id. Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. pi. 14, p. 7 (1836); id. Rev. Zool, (3) ii. p. 49 (1874) ; White, in Grey's Australia, ii. p. 476, pi. 8, fig. 2 (1841); AVestwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. (2)i. p. 199 (1877). This species, which is not uncommon in Australia, measures rather less than an inch and a half across the fore- wings, which are black, crossed by two transverse white stripes ; the thorax is also marked with three white spots. The hind- wings are orange, with very broad black borders. GENUS IPANA. Ipaiia^ Jordan, in Rothschild's Novitates Zoologicae, iii. p. 54 (1896). This genus has just been established by Dr. Jordan, for two very handsome Australian species which have hitherto been placed in the genus ^^gOc'era, to which we have already alluded. The type is /. cornigera (Butler) ; and the species which we have figured is closely allied to it. IPANA DIVERSA. {Plate LXXV. Fig. 4.) Agarista diversa, Walker, List Lcpid. Lis. Brit. Mus. xxxi. p. 49 (1864). " Mas. Fusca ; caput pallidc flavum^ fusco trigutlatuin ; palpi porrecti, pailide Jiavi, apicefusci ; thoracis latera^ pectus pedcsquc flavic ; abdominis segmenta luteo inarginata ; a/ic antiac lituris tribus basalibus fasciisque t rib us inconipktis pallidc Jlavis^ fascia 2a e macu/is duabuSy 2a lata undiilata ; posticce fascia latissima lute a. 6o Lloyd's natural history. " Male.— Brown. Head pale yellow, with a brown dot on each side of the vertex and with a third in front. Proboscis black. Palpi pale yellow, porrect, rhorter than the breadth of the head ; third joint brown, elongate-conical, less than half the length of the second. Thorax on each side, pectus and legs yellow. Abdomen with a luteous band on the hind border of each segment. Fore-wings with three small pale yellow marks at the base, and with three incomplete pale yellow bands; first band abbreviated at each end ; second composed of two widely separated spots ; third much broader than the others, undulating along each side, not joining the costa nor the in- terior angle. Hind-wings with a very broad luteous band, which is abbreviated towards the costa, and occupies nearly all the outer half of the interior border. Length of the body, 7 lines ; of the wings, 20 lines. "North Australia." {Walker.) GENUS AGARISTA. Agarista^ Leach, Zool. Misc. i. p. 37 (18 15). The type of this genus, here figured, has strongly arched fore-wings, with the hind margin rounded. The abdomen is rather slender, and is about as long as the hind-wings, which are slightly oblong. The legs are of moderate length, and the front femora are furnished with a strong brush of hair. It is an Australian Moth ) but the bulk of the Australian Agaris- tidce belong to the allied genus Phahenoides, Lewin, which includes smaller Moths, rarely exceeding an inch and a half in expanse, with the costa of the fore-wings nearly straight to the tip, and the hind margin gradually curved ; the hind-\ungs are short and rounded. Most of the species are brown, with yellow spots and markings, and often more or less varied with pale blue. The larva of the typical species, P. glycince, Lewin, /. Agarics la ajgricoUL . 2. JEpis(:emf* niaculalrix.^ 3. „ lectridCy. AGARISTA, 6 1 is cylindrical and hairy, with a slight hump on the back of the last segment. It feeds indiscriminately on a variety of plants. Before changing to a pupa, it spins a slight web on the under side of a branch, in the month of January. The Moth bred by Lewin appeared in April, the pupa-state having lasted seventy-two days. AGARISTA AGRICOLA. {Plate LXXVI. Fig, i.) Papilio agricoia, Donovan, Ins. New Holland, pi. 32, fig. i (1S05). Agar/s/a picta^ Leach, Zool. Misc. i. p. 37, pi. 15 (18 15); Duncan, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 82, pi. 2, fig I (1841). This species is one of the most beautiful Moths found in Australia. In measures about two inches and a half across the fore-wings, which are black, with a short longitudinal bar of pale green scales at the base, continuous with a green transverse band on the thorax. Beyond this is a curved and rather indistinct fascia of bluish scales, followed by a large oval orange-coloured blotch. Beyond this, again, is a row of six oval orange spots, beyond which are several patches of greenish scales; the extreme tip is white. The hind-wings are black, with a green transverse band running from the inner margin outwards for two-third.s of the length of the wing, while a shorter and broader deep crimson band runs outward from just above the anal angle between the green band and the lower part of the hind margin. The thorax and abdomen are black, the former spotted and banded with green, and the latter with an orange apical tuft. The female has the thorax and basal area of the fore-wings entirely greenish-yellow. The palpi, orbits, and tips of the tarsal joints are white, and the pectus and femora are clothed with long red hairs. 62 Lloyd's natural history. A few Moths not found in Australia have been referred to this genus, one of which, A.albomnrginaia (Moore), a Burmese insect, is steel-blue^ with rather narrow, but very conspicuous, snow-white borders. GENUS EPISTEME. Episteme, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. i So (1822) ; Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, ii. p. 33 (1882). Eusemia, Dalman, Mon. Castnia, p. 26 (1825) ; Westwood, in Jardine's Nat. Library, Exot. Moths, p. 88 (184 1) ; Bois- duval, Rev. Zool. (3) ii. p. 81 (1874); Butler, Entom. M. Mag. xii. p. 166 (1875). This genus includes larger species than Agansia, with longer wings, and the costa of the fore-wings is not arched, but runs nearly straight to the apex. Structurally it differs from most of the other genera of the Agaristidce, by there being no closed cell beyond the upper angle of the discoidal cell between the two upper discoidal nervules at their base. The femora arvS not tufted, and the tarsi are very long, and almost naked. It includes a considerable number of handsome Moths, averaging about three inches in expanse, which are very numerous in India and the Indo-Malayan Region, while a few species are met with as far north as China, and as far east as New Guinea. Their usual colour is black, with white, yellow, red, blue, or black markings, and their general appearance is well shown in our figures. The type of the genus is E. lectrix (Linn.), the most northerly species of the genus Episteme^ and also the longest known. EPISTEME lectrix. {Plate LXXVL Fig. 3.) Nodua lectrix, Linnaeus, Mus. Ludov. Ulricge, p. 389 (1764). Bombyx lectrix, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 192, fig. C (1779). Phalcetia lectrix^ Donovan, Ins. China, pi. 43, fig. 2 (1798). EPISTEME. 63 Eusemta lecfrix, Boisduval, Rev. Zool. (3) ii. p. 84 (1874). This Moth, which is common in China, expands about three inches. The fore-wings are black, with the base spotted with while and bluish, and are crossed by two rows of large yellow spots, the first broadest and connected so as to form a band, the second composed of a large spot towards the costa, a smaller one below, divided by a nervure, and sometimes a small one just above the hinder angle ; there is also a sub- marginal row of white spots. The hind-wings are black, with the basal half red, crossed by an irregular macular band ; there is also a sub-marginal row of white spots. The thorax is black, with an oblong yellow spot on each side ; and the ab- domen is black, with broad transverse black bands. EPISTEME IRENEA. Eusemia ire7iea^ Boisduval, Rev. Zool. (3) ii. p. 84 (1874). Eusemia communis^ Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) xv. p. 140, pi. 13, fig. I (1875). This species is of the size of E. lectrix. The fore-wings are black, with three narrow transverse white bands, the first com- posed of two spots, the second slightly interrupted towards the costa and the hinder angle, and the third, which is sub-mar- ginal, is macular, and composed of six small elongated white spots. The hind-wings are dull red," crossed by a transverse black band, widely interrupted on its upper part. The black border is sinuous, and is marked with a row of small white spots. The base of the hind-wings is black ; and the thorax is black, spotted with white. The abdomen is black, belted with yel- low. The type was supposed to have come from Sumatra. E. communis (Butler), which was described about the same time as E. ircfica, and which agrees with Boisduval's description of the latter, given above, is found in Silhct. I notice thii species here, because the next ha-; been mistaken fjr it. 64 Lloyd's natural history. EPISTEME MACULATRIX. {Plate LXXVL Fig. 2.) Euseniia maculatrix^ Westwood, in Jardine's Nat. Library, Exot. Moths, p. 88, pi. ii. fig. 3 (1841). Euseniia ire?iea, Hampson (nee Boisd.), Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 153 (1894)- For reasons given below, we quote Westwood's original description in full. " Expansion of the wings nearly three and a half inches ; colour of the anterior pair intense black, with some slight patches of blue scales at the base ; this is succeeded by a small white triangular patch, then two large sub-oval one?, then three placed wider apart, and between these and the apex are five small oval spots. Hind-wings bright orange, black at the base, with a black costal spot, and a large black discoidal one extending to the anal angle, and posteriorly emitting two narrow longitudinal bars, which are connected with the very broad and irregular black margin ; in the latter are two white spots, that nearest the fore-wings being largest. The head and thorax are black, the shoulders pale yellow ; abdomen orange, with black transverse stripes. In the specimen here figured, the abdomen is termiinated by two broad triargular, horny lobes, externally covered with orange-coloured hairs. The sides of the thorax beneath are black, with an orange-coloured stripe down the breast ; the belly is also orange with black spots. The legs are long and black. " The specimen we have here the pleasure of figuring is unique. It was recently brought from the Assam territories, and is one of the numerous rarities in the Rev. F. W. Hope's collection." This species has been the occasion of an extraordinary series of errors, somewhat resembling the confusion which has 2 X. k 'J. Hnllnsdiinl ui sdnrfl Jclninni.s .*:J . J'fti.s <) Of 1 1 (nil . EPISTEME. 65 arisen respecting the true Papilio hyalc of Linnceus. While my son, Dr. W. Egmont Kirby, was comparing some of the figures in Jardine's " Naturalist's Library " with the British ^[useum collection, he noticed that the original figure of E. viaadatrix had nothing to do with the species bearing that name in the collection, but agreed with a specimen labelled E. ireneu (Boisduval). On investigating the matter, it was discovered that after figuring and describing E. viaculatrix in 1 84 1, Westwood himself figured and described a totally different species in 1848, which has gone by the same name ever since ; the true E. maailatrix having again been mistaken for E. ircfiea (Boisduval), which I have noticed above, and which proved, on comparison with Boisduval's description, to be the same as E. communis^ Butler, the description of which was [)ublished about the same time as Boisduval's description of E. iroiea. The true E. viaculatrix appears to be a rare species, of which the British Museum possesses only one specimen. Westwood's second E, maculatrix is herewith named EPISTEME WESTWOODT. Eustniia inaculatrix^ Westwood, Cab. Orient. Ent. p. 67, pi. ■}^'^^ fig. I (1848) et auct. seq.; iiec E. jjiacuiatrix, Westwood, (1841). This species is common in collections from India. I repro- duce AVestwood's original description in full : — " Eusemia alis anticis nigris basi ca^ruleo maculatis, puncto stramineo ai)proximato maculis 4 discoidalibus, 2 majoribus, 2 minuribus, stramineis et pone has maculis 7 albis 6ta minuta ; posticis fulvo-rufis, basi costa macula angulata costali fimbria irregulari (in f[ua i vel 2 macuLne albce) maculaquc magna dis- coidali cum margine anali connexa, lincis(iue duabus atl fnii- >3 ' 66 LLOYD'S NAtLfRAL HISTORY brfam extensis, nigris : capile albo et parte antica thoracis stramineo-maculato ; abdomine fulvo nigroque cingukto. " Eusemia with the four wings black, the base spotted with pale blue scales^ and with an adjacent straw-coloured small patch, followed by four discoidal spots of the latter colour, two larger, and two smaller, the latter followed by a curved row of seven white spots, the sixth being very small ; hind-wings rich orange-red ; the base and costa, the latter emitting an angu- lated spot, a broad, irregular, apical border (in which are one or two white spots), and a large discoidal spot connected with the anal margin, and emitting two black Hnes which extend to the fimbria, all black ; head spotted with white, and front of the thorax with straw-colour ; abdomen orange ; banded with black (female). "Expansion of the fore-wings 3^ inches. " Inhabits Assam. In Coll. Westwood. Communicated by Major Jenkins." GENUS XANTHOSPILOPTERYX. Xa7itJiospiIopteryx^ Wallengren, Q^fvers. Vet. Ahad. P'orhandl. Stockh. XV. p. 82 (1858); Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1891, pp. 279-292. This genus contains the largest African species of Agaris- tidce, and is closely allied to Epistenie^ with which it was formerly included. The fore-wings, however, are longer and narrower, especially at the base, and are provided with an accessory cell, and the legs are shorter and thicker. They vary from two to four inches in expanse, and their colour and pattern is very uniform. The fore-wings are generally black, with white or ochreous-yellow transverse spots, one or two near the base, two towards the middle of the wing, a dash on the inner margin, a large oval sub-apical spot, and often a PAIS. 67 small one near the hinder angle. The thorax is black, and, as well as the base of the fore-wings, is marked with small white and yellowish spots. The hind-wings are red (rarely yellow), with a black border, and the long abdomen is gener- ally yellow, banded with black, and tufted at the extremity. Between the spots on the fore-wings there are usually some indistinct blue marks. XANTHOSriLOPTERYX AFRICANA. {Plate LX XVI I. Fig. 4.) Eusemia africana, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) xv. p. 142 (1875) Eusemia ineretri\\ Westwood, in Oates, Matabeleland, p. 355 (1881). Xanihospilopteryx africana^ Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1S91, p. 287. The general description given above will apply to most of the species of this rather extensive genus. The present species measures from i^ to 2^ inches in expanse. The fore-wings are black, with yellow spots, the arrangement of which can be seen in the figure ; the basal spot forms a short band, and the sub-apical spot is long, deeply indented on the inside towards its lower end. The hind-wings are crimson, with black borders, and the fringes are white at the tips of all the wings. The body is black, the head, thorax, and extreme base of the fore-wings being spotted with white or bluish- white, and the abdomen is belted witii )(ll()\v. This pretty species is found in Natal and Zululand. (;knus pais. Pais^ Hiibncr, Vcrz. bek. Schmett. p. 279 (1822); Walker List Le[)id. Ins. IJrit. Mus. i. p. 61 (1S5 ;). 1 J 68 Lloyd's natural history Southern Africa is peculiarly rich in curious and interesting forms of Agaristidce, several of which we have already men- tioned. Pais is a small genus, having considerable resem- blance to ^gocera, but is very differently coloured, having the fore-wings edged with a black line, and the centre filled up with red and yellow, black-bordered spots and markings ; the hind-wings are reddish, with indistinct yellowish markings; the fringes are yellow, spotted or tipped with black. PAIS GORDONL {Plate LXX VII. Fig. t,.) Pais gordoni, Butler, Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, xvi. p. lo (1879). This species was taken by Miss J. K. Lorimer at the Gor- don Mission, on the Tugela River, South Africa. The fore- wings are yellow, with numerous transverse and interlacing black lines and loops, some of which enclose yellow spaces centred with black. A red transverse stripe runs from the base below the middle of the wing for half its length, and there is a transverse red stripe, curved inwards, at about three- quarters of the length of the wing, beyond which the broadly- black nervures and terminal line enclose long yellow spots ; fringes yellow, tipped with black. Hind-wings brick-red, with indistinct yellow markings in the centre, and a more distinct row of round yellow spots within the black terminal line. The basal half of the fringes is black, and the terminal half yellow. Head and thorax black, spotted and striped with yellow ; abdomen yellow, broadly belted with black ; legs black, banded with yellow. GENUS BURGENA. Burgejia, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxi. p. 55 (1864). BURGENA. 69 This is a small genus confined to Australia, New Cluinea, and some of the adjacent islands. The fore-wings are long, narrow, and rather p )inted, with an accessory cell, and the costa is nearly straight ; the hind-wings form a long oval. They are black, with white spots on the fore-wings, and a yellow band on the hind-wings. I have figured one of the handsomest of the four known species. BURGENA SPLENDIDA. {Plate LXX VII. Fig. i.) Eusemia spkndida, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) xix. p. 214 (1887). This species was brought by Mr. C. M. Woodford from Guadalcanar, in the Solomon Islands. It measures rather more than two inches across the fore-wings, which are velvety- black, with a brilliant blue reflection, changing to green in certain lights, except upon the border. The fore-wings are spotted with white ; and the hind-wings are blackish-brown, shot with blue, and crossed by a bright orange band. The head and thorax are black, the former marked with white, and the latter shot with green ; the collar and abdomen orange, the abdomen with four bands, and the anal tuft black, shot with green. The North American species of Ai^aristicUc are mostly rather small Moths, measuring an inch and a half or less across the wings, which are rather short and broad. They are black, with yellow or white markings, and are most numerous in the Western States ; but the commonest species is Alypia albo- maculata (Stoll), the larva of which is destructive to the vine in the United States generally. It is black, with two large 70 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. white spots on each wing, and a white stripe on each side of the thorax. It usually goes by the name of A. octoinaculata (Fabricius), but this species inhabits the Southern States, and the spots on the fore-wings are yellow instead of white. GENUS EUTHISANOTIA. Eiithisanotia^ Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett. iii. p. 22 (1825). Eiidryas^ Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. pi. 14, fig. 9 (1836); id. Rev. Zool. (3) ii. p. 57 (1874) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ix. p. 143 (1856); Packard, Proc. Essex Instit. iv. p. 24 (1864) ; Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer. p. 145 (1872). The species of this genus are larger than Alypi'a, with longer wings. Tliere are several common species in North America, with white fore-wings, bordered with reddish-brown, and yellow hind-wings, similarly bordered. They differ some- what from the more typical Agaristidce in appearance, and they were referred by Walker to the Family Glottulid(B^ of Guenee, in the Noduce. The following species is probably American ; it has not been figured before. EUTHISANOTLV SANCTI - JOHAXNIS. {Plate LXXVIL Fig. 2.) Eudryas safictcE-johan?tis, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ix. p. 144, no. 3 (1856). " Olive green ; sides of the thorax tufted with white hairs ; abdomen yellow, with an olive-green dorsal stripe towards the base. Fore-wings with some darker marks and with some white streaks towards the base, and with an oblique irregular white discal band, which is widened in front and includes some olive marks ; a broad reddish band, including an un- dulating bluish line along the tip and the apical part of the chalcosiid.t:. 71 hind border ; under side yellow, pale reddish towards the tips, and witli two black spots, the one nearer the base much smaller than the other. Hind-wings yellow. Legs white, femora and tibiiTi striped with white. Length of the body, 7 lines ; of the wings, 22 lines." "North America (?)" " ' Taken on the door of the church at Horseleydown by Mr. Bydder.'" The specimen above described is in the British Museum. It is undoubtedly an accidentally introduced species, and may be known from the other species of the genus by the absence of any dark border to the yellow hind-wings. FAMILY VIIL CHALCOSIID/i:. Egg. — Not described. Larva. — Tuberculated, with hairs springing from the tubercles. Pupa. — Enclosed in a dense cocoon. Imago. — Measuring four inches or under in expanse ; body rather short and slender ; antcnnce pectinated, especially in the males; wings generally broad, rounded, and entire, never dcntated, and rarely tailed, brightly coloured ; cells closed, and bisected by a nervure ; fore-wings usually with two sub- median ncrvures, and hind-wings with three. This is a Family of moderate extent, peculiarly characteristic of the Indo-Malayan Region, though a few species are found in other parts of the world, Europe, North America, and Australia (?) excepted. They arc day-flying Moths, and are perhaps specially protected, as is the case with so many brightly-coloured insects; nevertheless, several si)ccies mimic DanainiC of the Eupl(£a group very exactly. Several hand- sonje species are fij^ured in this vulunic. 72 Lloyd's natural history. GENUS ERASMIA. Erasmia, Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xviii. p. 446 (1841) j Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 418 (1854). Antennae bi-pectinated, head conical in front, palpi short. Body rather slender; abdomen about as long as the hind- wings. Fore-wings oval, the costa arched, and the hind-margin obliquely rounded; hind- wings rounded, longei than broad? A small genus, confined to the Indo-Malayan Region. The following species is the type, and also the commonest of the genus ERASML\ PULCHELLA. (Plate LXXVIII. Fig. 2.) Erasmia pukheUa, Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xviii. p. 446, pi. 3T, fig. 5 (1841); Westwood, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot, Moths, p. 91, pi. 3, fig. 2 (1841); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 419, no. i (1854); Hampson, Faun. Brit. India, Moths, i. p. 273, fig. 181 (1892). This Moth, which measures upwards of three inches in expanse, was first brought from Assam, but is likewise found in most of the adjoining countries of Northern India. The prevailing colour is silvery-green; the fore-wings are black, orna- mented with greenish-blue silvery spots ; there is an irregular orange-red band before the middle, separated by a bluish- green band from a series of large white spots beyond the middle ; the hind-wings are straw-coloured, black at the base, and with a black border, not extending to the anal angle ; and the nervures are greenish-blue. Concerning this species, Hope wrote as follows :—" The above insect is one of the most lovely in colouring of all the Lepidoptera. AVhen viewed by individuals standing in dif- / . Dey-an iact Iri co lor- . '2 . Et'Cls micL p ulc IwlLcu . 3 . Am esta s cirLgMri;uL€u AMESIA. 73 fercnt lights the blue appears to one person to be a vivid green, to another of a lazulite blue. I have had drawings made by different persons; the first contends that the colour is green, the second that it is blue ; in short, both are right ; all depends on the situation in which the individual views the specimens." GKNU^ AMESIA. Amcsia, Westwood, in Jaruuic's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 93 (1841); Hampson, Faun. Brit. India, Moths, i. p. 272 (1892). This genus is closely allied to Erasmia, but the antennce are longer and more slender, and shortly bi-pectinated. The fore-wings are broader and more oblong, the costa being much less arched, and the nervures are very strongly incrassated , the hind-wings are also longer, and less rounded. As is likewise the case in Erasmia^ the uppermost nervule running from the extremity of the lower discoidal cell on the fore-wings throws off two branches considerably beyond the cell. The genus is con- fined to the Indo-Malayan Region, and several closely allied species are met with in Northern India. AMESIA SANGUIFLUA. (Plate LXX 17/1. Fii;. 3.) Nodua sanguiflua^ Drury, 111. I'^xot. T^iit. ii. pi. 20, figs, i, 2 (1773)- Amesia sani^uijlua, Westwood, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moth.s, p. 93, pi. iii. fig. 3 (1S41); Hampson, Faun. Brit. India, Moths, i. p. 272, fig. 180 (1892). Cyclosia satiguijliia^ Walker, List Lcpid. Ins. Drit. Mus. ii. p. 455, no. I (1854). This Moth measures four inches and upwards in expanse, and is found in Northern India and Burma, though it was 74 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. originally erroneously described by Drury as inhabiting Suri- man. The fore-wings are black, with one or two blue spots at the base, and five yellow ones beyond. Beyond these, the ner- vures are very broadly red, with numerous white spots placed within their forks ; and there is a sub-marginal row of oblong white spots, each bisected by a nervure. The hind-wings are black to beyond the middle, and marked with several white spots bordered with blue ; the hind margin is broadly bordered with brilliant mazarine blue, traversed by a row of divided sub- marginal white spots, similar to those on the fore-wings. On the under surface, the white spots are much more numerous, and bordered w^ith blue. The head and thorax are bluish-black, and the abdomen is green, with the penultimate segment "blue. This species has a distant resemblance to a Eiiplxa ; but there are several other East Indian genera, such as Epyrgis, Herrich-Schaffer, and Alimeuplcea^ Butler, which present such a striking likeness to various blue and brown species of Enplcea and the allied genera, that no one who w^as not an entomo- logist would imagine that one was a Butterfly and another a Moth, unless he happened to notice the antennce. Other species are much more Moth-like, as, for example, the harle- quin-coloured Campylotes /z/r/;7(?;^/V?^j",Westwood, another Hima- layan form allied to Erasmia and Amesia, but with narrower and less rounded wings, with but one nervule thrown off from the lower discoidal cell of the fore-wings, which throws off two branches at about equal distances before the hind margin. It is black, with longitudinal red and yellow streaks and spots between the nervures ; and with large white spots towards the tip of the fore-wings. In some genera of Chalcosiidce^ such as Hisiia, Hiibner, and Elcysma, Elwes, the hind-wings are pro- duced into a long broad tail. In colour, they are very various, ranging from white to black. I have already spoken of the DEVANICA. 75 resemblance of some species to Enploca^ but there are others having a similar analogical resemblance to Tinimala in the DanaincE^ Euschefna in the Geometrce, and to various species of EquifidiB, Zygcciiidce^ Arctiidcc^ LitJwsiidij;^ &c. ; in fact, the Family Chalcosiidce exhibits the phenomenon called, rightly or wrongly, " mimicry," to an unusual extent. I will conclude my notice of this Family with another Indian genus. GENUS DEVANICA. Ekriisi'a, Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xviii. p. 445 (1840); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 427 (1854), Heterusia^ Doubleday, Zoologist, ii. p. 468 (1844); Ilampson, Faun. Brit. India, Moths, i. p. 259 (1892). Seplu'sa, Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, ii. p. 41 (1882). Devanica, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 18S4, p. 358. This genus is exclusively Indo-Malayan as far as is known at present, and most of the species are met with in Northern India. The wings are longer and narrower than in most other genera of the Family, and on the fore-wings, the discoidal cells form acute angles, and the nervule that springs from the angle of the upper cell throws off four branches, and that springing from the lower cell two, the nervules being nearly straight, instead of some being strongly arched, as in Erasmia, ^c. Ilcterusia (as Eteriisia should be written, if used at all) and Sep/tisa, Moore, are both i>re-occupied names The types of Devanica are D. cingala (Moore), a species with white spots, and white hind-wings, found in Ceylon, and D. bicolor^ Moore, from Cachar, which has green fore-wings, with an oblique row of pale yellow sjiots separated by blue nervuies ; and orange hind-wings, veined with black, and the inner margin green. 76 Lloyd's natural history. DEVANICA tricolor. {Plate LXXVIIL Fig. i.) Eteriisia tricolor^ Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lend, xviii. p. 445 pi. 31, fig. 8 (1840) ; Duncan, in Jardine's Nat. Libr.Exot. Moths, p. 39, pi. 3, fig. I (1841); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 428, no. i (1854). Heteriisia tricolor^ Hampson, Faun. Brit. India, Moths, i. p. 261, fig. 174 (1892). This is another of the many beautiful species of Chalcosiidce found in Northern India, and it was first recorded from Assam. The fore-wings measure nearly three inches in expanse, and are green, with a yellowish-white patch at the base, two yellowish-white spots placed obliquely before the middle, a third at the end of the cell, and an irregular sub-marginal row of smaller and whiter spots. The hind-wings have the basal half orange-yellow (with the extreme base black), passing into violet towards the apex, and marked with two rather large white spots. The thorax is velvety-black, shading into violet at each extremity. The abdomen is orange, with the base violet. The under side of the body is violet-blue, the segments of the abdomen alternately variegated with white and black ; the black portions of the wing are also strongly glossed with blue beneath. This species has some resemblance in pattern and in the distribution of its colours to Episteme^ and other genera of Agaf'istidce. FAMILY IX. PSEUDOPONTIID^. Antennae very short, gradually thickened from the base to the middle, but not beyond ; they consist of about twenty well- separated oval joints, those towards the base cylindrical and longer ; terminal joint conical. Palpi very short, almost naked, PSEUDOrONTIA. 77 terminal joint pointed. Eyes large, scmi-circular ; proboscis spiral; eyes rounded, very large; tibiae not spurred; claws bifid. Body very short and slender. Wings rounded, with very short cells; anterior wings with the costal nervure long, extending nearly to the tip ; the first and second sub-costal nervules strongly arched forwards, the second springing from the end of the cell, the third throwing off two discoidal ner- vules, one at a little more than a quarter, the other about half the distance between the discoidal cell and the hind margin ; the lowest sub-median nervule and the sub-median nervure approximate, but do not touch. The hind-wings have a pre- discoidal cell, and instead of a regularly-formed costal and sub-costal nervure, the discoidal cell is slightly angulated up- wards at two-thirds of its length, and here throws off a nervure running obliquely upwards, and then turning outwards towards the hind margin just below the tip. From the angulated ex- tremity of the pre-costal cell another nervure is thrown off, which curves downwards, crossing the first, and running into the hind margin below it. At a quarter of the distance between the cell and the hind margin, the discoidal nervules diverge from a common stalk. The lower median nervule is angulated down- wards towards the upper sub-median nervure, which is nearly straight ; the lower sub-median nervure is mucli shorter, and strongly arched downwards. Nothing appears to have been recorded of the habits or iransfurmalions of this singular insect, for which I have ven- tured to erect a new Family, Fseiidopontiidcc, But one genus and species are known. GKXUS PSEUDOrONTIA. Globiccps, Felder, Petitcs Nouvellcs EntomoIoi:iques, i. p -,o (1869). -S Lloyd's natural history. Pscudoponiia, Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit xxxi p. 348 ('87°) 5 Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 57 (^87°) > ^-''V' ^at. D mn . Lepid. pp. 438, 638 (1871); Schatz, Exot. Schmett. u. p. 65 (1S86). Gonophkbia, Felder, op. at. i. p. 95 (1870)- This £;enus has been formed for a very curious insect from West Africa, an insect so remarkable that it has always been dis- puted whether it should be considered as a Butterfly or a Moth; and Dr. Staudinger observes that it looks hke a sur- vivor from some former creation. It will be best to give ul references to the only known species, and then to discuss the genus and species together. It may be well tomentioi. ha although the name Pseudopontia was published in the part of the°Stettiner Zeitung" for "July-Sept., :87o," it ,s referred to n the "Petites Nouvelles" for June x, whereas Felder s name iTophleMa was only published in " Petites Nouvel es" f« June 15 of that year, and is therefore necessarily posterior to PsaJpontla. The name GloHceps had been previously used for a genus of Hemiptera. PSEUDOPONTIA PARADOXA. {Plate LXXIX. Fig. 3-) GMceps paradca, Felder, Pet. Nouv. Ent. i. p. 30 (.869); Kirb. op. at. p. 54 ; Hewitson, op. at. p. 57 (1870). Pseudopontia calahanca, Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 348, pi. 2, figs. 1^-/(1870). GonopJMia parado..a, Felder, /. .. i. p. 95. cum ^g- '87°): Psu'dopontiaparadosa.X^.^^,, Cat. Dmrn. Lepid. P-438 ( 87 0, Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. .. p. 26, pi. 16, u. p. 6s, pi. 4(1884-1886). It is a curious circumstance that while all the German authors have considered this insect to be an aberrant Butterfly belong- ■rto the Pierid.e, all English authors have regarded it as a PSEUDOPONTIA. 79 NIoth. Its short ami non clavatc antcniicT, pure white colour, and greatly rounded wings, with very abnormal ncuration will prevent its being confounded with any other insect. It has some external resemblance to the genus Leptosia {cf. our vol. ii. p. 176), as well as to some of the rounder-winged genera of Liparidcc among the Moths, such as Pantami, ^Valker. The genus stands at present in the British Museum collection among the Chalcosiidcv, and although it differs from them greatly in the structure of its antennae, the curiously irregular neuration of the insect may show some affinity to that Family, though we prefer to separate it as quite distinct from any other. The two Felders were the first authors to notice this insect, which they received from Calabar, and pointed out its re- semblance to a Cicada (or rather a Flaia). "The wings are wholly without markings, short, shining, and much rounded ; the antennce nearly filiform, and very distinctly jointed ; the eyes are large and round, but not prominent, and this gives the head a completely rounded appearance ; the cell of the fore-wings is very narrow, and the first sub- costal nervure is much curved. We believe it to be allied to Pontiay Some cories[)ondence on the subject ensued in the "Petites Nouvelles," where this preliminary notice first ap- peared; and Hewitson expressed his opinion that the insect was a Moth (in which he was afterwards followed by Butler), and also pointed out that P16tz' figure, published in the interim, represented the antennx as clavate, thus giving the insect more of the appearance of a I3utterfly than it actually possesses. Rudolf Felder then published a figure in the "Betiles Nou- velles," remarking :— "It evidently belongs to the great division (i{ Rhopaloccra, according to the character indicated by Ilerrich- Schaffer (Schmett. Kur. i. pp. 13, 15); the joints of the antenncB being longer than broad. It has also all the ai)i)ear- ance of one, though it has some resemblance to certain 8o Lloyd's natural history LiparidcB {Cozistra, Walker), and Geometrce {Leucu/a, Guen.), and it has some affirmities in its neuration with the Zygcetiidce of the group including Gynautocera, Chalcosia, &c. All its characters approximate it to the group of Fieridce the channel formed by the hind-wings, and embracing the abdomen ; the junction of the discoidal nervules with branches of the sub-costal nervure on the fore-wings, and the bifid claws, provided with distinct pads." Plotz gives a much longer description of the insect, accom- panied by figures, in the " Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung," and its identity with Felder's species was pointed out by Hewitson. His specimen was stated to come from "Old Calabar (Guinea)," and to be contained in Pogge's collection. Plotz also regarded the insect as one of the PieridcB, and placed it between Po7itia and Leucophasia (our Leptosij, and Leptidid). Staudinger, in his great work on Exotic Butterflies, again figured and described the insect among the Fieridce, in which he was (perhaps unavoidably) followed by Schatz, who placed it at the end of the Pierince, between Pontia {Leptosia) and Leiicidia. Although admitting the abnormal characters of the insect, he yet considered that the neuration and bifid claws showed it to be undoubtedly a species of the Pieridce allied to Leptosia, The Felders had compared the insect with a Cicada ; Schatz thought that the distinct neck and large semicircular eyes gave it the appearance of a Lace- winged Fly {C/irysopa). The Moth measures about two inches in expanse, and Schatz well observes :—" The wings are only thinly scaled, nearly trans- parent, and shine in certain lights with the most delicate rain- bow hues. The head and body are wonderfully small in com- parison with the wings. The scales of the wings have a very curious bifid shape, which gradually passes into a simple pointed form towards the margin." ./ 2. Efftcopin caiuhi tn .'5 f^s *'ijci opo n / 1 2» P^- Ij fi&- 6> ^ (1866); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 88 (1879). Anthrocera nubigena^ Buckler, Larvic of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 9, pi. 18, fig. 4(1887). This Moth is common in North and West Europe, as well as in parts of Asia. It expands from i^^ to i^j inch. It is greyish-blue or greyish-green, witii three longitudinal red streaks. 88 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. The hind-wings are crimson, with a very narrow black hind margin. The antennae have a short abruptly thickened club. The abdomen is covered with velvety steel-blue hair. The variety A. nubigena occurs in Galway and other parts of the West of Ireland, where the true A.purpiiralis is much less common. It differs from the type in being smaller, and having the red costal streak of the fore-wings meeting the central streak, the tendency being towards a suffusion of the whole wing with red. The hair on the abdomen is black and shaggy. The Irish Burnet was first found in Galway by the late Mr. A. G. More in 1851 ; but it was at first mistaken for a variety of A, irifolii with confluent spots. In Britain it seems to be Irish Burnet. Anthrocera purpuralis, an insect which generally occurs near the coast. It is very abundant in some localities in the West of Ireland, and is also found here and there on the West coast of Scotland, the coast of Wales, and, I believe, also in Cornwall. Its reputed occurrence on the East coast of Scotland was an error, though it is curious that it should be exclusively confined to the Western coasts of both Great Britain and Ireland. The larva is light yellow or greenish, with a blackish head and fore-legs. There are two rows of twelve black spots on each side of the body. It feeds on various kinds of vetches and trefoils. PLATE LXXX 3 . ByscLUJce^ aJvcUhay . 4. Anlhrooe^ra ecciflctns . 6. Adsciteu s^tcOlce^ . ANTHROCERA. 89 THE MOUNTAIN BURNET. ANTHROCERA EXULANS. {Plate LX XX. Fig. 4.) SpJiinx exulans, Hocbenwarth & Reimer, Bot. Reisen, p. 55, taf. 6,fig. I (i792);Esper, Schmett. ii. (2) p. 17, taf. 41, figs. ij 2 (1793); Hubner,Eur. Schmett. ii. figs. 12, loi (1803?). ZygcEna exuhi?is, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 40 (1808); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 89 (1879); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 121, pi. 58, figs. 5, 5^7, s^- Atithrocera exula?is, Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 13, pi. 19, fig. I (1887). Var. a. Anthrocera suhochracea. Zygana subochraceaj\\h\tQ,^cot Nat. i. p. 175 (1872); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 90 (1879). Var. b. Atithrocera vanadis. Zygcena vanadis, Dalman, Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. 1816, p. 223. This species is found in all the higher mountains of Europe, from Lapland to the Caucasus, and is often very abundant. It flies at a much greater elevation in Southern than in Northern Europe, and abounds in the Alps and Pyrenees, where the palest specimens are said to be found at the greatest elevation. I predicted its occurrence in Scotland as long ago as 1859 ("Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer," vii. p. 69), but it was not till 1871 that the late Dr. Buchanan White met with it on the mountains near Braemar ; and up to the present time, no other locality for it has been discovered in Britain. The body is covered with shaggy black hair, and the legs are pale yellow. There is a pale yellow collar, at least in the female. The wings are thinly scaled, the fore-wings being greyish-black with five carmine spots. The hind margin of the hind-wings, which is greyish-black, is broad in the male and narrow in the female. The club of the anlcnniu is bhort 90 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. and thick, with a rounded end. It expands a Httle more than an inch. Like other species of the genus, A. exu/ans varies somewhat in colour and in the density or otherwise of its scahng, and some of the Scotch specimens have been called A. siibochra- cea^ but this form does not appear to have been separated on any constant characters. The larva is black, with a greenish-black head, and a row of yellow oval spots on each side. The incisions are yellowish. It feeds on Azalea procumbens. THE BROAD-BORDERED FIVE-SPOT BURNET. ANTHROCERA TRIFOLII. Sphmx trifolit, Esper, Schmett. ii. (2) (i) p. 223, taf. 34, figs. 4, 5 (1783); Hubner,Eur. Schmett. ii. figs. 99, 134, 135(1818?). Sphinx pratorum^ De Villers, Ent. Linn. ii. p. 114, no. 60 (1789). Zygmia scabiosce^ Ha worth (nee Scheven), Lepid. Brit. i. p. 74 (1803). ^^ Zygcena trifolit, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 47 (1808); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 90 (1879); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 127, pi. 59, figs, i, la-c (1894). Anthrocera trifolii, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 108 (1828); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 94, pi. 19, fig. 2 (1887). This is the commonest of the five-spotted Burnets, and is very variable, the spots sometimes coalescing to such a degree that the insect resembles A. purpuralis, but the wings are much more densely scaled. A. trifolii is found in damp woods and meadows, and is a local insect in Britain, though in many places on the Continent it is far more abundant and generally distributed than A. filipendulce. Dark bluish-green with five carmine spots, the basal pair ANTHROCERA. 9I being confluent, and the central pair usually also confluent. The hind-wings are carmine with a broad black hind margin. The antennce have a short, stout, obtusely-tipped club. It expands from i ;4 to nearly i ^ inch. Broad-bordered Five-spot Burnet. The larva is green or yellowish-green with two rows of black spots on the back, and a similar row on the sides. It feeds on horse-shoe vetch {Hippocrepis comosa) and various species of trefoil. THE NARROW-EORDERED FIVE-SPOT BURNET. ANTHROCERA LONICERyE. Sphinx loiikenx, Scheven, Naturf. x. p. 97 (17 7 7); Fuessly, Mag. i. p. 140, taf. i, fig. i (177S) ; Esper, Schmett. ii. (i) p. 183, taf. 24, figs. I, a, ^(1781); ii. (2) p. 12, taf. 39, figs. 9-14 (1789); Hiibncr, Eur. Schmett. ii. figs. 7, 160 (1797-1818). Zyga:7ia fulvia, Fuessly, Mag. i. pp. 114, i39, taf. i, fig. 1(1778.) Sphitix grammis, De Villers, Ent. Linn. ii. p. 115, no. 61 (1789). Zygoma loti, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 74 (1803). Zygana loniarce, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. .19 (1808); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Mutlis, p. 90, yX. 21, figs. 1,a c (1879); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 130, pi. 59> fig'^- 3, za d{\%^)\). 92 Lloyd's natural history. Anthrocera loti, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 109 (1828). Anthrocera trifolii. Wood, Ind. Ent. pi. 4, fig. 3 (1839). Anthrocera lonicerce, Buckler, Larvoe of Brit. Lepid. p. 18^ pi. 19, fig. 3 (1887). Var. a. Anthrocera ehoraca, Zygmia ehoraca, Prest. Ent. xvi. p. 273 (1883); id. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. xxviii. This species expands from i to i^ inch. It is blackish- blue or blackish-green with five carmine spots, of which the basal pair are nearly confluent, and the central pair never united. The hind-wings are carmine, with a somewhat narrow hind margin. The antennae are long with an elongated, gradually-expanding club, which is gradually pointed. Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet. It is widely distributed in Northern and Western Europe and Asia, but, like most of the Burnets, is a local insect in Britain. The larva is apple-green with two black lateral stripes, interrupted between the segments, and with a row of black dots between the two stripes. It feeds on horse-shoe vetch [Hippocrepis comosa) and bird's-foot trefoil i^Lotus corniculatus). Alany experienced entomologists consider this insect to be only a variety of the last. ANTHROCERA. 93 THE NEW FOREST BURNET. ANTHROCERA VICI.E. Sj>Jiinx lonicene, var. Esper, Schmctt. li. (i) p. 195, taf. 25, fig. 3 (1781). Sphinx viciiE, Fuessly, Neues Mag. 11. p. 20S (17S5). Sphinx meliloti, Esper, Schmett. ii. (2) p. 10, taf. 39, figs. 1-8 (17S9). Sphinx loii, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. ii. fig. 82 (1803). ZygcEna meliloti, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 43 (1808) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 90, pi. 21, fig. 9 (1S80); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 124, pi. 59, figs. I, \a-c (1894). This species was included in the British list by the older authors, but its occurrence was afterwards discredited. Lat- terly, however, it has been found plentifully in the New Forest. On the Continent it is well known, but is said not to occur in France, except in the extreme east of that country. It is probably often confounded with some of the closely allied species of this group of the genus. Bluish-green, with the fringes brownish at the tips, and five or six carmine spots, the central pair being very unequal in size. Border of the hind-wings blackish, often very broad in the male, narrow in the female. The abdomen has frequently a dull red ring, generally open beneath. The antennce have a slender club, slightly pointed. The Moth expands ratlier over one inch. The lar\-a is pale sea-green, with a black head and legs, a whitish stripe on the back, a similar one above the spiracles, and a row of black dots between. It feeds on Trifolium and various grasses. The pupa is pale yellow, wilh a bla.k back and winc;- cascs. 94 LLOYD S NATURAL HISTORY. THE SIX-SPOTTED BURNET. ANTHROCERA FILIPENDUL^. {Plate LXXX. Fig. 5.) Sphi7ix fiUpendiilce^ Linnasus, Syst. Nat. i. (ed. x.)p. 494, no. 32 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 290 (1761) ; Esper, Schmett. ii. (i)p.i38,taf.i6, figs.^-^(i78o);p.233,taf.36,fig.8(i783). Adscita aries, Retzius, Gen. Sp. Ins. p. 35, no. 35 (1783). Sphinx filipendulce. major^ Esper, Schmett. ii. (2) p. 19, taf. 41, fig. 4(1789). Zygcena filipendidcB^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 54 (1808); Curtis, Brit. Ent. xii. pi. 547 (1835); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 91, pi. 21, figs. 10, a^ b (1879); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 133, pi. 60 (1894). Anthrocera filiptndulce, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. no (1828) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 97, pi. 19, fig. 4 (1887). Var. a. Afithroce7'a hippocrepidis, Anthrocera hippocrepidis^ Stephens (nee Hiibner), 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 109, no. 5 (1828); Wood, Ind. Ent. pi. 4, fig 6(1839). Bluish-green, with six equal-sized carmine spots, the basal pair confluent, the central pair sometimes confluent, as are also the external pair occasionally ; hind-wings carmine, with a gently curved black hind-margin, which is generally very narrow. The expanse of the wings is about the same as in A. lotiicerce. The larva is yellow, with a black head and fore-legs, and three rows of black spots on the back, and a row of smaller ones on each side. It feeds on plantain, trefoil, &c. The variety A. hippocrepidis differs in having the black border of the hind-wings more distinct. Stephens mentions that he took specimens in the vicinity of London in 1810, ARICHALCA. 95 This is the commonest and most widely-distributed Burnet in the British Isles, and it is likewise one of the commonest species on the Continent. There is a large southern furm named .-/. iransalpina (Esper). GENUS ARICIIALCA. Arkhaica, Wallengren, CEfv. Vet. Akad. Forh. Stockh. xv. p. 137 (185S) ; id. K. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. (2) v. (4) p. 15 (1865). The South African Anthrocerijtcp.^ though not numerous in species, have been divided into several genera, differing slightly from Ajithroccra. In Arichalta the fore-wings are marked with red transverse bands bordered by black lines, instead of bein^ spotted, or longitudinally streaked. Three species from South- eastern Africa have been referred to the genus Arichalca. Except the Mediterranean species of true Anihrocera, all the African Anihrocen'mc and Adscitincc appear to be found in Southern or Eastern Africa, and of the latter, only one or two species have been recorded from tropical regions. In \Vcsl Africa these Sub families do not appear to be found at all, ARICIIALCA EKVTHROPVGA. ^Plate LXXXI. Fig. 2.) Arichalca eryfhropyga, Wallengren, Wien. Ent. ^ron. iv. p. 38, no. 23(1860); id. K.\'et. Akad. I landl. Stockh. (j) v. (4) p. 15, no. 2 (1865). Zy::^icna nc-aniica, Walker, List I.ep. Hct. P.rit. ^^us. \\\i p 61 (1864). This species was brou-ht from "Eastern Caffraria"* by Wahl- l)erg, and from Lake N'Cami by Andersson. Iloth Wahlbcrg and Andersson were well known explorers and hunters in their This probably means the Transvaal of the present «lay. g6 Lloyd's natural history, day, and the former was at last killed by an elephant on one of his expeditions. Wahlberg's collections went to Stockholm, where the Lepidoptera were described by the late Pastor Wal- lengren, who was for many years almost the only working Lepidopterist in Sweden, though he did not confine his atten- tion to Lepidoptera^ but studied at other orders of insects as well. He died a few months ago, and an obituary notice of him was published by Professor Aurivillius, of Stockholm, who now occupies as prominent a position as an Entomo- logist as that formerly filled by Wallengren. From this notice we learn that Wallengren left a large family, to whom, and especially to the girls, he gave three or four names apiece, all taken from the old Eddas and Sagas. On my first visit to the Entomological Room in the British Museum, in Bloomsbury, at Easter, i860, when Frederick Smith and Adam White were in charge of the insects, I re- member that Andersson's specimens of the present species (still unset, and not described till some years afterwards) specially attracted my attention. One of them is here figured for the first time. Walker's description runs as follows : — "Female. — Glossy metallic-green. Head and fore-border of the thorax crimson. Antennoe and legs black. Abdomen with a broad crimson stripe on each side. Posterior tibiae with a broad crimson stripe. Fore-wings with a crimson dot at the base of the costa, and with three crimson black-bordered bands ; first band straight, second hardly undulating, third more or less undulating. Hind-wings crimson towards the base. Length of the body, 6 lines; of the wings, 18 lines." Wallengren's example, previously described, appears to be the same species, and is said to have the abdomen black, with red spots on the back, and the hind-wings red, with the border blue-black, throwing out a large tooth into the disc. •^-. '*•<- /. Char id pa sma raf/dinoy. 2. ArLchxUxzo. ar-yUiropygc 3. Thvrele.^ m^n^Aitroi . 4. Agyrla mi cilia , 5 . Euciironita siameii^us . ADSCITA. g-j SUJJ-FAMII.Y II. ADSCITIN/K (FORESTERS). Thh Sub-family resembles the Anthrocermce in many respects, but the species are more slender, and the antennae are nut thickened 'lofore the tip. If at all, they are thickened through- out, the tip being blunt or pointed, and they are generally more or le:>s pcctn led, slightly in Adsciia, but very strongly in the Australian gc uis Follanisus, Walker. The wings are shorter than in Anthrocera, and are generally very differently coloured, the fore-wings ranging fiom brown to golden-green, and the hind-wings being brown. One or two South African gencm, however, form exceptions, being coloured like Anthrocera, from which they differ in their anteniiai. In AdsciUi the antennce of the male are bi-pectinated, and those of the female serrated; the proboscis is well developed. The fore-wings are shorter and broader than in Anfhrocera, and more rounded at the extremity. The larvce resemble those of tlie Aiifhroceyiihc, but are shorter and thicker. GKNUS ADSCITA. Adscila, Retzius, Gen. Spec. Ins. pp. 8, 35 (1783). Zy^icna, Sect. C, Schrank, Fauna IJoica, ii. (1) p. 242 (1801). PrGcris, Fabricius, Illigcr's Mag. vi. p. 289 (1807); liubncr, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 119(1822; 7wm prcocc). Atychia^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 9 (1808). Chrysaor, Iliibner, Tentamen, p. i (1810?). Ino, Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 436 (1815); Stephens, 111. Lrit. iCnt. IIau,,t. i. [). 105(1828); Curiis, Ih it. Ent. iv. pi. 396 (1834). The species of this genus arc all very similar, and there arc three s[)ecies in iirilain, with coppery green or bluish green 13 i\ qB Lloyd's natural history. fore-wings, and brown hind-wings ; they may be distinguished by their differently formed antennae. They are all very local in this country. They appear in June, and fly by day. The Green Forester (A. siatices^ Linn.), the type of the genus, is a meadow insect, and was formerly generally distributed, having been taken in Kensington Gardens almost within the memory of persons now living. The other two species are found in restricted localities in the South of England, chiefly on the chalk, and are found flying together near Brighton and Lewes, and also in Gloucestershire. Isolated species of the genus are met with in most parts of the world, but they are most numerous in Europe and the Mediterranean Region. One species, A. ampelophaga (Boyle), is very destructive to the vine ; another, common in most parts of Europe, feeds on heath, though it has been improperly named A. prtuii il)tn. & Schiff.), and has greenish-brown fore-wings. Some of the arvae mine the leaves of their food-plants when young. The pupae are enclosed in an oval cocoon. THE GREEN FORESTER. ADSCITA STATICES. {Plale LXXX. Fig 6.) Sphifix statices, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 495, no. 38 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 290 (1761); Esper, Schmett. ii. p. 158, taf. 18, figs. 2rt, b (1780) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. ii. figs. T, 144 (1797)- Atychia stafices, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 11 (1808). Ino statices, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 105 (1828); Curtis, British Ent. ix. pi. 396 (1834); Kirby, Eur. Butter- flies & Moths, p. 87, pi. 21, fig. 3 (1879). Procris statices^ Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 87, pi. 18, fig. I (1887); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 112, pi. 58, figs. 2, 2^, ^(1894). Bluish-green with dark grey hind-wings. It is distinguished ADSCITA. 99 by the antennne, which terminate in a bUmt ckib. In the male the serrations become less marked towards the club, and the antennae are not dcntated in the female. Varieties are sometimes met with in which the fore-wings are blue, whilst sometimes the abdomen is reddish-golden. The expanse of the wings varies from an inch to an inch and a quarter. The larva is ashy-grey, with a dorsal row of trian- gular black marks, and a whitish lateral stripe above a broader reddish one; the head and fore-legs are black. It feeds on sorrel. This Moth, though always local, is still common in meadows in many parts of England ; it has also been taken at Oban and elsewhere in Scotland. THE CISTUS FORESTER. ADSCITA GERYON. Sphinx geryon, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett,ii. figs. 130, 131 (1S18 ?). Ino geryon, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 87 (1S79). Procris geryon, Buckler, Larvce of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 91, pi. 18, fig. 3 (1S87); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 115, pi. 58, figs. 3, 3'^ (1S94). Fore-wings shining green ; hind-wings smoky black, semi- transparent. Tiie head and body are golden green. The antennaj are slightly thickened towards the tip, being serrated in the male, but simple in the female. The expanse of the wings is about an inch. The larva, which has a black head and legs, is brown, with a dingy white median dorsal stripe narrowly bordered with reddish-purple. It feeds on the common sun cistus (^Ildianlhc- mum vulgare\ but will also eat sorrel in captivity. This species is of a more bluish-green than A. statices, and the sexes do not differ in size, whereas in A. staticcs the males arc much larger than the females. It is a hill side rather than a meadow insect, and has been found in various parts of Eng- land, but was fur many years confounded with A. staticcs. 11 2, lOO LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. When it was first reputed distinct, it was mistaken for some time for a South European species called A. fenuicornis (Zeller), notwithstanding the unusual thickness of its antennae. THE SCARCE FORESTER. ADSCITA GLOBULARI^. Sphinx globiilarm, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett, ii. taf. i bis, figs. 2, 3 (1797)- Atychia glohularicE, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. n. p. 13 (1808). Procris glohularicB.Qo^^xi, Lepid. France, iii. p. 160, pi. 22, fig. 16 (1821); Buckler, Laiv^ of Brit. Lepid. il p. t, pi 18, fig. 2 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 109, pi. 58, figs. I, \a (1894). Ino globularice, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 86, pi. 21, figs. 2, 2c7, b (1879). Green or bluish-green, with dark grey hind-wings. The antennae are pointed at the tip, and are sharply serrated in the female. The abdomen is sometimes coppery in the male. . The male expands a little over an inch, the female about % inch. The species inhabits Europe and Western Asia. In England it is confined to a few localities in the south, though, like the other species, it is abundant wherever it is found. The larva is blackish with a dorsal series of triangular green spots, and a lateral blue stripe containing a row of yellow dots. It feeds on Centaurea scabiosa, mining the young leaves. GENUS AGLAOPE. Aglaope, Latreille, Gen. Crust. Ins. iv. p. 214 (1809). Antennae bi-pectinate, the branches slightly thickened at the tips. ZYGiENINiE. lOi Proboscis obsolete. Wings brond and rounded at the tips ; fore-wings not much longer than the hind-wings. Abdomen not extending beyond the anal angle. The females are provided with an ovipositor. AGLAOPE INFAUSTA. {Pla/e LXXX. Ft-: 2.) Sphinx infausta, Liiniceus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.), i. (2) p. Soy, no. 43 (1767); Fuessly, Archiv. t. 2, figs, i, 2 (1781); Esper, Schmett. ii. p. 226, t. 35, fig. 4 (1783); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett, ii. fig. 5 (1797). Atychia infausta, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 17 (180S). Aglaope infausta, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 85, pi. 21, fig. I (1879). Black with brown wings. The fore- wings are narrowly red on the costa, inner margin, and towards the base. The hind-wings are broadly red on the inner margin. It expands about an inch. The larva is violet, with a broad yellow stripe on the back, and a whitish stripe above the legs. The head is small and black. It feeds on sloe {Pnmus spi?iosa) and other trees, and is often very destructive in Southern France and Spain, ihe young larva beginning by eating the parenchyma, and afterwards the whole leaf. This Moth is very local in Central Europe, but is met with in some localities in Western Germany, where Zygicna phei^ea, Dysauxes ancilla, and other interesting species, several of which arc hardly to be found elsewhere north of the Alps, likewise occur. The ^VA\\ Hies about sloe-bushes at dusk. SUB-FAMILY 111. ZVG/ENIN/E. The antennaj are filiform, and the fore-wings are much longer than the hind wings, and pointed. The hind wings are small and rounded. The colour is usually dark, with trans- I02 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY. parent spots, which are sometimes so much extended as to cover the greater part of the wing, except the borders. The costal nervure is wanting on the hind-wings, and there is only one sub-median nervure on the fore-wings, and one or two on the hind-wings. The Moths are gregarious, and have a rapid flight, wheeling round and over bushes in the daytime, though they will also settle on flowers. The larva is furnished with tubercles bearing tufts of hair, and the pupa is enclosed in a slight cocoon. ZygcBfta, Fabricius, the typical genus of this Sub-family, is extremely numerous in species in Asia and Africa. One species only is found in Europe. GENUS ZYG^NA. Zyg(Ena, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 550 (1775) > id. in Illiger, Mag. vi. p. 289 (1807). Zygcena, Sect. A. Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (i) p. 236 (1801). Amata, Fabricius, in Illiger, Mag. vi. p. 289 (1807). Syntomis, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 104 (1808); Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 121 (1822 ?). Ccenochromia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 121 (1822 ?). It is hardly necessary to say much more respecting the genus than we have already said respecting the Family. There is one sub-median nervure on the hind-wings. The European species is sufficiently characteristic of the whole genus. ZYGiENA PHEGEA. {.Plate LXXX, Fig. i.) Sphinx phegea, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 494, no. 33 (i758J;id.Mus.Ludov.Ulr. p. 364(1764); Fuessly,Mag.i. pp. 122, 135, pi. I. fig. E (1778); Drury, 111. Exot. Ent. i. pi. 25, fig. 2 (1773); Esper, Schmett. ii. p. 144. taf. 17, figs. I, 2 (1780); Hubner, Eur. Schmett. ii. figs. 99, 100 (1803?). DYSAUXES. 103 Sphinx ligafii, Allioni, Mel. Phil. Math. Turin, 1762-65, p. 193(1766). Sphinx quercus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (i) p. 388, no. 6 (1793)- Syntomis phegea, Ochsenheimer, Schmelt. Eur, ii. p. 105 (1808); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 93, pi. 21, fig. 15 (1879); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 137 (1S94). Dark blue, with semi-transparent wliite spots on the wings, and two ochre-yellow bands on the abdomen. The fore-wings have six spots and the hind-wings two. The antennae are filiform, slightly thickened towards the extremity, which is tipped with white. It expands i^ inch, or a little more. The larva is black with tubercles, on which stand tufts of erect brownish-grey hair. The head and feet are brownish- red. It feeds on heath, dandelion, plantain, and Runiex. This species is very common in South Europe and Western Asia, but north of the Alps it is found only in one or two isolated localities in Northern and Western Germany, and in Holland and Belgium. It is, however, a gregarious species, and is common wherever it is found. One or two specimens are .said to have been taken in England, but, if it was really a British insect, not an isolated specimen, but at least a colony would be found. GENUS DVSAUXE.S. Dysauxes^ Iliibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 171 (1S22?); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Ikit. Mus. i. \). 134 (1854). Nadia^ Boisduval, Gen. Ind. Mcth. p. 60 (1S40). The hind margin of the fore-wings is shorter, and the hinc!- wings are broader than in /\X(e;ia, the pali)i somewhat longer, with smooth scales. This genus differs from Zygtr/ia in having two sub-median ncrvures on the hind-wings. It comprises 104 Lloyd's natural historv. only two or three South European species, one of which is found in many locahties in Central Europe. It is absent in Northern and North-"\\^estern Europe, and its reputed occur- rence in the British Islands is still considered to require con- firmation. It is found by day in sunny bushy places, such as openings in woods, but is not gregarious like ZygcBna phegea^ and has a lower and weaker flight. The larvae feed on lichens. THE HAND-MAID. DYSAUXES ANCILLA. {Plate LXXX. Fig. 3.) Nociua ajicilla, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2) p. 835, no. 93 (1767) ; Esper, Schmett. iv. p. 51, taf. 85, figs. i. 2 (1786) ; id, Naturf. iii. p. 8, taf. i, fig. 9 (1774). Boinhyx ancilla^ Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 114, 245 (1804?). Lithosia a?idila, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 157 (1810). Naclia ajicilla^ Kirhy, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 94, pi. 53, fig. 7 (1879); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. p. 138 (1894). Ochreous brown, with three white spots, or sometimes four or five, on the fore-wings. The hind-wings are ochreous-brown in the male, with a yellow inner margin ; ochre-yellow with a brown marginal band in the female. The head, collar, pectus, and legs are yellow. The larva is black, with a broad yellow dorsal stripe, and two lines of the same colour on the sides. It weaves a thin web in which it forms a reddish-brown pupa. It feeds on lichens and moss {Ju?igerma7inia coniplanata). SUB-FAMILY IV. THYRETIN^. This Sub family much resembles the last, but differs in having the antennae more or less strongly pectinated, especially TIIVRKTES. 105 in the males, whieh are also furnished with a sniall anal tuft. It includes a great number of genera and species, inhabiting the warmer parts of the Old World. They only touch the PaLxarctic Region in North China, Japan, and Amurland, unless Dysauxes, which we have included in the Zygcc?iifice, should be regarded as belonging to this Sub-family. Many of the Thyretince have a strong resemblance to Zygcefia pJiegea and its allies, and were formerly included in the same genus. The African species here figured belongs to one of the more distinct genera. GENUS THYRETES. ThyreteSj Boisduval, in Delegorgue, Voy. Afr. Austr. ii. p. 596 (1847); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 74 (1S56). Body very pubescent, legs and abdomen long. Wings long and narrow, the fore-wings much longer than the hind-wings, with the costa straight, the tips rounded, and the hind-margin very ol)li(]ue. In the male the antennae are strongly pecti- nated. THYRETES MONTEIROI. [Pla/e LXXXl. Fig. 3.) Thyretes monteirot, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zoo), xii. p. 359, no. 4 (1876). This delicate little species, which comes from Ambri/ in Angola, measures about \]..{ inch, or a little less, across the wings. "Body ochre-yellow; anteniuv, centre of dorsum, and edges of abdominal segments black-brown ; a line down ea( h side of the abdomen of the .same colour; wings dark brown; a testaceous hyaline band from centre of inner margin round lower edge of cell to lower radial ncrvure, cut l)y the median io6 Lloyd's natural history. branches into four unequal parts; a semi-circular spot of the same colour within the end of the cell, and another oval spot near apex ; secondaries with the basal half irregularly testaceous hyaline ; an oval, bifid, disco-submarginal spot of the same colour, cut by the third median nervure; below nearly as above." {Butler) The present species is named in remembrance of its captor, to whose exertions, and to those of his wife, entomologists owed the first important collections of insects formed in Angola on the South-west coast of Africa, and Delagoa Bay in the South-east. Several other species of Thyretes are found in various parts of Africa. SUB-FAMILY V. PHAUDIN^. In this Sub-family the wings are rather long and narrow, the antennae are pectinated in the males, and the abdomen is strongly tufted ; the proboscis is obsolete. The cell is divided by a nervure. Only a few Indian and African species are re- ferred to this Sub-family. The type of the genus is Phauda flammans (Walker), a North Indian species measuring about an inch and a half across the wings. The head, body, and fore-wings, except at the tip, are bright red ; the hind-wings are blackish, but slightly hyaline, and the costa is red ; and the abdomen is tufted with red and black. SUB-FAMILY VI. PYROMORPHIN^. This is a small group of American Moths of a smoky-brown colour, sometimes with the thorax, or more of less of the base of the wings, reddish or yellow. The antennae are pectinated, and the abdomen is long, slender, and sometimes tufted at the end. The wings are rather long, and broad or narrow, and rounded EUCHROMIA. 107 at the extremity ; the cells are partly divided, and much narrowed towards the base. There are two sub-median ncrvures on the fore-wings and three on the hind-wings ; in the latter, the costal nervure is more or less obsolete. The nervules beyond the cells are frequently much arched. They are day-flying insects, measuring an inch or less across the wings. The larva of one small brown species with an orange collar {Acoloithus falsarius, Clemens) feeds on the leaves of the grape and the Virginian Creeper in the United States, and the pupa-state, which lasts a fortnight, is passed within a parchment-like cocoon. SUB-FAMILY VII. EUCHROMIIN.^i. This Sub-family contains the greater portion of the Tropical ZygcenidcB. Many of them are of large size for the Family, measuring an inch and a half or two inches across the wings, which, as well as the bodies of the Moths, are often adorned with the richest colours. Other species are brilliantly metallic, while others again have transparent wings, and resemble Hynienoptcra^ though less so than is the case in the ^geriida, a Family which we shall discuss in a later volume, and to which our "Clear-wings" (with the exception of the liee Hawk Moths) belong. One or two representatives of this Sub-family are here figured and described. The larva is clothed with long tufts of hair, almost like those o{ \.\\c Lipnridce ; and the [)ui)a is enclosed in a stout silken cocoon. GENU.S EUCHROMIA. Euchromi'a, HiJbncr, Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 121 (1S22?); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. p. 201 (1S54) ; Io8 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lend. Zool. xii. p. 363. pi. 28 fig. 20 (1876; neuration); id. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend. 1888, p. 109. This genus includes a number of species inhabiting the warmer regions of the Old World. They measure about an inch across the fore-wings, which are about twice as long as the hind-wings, and rather pointed. The wings are marked with large yellow or hyaline spots, and the body is pubescent, rather stout, and belted with red and blue ; the abdomen extends for the greater part of its length beyond the hind-wings. The larva is furnished with erect tufts of hair, with longer ones before and behind ; the pupa is enclosed in a thick cocoon. EUCHROMIA SL\MENSIS. {Plate LXXXI. Fig. 5.) Euchromia siamensis^ Butler, Journ. Tinn. Soc. Lond. Zool, xii. p. 365, no. 13 (1876). This Moth, which is allied to E. polymelia (Linn.), the type of Euchromia^ belongs to an East Indian section of the genus which is black, with extensive ochreous- or orange-yellow markings on the fore-wings. E. siauiensis measures nearly two inches across the fore-wings, which have an oblong orange- yellow mark near the base, between the median and sub- median nervures ; a larger one beyond, separated from a narrow one in the cell above it, by the median nervure ; and four long sub-apical ones, divided by the nervures, with the two middle ones separated by a wider black space. Hind wings with two spots, one near the base, and one sub-apical, each divided into three by the nervures. Body black ; antennas pectinated ; vertex metallic blue ; collar red ; a red spot above the base of each fore-wing ; abdomen with an ochreous band at the base ; segments two and three broadly edc^ed with white behind on the sides, and marked behind AGYRIA. lO(J with some blue and red scales on the upper surface ; segments four and five red, with a black crescent in front; segment seven blue; the terminal segment scaled with metallic green. GENUS AGYRTA. Agyr/iij Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 177 (1S22 ?). Dioptis^ Group 8, Agyria^ Walker, List Lcpid. Ins. Lrit. Mus. ii. p. 326(1854.) We have here an American genus, including oiily a few species, which have a great resemblance to the Family Dioptidcz^ in which they were actually included by Walker. The body is more slender, and the wings are much broader and more oval than in Euilironiia. AGVRTA MICILTA. {Plate LXXXI, Fig. 4 ) Boinhyx niicilia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pi. 228, fig. Ci (17S0 ?). Li)iiacodes viicilia^ Duncan, in Jardine's Naturalist's Library, Exot. jNIoths, p. 179, pi. 22, t'lg. 1(1841). Dioptis micilia, A\'alker, List Lcpid. Lis. Urit. j\Lis. ii. p. 329, no. 16 (1854). This species, which is found in Surinam, measures nearly two inches across the wings, which are suffused with bright blue towards the base of the fore-wings, and on the borders of the hind-wings. The fore-wings have a short whitish hyaline basal streak, a broad oblique streak descending over the upper part of the cell towards the hinder angle, and a narrower white sub-apical streak. The hind-wings have a broad hyaline- white stripe running through the middle nearly to the hind margin. On the sub-hyaline parts of the wings the ncrvures are black. Tiie body is blue, with a while longitudinal stripe on the abdomen ; and the legs are red, as is also the iicad, in some of the allied species of Agjr/ii. I lO LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. StoU has figured a larva not unlike that of Doratifera vul- nerans (Lewin) (see Plate XCII , figs. 4-6, for the latter) as that of Agyrta micilia, but almost certainly in error. Consequently, Duncan referred A, micilia to the genus Limacodes. GENUS ISANTHRENE. rsanthrene, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 125 (1822 ?) ; But- ler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. xii. p. 374, pl- xxvii fig. 4 (neuration) (1876). Glaucopis, group 8, Isanthrene, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit Mus. i. p. 154 (1854)- The transparent-winged ZygcenidcE, which are very numerous in Tropical America, and many of which much resemble Hymenoptera, were classed together by Walker under the genus Glaucopis, Fabricius, which, however, is an inadmissible name, as it had been previously used by Gmelin for a genus of Birds. Walker also employed the genus Eicchromia.VLi^n^r, to include the bulk of the tropical Zygcenidce, with opaque wings. Both these magazine genera he divided into numerous nanted groups, most of which have been raised to generic rank by Dr. Butler, and other recent authors. The species of Isanihreiie are among the largest of the transparent Zygcefiidce, many of the species measuring two inches across the wings. The wings are transparent, except on the borders, and strongly tinged with yellow, and the abdo- men is long, moderately stout, nearly naked, and cylindrical ; the antenna are also long, and are slightly pectinated ; the legs likewise are long and stout. °Some of the transparent-winged Zygmiidce have extremely small hind-wings, which increase their resemblance to Hymen- >optera, or even Diptera, COSMOSOMA, I 1 I ISANTHRENE FLAVICORNIS. [Plate LX XX II. Ftj;. 3.) 2ygc£7ia flaviconiis, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 104, no. 25 (1787)- Ghuicopisvcspoides, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1. p. 155. no. 23 (1854). This South American species expands nearly two inches. It is black, with a black and yellow head, and rather long tawnv palpi. The antennae and legs are yellow, and the antennce are pectinated. The thorax is striped and spotted with yellow. The abdomen has four yellow spots at the base, three interrupted yellow bands to beyond the middle, and three spots of the same colour on each side. The wings are yel- lowish and semi-transparent; the fore-wings bordered with black towards the tips, which are widely black, and with a yellowish stripe, bordered with black, along part of the hind border. The hind-wings are black above, yellowish beneath in front and behind. The hind tibice have four rather small spurs. This fine species has been known to entomologists for more than a century, but does not appear to have been figured before. GENUS COSMOSOMA. Cosmosoma, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmctt. ii. pi. 152 (1824?); Harris, Amer. J. Sci. xxxvi. p. 317 (1839); Clemens, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. i860, p. 544 (1861); Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. xii. p. 386, t. 27, \vj,. 3 (ncuration) (1876). Glaucopis, Group 13, Cosmosoma, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Hrit. Mus. i. p. 168 (1854). This is another transparent-winged genus, but it is smaller, with much shorter wings, and a brightly-coloured body, shorter, 112 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. broader, and more pubescent than in Isanihrene ; the legs, too, are shorter and stouter. Many species are found in Mexico and South America ; the best known species is C. auge (Linn.), which extends as far north as Florida, and is also common in the West Indies. It has a bright scarlet body and legs, with the tip of the abdomen black. COSMOSOMA FESTIVUM. {Plate LXXXIL Fig. 2.) Glaucopis festiva^ Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. p. 171, no. 54 (1854). This species comes from Honduras. The expanse of the wings is i^ inch. The following is Walker's description of the female : — ■ *' Bright metallic blue or green, according to the reflection ; linear, rather short. Proboscis, palpi, and antennae black. Palpi nearly straight, rather long ; third joint moderately long, about half the length of the second. Antennae minutely pecti- nated, white above towards the tips. Thorax ferruginous, with two luteous spots in front, and with a luteous stripe on each side. Pectus partly ferruginous. Wings limpid. Fore-wings broad, testaceous at the base and along most of the fore border, and partly so along half of the hind border ; black at the tips for one-fourth of the length, and with black hind borders ; a black band across the middle, interrupted on part of the median vein, and of the fourth inferior veinlet ; veins black, testaceous at the base ; discal fold not apparent on the discal areolet, but distinct beyond it. Hind-wings with the base, the fore border and the veins testaceous ; tips and hind borders black. • Abdomen black, with two rows of blue or green spots above and beneath. Legs black, slender ; tooth of the fore tibioe small ; middle and apical spurs of the hind tibiae very small." j^ xjx-^o. J-j j_j./4.,/vyv J l^hilot'os opucii . 2. CosrnusuTna /'rshxturv tsatilhrerie (Ids !< oriif^s . '/. TrirJiura Cf'rhrru.s . AtdichLori s qiuidrixu^ior . 6. CyanopcpLo cmrlipcii} TRICHURA. 11^ SUB-FAMILY VIII. TRICHURIN/E. Dr. Butler distinguishes this Sub-family (which he calls Eunomiinic) from the last by the median nervure of the hind- wings having more than two branches, one of which is always emitted before the end of the discoidal cell. The Moths which it includes are all American, and are of smaller avera^^e size than the Euchromiime, and generally have transparent wings. Some of them are provided with a very remarkable appendage at the extremity of the abdomen in the males. The antennce are pectinated, and the abdomen is som .times contracted or petiolated at the base, increasing the resemblance to the Hymenoptera, which so many of the transparent-winged ZygcB- nidiB exhibit. The TrichurincB are not a very extensive Sub- family. The more opaque species are generally larger and more brightly coloured than the others, and in these the abdo- men is often tufted at the extremity. GENUS TRICHURA. Trichura, Ilubncr, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 126 (1822 ?). Glaucopis, Group 23, Trichura, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Biit. Mus. i. p. 192 (1854). Cercophora, Herrich Schaffer, Aussereurop. Schmett. i. pp. 22, 23(i>'^54?). These are slender-bodied Moths, with pectinated antennae and transparent, dark-bordered wings. The legs are slender, and the wings are transparent with black borders. The abdo- men is contracted at the base, and is furnished with a long hairy appendage in the males. TRICHURA CERBERUS. {Plate LXXXIl. Fii;. 4.) Sphinx Cerberus, Pallas, Spic. Zool. ix. p. 27, pi. 2, fi.;. S (1772). I ; 1 ,j^ LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTOR\. Zycrcend caudata, Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 277 (17 7 7). Cercophora urophom, Herrich-Schaffer, Aussereurop. Schmett. i. fig. 266(1855). This species, Avhich is found over a large part of South America, has yellowish-hyaUne wings with black borders, and a black streak at the end of the cell of the fore-wings, which expand about an inch and a half. The body is black, with golden spots ; and the abdominal appendage is as long or longer than the rest of the body. SUB-FAMILY IX. ANTICHLORIN^. The Antichlorina are a small group of Moths, with long nar- row opaque wings, and rather small and short bodies. They are all American, and are more uniformly coloured than most of the allied Families. GENUS ANTICHLORIS. Antichloris, Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett. i. p. 9 (1818); id. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 124 (1822?) ; Butler, Journ. Linn Soc. Lond. Zool. xii. p. 413, pl- 22, H- 5 (1876; ncuraiion). Euchromia, Group 19, ^;.//V/^/^m, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Bnt. Mus. i. p. 247 (1854)- These are slender-bodied Moths, mostly of a green colour, .,;th the abdomen spotted with white. The antenna are rather strongly pectinated. The fore-wings are rather pointed, and obtusdy angulated behind ; and the hind-wings are obliquely truncated, and slightly angular at the tips, with the hind-margm a little sinuated. ANTICHLORIS QUADRICOLOR. {.Plate LXXXII. Fig. 5.) Charidea quadricolor, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxv. p. 1867 (1866). ARCTIID.T:. 1 15 This species comes from Brazil, and expands about i j/ inch. " Male. — Greenish-blue. Head and thorax with an aeneous tinge. Palpi short, slender, decumbent j third joint minute, lanceolate. Antennae moderately pectinated. Abdomen extend- ing rather beyond the hind-wings; sexualia very small. Legs smooth ; spurs short. Fore-wings rather narrow, rounded at the tips, obliquely tinged with aeneous at the base and about the tips. Hind-wings black, whitish along the cosla, hardly more than half the length of the fore- wings ; a broad crimson lanceolate streak extending from the disc to the exterior border, which is also crimson." ( JValker.) FAMHA' XHI. ARCTHD.^. Egg.— Smooth, globular. Larva. — Clothed with long shaggy hair, or tufted; sixteen legs ; generally feeding on low plants. Pupa. — Enclosed in a cocoon. Imago. — \Vith ocelli ; the antcnnce sometimes pectinated in the male, liody stout, rather short, more or less hairy; collar well developed. Wings generally brightly coloured and en- tire. On the fore-win^^^s the lowest discoidal nervule is generally stalked with the upper median nervule, making the median ner- vule appear to be four-branched ; and on the hind-wings the costal nervure, which in the Zy<^iefiiJL^ is often practically non- existent, is thrown off from the sub-costal considerably before the cell. The fore-wings are generally oval, and the hind-wing-^ rounded. 'Die hind-wings are sometimes lobate, but nevtr tailed, and have usually two sub-median nervures. In one or two genera the wings of the female are more or less rudi- mentary. Some species fly by day. The Tiger Moths may be divided into several Sub families, which I will nf)w discuss more in detail. Il6 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. SUB-FAMILY I. CHARIDEIN^. The Chai-ide'mce are a group of Moths resembling Zygceiiidce^ with which, indeed, they are connected through the Anti- c/ilorince; but they are stouter, shorter, and more pubescent Moths, with more rounded wings, which are generally adorned with bright colours. Most of the species inhabit Central and South America, though some few are African, and one or two occur in the East Indies and Australia. GENUS CYANOPEPLA. Euchromm, Group 7, Aiefomolis, Walker, List Lepid. Ins Brit. Mus. i. p. 213 (1854). Cyanopepla^ Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1863, p. 545 (1861). Charidea, Butler (nee Dalman), Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond Zool. xii. p. 415, pi. 29, fig. II (neuration) (1876). This genus, which is one of the largest of the Sub-family, contains a considerable number of very pretty little species, which are mostly black, more or less glossed with metallic blue, and marked with red spots and borders. The names Auto7nolis and Charidea are more properly applicable to other genera. CYANOPEPLA CINCTIPENNIS. {Plate LXXXIL Fig. 6.) Charidea cijicfipennis, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxi. p. 97 (1864). This species, from Bogota, expands two inches. " Female. — Brilliant green. Palpi obliquely ascending, shorter than the breadth of the head. Antennae black, very slightly pectinated. Abdomen extending a little beyond the CHARIDEA. 1 1 7 hind-wings; fourth and fifth segments with a transverse semi- circular black spot on each side ; sixth segment wiih a black band ; seventh segment with a black spot on each side ; under side with a white stripe. Wings rather broad, bordered wiih ochreous along the exterior border. Fore-wings black, slightly acute ; costa ochreous : under side with a large crimson discal patch. Hind-wings very dark blue, with a broad crimson stripe along the outer part of the interior border." ( Walker.) GENUS CHARIDEA. Charidea, Dalman, Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockholm, i8i6, p. 225. Fompostola, Hiibncr, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 120 (1822 ?). Euchroiiiia, Group i, Pompostola^ Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. p. 206 (1854). In this genus the body and wings are brilliantly metallic. The antennae are setaceous, nearly as long as the body, not pectinated in the male. The long, narrow wings are com- pletely opaque, with green and gilded spots. The hind-wings are not angular. The hind tibiae have very long spurs, and are plumose in the males. This is one of ihe few African genera of the Sub-family. It Includes about half-a-dozen species. CHARIDEA SMARAGDINA. {Plate LXXXT. Fig. i.) Fompostola smaragdina, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 97. This beautiful species comes from Kilimanjaro. The ex- panse of the wings is about i ^^ to i^ inch. " Wings blue-black, the basal fifth and the costal border to the end of the cell mottled with brilliant metallic emerald- green spots and dashes ; two cuneiform spots confluent behind, ii8 Lloyd's natural historv. within the cell, the inner one metallic green, the outer one hyaline-white, richly glossed with emerald-green ; a quadrate green-glossed hyaline spot immediately beyond the cell ; a long oblique tapering green-glossed hyaline streak from the median vein just below the double discoidal spot almost to the ex- ternal angle ; in some specimens, however, this streak is widely interrupted in the middle, leaving only two small spots ; a sub- costal metallic green streak, from the centre of which a trans- verse irregular green-glossed hyaline band runs almost to the outer margin at about the apical fourth; costal border of second- aries rufous-brown ; a small hyaline-white sub-costal spot, followed by a metallic emerald-green streak ; an oblique cunei- form trifid green-glossed hyaline-white spot across the middle; two large patches almost filling the interno-median and the abdominal areoles, and a minute spot near outer margin on the second median interspace ; thorax blue-black ; frons and vertex of head metallic emerald-green ; collar above with two large spots of metallic golden-green ; a triangular dorsal spot of the same colour ; posterior half of patagia metallic fiery-copper ; meta-thorax and the two basal segments of abdomen metallic golden-green ; the two following segments deep brick-red edged with black ; remaining segments blue-black, banded in front with metallic emerald-greeen ; primaries below purplish towards the base, otherwise nearly as above ; secondaries with a broad metallic green costal stripe from base to apex ; pectus bronze-brown sprinkled with metallic green scales; legs blackish- brown, the coxae of the first pair and the tibiae of the other pairs with a large white spot ; venter blue-black, with two un- equal central white spots." (^Butler,) SUB-FAMILY II. CTENUCHIN^. This is another American group ; one species is common in the United States, and others are found in various parts of CTENUCHA. 119 America, as far south as Buenos Aires and Chili ; but they are most numerous in Cahfornia, and the other Eastern United States. The typical species are very easily recognisable. They are black, or blue-black, the head and thorax being often marked with red or yellow, and the abdomen extends for nearly half its length beyond the hind-wings. The antennae are pec- , tinated in the males, and thickened in the middle, and very slightly pectinated in the female. The fore- wings expand about two inches, and are generally lighter in colour than the hind-wings, and are sometimes interlined with white or yellow. The fore- wings form a long oval, and are considerably pro- duced at the tips, but rounded ; the hind-wings are nearly as broad as the fore-wings, and half as long ; they are also oval, and rounded at the extremity, and the hind margin, especially of the hind-wings, is sometimes slightly sinuated. GENUS CTENUCHA. Ctenucha, Kirby, Faun. Bor, Amer. iv. p. 305 (1837) ; Plar- ris, Amer. Journ. of Sci. xxxvi. p. 318 (1839); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 281 (1854); Packard, Proc. Essex Inst. iv. p. 33 (1864); Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer. p. 23 (1872). The type of this genus is C v'uginica (Charpentier = C. latreillana, Kirb.), which is common in Canada and in the Eastern and Central United States. It is blue-back above, and black below j the top and sides of the head, the palpi, and the sides and under surface of the thorax are orange. The fore-wings are blackish, without metallic gloss, and the fringes of all the wings are white. The Moth flies in the hot sun, hovering heavily over flowers, and may be found cl.nging to the latter in dull, cloudy weather. The larva, which feeds on crrass, is rather short and thick, and is covered with tubercles I20 Lloyd's natural history. bearing long white and yellow hairs, which become black oi grey before the last moult. The head and fore-legs are red, and there are two rows of yellow spots on each side. The cocoon is formed entirely of the hairs of the larva, without a trace of silk. The eggs of the Moth are smooth and green. GENUS PHILOROS. Ctenucha^ Group 2, Fhihros, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 283 (1854). Philoros^ Grote, Bulletin Buffalo Soc. i. p. 34 (1873). The species of this genus are smaller and slenderer than in typical Ctemccha ; the abdomen is longer, and the wings are generally lined with white, and are narrower than in Ctenucha. PHILOROS OPACA. (Plate LXXXII. Fig. i.) Clenucha opaca^ Boisduval, Consid. Lepid. Guatemala, p. 84 (1870). This Moth, which expands about an inch and a half, has brown fore-wings, with the fringes white at the tip. The hind- wings are darker, with the fringes white at the tip and along the upper part of the hind margin. The collar is orange- yellow. The insect appears to be found throughout Mexico and Central America generally. SUB-FAMILY III. PERICOPIN^. The PericopincB are another exclusively American Sub-family which contains a considerable number of brightly coloured Moths, measuring two or three inches across the wings, which are very ample, being broad as well as long, and the hind-wings are nearly as long as the fore-wings. The body is compara- tively slender, and only moderately long. The antennae are PLATE LXXXIII /. ComposUf^ creduLcu . Z. ArvthomyzcL ttyre^sUjs yar 3 . Cdlo de^s met lerrvp &rcLlosia, Hiibner, Verz. bc-k. Schmett. p. 179 (1822?) ; Walker, List Lepid. Lis. Brit. Miis. ii. p. 360 (1874). This is a small genus including only a few West Indian and other Tropical American species. The wings are some- what narrow, and much rjunded, the hinder-angle of the fore-wings being completely rounded off. The wings are black, covered with pearly white spots, and are generally more or less marked with red likewise. COMPOSIA CREDULA. [Plate LX XX III. Fig. I.) Bomhyx credula, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 584, no. 94 (1775). Nodua sybaris^ Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 71, fig. E (1775). Phal(^iia sybaris, Beauvois, Lis. Afr. Amer. p. 266, pi. 24, fig. 7 (1821?). CoDiposia credula, Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett. ii. taf. 150 (1824); Walker, List Lepid. Lis. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 361, no. 1(1854). Hyperconipa (?) sybaris, Duncan, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 186, pi. 23, fig. I (1841). This fine Jamaican Moth expands 2^ inches. It is black with twenty white spots on each of the fore-wings and eighteen on each of the hind-wings; the latter being placed in three irregular rows. The sides of the head are white ; there are four minute white dots on the collar, succeeded by a row of eight ANTHOMYZA. 1 23 on the front of the thorax ; there are also two on the scutellum, and the apex of each of the lappets is white ; there are also two on the post-scutellum, and four on each of the abdominal segments. Very similar, if not identical, species are found in Cuba and Haiti. A still more beautiful species, C. olympia (Butler), is found on the mainland of America; it is flushed with blue, spotted with white, and marked with red spots towards the base of the fore-wings. GENUS ANTHOMYZA. Anthomyza^ Swainson, Zool. 111. (2) iii. pi. 124 (1833). These, like the other day-flying Aj'ciiidce of the same group, are distinguished by having the antennse slightly pectinated in the male only ; palpi pointing vertically ; fore-wings with the inner-margin longer than the hind-margin. Hind-wings lengthened horizontally, but narrow and rounded. They fly slowly and heavily during the middle of the day, and on the least touch counterfeit death ; when handled, they discharge a brown liquid, like the Heliconiifice^ to which Butterflies they bear a striking resemblance. Anthomyza is a genus remark- able for its unusually long wings. ANTHOMYZA TIRESIAS, VAR. {Pla/e LXXXI/I. Fig, 2.) AtLicus tiresias, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 85, fig. B. (1776). Ajithoniyza tiresia, Swainson, Zool. 111. (2) iii. pi. 124, fl^^ i (1833); Duncan, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 97, pi. 4, fig. 2 (1841). This Moth inhabits South America and extends to Nicaragua. It measures three inches and three-quarters between the ex- tremities of the wings. The fore-wings are black with two broad, opaque, deep yellow bands situated obliquely, the first near the middle, the other, somewhat shorter, towards the 124 Lloyd's natural history. apex ; with a patch of the same colour on the inner margin before the middle. There are several small white spots at the base and a remote series of the same running close to and parallel with the hind-margin. The hind-wings are yellow, with a broad black border containing a marginal row of white spots. The anterior part of the thorax is spotted with white. The abdomen is brown. The variety figured by Swainson differs a little from the type, as figured by Cramer. Our figure represents Swainson's insect. SUB-FAMILY IV. PH^GOPTERIN^. This is an extensive group of foreign Moths, the larger pro- portion of which are American. They resemble the typical Arctiidce in many respects, but the body is more slender, and the fore-wings are longer, narrower, and more pointed. Some of the species are very like ZygcertidcE, and they are occasion- ally brightly coloured, but the greater part of them are uni- formly coloured, being white or buff. The abdomen is often marked with a row of black dots down the middle, and the hind-wings are occasionally produced into a lobe, the only approach to a tail which we find in the Arctiidce. Black spots or rmgs on a white ground are a very frequent style of colour- ing. As an illu.-.tration of this Sub-family we have figured one of the largest species, which is not uncommon in the United States and Canada. GENUS ECPANTHERIA. Ecpaiiiheria, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 183 (1822 ?) Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 688 (1855) Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. i860, p. 523 (1861) Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer. p. 174 (1872); Oberthiir, Etudes d'Ent. vi. p. 99 (1881). ECPANTHERIA. I 25 Ecpa7ithe7'ia is a very extensive genus of white Moths, with black rings on the thorax and fore-wings. Nearly sixty species are described from different parts of America, but only one is common in the United States, though several are found in Mexico, one or two of which perhaps extend northwards beyond the frontier. The male is much smaller than the female, and the anal angle of the hind-wings is often produced into a lobe. THE GREAT LEOPARD ERMINE MOTH. ECPANTHERIA OCULARIA. {Plate LXXXIV. Fig. 7.) Bomhyx oailaria, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 564, no. 29 (1775). Noctiia scribonia, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. v. pi. 41, fig. 2 (1790). PhalcB7ia ociilaiissima^ Abbot & Smith, Lepid. Georg. ii. pi. 69 (1797)- Ecpa7itheria scribotiia^ Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett, ii. pi. 139 (1824); Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer. p. 174, pi. 7, figs. 20, 21 (1872). Boffibyx cufiegunda, Beauvois, Ins. Afr. Amer. pi. 22, fig. 4 (1824?). Arctia oailafissifna, Duncan, Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 169, pi. 20, fig. 4 (1841). This Moth is remarkable for the disparity in the size of the sexes. The wings of the female expand three inches and three quarters, those of the male nearly an inch less. Antennce black ; head white, with a black dot on each side near the insertion of the antennae. Thorax with ten or twelve black spots, some or all of them with a pale bluish-white centre, making them appear annular : the two hinder spots largest, and somewhat curved. Ground colour of the wings white, the surface of the fore-wings varied with black spots, most of which are ocellated, placed irregularly towards the 126 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. base, but having a tendency to form transverse rows towards the hind margin. The hind-wings are almost white, with a few faint black spots behind. Abdomen blue-black, varied on the back and sides with orange-yellow ; legs white, the extremities widi black rings. The larva, when young, has one half orange-coloured and the other black. At its full growth it becomes brownish-black, with an orange-red band along each side ; the incisions and legs being of this colour also. The hairs are placed on tubercles alternately nearer the anterior edges of each seg- ment, so that they form a somewhat broad band, and leave the rest of the body naked. When about to change into the pupa, it spins a thin gummy yellow web, something like that formed on the same occasion by the common Tiger Moth. Some ob- served by Abbot spun on the 14th of March came out on the 1 8th of April ; others spun on the 15th of June appeared on the wing on the 7th of July. It feeds on wild sun-flower {Polymnia), wild cherry, per- simmon {^Diospyros virgiiuana\ and several other plants. Another very pretty genus allied to this is Arachnis, Packard. It includes a few species found in Mexico, California, «S^c., with grey fore-wings and pink hind-wings, both covered with slate-coloured or brown spots or partly connected markings bordered with black. They expand about two inches. SUB-FAMILY V. SPILOSOMATIN^: (ERMINES). The preceding Sub families of ArdiidcE have been almost exclusively American, but we now come to a group which is mainly Asiatic, though it is fairly represented in other parts of the world, including Europe. The Moths have moderately broad white, yellow, or brown wings, more or less spotted with black; the fore-wings are not much longer than the hind-wings, and ESTIGMENE. 1 27 the abdomen is generally red or yellow, with one or rnorc rows of black spots on the back. The antennce are generally strongly pectinated in the male. Two of our British species, Spilosoma luhricipeda (Linn.) and Spilantia Iiitea (Linn.), called respectively the White and the Buff Ermine, are com- mon everywhere, even in many London gardens. I used to find them in the garden when I lived in Mornington Crescent, and they are most Hkely found there still. One genus (^Falusfra, Bar.), found chiefly in Buenos Aires, though one species is described from the adjoining state of Uruguay, and another from Cayenne, is remarkable for the aquatic habits of the larva. It is also interesting on account of its l')cality, for it is possibly a primaeval form derived from thj gieat southern continent that is believed by some naturalists to have con- nected the southern parts of Africa and America with Aus- tralia, &:c. Some of the East Indian species of this Family are very pretty, being white, more or less spotted with black, and with a slender scarlet stripe along the costa of the fore- wings. GENUS ESTIGMENE. Estigme?ie, Hiibner, Verz. bck. Schmett. p. 184 (1822?) Leucanfia, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. iii. p. 124 (1S64); Stretch, Zyg. &. Bomb. N. Amer. p. 98 (1872). Estigjucjie differs from the allied European genera by the greater length both of the thorax and abdomen, the longer and more pointed fore-wings, with the decidedly more oblique hind margin, and the shape of the hind-v/ings, which are con- siderably longer than broad, with the inner margin sloping out- wards, and the abdomen extending considerably beyond them. The genus is found from Hudson's Bay to Central America, but does not seem to extend to South America. 1 28 Lloyd's natural history, estigmene acr^ea. {Plate LXXXIV. Figs. 2 {itnago), 3 {lat-va)^ 4 {pupa).) Bombyx acrea^ Drury, 111. Ex. Ent. i. pi. 3. fig. 2 (1773). Bomhyx acria^ Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (i) p. 451, no. 137 (1793); Abbot & Smith, Lepid. Georg. ii. pi. 67 (1797). Estigmene acrea, Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett. ii. pi. 140 (1824?). Spilosoma acrea, Duncan, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Ex. Moths, p. 171, pi. 20, figs. 1-3 (1841); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 667, no. 4 (1855). Leucarctia acrcea. Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer. p. 99, pi. 4, figs. 1-3 (1872), pi. 10, fig. 6 (1874). Var. a. Estigmene caprotina. Bomhyx caprotina, Drury, 111. Ex. Ent. i. pi. 3, fig. 3 (1773); Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pi. 287, fig. C (1780). Arctia pseiidermijiea, Harris, Rep. Ins. Injur. Veget. p. 251 (1841). Leucarctia californica, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. iii. p. 121 (1864). Leucarctia packardii, Schaup, Check-List Brooklyn Ent. Soc. p. 8 (1882). This species, which inhabits North America and Mexico, appears to be very plentiful in many parts of the United States, particularly in Maryland, Virginia, and the vicinity of New York. The wings expand about two inches in the male, and two and three-quarters in the female. The head, thorax, and fore-wings of the male are cream- coloured, the latter with numerous small black spots, five of which are placed in a regular row along the costa and six on the hind margin. The hind-wings are yellow, with a black spot near the centre and several others near the hind margin. The PLATE LXXXfV ^y'na>ii,S "•".hnu.a. I . EcpcmbhefiAXy oc^ularta . 'J . EsUgnt&ne acrce^ . SPILOSOMA. 129 abdomen is yellow with a dorsal row of black spots, and a similar row on each side. The tip of the abdomen is cream- coloured. In the female all the wings are white, with numerous black spots, which are very variable in their distribution, but there is a marginal row on the hind-wings, which does not exist in the other sex. The abdomen is coloured nearly as in the male. The eyes and antennae are black in both sexes. The larva is said to be white when young, and to become nearly black when full-grown, a transition to two extremes not common even in a race of creatures subject to great variation in regard to colour. In its intermediate stages the prevailing hue is reddish-brown. When it has attained the period of its growth at which we have figured it (Plate LXXXIV. fig. 3) it is brownish-black, with two yellow lines along the sides and a transverse series of orange-coloured spots on each segment. From the back of each segment arises a scopiform tuft of blackish hairs of considerable length. The cocoon is oblong and of a yellowish-brown colour. We have figured the pupa (Plate LXXXIV. fig. 4). In the European species of this Sub-family the wings are shorter and rounder than in Estigmene^ and the abdomen does not extend beyond the hind-wings. Hence they more resemble the Sub-family Arctiincc in form. GENUS SPILOSOMA. Spilosoma, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 74 (1828); Curtis, Brit. Ent. ii. pi. 92 (1825); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 633 (1855) j Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. i860, p. 531 (1861); Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer. p. 130 (1872). 13 K t3© Lloyd's natural hlstory. In this genus the body is stout and downy, v.-'ui the abdo- men scarcely extending beyond the hind-wings ; the fore- wings are oval, rounded at the tips, and the hind-wings are rounded, and not much longer than broad. The sexes are coloured alike, but can be distinguished by the more strongly pectinated antennse of the male. This genus is met with in Europe, Asia, and North America. THE WHITE ERMINE MOTH. SPILOSOMA LUERICIPEDA. Bomhyx luhricipeda^ Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 555, no. 47 (1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 303 (1761). Phalcena lubricipeda^ Scopoli, Ent. Carn. p. 208, no. 513 (1763)- Bombyx lubricipeda alba, Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. ii. p. 412, no. 25 (1766). Bombyx menthastri, Esper, Schmett. ii. p. 334, taf. d^, figs. 6-10 (1786); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 152, 153 (1804?). P/ialcena er/nhiea^ Marsham, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. i. p. 70, pi. i. fig. I (i790- Eyprepia meiiihastri, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 354 (1810). Chelojiia nienthastri, Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 362, pi. 37, fig. 5(1822). Spilosonia nienthasfn\ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 75, pi. 16, fig. 3 (1828) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. T05, pi. 23, fig. 10 (tSSo); Buckler, Larvae Brit. Buttertlies & Moths, iii. pi. 45, fig. 2 (1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 286, pi. 77 (1894). Var. a. Spilosonia zvalkeri. Spilosonia walkcri, Curtis, Brit. Ent. ii. pi. 92 (1825). Clielonia vienthastri, var., Godart, Le'pid. France, iv. p. 362, pi. 37, fig. 6 (1822). SPILOSOMA. 131 The White Ermine Moth is common throughout Europp and Northern and AVestern Asia. It expands from i>^ to i^ inch. The fore-wings are whitish, with more or less of a yellow tinge, and numerous small black spots. The hind-wings are whiter, with a black spot in the centre, and two or three other black spots nearer the hind margin. The antenuce are black ; the head and thorax white; and the abdomen is yellow, with three rows of black dots. In the variety, S. walkeri, the spots run together into bands. The larva is brown, with long hairs, and an orange dorsal stripe. The spiracles are white. It feeds on many kinds of low plants. It spins a slight cocoon, and changes into a dark brown pupa, remaining in this state during the winter. Water Ermine ^Spilosoma urlica). The other British species of this genus, the Water Ermine, 132 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. Spilosoma zirticct (Esper), or S. papyratia (Marsham), though of equally wide general distribution with the last, is a rarity in England, though still found occasionally in marshy locaHties, where its larva feeds on water-plants. It may be known by having only one or two black dots on the fore-wings. GENUS SPILARCTIA. Spilardla^ Butler, Cist. Ent. ii. p. 39 (1875); id. 111. Lepid. Heter. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 6 (1879) ; Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 71 (1882). This genus principally differs from Spilosoma in the greater distance between the emission of the two lowest median ner- vules of the fore-wings, the longer and more deeply fringed tegulae, or shoulder-lappets, and the generally longer palpi of the species associated under it. {Butler.) This is a considerably larger genus than Spilosoma, number- ing about fifty species, but it is not represented in Africa or America. We have one British species. I may take this opportunity of emphasising the reply to an objection frequently made against modern entomologists, that they make a separate genus for almost every species. A cen- tury ago, w^hen only a few hundred insects were known, it was easy to classify them under one or two genera; but now the species are reckoned literally by hundreds of thousands. In the present instance, a single British species, which it would not be necessary, as a British species, to separate generically from its nearest allies, is our sole representative of a group numbering fifty closely-allied species, and the establishment of genera on more minute characters becomes a necessity. In dealing with the insects of the world, it is necessary to treat them in a manner which would be unnecessary, if not actually reprehensible, in discussing a small local fauna only. SPILARCTIA. THE BUFF ERMINE. SPILARCTIA LUTEA. 133 Bomhyx lubricipeda^ p, Linnceus, Syst. Nat. i. (ed. x.) i. p. 506, no. 47 (175S). Bombyx iubricipeda, ^. Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 303 (1761). Bomhyx liibricipeda hiiea, Hufnagel, Bed. Mag. ii. p. 412, no. 26 (1766). Bombyx liibricipeda^ Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 330, taf. dd^ figs. 1-5 (1786); Marsham, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. i. p. 71, pi. I, fig. 2 (1791); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 155, 156 (1804). Eypi'epia lubricipeda^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 358 (1810). CheloJiia liibricipeda, Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 358, pi. 37, fig. 3 (1822). Spilosoma lubricipeda, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 77 (1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 105 (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. p. 50, pi. 45, fig. 4 (1889); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 281, pi. 76 (1894). Var. a. Spilarctia zatima. Noctua zatima^ Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 381, fig. F (1781). Bombyx radiatus^ Haworth, Ent. Trans, i. p. 336 (181 2). Spilosoma radiala, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 77 (1828); Westwood & Humphreys, Brit. Moths, i. pp. 88, 92, pi. 18, fig. 19(1843)- The Buff Ermine is a native of Europe and Northern Asia. It expands from i }^ to 1 3/( inch. The Moth is pale yellow, the male being darker than the female. The fore-wings have two, or three, small black spots towards the base, and an oblique row of spots running from the costa to the inner margin ; besides these there are a ^34 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. few Other spots. The hind-wings have two or three black spots. Buff Ermine {Spilarctia httea). The larva is whitish, with long brown hairs, and a narrow white dorsal line, bounded on either side by a broad dark-grey stripe. The sides are marked with oblique pale grey stripes. It feeds on dock and other low plants. The chrysalis is dark-coloured, and is contained in a loose cocoon. GENUS DIAPHORA. Cyaiia (partim), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 184 (1822 ?) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 680 (1855). Diapliora^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 77 (1828). This is a genus with rather shorter, broader, and rounder wings than Spilosouia or Spilardia^ and it is remaikable for the great dissimilarity of the sexes. There is only one species which is common in Europe, and in Northern and Western Asia. THE SrOTTED MUSLIN MOTH. DIAPHORA MENDICA. Boinhyx mendica^ Clerck, Icones, pi. 3, fig. 5 (1759) ; Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 299 (1761); Marsham, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. i. p. 72, pi. i. fig. 3 (1791) ; Esper, Schmett. ii. (2) p. 218, pi. 42 (1785); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 148, 149 (1804?). DIAPHORA. 135 Eyprcpia me?idica, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 351 (1810). Chelo7iia mendica, Godart, Lepid. France, iv, p. 336, pi. 37, figs. I, 2 (1822). Diaphora mendica^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 78 (1828) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 45, fig. 5 (1889). Spilosoma inendica^ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 106 (1880); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 277, pi. 75, figs. 2, 2^-/(1894). The Muslin Moth is common, and has a wide range throughout Europe and Northern and Western Asia. It expands from i/{ to lyi inch. The male is reddish-grey, and the female white, with semi- transparent wings. Both sexes have the wings marked with Muslin Molh S - Muslin Moth ?. sparsely scattered small black spots. On the abdomen are five rows of black dots. The antennae are black in the female. The larva is brownish-green, with light reddish-brown or . cit. p. 510, no. 78 (1758); Clerck, Icones, pi. 4, fig. i (1759); Esper, Schmett. iii. P- 337j pl- 67, figs. 2-7 (1786); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 124, 125 (1804?). Noctua riissiila^ Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 308 (1761). Eyprepia russula, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 309 (1810) ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. i. pi. 21 (1824). Euthevwnia russula, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 68 (1828); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 44, fig. 2 (1889) ; Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 257, pi. 74, fig^^- I, \a-c (1894). Nemeophila russula, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 102, pi. 23, fig. 4 (1S80). The species known as the Clouded Buff differs from the gener- ality of Moths in that the female is considerably less than the male; the latter measuring from about an inch and a half to over an inch PARASEMIA. 139 and three-quarters between the tips of the wings, whilst the former seldom exceeds an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half in expanse. The sexes are likewise very dissimilar in colour. The male has the fore-wings lemon-yellow, with the costa and inner margin, as well as the fringes, rosy-red ; the disc is marked with a large, somewhat crescent-shaped, brown spot edged with red. The hind-wings are yellowish-white, wiih a dusky crescent in the middle anteriorly, a broad dusky band near the hind margin, and rose-coloured fringes. The female is rusty-yellow, with brownish-red nervures and fringes; the hind-wings are dusky, with a marginal band. The spots are as in the other sex. Clouded Buff ?. The larva is dark brown, with a yellow dorsal line dotted with red, reddish or orange-yellow tufts of short hair, longest towards the hinder extremity, and white spiracles. It feeds on a variety of plants, including plantain, dandelion, field scabious, hound's tongue {Cynoglossum officinale)^ &c. It spins a light web, in which it changes into a reddish-brown pupa, the Moth emerging in about fourteen days. It is found in open bushy places among ferns, throughout Europe and Northern and Western Asia. GENUS PARASEMIA. Parasemia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 181 (1822 ?). Nemeophila, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 72 (1828). I40 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. This is a genus containing rather small species, with the an- tennae slightly pectinated in the male, and serrated in the female ; the fore-wings are not much longer than the hind- wings, and the hind margin is distinctly rounded. The wings are black, with anastomosing cream-coloured bands and spots on the fore-wings. The Wood Tiger varies a good deal on the Continent in colour, more especially in that of the hind- wings ; but in England it varies little. There are one or two closely-allied species in California. THE WOOD TIGER MOTH. PARASEMIA PLANTAGINIS. {Plate LXXXVIL Fig. i.) Bombyx plantagints, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 501, no. 25 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 301 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 188, pi. 36, figs. 1-8(1784); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 127, 128 (1804?). Eyprepia plantaginis^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 312 (1810). Nemeophila plantagifiis^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 72 (1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 103, pi. 23, figs. 5, ^a-c (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 44, fig. 5 (1889) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 260, pi. 74, figs. 2, 2^-/(1894). This pretty Moth is common in most parts of Europe and Northern Asia. The male expands about an inch and a half, and the female is a little larger. The fore-wings are black, with yellowish or cream-coloured markings. These consist of two transverse bands meeting a longitudinal one, and one or two spots near the apex. The hind-wings are ochreous-yellow in the male, with two black stripes at the base, and a nearly continuous series of black spots along the hind margin. \r\ the female the hind-wings are yellowish-red or cinnabar-red, with a broad black undulating hind margin, two or three CALLIMORPHA. 14^^ roundish spots in front of it, and two longitudinal stripes run- ning from the base to the inner margin and to the centre of the wing, the latter touching the central spot. The head, thorax, and abdomen are black ; the first with a yellow tuft on each side, and the thorax with lateral streaks of light-coloured hair in the male, but not in the female. In the latter sex the abdomen is reddish, with a black dorsal Hne. The larva is black, with the six middle segments brick-red on the back and sides. It hybernates after the first moult, and feeds till May on broad and narrow-leaved plantain, chickweed, &c. It weaves a thin cocoon, and changes into a dark brown pupa, the Moth emerging in June or July. Next to this genus is placed the North American genus Haploa, Hiibner, which contains species with rather narrow sub- triangular fore-wings, very broad hind-wings, and rather long and slender bodies. The fore-wings are white, with more or less of the borders irregularly blackish ; and the hind-wings are white or yellow, sometimes marked with a large black spot beyond the middle. GENUS CALLIMORPHA. Callimorpha, Latreille, Gen. Crust. Ins. iv. p. 220 (1809); Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 133 (18 15). Hypercompa, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 67 (1828).^ In this genus the antennae are long, ciliated, but not pecti- nated \ the wings are ample, and the body moderately long and stout. The fore-wings are black, glossed with metallic- green, and spotted with cream-colour, and the hind-wings are bright scarlet, with black spots. THE SCARLET TIGER MOTH. CALLIMORPHA DOMINULA. {Plate LXXXVIL Fig. 2.) Nodua dominula, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 509, "O- 68 (1758); i. (2) p. 834, no. 90 (1767); Esper, Schmett. iv. (i)p. 38, pi. 83, figs. 1-4(1786). 142 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. Boiiihyx do/nina, Hiibncr, Eur. Schmctt. iii. figs. 117, 118 (1804?). Eyprepia domtmcla, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 316 (1810). Hypercompa domviula^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 67 (1828); Buckler, Larvse of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 44, fig. i (1889). Callijnojpha doniiiiula^ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. loi, pi. 23, figs. I, !(?, b (1880); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 249, pi. 70, figs. I, 1^-/(1894). This handsome species is found in most parts of Europe in damp woods. It expands from 2 to 2^ inches. The fore- wings are glossy-black, shot with green and each marked with about a dozen cream-coloured or yellowish spots of various sizes on each, the two largest being somewhat beyond the middle. The hind-wings are of a rich carmine, with several large black spots, one central, the others near the hind margin. The fringes of all the wings are black. The thorax is greenish- black like the fore-wings, with two yellow longitudinal stripes ; the abdomen is carmine above, with a black dorsal stripe. Several varieties occur, in one of which the red colour is replaced by pale yellow. The larva is at first dirty yellow, with the head and numerous small spots on the body yellow. After its first moult it becomes black, with three yellow longitudinal stripes spotted with white, and small pale blue tubercles, from which issue divergmg grey- ish hairs. It feeds on various low plants. GENUS HYPERCOMPA. Hypercompa, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i (loio?). Eyprepia^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 299 (1810); Curtis, Brit. Ent. i. pi. 21 (1824). HYPERCOMPA. 1 43 Zoote^ Hiibner, Vcrz. bek. Scbmett. p. i8i (1822?). Eiiprepia^ Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer. p. 94 (1872). This genus includes a few European, Asiatic, and North American species, with finely pectinated antennce in the males, stout pubescent bodies, and brown fore-wings, with white spots and markings, which form an irregular cross on the outer half of the fore-wings; the abdomen and hind-wings are red, with black markings. The hind-wings are broad, but form a long oval, and the fore-wings, which are not much longer, are very broad towards the hind margin, which is gradually curved in- waids from the tip, which is not very pointed, to the hinder angle. Like other Arctiince, very dark varieties of this species are sometimes met with (sometimes nearly black) ; but they are far more frequently observed among specimens reared from the larva than in a state of nature. It has been stated that sprinkling the food of the larvae with brine increases the tendency to melanistic variation in the Moths bred from them. THE COMMON TIGER MOTH. HYPERCOMPA CAIA. Bombyx caia, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 500, no. 22 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 300 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 165, taf. 30-32 (1784); Hiibner. Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 130, 131, 262, 301 (1804-27). Eyprepia caja, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 335 (1810). Arctia caJa, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 19 (1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 103, pi. 23, figs. 6, 6a-c (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 44, fig. 3 (1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. p. 265, pis. 71, 72 (1894). The Common Tiger Moth is widely distributed in Europe^ 144 Lloyd's natural history. Northern Asia, and North America.* It expands from two to three inches. The fore-wings of this richly-coloured species are coffee- brown, marked with sinuous cream-coloured or white lines. The hind-wings are red, or occasionally yellow, with large rounded blue-black spots. The collar is often edged with Fig. I. l"ig. 2. Varieties of the Common Tiger Moth. red. The abdomen is red with broad blackish spots on segments three to seven. This Moth varies immensely. Sometimes the creamy mark- ings of the fore-wings extend as in fig. i. In others the fore-wings become uniform brown, and the hind-wings blue as far as the fringes (fig. 2). * The A.merican Moth has been called Arctia aniericana, Harris ; but it is doubtful whether it possesses any sufliciently constant characters wherewith to regard it as a distinct species. ARCTIA. 145 The larva, which is well-known throughout the country as the "Hairy Worm" and the "Woolly Bear," and in the South of Scotland as the " Hairy oubit,'' feeds on almost all our garden plants. It hybernates at various stages of its growth, but is usually full-grown by the end of May or beginning of June. It is velvety-black, with whitish warts, on which grow long tufts of hair, rusty-yellow on the first three segments and on the sides, but otherwise black. At the extremities the hairs are whitish. GENUS ARCTIA. Arctia, Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (2) p. 151 (1802); Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 133 (1815); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 69 (1828). In the present genus, the fore-wings are rather narrower than in Hypercompa^ the costa is more rounded, and the whole outline of all the wings likewise. The pattern of the fore -wings is quite different, as they are marked with a double row of large cream-coloured spots diverging from the base, parallel to the costa and the hind margin ; the hind-wings are orange, not red, spotted and tipped with black. THE CREAM-SPOT TIGER MOTH. ARCTIA VILLICA. [Plate LXXXV. Fig. 3.) Bombyx villicay Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 501, no. 24 (1758) ; Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 185, Taf. 35 (1784) ; Hiib- ner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 136 (1804 ?). Bombyx vidua, Poda, Mus. Grsec. p. 88, no. 15 (1761). Eyprepia villica^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii, p. 330 (1810). Arctia villica, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 71 (1828) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 103, pi. 23, fig. 7 (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 44, fig. 4 (1889); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 270, pi. 73 (1894). 13 ^ 146 Lloyd's naiural msioia' This handsome Moth has an extended range throughout Europe and Western Asia, but is local in Britain. It measures from two to two and a half inches across the fore-wings, which have the ground colour black, each with about eight yellowish or cream-coloured spots of various sizes. The hind- wings are rather deep yellow, with a few scattered small black spots, and a large black patch on the outer angle, enclosing a few irregular spots of the ground-colour. The larva is velvety-black after its last moult, with light brown tufts of hair, white spiracles, and reddish- brown legs and head. It feeds on most of our common field plants. The cocoon is whitish-grey, and the pupa black, with red- dish-brown incisions. GENUS EUPLAGIA. Euplagia^ Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 180 (1822 ?). This genus has much resemblance to Callinwrpha^ in which it is sometimes included, but the fore-wings are much shorter, with the tip distinctly angulated, and streaked instead of spotted ; the hind-wings, which are red with black spots, are likewise more rounded. The antennae are simple and ciliated, and the abdomen is rather long, and moderately stout. THE JERSEY TIGER MOTH. EUPLAGL\ QUADRIPUNCTARL^. Noctua quadripunctaria^ Poda, Mus. Graec. p. 89, no. 20 (1761). Noctua hera^ Linnaeus, Syst. Nat (ed. xii.) i. (2) p. 834, no. 97 (1767); Esper, Schmett. iv. (i) p. 41, Taf. %2>-> fig^- 5-7 (1786). Bojiihyx heruj Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 116 (1804?). Eyprepia /lera, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 319 (18 10). Callimorpha hera.YJwh^^ Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. loi, pi. 23, figs. 2, 2^, b (1880) ; Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. p. 253) P^- 701 %^- 2, 2a, h (1894). EUCIIARIA. 147 This, which is one of the most beautiful of the Tiger Moths, is a native of Europe and Western Asia. It expands about two Inches. The fore-wings are of a rich silky dark brown, with pale yellow or cream-coloured stripes and streaks. One of the largest of these runs from near the tip, parallel to the hind- margin, to the hinder angle, and another, equally broad, runs from near the middle of the costa to meet the first near the hinder angle, thus completing a Y or V. A third stripe which starts from the costa nearer the base also runs towards the hinder angle, but is narrower, and ends in a point before reach- ing it. The hind-wings are cinnabar-red with a large black central spot, and two large and one or two small ones near the hind margin. The thorax is dark brown, like the fore-wings, with yellow edges to the tegulae, and the abdomen is rich yellow with four rows of small black dots. The larva is greyish-brown or black, with a deep yellow, sometimes orange, dorsal stripe, a yellow or whitish lateral line, and rusty-yellow warts bearing hairs of the same colour. It feeds on various low plants, such as plantain, clover, and lettuce, and on oak, willows, beech, &c. The pupa is shining reddish-brown, and is enclosed in a grey cocoon. This species is common in weedy places in Southern and Central Europe, flying by day. It has long been known as an inhabitant of Jersey, and has also been reputed to be British; but it is only of late years that it seems to have permanently established itself in Devonshire as a British insect. GENUS EUCHARIA. Encharia^ Hiibner, Verz. bck. Schmett. p. 181 (1822?). Ammobiota^ Wallengren, Skand. Heter. ii. p. 304 (1886). The type of this genqg is ^ ha.ndsome European Moth, not L 2 148 Lloyd's natural history. found in England. It has some resemblance in the distri- bution of its colours to Hypercompa caia^ but is a much stouter insect, with more strongly pectinated antennae, and a longer abdomen ; and the wings are longer and narrower, the fore-wings being more uniformly broad, and not nearly so much narrowed at the base as in Hypercompa. EUCHARIA FESTIVA. {Plate LXXXVI. Fig. i.) JBombyx fesfiva, Hufnagel, Berlin. Mag. ii. (4) pp. 416, 437, no. 31 (1766). Bo7nbyx hebe, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2) p. 820, no. 40 (1767) ; Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 181, Taf. 34 (1784) ; Hiib ner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 129, 296 (1804?). Eyprepia hebe^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 339 (1810). Arctia hebe^ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 104, pi. 23, fig. 9 (1880). This species occurs in many parts of Europe and Northern and Western Asia, preferring warm sandy places. The ex- panse of the wings is from 2 to 2^4^ inches. The fore-wings are rich velvety-black, with five irregular white bars bordered with orange, the two posterior being united by a longitudinal one. The hind-wings are rose- coloured in the male, blood-red in the female, with black spots. The fringes are black. The head and thorax are black, and the abdomen is of the same colour as the hind- wings, with a black dorsal stripe and a black tip. The larva is black, with tubercles of the same colour, each bearing rather long hairs, grey on the back, greyish-yellow on the sides, and deep red near the belly. It feeds on a great variety of common plants, such as dandelion, millefoil, &c. It hybernates, and passes through its metamorphoses about 7 . EuchjCtrijOL Fe^Uycu . Z. AparLtesis arcfc^. 3. ,, vtrgo. 4. ,, ,, lOJ^^Oy. 5. ,, ,, pUpOy. APANTESIS. 149 the beginning of May in the following year. The cocoon is white and soft, but rather dense, and the pupa is black. GENUS ArANTESIS. Apantesis, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iii. p. (^^^i (1855). This genus includes a large number of North-American species, of moderate size, with oval dark fore-wings covered with crossed and interlacing cream-coloured bands or spots, and with red, white, yellow, or black hind-wings, generally spotted with black. We have figured two examples of the genus. APANTESIS VIRGO. i^Plate LXXXVI. Fig. 3 [imago), 4 {larva), 5 [pupa).) Bombyx virgo, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 501, no. 23 (1758) ; id. Mus. Ludov. Ulricae, p. 381 (1764) ; Clerck, Icones, pi. 45, fig. 5 (1759)- Phalcena virgo. Abbot & Smith, Lepid. Georg. ii. pi. 62 (1797). Euplagia virgo, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. pi. 130, (1824?). Spilosoma virgo^ Duncan, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 266, pi. 19 (1841). Arciia virgo, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 608, no. 23 (1855) ; Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer. p. 126, pi. 6, figs. I, 2 (1872). This handsome Moth is an inhabitant of most parts of North America. It expands from 2 to 2^-2 inches. The head and thorax are cream-coloured or pale flesh- coloured, the latter with two black spots in front, and three rather broad black longitudinal streaks. The fore-wings are velvety-black, with numerous cream-coloured or flesh-coloured stripes, dividingthe ground-colour into many triangular, quad- rate, and linear spots. The hind-wings are red, of a more or 150 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORV. less pinkish shade, sometimes inclining to orange, with several angular black spots massed towards the hind margin. These are occasionally narrowly edged with yellow ochre. The larva is brown, with several yellow tubercles on each segment bearing tufts of hair ; head and pro-legs yellow. " It feeds," says Abbot, " on several species of mimosa, commonly called the sensible briar, panting briar, &c., as well as on some other plants. It spun upon June icth, and on the 20th September the Moth came out. In Virginia it spins in April, and comes forth in May. This is not a common kind. The caterpillar, when kept in confinement, is apt to die before it changes to a chrysalis." The chrysalis is of a delicate lilac colour. APANTESIS ARGE. {riate LXXXVL Fig. 2.) Nodiia arge, Drury, 111. Ex. Ent. i. pi. 18, fig. 3 (1773). Bombyx diofie, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 572, no. 54 (1775). Phalena dio?ie, Abbot & Smith, Lepid. Georg. ii. pi. 63 (1797). Spilosoma arge, Duncan, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 174, pi. 19, fig. 2 (1841). Ardia arge, Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer. p. 225, pi. 9, figs. 10, II (1874). This species, like the last, inhabits North America. It ex- pands 1^2 to 2 inches. Nearly all the Tiger and Ermine Moths are subject to great variation in their markings, but the present species appears even to exceed the usual limits in this respect. The ground- colour of the fore-wings and thorax is generally cream-colour, but may be delicate pink. There are numerous black lines and angular spots. The hind-wings are either cream-colour or tinged with red, having a fulvous marginal line and many ob- long black spots posteriorly. The antennas are black at the CALLARCTIA. i5I extremities ; collar red, with two small black streaks above it ; thorax with a black stripe in the centre, and another on each side; abdomen with three rows of black spots, those on the back being the largest. The anterior femora have two black spots on them close to the head. Abbot has accurately figured the larva. It is dark brown, with five whitish or yellow longitudinal stripes. On each seg- ment is a transverse row of fulvous tubercles, from which grow dense tufts of brown hairs. It feeds on a variety of plants, but is said to prefer plantain {Phuifago viajor)^ Indian corn, and peas. A specimen kept by Abbot was hatched on the 23rd of July, and spun upon the 28th August, the Moth appearing on the 9th of September. The pupa has five reddish bands, and terminates in a point. GENUS CALLARCTIA. Euprepla^ Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 181 (1822 ?) ; Her- rich-Schaffer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 141 (1847). Callarctia^ Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. iii. p. 114 (1864). Tympanophora, Laboulb^ne, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4) iv. p. 704 (1864). Cymbalophora^ Rambur, Cat. Lepid. And. ii. p. 231 (1866). This genus resembles Apantesis^ but the wings are rather narrower and m^re rounded, and the pale bands are so much broken that the fore-wings might equally well be described as pinkish-white, with large black spots, or black with narrow in- terlacing and crossing pinkish-white stripes. The hind-wings are pinkish-white, with black spots ; the antennae are ciliated in the male, and the body is stout, and the abdomen rather long. The typical species is European, but not British, and is remarkable for its stridulatory powers. 152 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. CALLARCTIA PUDICA. Botnhyx pudica, Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 177, Taf. 33, fig. i (1784); iii. (2) pp. 26, 48, p]. 84, fig. I, Taf. 87, fig. 4 (1786 ?); Hiibner, Beitr. Schmett. ii. (4) p. 87, Taf. i, figs. G, I, 2 (1793); id. Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 134, 269 (1804?). Nodua tessellata^ De Villiers, Ent. Linn. ii. p. 274, no. 347, pi. 5, fig. 18(1789). Eyprepia pudica^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 334 (1810). Chelonia pudica^ Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 313, pi. 32, figs. I, 2 (1822). Euprepia piidica^ Herrich-Schaffer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 141, figs. 116, 117 (1847); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 102, pi. 51, fig. 3 (1880). This is a South European and North African species, which flies at dusk. It expands from i)^ to i^ inches. The fore-wings are greenish-black, with numerous pinkish- white waved intersecting lines, which break up the ground- colour into a number of spots. The hind-wings are pinkish- white, with a few rose coloured hairs at the base, and several black spots towards the hind margin. These spots are occasion- ally wanting, especially in the male. The thorax is black, with a pale pink collar and two longitudinal streaks of the same colour. The abdomen is rose-coloured, with a row of black dorsal spots and a black extremity. The antenn?e are also black, ciliated in the male, and filiform in the female. The larva hibernates, and is full grown by the end of April. It feeds almost exclusively on grasses. The perfect insect appears in May or June, and is remarkable for possessing a musical organ, by means of which it is able to produce sounds. This peculiarity was first noticed by De Vil- liers, a French entomologist, who says (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, X -Lj.n.i j_i j_iyv^\.A.v ii. '^^^j:M 5 /. PcurcLsarniii plnntaifinis . 2 . CoMijnorphxjL dxmninjjila . 3 . Hyhjp h Ua j}j 5^5 ^(1894). Hylophila prasi/iana, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 66 (1834). The present species is found throughout Europe and Northern A'iia. It expands from somewhat more than an inch to an inch and a half. The fore- wings are light green, Mylophila. 155 with three obh'que silvery-white stripes, the costa being of this colour also. The abdomen and hind-wings are yellowish-white, darker in the male than in the female. The antennae are red- dish brown. The costa, inner margin, and tips of the fringes of the fore-wings are purplish-red in the male, yellow in the female. The larva is light green, with a yellow lateral line and two red streaks behind. It feeds on a variety of common trees, and changes into a reddish-brown pupa, which is enclosed in a dense boat-shaped cocoon. The Moth flies early in the evening, and, like Callarciia pudica (Esper ; vide anted, p. 152) stridulates during flight. Concerning this species, Mr. Meyrick writes : — " Although showing relationship to the group of Callimorpha and the exotic family AgaristidcB (which also originate from Callimorpha), the actual ancestry of this curious form is obscure." We abstain from commenting on this rema^-kable utterance. THE SCARCE GREEN SILVER-LINES. HYLOPHILA BICOLORANA. {Plate LXXXVII. Fig. 5.) Torin'x prasina, Poda, Mus. Graec. p. 93, pi. 2, fig. 10 (1761) Toririx bicoloraiia, Fuessly, Verz. Schweiz. Ins. p. 41 (1775). Tortrix p7'asinana, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 145, no. 3 (1775). Tortrix quercana, Denis & Schiflermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien, p. 125, no. i (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. vii. fig. 159 (1803). Halias quercana, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. viii. p. 7 (1830); Curtis, Brit. Ent. xii. pi. 575 (1835) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 179, pi. 64, figs. 6, 6a (1894). Hylophila qi4erca?ia, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 67 (1834). ^ Chloephora bicolorana, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 295, pi. 42, fig. iort-^(iS8i). 156 Lloyd's natural hlstory. This species is a native of Europe and Western Asia. It expands nearly two inches. The thorax and fore-wings are deep grass-green, the latter being crossed by two oblique whitish lines. The hind-wings and abdomen are glossy white. The palpi, antennae, and legs are tinged with red. The larva is green, with a lateral yellowish line and a dorsal tubercle on the second segment. It frequents various trees, but seems most partial to the oak. The pupa is pale green, with a black dorsal line. The Moth appears about the middle of June, and is much scarcer in Britain than the last species. FAMILY XV. LITHOSIID^. Eggs. — Usually resembling round pearly beads. Larva. — Cylindrical, with sixteen legs, clothed with short or moderately long hair, arranged in tufts ; gregarious, and often feeding on lichens. Pupa. — Enclosed in a cocoon. Imago. — Allied to the ArciiidcE, but the ocelli are gener- ally absent; the fore-wings are long and narrow; and the hind-wings rounded. The neuration is usually simple, and the colours seldom much varied. Most of the species fly in the evening, but some of the more brightly-coloured species by day. When the former are beaten out by day they simulate death in the net. The LithosiidcE are a very extensive Family, with ciliated or slightly pectinated antennae, slender bodies and large wings ; in most cases the fore-wings are much narrower than the hind- wings, and overlap above them when at rest. The fore-wings are rounded at the tips, and the hind-wings are rounded. The species are generally simply coloured, being white or MILTOCHRISTA. ^57 yellowish, with black markings, but some species are black, while others are suffused, spotted, or striped with red ; and a few exotic species with green or blue. The larv^ are generally brightly coloured, with hairy warts. Although this Family has numerous representatives m all parts of the world, it attains its maximum of development, both in the variety, and in the size of the species, m the East Indies, and especially in India itself. GENUS MILTOCHRISTA. Miltochrista, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. i66 (1822?); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 553 (1854). Calligenia, Duponchel, Cat. Lepid. Eur. p. 59 (1844). The European species of this genus, which is the repre- sentative of a very large Indian group, differs from others of the Family by the arched costa and rounded fore-wmgs (ihe costa in most genera of Lithosiidce being nearly straight), its red colouring, and the zig-zag transverse Imes on the fore-wings. The latter are nearly as broad as the hmd- wings which is also unusual in European Lithosiidcz. It flies at dusk in the neighbourhood of woods, and is not un- common. The larva feeds on lichens. THE ROSY FOOTMAN. MILTOCHRISTA MTNIATA. Geometra miniata, Forster, Nov. Spec. Ins. p. 75 (i 77 0- Bombyx rosea, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 5^7, "O- 1^9 (i775); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 386, Taf. 77. H^- ^-3 (1786). Nodua ruhicunda, Denis & Schiffermuller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien, p. 68, no. 10 (1776). Bombyx rubicunda, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i, ii. fig. 1 1 1 (1804 . lithosia rosea, Ochsenheimer, Schmett Eur. ui. p. 14S (1810). 158 Lloyd's natural history. Calli77iorpha rosea, Godart, I.e[)id. France, iv. p. 383, pi. 39, figs. 5,6(1822). Callijiwrpha miniata, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 90 (1829). Calligerua 7niniata, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 96, ^ ^ pi. 22, fig. 2, a-c (1879) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 201, pi. 66, figs. 3, 3^ (1894). Miltochrista uiiniata, Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. p. 13, pi. 40, fig. 3(1889). This species is found in Southern and Central Europe and in Northern Asia. It expands from i^^ to i^^ inch. It has the fore-wings dark rose-coloured with one or two black spots at the base, an oblique zig-zag black line beyond the middle and Rosy Footman. a series of distinct black dots on the hind margin varying in number. The hind-wings are paler and without spots. The larva is brown with tufts of long grey hair ; the head is reddish-brown with orange downy hairs. It feeds on lichens growing on oak, birch, ash, &c. The pupa is brown and is enclosed in a stout cocoon. GENUS GNOPHRIA. Aiolmis {partim), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 164 (1822 ?) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 482 (1854); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 9. Gnophriay Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 98 (1829). GNOPHRIA. 159 The only European representative of this genus has rather squarer fore-wings and narrower hind-wings than in typical Lithosice, but may be distinguished at a glance from almost any British Moth at all resembling it in size and shape, by its sooty black colour. As usual in this Family, the insect, which is not uncommon in England, feeds on lichens in the ^^ larva state, and constructs a cocoon. THE RED-NECKED FOOTMAN. GNOPHRIA RUBRICOLLIS. Noctiia rubricollis^ Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 511, no. 83 (175S); Clerck, Icones, pi. 2, fig. 3 (1759); Esper, Schmett. iv. p. 90, Taf. 92, fig. i (1786). Noctiia rubicolIiSy Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 307 (1761); id. Mus. Ludov. Ulric. p. 386 (1764). Bombyx rubricollis^ Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 94 (1800?). Lithosia rubricollis, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 142 (1810); Godart, Lepid. France, v. p. 22, pi. 42, fig. 3 (1824) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 229, pi. 68, figs. I, la-c (1894). Gnophria rubricollis^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 98 (1829); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 99, pi. 22, fig. 10 (1879); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. p. 34, pi. 42, fig. 2 (1889). The Red-necked Footman is common throughout Europe, Northern and Western Asia. It expands from i inch to i ^ inch. Red-necked Footman. It is a black insect with a red collar and the tip of the abdomen rich golden-yellow. i6o Lloyd's natural history. The larva is greenish-grey with black longitudinal lines, dotted with red and white. The head is dark brown with two white streaks. It feeds Q\\ Jungerma7iiiia^ and various lichens. The larva is reddish-brown, and is contained in a brownish- grey cocoon. GENUS LITHOSIA. Ltihosia, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 459 (1798); Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. iii. p. 408 (1802); Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 125 (1810) ; Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 93 (1829). Bnniia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 15. Collita, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 16. This genus and its immediate allies present the character istics of the Family in the highest perfection — the long, narrow fore-wings, with the costa nearly straight, and the broad rounded hind-wings. The fore-wings are usually pale-coloured, varying from yellowish to pale grey, generally with a paler line on the costa, and sometimes with one or two black dots. The hind-wings vary from whitish to pale brownish-grey. We have several closely-allied species in England, of which the best known is the following : THE COMMON FOOTMAN. LITHOSIA LURIDEOLA. Nodua complana, Esper (nee Linn.), Schmett. iv. (i) p. 95, Taf. 92, fig. 7 (1786) ; Hiibner, Beitr. Schmett. i (3) p. 12, Taf. I, F (1788). Lithosia iurideola, Zincken, Allgem. Literaturzeitung, 181 7, p. 68; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. x. (i) p. 162 (1834); Fischer von Rosslerstamm, Abbild. Schmett. p. 106, Taf. 42, figs. 2a-c (1840 ?) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 98 (1879)- CEONISTIS. lol Idthosia coniplanula^ Boisduval, Icones Lipid, ii. p. 97 ^ (1834) ; Duponchel, Lepid. France, Suppl. iii. p. 15, pi. i, fig. 4 (1836) ; Buckler, Larvje of Brit. Lepid. iii. p. 21, pi, 41, fig. 3 (1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 224, pi. 67, figs. 6, 6a (1894). Ltthosia plu7?ibeola^ Herrich-Schaffer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 158, no. 17 (1847). The Common Footman is found throughout Europe and Asia Minor. It expands about ij^ inch. The fore-wings are dark leaden-grey, with a yellow stripe on the costa, gradually narrowed to the tip. The hind-wings are of a uniform pale yellow. Common Footman. The larva is black and hairy, without spots. There is a reddish stripe on each side above the legs extending from the fifth to the eleventh segments. It feeds on lichens growing on walls and trees, especially on those of the poplar. This species is very similar to Z. complana (Linnaeus), the type of the genus, which is a scarce Moth in England, and may be distinguished by the pale stripe on the costa not being narrowed, but running in equal breadth throughout, to the tip of the wing. Most of the other British species of Lithosia are more or less local. GENUS QlONISTIS. Lithosia {pariim), Kabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 459(1798); Latreillc, Consid. Generales, p. 364 (iSio); Leach, 13 M 162 t.LOVDS NATURAL HISTORY. Edino. Encycl. ix. p. 133 (1815); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 44. CEonisfis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 165 (1822 ?). The British species of this genus is the largest of the Family. The sexes differ considerably in colour and appear- ance, and were formerly regarded as distinct species. The fore-wings are more arched than in Lithosia^ and the sub-costal nervure throws off a branch to the costa, which is not the case in Lithosia. The single species is not very uncommon in England, and its larva is a lichen-feeder. THE FOUR-SPOTTED FOOTMAN. CEONISTIS QUADRA. Nodua quadra^ Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 511, no. 84 (1758), i. (2) p. 840, no. 114 (1767); Esper, Schmett. iv. p. 92, Taf. 92, figs. 2-6 (1786). Noctiia flava, Miiller, Faun. Fridr. p. 46 (1764). $ Nodua deplana^ Linnaeus, Mant. Plant, p. 539 (17 71). Boinhyx quadra^ Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. loi, 102 (1800). Lithosia quadra, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 126 (1810); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 97 (1829); Godart, I^epid. France, v. p. 13, pi. 41, figs. 2-4 (1837). CEonistis quadra^ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 99, pi. 22, figs. 9, a-c (1879) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. p. 29, pi. 42, fig. I (1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 232, pi. 68, figs. 3, 3^7, b (1894). The Four-Spotted Footman is found locally throughout Europe, and Northern and Western Asia. The female ex- pands about two inches, and the male a little less. The antennae are dark brown, and the head and body ochre- yellow. The fore-wings are yellowish-grey in the male, deep yellow at the base, with the hind margin bluish-grey, and the COSCINIA. I&3 costa blue-black from the base. The hind-wings are ochre- yellow, with the costa bluish-grey. The female has canary-yellow fore-wings, with two steel-blue spots of variable size, one on the costa, the other nearly opposite the middle of the inner margin. The hind-wings are paler. • • / ,r Wi;.UII '1- ^ , , The Four-Spotted Footman. The larva is dark grey, with a double zig-zag yellow line on each side of the back, in which are situated red, hairy tubercles. On the third, eighth, and last segments is a black spot. The head is small and black. It feeds on lichens, which grow on several kinds of fruit-trees, as well as on oak, beech, fir, horse-chestnut, &c. The pupa is reddish-brown, short and stout; and is con- tained in a thin oval cocoon. GENUS COSCINIA. Cosdm'a, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 169 (1822?). Spin's, Hiibner, Vcrz. bck. Schmett. p. 169 (1822 ?) ; Walker, List Lcpid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p 472 (1854). Eulepia, Curtis, Brit. Ent. ii. pi. 56 (1825); Stephens, III. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 91 (1829). Emydia, Boisduval, Ind. Meth. p. 39 (1829); id. Gen. Ind. Melh. p. 56 (1840). M 2 164 ij.oyd's natural history. The Moths belonging to the present genus resemble Lithosia in shape, having long narrow fore-wings, and broad, though somewhat less rounded, hind-wings, but they are much more gaily coloured, the fore-wings being longitudinally striated. The antennae are short, and distinctly pectinated in the male, and the larvae feed, not on lichens, but on grass and heather, and construct cocoons. We have noticed the two best-known European species, but neither is common in England, and the first is so rare that its claim to be considered a British species has been regarded as doubtful. They prefer warm, dry, heathy localities. THE FEATHERED FOOTMAN. COSCINIA STRIATA. Bomhyx striata^ Linnceus, Syst. Nat.(ed.x.) i. p. 502, no. 31(1758). Bonihyx grajnmica^ Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. App. p. 822 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 301 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 342, Taf. 68, figs. 5-8 (1786), iii. (i) p. 21, Taf. 83, fig. 3 (1786?). Eyprepia graminica^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 306 (1810). Lithosia grajnniica, Godart, Lepid. France, v. p. 19, pi. 42, figs. I, 2 (1824). Eulepia grammica^ Curtis, Brit. Ent. ii. text (1825) ; Stephens, fol. 56, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 91, pi. 17, fig. 3 (1829); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 236, pi. 69, figs i^, J} (1891). Euiydia striata^ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 100, 22, fig. II (1879). Coscinia striata^ Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Hot. i. p. 343 (1892). This pretty Moth is found throughout the greater part Europe and Western Asia. It expands about i^ inch or a little less. The male has the fore-wings yellow, numerous narrow black COSCIXIA. "is longitudinal lines running nearly parallel to one another, and two small central dots. The hind-wings are more orange- coloured, with a black central lunule and a broad black border. The fringes of all the wings are yellow. The female is paler, with the longitudinal lines of the fore- wings much less strongly marked, and sometimes quite Feathered Footman. absent. The hind-wings are orange-coloured, with a few black streaks near the base, a black central dot and a row of small black spots on the hind margin. The larva is dark brown, with an orange-coloured dorsal stripe, a white lateral line, and with reddish-brown tubercles clothed with reddish-yellow hair. THE SPECKLED FOOTMAN. COSCINIA CRIBRARIA. Bomhyx cribfaria^ Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 507, no. 52 (1758). Boinbyx cribrum^ Linnaeus, Faun. Succ. p. 302 (1761); id. Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. {2) p. 831, no. 76 (1767); Espcr, Schmett. iii- P- Z^^^ Taf. 69, fig. i (1786). i66 Lloyd's natural history. Eyprepria cribriim, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 302 (1810). Eiilepia crlbriiin,, Curtis, Brit. Ent. ii. pi. 56 (1825) ; Stephens, III. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 92 (1829); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Ins. iii. pi. 46, fig. 2 (18S9) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 238, pi. 62, figs. 2, 2«, b (1894). Lithosia c?'ibnun, Godart, Lepid. France, v. p. 26, pi. 43, figs. I, 2 (1837). Emydia cribriim^ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 100 (1879). Coscinia cribraria^ Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Het. i. p. 343 (1892). This is a European species, which occurs also in some parts of Western Asia. It expands i y^ inch, or a little more, the female being generally rather smaller than the male. The The Speckled Footman. fore-winss are white, with four transverse rows of blackish- brown spots, and two smoky stripes running from the base to the hind margin. The hind-wings are grey. The larva is hairy and black, with a whitish dorsal stripe, and a narrow white lateral line above the feet. It feeds on heather. GENUS UTETIIEISA. Utetheisa, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 168 (1822?); Stretch, Zyg, &' Bomb. N. Amer. p. 55 (1872); Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, ii. p. 67 (1882) ; Moschler, Ent. Amer. ii. p. 73 (1886). UTETHEISA. 167 Peiopeia, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p, 92 (1829). Utethesia^ Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. Ind. Co. ii. p. 306 (1859). This is a beautiful genus of moderate-sized Moths, with narrow, oblong fore-wings, not much longer than the hind- wings, and with the hind margin very slightly oblique, and the hinder angle just rounded off. The fore-wings are white, red, or yellow, spotted with black, and the hind-wings are red or white, rather broadly bordered with black, and often with one or more black spots towards the end of the cell. The species are not numerous, but have representatives in most tropical countries ; they reach the extreme northern limit of their range in Central Europe and Massachusetts. They fly by day, THE CRIMSON-SPECKLED FOOTMAN. UTETHEISA PULCHELLA. {Plate LX XX VIII. Fig. 2 {imago), 3 {larva).) Ti?iea pulchella^ Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 534, no. 238 (1758); Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. Taf. 23, fig. 11 (1776). Noctua pulchra^ Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 68, no. 9 (1776); Esper, Schmett. iv. p. 570, Taf. 164, figs. 3-5 (1786?). Geometra lotrix, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii, pi. 109, figs. E, F (1779?). Lithosia pulchra^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 304 (1810). Eulepia pulchra.^ Curtis, Brit, Ent. iv, pi, 169 (1827). Deiopeia pulchella^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 93 (1829) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. loi, pi. 22, figs. 12, ^, b (1879); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii, p. 52, pi. 46, fig. 3 (1889) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 241, pi. 69, figs. 3, 3^, b (1894). Uteiheisa pulchella, Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, ii. p. 67, pi. 104, fig. 5 (1882). i6S Lloyd's natural history. This pretty Moth is found nearly all over the Old World as far North as the Baltic. In England it is rare, though less so than formerly. It expands from i^ to nearly i^ inch. The head, thorax, and fore-wings are yellowish-white, the thorax being spotted with black and yellow. The fore-wings are covered with many small black and scarlet spots, the former of which are arranged, more or less, in fine transverse lines, the others being between them. The abdomen and hind-wings are white, slightly tinged with bluish, the latter with a broad, dusky, marginal band, sinuated on the inner side and becoming narrow towards the anal angle. The fringe of all the wings is pale yellow. The larva, which is covered with blackish hair, is bluish- grey, spotted with black and red, and having a broad white dorsal line. It feeds on HeKotrophim eiiropeu7n^ Solamun touientosuni^ and field scorpion grass {Myosotis arvensis). Only the last-mentioned is indigenous in this country. UTETHEISA BELLA. (Plate LXXXVIII. Fig. i.) Tinea bella, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 534, no. 237 (1758);- id. Mus. Ludov. Ulr. p. 399 (1764) ; Drury, 111. Ex. Ent. i. pi. 24, fig. 3 (1773)- Utetheisa bella, Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer. p. 56, pi. 2, fig. 15 (1872). This handsome Moth resembles the Crimson - Speckled Footman, but is much more richly coloured. It is generally common in the United States. The expanse of the wings is about i^ inch. The fore-wings are yellow, varying from lemon to orange, with six white transverse bands, each containing a series of black dots. The hind-wnngs are pink, with an irregular black ~'0}^'CWi Wynutft&:S'ff/is limxhid. 1 . UteXh.ets/»ta«. AiV^Jw. UnuttA 3 . Nycte^rn&rcu c/'e^ aens LIPARID^E. 193 and the flight is diurnal. There is no prediscoidal cell on the fore-wings, the cross-nervure so characteristic of the ^''jr- tenieridce. being absent, and on the hind-wings, the costal ner- vure is completely detached from the sub-costal, though closel}' approximating to it. But what distinguishes this genus from almost all others is the immensely long fringe of hair on the hind-wings, all along the inner margin, and the lower half of the hind margin, almost as long as the breadth of the wing at its narrowest part, and filling up the whole space between the wing and the abdomen. The type, Fierothysafius laticilia. Walker, is not uncommon in Northern India, and measures from 2}^ to 3 inches across the wings. The head and collar are bright red^ the thorax black, the abdomen yellowish, with black spots, the fore-wings black, with several irregular rows of large white spots, and the hind-wings white, with two transverse bands, and most of the hind margin black. FAMILY XXII. LIPARIDyE. Eggs. — Generally laid in batches, and covered with down from the body of the female. Larva. — Usually with projecting tufts of short and stiff, or long and soft, hair ; feeding, as a rule, on trees. Pupa. — Enclosed in a cccoon. Imago. — Usually with strongly pectinated antennae, at least in the males ; body sometimes slender in the males, but generally short, stout, and tufted at the extremity in the females ; wings ample ; flight diurnal in the males of many species ; females sometimes apterous. Many species which fly at dusk or at night may be found resting on the trunks of trees in the daytime. The proboscis is short or obsolete, but the frenulum is well marked, as is usually the case in strongly- 13 o 194 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY. flying Motns. The discoidal cells are closed, and the hind- wings are provided with two sub-median nervures, while the costal and sub-costal nervures are frequently connected by a short cross-nervule near the base. This is a very numerous Family, most of the species being either white or yellow, with black markings. Or they may be brown, and occasionally they are marked with red. To this Family belong several of our commonest and best-known Moths, such as the Vapourer Moth, the Brown- and Gold- Tail Moths, &c., and many of them are very destructive to the plants on which they feed. Some of the exotic genera, such as the American genus Eloria of Walker, and the African genus (yj^r^, Boisduval, have extremely delicate, gauzy, and sometimes almost transparent, wings. Apart from the genera with apterous females, the dissimilarity of the sexes, both in form, colour, and habits, is very great in some genera, while in others the sexes differ comparatively little, but the female is nearly always a much stouter-bodied insect than the male of the same species. GENUS EUPROCTIS. Eiipj'odis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 159(1822?); Butler, 111. Lepid. Heter. Brit. Mus. v. p. 50 (1880); Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, ii. p. 89 (1883). This genus may be taken as typical of a very extensive series of Moths (most numerous in the Old World), of com- paratively small size and white colour (more or less smoky on the under surface), with one or two conspicuous black spots or markings. The antennae are strongly pectinated in the males, and the females have a large tuft of wool at the end of the abdomen. The Brown-Tail Moth {E. chrysorrhoea) and a still more abundant allied species, the Gold-Tail Moth, Leucoma similis (Fuessly), may often be seen at dusk, resting in the EUPROCTIS. 195 hedges, which their larvae have half stripped of their leaves. Our other white Liparidce. are larger and less common. TPIE BROWN-TAIL MOTH. EUPROCTIS CHRYSORRHCEA. Boinbyx chrysorrhoea^ Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 502, no. 28 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 299 (1761); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 67, 248, 249 (1800?); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 273, pi. 27, fig. 3 (1822). Bombyx auriflua^ Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 23*-, Taf. 39, fig. 6 (1785). Bofnbyx phcBorrhcea^ Donovan, Brit. Ins. x. pi. 555 (1801). Liparis chrysorrhaa^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 202 (1810). Porthesia aurijltia^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 66 (1828). The Brown-Tail Moth. Porthesia chrysorrhcea, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. I II, pi. 25, fig. 4(1879); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 40, fig. I (1889) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 292, pi. 78, fig. 2, 2a-c (1894). Euproctis chrysorrhoea, Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 442 (1892). The Brown-Tail Moth is found throughout Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor. It expands from \y^ to ij^ inch. It is white, sometimes with a dark spot near the hinder angle of the fore-wings in the male. The abdomen ends in a tuft of o 2 196 Lloyd's natural history. long hairs, brownish in the male, rust-coloured in the female. These the female uses as a covering for her eggs, which are laid in a cluster. The larv?e hibernate in companies in a common grey web, but disperse after the first moults. The full-grown larva is greyish black, with light brown hairs and two reddish-brown lines on the back. On the fifth and terminal segments is a black wart-like elevation, and on both sides of the back is a white stripe. It feeds on various kinds of fruit trees as well as on oak, blackthorn, &c. GENUS OCNERIA. Ocneria, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 158 (1822 ?) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 789 (1855). This is a South European genus, the type of which is easily distinguished from any of the British Liparidce by its pale reddish colours. The antennae are strongly pectinated in the male, in which, too, the body is much less stout than in the female ; the legs are very slender, and not tufted, as in most of the other Liparidce^ and the wings are rather narrow, more of the shape that we observe in some of the smaller Lasiocampid(S. OCNERIA RUBEA. {Plate XC I. Fig. i.) Bonihyx nihea^ Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 117, no. 107 (1787); Hiibner, Beitr. Schmett. ii. (2) p. 50, Taf. 32 (1790); id. Eur. Schmett. ii. figs. 60, 61, 240 (1800 ?); Esper, Schmett. iii. (2) p. 53, Taf. 89, fig. 3 (1807). Liparis riibea, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 190 (1810). Ocneria riibea^ Herrich-Schaiifer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 136, fig. 89 (1844); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. no (1879). PORTHETRIA. 1 97 This rather scarce species expands an inch or a Httle more. The fore-wings are reddish-grey with a double dark transverse hne near the base, and a whitish central spot, edged with darker. The hind-wings are dull rosy-red with a blackish central shade, bordered externally by an interrupted black line. In the female the scaling is loss dense, the markings less dis- tinct, and the colour redder. The larva hibernates when half-grown, and is fully grown in May. It is yellow, suffused with brown on the back, and has two irregular blackish stripes on the sides of the back, con- taining a distinct black dot at the commencement of each segment. There are, moreover, twelve rows of tubercles on the body, set with grey and blackish hair. The head is reddish-brown. It feeds on low oaks {Quenus robur and Q. ilex)^ remaining hidden under the fallen leaves by day, and emerging only at night to take food. The pupa is light brown, with tufts of yellow hair. This species has been reputed British, but without any re- liable authority, and as it is a South European insect, it is not at all likely to occur with us. Many of the older English writers appear to have indicated species as British in the most careless and haphazard manner. Most of these, however, were practically eliminated by Stephens, though since his time, entomologists have erred in the opposite direction, and struck out many species of the occurrence of which in England there is little reasonable doubt. Indeed, several of them have since been reinstated in our lists. GENUS PORTHETRIA. Liparis^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 186 (1810). Porthetria, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 160 (1822 ?). Hypogymna^ Stephens, 111. Brit. EiU. Haust. ii. p. 55 (1828). 198 Lloyd's natural history. Antennae strongly pectinated in the male, which is slender- bodied, and flies by day; slightly pectinated in the female, which is much larger and stouter than the male, and has a large tuft at the extremity of the abdomen ; it rests on hedges or tree-trunks by day. The basal joint of the palpi is small, and the third joint obtuse. There is but one European species ; but several allied species are found in India, Japan, &:c. THE GIPSY MOTH. PORTHETRIA DISPAR. Bomhyx dispar^ Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 501, no 27 (1758); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 197, Taf. 38 (1785); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 75, 76, 263 (1800?); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 256, pi. 25, figs, i, 2 (1S22). Liparis dispar^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 195 (i8io)« Hypogyimia dispar^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 56 (1828); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 37, fig. 6 (1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 303, pi. 79, figs. 2, 2a-e (1894). Ocneria dispar, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. no, pi. 25, fig. 2, fl-^(iS79). Porthetria dispar^ Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 475 (1892). The Gipsy Moth has a wide range, extending throughout Europe as well as Northern and Western Asia. It expands from i}^ to 2^ inches, the male being much smaller than the female. The male is generally dark brown or smoky-black, though the colour varies considerably and light greyish-brown speci- mens may sometimes be met with. The hind-wings are some what lighter than the fore-wings, with a dark margin. The female is greyish-white with black antennae. In both sexes the fore-wings are crossed by dark zig-zag transverse lines, and PORTHETRIA. 199 have a dusky black lunule and costal spots. The hind-wings of the female have a faint sub-marginal line. The larva is brown or ashy-grey with three fine yellow lines or a broad dark brown stripe on the back. The anterior segments are blue, and the red tubercles thickly covered with hair. The head is very large and yellowish-grey, with two Gipsy Moth ^J, Gipsy Moth ?. brown spots. It feeds on various fruit-trees, as well as on pop- lar, willow, oak, rose, &c. The pupa is dark brown with yellowish tufts of hair, and is placed in a web between leaves or in the chinks of bark. The eggs are deposited on tree-trunks, palings, &c., and are covered with down from the abdomen of the female. This species is most abundant and destructive on the Conti- nent, the males flying everywhere about bushes and hedges, in 200 Lloyd's natural history. the manner of Notolophus antiqmiSy and the females are ahnost equally abundant and conspicuous at rest. It has also lately been introduced into North America, where it has proved quite as destructive. Very fine and large specimens used to be common in the fens of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire before they were drained ; but otherwise the Moth seems to have always been rare in England. Some of the writers of the last century say that it was intro- duced into the orchards at Chiswick, where, however, it soon seems to have died out ; Stephens says that it has occasionally been taken at Coombe Wood ; and Stainton mentions Halton in Buckinghamshire, and Stowmarket as localities. It is now considered to be almost, if not quite, extinct as a British insect, though a degenerate breed derived from an original British stock is, or was till recently, kept up among entomo- logists. It is curious that two British species, both named dispar from the dissimilarity of the sexes, one a Butter- fly and the other a Moth, should both have become practi- cally extinct in England through the draining of the fens. GENUS LYMANTRIA. Lymmitria^ Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. i6o (1822?); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 870 (1855); Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, ii. p. 99 (1883). Psilura, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 57 (1828); Rambur, Cat. Lepid. de I'Andalusie, p. 276 (1866). This genus is very similar to the last, but the first joint of the palpi is nearly half as long as the second, and the third is acute. The sexes are nearly similar, and the male does not fly by day. The female has a pointed abdomen, and a short but conspicuous ovipositor. There are several Indian species of this genus closely re- sembling Z. monacha^ some of which have the wings spotted PLATE XCI. ;n:\ ./t:-*^^^ I LYMANTRIA. 201 and SLiffiised with red or orange, and the body red, with black spots. Some of these are of considerable size, expanding four or five inches across the wings. THE BLACK ARCHES. LYMANTRIA MONACHA. {JPlate XCI. Fig. 2 {male), 3 {female).) Boinbyx motiacha^ Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 501, no. 26 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 300 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 192, Taf. 37, figs. 1-6 (1785); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 74 (1800 ?) ; Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 259, pi. 25, figs. 3, 4 (1822). Liparis vwnacha^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 192 (1810). Psilura monacha, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 57 (1828); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 37, fig 5 (1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl, ii, p. 309, pi. 80 (1894). Ocneria nionacha^ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. no, pi. 25, fig. 3 (1879). Lymantria moftacha, Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 477 (1892). The Black Arches is found in most parts of Europe. The male generally expands from ij^ to i}i inch, and the female about two inches. Both sexes vary considerably, but the follow- ing description will apply to the majority of specimens: — Fore- wings greyish-white, with numerous black spots, and four con- fused zig-zag transverse lines of the same colour. The hind- wings are brownish-grey, sometimes white towards the hind margin; the fringe always white spotted at regular intervals with black. The thorax is white with black spots, and the abdomen is rose-red behind, with the incisions and series of spots black, that of the female ending in a yellow ovipositor. The larva is brownish-green, or a mixture of light grey and black, and occasionally quite black. It has a number of tubercles. 202 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. bearing blue and red hairs, and on the third segment is a velvety-black spot, concave in front, and edged with bluish behind, and white on the sides. The three terminal segments are spotted with black, and the sides are of a lighter colour. The head is large, light brown, with two projecting black tufts of hair. It feeds on fir, oak, apple, &c., and is often very destructive on the Continent, though it is far from generally abundant in England. In Germany, where it is one of the worst pests in the pine-forests, the Moth is often called the Nun, the translation of the Latin name of the insect. GENUS DASYCHIRA. Dasychira^ Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i (1810?); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 58 (1828); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 861 (1855). In this genus, the type of which is one of our largest Liparida^ the body i^ stout, and the antennae strongly pectinated in the male, and the wings long, the hind-wings being oval, with the lower part of the hind margin waved. The wings are grey, or whitish; with darker markings, and the sexes are less dissimilar than in many species of this Family. THE PALE TUSSOCK. DASYCHIRA PUDIBUNDA. Bombyx pudihutida, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 503, no. 35 (175^)^ i2f (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 333(1761); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 252, Taf. 50, figs. 1-5 (1785). Nodua coryli^ Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. figs. 17, 18 (1799); Duponchel, Lepid. France, vi. p. 180, pi. 84, fig. 6 (1826). The Nut-Tree Tussock. Demas coryll^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 60 (1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 147 (1880); Buckler, Larvse of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. ^Z, fig. 3(1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 323, pi. 82, figs. 2, 2^^-^(1895). Orgyia coryli, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. x. (i) p. 178 (1834). The Nut-Tree Tussock is found throughout the greater part of Europe. It expands from i^^ to 1}^ inch. It is a reddish- brown Moth, with the outer half of the fore-wings ashy-grey. There are several black zig-zag transverse lines, an orbicular stigma enclosed in a black ring, and a reniform stigma, which is bounded with black towards the l)ase. The hind-wings are pale brown without any markings. The full-grown larva is liglit reddish-brown or pale flesh- 2o6 Lloyd's natural historv. colour, with a black-edged spot on the back of the second segment, and a dark brown dorsal line, often more or less broken. The whole of the body is covered with fine hairs, and there are long tufts on the back of the fifth and sixth seg- ments, on each side of the head, and on the last segment. It feeds on hazel, lime, beech, and oak, but is not one of our commonest species, though it is not exactly rare. GENUS NOTOLOPHUS. Orgyia (pt.), Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 208 (1810); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 60 (1828) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 780 (1855). Noiolophus, Germar, Syst. Gloss. Prodr. p. 35 (18 12). Gyncephora (partim), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 161 (1822?). Micropierogyfia, Rambur, Cat. Lepid. de I'Andalusie, p. 281, note (1866). This genus differs from the majority of the Family by the rudimentary wings of the stout-bodied females. The males are brown or orange, with short, pectinated antennae, and broad wings, the fore-wings being almost triangular. They fly about in the daytime, and the larv?e feed on trees. They are numerous in South Europe ; in Britain we have only two very similar and rather dull-coloured species. THE VAPOURER MOTH. NOTOLOPHUS ANTIQUUS. Bombyx antiqua, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 503, no. 37 (1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 297 (i 761) ; Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 278, Taf. 56, figs. 1-5 (1786); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 253, pi. 24, figs, i, 2 (1822). Orgyia antiqua^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 221 (1810); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 6t (1828); NOTOLOPHUS. 207 Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 108, pi. 24, figs. 2, a-c (1879); Buckler, Larv^ of Brit. Lepid. iii. p. 11, pi. 39, fig. I (1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 329, pi. 83, figs. 2, 2^-/(1895). Orgyia nova, Fitch, Rep. Ins. New York, viii. p. 193 (1865). Orgyia badia, H. Edwards, Proc. California Acad. v. p. 188 (1874). N'otolophus antiquus, Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 493 (1892). The Vapourer Moth has a very wide range, being not only found in Europe and North and West Asia, but also in North America. It is abundant even in London, and may often be seen flying in the streets wherever there are any trees near. The Vapourer Moth $ and ? It expands from ^ to ij4 inch. This is one of those interesting Moths in which the females are wingless, and is the best known example of this peculiarity occurring in Britain. The male is bright chestnut-brown, with a white crescentric spot in front of the hinder angle of the fore-wings, and a few dark transverse markings. The hind-wings are without mark- ings. The female has a stout body covered with down, and has only small projections, representing rudiments of wings. The larva is ashy-grey, with fine reddish-yellow and white longitudinal lines, and tubercles covered with yellowish hair ; behind the head are reddish-yellow spots arranged in a trans- verse row, and two black tufts of hair. There is also a tuft on 2o8 Lloyd's natural history. each side of the fifth segment, and another erect tuft on the last. On the back are four pairs of yellow tufts, shorter than the others. It feeds on most trees and shrubs growing in woods and gardens, even on the poisonous Cherry Laurel (or laurel, as it is generally called in England), which very few insects will touch. The cocoon is egg-shaped and yellowish- grey, and the pupa is yellow with dark brown vv^ing-cases and brownish hairs. When the female emerges she crawls about on the cocoon, but never travels farther, laying her eggs upon it. Newman says : " It is a very curious thing, and I believe hitherto un- observed, and therefore unpublished, that these eggs do not hatch all together like those of Moths in general, but come out a few at a time, over a period of ten weeks, so that the caterpillar, chrysalis, and Moths are all found together through- out the summer and autumn." FAMILY XXII L HETEROGYNID.^:. Eggs. — Deposited in the pupa-case. Larva. — Short, slightly pubescent, onisciform. Pupa. — Enclosed in a loose cocoon. Imago. — Of small size, the male diurnal, with long sub-tri- angular fore-wings, rounded off at the edges ; the hind-wings are oval, with the hind-margin rounded. The antennce are pectinated ; the proboscis is short, and the body is hairy. Ocelli absent ; frenulum present. Female smooth, vermiform. There is but one genus, which resembles the Adscitina. in shape, and the PsychidiB in appearance and habits. GENUS HETEROGYNIS. IIeterog)>nts, Rambur, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, v. p. 58} (1836); id. Cat. Lepid. de I'Andalusie, p. 316 (1866). hETEROGYNIS. 209 This genus includes only a few South European species. The males are of dull uniform colours, and are clothed with fine down, or hair-like scales, which leave the wings slightly transparent. The female is apterous, and much resembles the larva ; she quits the case to pair, but returns to it after- wards to deposit her eggs. HETEROGYNIS PARADOXA. {Plate XC I. Fig. 6.) Boinbyx paradoxa^ Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 99 (1800?). Tinea pene/la, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. viii. fig. 447 (18 18). Heterogynis hispana^ Rambur, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, v. p 586 (1836). Heterogynis pennella, Duponchel, Lepid. France, Suppl. iv. p. 75, pi. 50. fig. 14(1842). Heterogynis erotica^ Graslin, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2) viii. p. 396, pi. 10, figs. 4-7 (1850). Heterogynis pe7teUa^ Bruand, Mon. Psych, p. 29, no. 11, pi. i, fig. II (1852). Heterogynis padella, Chenu, Encycl. Pap. i. p. 244, figs. 420- 423 (1857). Heterogy7iis diibia, Schmidt, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. x. p. 659 (i860). Heterogynis paradoxa^ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 116(1879). This plain little South European Moth expands nearly an inch. The male has a brownish-black body, and unicolorous, slightly transparent, smoky-black wings. The antennae have the pectinations becoming shorter towards the extremity. The female, which is wingless, beais some resemblance to a larva. It is pale greenish-yellow with a black band. It holds its body turned up like an S. The head is black and horny, and the legs are also black, and rudimentary. 13 P 210 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY. The larva is cylindrical, slightly tapering towards the ex tremities. It is of a greyish sulphur-yellow, with the second and last segments whitish-grey, with a dorsal band. The head is small and black, and is often hidden by the first segment. It feeds on various species of broom. The cocoon is pale yellow, and the pupa shining dark brown, pointed behind. FAMILY XXIV. PSYCHID^. Eggs. — Small and rounded. Larva and Pupa. — Enclosed in variously formed cases resem- bling those of Trichoptera (Caddis-flies). Imago. — Male generally of small size and dull uniform colora- tion ; usually white, grey, brown, or black, with pectinated antennae, and short rounded wings, with long fringes. Female apterous, and in some genera destitute even of legs and an- tennae ; in the latter condition, she is, of course, incapable of even quitting her case. The males of the European species fly about among the grass, like the Adsciti?ice^ Pyraustidce^ and other small day- flying Moths which they resemble in their habits. They have representatives in all parts of the world, but are perhaps most numerous in Europe, India, and Australia. By some authors they are regarded as a section of the Tinece. The European species are all very similar in shape and size, and the largest scarcely measures an inch across ^he wings, the majority being much smaller. The foreign species are, how- ever, more varied in some respects, though always of very dull colours. Two foreign species, one American, and one Austra- lian, are figured on the accompanying page (p. 211) nr ^> 2, 3, 4, 5. Mctaniorplioses of Oikclicus Kirbyi. 6. Cryptothelca Macleayi. P 2 212 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. GENUS CECETICUS. Oiketicus^ Guilding, Trans. Linn. See. Lend. xv. p. 375(1837); Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend. 1854, p. 219; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 961 (1855). Male pilose, the mouth-parts rudimentary ; antennae strongly pectinated, serrated towards the tips. Wings long and narrow, but rounded at the tips ; fore-wings twice as long as the hind- wings. Abdomen moderately stout, and very long, extending for almost its whole length beyond the hind-wings. Female apterous, ovipositing in its case. This genus includes a few closely-allied species, and is met with from the Southern United States to Uruguay. The generic name is sometimes applied to species occurring in the Old World, but these are now usually referred to separate genera. CECETICUS KIRBII {Page 211, Fios. 1-5., Oikettcus kirbii^ Guilding, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xv. p. 375, pis. 6, 7 (1837); Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1854, p. 221, pi. 134, fig. 2. Oikeiicus poeyi^ Lucas, in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, Anim. Art. p. 724 (1857). Oiketicus fulgerator, Herrich-Schaffer, Aussereurop. Schmett. i. fig. 520 (1856). Psyche {Oiketicus) giganfea^ Zeller, Stett. Ent. Zeitung, xxxii. pp. 49, 80, pi. 2 (187 1). This species is abundant in Central America and the West Indies, and a closely-allied insect occurring in the Argentine Republic and Uruguay was formerly considered to be identical, but has recently been separated under the name of O. plaiensis. Berg. This insect was first brought to the notice of naturalists by the Rev. Lansdown Guilding, who visited the West Indies CECETICUS. 213 in 181 7, and found it abundant on various trees, being particu- larly injurious to fruit trees in gardens. Mr. Guilding reared the larvae in abundance, during several years' residence, but he was much puzzled at breeding males only, for he did not think of searching in the pupa-cases for the females, but imagined that the female pupa had not been fully developed owing to the attacks of parasites. At last, however, a specimen was un- cased after the rupture of the thoracic carina, and the mystery was solved. When the female has come to sexual maturity, she opens the carina by the motion of her head, and prepares to receive the winged male. Afterwards the female packs the bottom of her pupa-case with eggs, covered with down from her own body, and then dies within the case, or squeezes her shrivelled body through the opening and dies outside. The eggs are small, round, yellow, and very numerous, and, as soon as they are hatched, the larvae quit the pupa-case, spread themselves over the trees, and at once begin to form their cylindrical cases of scraps of wood and leaves, held together by threads, and open at both ends. In these cases they move about, like the larvae of caddis-flies. When young, they hold the tail erect, but afterwards it is weighed down by the pressure of the case. The larva is thick and fleshy, with sixteen legs, the thoracic legs being unusually thick and strong. The body is clothed with a few scattered hairs, and the head and three thoracic segments are yellowish, varied with brown, the rest of the body being of a dull livid colour. When the larva is alarmed, it very rapidly closes the purse-like aperture of its dwelling by means of its mandibles and fore-legs, and thus remains in security, suspended only by a few threads. Fig. I shows a female larva in its case ; and Fig. 2 represents the same larva without its case. When it has reached its full growth, it attaches one end of its case firmly to a branch by strong silken threads, and having thus suspended it, the larva 2 1 \ LLOVD S NATURAL HISTORY. changes to a pupa wiiliin the case. Fig. 3 represents the sus- pended case of a male. The pupa of the male is brown, and rather long, with a rust-coloured ring on the abdominal seg- ments, the front somewhat carinated, and each segment fur- nished with a double series of dorsal prickles. The pupa of the female is of the same colour, but much thicker. The wings of the male measure about i^ inch in expanse ; and the body is i^ inch in length. The wings are black, slightly glossed with purple, the fore-wings rather long and narrow, the hind-wings shorter, and slightly produced at the anal angle. The abdomen is long and extensile, the tarsi red- dish, and the front of the head pale ; the antennae are strongly pectinated from the base to the middle, and serrated beyond (Fig. 4). The female more resembles a pupa than a perfect insect, being enclosed in a tough envelope without even the three principal divisions of the body being clearly defined. Not only the mouth-parts but even the antennae are absent, and the legs are very short and rudimentary, and destitute of claws. The body is brownish, clothed with woolly hair towards each ex- tremity, and the eyes are reddish (Fig. 5). GENUS CRYPTOTHELEA. Cryptotheka, Duncan, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 115(1841). LansdowJiia, Heylaerts, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxv. p. 65 (i88i)» The male has the antennae pectinated throughout, the pec- tinations gradually diminishing in length towards the extremity ; wings broad, rounded; body slender, not longer than the hind- wings ; the legs slender. Female apterous, pubescent, not leaving the case. A considerable- number of Indian, African, and Australian species are referred to this genus, besides the typical species, which we have figured. LIMACODIDi^.. 215 CRYPTOTHELEA MACLEAYI. {Page 211, Fig. 6.) Oiketicus madeayi, Guilding, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xv. p. 375, pi. 8 (1827); Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1854, p. 222, pi. 34, fig. 3. Cryptothelea jnackayi, Duncan, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 115, pi. 9, fig. 6 (1841). Psyche macleayi^ Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 955, no. 14(1855). The male is dark brown or blackish, and expands rather more than half an inch. The female is yellowish, with a band of yellow woolly hair on each segment. In the larva, the head and the three thoracic segments are yellow with brown mark- ings ; the rest of the body is brownish, with scattered pale warts. It always carries its tail erect, and lives among the branches and trunks of old trees, frequently forming its case of the lichens with which they are covered. In other respects its habits are said to resemble those of CEceticus. FAMILY XXV. LIMACODIDyE. Eggs. — (Of Heterogenea cruciaia) laid in an agglomerated mass, pale, shining, translucent. Larva. — Depressed, limaciform, with imperfectly developed or retractile legs, smooth or fasciculate, and often furnished with a formidable stinging apparatus. Pupa. — Enclosed in a large cocoon provided with a lid. Imago. — Ot small or moderate size, usually witii the body short and stout, the legs stout, and the wings short and oval, the fore-wings with two sub-median nervures (the lowermost forked at the base) and the hind-wings with three. Frenulum present; proboscis often rudimentary. 2i6 i-loyd's natural history. This is a Family of considerable extent, and chiefly re- markable for the form and structure of the larva. It is well re- presented in most parts of the world, but there are only two European species, both of which are found in England. The European larvae are not known to sting. The Moths have some resemblance to the Tortrices in shape, and were regarded as belonging to them by several of the older writers. GENUS DORATIFERA. Doratifera, Westwood, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. i8i (1841); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. ins (1855). Doratiophora, Scott, Austral. Lepid. p. 17 (1864). Lamprokpis^ Felder, Reise d. Novara, Lepid. iv. pi. 82, fig. 13 (1874). This genus includes a few Australian species, with very stout, pubescent, and rather short bodies, the abdomen not extending beyond the hind-wings. The palpi are very short and pilose, the wings are rather short and broad, and the antennae of the male are pectinated to the middle, and serrated beyond ; those of the female are simple. The abdomen of the female is clothed with woolly hair beneath and on the sides. DORATIFERA VULNERANS. {^Plate XCII. Fig. 3 {imago), 4, 5 {larva), 6 {cocoon).) liomhyx vulnerans, Lewin, Prodr. Ent. p. 5, pi. 4 (1805). Doralifera vubierans^ Westwood, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 181, pi. 22, figs. 3, 4, 5 {1841); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 11 16, no. i (1855). This little Australian Moth expands about i inch to i^ incli, the male being rather smaller than the female, though PLATE XCII. 2. S (^op elx) cie^ ujvicolor . 3 . DoraJtifercL yuln.erans . 5.. ,, ,, c4ycx)ony . f> PHOBETRUM. 2 T 7 in colouring the sexes are very much ahke. The fore-wings are ferruginous, with a silvery margin, and with numerous trans- verse lines formed of little tufts of a chestnut colour, change- able in different lights. The hind-wings are dull whitish, the thorax and abdomen brown and bushy. The larva is very remarkable, broad, thick, and massive, with four reddish protuberances on the anterior part of the body and four behind. These knobs it is able to open at will and dart out eight rays or bunches of stings of a yellow colour. The colour of the body is grey, with numerous black spots and streaks, the back being marked with a large yellow spot marked with several black crescents. There are also two reddish tufts on the head and two similar ones at the hirxier extremity. The sides have a row of white spines directed backwards. It feeds on the leaves of the stringy bark tree, a species of Eucalyptus^ and passes into the pupa-state in the beginning of February, fastening itself to the stem of a leaf, and spinning a dense oval brown cocoon. The Moth emerges in about three weeks. The wound inflicted by the little fascicles of stings is described by Lewin as very painful and venomous, and it darts them forth whenever it is alarmed by the motion of anything approaching. They must prove a very powerful defence against birds and many other enemies. GENUS PHOBETRUM. Phohetron^ Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 398 (1827 ?). Ecno/nidea, Westwood, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 183 (1841). Phobetruni^ Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phi lad. iii, p. 340 (1864). In its general characters this genus agrees with Euclea {vide 2y3 Lloyd's natural history. infra, p. 222), but the body is much stouter, the fore-wings are longer and narrower, with the hind margin obhquely curved, and the hind-wings are very short and rounded. The larva is a very extraordinary creature ; very broad, with three long processes, curving backwards, on each side. PHOBETRUM PITHECIUM. {Plate XC 1 1 1. Fig. I [imago\ 2 {Jarva)}^ PhalcEfia pithedum, Abbot & Smith, Lepid. Georg. ii. pi. 74 (1797)- Phohetron abboia?ia, Hiibner, Verz. bek, Schmett. p. 398; no 3853(1827?). Ecnomidea pithecium, Westwood, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 183, pi. 21, fig. 4 (1841)- Fhobetrum pithecium, Lintner, Rep. Inj. Ins. v. pp. 183-192 (1889). This pretty little Moth is a native of Georgia. The female expands \}i inch, and the male rather less. The fore-wings are bluish, with waved yellowish-brown transverse bands, more or less clouded with dusky. The hind-wings are uniform brown, with a narrow yellow line within the fringes. The female has the body rather thick, the thorax bluish with brown sides, and the abdomen bluish with brown rings. The male has the body light brown clouded with darker, and a tuft at the end of the abdomen. The laiva is uniform brown with a yellow head, and it is its peculiar and uncouth aspect which has suggested the name Pithecium (little ape) for the insect. It feeds on persimmon and various kinds of oak. Abbot's specimen spun up on the loth of July, and the Moth emerged on the 31st. The cocoon is almost globular. SCOPELODES. 219 GENUS SCOPELODES. Scopelodes^ Westwood, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 222 (1841); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1104 (1855). Tiiis genus is confined to India, China, and the Indo- Malayan Islands. The antennae are pectinated on the basal half in the male, and simple in the female, and the palpi are very long, pilose, and tufted at the extremity. The body is pilose, and very stout, as are also the legs, and the wings are long and rather broad, and much rounded at the ex- tremity. The species of this curious genus are among the largest belonging to the Family. SCOPELODES UNICOLOR. {Plate XCIL Fig. 2.) Scopelodes unicolor^ Westwood, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot Moths, p. 222, pi. 28, fig. 2 (1841). Scopelodes iinicolor et S. palpalis^ Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit ]\Ius. V. p. 1104, nos. I & 2 (1855). This dull-coloured Moth is a native of India, Java, and Borneo. The expanse of the wings is 2^ inches. We give Westwood's original description, which is as follows : — " The head is rather small, but the eyes are large ; the palpi are very long, forming a thick clavate brush of hairs ; the maxillae are almost rudimental, forming a very short flat tongue ; the antennae are short and slender; the wings are short and broadly ovate, the anterior rather acute at the apex, from which point to the base the hind margin of the wing forms a regular curve. The post-costal vein is at a con- siderable distance from the mediastinal one, and anteriorly emits three branches, the third of which is furcate, the apical 220 Lloyd's natural history. point of the wing being included between the fork; the medial vein emits three branches, and there are two longitudinal veins (extending from the vein which connects the post-costal and medial veins) between the last branch of the medial vein and the main or fourth branch of the post-costal vein. There ap- pears to be no bridle to hook the wings together. The thorax is short and thick, as is also the abdomen. The legs are of nearly equal length, and very woolly, the spurs of the hind- wings being almost concealed. The tarsi are long and thick and very woolly, the tarsal unguis and large flat pulvilli bemg concealed by curved black hairs. When at rest the wings are deflexed at the sides of the body like the roof of a house. The colour of the entire Moth is buff, the wings having a silky gloss, and the palpi have a pale ring near the apex ; the back of the abdomen is rather more fulvous, and marked with short black bands, j> GENUS PARASA. Neara, Herrich-Schaffer, Aussereurop. Schmett. i. figs. 176, 177 (1854); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. V. p. 11 38 (1855) ; nom prcROCC. Parasa, Moore, Cat. Lepid. Mus. E. L House, ii. p. 413 (1859); id. Lepid. Ceylon, ii. p. 196 (1883). Li this genus the antenna of the male are pectinated towards the base r the palpi are pilose, extending a little beyond the head, and the hind tibiae are armed with one pair of spurs. The body is stout and pilose, and extends as far as the hind- wings. The wings are broad, oval, rounded at the extremity, and very densely scaled. The genus is the most extensive in the Family, upwards of fifty species being now referred to it; but the great majority of these are found in Africa and the Indo-Malayan Region. Most of the species are grass-green, with brown or fawn- PARASA. 2 2 I coloured borders. Larvae with fascicles of stings. I have figured a representative species. PARASA MEDIA. {Plate XC IT, Fig. i.) NecBra media, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1 140, no. 2 (1855). Parasa media, Moore, Cat. Lepid. Mus. E. I. House, ii. p. 4^4, no. 940, pi. xxi. figs. 4, 4^ (transf.) (1859). This Moth, which measures from i to i>^ inch across the wings, is found in Java. The body is brown, with the sides of the head and thorax broadly grass-green. The fore-wings are fawn-colour, with a very broad grass-green band, occupying the greater part of the costal area, and more than the basal half of the inner margin. The green band is sinuated on the outside. The base and nervures are brown, and the outer side of the green band is bordered with brown. On the under side the fore-wings are grass-green, with the costa and hind margin bordered with fawn-colour. The hind-wings are pale testa- ceous, bordered with brownish. The female, which I have figured, is larger than the male, and the green colour of the under side of the fore-wings is paler. The larva, which feeds on a species of Eugenia, called " Juet Jambu " in Java, is marked with alternate stripes of green and yellow, with a blue stripe on the back. It is armed with fascicles of stings, which are tipped with red at each extremity of the body and on the sides. The cocoon opens with a round lid, like that of a Dipterous pupa. PARASA LEPIDA. Nodua kpida, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 130, fig- E (i779?)- Limacodes graciosa, Westwood, Cab. Orient. Ent. p. 50, pi. 24, fig. 4 (1848). 2 22 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY Necera graciosa, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1139, no. I (1855). Fa?'asa lepida, Moore, Cat. Lepid. Ins. E. I. House, ii. p. 413, no. 939, pi. 21, figs 3, 3^-^ (transf.) (1859); id. Lepid. Ceylon, ii. p. 127, pi. 128, figs, 2, 2a, b (1893); Snellen, Tijdschr. Ent. xx. p. 18 (1877). This species, which inhabits India and Ceylon, is the type of the genus Fa?'asa. It much resembles P. media, but is larger, and the green portion of the fore-wings is not indented, but gradually rounded on the outer side. The larva feeds on Ficus, mango, and other trees. It is like that of the last species, but shorter and broader, and only two of the fascicles at each end are tipped with red. Mr. Moore quotes the following accounts of its habits : — " The mask which con- ceals the head when at rest is curious. It is prehensile, and clasps the edge of the leaf while the head underneath is eating its way along. Instead of pro-legs it has eight pairs of soft flexible pro- tuberances, which, by a peristaltic kind of motion, are made to serve as pro-legs, and by means of them the animal clings par- ticularly strongly against the surface even of glass " {Sc/ater). "The caterpillar stings with such horrible pain that I sat in the room almost sick with it, and unable to keep the tears from running down my cheeks for more than two hours, applying ammonia all the time " {Templeion). GENUS EUCLEA. Eucha, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 149 (1822?) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1143 (1855); Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. iii. p. 336 (1864). Eiiclca includes a series of rather small American moths, with somewhat stout bodies, not extending much beyond the EUCLEA. 223 hind-wings; the antcnnse are moderately pectinated in the male, and the wings are short and broad, with rounded hind margins ; the legs are stout and pilose, the hind tibiae being armed with four short spurs. The larva is a curious boat-shaped creature, and is armed above with a double row of long and very thick spikes. Dr Packard detected in it a resemblance to the famous war-shif *' Monitor." EUCLEA QUERCETI. {Plate XCIII. Fig. 3 {imago), 4 {larva).) PhalcBua cippus, Abbot & Smith {nee Cramer), Lepid. Georg. ii. pi. 13 (1797). Limacodes cippus, Duncan, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 177, ph 21, fig. 2 (1841). Limacodes qiierceti, Herrich-Schaffer, Aussereurop, Schmett. i. fig. 174(1854)- Eucka cippus, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1143, no. I (1855). Euclea monitor, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. iii. p. 337 (1864); id. Guide Lis. pp. 288, 289 (1869). This elegant little species is a native of the United States. It expands about an inch. The fore-wings are brown with something of a reddish tinge. They have a dark brown band near the hind margin, a few dark marks nearer the base and two rather large green spots, each of which is divided externally by a white and black border from a red spot. The hind-wings are light brown without spots. The head and thorax are of the same colour as the ground- colour of the fore-wings, and the abdomen is like the hind- wings. The larva inclines to purple on the sides, with three longi- tudinal yellow stripes margined below with black ?2JL LLOYDS NATURAL HISTOHY. The middle of the back is dark and the pointed projection brownish-red. It feeds on the dog-weed {Cornus florid a) ^ oak, and other trees. It was observed by Abbot to make its cocoon on the 14th of September, and the Moth appeared on the 22nd of July. GENUS APOD A. Apoda, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. ii. p. 137 (1809). CochHdion, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (18 10?). Lwiacodes, Latreille, Fam. Nat. p. 474 (1825) ; Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 85 (1829) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1145 (^^55)- In this genus the antennae are stout and serrated in the male, and simple in the female. The palpi are densely clothed with scales and short hairs, and extend a little beyond the head, and the legs and abdomen are rather stout. The femora and tibiae are fringed with hair. The fore-wings are oblong, with transverse lines. The larva is stout, naked, and gibbous above, and the pupa is robust, obtuse, narrowed behind and enclosed in a dense ovate cocoon. Several species from different parts of the world are referred to this genus. The single European species flies by day. THE FESTOON MOTH. APODA AVELLANA. Tortrix avellana, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 531, no. 210 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 344 (1761). Bomhyx li?}iacodeSy Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. iii. p. 402, no. 78 (1776); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 140, Taf. 26, figs. 3-9 (1784). Bovibyx sulphurea^ Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 279 (1777). Phalcena liinax^ Borkhausen, Eur. Schmett. iii. p. 449 (1780). Bombyx testudOy Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 121, no. 116 (1787). Bombyx bufo^ Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 121, no. 118 (1787). APODA. 225 Phalccna funalis, Donovan, Brit. Ins. iii. pi. 76 (1794). Bombyx ascHa, Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 36, Taf. 85, fig. 4 (1801). Tortrix tesfudijia?ia, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. vii. figs. 164, 165 (1803 ?) ; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. viii. p. 14 (1830). Limacodes testudo^ Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 279, pi. 28, figs. I, 2 (1822) ; Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 86 (1829); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 114, pi. 26^ fig. 3 (1879) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 53, fig. 8 (1889) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 166, pi. 64, figs 22, a, h (1894). Apoda avelhiJia, Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 552 (1892). The Festoon Moth is found in most parts of Europe and As'a Minor. The expanse of the wings is about one inch, the male being smaller than the female. The fore-wings are usually dark ochre-yellow in the male, with two dark-brown transverse lines commencing near together Male. Female, The Festoon Moth. (m the costa, but widely diverging towards the inner margin, and enclosing a dark triangular area, in which may be observed in the middle of the wing a round spot, and near the inner margin an elongated one, both of the ground-colour. The hind-wings are dark brown, yellowish towards the base. The fringes are varied with yellowish. The abdomen ends in a pale tuft. The female has pale ochre-yellow fore-wings, with the same markings as the male, but paler and more distinct, the spots in 2 26 Lloyd's natural history. the central area being sometimes almost white. The fringes are rusty brown. The hind-wings are ochre-yellow, suffused with brown. The larva is slug-shaped, with an arched back and flat sides. It is light green, without hairs, and covered with small shining tubercles. On the back are two whitish longitudinal lines, bounded by reddish-yellow, and on the sides is a yellow line. When at rest the head is retracted under the second segment. It feeds on oak and beech. The transformation takes place in an oval cocoon between leaves, in which the larva spends the winter, before passing into the pupa-state. The pupa is soft and yellow, and has the parts of the Moth outhned, as is the case in beetles. This insect is fairly common in woods in England. GENUS HETEROGENEA. HeterogeJiea^ Knoch, Beitr. Insect, iii. p. 60 (1793); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 84 (1829); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. viii. p. 13 (1830). This genus somewhat resembles the last, but the antennae, palpi, legs, and abdomen are all much more slender and less pilose; and the wings are unicolorous. The fore-wings are trigonate, and somewhat truncate at the extremity ; the hind- wings are rounded. The larva is ovate, naked, and depressed. THE TRL\NGLE MOTH. HETEROGENEA CRUCIATA. Heterogenea cruciata^ Knoch, Beitr. Insect, iii. pi. 3, figs, i-io (1783). Bombyx asella^ Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 121, no. 117 (1787). Tortrix asellana, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett, vii. figs. 166, 167 (1803?). ■ Bombyx asellus^ Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p 282, pi. 228, fig. 3(1822), HETEROGENEA. 227 Heterogenea asella, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 85, pi. 17, fig. 2 (1829); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 172 pi. 64. figs. 3, 3^, b (1894).- Heierogenea (2^^//(^;^(i!,Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. viii. p. 18 (1830). Heterogenea asellus, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 114 (1879); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii p. 73, pi. 53, fig. 8 (1889). The Triangle Moth is found throughout the greater part of Europe. It expands about ^ inch. The body and fore-wings are yellowish-brown in the male, more or less tinged with darker, and the hind-wings are blackish, with yellowish borders. The female, which is often distinctly larger than the male, is ochre-yellow. Male. Female. The Triangle Moth. The Moth rests with the wings partly arched, and the abdo- men raised. The larva is short and stout, with the back flat and the sides somewhat depressed. It has a very small head. The whole of the upper surface of the body is rough like shagreen, and of a delicate green colour, with a broad olive-brown dorsal mark commencing on the third segment, narrowing somewhat on the fifth, becoming very wide on the seventh and eighth, and narrowing again till the end of the body is reached. It usually remains upon one leaf, and does not leave it until it is quite consumed. When feeding, it retracts the head under the second segment, so that it is concealed. Q 2 2 28 Lloyd's natural history. It draws a leaf together with fine threads, and forms a short, ehiptical brown cocoon. The pupa is shining, transparent whitish-brown. The New Forest is the chief locaHty for this Moth in Eng- land. FAMILY XXVr. NOTODONTID^.. Egj. — Circular or button-shaped, flattened beneath, and sometimes depressed above. Larva. — Naked, more or less gibbous before and behind, and with the anal claspers often modified into short or long slen- der appendages. Pupa. — Enclosed in a cocoon, either between leaves, or at- tached to the bark of trees. Imago. — With the wings considerably longer than broad, and usually of plain colours, rarely dentated, but frequently with a very conspicuous tooth on the inner margin of the fore-wings. Body stout, pubescent, sometimes tufted, and generally longer than the hind-wings; antennae frequently more or less strongly pectinated in the male. Proboscis and ocelli present or absent ; fore-wing with one sub-median nervure, and sometimes with a prediscoidal cell ; hind-wings with the costal nervure distinct from the sub-costal, but often approximating, and sometimes connected with it by a cross-nervule ; two sub-median nervules. Flight nocturnal. This is a Family of considerable extent, which has relation- ships with the Sphingidce, Noctucc^ and, in the larval state only, with the Dt-epanulidce. The forms assumed by the larvre are often very curious, and several are here figured. The Notodontid(C are well represented in Europe. STAUR0PU3. 2 29 GENUS STAUROPUS. Staiiropus^ Germar, Syst. Gloss, p. 45 (18 12); Stephens, 111. Brit.Ent. Haust. ii. p. 21 (1828); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. V. p. 1019 (1855). Terasw?ij Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 147 (1822?). The wings are long, the fore-wings being much longer than the hind-wings, with the costa much arched, but the lip not very pointed ; the antennae are strongly pectinated in the male for half their length ; the body is stout, tufted, and extends considerably beyond the hmd-wings ; the legs are hairy, and the hind tibiae are armed with two long apical spurs. There are several patches of raised scales on the fore-wings. This genus is numerously represented in India, China, and Japan ] we have one species in Europe. THE LOBSTER MOTH. STAUROPUS FAGI. Noctua fagi^ Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 508, no. 60 (1758)- Bombyx fagt\ Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 295 (1761); Knoch, Beitr. Schmett. ii. p. 58, Taf. 3, fig. 5 (1781); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 105, pi. 20 (1784); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 31 (1800?); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 173, pi. 15, fig. I (1822). Harpyta fagi, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 39(1810). Stauropus fagi^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 21 (1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 137, pi. 30, figs. 8, a-c (1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. (y^^ pi. 33, fig. I (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 99, pi. 103 (1895)- The Lobster Moth is found throughout Europe and Western Asia. It has an expanse of about 2 3^ inches. It is varied with brown and grey. The fore-wings are paler at the base and 230 Lloyd's natural history. before the hind-margin, with the inner margin suftusea with reddish-brown in the central area. There are two zig-zag yel- lowish transverse lines, and small black spots in front of the The Lobster Moth. hind margin, bounded by whitish on the inner side. The hind- wings are reddish-grey, darker on the costa, with traces of a dentated transverse Hne. The larva is chestnut-brown, stouter behind, with a pale dorsal line edged with blackish. On each of the segments, from the fifth to the tenth, is a pair of humps, the first of these being the largest. The last segment, which is broad, ends in two short, erect, somewhat clubbed horns. The six thoracic legs are very long and two-jointed. When at rest, the larva keeps the head and tail raised. BRACHIONYCHA. 23 1 It feeds on oak, birch, hazel, beech, lime, plum, and other trees. It weaves a white silky cocoon between leaves. The pupa is shining reddish-brown, with four curved and pointed hook- lets at the extremity. The Lobster Moth is not considered to be a very com. Larva of Lobster Moth. mon species in England. It derives its name from the extra- ordinary form of the caterpillar. It has been suggested that it may derive some advantage from its (fancied) resemblance to a spider ; but, on the other hand, it has been pointed out that spiders are peculiarly defenceless creatures, and extremely subject to the attacks of birds and wasps, so that a cater- pillar would probably in no way benefit by any such resem- blance. GENUS BRACHIONYCHA. Brac/a'onjc/ia, lluhner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 144 (1822?); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1035 (1855). Pe/asia, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 31 (1828). Asteroscopiis, Boisduval, Ind. Meth. p. 59 (1829); id. Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 85 (1840). 2'»2 LLOYD^S NATURAL HISTORV. In this genus the antennae are long, and pectinated to the tips ; the legs are stout, and the hind tibiae armed with four long spurs; the body stout, hairy, extending a little beyond the hind-wings ; the wings long, the fore-wings rather longer than the hind-wings, with the costa nearly straight, and no pro- jection on the inner margin. We have figured the commonest of the two British species. The other, B. nuheculosa (Esper), is lar^^er and darker, and is found at Rannoch in Perthshire. THE SPRAWLER. BRACHIONYCHA SPHINX. Noctua sphmx, Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. iii. p. 400, no. 75 (1767); Von Rottenburg, Naturf. ix. p. 133 (1776). Bomhyx sphinx, Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 249, Taf. 49, figs. 1-3 (1785). Bo?nbyx cassmea, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. n. p. 126, no. 148 {1787); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 5, 6 (1800). Xylina casslnea, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3) p. 53 (1826). Noctua cassinea, Duponchel, Lepid. France, vii. (i) p. 116, pi. 114, fig. 2 (1827). Petasia cassinea, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 32 (1828); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 36, fig. 2 (1889) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 155, pi. 112, figs. 2, 2a, b (1895). Asteroscopus sphinx, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 170, pi. Zl. fig- 7 (1880). The Sprawler is common in most parts of Europe. It has an expanse of about i ^ inch. The ground colour of the fore-wings is usually ashy-grey, but dark brown or dark grey specimens may occasionally be met with, especially in the female. There are numerous brown and blackish longitudinal streaks. From the base, in the middle of the wing, is a stout black streak. The fringes art ashy-grey, streaked with white. The hind-wings are white, suf- PLATE XCr Wymarv^^'cms . liimfuC 1 . PhxfbeXrvuny piXhe^^iuuny . 2 . ,, ,, iMTVay. 3 . EujcLeoy qverc^iy. . 4. ,, ,, Jxa-rcu. BRACHIONYCHA* 233 fused with brovvn, especially in the female, with a large, indis- tinct central spot, the fringes with brown crescents. The larva is shining green, but becomes yellower after the first moult, and finally white. On the back are three clear The Sprawler. white hnes, and on each side a sulphur-yellow one. It is very delicate, and, especially after the third moult, becomes semi- transparent. It feeds on lime, willow, oak, cherry-tree, beech, &c. This Moth is not very uncommon in England, and Stephens remarks that the larvae assume, when at rest, the attitude of Larva of the Sprawler. those of the Sphingidce^ and, in addition, stretch out their an- terior legs to the utmost, whence the name Sprawler^ which has been applied to the insect 234 Lloyd's natural history. GENUS DRYMONIA. Drymonia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 144 (1822 ?); Curtis, Brit. Ent. xvi. pi. 755 (1S39) i Walker, List I.epid. Ins. Brit. Mus. V. p. loii (1855). Chaonia, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 29 (1828). The Moths belonging to this genus have stout pubescent bodies not extending far behind the hind-wings ; antennae pec- tinated to the tips in the male ; wings long and rather narrow, with the hind margin rounded, and with no distinct tooth on the inner margin ; the thorax slightly crested, and the hind tibiae with four spurs. The larva is naked, with anal claspers, but without humps on the back. Several species of this genus are found in Europe and Japan ; and one is recorded from Chili. We have two species in Britain, but neither of them is very abundant. THE LUNAR MARBLED BROWN. DRYMONIA RUFICORNIS. Bombyx ruJicor?iis, Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. ii. p. 424, no- 43 (1766). Phalcena confusa, Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. iii. p. 414, no. 94 (1767)- Nodua roboris, Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 283 (i777)' Bomhyx roboris, Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 243, Taf. 46, figs. 4-7 (1785). Bowbyx chaonia, Hubner, Eur. Schmett, 111. figs. 10, 11 (1800?); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 218, pi. 20, fig. 6 (1S22). Notodonta chaonia, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 82 (1810). Chaonia roboris, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 30 (1828). DRYMONIA. 235 Drymoma chaonta, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 141, pi. 31, fig. 7 (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 157, pi. 34, fig. 3 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 130, pi 108, figs. 2, 2^-^(1895). Drymonia ruficornis, Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 570 (1892). This species is confined to Europe. It expands from 1^2 to nearly i^ inch. The fore-wings are blackish-grey with whitish markings and transverse hnes, and a black central lunule. The anterior transverse line is nearly straight, and the sub-marginal line is indistinct. The fringes are scarcely fighter than the ground- colour, and are bordered by a dark marginal line. The hind- The Lunar Marbled Brown. wings are whitish in the male, with a grey transverse line, pale grey in the female, with a light central fine. The abdomen is reddish-grey. The larva is elongated, smooth and shining, pale green, darker on the sides, with two yellow dorsal lines and a similar one above the legs. It feeds on the oak {Qiiercus rohur\ and forms an earthen cocoon for the pupa, which is dark brown. THE MARliLED BROWN. DRYMONIA TRIMACULA. Bomhyx triftiacula^ Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 242, Taf. 46, figs. 1-3 (1785). ^30 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. Bombyx titcis, Fabncius, lint. Syst. iii. (i) p. 434, no. 84(1793). Bombyx dodonaa^ Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 8 (1800?) ; Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 216, pi. 20, fig. 5 (1822). Njtodonta dodoncea, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 80 (1810). Chaonia dodonea, Stephens, III. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 30 (1828). Drynioiiia dodoiicea^ Curtis, Brit. Ent. xvi. pi. 755 (1839); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 142 (1880); Buck- ler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 158, pi. 34, fig. 4 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 133, pi. 109, figs, i, \a-g (iS95)- Drymonia trimacula^ Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 571 (1892). The Marbled Brown is common in most parts of Europe. It measures from i^ to nearly i^ inch across the wings. The fore-wings are brownish-grey, with the anterior transverse line filled in with yellowish-grey, and the hinder one filled with white. The wings are suffused more or less with white towards the base, especially on the nervures. There is no central The Marbled Brown. lunule and the sub-marginal line is indistinct. The basal and marginal areas are also often more or less dusted with whitish, the latter as far as a spot on the costa. The fringes are whitish- grey spotted with dusky. The hind-wings are brownish-grey with a light central streak. The abdomen is ochre-yellow, and PITALERA. 237 this character serves to distinguish the Moth, which is other- wise very variable. The larva is green, with a golden-yellow spiracular line, which is sometimes spotted with red. It feeds on oak {Querais robur). The cocoon is formed of tough silk, covered with fine earth, and the pupa is mahogany-brown, and glossy. GENUS PHALERA. Pygcpra (pt.), Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 214 (1810); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 11 (1828). Phalera^ Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 147 (1822 ?) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1049 (1855). Acrosema, Meigen, Eur. Schmett. iii. p. 24 (1832). Havwiatophora^ Westwood, British Moths, i. p. ^t^ (1851). In this genus the antennae of the male are slightly pectinated. The Moths have a stout tufted abdomen, extending beyond the hind- wings, and long and rather broad fore-wings, with the. hind margin denticulated, but no tooth on the inner margin ; the hind-wings are broad and rounded, and the legs are stout and pilose, and the hind tibiae are armed with four long spurs. The genus is well represented in Asia, and there are two very simi- lar European species, one of which is common in England. THE BUFF-TIP. PHALERA BUCEPHALA. {Plate XCIV. Fig. 3.) Nodiia bucephala, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 508, no. 61 (1785). Bombyxbucephala, Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 295 (1761) ; Esper, Schmett. iii. p. iii, Taf. 22, figs. 1-4 (1785); Hubner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 194, 195 (1804?); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 206, pi. 22. fig. i (1822). 238 Lloyd's natural history. Pygcera buccphala, Ochsenheimer, Scbmett. Eur. iii. p. 235 (1810); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 11 (1828); Duponchel, Lepid. France, Suppl. iii. p. iii, pi. 11, fig. 4 (1836) ; Buckler, Larvce of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 37, fig. 4 (1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 161, pi. 113 (1895)- Phalera bucephala, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 153 pl- 3ij fig- I (1S80). The Buff-tip is common throughout Europe, as well as in Northern and Western Asia. It expands 2^2 inches. The fore-wings are light brown, interspersed with numerous silvery scales, especially towards the base, with a large rounded yellow spot at the tip, slightly suffused with ochreous externally, and bounded on the inner side by two rust-coloured undulating The Buflf-tip. transverse lines, which are continued to the inner-margin. From this large yellow spot is derived the popular name by which the Moth is known. There are one or two other rusty transverse lines, in addition to those mentioned above. The fringe is yellowish, varied with rusty-red and bounded by a series of small crescentic spots of the same colour internally. The hind-wings are uniform yellowish-white. The thorax is ANAPHE. 239 oclireous, with two rust coloured lines on each side, and the abdomen is coloured like the hind-wings. The larva, which is pilose and not humped, is at first blackish ; but when full-grown it is dark brown with numerous yellow longitudinal stripes, interrupted at the incisions by a yellow transverse band. The head is black, as well as the outer side of the legs. It is a gregarious larva, and consumes the leaves of the elm (especially the wych elm), oak, lime, and willow. By thus feeding in company they often strip a tree of a large portion of its foliage in a very short time. When freshly emerged, the larvae arrange themselves side by side, in con- siderable detachments, and commencing at one end of a leaf, eat their way to the other, consuming the parenchyma or pulpy substance only half-way through. When they have attained their full growth, which is usually by September, they drop to the ground, into which they burrow, and change into a dark brown pupa. GENUS ANAPHE. Anaphe, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 856 (1855); Walsingham, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (2) ii. p. 421 (1885). ArdiouwrpJia^ Herrich-Schaffer, Aussereurop, Schmett. i. p. 11 (1855). i/^/z^j-zV, Wallengren, K. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. (2) v. (4) p. 51 (1865). This genus is confined to Africa, and its position is some- what uncertain, as it has been referred by different authors to the ArctiidcB^ Liparidce^ or Notodontidce. The antennae are pectinated in the male ; the body is stout, pubescent, and tufted, and extends a little beyond the hind-wings, and the wings are rather long, broad, and rounded at the extremities. The moths are of a creamy-white, with a narrow reddish-brown stripe 240 Lloyd's natural history. extending all round the fore-wings, which are usually marked with oblique stripes and longitudinal bands of the same colour. The legs are rather stout, and the hind tibice are armed with apical spurs. The Moths are remarkable for the gregarious habits of the larvce, which feed on trees, and form large nests several inches broad and long, in which tliey assume the pupa state, each nest containing from 80 to 300 pupas. The larvae are very abundant, frequently stripping the trees on which they feed of their leaves, but they are exposed to the attacks of a variety of parasites, belonging to different orders of insects. The larvae are provided with barbed hairs, like those of the Processionary Caterpillars of Europe, which are likewise gregarious, though they do not form nests \\V^ A7iapJie, and are clothed with hairs which are irritating in the highest degree. ANAPHE VENATA. {Plate XCV. Fig. 3.) Anaphe venata, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) ii. p. 459 (1878). The species which we have figured is a native of Old Cala- bar, and has an expanse of 2^ inches. "Wings cream-coloured; primaries with the veins, margins, and a central belt bright chocolate-colour ; secondaries with an apical fringe slightly brownish, and with bright chocolate dots at the ends of the veins ; head, inner fringe of tegulae and thorax red-brown, collar and outer border of te2;ulae cream- coloured ; abdomen pale red-brown, the segments whitish in front ; antennae black ; under surface with the markings less distinct than above." {Butler.) GENUS HETEROMORPHA. Heteromorpha, Hiibncr, Tentamen, p. i (1810). Episema^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. i^. d^ (18 16); HETEROMORPHA, 24 1 Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i) p. iii (1825); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 14 (1828); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. io8i (1855). EupJwagis^ Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 194 (1822). Diloba, Boisduval, Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 88 (1840). This is a small genus of rather doubtful position, being placed by some entomologists with the Noctuce. The body is stout, with the thorax slightly crested, with lateral fasciee, and the abdomen, which extends a little beyond the hind-wings, is tufted at the extremity. The antennae are pectinated to the tips in the male, and the legs and palpi are very hairy; the hind tibiae are armed with four spurs. Wings long and rather narrov/, with the hind margin rounded. THE FIGURE OF EIGHT MOTH. HETEROMORPHA CiERULEOCEPHALA. Boinbyx c(zruleocephala^ Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 504, no. 38 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 296 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 288, Taf. 58, figs. 1-4 (1786); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 196 (1800?). Episema cceruleocephala^ Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i) p. 112 (1825); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 15 (1828). Nodua ccendeocephala^ Godart, Lepid. France, vi. p. 187, pi. 85, fig. I (1826). Diloba cccruleocephala^ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 146 (1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. p. i, pi. 36, fig. I (1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 175, pi. 115, figs. 2, 2^-^(1895). Heteroniorpha cc&ruleocephala^ Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 585 (1892). This pretty species is an inhabitant of Europe and Western 13 R jj4i Lloyd's natural history. Asia, and is a common British species. It expands i>^ inch or a httle less. The fore-wings are bluish-grey, with two zig-zag lines running across the middle, and diverging above. Between these is a conspicuous greenish-white spot, composed of three conhect( d parts. In addition to the lines already mentioned there if a faint lunule above, edged with brown, and a black sagitl ite streak below. The hind-wings are generally whitish in the male. In the female the nervures are more heavily dusted, and there is a larger lunule. At the anal angle there is a black spot. The fringes of the fore-wings are light brown, edged with darker, and those of the hind-wings silvery-grey, edged with darker. The thorax is grey, and the abdomen brown, slender, with a long anal tuft in the male ; stout with woolly hair in the female. The Figure of Eight Moth. The larva is yellowish-green with black tubercles, each bear- ing a single hair. On the back is a broad pale yellow stripe, and on each side a narrower one of the same colour. The head is bluish, with two round black spots. When young the larva is paler, and when it is approaching full growth it becomes bluish. It feeds on almond tree, white-thorn, black-thorn, and various fruit-trees. It is generally solitary, but sometimes appears in such large numbers on the Continent as to cause considerable damage. CERURA. 243 _ When about to pupate it forms a firm, narrow cocoon, with fragments of bark, spHnters, or moss. It is oval, and the threads are white. The pupa is reddish-brown, and very small in comparison to the larva. GENUS CERURA. Cerura, Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (2) p. 155 (1802); Latreille, Gen. Crust. Ins. iv. p. 219 (1809) ; Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent Haust. n. p. 15 (182S); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit Mus. V. p. 982 (1S55). Andria, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. j (1810?). Harpyia, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 19 (iSio); Hiib- ner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 148 (1822.?); Moore, Lepid Ceyl. li. p. 108 (1883). Pimia, Dalman, Anal. Ent. p. 92 (1823). Dicrcmura, Boisduval, Ind. Meth. p. 54 (1829). Cerura includes several species with white, rather thinly- scaled, wmgs, with dark transverse or zig-zag markings, stout woolly bodies, extending beyond the hind-wings, antennae pec- tmated m both sexes, and two small terminal spurs on the hind tibice. The largest, and also the commonest, of our British species IS called the "Puss-Moth," and the smaller species are known as the "Kittens." ^The larv^ are green, varied with purphsh-brown, truncate in front, with an elevation on the third segment, and the anal claspers modified into long processes enclosing retractile filaments. The pupa is enclosed in a hard cocoon. The species are rather numerous in the Northern Hemispliere. THE ALDER KITTEN. CERURA DICUSPIS. Bombyx bicuspis, Borkhausen, Eur. Schmett. iii. p. 380, no. 141 (1790); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 2,(i (1800)* Freyer, Neu. Beitr. iv. p. 131, Taf. 363 (,841V R 2 244 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. Harpy ia dicuspis^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 26 (1810); Duponchel, L^pid. France, p. 128, pi. 12, fig. 3 (1836). Cerura bicuspis, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 136 (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. pp. 62, 137, pi. 32, fig. I (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 83, pi. 100, figs. 3, 3«-r, pi. loi, fig. I (1895). The Alder Kitten is found in most parts of Europe. It measures rather less than i^ inch across the wings. It is white, the fore-wings with a dark grey band before the middle, irregularly concave on both sides. This has to be dis- tinguished from two other very similar British species, namely, The Alder Kitten. C. hermelina, Goeze (The Poplar Kitten) and C. furcula (The Sallow Kitten). All have a dark grey thorax, with a whitish- grey collar, and orange transverse streaks or spots, and light or dark grey borders to the lighter abdomen. On the fore-wings is a whitish basal area, with a transverse row of black dots, a dark grey band bordered first with black and then with orange, reaching to the middle of the wing, and between this and the hind margin two or three deeply dentated dark transverse lines, the last of which is dusted with orange. The hind-wings are white in the male, pale grey in the female, with a faint band in front of the hind margin. In C. bicuspis^ the white of the ground-colour is clearer than CERURA. 245 in the others, the dark band is concave on both sides, and much attenuated in the middle. It is pure blackish-grey, not dusted with orange, and the black border is only slightly marked. The larva is pale green, with a yellowish-brown head. On the second segment commences a large reddish-brown spot, bor- dered with white on the sides, and shaped like a pyramid or triangle, with the sides longer than the base. On the third segment it ends in a small button-like elevation. The dorsal line commences on the fifth segment, and is not joined to the triangular mark already mentioned. It is also reddish-brown, and is pointed in front, expanding gradually till the eighth seg- Larva of Alder Kitten. ment, where it widens out so much as to extend laterally down to the spiracle. It then narrows again till the twelfth segment, where it slightly expands, and terminates between the caudal processes, which are long and spiny, in a shining black plate. This dorsal line is bordered with a white line, broken on the eighth segment, and is spotted with yellowish on the sides of the sixth and eighth segments. It feeds on birch and alder. The pupa is brown, and is contained in a hard, firm cocoon. This species is widely distributed in England, but is scarce in collections, owing rather to the difficulty of finding it than to its actual rarity. Its cocoons are almost invisible, from their 246 Lloyd's natural history. resemblance co the surrounding bark, till after the Moth has emerged ; this is usually the case in Cerura and allied genera of NotodontidcE, THE SALLOW KITTEN. CERURA FURCULA. Bo7iihyx furcula, Clerck, Icones, pi. 9, fig. 9 (1759); Linnaeus, Faun, Suec. p. 298 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 102, Taf. 19, figs. 3, 4 (1784) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 39 (1800); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 136, pi. 16, fig. 2 (1822). Harpyia fiwcula^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 32 (1810). Cerura furcula, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 17 (1828) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 136 (1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 137, pi. 32, fig. 2 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 86, pi. loi, figs. 2, 2a-d (1895)- Dicranura furciday Duponchel, Lepid. France, Suppl. iii. p. 128, pi. 12, fig. 4 (1836). This species, like C. hiaispis^ is found only in Europe. It expands from \y^ to i >^ inch. The Sallow Kitten. It is light grey with a dark grey transverse band on the fore- wings, suffused with orange, straight on the inner side, and irregularly excavated on the outer sides. ■ CERURA. 247 The larva is yellowish green, dotted here and there with reddish and dark green. The cervical and dorsal spots are connected, and are usually violet, spotted with red and yellow. The former is pyramidal, ending in a blunt cone, and margined with yellow. The dorsal spot is very variable, and is some- times of a rich rosy red. It has a darker central line, and is shaded with darker, especially on the sides of the seventh and ■A Larva of Sallow Kitten. eighth segments, where it is excavated, and the yellow margin is interrupted. A few small black spots may be seen in front of it on the seventh and eleventh segments. The caudal fila- ments are ringed with yellow and brown. It feeds on sallow. The pupa is light brown with greenish wing-cases, and the cocoon is made with chips of wood. This is a much commoner species in England than the last, which it greatly resembles. THE POPLAR KITTEN. CERURA HERMELTNA. Nodua hermelina^ Goeze, Beytr. Ins. iii. (3) p. 227, no. 25 (1781). Bombyx fitrculay Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 104, Taf. 19, figs. 5-7 (1784). Bumhyx bifida^ Brahm in Fuessly, Neues Mag. iii. p. 161 (1786) ; Borkhausen, Eur. Schmett. iii. p. 374, no. 139 (1788); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 38 (1800). 248 Lloyd's natural history Harpyia bifida, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 29 (1810). Centra <^{)f^rt, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 19, pi. 15, fig. 2 (1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 136, pi. 30, fig. 6 (1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 141, pi. 32, fig. 3 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 90, pi. loi, figs. 3, 3^, b (1895). Dicranura furcula {nee Clerck), Boisduval, Icones, pi. 70, fig. 2 (1834?). This species has a somewhat wider range than the last, extending beyond Europe into Northern Asia. It expands about i^^ inch. It is white or greyish-white, with a dark grey transverse band on the fore-wings, with a straight inner and concave outer border. It is usually not so white as C bicuspis, but is dusted with grey, especially in the female. The larva is bright green, with a shining reddish-grey, retractile, head. On the neck is a spot having the shape of a truncated pyramid, of a violet colour with a waved border, first The Poplar Kitten. reddish-brown, and then yellow. It extends to the end of the third segment, and is divided by a whitish longitudinal line, near which stand several whitish dots. The dorsal spot begins at the end of the fourth segment, and is not connected with that on the neck. It is violet-brown, spotted with yellow on the sides, especially on the eighth segment, and defined by PLATE XCIV WyntATvitSffMs , limtistt 1 . Cer-vLTCu ytrvuLoy . 3 . Phalercc lyixTjepYvaJxt/ . CERURA. 249 a line which is first dark reddish-brown, and afterwards yellow. Along the middle passes a line, and on both sides of this are dots darker than the ground-colour. On the last seg- ment are two whitish crescentic spots with the convexity outwards. The whole of the body is covered with delicate Larva of Poplar Kitten. yellow spots ringed with violet, and the spiracles are also yellow with a dark reddish-brown ring. The filaments are light green tipped with red, and between them are two stiff black spines. It feeds on poplar. The pupa is light brown, with a case formed of chips of wood held together with silk. THE PUSS-MOTH. CERURA VINULA. {Plate XCIV. Fig. i {imago), 2 {larva).) Bomhyx vinula, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 499, no. 16 (1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 294 (1761) ; Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 95, Taf. 18, figs. 1-7 (1784) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 34, 340 ( 1 800-1 841); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 160, pi. 15, fig. 23 (1822). Bombyx gnoma, Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 279 (1777). Cerura vi7iula, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 19 (1828) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 136, pi. 30, figs. 4, a-c (1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 143, pi. 32, fig. 4 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 93, pi. 102 (1895)- The Puss-Moth is common throughout Europe and Northern 250 . Lloyd's natural history. and Western Asia. The female expands about three inches, the male somewhat less. It is light grey with numerous blackish transverse lines, fewest towards the base, most marked and zig-zag towards the hind margin. The hind-wings are almost white in the male, grey in the female. The thorax has two pairs of large black spots ; it is slightly tinged with greenish. The abdomen is grey with two black dorsal longitudinal lines. The tarsi are black, ringed with white. The larva of this insect is one of the most curious found in this country, and its form and attitudes are so grotesque that it rarely fails to attract the notice even of the most indifferent The Puss-Moth (Male). observers. When at rest it holds its large and singular-looking head somewhat raised and drawn back upon the front segments of the body like the larva of a Sphinx, and the tail is held erect at the same time. Its threatening aspect has sometimes inspired most ludicrous notions of its powers of doing mischief, as in the instance quoted by Dr. Shaw from a country newspaper, where it is described as a monster with a head like a lion, jaws like a shark, a hornlike an unicorn, and two tremendous stinf^s in its tail. Isaac Walton in tlie " Angler," chap, v., gives the following quaint account of this larva : — ■ ...,,.,- CERURA. 251 ** The very colours of caterpillars, as one has observed, are elegant and beautiful. I shall, for a taste of the rest, describe one of them ; which I will, some time the next month, show you feeding on a willow-tree ; and you shall find him punc- tually to answer this very description : his lips and mouth somewhat yellow ; his eyes black as jet ; his forehead purple ; his feet and hinder parts green ; his tail two-forked and black ; the whole body stained with a kind of red spots, which run along the neck and shoulder-blade, not unlike the form of St. Andrew's Cross, or the letter X made thus crosswise X, and a white line drawn down his back to his tail; all which add much beauty to his body. And it is to me observable, that at a fixed age, this caterpillar gives over to eat, and towards winter comes to be covered over with a strange shell or crust called an mtrelia ; and so lives a kind of dead life, without eat- ing all the winter. And as others of several kinds turn to be several kinds of flies and vermin the spring following, so this caterpillar then turns to be a painted butterfly." The two-forked tail alluded to, which is peculiar to the Puss-Moth larva and two or three others, is thus described by Kirby and Spence (Introduction to Entomology, iii. p. 150) : — "This horn-like appendage is composed of two distinct cylindrical diverging branches, each about four lines long, not united at the base. Each of these is hollow, and includes a smaller cylindrical piece, which can be protruded at pleasure, and withdrawn again, as a pencil within its case ; or, rather, as the horns of a snail. The two outer horns are tolerably firm, movable at their base, and beset with black spines ; the in- terior tentacula are fleshy, movable in every direction, and in full-grown larvai of a rose colour. The animal seldom protrudes them, unless in some way disturbed ; and frequently it approxi- mntes the outer cases so closely that they resemble a single horn. It appears to use these inner horns, when protruded, 252 Lloyd's natural history. as a kind of whip to drive away the flies, especially the Ichneumons, that alight upon its body. When touched in any place, it will unsheath one of them, and sometimes both, and with them strike the place where it is incommoded." The cocoon is very strong, being composed of bits of wood, united by an adhesive kind of gummy material. There is an European species, very similar to this, but whiter, and with fewer markings, which has sometimes been stated to have been found in England. This is C. ermifiea, Esper ; but it is doubtful whether the supposed British specimens may not have been mere varieties of C. vinula. GENUS THAUMATOPCEA. Thaumatopoea, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 185 (1822?). Cnethocampa, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 46 (1828); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1039 (1855). Thaumatocampa, Wallengren, Skand. Heter. ii. p. 158 (187 1). Thaumafopoea, which is referred by some authors to the Notodontidce, and by others to the Lasiocampidce, has rather short antennae, bipectinated to the tip in the males, the body stout and pilose, tufted at the extremity, and not extending much beyond the hind-wings ; wings rather short, broad, rounded at the extremities, and rathar thinly scaled ; the fore-wings not much longer than the hind-wings ; legs pilose ; hind tibise with two small apical spurs. This genus includes several European species, two of which have been erroneously reputed British. The larvae are remarkable for their gregarious habits; they are cylindrical and hairy, and form large nests on trees, from which they march out in regular order in search of food, whence they are called Processionary Caterpillars. They are also remarkable for the terribly urticating properties of their hairs, which, THAUMATOPCEA. 253 becoming detached, are blown about by the wind, and are said to render it dangerous to approach their nests. "The larv«, when first hatched, construct a temporary nest for themselves on the branches of the oak, and change their situation from time to time, until they are about two-thirds grown, when the entire brood unite in forming a general nest on the trunk ; this nest, when completed, is about eighteen inches long, six broad, and composed of grey silk, resembling the surface of the tree ; but the most curious fact in their history is the extraordinary regularity with which the larvae proceed, towards sunset, in search of food ; at their head is a chief, by whose movements their procession appears regulated; he is followed by three or four in a single line, the head of the second touching the tail of the first, &c.; then comes an equal series of pairs, next of threes, and so on as far as fifteen or twenty, forming a band several feet in length; sometimes the order is rather different, the leader being followed by two, then three, four, and so on ; but at all times the procession moves on at an even pace, each file treading upon the steps of those that precede it, through all the sinuosities made by the chief. They do not invariably return to their nest before morn- ing, but may sometimes be found during the day assembled in irregular masses, heaped upon each other." {Stephens.) The Moths themselves are rather small and obscurely coloured ; we append an account of the commonest and best- known species. THE PROCESSIONARY MOTH. THAUMATOPCEA PROCESSIONEA. Bombyx processionea, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 500, no. 21 (1758); i. (2) p. 819, no. 37 (1767) ; Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 150, Taf. 29, figs. 1-5 (1785); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 159, 160 (1880?); Godart, L^pid. France, iv. p. 126, pi. 12, figs. 5, 6 (1822). 2 54 Lloyd's natural histop.y. Gastropacha processionea, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 280 (1810). . Ctiethocampa processt'onea, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 47, note (1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 133, pl. 24, figs. 7, 'ja-b (1880). This species is common in many parts of Europe, but is not found in the British Isles. It expands from i to i^^ inch. It has light brown antennae, an ashy-grey head and thorax, and a brownish abdomen with a blackish-brown anal tuft! The fore-wings are ashy-grey, clouded with darker. At the base is a blackish-grey waved transverse line, then comes another nearly straight, and a third, which is somewhat waved, approaches the second at the inner margin. Between these two lines is often a blackish spot. The hind-wings are whitish with a faint blackish-grey transverse stripe, which is some-' times broader at the anal angle. The fringes are chequered with dark and light grey. The eggs are yellowish-white, with a blackish central dot, and are covered by the female with the anal hairs. The larva is covered with whitish-grey hair, bluish-black on the back and whitish on the sides, with two tubercles on each segment, bearing reddish-yellow or pale grey hairs. It feeds on oak from May till the beginning of July. I'he pupa is ochre-yellow, with two short terminal points, > and is enclosed in a firm reddish-brown cocoon, in which the hairs of the larva are interwoven. The Moth usually emerges in about four or five weeks, but may remain in pupa till the following year. GENUS GLUPHISIA. Gluphisia, Boisduval, Ind. Meth. p. 56 (1829); id. Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 88 (1840); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. V. p. 1037 (1855). GLUPHISIA. 255 In Ghiphisia, the antennae of the male are pectinated to the tip, the body is moderately stout and hairy, and does not extend beyond the hind-wings, the wings are long, and the costa of the fore-wings is nearly straight, the apex moderately pointed, and the hind margin obliquely rounded ; the legs are pilose, and the hind tibise are armed with a pair of short apical spurs ; the larva is smooth, without protuberances. The only European species is very rare in England. Several species of this genus are recorded as occurring in the United States. THE DUSKY MARBLED BROWN. GLUPHISIA CRENATA. Bovibyx crenata^ Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 245, Taf. 47, figs. 3, 4 (1785); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 214, pi. 20, fig. 4 (1822). Bomhyx r^/f^^a, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 164, no. 67 (1787). Bombyx crenosa, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 12 (1800). Notodonta crenosa, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 79 (i8io); Herrich-Schaffer, Eur. Schmett. ii. p. 117, no. 7, fig. 124 (1846). Ghiphisia crenata^ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 140 (1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 80, pi. 34, fig. 6 (1887) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 152, pi. 112, figs. I, la, b (1895). This Moth is found in many parts of Europe. It expands about i ^ inch. The fore-wings are broad, and scarcely dentated on the inner margin ; they are ashy-grey varied with white and yellowish- brown. Two blackish transverse lines, edged with whitish on the sides remote from one another, bound the paler central area, in which is a faint yellowish lunule. Between the outer of these and the hind margin runs a third line, edged with white on the inner side. The space between these lines is dark ashy-grey. 256 Lloyd's natural history. The hind-wings are pale ashy-grey, shaded with blackish- brown on the hind margin, with a faint dark mark at the anal angle, divided by a small whitish streak. All the fringes are ashy-grey chequeied with whitish. The Dusky Marbled Brown. The larva is smooth, green, with a pale dorsal line and yellow lateral lines. On the back are several pairs of rusty red marks. It feeds on poplar {Popilus nigra). The pupa is shining brownish-black, and is enclosed in a dull yellow cocoon between leaves. GENUS HOPLITIS. Hoplitis, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 147 (1822 ?) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 989 (1855). Hybocampa, Lederer, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, ii. p. 78 (1853). The type of this genus is a very conspicuous European Moth, which does not occur in England. The body is stout, very pilose, and longer than the hind- wings ; the antennae are pectinated nearly to the tips in the HOPLITIS. 257 male, and there are large lateral crests on the thorax, and lateral and terminal tufts at the extremity of the abdomen. The wings are long and narrow, the costa and hind margin of the fore-wings converging, and rounding off the apex of the wing. The legs are pilose, and armed with small apical spurs. The cocoon resembles that of Ceriira. HOPLITIS MILHAUSERI. Bo?nbyx milhauseri, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 577, no. 70 (1775); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 108, Taf. 21 (1784). Bombyx vidua, Knoch, Beitr. Ins. i. p. 48, no. 9, Taf. 3, fig. 3 (1781). Bombyx terrifica, Borkhausen, Eur. Schmett. in. p. 387, no. 144 (1790); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 32, 33 (1800); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 176, pi. 16, fig. 4 (1822). Harpy ia milhauseri, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. 111. p. 41 (1810). HybocaDipa milhauseri, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 137, Pl- 30, fig- 7j «j ^ (1880). Hoplitis milhauseri, Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 595 (1892). This species is found in many parts of Europe. It expands about i j^ inch. The fore-wings are whitish-grey with blackish nervures, and are shaded with dark grey on the hind margin. The inner margin is broadly, and the costa before the middle and tip more narrowly, blackish. The central shade and the posterior trans- verse line are indicated. The space between these is pale yellow and divides the blackish inner margin. The hind-wings are white, with a black spot towards the anal angle. The larva is green, when full grown, roughly shagreened and mottled with yellow. It has a red head. On each of the 13 s 258 Lloyd's natural history. middle segments is a pointed red elevation, the first of which is forked. The last segment, which is held erect, consists of a quadri lateral, somewhat convex plate, and has in the middle a brownish-yellow spot margined with deep yellow. Larva of Hoplitis milhattseri. The anal claspers are replaced by two short spines. On each side of the middle segments is an oblique elongated flesh- coloured spot. If feeds on oak, elm, birch, poplar, &c. The cocoon is placed in the crevices of the bark, and re- sembles it so much, being made with fragments of lichen, that it is almost impossible to find it before the Moth has emerged. The pupa is dark brown, with the back and wing-cases black. GENUS PTEROSTO^IA. Pterostoma, Germar, Syst. Gloss. Prodr. ii. p. 42 (181 2); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1005 (1855). Ptilodontis, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 28 (1828). Orthorifiia, Boisduval, Ind. Meth. p. 56 (1829). This is one of .the most distinct genera in the whole family ; the antennae are very broadly pectinated to the tip in the male, less broadly in the female ; the palpi are very long, projecting, and obliquely curved upwards ; the body is moderately stout, very long, and tufted at the extremity, the tuft bifid in the PTEROSTOMA. 259 male ; the wings are long and rather broad, the forc-whigs with the hind margin denticulated, and the inner margin furnished with two reversed tufts of long scales, the basal one the longest ; the hind tibiae are armed with four long spurs. The larva is naked without protuberances, but with a very pointed head ; the pupa is subterranean. THE PALE PROMINENT. PTEROSTOMA PALPINUM. Bomhyx palpina^ Clerck, Icones, pi. 9, fig. 8 (1759); Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 305 (1761); Roemer, Gen. Ins. pi. 36, fig. 21 (1785); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 315, Taf. 63, figs. 1-4 (1786); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 16 (1800); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 203, pi. 19, figs. 3, 4 (1822). Notodoiita palpina^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 69 (1810). Ftilodontis palpina^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 28 (1828). Pterostoma palpina^ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 138, pi. 31, fig. 2 (t88o) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 154, pi. 34, fig. I (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 145, pi. Ill, figs. I, 1^-^(1895). This European species measures from i^ to 2 inches across the wings. The palpi are long and prominent. The antenna3 have a whitish shaft with dark brown branches, and are strongly pectinated in ths male. The body is yclIowish-grey, with a divided anal tuft in the male. The fore-wings are broad, dentated and yellowish, varied with whitish-grey, with darker sinuous streaks and yellowish dots on the nervures. The hind-wings are brownish-grey in the male, lighter in the female, with a yellowish zig-zag trar.sverse band. The larva is slender, bluish-green, with a few paler longitudinal s 2 2 6o LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. lines and a yellow lateral line, generally dotted with red, which runs above the legs. The head is flattened, and is kept extended when the creature is at rest. It feeds on willows, The Pale Prominent. poplars, lime {Tilia europcea), &c. The pupa is reddish-brown, and the cocoon is formed of loose earth and greyish silk. The Moth is not very scarce in England. GENUS PTILOPHORA. Ptilophora, Stephens, III. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 29 (1828); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1097 (1855). This is another very distinct genus, though with but little resemblance to the last, except in the very broadly pectinated antennce of the male ; those of the female are simple. The body is pilose, and slightly tufted at the extremity in the male ; the abdomen extends somewhat beyond the hind-wings. The fore-wings are long, broad, and rather pointed at the tips ; and the hind margin is slightly denticulated. The wings are slightly transparent ; the legs are short and downy, and the hind tibice are armed with two small apical spurs. The greatest contrast which this genus present to Pterostoma is in its palpi. In Pterostoma these organs are of quite unusual length for one of the Notodontidce^ in which Family they are PTILOPHORA. 261 frequently very small ; but in Ptilophora they are extremely minute, and concealed by the surrounding hairs. THE FEATHERED PROMINENT. PTILOPHORA PLUMIGERA. Bombyx plumigera^ Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 254, Taf. 50, figs. 6, 7 (1785); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 13, 250 (1800); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 205 (1822). Bombyx variegata^ De Villers, Linn. Ent. ii. p. 60, no. 85 (1789). Geometra contigiiaria, Esper, Schmett. v. p. 267, Taf. 47, figs. I, 2 (1794). Notodonta plutnigera^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 7 1 (1810). Ptilophora variegata, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 29 pi. 14, fig. I (1828). Ptilophora plumigera, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 138, pi. 30, fig. 9 (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. pp. 73, 156, pi. 34, fig. 2 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 149, pi. Ill, figs. 2, 2a-e (1895). This species is found in most parts of Europe, but is a rarity in Britain. It expands about i^ inch. The antennae are very strongly pectinated in the male, but hardly at all in the female. The head and body are thickly covered with rust-coloured hair. The wings are thinly scaled, ochre-yellow, shaded with brown, or reddish-brown varied with grey, with a light yellow curved line and blackish nervures. The whole of the inner margin is thickly hairy. The female is darker, sometimes ashy-grey, with less distinct markings and narrower wings. The hind-wings are light or dark brownish- grey, and somewhat transparent. Variations in the ground-colour and in the intensity of the markings are of frequent occurrence. The larva has a rather large, shining, yellowish-green head, 262 Lloyd's natural history. bifid above. Its body is yellowish-green, darker on the sides, with a bluish dorsal line and three fine whitish lateral ones, the two lowest being above the legs, and close together. The Feathered Prominent. It feeds on maple, beech, and sallow. The pupa is dark brown, and is enclosed in an oval earthen cocoon. GENUS NOTODONTA. Notodonta, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 45 (18 10); Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 146 (1822 ?) ; Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 22 (1828); Curtis, Brit. Ent. xiv. pi. 739 (1839); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. P- 995 (1855)- Feridea, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 32 (1828). In Notodonta the antennae are slightly pectinated to the tips. In the males, the body is stout, pubescent, and rather long, ex- tending beyond the hind- wings; the fore-wings are long, mode- rately broad, with the hind margin oblique and rounded, and a very conspicuous tooth on the inner margin. The hind tibiae are armed with four long spurs. The larva is naked, with humps on the back, and the pupa is subterranean. There NOTODONTA. 263 are several European species, some of which occur in Eng- land. THE PEBBLE PROMINENT. NOTODONTA ZICZAC. Bombyx ziczac, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 504, no. 39 (1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 296 (1761) ; Esper, Schmett. iii. ■ p. 293, Taf. 59, figs. 1-4 (17S6); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 182, pi. 17, figs. 3, 4 (1822?). hhtodonta ziczac, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 48 {1810); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 23 (1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 143, pi. 31, fig. 9, fl-^(i88o); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 152, pi. Zl^ fig- 4 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. in, pi. 105 (1895). The Pebble Prominent is a common European Moth. It expands from i>^ to i^ inch. The Pebble Prominent. The colour is pale yellowish-brown; the fore-wings with the costa reddish-white, esi ecially broad and light in the cen- 264 Lloyd's natural history. tral area, and with a very large dark rusty-brown central lunule. Near the apex is a rusty-brown longitudinal streak. The trans- verse lines are indistinct on the inner margin. The sub-mar- ginal line is close to the hind margin, and parallel to it, and is dentate on the inner side on the nervures, and suffused with rusty-brown. The hind-wings are pale reddish-grey, lighter in the male, with a dark central lunule and anal angle, and a light transverse curved Une. The larva has the anterior segments slender, becoming stouter behind. The head is heart-shaped. On both the sixth and seventh segments is a large rounded hump, tipped with reddish-brown, and on the eighth a smaller one, often hardly Larva of the Pebble Prominent. perceptible. The ground-colour is reddish violet, reddish- brown, or rose-coloured, varied with whitish. Between the head and the first hump is a brownish-red median line. The two last segments have a rounded elevation, and are spotted with reddish-yellow. The pupa is reddish-brown, with two terminal spines, and is placed in a strong cocoon, between leaves or on the ground. THE GREAT PROMINENT. NOTODONTA ANCEPS. Noctua aiiceps^ Gceze, Beytr. Ins. iii. (3) p. 207, no. 66 (1781). Bombyx trepida^ Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 284, Taf. 57 (1786). PLATE XCV. Wynutn kSaxs, LiinitMl. 1 . Danirrva^ hojiJtsia^. 2 . „ ,, laj^vcu 3 . Anxjuphey ye^naZcu. ^ . Brojuurcu TjugrvLcUxsay. NOTODONTA. 265 Bomhyx serratUy Thunberg, Diss. Ins. Suec. iii. p. 60 (1792). Bombyx tremula^ Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 30 (1800); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 222, pi. 21, fig. 2 (1822). Notodonta trepida^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 86 (18 10); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 118, pi. 106, figs. 2, 2^, b (1895). Peridea serrata, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. t,2> (1828). Noiodonta tremula^ Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. x. (i) p. 156 (1834). Peridea trepida^ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 142 (1880) j Buckler, Larvse of Brit. Lepid. iii. p. 9, pi. i^^ fig. 4 (1889). This species is found in most parts of Europe. It expands from 2 to 2 j4 inches. The fore-wings are yellowish, varied with grey, with three rusty-brown zig-zag transverse stripes, the outer of which is hardly perceptible in the middle. In front of the hind margin is a curved series of rusty-brown elongated spots bordered with yellow, and in front of the fringes a similarly coloured stripe. In the middle of the wing is a rusty-brown lunule bordered with yellow. The hind-wings are yellowish-white, margined with dark brown, and suffused with ashy-grey on the costa. The full-grown larva is smooth, yellowish-green, with two white dorsal lines and an oblique red lateral stripe on each segment edged with yellow. It feeds on oak {Quercus robur and Q. ilex). It forms a cocoon of earth bound together with silk, and changes into a blackish pupa with lighter incisions. This is a widely-distributed species in the British Islands, but is seldom common with us. 266 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. THE THREE-HUMPED PROMINENT. NOTODONTA TRITOPHUS. Bombyx trifophus, Esper, Schmelt. iii. p. 299, Taf. 60, figs, i, 2 (1786) ; Hijbner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 29 (1800). Bombyx dodoncea^ Scriba, Beitr. Ins. ii. p. 77, Taf. 7, figs. 6, 7 (1791)- Bombyx torva, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. Text, p. 108 (1800); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 185, pi. 17, fig. 5 (1822). Notodonta tritophus^ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 142, pi. 31, fig. 8 (1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 72, pi. i^y^ fig. 3 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 115, pi. 106, figs. I, \a, b (1895). The Three-Humped Prominent. Tills species is found throughout the greater part of Europe and Northern Asia. It expands about i^ inch. ^ Larva of the Three-humped Prominent. The fore-wings are yellowish-brown, with two waved trans- verse lines, and a yellowish spot between them, centred with rust-colour ; parallel to the hind margin is a rust-coloured band NOTODONTA. 267 bordered with grey on the outer side. The hind-wings are whitish. The larva is green, with a brown head. It has a very small hump on the fifth, and large ones on the sixth, seventh, eighth, and twelfth segments. It feeds on poplar, birch, and aspen. This is a very rare Moth in England. THE IRON PROMINENT. NOTODONTA DROMEDARIUS. Bombyx dromedarius, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2) p. 827, no. 62 (1767); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 297, Taf. 59, figs. 5-9 (1786); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 28 (1800); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 87, pi. 17, fig. 5 (1822). Notodonta dromedarius^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 53 (1810); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 22 (1828); Curtis, Brit. Ent. xiv. pi. 739 (1839) ; Kirby, Eur. Butter- flies and Moths, p. 142 (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 150, pi. n^ fig. 2 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 123, pi. 107, figs. 2, 2a-e (1895). The Iron Prominent is common in many parts of Europe. It expands from i^ to 2 inches. The fore-wings are dark greyish-brown, spotted with whitish or yellow at the base. There are two blackish-brown undu- lating transverse lines, bordered with whitish or yellow on the sides remote from one another, and between these near the costa is a small rusty-brown streak enclosed in white or yel- lowish. In front of the hind margin is a rusty-brown stripe, extending as far as the hinder angle, where it joins the second transverse line to form a yellow or whitish-grey spot. The hind-wings are brownish-grey, with a faint whitish transverse band, and a dark brown dash at the anal angle. The larva is yellow, with a dorsal hump on the fifth to ihe 268 Lloyd's natural history. seventh segments inclusive. On the back is a broad purplish stripe, running from the second to the eighth segment, and including the humps. On the twelfth segment is also a hump. The Iron Prominent. It feeds on birch, alder, and hazel. The cocoon is formed of tough yellowish-brown silk and particles of earth. The pupa is reddish-brown, and cylin- drical, with a rounded extremity. GENUS HIEROPJIANTA. Microdonta, Duponchel, Cat. Lepid. Eur. p. 92 (1844). Hieropha7ita^ Meyrick, Handbook Brit. Lepid. p. 310 (1895). The only species of this genus may easily be distinguished from its allies by its shorter and broader wings, which are white, with black and orange markings on the fore-wings. The body is also rather short and thick. It is very rare as, a British insect, though it has been taken at Killarney, as well as in Staffordshire and Devon. The name Mkrodonta is preoccupied in Cokoptera. HIEROPHANTA. 269 THE WHITE PROMINENT. HIEROPHANTA BICOLORIA. Bomhyx bicoloria, Denis & Schiffermuller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 49, no. 3 (1776) ; Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 217, Taf. 41, fig. 7 (1783). Bomhyx bicolora, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 126, no. 146 (1787); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 18 (1800); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 207, pi. 20, fig. i (1822). Notodonia bicolora, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 73 (1810); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 127, pi. io3, figs. I, \a (1895). Microdonia bicolora, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 140, pl- 31, fig- 5 (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 76, pi. 34, fig. 5 (1887). Hierophaiita bicoloria, Meyrick, Handbook Brit. Lepid. p. 310 (1895). This species is generally distributed in Europe. It expands from i^ to i^ inch. The White Prominent. The Insect is white, with an orange transverse streak on the fore-win^^s, edged with black on the inner side. From the inner margin, and separated from the first streak by a small black dash, runs a second orange stripe extending almost to the hinder angle. The hind-wings are without markings. 270 Lloyd's natural history. The larva is green, with the back greenish-white. On the sides is a bright yellow line enclosing the spiracles, which are Larva of the White Prominent. black ringed with white. The legs are nearly black, and the claspers green. It feeds on birch. The pupa is shining brownish-black, and is enclosed in a rather thin greenish-grey cocoon. GENUS ODONTOSIA. Odontosia^ Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 145 (1822?). This is another small genus, formerly included wiih Noto- donta^ but distinguished by its more strongly denticulated and uniformly-coloured wings ; the body, too, is rather stouter and shorter. The thorax has a slight crest. The typical species is widely distributed in England, but not common, though it is not of such extreme rarity as many of our British Noto- dontidce. THE SCARCE PROMINENT. ODONTOSIA CARMELITA. Bomhyx carmelita, Esper, Schmett. iii. Cont. p. 65, Taf. 91, fig. I (1790?) ; Godart, L^pid. France, iv. p. 194, pi. 18, fig. 6 (1822). Bomby^; capucina, Hiibner, Vogel u. Schmett. pi. 81 (1793); id. Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 21 (1800). ODONTOSIA. 271 Notodonta cannelita^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 61 (1810). Lophopteryx carmclita, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 27, pi. 14, fig. 3 (1828); Buckler, Larvoe of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 165, pi. 35, fig. 5 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 136, pi. 109, figs. 2, 2rt, b (1895). Odotitosia carmelita, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 139, pl- 3i> fig- 4 (1880). The Scarce Prominent is found in Central and Eastern Europe. It expands about i^ inch. The fore-wings are rusty-brown on the costa, with a large and a small white spot, the latter being sometimes wanting. The hind and inner margins are bluish grey, with the nervures The Scarce Prominent, dotted with black and white, and a black line on the hind margin, which runs out into the white fringes, giving them a chequered appearance. The hind-wings are paler than the fore-wings, with a faint whitish band and a bluish cloud at the anal angle. The larva is green, with a yellow spiracular line. The spiracles are black, ringed with white. It feeds on birch. The pupa is shining, and of a deep mahogany colour, with a rounded extremity. The cocoon is made of dirty grey silk, plastered over with earth 272 Lloyd's natural history. GENUS LOPHOPTERYX. LopJiopteryx, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 26 (1828); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1007 (1855). In this genus the wings are more or less dentated, as in Odontosia, with which it is often united, but the thorax has a double crest in the middle above. THE COXCOMB PROMINENT. LOPHOPTERYX CAPUCINA. Bomhyx capucina, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 507, no. 55 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 304 (1761). Bombyx camelina, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 507, no. 56 (1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 305 (1761) ; Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 360, Taf. 70 (1786); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 19 (1800); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 192, pi. 18, figs. 4, 5(1822). Notodonta caf?ielina, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. lu. p. 58 (1810). Lophopteryx camelina, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 26 (1828) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 139, pi. 31, figs. 3, a, b (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 162, pi. 35, fig. 3 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 139, pi. 110, figs. I, <2-^(i895). The Coxcomb Prominent. The Coxcomb Prominent has a range extending through Europe into Northern Asia. It expands from i}4 to i^ inch. The fore-wings, which are deeply dentated on the hind LOPHOPTERYX. 2713 margin, are rusty-brown, clouded with ochre-yellow, with two dark brown oblique zig-zag lines running obliquely from the costa to the inner margin, and blackis'i nervures, dotted on the hind margin with white or yellow. The hind-wings are yellow, with a dark hind margin, and occasionally a lighter transverse band, and a blue-black dash at the anal angle divided by a pale yellow streak- Larva of the Coxcomb Prominent. The larva is green, or sometimes reddish, with the back whitish, and a yellow spiracular line, edged above with violet. The spiracles are black, and there is a red spot behind each. When at rest it keeps the head and second segment thrown back, and the tail erect also. The pupa is dark reddish-brown, tapering to the extremity, which ends in a straight spine. It is enclosed in a cocoon made of fine earth. This is a common species in England ; the next is a rarity with us. THE MAPLE PROMINENT, LOPHOPTERYX CUCULLINA. Bombyx cucullma, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 311, no. 8 (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 20 (1800?); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 190, pi. 18, fig. 3 (1822). Bombyx cuculla, Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 364,Taf.7i, fig. i (1786). Noiodonta cucullina, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 55 (1820). 274 Lloyd's natural history. Lophopteryx cuculla^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 27 (1828). Lophopteryx cucuUina^ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 139 (i88o); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 164, pi. 35, fig. 4 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Biit. Isl. iii. p 142, pi., no, figs. 2, 2^, b (1895). The Maple Prominent. This European species expands about lyi inch. The fore-wings are rusty-brown, with the costa pale ochre- yellow, and the hind margin whitish. There are several fine dark zig-zag lines. The lower part of the hind margin is white, divided by a dark brown nervure. The fringes are white, che- quered with rusty- brown. The hind-wings are yellowish-brown with an indistinct band, a rusty-brown spot at the anal angle divided by a yellowish line, and light grey fringes faintly chequered with darlver. Larva of the Mople Prominent. The young larva is green, and slightly hairy, with a rounded reddish hump on the twelfth segment, bifid at the top. When full grown it is green or pale reddish, with a heart-shaped green PHEOSIA. 275 or dark brown spot behind the head, and two slightly raised truncated humps on each of the segments from the sixth to the eleventh, between which passes a dark green, or in the reddish varieties, a deep red longitudinal line. The caudal hump is tipped with red. It feeds on hornbeam, sycamore, service-tree, &c. GENUS PHEOSIA. Pheosia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 145 (1822 ?) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. looi (1855). Leiocampa^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 24 (1828). This genus differs from Notodonia in having the antennae slightly pectinated in the female as well as in the male ; the abdomen is stout, and considerably longer than the hind-wings, and the fore-wings are long and rather pointed, with the hind margin denticulated. There is a slight projection on the inner margin. The larvae are smooth, with sixteen legs, and the cocoon is formed of bits of wood bound together with silk. There are two common European species, both of which are found in England. 1 THE SWALLOW PROMINENT. PHEOSIA TREMULA. Bomhyx tremiila^ Clerck, Icones, pi. 9, fig. 13 (1759); Lin- naeus, Faun. Suec. p. 298 (1761). Bombyx porcellana^ Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. ii. (3) p. 420, no. -^Z (1766). Bomhyx dictcea, Esper (jtec Linn.), Schmett. iii. p. 290, Taf. 58, fig- 5 (17S6); id. Forts, p. 27, Taf. 84, fig. 2 (1789); Hiibner, Eur. Schmet^t. iii. fig. 22 (i8co) ; Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 196, pi. 19, fig. i (i8_2). Bombyx trepida^ Donovan, Brit. Ins. vii. p. 63, pi. 239, fig. i (1798). T 2 276 Lloyd's natural history JVotodoHta dicicea, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 63 (1810) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 105, pi. 104, figs. I, la-e (1895). Leiocampa dictcea, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 25 (1828) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 140, pi. 31, fig. 6 (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 158, pl. 35, fig- ^ (1887). Pheosia tremula, Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 607 (1892). This species occurs in most parts of Europe. It expands from 2 to over 2^ inches. The fore-wings are greyish-brown, with a longitudinal while area in the centre, and a black oblong costal spot divided by Tlie Swallow Prominent. the nervures and ending in a point at the apex. The base is yellow towards the inner margin, along which runs a black band, on which are five white dashes. There is a brown mar- ginal line edged with white on the inner side. The hind-wings are dirty white with the inner margin yellowish-grey and the anal angle marked by a black dash. The body is grey, with the first two segments of the abdomen reddish. The antennae are yellowish. The larva is smooth, shining, reddish-brown, ofien passing into violet, with a pyramidal hump on the last segment, which PHEOSIA. 277 is only slightly marked when young. There is sometimes a yellow line above the legs. It feeds on poplars, willow, and birch. The pupa is cylindrical, chestnut-brown, with two points at the extremity. It rests in a large cocoon of grey silk covered with loose earth. THE LESSER SWALLOW PROMINENT. PHEOSIA GNOMA. Bombyx gfwma, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 190, no. 89 (1781). Bomhyx dictceoides, Esper, Schmett. iii. Forts, p. 27, Taf. 84, fig. 3 (1789); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 23, 24 (i8oo); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 190, pi. 19, fig. i (1822). Notodoiita dict(Boides, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 66 (1810) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit Isl. iii. p. 108, pi. 104, figs. 2, 2a-d (1895). Leiocampa dicicBoides, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 25 (1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 141 (1880); Buckler, Larvae Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 160, pi. 35, fig. 2 (1887). This is a common species in most parts of Europe. The male expands about 2 inches, and the female from 2 to 2^^ inches. It is distinguished from P. tremida by the following points : The fore-wings are more darkly suffused, which brings out more prominently the whitish-grey colouring. The shade is broader and extends at the hind margin into the apex. The three apical stripes are dark blackish-brown, and form the pos- terior boundary of a white costal spot. At the hinder angle is an elongated white s^^gittate spot, the point of which is directed inwards. The blackish-brown marginal line extends on to the fringes, giving them a somewhat chequered appearance. The hind-wings are dirty white in the male, sha^'ed with brown on 27S Lloyd's natural history. ,the costa and hind margin, and dark brown in the female, varied with whitish-grey only in the middle of the wing. The larva is a very handsome one. It is lilac varied with olive, and with a reddish tinge on the sides. On the back of the twelfth segment is a black hump. There is a bright yellow line above the legs, on which the spiracles stand out black in v/hite rings. The head is brownish. It feeds on birch and sycamore. The cocoon and pupa are like those of P. fremu/a, but smaller. PHEOSIA DICT/EA. Bomhyx dicfcva, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2) p. 826, no. 60 (1767). I reject this name for P. tremula, Clerck, not only because it is later in date, but because neither the description nor locality agree with that species, and they will, I anticipate, be found to apply to some species which has been lost sight of since the time of Linnaeus. Herewith I append his description. P. Bomhyx elinguis, alis deflexis exustis plaga albida^ in- ferioribus albis. Habitat in Barbaria, rarius in Europa. Media. Corpus testaceum uti Ante7i?icB. Alse superiores s^ipra exusfcB ; plaga media lo?igitudinali albida et puncto liiieaque ?iivea Juxta thoracem. Inferiores albce^ ad afigulum ant fiis- cescentes. GENUS MELALOPHA. Melalop/ia, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i (18 10?). Pygcera, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 224 (1810). Ichthyiira, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 162 (1822?); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1054 (1855). Closlera, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 12 (1828). The species of this genus are of small size, with the antennae MELALOPHA. 3-7^ peclinated to the tips, especially in the males ; and the thorax strongly crested. The wings are short and broad, the body rather long, stout and tufted ; and the hind tibiae are armed with two small apical spurs. The larva is slightly pilose, with a tubercle on the fourth and terminal segments. There are several species in Europe, and two of the three British species are fairly common. THE CHOCOLATE TIP. MELALOPHA CURTULA. Bomhyx curhila^ Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 503, no. 34 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 299 (1761); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 89 (1800); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 233, pi. 21, fig. 5 (1822). Bomhyx atiachoreia^ Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 260, Taf. 51, fig. 5 (1785); id. Forts, p. 44, Taf. 86, figs. 6-8 (1789). Pygccra curtida^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 232 (1810) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 135 (1880). Closiera curtida^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 12 (1828) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 37, fig, 3 (1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 166, pi. 114, figs. I, 1^2-^(1895). Melalopha curtula, Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 609 (189?). The Chocolate-Tip has a range extending through Europe The Chocolate-Tip, and Western Asia. It expands about 1% inch or a little more. 28o Lloyd's natural history. The fore -wings are reddish-grey, with three white transverse h'nes, the outer of which bounds a large reddish-brown spot, which becomes faint towards the apex, and crossed by a blackish line. The hind-wings are light brownish-grey, dar-kei towards the hind-margin. The thorax is coloured like the fore-wings. A longitudinal mark on the thorax and the ex- tremity of the abdomen are rusty-brown. The larva is thinly covered with hair, brownish-grey, yel- lowish-green, or flesh-coloured. On the fifth segment is a large velvety-black warty elevation, and on the last segment a similar one, but smaller. The first variety mentioned has a reddish dorsal line and red dots on the sides ; the yellowish-green variety is dusted with blackish points on the sides, and has four rows of pale yellow warts ; whilst the flesh-coloured specimens have a fine blackish dorsal line and deep yellow warts. It feeds on aspen {Fopulus tremula)^ and other species of poplar. The larva is dark brown, with a rounded extremity. THE SMALL CTIOCOLATE-TIP. MELALOPHA PIGRA. riiihcjia anastofuosiSj Scopoli {nee Linn.), Ent. Cam. p. 201, no. 502 (1763); Donovan, Brit. Ins. iv. pp. 43, 56, pis. 124, 129 (1795)- Phalcciia pigra^ Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. ii. (4) p. 426, no. 46 (1766). Bomb}X redusa, Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 260, Taf. 51, figs. 6, 7 (1785); Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 120, no. 113 (1787); HiAbner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 90 (1800); Godart, Le'pid. France, iv. p. 230, pi. 21, fig. 4 (1822). PygcEra reclusa^ Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 228 (1810). MELALOPHA. 28 1 Clostera reclusa, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 13 (1828); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 37, fig. i (1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 172, pi. 114, figs. I, \a-e (1895). Fygcerapigra, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 135 (1880). This species is common in most parts of Europe. It ex- pinds about an inch. The fore-wings are bluish-grey with two whitish transverse lines towards the base, edged with brown, and blending at both ends. Next comes a dark brown shade, bounded internally by a whitish line, which does not reach the costa, but ends in a hook. The Small Chocolate-Tip. Externally there is a whitish transverse line running from the inner margin, where it is connected with another line, obliquely to the costa, and ending in a small white spot. On its outer side is a reddish-brown spot. The hind margin is bluish-grey with a curved and sometimes interrupted black transverse line. The hind-wings are brownish-grey. The body is reddish-grey. The larva is blackish-grey, with the back yellow, pale ashy- grey, or greenish-grey ; on each side are yellow spots, and on ^ach incision a small blackish spot. There are tubercles ^^- Lloyd's natural history. bearing black hair on the fifth and twelfth segments, and above the legs runs a double chain of yellow spots. It feeds principally on aspen {Populus tremula). The pupa is reddish-brown with black wing-cases. THE SCARCE CHOCOLATE-TIP. MELALOPHA ANACHORETA. I^o;;idjx curtula, Hufnagel {nee Linn.), Berl. Mag. ii. (4) p. 408 no. 20 (1766) ; Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 574, no. 81 (1775) ' Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 256, Taf. 51, figs. 1-4 (1875). Bombyx anachoreta, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 120, no. 114 (1787); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 88 '(1800); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 230, pi. 21, fig. 6 (1822^. Pygcera anachorela, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. '230 (1810); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. i^c nl 24, % 8 (1880). ^ ^^' ^ • Clostera a?iachoreta, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 13 (1828); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. pi. 37, fin-' 2 (1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 169, pi. 114 \o^ 2, 2^-^(1895). The Scarce Chocolate-Tip has a wide range, extending through Europe into Northern and Western Asia. It expands about 1]/^ inch. The fore-wings are bluish-grey, with whitish transverse lines Near the tip is a large spot of a greyish-brown colour, varied with rusty-brown. Through this runs a white sub-marginal hne, and near the hind margin is a row of blackish-brown dots which may be connected, forming a line. On the inner mar- gm are two black spots of unequal size, placed one above the other. The hind-wings and under side are ashy-grey, as is also the body. The larva is yellowish-grey, flesh-coloured or grey on the back, with interrupted blackish longitudinal lines, and alternate black DANIMA. 283 and yellow spots below them. On the fifth segment is a large reddish-yellow wart-like elevation, and on the twelfth segment another smaller one. That on the fifth segment has a white spot on each side of it. There are reddish-yellow spots on the spiracles. It feeds on various species of poplar and willow. The pupa is brown. The Scarce Chocolate-Tip. This Moth was inserted in the British list by the earlier writers, but was lost sight of, and was consequently omitted from our lists until a colony was discovered at Folkestone by Dr. Knaggs in 1859. Subsequently the species was almost exterminated in that locality by a great storm; but the insect has been met with in one or two other localities on the coast of Kent and Sussex, though very rarely. GENUS DANIMA. Daiiima^ Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1052 (1855)- ;: .. This is a very stout-bodied genuS ; the abdomen extends far beyond the hind-wings; the antennae are pectinated for half their length in the male ; the wings are rather long and narrow, and the tibi?e are armed with two long apical spurs. The larva resembles that of a Sj>hinx, and the genus evidently forms a connecting link between the Notodontidce and the true Sphingidce. It is by no means improbable that it actually belongs to the latter Family. 2i>4 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY. DANIMA BANKSI^. (P/a'e XCV. Fig. i (imago), 2 {laf-va).) Bovihyx banksice, Lewin, Prodr. Ent. pi. 9 (1805). Harpyia banksicB, Duncan in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Ent. Moths, p. 164, pi. 17, fig. 2 (1841). Da fit ma bankstcB, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1053, no. I (1855). This Moth is found in Australia and Tasmania. The male expands upwards of two inches and the female about 2,% inches. In the female the fore-wings are of a leaden colour, glossed with purple, with a few black marks, and freckled here and there with white and orange-coloured dots, and also several clouds and dashes of the same colour. The fringes are brown. The hind-wings are uniform glossy-brown with lighter fringes. The thorax is black, with two white patches spotted with orange towards the front. The abdomen is orange-coloured, with three black spots on the sides, and a black tip. The male is lighter in colour, with whitish and silvery hind- wings, and brown antennae, pectinated at the base. The larva is a handsome one, and bears a considerable re- semblance to that of a Sp/iinx, both in form and markings. It is yellowish, with the head and upper part of the last segment yellowish-brown, the latter with a small black horn and a grey spot behind. On the back of the middle segments is a white stripe, and on the sides of the second and third segments are round white spots; on those following they are arranged around a triangular or quadrilateral figure, and lower down on each segment is an oblique, somewhat oval white streak ; below this, again, on the seventh and succeeding segments, is a white spot ringed with black. It feeds on Banksia ilicifolia, var. tfifegrifoh'a^ and when BRAURA. 285 near its transformation is, to use Lewin's words, of considerable bulk, very showy, and in general a great devourer. He found it to pupate in February, spinning on the surface of the ground a slight cocoon, and collecting about it fragments of earth and leaves in order to disguise it. It emerged in March, after being in the dormant state for thirty-six days. GENUS BRAURA, Braura, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxii. p. 464 (1865). This genus is not unlike the last. The antennoe are short, stout, and serrated. The body is very stout and woolly, and the head is tufted in front. The proboscis is obsolete, and the stout hairy palpi extend a little beyond the head. The wings are long, with the fore-wings rather pointed. The legs are short and stout, and are very thickly clothed with hair ; the abdomen is woolly, and extends considerably beyond the hind-wings. BRAURA LIGNICLUSA. {^PlaUXCV. Fig. 4.) Braura lignldusa, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. ]\Ius. xxxii. p. 464 (1865). This Moth is found in Natal, and measures about lYz inches across the wings. " J/c7/^.— Reddish-brown. Thorax with a black stripe and with two oblique black streaks: pale fawn-colour in front. Abdomen reddish. Pectus, abdomen beneath, and legs, blackish. Fore-wings tinged with cinereous on the hinder part ; a broad fawn-coloured sub-costal stripe, which extends from the base to two-thirds of the length, has a very long and acute notch on its hind side, and is tridentate at its tip ; a cinereous black-bordered line of the same hue ; marginal line cinereous, bordered with black on both sides ; fringe fawn- ^^^ Lloyd's natural history. colour, ferruginous at the base. Hind-wings _. cinereous, cinereous-brown along the exterior border" ( Walker.) reddish Some of the Moths referred to the Notodontidce are very large insects, four inches and upwards in expanse, with long pointed wings, generally of a brown or wood-colour, and wilh long narrow pointed bodies, like SphingidcB, Others are smaller, and have much resemblance to NoctucB ; and there are many genera which some authors have regarded as Noto- dontidce, and others as NoctucB. At one time Dr. Butler pro- posed a very large extension of the Notodontidce, including in the group whole families of Noctuce, such as the Calpidce^nd Cuculliidce, &c. ; but he has recently adopted other views, and has decided to include most of these in the Noctux a^^ain. Our next volume will begin with the true Sphingidcs, and will also complete our survey of all the Families of Bonibyces not in- cluded in the present volume. - ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Abantis tettensis. 8. Acentrocneme. 3, 33. Acoloithus falsarius. 107. acrcea, Bombyx. 128. Estigmene. 128. Leucarctia. 128. acrea, Spilosoma. 128. acria, Bombyx. 128. Acrosema. 237. actaeon, Adopaea. 22. Hesperia. 22. Pamphila. 22. Papilio. 22. Adopoea. 19. actaeon. 22. lineola. 21. thaumas. 19, 20, 21, 22. Adscita. 86, 97. ampelophaga. 98. aries. 94. geryon. 99. globularioe. 100. pruni. 98. statices, 98, 99. tenuicornis. 100. Adscitinx. 95, 97, 210. ^geriidae. 107. JEg\a\e. 33- yEgoceia. 58, 59, 68. oerugula, Nola. 178. Phaleena, 1/8. africana, Eusemia. 67. Xanthospilopteryx. 67. Agarista. 62, 66. agricola. 61. albomarginata. 62. donovani. 59. Agarista echione. 57. picta. 61. Agaristida^. 56, 60, 62, 66, 68, 69, 70, 76, 155- Aglaope. 100. infausta. lOI. Aglia tau. 37. agricola, Agarista. 61. Papilio. 61. Agyrta. 109. micilia. 109. albomaculata, Alypia. 69. albomarginata, Agarista. 62. Alcidia. 42. orontes. 42. Alcidis. 53. zodiaca. 53, note. Alder Kitten. 243. Aletis. 190. druryi. 190. helcita. 191. alveolus, Papilio. lo, ii. Syrichthus. 10. Thymele. 10. alveus, Hesperia. 12. Alypia. 69, 70. albomaculata. 69. octomaculata. 70. Amata. 102. Auiazela echione. 57. americana, Arctia. 144, note. Amesia. 73, 74« sanguiflua. 73. Ammobiota. 147. ampelophaga, Adscita. 98. anachoreta, Bombyx. 279, 2S2, Clostera. 282. 2S8 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. anachoreta, Melalopha. 2S2, Pygcera. 282 Anaphe. 239. venata. 240. Anartia. 56, anceps, Noctua. 264. Notodonta. 264 ancilla, Bombyx. 104. Dysauxes. loi, 10 1. Lithosia. 104, Naclia. 104. Noctua. 104. Andria. 243. Anthomyza tiresia. 123. tiresias. 123. Anthrocera. 86, 97. eboraca. 92. exulans. 89, 90. filipendulae. 94. hippociepidis. 94. lonicerae. 91, 92. loti. 92. nubigena. 87? 88. purpuralis. 87. subochracea. 89. transalpina. 95. trifolii. SB, 90, 92. vanadis. 89. vicise. 93. Anthrocerinoe. 85, 97. Antichlorinoe. 108, 114, Antichloris, 1 14. quadricolor. 1 14. antiqua, Orgyia. 206. antiquus, Bombyx. 206. Notolophus. 200, 2c6. Apantesis. 149. arge. 150. virgo. 149. Apoda. 224. avellana. 224, 225. Arachnis. 126. Arctia. 145. americana. 144, note, arge. 150. caja. 143. hebe. 148, oculatissima. 125. pseuJerminca. 12S. Arctia vilHca. 145. virgo. 149. Arctiid?e. 75, 115. Arctiince. 136. Arctiomorpha. 239. arge, Apantesis. 150. Arctia. 150. Noctua. 1 50. Spilosoma. 150. Argina. 180. Arichalca. 95. erythropyga. 95. aries, Adscita. 9;. arsalte, Heliopetes. 9. Ilesperia. 9. Papilio. 9. asella, Bombyx. 225, 226. Ileterogenea. 227. asellana, Heterogenea. 227. Tortrix. 226. asellus, Bombyx. 226. Heterogenea. 227. Asteroscopus. 231. sphinx, 232. Atolmis. 158. Attacus mundana. 173. tiresias. 123. Atychia. 97. globulariae. 100. infausta. loi. statices. 98. auge, Cosmosoma. 112. Augiades. 24, 27. sylvanus. 27. auriflua, Bombyx. 195, Porthesia. 195. avellana, Apoda. 22 ;, 225. Tortrix. 224. Axia. 174. badia, Orgyia. 207. banksioe, Bombyx. 2S4. Danima. 284. Ilarpya. 284. bella, Tinea. 168, 169. Utetheisa. 168. bicolor, Devanica. 75. bicolora, Bombyx. 269. Microdonta. 269. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 28q bicolora, Notodonta. 269. bicolorana, Chloephora. 155. Hylophila. 155. Tortrix. I55- bicoloria, Bombyx. 2C9. Hierophanta. 269. bicuspis, Bombyx. 243. Cerura. 243, 244. Ilarpyia. 244. bifida, Bombyx. 247. Cerura. 248. Dicranura. 247. Ilarpyia. 248. bixce, Rhophalocampta. 3 1. Bizone. 179. Black Arches, 201. Small. 178. boisduvalii, Cydimon. 46, 49, Urania. 46. Bombyx acroea. 128. acria. 128. anachoreta. 279, 282. ancilla. 104. antiqua. 206. asella. 225. asellus. 226. auriflua. 195. banksire. 284. bicolora. 269. bicoloria. 269. bicuspis. 243. bifida. 247. bucephala. 237. bufo. 224. ca^ruleocephaln. 241, caia. 143. camelina. 272. caprotina. 128. capucina. 270, 272. carmelita. 270. cassinea. 232. chaonia. 234. chrysorrhoea. 195. coryli. 205. ciedula. 122. crenata. 255. crenosa. 25'^. cribraria. lb5: »3 Bombyx cribrum. 165. cucuUa. 273. cucuUatella. 177. cucullina. 273. cunegunda. 125. curtula. 279, 282. dict^ea. 275, 278. dictoeoidcs. 277. dione. 150. dispar. 198, dodoncea. 236, 266. domina. 142. dromedarius. 267. fixgi. 229. festiva. 148. furcula. 246, 247. gnoma. 249, 277. grammica. 164. hebe. 148. hemerobii. 173. hera. 146. ilicis. 236. irrorea. 171. juglandis. 202. lectrix. 62. limacodes. 224. lLd:)ricipeda. 130, 133. lubricipeda alba. 130. lubricipeda lutea. 133. mendica. 134. menthastri. 130. micilia. 109. milhauseri. 257. monacha. 201. munda. 173. mundana. 173. netrix. 204. nuda. 173* ocularia. 125. palpina. 259. paradoxa. 209. phreorrhoea. 195. plantaginis. 140. plumigera. 261. porcellana. 275. processionea. 253. pudibunda. 202. pudica. 152. quadra. 162. 2 go ALPHABETICAL INDEX Bombyx radiatus. 133. reclusa. 280. roboris. 234. rosea. 157. rubea. 196. rubicunda. 157. rubricollis. 159. ruficornis. 234. rurea. 255. russula. 138. serrata. 265. sphinx. 232. striata. 164. sulphurea. 224. terrifica. 257. testudo. 224. torva. 266. tremula. 265, 275- trepida. 264, 275. trimacula. 235. tritophus. 266. variegata. 261. vidua. 145, 257. vinula. 249. virgo. 149. vulnerans. 216. ziczac. 263. Brachionycha. 231, nubeculosa. 232. sphinx, 232. brachius, Eudamus. G. Goniurus. 6. brasiliensis, Cydimon. 45, 46. Leilus. 45. Braura. 285. ligniclusa. 285. Broad-bordered Five-spot Burnet. 90. brontes, Papilio. 16. Brown-tail Moth. 194, 195. Brunia. 160. bucephala, Bombyx.' 237. Noctua. 237. Phalera. 237, ^38. Pygsera. 238. bucephalus, Pamphila. 26, 27. Buff Ermine Moth. 133. Tip. 239. bufo, Bombyx. 224. Burgena. 68. splendida. 69. Burnet, Broad-bordered Five-spot 90. Irish. S7. Mountain. 89. Narrow-bordered Five-spot. 91 New Forest. 93. Six-spotted. 94. Burnets. 85. busirus, Eantis. 9. Butterflies, i. Swallow-tailed. 52. Byasa. 81. coeruleocephala, Bombyx. 241. Diloba. 241. Episema. 241. Heteromorpha. 241. Noctua. 241. caia, Bombyx. I43. Hypercampa. 143, 148. caja, Arctia. 143. Eyprepia. 143. calabarica, Pseudopontia. 78 californica, Leucarctia. 128. Callarctia. 151. pudica. 151, 155. Callidula. 185. petavia. 185. Callidulidce. 184. Calligenia. 157. miniata. 158. Callimorpha. 141, 155, 169. dominula. 141. helcita. 190. hera. 146. irrorata. 172. jacobaeae. 170. miniata. 158. mundana. 173. phileta. 184. rosea. 158. senacionis. 170. Calodesma. 121. temperata. 121. camelina, Bombyx. 272. Lophopteryx. 272. Notodonta. 272. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 291 Campylotes histrionicus. 74. eaprotina, Bombyx. 128. Estigmene. 128. capucina, Bombyx. 270, 272. carmelita, Bombyx. 270. Lophopteryx. 271. Notodonta. 271. Odontosia. 270. Carterocephalus. 16. palaemon. 17. carthami, Hesperia. 12. Caryatis. 183. phileta. 183. cassinea, Bombyx. 232. Noctua. 232. Petasia. 232. Xylina. 232. Castnia. 33, 34, 35, 39. daedalus. 38. eudesmia. 36. huebneri. 37, 38. icarus. 35, 36. licus. 38. linus. 39. Castniidge. 32, 34. Casyapa thrax. 15. catocaloides, Synemon. 40. caudata, Epicopia. 82. Zygoena. 114. centonalis, Hercyna. 178. Nola. 178. Pyralis. 178. Cerberus, Sphinx. 113. Trichura. 113. Cercophora. 113. urophora. 114. Cerura. 243. bicuspis. 243, 244. bifida. 248. erminea. 252. furcula. 244, 246. hermelina. 244, 247. vinula. 249. Chalcosia. 80. Chalcosiidse. 71, 74, 75, 79, 82. Chamselimnas. 186. Chaonia. 234. dodonea. 236. roboris. 234. chaonia, Bombyx. 234 Drymonia. 235. Notodonta. 234. Charidea. 116, 117. cinctipennis. 116, smaragdina. I17. CharideinDe. Il6. Chatamla. 43. Chelonia fuliginosa. 137. lubricipeda. 133. mendica. 135. menthastri. 130. pudica. 152. Chequered Skipper. 16. Chloephora. 154. bicolorana. 155. chlorana, Earias. 153. Chocolate-Tip. 279. Scarce. 282. Small. 280. christi, Thymelicus. 24. Chrysaor. 97. Chrysauge. 186. Chrysaugidae, 186. Chrysiridia. 41, 49. croesus. 51. madagascariensis. 50. rhipheus. 41. Chrysopa. 80. chrysorrhoea, Bombyx. 195. Euproctis. 195. Liparis. 195. Porthesia. 195. Cicada. 79, 80. cinctipennis, Charidea. 116, Cyanopepla. 116. cingila, Devanica. 75. Cinniljar Moth. 170. cippu;, Euclea. 223. Limacodes. 223. Phaloena. 223. Cistus Forester. 99. clavata, Hypsa. 182. Clostera. 278. anachoreta. 282. curtula. 279. reclusa. 281. Clouded Buff. 138. Cnethocampa. 252. U 2 «02 ALrHABETICAL INDEX. Cnethocampa processionea. 254. Cochlidion. 224. Cocytia, 40. durvillii. 41. Cocytidse. 40. Coenochromia. 102. Collita. 160, Colocasia. 204. colon, Papilio. 26. comma, Adoprea. 24. Erynnis. 24, 27, 28. Hesperia. 24. Pamphila. 24. Papilio. 24. Urbicola. 19. Common Footman. 160, Tiger Moth. 143, communis, Eusemia. 6^, 65. complana, Lithosia. 161. Noctua. 160. complanula, Lithosia. 161. Composia. 122. credula. 122. olympia. 123. confusa, Phaloena. 234. contiguaria, Geometra. 25i, cornigera, Ipana. 59. Coronidia. 42, 55. orithca. 42. Coronidiinoe. 42, 55. coryli, Bombyx. 205. Demas. 205. Noctua. 205. Orgyia. 205. Coscinia. 163. cribraria. 165, striata. 164. Cosmosoma. 1 1 1, auge. 112. festivum. 112. Coxcomb Prominent. • 272. Cozistra. 80. Crambidia. 180. Crambomorphus. 180. crameri, Urania. 50. Cream-spot Tiger Moth. 145. credula, Bombyx. 122. Composia. 122. crenata, Bombyx. 255. crenata, Gluphisia. 255, crenosa, Bombyx. 255. crenosa, Notodonta. 255. crescens, Nyctemera. 192. cribraria, Bombyx. 165. Coscinia. 165, 166. cribrum, Bombyx. 165. Emydia. 166. Eulepia. 166. Eyprepia. 166. Lithosia. 166. Crimson-speckled Footman. 167. croesus, Chrysidia. 52. cronion, Leucochitonea. 8. Pythonides. 8. cruciata, Ileterogenea. 215, 226 Cryptothelea. 214. macleayi. 215. Ctcnucha. 119. latreillana. 119. opaca. 120. virginica. 1 19. Ctenuchin:e. 118. . CucuUa, Bombyx. 273. Lophopteryx. 274. cucullatella, Bombyx. 1 77* Nola. 176, 177. Tinea. 176. cucullina, Bombyx. 273. Lophopteryx. 273, 274. Notodonta. 273. cunegunda, Bombyx. 125. curtula, Bombyx. 279, 282. Clostera. 279. Melalopha. 279. Pygoera. 279. Cyanopepla. 116. cinctipennis. 116. Cyclopides. 16. palxmon. 16. paniscus. 17. Cyclosia sanguiflua. y^* Cycnia. 134. Cydimon. 41, 44, 50, 54. boisduvalii. 45, 46, 49, 51. brasiliensis. 45, 46. fulgens. 44, 47, 48. leilus. 45, 49. sloane. 48. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 293 Cydimon sloanus. 48. Cydimoniclse. 41, 42, 43» 82. Cydimoninse. 42, 43, 53. Cyllopoda. 186. vespertina. 187. Cyllopodidce. 186. Cymbalophora. 151. Cymbidse. 153. dnedalus, Castnia. 38. DanairiEe. 71, 75- Danima. 283. banksioe. 284. Dasychira. 202. netrix. 204. pudibunda. 202, 203. Datanga. i85- Deiopeia. 167. pulchella. 167. speciosa. 169. _ degenerana, Torlrix. 175. Demas. 204. coryli, 205. deplana, Noclua. 162. Derrhis. 173. Devanica. 75* bicolor. 75. cingala. 75- tricolor. ^6. Dew Moth. 111. Diacrisia. 138. sannio. 138. Diaphora. 134- mcndica. 134* Dicranura. 243. furcula. 246, 248. dictcea, Bombyx. 275, Leiocampa. 276. Notodonta. 276. Pheosia. 276, 278. dictoeoides, Bombyx. 277. Leiocampa. 277. Notodonta. 277. Diloba. 241. cxruleocephala. 241. dilutana, Tortrix. 175- Dingy Skipper. 13. dione, Bombyx. 150. Phalcena. 150. Dioptidoe. 109. 187. Dioptis. 109, iSS. micilia. 109. Diptera. no. dispar, Bombyx. 198. Hypogymna. 198. Liparis. 198. Ocneria. 198. Porthetria. 198. diversa, Agarista. 59. Ipana. 59. dodonoea, Bombyx. 236, 2C6. Chaonia. 236, Drymonia. 236. Notodonta. 236. domina, Bombyx. 142. dominula, Callimorpha. 142. Eyprepia. 142. Hypercompa. 142. Doratifera. 216. vulnerans. no, 216. Doratiophora. 216. doryssus, Eudamus. 6. dromedarius, Bombyx. 267. Notodonta. 267. druryi, Aletis. 190. Drymonia. 234. chaonia. 235. dodonoea. 236. ruficornis. 234, 235. trimacula. 235, 236. dubia, Ileterogynis. 209. dupLana, Pyralis. 175 Dusky Marbled Brown. 255. Dysauxes. 103, 105. ancilla. loi, 104. Eantis busirus. 9. Earias. 153, 154- chlorana. 153. insulana. 153. eboraca, Anthroccra. 92. Zygxna. 92. echione, Agarista. 57. Amazila. 57- Ilespagarista. 57. Ecnomidca. 217. pithecium. 21S. Ecpantheria. 124- 294 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Ecpantheria ocularia. 125. scribonia. 125. Elcysma. 74. Emydia. 163. cribrum. 166. striata. 164. Endiosa. 171. Entheus. 6, 29. priassus. 7. talaus. 7, note. EphyridK. 52. Epicopeia. 81. Epicopia. 81. caudata. 82. philenura. 82. polydora. 82. Epicopiidoe. 81. Episema. 240. cgeruleocepliala. 241. Episteme. 62, 76. irenea. 63, 65. lectrix. 62, 6^. maculatrix. 64, 65. westwoodi. 65. Epyrgis. 74. Equites. 43. Equitidifi. 52, 53, 75, 81. Erasmia. 72, 74. pulchella. 72. Erionota. 15. thrax. 15. Ermine Moth, BufF. 133. Great Leopard. 125, 130. Water. 131. White. 130. erminea, Cerura. 252. Phalsena. 130. Ermines. 126. erotica, Heterogynis. 209. Erynnis. 24. comma. 24, 27, 28.- erythropyga, Arichalca. 95. Estigmene. 127. acraea. 128. caprotina. 128. Eterusia, 75. tricolor. 76. Eucharia, 147. festiva. 148. Euchelia. 169. jacobaeoe. 170. Euchromia. 107 -no, 114, 116, 117. polymena. 108. siamensis. 108. Euchromiinae. 107. Euclea cippus. 223. monitor, 223. querceti. 223. Eucyane. 121. temperata. 121, Eudamus. 9. brachius. 9. doryssus. 9. proteus. 9. eudesmia, Castnia. 37. Eudryas, 70. sanctye-johannis. 70. sancti-johannis. 70. Eulepia. 163. cribrum. 166. grammica. 164. pulchra. 167. Eunomiinae. 113. eupalus, Euphsedra. 31. Euphoedra. 190. eupalus. 31. Euphragis. 241. Euplagia. 146. quadripunctaria. 146. Euploea. 7i> 74, 75- Euprepia. 143, 151. pudica. 152. venusta. 169. virgo. 149. Euproctis. 194. chrysorrhoea. 195. Euschema. 43, 75. Euschemon. 3. rafflesiae. 33, 39. Euschemonidce. 33. Eusemia. 62. africana. 67. communis. 62, 65. irenea. 6^, 64. lectrix. S^. maculatrix. 64, 65. meretrix. 67. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 295 Eusemia novem-maculata. 57- Euthemonia. 138. russula. IS^. Euthisanotia. 70. sanctee-johannis. 70. sancti-johannis. 70. Euthymus. 26. exulans, Anthrocera. 89, 90. Sphinx. 89. Zygsena. 89. Eyprepia. 142. caja. 143* cribrum. 166. dominula. 142. fuliginosa. I37. grammica. 164. hebe. 148. hera. 146. lubricipeda. I33- tnendica. 135. menthastri. 130. plantaginis. 140* pudica. 152. russula. I38. villica. I4S« fagana, Pyralis. 154. fagi, Bombyx. 229. Harpyia. 229. Noctua. 229. Stauropus. 229. falsarius, Acoloithus. 107. Feathered Footman. 164. Prominent. 261. fenestrata, Hecatesia. 59. fernandinse, Urania. 46. festiva, Bombyx. 148- Eucharia. 148. Glaucopis. 112. festivum, Cosmosoma. 112. Festoon Moth. 224. Figure of Eight Moth. 241. filipenduloe, Anthrocera. 94. Sphinx. 94. Zygsena. 94« fiUpendulse major, Sphmx. 94- Five-spot Burnet, Broad-bordered 90. K arrow-bordered. 91. flammans, Phauda, 106. Flata. 79- flava, Noctua. 162. flavicornis, Glaucopis. HI. Isanthrene. m. Zygsena. HI. Flavinia. 186. Footman, Common. 160. Crimson-speckled. 167. Feathered. 164. Four-spotted. 162. Red-necked. I59- Rosy. 157- forestan, Hesperia. 30 Papilio. 30. Rhopalocampta. 30. Forester, Cistus. 99- Green. 98. Scarce. lOO. Foresters. 97. Four-spotted Footman. 1G2. fritillum, Papilio. U. fulgens, Cydimon. 44, 47 j 48- Urania. 47- Uranidia. 48. tulgerator, Oceticus. 212. fuliginalis, Nola. 177- fuliginosa, Chelonia. 137. Eyprepia. 137' Noctua. 136. Phragmatobia. 136. fulvia, Zygsena. 91. funalis, Phalsena. 225. furcula, Bombyx, 246, 247. Cerura. 244, 246. Dicranura. 246, 248. Ilarpyia. 246. Gangara thyrsis. 15. Gastropacha processionea. 254. Geometra contiguaria. 261. lectrix. 167. miniata. I57' scopularia. 202. vulpinaria. 138' Geometrce. 43» 52. 75. 80. geryon, Adscita. 99- Ino. 99. Procris. 99. 296 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. geryon, Sphinx. 99. Giant Skippers. 32. gigantea, Oiketicus. 212. Psyche. 212. Gipsy Moth. 198. Glaucopis. no, in, 113. Globiceps. 77. paradoxa. 78. globularige, Adscita. loa Atychia. 100. Ino. 100. Procris. 100. Sphinx. 100. Glottulidre. 70. Gluphisia, 254. crenata, 255. glycinoe, Phalrenoides. 60, gnoma, Bombyx. 249, 277. Pheosia. 277. Gnophria. 158. rubricollis. 159. Gold-Tail Moth. 194. Goniurus brachius. 6. Gonophlebia. 78. paradoxa. 78. gordoni, Pais. 68. graciosa, Limacodes. 221. Neoera. 222. graminis, Sphinx. 91. grammica, Bombyx. 164. Eulepia. 164. Eyprepia. 164. Lithosia. 164. Great Leopard Ermine Moth. 125. Prominent. 264. Great-headed Skipper. 26. Green Forester. 98. Oak Tortrix. 153. Silver-Lines. 154. Scarce. 155. Grizzled Skipper. 10. Gynrephora. 206. Gynautocera. 80, 82. Hairy Oubit. 145. worm. 145. Ilalias. 154. prasinana. 151. quercana. 155. Ilammatophora. 237, Hand-maid. 104. Ilarpyia. 243. banksicE. 284. bicuspis, 244. bifida. 248. fagi. 229. furcula. 246. milhauseri. 257. hebe, Arctia. 148. Bombyx. 148. Eyprepia. 148, Plecatesia. 58. fenestrata. 58, 59. helcita, Aletis. 190, 191. Callimorpha. 190. Heliconinae. 121, 123. Heliconius. 39. Ileliopetes. 9. arsalte. 9. hemerobii, Bombyx. 173. Nudaria. 174. Ilenosis. 239. hera, Bombyx. 146. Callimorpha. 146. Eyprepia. 146. Noctua. 146. Hercyna centonalis. 178. palliolalis. 177. hermelina, Noctua. 247. Cerura. 244, 247. Ilespagarista. 57. echione. 57. interjecta. 57. interlecta. 57. Hesperia. 2, 8, la actDson. 22. alveus. 12. arsalte. 9. carthami. 12. comma. 24. forestan. 30. lavateroe. 11. lineola. 21. malyoe. 10, 12, 13, 14. paniscus. 16. phyloeus. 26. Sophia. 39. tages. 13. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 297 Hesperia talaus. 7. taras. ii. thaumas. 20. thrax. 15. versicolor. 4. Hesperidoe. i, 32, 33, 39. Hesperiinoe. 5, 7, 29. Heterocera. 32. Heterogenea. 215, 226. asella. 227. asellana. 227. asellus. 227. cruciata. 215, 226. HeterogynidK. 208. lleterogynis. 208. dubia. 209. erotica. 209. hispana. 209. padella. 209. paradoxa. 209. penella. 209. pennella. 209. Heteromorpha. 240. coeruleocephala. 24 1, lieterusia. 75. tricolor. 76. Hierophanta. 268. bicoloria. 269. Himantopterus. 33. Hipocrita. 169. jacoboecE. I70' hippocrepidis, Anthrocera. 94. hispana, lleterogynis. 209. Histia. 74, 82. histrionicus, Campylotes. 74. Iloplitis. 256. milhauseri. 257. huebneri, Castnia. 37, 38. hyale, Papilio. 65. llybrocampa. 256. milhauseri. 257. Ilylephila. 26. phylo3US. 26. Ilylophila. 154. bicolorana. I55. prasinana. I54" quercana. 155- Ilymenoptera. 107, 1 10, 1 13. llypercompa. 141, 142. ITypercompa caia. 143, 148' Hyporcampa dominula. 142. sybaris. 122. Hypogymna. 197. dispar. 198. Ilypsa. 182. clavata. 182. silvandra. 1S2, Hypsidre, 181. icarus, Castnia. 35, 36. Papilio. 36. Urbanus Celebris. 36. Ichthyura. 278. ilicana, Pyralis. 175. ilieis, Bombyx. 236. infausta, Aglaope. loi, Atychia. loi. Sphinx. loi, Ino. 97. geryon. 99. globular ioe. lOO. statices. 98. insulana, Earias. 153. interjecta, Ilespagarista. 57. interlecta, Ilespagarista. 57. Ipana.^ 59. cornigera. 59- diversa. 59- iphis, Rhopalocampta. 30, 31. iienea, Episteme. 63,65. Eusemia. 63, 64. Irish Burnet. 87. Iron Prominent. 267. irrorata, Callimorpha. 172. Lithosia. 171. irroica, Bombyx. 1 7 1. Lithosia. 172. Noctua. 171. irrorella, Philea. 172. Setina. 171, 172. Tinea. 171- Isanthrene. no, 112. flavicornis. ni. Ismene. 30. oedipodea. 30. Ithomiinoe. 12 1. iacobiTCce, Callimorpha. 170. 298 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. jacobseae, Euchelia. 170. Hipocrita. 170. Lithosia. 170. Noctua. 170. Jersey Tiger Moth. 148. Josiodes. 179. juglandis, Bombyx. 202. kirbii, CEceticus. 212. Oiketicus. 212. Kitten, Alder. 243. Poplar. 247. Sallow. 246. Lamprolepis. 216. Lansdo wnia. 214. Large Brown. 175. Skipper, 27. Lars heroicus leilaria. 45. laticilia, Pterothysanus. 193. latreillana, Ctenucha. 119. Lauron. 188. rufilinea. 189. Laurona. 188. rufilinea. 189. lavaterae, Ilesperia. ii. Papilio. II. lectrix, Bombyx. 62. Episteme. 62, 63. Eusemia. 6;^. Noctua. 62. Plialeena. 62. leilaria, Lars heroicus. 45. Leilas brasiliensis. 45. occidentalis. 48. orientalis. 50. surinamensis. 45. leilus, Cydimon. 45, 49. Papilio. 45. Uranidia. 41. Leiocampa. 275. dictoea. 276. dictseoides. 277. lepida, Noctua. 221. Parasa. 221. Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. i. Ileterocera. 32. Leptidia. 80. Leptosia. 79, 80. Leptosoma. 191. Lesser Swallow Prominent. 277. Leucarctia. 127. acroea. 128. californica. 128. packardii. 128. Leucidia. 80. Leucochitonea cronion. 8. Leucoma similis. 194. Leucophasia. 80. Leucula. 80. licus, Castnia. 38. ligata, Sphinx. 103. ligniclusa, Braura. 285. Limacodes. 224. cippus. 223. graciosa. 221. micilia. 109. querceti. 223. testudo. 225. limacodes, Bombyx. 224. Limacodidoe. 215. Umax, Phalaena. 224. linea, Pamphila. 20. Papilio. 20. lineola, Adopsea. 21. Hesperia. 21. Pamphila. 21. Papilio. 21. linus, Castnia. 39. Liparidoe. 78, 80, 82, 107, 193. Liparis. 197. chrysorrhea. 195. dispar, 198. monacha. 201. rubea. 196. Lithosia. 160, 161, 162. ancilla. 104. complana. 161. complanula. 161. cribrum. 166. grammica. 164. irrorata. 171. irrorea. 172. jacobseae. 170. lurideola. 160. mundana. 173. plumbeola. 161. pulchra. 167. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. ^99 Lithosia quadra. 162. rosea. I57- rubricoUis. 159- Lilhosiidce. 75, 156. Lobster Moth. 229. lonicerae, Anthrocera. 91, 92- Sphinx. 91. 93- ZygcEna. 91. Lophopteryx. 272. camelina. 272. capucina. 272. carmelita. 271. cuculla. 274. cucullina. 273, 274. loti, Anthrocera. 92. Sphinx. 93. Zygsena. 91. lotrix, Geometra. 167. lubricipeda, Bombyx. 130, 133. Chelonia. 233. Eyprepia. 133. Phalsena. 130. Spilosoma. 127, 130, I33- lubricipeda alba, Bortibyx. 1 30. ludwigella, Tinea. i77- Lulworth Skipper. 22. Lunar Marbled Brown. 234. lunus, Manidia. 42. lurideola, Lithosia. 160. lutea, Bombyx lubricipeda. 133. Spilarctia. 127, 133. Lycoena. 38. Lycsenidce. 2. Lycorea. 38. Lymantria. 200. monacha. 200, 201. Lyssidia. 42. patroclus. 42. macleayi, Cryptohelea. 215. Oiketicus. 215. Psyche. 215. Macrobrochis. 180. Macrocrambus. 180. maculatrix, Episteme. 64, 65. Eusemia. 64, 65. madagascariensis, Chrysindia. 50, Urania ripheus, var. 50. malvoe, Ilesperia. 10, 12, 13. malvoe, Papilic 10, n. Syrichthus. 10. Mania. 5^' Manidia. 42, 5^' lunus. 42. Maple Prominent. 273. Marbled Brown. 235. Dusky. 255. Lunar. 234. Megathymidoe. 32. Megathymus. 33. media, Neoera. 221. Parasa. 291. Melalopha. 278. anachoreta. 282. curtula. 279. pigra. 280. Melameridoe. 186. meliloti. Sphinx. 93- Zygaena. 93* mendica, Bombyx. IZA- Chelonia. I35- Diaphora. 1 34' Eyprepia. 135. Spilosoma. 138' menthastri, Bombyx. 1 30. Chelonia. 130. Eyprepia. 130. Spilosoma. 130. meretrix, Eusemia. 67. metallica, Neocastnia. 34- Tascina. 34. micilia, Agyrta. 109. Bombyx. I09« Dioptis. 109. Limacodes. 109. Microdonta. 268. bicolora. 269. Ivlicronia. 43. Micropterogyna. 206. milhauseri, Bombyx. 257. Ilarpyia. 257. Hoplitis. 257. Hybocampa. 257. Miltochrista. 157, 180. miniata. I57) ^S^- Mimeuploea. 74. Mimoniades. 4. versicolor. 4. 300 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. miniata, Calligenia. 158. Callimorpha. 158. Geometra. 157, Miltochrista. 157, 158. minos, vSphinx. 87. Zygcxna. 87, monacha, Bombyx. 201. Liparis. 201. Lymantria. 201. Ocneria. 201. Psilura. 201. monitor, Euclea. 223. monteiroi, Thyretcs. 105. Moths. 32. Mountain Burnet. 89. munda, Bombyx. 173. Nudaria. 173. mundana, Attacus. 173. Bombyx. 173. Callimorpha. 173. Lithosia. 173. Nudaria. 173. Tortrix. 173. Muslin Moth. 173. Spotted. 134. Naclia. 103. ancilla. 104. Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet. 91. Nea^ra. 220. graciosa. 222. media. 221, 222. negamica, Zygcena. 95. Ncmeophila. 139. plantaginis. 140. russula. 138. Neocastniidae. 34. Neocastnia. 34. metallica. 34. nicevillei. 34. netrix, Bombyx. 204. Dasychira. 204. New Forest Burnet. 93. nicevillei, Neocastnia. 34. Nisoniades. 12. tages. 13. niveus, Papilio. 9 Urbanus juvenis. 9. Noctua anceps. 264. ancilla. 104. arge. 150. bucephala. 237. cxruleocephala. 241 ^ cassinea. 232. complana. 160. coryli. 205. deplana. 162. diminuta. 141. fagi. 229. flava. 162. fuliginosa. 136. hera. 146. hermelina. 247. irrorea. 171, jacobaeas. 170. lectrix. 62. lepida. 221. pallida. 177. pulchra. 167. quadra. 162. roboris. 234. rubicollis. 159. rubicunda. 157. rubricollis. 159. russula. 138. sanguiflua. y^- scribonia. 125. sphinx. 232. sybaris. 122, tessellata. 152. Noctuce. 70. Nola. 176, 181. a?rugula. 178. centonalis. 178. cucullatella. 176, 177. fuliginalis. 177. palliolalis. 177. Notodonta. 262. anceps. 264. bicolora. 269. camelina. 272. carmelita. 271. chaonia. 234. crenosa. 255. cucullina. 273. dictoea. 276. dictceoides. 277. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 301 Notodonta dodonren. 236. dromedarius. 267. palpina. 259. plumigera. 261, tremula. 265. trepida. 21 5- tritophus. 266. ziczac. 263. Notodontidx. 228. Notolophus. 206. antiquus. 200, 206, 207. nova, Orygia. 207. novem-maculata, Eusemia. 57- nubeculosa, Brachionychn. 23: nubigena, Anthrocera. 87. Zygsena. 87. nuda, Bombyx. I73- Nudaria. I73- hemerobii. 174* munda. i73« mundana. 173- Nut-Tree Tussock. 225. Nyctalemon. 42, 54, 55. patroclus. 54. zampa. 55- zodiaca. 53, note. Nyctalemonidoe. 42, 189. Nyctalemonince. 42, 53. Nyctemera. 191 • crescens. 192* Nycteola. I74> i^i- revayana. I75- NyiTiphalidce. 2, 47. occidentalis, Leilus. 4S. Ocneria. 196- dispar. 19^- monacha. 201. rubea. 19^» octomaculata, Alypia. 70* ocularia, Bombyx. 125. Ecpantheria. 125. oculatissima, Arctia. 125. Phakena. 125. Odontosia. 270. carmelita. 270. CEceticus. 212. kirbii. 212. aionistis, 161, 163. CEonistis quadra. 162 Oiketicus. 212. fulgerator. 212. gigantea. 212. kirbii. 212. macleayi. 215. poeyi. 212. olympia, Composia. i-j. opaca, Ctenucha. 120. Philorus. 120. Orgyia. 206. antiqua. 206. badia. 207. coryli. 205. nova. 207. pudibunda. 202. orientalis, Leilus. 50. Tascina. 34. orion, Papilio.^ 6. orithea, Coronidia. 42. orontes, Alcidia. 42. Orthorinia. 258. osera, Xanthyris. 187. packardii, Leucarctia. 128. padella, Heterogynis. 209. Pages. 41 » 44- Paidia. I73- Pais gordoni. 67, 68. pak-emon, Carterocephalus. 17. Cyclopides. 16. Pamphila. 16, 19. Papilio. 16. Pale Prominent. 259. Tussock. 222. pallida, Noctua. i77- palpalis, Scopelodes. 219. palpina, Bombyx. 259. Notodonta. 259. Pterostoma. 259. Ptilodontis. 259. palpinum, Pterostoma. 259. Pamphila. 16. actoeon. 22. bucephalus. 26, 27. comma. 24. linea. 20. lineola. 21. paloemon. 16, 19. 302 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Pamphila paniscus. i6. thaumas. 20. Pamphilinoe. 14, iS, 29. Pania. 243. paniscus, Carterocephalus, i-j. Cyclopides. 17. Hesperia. 16. Pamphila. 16. Papilio. 16. Pantana. 79. Papilio action. 22, agricola. 61. alveolus. 10, 1 1. arsalte. 9. brontes. 16. colon. 26. comma. 24. forestan. 30. fritillum. 11. hyale. 65. icarus. 36. lavaterns. 11. leilus. 45. linea. 20. lineola. 21. malvos. 10, II. niveus. 9. orion. 6. palremon. 16. paniscus. 16. petavius. 185. phylaeus, 26. priassus. 7. rhipheus. 50, 53. sloanus. 48. tages. 13. talaus. 7. thaumas. 20. thrax. 15. vinula. 20. virgula. 21. papilionaria, Thymara.- 84. papyratia, Spilosoma. 132. paradoxa, Bombyx. 209. Globiceps. 78. Gonophlebia. yS. IJeterogynis. 209. Pseudopontia. 78. Paraminus talaus. 7. Parasa. 520. Parasa lepida. 221. media. 221, 222. Parasemia. 139. plantaginis. 140. patroclus, Lyssidia. 42. Nyctalemon. 54. Pearl Skipper. 24. Pebble Prominent. 263. penella, Ileterogynis. "209. Tinea. 209. pennella, Ileterogj-nis. 209. Penthina revayana. 175. Pericopin:ie. 120. Peridea. 262. serrata. 265. trepida. 265. Petasia. 231. cassinea. 232. petavia, Callidula. 185. petavius, Papilio. 185. Polyomm.atus. 185. Phoegopterinx. 124. ph?eorrhoea, Bombyx. 195. Phalaena aerugula. 178. cippus. 223. confusa. 234. dione. 150. erminea. 130. funalis. 225, lectrix. 62. limax. 224. lubricipeda. 130. oculatissima. 125. pigra. 280. pithecium. 218. sybaris. 122. Virgo. _ 149. r'halnenoides, 60. glycinne. 60. Phalcidona vespertina. 1S7. Phalera. 237. bucephala. 237, 238. Phanus. 29. Pharceas. 6. Phauda flammans. 106. Phaudinoe. ?>:^, 106. pbegea, Sphinx. 102. Syntomis. 103. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 303 phegea, Zygrena. 101,10;!, 105. Pheosia. 275. dictsea. 278. gnoma. 277. tremula. 273, 274. Philea. 171. irrorelia. 172. philenora, Epicopia. 82. phileta, Callimorpha. 184. Caryatis. 183. Pbiloros. 120. opaca. 120. Phobetron. 217. pithecium. 218. Phobetrum. 217. pithecium. 218. Phragmatobia. 136. fuliginosa, 136. phylaeus, Ilesperia. 25. Hylephila. 26. Papilio. 26. picta, Agarista. 91. Pieridx. 2, 52, 78, 80. pigra, Melalopha. 280. Phalaena. 280. Pygoera. 281. pilosellse, Sphinx. _ 87. pithecium, Ecnomidea. 218. Phalaena. 218. Phobetron. 218. Phobetrum. 218, plantaginis, Bombyx. 140. Eyprepia. 140. Nemeophila. 140. Parasemia. 140. pkimbeola, Lithosia. 161. pkimigera, Bombyx. 261. Notodonta. 261. Plilophora. 261. poeyi, Oiketicus. 212. Pollanisus. 97. polydora, Epicopia. ^ 82. polymena, Euchromia. 108. Polyommatus arion. 17. petavius. 185. Pompostola. 1 1 7. Poplar Kitten. 247. porcellana, Bombyx. 275. Poritia. 80. Porthesia chrysorrhoea. 195. Porthetria. 197. dispar. 198. pratorum, Sphinx. 90. prasina, Tortrix. 155. prasinana, Halias. 154* Hylophila. 154. Tortrix. 154, 155- priassus, Entheus. 7. Papilio. 7. Processionary Moth. 240, 259 processionea, Bombyx, 253. Cnethocampa. 254. Gastropacha. 254. Thaumatopcea. 253. Procris. 97. geryon. 99. globularioe. 100. statices. 98. prometheus, Urania. 50. Prominent, Coxcomb. 272. Feathered. 261. Great. 264. Iron. 267. Lesser. 277. Lesser Swallow. 277. Maple. 273. Pale. 259. Pebble. 263. Scarce. 270. Swallow. 275. White. 269. proteus, Eudamus. 6. pruni, Adscita. 98. pseuderminea, Arctia. 128. Pseudopontia. 77, 78, calabarica. "jS. paradoxa. "jS. Pseudopontiidce. 76 Psilura. 200. monacha. 201. Psyche giganlea. 212. macleayi. 215. Psychidce. 210. Pterostoma. 258. palpina. 259. palpinum. 259. PterothysanidiE. 192. 3^4 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Pterothysanus. 192, laticilia. 193. Ptilodontis. 258. palpina. 259. Ptilophora. 260. plumigcra. 261. variegala. 261. pudibunda, Bombyx. 202. Dasychira. 202, 203. Orgyia. 202. pudica, Bombyx. 152. Callarctia. 152, 155. Chelonia. 152. Euprepia. 152. Eyprepia. 152. pulchella, Deiopeia. 167. Erasmia. 72. Tinea. 167. Utetheisa. 167, pulchra, Eulepia. 167. Lithosia. 167. Noctua. 167. punctana, Tortrix. 175. purpuralis, Anthrocera. 87, 88. Sphinx. Sy. Puss-Moth. 249. Pygoera. 237, 278. anachoreta. 282. bucephala. 238, 282. curtula. 279. pigra. 281. reclusa. 280. Pyralis centonalis. 178. duplana. 175. fagana. 154. ilicana. 175. pallidalis. 177. rivagana. 175. sylvana. 5-5^4. Pyraustidae. 210. Pyrgus. 10. Pyria. 169. Pyromorphinoe. 106 Pyrrhopyga. 4. hyperici. 4. Pyrrhopygince. 4. pythia, Zygcena. 87. ■ Pylhonides. 8. c^onion. 8, quadra, Bombyx. 162. Lithosia. 162. Noctua. 162. CEonistis. 162. quadricolor, Antichloris. 114. Charidea. 1 14. quadripunctaria, Euplagia. 146, Noctua. 146. quercana, Halias. 155. Ilylophila. 155. Tortrix. 155. qucrceti, Euclea. 223. Limacodes. 223. quercus, Sphinx. 103. radiata, Spilosoma. 133, radiatus, Bombyx. 133. ralllesiie, Euschemon. 33, 39, ramosana, Tortrix. 175. ramosanus, Sarrothripus. 175. reclusa, Bombyx. 280. Clostera. 281. Red-necked Footman. 159. revayana, Nycteola. 175. Penthina. 175. Sarrothripa. 175. Tortrix. 175. rhipheus, Chrysiridia. 41. Papilio. 50, 53. Thaliura. 50. Urania. 50. Rhopalocampta. 30. ])ixae. 31. forestan. 30. iphis. 30, 31. Rhopalocera. i, 79, ripheus, var. madagascaricnsis, Urania. 50. rivagana, Pyralis. 175. roboris, Bombyx. 234. Chaonia. 234. Noctua. 234. Rceselia. 176. rosea, Bombyx. 157. Callimorpha. 158. Lithosia. 157. Rosy Footman. 157. rubea, Bombyx. 196. Liparis. 196. AI.rilABETICAL INDEX. ^05 rul)ea, Ocneria. 156. rubricollis, Noctua. 1 1^9. rubicunda, Bombyx. 157. Noctua. 157. rubricollis, Bombyx. 159. Gnophia. 159. Lithosia. 159. Noctua. 159. Ruby Tiger Moth. 136. ruficornis, Bombyx. 234. Drymonia. 234, 235. rufilinea, Lauron. 189. Laurona. 189. rurea, Bombyx, 255. russula, Bombyx. 138. Euthemonia. 138. Eyprepia. 13S. Nemeophiln. 138. Noctua. 1 38. Sallow Kitten. 246. sanctoe-johannis, Eudryas. 'JO. sancti-johannis, Euthisanotia. 70- sanguiflua, Amesia. 'JT,. Cyclosia. 73. Noctua. 'JT,. sannio, Bombyx. 138, Diacrisia. 138. Sarotricha. 174. Sarrothripa. 174. revayana. 175, Sarrothripus. 174. ramosanus. 175. stoninus. 175. Saturniidce. 37. scabiosse, Zygrena. 90. vScaptia. 186. Scarce Chocolate-Tip. 282. Green Forester. 100. Green Silver-Lines. 155. Prominent. 270. Small .Skipper. 21. Scarlet Tiger Moth. I4I. Scopelodes. 219. palpalis. 219. unicolor. 219. scopularia, Geometra. 202. scribonia, Ecpnntheria. 125, Noctua. 125. T ; Sematura. 56. Sematuridi"e. 42. senecionis, Callimorpha. 170. Sephisa. 75. serrata, Bombyx. 265. Peridea. 265. Setina. 171. irrorella. 171, 172. Short Cloaked Moth. 176. siamensis, Euchromia. loS. silvandra, Hypsa. 182. Silver-Lines, Green. 154. Scarce. 155. similis, Leucoma. 191. Six-spotted Burnet. 94. Skipper, Chequered 16. Dingy. 13. Great-Headed. 25. Grizzled. 10. Large. 27. lyulworth. 22. Pearl. 24. Scarce Small. 21. Small. 20. Skippers, Giant. 32. sloane, Cydimon. 48. sloanus, Cydimon. 48. Papilio. 48. Small Black Arches. 17S. Chocolate-Tip. 280. Skipper. 20. Scarce. 21. smaragdina, Chnridea. 117. Pompostola. 117. sophia, Hesperia. 39. Synemon. 39. speciosa, Deiopeia. 169. Utetheisa. 169. Speckled Footman. 165. Sphinx Cerberus. 113. exulans. 89. filipendulcc. 94. filipendulx m.ajor. 94 flavicornis. in. geryon. 99. globulariLC. 100. graminis. 91. infausta. lOl. Ugata. 103. 3o6 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Sphinx loniceroe 91, 93. • loti. 93. meliloti. 93. minos. 87. phegea. 102. pilosellae. 87. pratorum. 90. purpuralis. 87. quercus. 103. statices. 98. trifolii. 90. viciae. 63. sphinx, Asteroscopus. 232. Bombyx. 232. Brachionycha. 232. Noctua. 232. Spilarctia. 127, 133. lutea. 127, 133. zatima. 133. Spilosoma. 127, 129. acrea. 128. arge. 150. lubricipeda. 127, 130, 133. mendica. 135. menthastri. 130. papyratia. 132. radiata. 133. urticae. 132. virgo. 149. walked. 130. Spilosomatinoe. 126. Spiris. 163. splendida, Burgena. 69. Spotted MusHn-Moth. 134. Sprawler. 231. utatices, Adscita. 98, 99. Atychia. 98. Ino. 98. Procris. 98. Sphinx. 98. Stauropus. 229. fagi. 229. Steropes paniscus. 17. stoninus, Sarrothripus. 175. striata, Bombyx. 164. Coscinia. 164. Emydia. 164. Strophidia. 43. subochracea, Anthrocera. 89, 90. subochracea, Zyg^ena. 89, 90, sulphurea, Bombyx. 224. surinamensis, Leilus. 45. Swallow Prominent. 275. Lesser. 277. Swallow-tailed Butterflies. 52. sybaris, Ilypercompa. 122. Noctua. 122. Phalcena. 122. sylvana, Pyralis. 154. sylvanus, Augiades. 27. Ilesperia. 28. Pamphila. 28. Papilio. 27. Synemon. 3, 39. catocaloides. 40. Sophia. 39. Syntomis. 102. phegea. 103. Syrichthus alveolus. 10. malvoe. 10. malvae, var. taras. 11. tages, Ilesperia. 13. Nisoniades. 13. Papilio. 13. Thanaos. 12. Thanaus, 13, 14. Thymele. 13. talaus, Entheus. 7, note. Hesperia. 7. Papilio. 7. Paraminus. 7. taras, Plesperia. 11. Syrichthus malvse, var. 11. Tascina, 34. metallica. 34. orientalis. 34. tau, Aglia. 37. temperata, Calodesma. 121. Eucyane. 121. tenuicornis, Adscita. 100. Terasion. 229, terrifica, Bombyx. 257. tessellata, Noctua. 152. testudinana, Tortrix. 225. testudo, Bombyx. 224. Limacodes. 225. tettensis, Abantis. 8, ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 30/ Thallura, 49. rhipheus. 5a Thanaos. 12. tages. 13. Thanaus. 12, tages. 13, 14. thaumas, Adopcea. 19, 20, 21, 22. Hesperia. 20, Pamphila, 20. Papilio. 20. Thaumatocampa. 252. Thaumatopoea. 252. processionea, 253. thrax, Casyapa. 15. Erionota. 15. Hesperia. 15. Papilio. 15. Thymara. 83. papilionaria. 84. zaida. 84. Thymaridce. S^- Thymele alveolus. 10. tages._ 13. Thymelicus. 19. christi. 24. vibex. 19. Thyretes. 105. monteiroi. 105. Thyretinse. 104. Thyridia. 39. thyrsis, Gangara. 15. Tinea bella. 168, 169. cucullatella. 176. irrorella. 171. ludwigella. 177. pulchella. 167. Tineoe. 83. tiresia, Anthomyza. 123. tiresias, Anthomyza. 123. Atlacus. 123. Timmala, 75- Tortrix asellana. 226. avellana. 224. bicolorana. 155. degenerana. 175. dilutana. 175. mundana. 173. prasina. 155. prasinana. 154, 155* Tortrix pimctana. 175' quercana. 155- ramosana. 175. revayana. 175. testudinana. 225. undulana. I75« viridana. 153. Tortrix, Green Oak. 153. torva, Bombyx. 266. transalpina, Anthrocera. 95. tremula, Bombyx. 265, 275. Notodonta. 265. Pheosia. 275, 276. trepida, Bombyx. 264, 265. Notodonta, 265. Peridea. 265. Triangle Moth. 226. Trichura. 1 13. Cerberus. 113. Trichurinoe. 113. tricolor, Devanica. ^6. Eterusia. yS. Heterusia. y6. trifolii, Anthrocera. 88, 90, 92. Sphinx. 90. Zygcena. 90. trimacula, Bombyx. 235. Drymonia. 235, 236. tritophus, Bombyx. 266. Notodonta. 26'5. Tussock, Nut-tree. 225. Pale. 222. Tympanophora. 151. undulana, Tortrix. 175. unicolor, Scopelodes. 219. Urania. 41, 44, 49, S^- boisduvalii. 46. crameri. 50. fernandince. 4''). fulgens. 46, 47. prometheus. 50. rhipheus. 50. ripheus, var. madngascaricnsis. 50.. Uranidia. 41, 44. fulgens. 48. leilus. 41. Uraniidce. 41, 43. 3oS ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Urapteroides. 43. Urbanus celebrisicarus. 36. juvenis niveus. 9. Urbicola. 19, 20. comma. 19. urophora, Cercophora. 114, urtici^, Spilosoma. 132. Utetheisa. 166, 180. bella. 168. pulchella. 167. speciosa. 169. venusta. 169. Utethesia. 167. vanadis, Anthrocera. 89. Zygcena. 89. Vapourer Moth. 226. variegata, Bombyx. 261. Ptilophora. 261. venata, Anaphe. 240. venula, Papilio. 20. venusta, Euprepia. 169. Utetheisa. 169. versicolor, Hesperia. 4. Mimoniades. 4. vespertina, Cyllopoda. 187. Phalcidona. 187. vicice, Anthrocera. 93. Sphinx. 93. vidua, Bombyx. 145, 257. villica, Arctia. 145. Bombyx. 145. Eyprepia. 145. vinula, Bombyx. 2 ;9. Cerura. 249. virginica, Ctenuclia. 119. virgo, Apantesis. 149. Arctia. 149. Bombyx. 149. Euprepia. 149. Phaloena. 149. Spilosoma. i ;9. virgula, Papilio. 21. viridana, Tortrix. 153. vulnerans, Bombyx. 216. Doratifera. no, 216. vulpinaria, Geometra. 13S. walkeri, Spilosoma. 130. Water Ermine Moth. 131, westwoodi, Episteme. 65. White Ermine Moth. 130. Prominent. 269. Wood Tiger Moth. 140. Woolly Bear. 145. Xanthospilopteryx. 66, iro. africana. Gj. Xanthyris osera. 187. Xylina cassinea. 232. zaida, Thymara. 8}. zampa, Nyctalem^n. 55. zatirra, Spilarctia. I 3. ziczac, B)mbyx. 263. Notodonta. 263. zodiaca, Alcidis. 53, note. Zoote. 143. Zygcena. 86, 97, 102, 103. caudata. 1 14. eboraca. 92. exulans. 89. fdipendulje. 94. flavicornis. in. fulvia. 91. loniceroe. 91. loti. 91. meliloti. 93. minos. 87. negamica. 95. nubigena. Sy. phegea. 10 1, 105. pythia. ^i"]. scabiosEe. 90. trifolii. 90. vanadis. 89. Zyga^nidoe. 75, St,, Sq. ic5, no. Zygaeninoe. S]„ loi, 105.