RS2fel3lC,

Presented to the
LIBRARIES of the
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
by

Larry Pfaff

LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY.

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2018 with funding from
University of Toronto

https://archive.org/details/handbooktoorderl03kirb_0

PLATE LXIX

/. EixcLcuniis brachius. 4. Erionotcv thrcuc.

2. Entheas tcdaus.6. 5. PythonuEes or anion.

3. „ p. 6. Hehopetes cursabte.

7. Minwniades versicolor.

LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Edited by R. Bowdler Sharte. LL.D., F. L.S., &c.

A HAND-BOOK

TO THE

ORDER

LEPIDOPTERA.

BY

W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.Ent.S.,

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, BRITISH MUSEUM.

Author of “ A Synonymic Catalogue of Leput opt era Heteroceraf “ European
Butterflies and Moths f “ A Text- Book of Entomology f etc. , etc.

VOL. III.

BUTTERFLIES {Concluded). — HESPERIIDHL
MOTHS.— PART I.

LONDON:

EDWARD LLOYD, LIMITED,

12, SALISBURY SQUARE, FLEET STREET.

PRINTED BY

WYMAN AM) SONS, LIMITED.

PREFACE.

In this volume Mr. Kirby has completed the half of his Hand¬
book to the Lepidoptera , and has commenced the description
of the Moths.

As in the previous volumes, particular attention has been
paid to the species inhabiting the British Islands, while at the
same time the exotic forms have been passed in review.

R. BOWDLER SHARPE.

Sept. 6, 1896.

AUTHOR’S PREFACE.

The present volume, the third of the proposed series of five on
Lepidoptera , includes the Hesperiidce , or Skippers, a Family
usually regarded as intermediate between the Butterflies and
the Moths, and the first twenty-six Families of Moths (com¬
mencing with one or two of rather doubtful position, which
are sometimes placed in the Hesperiidce) from the Mega-
thymidce to the Notodo?itidce inclusive.

As before, I have drawn freely upon the figures from New-
man’s well-known work, and although the much greater num¬
ber of the species of Moths has not allowed me to deal with
them so fully as with the Butterflies, yet I have endeavoured
to give a fairly representative selection of our native species,
as well as illustrations of the principal Families, and of some
of the most interesting genera of the exotic forms. The fourth
volume, which is in the press, will complete the series of
Families known as Sphinges and Bombyces.

In the preparation of these volumes, I have had the assist¬
ance of my son, Dr. W. Egmont Kirby, and have thus been
enabled to complete them in a shorter time than would other¬
wise have been possible.

In the volumes of Moths I have followed the classification
adopted in my “ Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera,” in

viii author’s preface.

which no great modification of the previous systems of classifi¬
cation was attempted. In the introductory portion of the next
volume I propose to give n short resum'e of the more important
systems of classification of th z Lepidoptera (especially in regard
to Moths) which have been proposed since the time of Linnaeus.

A considerable number of species are here figured for the
first time. In the selection of new figures, unfigured species
have usually been chosen, so far as they were sufficiently repre¬
sentative, and in the case of previously unfigured species, and
little-known genera, I have thought it best to give the descrip¬
tions as far as possible in the words of the original describers.
The discovery of the larva of Microjiia (comp. p. 43) shews
that the genus belongs to the Uraniidcz rather than to the
Geometry

W. F. KIRBY.

Chiswick, September 5, 1896.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

ORDER LEPIDOPTERA ( continued ).

A. LEPIDOPTERA RHOPALOCERA (< continued )

FAMILY VII. HESPERIIM) .

SUB-FAMILY I. PYRRHOPYGIN/E .

Genus Mimoniades, Iliibner .

M. versicolor (Latreille). ...

SUB-FAMILY II. HESPERIIN/E.

Section A.

Genus Eudamus, Swainson.

E. brachius (Hiibner).

Genus Entheus, Hiibner.

E. priassus (Linnaeus).

Section B.

Genus Pythonides, Hiibner .

P. cronion (Felder).

Genus IIeliopetes, Billberg .

II. arsalte (Linnaeus).

Genus Hesperia, Fabricius.

H. malvae (Linnaeus),
var. H. taras (Bergstrasser).

Genus Tiianaus, Boisduval.

T. tages (Linnaeus).

SUB-FAMILY III. PAMPHILIN/E .

Section A.

Genus Erionota, Mabille.

E. thrax (Linnaeus).

PAGE

I

I

I

4

4

4

5

5

6
6
6
7

7

8
8

9

9

io

10

1 1
12

13

14

14

15
15

X

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Genus PampiiIlAj Fabricius.

P. palcemon (Pallas).

Sec/ ion B.

Genus Adop^ea, Billberg.

A. thaumas (Hufnagel).

A. lineola (Ochsenheimer).

A. action (Von Rottenberg).
Genus Erynnis, Schrank.

E. comma (Linnoeus).

Genus PIylephila, Billberg.

H. phyloeus (Drury).

Genus Augiades, Ftubner.

A. sylvanus (Esper).

Section C.

Genus Ismene, Swainson.

I. cedipodea, Swainson.

Genus Riiopalocampta, Wallengren.

R. forestan (Cramer).

B. LEPIDQPTERA HETEROCERA

FAMILY I. MEGATHYMID^S.
FAMILY II. EUSCIIEMONIDAL
Genus Euschemon, Doubleday.

E. rafflesise (Macleay).

FAMILY III. NEOCASTNIIDAL
Genus Neocastnia, Flampson.

N. nicevillei, Ilampson

FAMILY IV. CASTNIID/E.

Genus Castnia, Fabricius.

C. icarus (Cramer).

C. eudesmia, Gray.

C. huebneri, Latreille.

Genus Synemon, Doubleday.

S. sophia (White). ...

S. catocaloides, Walker. ...

FAMILY V. COCYTIIDAi .

PAGE

... 16

... 16

... 18

... 19

... 20

... 21

... 22

... 24

... 24

... 26

... 26

... 27
... 27

... 29
... 30

... 30

... 30

... 30

... 32

... 32

••• 33
••• 33
••• 33
••• 34
••• 34
••• 34

••• 34

••• 35
... 36

... 36

••• 37
••• 39

••• 39
... 40

... 40

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. xi

TAGS

FAMILY VI. CYDIMONID^E . 41

SUB-FAMILY I. CYDIMONIN/E. . 43

Genus Cydimon, Dalman. ... ... ... ... ... ... 43

C. leilus (Linnaeus). ... ... ... ... ... ... 45

C. brasiliensis (Swainson). ... ... ... ... ... 45

C. boisduvalii (Guerin). ... ... ... ... ... ... 46

C. fulgens (Walker). ... ... ... ... ... ... 47

C. sloanus (Cramer). ... ... ... ... ... ... 4S

Genus Ciirysiridia, HiAbner . 49

C. madagascariensis (Lesson). ... ... ... ... ... 50

SUB-FAMILY II. NYCTALEMONIbLE . 53

Genus Nyctalemon, Dalman . 54

N. zampa, Butler. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 55

SUB-FAMILY III. CORONIDIIISLE . 55

FAMILY VII. AGARISTIDzE . 56

Genus Hespagarista, Walker . 57

H. echione (Boisduval). ... ... ... ... ... ... 57

Genus Hecatesia, Boisduval. ... ... ... ... ... ... 5S

H. fenestrata, Boisduval. ... ... ... ... ... ... 59

Genus Ipana, Jordan. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 59

I. diversa (Walker). ... ... ... ... ... ... 59

Genus Agarista, Leach. ... ... ... ... ... ... 60

A. agricola (Donovan). ... ... ... ... ... ... 61

Genus Episteme, Hiibner. . ... . ... 62

E. lectrix (Linnaeus). ... ... ... ... ... ... 62

E. irenea (Boisduval). ... ... ... ... ... ... 63

E. maculatrix (Westwood). ... ... ... ... ... 64

E. westwoodi, Kirby . 65

Genus Xanthospilopteryx, Wallengren . 66

X. africana (Butler). . ... 67

Genus Pais, Hiibner. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 67

P. gordoni, Butler. ... ... ... ... ... ... 6S

Genus Burgena, Walker. . 68

B. splendida (Butler). ... ... ... ... ... ... 69

Genus Euthisanotia, Hiibner. 70

E. sancti-johannis (Walker) . 70

Xll

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

FAMILY VIII. CIIALCOSIIDAL ...

Genus Erasmia, Hope .

E. pulchella, Hope.

Genus Amesia, Westwood.

A. sanguiflua (Drury).

Genus Devanica, Moore. .

D. tricolor (Hope).

FAMILY IX. PSEUDOPONTIID/E.

Genus Pseudopontia, Plotz .

P. paradoxa (Felder).

FAMILY X. EPICQPUD/E.

Genus Epicopia, Westwood.

E. caudata, Butler.

FAMILY XI. TIIYMARIDAC.

Genus Thymara, Doubleday.

T. papilionaria, Walker. ...

FAMILY XII. ZYG^ENIDAL
SUB-FAMILY I. ZYG/ENIN/E. ...
Genus Anthrocera, Scopoli.

A. purpuralis (Muller).

var. A. nubigena (Lederer).

A. exulans (Ilochenwarth & Reimer).
var. a. subochracea (White),
var. b. vanadis (Dalman).

A. trifolii (Esper). ...

A. lonicene (Scheven).

var. A. eboraca (Prest). ...

A. vicice (Fuessly).

A. filipendulce (Linnaeus). ...
var. A. hippocrepidis, Stephens.
Genus Arichalca, Wallengren.

A. erythropyga, Wallengren.

SUB-FAMILY II. ADSCITINAL ...
Genus Adscita, Retzius. ...

A. statices (Linnaeus).

PAG*

... 71

... 72

... 72

••• 73
... 73

- 75
... 76

... 76

... 77
... 78

... 81
... 81
... 82

... 83
... 83
... 84

... 85
... 85
... 86
... 87
... 87
... 89
... 89
... 89
... 90

... 91
... 92

••• 93
... 94
... 94

... 95

- 95

... 97
... 97

... 98

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

XIII

Adscita — {continued).

A. geryon (Hiibner).

A. globulariae (Hiibner). ...

Genus Aglaope, Latreille.

A. infausta (Linnceusb

SUB-FAMILY III. ZYG^ENINAL ...
Genus Zygalna, Fabricius.

Z. phegea (Linnaeus).

Genus Dysauxes, Hiibner.

D. ancilla (Linnaeus).

SUB-FAMILY IV. THYRETINAL
Genus Thyretes, Boisduval.

T. monteiroi, Butler.

SUB-FAMILY V. PHAUDUSLE. ...
SUB-FAMILY VI. PYROMORPHIN^E.
SUB-FAMILY VII. EUCIIROMIINAL
Genus Euchromia, Hiibner .

E. siamensis, Butler.

Genus Agyrta, Hiibner. ...

A. micilia (Cramer).

Genus Isanthrene, Pliibner .

I. flavicornis (Fabricius). ...

Genus Cosmosoma, Hiibner .

C. festivum (Walker).

SUB-FAMILY VIII. TRICHURINAL

Genus Trichura, Hiibner. .

T. cerberus (Pallas).

SUB-FAMILY IX. ANTICHLORIN7E.

Genus Antichloris, Hiibner .

A. quadricolor (Walker).

FAMILY XIII. ARCTIIDAi .

SUB-FAMILY I. CHARIDEINZE. ...

Genus Cyanopepla, Clemens .

C. cinctipennis (Walker). ...

FAGE

... 99
... ioo

... IOO
... IOI

... IOI

... 102
... 102
... 103
.. 104

... 104

... 105
... 105

... 106
... 106
... 107
... 107
... 108
... 109
... 109

... I JO
... Ill

... Ill
... 1 12

... 113
... 113
... 1 13
... 1 14

... 114
... II4

... 115
... 1 1 6
... 1 1 6
... nf

XIV

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Genus Charidea, Dalman.

C. smaragdina (Butler).

SUB-F'AMILY II. CTENUCIIINzE.

Genus Ctenucha, Kirby. .

C. virginica (Charpentier).

Genus Philoros, Walker. .

P. opaca (Boisduval).

SUB-FAMILY III. PERICOPIN.E.

Genus Calodesma, Iliibner.

C. temperata (Walker).

Genus Composia, Iliibner.

C. credula (Fabricius).

Genus Anthomyza, Swainson. ...

A. tiresias (Cramer), var. ...

SUB-FAMILY IV. PH^FGOPTERINyE.

Genus Ecpantheria, Pliibner .

E. ocularia (Fabricius).

SUB-FAMILY V. SPILOSOMATIN^E.

Genus Estigmene, Pliibner .

E. acraea (Drury). ...

var. E. caprotina (Drury).

Genus Spilosoma, Stephens .

S. lubricipeda (Linnaeus). ...
var. S. walkeri, Curtis.

Genus Spilarctia, Butler. .

S. lutea (Ilufnagel).
var. S. zatima (Cramer).

Genus Diaphora, Stephens .

D. mendica (Clerck).

SUB-FAMILY VI. ARCTIIN/E. ...

Genus Phragmatobia, Stephens.

P. fuliginosa (Linnaeus) .

Genus Diacrisia, IPiibner. .

D. sannio (Linnaeus).

PAGE

... 1 1 7

... 1 17

.. 1 18

... 119
... 1 19

... 120
... 120

... 120

... 121
... 121
... 122
... 122
... 123
... 123

... 124

... 124
... 125

... 126

... 127
... 128
... 128
... 129
... 130
... 130
... 132
••• 133
••• 133
... 134
... 134

... 136

... 136
... 136
... 138
... 138

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XV

PAGI

Genus Parasemia, Hubner. ... ... ... .. ... ... 139

P. plantaginis (Linnaeus). ... ... ... ... ... ... 140

Genus Callimorpha, Latreille. ... ... ... ... ... 141

C. dominula (Linnxus). ... ... ... ... ... ... 141

Genus Hypercomta, Hubner. ... ... ... ... ... ... 142

II. caia (Linnxus). ... ... ... ... ... ... 143

Genus Arctia, Schrank. ... ... ... ... ... ... 143

A. villica (Linnxus). ... ... ... ... ... ... 143

Genus Euplagia, Hubner. ... ... ... ... ... ... 146

E. quadripunctaria (Poda). ... ... ... ... ... 146

Genus Eucharia, Hubner. ... ... ... ... ... ... 147

E. festiva (Ilufnagel). ... ... ... ... ... ... 148

Genus Apantesis, Walker. ... ... ... ... ... ... 149

A. virgo (Linnxus). ... ... ... ... ... ... 149

A. arge (Drury) . 130

Genus Callarctia, Packard. ... ... ... ... ... ...151

C. pudica (Esper). ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 132

FAMILY XIV. CYMBIDyE . 133

Genus ITylophija, Illibner. ... ... ... ... ... ... 134

Id. prasinana (Linnxus). ... ... ... ... ... ... 134

H. bicolorana (Fuessly). ... ... ... ... ... ... 133

FAMILY XV. LITHOSIID.E . 136

Genus Miltochrista, Plubner. 137

M. miniata (Forster). ... ... ... ... ... ... 137

Genus Gnophria, Stephens. ... ... ... ... ... ... 138

G. rubricollis (Linnxus) ... ... ... ... ... ... 139

Genus Lithosia, Fabricius. ... ... ... ... ... ...

L. lurideola, Zincken. ... ... ... ... ... ... j60

Genus CEonistis, Hubner. ... ... ... ... ... ...

CE. quadra (Linnxus). ... ... ... ... ... ... j62

Genus Coscinia, Hubner. ... ... ... ... ... ... 163

C. striata (Linnxus). ... ... ... ... ... ... 164

C. cribraria (Linnxus). ... ... ... ... ... ... jg-

Genus Utetheisa, Plubner. ... ... ... ... ... ... j65

U. pulchella (Linnxus). ... ... ... ... ... ... 167

U. bella (Linnxus). ... ... ... ... ... ... j6S

U. venusta (Dalman). ... ... ... ... ... ...

XVI

SYSTEMATIC INDEX,

Genus IIipocrita, Hiibner.

• • •

...

PAGE

.. 169

H. jacoboeae (Linnceus).

...

... «

... 170

Genus Setina, Schranck.

... •

... 171

S. irrorella (Linnceus).

• . •

... 171

Genus Nudaria, Haworth.

••• 173

N. mundana (Linnaeus).

...

••• 173

Genus Nycteola, Hiibner.

... •

... 174

N. revayana (Scopoli).

...

- 175

Genus Nola, Leach.

... 176

N. cucullatella (Linnaeus)....

... •

... 176

var. N. fuliginalis, Stephens.

... 1 77

N. aerugula (Hiibner).

...

... 178

Exotic genera of Lithe siidce.

... 179

Genus Josiodes, Felder .

... 179

Genus Bizone, Walker .

... 179

Genus Macrobrochis, Herrich-Schafier.

... .

... 180

Genus Argina, Hiibner .

...

... .

... 180

FAMILY XVI. HYPSID.E .

... .

00

HH

Genus Hypsa, Hiibner .

... 182

II. clavata, Butler ...

...

... 182

Genus Caryatis, Hiibner. .

...

...

HH

00

C. phileta (Drury) .

...

... 183

FAMILY XVII. CALLIDUIJDHi. ...

...

... 184

Genus Callidula, Hiibner .

... 185

C. petavia (Cramer).

... 185

FAMILY XVIII. CYLLOPODIDyE.

... .

... 186

Genus Cyllopoda, Dalman .

• • •

... .

... 186

C. vespertina (Walker).

... 187

FAMILY XIX. DIOPTID.E .

...

... 187

Genus Lauron, Walker .

•

•

►H

00

00

L. ruhlinea, Walker.

...

... 189

FAMILY XX. NYCTEMERIDHL ...

... .

... 189

(Genus Aletis, Pliibner .

...

... .

... I90

A. druryi, Butler. ...

...

... .

... 190

Systematic index.

xvi i

Genus Nyctemera, Hiibner .

N. crescens, Walker.

FAMILY XXI. PTEROTHYSANID/E.

Genus Pterothysanus, Walker.

P. laticilia, Walker.

FAMILY XXII. LIPARID/E.

Genus Euproctis, Hiibner .

E. chrysorrhoea (Linnaeus).

Genus Ocneria, Hiibner.

O. rubea (Fabricius).

Genus Porthetria, Hiibner .

P. dispar (Linnaeus).

Genus Lymantria, Iltibner .

L. monacha (Linnaeus).

Genus Dasychira, Pliibner.

D. pudibunda (Linnaeus). ...

D. (?) netrix (Cramer).

Genus Demas, Stephens. ...

D. coryli (Linnaeus).

Genus Notolopkus, Germar.

N. antiquus (Linnaeus).

FAMILY XXIII. IIETEROGYNID.E,

rACE

... 191
... 192

... 192

... 192
... 193

... 193

... 194

... 195
... 196
... 196
... 197
... 198
... 200
... 201
... 202
... 202
... 204
... 204
... 205
... 206
... 206

... 208

Genus IIeterogynis, Rambur. ...
H. paradoxa (Hiibner).

FAMILY XXIV. PSYCIIID/E.

Genus (Eceticus, Guilding.

CE. kirbii, Guilding.

Genus Cryptothelea, Duncan.

C. macleayi (Guilding).

FAMILY XXV. LIMACODID/E.

Genus Doratifera, Westwood.

D. vulnerans (Lewin).

Genus Phobetrum, Hiibner.

P. pithecium (Abbot & Smith).

13

... 208
... 209

... 210

... 212
... 212
... 214
... 215

... 215

... 216
... 216

... 217
... 21S

b

XV111

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Genus Scopelodes, Westwood. ...

S. unicolor, Westwood.

Genus Parasa, Moore.

P. dubia (Walker).

P. lepida (Cramer).

Genus Euclea, Hiibner. ...

E. querceti (Herrich-Schaffer).

Genus Apoda, Haworth.

A. avellana (Linnaeus).

Genus Heterogenea, Ivnoch. ...

If. cruciata (Knoch).

FAMILY XXVI. NOTODONTID/E.

Genus Stauropus, Germar.

S. fagi (Linnaeus). ...

Genus Brachionycha, Iliibner.

B. sphinx (Hufnagel).

Genus Drymonia, Hiibner.

D. ruficornis (Hufnagel) ...

D. trimacula (Esper).

Genus Phalera, Hiibner.

P. bucephala (Linnaeus). ...
Genus Anaphe, Walker. ...

A. venata, Butler. ...

Genus IIeteromorpha, Iliibner.

II. caeruleocephala (Linnaeus).
Genus Cerura, Schrank.

C. bicuspis (Borkhausen).

C. furcula (Clerck). ...

C. hermelina (Goeze).

C. vinula (Linnaeus).

Genus Thaumatopcea, Iliibner.

T. processionea (Linnceus).

Genus Gluphisia, Boisduval.

G. crenata (Esper).

Genus Hoplitis, Hiibner. .

II. milhauseri (Fabiicius).

page
... 219
... 219
... 220
... 221
... 221
... 222
... 223

... 224
... 224

... 226
... 226

... 228

... 229
... 229
... 23I
... 232

... 234
... 234
••• 235
... 237
... 237

... 239
... 24O
... 240
... 24I

... 243
... 243
... 246
... 247
... 249
... 252
••• 253
... 254

- 255
... 256

- 257

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

xix

Genus Pterostoma, German
P. palpinum (Clerck).

Genus Ptilophora, Stephens. ...

P. plumigera (Esper).

Genus Notodonta, Ochsenheimcr.

N. ziczac (Linnaeus).

N. anceps (Goeze)....

N. tritophus (Esper).

N. dromedarius (Linnaeu-s).

Genus Hierophanta, Meyrick .

H. bicoloria (Denis & Schiffermuller).
Genus Odontosia, Htibner .

O. carmelita (Esper).

Genus Lophopteryx, Stephens.

L. capucina (Linnaeus).

L. cucullina (Denis & Schiffermuller).

Genus Pheosia, Htibner .

P. tremula (Clerck).

P. gnoma (Fabricius) .

P. dictaea (Linnaeus).

Genus Melalopha, Htibner .

M. curtula (Linnaeus).

M. pigra (Hufnagel). .

M. anachoreta (Fabricius).

Genus Danima, Walker .

D. banksiae (Lewin).

Genus Braura, Walker. ...

B. ligniclusa, W7alker.

PAGE

... 258
... 259
... 260
... 261
... 262
... 263
... 264
... 266
... 267

... 26S
... 269
... 270
... 270
... 272
... 272
... 273

... 275
... 275
... 277
... 278

... 278
... 279
... 280
... 282
... 283
... 284
... 285
... 2S5

LIST OF PLATES.

LXIX.— Fig. i.

Eudamus brachius (p. 6).

Figs. 2,

3. Entheus priassus,* <3, ? (p. 7).

Fig. 4.

Erionota thrax (p. 15).

Fig- 5-

Pythonides cronion (p. 8).

Fig. 6.

Heliopetes arsalte (p. 9).

Fig. 7.

Mimoniades versicolor (p. 4).

LXX.— Fig. 1.

Hesperia malvae (p. 10).

Fig. 2.

Thanaus tages (p. 13).

Fig. 3-

Pamphila palaemont (p. 16).

Fig. 4-

Adopaea thaumas (p. 20).

LXXI.— Fig. 1.

Adopcea thaumas (p. 20).

Fig. 2.

Adopsea lineola (p. 21).

Figs. 3-

-5. Augiades sylvanus (p. 27).

Figs. 6-

-8. Adopaea actaeon (p. 22).

Fig. 9-

F.rynnis comma (p. 24).

LXXI I.— Fig. 1.

Castnia eudesmia (p. 36).

Fig. 2.

Castnia huebneri (p. 37).

Fig. 3-

Synemon catocaloides (p. 40).

Fig. 4-

Neocastnia nicevillei (p. 34).

LXXI II.— Fig. 1.

Cydimon brasiliensis (p. 45).

Fig. 2.

Cydimon sloanus (p. 48).

LXX IV. —Figs. 1,

2. Chrysiridia madagascariensis (p. 50).

LXX V.— Fig. 1.

Nyctalemon zampa (p. 55).

Fig. 2.

Hespagarista echione (p. 57).

Fig. 3-

Ilecatesia fenestrata (p. 59).

Fig. 4-

Ipana diversa (p. 59).

LXXVI.— Fig. 1.

Agarista agricola (p. 61).

Fig- 2.

Episteme maculatrix (p. 64).

Fig. 3-

Episteme lectrix (p. 62).

LXXVII.— Fig. 1.

Burgena splendida (p. 69).

Fig. 2.

Euthisanotia sancti-johannis (p. 70).

Fig. 3-

Pais gordoni (p. 68).

Fig. 4-

Xanthospilopteryx africana (p. 67).

* E. talaus on plate. f P. paniscus on plate,

* E. talans on plate.

LIST OF PLATES.

XX i

LXXVIII.— Fig. i.

Devanica tricolor (p. 76).

Fig. 2.

Erasmia pulchella (p. 72).

Fig- 3-

Amesia sanguiflua (p. 73).

LXXIX.— Fig. i.

Thymara papilionaria (p 84).

Fig. 2.

Epicopia caudata (p. 82).

Fig. 3-

Pseudopontia paradoxa (p. 7S).

LXXX.— Fig. i.

Zygsena phegea (p. 102).

Fig. 2.

Aglaope infausta (p. 101).

Fig. 3-

Dysauxes ancilla (p. 104).

Fig. 4-

Anthrocera exulans (p 89).

Fig. 5-

Anthrocera filipendulae (p. 94).

Fig. 6.

Adscita statices (p. 98).

LXXXI.— Fig. i.

Charidea smaragdina (p. 1 1 7).

Fig. 2.

Arichalca erythropyga (p. 95).

Fig. 3-

Thyretes monteiroi (p. 105).

Fig. 4.

Agyrta micilia (p. 109).

Fig- 5-

Euchromia siamensis (p. 108).

LXXXI I.— Fig. i.

Philoros opaca (p. 120).

Fig. 2.

Cosmosoma festivum (p. 112).

Fig. 3*

Isanthrene flavicornis (p. in).

Fig. 4-

Trichura cerberus (p. 1 1 3).

Fig. 5-

Antichloris quadricolor (p. 114).

Fig. 6.

Cyanopepla cinctipennis (p. 116).

LXXXIII.— Fig. i.

Composia credula (p. 122).

Fig. 2.

Anthomyza tiresias (p. 123).

Fig. 3-

Calodesma temperata (p. 121).

LXXXI V.— Fig. i.

Ecpantheria ocularia (p. 125).

Figs. 2 — 4.

Estigmene acraea (p. 12S).

LXXXV.— Fig. r.

Diacrisia sannio (p. 138).

Fig. 2.

Phragmatobia fuliginosa (p. 136).

Fig. 3-

Arctia villica (p. 145).

LXXXVL— Fig. 1.

Eucharia festiva (p. 148).

Fig. 2.

Apantesis arge (p. 150).

Figs. 3—5-

Apantesis virgo (p. 149).

LXXXVIL— Fig. 1.

Parasemia plantaginis (p. 140).

Fig. 2.

Callimorpha dominula (p. 141).

Figs. 3, 4.

Hylophila prasinana (p. 154).

Fig. 5-

Hylophila bicolorana (p. 155).

LXXXVIIL— Fig. 1.

Utetheisa bella (p. 168).

Figs. 2, 3.

Utetheisa pulchella (p. 167).

Figs. 4, 5.

Plipocrita jacobreae (p. 170).

XXII

LIST OF PLATES.

LXXXIX.— Fig. i.

Fig. 2.

Fig 3-
Fig. 4.
XC.— Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig- 3.
XCI.— Fig. 1.

Figs. 2, 3.
Figs. 4, 5.
Fig. 6.
XCI I.— Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.
Figs. 3 — 6.
XCI 1 1.— Figs. 1, 2.

Figs. 3, 4.
XCIV. — Figs. 1, 2.
Fig. 3.

XCV.— Figs. 1, 2.
Fig 3-

Fig. 4-

Ilypsa clavata (p. 182).
Cyllopoda vespertina (p. 187).
Callidula petavia (p. 185).
Caryatis phileta (p. 183).
Lauron rufilinea (p. 189).

Aletis druryi (p. 190).
Nyctemera crescens (p. 192).
Ocneria rubea (p. 196).
Lymantria monacha (p. 201).
Dasychira netrix (p. 204).
Ileterogynis paradoxa (p. 209).
Parasa media (p. 221).
Scopelodes unicolor (p. 219).
Doratifera vulnerans (p. 216).
Phobetrum pithecium (p. 218).
Euclea querceti (p. 223).

Cerura vinula (p. 249).

Phalera bucephala (p. 237).
Danima banksice (p. 284).
Anaphe venata (p. 240).

Braura ligniclusa (p. 2S5).

INTRODUCTION.

The PIesperiidh:, or Skippers.

As stated in the Preface to our second volume, it had been
intended to include the Hesperiidce therein, and thus to com¬
plete our account of the Butterflies in two volumes ; but our
account of the preceding Families extended to a greater length
than was expected, and it was finally decided to commence the
third volume of Lepidoptera with them. It is, however, admitted
that the Hesperiidce approach nearer to the true Moths than to
the true Butterflies ; for while there are several transitional
forms between the Hesperiidce and the Moths, no such forms
between the Hesperiidce and the true Butterflies are known to
exist. Hence, although the division of the Order Lepidoptera
into the two great groups of Rhopalocera , or Butterflies, and
Helcrocera, or Moths, is more or less artificial, it is rendered
more so by the inclusion of the Hesperiidce in the former
group ; and I have always considered that if the distinction was
worth retaining at all, except as a mere matter of convenience,
the line of demarcation should be drawn before, instead of
after, the Hesperiidce. This Family was actually included by
Duncan in his “ British Moths,” in Jardine’s “Naturalist’s Lib¬
rary,” and was passed over altogether in the volumes on Exotic
Lepidoptera. Two modern authors, Zebrawski and Meyrick,
have proposed systems of classification, in which the Butter-

XXIV

INTRODUCTION.

flies are placed in the middle of the Moths ; but although a
natural linear arrangement of any group of animals or plants is
impossible, yet the Butterflies exhibit so many well-marked
characteristics that they appear to have every claim to be
treated as an isolated group, placed either at the head of
the Lepidoptera , as the most highly organised group, if we
follow the descending series of forms, as is usually done ; or at
the extremity, if we adopt the reverse arrangement, and con¬
clude the series with the highest forms.

The Heterocera, or Moths.

The Moths are distinguished from the Butterflies rather by
an aggregation of characters, none of which hold good through¬
out, than by any hard-and-fast line. Thus, the antennae in
Moths, are very various in form; and, although in a few genera,
such as Synemon , Doubleday, they much resemble those of a
Butterfly in shape, this occurs in conjunction with other
characters, such as the possession of a frenulum, which are
never found in Butterflies at all. In many Moths, simple eyes,
or ocelli, are present, a character never found in Butterflies,
and in some of the Micro-Lepidoptera the maxillary palpi are well
developed, though they are obsolete in the Butterflies and in
the larger Moths. In most Moths there is an apparatus called
the frenulum, which consists of one or more bristles on the
under side of the hind-wings near the base. These serve to con¬
nect the fore and hind-wings together during flight, but many
Moths do not possess them ; and in some cases a' bristle is only
found in the male. In the males the apparatus consists of one
bristle only, but in the females which possess it, it generally con¬
sists of two or three. It is never found in any Butterfly, un¬
less we regard the anomalous Australian Euschemon rafflesice
(Macleay) as a Butterfly rather than a Moth. Moths are very

INTRODUCTION.

XXV

varied in their habits. The majority of the species fly at night or
at dusk ; but many fly by day, like Butterflies, while others are
easily disturbed during the daytime. They hold their wings in
different positions when at rest, but generally flat or expanded,
though many Saturniidce , Geometrce , &c., rest with their wings
raised over the back, almost in the same way as a Butterfly.

Moths differ very much in size, too. The smallest Butterfly
known (“ Lyccena” barberce , Trimen) is a brown South African
species, which sometimes measures less than half an inch
across the wings; and the largest Butterflies known (the
females of the genus Troides , Hiibner) rarely exceed ter.
inches in expanse. On the other hand, the smallest Moth
known ( Nepticula microtheriella , Stainton) measures only about
one-seventh of an inch across the wings ; and the largest speci¬
mens of Aitacus atlas , Linnaeus, probably expand not less than
a foot (n^( inches is the expanse of the largest specimen in
the British Museum).

Great attention has been paid lately to the neuration of the
wings in Moths, which, although much resembling that of But¬
terflies in the larger Moths, is frequently more variable and
more complicated, while in the smaller Moths it is sometimes
reduced to a few radiating lines. Frequently the cell is more
or less divided by nervures, or the branches of the sub-costal
nervure beyond the upper angle of the cell in the fore-wings are
united in such a manner as to form a small closed cell. The sub¬
median nervures on both the fore- and hind-wings are often bifid
at the base ; and the costal nervure of the hind-wings is fre¬
quently absent, or united with the sub-costal for a great part of its
length. In many Moths, too, the lowest discoidal nervule is
united at its base with the upper median, making the median
nervure appear four-branched, as in the Equitidce. But it is easy
to attach too much importance to a single character; and we can
hardly agree with Prof. Comstock in forming two Families, other-

XXVI

INTRODUCTION.

wise so dissimilar as the Hepialidce. and the Micropterygidcc ,
into a distinct Sub-order because there is a small lobe project¬
ing backwards from the base of the fore-wings, instead of a
frenulum on the hind-wings, and because the hind-wings are
furnished with as many nervures as the fore-wings.

It is now becoming usual to number the nervures of the
fore-wings from below upwards, in the manner adopted on the
Continent ; and it will therefore be well to explain this system
more fully, and to compare it with the system which we have
been using in the present work.

To begin at the lower part of the wring, then — the sub¬
median (or internal) nervures are numbered la, i b, ic, &c. ;
the median nervules, 2, 3, and 4; the discoidal nervules, 5
and 6 ; the branches of the sub-costal, 7 to 1 1 ; and the costal
nervure, 12. On the hind-wings the branches of the sub-costal
nervure (or the upper discoidal, and the sub-costal, if we regard
them in this light) are numbered 6 and 7, and the costal ner¬
vure, 8. But as some of these nervures (especially no. 5) are
frequently absent, this system may easily lead to ambiguity.

Several attempts have been made to work out the homo¬
logies of the nervures of the wings in the different Orders of
Insects, but hitherto without any great success. The origin of
the various Orders lies too far back, and the development of the
wings has proceeded along such diverging lines that it is diffi¬
cult to compare them satisfactorily. Thus, Prof. Comstock, in
his “Manual for the Study of Insects” (Ithaca, N.Y., 1895),
has attempted to trace out these analogies ; and he numbers
the nervures from above downwards, according to the following
system : —

I. Costa.

II. Sub-costa. [Costal nervure.]

III. Radius. [Sub ccstal nervure; and branches numbered
III. 1 to 111. 5.]

INTRODUCTION.

XXVil

IV. Tre-mcdia. [Absent in Lepidoplcra ]

V. Media. [Discoidal nervulcs and upper median ner
vule.]

VI. Post-media. [Absent in Lepidoptera .]

VII. Cubitus. [Middle and lower discocellular nervulcs.]

VIII.-X. Anal. [Sub-median and internal nervures.]

This system is liable to the additional disadvantage of Nos.
IV. and VI. being absent in Lepidopiera. It is, of course, highly
desirable to have an uniform system of nomenclature for the
Orders of Insects ; and the want of precision at present exist¬
ing in the nomenclature of the nervures, &c., is a matter of con¬
siderable inconvenience ; but it will, perhaps, be necessary to
wait till the subject has been more thoroughly worked out in
detail in the separate Orders, before it will be possible to
elaborate a completely satisfactory system.

THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS-ORDER
LEPIDOPTERA.

THE BUTTERFLIES-LEPIDOPTERA RHOPALOCERA.

We commence this volume with the Hesperiidce , the last
Family of Butterflies, before proceeding to discuss the
Moths,

FAMILY VII. HESPERIIDCE.

Egg. — Very large, opaque, dome-shaped, smooth, or verti¬
cally and transversely ribbed.

Larva. — Long, cylindrical, naked (rarely hairy) ; head large,
thorax narrowed in front, so as to form a sort of long neck.

Pupa. — Attached by the tail, a belt round the body, and
often with other threads, forming a loose cocoon ; often
wrapped in a leaf.

Imago. — Of small or moderate size, rarely reaching two inches
in expanse, and the largest known species not exceeding four
inches ; body large, head large, eyes prominent, antennae
placed widely apart, often more or less hooked at the tip;
wings very thick, small in proportion to the size of the body ;
fore-wings triangular, often with a bar of raised scales in the

o

2

Lloyd’s natural history.

male ; hind-wings rounded, produced towards the anal angle ;
rarely tailed, and still more rarely dentated. Fore-wings often
with three small transparent spots towards the tip, but rarely with
more extended vitreous markings. Fore-wings with the sub¬
costal nervure five-branched, the branches all rising near
together at the end of the cell, where also the upper discoidal
nervule rises, the upper disco-cellular nervule being absent ;
sub-median nervure not forked at base ; no internal nervure on
the fore-wings, though it is very long on the hind-wings, extend¬
ing to the anal angle ; hind-wings with a pre-costal nervure,
and a cross-nervure between the sub-costal and median
nervures near the base ; disco-cellular nervules and discoidal
nervule generally more or less imperfectly developed on hind-
wings. Legs perfectly developed in both sexes, generally
spined.

Range. — This Family is exceedingly numerous in Tropical
America, to which a large number of genera and species are
confined. It is also well represented in the Tropics of the
Old World ; and whereas in Europe the lycamidce. form by
far the largest family of Butterflies, and the Hesperiidce are
comparatively few, in North America the proportions are
reversed, the Hesperiidce being very numerous, and the
Lyccenidce few. The Hesperiidce. are less exclusively a tropical
family than the Lemoniidce, but although some of the species of
Hesperia are mountain insects, and one or two Hesperiidce are
met with as far north as Lapland and Labrador, these
countries seem to be the extreme northern limits of their
range, none having been brought from Greenland, where the
families Nymphaiidce , Lycce?iidce , and Pieridce are all repre¬
sented.

Habits. — The Hesperiidce are remarkable for their very short,
swift, and jerky flight, from which they have derived their
English name of “ Skippers.” When in full flight, they fre-

HESPERIIDCE.

3

quently pull up suddenly with a jerk, and settle on leaves,
more especially the under side, on flowers, or on the ground.
Different species hold their wings in different positions when
at rest, the wings being open, closed, or with the hind-
wings partly overlapping the fore-wings. The Hesperiidce
differ very much from all the other Butterflies, and are com¬
monly regarded as a l^k between the Butterflies and Moths.
There are no very close intermediate forms connecting them ‘
with other Butterflies, though certain genera of Moths, such as
Euschemoti and Synemon , Doubleday, and Acentrocneme,
Scudder, approach them very closely. My own opinion is
that, if the distinction between Butterflies and Moths is worth
preserving at all, the line should be drawn in front of the
Hesperiidce, rather than behind them, and that they have a
better claim to be regarded as the first Family of Moths than
as the last Family of Butterflies. Nevertheless, the Hesperiidce
have been classed with the Butterflies by almost all entomo¬
logists, and are therefore treated as such in the present work ;
it is in reality only an unimportant question of terms.

Classification. — Many eminent entomologists have lately been
working at this Family; -but the latest and most complete
systematic arrangement is that published by Captain Watson
in the “ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,” for
1893. It is based on the publications of previous authors,
especially Scudder and Mabille, and on the collection of the
British Museum. I shall follow Watson’s system in the
present work, but the space at my disposal will not allow me
to do more than notice the British and other species which
are here figured, and a few additional foreign species of special
interest. I shall therefore deal with the general appearance
of the insects, rather than with minute generic details. It has
been thought best to quote Captain Watson’s characters for
the principal sections in full.

b 2

4

Lloyd’s natural history.

SUB-FAMILY PYRRHOPYGINHL

Antennze. Club very thick, ending in a blunt point,
usually more or less bent into a hook.

Palpi. Second joint densely scaled, closely pressed against
the face; third joint naked, minute.

Cell of fore-wing always more than two-thirds the length of
costa. No costal fold, or other sexual character on fore-wing
of male. Vein 5 of fore-wing nearer to 4 than to 6. Vein 5
of hind-wing usually wanting.* Hind tibiae usually with two
pairs of spurs. ( Watson.)

The species of this Sub-family are confined to Tropical
America, and are of comparatively large size, averaging about
two inches in expanse. They rest with their wings expanded.

The typical species of this Sub-family is Pyrrhopyga hyperici,
Hiibner, a Brazilian Butterfly, measuring two inches across the
wings. It is blue-black, with the head and tip of the abdomen
red ; the hind-wings have white fringes, and a large pale blue
patch on the disc. The under side of the hind-wings is of a
light silvery-blue, except on the borders. There are several
allied species of Pyrrhopyga (“ Fire-tail ”) still more simply
marked, being blue-black, with white or yellow fringes, and a
red head, and tip of abdomen.

As a representative of this Sub family we have figured :

MIMONIADES VERSICOLOR.

( Plate LX IX. Fig. 7.)

Hesperia versicolor , Latreille, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 735, no. 18
(1819); Perty, Delectus Anim. Artie, p. T53, pi. 30, figs.
5, 5 b (1845).

* Captain Watson adopts the system by which the marginal nervures ot
the wings are numbered from below upwards, the sub-median nervure being
numbered I (or lb, when an internal nervure, la, is present). Conse¬
quently, vein 4 is the upper median nervule, and veins 5 and 6 the lower
and upper discoidal (or radial) nervules respectively.

HESPERIIN/E.

s

Mimoniades mulct fer , Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett. iii. p. 9,

figs- 4i3> 4i4 (1825).

This is a very pretty Butterfly, with rather long and pointed
fore-wings, measuring two inches in expanse. The thorax has
two blue stripes in the middle, and an outer orange stripe on
each side. The fore-wings have a narrow blue transverse stripe
at the base, followed by a broad orange-red band ; nearer the
tip are two large yellow spots. The hind-wings have two nar¬
rower transverse blue stripes. It is common in some parts of
Brazil.

SUB-FAMILY HESPERIINYE.

Section A.

Antennae : Club usually bent into a hook, but sometimes
sickle-shaped, always terminating in a fine point. Thiid joint
of palpi either minute, or else porrected horizontally in front
of the face, as in Section C of the Pamphilince , never curving
over the vertex. Cell of fore-wings always more than two-thirds
the length of costa. Disco-cellulars generally very oblique.
Vein 5 slightly nearer either to 4 or to 5, never conspicuously
close to either. Hind-wing frequently with a tail or tooth on
sub-median. Vein 5 never fully developed, except in a few New-
World genera. The male is usually provided with a costal fold
on the fore-wing, and never with a discal stigma, but occasion
ally with a tuft on one of the wings, and very frequently with a
tuft of long hair attached to the hind tibiae, which are usually,
but not invariably, furnished with two pairs of spurs. The
epiphysis (or acute flattened appendage) on the fore tibiae is
invariably present. ( Watson.)

A very extensive group, and, with few exceptions, entirely
American. The position of the wings in repose is variable.

6

Lloyd’s natural history.

GENUS EUDAMUS.

Eudamus , Swainson, Zool. Ill. Ins. ii. p. 48 (1833).

The type of this genus is E. proteus (Linn.), a very common
species throughout tropical America. It measures about two
inches across the wings, which are brown, broadly green
towards the base, and with several square vitreous spots on
the outer part of the fore-wings. The hind-wings end in a
long broad obtuse tail. We have figured another species,
more varied in its colours.

EUDAMUS BRACHIUS.

{Plate LX IX. Fig. 1.)

Papilio orion, Drury (nec Cramer), Ill. Exot. Ent. iii. pi. 17,
figs- 3> 4 ( 1 7^2).

Goniurus brachius , Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett. iv. p. 8, figs
609, 610 (1832).

Eudamus doryssus , Swainson, Zool. Ill. Ins. ii. pi. 48, fig. 2
(i833)-

A Brazilian species, about the same size as E. proteus, but
with comparatively short tails, curved outwards. The wings
are black, the fore-wings with about four square or oblong spots
across the broadest part ; and the tails and, on the under side,
all the borders of the wings, except the costa, are white.

GENUS ENTHEUS.

Entheus , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 102 (1816).

Pharceas, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 515 (1852).

A small South American genus, including a few rather
brightly-coloured species. The one figured is remarkable for
the disparity of the sexes, which Linnaeus not unnaturally re¬
garded as distinct species.

HESPERIIN^E.

7

ENTHEUS PRIASSUS.*

{Plate LX IX. Figs. 2 J, 3?.)

Papiho priassus, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 487, no. 185
(1758); id. Mus. Ludov. Ulricae, p. 319 (1764).

Papilio talaus , Johanssen, Amoen. Acad. vi. p. 407, no. 70
(1764); Clerck, leones, pi. 45, fig. 1 (1764); Linn. Mus.
Ludov. Ulricae, p. 259 (1764); Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi.
393? %• C. (1782).

Hesperia talaus , Latr. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 757, no. 81 (1823).
Paraminus talaus , Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. pi. 150
(1824 ?).

This species, which is common in South America, measures
about iJ/2 inches across the wings. The male is black, the
fore-wings with a broad transverse orange band beyond the
middle, generally connected above with an oblique sub-apical
band and throwing out a branch from the side towards the
lower edge of this band. In the female, the fore-wings have an
orange stripe at the base, and two white interrupted bands
beyond ; below the first is generally a white spot towards the
inner margin, and between the bands a short oblique white
stripe. On the hind-wings a broad greenish-white band runs
from the inner-margin of the hind-wings to the middle of the
wing.

SUB-FAMILY II. HESPERIIN^E.

Section B.

Antennae seldom hooked, occasionally bluntly pointed.
Palpi : third joint either minute or projected in front of the
face, in the latter case stout and not slender as in the Etitheus
group in Section A ; palpi never curving over the vertex.
Fore-wing : cell less than two-thirds the length of costa ; vein
5 invariably nearer to 6 than to 4. Hind-wing frequently

* E, talaus on plate.

8

Lloyd’s natural history,

falcate, but never with a distinct tail or tooth at the sub¬
median ; vein 5 never fully developed. . . . All the
species of this group of which there is any record (with the
exception of some species of Hesperia ) rest with their wings
extended flat when in a state of repose, frequently settling on
the under side of a leaf.

This section occurs throughout both the New and the Old
Worlds, some of the genera having a very wide range. Most
of the New-World forms and a few of the Old-World ones are
provided, in the male, with a costal fold on the fore-wing, and
never with a discal stigma. A very large number of the genera
are also provided in the male with a tuft of long hairs attached
to the hind tibiae or to the fore coxae. There are invariably
two pairs of spurs on the hind tibiae, and the epiphysis of the
fore tibiae is invariably present, with the doubtful exception of
some individuals of Abantis tettensis , Hopfler, an East African
species. ( Watsoni)

GENUS PYTIIONIDES.

Pythonides , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. pp. no, m (1816).

An extensive genus of Tropical American Butterflies, most
of the species being of small size, and black, with grey and
blue markings.

PYTHONIDES CRONION.

{Plate LX IX. Fig. 5.)

Lnicochitotiea cronion , Felder, Reise d. Novara, Lepid. iii. p.

525, no. 924, pi. 74, figs. 23, 24 (1867).

This Butterfly measures about i}( inches across the fore¬
wings, which are brown, dusted with grey. The hind-wings
are black, with a broad blue transverse band. It is found in
Brazil.

Some of the species of this group are of extremely dull

HELIOPETES.

9

colours. Among them is Eautis busirus (Cramer), a dull brown
species measuring two inches in expanse, with rather broad
dark brown wings, crossed with darker striae, and slightly
hooked at the tip of the fore-wings ; the hind- margin of the
hind-wings is broadly bordered beneath with yellowish, dusted
with brown. It inhabits Brazil.

GENUS HELIOPETES.

Heliopetes , Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 81 (1820).

This genus includes a number of rather small white Butter¬
flies, peculiar to Tropical America. 1 have figured the typical
species.

HELIOPETES ARSALTE.

{Plate LX IX. Fig. 6.)

Papilio arsalie , Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 469, no. 67
(1758); id. Mus. Ludov. Ulricae, p. 246 (1764); Clerck,
leones, pi. 23, fig. 2 (1764).

Papilio niveus , Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 22, fig. C (1775).
Urbanus juvenis niveus, 2, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. i.
pi. 157 (1805 ?).

Hesperia arsalte , Latreille, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 786, no. 152
(1823).

This is a white Butterfly, expanding from inches to 1^
inches across the wings. There is a black marginal line (the
incisions are white) and the tips of the nervures are black,
sometimes forming a slight border, interrupted with white, at
the tip of the fore-wings. On the under side the base of the
wing is marked with orange, and the costa of the fore-wings,
and the costa, median nervure and lowest median nervule, and
the sub-median nervure of the hind- wings, are black.

10

LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY.

GENUS HESPERIA.

Hesperia , Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (i), p. 258 (1793) ; Cuvier,
Tabl. Elem. d’Hist. Nat. p. 592 (1799); Latreille, Enc.
Meth. pp. 11, 713 (1819-1823).

Pyrgus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 109 (1816); West-
wood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 516 (1852).

We have only one British representative of this genus, the
type, Hesperia malvce (Linn.), the Grizzled Skipper. The genus
includes a considerable number of black, white-spotted species,
scattered over the world. They differ somewhat in the tufts,
&c., peculiar to the males. Some of the European species are
Alpine. Our British species belongs to Captain Watson’s
Section D, in which the male is provided with a costal fold,
and a tuft of hair on the hind tibiae.

THE GRIZZLED SKIPPER. HESPERIA MALVCE.

(Plate LXX. Fig. 1.)

Papiiio malvce , Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 485, no. 167
(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 285 (1761); Esper, Schmett.
i- (1) p. 345) pl- 36) fig- 5 (W78); Lewin, Ins. Brit. pi.
46, figs. 6, 7 (1795).

Papiiio alveolus , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 466, 467, 597
(1803 ?).

Hesperia malvce , Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 170 (1881);
Kirby Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 63, pl. 15, fig. 9
( 1 8 79).

Syrichthus malvce , Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 344, pl. 81, fig. 1
(1884).

Thymele alveolus , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 97
(1828); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i. p. 123, pl. 16,
fig. 1 (1886).

Syrichthus alveolus, Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. i. p. 268, pl. 37
fig- 1, ™-/(l893)-

HESPERIA.

II

Var. H. taras.

Papilio taras , Bergstrasser, Nomencl. iv. pi. 91, figs. 5, 6 (1780).
Papilio malvce , Esper, Schmett. i. (2) p. 149, pi. 51, fig. 2
(1780).

Papilio fritillum , Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 91, no. 624 (1787);

Lewin, /. c. pi. 45, figs. 4, 5 (1795).

Papilio lavaterce , Haworth (nec Esper ; an Fabricius ?), Lepid.
Brit. p. 52, no. 72 (1803).

Papilio alveolus , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 847, 848
(1818?).

Hesperia lavaterce , Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 170 (1881).
Syrichthus malvce , var. taras, Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 345
pi. 81, fig. 2 (1884).

This is a conspicuous little Butterfly, measuring about an
inch across the wings, which are dark brown above, with the
fringes spotted with white, a sub-marginal row of small white
spots, and two irregular rows of larger ones on the fore-wings;
on the hind-wings is a large white spot at the apex, and another
obliquely below it. The fore-wings are blacker beneath, with

Var. H. taras.

the white markings more extended ; it is greenish grey between
the black and white markings and the spotted fringes. The
hind-wings are irregularly banded with white, and greenish-grey
below. In the variety H. taras, which is not very uncommon,
the white spots on the upper side are larger and confluent,
covering the centre of the fore-wings.

12

LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY.

The larva is greyish or yellowish-brown, with a darker dorsal
line, and two lateral yellow lines varied with reddish; head
black. The pupa is smooth and brown, with white markings. The
larva feeds on bramble, raspberry, &c., and is double-brooded
on the Continent, the Butterfly appearing throughout the sum¬
mer ; in England it is rarely seen except in May and June, the
autumn brood seldom appearing with us. It is very common
in many parts of the South of England, but more local in the
midland and northern counties and in South Scotland. The
single record of its occurrence in Ireland was probably an
error.

This is the only Butterfly of the genus which is generally
common in North-Western Europe. It is found in bushy
places, open places in woods, lanes, &c., sitting with its wings
partly open, or sometimes closed, with the fore-wings drawn
down almost between the hind-wings. One or two specimens
which have been referred to, the larger Continental species, H.
alveus and H. carthamioi Hiibner, have been taken in England,
but though no doubt has been thrown on the authenticity of the
captures, England lies beyond the recognised range of these
species, which renders it less probable that they are truly in¬
digenous. Mr. Barrett suggests that the specimens were intro¬
duced with plants, or by casual migration, but the former sup¬
position is by far the most probable.

GENUS THANAUS.

TJianaos , Boisduval, leones, p. 240 (1833).

Nisoniades, pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 108 (1816);

Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 519 (1852).

There is but one species of Thanaus in Northern Europe.
It is a rather larger Butterfly than Hesperia malvce, with much
more obscure markings. The name Nisoniades is now re¬
stricted to some American species.

THANAUS

13

THE DINGY SKIPPER. THANAUS TAGES.

{Plate LXX. Fig. 2.)

Papilio tages , Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 485, no. 168
(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 286 (1761); Esper, Schmett.
i. (1) p. 306, pi. 23, fig. 3 (1777); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett.
i. figs. 456, 457 (1803).

Hesperia tages , Latreille, Enc. Meth. iv. p. 780, no. 141
(1819); Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 170 (1881).

Thymele tages , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 98 (1828).
Niso?iiades tages , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 61
(1879) ; Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 348, pi. 80, fig. 3 (transf.),
pi. 81, fig. 7 (1884); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 304,
pi. 40, figs. 2, 2 a-d (1893).

Thanaus tages , Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i. p. 126, pi. 16,
fig- 3 (1883).

The Dingy Skipper measures from an inch to an inch and a
quarter across the wings. It is dull greyish brown, with a sub¬
marginal row of pale dots, and with two obscure greyish bands
on the fore-wings, and one on the hind- wings. The under side
is paler brown, with dull yellowish dots towards the hind-mar¬
gins. The species varies, some specimens being very obscurely
marked, while in others the markings are much more distinct
and prominent.

The larva is bright green, with yellow stripes dotted with
black on the sides; the head is brown. The pupa is dull green
in front and reddish behind. The larva feeds on bird’s-foot tre¬
foil, and Eryngium campcstre , and like Hesperia malvce , the
insect appears in May and June, and is occasionally double-
brooded in the South.

This Butterfly is more generally distributed over England
and Scotland than Hesperia inalvce^ and has also been taken in
Ireland ; it is, however, usually considered to be a local insect,

T4

Lloyd’s natural history.

It is more attached to dry places than H. malvcc , which is often
found in damp as well as in dry woods; but T. tages prefers
dry banks and lanes, where it flies close to the ground, on
which it often settles. It has been found by several good
observers at rest with the wings folded over its back in the
exact position of a Noctua , and Mr. Barrett figures a specimen
which shows this very clearly.

SUB-FAMILY III. PAMPHILINYE.

Section A.

Antennae : Very varied, never much hooked, and usually
sharply pointed. In all the genera in which the tip of the
antennae is blunt, the epiphysis on the fore tibiae is wanting, ex¬
cepting in one or two Australian forms.

Palpi : Third joint usually short and inconspicuous, in some
few genera long and slender ; in these it is also always erect,
and never porrected horizontally in front of the face.

Fore-wings : Cell always less than two-thirds of length of
costa ; vein 5 slightly nearer to 4 than to 6, except in some
aberrant Australian forms, in which it is slightly nearer to 6.
Hind-wing never with a conspicuous tail or tooth, though fre¬
quently more or less lobate ; vein 5 never well developed.

Male never with a costal fold, and only comparatively sel¬
dom with a discal stigma on the fore-wing ; frequently with
glandular patches and tufts of hair on the wings ; never with a
tuft on the hind tibioe.

The epiphysis on the fore tibioe and the medial pair of spurs
on the hind tibiae are occasionally wanting.

Confined almost entirely to the Old World. As far as is
known the species of this group rest with their wings raised
over their backs, assuming that position immediately on
settling. {Watson.)

ERIONOTA

15

GENUS ERIONOTA.

Ericmota , Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 34 (1878);
Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 393 (1886).

The species of this, and one or two allied genera, are con¬
fined to the Indian Region, and are (with the exception of one
African species) the largest Hesperiidce known.

ERIONOTA THRAX.

[Plate LX IX. Fig. 4.)

Papilio thrax , Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.)i. (2) p. 794, no. 260
(1767); Donovan, Ins. Ind. pi. 49, fig. 2 (1800).

Hesperia thrax , Latreille, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 748, no. 53
(i823).

Erionota thrax, Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 393, pi. 34, fig. 17 •
p. 367, figs, hi (transf.) (1886).

Casyapa thrax , Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 291, pi. 98
(1888).

This species, which sometimes measures nearly three inches
in expanse, is brown, with three pale yellow spots on the fore¬
wings, one large square one before the end of the cell, a
larger oblong one obliquely below it, between the two lowest
median nervules; and a third smaller one, transverse, and
placed between the two upper median nervules nearer the
hind-margin ; the under side is paler.

The larva, which feeds in Java on the “ Pisang ” {Musa
paradisaica ), is white, with long white woolly hair. It also
feeds on Platanus. The p Mpa is yellowish-white.

This species is found in most parts of the Indo Malayan
Region, and extends beyond it into Celebes.

Another species, closely resembling this, and equally com¬
mon in India, Ceylon, Malacca, and Java, is Ga?igara thyrsis
(Fabricius), a larger and darker insect, with broader hind-

t6

Lloyd’s natural history.

wings. The spots are more widely separated, and of a deeper
ochreous-yellow, and there are two or three small ones towards
the tip of the fore-wings

GENUS PAM PHIL A.

Pamphila , Fabricius, Illiger, Mag. f. Insect, vi. p. 287 (1807).
Cyclopides , pt. Hiibrier, Arerz. bek. Schmett. p. no (1816).
Carterocephalus , Tederer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, ii. pp.
26, 49 (1852).

As now restricted, this genus, formerly employed almost as
synonymous with Hesperia , or at least to include the great
bulk of the tawny Skippers, is now restricted to two European
species, one of which is British ; one Siberian ; and two or
three North American species. This is the only genus of
tawny Skippers found in Britain in which there is no patch of
raised scales on the fore-wings of the male.

THE CHEQUERED SKIPPER. PAMPHILA PATJEMON.*

{Plate LXX. Fig. 3.)

Papilio fake mon, Pallas, Reise, i. p. 471 (1771).

Papilio paniscus , Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 531, no. 377 (1775);
Esper, Schmett. i. (1) p. 322, pi. 28, fig. 2 (1777) ; i. (2)
p. 14, pi. 95, fig. 5 (1788).

Papilio brontes , Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.
Wien. p. 160, no. 6 (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i.
figs. 475. 476 (1803?).

Hesperia paniscus , Latreille, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 773, no. 126
(1823); Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 17 1 (1881).
Pamphila paniscus , Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 100
(1828).

Cyclopides palcemon , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 64
(i879)*

* Pamphila paniscus on plate.

PLATE

LXX.

1 .Hesperia rruilva-. 3 Pcunphila pcuuscus.
2. Thanaus tapes . 4. Adopaea > tJummas

PAMPHIT.A.

17

Carterocephalus palcemon , Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 556, pi.

82, fig 5 ; pi. 80, fig. 4 (transf.) (1884).

Sieropes -baniscus, Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i. pp. 129,
194, pi. 17, fig. 1 (1886).

Cyclopidcs pant sens, Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 298, pi. 40,
figs. 1, 1 a-d (1893).

This Butterfly is common in many places in Central Europe,
but in North Germany and Denmark it is absent, reappearing
in England and Finland. Eastwards it occurs throughout
Northern and Central Asia. I do not remember having taken
it except at Heidelberg, where it was not very common. In
England it is a very local insect, appearing at the end of May
and June, in woods. It has been recorded from seven or
eight counties of England, chiefly in the eastern and east
midland counties, though it has also been met with in Hamp¬
shire and Devon. “ Its principal haunts in this country appear
now to be the larger woods of Northamptonshire and Lincoln¬
shire.” ( Barrett .) Its occurrence in Devon is one of a series
of observations which suggest some affinity between the speci¬
ally Midland Fauna, and that of the south-western counties.
The distribution of Polyommatus arion points in the same
direction.

The Chequered Skipper, which measures an inch or rather
more in expanse, is brown, with yellow fringes, and a row of
sub-marginal spots of pale fulvous. The fore-wings have an
oblique fulvous band on the disc, a fulvous spot above it on
the costa, and some fulvous spots in the cell, and towards the
base. On the hind-wings there are several pale fulvous spots
towards the base, and the sub-marginal spots are larger than
on the fore-wings. In the female, the sub-marginal spots are
smaller, there are fewer spots towards the base of the fore¬
wings, and those on the hind-wings are much paler than in the
rnale, being almost cream-colour or white. On the under

13

c

Lloyd’s natural history.

i 8

side of the fore-wings the fulvous markings are extended to
cover much of the surface, and the hind-wings are yellowish-
brown, with large tawny spots towards the base, and four large
white spots on the middle of the wing (there is a smaller spot
between the two outer ones), and some smaller white spots
nearer the hind-margin. The larva is dark brown on the back,
with the sides paler, and there are two yellow longitudinal stripes.
The head is black, and there is an orange-coloured collar. It
feeds on Plantago major in September. The pupa is white,
with brown and buff lines ; a sharp spike between the eyes,
and another flat projection, spined at the end, at the other
extremity of the body. The larvae hibernate in a silk-lined
tube in a rolled-up leaf. Hellius observed them leave the
cases, and attach themselves by the tail and a belt round the
body, but thought that if undisturbed, they might have turned
to pupae in the cases in which they had hibernated. This is a
point which requires further investigation. ( See Buckler's
“ Larvae,” cited above.)

SUB-FAMILY PAMPLIILIN/E.

Section B.

Antennae very varied, but never hooked ; the club either
entirely without, or with, a crook of varying length. Palpi : third
joint of several genera long, slender, and curving over the vertex,
a character never found in the Hesperiince ; in most of the
other genera the third joint is minute, only very rarely being
horizontally porrected, and when this is the case, it is always
stout.

Fore-wing : Cell invariably less than two-thirds the length
of costa; vein 5 curves downwards at its base, and conse¬
quently arises considerably nearer to 4 than to 6 ; the
middle disco-cellular considerably longer than the lower

ADOIVEA.

19

one, frequently more than twice as long as it. Hind-wing:
usually rather elongate, but never with a conspicuous tail or
tooth ; vein 5 very rarely developed.

The male is frequently furnished with a discal stigma on the
fore-wing, and never with a costal fold. Both pairs of spurs
are invariably present on the hind tibiae, and there never is a
tuft of hair on the tibiae in the male. The epiphysis on the fore
tibiae is invariably present.

This group is of world-wide distribution; the South American
forms, however, are comparatively few.

The majority of the species, when sunning themselves on a
leaf, depress their hind-wings, and elevate their fore-wings, an
attitude peculiar to this section. When in a complete state of
repose, both pairs of wings are raised till they meet over the
back. ( Watson.)

This section includes all the British tawny Skippers except
Pamphila pal anion , and in all our species the black stripe of
raised scales on the fore-wings of the males is more or less
conspicuous.

GENUS ADOP^EA.

Thymelicus , pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 1 13 (1816).
Adopaca , Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 81 (1820); Watson, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 9S.

We have three British species belonging to this genus, two of
which are very local with us. The name Thymelicus is now
restricted to a different genus, the type of which is the West
Indian T. vibex , Hiibner. The type of Adopcea is A. thaumas
(Hufnagel), a species figured by Barbut under the name of
Urbicola comma. As, however, A. thaumas is not a Linnean
species, it cannot be allowed to be the type of Urbicola , and
we are therefore spared the immediate necessity of considering

c 2

20

Lloyd’s natural history.

whether Urbicola (which must date from Linnaeus, and not
from Barbut, if used at all) is admissible as a generic name.

THE SMALL SKIPPER. ADOP^EA THAUMAS.

{Plate LX X. Fig. 4 ; pi. LX XL Fig. 1.)

Papilio thciumas , Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. ii. p. 62, no. 10 (17 66) ;
Von Rottenberg, Naturf. vi. p. 4 (1775) ; Espcr, Schmett.
i- (Op- 344, pi. 36, figs- 2, 3 (1777) ; i. (Op- 25, pl. 98, figs.
5-10(1790?).

Papilio linea , Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.
Wien. p. 160, no. 5 (1776) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs.
485-487 (1803 ?).

9 Papilio venula , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 666, 669
(1818?).

Pamphila litiea , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 101 (1828) ;
Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 175, pl. 38, figs. 1, 1 a-e
(1893); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i. pp. 139, 195,
pl. 17, fig. 3 (1886).

Pamphila thaumas, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 66,
pl. 15, fig. 14 (1879).

Hespei'ia than mas, Lang, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 350,
pl. 81, fig. 9 ; pl. 80, fig. 5 (transf.) (1884).

The Small Skipper measures from an inch to an inch and a
quarter across the wings, which are of a light fulvous or tawny
above, with a black line at the base of the pale fringes ; on the
fore-wings of the male is generally a rather broad black streak.
The hind-wings are greenish ash-colour beneath, broadly tinged
with fulvous along the inner-margin. The antennce are blackish,
ringed with pale yellow, and yellowish beneath ; the tip of the
club is fulvous.

The larva is green, with a darker dorsal stripe divided by a
pale thread, and two yellowish-white lines on the sides ; it feeds
on grass. The pupa is yellowish-green,

ADOPZEA.

2 I

This species, which appears in summer and autumn, is found
over uhe greater part of Europe, the Mediterranean Region,
and Western Asia, frequenting meadows, lanes, open places in
woods, and similar localities, and is generally common, though
somewhat local, in Britain. It is, however, met with (commonly,
where it occurs) in many places in England and Wales, and in
several parts of Ireland. Duncan says : “ The fly appears
in July, and is frequent in many parts of the country, both in
England and Scotland ; ” but its presence in Scotland does
not seem to have been confirmed by recent observers.

THE SCARCE SMALL SKIPPER. ADOPZEA LINEOLA.

( Plate LX XI. Fig . 2.)

Papilio lineola , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. i. (2) p. 230
(1808).

Papilio virgula , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 660-661 (1818?).
Hesperia lineola , Eatreille, Enc. Method, ix. p. 771, no. 119
(1823) ; Duponchel, Le'pid. France, Suppl. i. p. 253, pi.
41, figs. 1, 2 (1832); Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 351, pi. 81,
fig. 10 (1SS4); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 279, pi. 38,
figs. 2, 2 a-d (1893).

Pamphila lineola , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 86
(1879).

This species is very similar to the last, and is of about the
same size. It is darker, and the black line on the wings of
the male is narrower, and generally longer. There are two
characters by which it may be distinguished at once; the hind-
wings are of a uniform greenish ash-colour, not shading into
fulvous on the inner-margin, as in A. thaumas ; and the tip of
the antennae is black.

The larva is pale yellowish-green, with yellowish-white lines
on the back and sides; the head is reddish. It feeds on grass

22

LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

in June, and the Butterfly appears in July. “ Pupa long and
rather slender, yellowish-green. In an open network cocoon
among grass-stems. About four days before emergence the
wing-cases of the pupa assume a golden-brown colour, and the
eye-covers a brilliant crimson, changing in two days to black ;
the tips of the antennae-cases also black. Attached to a carpet
of silk by a silken girth and the anal hooks, within the chamber
formed by the larva among the grass stems.” {Barrett.)

This Butterfly is common throughout the greater part of
Central and Southern Europe, the Mediterranean Region, and
Northern and Central Asia. It is found in dry grassy places,
along the edges of corn-fields, &c. It has been taken casually
in England for some years, but was always confounded with
A. thaumas t until 1888, when Mr. F. W. Hawes took a series
of both species in Essex, and recognised specimens of A.
lineola among them. It appears to be met with here and there
in most of the counties on the South Coast of England, as
well as in Cambridgeshire and Nottinghamshire, but chiefly in
Essex and Suffolk. In Germany I have generally found it at
least as abundant as A. thaumas , if not more so.

THE LULWORTII SKITPER. ADOPAEA ACI7E0N.

{Plate LX XI. Figs. 6. 8 ; 7 ? •)

Papilio act ceo n, Von Rottenberg, Naturforscher, vi. p. 30,
no. 18 (i775); Esper, Schmett. i. (1), p. 345, pi. 36, fig.
4 (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 488-490 (1803).

Besperia actccon , Latreille, Enc. Method, ix. p. 772, no. 120
(1823); Curtis, Brit. Ent. x. pi. 442 (1833); Newman,
Brit. Butterflies, ii. p. 173 (1881); Lang, Butterflies Eur.
p. 352, pi. 81, fig. 11 (1884); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i.
p- 283, pi. 37, figs. 2, 2 a-d (1893).

Pamphila actceon , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 383
(3: S35) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 66 (1879).

ADOPZEA.

2 3

This Butterfly closely resembles the two last species, but is
darker, and of a smaller average size. The wings are of a
dark greenish fulvous, with a narrow curved black line in the
male, The female has a fulvous stripe in the cell (slightly
indicated in the male), and a curved row of fulvous spots
on the upper part of the disc beyond. The wings are pale
fulvous beneath, glossed with greenish; the antennae are black
above, and fulvous below.

The larva is pale green, with a darker dorsal line, edged with
yellowish, and divided by a pale central line, and with two
yellow lines on the sides. It feeds on Calamagrostis epigejos
and Arundo phragmites on the Continent ; in England its
principal food appears to be Brachypodium pinnatum. It is
full fed in June, the Butterfly appearing a little later. The
pupa is pale greenish, and becomes pink before the Butterfly
emerges. Like the other species of the genus, the larvae form
themselves silk-lined galleries among grass-blades, in which
they live, and finally assume the pupa-state in them.

This is a rather sluggish, gregarious, and extremely local
insect in Central Europe ; in the Mediterranean district it
appears to be much more generally distributed. It is, how¬
ever, generally abundant wherever it is met with. It is found
in sunny weedy places, and has some preference for a chalky
soil. In Britain, so far as is known, it appears to be absolutely
confined to a few localities along the coast of Dorset, Devon,
and Cornwall, the two principal ones, and those longest known,
being the Burning Cliff and Lulworth Cove in Dorsetshire. It
was first discovered in the last locality (from which it derives its
name) by the late Mr. J. C. Dale in 1832. It has been reported
to have been taken at Shenstone, near Lichfield, and near Strat¬
ford-on-Avon, in Warwickshire ; but these accounts have not
been confirmed, and are now discredited. Yet, with the curious
connection between the Faunae, to which I have called atten-

24

Lloyd’s natural history.

tion eisewhere (anted, p. 17), I am inclined to believe that
the occurrence of (his Butterfly in the Midland Counties is
less improbable than Mr. Barrett thinks. The form which is
found in the Canaries, and which has been supposed to be
identical with this, is now considered by Dr. Rebel to be a
distinct species, which he calls Thymelicus christi.

GENUS ERYNNIS.

Erynnis , Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (i)p. 157 (1S01); Watson,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 99.

This genus and Augiades include larger species than Ado-
pcea, and the fore-wings are longer and more pointed, while the
bar of raised black scales on the fore-wings of the male is much
more conspicuous and strongly developed. The antennae are
hooked at the tips in both genera. There is but one European
species each of Erynnis and Augiades, both of which occur in
Britain. The present genus may be distinguished at once by
the distinct white spots on the under side of the hind-wings.

THE PEARL SKIPPER. ERYNNIS COMMA.

{PI ale LX XI. Fig. 9.)

Papilio comma, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 464, no. 162 (1758)
id. Faun. Suec. p. 285 (1761); Esper, Schmett. i. (1) p.
300, pi. 23, figs. 1 a, b (1777); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs.
479-481 (1803 ?).

Hespei ia comma, Latreille, Enc. Method, ix. p. 769, no. 116
(1823); Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 172 (1881); Lang,
Butterflies Eur. p. 353, pi. 82, fig. 2 (1884); Barrett, Lepid.
Brit. Isl. i. p. 294, pi. 39, figs. 2, 2 a-d (1893).

Pamphila comma, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 102
(1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 65, pi. 15,
fig. 12 (1879); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i. pp. 142,
198 (1886).

ERYNNIS.

25

The Pearl Skipper measures from an inch and a quarter to
an inch and a half across the wings, which are greenish-brown
above, with fulvous markings. On the fore-wings there is a
fulvous streak filling up the cell, and, in the male, extending
over the costal area ; below the cell is an oblique black bar of
raised scales in the male, which is sometimes intersected by a
slender silvery line, and beyond is a row of fulvous spots,
mostly contiguous to each other, three small ones below the

Pearl Skipper, male.

Pearl Skipper, female.

costn, two moderate-sized square ones set back towards the
inner margin, and then a row of three or four larger ones run¬
ning obliquely to the inner margin. On the hind-wings there
is a large fulvous blotch towards the base, and a more or less
extended curved row of fulvous spots on the disc. The under
side is yellowish-green, dusted with black, or sometimes brighter
green ; the fulvous markings on the fore-wings as above, but to¬
wards the tip there are some square white spots on a green
ground ; the hind- wings are greenish, with a row of square
white spots across the disc, and several others towards the base.
The fringes are pale, spotted with brown at the base.

26

Lloyd’s natural history.

The larva is dull green, varied with red, with rows of black
dots on the back and sides ; the head is black, and the collar
white ; it feeds on Coronilla varia , Lotus corniculatus , & c., in
June and July, and the Butterfly appears in August.

Generally speaking, this is one of the most abundant species
of the Family throughout Europe and Northern and Western
Asia, frequenting meadows and hill-sides. In England it is a
local insect, but abundant in many places in the southern
counties, especially preferring dry chalky districts, where the
grass is short. In the Midland and Northern counties it is
still more local, and its reported occurrence in Scotland has not
been confirmed by recent observers.

GENUS HYLEPHILA.

Hylephila , Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. ioi (1820); Scudder, But¬
terflies East U. S. p. 1625 (1889); Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond. 1893, p. 101.

Euthymus , Scudder, Rep. Peabody Acad. iv. p. 77 (1872).

The type of this genus is

THE GREAT-HEADED SKIPPER. HYLEPHILA PHYL.EUS.
Papilio phylceus , Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. i. pi. 13, figs. 4, 5
(i773)*

Papliio colon , Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 541, no. 376 (1775).
Hesperia phylceus , Latreille, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 723 (1823) ; Bois-
duval & Leconte, Lepid. Amer. Sept. pi. 78 (1833).
Pamphila bucephalus , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Ilaust. i. p. 102
note; pi. 10, figs. 1, 2 (1828).

Hylephila phylceus , Scudder, Butterflies East U. S. p. 1630
(1889).

This is a very common species in both North and South
America, and it is mentioned here because two specimens are

AUGIADES.

27

said to have been taken near Barnstaple towards the beginning
of the century, and the species was described and figured by
Stephens as Pamphila bucephalus , though he did not believe it
to be British. About the same time several North American
Butterflies and Moths seem to have been accidentally intro¬
duced into England, but they did not establish themselves;
and, with one or two exceptions, appear not to have revisited
our shores.

The Great-headed Skipper is not unlike Augiades sylvanus ,
Esper, but is a stouter insect, with a much larger head, strongly
tufted above, and shorter and more strongly clubbed antennae.
The black oblique stripe of raised scales on the fore-wings of the
male is bordered below with a blackish patch, and the brown
border runs up into the tawny part of the wings of the male in
large curves. In the female, the tawny markings are reduced
to an irregular row of large tawny spots. The under side is
more uniformly coloured than in A. sylvanus. It has no pale
spots, but is marked with a row of black spots beyond the
middle. The larva is said to feed on crab-grass ( Panicum
sanguinale , Linn.).

GENUS AUGIADES.

Augiades , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 112 (1816); Wat¬
son, Proc. Zool. Soc. Bond. 1893, p. joi.

The single European species of this genus much resembles
Ery finis comma , from which it may be at once distinguished by
the absence of clear white spots on the under surface of the
wings.

THE LARGE SKIPPER. AUGIADES SYLVANUS.

( Plate LX XI. Figs. 3 3 , 4 $,5 under side.)

Papilio sylvanus , Esper, Schmett. i. (1) p. 343, pi. 36, fig. 1
(1778?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 482-484 (1803?).

23

Lloyd’s natural history.

Hesperia sylvanus , Latreille, Enc. Method, ix. p. 770, no. 117
(1823); Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 172 (18S1); Lang,
Butterflies Eur. p. 352, pi. 82, fig. 1 (1884); Barrett,
Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 294, pi. 39, figs. 1, 1 a-d (1893).
Pamphila sylvanus, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 10 1
(1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 65, pi. 15,
fig. 13 (1879); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i. pp. 141,
196, pi. 17, fig. 4 (1886).

This species, which is of about the same size as Erynnis
comma , is greenish-brown, with large fulvous markings. On
the fore-wings this colour is much extended, the greater part
of the cell, and the portion of the wing above and below
being fulvous, clouded with brown at the base, and (in the
male) separated by an oblique black streak of raised scales
running up to the outer part of the cell from an oblique band
on the disc. This, beyond the cell, turns inwards along the
costa, where it is cut by the nervures. In the female the black
bar is absent, but the fulvous band on the disc is continued
upwards, being separated from the costa by a broad brown
curved band running from the costa round the end of the cell,
but not continued further. On the hind-wings the centre is
fulvous, clouded with brown at the end of the cell, and all the
borders are broadly brown. The under side is greenish ; the
hind-wings are tinged with tawny at the anal angle, and there
are several indistinct pale yellowish spots scattered over the
wings.

The larva is dull green, with a dark dorsal line, and dotted
with black. There are snow-white transverse spots on the
tenth and eleventh segments beneath. The head is brown. It
feeds on various grasses, especially Holcus lanatus and Trili
cum repens in April, the Butterfly, which is double-brooded, ap¬
pearing from May to August. The pupa is long, and pale brown,
formed among grass-blades folded together, and lined with silk.

PAMPHILIN/E.

29

The Butterfly is common throughout the greater part of
Europe and Northern and Western Asia, and in most parts of
England and Wales, extending to the South of Scotland. It is
very fond of bushy places, especially in or near woods, preferring
to rest on leaves rather than flowers, which is the habit of many
of the Plesperiidce.

SUB-FAMILY PAMPHILIN/E.

Section C.

Antenna : Club of varying robustness, always tapering to a
fine point, occasionally hooked, in which case the terminal
portion is always more than half the length of the remainder
of the club.

Palpi : Second joint upturned, pressed closely against the
face ; third joint long, slender, naked, porrect, projecting hori¬
zontally in front of the face. Cell of fore-wing ranging from
just over one-half to just over two-thirds the length of
costa. Hind-wing more or less lobate ; vein 5 of hind-wing
usually well developed ; vein 5 of fore-wing equi-distant from
4 and 6, or slightly nearer to 6.

Male : Never with a costal fold on fore-wing, but with various
other secondary sexual characters, both on wings and legs.

As far as is known, all the species rest with their wings
raised above their backs, frequently settling on the under side
of leaves. They are remarkably crepuscular in their habits,
being specially active only in the very early morning, and at
dusk. The section is confined entirely to the Old World.

The palpi of this section are very distinct, and readily
separate them from nearly all the other genera. The few
genera of Hesperiince (Phanus, Entheus , and allies) which
have somewhat similar palpi, vary in the entirely different
form of antennae, in the constant absence of vein 5 of the
hind-wing, and in some cases by the presence of the costal fold
of the fore-wing. ( JVatson.)

3°

Lloyd’s natural history.

Only five genera are included by Captain Watson in this
section, which, however, comprises many large and handsome
species, including the largest of all known Hesperiidce } Rhopa-
locampta iphis (Drury).

GENUS ISMENE.

Ismene , Swainson, Zool. Ill. i. pi. 16 (1821 ?) ; Westwood, Gen.

Diurn. Lepid. p. 514 (1852); Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond. 1893, p. 125.

A well-known East Indian genus, the type of which is I. cedi-
podea , Swainson, from Java and Sumatra. It measures from
2 to 2 y2 inches across the wings, which are brown, with a sub¬
costal tawny stripe on the basal half of the fore-wings, and the
hind-wings lobate at the anal angle; the fringes are tawny, espe¬
cially towards the lobe. In the male, the base of the fore-wings
is tawny, followed by a large square black blotch. In the female
the hind-wings and the fore-wings also are greenish towards the
base. The larva is pale grey, with a lateral yellow stripe ; the
head is black and orange. It feeds on Iliptage. The pupa is
pale salmon-colour, covered with a thin pearly bloom.

GENUS RHOPALOCAMPTA.

Rhopalocampta , Wallengren, Lepid. Rhop. Caffr. p. 47 (1857);

Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 129.

The type of this genus (which Captain Watson employs to
include a large number of East Indian and African species) is
the following :

RHOPALOCAMPTA FORESTAN.

Papilio forestall , Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 391, figs. E, F
(1782).

Hesperia forestall, Trimen, S. African Butterflies, iii. p. 368
(1889); i. pi. ii. figs. 6, 6a (transf.) (1887).

RHOPALOCAMPTA.

31

This is a brown Butterfly, measuring two inches in expanse;
the hind-wings are covered with yellowish hair, and bordered
with black ; towards the anal angle is a lobe, edged with orange.
On the under side of the hind-wings is abroad transverse white
band, interrupted above the inner-margin. It is common in
many parts of Africa. The larva is pale yellow, banded with
purplish and crimson, and feeds on Robinia pseudacacia. The
pupa is greenish, covered with whitish efflorescence, and spotted
with black.

There are several very remarkable Butterflies of this genus
found in West Africa. One is R. bixce (Linnaeus), a Butterfly
expanding from 2 to 2^ inches; the wings are purplish-blue
above, and the hind-wings are lobate at the anal angle ; the
head is streaked and spotted with white beneath; the pectus
is clothed with orange hair, and the hind-wings are marked
beneath with a pure white spot, running from the sub-costal
nervure to about the end of the cell, and tapering towards the
inner-margin.

Another is R. iphis (Drury), the largest of the Hesperiidce , with
which we will conclude our notice of the Family. The wings
are long, and measure four inches in expanse ; the fore-wings
are slightly rounded off at the tips, and the hind-wings project
slightly at the anal angle. The body is black, with the pa'pi
and the tip of the abdomen beneath crimson. The wings are
blue-black in the male, but with brassy-green reflections to¬
wards the hind-margins, and with the tip of the fore-wings nar¬
rowly edged with orange in the female. The under side is of
a yellower brassy-green than the upper.

This species sits with its wings erect, and likes the company
of small parties of Eupluzdra eupcilus (Fabricius), and is fre¬
quently seen sipping water with them.

Lloyd’s natural history.

32

THE MOTHS. LEPIDPOTERA HETEROCERA.

Flight nocturnal or crepuscular, more rarely diurnal.
Antennae of very various shapes, but mo"t frequently filiform,
serrated, or (especially in the males) more or less pectinated
or plumose ; rarely thickened at or beyond the middle, in
which case they are sometimes hooked ; still more rarely
thickened into a club at the extremity. Labial and maxillary
palpi variously developed. A frenulum (or very rarely a
jugum) generally present. Wings occasionally more or less
aborted, especially in the females.

The first two families are of rather doubtful position, some
authors regarding them as Hesperiidce , and others as more
nearly allied to the Castniidce ,

For further information respecting Moths in general, I refer
my readers to the introduction.

FAMILY I. MEGATHYMIDiE (GIANT SKIPPERS).

Egg. — Sub-conical, flattened at the top, and slightly de¬
pressed in the middle ; not unlike an inverted pudding-basin
in shape.

Larva. — With sixteen legs, white, sparsely clothed with short
scattered hair ; head small. Feeds in the stems and roots of
the Agave and Yucca when adult. When young the head is
proportionately larger, the hair longer, and the larva feeds in
the open.

Pupa. — Cylindrical, the several coverings well marked.
Abdomen with a row of very small spines on the back. The
pupa is found in the long galleries formed by the larva.

Imago. — Of moderate size (expanding from two to three

EUSCHEMONlD/E.

33

inches) ; wings densely clothed with large scales, and, especially
towards the base, with long hair ; fore-wings rather long, more
or less pointed at the tips ; hind-wings rounded, the frenulum
absent. Cells simple, closed, very long, the two lower sub¬
median nervules rising in the male very near the base on the
fore-wings. Body very stout. Antennae strongly clubbed or
thickened at the extremity.

Range — Southern United States, to Mexico and Costa Rica.

Habits. — Flight diurnal, rapid, darting, and sometimes tower¬
ing. They frequent open places, and generally settle near the
ground. At rest they fold their wings vertically.

There are but two genera of this curious Family known. They
include a few brown species with tawny or yellowish markings.
In Megathyma , Scudder, the antennae have a large knob- like
club, and in Acentrocneme , Scudder (sEgia/e, Felder), there is
a long thickening before the tip, as in Castnia.

FAMILY II. EUSCHEMONIDiE.

This Family may be suggested to include a very curious
Australian species, Euschemon rafflesice. (Macleay), respecting
which authors differ, as to whether it is to be regarded as a
Butterfly or a Moth. It measures upwards of two inches across
the wings, which are dark brown. The fore-wings are rather
narrow and pointed, and the hind-wings rounded. There is a
narrow oblique yellow stripe on the fore-wings, and there are
two large yellow patches on the hind-wings. The hairy palpi
and the tip of the abdomen are scarlet. The antennas are
very long, much thickened, and slightly hooked at the tip.
The cells are simple, and closed ; but the presence of a frenu¬
lum is a character of so much importance as to remove it from
the typical Hesperiidce . Nothing appears to be recorded
respecting its habits and metamorphoses.

13

D

34

Lloyd’s natural history.

FAMILY III. NEOCASTNIID/E.

This small Family has lately been established by Sir George
Hampson to include two East Indian genera : Tascina, West-
wood, and Neocastnia , Hampson. They have broad fore¬
wings with the base but slightly narrowed, the costa arched,
and the tip more or less falcate ; the hind-wings are broad and
rounded ; all the wing-cells are open. The antennae are
strongly thickened before the extremity, as in Castnia. Tas¬
cina oriental is, Westwood, from Singapore, measures 3^2 inches
across the fore-wings, which are sub-falcate, and dark brown,
with a white stripe running from below the middle of the costa
to the hind-margin, just above the hinder angle ; the hind-wings
are of a dull red, with a broad brown border. It is found at
Singapore.

NEOCASTNIA NICEVILLEI.

{Plate LXXII. Fig. 4. )

Neocastnia nicevilhi, Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1895
p. 285, cum fig.

This species, which is found in Tenasserim, has golden-
rufous fore-wings, with a broad white band running from the
middle of the costa to the inner margin, within the hinder
angle ; the hind-wings are black, with a large blue patch in the
middle. It is slightly larger than Tascina orientaiis, and the tip
of the fore-wings is less pointed. Another species of Neocast-
tiia, N. metallica (Pagenstecher) from Celebes, has a narrower
white band on the fore-wings, which, as well as the thorax, are
suffused with blue.

FAMILY IV. CASTNIID2E.

Egg. — Much resembling a grain of wheat in shape and
appearance, but rounded on both sides.

PLATE LXXII

/. Caslnicu euucb&smia .

2. ,, huekneri .

3. Syneiitorv caZoc.nl otdes .

4. Ne o ra^s Inixt nicevULei .

CASTNIA.

35

Larva. — Naked, with sixteen legs, feeding in the stems,
roots, or bulbs of plants.

Pupa. — Rather long, with spines on the abdomen, and en¬
closed in a cocoon.

Imago. — Of large or moderate size ; antennae strongly
thickened towards the tip ; wings broad, often long, thickly
clothed with scales, which are often very large ; sometimes
more or less transparent ; discoidal cells usually more or less
divided, or accompanied by accessory cells ; frenulum pre¬
sent.

Range. — Tropical America, and Australia.

Habits. — Day-flying species, frequenting, however, the shades
of the forests, rather than open country. The larvae of the
genus Castnia which have been observed, chiefly feed in the
bulbous roots of various Orchidacem and Bromeliacece .

GENUS CASTNIA.

Castnia , Fabricius, in Uliger, Mag. Insekt. vi. p. 280 (1807);
Latreille, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 794 (1823) ; Gray, Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond. ii. p. 15 (1838); Boisduval, Lepid. Heter. i.
p. 495 (1875) ) Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool.
(2) i. p. 165 (1877).

The genus Castnia is widely distributed throughout the
warmer parts of America, from Mexico to Chili. Its general
characteristics have been expressed in our remarks on the
family. There are now nearly 100 species known, differing
very much in size, colour, and even in the shape, clothing, and
neuration of the wings. Few of the species measure much less
than two inches across the wings, and the larger species ex¬
pand as much as seven or eight inches. Many exhibit strong
metallic reflections.

The type is Cast?iia icarus (Cram.),

D 2

36 Lloyd’s natural history.

CASTNIA ICARUS.

Papilio icarus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 18, figs. A, B (1775).
Urbanus Celebris icarus , Hiibner, Sam ml. Exot. Schmett. i. pi
146 1805 ?).

Castnia icarus , Latreille, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 798, no. 5 (1823);
Boisduval, Lepid. Heter. i. p. 503 (1875); Westwood,
Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (2) i. p. 170, no. 9 (1877).

This species measures from three to five inches across the
wings, which are broad and gradually rounded, with the hind-
wings hardly longer than the fore-wings. The fore-wings are
brown, with green or violet reflections, and two or three
oblique white bars slightly bordered with red, while the hind-
wings are brick-red, with the base grey, some short curved
black marks running from the costa, and the outer third of
the wing mostly black, with irregular rows of round or oval
red spots. The body is grey, banded with red.

We have figured Castnia eudesmia , Gray, because its trans¬
formations are better known than those of any other species.

CASTNIA EUDESMIA.

{Plate LX XII. Fig. 1.)

Castnia eudesmia, Gray, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ii. p. 145, no.
14 (1838) ; Gay, Fauna Chilena, p. 45, pi. v. fig. 8
(1852); Herrich-Schaffer, Ausser-eruop. Schmett. i. figs.
140, 141 (1854); Philippi, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxiv. p. 337
(1863); Boisduval, Lepid. Heter. i. p. 517 (1875); West-
wood, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (2) i. p. 177, no. 29 (1877);
Butler, Ill. Lepid. Heter. B. M. i. p. 3, pi. i. fig. 2 (1875).

This insect is the only species of Castnia known to occur
in Chili, and thus marks the southern limit of the range of the
genus. It measures about 3)4 inches across the wing. The
fore-wings are of a greyish-brown, with a broad oblique white

CASTNIA.

37

band running from the costa just beyond the middle, and a
short oblique white stripe beyond ; hind-wings black, with blue
and green reflections, and with two rows of sub-marginal red
spots, pupilled with white ; above the inner row is a large
white spot on the costa ; the base is also reddish.

This Moth is common in December in many parts of Chili,
where it flies by day round the flowers of Bromeliaceous plants,
belonging to the genus Pourretia. Its flight is heavy, and
resembles that of Aglia tan, a well-known European species of
Saturniidce , and in repose it is said to hold its wings erect, like
a Butterfly.

The egg, as already mentioned, resembles a grain of wheat
in size, shape, and colour. The larvae feed in the trunk of
Pourretia coarctata , and their presence is indicated by the
exuding gum ; where no gum appears, it is useless to examine
the tree. The larvae, which measure 4^4 inches in length, are
of a greenish semi-transparent white, with the head and anal
extremity brown, and some brown markings on the back of
the first segment behind the head, which is much enlarged.
They are provided with a few short scattered hairs, and the
legs, pro-legs, and claspers are all rather short. The larvae are
very similar, both in size and appearance, to those of various
large wood-feeding beetles. The pupa is enclosed in a large
cocoon formed of fragments of leaves, scales, &c., in the trunk
of the tree. The pupa is brown, with a row of small spines
on the back of the abdomen, and the cases of the wings, legs,
antennae, and proboscis are all more or less separated, an un¬
usual character in Lepidoptera.

CASTNIA HUEBNERI.

{Plate LXXII. Fig. 2.)

Castnia hiibner , Latreille, in Cuvier, R'egne Anim iii. p. 439,
pi. 20, fig. 2 (1830).

LLOYD S NATURAL HISTORY.

- o

3^

Castnici huebneri , Gray, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ii. p. 146, no.
19 (1838); Boisduval, Lepid. Heter. i. p. 516 (1875);
Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. (2) i. p. 182,
no. 45 (1877).

This species, which is a native of Brazil, is one of the smallest
of the genus, scarcely measuring as much as two inches across
the wings. The fore-wings are reddish-brown, with two more
or less continuous oblique white bands, or rows of spots, and
the hind-wings are brown at the base and inner-margin, reddish
towards the costa, but on the outer half of the wing black,
crossed by a row of seven bluish-white spots ; beyond this is a
sub-marginal row of fulvous spots.

In addition, I may mention one or two more interesting
species of Castnia. C dccdalus (Cram.), found in Guiana, is a
large species, measuring from six to eight inches across the wings,
which are blackish-brown, with a strong purplish reflection ;
the fore-wings have one or two oblique white stripes running
from the costa, and there are two sub-marginal rows of white
spots on the hind-wings, and one on the fore-wings. Castnia
licus (Drury) is one of the commonest species throughout South
and Central America ; it measures from three to four inches
in expanse. The fore-wings are brown, with a white stripe
running from the middle of the costa towards the anal angle ;
between this and the tip, an irregular row of white spots runs
from the costa. On the hind-wings a broader white band runs
from the costa beyond the middle to the anal angle, and there
is a more or less complete row of rather large spots close to
the hind margin. Other species, again, have long and com¬
paratively slender bodies, and long brown wings, with tawny
and yellow markings, very similar to various species of Lycorea ,

SYNEMON.

39

Ileliconius , &c., found in the same localities, C. linus (Stoll)
is four or five inches in expanse, and is black, with broad
yellowish semi-transparent bands, and white sub-marginal spots,
very like the genus Thyridia,

\

GENUS SYNEMON.

Synemon , Doubleday, in Stokes, Australia, i. p. 515 (1846);
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. p. 33 (1854);
Boisduval, Lepid. Heter. i. p. 548 (1875).

This genus, which represents Castnia in Australia, includes
small insects, not much exceeding an inch in expanse, and very
unlike the large American Castniidce. The species of Synemon
are very like Hesperiidce , the antennae being more or less
abruptly clubbed at the tips, and much more resembling those
of a Butterfly than of a Moth. The insects also much resemble
Hesperiidce in shape and colour, having oval fore-wings and
oblong hind-wings. The fore-wings are brownish-grey, with
lighter or darker markings, and the hind-wings are yellow or red,
with brown or black bases, borders, bands, or spots. But they
differ entirely from the Hesperiidce in the more or less divided
cells, the partly open cells of the hind-wings, and in the pre¬
sence of a frenulum, an organ not found in any true Butterfly,
unless Luschemon rapflesice , Doubleday, which is likewise an
Australian insect, is to be regarded as a Butterfly rather than
as a Moth. The type of the genus was originally described as
a Hespe?'ia.

SYNEMON SOPHIA.

Hesperia sophia , White, in Grey’s Australia, ii. p. 474, fig. 7
(1841).

Synemon sophia , Doubleday, in Stokes’ Australia, i. p. 516, pi.
3, fig. 5 (1846) ; Klug, Abhandl. Akad. Berl. 1848, p. 248,

40

LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY.

figs, i, 2 (1850); Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.
Zool. (2) i. p. 194, no. 1 (1877) ; Butler, Ill. Lepid. Heter.
Brit. Mus. i. p. 6, pi. 3, fig. 6 (1877).

This species was brought from King George’s Sound, and
measures an inch and three-quarters across the fore-wings,
which are brown, with irregular black spots and markings,
and three curved transverse rows of grey and white spots.
The hind-wings are black, with a large orange spot near the
base, a broad orango band beyond the centre, interrupted to¬
wards its extremity, and a sub- marginal row of orange spots,
the three nearest the anal angle large, and the four towards the
tip small.

SYNEMON CATOCALOIDES.

{Plate LX XII. Fig. 3.)

Synemon catocaloides, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus;
xxxi. p. 44 (1864) ; Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.
Zool. (2) i. p. 195, no. 6 (1877).

This species, which is rather smaller than the last, has brown
fore-wings dusted with grey ; the hind-wings are black, with
some yellowish hairs at the base, and are crossed by two irre¬
gular bright red and partly connected bands, which are abbre¬
viated towards the costa, and there is also a broken sub-marginal
band, narrowed towards the costa ; on the under side, all the
wings are banded and spotted with red.

This species was brought from Swan River by Mr. Diggles.
There are several other species found in Australia, most of
which, though not all, have brightly coloured hind-wings, like
those which we have noticed.

FAMILY V. COCYTIIDZE.

This is another small Family, including only the genus
Cocytia , of which the rew known species are confined to New

CYDIMONID^E.

41

Guinea and the adjacent islands. They are stout bodied,
day-flying Moths, with long palpi, antennae considerably
thickened before the tip, and transparent black-bordered wings
about three inches in expanse ; towards the base is frequently
a large orange patch. The hind-wing cell is divided ; and on
the fore-wings, the basal half of the inner margin is much ex¬
panded, the sub median nervure being bent downwards at this
point almost at a right angle. The typical species is Cocytia
durvillii , Boisduval.

FAMILY VI. CYDIMONIDAE (PAGES).

This Family, which is usually known under the name
Uraniidce , has been discussed by Westwood in the “Transac¬
tions of the Zoological Society,” x. pp. 507 -542. Summing
up the work of previous authors, he tabulates the group as
follows : —

A. Fore-wings with the fifth branch of the sub-costal vein emit¬
ting the upper discoidal vein at a considerable distance
beyond the discoidal cell.

a. ( Cydimofi , Dalm.) Palpi with the terminal joint
very short.

* ( CydimonidcB , Blanchard, Guenee.) Flind-wings
with the second and third branches of the
median vein produced into the long tail;
second branch of the sub costal vein free.
— Genus Uranidia, Westw. ; type, U. leilus.

** ( Urania , Blanchard, Guenee). Each of the
veins of the hind-wings prolonged into a tail ;
second branch of the sub-costal vein of the
fore-wing coalescingwith the third branch half¬
way between the cell and the tip of the wing. —
Genus Chrysiridia, Hb.; type, U. rhi£he:is .

42

Lloyd’s natural history.

l\ ( Nyctalemon , Dalm., Nyctalemonidce, Guenee). Palpi
with the terminal joint long, slender, and pointed.

* Each of the veins of the hind-wings produced
into a short scallop ; post-costal vein of fore-
\ wings wanting the second branch. — Genus
Alcidia, Westw. ; type, U. orontes.

** Hind-wings with the second and third branches
of the median vein produced into a long
tail. — Genus Lyssidia, Westw. ; type, U
pcitroclus.

B. (Semataridce^ Guenee.). Fore-wings with the upper discoi-
dal vein arising at a short distance beyond the discoidal
cell, between the cell and the origin of the second branch
of the sub-costal vein.

a . Discoidal cell of the hind-wings terminating at a

distance before the emission of the first branch of
the median vein. — Genus Manidia, Westw. ;
type, U. lunus.

b. Discoidal cell of the hind-wings extending nearly to

the emission of the third branch of the median
vein. — Genus Coronidia, Westw.; type, U.orithea.

Both the larvae and perfect insects differ considerably in
structure and appearance, even without extending the limits of
the Family to include a number of forms which have hitherto
been included in the Geometrcc , as some recent authors have
proposed. I therefore propose to divide the Cydimonidcc
into three Sub-families, the Cydimonince , Nyctalemonince , and
Coronidiince , each containing two very distinct genera. West-
wood has incorrectly represented the wing-cells of several species
as open, but they are really closed by a more or less atrophied
nervule.

CYDIMONIN^.

43

Sir G. Hampson, in his work on the Moths of India, has lately
extended the Family Uraniidce (here called Cydimonidce) so as
to include a number of large and small white Moths belonging
to the genera Urapteroides , Moore ; Strophidia , Hiibner ; Mi-
croriia Guenee, &c., most of which have hitherto been regarded
as Geometrce. Many of these have a short lobe or tail at the ex¬
tremity of the upper median nervule of the hind-wings, and
at the base of the tail are several black spots. He likewise
includes in the same Family the genus Chatamla , Moore, a
black Moth, with large white and yellow markings, which has
a superficial resemblance to the genus Euschema , Hiibner, in
the Geometrce , and several other genera, of duller colours,
which have long wing-cells and rounded hind-wings, frequently
provided with two sub-median nervures of nearly equal length.
How far this extension of the Family is tenable will be tested
when we are better acquainted with the transformations of
these Moths.

SUB-FAMILY I. CYDIMONINFE.

Egg. — More or less spheroidal, ribbed, smooth at the summit

Larva. — Sixteen-legged, cylindrical, with scattered hairs or
short bristles, gregarious, sometimes feeding under a web ;
head small.

Pupa. — Enclosed in a slight cocoon, or attached by a few
threads round the body.

Imago. — Diurnal, of large size and brilliant colours; the hind-
wings tailed. Antennae pointed, more or less thickened before
the tips. Wings ample, with no internal nervures, but sometimes
with pre-costal cells ; cells of both wings closed by an imperfect
nervule. This Family includes two genera of brightly coloured
tailed Moths, which were originally placed with the Equites.
Later authors regarded them as allied to the Hesperiidce , but

44

Lloyd's natural history.

they are now universally regarded as Moths, though Entomo¬
logists are not quite in accord concerning their actual position.
Some of the old authors called them “ Pages,” doubtless in
allusion to their liveries of black and golden-green.

Only two genera are known, one South American, and the
other African. It should be noted that green black-striped
and swallow-tailed Equitidce occur in the same countries.

GENUS CYDIMON.

Urania , Fabricius, in Illiger, Mag. Insect, vi. p. 279 (1807).
Cydimon , Dalman, Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockholm, 1824, p.

407 ; Guenee, Uranides et Phalenides, i. p. 6 (1857).
Uj'anidia, Westwood, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. x. p. 521 (1879).

This genus inhabits Tropical America, from Mexico to
Brazil, and several of the West Indian Islands. It may be
distinguished from the next by the single long tail on the hind-
wings. The name Urcifiia , by which this genus is generally
known, cannot be retained, as it was previously given to a
genus of plants. There are not many known species, but they
are gregarious, and several of them migrate, especially C. ful-
gens , Walker.

All the species are black, with bright green transverse bands,
which are sometimes more or less coppery. On the fore-wings
there is a broad band, more or less forked towards the costa,
and the other bands are linear. On the hind-wings there is
generally a row of sub-marginal green markings, sometimes
connected. That nearest the apex is bluish, and there are
often some whitish markings towards the anal angle. The
long tail on the hind-wings is traversed by the upper median
nervule, the middle nervule coinciding with the lower side of
the tail. The tail is black, generally more or less bordered
with snow-white.

CYDIMON.

45

We must notice several species of this beautiful Sub-family.
The typical species ( C. kilns') was first figured by Madame
Merian, in her work on the Insects of Surinam, as early as

1 7°5*

CYDIMON LEILUS.

Papiiio kilns, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 462, no. 25 (1758); id.
Mus. Ludov. Ulr. p. 206 (1764); Clerck, leones, pi. 27,

fig- 1 (I759)-

Lars heroiens leilaria , Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. i. pi.
197 (1806 ?).

Leilns surinamensis , Swainson, Zool. Ulustr. (2) iii pi. 125
(1833).

The present species, which is common in the northern parts
of South America, much resembles the next, but the green sub¬
marginal markings on the hind-wings are broader, and form a
continuous band, here and there marked with black. The white
markings towards the anal angle are also more extended, and
the tail is almost wholly white, often with scarcely as much as
the line of the intersecting nervure remaining black. The
earlier stages are unknown, for it is not possible that the larva
figured by Madame Merian, with long branching spines as hard
as iron wire, can belong to a Cy (Union, in view of Macleay’s de¬
scription and figures of the transformations of C. boisdnvalii.
Bates describes C. leilns as flying in flocks over the tops of the
trees at daybreak.

CYDIMON BRASIl. IENSIS.

(Piute LX XI II. Fig. 1.)

Papiiio kilns, Cramer (nec Linnaeus), Pap. Exot i. pi. 85, figs.
0,0(1776).

Leilns braziliensis , Swainson, Zool. Illustr. (2) iii. pi. 126
(1833).

46

Lloyd’s natural history.

Cydimon brasiliensis , Guenee, Uran. et Phal. i. p. 7, pi. i. fig. 1

(i857)-

This species, which is common in Brazil, is banded with
black and green in a manner very similar to the last species.
The pattern will be better understood from our figure than
from a description. It measures three or four inches across
the wings, and may be distinguished from the true C. leilus ,
for which Cramer mistook it, by the markings of the hind-
wings. There is less white towards the anal angle, the tail is
more broadly black along the intersecting nervules, and the
sub-marginal green markings are divided into distinctly
separated oblong spots. Swainson records a flight observed
by him at Pernambuco on June 12, 1817, from north to south.
They flew near the ground, against a rather strong wind, but
mounted over every obstacle in their path ; and their flight was
so rapid that he could not secure a single specimen. They
flew singly, about 50 or 60 passing thus before mid-day, and
this flight continued for three or four days.

CYDIMON BOISDUVALII.

Urania boisduvalii , Guerin, Icon. R. Anim. Ins. p. 490, pi. 82,
fig. 1 (1829-1844); Gray, in Griffiths’ Anim. Kingdom,

xv. P- 59 5> P1- 99> figs- C ia (i832)-
Urania fernar.iince , Macleay, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. i. p.
180, pi. 26 (transf.) (1835).

This is the species which is found in Cuba. It may be
known by the fore-wings being marked with eleven trans¬
verse green stripes of nearly uniform width, the seventh bifid;
the hind-wings have a broad central green band, and some
linear markings beyond ; the incisions are white, and the tail
is black.

The habi's and transformations of this Moth have been de-

CYDIMON.

47

scribed at great length by Macleay. The Moth flies very
rapidly by day, sporting about flowering shrubs, on the leaves
of which it settles, with all the wings expanded horizontally, and
its flight is most lofty at mid-day. Like the Nymphalidcc , it
frequently returns to the same spot. It is never found many
miles from the coast, and the larvae feed on the leaves of Oni-
plialea triandra , a tree about fifteen feet high, which grows on
the sandy shores of Cuba, and which, although belonging to
the poisonous family of the Euphorbiacece , yields a sweet and
wholesome fruit, called the Cob- or Hog-nut in Jamaica.

The eggs are laid separately, rarely more than two on a leaf,
though the larvae are sometimes so abundant as to completely
strip the trees of their leaves. The eggs are of a pearly lustre,
green, sometimes turning to yellow, and more or less spheri¬
cal. “A circular space on their summit is smooth, but from
the circumference of this circle proceed about twenty-four
longitudinal ribs, the intervals between which are crossed at
right angles by obsolete striae.”

The young larvae are pale green, with a yellowish head, and
seven longitudinal rows of long black hairs. The full-grown
larva grows to a length of about two inches ; the body varies
from pale yellowish-green to flesh-colour, with about six long
slender white hairs on each segment. The head and legs are
red, the next segment is varied with black, white, and red, and
there are some black spots and dots on the head and body.
The larvae conceal themselves under a transparent web by
day, and feed by night ; the pupa is enclosed in a very loose
cocoon of dirty yellow silk. The pupa is yellowish-brown, with
black spots and lines.

CYDIMON FULGENS.

Urania fulgens , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. p. 5,
no. 3 (1854).

4s

Lloyd’s natural history.

Cydimon fulgens , Guenee, Uran. ct Phal. i. p. 9 (1857).
Uranidici fulgens, Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer. Lepid. Heter.ii. p.
3, pi. 41, fig. 16 (1891).

This species is common in Mexico and Central America,
and may be known by having no green lines beyond the
broadest band of the fore-wings, which is only slightly bifid.
On the hind-wings the tail is black, slightly bordered with
white, and there are no conspicuous green markings within
the interrupted sub-marginal series.

This species is remarkable for its migratory habits. It is
described as migrating in vast flocks, flying at a great height
by day, from north to south, or from east to west. The exact
seasons, direction, starting-points, and goals of these migra¬
tions have not yet been fully worked out. The Moths also
fly by night, and Mr. Champion describes them as attracted
by light, and as settling with outspread wings on white walls
in the city of Mexico, about two or three o’clock in the
morning.

CYDIMON SLOANUS.

{Plate LXXIII. Fig. 2.)

Papilio sloanus , Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 85, figs. E, E
( 1 7 76)-

Leilus occidentalis, Swainson, Zool. Ill. (2) iii. pi. 129 (1833).
Cydimon sloane , Guenee, Uran. et Phalen. i. p. 9 (1857).

This species, which is confined to the island of Jamaica, is
one of the smallest of the genus, the largest specimens not
exceeding three inches in expanse. Both the fore- and hind-
wings are rather long and narrow, and the green bands are
more or less strongly suffused with reddish-copper, especially
on the under surface. The central band of the fore-wings is
rather narrow, and there are one or two green lines between
it and the tip. On the hind-wings, the green bands are con
fluent.

PLATE LXXIII

/. Cyddmon, brasili&n&is .
2 . „ sloaruis.

CTTRYSIRIPIA.

49

This Moth was first figured in 1725 by Sir Hans Sloane
in the second volume of his work on the Natural History of
Jamaica, but it was confounded by Linnaeus with C. I 'eilus , and
was first recognised as distinct by Cramer. Gosse has pub¬
lished an account of its habits, which differ considerably from
those of C. boisduvalii. It appears in April, and sometimes
in June, flying round the Avocado Pear ( Pcrsca gratissima )
from a little before sunrise till eight or nine o’clock, when
it retires during the heat of the day, reappearing again after
the usual rain which falls almost every afternoon at the season
when the Moths fly. They flutter about the blossoms of
the Persea, but rarely frequent other trees, except occasionally
the Mango. Sometimes they soar to a vast height, 500 feet
or upwards. As in the case of the Swallow-tailed Butterflies,
to which they present such a strong superficial resemblance,
they often lose the tails of their wings, even before the wings
themselves are otherwise worn or defaced. “ When one
alights, unless it is to suck the blossom, it chooses a leaf 01
other surface that is nearly vertical, and instantly turns head-
downwards, and rests with the wings expanded in the plane of
the body ; the anterior pair, however, inclined backwards, so
as to form an angle with each other, and partly covering the
posterior. They chase each other about playfully ; half-a-
dozen or more sometimes joining in the gambols, when their
wings glitter in the sun like the plumage of the Humming¬
birds. Their manner of flight is much more like that of a
Moth than a Butterfly.” The eggs are yellowish-white, and
resemble those of C. boisduvalii.

GENUS CIIRYSIRIDIA.

Chrysiridia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 2S9 (1822 ?).
Thaliura , Duncan, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Foreign Butterflies,

P- T95 (*837)-

E

5°

LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY.

Urania, Guenee, Uran. et Phalen. i. p. io (1857).

The species of this splendid genus, which includes perhaps
the most beautiful Moths known, may be at once distinguished
from Cydi/non by their shorter and broader wings, and by the
hind-wings throwing off a rounded projection at the extremity
of each nervule, which intersects it, those at the extremity of
the median nervules forming rather long tails, of which the
uppermost is the longest. They are found in Madagascar, in
the adjacent island of Sainte-Marie, and in Zanzibar, but not
on the west side of Africa, unless the small specimen figured
by Drapiez in 1819 under the name of Urania prometheus
(Ann. Sci. Phys. ii. p. 356, pi. 30, figs. 1, 2) was really ob¬
tained from St. Helena. No doubt all the larger and more
conspicuous insects indigenous to that island must have
become extiuct, with the almost total extermination of the
native vegetation, and so much has disappeared even within
the last hundred years, that it is by no means impossible that
an indigenous species of Chrysiridia may have inhabited the
island during the last century.

CHRYSIRIDIA MADAGASCARIENSIS.

{Plate LX XIV.)

Papilio rhipheus , Cramer (nec Drury), Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 385,
figs. A, B (1782).

Urania ripheus , var. mad a ga sea rie ns is, Lesson, Ill. Zool. pi.
33 (1S31).

Leilus orientalis , Swainson, Zool. Ill. (2) iii. pi. 130 (1833).
Urania rhipheus, Boisduval, Faun. Madag. p. 112, pi. 14,
figs. 1, 2 (1833) ; id. Rev. Mag. Zool. (3) ii. p. 33 (1874) ;
Guenee, Uran. et Phal. i. p. 12 (1857).

Thaliura rhipheus , Duncan, in Jardine’s Nat. Lib. Foreign
Butterflies, p. 197, pi. 28 (1837).

Urania crameri , Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xl. p. 115 (1879).

PLATE LXXIV

C/irys vricLia ma dag a s c^xrtens is

CHRYSIRIDIA.

51

This speciesexpands from three to nearly five inches across the
wings, and is velvety black. The fore-wings are marked with
a broad transverse golden-green band, which is bifid on the
upper half of the wing, and between this and the base a row
of short green stripes runs from the costa across the cell.
Beyond the band is a series of green stripes broken into
spots, the largest extending parallel with the margin nearly to
the hinder angle. On the hind-wings the broad green band
is continued, but merges into a large space covering most of
the lower part of the wing towards the anal angle, which is
brilliant coppery-red, with a violet reflection, and marked with
four or five black spots, and there is also a marginal green
band, spotted and lined with black ; the three tails are also
green, slightly lined with black. The under surface of the
wing is still more richly coloured ; the fore-wings, and the
base of the hind-wings, as well as half their marginal area
from the apex golden-green, lined and spotted with black.
The whole anal region is bright flame-colour inclining to
purple, with a changeable lustre, and this colour, inclining
more or less to golden or yellow, is continued upward as a
central band between the green, black-spotted portions of the
wing to the costa.

The larva has been rather fully described by Boisduval from
the observations of his correspondent Sganzin. The eggs are
laid in August on the leaves of the mango. They are white,
and are not laid singly, as in Cydimon boisduvalii , but in a
mass adhering together. When the larvxe emerge from the
egg they are smooth and greenish, but after the first moult
they become darker and darker, and are provided with
numerous small yellow spines, and have two small retractile
tentacles on the first segment [behind the head?]. Unless
there is some error in the position assigned to these retractile
tentacles, they would appear to have some analogy to those of

e 2

5?

Lloyd’s natural history.

the larvae of the Swallow-tailed Butterflies, but they do not
appear to be protective, for instead of being exserted when
the larva is disturbed, as in the Equitidce, they are retracted,
especially in darkness. The full-grown larva is about two or
three inches long, considerably thickened in the middle, and
slender at the extremities. On each side is a festoon com¬
posed of many irregular bands of white, green, and yellow
points ; the tentacles, which were at first of a delicate rose-
colour, become carmine-red, and the first pair of pro -legs
becomes almost rudimentary, causing the larva to “loop”
somewhat in walking, as in the Geometrce. When at rest it
generally curves itself into a ring. The pupa is attached by
the tail, and by a belt round the body, as in the Equitidce and
Pieridce , and in the Ephyridce among the Geometrce. The
pupa is conical, and but slightly angulated ; it is green, with
gilded bands placed horizontally from the head to the tail ;
the extremity is of a much darker green, and is sprinkled with
a great number of gilded points.

It is to be regretted that the larva and pupa have not been
figured, for there are some ambiguities in the above description
which could probably be cleared up at once by a reference to
a figure.

The Moth appears in about three weeks. When exposed to
the sun, it acquires its full development in two or three hours,
but the Moths which emerge in the shade take nearly a day
to develop, and are usually less brilliant.

The East African species, C. croesus (Gerstaecker), is very
similar to the present one. C. madagascariensis appears in the
perfect state in September, but Sganzin states that a smaller
and very distinct species, which appears in March and April,
inhabits the neighbouring island of Sainte-Marie. I am not
aware that any further account of this insect has been pub¬
lished, or any specimens sent to Europe. It is possible that it

N YCTALEMON INAi.

53

may be only a seasonal form of the well-known C. madagas-
cariensis.

There has been much difference of opinion respecting the
tailless insect with the head of a Butterfly, originally figured by
Drury under the name of Papilio rhipheus , and said to come
from China. It is usually regarded as a broken specimen of
C. m a d aga sea rie /is is, or an allied form, with the head of one
of the Equitida attached ; but as we now know that at least
some species of the latter Family mimic species of A/ddis, Hiib-
ner (Moths belonging to the Sub-family NydaZemo?iince, which
are closely allied to the Cydimonincu, ), it does not appear to be
quite impossible that an anomalous Butterfly agreeing with
Drury’s figure may yet be discovered.

SUB-FAMILY II. NYCTALEMONINAE.

Egg. — Not described.

Larva.— With sixteen legs, not hairy, but with short, conical
tubercles on each segment, bearing short bristles.

Pupa. — On the ground, among leaves.

Imago. — Of large size, and with broad wings, the hind-wings
dentated and tailed, the longest tail traversed by the upper
median nervule. Flight diurnal.

There are but two genera of this Family, one, A/ddis,
Hiibner, confined to the Moluccan Islands from Amboina to
Australia,* while the other, Nydalcmon, Dalman, has a wider
extension, from India and China to Australia. The species of
A/ddis are blue-black Moths measuring four inches across the
fore-wings, which are crossed by two green bands, the inner¬
most broadest ; the hind-wings have one broad central band,

* The alleged occurrence of A. zodiaca, Butler, in China must be con¬
sidered very doubtful.

54

Lloyd’s natural history.

and the fringes are white. The hind-margins are scalloped,
each projection being intersected by a nervule, that at the ex¬
tremity of the upper median nervule forming a short broad tail.
The green bands differ in width and colour, according to the
species, and are sometimes tinged with coppery, or even pink,
but they never exhibit the bright green colour seen in the
species of Cydimon. A species of this genus has been seen
sporting in large numbers round Pandanus trees in North
Australia, but its transformations are still unknown.

The genus Nyctalemo?i , Dalman, contains larger and duller
coloured species, with long hind-wings, produced into a curved
tail at the end of the lower sub-costal nervule, and a very long,
spatulate tail at the end of the first median^ nervule, the middle
nervule running into the broader lobe which forms the basal
half of this tail. The wings expand five or six inches, and
are of a brown colour, traversed by a white band of variable
width, and with the hind margin and tails of the hind-wings
more or less bordered with white. The species are very simi¬
lar, and some authors regard most of them as forms of one
species, N pati’oclus (Linn.).

The larva is described by Dr. Kuhn as yellowish-white, with
black, symmetrical, but not very constant, markings. The
segments five, six, and ten are always very dark. Head and
legs reddish-brown. The whole body is covered with black
warts, each bearing a short bristle. Some larvae are greenish-
white, with faint greenish markings. The pupa is enclosed in
leaves spun together on the ground. The larvae spin threads
while walking, from which they sometimes suspend themselves.
The pupa is dark reddish-brown, with a yellowish-brown space
round the first three stigmata. The pupa-state lasts about four¬
teen days, and the Moths appear at night, from n p.m. to
i a.m. The larva feeds on a shrub common in mangrove
swamps, which has a bluish-green bark, while the young leaves

CORONIDIIN^E.

55

are trifid, and as large as the hand, but the older ones oval
and pointed.

NYCTALEMON ZAMPA.

{Plate LX XV. Fig. i.)

Nyctalemon zampa , Butler, Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,
v. p. 217 (1869); Preiss, Abbild. Nachtschmett, p. 6, pi.
vii. fig. 1 (1888).

Nyctalemon najdbula , Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877,
p. 620.

This is a pale brown Moth, six inches or more in expanse,
with a narrow, greyish-white transverse stripe, and the tail
bordered with white. The under surface (which is figured) is
yellowish-grey, with the basal area reticulated with brown, and
the transverse stripe broader and whiter. It is a common
North Indian insect. Our figure is taken from the type of N
najabula , Moore, which is a small form found in the Andaman
Islands.

SUB-FAMILY III. CORONIDIINAL

Egg. — Not described.

Larva. — With sixteen legs; head and pro-thorax small, body
with conical tubercles and curved spines.

Pupa. — Enclosed in a loose cocoon at the base of a folded
leaf ; the sheath for the proboscis continued beyond the wing-
cases, and the extremity of the body forming a short deflexed
spine.

Imago. — Of moderate size, with broad wings; hind-wings
with the discoidal cell completely closed, and with a broad
spatulate tail, traversed by the lowest discoidal nervule, and
the upper median nervule ; an internal nervure sometimes
present. Antennae long, sometimes shortly pectinated in the
males.

The two genera included in this Sub-family are confined to

56

Lloyd’s natural history.

Tropical America, and are rather dissimilar. Mania , Hiibner
( Sematura , Dalman ; Manidia , Westwood), includes brown
species, with wings measuring about 3 or 3^ inches in expanse,
and traversed by numerous rows of undulating yellowish lines,
some of which are connected along the nervures, and enclose
spots darker than the ground-colour. The neighbourhood of
the anal angle is often tinged with reddish, and there are three
large black, pale-bordered, ocellated spots, two on the broad
and rather long tail, and one towards its base.

This genus is found in the West Indian Islands, as well
as on the Continent of America ; but the other genus of the
Sub-family, Coronidia , Westwood, seems to be confined to the
mainland. The species measure about two inches across the
wings, and are not very unlike Butterflies of the genus Anartia,
Hiibner (see vol. i. p. 108), in size and colour. The fore-wings
are brown or black, with transverse whitish or yellowish lines,
and the hind-wings are darker, and marked with a broad blue,
red, or yellow band or blotch. The transformations of Coro¬
nidia are only known from preserved specimens ; but it will
be seen, from the notice given under the Sub-family, that they
greatly resemble those of Nyctalemon .

FAMILY VII. AGARISTID/E.

Egg. — Not described.

Larva. — With sixteen legs, and long tufts of hair.

Papa — Naked, or enclosed in a slight cocoon.

Imago. — With rather long antennae, slightly thickened in the
middle ; palpi rather long, the second joint compressed, tufted,
the third naked ; body long, moderately stout, and sometimes
tufted at the extremity. Wings rather long, brightly coloured,
the cells always closed ; internal nervure of the hind-wings

PLATE LXXV

/. Aa ~claJ <mho tv zarttp cu .

2 . Hes p a^ari s £ ay ex'h jjj n t ^ .

3 . // pr'ale^ iu Ferve^s Iral u ^ .

4 . IpaJiM dJjrej'scu .

II ESPAG ARISTA.

57

nearly as long as the sub-median. Frenulum present; tibiae
spurred. Abdomen often tufted at the extremity.

A Family of moderate extent, well represented in Africa, and
in the Indo- and Austro-Ma’ayan Regions generally, as well as
in Australia. They are also represented by several genera in
North America, but very few have been described from the
tropical parts of the New World. Many of the species fly by
day.

GENUS HESPAGARISTA.

Hespagarista , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. p. 13
(i854).

This is a small genus of South African Moths with short
antennae, thickened before the tips, and in the male, slightly
pectinated. The fore-wings are rather long and narrow, sub-
trigonate, and much longer than the rounded hind-wings. The
accessory cell is large, and the lowest discoidal and upper
median nervule are parallel, and close together. The legs
are tufted, but the most remarkable character is the very large
anal tuft, which is half as long as the whole of the abdomen, in
the male.

HESPAGARISTA ECHIONE.

[Plate LX XV. Fig 2.)

Agarista echione , Boisduval, in Delegorgue, Voy. Afr. Austr. ii.
p. 595, no. 1 1 5 (1847).

- Angas, Kaffirs Illustrated, pi. 30, fig. 10 (1849).

Hespagarista interleda , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.
i. p. 14 (1854).

Amazela echione , Boisduval, Rev. Zool. (3) ii. p. 67 (1874).
Hespagarista interjecta , Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.
Zool. (2) i. p. 203 (1877).

Eusemia novem-maculata , Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (6)
x. p. 54 (1890) ; id. & Vuillot, Nov. Lepid. p. 56, pi. 9,
fig. 1 (1892).

53

Lloyd’s natural history.

This Moth, which is found at Natal, Delagoa Bay, and other
parts of South-eastern Africa, measures about two inches across
the wings. It is black ; the thorax is clothed with luteous
hair, and the fore-wings are marked with five or six large
yellowish-white spots, and some smaller ones ; on the hind-
wings there are two interrupted yellowish-white bands.

GENUS HECATESIA.

Hecatesia , Boisduval, Mon. Zyg. p. n (1829); id. Rev. Zool.

(3) ii. p. 48 (1874) ; Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.

Zool. (2) i. p. 199 (1877).

We may here notice a curious Australian genus, which is
usually placed in the Agaristidce , but which Westwood referred,
with doubt, to the Castniidce , on account of the presence of an
accessory cell on the fore-wings, a character, however, which
it shares with many genera of Agaristidce. In Hecatesia the
antennae are gradually, but considerably, thickened before the
tips. The fore-wings are striped or spotted with white or
yellow, and the hind-wings are orange, with broad black bor¬
ders. The abdomen is comparatively short and stout, but is
distinctly tufted at the extremity, and the thorax and palpi
are very hairy. In the male, the lore-wing is dilated by a horny
vitreous sub-costal lunule, transversely striated, and forming a
stridulating organ. This forces the sub-costal nervules almost
together beneath it. On the fore-wings, the median and sub¬
median nervures spring from a common stalk. This curious
stridulating apparatus is also found, though less conspicuously
developed, in some of the species of sEgocera , Latreille, a
genus containing several Indian and African species, which
have brown or reddish fore-wings, traversed by a broad longi¬
tudinal white bar, generally interrupted twice, and yellow hind-
wings, bordered with black, brown, or, more rarely, reddish.

IPANA.

59

HECATESIA FENESTRATA.

[Plate LX XV. Fig. 3.)

Hecatesia fenestrata , Boisduval, Mon. Zyg. p. 11, pi. i. figs. 1, 2
(1829); id. Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. pi. 14, p. 7 (1836); id.
Rev. Zool. (3) ii. p. 49 (1874) ; White, in Grey’s Australia,
ii. p. 476, pi. 8, fig. 2 (1841); Westwood, Trans. Linn.
Soc. Lond. Zool. (2)i. p. 199 (1877).

This species, which is not uncommon in Australia,
measures rather less than an inch and a half across the fore¬
wings, which are black, crossed by two transverse white stripes ;
the thorax is also marked with three white spots. The hind-
wings are orange, with very broad black borders.

GENUS IPANA.

Ipana, Jordan, in Rothschild’s Novitates Zoologicae, iii. p. 54
(1896).

This genus has just been established by Dr. Jordan, for two
very handsome Australian species which have hitherto been
placed in the genus AEgocera , to which we have already
alluded. The type is I. cornigera (Butler) ; and the species
which we have figured is closely allied to it.

IPANA DIVERSA.

[Plate LX XV. Fig 4.)

Agar is ta diversa, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxi.
p. 49 (1864).

“ Mas. Fusca ; caput pallide flavum , fusco triguttatum ; palpi
p or recti, pallide flavi, apicefusci ; thoracis later a, pectus pedesque
flavce ; abdominis segmenta luteo marginata ; alee anticce lituris
tribus b as alibu s f asciis que tribus incomplete pallide pi avis, fascia
2 a e maculis duabus, 2 a lata undulata ; posticce fascia latissima
lutea.

6 o

Lloyd’s natural history.

“ Male. — Brown. Head pale yellow, with a brown dot on each
side of the vertex and with a third in front. Proboscis black.
Palpi pale yellow, porrect, shorter than the breadth of the
head ; third joint brown, elongate-conical, less than half the
length of the second. Thorax on each side, pectus and legs
yellow. Abdomen with a luteous band on the hind border of
each segment. Fore- wings with three small pale yellow marks
at the base, and with three incomplete pale yellow bands ;
first band abbreviated at each end ; second composed of two
widely separated spots ; third much broader than the others,
undulating along each side, not joining the costa nor the in¬
terior angle. Hind-wings with a very broad luteous band, which
is abbreviated towards the costa, and occupies nearly all the
outer half of the interior border. Length of the body, 7 lines ;
of the wings, 20 lines.

“ North Australia.” ( Walker.')

GENUS AG ARISTA.

Agarista , Leach, Zool. Misc. i. p. 37 (1815).

The type of this genus, here figured, has strongly arched
fore-wings, with the hind margin rounded. The abdomen is
rather slender, and is about as long as the hind-wings, which
are slightly oblong. The legs are of moderate length, and the
front femora are furnished with a strong brush of hair. It is
an Australian Moth ; but the bulk of the Australian Agaris-
tidae belong to the allied genus Phahenoides , Lewin, which
includes smaller Moths, rarely exceeding an inch and a half
in expanse, with the costa of the fore- wings nearly straight to
the tip, and the hind margin gradually curved ; the hind-wings
are short and rounded. Most of the species are brown, with
yellow spots and markings, and often more or less varied with
pale blue. The larva of the typical species, P. glychice , Lewin,

PLATE LXXVI.

/ . Ag oris la a g / 1 ico leu .

2. Ep is tem p maeuhilt'ijc.

3. ,, lectriou .

AGARISTA.

6 1

is cylindrical and hairy, with a slight hump on the back of the
last segment. It feeds indiscriminately on a variety of plants.
Before changing to a pupa, it spins a slight web on the under
side of a branch, in the month of January. The Moth bred
by Lewin appeared in April, the pupa-state having lasted
seventy-two days.

AGARISTA AGRICOLA.

(. Plate LX XVI. Fig . i.)

Papilio agricola , Donovan, Ins. New Holland, pi. 32, fig. 1
(1805).

Agarisia picta , Leach, Zool. Misc. i. p. 37, pi. 15 (1815) ;
Duncan, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 82, pi. 2,
fig 1 (1841).

This species is one of the most beautiful Moths found in
Australia. In measures about two inches and a half across
the fore-wings, which are black, with a short longitudinal bar
of pale green scales at the base, continuous with a green
transverse band on the thorax. Beyond this is a curved and
rather indistinct fascia of bluish scales, followed by a large
oval orange-coloured blotch. Beyond this, again, is a row of
six oval orange spots, beyond which are several patches of
greenish scales; the extreme tip is white. The hind-wings are
black, with a green transverse band running from the inner
margin outwards for two-thirds of the length of the wing, while
a shorter and broader deep crimson band runs outward from
just above the anal angle between the green band and the lower
part of the hind margin. The thorax and abdomen are black, the
former spotted and banded with green, and the latter with an
orange apical tuft. The female has the thorax and basal area of
the fore-wings entirely greenish-yellow. The palpi, orbits, and
tips of the tarsal joints are white, and the pectus and femora
are clothed with long red hairs.

62

LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY.

A few Moths not found in Australia have been referred to
this genus, one of which, A. albomarginata (Moore), a Burmese
insect, is steel-blue, with rather narrow, but very conspicuous,
snow-white borders.

GENUS EPISTEME.

Episteme , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 180 (1822) ; Moore,
Lepid. Ceylon, ii. p. 33 (1882).

Eusemia , Dalman, Mon. Castnia, p. 26 (1825); Westwood,
in Jardine’s Nat. Library, Exot. Moths, p. 88 (1841) ; Bois-
duval, Rev. Zool. (3) ii. p. 81 (1874); Butler, Entom. M.
Mag. xii. p. 1 66 (1875).

This genus includes larger species than Agarisia , with
longer wings, and the costa of the fore-wings is not arched, but
runs nearly straight to the apex. Structurally it differs from
most of the other genera of the Agaristidce by there being no
closed cell beyond the upper angle of the discoidal cell
between the two upper discoidal nervules at their base. The
femora ars not tufted, and the tarsi are very long, and almost
naked. It includes a considerable number of handsome
Moths, averaging about three inches in expanse, which are very
numerous in India and the Indo-Malayan Region, while a few
species are met with as far north as China, and as far east as
New Guinea. Their usual colour is black, with white, yellow,
red, blue, or black markings, and their general appearance is
well shown in our figures. The type of the genus is E . lectrix
(Linn.), the most northerly species of the genus Episteme , and
also the longest known.

EPISTEME LECTRIX.

( Plate LX XVI. Fig. 3.)

Noctua lectrix , Linnaeus, Mus. Ludov. Ulricae, p. 389 (1764).
Bombyx lectrix , Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 192, fig. C (1779).
PhalceJia lectrix , Donovan, Ins. China, pi. 43, fig. 2 (1798).

EPISTEME.

63

Eusemia lectrix , Boisduval, Rev. Zool. (3) ii. p. 84 (1874).

This Moth, which is common in China, expands about three
inches. The fore-wings are black, with the base spotted with
while and bluish, and are crossed by two rows of large yellow
spots, the first broadest and connected so as to form a band,
the second composed of a large spot towards the costa, a
smaller one below, divided by a nervure, and sometimes a
small one just above the hinder angle ; there is also a sub¬
marginal row of white spots. The hind-wings are black, with
the basal half red, crossed by an irregular macular band ;
there is also a sub-marginal row of white spots. The thorax is
black, with an oblong yellow spot on each side ; and the ab¬
domen is black, with broad transverse black bands.

EPISTEME IRENEA.

Eusemia irenea , Boisduval, Rev. Zool. (3) ii. p. 84 (1874).
Eusemia communis , Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) xv. p. 140, pi.

13, fig. 1 (1875).

This species is of the size of E. lectrix. The fore-wings are
black, with three narrow transverse white bands, the first com¬
posed of two spots, the second slightly interrupted towards the
costa and the hinder angle, and the third, which is sub-mar¬
ginal, is macular, and composed of six small elongated white
spots. The hind-wings are dull red, crossed by a transverse
black band, widely interrupted on its upper part. The black
border is sinuous, and is marked with a row of small white spots.
The base of the hind-wings is black ; and the thorax is black,
spotted with white. The abdomen is black, belted with yel¬
low. The type was supposed to have come from Sumatra.
E. communis (Butler), which was described about the same
time as E. irenea , and which agrees with Boisduval’s description
of the latter, given above, is found in Silhet. I notice this
species here, because the next has been mistaken for it.

64

Lloyd’s natural history.

EPISTEME MACULATRIX.

{Plate LX XVI. Fig. . 2.)

Eusemia maculatrix , Westwood, in Jardine’s Nat. Library,
Exot. Moths, p. 88, pi. ii. fig. 3 (1841).

Eusemia irenea , Hampson (nec Boisd.), Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths,
ii. p. 153 (1894).

For reasons given below, we quote Westwood’s original
description in full.

“ Expansion of the wings nearly three and a half inches ;
colour of the anterior pair intense black, with some slight
patches of blue scales at the base ; this is succeeded by a small
white triangular patch, then two large sub-oval ones, then
three placed wider apart, and between these and the apex are
five small oval spots. Hind-wings bright orange, black at the
base, with a black costal spot, and a large black discoidal one
extending to the anal angle, and posteriorly emitting two
narrow longitudinal bars, which are connected with the very
broad and irregular black margin ; in the latter are two white
spots, that nearest the fore-wings being largest. The head and
thorax are black, the shoulders pale yellow ; abdomen orange,
with black transverse stripes. In the specimen here figured,
the abdomen is terminated by two broad triangular, horny
lobes, externally covered with orange-coloured hairs. The
sides of the thorax beneath are black, with an orange-coloured
stripe down the breast ; the belly is also orange with black
spots. The legs are long and black.

“ The specimen we have here the pleasure of figuring is
unique. It was recently brought from the Assam territories,
and is one of the numerous rarities in the Rev. F. W. Hope’s
collection.”

This species has been the occasion of an extraordinary
series of errors, somewhat resembling the confusion which has

PLATE LXXVII.

1. Burgher lcv splendidw.

2. Eu this arto lieu sanctL -johxiruiis .

3. Pais gordoni .

4. Xanthospilopleryrr airicuruiy .

EPISTEME.

^5

arisen respecting the true Papilio hyale of Linnaeus. While
my son, Dr. W. Egmont Kirby, was comparing some of the
figures in Jardine’s “ Naturalist’s Library ” with the British
Museum collection, he noticed that the original figure of E.
maciilatrix had nothing to do with the species bearing that
name in the collection, but agreed with a specimen labelled
E. irenea (Boisduval). On investigating the matter, it was
discovered that after figuring and describing E. maculatrix
in 1841, Westwood himself figured and described a totally
different species in 1848, which has gone by the same name
ever since ; the true E. maculatrix having again been mistaken
for E. irenea (Boisduval), which I have noticed above, and
which proved, on comparison with Boisduval’s description, to
be the same as E. communis, Butler, the description of which
was published about the same time as Boisduval’s description
of E. irenea.

The true E. maculatrix appears to be a rare species, of which
the British Museum possesses only one specimen. Westwood’s
second E. maculatrix is herewith named

EPISTEME WESTWOODI.

Eusejjiia maculatrix , Westwood, Cab. Orient. Ent. p. 67, pi. 33,
fig. 1 (1848) et auct. seq.; nec E. maculatrix , Westwood,
(1841).

This species is common in collections from India. I repro¬
duce Westwood’s original description in full : —

“ Eusemia alis anticis nigris basi caeruleo maculatis, puncto
stramineo approximato maculis 4 discoidalibus, 2 majoribus, 2
minoribus, stramineis et pone has maculis 7 albis 6ta minuta ;
posticis fulvo-rufis, basi costa macula angulata costali fimbria
irregulari (in qua 1 vel 2 maculae albae) maculaque magna dis-
coidali cum margine anali connexa, lineisque duabus ad fim-

66

Lloyd’s natural history

briam extensis, nigris : capite albo et parte antica thoracis
stramineo-maculato ; abdomine fulvo nigroque cingukto.

“ Eussmia with the four wings black, the base spotted with
pale blue scales, and with an adjacent straw-coloured small
patch, followed by four discoidal spots of the latter colour, two
larger, and two smaller, the latter followed by a curved row of
seven white spots, the sixth being very small ; hind-wings rich
orange-red ; the base and costa, the latter emitting an angu-
lated spot, a broad, irregular, apical border (in which are one
or two white spots), and a large discoidal spot connected with
the anal margin, and emitting two black lines which extend to
the fimbria, all black ; head spotted with white, and front of
the thorax with straw-colour ; abdomen orange ; banded with
black (female).

“Expansion of the fore-wings 3^ inches.

“ Inhabits Assam. In Coll. Westwood. Communicated by
Major Jenkins.”

GENUS XANTHOSPILOPTERYX.

Xanthospilopteryx , Wallengren, CEfvers. Vet. Ahad. Forhandl.

Stockh. xv. p. 82 (1858); Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

1891, pp. 279-292.

This genus contains the largest African species of Agaris-
tidce , and is closely allied to Episteme, with which it was
formerly included. The fore-wings, however, are longer and
narrower, especially at the base, and are provided with an
accessory cell, and the legs are shorter and thicker. They
vary from two to four inches in expanse, and their colour and
pattern is very uniform. The fore-wings are generally black,
with white or ochreous-yellow transverse spots, one or two
near the base, two towards the middle of the wing, a dash on
the inner margin, a large oval sub-apical spot, and often a

PAIS.

67

small one near the hinder angle. The thorax is black, and,
as well as the base of the fore-wings, is marked with small
white and yellowish spots. The hind-wings are red (rarely
yellow), with a black border, and the long abdomen is gener¬
ally yellow, banded with black, and tufted at the extremity.
Between the spots on the fore-wings there are usually some
indistinct blue marks.

XANTHOSPILOPTERYX AFRICANA.

{Plate LXX VII. Fig. 4.)

Eusemia africana , Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) xv. p. 142

(1875)

Eusemia meretrix , Westwood, in Oates, Matabeleland, p. 355
(1881).

Xanthospilopteryx africana , Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1891, p. 287.

The general description given above will apply to most of
the species of this rather extensive genus. The present
species measures from to 2*^ inches in expanse. The
fore-wings are black, with yellow spots, the arrangement of
which can be seen in the figure ; the basal spot forms a short
band, and the sub-apical spot is long, deeply indented on the
inside towards its lower end. The hind-wings are crimson,
with black borders, and the fringes are white at the tips of all
the wings. The body is black, the head, thorax, and extreme
base of the fore-wings being spotted with white or bluish-
white, and the abdomen is belted with yellow.

This pretty species is found in Natal and Zululand.

GENUS PAIS.

Pais, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 279 (1822); Walker
List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. p. 61 (1854).

f 2

68

Lloyd’s natural history

Southern Africa is peculiarly rich in curious and interesting
forms of Agaristidas , several of which we have already men¬
tioned. Pais is a small genus, having considerable resem¬
blance to AEgocera , but is very differently coloured, having the
fore-wings edged with a black line, and the centre filled up
with red and yellow black-bordered spots and markings ; the
hind-wings are reddish, with indistinct yellowish markings;
the fringes are yellow, spotted or tipped with black.

PAIS GORDONI.

{Plate LX XVI I. Fig. 3.)

Pais gordoni , Butler, Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, xvi.
p. 10 (1879).

This species was taken by Miss J. K. Lorimer at the Gor¬
don Mission, on the Tugela River, South Africa. The fore¬
wings are yellow, with numerous transverse and interlacing
black lines and loops, some of which enclose yellow spaces
centred with black. A red transverse stripe runs from the
base below the middle of the wing for half its length, and
there is a transverse red stripe, curved inwards, at about three-
quarters of the length of the wing, beyond which the broadly-
black nervures and terminal line enclose long yellow spots ;
fringes yellow, tipped with black. Hind-wings brick-red, with
indistinct yellow markings in the centre, and a more distinct
row of round yellow spots within the black terminal line.
The basal half of the fringes is black, and the terminal half
yellow. Head and thorax black, spotted and striped with
yellow ; abdomen yellow, broadly belted with black ; legs
black, banded with yellow.

GENUS BURGENA.

Burgena , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxi. p. 55
(1864).

BURGENA.

69

This is a small genus confined to Australia, New Guinea,
and some of the adjacent islands. The fore-wings are long,
narrow, and rather pointed, with an accessory cell, and the
costa is nearly straight ; the hind-wings form a long oval.
They are black, with white spots on the fore-wings, and a
yellow band on the hind-wings. I have figured one of the
handsomest of the four known species.

BURGENA SPLENDIDA.

{Plate LX. XV. II. Fig . 1.)

Eusemici splendida , Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) xix. p. 214

(1887).

This species was brought by Mr. C. M. Woodford from
Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. It measures rather
more than two inches across the fore-wings, which are velvety-
black, with a brilliant blue reflection, changing to green in
certain lights, except upon the border. The fore-wings are
spotted with white ; and the hind-wings are blackish-brown,
shot with blue, and crossed by a bright orange band. The
head and thorax are black, the former marked with white, and
the latter shot with green ; the collar and abdomen orange,
the abdomen with four bands, and the anal tuft black, shot
with green.

The North American species of Agaristidce are mostly rather
small Moths, measuring an inch and a half or less across the
wings, which are rather short and broad. They are black,
with yellow or white markings, and are most numerous in the
Western States ; but the commonest species is Alypia albo-
maculata (Stoll), the larva of which is destructive to the vine
in the United States generally. It is black, with two large

70

LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

white spots on each wing, and a white stripe on each side of
the thorax. It usually goes by the name of A. octo??iaculata
(Fabricius), but this species inhabits the Southern States, and
the spots on the fore-wings are yellow instead of white.

GENUS EUTHISANOTIA.

Euthisanotia, Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett. iii. p. 22 (1825).
Eudryas , Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. pi. 14, fig. 9 (1836);
id. Rev. Zool. (3) ii. p. 57 (1874); Walker, List Lepid.
Ins. Brit. Mus. ix. p. 143 (1856); Packard, Proc. Essex
Instit. iv. p. 24 (1864) ; Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer.
p. 145 (1872).

The species of this genus are larger than Alyfiia, with
longer wings. There are several common species in North
America, with white fore-wings, bordered with reddish-brown,
and yellow hind-wings, similarly bordered. They differ some¬
what from the more typical Agaristida in appearance, and they
were referred by Walker to the Family Glottulidtz , of Guenee,
in the Noctuce. The following species is probably American ;
it has not been figured before.

EUTHISANOTIA SANCTI - JOHANNIS.

[Plate LX XVII. Fig. 2.)

Eudryas sandce-johannis , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.
ix. p. 144, no. 3 (1856).

“ Olive green ; sides of the thorax tufted with white hairs ;
abdomen yellow, with an olive-green dorsal stripe towards the
base. Fore-wings with some darker marks and with some
white streaks towards the base, and with an oblique irregular
white discal band, which is widened in front and includes
some olive marks ; a broad reddish band, including an un¬
dulating bluish line along the tip and the apical part of the

CHALCOSIID^.

7*

hind border ; under side yellow, pale reddish towards the tips,
and with two black spots, the one nearer the base much
smaller than the other. Hind-wings yellow. Legs white,
femora and tibiae striped with white. Length of the body, 7
lines ; of the wings, 22 lines.”

“ North America (?) ”

“ ‘ Taken on the door of the church at Horseleydown by
Mr. Bydder.’ ”

The specimen above described is in the British Museum.
It is undoubtedly an accidentally introduced species, and may
be known from the other species of the genus by the absence
of any dark border to the yellow hind-wings.

FAMILY VIII. CHALCOSIIDHL

Egg. — Not described.

Larva. — Tuberculated, with hairs springing from the
tubercles.

Pupa. — Enclosed in a dense cocoon.

Imago. — Measuring four inches or under in expanse ; body
rather short and slender ; antennae pectinated, especially in
the males ; wings generally broad, rounded, and entire, never
dentated, and rarely tailed, brightly coloured ; cells closed,
and bisected by a nervure ; fore-wings usually with two sub¬
median nervures, and hind-wings with three.

This is a Family of moderate extent, peculiarly characteristic
of the Indo-Malayan Region, though a few species are found
in other parts of the world, Europe, North America, and
Australia (?) excepted. They are day-flying Moths, and are
perhaps specially protected, as is the case with so many
brightly-coloured insects ; nevertheless, several species mimic
Danaincs of the Euplcea group very exactly. Several hand¬
some species are figured in this volume,

72

Lloyd’s natural history.

GENUS ERASMIA.

Erasmia , Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xviii. p. 446 (1841) ;
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 418 (1854).

Antennae bi-pectinated, head conical in front, palpi short.
Body rather slender ; abdomen about as long as the hind-
wings. Fore-wings oval, the costa arched, and the hind-margin
obliquely rounded; hind-wings rounded, longei than broad.

A small genus, confined to the Indo-Malayan Region. The
following species is the type, and also the commonest of the
genus

ERASMIA PULCHELLA.

{Plate LX XVI II. Fig. 2.)

Erasmia pulchella , Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xviii. p.
446, pi. 31, fig. 5 (1841); Westwood, in Jardine’s Nat.
Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 91, pi. 3, fig. 2 (1841); Walker,
List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 419, no. 1 (1854);
Hampson, Faun. Brit. India, Moths, i. p. 273, fig. 1 81
(1892).

This Moth, which measures upwards of three inches in
expanse, was first brought from Assam, but is likewise found
in most of the adjoining countries of Northern India. The
prevailing colour is silvery-green; the fore-wings are black, orna¬
mented with greenish-blue silvery spots ; there is an irregular
orange-red band before the middle, separated by a bluish-
green band from a series of large white spots beyond the
middle ; the hind-wings are straw-coloured, black at the base,
and with a black border, not extending to the anal angle ; and
the nervures are greenish-blue.

Concerning this species, Hope wrote as follows: — “The
above insect is one of the most lovely in colouring of all the
Lepidoptera. When viewed by individuals standing in dif-

PLATE

LXXVII

I I

/ . 0 evaTi iact Iri co lor.

2 Eras rriia p alchrJLcu .

3. ArnrsLa .s- atuj uif'lua, .

AMESIA.

73

ferent lights the blue appears to one person to be a vivid
green, to another of a lazulite blue. I have had drawings
made by different persons ; the first contends that the colour
is green, the second that it is blue ; in short, both are right ;
all depends on the situation in which the individual views the
specimens.”

GENUS AMESIA.

Amcsici, Westwood, in Jardme’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 93
(1841); Hampson, Faun. Brit. India, Moths, i. p. 272
(1892).

This genus is closely allied to Erasmia , but the antennae
are longer and more slender, and shortly bi-pectinated. The
fore-wings are broader and more oblong, the costa being much
less arched, and the nervures are very strongly incrassated ,
the hind-wings are also longer, and less rounded. As is likewise
the case in Erasmia , the uppermost nervule running from the
extremity of the lower discoidal cell on the fore-wings throws off
two branches considerably beyond the cell’. The genus is con¬
fined to the Indo-Malayan Region, and several closely allied
species are met with in Northern India.

AMESIA SANGUIFLUA.

( Plate LX XVI II. Fig. 3.)

Noctua sanguifiua , Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. ii. pi. 20, figs. 1, 2

(i773)*

Amesia sanguifiua , Westwood, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot.
Moths, p. 93, pi. iii. fig. 3 (1841) ; Hampson, Faun. Brit.
India, Moths, i. p. 272, fig. 180 (1892).

Cyclosia sanguifiua , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii.
p.455, no. 1 (1854).

This Moth measures four inches and upwards in expanse,
and is found in Northern India and Burma, though it was

74

LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

originally erroneously described by Drury as inhabiting Suri-
man. The fore-wings are black, with one or two blue spots at
the base, and five yellow ones beyond. Beyond these, the ner-
vures are very broadly red, with numerous white spots placed
within their forks ; and there is a sub-marginal row of oblong
white spots, each bisected by a nervure. The hind-wings are
black to beyond the middle, and marked with several white
spots bordered with blue ; the hind margin is broadly bordered
with brilliant mazarine blue, traversed by a row of divided sub¬
marginal white spots, similar to those on the fore-wings. On
the under surface, the white spots are much more numerous,
and bordered with blue. The head and thorax are bluish-black,
and the abdomen is green, with the penultimate segment
blue.

This species has a distant resemblance to a Euploeci ; but
there are several other East Indian genera, such as Epyrgis,
Herrich-Schaffer, and Mimenploza , Butler, which present such
a striking likeness to various blue and brown species of Euplota
and the allied genera, that no one who was not an entomo¬
logist would imagine that one was a Butterfly and another a
Moth, unless he happened to notice the antennae. Other
species are much more Moth-like, as, for example, the harle¬
quin-coloured Campylotes histrionicus, Westwood, another Hima¬
layan form allied to Erasmia and Amesia, but with narrower
and less rounded wings, with but one nervule thrown off from
the lower discoidal cell of the fore-wings, which throws off two
branches at about equal distances before the hind margin. It
is black, with longitudinal red and yellow streaks and spots
between the nervures ; and with large white spots towards the
tip of the fore-wings. In some genera of Chalcosiidce , such as
Histia , Hiibner, and Elcysma , Elwes, the hind-wings are pro¬
duced into a long broad tail. In colour, they are very various,
ranging from white to black. I have already spoken of the

DEVANICA.

75

resemblance of some species to Euploea, but there are others
having a similar analogical resemblance to Tirumala in the
Dana in <z , Euschema in the Geometry, and to various species of
Equitidce , Zygce?iidce , Arctiidce , Lithosiidce , &c. ; in fact, the
Family Chalcosiidce exhibits the phenomenon called, rightly or
wrongly, “ mimicry,” to an unusual extent.

I will conclude my notice of this Family with another
Indian genus.

GENUS DEVANICA.

Eterusia , Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xviii. p. 445 (1840);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 427 (1854).
Heterusia , Doubleday, Zoologist, ii. p. 468 (1844) ; Hampson,
Faun. Brit. India, Moths, i. p. 259 (1892).

Sephisa , Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, ii. p. 41 (1882).

Devanica , Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1884, p. 358.

This genus is exclusively Indo-Malayan as far as is known
at present, and most of the species are met with in Northern
India. The wings are longer and narrower than in most other
genera of the Family, and on the fore-wings, the discoidal cells
form acute angles, and the nervule that springs from the angle
of the upper cell throws off four branches, and that springing
from the lower cell two, the nervules being nearly straight,
instead of some being strongly arched, as in Erasmia , &c.

Heterusia (as Eterusia should be written, if used at all)
and Sephisa , Moore, are both pre-occupied names. The
types of Devanica are D. cingala (Moore), a species with white
spots, and white hind-wings, found in Ceylon, and D. bicolor ,
Moore, from Cachar, which has green fore-wings, with an oblique
row of pale yellow spots separated by blue nervures ; and
orange hind-wings, veined with black, and the inner margin
green.

76

Lloyd’s natural history.

DEVANICA TRICOLOR.

{Plate LX XVI IP Fig. i.)

Eterusici tricolor , Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xviii. p. 445
pi. 31, fig. 8 (1840) ; Duncan, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr.Exot.
Moths, p. 39, pi. 3, fig. 1 (1841); Walker, List Lepid.
Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 428, no. 1 (1854).

Heterusia tricolor , Hampson, Faun. Brit. India, Moths, i. p.
261, fig. 174 (1892).

This is another of the many beautiful species of Chalcosiidce.
found in Northern India, and it was first recorded from
Assam. The fore-wings measure nearly three inches in expanse,
and are green, with a yellowish-white patch at the base, two
yellowish-white spots placed obliquely before the middle, a
third at the end of the cell, and an irregular sub-marginal
row of smaller and whiter spots. The hind-wings have the
basal half orange-yellow (with the extreme base black), passing
into violet towards the apex, and marked with two rather large
white spots. The thorax is velvety-black, shading into violet
at each extremity. The abdomen is orange, with the base
violet. The under side of the body is violet-blue, the segments
of the abdomen alternately variegated with white and black ;
the black portions of the wing are also strongly glossed with
blue beneath.

This species has some resemblance in pattern and in the
distribution of its colours to Episteme , and other genera of
Agaristidce.

FAMILY IX. PSEUDOPONTIID^E.

Antennae very short, gradually thickened from the base to
the middle, but not beyond ; they consist of about twenty well-
separated oval joints, those towards the base cylindrical and
longer ; terminal joint conical. Palpi very short, almost naked,

PSEUDOPONTIA,

77

terminal joint pointed. Eyes large, semi-circular ; proboscis
spiral ; eyes rounded, very large ; tibiae not spurred ; claws
bifid. Body very short and slender. Wings rounded, with
very short cells; anterior wings with the costal nervure long,
extending nearly to the tip ; the first and second sub-costal
nervules strongly arched forwards, the second springing from
the end of the cell, the third throwing off two discoidal ner¬
vules, one at a little more than a quarter, the other about half
the distance between the discoidal cell and the hind margin ;
the lowest sub-median nervule and the sub-median nervure
approximate, but do not touch. The hind-wings have a pre-
discoidal cell, and instead of a regularly-formed costal and
sub-costal nervure, the discoidal cell is slightly angulated up¬
wards at two-thirds of its length, and here throws off a nervure
running obliquely upwards, and then turning outwards towards
the hind margin just below the tip. From the angulated ex¬
tremity of the pre-costal cell another nervure is thrown off,
which curves downwards, crossing the first, and running into
the hind margin below it. At a quarter of the distance between
the cell and the hind margin, the discoidal nervules diverge from
a common stalk. The lower median nervule is angulated down¬
wards towards the upper sub-median nervure, which is nearly
straight ; the lower sub-median nervure is much shorter, and
strongly arched downwards.

Nothing appears to have been recorded of the habits or
transformations of this singular insect, for which I have ven¬
tured to erect a new Family, Pseudopontiidce . But one genus
and species are known.

GENUS PSEUDOPONTIA.

Globicefis , Felder, Petites Nouvelles Entomologiques, i. p. 30
(1869).

78

LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY.

Pseudopojitia , Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 348 (1870);
Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 57 (1870) ; Kirby, Cat. Diurn.
Lepid. pp. 438, 638 (1871); Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii.
p. 65 (1886).

Gonophlebia , Felder, op. cit. i. p. 95 (1870).

This genus has been formed for a very curious insect from
West Africa, an insect so remarkable that it has always been dis¬
puted whether it should be considered as a Butterfly or a
Moth; and Dr. Staudinger observes that it looks like a sur¬
vivor from some former creation. It will be best to give full
references to the only known species, and then to discuss the
genus and species together. It may be well to mention that
although the name Pseudopontia was published in the part of
the “Stettiner Zeitung” for “ July-Sept., 1870,” it is referred to
in the “Petites Nouvelles” for June 1, whereas Felder’s name
Gonophlebia was only published in “Petites Nouvelles” for
June 15 of that year, and is therefore necessarily posterior to
Pseudopontia. The name Globiceps had been previously used
for a genus of Hemiptera.

PSEUDOPONTIA PARADOXA.

{Plate LXXIX. Fig. 3.)

Globiceps paradoxa, Felder, Pet. Nouv. Ent. i. p. 30 (1869);

Kirb. op. cit. p. 54 ; Hewitson, op. cit. p. 57 (1870).
Pseudopontia calabarica , Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxxi. p. 348,
pi. 2, figs. \a—f (1870).

Gojiophlebia paradoxa, Felder, /. c. i. p. 95, cum fig. (1870).
Pseudopontia paradoxa, Kirby , Cat. Diurn, Lepid. p.438 (1871);
Staudinger & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 26, pi. 16; ii.
p. 65, pi. 4(1884-1886).

It is a curious circumstance that while all the German authors
have considered this insect to be an aberrant Butterfly belong¬
ing to the Pieridce , all English authors have regarded it as a

PSEUDOPONTIA.

79

Moth. Its short and non-clavate antennas, pure white colour,
and greatly rounded wings, with very abnormal neuration will
prevent its being confounded with any other insect. It has
some external resemblance to the genus Leptosia ( cf. our vol.
ii. p. 176), as well as to some of the rounder-winged genera of
Lip ar idee, among the Moths, such as Pantana , Walker. The
genus stands at present in the British Museum collection among
the Chaleos iidee., and although it differs from them greatly in
the structure of its antennae, the curiously irregular neuration
of the insect may show some affinity to that Family, though we
prefer to separate it as quite distinct from any other.

The two Felders were the first authors to notice this insect,
which they received from Calabar, and pointed out its re¬
semblance to a Cicada (or rather a Flaia). “The wings
are wholly without markings, short, shining, and much
rounded ; the antennae nearly filiform, and very distinctly
jointed ; the eyes are large and round, but not prominent,
and this gives the head a completely rounded appearance ;
the cell of the fore-wings is very narrow, and the first sub¬
costal nervure is much curved. We believe it to be allied to
Po?itiaP Some correspondence on the subject ensued in the
“Petites Nouvelles,” where this preliminary notice first ap¬
peared ; and Hewitson expressed his opinion that the insect
was a Moth (in which he was afterwards followed by Butler),
and also pointed out that Plotz’ figure, published in the interim,
represented the antennae as clavate, thus giving the insect more
of the appearance of a Butterfly than it actually possesses.
Rudolf Felder then published a figure in the “Petites Nou¬
velles,” remarking : — “It evidently belongs to the great division
of Rhopalocera , according to the character indicated by Herrich-
Schaffer (Schmett. Eur. i. pp. 13, 15); the joints of the
antennae being longer than broad. It has also all the appear¬
ance of one, though it has some resemblance to certain

8o

Lloyd’s natural history

Lip ar idee. ( Cozistra , Walker), and Geometrce ( Leucula , Guen.),
and it has some affirmities in its neuration with the Zygcenidce
of the group including Gynautocera , Chalcosia , &c. All its
characters approximate it to the group of Pieridce . . .

the channel formed by the hind-wings, and embracing the
abdomen ; the junction of the discoidal nervules with branches
of the sub-costal nervure on the fore-wings, and the bifid claws,
provided with distinct pads.”

Plotz gives a much longer description of the insect, accom¬
panied by figures, in the “ Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung,”
and its identity with Felder’s species was pointed out by
Hewitson. His specimen was stated to come from “ Old
Calabar (Guinea),” and to be contained in Pogge’s collection.
Plotz also regarded the insect as one of the Pier idee , and
placed it between Po?itia and Leucophasia (our Leptosia and
Leptidia ).

Staudinger, in his great work on Exotic Butterflies, again
figured and described the insect among the Pieridce , in which he
was (perhaps unavoidably) followed by Schatz, who placed it at
the end of the Pierince , between Pontia ( Leptosia ) and Leucidia.
Although admitting the abnormal characters of the insect, he
yet considered that the neuration and bifid claws showed it
to be undoubtedly a species of the Pieridce allied to Leptosia .
The Felders had compared the insect with a Cicada ; Schatz
thought that the distinct neck and large semicircular eyes
gave it the appearance of a Lace- winged Fly ( Chrysopa ). The
Moth measures about two inches in expanse, and Schatz well
observes “ The wings are only thinly scaled, nearly trans¬
parent, and shine in certain lights with the most delicate rain¬
bow hues. The head and body are wonderfully small in com¬
parison with the wings. The scales of the wings have a very
curious bifid shape, which gradually passes into a simple
pointed form towards the margin.”

/ . Thynuvrcu p apilio naricu .

2 . Epioopict caudatci/ .

2 . Ps euxlo p o rvtia > p cur'd. : doxxx .

EPICOPIA.

8 1

When the details of insect morphology h*ive been more
systematically worked out, the last-mentioned character may
help us to come to some more positive conclusion respecting
the real affinities of this remarkable insect.

FAMILY X. EPICOPIID.E.

Egg. — Not described.

Larva. — Covered with a white waxy excretion.

Pupa. — Enclosed in a slight cocoon.

Imago. — Of moderate or rather large size, black, with red
and white (sometimes ocellated) markings, and much resem¬
bling Equitidce, of the genus Byasa , Moore. This Family has
lately been founded by Sir G. Hampson to include the genus
Epicopici. The few species known are found in North India,
China, and Japan.

GENUS EPICOPIA.

Epicopeia, Westwood, Arcana Entomologiea, i. p. 17 (1841);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. p. 409 (1854).
Epicopia, Hampson, Faun. Brit. India, Moths, iii. p. 108
(r865).

The body is rather short and slender, and the antennae are
bi-pectinated. The wings are long, with one sub-median nervure
on the hind-wings and two (the upper one imperfect) on the
fore-wings. The discoidal cells are closed, and bisected by an
imperfect nervure, which forms a short fork just before the
extremity of the cell, at least on the fore-wings, but there are no
accessory cells beyond the discoidal ones. The fore-wings are
long, oval, and entire ; the hind-wings are deeply concave
below the tip, and are produced into a broad lobe or tail,
curving outwards, at the outer angle. The frenulum is rudi¬
mentary.

13

G

82

LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

This genus has been referred by several authors to the Chctl-
cosiidce , Lip ar idee , and Cydimonidce. I myself am disposed to
consider Epicopia most nearly allied to such genera of Chal-
cosiidee as Gynautocera , Guerin, and Llistia, Hiibner ; though
the Chalcosiidee have nearly always three sub-median nervures
on the hind-wings, instead of only one.

EPICOPIA CAUDATA.

{Plate LXXIX. Fig. 2.)

Epicopia caudata, Butler, Ulustr. Lepid. Heter. Brit. Mus. v.
p. 47, pi. 88, fig. 8 (1881).

This Moth was described and figured by Dr. Butler from
specimens collected in Bhotan by the celebrated traveller
and naturalist, Dr. Lidderdale. It measures upwards of
4 inches across the wings, which are black, the anterior
wings longitudinally striped with black and grey on the disc ;
the nervures being black, with intermediate black lines, resem¬
bling additional nervures. The hind-wings are hardly concave
on the hind margin, and therefore appear more drawn out; be-
below the middle are three oval white spots, separated by the
nervures, and there are two projections between the anal angle
and the tail. At the anal angle is a linear red mark, and there
are two small red spots near the margin, opposite the concavi¬
ties of the wing. The head, collar, apex of abdomen, and some
markings on the wings beneath are red ; and the abdomen
above (except at the tip) is shot with dark green. On the
under side the fore-wings are more grey, and the white spots of
the hind-wings are united into a large patch.

Sir G. Hampson treats all the described Indian forms of
Epicopia except E. philenora , Westwood, as simple varieties of
E . polydora , Westwood, the type of the genus. The true E.
polydora is a larger and broader-winged insect than E . caudata ,

THYMARA.

33

with the hind-wings deeply concave on the hind margin, and
curved outwards below into a broad obtuse lobe, sinuated be¬
tween the anal and outer angles, and with a sub-marginal row
of five ocellated spots between the nervures, along thispart of
the wing, centred with black, and ringed with red.

FAMILY XI. THYMARIDFE.

Under this name we may include a few small Indian and
African Moths, with pectinated antennse, no frenulum, closed
and divided discoidal cells, while the hind-wings are produced
or even wholly modified into a long filiform tail. The fore¬
wings are generally more or less transparent, and the hind-wings
are opaque, clothed with hair-like scales. The neuration of
the latter is sometimes almost obsolete, at other times it is
as simple as in many Tinea . The Moths are more or less re¬
lated to several different Families ; and those interested in the
subject may consult the various references in my “Synonymic
Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera,” i. pp. 60, 61, and Mr.
Id. J. Elwes’ paper on Moths allied to Him a 71 top terns, in the
“Transactions of the Entomological Society of London” for
1890, pp. 328-338, pi. 1. Since then Sir G. Hampson (Faun.
Brit. Ind. Moths, 1, p. 288) has referred them to the Sub-family
Phaudince of the Zygcenidce , but adds the information that “ they
are degraded forms which have arisen from an ancestral type.”

GENUS THYMARA.

Thymara , Doubleday, Zoologist, i. p. 197 (1843); Walker,
List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 383 (1854).

Hind-wings half as broad as long, with the anal angle well
marked, and a filiform tail, longer than the wing. There is a
long bisected cell, ending at the base of the tail, which is tra-

G 2

84

Lloyd’s natural history.

Yersed by a nervure proceeding from its extremity ; from the
outer nervures one or two short branches are thrown off to
the costa and anal angle.

It is useless to mention further characters in the case of
such an imperfectly-known group ; besides, the type of Thy¬
mara is T. zaida , Doubleday, a rare insect said to come from
Assam, whereas I have figured an African species which
may not be strictly congeneric. T. zaida measures less than
an inch across the wings ; the fore-wings are yellowish-grey,
with black borders, and the hind-wings are yellow, with the
tail black, and a large round black spot at the tip, and another
at the anal angle.

THYMARA PAPILIONARIA.

{Plate LX XIX. Fig. i.)

Thymara papilionaria , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.
xxxi. p. 277 (1864); Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1890,

P- 334-

Walker described both sexes of this insect, and Mr. Elwes
states that the types are now in the museum of Highgate
School, but I have not been able to ascertain if they are still
in existence, or can be identified. Our figure is taken from a
much-injured specimen in the British Museum, and under
these circumstances I think it better to reproduce Walker’s
original description in full.

“ Mas et foem. — Ochracea, pilosissima ; ale dimidio apicali
nigro maculam ochraceam includente. Mas. — Antenne pec¬
tinate; ale postice cauda longa. Foem. — Antenne pilose,
ale postice cauda longissima.

“ Male and Female. — Ochraceous, very pilose. Proboscis and
palpi obsolete. Antenne rather broadly pectinated in the
male, pilose in the female. Abdomen of the female thick.
Tibie without spurs ; tarsi with black tips. Apical half of the

ANTHROCERIN^.

85

wings black, including an ochraceous spot. Fore-wings rounded
at the tips ; exterior border extremely oblique ; first and
second inferior veins approximate at the base ; third very re¬
mote from the second, and equally remote from the fourth.
Hind-wings prolonged into a very slender tail, which is much
longer and more pilose in the female than in the male.
Length of the body, 4 lines; of the wings, n-14 lines.

“ East Africa. Discovered by Horace Waller, Esq. In Mr.
Walker’s collection.”

family xii. zygh:nidh: (BURNETS).

The Zygcznidcc are a very extensive Family of rather small
Moths, with long, narrow, and sometimes pointed wings, closed
and sometimes divided discoidal cells, and provided with a
frenulum. The antennae are thickened or pectinated; the
abdomen is rarely tufted. Most of the species fly by day,
and are found in J une and J uly . The larvae feed exposed ; some
species mine into leaves when young ; but this is an unusual
habit in the Family. They are divided into several Sub-families,
some of which are represented in Europe. I have devoted
three plates to the illustration of this extensive Family, the first
representing types of all the principal European groups.

SUB-FAMILY I. ANTFIROCERINH:.

Egg. — Round or oval.

Larva. — Cylindrical, with sixteen legs, clothed with short
hairs. Colour most often green, with longitudinal bands
formed of approximating blackish spots. Feeding on clover
and other low plants.

Pupa. — Enclosed in a long cocoon.

Imago. — With long wings, usually densely scaled, and

86

Lloyd’s natural history.

never actually hyaline. The fore-wings are spotted or streaked
with red or yellow, and the hind-wings are of the same colour as
the spots, with dark borders. Antennae stout, much thickened
before the tips, and slightly hooked ; proboscis well-developed.
Body moderately stout; abdomen obtuse at the extremity.
Flight heavy, diurnal.

The Burnet Moths are very abundant both in species and
individuals in the Mediterranean Region, but hardly extend
beyond the Palaearctic Region. One or two species touch the
north-western frontiers of India, and a few species are South
African, but the latter appear not to be gregarious like the
European kinds, but are met with singly, and are generally
rare in collections.

GENUS ANTHROCERA.

Zygoma (part), Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 550 (1775); id. in
Illiger, Mag. vi. p. 289 (1807) ; Cuvier, Tabl. Elem. d’Hist.
Nat. p. 593 (1799); Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p.
20 (1808).

Anihrocera , Scopoli, Introd. Hist. Nat. p. 454 (1777);

Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 106 (1828).

Adscita (part), Retzius, Gen. Spec. Ins. pp. 8, 35 (1783).

This genus includes all the European species of the Sub¬
family, and the species belonging to it are known to every
entomologist as Burnet Moths. They are found in meadows
and open places in woods, flying slowly, with a booming
flight like a bumble-bee, from flower to flower, or resting on
the heads of thistles, scabious, and similar plants, several
often on the same flower. They are gregarious, and generally
abundant where found ; but many species are very local.
They feed on vetch, trefoil, and other low plants, and their
long spindle-shaped cocoons of tough yellow silk may often be

ANTHROCERA.

87

found attached to blades of grass. We have six species in
Britain : one with the fore-wings streaked with red ; four with
five red spots on the fore-wings ; and one with six spots.
Varieties are sometimes met with or bred, in which the red
spots are replaced with yellow. In some of the European
species the red spots are surrounded with white or yellow
rings.

THE IRISH BURNET. ANTHROCERA PURRURALIS.

Sphinx purpuralis , Muller, Zool. Dan. p. 116, no. 1345 (1776).
Sphinx minos , Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.
Wien. p. 45, no. 1 (1776) ; Hiibner, Beitr. Gesch. Schmett.
ii. (1) p. 20, taf. 3, fig. O (1790); id. Eur. Schmett. ii.
fig- 8 (i797 )•

Zygcena pythia , Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 275 (1777); Fuessly,
Mag. Ent. i. p. 140, pi. 1, fig. 6 (1778).

Sphinx pilo sella, Esper, Schmett. ii. p. 186, t. 24, figs. 2 a, b
(1781) ; ii. (2) p. 14, taf. 40, figs. 3-6, p. 32, taf. 44, fig.
10 (1789).

Zygana minos , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 22 (1808) ;
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 88, pi. 21, figs. 4, 4 a,
4 b (1879); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 117, pi. 58,
figs. 4, 4a, 4 b (1894).

Var. a. Anthrocera nubigena.

Zygana nubigena , Lederer, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, ii.
p. 93 (1852); Birchall, Ent. M. Mag. iii. p. 33, pi. 1, fig. 6, b
(1866); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 88 (1879).
Anthrocera nubigena , Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 9,
pi. 18, fig. 4 (1887).

This Moth is common in North and West Europe, as well
as in parts of Asia. It expands from i}{ to inch. It is
greyish-blue or greyish-green, with three longitudinal red streaks.

88

Lloyd’s natural history.

The hind-wings are crimson, with a very narrow black hind
margin. The antennae have a short abruptly thickened club.
The abdomen is covered with velvety steel-blue hair.

The variety A. nubigena occurs in Galway and other parts of
the West of Ireland, where the true A. purpuralis is much less
common. It differs from the type in being smaller, and having
the red costal streak of the fore-wings meeting the central
streak, the tendency being towards a suffusion of the whole
wing with red. The hair on the abdomen is black and
shaggy.

The Irish Burnet was first found in Galway by the late Mr.
A. G. More in 1851 ; but it was at first mistaken for a variety
of A. trifolii with confluent spots. In Britain it seems to be

Irish Burnet. Anthrocera ptirpuralis.

an insect which generally occurs near the coast. It is very
abundant in some localities in the West of Ireland, and is
also found here and there on the West coast of Scotland,
the coast of Wales, and, I believe, also in Cornwall. Its
reputed occurrence on the East coast of Scotland was an error,
though it is curious that it should be exclusively confined to
the Western coasts of both Great Britain and Ireland.

The larva is light yellow or greenish, with a blackish head
and fore-legs. There are two rows of twelve black spots on
each side of the body. It feeds on various kinds of vetches
and trefoils.

PLATE LXXX .

/ . Zyg ama p h eg ea .

2. Aglaope, irtfau stay .

3 . Dys cujjces anxziJJxjy .

4 . A nlhrooe ra > eirala ns .

5 „ Pi lip enxLuJcey .

6. AcLscvUv s talicas .

ANTHROCERA.

89

THE MOUNTAIN BURNET. ANTHROCERA EXULANS.

{Plate LXXX. Fig. 4.)

Sphinx exulans , Hochenwarth & Reimer, Bot. Reisen, p. 55,
taf. 6,fig. 1 (1792); Esper, Schmett. ii. (2) p. 17, taf. 41 ,figs.
1, 2 (1793); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. ii. figs. 12, 101 (1803?).
Zygoma exulans , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 40 (1808);
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 89 (1879); Barrett,
Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 121, pi. 58, figs. 5, 5^7, 5 b.
Anthrocera exulans , Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 13, pi.
19, fig. 1 (1887).

Var. a. Anthrocera subochracea.

Zygcena subochracea , White, Scot. Nat. i. p. 175 (1872) ; Kirby,
Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 90 (1879).

Var. b. Anthrocera vanadis.

Zygczna vanadis , Dalman, Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. 1816, p.
223.

This species is found in all the higher mountains of Europe,
from Lapland to the Caucasus, and is often very abundant.
It flies at a much greater elevation in Southern than in
Northern Europe, and abounds in the Alps and Pyrenees,
where the palest specimens are said to be found at the greatest
elevation. I predicted its occurrence in Scotland as long ago
as 1859 (“Entomologist’s Weekly Intelligencer,” vii. p. 69),
but it was not till 1871 that the late Dr. Buchanan White met
with it on the mountains near Braemar ; and up to the present
time, no other locality for it has been discovered in Britain.

The body is covered with shaggy black hair, and the legs
are pale yellow. There is a pale yellow collar, at least in the
female. The wings are thinly scaled, the fore-wings being
greyish-black with five carmine spots. The hind margin of
the hind-wings, which is greyish-black, is broad in the male
and narrow in the female. The club of the antennae is short

9°

Lloyd’s natural history.

and thick, with a rounded end. It expands a little more than
an inch.

Like other species of the genus, A. exuhms varies somewhat
in colour and in the density or otherwise of its scaling, and
some of the Scotch specimens have been called A. subochra-
cea , but this form does not appear to have been separated on
any constant characters.

The larva is black, with a greenish-black head, and a row of
yellow oval spots on each side. The incisions are yellowish.
It feeds on Azalea procumbens.

THE BROAD-BORDERED FIVE-SPOT BURNET. ANTHROCERA

TRIFOLII.

Sphinx trifolii, Esper, Schmett. ii. (2) (1) p. 223, taf. 34, figs. 4, 5
(1783); Hiibner,Eur. Schmett. ii. figs. 99, 134, 135 (1818?).
Sphinx pratorum , De Villers, Ent. Linn. ii. p. 114, no. 60
(17S9).

Zygcena scabiosce , Haworth (nec Scheven), Lepid. Brit. i. p. 74
(1803).

Zygcena trifolii , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 47 (1808) ;
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies Sc Moths, p. 90 (1879); Barrett,
Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 127, pi. 59, figs. 1, 1 a-c (1894).
Antlirocera trifolii , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 108
(1828); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 94, pi. 19,
fig. 2 (1887).

This is the commonest of the five-spotted Burnets, and is
very variable, the spots sometimes coalescing to such a degree
that the insect resembles A. purpuralis , but the wings are
much more densely scaled. A. trifolii is found in damp woods
and meadows, and is a local insect in Britain, though in many
places on the Continent it is far more abundant and generally
distributed than A. filipendulce.

Dark bluish-green with five carmine spots, the basal pair

ANTHROCERA.

9*

being confluent, and the central pair usually also confluent.
The hind-wings are carmine with a broad black hind margin.
The antennae have a short, stout, obtusely-tipped club. It
expands from 1 to nearly 1 inch.

Broad-bordered Five-spot Burnet.

The larva is green or yellowish-green with two rows of black
spots on the back, and a similar row on the sides. It feeds on
horse-shoe vetch (. Hippocrepis comosa ) and various species of
trefoil.

THE NARROW-BORDERED FIVE-SPOT BURNET. ANTHROCERA

LONICERAL.

Sphinx lo nicer cz , Scheven, Naturf. x. p. 97 (1777); Fuessly,
Mag. i. p. 140, taf. 1, fig. 1 (1778); Esper, Schmett. ii. (1)
p. 183, taf. 24, figs. 1, a, b (1781); ii. (2) p. 12, taf. 39,
figs. 9-14 (1789); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. ii. figs. 7, 160
(i797-i8i8).

Zygoma fulvia , Fuessly, Mag. i. pp. 114, 139, taf. 1, fig. 1 (1778.)
Sphinx graminis , De Villers, Ent. Linn-, ii. p. 115, no. 61
(1789).

Zygoma loti , Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 74 (1803).

Zygcena lo?iicerce, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 49 (1808);
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 90, pi. 21, figs.
7, a-c (1879); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 130, pi.
59, figs- 3, Za~d (1894)-

92

Lloyd’s natural history.

Anthrocera loti , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 109
(1828).

Anthrocera trifolii , Wood, Ind. Ent. pi. 4, fig. 3 (1839).
Anthrocera lonicerce , Buckler, Larvoe of Brit. Lepid. p, 18,
pi. 19, fig. 3 (1887).

Yar. a. Anthrocera eboraca .

Zygcena eboraca , Prest. Ent. xvi. p. 273 (1883); id. Proc. Ent.
Soc. Lond. 1883, p. xxviii.

This species expands from 1 to 1^ inch. It is blackish-
blue or blackish-green with five carmine spots, of which the
basal pair are nearly confluent, and the central pair never
united. The hind-wings are carmine, with a somewhat narrow
hind margin. The antenme are long with an elongated,
gradually-expanding club, which is gradually pointed.

Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet.

It is widely distributed in Northern and Western Europe
and Asia, but, like most of the Burnets, is a local insect in
Britain.

The larva is apple-green with two black lateral stripes,
interrupted between the segments, and with a row of black
dots between the two stripes. It feeds on horse-shoe vetch
(. Hippocrepis comosa ) and bird’s-foot trefoil ( Lotus corniculatus).

Many experienced entomologists consider this insect to be
only a variety of the last.

ANTHROCERA.

93

THE NEW FOREST BURNET. ANTHROCERA VICI^E.

Sphinx lonicerce , var. Esper, Schmett. ii. (i) p. 195, taf. 25, fig. 3
( 1 7 8 1 ).

Sphinx vicice , Fuessly, Neues Mag. ii. p. 208 (1785).

Sphinx meliloti , Esper, Schmett. ii. (2) p. 10, taf. 39, figs. 1-8
(1789).

Sphinx loti, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. ii. fig. 82 (1803).

Zygccna meliloti, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 43 (1808) ;
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 90, pi. 21, fig. 9
(1880); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 124, pi. 59, figs.
1, 1 a-c (1894).

This species was included in the British list by the older
authors, but its occurrence was afterwards discredited. Lat¬
terly, however, it has been found plentifully in the New Forest.
On the Continent it is well known, but is said not to occur
in France, except in the extreme east of that country. It is
probably often confounded with some of the closely allied
species of this group of the genus.

Bluish-green, with the fringes brownish at the tips, and five
or six carmine spots, the central pair being very unequal in
size. Border of the hind-wings blackish, often very broad in
the male, narrow in the female. The abdomen has frequently
a dull red ring, generally open beneath. The antennae have
a slender club, slightly pointed. The Moth expands rather
over one inch.

The larva is pale sea-green, with a black head and legs, a
whitish stripe on the back, a similar one above the spiracles,
and a row of black dots between. It feeds on Trifolium and
various grasses.

The pupa is pale yellow, with a black back and wing-

cases.

94

Lloyd’s natural history.

THE SIX-SPOTTED BURNET. ANTHROCERA FILIPENDULZE.

{Plate LX XX. Fig. 5.)

Sphinx filipeiidula , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. (ed. x.)p. 494, no. 32
(175S); id. Faun. Suec. p. 290(1761); Espcr, Schmett. ii.
(1) P- 138, taf. 16, figs. <7-^(1 780); p.233, taf. 36, fig. 8 (1783).
Adscita dries , Retzius, Gen. Sp. Ins. p. 35, no. 35 (1783).
Sphinx pHipetidiilce major , Esper, Schmett. ii. (2) p. 19, taf. 41,
fig. 4 (1789).

Zygcena filipe?idulce , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 54
(1808) ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. xii. pi. 547 (1835); Kirby, Eur.
Butterflies & Moths, p. 91, pi. 21, figs. 10, a, b (1879);
Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 133, pi. 60 (1894).
Anthrocera jilipendulce , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p.
no (1828) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 97, pi.
19, fig. 4 (1887).

Var. a. Anthrocera hippocrepidis.

Anthrocera hippocrepidis , Stephens (nec Hiibner), Ill. Brit. Ent.
Haust. i. p. 109, no. 5 (1828) ; Wood, Ind. Ent. pi. 4, fig
6 (1839).

Bluish-green, with six equal-sized carmine spots, the basal
pair confluent, the central pair sometimes confluent, as are
also the external pair occasionally ; hind-wings carmine, with
a gently curved black hind-margin, which is generally very
narrow. The expanse of the wings is about the same as in A.
lonicerce.

The larva is yellow, with a black head and fore-legs, and
three rows of black spots on the back, and a row of smaller
ones on each side. It feeds on plantain, trefoil, &c.

The variety A. hippocrepidis differs in having the black
border of the hind-wings more distinct.

Stephens mentions that he took specimens in the vicinity of
London in 18 to.

ARICHALCA.

95

This is the commonest and most widely-distributed Burnet
in the British Isles, and it is likewise one of the commonest
species on the Continent. There is a large southern form
named A. transalpina (Esper).

GENUS ARICHALCA.

Arichalca , Wallengren, CEfv. Vet. Akad. Forh. Stockh. xv.
p. 137 (1858) ; id. K. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. (2) v. (4)
p. 15 (1865).

The South African Anthrocerince , though not numerous in
species, have been divided into several genera, differing slightly
from Anthrocerci . In Arichalca the fore-wings are marked with
red transverse bands bordered by black lines, instead of being
spotted, or longitudinally streaked. Three species from South¬
eastern Africa have been referred to the genus Arichalca.
Except the Mediterranean species of true Anihrocera , all the
African Anthrocerince and Adsciiince appear to be found in
Southern or Eastern Africa, and of the latter, only one or two
species have been recorded from tropical regions. In West
Africa these Sub-families do not appear to be found at alk

ARICHALCA ERYTHROPYGA.

[Plate LX XXL Fig. 2.)

Arichalca eiythropyga , Wallengren, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 38,
no. 23 (i860) ; id. K. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. (2) v. (4)
p. 15, no. 2 (1865).

Zygcena negamica , Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. xxxi. p. 61
(1864).

This species was brought from “Eastern Caffraria”* by Wahl-
berg, and from Lake N’Gami by Andersson. Both Wahlberg
and Andersson were well-known explorers and hunters in their

* This probably means the Transvaal of the present day.

96

Lloyd’s natural history.

day, and the former was at last killed by an elephant on one
of his expeditions. Wahlberg’s collections went to Stockholm,
where the Lepidoptera were described by the late Pastor Wal-
lengren, who was for many years almost the only working
Lepidopterist in Sweden, though he did not confine his atten¬
tion to Lepidoptera , but studied at other orders of insects as
well. He died a few months ago, and an obituary notice of
him was published by Professor Aurivillius, of Stockholm,
who now occupies as prominent a position as an Entomo¬
logist as that formerly filled by Wallengren. From this notice
we learn that Wallengren left a large family, to whom, and
especially to the girls, he gave three or four names apiece, all
taken from the old Eddas and Sagas.

On my first visit to the Entomological Room in the British
Museum, in Bloomsbury, at Easter, i860, when Frederick
Smith and Adam White were in charge of the insects, I re¬
member that Andersson’s specimens of the present species (still
unset, and not described till some years afterwards) specially
attracted my attention. One of them is here figured for the
first time. Walker’s description runs as follows : —

“ Female. — Glossy metallic-green. Head and fore-border of
the thorax crimson. Antennae and legs black. Abdomen with
a broad crimson stripe on each side. Posterior tibiae with a
broad crimson stripe. Fore-wings with a crimson dot at the
base of the costa, and with three crimson black-bordered
bands ; first band straight, second hardly undulating, third
more or less undulating. Hind-wings crimson towards the
base. Length of the body, 6 lines; of the wings, 18 lines. ”

Wallengren’s example, previously described, appears to be
the same species, and is said to have the abdomen black, with
red spots on the back, and the hind-wings red, with the border
blue-black, throwing out a large tooth into the disc.

PLATE LXXXJ.

/ . C h uruiea s m a r ag d i r va .

2. ArlCsfoaX&CL eryUiropyg a .

3 , 77? a* r ete^s rrvo nZ&tro v .

4 • Agyrlcu ndcili a .

5 . EucJvr o mia stairiercsts .

ADSCITA.

97

SUB-FAMILY II. ADSCITIhLE (FORESTERS).

This Sub-family resembles the Anthrocerince in many respects,
but the species are more slender, and the antennae are not
thickened before the tip. If at all, they are thickened through¬
out, the tip being blunt or pointed, and they are generally more
or less pectinated, slightly in Adscita , but very strongly in the
Australian genus Pollanisus , Walker. The wings are shorter
than in Anthrocera , and are generally very differently coloured,
the fore-wings ranging from brown to golden-green, and the
hind-wings being brown. One or two South African genera,
however, form exceptions, being coloured like Antivocera ,
from which they differ in their antennae.

In Adscita the antennae of the male are bi-pectinated, and
those of the female serrated; the proboscis is well developed.
The fore-wings are shorter and broader than in Anthrocera , and
more rounded at the extremity.

The larvae resemble those of the Anthrocerince , but are shorter
and thicker.

GENUS ADSCITA.

Adscita, Retzius, Gen. Spec. Ins. pp. 8, 35 (1783).

Zygcena, Sect. C, Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (1) p. 242 (1801).
Procris , Fabricius, Uliger’s Mag. vi. p. 289 (1807); Hubner,
Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 119 (1822 ; nom preocc.).

Atychia, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 9 (1808).

Chrysaor , Hubner, Tentamen, p. 1 (1810?).

Ino , Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 436 (1815); Stephens, Ill.
Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 105 (1828) ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. iv. pi.
396 (1834).

The species of this genus are all very similar, and there are
three species in Britain, with coppery-green or bluish-green

13

11

Lloyd’s natural history.

98

fore-wings, and brown hind-wings ; they may be distinguished
by their differently formed antennae. They are all very local
in this country. They appear in June, and fly by day. The
Green Forester (A. statices , Linn.), the type of the genus,
is a meadow insect, and was formerly generally distributed,
having been taken in Kensington Gardens almost within the
memory of persons now living. The other two species are
found in restricted localities in the South of England, chiefly
on the chalk, and are found flying together near Brighton and
Lewes, and also in Gloucestershire. Isolated species of the
genus are met with in most parts of the world, but they are
most numerous in Europe and the Mediterranean Region.
One species, A. ampelophaga (Boyle), is very destructive to the
vine ; another, common in most parts of Europe, feeds on
heath, though it has been improperly named A.pruni (Den.
& Schiff.), and has greenish-brown fore-wings. Some of the
arvae mine the leaves of their food-plants when young. The
pupae are enclosed in an oval cocoon.

THE GREEN FORESTER. ADSCITA STATICES.

{Plate LX XX. Fig 6.)

Sphinx statices , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 495, no. 38
( 1 7 58) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 290 (1761); Esper, Schmett.
ii. p. 158, taf. 18, figs. 2 a, b (1780) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett.
ii. figs, i, 144 (1797).

Aty chia statices , Ochsefiheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 11 (1808).
Ino statices , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 105 (1828);
Curtis, British Ent. ix. pi. 396 (1834) ; Kirby, Eur. Butter*
flies & Moths, p. 87, pi. 21, fig. 3 (1879).

Procris statices , Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 87, pi. 18,
fig. 1 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 112, pi.
58, figs. 2, 2 a, b (1894).

Bluish-green with dark grey hind-wings. It is distinguished

ADSCITA.

99

by the antennae, which terminate in a blunt club. In the male
the serrations become less marked towards the club, and the
antennae are not dentated in the female.

Varieties are sometimes met with in which the fore-wings
are blue, whilst sometimes the abdomen is reddish-golden.
The expanse of the wings varies from an inch to an inch and
a quarter. The larva is ashy-grey, with a dorsal row of trian¬
gular black marks, and a whitish lateral stripe above a broader
reddish one; the head and fore-legs are black. It feeds on sorrel.

This Moth, though always local, is still common in meadows
in many parts of England ; it has also been taken at Oban
and elsewhere in Scotland.

THE CISTUS FORESTER. ADSCITA GERYON.

Sphinx geryon, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett, ii. figs. 130, 131 (1818?).
Ino geryon, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 87 (1879).
Procris geryon, Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 91, pi. 18,
fig. 3 (1887) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 115, pi. 58,
figs. 3, 3 a (1894).

Fore- wings shining green ; hind-wings smoky black, semi¬
transparent. The head and body are golden green. The
antennae are slightly thickened towards the tip, being serrated
in the male, but simple in the female. The expanse of the
wings is about an inch.

The larva, which has a black head and legs, is brown, with
a dingy white median dorsal stripe narrowly bordered with
reddish-purple. It feeds on the common sun-cistus ( Helianthe -
mum vulgare ), but will also eat sorrel in captivity.

This species is of a more bluish-green than A. statices , and
the sexes do not differ in size, whereas in A. statices the males
are much larger than the females. It is a hill-side rather than
a meadow insect, and has been found in various parts of Eng¬
land, but was for many years confounded with A. statices .

h 2

lOO

Lloyd's natural history.

When it was first reputed distinct, it was mistaken for some
time for a South European species called A. tenuicornis (Zeller),
notwithstanding the unusual thickness of its antennae.

THE SCARCE FORESTER. ADSCITA GLOBULARLE.

Sphinx globularice , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett, ii. taf. i his , figs.
2, 3 ( 1 797)-

Aty chia globularice , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 13
(1808).

Procris globularice, Godart, Lepid. France, iii. p. 160, pi. 22,
fig. 16 (1821); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii, p. 1,
pi. 18, fig 2 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 109,
pi. 58, figs, i, 1 a (1894).

I no globularice , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 86, pi. 21,
figS. 2, 2i7, b (1879).

Green or bluish-green, with dark grey hind-wings. The
antennae are pointed at the tip, and are sharply serrated in
the female. The abdomen is sometimes coppery in the
male.

The male expands a little over an inch, the female about
inch.

The species inhabits Europe and Western Asia. In England
it is confined to a few localities in the south, though, like the
other species, it is abundant wherever it is found.

The larva is blackish with a dorsal series of triangular green
spots, and a lateral blue stripe containing a row of yellow dots.
It feeds on Centaurea scabiosa, mining the young leaves.

GENUS AGLAOPE.

Aglaope, Latreille, Gen. Crust. Ins. iv. p. 214 (1809).

Antennse bi-pectinate, the branches slightly thickened at the
tips.

ZYG^ENIN^E.

IOT

Proboscis obsolete. Wings broad and rounded at the tips ;
fore-wings not much longer than the hind-wings.

Abdomen not extending beyond the * anal angle. The
females are provided with an ovipositor.

AGLAOPE INFAUSTA.

{Plate LX XX. Fig. 2.)

Sp/iinx infausta, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.), i. (2) p. 807, no.
43 (1767); Fuessly, Archiv. t. 2, figs. 1, 2 (1781); Esper,
Schmett. ii. p. 226, t. 35, fig. 4 (1783); Hiibner, Eur.
Schmett, ii. fig. 5 (1797).

Atychia infausta , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 17 (1808).
Aglaope infausta , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 85, pi.
21, fig. 1 (1879).

Black with brown wings. The fore-wings are narrowly red on
the costa, inner margin, and towards the base. The hind-wings
are broadly red on the inner margin. It expands about an inch.

The larva is violet, with a broad yellow stripe on the back,
and a whitish stripe above the legs. The head is small and
black. It feeds on sloe {Prunus spinosa) and other trees, and is
often very destructive in Southern France and Spain, the young
larva beginning by eating the parenchyma, and afterwards the
whole leaf.

This Moth is very local in Central Europe, but is met with in
some localities in Western Germany, where Zygcena phegea ,
Dysauxes ancilla , and other interesting species, several of
which are hardly to be found elsewhere north of the Alps,
likewise occur. The Moth flies about sloe-bushes at dusk.

SUB-FAMILY III. ZYG^ENIN JE.

The antennae are filiform, and the fore-wings are much
longer than the hind-wings, and pointed. The hind-wings are
small and rounded. The colour is usually dark, with trans-

102

LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY.

parent spots, which are sometimes so much extended as to
cover the greater part of the wing, except the borders. The
costal nervure is wanting on the hind-wings, and there is
only one sub-median nervure on the fore-wings, and one or
two on the hind-wings. The Moths are gregarious, and have
a rapid flight, wheeling round and over bushes in the daytime,
though they will also settle on flowers. The larva is furnished
with tubercles bearing tufts of hair, and the pupa is enclosed
in a slight cocoon.

Zygcena , Fabricius, the typical genus of this Sub-family, is
extremely numerous in species in Asia and Africa. One species
only is found in Europe.

genus zygcena.

Zygcena, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 550 (1775) ; id. in Illiger, Mag.
vi. p. 289 (1807).

Zygcena , Sect. A. Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (1) p. 236 (1801).
Aniata, Fabricius, in Illiger, Mag. vi. p. 289 (1807).

Syntomis , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 104 (1808);

Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 121 (1822 ?).

Ccenochromia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 121 (1822 ?).

It is hardly necessary to say much more respecting the
genus than we have already said respecting the Family. There
is one sub-median nervure on the hind-wings. The European
species is sufficiently characteristic of the whole genus.

ZYGCENA PHEGEA.

{Plate LX XX. Fig. 1.)

Sphinx phegea, Linnseus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 494, no. 33
(1758); id. Mus.Ludov. Ulr. p.364(i764); Fuessly, Mag.i.
pp. 122, 135, pi. 1. fig. E (1778); Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. i.
pi. 25, fig. 2 (1773) ; Esper, Schmett. ii. p. 144, taf. 17,
figs. 1, 2 (1780); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. ii. figs. 99, 100
(1803 ?).

DYSAUXES.

I03

Sphinx ligata , Allioni, Mel. Phil. Math. Turin, 1762-65, p.
193(1766).

Sphinx quercus , Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1) p. 388, no. 6

(1793)-

Syntomis phegea , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 105
(1808); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 93, pi. 21,
fig. 15 (1879); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 137
(1894).

Dark blue, with semi-transparent white spots on the wings,
and two ochre-yellow bands on the abdomen. The fore-wings
have six spots and the hind-wings two. The antennae are
filiform, slightly thickened towards the extremity, which is
tipped with white. It expands 1 ^ inch, or a little more.

The larva is black with tubercles, on which stand tufts of
erect brownish-grey hair. The head and feet are brownish-
red. It feeds on heath, dandelion, plantain, and Rutnex.

This species is very common in South Europe and Western
Asia, but north of the Alps it is found only in one or two
isolated localities in Northern and Western Germany, and in
Holland and Belgium. It is, however, a gregarious species,
and is common wherever it is found. One or two specimens
are said to have been taken in England, but, if it was really a
British insect, not an isolated specimen, but at least a colony
would be found.

GENUS DYSAUXES.

Dysauxes , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 171 (1822?);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. p. 134 (1854).
Nadia , Boisduval, Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 60 (1840).

The hind margin of the fore-wings is shorter, and the hind-
wings are broader than in Zygcena , the palpi somewhat longer,
with smooth scales. This genus differs from Zygcena in having
two sub-median nervures on the hind-wings. It comprises

Lloyd’s natural history.

104

only two or three South European species, one of which is
found in many localities in Central Europe. It is absent in
Northern and North-Western Europe, and its reputed occur¬
rence in the British Islands is still considered to require con¬
firmation. It is found by day in sunny bushy places, such as
openings in woods, but is not gregarious like Zygozna phegea,
and has a lower and weaker flight. The larvae feed on
lichens.

THE HAND-MAID. DYSAUXES ANCILLA.

{Plate LX XX, Fig. 3.)

Noctua ancilla , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2) p. 835, no. 93
(1767) ; Esper, Schmett. iv. p. 51, taf. 85, figs. 1. 2 (1786) ;
id. Naturf. iii. p. 8, taf. 1, fig. 9 (1774).

Bombyx ancilla , Htibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 114, 245
(1804 ?).

Lithosia ancilla , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 157
(1810).

Nadia ancilla , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 94, pi. 53,
fig- 7 (1879); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. p. 138 (1894).

Ochreous brown, with three white spots, or sometimes four
or five, on the fore-wings. The hind-wings are ochreous-brown
in the male, with a yellow inner margin ; ochre-yellow with a
brown marginal band in the female. The head, collar, pectus,
and legs are yellow.

The larva is black, with a broad yellow dorsal stripe, and
two lines of the same colour on the sides. It weaves a thin
web in which it forms a reddish-brown pupa.

It feeds on lichens and moss (Jungermannia complanata).

SUB-FAMILY IV. THYRETIN^E.

This Sub-family much resembles the last, but differs in
having the antennae more or less strongly pectinated, especially

TIIYRETES.

105

in the males, which are also furnished with a small anal tuft.
It includes a great number of genera and species, inhabiting
the warmer parts of the Old World. They only touch the
Palaearctic Region in North China, Japan, and Amurland,
unless Dysauxes , which we have included in the Zygamince,
should be regarded as belonging to this Sub-family. Many of
the Thyretince, have a strong resemblance to Zygoma phegea
and its allies, and were formerly included in the same genus.
The African species here figured belongs to one of the
more distinct genera.

GENUS THYRETES.

Thyretes , Boisduval, in Delegorgue, Voy. Afr. Austr. ii. p. 596
(1S47); Walker, List Tepid. Ins. Brit. Mils. viii. p. 74
( 1 85 6).

Body very pubescent, legs and abdomen long. Wings long
and narrow, the fore-wings much longer than the hind-wings,
with the costa straight, the tips rounded, and the hind-margin
very oblique. In the male the antennae are strongly pecti¬
nated.

THYRETES MONTEIROI.

{Plate LX XX I. Fig. 3.)

Thyretes monteiroi , Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. xii. p.
359, no. 4 (1876).

This delicate little species, which comes from Ambriz in
Angola, measures about inch, or a little less, across the
wings.

“ Body ochre-yellow; antennae, centre of dorsum, and edges
of abdominal segments black-brown ; a line down each side
of the abdomen of the same colour ; wings dark brown ;
a testaceous hyaline band from centre of inner margin round
lower edge of cell to lower radial nervure, cut by the median

106 Lloyd’s natural history.

branches into four unequal parts; a semi-circular spot of the
same colour within the end of the cell, and another oval
spot near apex ; secondaries with the basal half irregularly
testaceous hyaline ; an oval, bifid, disco-submarginal spot of
the same colour, cut by the third median nervure; below
nearly as above.” (Butler.)

The present species is named in remembrance of its captor,
to whose exertions, and to those of his wife, entomologists
owed the first important collections of insects formed in
Angola on the South-west coast of Africa, and Delagoa
Bay in the South-east.

Several other species of Thyretes are found in various parts
of Africa.

SUB-FAMILY V. PHAUDIFLE.

In this Sub-family the wings are rather long and narrow, the
antennae are pectinated in the males, and the abdomen is
strongly tufted ; the proboscis is obsolete. The cell is divided
by a nervure. Only a few Indian and African species are re¬
ferred to this Sub-family. The type of the genus is Phauda
flammans (Walker), a North Indian species measuring about
an inch and a half across the wings. The head, body, and
fore-wings, except at the tip, are bright red ; the hind-wings
are blackish, but slightly hyaline, and the costa is red ; and
the abdomen is tufted with red and black.

SUB-FAMILY VI. PYROMORPHINAS.

This is a small group of American Moths of a smoky-brown
colour, sometimes with the thorax, or more of less of the base of
the wings, reddish or yellow. The antennae are pectinated, and
the abdomen is long, slender, and sometimes tufted at the end.
The wings are rather long, and broad or narrow, and rounded

EUCHROMIA.

I07

at the extremity ; the cells are partly divided, and much
narrowed towards the base. There are two sub-median
nervures on the fore-wings and three on the hind-wings ; in
the latter, the costal nervure is more or less obsolete. The
nervules beyond the cells are frequently much arched. They
are day-flying insects, measuring an inch or less across the
wings. The larva of one small brown species with an orange
collar (Acoloithns falsarius , Clemens) feeds on the leaves of
the grape and the Virginian Creeper in the United States, and
the pupa-state, which lasts a fortnight, is passed within a
parchment-like cocoon.

SUB-FAMILY VII. EUCHROMIINAE.

This Sub-family contains the greater portion of the Tropical
Zygcenidce. Many of them are of large size for the Family,
measuring an inch and a half or two inches across the wings,
which, as well as the bodies of the Moths, are often adorned
with the richest colours.

Other species are brilliantly metallic, while others again have
transparent wings, and resemble Hymenoptera, though less
so than is the case in the Algeriidce , a Family which we shall
discuss in a later volume, and to which our “ Clear-wings ”
(with the exception of the Bee Hawk Moths) belong. One or
two representatives of this Sub-family are here figured and
described.

The larva is clothed with long tufts of hair, almost like those
of the Lip aridce ; and the pupa is enclosed in a stout silken
cocoon.

GENUS EUCHROMIA.

Euchromia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 121 (1822?);
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. p. 201 (1854) ;

10S Lloyd’s natural history.

Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. xii. p. 363. pi. 28
fig. 20 (1876; neuration); id. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1888, p. 109.

This genus includes a number of species inhabiting the
warmer regions of the Old World. They measure about an
inch across the fore-wings, which are about twice as
long as the hind-wings, and rather pointed. The wings
are marked with large yellow or hyaline spots, and the body is
pubescent, rather stout, and belted with red and blue ; the
abdomen extends for the greater part of its length beyond the
hind-wings. The larva is furnished with erect tufts of hair,
with longer ones before and behind ; the pupa is enclosed in a
thick cocoon.

EUCHROMIA SIAMENSIS.

{Plate LX XXL Fig. 5.)

Euchromia siamensis , Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool,
xii. p. 365, no. 13 (1876).

This Moth, which is allied to E. polymena (Linn.), the type
of Euchromia , belongs to an East Indian section of the genus
which is black, with extensive ochreous- or orange-yellow
markings on the fore-wings. E. siamensis measures nearly two
inches across the fore-wings, which have an oblong orange-
yellow mark near the base, between the median and sub¬
median nervures ; a larger one beyond, separated from a
narrow one in the cell above it, by the median nervure ; and
four long sub-apical ones, divided by the nervures, with the
two middle ones separated by a wider black space. Hind
wings with two spots, one near the base, and one sub-apical,
each divided into three by the nervures. Body black ;
antennae pectinated ; vertex metallic blue ; collar red ; a red
spot above the base of each fore-wing ; abdomen with an
ochreous band at the base ; segments two and three broadly
edged with white behind on the sides, and marked behind

AGYRTA.

iOQ

with some blue and red scales on the upper surface ; segments
four and five red, with a black crescent in front ; segment
seven blue ; the terminal segment scaled with metallic green.

GENUS AGYRTA.

Agyrta , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 177 (1822 ?).

Dioptis , Group 8, Agyrta , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.
ii. p. 326 (1854.)

We have here an American genus, including only a few species,
which have a great resemblance to the Family Dioptidce , in
which they were actually included by Walker. The body is
more slender, and the wings are much broader and more oval
than in Euchromia.

AGYRTA MICILIA.

{Plate LX XX I, Fig . 4 )

Bombyx mi cilia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pi. 228, fig. G (1780 ?).
Limacodes micilia , Duncan, in Jardine’s Naturalist’s Library,
Exot. Moths, p. 179, pi. 22, fig. 1(1841).

Dioptis micilia , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 329,
no. 16 (1854).

This species, which is found in Surinam, measures nearly
two inches across the wings, which are suffused with bright
blue towards the base of the fore-wings, and on the borders
of the hind-wings. The fore-wings have a short whitish hyaline
basal streak, a broad oblique streak descending over the upper
part of the cell towards the hinder angle, and a narrower white
sub-apical streak. The hind-wings have a broad hyaline-
white stripe running through the middle nearly to the hind
margin. On the sub-hyaline parts of the wings the nervures
are black. The body is blue, with a white longitudinal stripe
on the abdomen ; and the legs are red, as is also the head, in
some of the allied species of Agyrta.

I 10

Lloyd’s natural history.

Stoll has figured a larva not unlike that of Doratifera vul-
nerans (Lewin) (see Plate XCII , figs. 4-6, for the latter)
as that of Agyrta micilia , but almost certainly in error.
Consequently, Duncan referred A. micilia to the genus
Limacodes.

GENUS ISANTHRENE.

Isanthrene , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 125 (1822 ?); But¬
ler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. xii. p. 374, pi. xxvii
fig. 4 (neuration) (1876).

Glaucopis, group 8, Isanthrene , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit
Mus. i. p. 154 (1854).

The transparent-winged Zygcenidce , which are very numerous
in Tropical America, and many of which much resemble
Hymenoptera , were classed together by Walker under the
genus Glaucopis , Fabricius, which, however, is an inadmissible
name, as it had been previously used by Gmelin for a genus of
Birds. Walker also employed the genus Euchromia , Hiibner,
to include the bulk of the tropical Zygcenidce , with opaque
wings. Both these magazine genera he divided into numerous
named groups, most of which have been raised to generic rank
by Dr. Butler, and other recent authors.

The species of Isanthrene are among the largest of the
transparent Zygcenidce , many of the species measuring two
inches across the wings. The wings are transparent, except
on the borders, and strongly tinged with yellow, and the abdo¬
men is long, moderately stout, nearly naked, and cylindrical ;
the antennae are also long, and are slightly pectinated ; the
legs likewise are long and stout.

Some of the transparent-winged Zygcenidce have extremely
small hind-wings, which increase their resemblance to Hymen-
optera , or even Diptera.

COSMOSOMA.

1 1 1

ISANTHRENE FLAVICORNIS.

[Plate LX XXI I. Fig. 3.)

Zygcenci flcivicornis , Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 104, no. 25

(1787)-

Glaucopis vespoides, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. p. 155,
no. 23 (1854).

This South American species expands nearly two inches.

It is black, with a black and yellow head, and rather long
tawny palpi. The antennae and legs are yellow, and the antennae
are pectinated. The thorax is striped and spotted with
yellow. The abdomen has four yellow spots at the base,
three interrupted yellow bands to beyond the middle, and
three spots of the same colour on each side. The wings are yel¬
lowish and semi-transparent; the fore-wings bordered with black
towards the tips, which are widely black, and with a yellowish
stripe, bordered with black, along part of the hind border.
The hind-wings are black above, yellowish beneath in front
and behind. The hind tibiae have four rather small spurs.

This fine species has been known to entomologists for more
than a century, but does not appear to have been figured
before.

GENUS COSMOSOMA.

Cosmosoma, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. pi. 152 (1824?);
Harris, Amer. J. Sci. xxxvi. p. 317 (1839); Clemens,
Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. i860, p. 544 (1861); Butler,
Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. xii. p. 386, t. 27, fig. 3
(neuration) (1876).

Glaucopis , Group 13, Cosmosoma , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit.
Mus. i. p. 168 (1854).

This is another transparent-winged genus, but it is smaller,
with much shorter wings, and a brightly-coloured body, shorter,

I 1 2

LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

broader, and more pubescent than in l'santhrene ; the legs,
too, are shorter and stouter. Many species are found in
Mexico and South America ; the best known species is C.
ange (Linn.), which extends as far north as Florida, and is also
common in the West Indies. It has a bright scarlet body and
legs, with the tip of the abdomen black.

COSMOSOMA FESTIVUM.

{Plate LX XX IT. Fig. 2.)

Glaucopis festiva , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. p. 171,
no. 54 (1854).

This species comes from Honduras. The expanse of the
wings is 1^ inch. The following is Walker’s description of the
female : —

“ Bright metallic blue or green, according to the reflection ;
linear, rather short. Proboscis, palpi, and antennae black.
Palpi nearly straight, rather long ; third joint moderately long,
about half the length of the second. Antennae minutely pecti¬
nated, white above towards the tips. Thorax ferruginous, with
two luteous spots in front, and with a luteous stripe on each
side. Pectus partly ferruginous. Wings limpid. Fore-wings
broad, testaceous at the base and along most of the fore
border, and partly so along half of the hind border ; black at
the tips for one-fourth of the length, and with black hind
borders ; a black band across the middle, interrupted on part
of the median vein, and of the fourth inferior veinlet ; veins
black, testaceous at the base ; discal fold not apparent on the
discal areolet, but distinct beyond it. Hind-wings with the
base, the fore border and the veins testaceous ; tips and hind
borders black. Abdomen black, with two rows of blue or
green spots above and beneath. Legs black, slender ; tooth
of the fore tibiae small ; middle and apical spurs of the hind
tibiae very small.”

PLATE LXXXIT.

Philo ros opcLoo .
Isan2hrene/ Plavicomis .
AnMclvloris quxLdricolor .

2 . Cos rnos o mxi f &s tix'uxn .

4. Tricliura cerb&rus .

6 . Cyono p &p Leu dnotip ennxs

TRICHURA.

%

I I 7

SUB-FAMILY VIII. TRICHURINZE.

Dr. Butler distinguishes this Sub-family (which he calls
Eunomiince) from the last by the median nervure of the hind-
wings having more than two branches, one of which is always
emitted before the end of the discoidal cell. The Moths which
it includes are all American, and are of smaller average size
than the Euchromiince , and generally have transparent wings.
Some of them are provided with a very remarkable appendage
at the extremity of the abdomen in the males. The antennae
are pectinated, and the abdomen is sometimes contracted or
petiolated at the base, increasing the resemblance to the
Hymenoptera , which so many of the transparent-winged Zygce-
7iidce exhibit. The Trichurhice are not a very extensive Sub¬
family. The more opaque species are generally larger and
more brightly coloured than the others, and in these the abdo¬
men is often tufted at the extremity.

GENUS TRICIIURA.

Trichura , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 126 (1822 ?).
Glaucopis, Group 23, Trichura , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit.
Mus. i. p. 192 (1854).

Cercophora , Herrich-Schaffer, Aussereurop. Schmett. i. pp. 22,
23 (i854?)-

These are slender-bodied Moths, with pectinated antennce
and transparent, dark-bordered wings. The legs are slender,
and the wings are transparent with black borders. The abdo¬
men is contracted at the base, and is furnished with a long
hairy appendage in the males.

TRICHURA CERBERUS.

{Plate LX XXII. Fig. 4.)

Sphinx cerherus , Tallas, Spic. Zool. ix. p. 27, pi. 2, fig. 8
(1772).

1

Lloyd’s natural history.

114

Zygce?ia caudata , Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 277 (1777).

Ccrcophora urophora , Herrich-Schaffer, Aussereurop. Schmett.
i. fig. 266 (1855).

This species, which is found over a large part of South
America, has yellowish-hyaline wings with black borders, and
a black streak at the end of the cell of the fore-wings, which
expand about an inch and a half. The body is black, with
golden spots ; and the abdominal appendage is as long or
longer than the rest of the body.

SUB-FAMILY IX. ANTICHLORIFLE.

The Antichlorince. are a small group of Moths, with long nar¬
row opaque wings, and rather small and short bodies. They
are all American, and are more uniformly coloured than most
of the allied Families.

GENUS ANTICHLORIS.

Antichloris , Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett. i. p. 9 (1818); id.
Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 124 (1822?); Butler, Journ. Linn.
Soc. Lond. Zool. xii. p. 413, pi. 22, fig. 5 (1876; neuration).
Euchromia , Group 19, Antichloris, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit.
Mus. i. p. 247 (1854).

These are slender-bodied Moths, mostly of a green colour,
with the abdomen spotted with white. The antennae are rather
strongly pectinated. The fore-wings are rather pointed, and
obtusely angulated behind ; and the hind-wings are obliquely
truncated, and slightly angular at the tips, with the hind-margin
a little sinuated.

ANTICHLORIS QUADRICOLOR.

{Plate LX XX II. Fig. 5.)

Charidea quadricolor , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxv,
p. 1867 (1866).

ARCTIIDi^E.

”5

This species comes from Brazil, and expands about inch.

“Male. — Greenish-blue. Head and thorax with an aeneous
tinge. Palpi short, slender, decumbent ; third joint minute,
lanceolate. Antennae moderately pectinated. Abdomen extend¬
ing rather beyond the hind-wings ; sexualia very small. Legs
smooth ; spurs short. Fore-wings rather narrow, rounded at
the tips, obliquely tinged with aeneous at the base and about
the tips. Hind-wings black, whitish along the costa, hardly
more than half the length of the fore-wings ; a broad crimson
lanceolate streak extending from the disc to the exterior border,
which is also crimson.” ( Walker.)

FAMILY XIII. ARCTIIDHl.

Egg.— Smooth, globular.

Larva. — Clothed with long shaggy hair, or tufted; sixteen
legs ; generally feeding on low plants.

Pupa. — Enclosed in a cocoon.

Imago.— With ocelli ; the antennae sometimes pectinated in
the male. Body stout, rather short, more or less hairy; collar
well developed. Wings generally brightly coloured and en¬
tire. On the fore-wings the lowest discoidal nervule is generally
stalked with the upper median nervule, making the median ner¬
vule appear to be four-branched ; and on the hind-wings the
costal nervure, which in the Zygcenidce is often practically non¬
existent, is thrown off from the sub-costal considerably before
the cell. The fore-wings are generally oval, and the hind-wings j
rounded. The hind-wings are sometimes lobate, but never j
tailed, and have usually two sub-median nervures. In one
or two genera the wings of the female are more or less rudi¬
mentary. Some species fly by day.

The Tiger Moths may be divided into several Sub families,
which I will now discuss more in detail.

LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

I 16

SUB-FAMILY I. CHARI DEI N7R.

The CharideincB are a group of Moths resembling Zygcenidce,
with which, indeed, they are connected through the Anti-
chlorince ; but they are stouter, shorter, and more pubescent
Moths, with more rounded wings, which are generally adorned
with bright colours. Most of the species inhabit Central and
South America, though some few are African, and one or twro
occur in the East Indies and Australia.

GENUS CYANOPErLA.

Euchromia , Group 7, Automolis , Walker, List Lepid. Ins Brit.
Mus. i. p. 213 (1854).

Cyanopepla , Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 186?,
p. 545 (1861).

Cliariden , Butler (nec Dalman), Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond Zool.
xii. p. 415, pi. 29, fig. 11 (neuration) (1876).

This genus, which is one of the largest of the Sub-family,
contains a considerable number of very pretty little species,
which are mostly black, more or less glossed with metallic
blue, and marked with red spots and borders. The names
Automolis and Charidea are more properly applicable to other
genera.

CYANOPEPLA CINCTIPENNIS.

{Plate LXXXII. Fig. 6.)

Charidea cmctipennis , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxi.
p. 97 (1864).

This species, from Bogota, expands two inches.

“ Female. — Brilliant green. Palpi obliquely ascending,
shorter than the breadth of the head. Antennae black, very
slightly pectinated. Abdomen extending a little beyond the

CHAR IDEA.

1 1 7

hind-wings; fourth and fifth segments with a transverse semi¬
circular black spot on each side ; sixth segment with a black
band ; seventh segment with a black spot on each side ; under
side with a white stripe. Wings rather broad, bordered wi h
ochreous along the exterior border. Fore-wings black, slightly
acute ; costa ochreous : under side with a large crimson discal
patch. Hind-wings very dark blue, with a broad crimson
stripe along the outer part of the interior border.” ( Walker.)

GENUS CHARIDEA.

Charidea , Dalman, Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockholm, 1816, p. 225.
Fompostola , Hiibner, \Terz. bek. Schmett. p. 120 (1822 ?).
Euchromia , Group 1, Fompostola , Walker, List Lepid. Ins.
Brit. Mus. i. p. 206 (1854).

In this genus the body and wings are brilliantly metallic.
The antennae are setaceous, nearly as long as the body, not
pectinated in the male. The long, narrow wings are com¬
pletely opaque, with green and gilded spots. The hind-wings
are not angular. The hind tibiae have very long spurs, and are
plumose in the males.

This is one of the few African genera of the Sub-family. It
Includes about half-a-dozen species.

CIIARIDEA SMARAGDINA.

{Hate LXX XL Fig. 1.)

Fomposlola smaragdina , Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888,
p. 97.

This beautiful species comes from Kilimanjaro. The ex¬
panse of the wings is about to 1 inch.

“Wings blue-black, the basal fifth and the costal border to
the end of the cell mottled with brilliant metallic ernerald-
green spots and dashes ; two cuneiform spots confluent behind,

Lloyd’s natural UisTorV.

i 18

within the cell, the inner one metallic green, the outer one
hyaline-white, richly glossed with emerald-green ; a quadrate
green-glossed hyaline spot immediately beyond the cell ; a long
oblique tapering green-glossed hyaline streak from the median
vein just below the double discoidal spot almost to the ex¬
ternal angle; in some specimens, however, this streak is widely
interrupted in the middle, leaving only two small spots ; a sub¬
costal metallic green streak, from the centre of which a trans¬
verse irregular green-glossed hyaline band runs almost to the
outer margin at about the apical fourth; costal border of second¬
aries rufous-brown ; a small hyaline-white sub-costal spot,
followed by a metallic emerald-green streak ; an oblique cunei¬
form trifid green-glossed hyaline-white spot across the middle ;
two large patches almost filling the interno-median and the
abdominal areoles, and a minute spot near outer margin on
the second median interspace ; thorax blue-black ; frons and
vertex of head metallic emerald-green ; collar above with two
large spots of metallic golden-green ; a triangular dorsal spot of
the same colour ; posterior half of patagia metallic fiery-copper ;
meta-thorax and the two basal segments of abdomen metallic
golden-green ; the two following segments deep brick-red
edged with black ; remaining segments blue-black, banded in
front with metallic emerald-greeen ; primaries below purplish
towards the base, otherwise nearly as above ; secondaries with
a broad metallic green costal stripe from base to apex ; pectus
bronze-brown sprinkled with metallic green scales; legs blackish-
brown, the coxae of the first pair and the tibiae of the other
pairs with a large white spot ; venter blue-black, with two un¬
equal central white spots.” {Butler.)

SUB-FAMILY II. CTENUCHINzE.

This is another American group ; one species is common
in the United States, and others are found in various parts of

CTENUCHA.

119

America, as far south as Buenos Aires and Chili ; but they are
most numerous in California, and the other Eastern United
States. The typical species are very easily recognisable. They
are black, or blue-black, the head and thorax being often
marked with red or yellow, and the abdomen extends for nearly
half its length beyond the hind-wings. The antennae are pec¬
tinated in the males, and thickened in the middle, and very
slightly pectinated in the female. The fore-wings expand
about two inches, and are generally lighter in colour than the
hind-wings, and are sometimes interlined with white or yellow.
The fore-wings form a long oval, and are considerably pro¬
duced at the tips, but rounded ; the hind-wings are nearly as
broad as the fore-wings, and half as long ; they are also oval,
and rounded at the extremity, and the hind margin, especially
of the hind-wings, is sometimes slightly sinuated.

GENUS CTENUCHA.

Ctenucha , Kirby, Faun. Bor, Amer. iv. p. 305 (1837); Har-
ris, Amer. Journ. of Sci. xxxvi. p. 318 (1839); Walker,
List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 281 (1854); Packard,
Proc. Essex Inst. iv. p. 33 (1864); Stretch, Zyg. &
Bomb. N. Amer. p. 23 (1872).

The type of this genus is C. virgin tea (Charpentier =
C. latreiliana , Kirb.), which is common in Canada and in the
Eastern and Central United States. It is blue-back above,
and black below ; the top and sides of the head, the palpi,
and the sides and under surface of the thorax are orange. The
fore-wings are blackish, without metallic gloss, and the fringes
of all the wings are white. The Moth flies in the hot sun,
hovering heavily over flowers, and may be found clinging to
the latter in dull, cloudy weather. The larva, which feeds on
grass, is rather short and thick, and is covered with tubercles

120

Lloyd’s natural history.

bearing long white and yellow hairs, which become black 01
grey before the last moult. The head and fore-legs are red,
and there are two rows of yellow spots on each side. The
cocoon is formed entirely of the hairs of the larva, without a
trace of silk. The eggs of the Moth are smooth and green.

GENUS PI II LOROS.

Ctenuchci , Group 2, Philoros , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit.
Mus. ii. p. 283 (1854).

Philoros , Grote, Bulletin Buffalo Soc. i. p. 34 (1873).

The species of this genus are smaller and slenderer than in
typical Ctenucha; the abdomen is longer, and the wings are
generally lined with white, and are narrower than in Ctenucha .

PHILOROS OPACA.

{Plate LX XX II. Fig. 1.)

Ctenucha opaca , Boisduval, Consid. Lepid. Guatemala, p. 84
(1870).

This Moth, which expands about an inch and a half, has
brown fore-wings, with the fringes white at the tip. The hind-
wings are darker, with the fringes white at the tip and along
the upper part of the hind margin. The collar is orange-
yellow. The insect appears to be found throughout Mexico
and Central America generally.

SUB-FAMILY III. PERICOPINAL

The Pericopince are another exclusively American Sub-family
which contains a considerable number of brightly coloured
Moths, measuring two or three inches across the wings, which
are very ample, being broad as well as long, and the hind-wings
are nearly as long as the fore-wings. The body is compara¬
tively slender, and only moderately long. The antennae are

PLATE L XXXI II .

/. Comp o sice creduUe .

2 . Andhomyzu tire s las rar .

3. Cato des met temper aba. .

CALODESMA.

I 2 I

only slightly pectinated. On the hind-wings the lowest dis-
coidal nervule is widely separated at its base from the upper
sub-median nervule, instead of being stalked with it, as in the
typical Arctiidcz. In shape and general appearance these
Moths greatly resemble some of the Ithomiince or Heliconince
among the Butterflies, and several species are more or less
transparent, like many of the Ithomiince.

GENUS CALODESMA.

Calodesma , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 177 (1822?)
Eucyane , Hiibner, loc. cit Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus
ii. p. 361 (1854).

In Calodesma the fore-wings are shorter and less rounded at
the tips than in some of the allied genera. The moths are
black, more or less suffused with brilliant blue, especially
towards the base, and are generally marked with a broad
transverse hyaline-white band on the fore-wings, and some¬
times also on the hind-wings.

Other species have bright scarlet bands instead of white
ones.

CALODESMA TEMPER ATA.

{Plate LXXXIIL Fig. 3.)

Eucyane temperata , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. vii. p.
1656 (1856).

This species was brought from the Tapajos, a tributary of the
Amazons, by the late Mr. H. W. Bates. It measures nearly
two inches in expanse.

“ Male. — Bright blue. Head with white dots. Palpi black,
white beneath. Antennae black, very minutely pectinated.
Abdomen beneath mostly black, with a broad crimson stripe,
and with a slender white band on the hind border of each seg-

122

Lloyd’s natural history.

ment. Legs black, white beneath. Wings black, bright blue
at the base ; cilia white at the tips of the fore-wings and on
part of the exterior border of the hind-wings; fore-wings with
an oblique pale red semi-hyaline band ; hind-wings with a
discal spot of the same hue.” ( Walker .)

GENUS COMPOSIA.

Composia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 179 (1822?) ;
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 360 (1874).

This is a small genus including only a few West Indian
and other Tropical American species. The wings are some¬
what narrow, and much rounded, the hinder-angle of the
fore-wings being completely rounded off. The wings are black,
covered with pearly white spots, and are generally more or
less marked with red likewise.

COMPOSIA CREBULA.

{Plate LXXXIII. Fig. 1.)

Bombyx credula , Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 584, no. 94 (1775).
Noctua sybaris , Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 71, fig. E (1775).
Phalcena sybaris , Beauvois, Ins. Afr. Amer. p. 2 66, pi. 24, fig.
7 (1821 ?).

Composia credula , Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett. ii. taf. 150
(1824); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 361, no.
1 (1854).

Hypercompa (?) sybaris , Duncan, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot.
Moths, p. 186, pi. 23, fig. 1 (1841).

This fine Jamaican Moth expands 2j^ inches. It is black
with twenty white spots on each of the fore-wings and eighteen
on each of the hind-wings ; the latter being placed in three
irregular rows. The sides of the head are white ; there are four
minute white dots on the collar, succeeded by a row of eight

ANTHOMYZA.

123

on the front of the thorax ; there are also two on the scutellum,
and the apex of each of the lappets is white ; there are also
two on the post-scutellum, and four on each of the abdominal
segments.

Very similar, if not identical, species are found in Cuba and
Haiti. A still more beautiful species, C. olympia (Butler), is
found on the mainland of America; it is flushed with blue,
spotted with white, and marked with red spots towards the
base of the fore-wings.

GENUS ANTHOMYZA.

Anthomyza, Swainson, Zool. Ill. (2) iii. pi. 124 (1833).

These, like the other day-flying Arctiidce of the same group,
are distinguished by having the antennae slightly pectinated in
the male only; palpi pointing vertically; fore-wings with the
inner-margin longer than the hind-margin. Hind-wings
lengthened horizontally, but narrow and rounded. They fly
slowly and heavily during the middle of the day, and on the
least touch counterfeit death ; when handled, they discharge a
brown liquid, like the Heliconiince , to which Butterflies they
bear a striking resemblance. Anthomyza is a genus remark¬
able for its unusually long wings.

ANTHOMYZA TIRESIAS, VAR.

(P/a/e LX XX III. Fig . 2.)

Attacus tiresias , Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 85, fig. B. (1776).
Anthomyza tiresia , Swainson, Zool. Ill. (2) iii. pi. 124, fig. 1

( 1 833) ; Duncan, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p.

97, pl- 4, fig- 2 (1841).

This Moth inhabits South America and extends to Nicaragua.
It measures three inches and three-quarters between the ex¬
tremities of the wings. The fore-wings are black with two
broad, opaque, deep yellow bands situated obliquely, the first
near the middle, the other, somewhat shorter, towards the

Lloyd’s natural history.

i 24

apex ; with a patch of the same colour on the inner margin
before the middle. There are several small white spots at the
base and a remote series of the same running close to and
parallel with the hind-margin. The hind-wings are yellow,
with a broad black border containing a marginal row of white
spots. The anterior part of the thorax is spotted with white.
The abdomen is brown. The variety figured by Swainson
differs a little from the type, as figured by Cramer. Our figure
represents Swainson’s insect.

SUB-FAMILY IV. PILEGOPTERINAE.

This is an extensive group of foreign Moths, the larger pro¬
portion of which are American. They resemble the typical
Arctiidcz in many respects, but the body is more slender, and
the fore-wings are longer, narrower, and more pointed. Some
of the species are very like Zygcenidcc , and they are occasion¬
ally brightly coloured, but the greater part of them are uni¬
formly coloured, being white or buff. The abdomen is often
marked with a row of black dots down the middle, and the
hind-wings are occasionally produced into a lobe, the only
approach to a tail which we find in the Arctiidce. Black spots
or rings on a white ground are a very frequent style of colour¬
ing. As an illustration of this Sub-family we have figured one
of the largest species, which is not uncommon in the United
States and Canada.

GENUS ECPANTIIERIA.

Ecpantheria , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 1S3 (1822?);
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 688 (1855);
Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. i860, p. 523 (1861);
Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer. p. 174 (1872); Oberthiir,
Etudes d’Ent. vi. p. 99 (1881).

ECPANTHERIA.

Ecpantheria is a very extensive genus of white Moths, with
black rings on the thorax and fore-wings. Nearly sixty species
are described from different parts of America, but only one is
common in the United States, though several are found in
Mexico, one or two of which perhaps extend northwards
beyond the frontier. The male is much smaller than the
female, and the anal angle of the hind-wings is often produced
into a lobe.

THE GREAT LEOPARD ERMINE MOTH. ECPANTHERIA

OCULARIA.

{Plate LXXXIV. Fig. i.)

Bombyx ocularia, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 564, no. 29 (1775).
Nocttia scribonia, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. v. pi. 41, fig. 2 (1790).
Phalcetui oculaiissima , Abbot & Smith, Lepid. Georg, ii. pi. 69

(I797)-

Ecpantheria scribonia , Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett, ii. pi. 139
(1824); Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer. p. 174, pi. 7,
figs. 20, 21 (1872).

Bombyx cunegitnda , Beauvois, Ins. Afr. Amer. pi. 22, fig. 4
(1824 ?).

Arctia ocu/atissima, Duncan, Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 169,
pi. 20, fig. 4 (1841).

This Moth is remarkable for the disparity in the size
of the sexes. The wings of the female expand three
inches and three quarters, those of the male nearly an inch
less. Antennae black ; head white, with a black dot on each
side near the insertion of the antennae. Thorax with ten or
twelve black spots, some or all of them with a pale bluish-white
centre, making them appear annular : the two hinder spots
largest, and somewhat curved. Ground colour of the wings
white, the surface of the fore- wings varied with black spots,
most of which are ocelluted, placed irregularly towards the

126

Lloyd’s natural history.

base, but having a tendency to form transverse rows towards
the hind margin. The hind-wings are almost white, with a few
faint black spots behind. Abdomen blue-black, varied on the
back and sides with orange-yellow ; legs white, the extremities
with black rings.

The larva, when young, has one half orange-coloured and the
other black. At its full growth it becomes brownish-black,
with an orange-red band along each side ; the incisions and
legs being of this colour also. The hairs are placed on
tubercles alternately nearer the anterior edges of each seg¬
ment, so that they form a somewhat broad band, and leave the
rest of the body naked. When about to change into the pupa,
it spins a thin gummy yellow web, something like that formed
on the same occasion by the common Tiger Moth. Some ob¬
served by Abbot spun on the 14th of March came out on the
1 8th of April ; others spun on the 15th of June appeared on
the wing on the 7th of July.

It feeds on wild sun-flower ( Polymnia ), wild cherry, per¬
simmon ( Diospyros Virginian a), and several other plants.

Another very pretty genus allied to this is Arac/wis, Packard.
It includes a few species found in Mexico, California, &c.,
with grey fore-wings and pink hind-wings, both covered with
slate-coloured or brown spots or partly connected markings
bordered with black. They expand about two inches.

SUB-FAMILY V. SPILOSOMATHUL (ERMINES).

The preceding Sub families of Arctiidce have been almost
exclusively American, but we now come to a group which is
mainly Asiatic, though it is fairly represented in other parts of
the world, including Europe. The Moths have moderately broad
white, yellow, or brown wings, more or less spotted with black;
the fore-wings are not much longer than the hind-wings, and

ESTIGMENE.

127

the abdomen is generally red or yellow, with one or more rows
of black spots on the back. The antennae are generally
strongly pectinated in the male. Two of our British species,
Spilosoma lubricipeda (Linn.) and Spilarctia lutea (Linn.),
called respectively the White and the Buff Ermine, are com¬
mon everywhere, even in many London gardens. I used to
find them in the garden when I lived in Mornington Crescent,
and they are most likely found there still. One genus
(. Palustra , Bar.), found chiefly in Buenos Aires, though one
species is described from the adjoining state of Uruguay, and
another from Cayenne, is remarkable for the aquatic habits of
the larva. It is also interesting on account of its locality, for
it is possibly a primaeval form derived from the great southern
continent that is believed by some naturalists to have con¬
nected the southern parts of Africa and America with Aus¬
tralia, &c. Some of the East Indian species of this Family
are very pretty, being white, more or less spotted with black,
and with a slender scarlet stripe along the costa of the fore¬
wings.

GENUS ESTIGMENE.

Estigmene , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 184 (1822?)
Leucarctia , Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. iii. p. 124 (1864);
Stretch, Zyg. &. Bomb. N. Amer. p. 98 (1872).

Estigmene differs from the allied European genera by the
greater length both of the thorax and abdomen, the longer
and more pointed' fore-wings, with the decidedly more oblique
hind margin, and the shape of the hind-wings, which are con¬
siderably longer than broad, with the inner margin sloping out¬
wards, and the abdomen extending considerably beyond them.
The genus is found from Hudson’s Bay to Central America,
but does not seem to extend to South America.

Lloyd’s natural history.

i 2S

ESTIGMENE ACR^EA.

{Plate LXXXIV. Figs. 2 {imago), 3 (larva), 4 {pupa).)

Bombyx acrea, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. i. pi. 3. fig. 2 (1773).
Bombyx acria, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1) p. 451, no. 137
(1793); Abbot & Smith, Lepid. Georg, ii. pi. 67 (1797).
Estigmene acrea , Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett. ii. pi. 140
(1824 ?).

Spilosoma acrea , Duncan, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Ex. Moths,
p. 1 7 1, pi. 20, figs. 1-3 (1841); Walker, List Lepid. Ins.
Brit. Mus. iii. p. 667, no. 4 (1855).

Leucarctia acrcea , Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer. p. 99, pi. 4,
figs. 1-3 (1872), pi. 10, fig. 6 (1874).

Var. a. Estigmene caprotina.

Bombyx caprotina , Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. i. pi. 3, fig. 3 (1773);

Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pi. 287, fig. C (1780).

Arctia pseuderminea , Harris, Rep. Ins. Injur. Veget. p. 251
(1841).

Leucarctia califor?iica , Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. iii.
p. 121 (1864).

I.euc arctia packardii, Schaup, Check-List Brooklyn Ent. Soc.
p. 8 (1882).

This species, which inhabits North America and Mexico,
appears to be very plentiful in many parts of the United States,
particularly in Maryland, Virginia, and the vicinity of New
York.

The wings expand about two inches in the male, and two
and three-quarters in the female.

The head, thorax, and fore-wings of the male are cream-
coloured, the latter with numerous small black spots, five of
which are placed in a regular row along the costa and six on
the hind margin. The hind-wings are yellow, with a black spot
near the centre and several others near the hind margin. The

PLATE L XXX Tv

E cp a nibses' aca o au far' i a .
EshLgrrserie acrc&a .

(arv~a .
f ) u f j ct .

I

Spilosoma.

i 2t)

abdomen is yellow with a dorsal row of black spots, and a
similar row on each side. The tip of the abdomen is cream-
coloured.

In the female all the wings are white, with numerous black
spots, which are very variable in their distribution, but there is
a marginal row on the hind-wings, which does not exist in the
other sex. The abdomen is coloured nearly as in the male.
The eyes and antennae are black in both sexes.

The larva is said to be wrhite when young, and to become
nearly black when full-grown, a transition to two extremes not
common even in a race of creatures subject to great variation
in regard to colour. In its intermediate stages the prevailing
hue is reddish-brown. When it has attained the period of its
growth at which we have figured it (Plate LXXXIV. fig. 3) it
is brownish-black, with two yellow lines along the sides and
a transverse series of orange-coloured spots on each segment.
From the back of each segment arises a scopiform tuft of
blackish hairs of considerable length. The cocoon is oblong
and of a yellowish-brown colour. We have figured the pupa
(Plate LXXXIV. fig. 4).

In the European species of this Sub-family the wings are
shorter and rounder than in Estigmene , and the abdomen does
not extend beyond the hind-wings. Hence they more resemble
the Sub-family Arctiince in form.

GENUS SPILOSOMA.

Spilosoma , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 74 (1828);
Curtis, Brit. Ent. ii. pi. 92 (1825); Walker, List Lepid.
Ins. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 633 (1855) ; Clemens, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philad. i860, p. 531 (1861) ; Stretch, Zyg. &
Bomb. N. Amer. p. 130 (1872).

*3

k;

130

LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY.

In this genus the body is stout and downy, with the abdo¬
men scarcely extending beyond the hind-wings ; the fore¬
wings are oval, rounded at the tips, and the hind-wings are
rounded, and not much longer than broad. The sexes are
coloured alike, but can be distinguished by the more strongly
pectinated antennae of the male. This genus is met with in
Europe, Asia, and North America.

THE WHITE ERMINE MOTH. SPILOSOMA LUBRICIPEDA.

Bombyx lubricipeda , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 555,
no. 47 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 303 (1761).

Phalcena lubricipeda , Scopoli, Ent. Carn. p. 208, no. 513

(1763)-

Bombyx lubricipeda alba , Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. ii. p. 412,
no. 25 (1766).

Bombyx menthastri , Esper, Schmett. ii. p. 334, taf. 66, figs.
6-10 (1786); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 152, 153
(1804 ?).

Phalcena erminea, Marsham, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. i. p. 70,
pi. i. fig. 1 (1791).

Eyprepia menthastri , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 354
(1810).

Chelonia menthastri , Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 362, pi. 37,
fig. 5 (1822).

Spilosoma menthastri , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p.
75, pi. 16, fig. 3 (1828) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths,
p. 105, pi. 23, fig. 10 (1880); Buckler, Larvae Brit.
Butterflies & Moths, iii. pi. 45, fig. 2 (1889); Barrett,
Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 286, pi. 77 (1894).

Var. a. Spilosoma walkeri.

Spilosoma walkeri , Curtis, Brit. Ent. ii. pi. 92 (1825).

Chelojiia menthastri , var., Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 362, pi.
37, fig. 6 (1822).

SPILOSOMA.

131

The White Ermine Moth is common throughout Europe
and Northern and Western Asia. It expands from i}£ to 1 ^
inch. The fore-wings are whitish, with more or less of a yellow
tinge, and numerous small black spots. The hind-wings are

White Ermine ( Spilosoma lit bridged a).

whiter, with a black spot in the centre, and two or three other
black spots nearer the hind margin. The antennae are black ;
the head and thorax white ; and the abdomen is yellow, with
three rows of black dots. In the variety, S. walkeri , the spots
run together into bands.

The larva is brown, with long hairs, and an orange dorsal
stripe. The spiracles are white.

It feeds on many kinds of low plants.

It spins a slight cocoon, and changes into a dark brown
pupa, remaining in this state during the winter.

Water Ermine {Spilosoma urticce).

The other British species of this genus, the Water Ermine,

k 2

r32

Lloyd’s natural history.

Spilosoma zirticcc (Esper), or S. papyratia (Marsham), though
of equally wide general distribution with the last, is a rarity in
England, though still found occasionally in marshy localities,
where its larva feeds on water-plants. It may be known by
having only one or two black dots on the fore-wings.

GENUS SPILARCTIA.

Spilarctia , Butler, Cist. Ent. ii. p. 39 (1875); id. Ill. Lepid.
Heter. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 6 (1879) ; Moore, Lepid. Ceylon,
iii. p. 7 1 (1882).

This genus principally differs from Spi/osoma in the greater
distance between the emission of the two lowest median ner-
vules of the fore-wings, the longer and more deeply fringed
tegulse, or shoulder-lappets, and the generally longer palpi of
the species associated under it. {Butler. ~)

This is a considerably larger genus than Spilosoma , number¬
ing about fifty species, but it is not represented in Africa or
America. We have one British species.

I may take this opportunity of emphasising the reply to an
objection frequently made against modern entomologists, that
they make a separate genus for almost every species. A cen¬
tury ago, when only a few hundred insects were known, it was
easy to classify them under one or two genera; but now
the species are reckoned literally by hundreds of thousands.
In the present instance, a single British species, which it would
not be necessary, as a British species, to separate generically
from its nearest allies, is our sole representative of a group
numbering fifty closely-allied species, and the establishment
of genera on more minute characters becomes a necessity. In
dealing with the insects of the world, it is necessary to treat
them in a manner which would be unnecessary, if not actually
reprehensible, in discussing a small local fauna only.

SPILARCTIA.

133

T1IE BUFF ERMINE. SPILARCTIA LUTEA.

Bombyx lubricipeda , /?. Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. (ed. x.) i. p.
506, no. 47 (1758).

Bombyx lubricipeda, g. Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 303 (1761).
Bombyx lubricipeda lutea , Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. ii. p. 412, no.
26 (1766).

Bombyx lubricipeda , Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 330, taf. 66, figs.
1-5 (1786); Marsham, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. i. p. 71,
pi. i, fig. 2 (1791); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 155,
156 (1804).

Eyprepia lubricipeda , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 358
(1810).

Chelonia lubricipeda , Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 35S, pi. 37,
fig. 3 (1822).

Spilosoma lubricipeda , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 7 7
(1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 105 (1880);
Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. p. 50, pi. 45, fig. 4
(1889) ; Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 281, pi. 76
(1894).

Var. a. Spilarciia zalima.

Noctua zatima , Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 381, fig. F (1781).
Bombyx radiaftis, Haworth, Ent. Trans, i. p. 336 (1812).
Spilosoma radiata, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 77
(1828); Westwood & Humphreys, Brit. Moths, i. pp.
88, 92, pi. 18, fig. 19 (1843).

The Buff Ermine is a native of Europe and Northern Asia.
It expands from 1 to 1 ^ inch.

The Moth is pale yellow, the male being darker than the
female. The fore-wings have two, or three, small black spots
towards the base, and an oblique row of spots running from
the costa to the inner margin ; besides these there are a

*34

Lloyd’s natural history.

few other spots. The hind-wings have two or three black
spots.

Buff Ermine ( Spilarctia luted).

The larva is whitish, with long brown hairs, and a narrow
white dorsal line, bounded on either side by a broad dark-grey
stripe. The sides are marked with oblique pale grey stripes.
It feeds on dock and other low plants.

The chrysalis is dark-coloured, and is contained in a loose
cocoon.

GENUS DIAPHORA.

Cycnia (partim), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 184 (1822 ?) ;

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 680 (1855).
Diaphora , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 77 (1828).

This is a genus with rather shorter, broader, and rounder
wings than Spilosomci or Spilarctia, and it is remarkable for
the great dissimilarity of the sexes. There is only one species
which is common in Europe, and in Northern and Western
Asia.

THE SPOTTED MUSLIN MOTH. DIAPHORA MENDICA.

Bombyx mendica , Clerck, leones, pi. 3, fig. 5 (1759) ; Linnaeus,
Faun. Suec. p. 299 (1761); Marsham, Trans. Linn. Soc.
Lond. i. p. 72, pi. i. fig. 3 (1791) ; Esper, Schmett. ii. (2)
p. 218, pi. 42 (1785); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs.
148, 149 (1804?).

DIAPHORA.

135

Eyprepia mendica , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 351
(1810).

Chelonia mendica , Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 336, pi. 37,
figs. 1, 2 (1822).

Diaphora mendica , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 78
(1828) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 45, fig. 5
(1889).

Spilosoina mendica , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 106
(1880); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 277, pi. 75, figs.
2, 2 a-i (1894).

The Muslin Moth is common, and has a wide range
throughout Europe and Northern and Western Asia. It
expands from 1% to \ x/2 inch.

The male is reddish-grey, and the female white, with semi¬
transparent wings. Both sexes have the wings marked with

Muslin Moth $ .

Muslin Moth ? .

sparsely scattered small black spots. On the abdomen are
five rows of black dots. The antennae are black in the
female.

The larva is brownish-green, with light reddish-brown or

Lloyd’s natural history.

136

grey hairs. It has a fine, often almost imperceptible, pale
dorsal line, and a rust-coloured head and legs.

It feeds on nettle, plantain, dandelion, &c. The chrysalis
is smooth and brown, and is contained in a slight brownish
cocoon on the ground.

SUB-FAMILY VI. ARCTIINAL

The Arctiince include a large number of brightly-coloured
Moths of moderate size, with short, stout, pubescent bodies,
and pectinated antennae. The hind-wings are almost always
adorned with bright red or yellow, and the fore-wings have
interlacing white lines or bands. They are peculiarly
characteristic of the Northern Hemisphere, and comparatively
few species are described from Africa or South America.

GENUS PHRAGMATOBIA.

Phrcigmatobia , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 73 (1828) ;
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 628 (1855);
Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. i860, p. 536
(1861).

This genus includes the smallest British species of Arctiidce.
The smoky-brown, slightly transparent, wings, stained with red,
and the short antennae, serrated and ciliated in the male, and
simple in the female, will at once distinguish it from any other.
A very similar species to ours (P. rubricosa , Harris) is found
in the United States.

THE RUBY TIGER MOTII. PHRAGMATOBIA FULIGINOSA.

{Plate LX XXV. Fig. 2 )

Noctua fuliginosa , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 509, no.
70 (1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 308 (1761) ; Esper, Schmett.
iv. p. 56, pi. 86, figs. 1-5(1786); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett.
iii. fig. 143 (1804?).

PLATE LXXXV.

1 . DtcvoristcL sarvriix) .

2 . Ph raxj rrui lv Tj i (\iluj iiuj s cu

3 . AT^ttcu vLUXcsCL .

PHRAGMATOBIA.

137

Eyprepia fuliginosa , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 346
(1810).

Chelonia fuliginosa , Godart, Ldpid. France, iv. p. 351, pi. 36,
fig. 4 (1822).

Phragmatobia fuliginosa , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 74
(1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 106 (1880) ;
Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 45, fig. 1 (1889);
Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 274, pi. 75, figs. 1, 1 a-d
(1894).

This Moth occurs throughout Europe, and in Northern and
Western Asia. It expands from ijf to inch.

The Ruby Tiger varies much in colour, but has the fore¬
wings and thorax usually reddish-brown, and the hind-wings
rosy-red, with a series of black marks running together to form
a band on the hind margin. Near the centre of all the wings
are two black points, and the fringes are red. The abdomen
is carmine-red, with a row of black dorsal spots, and a similar
row on each side.

The larva is thickly covered with hairs, which vary in colour
in different individuals, but are commonly brown or reddish,
the head and legs being of a corresponding hue; the head is
coppery-brown or black. Scarcely any of our ordinary plants
are rejected by it as food. Fabricius has remarked of this
larva, that when it is seen to run over the snow in winter, it
may be taken as a sign that the ensuing summer will be cold
and ungenial, “ Hyeme in nive obambulans , (Estates frigidiores
et annonce caritatem frcenunciatf a prognostication which the
French naturalist Godart proves not to be infallible by gravely
stating the result of his observations to the contrary, and he has
actually known a beautiful summer and plentiful harvest to
follow the phenomenon alluded to.

The pupa is black, with yellow incisions, and is enclosed in
a brownish elongated oval cocoon.

Lloyd's natural history.

*3*

GENUS DIACRISIA.

Diacrisia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 169 (1822?);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 635 (1855).
Euthemonia , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 68 (1828).

In this genus, the antennae are only slightly pectinated in the
male ; the colour is more uniform, and the abdomen more
slender than in most of the Tiger Moths. The sexes, too, are
very dissimilar, and the male is considerably larger than the
female, contrary to the usual rule in insects.

THE CLOUDED BUFF. DIACRISIA SANNIO.

{Plate LX XXV. Fig. 1.)

Bombyx sannio , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 506, no. 48
(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 302 (1761).

Geotnetra vulpinaria , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 520,
no. 136 (1758).

$ Bombyx russula, Linnaeus, op. cii. p. 510,110. 78 (1758);
Clerck, leones, pi. 4, fig. 1 (1759); Esper, Schmett. iii.
p. 337, pi. 67, figs. 2-7 (1786); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett.
iii. figs. 124, 125 (1804?).

Noctua russula, Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 308 (1761).

Eyprepia russula , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 309
(1810) ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. i. pi. 21 (1824).

Euthemonia russula , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 68
(1828); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 44, fig. 2
(1889) ; Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 257, pi. 74, figs.
1, 1 a-c (1894).

Nemeophila russula , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 102,
pi. 23, fig. 4 (18S0).

The species known as the Clouded Buff differs from the gener¬
ality of Moths in that the female is considerably less than the male;
the latter measuring from about an inch and a half to over an inch

PAR ASEMIA.

139

and three-quarters between the tips of the wings, whilst the former
seldom exceeds an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half
in expanse. The sexes are likewise very dissimilar in colour.
The male has the fore-wings lemon-yellow, with the costa and
inner margin, as well as the fringes, rosy-red ; the disc is marked
with a large, somewhat crescent-shaped, brown spot edged with
red. The hind-wings are yellowish-white, with a dusky crescent
in the middle anteriorly, a broad dusky band near the hind
margin, and rose-coloured fringes. The female is rusty-yellow,
with brownish-red nervures and fringes ; the hind-wings are
dusky, with a marginal band. The spots are as in the other
sex.

Clouded Buff

The larva is dark brown, with a yellow dorsal line dotted
with red, reddish or orange-yellow tufts of short hair, longest
towards the hinder extremity, and white spiracles. It feeds on
a variety of plants, including plantain, dandelion, field scabious,
hound’s tongue ( Cynoglossum officinale ), &c.

It spins a light web, in which it changes into a reddish-brown
pupa, the Moth emerging in about fourteen days.

It is found in open bushy places among ferns, throughout
Europe and Northern and Western Asia.

GENUS PARASEMIA.

Parasemia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 181 (1822 ?).
Nemeophila , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 72 (1828).

140

Lloyd’s natural history.

This is a genus containing rather small species, with the an¬
tennae slightly pectinated in the male, and serrated in the
female ; the fore-wings are not much longer than the hind-
wings, and the hind margin is distinctly rounded. The wings
are black, with anastomosing cream-coloured bands and spots
on the fore-wings. The Wood Tiger varies a good deal on
the Continent in colour, more especially in that of the hind-
wings; but in England it varies little. There are one or twTo
closely-allied species in California.

THE WOOD TIGER MOTH. PARASEMIA PLANTAGINIS.

[Plate LXX XVII. Fig 1.)

Bombyx plantaginis , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 501, no.
25 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 301 (1761); Esper, Schmett.
iii. p. 188, pi. 36, figs. 1-8(1784); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett.
iii. figs. 127, 128 (1804?).

Eyprepia plcintaginis , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 312
(1810).

Nemeophi/a plantaginis , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 72
(1828) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 103, pi. 23,
figs. 5, 5 a-c (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii.
pi. 44, fig. 5 (1889) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 260, pi.
74, figs. 2, 2a-f (1894).

This pretty Moth is common in most parts of Europe and
Northern Asia. The male expands about an inch and a half,
and the female is a little larger. The fore-wings are black, with
yellowish or cream-coloured markings. These consist of two
transverse bands meeting a longitudinal one, and one or two
spots near the apex. The hind-wings are ochreous-yellow in
the male, with twro black stripes at the base, and a nearly
continuous series of black spots along the hind margin. In
the female the hind-wings are yellowish-red or cinnabar-red,
with a broad black undulating hind margin, twro or three

CALLIMORPHA.

141

roundish spots in front of it, and two longitudinal stripes run¬
ning from the base to the inner margin and to the centre of
the wing, the latter touching the central spot. The head,
thorax, and abdomen are black ; the first with a yellow tuft on
each side, and the thorax with lateral streaks of light-coloured
hair in the male, but not in the female. In the latter sex the
abdomen is reddish, with a black dorsal line.

The larva is black, with the six middle segments brick-red
on the back and sides. It hybernates after the first moult, and
feeds till May on broad and narrow-leaved plantain, chickweed,
&c. It weaves a thin cocoon, and changes into a dark brown
pupa, the Moth emerging in June or July.

Next to this genus is placed the North American genus
Haploa , Hiibner, which contains species with rather narrow sub-
triangular fore-wings, very broad hind-wings, and rather long
and slender bodies. The fore-wings are white, with more or
less of the borders irregularly blackish ; and the hind-wings
are white or yellow, sometimes marked with a large black spot
beyond the middle.

GENUS CALLIMORPHA.

Callimorpha , Latreille, Gen. Crust. Ins. iv. p. 220 (1809);

Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 133 (1815).

Ilypercompa , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 67 (1828).

In this genus the antennae are long, ciliated, but not pecti¬
nated; the wings are ample, and the body moderately long
and stout. The fore-wings are black, glossed with metallic-
green, and spotted with cream-colour, and the hind-wings are
bright scarlet, with black spots.

THE SCARLET TIGER MOTH. CALLIMORPHA DOMINULA.

{Plate LXXXVII. Fig. 2.)

Noctua dominula , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 509, no. 68
(1758); i. (2) p. 834, no. 90 (1767); Esper, Schmett. iv.
(1) p. 38, pi. 83, figs. 1-4 (1786).

142

LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY.

Bombyx domina , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 117, 118
(1804 ?).

Eyprepia domimila , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 316
(1810).

Hypercompa domimila, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 67
(1828) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 44, fig. 1
(1889).

Callimorpha domimila , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 101,
pi. 23, figs. 1, 1 a, b (1880); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii.
p. 249, pi. 70, figs. 1, 1 a-f (1894).

This handsome species is found in most parts of Europe in
damp woods. It expands from 2 to 2^ inches. The fore¬
wings are glossy-black, shot with green and each marked with
about a dozen cream-coloured or yellowish spots of various
sizes on each, the two largest being somewhat beyond the
middle. The hind-wings are of a rich carmine, with several
large black spots, one central, the others near the hind margin.
The fringes of all the wings are black. The thorax is greenish-
black like the fore-wings, with two yellow longitudinal stripes ;
the abdomen is carmine above, with a black dorsal stripe.

Several varieties occur, in one of which the red colour is
replaced by pale yellow.

The larva is at first dirty yellow, with the head and numerous
small spots on the body yellow. After its first moult it becomes
black, with three yellow longitudinal stripes spotted with white,
and small pale blue tubercles, from which issue diverging grey¬
ish hairs. It feeds on various low plants.

GENUS HYPERCOMPA.

Hypercompa , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 1 (1810?).

Eyprepia , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 299 (1810) ;
Curtis, Brit. Ent. i. pi. 21 (1824).

HYPERCOMPA.

M3

Zoote , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 181 (1822?).

Euprepia , Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer. p. 94 (1872).

This genus includes a few European, Asiatic, and North
American species, with finely pectinated antennae in the
males, stout pubescent bodies, and brown fore-wings, with white
spots and markings, which form an irregular cross on the outer
half of the fore-wings; the abdomen and hind-wings are red, with
black markings. The hind-wings are broad, but form a long
oval, and the fore-wings, which are not much longer, are very
broad towards the hind margin, which is gradually curved in¬
wards from the tip, which is not very pointed, to the hinder
angle.

Like other Arctiince , very dark varieties of this species are
sometimes met with (sometimes nearly black) ; but they are
far more frequently observed among specimens reared from
the larva than in a state of nature. It has been stated that
sprinkling the food of the larvae with brine increases the
tendency to melanistic variation in the Moths bred from
them.

THE COMMON TIGER MOTH. HYPERCOMPA CAIA.

Bombyx caia , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 500, no. 22
(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 300 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iii.
p. 165, taf. 30-32 (1784); Hiibner. Eur. Schmett. iii.
figs. 130, 131, 262, 301 (1804-27).

Eyprepia caja , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 335 (1810).

Arctia caja , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 19 (1828);
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 103, pi. 23, figs. 6,
6a-c (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 44,
fig- 3 (1889) i Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. p. 265, pis. 71, 72
(1894).

The Common Tiger Moth is widely distributed in Europe,

144

Lloyd’s natural history.

Northern Asia, and North America.* It expands from two to
three inches.

The fore-wings of this richly-coloured species are coffee-
brown, marked with sinuous cream-coloured or white lines.
The hind-wings are red, or occasionally yellow, with large
rounded blue-black spots. The collar is often edged with

Fig. 2.

Varieties of the Common Tiger Moth.

red. The abdomen is red with broad blackish spots on
segments three to seven.

This Moth varies immensely. Sometimes the creamy mark¬
ings of the fore-wings extend as in fig. i. In others the
fore-wings become uniform brown, and the hind-wings blue as
far as the fringes (fig. 2).

* The American Moth has been called Arctia americana, Han is ; but
it is doubtful whether it possesses any sufficiently constant characters
wherewith to regard it as a distinct species.

ARCTIA.

*45

The larva, which is well-known throughout the country as
the “Hairy Worm” and the “Woolly Bear,” and in the South of
Scotland as the “ Hairy oubit ,” feeds on almost all our garden
plants. It hybernates at various stages of its growth, but is
usually full-grown by the end of May or beginning of June.
It is velvety-black, with whitish warts, on which grow long
tufts of hair, rusty-yellow on the first three segments and on
the sides, but otherwise black. At the extremities the hairs are
whitish.

GENUS ARCTIA.

Arctia , Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (2) p. 151 (1802); Leach,
Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 133 (1815); Stephens, Ill. Brit.
Ent. Haust. ii. p. 69 (1828).

In the present genus, the fore-wings are rather narrower than in
Hypercompa , the costa is more rounded, and the whole outline
of all the wings likewise. The pattern of the fore- wings is
quite different, as they are marked with a double row of large
cream-coloured spots diverging from the base, parallel to the
costa and the hind margin ; the hind-wings are orange, not
red, spotted and tipped with black.

THE CREAM-SPOT TIGER MOTH. ARCTIA VILLICA.

{Plate LXXXV. Fig. 3.)

Bombyx villica , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 501, no. 24
(1758) ; Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 185, Taf. 35 (1784) j Hiib-
ner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 136 (1804 ?).

Bombyx vidua, Poda, Mus. Graec. p. 88, no. 15 (1761).
Eyprepia villica , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 330
(1810).

Arctia villica , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 71 (1828) ;
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 103, pi. 23, fig. 7
(1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 44, fig. 4
(1889) ; Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 270, pi. 73
(1894).

*3

L

146

Lloyd’s natural history

This handsome Moth has an extended range throughout
Europe and Western Asia, but is local in Britain. It measures
from two to two and a half inches across the fore-wings, which
have the ground-colour black, each with about eight yellowish
or cream-coloured spots of various sizes. The hind-wings are
rather deep yellow, with a few scattered small black spots, and
a large black patch on the outer angle, enclosing a few irregular
spots of the ground-colour.

The larva is velvety-black after its last moult, with light
brown tufts of hair, white spiracles, and reddish-brown legs
and head. It feeds on most of our common field plants.

The cocoon is whitish-grey, and the pupa black, with red¬
dish-brown incisions.

GENUS EUPLAGIA.

Euplagia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 180 (1822 ?).

This genus has much resemblance to Callimorpha , in which
it is sometimes included, but the fore-wings are much shorter,
with the tip distinctly angulated, and streaked instead of
spotted ; the hind-wings, which are red with black spots, are
likewise more rounded. The antennae are simple and ciliated,
and the abdomen is rather long, and moderately stout.

THE JERSEY TIGER MOTH. EUPLAGIA QUADRIPUNCTARIA.
Noctua quadripunctaria , Poda, Mus. Graec. p. 89, no. 20
(1761).

Noctua hera, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat (ed. xii.) i. (2) p. 834, no.
97 (1767) ; Esper, Schmett. iv. (1) p. 41, Taf. 83, figs. 5-7
(1786).

Bombyx hera , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 116 (1804?).
Eyprepia hera , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 319 (1810).
Callimorpha hera, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 101, pi.
23, figs. 2, 2 a, h (1880); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. p.
253, pk 7°i fiSs- 2j 2G b (1894)-

EUCHARIA.

147

This, which is one of the most beautiful of the Tiger Moths, is
a native of Europe and Western Asia. It expands about two
Inches. The fore-wings are of a rich silky dark brown, with
pale yellow or cream-coloured stripes and streaks. One of
the largest of these runs from near the tip, parallel to the hind-
margin, to the hinder angle, and another, equally broad, runs
from near the middle of the costa to meet the first near the
hinder angle, thus completing a Y or V. A third stripe which
starts from the costa nearer the base also runs towards the
hinder angle, but is narrower, and ends in a point before reach¬
ing it. The hind-wings are cinnabar-red with a large black
central spot, and two large and one or two small ones near the
hind margin. The thorax is dark brown, like the fore-wings,
with yellow edges to the tegulse, and the abdomen is rich
yellow with four rows of small black dots.

The larva is greyish-brown or black, with a deep yellow,
sometimes orange, dorsal stripe, a yellow or whitish lateral
line, and rusty-yellow warts bearing hairs of the same colour.
It feeds on various low plants, such as plantain, clover, and
lettuce, and on oak, willows, beech, &c.

The pupa is shining reddish-brown, and is enclosed in a
grey cocoon.

This species is common in weedy places in Southern and
Central Europe, flying by day. It has long been known as an
inhabitant of Jersey, and has also been reputed to be British;
but it is only of late years that it seems to have permanently
established itself in Devonshire as a British insect.

GENUS EUCHARIA.

Eucharia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 181 (1822?).
Ammobiota , Wallengren, Skand. Heter. ii. p. 304 (1886).

The type of this genus is a handsome European Moth, not

l 2

148

Lloyd’s natural history.

found in England. It has some resemblance in the distri¬
bution of its colours to Hypercompa caia , but is a much
stouter insect, with more strongly pectinated antennae, and a
longer abdomen ; and the wings are longer and narrower, the
fore-wings being more uniformly broad, and not nearly so much
narrowed at the base as in Hype?‘compa.

EUCHARIA FESTIVA.

{Plate LX XX VI. Fig. 1.)

Bombyx f estiva, Hufnagel, Berlin. Mag. ii. (4) pp. 416, 437, no.
31 (1766).

Bombyx hebe , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2) p. 820, no. 40
(1767) ; Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 181, Taf. 34 (1784) ; Hiib
ner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 129, 296 (1804?).

Eyprepia hebe, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 339
(1810).

Arctia hebe , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 104, pi. 23,
fig. 9 (1880).

This species occurs in many parts of Europe and Northern
and Western Asia, preferring warm sandy places. The ex¬
panse of the wings is from 2 to 2j( inches.

The fore-wings are rich velvety-black, with five irregular
white bars bordered with orange, the two posterior being
united by a longitudinal one. The hind-wings are rose-
coloured in the male, blood-red in the female, with black
spots. The fringes are black. The head and thorax are
black, and the abdomen is of the same colour as the hind-
wings, with a black dorsal stripe and a black tip.

The larva is black, with tubercles of the same colour, each
bearing rather long hairs, grey on the back, greyish-yellow on
the sides, and deep red near the belly. It feeds on a great
variety of common plants, such as dandelion, millefoil, &c.
It hybernates, and passes through its metamorphoses a^boyA

PLATE LXXXVI

7 .

Euchariu

f'e sliv'Oy .

2.

A p ante* is

cu~ges.

3 .

7 7

vtrgo .

4 .

9 7

, j la r va

5 .

9 7

,, pupa >.

APANTESIS.

149

the beginning of May in the following year. The cocoon is
white and soft, but rather dense, and the pupa is black.

GENUS ArANTESIS.

Apcintesis , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 631 (1855).

This genus includes a large number of North- American
species, of moderate size, with oval dark fore-wings covered
with crossed and interlacing cream-coloured bands or spots,
and with red, white, yellow, or black hind-wings, generally
spotted with black. We have figured two examples of the
genus.

APANTESIS VIRGO.

[Plate LX XX VI. Fig. 3 [imago), 4 [larva), 5 [pupa).)

Bombyx virgo , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat, (ed. x.) i. p. 501, no. 23
(1758) ; id. Mus. Ludov. Ulriae, p. 381 (1764); Clerck,
leones, pi. 45, fig. 5 (1759).

Phalcena virgo , Abbot & Smith, Lepid. Georg, ii. pi. 62 (1797).
Euplagia virgo , Eliibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. pi. 130,
(1824 ?).

Spilosoma virgo, Duncan, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths,
p. 266, pi. 19 (1841).

Arciia virgo, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 608, no.
23 (1855) ; Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer. p. 126, pi. 6,
figs. 1, 2 (1872).

This handsome Moth is an inhabitant of most parts of
North America. It expands from 2 to 2)4 inches.

The head and thorax are cream-coloured or pale flesh-
coloured, the latter with two black spots in front, and three
rather broad black longitudinal streaks. The fore-wings are
velvety-black, with numerous cream-coloured or flesh-coloured
stripes, dividingthe ground-colour into many triangular, quad¬
rate, and linear spots. The hind-wings are red, of a more or

LLOYD S NATURAL HISTORY.

*5*

less pinkish shade, sometimes inclining to orange, with several
angular black spots massed towards the hind margin. These
are occasionally narrowly edged with yellow ochre.

The larva is brown, with several yellow tubercles on each
segment bearing tufts of hair; head and pro-legs yellow. “It
feeds,” says Abbot, “ on several species of mimosa, commonly
called the sensible briar, panting briar, & c., as well as on
some other plants. It spun upon June icth, and on the
20th September the Moth came out. In Virginia it spins in
April, and comes forth in May. This is not a common
kind. The caterpillar, when kept in confinement, is apt to
die before it changes to a chrysalis.” The chrysalis is of
a delicate lilac colour.

APANTESIS ARGE.

{Plate LX XX VI. Fig. 2.)

Noctua arge , Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. i. pi. 18, fig. 3 (1773).
Bombyx dione, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 572, no. 54 (1775).
Phalena dione, Abbot & Smith, Lepid. Georg, ii. pi. 63 (1797).
Spilosomci arge , Duncan, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths,
p. 174, pi. 19, fig. 2 (1841).

Arctia arge , Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer. p. 225, pi. 9,
figs. 10, 11 (1874).

This species, like the last, inhabits North America. It ex¬
pands ij4 to 2 inches.

Nearly all the Tiger and Ermine Moths are subject to great
variation in their markings, but the present species appears
even to exceed the usual limits in this respect. The ground¬
colour of the fore-wings and thorax is generally cream-colour,
but may be delicate pink. There are numerous black lines
and angular spots. The hind-wings are either cream-colour or
tinged with red, having a fulvous marginal line and many ob¬
long black spots posteriorly. The antennae are black at the

CALLARCTIA.

extremities ; collar red, with two small black streaks above it ;
thorax with a black stripe in the centre, and another on each
side; abdomen with three rows of black spots, those on the
back being the largest. The anterior femora have two black
spots on them close to the head.

Abbot has accurately figured the larva. It is dark brown,
with five whitish or yellow longitudinal stripes. On each seg¬
ment is a transverse row of fulvous tubercles, from which grow
dense tufts of brown hairs. It feeds on a variety of plants, but
is said to prefer plantain ( Plantago major), Indian corn, and
peas. A specimen kept by Abbot was hatched on the 23rd of
July, and spun upon the 28th August, the Moth appearing on
the 9th of September. The pupa has five reddish bands, and
terminates in a point.

GENUS CALLARCTIA.

Euprepia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 181 (1822 ?) ; Her-
rich-Schaffer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 141 (1847).

Callarctia , Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. iii. p. 114
(1864).

Tympanophora , Laboulbbne, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4) iv. p.
704 (1864).

Cymbalophora , Rambur, Cat. Lepid. And. ii. p. 231 (1866).

This genus resembles Apantesis , but the wings are rather
narrower and more rounded, and the pale bands are so much
broken that the fore-wings might equally well be described as
pinkish-white, with large black spots, or black with narrow in¬
terlacing and crossing pinkish-white stripes. The hind-wings
are pinkish-white, with black spots ; the antennae are ciliated
in the male, and the body is stout, and the abdomen rather
long. The typical species is European, but not British, and is
remarkable for its stridulatory powers.

I52

LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

CALLARCTIA PUDICA.

Bombyx pudica , Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 177, Taf. 33, fig. 1
(1784); iii. (2) pp. 26, 48, pi. 84, fig. 1, Taf. 87, fig. 4
(1786 ?); Hiibner, Beitr. Schmett. ii. (4) p. 87, Taf. 1, figs.
G, 1, 2 (1793); id. Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 134, 269
(1804 ?).

Noctua tessellata , De Villiers, Ent. Linn. ii. p. 274, no. 347, pi.
5, fig. 18 (1789).

Eyprepia pudica , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Ear. iii. p. 334
(1810).

Chelonia pudica , Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 313, pi. 32, figs.
1, 2 (1822).

Euprcpia pudica , Herrich-Schaffer, Schmett. Ear. ii. p. 14 1,
figs. 1 1 6, 1 17 (1847); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths,
p. 102, pi. 51, fig. 3 (1880).

This is a South European and North African species, which
flies at dusk. It expands from to inches.

The fore-wings are greenish-black, with numerous pinkish-
white waved intersecting lines, which break up the ground¬
colour into a number of spots. The hind-wings are pinkish-
white, with a few rose coloured hairs at the base, and several
black spots towards the hind margin. These spots are occasion¬
ally wanting, especially in the male. The thorax is black, with
a pale pink collar and two longitudinal streaks of the same
colour. The abdomen is rose-coloured, with a row of black
dorsal spots and a black extremity. The antennae are also
black, ciliated in the male, and filiform in the female.

The larva hibernates, and is full grown by the end of April.
It feeds almost exclusively on grasses.

The perfect insect appears in May or June, and is remarkable
for possessing a musical organ, by means of which it is able to
produce sounds. This peculiarity was first noticed by De Vil¬
liers, a French entomologist, who says (Ann. Soc. Ent. France,

PLATE LXXXVII.

/. PaTCLSBTni <( punil ag inis .

2. CcUUmorpfrcL dxmiinulci

3. Hylop hiUi pra sin ana, .

,, larvrv.

S. .. hicolxtrutixis .

CYMBID.E.

153

1832, p. 203) : — “ Whilst collecting Lepidoptera in the South of
France, on the beautiful summer evenings so common in the
neighbourhood of Montpellier, I noticed that the Ecaille
pudique made a little sound when flying around me, which I
can best compare to the noise made by a stocking-frame/'
Since then many other entomologists have noticed this in¬
teresting phenomenon. The organs by which the sound is
produced are situated on each side of the metathorax. Each
consists of a small cavity with raised and rounded edges,
covered by a thin, stiff membrane, capable of vibration.

FAMILY XIV. CYMBIDFE.

This is a small Family of doubtful position, the few genera
which it includes having been referred by various authors
to the Tortrices (to which the smaller species bear much re¬
semblance), the Pyrales , the Nociuce , and to different Families
of Bombyces. They are now, however, considered by most
authors to be nearest allied to the Arctiidcc. They are insects
of moderate size, with the antennae slightly ciliated in the males,
the palpi clothed with hair or scales, and the thorax and abdo¬
men smooth. The larvae have sixteen legs, and feed on trees,
and the pupa is enclosed in a firm, boat-shaped cocoon. Most of
the species of this Family have bright green fore-wings, and white
hind-wings. The two larger British species are here figured ;
a smaller one, Earias chlorana (Linnaeus), has much shorter
and squarer green fore-wings, expanding rather less than an
inch. The larva feeds on the shoots of the willow. The Moth
greatly resembles the Green. Oak Tortrix ( Tortrix viridana,
Linnaeus) in size and appearance, but may be distinguished at
a glance by its white instead of brown hind-wings. A closely-
allied species {Earias insulana, Boisduval) is common through¬
out the warmer parts of the Old World, and is very destruc-

154

LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY.

tive to cotton in Egypt, and other countries where cotton is
grown.

GENUS IIYLOPHILA.

Hylopliila , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 396 (1827?);

Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 65 (1834).

Halias , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vii. p. 227 (1829), viii. p. 3
(1830); Curtis, Brit. Ent. xii. pi. 575 (1835).

Chloephora , Stephens, Cat. Brit. Ins. ii. p. 168 (1829).

The larger size and streaked wings of the species of this
genus will prevent their being confounded with Earias. Our
two species differ somewhat in shape and neuration, and some
authors treat them as belonging to different genera. In that
case, Curtis having specified H. bicolorana as the type of
Halias , H. prasinana will remain as the type of Hylopliila.

THE GREEN SILVER-LINES. HYLOPHILA PRASINANA.

{Plate LXXXVII. Pigs. 3 ( imago ), 4 {larva).)

Tortrix prasinana , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 530, no.
202 (1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 342 (1761); Hiibner, Eur.
Schmett. vii. fig. 158 (1803).

Pyralis fagana, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. p. 276, no. 5 (1781).
Pyralis sylvana , Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (2) p. 244, no. 6
(i794).

Halias prasinana, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. viii. p. 4 (1830);
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 295, pi. 42, fig. 9,
a-d (1881); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 175, pi. 64,
figs. 5> 5a> b (1894).

Hylopliila prasinana , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 66

(1834).

The present species is found throughout Europe and
Northern Asia. It expands from somewhat more than an
inch to an inch and a half. The fore-wings are light green,

HYLOPHILA.

155

with three oblique silvery-white stripes, the costa being of this
colour also. The abdomen and hind-wings are yellowish-white,
darker in the male than in the female. The antennae are red¬
dish brown. The costa, inner margin, and tips of the fringes
of the fore-wings are purplish-red in the male, yellow in the
female.

The larva is light green, with a yellow lateral line and two
red streaks behind. It feeds on a variety of common trees,
and changes into a reddish-brown pupa, which is enclosed in
a dense boat-shaped cocoon.

The Moth flies early in the evening, and, like Callarctia
pudica (Esper ; vide anted, p. 152) stridulates during flight.

Concerning this species, Mr. Meyrick writes: — “Although
showing relationship to the group of Callimorplia and the exotic
family Agaristidce (which also originate from Callimorplia ), the
actual ancestry of this curious form is obscure.” We abstain
from commenting on this remarkable utterance.

THE SCARCE GREEN SILVER-LINES. HYLOPHILA BICOLORANA.

{Plate LX XX VII. Fig. 5.)

Tortrix prasina , Poda, Mus. Graec. p. 93, pi. 2, fig. 10 (1761)
Torlrix bicolor ana, Fuessly, Verz. Schweiz. Ins. p. 41 (1775).
Tortrix prasinana, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 145, no. 3 (1775).
Tortrix quercana, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.
Wien, p. 125, no. 1 (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. vii. fig.
159 (1803).

Halias quercana, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. viii. p. 7 (1830);
Curtis, Brit. Ent. xii. pi. 575 (1835) ^ Barrett, Lepid. Brit.
Isl. ii. p. 179, pi. 64, figs. 6, 6a (1894).

Hylophila quercana , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 67

(1834).

Chloephora bicolorana, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p.
295, pi. 42, fig. 10 a-d (1881).

*56

LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

This species is a native of Europe and Western Asia.

It expands nearly two inches.

The thorax and fore-wings are deep grass-green, the latter
being crossed by two oblique whitish lines. The hind-wings
and abdomen are glossy white. The palpi, antennae, and legs
are tinged with red.

The larva is green, with a lateral yellowish line and a dorsal
tubercle on the second segment. It frequents various trees,
but seems most partial to the oak. The pupa is pale green,
with a black dorsal line. The Moth appears about the middle
of June, and is much scarcer in Britain than the last species.

FAMILY XV. LITH03IIDAL

Eggs.— Usually resembling round pearly beads.

Larva. — Cylindrical, with sixteen legs, clothed with short or
moderately long hair, arranged in tufts ; gregarious, and often
feeding on lichens.

Pupa. — Enclosed in a cocoon.

Imago. — Allied to the Arcliidcz , but the ocelli are gener¬
ally absent ; the fore-wings are long and narrow ; and the
hind-wings rounded. The neuration is usually simple, and the
colours seldom much varied. Most of the species fly in the
evening, but some of the more brightly-coloured species by
day. When the former are beaten out by day they simulate
death in the net.

The Lithosiidce are a very extensive Family, with ciliated or
slightly pectinated antennae, slender bodies and large wings ;
in most cases the fore-wings are much narrower than the hind-
wings, and overlap above them when at rest. The fore-wings
are rounded at the tips, and the hind-wings are rounded.
The species are generally simply coloured, being white or

MILTOCHRISTA.

1 57

yellowish, with black markings, but some species are black,
while others are suffused, spotted, or striped with red ; and a
few exotic species with green or blue. The larvae are generally
brightly coloured, with hairy warts.

Although this Family has numerous representatives in all
parts of the world, it attains its maximum of development,
both in the variety, and in the size of the species, in the East
Indies, and especially in India itself.

GENUS MILTOCHRISTA.

Miltochidsta , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 1 66 (1822?);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 553 (1854).
Calligenia, Duponchel, Cat. Lepid. Eur. p. 59 (1844).

The European species of this genus, which is the repre¬
sentative of a very large Indian group, differs from others
of the Family by the arched costa and rounded fore-wings
(the costa in most genera of Lithosiidce being nearly straight),
its red colouring, and the zig-zag transverse lines on the
fore-wings. The latter are nearly as broad as the hind-
wings, which is also unusual in European Lithosiidce . It
(lies at dusk in the neighbourhood of woods, and is not un¬
common.

The larva feeds on lichens.

THE ROSY FOOTMAN. MILTOCHRISTA MINIATA.

Geometra miniata , Forster, Nov. Spec. Ins. p. 75 (1771).
Bombyx rosea , Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 587, no. 109 (1775) ;

Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 386, Taf. 77, figs. 1-3 (1786).
Noctua rubicunda , Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.
Wien, p. 68, no. 10 (1776).

Bombyx rubicunda, Lliibner, Eur. Schmett. 1, ii. fig. iii (1804).
Lithosia rosea, Ochsenheimer, Schmitt. Eur. iii. p. 145 (1810).

Lloyd’s natural history.

158

Callimorpha rosea , Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 383, pi. 39, figs.
5, 6 (1822).

Callimorpha mini at a , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 90
(1829).

Calligenia miniata , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 96,
pi. 22, fig. 2, a-c (1879); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii.
p. 201, pi. 66, figs. 3, 3a (1894).

Miltochrista miniata , Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. p. 13,
pi. 4°, fig. 3(1889).

This species is found in Southern and Central Europe and in
Northern Asia. It expands from 1^ to 1 y2 inch. It has the
fore-wings dark rose-coloured with one or two black spots at
the base, an oblique zig-zag black line beyond the middle and

Rosy Footman.

a series of distinct black dots on the hind margin varying in
number. The hind-wings are paler and without spots.

The larva is brown with tufts of long grey hair ; the head is
reddish-brown with orange downy hairs. It feeds on lichens
growing on oak, birch, ash, &c.

The pupa is brown and is enclosed in a stout cocoon.

GENUS GNOPHRIA.

Atolmis ( fiartim ), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 164 (1822 ?) ;
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 482 (1854);
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 9.

Gnophria , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 98 (1829).

GNOPHRIA.

*59

The only European representative of this genus has rather
squarer fore-wings and narrower hind-wings than in typical
Lithosicz , but may be distinguished at a glance from almost
any British Moth at all resembling it in size and shape, by
its sooty black colour. As usual in this Family, the insect,
which is not uncommon in England, feeds on lichens in the
,j larva state, and constructs a cocoon.

THE RED-NECKED FOOTMAN. GNOPHRIA RUBRICOLLIS.

Noctuci rubricollis , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 51 1, no.
83 (1 75s) ; Clerck, leones, pi. 2, fig. 3 (1759); Esper,
Schmett. iv. p. 90, Taf. 92, fig. 1 (1786).

Noctuci rubicollis , Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 307 (1761); id.

Mus. Ludov. Ulric. p. 386 (1764).

Bombyx rubricollis , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 94 (1800?).
Lithosia rubricollis , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 142
(1810); Godart, Lepid. France, v. d. 22, pi. 42, fig. 3
(1824) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 229, pi. 68, figs.
1, 1 a-c. (1894).

Gnophria rubricollis, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Lfaust. ii. p. 98
(1829); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 99, pi. 22,
fig. 10 (1879); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. p. 34,
pi. 42, fig. 2 (1889).

The Red-necked Footman is common throughout Europe,
Northern and Western Asia. It expands from 1 inch to 1 ^ inch.

Red-necked Footman.

It is a black insect with a red collar and the tip of the
abdomen rich golden-yellow.

i6o

Lloyd’s natural history.

The larva is greenish-grey with black longitudinal lines,
dotted with red and white. The head is dark brown with two
white streaks.

It feeds on Jungermannia , and various lichens.

The larva is reddish-brown, and is contained in a brownish-
grey cocoon.

GENUS LITHOSIA.

Lithosia , Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 459 (1798); Latreille,
Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. iii. p. 408 (1802); Ochsenheimer,
Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 125 (1810); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent.
Haust. ii. p. 93 (1829).

Brunia , Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 15.

Collita , Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 16.

This genus and its immediate allies present the character
istics of the Family in the highest perfection — the long, narrow
fore- wings, with the costa nearly straight, and the broad
rounded hind-wings. The fore- wings are usually pale-coloured,
varying from yellowish to pale grey, generally with a paler line
on the costa, and sometimes with one or two black dots. The
hind-wings vary from whitish to pale brownish-grey.

We have several closely-allied species in England, of which
the best known is the following :

THE COMMON FOOTMAN. LITHOSIA LURIDEOLA.

Noctua complana , Esper (nec Linn.), Schmett. iv. (1) p. 95, Taf.
92, fig. 7 (1786) ; Hiibner, Beitr. Schmett. i (3) p. 12, Taf.
1, F (1788).

Lithosia lurideola , Zincken, Allgem. Literaturzeitung, 1817,
p. 68; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. x. (1) p. 162 (1834);
Fischer von Rbsslerstamm, Abbild. Schmett. p. 106, Taf.
42, figs. 2 a-c (1840 ?) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths,
p. 98 (1879).

CEONISTIS.

1UI

lithosia complanula , Eoisduval, leones Lepid. ii. p. 97
(1834) ) Duponchel, Lepid. France, Suppl. iii. p. 15, p]. 1,
fig- 4 (x S36) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. p. 21, pi.
4L fig- 3 ( 1 889) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 224,
pi. 67, figs. 6, 6a (1894).

Lithosia plumbeola , Herrich-Schaffer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 158,
no. 17 (1847).

The Common Footman is found throughout Europe and
Asia Minor. It expands about 1 ^ inch.

The fore-wings are dark leaden-grey, with a yellow stripe on
the costa, gradually narrowed to the tip. The hind-wings are
of a uniform pale yellow.

Common Footman.

The larvaAs black and hairy, without spots. There is a
reddish stripe on each side above the legs extending from the
fifth to the eleventh segments.

It feeds on lichens growing on walls and trees, especially
on those of the poplar.

This species is very similar to L. complana (Linnaeus), the
type of the genus, which is a scarce Moth in England, and
may be distinguished by the pale stripe on the costa not being
narrowed, but running in equal breadth throughout, to the tip
of the wing. Most of the other British species of Lithosia are
more or less local.

GENUS CEONISTIS.

Lithosia (pariim ), Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 459(1798);

Latreille, Consid. Generales, p. 364 (1810); Leach,

13

M

102

LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

Edino. Encycl. ix. p. 133 (1815); Moore, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 44.

CEonisiis , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 165 (1822?).

The British species of this genus is the largest of the
Family. The sexes differ considerably in colour and appear¬
ance, and were formerly regarded as distinct species. The
fore-wings are more arched than in Lithosia , and the sub-costal
nervure throws off a branch to the costa, which is not the case
in Lithosia. The single species is not very uncommon in
England, and its larva is a lichen-feeder.

THE FOUR-SPOTTED FOOTMAN. CEONISTIS QUADRA.

Noctua quadra , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 511, no. 84
(1758), i. (2) p. 840, no. 1 14 (1767); Esper, Schmett. iv.
p. 92, Taf. 92, figs. 2-6 (1786).

Noctua flava, Muller, Faun. Fridr. p. 46 (1764).

$ Noctua deplana , Linnaeus, Mant. Plant, p. 539 (1771).
Bombyx quadra , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 101, 102
(1800).

Lithosia quadra , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 126
(1810); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 97 (1829);
Godart, Lepid. France, v. p. 13, pi. 41, figs. 2-4 (1837).
CEofiistis quadra , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 99, pi.
22, figs. 9, a-c (1879) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid.
iii. p. 29, pi. 42, fig. 1 (1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit.
Isl. ii. p. 232, pi. 68, figs. 3, 3«, b (1894).

The Four-Spotted Footman is found locally throughout
Europe, and Northern and Western Asia. The female ex¬
pands about two inches, and the male a little less.

The antennae are dark brown, and the head and body ochre-
yellow. The fore-wings are yellowish-grey in the male, deep
yellow at the base, with the hind margin bluish-grey, and the

COSCINIA.

I63

costa blue-black from the base. The hind-wings are ochre-
yellow, with the costa bluish-grey.

The female has canary-yellow fore-wings, with two steel-blue
spots of variable size, one on the costa, the other nearly opposite
the middle of the inner margin. The hind-wings are paler.

The Four-Spotted Footman.

The larva is dark grey, with a double zig-zag yellow line on
each side of the back, in which are situated red, hairy
tubercles. On the third, eighth, and last segments is a black
spot. The head is small and black. It feeds on lichens, which
grow on several kinds of fruit-trees, as well as on oak, beech, fir,
horse-chestnut, &c.

The pupa is reddish-brown, short and stout ; and is con¬
tained in a thin oval cocoon.

GENUS COSCINIA.

Coscinia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 169 (1822 ?).

Spiris, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 169 (1822 ?) ; Walker,
List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p 472 (1854).

Eulepia , Curtis, Brit. Ent. ii. pi. 56 (1825) ; Stephens, Ill.

Brit. Ent. Llaust. ii. p. 91 (1829).

Emydia, Boisduval, Ind. Meth. p. 39 (1829); id. Gen. Ind.
Meth. p. 56 (1840).

M 2

164

Lloyd’s natural history.

The Moths belonging to the present genus resemble Lithosia
in shape, having long narrow fore-wings, and broad, though
somewhat less rounded, hind-wings, but they are much more
gaily coloured, the fore-wings being longitudinally striated.
The antennae are short, and distinctly pectinated in the male,
and the larvae feed, not on lichens, but on grass and heather,
and construct cocoons. We have noticed the two best-known
European species, but neither is common in England, and the
first is so rare that its claim to be considered a British species
has been regarded as doubtful. They prefer warm, dry, heathy
localities.

THE FEATHERED FOOTMAN. COSCINIA STRIATA.

Bombyx striata , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.(ed.x.) i. p. 502, no. 31(17 58).
Bombyx grammica , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. App. p. 822 (1758);
id. Faun. Suec. p. 301 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 342,
Taf. 68, figs. 5-8 (1786), iii. (1) p. 21, Taf. 83, fig. 3
(1786?).

Eyprepia grammica , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 306
(1810).

Lithosia grammica , Godart, Lepid. France, v. p. 19, pi. 42,
figs. 1, 2 (1824).

Eulepia grammica, Curtis, Brit. Ent. ii. text (1825) ; Stephens,
fol. 56, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 91, pi. 17, fig. 3
(1829); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 236, pi. 69, figs
1 a, b (189 1).

Emydia striata , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 100,

22, fig. 11 (1879).

Cosci?iia striata , Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Het. i. p. 343 (1892).

This pretty Moth is found throughout the greater part
Europe and Western Asia. It expands about il/2 inch or a
little less.

The male has the fore-wings yellow, numerous narrow black

COSCINIA.

165

longitudinal lines running nearly parallel to one another, and
two small central dots. The hind-wings are more orange-
coloured, with a black central lunule and a broad black border.
The fringes of all the wings are yellow.

The female is paler, with the longitudinal lines of the fore¬
wings much less strongly marked, and sometimes quite

Feathered Footman.

absent. The hind-wings are orange-coloured, with a few
black streaks near the base, a black central dot and a row of
small black spots on the hind margin.

The larva is dark brown, with an orange-coloured dorsal
stripe, a white lateral line, and with reddish-brown tubercles
clothed with reddish-yellow hair.

THE SPECKLED FOOTMAN. COSCINIA CRIBRARIA.

Bombyx cribraria , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 507, no. 52

(^s8)-

Bombyx cribrum , Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 302 (1761); id. Syst.
Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2) p. 831, no. 76 (1767); Esper, Schmett.
iii. P- 353> Taf- 69, fig. 1 (1786).

1 66

Lloyd’s natural history.

Eyprepria cribrum , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 302
(1810).

Eulepia cribrum , Curtis, Brit. Ent. ii. pi. 56 (1825) ; Stephens,
Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 92 (1829); Buckler, Larvae of
Brit. Ins. iii. pi. 46, fig. 2 (1889) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit.
Isl. ii. p. 238, pi. 62, figs. 2, 2a, b (1894).

Lithosia cribrum , Godart, Lepid. France, v. p. 26, pi. 43, figs.
T, 2 (1837).

Emydia cribrum , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 100
(1879).

Coscinia cribraria , Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Het. i. p. 343 (1892).

This is a European species, which occurs also in some
parts ©f Western Asia. It expands inch, or a little more,
the female being generally rather smaller than the male. The

The Speckled Footman.

fore-wings are white, with four transverse rows of blackish-
brown spots, and two smoky stripes running from the base to
the hind margin. The hind-wings are grey.

The larva is hairy and black, with a whitish dorsal stripe,
and a narrow white lateral line above the feet. It feeds on
heather.

GENUS UTETIIEISA.

Utetheisa , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 168 (1822?);
Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer. p. 55 (1872); Moore,
Lepid. Ceylon, ii. p. 67 (1882) ; Moschler, Ent. Amer. ii.
p. 73 (1886).

UTETHEISA.

167

P eiopeia , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 92 (1829).
Utethesia , Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. Ind. Co. ii. p. 306
(i859)-

This is a beautiful genus of moderate-sized Moths, with
narrow, oblong fore-wings, not much longer than the hind-
wings, and with the hind margin very slightly oblique, and the
hinder angle just rounded off. The fore-wings are white, red,
or yellow, spotted with black, and the hind-wings are red or
white, rather broadly bordered with black, and often with one
or more black spots towards the end of the cell. The
species are not numerous, but have representatives in most
tropical countries ; they reach the extreme northern limit of
their range in Central Europe and Massachusetts. They
fly by day.

THE CRIMSON-SPECKLED FOOTMAN. UTETHEISA PULCHELLA.

( Plate LX XX VIII. Fig. 2 [imago), 3 [larva].)

Tinea pidchella , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 534, no.

238 (1758); Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. Taf. 23, fig. 11 (1776).
Noctua pulchra , Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.
Wien. p. 68, no. 9 (1776); Esper, Schmett. iv. p. 570,
Taf. 164, figs. 3-5 (1786?).

Geometra lotrix , Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 109, figs. E, F
(1779?).

Lithosia pulchra , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 304
(1810).

Eulepia pulchra, Curtis, Brit. Ent. iv. pi. 169 (1827).

Deiopeia pulchella , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 93
(1829) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 101, pi. 22,
figs. 12, a, b (1879); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. p.
52, pi. 46, fig. 3 (1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii.
p. 241, pi. 69, figs. 3, 3 a, b (1894).

Utetheisa pulchella, Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, ii. p. 67, pi. 104,
fig. 5 (1882).

i6S

Lloyd’s natural history.

This pretty Moth is found nearly all over the Old World as
far North as the Baltic. In England it is rare, though less so
than formerly.

It expands from i ^ to nearly i inch.

The head, thorax, and fore-wings are yellowish-white, the
thorax being spotted with black and yellow. The fore-wings
are covered with many small black and scarlet spots, the
former of which are arranged, more or less, in fine transverse
lines, the others being between them. The abdomen and
hind-wings are white, slightly tinged with bluish, the latter with
a broad, dusky, marginal band, sinuated on the inner side and
becoming narrow towards the anal angle. The fringe of all
the wings is pale yellow.

The larva, which is covered with blackish hair, is bluish-
grey, spotted with black and red, and having a broad white
dorsal line. It feeds on Heliotropium europeimi , Solatium
tomentosun /, and field scorpion grass ( Myosotis arvensis). Only
the last-mentioned is indigenous in this country.

UTETHEISA BELLA.

{Plate LX XX VIII. Fig. I.)

Tinea bella , Linmeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 534, no. 237 (1758);-
id. Mus. Ludov. Ulr. p. 399 (1764) ; Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. i.
pi. 24, fig. 3 (1773)*

Utetheisa bella , Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer. p. 56, pi. 2,
fig- 15 (i872)-

This handsome Moth resembles the Crimson - Speckled
Footman, but is much more richly coloured. It is generally
common in the United States. The expanse of the wings is
about 1^2 inch.

The fore-wings are yellow, varying from lemon to orange,
with six white transverse bands, each containing a series of
black dots. The hind-wrings are pink, with an irregular black

4 <* * :■

PLATE LXXXVI1

WyrnA/i kSens Linuted-

/ . Uletheisa h^lLou .

2 . ,, pixlchellxL- .

3 . /7 ; , larva l .

4 . Hipocrita j acabrea .

■5 . ,, larva.

■

HIPOCRITA.

I 69

marginal band, narrowly bordered with white. The fringes of
all the wings are white. The thorax and abdomen are whitish,
the former spotted with black, and the antennae are black.

UTETHEISA VENUSTA.

Tinea bella , Cramer (nec Linn.), Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 109, figs.

C, D (1777)*

Euprepia venusta , Dalman, Anal. Ent. p. 28 (1823).

Deiopeia spea'osa, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p.
568, no. 5 (1854).

Utetheisa speeiosa, Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. Amer. p. 57, pi. 2,
fig. 16 (1872).

This Moth is noteworthy as showing another stage in in-
jensity of colour. It is an inhabitant of the West Indies and
the Atlantic States of North America, and is cf about the
same size as U. bella. The yellow on the fore-wings of the
latter is, in this species, replaced by red, and the thorax is also
of that colour.

GENUS HIPOCRITA.

Callimorpha ( partim ), Latreille, Gen. Crust. Ins. iv. p. 220
(1809); Cuvier, Regne Anim. iii. p. 570 (1817);
Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ins. Haust. ii. p. 89 (1829); Curtis,
Brit. Ent. xi. pi. 499 (1834).

Hipocrita , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 1 (1810?).

Tyria , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 166 (1822?).

Euchelia , Boisduval, Ind. Meth. p. 39 (1829); id. Gen. Ind.
Meth. p. 56 (1840).

The only British species of this genus has short and simple
antennae, short and oval fore-wings, very narrow at the base,
and very broad, rounded hind-wings. The abdomen is
moderately slender, and hardly longer than the hind-wings.
It is remarkable for its strongly-contrasted colours, in which it

Lloyd’s natural history.

170

resembles the Burnets, and like them, is liable to have the red
portion of the wings occasionally replaced with yellow. Some
authors think that it is related to the Agaristidce ; and in one
of his later works, Guenee speaks of it as an European repre¬
sentative of that Family. It flies by day.

THE CINNABAR MOTH. HIPOCRITA JACOB/E^E.

( Plate LXXXVIIL Fig. 4 {imago), 5 [larva].)

Nocti/a jacobcece , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 511, no. 81
(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 307 (1761); Esper, Schmett.
iv. (1) p. 87, t. 91, figs. 6-8 (1786).

Lithosia jacobcece, , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 154
(1810).

CaUwiorpha jacobcece , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 90
(1829) ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. xi. pi. 499 (1834) ; Buckler,
Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 46, fig. 1 (1889).
Callimorpha senecionis , Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 377, pi.
42, fig. 4 (1822).

Euchelia jacobcece , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 101, pi.
22, figs. 13, a , b (1879); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p.
247, pi. 69, figs. 4, 4 a, b (1894).

Hipocrita jacobcece , Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 351 (1892).

The Cinnabar Moth, or Pink Underwing, as it is sometimes
called, is found in Europe and Western Asia to the Altai. The
colouring is very peculiar, and it presents this additional singu¬
larity, that the upper and under surfaces are precisely alike.
The fore-wings are greyish-black, with a carmine stripe near the
costa, extending from the base nearly to the apex, with two spots
of the same colour on the hind margin. The hind-wings are
bright red, with black fringes. The antennae, body, and legs
are deep black.

SFTINA.

171

The larva is slightly hairy, with broad transverse black and
orange rings, and a black head. It feeds usually in com¬
panies on the flowers of the ragwort ( Senecio jacobcea ), whence its
name.

This is a very common species in many places in England,
South Scotland, and Ireland, but in the north of Scotland it
becomes scarce.

GENUS SETINA.

Setina , Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (2) p. 165 (1802); Stephens,
Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 98 (1829).

Endrosa , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 167 (1822?).

Philea , Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp. p. 931 (1840).

This is a genus comprising several species which are com¬
mon in Europe and Asia, with moderately broad and rounded
yellow wings, spotted or streaked with black. The abdomen
is slender, and extends beyond the hind-wings.

The Moths fly by day, or towards dusk. Several species
are common in the Alps, but only one is British, and this is a
rather local insect, which is generally found, where it occurs, in
the neighbourhood of the coast.

THE DEW MOTH. SETINA IRRORELLA.

Tinea irrorella , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 353, no. 241
(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 383 (1761) ; Clerck, leones, pi,

4, fig- 5 (i759)-

Noctua irrorea , Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.
Wien. p. 68, no. 3 (1776); Esper, Schmett. iv. p. 103
pi. 94, figs. 3, 4 (1787).

Lithosia irrorata , Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 461, no. 12
0798).

Bombyx irrorea , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. ii. fig. 105 (1800?)

172

Lloyd’s natural history.

Lithosia irrona , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 148
(i 810).

Callimorphci irrorata , Godart, Lepid. Fiance, iii. p. 392, pi. 40,
figs. 3, 4 (1822).

Setina irrorella , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 99, pi. 17,
fig. 1 (1829); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 96,
pi. 22, fig. 3 (1879) ; Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 204,
pi. 66, figs. 4, 4 a, b (1894).

Philea irrorella , Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. p. 36, pi. 42,
fig. 4 (1889).

This is a widely distributed European and Asiatic species,
and expands about ^ to i}4 inch.

The colour is ochre-yellow or dull orange. The fore-wings
have three rows of black dots, one before the middle, the
second rather beyond the middle, and the third near the hind

The Dew Moth.

margin. The number of spots in this last row varies from one
to six. The hind-wings have one or two black dots towards
the hind margin anteriorly. They are paler than the fore¬
wings.

The larva is black with obliquely-placed quadrilateral yellow
spots on the back, and elongated spots of the same colour on
the sides. It feeds on lichens among stones.

The pupa is reddish-brown, and is enclosed in a slight

cocoon.

NUDARIA.

173

Newman says the Moth flies at early morning. I used to
take it at dusk near Shoreham Harbour.

GENUS NUDARIA.

Nudaria , Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 156 (1809); Stephens, Ill.

Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 83 (1829).

Paidia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schrnett, p. 159 (1822 ?).

Dtrrhis , Wallengren, Skand. Heter. ii. p. 259 (1885).

This is a genus including a few Moths easily recognisable by
their small size, and rather short, broad, rounded, and thinly-
scaled wings. We have two species in England, one of which
is here noticed.

THE MUSLIN MOTH. NUDARIA MUNDANA.

Tortrix mundana , Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 349 (1761).
Attacus mu?idana , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2) p. 816,
no. 17 (1767).

Bombyy mundana , Esper, Schrnett. iii. p. 45, pi. 6, figs. 1, 2
.(1782), pi. 93, figs. 1-7 (1807).

Bombyx numda^ Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (r) p. 482, no. 236

(i793)-

Bombyx nuda , Hiibner, Eur. Schrnett. iii. figs. 63, 64 (1800).
Bombyx hemerobia , Hiibner, Eur. Schrnett. iii. fig. 65 (1800).
Nudaria munda , Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 156, no. 1 (1809).
Lithosia mundana , Ochsenheimer, Schrnett. Eur. iii. p. 160
(1810).

Callimorpha mundana , Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 397, pi.
40, fig. 7 (1822).

Nudaria munda?ia , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 83
(1829); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 95, pi. 22,
fig. 1 (1879); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. p. 37,
pi. 43, fig. 1, (1889) ; Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. ii. p. 199,
pi. 66, figs. 2, 2 a, b (1894).

174

Lloyd’s natural history.

Nudaria he?nerobia , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust, li. p. 84
(1829).

The Muslin Moth is a common species throughout most
parts of Europe. It measures a little over inch in expanse.
The wings of this little Moth are brownish-yellow and semi¬
transparent, with two brown zig-zag transverse lines and a brown

The Muslin Moth.

central spot situated between them. The hind-wings are
without markings.

The larva is yellowish-grey, with long black hair, and six
rows of tufted tubercles. The head is light shining brown.

It feeds on lichens.

GENUS NYCTEOLA.

Nycteola , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 1 (1810?).

Sarrothripus , Curtis, Brit. Ent. i. pi. 29 (1824); Steph. Ill. Brit.

Ent. Haust. iv. p. 145 (1834).

Axia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 395 (1827 ?).
Sarrothripa , Duponchel, Ldpid. France, ix. pp. 19, 44 (1834).
Sarotricha , Meyrick, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2) ii. p. 924
(1888).

This is a small genus of doubtful position which was formerly
classed among the Tortrices, but is now placed by some authors
with theCymbidai) and by others with the Lithosiidce. In appear¬
ance the British species resembles a large Tortrix; the fore-wings
are rather narrow, with the costa arched. The moth is provided

NYCTEOLA.

1 75

with ocelli. There is a tuft between the eyes, the palpi are
long, and, as well as the legs, are tufted. The fringes are very
long. The larva feeds on willow, and the pupa is enclosed in
a cocoon. The Moth is not uncommon in England, and is
very variable.

THE LARGE BROWN. NYCTEOLA REVAYANA.

Toririx revayana , Scopoli, Annus Nat. Hist. v. p. 116, no. 130
(1772); Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.
Wien. p. 130, no. 17 (1775).

Pyralis duplana , Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 293 (1777).

Pyralis ilicana, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 2S3, no. 44 (1781).
Pyralis rivagana , Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 233, no. 77

( 1 7 87 )•

Tortrix ramosana, Hiibner, Vogel u. Schmett. pi. 75 (1793).
Tortrix diliitana , undid ana, degenerana , punctana, et ramosana ,
Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. vii. figs. 6-10 (1796).

Sarrothripus ramosanus , Curtis, Brit. Ent. i. pi. 29 (1824).
Sarrothripus stoninus , Curtis, Brit. Ent. i. fob 29 p. 2 (1824).
Penthina revayana , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. viii. p. 22
(1830).

Sarrothripa revayana, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 294
(1881).

NycUola revayana , Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 369 (1892).

This species is confined to Europe. It expands about an
inch. Its variability is so extreme that Hiibner described it
under no less than five different names.

The fore-wings are grey or brown, marbled with lighter and
darker, and with a waved band edged on both sides by fine
transverse lines and a dark central spot enclosed in lighter.
Then generally comes a suffused area bounded by whitish,
close to which are small shades, and near the fringes a

Lloyd’s natural history.

175

uniform row of black dots. The fringes are rusty-brown 01
whitish.

In the variety N degenerana , Hiibner, white is the predominat¬
ing colour, N. imdulana and N dilutana , Hiibner, are varieties
without any white, but made up only of brown, grey, and rust-
colour. None of these forms are rare. It is only occasionally,
however, that the variety N. punctana , in which the dark shades
are reduced to spots, is met with.

The hind-wings of all specimens are brownish-grey, varied
with reddish-brown, with a silky gloss.

The fringes are of the same colour, and of unusual length.
The larva has sixteen legs, and is uniform pale green, with
long white hair. It feeds between the leaves of Salix caprea.

GENUS NO LA.

No/a, Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 135 (1815); Stephens, Ill.

Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 61 (J834).

Rceselia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 397 (1827?).

This is a genus including several small species, with broad
oval fore-wings, more or less rounded at the tip, and short
rounded hind-wings, hardly broader than the fore-wings.

There are three tufts of raised scales on the wings ; the palpi
are long, drooping, and scaly, and ocelli are present. The larvae
are tufted, with only fourteen legs, and the pupa is enclosed in
a boat-shaped cocoon.

The species of this genus more resemble small Geometrce or
Pyralcs than Lithosiidoe , and were frequently classed among the
Pyrales until recently. Several species are found in England,
most of them, except N. cucullatella , being rather rare with us.
Two species are here mentioned.

THE SHORT CLOAKED MOTH. NOLA CUCULLATELLA.

Tinea cucullatella , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 537, no
258 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 358 (1761).

NOLA.

177

Tinea ludwigella , Miiller, Faun. Fridr. p. 58 (1764).

Noctua palliola , Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett
Wien. p. 69, no. 1 (1776).

Bombyx cucullatella , Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 388, pi. 77, figs.
4-9 (r7S6).

Pyralis palliolalis , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. vi. figs. 13, 149
( 1 7 93)*

Hercyna palliolalis , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vii. p. 188
(1829).

Nola palliolalis , Duponchel, Lepid. France, viii. (2) p. 264, pi.
22S, figs. 3, 4 (1831).

Nola cucullatella , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 62
(1834); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 292 (1881);
Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 43, fig. 3 (1889);
Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 183, pi. 65, figs. 1 a, b.

Var. Nola fuliginalis.

Nola fuliginalis , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust iv. p. 63
(1834).

This is a common European species. It expands about
inch. It is ashy-grey, with the basal area of the fore¬
wings brown, bounded by a thick black curved line. The

The Short Cloaked Moth.

central area has a spot on the costa, from which springs a
dark streak. In the outer area is a dark brown zig-zag
transverse line, and the marginal area is varied with rust-
colour. On the fringes may be seen a white zig zag line. The
hind-wings are without mark’ngs.

13

N

Lloyd’s natural history.

178

The variety N fuliginalis has the “ wings smoky-bluish,
with the base, and a very obscure central line, darker.”
(1 Stephens .)

The larva has fourteen legs, and a black head. The sides
of the body are reddish-blue, with light brown tubercles and
hairs. On the back is a rather broad, interrupted, white band,
striped with slate-colour in the middle. It is darkest on seg¬
ments 5, 7, 9, and 10, on which it takes the form of double
crescents.

It feeds on sloe, white-thorn, mountain ash, &c.

The pupa is brown and thickened, depressed in the middle.
It is enclosed in a silky cocoon.

THE SCARCE BLACK ARCHES. NOLA ^ERUGULA.

Phalcena cerugula , Hiibner, Vogel u. Schmett. Taf. 61 (1792).
Pyralis centonalis , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. vi. fig. 15 (1796).
Hercyna centonalis, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vii. p. 193
(r829).

No/a centonalis , Duponchel, Lepid. France, viii. (2) p. 275, pi.
228, fig. 5 (1831); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p.
393 (1881) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. p. 44, pi.
43, fig. 6 (1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 190, pi.
65, figs. 4. 4 a-d (1894).

Nola cerugula , Kirby, Cat Lepid. Heter. i. p. 374 (1892).

The Scarce Black Arches,

This little Moth is only found in Europe. It expands about
Y\ inch. The fore-wings are glossy white, with three yellowish-

LlTHOSIIDiE.

179

brown transverse lines, the two outer ones near together and
parallel with the hind margin, the other nearer the base, with a
sharp angle in its middle. On the costa is a small double
streak of the same colour. The hind-wings are brownish-
white. The head, antennae, and body are white. It is a
somewhat rare species in England.

Exotic Genera of Lithosiidce.

The Lithosiidce are a very numerous Family, and I cannot
here attempt to do more than briefly notice a few of the more
interesting and important foreign genera.

Josiodes , Felder, includes a number of Tropical American
species, which are very much alike, and share a style of colora¬
tion which is frequently met with in various Families of Butter¬
flies and Moths inhabiting the same countries. They gene¬
rally measure rather less than \ inch across the fore-wings,
which are much longer than the hind-wings, with the costa
slightly curved, and the hind margin very obliquely rounded ;
the hind-wings are two-thirds as long as the fore-wings, but
not broader, and the hind margin is rounded. The colours
are black, with one or two tawny transverse bands or large
blotches on the fore-wings, and sometimes one on the hind-
wings also.

Bizone, Walker, is a very pretty and rather extensive genus
of Moths, chiefly found in India and the adjacent countries,
though not unrepresented in Africa, Madagascar, the Moluccas,
&c. They generally measure from one to two inches in expanse.
The fore-wings are oval, and not much longer than the hind-
wings, which are almost equally broad. Most of the species
can be recognised at a glance, for they have white fore-wings,
with two transverse red lines in the middle, and the hind margin
narrowly bordered with red; between the central lines is a con¬
spicuous round black dot (sometimes more), and sometimes

N 2

i8o

Lloyd’s natural history.

there is an additional red stripe towards the base. The hind-
wings are generally suffused with rosy.

There are also a great number of Indian Moths allied to
Miltochrista , which are generally of a yellowish colour, or else
stained with reddish, with black lines and markings on the fore¬
wings, generally transverse, zig-zag, or interlacing.

Among the largest and handsomest Moths of the whole
Family we may reckon the species of the exclusively Indian
genus Macrobrochis, Herrich-Schaffer. Their bodies are rather
stout, and longer than the hind-wings. The head, front, and
sides of thorax and anal tuft are orange ; the abdomen is
bluish-green, with transverse white bands. The fore-wings ex¬
pand upwards of three inches, and are very long and rather
pointed, with the hind-margin rather oblique ; the hind-wings
are much longer than broad, though broader than the fore¬
wings, and are likewise produced into a distinct point at the
tip. The fore-wings are dark brown, with green and purplish
reflections, and usually with numerous long white spots, ar¬
ranged in two or three irregular and incomplete transverse
rows; the hind-wings are white towards the base, and more or
less broadly black or brown towards the hind-margin. They
expand about three inches.

There are several American Lithosiidce which are very
like Crambidce in shape and appearance, but are much larger.
They are white, and in some species the fore-wings are
traversed by a broad silvery streak. They belong to the genera
Macrocrambus , Kirby, Crambomorplia , pt. Felder and Rogen-
hoi'er ; Crambidia , Packard, &c.

Argiua, Hiibner, is a genus found in India and Africa, the
species of which were formerly included in Utetheisa. They
are of about the same size, but the fore-wings are rather broader
and more rounded than in Utetheisa , and are deep orange,
with pale yellow transverse bands, spotted with black on the

TIYPSID/E.

1S1

fore wings, and an orange body and hind-wings, spotted with
black. One or two of the Indian species are red instead of
yellow.

Towards the end of the Family, there are several aberrant
genera of small species, allied to Nycteola and JVo/a, which
were originally described as Tortrices , &c.

FAMILY XVI. HYPS I DAL

Egg. — Not described.

Larva. — With several long slender hairs, hardly agglomerated
into tufts, springing from each segment. They feed on dif¬
ferent species of Ficus.

Pupa. — With the posterior segments rather short and slender ;
enclosed in a cocoon.

Imago. — Rather stout, the abdomen extending a little beyond
the hind-wings. Antennae simple, or slightly pectinated ;
proboscis rather long. Wings long and broad, the fore-wings
rather longer than the hind-wings, with the costa curved
towards the extremity, the apex more or less rounded off, and
the hind-margin not very oblique. Hind-wings generally
;onger than broad, the hind-margin gradually curved; sub¬
costal nervure connected with the costal by a short cross-
nervule about the middle of the cell. All the species provided
with a stridulating apparatus.

This small Family is very characteristic of the Indo- and
Austro-Malayan Regions, although represented by several
species in Africa and its adjacent islands. The typical species
have all much resemblance to one another, and can generally
be referred to this Family at a glance. The body, and often
more or less of the wings, which average about three inches in
expanse, are of varying shades between yellow and orange, and
spotted with black ; more or less of the basal area, of the fore¬
wings especially, is often thus marked. The fore-wings are

182

Lloyd’s natural history.

usually light brown, longitudinally lined or streaked with white,
and the hind-wings are white or yellow, spotted with black,
and frequently bordered with black.

They have been divided into several genera ; but all bear a
strong family likeness to each other. They have been dis¬
cussed by various authors, some of whom have regarded them
as only a Sub-family of the Lithosiidce ; but they are usually
treated as an independent Family.

GENUS HYPSA.

Hypsa, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 172 (1822 ?) ; Walker,
List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 444 (1854); Butler,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1875, P* 3I5 1 Meyrick, Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2) i. p. 7 66 (1886); Snellen,
Tijdschr. Ent. xxxi. pp. 116, 122 (1888).

In this genus the antennae are slightly pectinated in the male,
and set with short bristles in the female. The third joint of
the palpi is shorter than the second. The fore-wings are rather
narrow, and somewhat obtuse at the tips, and usually mouse-
coloured, with a white stripe running from the base, which is
orange, spotted with black and white. The hind-wings are
white, with a brown border, and the body is orange, spotted
with black. This type is H silvandrci (Cramer) from the
coast of Coromandel. I have figured an allied species, which
was mistaken for the true H. silvandra by Walker.

HYPSA CLAVATA.

{Plate LX XX IX. Fig . 1.)

Hypsa silvandra (pt.), Walker (nec Cramer), List Lepid. Ins.

Brit. Mus. ii. p. 450, no. 7 (1854).

Hypsa clavata , Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1875, p. 317.

This species measures about 2^ inches across the wings.
The body is orange, spotted with black. The antennae are

CARYATIS.

133

black, and the legs whitish. The fore-wings are mouse-colour,
the base orange, spotted with black and white, and there is a
broad white streak running from the base, widened externally,
and the veins of the basal half of the wing are white. The
hind-wings are white, with a broad mouse-coloured border,
undulated on its inner edge ; a large black spot at the end of
the discoidal cell, and sometimes a small spot near the border
opposite the cell, and an oblique dash towards the anal angle.

This is a widely distributed Moth, and is recorded from such
distant localities as Hong Kong, Silhet, and Borneo.

GENUS CARYATIS.

Caryatis , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 171 (1822?);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 460 (1854),

Antennas slender, setaceous. Proboscis rather long. Fore¬
wings rather long, narrow, and pointed at the tip ; hind-wings
rounded, hardly longer than broad, and not broader than the
fore-wings. Body moderately stout, the abdomen extending a
little beyond the hind-wings.

This is a small African genus, the type of which is here
figured. It has been hitherto regarded as allied to the
Hypsida , which it considerably resembles in general colora¬
tion, though the wings are longer and narrower ; and Walker
regarded it as a connecting link between the Hypsidcc and
the Lithosiidce . Dr. Jordan, however (“ Novitates Zoologicae,”
iii. p. 59), refers it to the Arctiidce. on account of the absence
of the cross-nervule between the costal and sub-costal ner-
vures of the hind-wings. Instead of this, the costal nervure
is connected with the sub-costal at its base, and is thrown off
from it at two-fifths of the length of the cell.

CARYATIS PHILETA.

{Plate LX XX IX. Fig 4.)

Noctua phileta , Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. iii. pi 22, fig. 5 (1780).

184

Lloyd’s naiural history.

Callimorpha phileta , Westwood, in Jardine’s Nat,. Library,
Exot. Moths, p. 190, pi. 23, fig. 3 (1841).

This is a West African insect. It expands 2^ inches.
Antennae black ; head and thorax deep red, the latter with
several black spots and streaks. The fore-wings are black
with a white band passing from beyond the middle of the
costa to the hinder angle. The hind-wings are yellow, with
a broad black band on the hind margin, narrowing towards the
hinder angle, to which it does not extend. The abdomen
is yellow, like the hind-wings, with black streaks. The legs
are black, marked with white.

FAMILY XVII. CALLIDULIDAE.

This is a small Family, of which the transformations have
not yet been discovered, which is exclusively confined to the
Indo- and Austro-Malayan Regions, only touching the Palre-
arctic Region in the debatable ground of Amurland and
Japan. They are Moths of rather small size, seldom much
exceeding an inch and a half in expanse, and have short
slender bodies, and short and very broad fore- wings, frequently
truncated at the end, and sometimes excavated on the hind
margin. The hind-wings form an oval from the base, and
have a separate costal and two sub-median nervures ; the cell
is open on the hind-wings. The antennae are short and
simple. The usual colour of the wings is brown, more or less
tinged with reddish or yellowish, and with a pale transverse
band, white, yellow, or red, on the fore-wings. The under side
is yellowish, irrorated with black, and more or less varied
with other colours. There is a patch of raised scales on the
hind-wings of the male. The flight is diurnal, and the Moths
have considerable resemblance to Lemo?iiince ; and they were,
in fact, generally regarded either as Butterflies or as Geometry

PLATE

LXXX1X.

1 . Hyp say cLava ta^ .

2 . (yllopodxo rrsp-arZirta^ .

3 . CaJliHuLay p e ta r Lay .

4 . Cary airs phileZcu .

CALLIDULA.

185

by the older authors. Later writers have regarded them as
Castniidce , Agaristidce , Lithosiidtz , or as forming a Family allied
to the Hypsidce , but Sir George Hampson places them between
the Hepialidce and the Drepanulidce , with which latter Family
he believes them to have some affinity. The Family has
recently been monographed and well illustrated by Dr. Pagen-
stecher of Wiesbaden.

GENUS CALLIDULA.

Callidula , Iliibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 66 (1816?);

Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. xl. p. 229 (1887).
Datango.^ Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atkinson, p. 21 (1879);
Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. xl. p. 235 (1887).

The genus Callidula includes a number of the smaller
species of the Family, expanding an inch or a little over, with
the fore-wings hardly longer than the hind-wings, the costa
strongly arched at the base, and the tip and hind margin
nearly rectangular ; the hind margin is slightly convex, and
the hind-wings are rounded, and hardly longer than broad.
The wings are brown above, with an oblique yellow band
on the fore-wings.

CALLIDULA PETAVIA.

{Plate LX XX IX. Fig. 3.)

Papilio petaviuS) Cramer, Pap. Exot.iv. pi. 365, figs. C, 0(1782).
Polyommatus petavius , Godart, Encycl. Meth. ix. p. 676
(1823).

Callidula petavia , Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. xl. p.
230, pb 3j figs- 3-6 (neuration) (1887).

There are several closely-allied forms found in the Eastern
Islands, differing chiefly in the form and colour of the trans¬
verse band on the fore-wings, and in the mottling of the

i86

Lloyd’s natural history.

under side. In the specimens from Amboina and Ceram,
which agree best with Cramer’s figure, there is only one white
dot near the middle of the hind-wings beneath.

FAMILY XVIII. CYLLOPODIDAL

This is an exclusively American Family of rather small
slender-bodied Moths, usually expanding under i inch.
They have long wings, and are generally black and yellow
in varying proportions ; or black with a red longitudinal
stripe traversing each wing, as in Josia , Hiibner, and its
allies.

They were formerly classed as Lithosiidce , or as forming
part of a Family called Chrysaugidce , the typical members
of which are now removed to the Pyra/es, while others formed
part of an ill-defined Family called Melameridce , some of which
have now been ascertained, by the discovery of their meta¬
morphoses, to be Geometrce. The antennae are simple, or
slightly pectinated in the males. These Moths fly by day.

GENUS CYLLOPODA.

Cy/lopoda, Dalman, Anal. Ent. p. 102 (1823).

Chrysauge , Group 2, Flavinia , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit
Mus. ii. p. 369 (1854).

Chrysauge , Group 3, Scaftia, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit.
Mus. ii. p. 376 (1854).

These are slender-bodied black and yellow Moths, with long
wings, and pectinated antennae in the males. They greatly
resemble Butterflies of the genus Chamcelinmas , Felder,
belonging to the Lemoniidce , which are found in the same
countries.

DIOPTIDA?,

187

CYLLOPODA VESPERTINA.

{Plate LX XX IX. Fig. 2.)

Phahidona vesperti?ici , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.
xxxi. p. 135 (1864).

Xanthyris osera, Boisduval, Lepid. Guat. p. 93 (1870).

This Moth comes from New Grenada. The expanse of the
wings is 1 ^ inch, and the length of the body a little over half
an inch.

“ Male. — Black, slender. Palpi smooth, porrect, hardly ex¬
tending beyond the head ; third joint conical, not more than
one-fourth of the length of the second. Antennae very slightly
pectinated. Thorax with a luteous mark on each side at the
base of the fore-wing. Pectus luteous in front. Abdomen
beneath and legs cinereous. Fore-wings with a broad luteous
streak, which is near and parallel to the inferior border, and is
very convex in front ; a shorter and narrow oblique luteous
streak, which is opposite to the inferior angle. Hind-wings
with a broad luteous stripe, which extends along the inferior
border and thence to the disk, and is much excavated in
front.” ( Walker .)

FAMILY XIX. DIOPTIDTL

This is another Family entirely confined, like the last, to
Tropical America. The species have generally a slender body
and pectinated antennae, at least in the male, and the wings
are long, rather narrow, and rounded at the extremity, and
they are usually more or less transparent, with opaque
borders, and are deceptively similar in general appearance
to various species of Ithomiince , among which they fly by day.
These insects are specially interesting, because it was from
Bates’ observations of their habits, and their association with
the Ithomiince , that he was led to propound the great theory of

iSS

LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY.

Mimicry, which, though often misunderstood and exaggerated,
has thrown a flood of light on many phenomena that sorely
needed such an explanation. In brief, Bates observed that
certain Butterflies were never molested by birds, and that other
insects, either Moths or Butterflies belonging to other genera,
and usually to other Families, which closely resembled these in
colour, markings, and habits, apparently shared in their immunity
from attack. He therefore concluded that in the course of
generations (we do not say ages, for in the case of insects,
which are probably more plastic, and also much more short¬
lived than higher animals, a very long period might not be
required) the colours of the unprotected insects have gradu¬
ally become assimilated to those of the protected ones, by the
constant weeding out of those which did not sufficiently re¬
semble them. This may be taken as a brief outline of the
theory of mimicry as applied to the resemblance of an unpro¬
tected to a protected insect ; but there are probably many
instances of pseudo-mimicry in which neither species gains
any direct advantage from its resemblance to another. In such
cases the resemblance may be due solely to the influence of
similar surrounding conditions or of habits.

The transformations of the Dioptidce are at present un¬
known.

GENUS LAURON.

Dioptis , Group n, Lauron , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit.
Mus. ii. p. 333 (1854).

Laurona , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxi. p. 148
(1864). '

In this genus the antennae are pectinated, the legs slender,
and the abdomen moderately long and slender. The Moths
resemble small Ithomiincz , and the wings are generally more or
less transparent.

NYCTEMERIDifc.

1l>9

LAURON RUFILINEA.

[Plate XC. Fig. I.)

Laurona rufilinea , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxi. p.

148 (1864).

The species which we have figured comes from Ega, in the
Upper Amazon district.

The expanse of the wings is about two inches.

“ Female. — Black. Head whitish about the eyes. Palpi
smooth, slender, porrect, extending somewhat beyond the
head ; third joint lanceolate, about half the length of the
second. Antennae serrated. Pectus whitish, ochraceous on
each side. Abdomen extending rather beyond the hind-
wings ; upper side whitish, with a brown stripe. Legs whitish
beneath. Fore-wings with a sub-marginal ochreous line, which
extends along the costa, and along the interior border, and is
sometimes nearly obsolete along the costa, and sometimes re¬
presented by some speckles along the exterior border ; a broad
oblique white streak in the disk beyond the interior angle.”
( Walker .)

FAMILY XX. NY CTEM ERID/E.

Eggs. — Not described.

Larva. — Rather long and cylindrical, with tufts of fine hair.

Pupa. — Enclosed in a slight cocoon.

Imago. — With pectinated antennae in the males, and rather
short and broad fore-wings, with one sub-median nervure, and
the discoidal cell not divided.

This is another Tropical Family, usually with pectinated
antennae in the males, moderately slender bodies, and large
wings. They expand two or three inches, and the fore- wings are
not much longer than the hind-wings. On the fore-wings, there is

190

Lloyd’s natural history.

along pre discoidal cell, formed by a cross-nervule between the
second and third branches of the sub-median nervure; and on
the hind-wings the costal nervure is united with the sub-costal
for a short distance from the base. The Moths fly by day,
and are numerous in the Indo- and Austro-Malayan regions,
and in Africa, and are also represented in Tropical America.

GENUS ALETIS.

Aletis , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 179 (1822?); Walker,
List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 353 (1854).

The body is linear, cylindrical, rather long, moderately thick
and spotted with white. The palpi are three-jointed, and shorter
than the head, the second and third joints being nearly equal
in length. The antennae, which are simple in both sexes, are
set with minute bristles on the under surface. The abdomen
does not extend beyond the hind-wings. Legs very slender ;
hind tibia with two small apical spurs. Wings long, rather
broad, with white spots on the borders.

There are several closely-allied handsome species of this
genus in different parts of Africa. In their general style of
colouring they resemble various other African Butterflies and
Moths, belonging to the genera Euphcedra , Hiibner, Xantho -
pilopteryx , Wallengren, &c.

ALETIS DRURYI
( Plate XC. Fig. 2.)

Noctna helcita , Drury (nec Clerck), Ill. Exot. Ent. iii. pi. 29,
fig. 4 (1780).

Calliniorpha helcita , Westwood, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot.

Moths, p. 189, pi. 23, fig. 2 (1841).

Aletis draryi , Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 386.

NYCTEMERA.

\gi

This species is a common West African Moth, and is closely
allied to A. helcita , Clerck, the type of the genus.

The head is black. The thorax and abdomen are black,
with three rows of white spots, one on the back and one on
each side. The fore-wings are of a beautiful deep red,
the whole of the posterior part beyond the middle black,
with a curved row of white spots, which are largest near the
costa and smallest towards the hinder angle. The hind-wings
are of the same colour as the fore-wings, with a broad black
border containing eight oval white spots. The antennae are
black, and the palpi yellow.

The Moth expands about inches. Like most other
African insects, it used to be extremely rare in collections.
Drury obtained his specimen from Mr. Smeathman, who sup¬
plied him with many insects from Sierra Leone, and likewise
with much information on their habits. He states that A.
druryi is found in the savannahs, and is a sluggish insect,
easily taken.

GENUS NYCTEMERA.

Nyctemera, Hiibner, Yerz. bek. Schmett. p. 178 (1822?);
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 391 (1854);
Meyrick, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) i. p. 759
(1886).

Leptosoma, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lepid. p. 197 (1832).

The typical species of Nydemera and its allies are nearly all
very similar, being white, variously spotted or bordered with
brown. They measure about two inches in expanse, and
are confined to the tropics of the Old World. Though
very numerous, most of the species have a strong family
likeness, and can easily be recognised as belonging to this
group.

192

Lloyd’s Natural history.

NYCTEMERA CRESCENS.

( Plate XC. Fig. 3.)

Nyciemera crcscens , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxi. p.

204 (1864); Meyrick, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2) i. p.

761 (1886).

This species is found in Queensland. It expands one inch.

“Male. — Blackish-brown. Head lutcous about the eyes and
beneath. Palpi luteous towards the base. Antennae moder¬
ately pectinated. Thorax with the four tegulae and the scutel-
lum whitish-bordered. Pectus luteous, with some black spots.
Abdomen with a white band on the hind border of each seg¬
ment; a white stripe on each side of the first segment ; bands
of the sixth and seventh segments and apical tuft, luteous;
underside luteous, with four rows of blackish-brown spots,
which successively decrease in size towards the tip. Femora
pale luteous beneath. Fore-wings with the veins white towards
the base, and with a securiform white streak which extends from
the base, and at its tip occupies the whole space between the
median vein and the sub-median vein ; a broad irregular ex¬
terior white band, which is slightly abbreviated at each end,
and is much notched on its inner side ; interior border white
for nearly two-thirds of its length from the base. Hind- wings
white, with a broad brown border, which is undulating on its
inner side.” ( Walker.)

AMILY XXL PTEROTHYSANID/L.

Sir George Hampson has established this Family (“Moths of
India,” i. p. 431) for the genus Pterothysanus , Walker, which in¬
cludes a few very remarkable East Indian species. They agree
with the Nyctemeridce in their slender bodies and large wings,
the fore-wings being hardly longer than the hind-wings. The
antennae are simple, the abdomen is tufted at the extremity,

PLATE XC.

Wyman, LtSons , Limited,

1. Ltccurorv TnfVAn&cL .

2. Al eZts cLruryL .

3 . Nyeterriero cres c,ens .

LIPARID/S.

193

and the flight is diurnal. There is no prediscoidal cell on
the fore-wings, the cross-nervure so characteristic of the Nyc-
teineridcB being absent, and on the hind-wings, the costal ner-
vure is completely detached from the sub-costal, though closely
approximating to it.. But what distinguishes this genus from
almost all others is the immensely long fringe of hair on the
hind-wings, all along the inner margin, and the lower half of
the hind margin, almost as long as the breadth of the wing at its
narrowest part, and filling up the whole space between the
wing and the abdomen. The type, Pterothyscuins lalicilia,
Walker, is not uncommon in Northern India, and measures
from 2^4 to 3 inches across the wings. The head and collar
are bright red, the thorax black, the abdomen yellowish, with
black spots, the fore-wings black, with several irregular rows
of large white spots, and the hind-wings white, with two
transverse bands, and most of the hind margin black.

FAMILY XXII. LIPARIDAL

Eggs. — Generally laid in batches, and covered with down from
the body of the female.

Larva. — Usually with projecting tufts of short and stiff, or long
and soft, hair; feeding, as a rule, on trees.

Pupa. — Enclosed in a cocoon.

Imago- — Usually with strongly pectinated antennae, at least in
the males ; body sometimes slender in the males, but generally
short, stout, and tufted at the extremity in the females ; wings
ample ; flight diurnal in the males of many species ; females
sometimes apterous. Many species which fly at dusk or
at night may be found resting on the trunks of trees in
the daytime. The proboscis is short or obsolete, but the
frenulum is well marked, as is usually the case in strongly-

13

o

i94

LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY.

flying Motns. The discoidal cells are closed, and the hind-
wings are provided with two sub-median nervures, while the
costal and sub-costal nervures are frequently connected by a
short cross-nervule near the base.

This is a very numerous Family, most of the species being
either white or yellow, with black markings. Or they may
be brown, and occasionally they are marked with red. To this
Family belong several of our commonest and best-known
Moths, such as the Vapourer Moth, the Brown- and Gold-
Tail Moths, &c., and many of them are very destructive to
the plants on which they feed. Some of the exotic genera, such
as the American genus Eloria of Walker, and the African genus
Qy!>7T7,Boisduval, have extremely delicate, gauzy, and sometimes
almost transparent, wings. Apart from the genera with apterous
females, the dissimilarity of the sexes, both in form, colour,
and habits, is very great in some genera, while in others the
sexes differ comparatively little, but the female is nearly always
a much stouter-bodied insect than the male of the same species.

GENUS EUPROCTIS.

Euproctis, , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 159(1822?); Butler,
Ill. Lepid. Heter. Brit. Mus. v. p. 50 (1880); Moore,
Lepid. Ceylon, ii. p. 89 (1883).

This genus may be taken as typical of a very extensive
series of Moths (most numerous in the Old World), of com¬
paratively small size and white colour (more or less smoky on
the under surface), with one or two conspicuous black spots or
markings. The antennae are strongly pectinated in the males,
and the females have a large tuft of wool at the end of the
abdomen. The Brown-Tail Moth ( E . chrysorrhcea) and a still
more abundant allied species, the Gold-Tail Moth, Leucoma
sim ilis (Fuessly), may often be seen at dusk, resting in the

EUPROCTIS.

J95

hedges, which their larvae have half stripped of their leaves.
Our other white Liparidce are larger and less common.

THE BROWN-TAIL MOTH. EUPROCTIS CHRYSORRHCEA.

Bombyx chrysorrhcea , Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 502, no. 28
(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 299 (1761); Hiibner, Eur.
Schmett. iii. figs. 67, 248, 249 (1800?); Godart, Lepid.
France, iv. p. 273, pi. 27, fig. 3 (1822).

Bombyx aurifiua , Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 2zH, Taf. 39, fig. 6

(i7^5)-

Bombyx phceorrhoea , Donovan, Brit. Ins. x. pi. 555 (1801).
Lipci7'is chrysorrhcea , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 202
(1810).

Porthesia aurifiua , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 66
(1828).

The Brown-Tail Moth.

Porthesia chrysorrhcea, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths,
p. 1 1 1, pi. 25, fig. 4(1879); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid.
iii. pi. 40, fig. 1 (1889) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p.
292, pi. 78, fig. 2, 2 a-c (1894).

Euprodis chrysorrhcea, Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 442
(1892).

The Brown-Tail Moth is found throughout Europe, North
Africa, and Asia Minor. It expands from iff to inch.
It is white, sometimes with a dark spot near the hinder angle of
the fore-wings in the male. The abdomen ends in a tuft of

o 2

196

Lloyd’s natural history.

long hairs, brownish in the male, rust-coloured in the female.
These the female uses as a covering for her eggs, which are
laid in a cluster.

The larvae hibernate in companies in a common grey web,
but disperse after the first moults. The full-grown larva is
greyish black, with light brown hairs and two reddish-brown
lines on the back. On the fifth and terminal segments is a
black wart-like elevation, and on both sides of the back is a
white stripe. It feeds on various kinds of fruit trees as well
as on oak, blackthorn, &c.

GENUS OCNERIA.

Oc?ieria , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 158(1822?); Walker,
List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 789 (1855).

This is a South European genus, the type of which is easily
distinguished from any of the British Liparidce by its pale reddish
colours. The antennse are strongly pectinated in the male, in
which, too, the body is much less stout than in the female ;
the legs are very slender, and not tufted, as in most of the
other Liparidce , and the wings are rather narrow, more of the
shape that we observe in some of the smaller Lasiocampidce .

OCNERIA RUBEA.

{Plate XCI. Fig. 1.)

Bombyx rubea , Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 117, no. 107 (1787);
Hiibner, Beitr. Schmett. ii. (2) p. 50, Taf. 32 (1790); id.
Eur. Schmett. ii. figs. 60, 61, 240 (1800?); Esper,
Schmett. iii. (2) p. 53, Taf. 89, fig. 3 (1807).

Liparis rubea , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 190
(1810).

Oaieria rubea , Herrich-Schaffer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 136, fig.
89 (1844); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. no

(1879)-

PORTHETRIA.

197

This rather scarce species expands an inch or a little more.
The fore-wings are reddish-grey with a double dark transverse
line near the base, and a whitish central spot, edged with
darker. The hind-wings are dull rosy-red with a blackish
central shade, bordered externally by an interrupted black line.
In the female the scaling is less dense, the markings less dis¬
tinct, and the colour redder.

The larva hibernates when half-grown, and is fully grown in
May. It is yellow, suffused with brown on the back, and has
two irregular blackish stripes on the sides of the back, con¬
taining a distinct black dot at the commencement of each
segment. There are, moreover, twelve rows of tubercles on
the body, set with grey and blackish hair. The head is
reddish-brown.

It feeds on low oaks ( Quercus robur and Q. ilex), remaining
hidden under the fallen leaves by day, and emerging only at
night to take food.

The pupa is light brown, with tufts of yellow hair.

This species has been reputed British, but without any re¬
liable authority, and as it is a South European insect, it is
not at all likely to occur with us. Many of the older English
writers appear to have indicated species as British in the most
careless and haphazard manner. Most of these, however,
were practically eliminated by Stephens, though since his time,
entomologists have erred in the opposite direction, and struck
out many species of the occurrence of which in England there
is little reasonable doubt. Indeed, several of them have since
been reinstated in our lists.

GENUS PORTHETRIA.

Liparis , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 186 (1810).
Porthetria , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 160 (1822 ?).
Hypogy?nna, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 55 (1828).

193

Lloyd’s natural history.

Antennae strongly pectinated in the male, which is slender¬
bodied, and flies by day; slightly pectinated in the female,
which is much larger and stouter than the male, and has a
large tuft at the extremity of the abdomen ; it rests on hedges
or tree-trunks by day. The basal joint of the palpi is small,
and the third joint obtuse.

There is but one European species ; but several allied
species are found in India, Japan, <Scc.

THE GIPSY MOTH. PORTHETRIA DISPAR.

Bombyx dispar , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 501, no. 27
(1758); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 197, Taf. 38 (1785);
Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 75, 76, 263 (1800?);
Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 256, pi. 25, figs. 1, 2 (1S22).
Liparis dispar , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 195 (i8io)«
Hypogymna dispar, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 56
(1828); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 37, fig. 6
(1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 303, pi. 79, figs.
2, 2 a-e (1894).

Ocneria dispar, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 110, pi.
25, fig. 2, ^(1879).

Porthetria dispar, Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 475 (1892).

The Gipsy Moth has a wide range, extending throughout
Europe as well as Northern and Western Asia. It expands
from 1 ]/2 to 2x/2 inches, the male being much smaller than
the female.

The male is generally dark brown or smoky-black, though
the colour varies considerably and light greyish-brown speci¬
mens may sometimes be met with. The hind-wings are some*
what lighter than the fore-wings, with a dark margin. The
female is greyish-white with black antennae. In both sexes
the fore-wings are crossed by dark zig-zag transverse lines, and

PORTHETRIA.

199

have a dusky black lunule and costal spots. The hind-wings
of the female have a faint sub-marginal line.

The larva is brown or ashy-grey with three fine yellow lines
or a broad daik brown stripe on the back. The anterior
segments are blue, and the red tubercles thickly covered with
hair. The head is very large and yellowish-grey, with two

Gipsy Moth

brown spots. It feeds on various fruit-trees, as well as on pop¬
lar, willow, oak, rose, &c.

The pupa is dark brown with yellowish tufts of hair, and is
placed in a web between leaves or in the chinks of bark.

The eggs are deposited on tree-trunks, palings, &c., and are
covered with down from the abdomen of the female.

This species is most abundant and destructive on the Conti¬
nent, the males flying everywhere about bushes and hedges, in

2 00 LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY.

the manner of Notolophus antiqnusy and the females are
almost equally abundant and conspicuous at rest. It has also
lately been introduced into North America, where it has
proved quite as destructive. Very fine and large specimens
used to be common in the fens of Cambridgeshire and
Huntingdonshire before they were drained ; but otherwise
the Moth seems to have always been rare in England. Some
of the writers of the last century say that it was intro¬
duced into the orchards at Chiswick, where, however, it soon
seems to have died out ; Stephens says that it has occasionally
been taken at Coombe Wood ; and Stainton mentions Halton
in Buckinghamshire, and Stowmarket as localities. It is now
considered to be almost, if not quite, extinct as a British
insect, though a degenerate breed derived from an original
British stock is, or was till recently, kept up among entomo¬
logists. It is curious that two British species, both named
dispar from the dissimilarity of the sexes, one a Butter¬
fly and the other a Moth, should both have become practi¬
cally extinct in England through the draining of the fens.

GENUS LYMANTRIA.

Lymantria , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 160 (1822?);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 870 (1855) ;

Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, ii. p. 99 (1883).

Psilura , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 57 (1828);

Rambur, Cat. Lepid. de FAndalusie, p. 276 (1866).

This genus is very similar to the last, but the first joint of
the palpi is nearly half as long as the second, and the third is
acute. The sexes are nearly similar, and the male does not
fly by day. The female has a pointed abdomen, and a short
but conspicuous ovipositor.

There are several Indian species of this genus closely re¬
sembling Z. monacha , some of which have the wings spotted

tO

PLATE 1

1 O overlay rubea .

■ Lymartfriay rrujruzeha 6
” >, p

4-. Dasychrray netrwcs .

t, ,, larrcu.

6 Heterogyrvls paradojca .

LYMANTRIA.

201

and suffused with red or orange, and the body red, with black
spots. Some of these are of considerable size, expanding four
or five inches across the wings.

THE BLACK ARCHES. LYMANTRIA MONACHA.

{Plate XCI. Fig. 2 {male), 3 {female).)

Bombyx monacha , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 501, no. 26
(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 300 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iii.
p. 192, Taf. 37, figs. i-6 (1785); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii.
fig. 74 (1800 ?) ; Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 259, pi. 25,
figs. 3, 4 (1822).

Liparis monacha , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 192
(1810).

Psilura monacha , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Flaust. ii. p. 57
(1828); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 37, fig 5
(1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 309, pi. 80
(1894).

Ocneria monacha , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. no,
pi. 25, fig. 3 (1879).

Lymantria monacha , Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 477 (1892).

The Black Arches is found in most parts of Europe. The
male generally expands from 1 ^ to 1 inch, and the female
about two inches. Both sexes vary considerably, but the follow¬
ing description will apply to the majority of specimens: — Fore¬
wings greyish-white, with numerous black spots, and four con¬
fused zig-zag transverse lines of the same colour. The hind-
wings are brownish-grey, sometimes white towards the hind
margin; the fringe always white spotted at regular intervals
with black. The thorax is white with black spots, and the
abdomen is rose-red behind, with the incisions and series of
spots black, that of the female ending in a yellow ovipositor.

The larva is brownish-green, or a mixture of light grey and
black, and occasionally quite black. It has a number of tubercles.

202

Lloyd’s natural history.

bearing blue and red hairs, and on the third segment is a
velvety-black spot, concave in front, and edged with bluish
behind, and white on the sides. The three terminal segments
are spotted with black, and the sides are of a lighter colour.
The head is large, light brown, with two projecting black tufts
of hair. It feeds on fir, oak, apple, &c., and is often very
destructive on the Continent, though it is far from generally
abundant in England. In Germany, where it is one of the
worst pests in the pine-forests, the Moth is often called the
Nun, the translation of the Latin name of the insect.

GENUS DASYCHIRA.

Dasychira , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i (1810?); Stephens, Ill.
Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 58 (1828) ; Walker, List Lepid.
Ins. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 861 (1855).

In this genus, the type of which is one of our largest Liparidce ,
the body is stout, and the antennae strongly pectinated in the
male, and the wings long, the hind-wings being oval, with the
lower part of the hind margin waved. The wings are grey, or
whitish; with darker markings, and the sexes are less dissimilar
than in many species of this Family.

THE PALE TUSSOCK. DASYCHIRA PUDIBUNDA.

Boinbyx pudibu?ida , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 503, no.
35 (1758); Faun. Suec. p. 396 (1761); Esper, Schmett.
iii. p. 271, Taf. 54 (1785); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p.
239, pi. 22, figs. 2, 3 (1822).

Geometra scopularia> Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 521,
no. 144 (1758); Clerck, leones, pi. 5, fig. 8 (1759).
Bombyx juglandis , Hiibner^ Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 84, 85
(1800 ?).

Orgyia pudibundai Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 209
(1810).

DASYCHIRA.

203

Dasychira pudibunda , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 59
(1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 109, pi. 24,
figs. 5, a-c (1879) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi.
38, fig. 2 (1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 316, pi.
81, figs. 2, 2<w(i894).

The Pale Tussock is common in most parts of Europe. It
expands from i3^ to 2^ inches.

The antennae are brownish-yellow, finely dentated in the
female. The fore-wings are whitish-grey, lightly dusted with
blackish, and shaded with a dark brown central lunule and
three waved transverse lines of the same colour. The hind-
wings are whitish, with an indistinct dark grey central spot and
a similar spot at the anal angle.

The Pale Tussock.

The female is larger than the male, with paler fore-wings,
fewer markings, and not so heavily dusted with darker colour.
The hind -wings are whiter, with the spots less distinct.

The larva is hairy, greenish yellow, with velvety-black in*
cisions, and four yellow tufts of hair on the back, and a single
rose-coloured one on the last segment.

The colour of the hair varies from rosy to reddish-brown.

It feeds on oak, beech, hazel, birch, lime, willow, poplar,
walnut, and all kinds of fruit-trees. In hop-gardens it is called
the Hop-Dog.

204

Lloyd’s natural history.

The cocoon is yellowish, and is mixed with the hairs of the
larva. The pupa is dark brown, reddish-brown behind, with
yellow tufts of hair. The insect passes the winter in the pupa,
and the Moth emerges in the following spring.

DASYCHIRA (?) NETRIX.

{Plate XCI. Fig . 4 {imago), 5 {lama).)

Bombyx netrix , Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 307, fig. B (1780) ;

Stoll, Suppl. Cram. pi. 24, figs. 2, 2 c, d (transf.) (1790).

This Moth is a native of Surinam, and measures about two
inches in expanse. The body is orange-tawny, and the antennae
are short and pectinated. The wings are broad, rounded at
the extremities, and not very long ; the fore-wings are white,
with four transverse orange-tawny bands, the last marginal, with
a short streak of the same colour at the end of the cell between
the first and second bands. Hind-wings white, with two nar¬
row orange-tawny stripes about the middle.

The larva is yellowT, with longitudinal black lines, and tufts
of long black hairs, knobbed at the extremity, of which there
are two pairs near the head, and one pair near the tail. The
other hairs are long and simple, and there is a row of white
silky brushes of hair on the back. It feeds on the pine-apple.
The cocoon is white, and the silk is drawn out into a point at
both ends.

GENUS DEMAS.

Colocasia , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 63 (1816); Hiib-
ner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 201 (1822?); Walker, List
Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1059 (1855).

Demas , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 59 (1828).

The type of this genus has short hairy palpi, long and slightly
bipectinated antennae, and a crested thorax, the abdomen tufted
and crested, and the legs very pilose. One or two North

DEMAS.

205

American species are also included in this genus, which is of
somewhat doubtful position, having been referred by different
authors to the Notodontidce, , Lasiocampida , or Noctuce , as well
as to the Liparidce . The name Coloccisia is properly rejected
by Stephens on account of its having been previously used in
Botany.

THE NUT-TREE TUSSOCK. DEMAS CORYLI.

Boinbyx coryli , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 503, no. 33
(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 333(1761); Esper, Schmett. iii.
p. 252, Taf. 50, figs. 1-5 (1785).

Noctua coryli , Htibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. figs. 17, 18 (1799);
Duponchel, Lepid. France, vi. p. 180, pi. 84, fig. 6 (1826).

/

The Nut-Tree Tussock.

Demas coryli , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 60 (1828);
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 147 (1880); Buckler,
Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 38, fig. 3 (1889) ; Barrett,
Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 323, pi. 82, figs. 2, 2 a-d (1895).
Orgyia coryli , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. x. (i) p. 178 (1834).

The Nut-Tree Tussock is found throughout the greater part
of Europe. It expands from 1^ to \]/z inch. It is a reddish-
brown Moth, with the outer half of the fore-wings ashy-grey.
There are several black zig-zag transverse lines, an orbicular
stigma enclosed in a black ring, and a reniform stigma, which is
bounded with black towards the base. The hind-wings are
pale brown without any markings.

The full-grown larva is light reddish-brown or pale flesh-

206

Lloyd’s natural history.

colour, with a black-edged spot on the back of the second
segment, and a dark brown dorsal line, often more or less
broken. The whole of the body is covered with fine hairs,
and there are long tufts on the back of the fifth and sixth seg¬
ments, on each side of the head, and on the last segment.

It feeds on hazel, lime, beech, and oak, but is not one of our
commonest species, though it is not exactly rare.

GENUS NOTOLOPHUS.

Orgyia (pt.), Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 208 (1810);
Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 60 (1828) ; Walker,
List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 780 (1855).

Notolophus , Germar, Syst. Gloss. Prodr. p. 35 (1812).
Gynczphora (partim), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 161
(1822 ?).

Micropterogyna, Rambur, Cat. Ldpid. de l’Andalusie, p. 281,
note (1866).

This genus differs from the majority of the Family by the
rudimentary wings of the stout-bodied females. The males
are brown or orange, with short, pectinated antennae, and
broad wings, the fore-wings being almost triangular. They fly
about in the daytime, and the larvae feed on trees. They are
numerous in South Europe ; in Britain we have only two very
similar and rather dull-coloured species.

THE VAPOURER MOTH. NOTOLOPHUS ANTIQUUS.

Bombyx antiqua , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 503, no.
37 (1758) > id. Faun. Suec. p. 297 (1761) ; Esper, Schmett.
iii. p. 278, Taf. 56, figs. 1-5 (1786); Godart, Lepid.
France, iv. p. 253, pi. 24, figs. 1, 2 (1822).

Orgyia antiqua , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 221
(1810); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 61 (1828);

NOTOLOPHUS.

207

Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 108, pi. 24, figs. 2, a-c
(1879); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. p. n, pi. 39,
fig. 1 (1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 329, pi. 83,
figs. 2, 20-/(1895).

Orgyia nova , Fitch, Rep. Ins. New York, viii. p. 193 (1865).
Orgyia badia , H. Edwards, Proc. California Acad. v. p. 188
(1874).

Notolophus anti quits , Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 493 (1892).

The Vapourer Moth has a very wide range, being not only
found in Europe and North and West Asia, but also in North
America. It is abundant even in London, and may often be
seen flying in the streets wherever there are any trees near.

The Vapourer Moth $ and ?

It expands from ^ to 1 inch. This is one of those interesting
Moths in which the females are wingless, and is the best known
example of this peculiarity occurring in Britain.

The male is bright chestnut-brown, with a white crescentric
spot in front of the hinder angle of the fore-wings, and a few
dark transverse markings. The hind-wings are without mark¬
ings. The female has a stout body covered with down, and has
only small projections, representing rudiments of wings.

The larva is ashy-grey, with fine reddish-yellow and white
longitudinal lines, and tubercles covered with yellowish hair;
behind the head are reddish-yellow spots arranged in a trans¬
verse row, and two black tufts of hair. There is also a tuft on

2 oS Lloyd’s natural history..

each side of the fifth segment, and another erect tuft on the
last. On the back are four pairs of yellow tufts, shorter than
the others. It feeds on most trees and shrubs growing in
woods and gardens, even on the poisonous Cherry Laurel (or
laurel, as it is generally called in England), which very few
insects will touch. The cocoon is egg-shaped and yellowish-
grey, and the pupa is yellow with dark brown wing-cases and
brownish hairs.

When the female emerges she crawls about on the cocoon,
but never travels farther, laying her eggs upon it. Newman
says : “ It is a very curious thing, and I believe hitherto un¬
observed, and therefore unpublished, that these eggs do not
hatch all together like those of Moths in general, but come
out a few at a time, over a period of ten weeks, so that the
caterpillar, chrysalis, and Moths are all found together through¬
out the summer and autumn.”

FAMILY XXIII. HETEROGYNID2E.

Eggs. — Deposited in the pupa-case.

Larva. — Short, slightly pubescent, onisciform.

Pupa. — Enclosed in a loose cocoon.

Imago. — Of small size, the male diurnal, with long sub-tri¬
angular fore-wings, rounded off at the edges ; the hind-wings
are oval, with the hind-margin rounded. The antenme are
pectinated ; the proboscis is short, and the body is hairy.
Ocelli absent ; frenulum present. Female smooth, vermiform.
There is but one genus, which resembles the Adscitince. in
shape, and the Psychidce in appearance and habits.

GENUS HETEROGYNIS.

Ileterogynis, Rambur, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, v. p. 58 \
(1836) ; id. Cat. Lepid. de l’Andalusie, p. 316 (1866).

HETEROGYNIS.

209

This genus includes only a few South European species.
The males are of dull uniform colours, and are clothed with
fine down, or hair-like scales, which leave the wings slightly
transparent. The female is apterous, and much resembles
the larva ; she quits the case to pair, but returns to it after¬
wards to deposit her eggs.

HETEROGYNIS PARADOXA.

{Plate XCI. Fig. 6.)

Bombyx paradoxa, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 99 (1800?).
Tinea penella , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. viii. fig. 447 (1818).
Heterogynis hispana , Rambur, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, v. p
586 (1836).

Heterogynis pennella , Duponchel, Lepid. France, Suppl. iv. p.
75, pi. 50. fig. 14 (1842).

Heterogynis erotica , Graslin, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2) viii. p.
396, pi. 10, figs. 4-7 (1850).

Heterogynis penella , Bruand, Mon. Psych, p. 29, no. 11, pi. 1,
fig. 11 (1852).

Heterogynis padella , Chenu, Encycl. Pap. i. p. 244, figs. 420-
423 (1857).

Hete?‘ogynis dubia , Schmidt, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. x. p.
659 (i860).

Heterogynis paradoxa , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p.
116 (1879).

This plain little South European Moth expands nearly an
inch. The male has a brownish-black body, and unicolorous,
slightly transparent, smoky-black wings. The antennae have
the pectinations becoming shorter towards the extremity.

The female, which is wingless, beais some resemblance to a
larva. It is pale greenish-yellow with a black band. It holds
its body turned up like an S. The head is black and horny,
and the legs are also black, and rudimentary.

!3

p

210

Lloyd’s natural history.

The larva is cylindrical, slightly tapering towards the ex
tremities. It is of a greyish sulphur-yellow, with the second
and last segments whitish-grey, with a dorsal band. The head
is small and black, and is often hidden by the first segment.
It feeds on various species of broom.

The cocoon is pale yellow, and the pupa shining dark brown,
pointed behind.

FAMILY XXIV. PSYCHIC.

Eggs. — Small and rounded.

Larva and Pupa. — Enclosed in variously formed cases resem¬
bling those of Trichoptera (Caddis-flies).

Imago. — Male generally of small size and dull uniform colora¬
tion ; usually white, grey, brown, or black, with pectinated
antennae, and short rounded wings, with long fringes. Female
apterous, and in some genera destitute even of legs and an¬
tennae ; in the latter condition, she is, of course, incapable
of even quitting her case.

The males of the European species fly about among the
grass, like the Adscitince , Pyraustidcz, and other small day¬
flying Moths which they resemble in their habits. They have
representatives in all parts of the world, but are perhaps most
numerous in Europe, India, and Australia. By some authors
they are regarded as a section of the Ti?ie<z.

The European species are all very similar in shape and size,
and the largest scarcely measures an inch across <he wings, the
majority being much smaller. The foreign species are, how¬
ever, more varied in some respects, though always of very dull
colours. Two foreign species, one American, and one Austra¬
lian, are figured on the accompanying page (p. 211)

mak- ■$ m

1^11

i> 2> 3> 4> 5- Metamorphoses of Oiketicus Kirbyi.
6. Cryptothelea M acleayi-

P 2

212

LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY.

GENUS CECETICUS.

Oiketicus , Guilding, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xv. p. 3 7 5 ( 1837 )•
Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1854, p. 219; Walker,
List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 961 (1855).

Male pilose, the mouth-parts rudimentary ; antennae strongly
pectinated, serrated towards the tips. Wings long and narrow,
but rounded at the tips ; fore-wings twice as long as the hind-
wings. Abdomen moderately stout, and very long, extending
for almost its whole length beyond the hind-wings. Female
apterous, ovipositing in its case.

This genus includes a few closely-allied species, and is met
with from the Southern United States to Uruguay. The generic
name is sometimes applied to species occurring in the Old
World, but these are now usually referred to separate genera.

CECETICUS KIRBII
{Page 21 1, Figs. 1-5.,

Oiketicus kirbii, Guilding, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xv. p. 375,
pis. 6, 7 (1837); Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1854,
p. 221, pi. 134, fig. 2.

Oiketicus poeyi, Lucas, in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba,
Anim. Art. p. 724 (1857).

Oiketicus fulgerator , Herrich-Schaffer, Aussereurop. Schmett. i.
fig- 52° (i856)-

Psyche (Oiketicus) gigantea, Zeller, Stett. Ent. Zeitung, xxxii. pp.
49, 80, pi. 2 (1871).

This species is abundant in Central America and the West
Indies, and a closely-allied insect occurring in the Argentine
Republic and Uruguay was formerly considered to be identical,
but has recently been separated under the name of O. plaie?tsis,
Berg. This insect was first brought to the notice of naturalists
by the Rev. Lansdown Guilding, who visited the West Indies

CECETICUS.

213

in 1817, and found it abundant on various trees, being particu¬
larly injurious to fruit trees in gardens. Mr. Guilding reared
the larvae in abundance, during several years’ residence, but he
was much puzzled at breeding males only, for he did not think
of searching in the pupa-cases for the females, but imagined that
the female pupa had not been fully developed owing to the
attacks of parasites. At last, however, a specimen was un¬
cased after the rupture of the thoracic carina, and the mystery
was solved. When the female has come to sexual maturity,
she opens the carina by the motion of her head, and prepares
to receive the winged male. Afterwards the female packs the
bottom of her pupa-case with eggs, covered with down from
her own body, and then dies within the case, or squeezes her
shrivelled body through the opening and dies outside.

The eggs are small, round, yellow, and very numerous, and,
as soon as they are hatched, the larvae quit the pupa-case, spread
themselves over the trees, and at once begin to form their
cylindrical cases of scraps of wood and leaves, held together by
threads, and open at both ends. In these cases they move
about, like the larvae of caddis-flies. When young, they hold
the tail erect, but afterwards it is weighed down by the pressure
of the case. The larva is thick and fleshy, with sixteen legs,
the thoracic legs being unusually thick and strong. The body
is clothed with a few scattered hairs, and the head and three
thoracic segments are yellowish, varied with brown, the rest of
the body being of a dull livid colour. When the larva is
alarmed, it very rapidly closes the purse-like aperture of its
dwelling by means of its mandibles and fore-legs, and thus
remains in security, suspended only by a few threads. Fig.
1 shows a female larva in its case ; and Fig. 2 represents the
same larva without its case. When it has reached its full
growth, it attaches one end of its case firmly to a branch by
strong silken threads, and having thus suspended it, the larva

Lloyd’s natural history.

214

changes to a pupa within the case. Fig. 3 represents the sus¬
pended case of a male. The pupa of the male is brown, and
rather long, with a rust-coloured ring on the abdominal seg¬
ments, the front somewhat carinated, and each segment fur¬
nished with a double series of dorsal prickles. The pupa of
the female is of the same colour, but much thicker.

The wings of the male measure about 1 ^ inch in expanse ;
and the body is i}& inch in length. The wings are black,
slightly glossed with purple, the fore-wings rather long and
narrow, the hind-wings shorter, and slightly produced at the
anal angle. The abdomen is long and extensile, the tarsi red¬
dish, and the front of the head pale ; the antennae are strongly
pectinated from the base to the middle, and serrated beyond
(Fig- 4)-

The female more resembles a pupa than a perfect insect,
being enclosed in a tough envelope without even the three
principal divisions of the body being clearly defined. Not only
the mouth-parts but even the antennae are absent, and the legs
are very short and rudimentary, and destitute of claws. The
body is brownish, clothed with woolly hair towards each ex¬
tremity, and the eyes are reddish (Fig. 5).

GENUS CRYPTOTHELEA.

Cryptothelea , Duncan, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p.

115 (1841).

Lansdownici , Heylaerts, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxv. p. 65 (i88i)»

The male has the antennae pectinated throughout, the pec¬
tinations gradually diminishing in length towards the extremity ;
wings broad, rounded; body slender, not longer than the hind-
wings ; the legs slender. Female apterous, pubescent, not
leaving the case.

A considerable number of Indian, African, and Australian
species are referred to this genus, besides the typical species,
which we have figured.

LIMACODID/E.

2*5

CRYPTOTHELEA MACLEAYI.

( Page 21 1, Fig. 6.)

Oiketicus macleayi, Guilding, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xv. p. 375,
pi. 8 (1827); Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1854,
p. 222, pi. 34, fig. 3.

Cryptothelea mack ay i , Duncan, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot.

Moths, p. 1 15, pi. 9, fig. 6 (1841).

Psyche macleayi, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 955,
no. 14(1855).

The male is dark brown or blackish, and expands rather more
than half an inch. The female is yellowish, with a band of
yellow woolly hair on each segment. In the larva, the head
and the three thoracic segments are yellow with brown mark¬
ings ; the rest of the body is brownish, with scattered pale
warts. It always carries its tail erect, and lives among the
branches and trunks of old trees, frequently forming its case
of the lichens with which they are covered. In other respects
its habits are said to resemble those of ( 'Eceticus .

FAMILY XXV. LIMACODID/E.

Eggs. — (Of Heterogenea cruciata) laid in an agglomerated
mass, pale, shining, translucent.

Larva. — Depressed, limaciform, with imperfectly developed or
retractile legs, smooth or fasciculate, and often furnished with a
formidable stinging apparatus.

Pupa. — Enclosed in a large cocoon provided with a lid.

Imago. — Of small or moderate size, usually with the body
short and stout, the legs stout, and the wings short and oval,
the fore-wings with two sub-median nervures (the lowermost
forked at the base) and the hind-wings with three. Frenulum
present; proboscis often rudimentary.

Lloyd's natural history.

2 16

This is a Family of considerable extent, and chiefly re¬
markable for the form and structure of the larva. It is well re¬
presented in most parts of the world, but there are only two
European species, both of which are found in England. The
European larvae are not known to sting.

The Moths have some resemblance to the Tortrices in shape,
and were regarded as belonging to them by several of the older
writers.

GENUS DORATIFERA.

Dorciiifera, Westwood, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths,
p. 181 (1841); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v.
p. 1115 (1855).

Do7'atiophor’a, Scott, Austral. Lepid. p. 17 (1864).

Lamprolepis , Felder, Reise d. Novara, Lepid. iv. pi. 82, fig. 13

(1874).

This genus includes a few Australian species, with very
stout, pubescent, and rather short bodies, the abdomen not
extending beyond the hind-wings. The palpi are very short
and pilose, the wings are rather short and broad, and the
antennae of the male are pectinated to the middle, and
serrated beyond ; those of the female are simple. The
abdomen of the female is clothed with woolly hair beneath
and on the sides.

DORATIFERA VULNERANS.

( Plate XCII. Fig. 3 {imago), 4, 5 {larva), 6 {cocoon).)

Domlyx vulnerans , Lewin, Prodr. Ent. p. 5, pi. 4 (1805).
Doraiifera vulnerans, Westwood, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot.
Moths, p. 181, pi. 22, figs. 3, 4, 5 (1841); Walker, List
Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1116, no. 1 (1855).

This little Australian Moth expands about 1 inch to
inch, the male being rather smaller than the female, though

PLATE XCII.

Wynta,n IcSoks . Limited

1 . I* errors a . rn edMis .

Z. S copeiodcs unicolor.
3 . 1) o r cilifem vulncrans .

4.6

y >

7 y

Icurva^ .
cocoons .

PHOBETRUM.

217

in colouring the sexes are very much alike. The fore-wings
are ferruginous, with a silvery margin, and with numerous trans¬
verse lines formed of little tufts of a chestnut colour, change¬
able in different lights. The hind-wings are dull whitish, the
thorax and abdomen brown and bushy.

The larva is very remarkable, broad, thick, and massive,
with four reddish protuberances on the anterior part of the
body and four behind. These knobs it is able to open at
will and dart out eight rays or bunches of stings of a yellow
colour. The colour of the body is grey, with numerous black
spots and streaks, the back being marked with a large yellow
spot marked with several black crescents. There are also two
reddish tufts on the head and two similar ones at the hinder
extremity. The sides have a row of white spines directed
backwards. It feeds on the leaves of the stringy bark tree, a
species of Eucalyptus , and passes into the pupa-state in the
beginning of February, fastening itself to the stem of a leaf,
and spinning a dense oval brown cocoon. The Moth emerges
in about three weeks.

The wound inflicted by the little fascicles of stings is
described by Lewin as very painful and venomous, and it
darts them forth whenever it is alarmed by the motion of
anything approaching. They must prove a very powerful
defence against birds and many other enemies.

GENUS PHOBETRUM.

Phobetron , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 398 (1827 ?).
Ecnomidea , Westwood, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths,
p. 183 (1841).

Phobetrum, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. iii, p. 340
(1864).

In its general characters this genus agrees with Euclea ( vide

Lloyd’s natural history.

2t8

infra, p. 222), but the body is much stouter, the fore-wings
are longer and narrower, with the hind margin obliquely
curved, and the hind-wings are very short and rounded. The
larva is a very extraordinary creature ; very broad, with three
long processes, curving backwards, on each side.

PHOBETRUM PITHECIUM.

{Plate XCIfl. Fig. I (imago), 2 (larva).)

Phahena pithecium , Abbot & Smith, Lepid. Georg, ii. pi. 74
(i797)*

Phobetron abboiana , Hiibner, Verz. bek, Schmett. p. 398, no
3853 (1827 ?).

Ectiomidea pithecium , Westwood, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot.

Moths, p. 183, pi. 21, fig. 4 (1841).

Phobetrum pithecium , Lintner, Rep. Inj. Ins. v. pp. 183-192
(1889).

This pretty little Moth is a native of Georgia. The female
expands inch, and the male rather less.

The fore-wings are bluish, with waved yellowish-brown
transverse bands, more or less clouded with dusky. The
hind-wings are uniform brown, with a narrow yellow line
within the fringes. The female has the body rather thick, the
thorax bluish with brown sides, and the abdomen bluish with
brown rings. The male has the body light brown clouded
with darker, and a tuft at the end of the abdomen.

The larva is uniform brown with a yellow head, and it is
its peculiar and uncouth aspect which has suggested the name
Pithecium (little ape) for the insect. It feeds on persimmon and
various kinds of oak. Abbot’s specimen spun up on the 10th
of July, and the Moth emerged on the 31st. The cocoon is
almost globular.

SCOPELODES.

Z T 9

GENUS SCOPELODES.

Scopelodes , Westwood, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths,
p. 222 (1841); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v.
p. 1104 (1855).

This genus is confined to India, China, and the Indo-
Malayan Islands. The antennae are pectinated on the basal
half in the male, and simple in the female, and the palpi
are very long, pilose, and tufted at the extremity. The body
is pilose, and very stout, as are alsD the legs, and the wings
are long and rather broad, and much rounded at the ex¬
tremity.

The species of this curious genus are among the largest
belonging to the Family.

SCOPELODES UNICOLOR.

{Plate XCII. Fig. 2.)

Scope/odes unicolor , Westwood, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot
Moths, p. 222, pi. 28, fig. 2 (1841).

Scopelodes unicolor et S. palpalis , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit
Mus. v. p. 1104, nos. 1 & 2 (1855).

This dull-coloured Moth is a native of India, Java, and
Borneo. The expanse of the wings is 2^ inches. We give
Westwood’s original description, which is as follows: — “The
head is rather small, but the eyes are large ; the palpi are very
long, forming a thick clavate brush of hairs ; the maxillae are
almost rudimental, forming a very short flat tongue ; the
antennae are short and slender; the wings are short and
broadly ovate, the anterior rather acute at the apex, from
which point to the base the hind margin of the wing
forms a regular curve. The post-costal vein is at a con¬
siderable distance from the mediastinal one, and anteriorly
emits three branches, the third of which is furcate, the apical

2 20

Lloyd’s natural history.

point of the wing being included between the fork; the medial
vein emits three branches, and there are two longitudinal veins
(extending from the vein which connects the post-costal and
medial veins) between the last branch of the medial vein and
the main or fourth branch of the post-costal vein. There ap¬
pears to be no bridle to hook the wings together. The thorax
is short and thick, as is also the abdomen. The legs are of
nearly equal length, and very woolly, the spurs of the hind-
wings being almost concealed. The tarsi are long and thick
and very woolly, the tarsal unguis and large flat pulvilli being
concealed by curved black hairs. When at rest the wings are
deflexed at the sides of the body like the roof of a house. The
colour of the entire Moth is buff, the wings having a silky gloss,
and the palpi have a pale ring near the apex ; the back of the
abdomen is rather more fulvous, and marked with short black
bands.”

GENUS PARASA.

Necera , Herrich-Schafifer, Aussereurop. Schmett. i. figs. 176,
177 (1S54) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1138
(1855) ; no}n pi'ceocc.

Parasa , Moore, Cat. Lepid. Mus. E. I. House, ii. p. 413 (1859);
id. Lepid. Ceylon, ii. p. 196 (1883).

In this genus the antennae of the male are pectinated towards
the base ; the palpi are pilose, extending a little beyond the
head, and the hind tibiae are armed with one pair of spurs.
The body is stout and pilose, and extends as far as the hind-
wings. The wings are broad, oval, rounded at the extremity,
and very densely scaled.

The genus is the most extensive in the Family, upwards of
fifty species being now referred to it; but the great majority
of these are found in Africa and the Indo-Malayan Region.
Most of the species are grass-green, with brown or fawn-

PARASA.

2 2 I

coloured borders. Larvae with fascicles of stings. I have
figured a representative species.

PARASA MEDIA.

( Plate XCII. Fig i.)

Necera media , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1140, no.

2 (i855)-

Parasa media , Moore, Cat. Lepid. Mus. E. I. House, ii. p. 414,
no. 940, pi. xxi. figs. 4, 4 a (transf.) (1859).

This Moth, which measures from 1 to inch across the
wings, is found in Java. The body is brown, with the sides of
the head and thorax broadly grass-green. The fore-wings are
fawn-colour, with a very broad grass-green band, occupying the
greater part of the costal area, and more than the basal half of
the inner margin. The green band is sinuated on the outside.
The base and nervures are brown, and the outer side of the
green band is bordered with brown. On the under side the
fore-wings are grass-green, with the costa and hind margin
bordered with fawn-colour. The hind-wings are pale testa¬
ceous, bordered with brownish. The female, which I have
figured, is larger than the male, and the green colour of the
under side of the fore-wings is paler.

The larva, which feeds on a species of Eugenia, called “ Juet
Jambu” in Java, is marked with alternate stripes of green and
yellow, with a blue stripe on the back. It is armed with
fascicles of stings, which are tipped with red at each extremity
of the body and on the sides. The cocoon opens with a
round lid, like that of a Dipterous pupa.

PARASA LEPIDA.

Noctua lepida , Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 130, fig. E (1779?).
Li/nacodes graciosa , Westwood, Cab. Orient. Ent. p. 50, pi. ? 4,
fig. 4 (1848).

2 22

LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY

Neara graciosa, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1139,
no. 1 (1855).

Parasa lepida , Moore, Cat. Lepid. Ins. E. I. House, ii. p. 413,
no. 939> pk 21, figs 3, 3a~d (transf.) (1859); id. Lepid.
Ceylon, ii. p. 127, pi. 128, figs. 2, 2 a, b (1893); Snellen,
Tijdschr. Ent. xx. p. 18 (1877).

This species, which inhabits India and Ceylon, is the type
of the genus Pa?'asa. It much resembles P. media , but is
larger, and the green portion of the fore-wings is not indented,
but gradually rounded on the outer side.

The larva feeds on Ficus , mango, and other trees. It is like
that of the last species, but shorter and broader, and only two of
the fascicles at each end are tipped with red. Mr. Moore quotes
the following accounts of its habits : — “The mask which con¬
ceals the head when at rest is curious. It is prehensile, and clasps
the edge of the leaf while the head underneath is eating its way
along. Instead of pro-legs it has eight pairs of soft flexible pro¬
tuberances, which, by a peristaltic kind of motion, are made to
serve as pro-legs, and by means of them the animal clings par¬
ticularly strongly against the surface even of glass ” ( Sclater ).
“The caterpillar stings with such horrible pain that I sat in the
room almost sick with it, and unable to keep the tears from
running down my cheeks for more than two hours, applying
ammonia all the time ” ( Templeton ).

GENUS EUCLEA.

Euclea, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 149 (1822?) ; Walker,
List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1143 (1855); Packard,
Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. iii. p. 336 (1864).

Euclea includes a series of rather small American moths,
with somewhat stout bodies, not extending much beyond the

EUCLEA.

223

hind-wings; the antennae are moderately pectinated in the
male, and the wings are short and broad, with rounded hind
margins ; the legs are stout and pilose, the hind tibiae being
armed with four short spurs.

The larva is a curious boat-shaped creature, and is armed
above with a double row of long and very thick spikes. Dr
Packard detected in it a resemblance to the famous war-ship
“ Monitor.”

EUCLEA QUERCETI.

( Plate XCIJI. Fig. 3 [imago), 4 [larva).)

Phalcena cippus , Abbot & Smith (nec Cramer), Lepid. Georg,
ii. pi. 13 (1797).

Limacodes cippus , Duncan, in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths,
p. 177, pi. 21, fig. 2 (1841).

Limacodes querceti, Herrich-Schaffer, Aussereurop, Schmett. i.
fig. 174 (1854).

Euclea cippus , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1143,
no. 1 (1855).

Euclea jnonitor , Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. iii. p. 337
(1864); id. Guide Ins. pp. 288, 289 (1869).

This elegant little species is a native of the United States.
It expands about an inch. The fore-wings are brown with
something of a reddish tinge. They have a dark brown band
near the hind margin, a few dark marks nearer the base and
two rather large green spots, each of which is divided externally
by a white and black border from a red spot.

The hind-wings are light brown without spots.

The head and thorax are of the same colour as the ground¬
colour of the fore-wings, and the abdomen is like the hind-
wings.

The larva inclines to purple on the sides, with three longi¬
tudinal yellow stripes margined below with black

2 2 A

Lloyd’s natural history.

The middle of the back is dark and the pointed projection
brownish-red. It feeds on the dog-weed ( Cornus florida ), oak,
and other trees. It was observed by Abbot to make its cocoon
on the 14th of September, and the Moth appeared on the
22nd of July.

GENUS APODA.

Apoda, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. ii. p. 137 (1809).

Cochlidion , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1810?).

Limacodes , Latreille, Fam. Nat. p. 474 (1825) ; Stephens, Ill.
Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 85 (1829); Walker, List Lepid.
Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1145 (1855)*

In this genus the antennae are stout and serrated in the
male, and simple in the female. The palpi are densely clothed
with scales and short hairs, and extend a little beyond the
head, and the legs and abdomen are rather stout. The femora
and tibiae are fringed with hair. The fore-wings are oblong,
with transverse lines. The larva is stout, naked, and gibbous
above, and the pupa is robust, obtuse, narrowed behind and
enclosed in a dense ovate cocoon. Several species from
different parts of the world are referred to this genus. The
single European species flies by day.

THE FESTOON MOTH. APODA AVELLANA.

Tortrix avellana, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 531, no. 210
(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 344 (1761).

Bombyx limacodes, Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. iii. p. 402, no. 78
(1776); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 140, Taf. 26, figs. 3 -9
(1784).

Bombyx sulphurea, Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 279 (1777).

Phalcena Umax , Borkhausen, Eur. Schmett. iii. p. 449 (1780).
Bombyx testudo , Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 121, no. 116

(1787)-

Bombyx bupo , Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 121, no. 118 (1787).

APODA.

225

Phalczna funalis , Donovan, Brit. Ins. iii. pi. 76 (1794).

Bombyx asella , Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 36, Taf. 85, fig. 4 (1801).
Tortrix testudina?ia , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. vii. figs. 164, 165
(1803 ?) ; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. viii. p. 14 (1830).
Limacodes tesiudo, Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 279, pi. 28,
figs. 1, 2 (1822) ; Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 86
(1829); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 114, pi. 26,
fig. 3 (1879) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 53, fig.
8 (1889) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 166, pi. 64, figs,
22, a , b (1894).

Apoda avellana , Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 552 (1892).

The Festoon Moth is found in most parts of Europe and
Asia Minor. The expanse of the wings is about one inch, the
male being smaller than the female.

The fore-wings are usually dark ochre-yellow in the male,
with two dark-brown transverse lines commencing near together

Male. Female.

The Festoon Moth.

on the costa, but widely diverging towards the inner margin,
and enclosing a dark triangular area, in which may be observed
in the middle of the wing a round spot, and near the inner
margin an elongated one, both of the ground-colour. The
hind-wings are dark brown, yellowish towards the base. The
fringes are varied with yellowish.

The abdomen ends in a pale tuft.

The female has pale ochre-yellow fore-wings, with the same
markings as the male, but paler and more distinct, the spots in

Q

226

Lloyd’s natural history.

the central area being sometimes almost white. The fringes
are rusty brown. The hind-wings are ochre-yellow, suffused
with brown.

The larva is slug-shaped, with an arched back and flat sides.
It is light green, without hairs, and covered with small shining
tubercles. On the back are two whitish longitudinal lines,
bounded by reddish-yellow, and on the sides is a yellow line.
When at rest the head is retracted under the second segment.
It feeds on oak and beech.

The transformation takes place in an oval cocoon between
leaves, in which the larva spends the winter, before passing into
the pupa-state. The pupa is soft and yellow, and has the parts
of the Moth outlined, as is the case in beetles.

This insect is fairly common in woods in England.

GENUS HETEROGENE A.

Heterogenea , Knoch, Beitr. Insect, iii. p. 6d (1793); Stephens,
Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 84 (1829); Treitschke, Schmett.
Eur. viii. p. 13 (1830).

This genus somewhat resembles the last, but the antennae,
palpi, legs, and abdomen are all much more slender and less
pilose ; and the wings are unicolorous. The fore-wings are
trigonate, and somewhat truncate at the extremity ; the hind-
wings are rounded. The larva is ovate, naked, and depressed.

THE TRIANGLE MOTH. HETEROGENEA CRUCIATA.
Heterogenea cruciata , Knoch, Beitr. Insect, iii. pi. 3, figs. 1-10
(r7 83)-

Bombyx asella , Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 121, no. 117 (1787).
Tortrix asellana, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett, vii. figs. 166, 167
(1803?).

Bombyx asellus, Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p 282, pi. 228, fig.
3 (1822).

HETEROGENEA.

227

Heterogenea asella , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 85, pi.
17, fig. 2 (1829); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 172
pi. 64. figs. 3, 3 a, b (1894).

Heterogenea aset/ana, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. viii. p. 18 (1830).
Heterogenea aset/ns, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 114
(1879); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii p. 73, pi. 53,
fig. 8 (1889).

The Triangle Moth is found throughout the greater part of
Europe.

It expands about ^ inch.

The body and fore-wings are yellowish-brown in the male,
more or less tinged with darker, and the hind-wings are
blackish, with yellowish borders.

The female, which is often distinctly larger than the male, is
ochre-yellow.

Male. Female.

The Triangle Moth.

The Moth rests with the wings partly arched, and the abdo¬
men raised.

The larva is short and stout, with the back flat and the sides
somewhat depressed. It has a very small head. The whole
of the upper surface of the body is rough like shagreen, and
of a delicate green colour, with a broad olive-brown dorsal
mark commencing on the third segment, narrowing somewhat
on the fifth, becoming very wide on the seventh and eighth,
and narrowing again till the end of the body is reached.

It usually remains upon one leaf, and does not leave it until
it is quite consumed. When feeding, it retracts the head under
the second segment, so that it is concealed.

Lloyd’s natural history.

228

It draws a leaf together with fine threads, and forms a short,
elliptical brown cocoon.

The pupa is shining, transparent whitish-brown.

The New Forest is the chief locality for this Moth in Eng-
]and.

FAMILY XXVI. NOTODONTIDTL

Egg. — Circular or button-shaped, flattened beneath, and
sometimes depressed above.

Larva. — Naked, more or less gibbous before and behind, and
with the anal claspers often modified into short or long slen¬
der appendages.

Pupa. — Enclosed in a cocoon, either between leaves, or at¬
tached to the bark of trees.

Imago. — With the wings considerably longer than broad, and
usually of plain colours, rarely dentated, but frequently with a
very conspicuous tooth on the inner margin of the fore-wings.
Body stout, pubescent, sometimes tufted, and generally longer
than the hind-wings; antennae frequently more or less strongly
pectinated in the male.

Proboscis and ocelli present or absent ; fore-wing with one
sub-median nervure, and sometimes with a prediscoidal cell ;
hind-wings with the costal nervure distinct from the sub-costal,
but often approximating, and sometimes connected with it by
a cross-nervule ; two sub-median nervules.

Flight nocturnal.

This is a Family of considerable extent, which has relation¬
ships with the Sphingidce , Noctuce , and, in the larval state
only, with the Drepanulidcz. The forms assumed by the larvae
are often very curious, and several are here figured. The
Notodontidcc are well represented in Europe.

STAUR0PU3.

229

GENUS STAUROPUS.

Stauropus , Germar, Syst. Gloss, p. 45 (1812); Stephens, Ill.
Brit.Ent. Haust. ii. p. 21 (1828) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins.
Brit. Mus. v. p. 1019 (1855).

Terasion , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 147 (1822?).

The wings are long, the fore-wings being much longer than
the hind-wings, with the costa much arched, but the tip not
very pointed ; the antennae are strongly pectinated in the male
for half their length ; the body is stout, tufted, and extends
considerably beyond the hind-wings ; the legs are hairy, and
the hind tibiae are armed with two long apical spurs. There
are several patches of raised scales on the fore-wings.

This genus is numerously represented in India, China, and
Japan; we have one species in Europe.

THE LOBSTER MOTH. STAUROPUS FAG I.

Noctua fagi, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 508, no. 60

(W58)-

Bombyx fagi , Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 295 (1767); Knoch,
Beitr. Schmett. ii. p. 58, Taf. 3, fig. 5 (1782); Esper,
Schmett. iii. p. 105, pi. 20 (1784); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett.
iii. fig. 31 (1800?); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 173, pi. 15,
fig. 1 (1822).

Harpyia fagi , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 39 (1810).
Stauropus fagi, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 21 (1828);
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 137, pi. 30, figs. 8,
a-c (1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 63, pi. 33,
fig. 1 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 99, pi. 103

(i895)»

The Lobster Moth is found throughout Europe and Western
Asia. It has an expanse of about 2^ inches. It is varied
with brown and grey. The fore-wings are paler at the base and

230

Lloyd’s natural history.

before the hind-margin, with the inner margin suffused with
reddish-brown in the central area. There are two zig-zag yel¬
lowish transverse lines, and small black spots in front of the

The Lobster Moth.

hind margin, bounded by whitish on the inner side. The hind-
wings are reddish-grey, darker on the costa, with traces of a
dentated transverse line.

The larva is chestnut- brown, stouter behind, with a pale dorsal
line edged with blackish. On each of the segments, from the
fifth to the tenth, is a pair of humps, the first of these being
the largest. The last segment, which is broad, ends in two
short, erect, somewhat clubbed horns. The six thoracic legs
are very long and two-jointed. When at rest, the larva keeps
the head and tail raised.

BRACHlONYCHA.

231

It feeds on oak, birch, hazel, beech, lime, plum, and ether
trees. It weaves a white silky cocoon between leaves. The pupa
is shining reddish-brown, with four curved and pointed hook-
lets at the extremity.

The Lobster Moth is not considered to be a very com.

Larva of Lobster Moth.

mon species in England. It derives its name from the extra¬
ordinary form of the caterpillar. It has been suggested that
it may derive some advantage from its (fancied) resemblance
to a spider ; but, on the other hand, it has been pointed out
that spiders are peculiarly defenceless creatures, and extremely
subject to the attacks of birds and wasps, so that a cater¬
pillar would probably in no way benefit by any such resem¬
blance.

GENUS BRACIIIONYCIIA.

Brachionycha, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. T44 (1S22?);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1035 (1855).
Petasia , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 31 (1828).
Asteroscopus, Boisduval, Ind. Meth. p. 59 (1829); id. Gen.
Ind. Meth. p. 85 (1840).

Lloyd*s natural history.

232

In this genus the antennae are long, and pectinated to tli6
tips ; the legs are stout, and the hind tibiae armed with four
long spurs; the body stout, hairy, extending a little beyond
the hind-wings ; the wings long, the fore-wings rather longer
than the hind-wings, with the costa nearly straight, and no pro¬
jection on the inner margin. We have figured the commonest
of the two British species. The other, B. nubeculosa (Esper), is
larger and darker, and is found at Rannoch in Perthshire.

THE SPRAWLER. BRACHIONYCH A SPHINX.

Noctna sphinx , Hufnagel, Berk Mag. iii. p. 400, no. 75
(1767); Von Rottenburg, Naturf. ix. p. 133 (1776).
Bomhyx sphinx , Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 249, Taf. 49, figs. 1-3

(1785)-

Bombyx cassinea, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 126, no. 148
(1787); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 5, 6 (1800).
Xylina cassinea , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3) p. 53 (1826).
Noctua cassinea , Duponchel, Lepid. France, vii. (1) p. 116, pi.
114, fig. 2 (1827).

Petasia cassinea , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 32
(1828); Buckler, Larvce of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 36, fig. 2
(1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 155, pi. 112, figs.
2, 2a, b (1895).

Asteroscopus sphinx, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 170,
pi. 33, fig. 7 (1880).

The Sprawler is common in most parts of Europe. It has
an expanse of about 1 ^ inch.

The ground colour of the fore-wings is usually ashy-grey, but
dark brown or dark grey specimens may occasionally be met
with, especially in the female. There are numerous brown
and blackish longitudinal streaks. From the base, in the
middle of the wing, is a stout black streak. The fringes are
ashy-grey, streaked with white. The hind-wings are white, suf-

PLATE XCIII

/ . PhobeZrturv pitlu’cuun.

2 . ,, ,, Inrva .

3 . EvucLecu cj u erreli.

4 . , , , , Ixtrv'cu .

7-’

BRACHIONYCHA*

233

fused with brown, especially in the female, with a large, indis¬
tinct central spot, the fringes with brown crescents.

The larva is shining green, but becomes yellower after the
first moult, and finally white. On the back are three clear

The Sprawler.

white lines, and on each side a sulphur-yellow one. It is very
delicate, and, especially after the third moult, becomes semi¬
transparent. It feeds on lime, willow, oak, cherry-tree, beech,
&c.

This Moth is not very uncommon in England, and Stephens
remarks that the larvae assume, when at rest, the attitude of

Larva of the Sprawler.

those of the Sphingidce , and, in addition, stretch out their an¬
terior legs to the utmost, whence the name Sprawler , which
has been applied to the insect

234

Lloyd’s natural history.

GENUS DRYMONIA.

Drymonia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 144 (1822 ?); Curtis,
Brit. Ent. xvi. pi. 755 (1839) Walker, List Lepid. Ins.
Brit. Mus. v. p. ion (1855).

Chaonia , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 29 (1828).

The Moths belonging to this genus have stout pubescent
bodies not extending far behind the hind-wings ; antennae pec¬
tinated to the tips in the male; wings long and rather narrow,
with the hind margin rounded, and with no distinct tooth on
the inner margin ; the thorax slightly crested, and the hind
tibiae with four spurs. The larva is naked, with anal claspers,
but without humps on the back. Several species of this genus
are found in Europe and Japan ; and one is recorded from
Chili. We have two species in Britain, but neither of them
is very abundant.

THE LUNAR MARBLED BROWN. DRYMONIA RUFICORNIS.

Bombyx ruficornis , Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. ii. p. 424, no. 43
(1766).

Phalccna confusa , Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. iii. p. 414, no. 94
(1767).

Noctua roboris , Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 283 (1777).

Bombyx roboris , Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 243, Taf. 46, figs. 4-7

(1785)-

Bombyx chaonia , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett, iii. figs. 10, 11
(1800?); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 218, pi. 20, fig.
6 (1822).

Notodonta chaonia , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 82
(1810).

Chaonia roboris , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 30
(1828).

DRVMONIA

235

Drymonia chaonia, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 141,
pi. 31, fig. 7 (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p.
1 5 7, pi 34, fig. 3 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p.
130, pi. 108, figs. 2, 2^(1895).

Drymonia ruficornis , Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 570 (1892).

This species is confined to Europe. It expands from 1 l/-z
to nearly inch.

The fore-wings are blackish-grey with whitish markings and
transverse lines, and a black central lunule. The anterior
transverse line is nearly straight, and the sub-marginal line is
indistinct. The fringes are scarcely lighter than the ground¬
colour, and are bordered by a dark marginal line. The hind-

The Lunar Marbled Brown

wings are whitish in the male, with a grey transverse line, pale
grey in the female, with a light central line. The abdomen is
reddish-grey.

The larva is elongated, smooth and shining, pale green,
darker on the sides, with two yellow dorsal lines and a similar
one above the legs.

It feeds on the oak ( Quercus robur ), and forms an earthen
cocoon for the pupa, which is dark brown.

THE MARBLED BROWN. DRYMONIA TRIMACULA.
Bombyx trimacula^ Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 2^2, Taf. 46, figs. 1-3

Lloyd’s natural history.

-3°

Bombyx ilicis, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (i) p. 434, no. 84 (1793).
Bombyx dodoncza , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 8 (1800?) ;

Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 216, pi. 20, fig. 5 (1822).
Notodonta dodono&a , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 80
(1810).

Chaonia dodonea , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 30
(1828).

Drymonia dodoncca , Curtis, Brit. Ent. xvi. pi. 755 (1839);
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 142 (1880); Buck¬
ler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 158, pi. 34, fig. 4 (1887);
Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 133, pi. 109, figs. 1, 1 a-g
(IS95).

Drymonia trimacula , Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 571 (1892).

The Marbled Brown is common in most parts of Europe.
It measures from i1/^ to nearly 1^ inch across the wings.
The fore-wings are brownish-grey, with the anterior transverse
line filled in with yellowish-grey, and the hinder one filled with
white. The wings are suffused more or less with white towards
the base, especially on the nervures. There is no central

The Marbled Brown.

lunule and the sub-marginal line is indistinct. The basal and
marginal areas are also often more or less dusted with whitish,
the latter as far as a spot on the costa. The fringes are whitish-
grey spotted with dusky. The hind-wings are brownish-grey
with a light central streak. The abdomen is ochre-yellow, and

PHALERA.

237

this character serves to distinguish the Moth, which is other¬
wise very variable.

The larva is green, with a golden-yellow spiracular line,
which is sometimes spotted with red. It feeds on oak ( Quercus
robur).

The cocoon is formed of tough silk, covered with fine
earth, and the pupa is mahogany-brown, and glossy.

GENUS PHALERA.

Pygcera (pt.), Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 214 (1S10);

Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 1 1 (1828).
Phalera , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 147 (1822 ?) ; Walker,
List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1049 (1855).

Acrosema , Meigen, Eur. Schmett. iii. p. 24 (1832).
Hatnmatophora , Westwood, British Moths, i. p. 63 (1851).

In this genus the antennae of the male are slightly pectinated.
The Moths have a stout tufted abdomen, extending beyond the
hind-wings, and long and rather broad fore-wings, with the hind
margin denticulated, but no tooth on the inner margin ; the
hind-wings are broad and rounded, and the legs are stout and
pilose, and the hind tibiae are armed with four long spurs. The
genus is well represented in Asia, and there are two very simi¬
lar European species, one of which is common in England.

THE BUFF-TIP. PHALERA BUCEPHALA.

{Plate XC1V. Fig. 3.)

Nociua bucephala , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 508, no. 61
(I7^5)-

Bombyx bucephala, Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 295 (1761) ; Esper,
Schmett. iii. p. iii, Taf. 22, figs. 1-4 (1785); Hiibner,
Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 194, 195 (1804?); Godart, Lepid.
France, iv. p. 206, pi. 22. fig. 1 (1822).

2 38

Lloyd’s natural history.

Pygccra bitccphala , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 235
(1810); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 11 (1828);
Duponcbel, Lepid. France, Suppl. iii. p. 111, pi. 11, fig.
4 (1836) ; Buckler, Larvce of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 37, fig.
4 (1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 161, pi. 113

(i895)-

Phalej-a bucephala , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 153
pi. 31, fig. 1 (1S80).

The Buff-tip is common throughout Europe, as well as
in Northern and Western Asia. It expands 2^2 inches. The
fore-wings are light brown, interspersed with numerous silvery
scales, especially towards the base, with a large rounded
yellow spot at the tip, slightly suffused with ochreous externally,
and bounded on the inner side by two rust-coloured undulating

The Buff-tip,

transverse lines, which are continued to the inner-margin.
From this large yellow spot is derived the popular name by
which the Moth is known. There are one or two other rusty
transverse lines, in addition to those mentioned above. The
fringe is yellowish, varied with rusty-red and bounded by a
series of small crescentic spots of the same colour internally.
The hind-wings are uniform yellowish-white. The thorax is

ANAPHE.

239

ochreous, with two rust coloured lines on each side, and the
abdomen is coloured like the hind-wings.

The larva, which is pilose and not humped, is at first
blackish ; but when full-grown it is dark brown with numerous
yellow longitudinal stripes, interrupted at the incisions by a
yellow transverse band. The head is black, as well as the outer
side of the legs. It is a gregarious larva, and consumes the leaves
of the elm (especially the wych elm), oak, lime, and willow.
By thus feeding in company they often strip a tree of a large
portion of its foliage in a very short time. When freshly
emerged, the larvae arrange themselves side by side, in con¬
siderable detachments, and commencing at one end of a leaf,
eat their way to the other, consuming the parenchyma or
pulpy substance only half-way through. When they have
attained their full growth, which is usually by September, they
drop to the ground, into which they burrow, and change into a
dark brown pupa.

GENUS ANAPIIE.

Anaphe , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iv. p. S56 (1855);
Walsingham, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (2) ii. p. 421
(1885).

Arctiomorpha , Herrich-Schaffer, Aussereurop, Schmett. i. p. 11
(1855).

Henosis, Wallengren, K. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. (2) v. (4) p.
5i (1865).

This genus is confined to Africa, and its position is some¬
what uncertain, as it has been referred by different authors to
the Arctiidce , Liparidce, or Notodontidce. The antennae are
pectinated in the male ; the body is stout, pubescent, and tufted,
and extends a little beyond the hind-wings, and the wings are
rather long, broad, and rounded at the extremities. The moths
are of a creamy-white, with a narrow reddish-brown stripe

240

Lloyd’s natural history.

extending all round the fore-wings, which are usually marked
with oblique stripes and longitudinal bands of the same colour.
The legs are rather stout, and the hind tibiae are armed with
apical spurs.

The Moths are remarkable for the gregarious habits of the
larvae, which feed on trees, and form large nests several
inches broad and long, in which they assume the pupa state,
each nest containing from 80 to 300 pupae.

The larvae are very abundant, frequently stripping the trees
on which they feed of their leaves, but they are exposed to the
attacks of a variety of parasites, belonging to different orders
of insects. The larvae are provided with barbed hairs, like
those of the Processionary Caterpillars of Europe, which are
likewise gregarious, though they do not form nests lik e Anaphe,
and are clothed with hairs which are irritating in the highest
degree.

ANAPHE VENATA.

{Plate XCV. Fig. 3.)

Anaphe venata , Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) ii. p. 459 (1878).

The species which we have figured is a native of Old Cala¬
bar, and has an expanse of 2^ inches.

“Wings cream-coloured; primaries with the veins, margins,
and a central belt bright chocolate-colour ; secondaries with
an apical fringe slightly brownish, and with bright chocolate
dots at the ends of the veins ; head, inner fringe of tegulae and
thorax red-brown, collar and outer border of tegulae cream-
coloured ; abdomen pale red-brown, the segments whitish in
front; antennae black; under surface with the markings less
distinct than above.” {Butler.')

GENUS HETEROMORPHA.

Heteromorpha , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 1 (18 to).

Episema , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 65 (1816);

241

HETEROMORPHA.

Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i) p. hi (1825); Stephens,
Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 14 (1828); Walker, List
Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1081 (1855).

Euphragis , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 194 (1822).

Diloba, Boisduval, Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 88 (1840).

This is a small genus of rather doubtful position, being
placed by some entomologists with the AToctu<z. The body
is stout, with the thorax slightly crested, with lateral fasciae, and
the abdomen, which extends a little beyond the hind-wings,
is tufted at the extremity. The antennae are pectinated to the
tips in the male, and the legs and palpi are very hairy ; the
hind tibiae are armed with four spurs. Wings long and rather
narrow, with the hind margin rounded.

THE FIGURE OF EIGHT MOTH. HETEROMORPHA
C.ERULEOCEPHALA.

Bombyx cceruleocephala , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 504,
no. 38 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 296 (1761); Esper,
Schmett. iii. p. 288, Taf. 58, figs. 1-4 (1786); Hiibner,
Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 196 (1800?).

Episema ceenileocephala , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (1) p.
112 (1825); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 15
(1828).

Noctna cczmleocephala , Godart, Lepid. France, vi. p. 187, pi.
85, fig. 1 (1826).

Diloba cceruleocephala , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p.
146(1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. p. 1, pi.
36, fig. 1 (1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 175, pi.
1 1 5, figs. 2, 2 a-d (1895).

Heteromorpha cceruleocephala, Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 585
(1892).

/

This pretty species is an inhabitant of Europe and Western

13

R

Lloyd’s natural history.

242

Asia, and is a common British species. It expands inch
or a little less.

The fore-wings are bluish-grey, with two zig-zag lines running
across the middle, and diverging above. Between these is a
conspicuous greenish-white spot, composed of three connect* d
parts. In addition to the lines already mentioned there if a
faint lunule above, edged with brown, and a black sagitl ite
streak below. The hind-wings are generally whitish in the male.
In the female the nervures are more heavily dusted, and there
is a larger lunule. At the anal angle there is a black spot. The
fringes of the fore-wings are light brown, edged with darker, and
those of the hind-wings silvery-grey, edged with darker. The
thorax is grey, and the abdomen brown, slender, with a long
anal tuft in the male ; stout with woolly hair in the female.

The Figure of Eight Moth.

The larva is yellowish-green with black tubercles, each bear¬
ing a single hair. On the back is a broad pale yellow stripe,
and on each side a narrower one of the same colour. The
head is bluish, with two round black spots. When young the
larva is paler, and when it is approaching full growth it becomes
bluish.

It feeds on almond tree, white-thorn, black-thorn, and various
fruit-trees. It is generally solitary, but sometimes appears in
such large numbers on the Continent as to cause considerable
damage.

CERURA.

243

When about to pupate it forms a firm, narrow cocoon, with
fragments of bark, splinters, or moss. It is oval, and the
threads are white.

The pupa is reddish-brown, and very small in comparison to
the larva.

GENUS CERURA.

Cerura, Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (2) p. 155 (1802); Latreille,
Gen. Crust. Ins. iv. p. 219 (1809) ; Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent.
Haust. ii. p. 15 (1828); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit.
Mus. v. p. 982 (1855).

Andria , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 1 (1810?).

Harpy ia, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 19 (1810); Htib-
ner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 148 (1822?); Moore, Lepid.
Ceyl. ii. p. 108 (1883).

Pania , Dalman, Anal. Ent. p. 92 (1823).

Dicranura , Boisduval, Ind. Meth. p. 54 (1829).

Cerura includes several species with white, rather thinly-
scaled, wings, with dark transverse or zig-zag markings, stout
woolly bodies, extending beyond the hind-wings, antennae pec¬
tinated in both sexes, and two small terminal spurs on the hind
tibiae. The largest, and also the commonest, of our British
species is called the “ Puss-Moth,” and the smaller species are
known as the “Kittens.” The larvae are green, varied with
purplish-brown, truncate in front, with an elevation on the
third segment, and the anal claspers modified into long processes
enclosing retractile filaments. The pupa is enclosed in a hard
cocoon. The species are rather numerous in the Northern
Hemisphere.

THE ALDER KITTEN. CERURA BICUSPIS.

Bombyx bicuspis , Borkhausen, Eur. Schmett. iii. p. 380, no.
141 (1790); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 36 (1800);
Freyer, Neu. Beitr. iv. p. 131, Taf. 363 (1841).

R 2

244

Lloyd’s natural history.

Harpy ia bicuspis , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 26
(1810); Duponchcl, Lepid. France, p. 128, pi. 12, fig. 3
(1836).

Cerura bicuspis , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 136
(1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. pp. 62, 137, pi.
32, fig. 1 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 83, pi.
100, figs. 3, T>a-c, pi. 101, fig. 1 (1895).

The Alder Kitten is found in most parts of Europe. It
measures rather less than 1^ inch across the wings.

It is white, the fore-wings with a dark grey band before the
middle, irregularly concave on both sides. This has to be dis¬
tinguished from two other very similar British species, namely,

The Alder Kitten.

C. hermelina , Goeze (The Poplar Kitten) and C. fur cu la (The
Sallow Kitten). All have a dark grey thorax, with a whitish-
grey collar, and orange transverse streaks or spots, and light or
dark grey borders to the lighter abdomen. On the fore-wings
is a whitish basal area, with a transverse row of black dots, a
dark grey band bordered first with black and then with orange,
reaching to the middle of the wing, and between this and the
hind margin two or three deeply dentated dark transverse lines,
the last of which is dusted with orange. The hind-wings are
white in the male, pale grey in the female, with a faint band in
front of the hind margin.

In C. bicuspis , the white of the ground-colour is clearer than

CERURA.

245

in the others, the dark band is concave on both sides, and
much attenuated in the middle. It is pure blackish-grey, not
dusted with orange, and the black border is only slightly
marked.

The larva is pale green, with a yellowish-brown head. On the
second segment commences a large reddish-brown spot, bor¬
dered with white on the sides, and shaped like a pyramid or
triangle, with the sides longer than the base. On the third
segment it ends in a small button-like elevation. The dorsal
line commences on the fifth segment, and is not joined to the
triangular mark already mentioned. It is also reddish-brown,
and is pointed in front, expanding gradually till the eighth seg-

Larva of Alder Kitten.

ment, where it widens out so much as to extend laterally down
to the spiracle. It then narrows again till the twelfth segment,
where it slightly expands, and terminates between the caudal
processes, which are long and spiny, in a shining black plate.
This dorsal line is bordered with a white line, broken on the
eighth segment, and is spotted with yellowish on the sides of
the sixth and eighth segments. It feeds on birch and alder.

The pupa is brown, and is contained in a hard, firm cocoon.

This species is widely distributed in England, but is scarce
in collections, owing rather to the difficulty of finding it than to
its actual rarity. Its cocoons are almost invisible, from their

246

Lloyd’s natural history.

resemblance co the surrounding bark, till after the Moth has
emerged ; this is usually the case in Centra and allied genera
of Notodonlidce.

THE SALLOW KITTEN. CERURA FURCULA.

Bombyx fur cula, Clerck, leones, pi. 9, fig. 9 (1759); Linnaeus,
Faun. Suec. p. 298 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 102,
Taf. 19, figs. 3, 4 (1784); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig.
39 (1800); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 136, pi. 16, fig.
2 (1822).

Harpy ia furcula , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 32
(1810).

Centra furcula, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 17 (1828) ;
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 136 (1880) ; Buckler,
Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 137, pi. 32, fig. 2 (1887);
Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 86, pi. 101, figs. 2, 2 a-d
(1895).

Dicranura furcula, Duponchel, L6pid. France, Suppl. iii. p.
128, pi. 12, fig. 4 (1836).

This species, like C. bicuspis, is found only in Europe. It

The Sallow Kitten.

It is light grey with a dark grey transverse band on the fore¬
wings, suffused with orange, straight on the inner side, and
irregularly excavated on the outer sides.

CERURA.

247

The larva is yellowish-green, dotted here and there with
reddish and dark green. The cervical and dorsal spots are
connected, and are usually violet, spotted with red and yellow.
The former is pyramidal, ending in a blunt cone, and margined
with yellow. The dorsal spot is very variable, and is some¬
times of a rich rosy red. It has a darker central line, and is
shaded with darker, especially on the sides of the seventh and

eighth segments, where it is excavated, and the yellow margin is
interrupted. A few small black spots may be seen in front of
it on the seventh and eleventh segments. The caudal fila¬
ments are ringed with yellow and brown. It feeds on sallow.

The pupa is light brown with greenish wing-cases, and the
cocoon is made with chips of wood.

This is a much commoner species in England than the last,
which it greatly resembles.

THE POPLAR KITTEN. CERURA HERMELTNA.

Noctua hermelina , Goeze, Beytr. Ins. iii. (3) p. 227, no. 25
(i781)-

Bombyx furcula , Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 104, Taf. 19, figs. 5-7
(i784)-

Bombyx bifida, Brahm in Fuessly, Neues Mag. iii. p. 161 (1786) ;
Borkhausen, Eur. Schmett. iii. p. 374, no. 139 (1788);
Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 38 (1800).

243

Lloyd’s natural history

JJarpyia bifida, , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 29 (1810).
Centra bifida , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 19, pi. 15,
fig. 2 (1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 136,
pi. 30, fig. 6 (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p.
141, pi. 32, fig. 3 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii.
p. 90, pi. 101, figs. 3, 3«, b (1895).

Dicranura furcula ( nec Clerck), Boisduval, leones, pi. 70, fig.
2 (1834 ?).

This species has a somewhat wider range than the last,
extending beyond Europe into Northern Asia.

It expands about I'ifi inch.

It is white or greyish-white, with a dark grey transverse band
on the fore-wings, with a straight inner and concave outer
border. It is usually not so white as C. bicuspis , but is
dusted with grey, especially in the female.

The larva is bright green, with a shining reddish-grey,
retractile, head. On the neck is a spot having the shape of a
truncated pyramid, of a violet colour with a waved border, first

The Poplar Kitten.

reddish-brown, and then yellow. It extends to the end of
the third segment, and is divided by a whitish longitudinal
line, near which stand several whitish dots. The dorsal spot
begins at the end of the fourth segment, and is not connected
with that on the neck. It is violet-brown, spotted with yellow
on the sides, especially on the eighth segment, and defined by

plate xcrv:

WyrruuvkScns , LimiUcL

1 .

Cerura

\~iruxLcu ,

Z .

>>

7, Uu’V'CL

3 .

P haler CL/

1

!

CERURA.

249

a line which is first dark reddish-brown, and afterwards yellow.
Along the middle passes a line, and on both sides of this
are dots darker than the ground-colour. On the last seg¬
ment are two whitish crescentic spots with the convexity
outwards. The whole of the body is covered with delicate

Larva of Poplar Kitten.

yellow spots ringed with violet, and the spiracles are also yellow
with a dark reddish-brown ring. The filaments are light green
tipped with red, and between them are two stiff black spines.
It feeds on poplar. The pupa is light brown, with a case
formed of chips of wood held together with silk.

THE PUSS-MOTH. CERURA VINULA.

{Plate XC1V. Fig. 1 {imago), 2 {larva).)

Bombyx vtnula , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 499, no. 16
(1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 294 (1761) ; Esper, Schmett. iii.
p. 95, Taf. 18, figs. 1-7 (1784) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii.
figs. 34, 340 (1800-1841); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p.
160, pi. 15, fig. 23 (1822).

Bombyx giioma, Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 279 (1777).

Cerura vinula , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 19 (1828) ;
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 136, pi. 30, figs. 4, a-c
(1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 143, pi. 32,
fig. 4 (1887) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 93, pi. 102

(i895)-

The Puss-Moth is common throughout Europe and Northern

250 Lloyd’s natural history.

and Western Asia. The female expands about three inches,
the male somewhat less.

It is light grey with numerous blackish transverse lines,
fewest towards the base, most marked and zig-zag towards
the hind margin. The hind-wings are almost white in the
male, grey in the female. The thorax has two pairs of large
black spots ; it is slightly tinged with greenish. The abdomen
is grey with two black dorsal longitudinal lines. The tarsi are
black, ringed with white.

The larva of this insect is one of the most curious found in
this country, and its form and attitudes are so grotesque that it
rarely fails to attract the notice even of the most indifferent

The Puss-Moth (Male).

observers. When at rest it holds its large and singular-looking
head somewhat raised and drawn back upon the front segments
of the body like the larva of a Sphinx, and the tail is held erect
at the same time. Its threatening aspect has sometimes inspired
most ludicrous notions of its powers of doing mischief, as in
the instance quoted by Dr. Shaw from a country newspaper,
where it is described as a monster with a head like a lion, jaws
like a shark, a horn like an unicorn, and two tremendous stings
in its tail. Isaac Walton in the “ Angler,” chap, v., gives the
following quaint account of this larva

CERURA.

251

“ The very colours of caterpillars, as one has observed, are
elegant and beautiful. I shall, for a taste of the rest, describe
one of them ; which I will, some time the next month, show
you feeding on a willow-tree ; and you shall find him punc¬
tually to answer this very description : his lips and mouth
somewhat yellow ; his eyes black as jet ; his forehead purple ;
his feet and hinder parts green ; his tail two-forked and black ;
the whole body stained with a kind of red spots, which run
along the neck and shoulder-blade, not unlike the form of St.
Andrew’s Cross, or the letter X made thus crosswise X, and a
white line drawn down his back to his tail ; all which add
much beauty to his body. And it is to me observable, that at
a fixed age, this caterpillar gives over to eat, and towards
winter comes to be covered over with a strange shell or crust
called an aurelia ; and so lives a kind of dead life, without eat¬
ing all the winter. And as others of several kinds turn to be
several kinds of flies and vermin the spring following, so this
caterpillar then turns to be a painted butterfly.”

The two-forked tail alluded to, which is peculiar to the
Puss-Moth larva and two or three others, is thus described by
Kirby and Spence (Introduction to Entomology, iii. p. 150) : —

“This horn-like appendage is composed of two distinct
cylindrical diverging branches, each about four lines long, not
united at the base. Each of these is hollow, and includes a
smaller cylindrical piece, which can be protruded at pleasure,
and withdrawn again, as a pencil within its case ; or, rather, as
the horns of a snail. The two outer horns are tolerably firm,
movable at their base, and beset with black spines ; the in¬
terior tentacula are fleshy, movable in every direction, and in
full-grown larvae of a rose-colour. The animal seldom protrudes
them, unless in some way disturbed ; and frequently it approxi¬
mates the outer cases so closely that they resemble a single
horn. It appears to use these inner horns, when protruded,

252

Lloyd’s natural history.

as a kind of whip to drive away the flies, especially the
Ichneumons, that alight upon its body. When touched in any
place, it will unsheath one of them, and sometimes both, and
with them strike the place where it is incommoded.”

The cocoon is very strong, being composed of bits of wood,
united by an adhesive kind of gummy material.

There is an European species, very similar to this, but whiter,
and with fewer markings, which has sometimes been stated to
have been found in England. This is C. ermineci , Esper ; but
it is doubtful whether the supposed British specimens may not
have been mere varieties of C. vinula.

GENUS THAUMATOPCEA.

Thaumatopixa , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 185 (1822?).
Cnethocampa , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 46 (1828);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1039 (1855).
Thaumatoccujipa , Wallengren, Skand. Heter. ii. p. 158 (1871).

Thaumatopxa , which is referred by some authors to the
Notodontidce , and by others to the Lasiocampidce , has rather
short antennae, bipectinated to the tip in the males, the body
stout and pilose, tufted at the extremity, and not extending much
beyond the hind-wings ; wings rather short, broad, rounded
at the extremities, and rather thinly scaled ; the fore-wings not
much longer than the hind-wings ; legs pilose ; hind tibiae with
two small apical spurs.

This genus includes several European species, two of which
have been erroneously reputed British. The larvae are
remarkable for their gregarious habits ; they are cylindrical
and hairy, and form large nests on trees, from which they
march out in regular order in search of food, whence they are
called Processionary Caterpillars. They are also remarkable
for the terribly urticating properties of their hairs, which,

THAUMATOPtEA.

253

becoming detached, are blown about by the wind, and are
said to render it dangerous to approach their nests.

“The larvae, when first hatched, construct a temporary nest
for themselves on the branches of the oak, and change their
situation from time to time, until they are about two-thirds
grown, when the entire brood unite in forming a general nest
on the trunk ; this nest, when completed, is about eighteen
inches long, six broad, and composed of grey silk, resembling
the surface of the tree ; but the most curious fact in their
history is the extraordinary regularity with which the larvae
proceed, towards sunset, in search of food ; at their head is a
chief, by whose movements their procession appears regulated;
he is followed by three or four in a single line, the head of the
second touching the tail of the first, &c.; then comes an equal
series of pairs, next of threes, and so on as far as fifteen or
twenty, forming a band several feet in length; sometimes
the order is rather different, the leader being followed by two,
then three, four, and so on ; but at all times the procession
moves on at an even pace, each file treading upon the steps of
those that precede it, through all the sinuosities made by the
chief. They do not invariably return to their nest before morn¬
ing, but may sometimes be found during the day assembled in
irregular masses, heaped upon each other.” {Stephens.)

The Moths themselves are rather small and obscurely
coloured ; we append an account of the commonest and best-
known species.

THE PROCESSIONARY MOTH. THAUMATOPCEA PROCESSIONEA.

Bombyx processiotiea, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 500, no.
21 (1758); i. (2) p. 819, no. 37 (1767); Esper, Schmett.
iii. p. 150, Taf. 29, figs. 1-5 (1785); Hiibner, Eur.
Schmett. iii. figs. 159, 160 (1880?); Godart, Lepid.
France, iv. p. 126, pi. 12, figs. 5, 6 (1822).

254

Lloyd's natural history.

Gastropacha processioned , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p.
280 (1810).

Cnethocampa processioned , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii.
p. 47, note (1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p.
133, pl- 24, figs. 7, ia-3 (1880).

This species is common in many parts of Europe, but is
not found in the British Isles. It expands from 1 to
inch.

It has light brown antennae, an ashy-grey head and thorax,
and a brownish abdomen with a blackish-brown anal tuft.
The fore-wings are ashy-grey, clouded with darker. At the
base is a blackish-grey waved transverse line, then comes
another nearly straight, and a third, which is somewhat waved,
approaches the second at the inner margin. Between these
two lines is often a blackish spot. The hind-wings are whitish
with a faint blackish-grey transverse stripe, which is some¬
times broader at the anal angle. The fringes are chequered
with dark and light grey.

The eggs are yellowish-white, with a blackish central dot,
and are covered by the female with the anal hairs.

The larva is covered with whitish-grey hair, bluish-black on
the back and whitish on the sides, with two tubercles on each
segment, bearing reddish-yellow or pale grey hairs. It feeds
on oak from May till the beginning of July.

The pupa is ochre-yellow, with two short terminal points,
and is enclosed in a firm reddish-brown cocoon, in which the
hairs of the larva are interwoven.

The Moth usually emerges in about four or five weeks, but
may remain in pupa till the following year.

GENUS GLUPIIISIA.

Gluphisid , Boisduval, Ind. Meth. p. 56 (1829); id. Gen. Ind.
Meth. p. 88 (1840); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.
v. p. 1037 (1855).

GLUPHISIA.

255

In Gluphisia , the antennae of the male are pectinated to
the tip, the body is moderately stout and hairy, and does not
extend beyond the hind-wings, the wings are long, and the costa
of the fore-wings is nearly straight, the apex moderately pointed,
and the hind margin obliquely rounded ; the legs are pilose,
and the hind tibiae are armed with a pair of short apical spurs ;
the larva is smooth, without protuberances.

The only European species is very rare in England. Several
species of this genus are recorded as occurring in the United
States.

THE DUSKY MARBLED BROWN. GLUPHISIA CRENATA.

Bombyx crenata , Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 245, Taf. 47, figs. 3, 4
(1785); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 214, pi. 20, fig. 4
(1822).

Bombyx rurea, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 164, no. 67 (1787).
Bombyx crenosa , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 12 (1800).
Notodonta crenosa , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 79
(1810); Herrich-Schaffer, Eur. Schmett. ii. p. 117, no. 7,
fig. 124 (1846).

Gluphisia crenata , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 140
(1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 80, pi. 34,
fig. 6 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 152, pi. 112,
figs. 1, ia} b (1895).

This Moth is found in many parts of Europe.

It expands about 1^ inch.

The fore-wings are broad, and scarcely dentated on the inner
margin ; they are ashy-grey varied with white and yellowish-
brown. Two blackish transverse lines, edged with whitish on the
sides remote from one another, bound the paler central area, in
which is a faint yellowish lunule. Between the outer of these
and the hind margin runs a third line, edged with white on the
inner side. The space between these lines is dark ashy-grey.

256

Lloyd’s natural history.

The hind-wings are pale ashy-grey, shaded with blackish-
brown on the hind margin, with a faint dark mark at the anal
angle, divided by a small whitish streak. All the fringes are
ashy grey chequered with whitish.

The Dusky Marbled Brown.

The larva is smooth, green, with a pale dorsal line and
yellow lateral lines. On the back are several pairs of rusty
red marks.

It feeds on poplar ( Populus nigra).

The pupa is shining brownish-black, and is enclosed in a
dull yellow cocoon between leaves.

GENUS IIOPLITIS.

Hoplitis , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 147 (1822 ?) ; Walker,
List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 989 (1855).

Hybocampa , Lederer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, ii. p. 78

(1853)*

The type of this genus is a very conspicuous European Moth,
which does not occur in England.

The body is stout, very pilose, and longer than the hind-
wings ; the antennae are pectinated nearly to the tips in the

HOPLITIS.

257

male, and there are large lateral crests on the thorax, and
lateral and terminal tufts at the extremity of the abdomen.
The wings are long and narrow, the costa and hind margin of
the fore-wings converging, and rounding off the apex of the
wing. The legs are pilose, and armed with small apical spurs.
The cocoon resembles that of Centra.

HOPLITIS MILHAUSERI.

Bombyx milhauseri , Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 577, no. 70
(1775); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 108, Taf. 21 (1784).
Bombyx vidua , Knoch, Beitr. Ins. i. p. 48, no. 9, Taf. 3, fig. 3
(1781).

Bombyx terrifica , Borkhausen, Eur. Schmett. iii. p. 387, no.
144 (1790); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 32, 33
(1800); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 176, pi. 16, fig. 4
(1822).

Harpyia milhauseri , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 41
(1810).

Hybocatnpa milhauseri \ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p.
I37> pl- 3°> 7, a, b (1880).

Hoplitis milhauseri , Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 595 (1892).

This species is found in many parts of Europe.

It expands about 1 inch.

The fore-wings are whitish-grey with blackish nervures, and
are shaded with dark grey on the hind margin. The inner
margin is broadly, and the costa before the middle and tip more
narrowly, blackish. The central shade and the posterior trans¬
verse line are indicated. The space between these is pale
yellow and divides the blackish inner margin. The hind-wings
are white, with a black spot towards the anal angle.

The larva is green, when full grown, roughly shagreened and
mottled with yellow. It has a red head. On each of the

258

Lloyd’s natural history.

middle segments is a pointed red elevation, the first of which
is forked.

The last segment, which is held erect, consists of a quadri
lateral, somewhat convex plate, and has in the middle a
brownish-yellow spot margined with deep yellow.

Larva of Hoplitis milhauseri.

The anal claspers are replaced by two short spines. On each
side of the middle segments is an oblique elongated flesh-
coloured spot.

If feeds on oak, elm, birch, poplar, &c. :

The cocoon is placed in the crevices of the bark, and re¬
sembles it so much, being made with fragments of lichen, that
it is almost impossible to find it before the Moth has emerged.
The pupa is dark brown, with the back and wing-cases black.

GENUS PTEROSTOMA.

Pterostoma , Germar, Syst. Gloss. Prodr. ii. p. 42 (1812);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1005 (1855).
Ptilodontis , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 28 (1828).
Orthorinia, Boisduval, Ind. Meth. p. 56 (1829).

This is one of the most distinct genera in the whole family ;
the antennae are very broadly pectinated to the tip in the male,
less broadly in the female ; the palpi are very long, projecting,
and obliquely curved upwards ; the body is moderately stout,
very long, and tufted at the extremity, the tuft bifid in the

PTEROSTOMA.

259

male ; the wings are long and rather broad, the fore-wings with
the hind margin denticulated, and the inner margin furnished
with two reversed tufts of long scales, the basal one the longest ;
the hind tibiae are armed with four long spurs. The larva is
naked without protuberances, but with a very pointed head ;
the pupa is subterranean.

THE PALE PROMINENT. PTEROSTOMA PALPINUM.

Bombyx palpina, Clerck, leones, pi. 9, fig. 8 (1759); Linnaeus,
Faun. Suec. p. 305 (1761) ; Roemer, Gen. Ins. pi. 36,
fig. 21 (1785); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 315, Taf. 63, figs.
1-4 (1786); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 16 (1800);
Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 203, pi. 19, figs. 3, 4 (1822).
Notodonta palpina , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 69
(1810).

Ptilodontis palpina , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 28
(1828).

Pieros toma palputa, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 138,
pi. 31, fig. 2 (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii.
p. 154, pi. 34, fig. 1 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii.
p. 145, pi. iii, figs. 1, 1^(1895).

This European species measures from 1 24 to 2 inches
across the wings.

The palpi are long and prominent. The antennae have a
whitish shaft with dark brown branches, and are strongly
pectinated in the male. The body is yellowish-grey, with a
divided anal tuft in the male.

The fore-wings are broad, dentated and yellowish, varied with
whitish-grey, with darker sinuous streaks and yellowish dots on
the nervures. The hind-wings are brownish-grey in the male,
lighter in the female, with a yellowish zig-zag transverse band.

The larva is slender, bluish-green, with a few paler longitudinal

s 2

26 o

LLOYD S NATURAL HISTORY.

lines and a yellow lateral line, generally dotted with red,
which runs above the legs. The head is flattened, and is kept
extended when the creature is at rest. It feeds on willows,

The Pale Prominent.

poplars, lime ( Tilia europcea ), &c. The pupa is reddish-brown,
and the cocoon is formed of loose earth and greyish silk.

The Moth is not very scarce in England.

GENUS PTILOPHORA.

Ptilophora , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 29 (1828);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1097 (1855).

This is another very distinct genus, though with but little
resemblance to the last, except in the very broadly pectinated
antennae of the male ; those of the female are simple. The
body is pilose, and slightly tufted at the extremity in the male ;
the abdomen extends somewhat beyond the hind-wings. The
fore-wings are long, broad, and rather pointed at the tips ; and
the hind margin is slightly denticulated. The wings are
slightly transparent ; the legs are short and downy, and the
hind tibiae are armed with two small apical spurs. The
greatest contrast which this genus present to Pterostoma is in
its palpi. In Pierostomci these organs are of quite unusual
length for one of the Notodontidce , in which Family they are

PTILOPHORA.

261

frequently very small ; but in Ptilophora they are extremely
minute, and concealed by the surrounding hairs.

THE FEATHERED PROMINENT. PTILOPHORA PLUMIGERA.

Bombyx plu?nigera, Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 254, Taf. 50, figs.
6, 7 (1785); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 13, 253
(1800); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 205 (1822).

Bombyx variegata , De Villers, Linn. Ent. ii. p. 60, no. 85
(1789).

Geometra contiguaria , Esper, Schmett. v. p. 267, Taf. 47, figs.
1, 2 (1794).

Notodonta plumigera , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 71
(1810).

Ptilophora variegata , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 29
pi. 14, fig. 1 (1828).

Ptilophora plumigera , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 138,
pi. 30, fig. 9 (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii.
pp. 73, 156, pi. 34, fig. 2 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl.
iii. p. 149, pi. iii, figs. 2, 2 a-e (1895).

This species is found in most parts of Europe, but is a rarity
in Britain. It expands about 1 ^ inch.

The antennae are very strongly pectinated in the male,
but hardly at all in the female. The head and body are thickly
covered with rust-coloured hair. The wings are thinly scaled,
ochre-yellow, shaded with brown, or reddish-brown varied with
grey, with a light yellow curved line and blackish nervures.
The whole of the inner margin is thickly hairy. The female
is darker, sometimes ashy-grey, with less distinct markings and
narrower wings. The hind-wings are light or dark brownish-
grey, and somewhat transparent.

Variations in the ground-colour and in the intensity of the
markings are of frequent occurrence.

The larva has a rather large, shining, yellowish-green head,

262

LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY.

bifid above. Its body is yellowish-green, darker on the
sides, with a bluish dorsal line and three fine whitish lateral
ones, the two lowest being above the legs, and close together.

The Feathered Prominent.

It feeds on maple, beech, and sallow.

The pupa is dark brown, and is enclosed in an oval earthen
cocoon.

GENUS NOTODONTA.

Notodonta , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 45 (1810);
Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 146 (1822?); Stephens,
III. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 22 (1828) ; Curtis, Brit. Ent.
xiv. pi. 739 (1839); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v.
P- 995 (1855).

Peridea , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 32 (1828).

In Notodonta the antennae are slightly pectinated to the tips.
In the males, the body is stout, pubescent, and rather long, ex¬
tending beyond the hind- wings; the fore-wings are long, mode¬
rately broad, with the hind margin oblique and rounded, and a
very conspicuous tooth on the inner margin. The hind tibiae
are armed with four long spurs. The larva is naked, with
humps on the back, and the pupa is subterranean. There

NOTODONTA. 263

are several European species, some of which occur in Eng¬
land.

THE PEBBLE PROMINENT. NOTODONTA ZICZAC.

Bombyx ziczac , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 504, no. 39
(1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 296 (1761) ; Esper, Schmett. iii.
p. 293, Taf. 59, figs. 1-4 (1786); Godart, Lepid. France,
iv. p. 182, pi. 17, figs. 3, 4 (1822?).

Notodonta ziczac , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p^ 48
(1810); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 23 (1828);
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 143, pi. 31, fig.
9, a-d (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 152,
pi. 33, fig. 4 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. m,
pi. 105 (1895).

The Pebble Prominent is a common European Moth. It
expands from 1^ to i3^ inch.

The Pebble Prominent.

The colour is pale yellowish-brown ; the fore-wings with
the costa reddish-white, esj ecially broad and light in the cen-

264

Lloyd’s natural history.

tral area, and with a very large dark rusty-brown central lunule.
Near the apex is a rusty-brown longitudinal streak. The trans¬
verse lines are indistinct on the inner margin. The sub-mar¬
ginal line is close to the hind margin, and parallel to it, and is
dentate on the inner side on the nervures, and suffused with
rusty-brown. The hind-wings are pale reddish-grey, lighter in
the male, with a dark central lunule and anal angle, and a
light transverse curved line.

The larva has the anterior segments slender, becoming
stouter behind. The head is heart-shaped. On both the sixth
and seventh segments is a large rounded hump, tipped with
reddish-brown, and on the eighth a smaller one, often hardly

Larva of the Pebble Prominent.

perceptible. The ground-colour is reddish violet, reddish-
brown, or rose-coloured, varied with whitish. Between the
head and the first hump is a brownish-red median line. The
two last segments have a rounded elevation, and are spotted
with reddish-yellow.

The pupa is reddish-brown, with two terminal spines, and is
placed in a strong cocoon, between leaves or on the ground.

THE GREAT PROMINENT. NOTODONTA ANCEPS.

Noctua anceps , Gceze, Beytr. Ins. iii. (3) p. 207, no. 66 (1781).
Bombyx trepida , Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 284, Taf. 57 (1786).

3 . Anxiphe veruiia

^ B+'aura tignaahig a .

Vyrn+n kS V ns , Limited

7 . D a ru rrui; bcunJt.sict*s.

larva

NOTODONTA. 265

Bombyx serrata , Thunberg, Diss. Ins. Succ. iii. p. 60
(1792).

Bombyx tremula , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 30 (1800);
Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 222, pi. 21, fig. 2
(1822).

Noiodonia trepida , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 86
(1810); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 118, pi. 106, figs.
2, 2 a, b (1895).

rcridea serrata , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 33
(1828).

Noiodonta tremula , Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. x. (1) p. 156
(i834)-

rcridea trepida , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 142
(1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. p. 9, pi. 36,
fig. 4 (1889).

This species is found in most parts of Europe. It expands
from 2 to 2*4 inches.

The fore-wings are yellowish, varied with grey, with three
rusty-brown zig-zag transverse stripes, the outer of which is
hardly perceptible in the middle. In front of the hind margin
is a curved series of rusty-brown elongated spots bordered with
yellow, and in front of the fringes a similarly coloured stripe.
In the middle of the wing is a rusty-brown lunule bordered
with yellow. The hind-wings are yellowish-white, margined
with dark brown, and suffused with ashy-grey on the costa.

The full-grown larva is smooth, yellowish-green, with two
white dorsal lines and an oblique red lateral stripe on each
segment edged with yellow. It feeds on oak ( Quercus robur
and Q. ilex).

It forms a cocoon of earth bound together with silk, and
changes into a blackish pupa with lighter incisions.

This is a widely-distributed species in the British Islands,
but is seldom common with us.

266

Lloyd’s natural history.

THE THREE-HUMPED PROMINENT. NOTODONTA TRITOPHUS.

Bombyx trilophus, Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 299, Taf. 6o3 figs. 1, 2
(1786) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 29 (1800).
Bombyx dodonaa , Scriba, Beitr. Ins. ii. p. 77, Taf. 7, figs. 6, 7
(i79i)*

Bombyx torva , Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. Text, p. 108 (1800);

Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 185, pi. 17, fig. 5 (1822).
Notodonta tritophas , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 142,
pi. 31, fig. 8 (1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p.
72, pi. 33, fig. 3 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p.
115, pi. 106, figs. 1, 1 a4 b (1895).

The Three-Humped Prominent.

This species is found throughout the greater part of Europe
and Northern Asia. It expands about 1^ inch.

Larva of the Three-humped Prominent.

The fore-wings are yellowish-brown, with two waved trans¬
verse lines, and a yellowish spot between them, centred with
rust-colour ; parallel to the hind margin is a rust-coloured band

NOTODONTA.

267

bordered with grey on the outer side. The hind-wings are
whitish.

The larva is green, with a brown head. It has a very small
hump on the fifth, and large ones on the sixth, seventh,
eighth, and twelfth segments. It feeds on poplar, birch, and
aspen.

This is a very rare Moth in England.

THE IRON PROMINENT. NOTOEONTA DROMEDARIUS.

Bombyx dromedarius , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2) p. 827,
no. 62 (1767); Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 297, Taf. 59, figs.
5-9 (1786); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 28 (1800);
Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 87, pi. 17, fig. 5 (1822).
Notodonta dromedarius , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 53
(1810); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 22 (1828);
Curtis, Brit. Ent. xiv. pi. 739 (1839) ; Kirby, Eur. Butter¬
flies and Moths, p. 142 (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit.
Lepid. ii. p. 150, pi. 33, fig. 2 (1887); Barrett, Lepid.
Brit. Isl. iii. p. 123, pi. 107, figs. 2, 2 a-e (1895).

The Iron Prominent is common in many parts of Europe.
It expands from i3^ to 2 inches.

The fore-wings are dark greyish-brown, spotted with whitish
or yellow at the base. There are two blackish-brown undu¬
lating transverse lines, bordered with whitish or yellow on the
sides remote from one another, and between these near the
costa is a small rusty-brown streak enclosed in white or yel¬
lowish. In front of the hind margin is a rusty-brown stripe,
extending as far as the hinder angle, where it joins the second
transverse line to form a yellow or whitish-grey spot. The
hind-wings are brownish-grey, with a faint whitish transverse
band, and a dark brown dash at the anal angle.

The larva is yellow, with a dorsal hump on the fifth to the

268

Lloyd’s natural history.

seventh segments inclusive. On the back is a broad purplish
stripe, running from the second to the eighth segment, and
including the humps. On the twelfth segment is also a
hump.

The Iron Prominent.

It feeds on birch, alder, and hazel.

The cocoon is formed of tough yellowish-brown silk and
particles of earth. The pupa is reddish-brown, and cylin¬
drical, with a rounded extremity.

GENUS HIEROPIIANTA.

Microdonta , Duponchel, Cat. Lepid. Eur. p. 92 (1844).
Hierophanta , Meyrick, Handbook Brit. Lepid. p. 310 (1895).

The only species of this genus may easily be distinguished
from its allies by its shorter and broader wings, which are
white, with black and orange markings on the fore-wings.
The body is also rather short and thick. It is very rare as a
British insect, though it has been taken at Killarney, as well as
in Staffordshire and Devon.

The name Microdonta is preoccupied in Coleoptera.

HIEROPHANTA.

269

THE WHITE PROMINENT. HIEROPHANTA MCOLORIA.

Bombyx bicoloria , Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.
Wien. p. 49, no. 3 (1776) ; Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 217, Taf.
41, fig. 7 (1783).

Bombyx bicolora , Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 126, no. 146
(1787); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 18 (1800);
Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 207, pi. 20, fig. 1
(1822).

Notodonta bicolora , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 73
(1810); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 127, pi. 108, figs.
1, 1a (1895).

Microdo?ita bicolora , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 140,
pi. 31, fig. 5 (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p.
76, pi. 34, fig. 5 (1887).

Hieropha?ita bicoloria , Meyrick, Handbook Brit. Lepid. p.
3TO (i895)-

This species is generally distributed in Europe. It expands
from 1 )/± to 1^ inch.

The White Prominent.

The insect is white, with an orange transverse streak on the
fore-wings, edged with black on the inner side. From the
inner margin, and separated from the first streak by a small
black dash, runs a second orange stripe extending almost to the
hinder angle. The hind-wings are without markings.

270 Lloyd’s natural history.

The larva is green, with the back greenish-white. On the
sides is a bright yellow line enclosing the spiracles, which are

Larva of the White Prominent.

black ringed with white. The legs are nearly black, and the
claspers green.

It feeds on birch.

The pupa is shining brownish-black, and is enclosed in a
rather thin greenish-grey cocoon.

GENUS ODONTOSIA.

Odontosia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 145 (1822?).

This is another small genus, formerly included with Noto-
donta , but distinguished by its more strongly denticulated and
uniformly-coloured wings ; the body, too, is rather stouter and
shorter. The thorax has a slight crest. The typical species
is widely distributed in England, but not common, though it
is not of such extreme rarity as many of our British Noto-
do nt idee.

THE SCARCE PROMINENT. ODONTOSIA CARMELITA.

Bombyx carmelita , Esper, Schmett. iii. Cont. p. 65, Taf. 91, fig.
1 (1790?) ; Godart, Ldpid. France, iv. p. 194, pi. 18, fig.
6 (1822).

Bombyx capucma , Hiibner, Vogel u. Schmett. pi. 81 (1793);
id. Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 21 (1800).

ODONTOSIA.

271

Notodonta carmelita , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 61
(1810).

Lophopteryx carmelita , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 27,
pi. 14, fig. 3 (1828); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p.
165, pi. 35, fig. 5 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii.
p. 136, pi. 109, figs. 2, 2a, b (1895).

Odojitosia carmelita , Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 139,
pl« 3L % 4 (1880).

The Scarce Prominent is found in Central and Eastern
Europe. It expands about 1^ inch.

The fore-wings are rusty-brown on the costa, with a large
and a small white spot, the latter being sometimes wanting.
The hind and inner margins are bluish grey, with the nervures

The Scarce Prominent.

dotted with black and white, and a black line on the hind
margin, which runs out into the white fringes, giving them a
chequered appearance. The hind-wings are paler than the
fore-wings, with a faint whitish band and a bluish cloud at the
anal angle.

The larva is green, with a yellow spiracular line. The
spiracles are black, ringed with white. It feeds on birch.

The pupa is shining, and of a deep mahogany colour, with a
rounded extremity. The cocoon is made of dirty grey silk,
plastered over with earth

272

Lloyd’s natural history.

GENUS LOrilOPTERYX.

Lophopteryx , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 26 (1828);
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1007 (1855).

In this genus the wings are more or less dentated, as in

Odontosia , with which it is often united, but the thorax has a

double crest in the middle above.

THE COXCOMB PROMINENT. LOPHOPTERYX CAPUCINA.

Bornbyx capucina , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 507, no. 55
(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 304 (1761).

Bornbyx came /in a, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 507, no. 56
(1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 305 (1761) ; Esper, Schmett. iii.
p. 360, Taf. 70 (1786); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 19
(1800); Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 192, pi. 18, figs. 4,
5 (1822).

Notodonta camelina, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 58
(1810).

Lophopteryx camelina , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 26
(1828) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 139, pi. 31,
figs. 3, a , b (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p.
162, pi. 35, fig. 3 (1887); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii.
p. 139, pi. 110, figs. 1, a-g( 1895).

The Coxcomb Prominent.

The Coxcomb Prominent has a range extending through
Europe into Northern Asia. It expands from \ y2 to 1^ inch.
The fore-wings, which are deeply dentated on the hind

LOPHOPTERYX.

273

margin, are rusty-brown, clouded with ochre-yellow, with two
dark brown oblique zig-zag lines running obliquely from the
costa to the inner margin, and blackish nervures, dotted on the
hind margin with white or yellow. The hind-wings are yellow,
with a dark hind margin, and occasionally a lighter transverse
band, and a blue-black dash at the anal angle divided by a pale
yellow Streak-

Larva of the Coxcomb Prominent.

The larva is green, or sometimes reddish, with the back
whitish, and a yellow spiracular line, edged above with violet.
The spiracles are black, and there is a red spot behind each.
When at rest it keeps the head and second segment thrown
back, and the tail erect also.

The pupa is dark reddish-brown, tapering to the extremity,
which ends in a straight spine. It is enclosed in a cocoon
made of fine earth.

This is a common species in England ; the next is a rarity
with us.

THE MAPLE PROMINENT. LOPHOPTERYX CUCULLINA.

Bombyx cucullina , Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.
Wien. p. 3 1 1, no. 8 (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii.
fig. 20 (1800?) ; Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 190, pi. 18,
fig. 3 (1822).

Bombyx cuculla, Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 364, Taf. 71, fig. 1 (1786).
NoioJonta cucullina , Ochsenhcimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 55
(iS:o).

T

274

Lloyd’s natural history.

Lophopteryx cuculla , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 27
(1828).

Lophopteryx cucu/lina, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p.
139 (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 164, pi.
35, fig. 4 (1887) ; Barrett, Lepid. Biit. Isl. iii. p 142,
pi. no, figs. 2, 2 a, b (1895).

The Maple Prominent.

This European species expands about 1^2 inch.

The fore-wings are rusty-brown, with the costa pale ochre-
yellow, and the hind margin whitish. There are several fine
dark zig-zag lines. The lower part of the hind margin is white,
divided by a dark brown nervure. The fringes are white, che¬
quered with rusty-brown.

The hind-wings are yellowish-brown with an indistinct band,
a rusty-brown spot at the anal angle divided by a yellowish
line, and light grey fringes faintly chequered with darker.

Larva of the Maple Prominent.

The young larva is green, and slightly hairy, with a rounded
reddish hump on the twelfth segment, bifid at the top. When
full grown it is green or pale reddish, with a heart-shaped green

PHEOSIA.

275

or dark brown spot behind the head, and two slightly raised
truncated humps on each of the segments from the sixth to
the eleventh, between which passes a dark green, or in the
reddish varieties, a deep-red longitudinal line. The caudal
hump is tipped with red.

It feeds on hornbeam, sycamore, service-tree, &c.

GENUS PHEOSIA.

Pheosia , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 145 (1822 ?) ; Walker,
List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1001 (1855).

Leiocampa , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 24 (1828).

This genus differs from Notodonia in having the antennae
slightly pectinated in the female as well as in the male ; the
abdomen is stout, and considerably longer than the hind-wings,
and the fore-wings are long and rather pointed, with the hind
margin denticulated. There is a slight projection on the inner
margin. The larvae are smooth, with sixteen legs, and the
cocoon is formed of bits of wood bound together with silk.

There are two common European species, both of which are
found in England.

I

THE SWALLOW PROMINENT. PHEOSIA TREMULA.

Bombyx tremula , Clerck, leones, pi. 9, fig. 13 (1759); Lin¬
naeus, Faun. Suec. p. 298 (1761).

Bombyx porcellana , Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. ii. (3) p. 420, no. 38
(1766).

Bombyx dictcea , Esper (nec Linn.), Schmett. iii. p. 290, Taf. 58,
fig. 5 (1786); id. Forts, p. 27, Taf. 84, fig. 2 (1789);
Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 22 (i8co) ; Godart, Lepid.
France, iv. p. 196, pi. 19, fig. 1 (18^2).

Bombyx trepida , Donovan, Brit. Ins. vii. p. 63, pi. 239, fig. 1
( 1 7 98)-

T 2

Lloyd’s natural history

276

Notodonta dictcea , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 63
(1810) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 105, pi. 104, figs.
1, 1 a-e (1895).

Leiocampa dictcea , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 25
(1828) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 140, pi. 31,
fig. 6 (1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 158,
pl- 35? fig- 1 (1887).

Pheosia tremula , Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 607 (1892).

This species occurs in most parts of Europe. It expands
from 2 to over 2]/^ inches.

The fore-wings are greyish-brown, with a longitudinal whi'e
area in the centre, and a black oblong costal spot divided by

The Swallow Prominent.

the nervures and ending in a point at the apex. The base is
yellow towards the inner margin, along which runs a black
band, on which are five white dashes. There is a brown mar'
ginalline edged with white on the inner side. The hind-wings
are dirty white with the inner margin yellowish-grey and the
anal angle marked by a black dash. The body is grey, with
the first two segments of the abdomen reddish. The antennae
are yellowish.

The larva is smooth, shining, reddish-brown, ofien passing
into violet, with a pyramidal hump on the last segment, which

PHEOSIA.

277

is only slightly marked when young. There is sometimes a
yellow line above the legs.

It feeds on poplars, willow, and birch.

The pupa is cylindrical, chestnut-brown, with two points at
the extremity. It rests in a large cocoon of grey silk covered
with loose earth.

TIIE LESSER SWALLOW PROMINENT. PHEOSIA GNOMA.

Bombyx gnonui, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 190, no. 89 (1781).
Bombyx dictceoides , Esper, Schmett. iii. Forts, p. 27, Taf. 84, fig.
3 (17S9); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 23, 24 (1800) ;
Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 190, pi. 19, fig. 1 (1822).
Notodonta dictceoides, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 66
(1810) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 108, pi. 104, figs.
2, 2 a-d (1895).

Leiocampa dictceoides , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 25
(1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 141 (1880);
Buckler, Larvae Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 160, pi. 35, fig. 2
(1887).

This is a common species in most parts of Europe. The
male expands about 2 inches, and the female from 2 to 2^
inches.

It is distinguished from P. tremula by the following points :

The fore-wings are more darkly suffused, which brings out
more prominently the whitish-grey colouring. The shade is
broader and extends at the hind margin into the apex. The
three apical stripes are dark blackish-brown, and form the pos¬
terior boundary of a white costal spot. At the hinder angle is
an elongated white sagittate spot, the point of which is directed
inwards. The blackish-brown marginal line extends on to the
fringes, giving them a somewhat chequered appearance. The
hind-wings are dirty white in the male, shaded with brown on

278

Lloyd’s natural history.

the costa and hind margin, and dark brown in the female, varied
with whitish-grey only in the middle of the wing.

The larva is a very handsome one. It is lilac varied with
olive, and with a reddish tinge on the sides. On the back of
the twelfth segment is a black hump. There is a bright yellow
line above the legs, on which the spiracles stand out black in
white rings. The head is brownish.

It feeds on birch and sycamore.

The cocoon and pupa are like those of P. tremula , but
smaller.

PHEOSIA DICT7EA.

Bombyx dictcea , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2) p. 826, no.
60 (1767).

I reject this name for P. tremula , Clerck, not only because
it is later in date, but because neither the description nor
locality agree with that species, and they will, I anticipate, be
found to apply to some species which has been lost sight of
since the time of Linnaeus. Herewith I append his description.

P. Bombyx elinguis, alis defiexis exustis plaga albida , in¬
feriorities albis.

Habitat in Barbaria, rarius in Europa.

Media. Corpus testaceum uti Antennce. Alae superiores supra
exustee ; plaga media longitudinali albida et puncto lineaque
nivea juxta thorace?n. Inferiores albce , ad angulum ani fus-
cescentes.

GENUS MELALOPIIA.

Melalopha , Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 1 (1810?).

Pygcera , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 224 (1810).
Ichthyura , Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 162 (1822?);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1054 (1855).
Clostera , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 12 (1828).

The species of this genus are of small size, with the antennae

MELALOPHA.

279

pectinated to the tips, especially in the males ; and the thorax
strongly crested. The wings are short and broad, the body
rather long, stout and tufted ; and the hind tibiae are armed
with two small apical spurs. The larva is slightly pilose, with
a tubercle on the fourth and terminal segments. There are
several species in Europe, and two of the three British species
are fairly common.

THE CHOCOLATE TIP. MELALOPHA CURTULA.

Bombyx curtula , Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 503, no. 34
(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 299 (1761); Hiibner, Eur.
Schmett. iii. fig. 89 (1800); Godart, Lepid. France, iv.
p. 233, pi. 21, fig. 5 (1822).

Bombyx anachoreia , Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 260, Taf. 51, fig. 5
(1785); id. Forts, p. 44, Taf. 86, figs. 6-8 (1789).

Bygcera curtula, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 232
(1810) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 135 (1880).
Clostera curtula, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 12
(1828) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 37, fig. 3
(1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 166, pi. 114, figs.
1, 1 a-e (1895).

Melalopha curtula, Kirby, Cat. Lepid. Heter. i. p. 609 (189?).
The Chocolate-Tip has a range extending through Europe

The Chocolate-Tip.

and Western Asia. It expands about 1 ^ inch or a little

more-

2 So

Lloyd’s natural history.

The fore wings are reddish-grey, with three white transverse
lines, the outer of which bounds a large reddish-brown spot,
which becomes faint towards the apex, and crossed by a
blackish line. The hind-wings are light brownish-grey, darkei
towards the hind-margin. The thorax is coloured like the
fore-wings. A longitudinal mark on the thorax and the ex¬
tremity of the abdomen are rusty-brown.

The larva is thinly covered with hair, brownish-grey, yel¬
lowish-green, or flesh-coloured. On the fifth segment is a large
velvety-black warty elevation, and on the last segment a similar
one, but smaller. The first variety mentioned has a reddish
dorsal line and red dots on the sides ; the yellowish-green
variety is dusted with blackish points on the sides, and has
four rows of pale yellow warts ; whilst the flesh-coloured
specimens have a fine blackish dorsal line and deep yellow
warts.

It feeds on aspen ( Populus tremula ), and other species of
poplar.

The larva is dark brown, with a rounded extremity.

THE SMALL CTIOCOLATE-TIP. MELALOPHA PIGRA.

Philcena anastomosis , Scopoli ( nec Linn.), Ent. Carn. p. 201,
no. 502 (1763); Donovan, Brit. Ins. iv. pp. 43, 56, pis.
124, 129 (1795).

Plialcena pigra, Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. ii. (4) p. 426, no. 46

(i766).

Bomb)x reclusa , Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 260, Taf. 51, figs. 6, 7
(1785); Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 120, no. 113 (1787);
Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 90 (1800); Godart, Tepid.
France, iv. p. 230, pi. 21, fig. 4 (1822).

Pygcera reclusa , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 228
(1810).

MELALOPHA.

2Sl

Closiera reclusa , Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 13
(1828); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iii. pi. 37, fig. 1
(1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 172, pi. 114, figs.
i» (i895)-

rygcera pigra, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 135 (1880).

This species is common in most parts of Europe. It ex¬
pands about an inch.

The fore-wings are bluish-grey with two whitish transverse
lines towards the base, edged with brown, and blending at both
ends. Next comes a dark brown shade, bounded internally by a
whitish line, which does not reach the costa, but ends in a hook.

The Small Chocolate-Tip.

Externally there is a whitish transverse line running from the
inner margin, where it is connected with another line, obliquely
to the costa, and ending in a small white spot. On its outer
side is a reddish-brown spot. The hind margin is bluish-grey
with a curved and sometimes interrupted black transverse line.
The hind-wings are brownish-grey.

The body is reddish-grey.

The larva is blackish-grey, with the back yellow, pale ashy-
grey, or greenish-grey ; on each side are yellow spots, and on
each incision a small blackish spot. There are tubercles

282

Lloyd’s natural history.

bearing black hair on the fifth and twelfth segments, and
above the legs runs a double chain of yellow spots.

It feeds principally on aspen ( Populus tremula). The pupa
is reddish-brown with black wing-cases.

THE SCARCE CHOCOLATE-TIP. MELALOPHA ANACHORETA.

Bombyx curtula , Hufnagel [nee Linn.), Berl. Mag. ii. (4) p. 408,
no. 20 (17 66) ; Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 574, no. 81 (1775) ;
Esper, Schmett. iii. p. 256, Taf. 51, figs. 1-4 (1875).
Bombyx anachoreta, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 120, no. 114
(1787); Hi'ibner, Eur. Schmett. iii. fig. 88 (1800);
Godart, Lepid. France, iv. p. 230, pi. 21, fig. 6 (1822).
Pygczra a?iachoreta , Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iii. p. 230
(1810); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 135, pi.
24, fig. 8 (1880).

Clostera anachoreta, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 13
(1828); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. pi. 37, fig. 2
(1889); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 169, pi. 114, figs.
2, 2 a-d (1895).

The Scarce Chocolate-Tip has a wide range, extending
through Europe into Northern and Western Asia. It expands
about 1 inch.

The fore-wings are bluish-grey, with whitish transverse lines.
Near the tip is a large spot of a greyish-brown colour, varied
with rusty-brown. Through this runs a white sub-marginal
line, and near the hind margin is a row of blackish-brown dots,
which may be connected, forming a line. On the inner mar¬
gin are two black spots of unequal size, placed one above the
other. The hind-wings and under side are ashy-grey, as is also
the body.

The larva is yellowish-grey, flesh-coloured or grey on the back,
with interrupted blackish longitudinal lines, and alternate black

DANIMA.

283

and yellow spots below them. On the fifth segment is a large
reddish-yellow wart-like elevation, and on the twelfth segment
another smaller one. That on the fifth segment has a white
spot on each side of it. There are reddish-yellow spots on the
spiracles.

It feeds on various species of poplar and willow.

The pupa is brown.

The Scarce Chocolate-Tip.

This Moth was inserted in the British list by the earlier
writers, but was lost sight of, and was consequently omitted
from our lists until a colony was discovered at Folkestone by
Dr. Knaggs in 1859. Subsequently the species was almost
exterminated in that locality by a great storm ; but the insect
has been met with in one or two other localities on the coast
of Kent and Sussex, though very rarely.

GENUS DANIMA.

Datiima , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p. 1052
(1855).

This is a very stout-bodied genus ; the abdomen extends far
beyond the hind-wings; the antennae are pectinated for half their
length in the male ; the wings are rather long and narrow, and
the tibiae are armed with two long apical spurs. The larva
resembles that of a Sphinx , and the genus evidently forms
a connecting link between the Notodontidce and the true
Sphingidce. It is by no means improbable that it actually
belongs to the latter Family.

2^4

LLOYD’S NATURAL HISTORY.

DANIMA BANKSI/E.

( Pla'e XCV. Fig. I ( imago ), 2 [larva).)

Bombyx bajiksice, Lewin, Prodr. Ent. pi. 9 (1805).

Harpy ia banksice , Duncan in Jardine’s Nat. Libr. Ent. Moths,
p. 164, pi. 17, fig. 2 (1841).

Danimci bajiksice, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. v. p.
1053, no. 1 (1855).

This Moth is found in Australia and Tasmania. The male
expands upwards of two inches and the female about 3^
inches.

In the female the fore-wings are of a leaden colour, glossed
with purple, with a few black marks, and freckled here and
there with white and orange-coloured dots, and also several
clouds and dashes of the same colour. The fringes are brown.
The hind-wings are uniform glossy-brown with lighter fringes.
The thorax is black, with two white patches spotted with
orange towards the front. The abdomen is orange-coloured,
with three black spots on the sides, and a black tip.

The male is lighter in colour, with whitish and silvery hind-
wings, and brown antennae, pectinated at the base.

The larva is a handsome one, and bears a considerable re¬
semblance to that of a Sphinx , both in form and markings. It
is yellowish, with the head and upper part of the last segment
yellowish-brown, the latter with a small black horn and a grey
spot behind. On the back of the middle segments is a white
stripe, and on the sides of the second and third segments are
round white spots; on those following they are arranged around
a triangular or quadrilateral figure, and lower down on each
segment is an oblique, somewhat oval white streak ; below
this, again, on the seventh and succeeding segments, is a
white spot ringed with black.

It feeds on Banksia ilicifolia , var. integrifolia^ and when

DRAURA,

285

near its transformation is, to use Lewin’s words, of considerable
bulk, very showy, and in general a great devourer. He found
it to pupate in February, spinning on the surface of the ground
a slight cocoon, and collecting about it fragments of earth
and leaves in order to disguise it. It emerged in March, after
being in the dormant state for thirty-six days.

GENUS BRAURA,

Braura, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxii. p. 464

(i865)-

This genus is not unlike the last. The antennae are short,
stout, and serrated. The body is very stout and woolly, and
the head is tufted in front. The proboscis is obsolete, and the
stout hairy palpi extend a little beyond the head. The wings
are long, with the fore-wings rather pointed. The legs are
short and stout, and are very thickly clothed with hair ; the
abdomen is woolly, and extends considerably beyond the
hind-wings,

BRAURA LIGNICLUSA.

{Plate XCV. Fig. 4.)

Braura l igniclusa , Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxii.
p. 464 (1865).

This Moth is found in Natal, and measures about 3/2
inches across the wings.

“ Male. — Reddish-brown. Thorax with a black stripe and
with two oblique black streaks : pale fawn-colour in front.
Abdomen reddish. Pectus, abdomen beneath, and legs,
blackish. Fore-wings tinged with cinereous on the hinder
part; a broad fawn-coloured sub-costal stripe, which extends
from the base to two-thirds of the length, has a very long and
acute notch on its hind side, and is tridentate at its tip ; a
cinereous black-bordered line of the same hue ; marginal line
cinereous, bordered with black on both sides ; fringe fawn-

285

Lloyd’s natural history.

colour, ferruginous at the base. Hind- wings reddish
cinereous, cinereous-brown along the exterior border.”
( Walker.)

Some of the Moths referred to the Notodo?itidce are very
large insects, four inches and upwards in expanse, with long
pointed wings, generally of a brown or wood-colour, and with
long narrow pointed bodies, like Sphingidce. Others are
smaller, and have much resemblance to Noctuce ; and there
are many genera which some authors have regarded as Noto-
dontidce , and others as Noctuce. At one time Dr. Butler pro¬
posed a very large extension of the Notodontidce , including in
the group whole families of Noctuce , such as the Calpidce and
Cuculliidce , &c. ; but he has recently adopted other views, and
has decided to include most of these in the Noctuce again.

Our next volume will begin with the true Sphifigidce, and will
also complete our survey of all the Families of Bombyces not in¬
cluded in the present volume.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Abantis tettensis. 8.
Acentrocneme. 3, 33.
Acoloithus falsarius. 107.
acraea, Bombyx. 128.
Estigmene. 128.
Leucarctia. 128.
acrea, Spilosoma. 128.
acria, Bombyx. 128.
Acrosema. 237.
actaeon, Adopaea. 22.
Hesperia. 22.

Pamphila. 22.

Papilio. 22.

Adopaea. 19.
actaeon. 22.
lineola. 21.

thaumas. 19, 20, 21, 22.
Adscita. 86, 9 7.
ampelophaga. 98.
aries. 94.
geryon. 99.
globulariae. 100.
pruni. 98.
statices, 98, 99.
tenuicornis. 100.
Adscitinae. 95, 97, 210.
^Egeriidae. 107.

^Egiale. 33.

Higocera. 58, 59, 68.
aerugula, Nola. 178.

Phalaena. 178.
africana, Eusemia. 67.

Xanthospilopteryx. 67.
Agarista. 62, 66.
agricola. 61.
albomarginata. 62.
donovani. 59.

Agarista echione. 57.
picta. 61.

Agaristidae. 56, 60, 62, 66, 6S, 69,
70, 76, 155.

Aglaope. 100.

infausta. 101.

Aglia tau. 37.
agricola, Agarista. 61.

Papilio. 61.

Agyrta. 109.

micilia. 109.
albomaculata, Alypia. 69.
albomarginata, Agarista. 62.
Alcidia. 42.

orontes. 42.

Alcidis. 53.

zodiaca. 53, note.

Alder Kitten. 243.

Aletis. 190.
druryi. 190.
helcita. 191.
alveolus, Papilio. 10, n.
Syrichthus. 10.

Thymele. 10.
alveus, Hesperia. 12.

Alypia. 69, 70.
albomaculata. 69.
octomaculata. 70.

Amata. 102.

Amazela echione. 57.
americana, Arctia. 144, note.
Amesia. 73, 74.

sanguiflua. 73.

Ammobiota. 147.
ampelophaga, Adscita. 98.
anachoreta, Bombyx. 279, 2S2.
Clostera. 282.

283

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

anachoreta, Melalopha.

Pygcera. 2S2
Anaphe. 239.

venata. 240.

Anartia. 56.
anceps, Noctua. 264.

Notodonta. 264
ancilla, Bombyx. 104.
Dysauxes. 101, 104.
Lithosia. 104.

Naclia. 104.

Noctua. 104.

Andria. 243.
Anthomyza tiresia. 123,
tiresias. 123.
Anthrocera. 86, 97.
eboraca. 92.
exulans. 89, 90.
filipendulae. 94.
hippocrepidis. 94.
lonicerx. 91, 92.
loti. 92.

nubigena. 87, 88.
purpuralis. 87.
subochracea. 89.
transalpina. 95.
trifolii. 88, 90, 92.
vanadis. 89.
viciae. 93.

Anthrocerinoe. 85, 9 7.
Antichlorinae. 108, 114.
Antichloris, 1 14.

quadricolor. 114.
antiqua, Orgyia. 206.
antiquus, Bombyx. 206.

Notolophus. 200, 206.
Apantesis. 149.
arge. 150.
virgo. 149.

Apoda. 224.

avellana. 224, 225.
Arachnis. 126.

Arctia. 145.
americana. 144, note,
arge. 150.
caja. 143.
hebe. 148,
oculatissima. 12^.
pseudermin.a. 1 23.

Arctia villica. 145.

virgo- 149-

Arctiidae. 75, 1 1 5.

Arctiinae. 136.
Arctiomorpha. 239.
arge, Apantesis. 150.
Arctia. 150.

Noctua. 150.

Spilosoma. 150.

Argina. 180.

Arichalca. 95.

erythropyga. 95.
aries, Adscita. 94.
arsalte, Heliopetes. 9.
Hesperia. 9.

Papilio. 9.

asella, Bombyx. 225, 226.

ITeterogenea. 227.
asellana, Heterogenea. 227.

Tortrix. 226.
asellus, Bombyx. 226.

Heterogenea. 227.
Asteroscopus. 231.

sphinx. 232.

Atolmis. 158.

Attacus mundana. 173.

tiresias. 1 23.

Atychia. 97.
globulariae. 100.
infausta. 10 1.

statices. 98.
nuge, Cosmosoma. 112.
Augiades. 24, 27.

sylvanus. 27.
auriflua, Bombyx. 195.

Porthesia. 195.
avellana, Apoda. 224, 225.

Tortrix. 224.

Axia. 174.

badia, Orgyia. 207.
banksise, Bombyx. 2S4.
Danima. 284.

Harpya. 284.
bella, Tinea. 168, 169.

Utetheisa. 168.
bicolor, Devanica. 75.
bicolora, Bombyx. 269.
Microdonta. 269.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

289

bicolora, Notodonta. 269.
bicolorana, Chloephora. 155.
Hylophila. i«.

Tortrix. 155.
bicoloria, Bombyx. 269.

Ilierophanta. 269.
bicuspis, Bombyx. 243.

Cerura. 243, 244.

Harpyia. 244.
bifida, Bombyx. 247.

Cerura. 248.

Dicranura. 247.

Harpyia. 248.
bixce, Rhophalocampta. 31.
Bizone. 179.

Black Arches. 201.

Small. 178.

boisduvalii, Cydimon. 46, 49,
51*.

Urania. 46.

Bombyx acraea. 128.
acria. 128.
anachoreta. 279, 282.
ancilla. 104.
antiqua. 206.
asella. 225.
asellus. 226.
auriflua. 195.
bankske. 284.
bicolora. 269.
bicoloria. 269.
bicuspis. 243.
bifida. 247.
bucephala. 237.
bufo. 224.
coeruleocephala. 241.
caia. 143.
camelina. 272.
caprotina. 128.
capucina. 270, 272.
carmelita. 270.
cassinea. 232.
chaonia. 234.
chrysorrhoea. 1 95.
coryli. 205.
credula. 122.
crenata. 255.
crenosa. 255.
cribraria. 105.

13

Bombyx cribrum. 165.
cuculla. 273.
cucullatella. 177.
cucullina. 273.
cunegunda. 125.
curtula. 279, 282.
dictcea. 275, 278.
dictaeoides. 277.
dione. 150.
dispar. 198.
dodonoea. 236, 266.
domina. 142.
dromedarius. 267.
fagi. 229.
festiva. 148.
furcula. 246, 247.
gnoma. 249, 277.
grammica. 164.
hebe. 148.
hemerobii. 173.
hera. 146.
ilicis. 236.
irrorea. 17 1.
juglandis. 202.
lectrix. 62.
limacodes. 224.
lubricipeda. 130, 133.
lubricipeda alba. 130.
lubricipeda lutea. 133.
mendica. 134.
menthastri. 130.
micilia, 109.
milhauseri. 257.
monacha. 201.
munda. 173.
mundana. 173.
netrix. 204.
nuda. 173.
ocularia. 125.
palpina. 259.
paradoxa. 209.
phreorrhoea. 195.
plantaginis. 1 40,
plumigera. 261.
porcellana. 275.
processionea. 253.
pudibunda. 202.
pudica. 152.
quadra. 162.

U

290

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Bombyx radiatus. 133.
reclusa. 280.
roboris. 234.
rosea. 157.
rubea. 196.
rubicunda. 1 57-
rubricollis. 159.
ruficornis. 234.
rurea. 255.
russula. 138.
serrata. 265.
sphinx. 232.
striata. 164.
sulphurea. 224.
terrifica. 257.
testudo. 224.
torva. 266.
tremula. 265, 275.
trepida. 264, 275.
trimacula. 235.
tritophus. 266.
variegata. 261.
vidua. 145, 257.
vinula. 249.
virgo. 149.
vulnerans. 216.
ziczac. 263.

Brachionycha. 231.
nubeculosa. 232.
sphinx. 232.

brachius, Eudamus. 0.

Goniurus. 6.

brasiliensis, Cydimon. 45, 46.
Leilus. 45.

Braura. 2S5.
ligniclusa. 285.

Broad-bordered Five-spot Burnet.
90.

brontes, Papilio. 16.

Brown-tail Moth. 194, 195.

Brunia. 1 60.

bucephala, Bombyx. 237.

Noctua. 237,

Phalera. 237, 338.

Pygaera. 238.

bucephalus, Pamphila. 26, 27.

Buff Ermine Moth. 133.

Tip. 239.

bufo, Bombyx. 224.

Burgena. 68.
splendida. 69.

Burnet, Broad-bordered Five -spot
90.

Irish. 87.

Mountain. 89.

Narrow-bordered Five-spot- 91
New Forest. 93.

Six-spotted. 94.

Burnets. 85.
busirus, Eantis. 9.

Butterflies. 1.

Swallow-tailed. 52.

Byasa. 81.

coeruleocephala, Bombyx. 241.
Diloba. 241.

Episema. 241.

Heteromorpha. 241.

Noctua. 241.
caia, Bombyx. 143.

Hypercampa. 143, 148.
caja, Arctia. 143.

Eyprepia. 143.
calabarica, Pseudopontia. 78
californica, Leucarctia. 128.
Callarctia. 151.

pudica. 151, 155.

Callidula. 185.

petavia. 185.

Callidulidoe. 184.

Calligenia. 157.
miniata. 158.

Callimorpha. 141, 1 55, 169.
dominula, 141.
helcita. 190.
hera. 146.
irrorata. 172.
jacobaese. 170.
miniata. 158.
mundana. 173.
phileta. 184.
rosea. 158.
senacionis. 170.

Calodesma. 121.

temperata. 121.
camelina, Bombyx. 272.
Lophopteryx. 272.

■Nutodonta. 272.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

291

Campylotes histrionicus. 74.
eaprotina, Bombyx. 128.

Estigmene. 128.
capucina, Bombyx. 270, 272.
carmelita, Bombyx. 270.
Lophopteryx. 271.
Notodonta. 271.

Odontosia. 270.
Cartcrocephalus. 16.

palaemon. 17.
carthami, Hesperia. 12.
Caryatis. 183.

phileta. 183.
cassinea, Bombyx. 232.

Noctua. 232.

Petasia. 232.

Xylina. 232.

Castnia. 33, 34, 35, 39.
doedalus. 38.
eudesmia. 36.
huebneri. 37, 38.
icarus. 35, 36.
licus. 38.
linus. 39.

Castniidae. 32, 34.

Casyapa thrax. 15.
catocaloides, Synemon. 40.
caudata, Epicopia. 82.

Zygoena. 114.
centonalis, Ilercyna. 178.

Nola. 178.

Pyralis. 178.
cerberus, Sphinx. 113.

Trichura. 1 1 3.

Cercophora. 113.

urophora. 1 14.

Cerura. 243.
bicuspis. 243, 244.
bifida. 248.
erminea. 252.
furcula. 244, 246.
hermelina. 244, 247.
vinula. 249.

Chalcosia. 80.

Chalcosiidoe. 7 1, 74, 75, 79, 82.
Chamadimnas. 1 86.

Chaonia. 234.
dodonea. 236.
roboris. 234.

chaonia, Bombyx. 234
Drymonia. 235.
Notodonta. 234.
Charidea. 116, 1 1 7.
cinctipennis. 116.
smaragdina. 117.
Charideinae. 116.

Chatamla. 43.

Chelonia fuliginosa. 1 37 .
lubricipeda. 133.
mendica. 135.
menthastri. 130.
pudica. 1 52.

Chequered Skipper. 16.
Chloephora. 154.

bicolorana. 155.
chlorana, Earias. 153.
Chocolate-Tip. 279.

Scarce. 282.

Small. 280.
christi, Thymelicus. 24.
Chrysaor. 97.

Chrysauge. 186.
Chrysaugidse. 186.
Chrysiridia. 4 1, 49.
croesus. 51.
madagascariensis. 50.
rhipheus. 41.

Chrysopa. 80.
chrysorrhoea, Bombyx. 195.
Euproctis. 195.

Liparis. 195.

Porthesia. 195.

Cicada. 79, 80.
cinctipennis, Charidea. 116.

Cyanopepla. 116.
cingala, Devanica. 75.
Cinnibar Moth. 170.
cippuq Euclea. 223.
Eimacodes. 223.

Phalsena. 223.

Cistus Forester. 99.
clavata, Hypsa. 182.
Clostera. 278.
anachoreta. 282.
curtula. 279.
reclusa. 281.

Clouded Buff. 138.
Cnethocampa. 252.

U 2

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

2C)2

Cnethocampa processionea. 254.
Cochlidion. 224.

Cocytia. 40.

durvillii. 41.

Cocytidae. 40.

Coenochromia. 102.

Collita. 160.

Colocasia. 204.
colon, Papilio. 26.
comma, Adopsea. 24.

Erynnis. 24, 2 7, 28.

Hesperia. 24.

Pamphila. 24.

Papilio. 24.

Urbicola. 19.

Common Footman. 160,

Tiger Moth. 143.
communis, Eusemia. 63, 65.
complana, Lithosia. 16 1 .

Noctua. 160.

complanula, Lithosia. 16 1.
Composia. 122.
credula. 122.
olympia. 123.
confusa, Phaloena. 234.
contiguaria, Geometra. 25 1.
cornigera, Ipana. 59.

Coronidia. 42, 55.

orithea. 42.

Coronidiinoe. 42, 55*
coryli, Bombyx. 205.

Demas. 205.

Noctua. 205.

Orgyia. 205.

Coscinia. 163.
cribraria. 165,
striata. 164.

Cosmosoma. ill.
auge. 1 12.
festivum. 112.

Coxcomb Prominent. 272.
Cozistra. 80.

Crambidia. 180.
Crambomorphus. 180.
crameri, Urania. 50.

Cream-spot Tiger Moth. 145.
credula, Bombyx. 122.

Composia. 122.
crenata. Bombyx. 23 S>.

crenata, Gluphisia. 255.
crenosa, Bombyx. 255.
crenosa, Notodonta. 255.
crescens, Nyctemera. 192.
cribraria, Bombyx. 165.

Coscinia. 165, 166.
cribrum, Bombyx. 165.

Emydia. 166.

Eulepia. 166.

Eyprepia. 1 66.

Lithosia. 166.

Crimson-speckled Footman. 167.
crcesus, Chrysidia. 52.
cronion, Leucochitonea. 8.
Pythonides. 8.

cruciata, Heterogenea. 215, 226
Cryptothelea. 214.

macleayi. 215.

Ctenucha. 119.
latreillana. 119.
opaca. 120.
virginica. 119.

Ctenuchinae. 118.

Cuculla, Bombyx. 273.

Lophopteryx. 274.
cucullatella, Bombyx. 177.

Nola. 176, 177.

Tinea. 176.
cucullina, Bombyx. 273*
Lophopteryx. 273, 274.
Notodonta. 273.
cunegunda, Bombyx. 125.
curtula, Bombyx. 279j 2%2‘
Clostera. 279.

Melalopha. 279.

Pygaera. 279.

Cyanopepla. 116.

cinctipennis. 116.

Cyclopides. 16.
palaemon. 16.
paniscus. 17.

Cyclosia sanguiflua. 73.

Cycnia. 1 34.

Cydimon. 41, 44, 50, 54.
boisduvalii. 45, 46, 49, 51.
brasiliensis. 45, 46.
fulgens. 44, 47, 48.
leilus. 45, 49.
sloane. 48.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

293

Cydimon sloanus. 48.
Cydimonidae. 41, 42, 43, 82.
Cydimoninae. 42, 43, 53.
Cyllopoda. 186.

vespertina. 187.
Cyllopodidae. 186.
Cymbalophora. 151.
Cymbidae. 1 53.

daedalus, Castnia. 38.
Danainae. 71, 75.

Danima. 283.

banksioe. 284.

Dasychira. 202.
netrix. 204.
pudibunda. 202, 203.
Datanga. 185.

Deiopeia. 167.
pulchella. 167.
speciosa. 169.
degenerana, Tortrix. 175.
Demas. 204.

coryli. 205.
deplana, Noctua. 162.
Derrhis. 1 73.

Devanica. 75.
bicolor. 75.
cingala. 75.
tricolor. 76.

Dew Moth. 171.

Diacrisia. 138.

sannio. 138.

Diaphora. 1 34.

mendica. 134.

Dicranura. 243.

furcula. 246, 248.
dictaea, Bombyx. 275,
Leiocampa. 276.
Notodonta. 276.

Pheosia. 276, 278.
dictaeoides, Bombyx. 277.
Leiocampa. 277.
Notodonta. 277.

Diloba. 241.

caeruleocephala. 241.
dilutana, Tortrix. 175.

Dingy Skipper. 13.
dione, Bombyx. 150.
Phaloena. 1 50.

Dioptidae. 109. 187.

Dioptis. 109, 1S8.

micilia. 109.

Diptera. no.
dispar, Bombyx. 198.
Hypogymna. 198.

Liparis. 198.

Ocneria. 198.

Porthetria. 198.
diversa, Agarista. 59.

Ipana. 59.

dodonaea, Bombyx. 236, 2C6.
Chaonia. 236.

Drymonia. 236.

Notodonta. 236.
domina, Bombyx. 142.
dominula, Callimorpha. 142.
Eyprepia. 142.
Hypercompa. 142.
Doratifera. 216.

vulnerans. no, 216.
Doratiophora. 216.
doryssus, Eudamus. 6.
dromedarius, Bombyx. 267.

Notodonta. 267.
druryi, Aletis. 190.
Drymonia. 234.
chaonia. 235.
dodonaea. 236.
ruficornis. 234, 235.
trimacula. 235, 236.
dubia, Heterogynis. 209.
duplana, Pyralis. 175
Dusky Marbled Brown. 255.
Dysauxes. 103, 105.
ancilla. 101, 104.

Eantis busirus. 9.

Earias. 153, 154.
chlorana. 153.
insulana. 153.
eboraca, Anthrocera. 92.

Zygaena. 92.
echione, Agarista. 57.
Amazila. 57.

Hespagarista. 57.
Ecnomidea. 217.

pithecium. 218.
Ecpantheria. 124-

294

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Ecpantheria ocularia. 125.
scribonia. 125.

Elcysma. 74.

Emydia. 163.
cribrum. 166.
striata. 164.

Endrosa. 17 1.

Entheus. 6, 29.
priassus. 7.
talaus. 7, note.

Ephyridae. 52.

Epicopeia. 81.

Epicopia. 81.
caudata. 82.
philenura. 82.
polydora. 82.

Epicopiidre. 81.

Episema. 240.

cmruleocephala. 241.

Episteme. 62, 76.
irenea. 63, 65.
lectrix. 62, 63.
maculatrix. 64, 65.
westvvoodi. 65.

Epyrgis. 74.

Equites. 43.

Equitidae. 52, 53, 75, 81.

Erasmia. 72, 74.
pulchella. 72.

Erionota. 15.
thrax. 15.

Ermine Moth, Buff. 133.
Great Leopard. 12^, 130.
Water. 13 1.

White. 130.

erminea, Cerura. 252.
Phakena. 130.

Ermines. 126.

erotica, Heterogynis. 209.

Erynnis. 24.
comma. 24, 27, 28.

erythropyga, Arichalca. 95.

Estigmene. 127.
acraea. 128.
caprotina. 128.

Eterusia. 75.
tricolor. 76.

Eucharia. 147.
festiva. 148.

Euchelia. 169.

jacoboe;e. 170.

Euchromia. 107-110, 114,

11 7.

polymena. 108.
siamensis. 108.
Euchromiinae. 107.

Euclea cippus. 223.
monitor. 223.
querccti. 223.

Eucyane. 12 1.

temperata. 121,

Eudamus. 9.
brachius. 9
doryssus. 9.
proteus. 9.
eudesmia, Castnia. 37.
Eudryas, 70.
sanctefi-johannis. 70.
sancti-johannis. 70.
Eulepia. 163.
cribrum. 166.
grammica. 164.
pulchra. 167.

Eunomiinse. 113.
eupalus, Euphsedra. 31.
Euphredra. 190.

eupalus. 31.

Euphragis. 241.

Euplagia. 146.

quadripunctaria. 146.
Euplcea. 71, 74, 75*
Euprepia. 143, 151.
pudica. 152.
venusta. 169.
virgo. 149.

Euproctis. 194.

chrysorrhoea. 195.
Euschema. 43, 75.
Euschemon. 3.

rafflesioe. _ 33, 39.
Euschemonidce. 33,
Eusemia. 62.
africana. 67.
communis. 63, 65.
irenea. 63, 64.
lectrix. 63.
maculatrix. 64, 65.
meretrix. 67.

1 16,

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

295

Eusemia novem-maculata. 57.
Euthemonia. 138.

russula. 138.

Euthisanotia. 70.
sanctae-johannis. 70.
sancti-johannis. 70.

Euthymus. 26.
exulans, Anthrocera. 89, 90.
Sphinx. 89.

Zygrena. 89.

Eyprepia. 142.
caja. 143.
cribrum. 166.
dominula. 142.
fuliginosa. 137.
grammica. 164.
hebe. 148.
hera. 146.
lubricipeda. 133.
mendica. 135.
menthastri. 130.
plantaginis. 1 40.
pudica. 152.
russula. 138.
villica. 145.

fagana, Pyralis. 1 54.
fagi, Bombyx. 229.

Harpyia. 229.

Noctua. 229.

Stauropus. 229.
falsarius, Acoloithus. 107.
Feathered Footman. 164.

Prominent. 261.
fenestrata, Hecatesia. 59.
fernandime, Urania. 46.
festiva, Bombyx. 148.

Eucharia. 148.

Glaucopis. 1 12.
festivum, Cosmosoma. 112.
Festoon Moth. 224.

Figure of Eight Moth. 241.
filipenduloe, Anthrocera. 94.
Sphinx. 94.

Zygsena. 94.

filipenduloe major, Sphinx. 94.
Five-spot Burnet, Broad-bordered.
90.

Narrow-bordered. 91.

flammans, Phauda. 106.

Flata. 79.
flava, Noctua. 162.
fiavicornis, Glaucopis. ill.
Isanthrene. 1 1 1 .

Zygsena. ill.

Flavinia. 186.

Footman, Common. 160.
Crimson-speckled. 167.
Feathered. 164.

Four-spotted. 162.
Red-necked. 1 59-
Rosy. 157.
forestan, Hesperia. 30
Papilio. 30.

Rhopalocampta. 30.
Forester, Cistus. 99.

Green. 98.

Scarce. 100.

Foresters. 97.

Four-spotted Footman. 162.
fritillum, Papilio. 11.
fulgens, Cydimon. 44, 47, 4S.
Urania. 47.

Uranidia. 48.
fulgerator, Oceticus. 212.
fuliginalis, Nola. 1 77.
fuliginosa, Chelonia. 137.
Eyprepia. 137.

Noctua. 136.

Phragmatobia. 136.
fulvia, Zygoena. 91.
funalis, Phakena. 225.
furcula, Bombyx, 246, 247.
Cerura. 244, 246.

Dicranura. 246, 248.
Harpyia. 246.

Gangara thyrsis. 15.
Gastropacha processionea. 254.
Geometra contiguaria. 261.
lectrix. 167.
miniata. 157.
scopularia. 202.
vulpinaria. 138.

Geometroe. 43, 52, 75, 80.
geryon, Adscita. 99.

I no. 99.

Procris. 99.

296

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

geryon, Sphinx. 99.

Giant Skippers. 32.
gigantea, Oiketicus. 212.

Psyche. 212.

Gipsy Moth. 198.

Glaucopis. no, hi, 113.
Globiceps. 77.

paradoxa, 78.
globularise, Adscita. IOQ.
Atychia. 1 00.

Ino. 100.

Trocris. 100.

Sphinx. 100.

Glottulidce. 70.

Gluphisia, 254.

crenata. 255.
glycinae, Phalrenoides. 60.
gnoma, Bombyx. 249, 277,
Pheosia. 2 77.

Gnophria. 158.

rubricollis. 159.

Gold-Tail Moth. 194.

Goniurus brachius. 6.
Gonophlebia. 78.

paradoxa. 78.
gordoni, Pais. 68.
graciosa, Limacodes. 221.

Neoera. 222.
graminis, Sphinx. 91.
grammica, Bombyx. 164.
Eulepia. 164.

Eyprepia. 164.

Lithosia. 164.

Great Leopard Ermine Moth. I
Prominent. 264.
Great-headed Skipper. 26.
Green Forester. 98.

Oak Tortrix. 153.
Silver-Lines. 154.

Scarce. 155.

Grizzled Skipper. 10.
Gyn?ephora. 206.

Gynautocera. 80, 82.

Hairy Oubit. 145.

worm. 145.

Halias. 154*
prasinana. 154.
quercana. 155.

Hammatophora. 237.
Hand-maid. 104.
Ilarpyia. 243.
banksise. 284.
bicuspis, 244.
bifida. 248.
fagi. 229.
furcula. 246.
milhauseri. 257.
hebe, Arctia. 148.
Bombyx. 148.
Eyprepia. 148.
Hecatesia. 58.

fenestrata. 58, 59.
helcita, Aletis. 190, 191.

Callimorpha. 190.
Heliconinse. 121, 123.
Pleliconius. 39.
Heliopetes. 9.
arsalte. 9.

hemerobii, Bombyx. 173.

Nudaria. 174.

Henosis. 239.
hera, Bombyx. 146.
Callimorpha. 146.
Eyprepia. 146.

Noctua. 146.

Hercyna centonalis. 178.

palliolalis. 1 77.
hermelina, Noctua. 247.

Cerura. 244, 247.
Ilespagarista. 57.
echione. 57-
interjecta. 57.
interlecta. 57.

Plesperia.

2, 8, 10.

actseon.

22.

alveus.

12.

arsalte.

9.

carthami,

. 12.

comma.

24.

forestan.

30-

lavaterse.

1 1.

lineola.

21.

malvoe.

10, 12, 1

paniscus.

16.

phyloeus.

26.

sophia.

39.

tages. 13.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

k

297

Hesperia talaus. . 7.
taras. 11.
thaumas. 20.
thrax. 15.
versicolor. 4.

Hesperidse. 1, 32, 33, 39.

Hesperiince. 5, 7, 29.

Ileterocera. 32.

Heterogenea. 215, 226.
asella. 22 7.
asellana. 227.
asellus. 227.
cruciata. 215, 226.

Heterogynidae. 208.

Ileterogynis. 208.
dubia. 209.
erotica. 209.
hispana. 209.
padella. 209.
paradoxa. 209.
penella. 209.
pennella. 209.

Heteromorpha. 240.
caeruleocephala. 24 1.

Heterusia. 75.
tricolor. 76.

Hierophanta. 268.
bicoloria. 269.

Himantopterus. 33.

Hipocrita. 169.
jacobaeoe. 170.

hippocrepidis, Anthrocera. 94.

hispana, Heterogynis. 209.

Histia. 74, 82.

histrionicus, Campylotes. 74.

Hoplitis. 256.
milhauseri. 257.

huebneri, Castnia. 37, 38.

hyale, Papilio. 65.

Ilybrocampa. 256.
milhauseri. 257.

Plylephila. 26.

phylaeus. 26.

Hylophila. 154.
bicolorana. 155.
prasinana. 154.
quercana. 155.

Hymenoptera. 107, no, 113.

Ilypercompa. 14 1, 142.

Ilypercompa caia. 143, 148.
Hyporcampa dominula. 142.

sybaris. 122.

Plypogymna. 197.

dispar. 198.

Hypsa. 182.
clavata. 182.
silvandra. 1S2.

Hypsidse. 18 1.

icarus, Castnia. 35, 36.

Papilio. 36.

Urbanus Celebris. 36.
Ichthyura. 278.
ilicana, Pyralis. 175.
ilicis, Bombyx. 236.
infausta, Aglaope. ioi.
Atychia. 101.

Sphinx. 101.

Ino. 97.
geryon. 99.
globularioe. 100.
statices. 98.
insulana, Earias. 153.
interjecta, Hespagarista. 57.
interlecta, Hespagarista. 57.
Ipana. 59.
cornigera. 59-
diversa. 59.

iphis, Rhopalocampta. 30, 31.
irenea, Episteme. 63, 65.

Eusemia. 63, 64.

Irish Burnet. 87.

Iron Prominent. 267.
irrorata, Callimorpha. 172.

Lithosia. 1 7 1.
irrorea, Bombyx. 1 7 1 .
Lithosia. 172.

Noctua. 17 1.
irrorella, Philea. 172.

Setina. 171, 172.

Tinea. 1 7 1 .

Isanthrene. no, 112.

flavicornis. in.

Ismene. 30.

oedipodea. 30.

Ithomiince. 121.

jacobaeae, Callimorpha. 170.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

29S

jacoboeae, Euchelia. 170.
Hipocrita. 170.

Lithosia. 170.

Noctua. 170.

Jersey Tiger Moth. 148.
Josiodes. 179.
juglandis, Bombyx, 202,

kirbii, CEceticus. 212.

Oiketicus. 212.

Kitten, Alder. 243.

Poplar. 247.

Sallow. 246.

Lamprolepis. 216.
Lansdownia. 214.

Large Brown. 175.

Skipper. 27.’

Lars heroicus leilaria. 45.
laticilia, Fterothysanus. 193.
latreillana, Ctenucha. 1 1 9.
Lauron. 188.

rufilinea. 189.

Laurona.. 188.

rufilinea. 189.
lavatene, Hesperia. 11.

Papilio. 11.
lectrix, Bombyx. 62.
Episteme. 62, 63.
Eusemia. 63.

Noctua. 62.

Pliabena. 62.
leilaria, Lars heroicus. 45.
Leilus brasiliensis. 45.
occidentalis. 48.
orientalis. 50.
surinamensis. 45.
leilus, Cydiinon. 45, 49.
Papilio. 45.

Uranidia. 41.

Leiocampa. 275.
dictcea. 276.
dicteeoides. 277.
lepida, Noctua. 221.

Parasa. 221.

Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 1.

Heterocera. 32.

Leptidia. 80.

Leptosia. 79, 80.

Leptosoma. 191.

Lesser Swallow Prominent. 2 77.
Leucarctia. 127.
acrxa. 128.
californica. 128.
packardii. 128.

Leucidia. 80.

Leucochitonea cronion. 8.
Leucoma similis. 194.
Leucophasia. 80.

Leucula. 80.
licus, Castnia. 38.
ligata, Sphinx. 103.
ligniclusa, Braura. 285.
Limacodes. 224.
cippus. 223.
graciosa. 221.
micilia. 109.
querceli. 223.
testudo. 225.
limacodes, Bombyx. 224.
Limacodidae. 215.
limax, Phakena. 224.
linea, Pamphila. 20.

Papilio. 20.
lineola, Adopaea. 21.

Hesperia. 21.

Pamphila. 21.

Papilio. 21.
linus, Castnia. 39.

Liparidae. 78, 80, 82, 107, 193.
Liparis. 197.
chrysorrhea. 195.
dispar. 198.
monacha. 201.
rubea. 196.

Lithosia. 160, 16 1, 162.
ancilla. 104.
complana. 161.
complanula. 161.
cribrum. 166.
gram mica. 164.
irrorata. 17 1.
irrorea. 172.
jacobaeae. 170.
lurideola. 160.
mundana. 173.
plumbeola. 161.
pulchra. 167.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

299

Lithosia quadra. 162.
rosea. 157.
rubricollis. 159.

Lithosiidoe. 75, 156.

Lobster Moth. 229.
lonicerge, Anthrocera. 91, 92.
Sphinx. 91, 93.

Zygoena. 91.

Lophopteryx. 272.
camelina. 272.
capucina. 272.
carmelita. 271.
cuculla. 274.
cucullina. 273, 274.
loti, Anthrocera. 92.

Sphinx. 93.

Zygrena. 91.
lotrix, Geometra. 167.
lubricipeda, Bombyx. 130, 133.
Chelonia. 233.

Eyprepia. 133.

Phaloena. 130.

Spilosoma. 127, 130, 133.
lubricipeda alba, Bombyx. j 30.
ludwigella, Tinea. 177.

Lulworth Skipper. 22.

Lunar Marbled Brown. 234.
lunus, Manidia. 42.
lurideola, Lithosia. 160.
lutea, Bombyx lubricipeda. 133.

Spilarctia. 127, 133.

Lyccena, 38,

Lycnenidce. 2.

Lycorea. 38.

Lymantria. 200.

monacha. 200, 201.

Lyssidia. 42.
patroclus. 42.

macleayi, Cryptohelea. 215.
Oiketicus. 215.

Psyche. 215.

Macrobrochis. 1S0.
Macrocrambus. 1S0.
maculatrix, Episteme. 64, 65.

Eusemia. 64, 65.
madagascariensis, Chrysiridia. 50.

Urania ripheus, var. 50.
malvie, Hesperia. 10, 12, 13.

malvoe, Papilio. 10, n.

Syrichthus. 10.

Mania. 56.

Manidia. 42, 56.
lunus. 42.

Maple Prominent. 273.
Marbled Brown. 235.
Dusky. 255.

Lunar. 234.
Megathymidae. 32.
Megathymus. 33.
media, Neoera. 221.

Parasa. 291.

Melalopha. 278.
anachoreta. 282.
curtula. 279.
pigra. 280.

Melameridoe. 186.
meliloti, Sphinx. 93.

Zygaena. 93.
mendica, Bombyx. 134.
Chelonia. 135.
Diaphora. 134.
Eyprepia. 135.
Spilosoma. 138.
menthastri, Bombyx. 130.
Chelonia. 130.
Eyprepia. 1 30.
Spilosoma. 130.
meretrix, Eusemia. 67.
metallica, Neocastnia. 3}.

Tascina. 34.
micilia, Agyrta. 109.
Bombyx. 109.

Dioptis. 109.
Limacodes. 109.
Microdonta. 268.

bicolora. 269.

Micronia. 43.
Micropterogyna. 206.
milhauseri, Bombyx. 257.
Harpyia. 257.

Hoplitis. 257.
Hybocampa. 257.
Miltochrista. 157, 180.

miniata. 157, 158.
Mimeuplcea. 74.
Mimoniades. 4.
versicolor. 4.

3°o

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

miniata, Calligenia. 158.

Noctua anceps. 264.

Callimorpha. 15S.

ancilla. 104.

Geometra. 157.

arge. 1 50.

Miltochrista. 157, 158.

bucephala. 237.

minos, Sphinx. 87.

caeruleocephala. 241

Zygcena. 87.

cassinea. 232.

monacha, Bombyx. 201.

complana. 160.

Liparis. 201.

coryli. 205.

Lymantria. 201.

deplana. 162.

Ocneria. 201.

diminuta. 141.

Psilura. 201.

fagi. 229.

monitor, Euclea. 223.

flava. 162.

monteiroi, Thyretes. 105.

fuliginosa. 136.

Moths. 32.

hera. 146.

Mountain Burnet. 89.

hermelina. 247.

munda, Bombyx. 173.

irrorea. 17 1.

Nurlaria. 173.

jacobaeae. 170.

mundana, Attacus. 173.

lectrix. 62.

Bombyx. 173.

lepida. 221.

Callimorpha. 173.

pallida. 177.

Lithosia. 173.

pulchra. 167.

Nudaria. 173,

quadra. 162.

Tortrix. 173.

roboris. 234.

Muslin Moth. 173.

rubicollis. 159.

Spotted. 134.

rubicunda. 157.
rubricollis. 1 59,

Naclia. 103.

russula. 138.

ancilla. 104.

sanguiflua. 73.

Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet.

scribonia. 125.

91.

sphinx. 232.

Necera. 220.

sybaris. 122.

graciosa. 222.

tessellata. 152.

media. 221, 222.

Noctuce. 70.

negamica, Zygaena. 95.

Nola. 176, iS 1.

Nemeophila. 139.

aerugula. 17S.

plantaginis. 140.

centonalis. 178.

russula. 138.

cucullatella. 176, 177

Neocastniidae. 34.

fuliginalis. 177.

Neocastnia. 34.

palliolalis. 177.

metallica. 34.

Notodonta. 262.

nicevillei. 34.

anceps. 264.

netrix, Bombyx. 204.

bicolora. 269.

Dasychira. 204.

camelina. 272.

New Forest Burnet. 93.

carmelita, 271.

nicevillei, Neocastnia. 34.

chaonia. 234.

Nisoniades. 12.

crenosa. 255.

tages. 13.

cucullina. 273.

niveus, Papilio. 9

dictaea. 276.

Urbanus juvenis. 9.

dictaeoides, 2 77.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

301

Notodonta dodoncea. 236.
dromedarius. 267.
palpina. 259.
plumigera. 261.
tremula. 265.
trepida. 215.
tritophus. 266.
ziczac. 263.

Notodontidse. 22S.

Notolophus. 206.

antiquus. 200, 206, 207.
nova, Orygia. 20 7.
novem-maculata, Eusemia. 57.
nubeculosa, Brachionycha. 232.
nubigena, Anthrocera. 87.

Zygaena. 87.
nuda, Bombyx. 173.

Nudaria. 173.
hemerobii. 174*
munda. 173.
mundana. 173.

Nut-Tree Tussock. 225.
Nyctalemon. 42, 54, 55.
patroclus. 54.
zampa. 55*
zodiaca. 53> n°te.
Nyctalemonidm. 42, 189.
Nyctalemoninae. 42, 53.
Nyctemera. 191.

crescens. 192.

Nycteola. I74> 181.

revayana. 175*

Nymphalidte. 2, 47.

occidentalis, Leilus. 48.
Ocneria. 196.
dispar. 198.
monacha. 201.
rubea. 196.

octomaculata, Alypia. 7°»
ocularia, Bombyx. 125.

Ecpantheria. 125.
oculatissima, Arctia. 125.

Phalaena. 125.

Odontosia. 270.

carmelita. 270.

CEceticus. 212.

kirbii. 212.

CEonistis, 16 1, 162.

CEonistis quadra. 162
Oiketicus. 212.
fulgerator. 212.
gigantea. 212.
kirbii. 212.
macleayi. 215.
poeyi. 212.

olympia, Composia. 123.
opaca, Ctenucha. 120.

Philorus. 120.

Orgyia. 206.
antiqua. 206.
badia. 207.
coryli. 205.
nova. 207.
pudibunda. 202.
orientalis, Leilus. 50.

Tascina. 34.
orion, Papilio. 6.
orithea, Coronidia. 42.
orontes, Alcidia. 42.
Orthorinia. 258.
osera, Xanthyris. 187.

packardii, Leucarctia. 128.
padella, Heterogynis. 209.
Pages. 41, 44.

Paidia. 173.

Pais gordoni. 67, 68.
palcemon, Carterocephalus. 17*
Cyclopides. 16.

Pamphila. 16, 19.

Papilio. 16.

Pale Prominent. 259.

Tussock. 222.
pallida, Noctua. 1 77.
palpalis, Scopelodes. 219.
palpina, Bombyx. 259.
Notodonta. 259.

Pterostoma. 259.

Ptilodontis. 259.
palpinum, Pterostoma. 259.
Pamphila. 16.
actseon. 22.
bucephalus. 26, 27.
comma. 24.
linea. 20.
lineola. 21.
paloemon. 16, 19.

3°2

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Pamphila paniscus. 1 6.
thaumas. 20.

Pamphilince. 14.18,29.

Pania. 243.

paniscus, Carterocephalus. 17.
Cyclopides. 1 7.

Plesperia. 16.

Pamphila. 16.

Papilio. 16.

Pantana. 79.

Papilio actmon. 22.
agricola. 61.
alveolus. 10, I £.
arsalte. 9.
brontes. 16.
colon. 26.
comma. 24.
forestan. 30.
fritillum. 1 1.
hyale. 65.
icarus. 36.
lavaterae. 11.
leilus. 45.
linea. 20.
lineola. 21.
malvoe. 10, 11.
niveus. 9.
orion. 6.
pal mm on. 16.
paniscus. 1 6.
petavius. 185.
phylaeus. 26.
priassus. 7.
rhipheus. 50, 53.
sloanus. 48.
tages. 13.
talaus. 7.
thaumas. 20.
thrax. 15.
vinula. 20.
virgula. 21.

papilionaria, Thymara. 84.
papyratia, Spilosoma. 132.
paradoxa, Bombyx. 209.
Globiceps. 78.

Gonophlebia.

Ileterogynis. 209.
Pseudopontia. 78.

Faraminus talaus. 7.

Parasa. 220.

Parasa lepida. 221.
media. 221, 222.

Parasemia. 139.
plantaginis. 140.

patroclus, Lyssidia. 42.
Nyctalemon. 54.

Pearl Skipper. 24.

Pebble Prominent. 263.

penella, Ileterogynis. 209.
Tinea. 209.

pennella, Ileterogynis. 209.

Penthina revayana. 175.

Pericopinm. 120.

Peridea. 262.
serrata. 265.
trepida. 265.

Petasia. 231.
cassinea. 232.

petavia, Callidula. 185.

petavius, Papilio. 185.
Polyommatus. 185.

Phmgopterinoe. 124.

phmorrhoea, Bombyx. 195.

Phaloena mrugula. 178.
cippus. 223.
confusa. 234.
dione. 150.
erminea. 130.
funalis. 225.
lectrix. 62.
limax. 224.
lubricipeda. 130.
oculatissima. 125.
pigra. 280.
pithecium. 218.
sybaris. 1 22.
virgo. 149.

Phalaenoides. 60.
glycinae. 60.

Phalcidona vespertina. 187.

Phalera. 237.
bucephala. 237, 238.

Phanus. 29.

Pharceas. 6.

Phauda flammans. 106.

Phaudinoe. 83, 106.

phegea, Sphinx. 102.
Syntomis, 103.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

3°3

phegea, Zygcena. iot, 102,
105.

Pheosia. 275.
dictoea. 278.
gnoma. 277.
tremula. 273, 274.

Thilea. 17 1.

irrorella. 172.
philenora, Epicopia. 82.
phileta, Callimorpha. 184.

Caryatis. 183.

Philoros. 120.

opaca. 120.

Phobetron. 217.

pithecium. 218.
rhobetrum. 217.

pithecium. 218.
Phragmatobia. 136.

fuliginosa. 136.
phylaeus, Hesperia. 26.
Hylephila. 26.

Papilio. 26.
picta, Agarista. 91.

Pieridte. 2, 52, 78, 80.
pigra, Melalopha. 280.
Phalaena. 280.

Pygoera. 28 1 .
pilosellae, Sphinx. 87.
pithecium, Ecnomidea. 218.
Phalaena. 218.

Phobetron. 218.
Phobetrum. 218.
plantaginis, Bombyx. 140.
Eyprepia. 1 40.
Nemeophila. 140.
Parasemia. 1 40.
plumbeola, Lithosia. 161.
plumigera, Bombyx. 261.
Notodonta. 261.
Ptilophora. 261.
poeyi, Oiketicus. 212.
Pollanisus. 97.
polydora, Epicopia. 82.
polymena, Euchromia. 108.
Polyommatus arion. 17.

petavius. 185.
Pompostola. 117*

Poplar Kitten. 247.
porcellana, Bombyx. 275.

Poritia. 80.

Porthesia chrysorrhoca. 195.
Porthetria. 197.

dispar. 198.
pratorum, Sphinx. 90.
prasina, Tortrix. 155.
prasinana, Halias. 154.
Hylophila. 154.

Tortrix. 154, 155.
priassus, Entheus. 7.

Papilio. 7.

Processionary Moth. 240, 259
processionea, Bombyx. 253.
Cnethocampa. 254.
Gastropacha. 254.
Thaumatopcea. 253.

Procris. 97.
geryon. 99.
globularbe. 100.
statices. 98.
prometheus, Urania. 50.
Prominent, Coxcomb. 272.
Feathered. 261.

Great. 264.

Iron. 267.

Lesser. 277.

I.esser Swallow. 277.
Maple. 273.

Pale. 259.

Pebble. 263.

Scarce. 270.

Swallow. 275.

White. 269.
proteus, Eudamus. 6.
pruni, Adscita. 98.
pseuderminea, Arctia. 128.
Pseudopontia. 77, 78.
calabarica. 78.
paradoxa. ?8.
Pseudopontiidce. 76
Psilura. 200.

monacha. 201.

Psyche gigantea. 212.

macleayi. 215.

Psychidce. 210.

Pterostoma. 258.
palpina. 259.
palpinum. 259.
Pterothysanidye. 192.

3°4

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Pterothysanus. 192.

laticilia. 193.

Ptilodontis. 258.

palpina. 259.

Ptilophora. 260.
plumigera. 261.
variegata. 261.
pudibunda, Bombyx. 202.
Dasycbira. 202, 203.

Orgyia. 202.
pudica, Bombyx. 152.
Callarctia. 152, 155.
Chelonia. 152.

Euprepia. 152.

Eyprepia. 152.
pulchella, Deiopeia. 167.
Erasmia. 72.

Tinea. 167.

Utetheisa. 167.
pulchra, Eulepia. 167.
Lithosia. 167.

Noctua. 167.
punctana, Tortrix. 175.
purpuralis, Anthrocera. 87, 88.

Sphinx. 87.

Puss-Moth. 249.

Pygrera. 237, 278.
anachoreta. 282.
bucephala. 238, 282.
curtula. 279.
pigra. 281.
reclusa. 280.

Pyralis centonalis. 178.
duplana. 175.
fagana. 154.
ilicana. 175.
pallidalis. 177.
rivagana. 175.
sylvana. *-54.

Pyraustidae. 210.

Pyrgus. 10.

Pyria. 169.

Pyromorphinoe. 1 06
Pyrrhopyga. 4.

hyperici. 4.

Pyrrhopyginae. 4.
pythia, Zygoena. 87.
Pythonides. 8.
c«onion. 8,

quadra, Bombyx. 162.

Lithosia. 162.

Noctua. 162.

CEonistis. 162.
quadricolor, Antichloris. 114.
Charidea. 114.

quadripunctaria, Euplagia. 146.

Noctua. 146.
quercana, Halias. 155.

Hylophila. 155.

Tortrix. 155.
querceti, Euclea. 223.

Limacodes. 223.
quercus, Sphinx. 103.

radiata, Spilosoma. 133.
radiatus, Bombyx. 133.
rafflesiie, Euschemon. 33, 39.
ramosana, Tortrix. 175.
ramosanus, Sarrothripus. 175.
reclusa, Bombyx. 280.

Clostera. 281.

Red-necked Footman. 159.
revayana, Nycteola. 175.

Penthina. 175.

Sarrothripa. 175.

Tortrix. 175.
rhipheus, Chrysiridia. 41.

Papilio. 50, 53.

Thaliura. 50.

Urania. 50.

Rhopalocampta. 30.
bixae. 31.
forestan. 30.
iphis. 30, 31.

Rhopalocera. I, 79.
ripheus, var. madagascariensis,
Urania. 50.
rivagana, Pyralis. 175.
roboris, Bombyx. 234.

Chaonia. 234.

Noctua. 234.

Roeselia. 176.
rosea, Bombyx. 157.

Callimorpha. 158.

Lithosia. 1 57.

Rosy Footman. 157.
rubea, Bombyx. 196.

Liparis. 196.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

3°5

rubea, Ocneria. 196.
rubricollis, Noctua. 159.
rubicunda, Bombyx. 157.

Noctua. 157.
rubricollis, Bombyx. 159.
Gnophia. 159.

Lithosia. 159.

Noctua. 159.

Ruby Tiger Moth. 136.
ruficornis, Bombyx. 234.

Drymonia. 234, 235.
rufilinea, Lauron. 189.

Laurona. 189.
rurea, Bombyx. 255.
russula, Bombyx. 138.
Euthemonia. 138.

Eyprepia. 138.

Nemeophila. 138.

Noctua. 138.

Sallow Kitten. 246.
sanctse-johannis, Eudryas. 7°*
sancti-johannis, Euthisanotia. 7°-
sanguiflua, Amesia. 73.

Cyclosia. 73.

Noctua. 73.
sannio, Bombyx. 138,

Diacrisia. 138.

Sarotricha. 1 74.

Sarrothripa. 174.

revayana. 175.

Sarrothripus. 174.
ramosanus. 175.
stoninus. 175.

Saturniidoe. 37.
scabiosae, Zygaena. 90.

Scaptia. 186.

Scarce Chocolate-Tip. 282.

Green Forester. 100.

Green Silver-Lines. 155.
Prominent. 270.

Small Skipper. 21.

Scarlet Tiger Moth. 141.
Scopelodes. 219.
palpalis. 219.
unicolor. 219.
scopularia, Geometra. 202.
scribonia, Ecpantheria. 1 25.
Noctua. 125.

T 3

Sematura. 56.

Sematuridae. 42.
senecionis, Callimorpha. 170.
Sephisa. 75.
serrata, Bombyx. 265.

Peridea. 265.

Setina. 1 7 1 .

irrorella. 171, 172.

Short Cloaked Moth. 176.
siamensis, Euchromia. 108.
silvandra, Hypsa. 182.

Silver- Lines, Green. 154.

Scarce. 155.
similis, Leucoma. 19 p
Six-spotted Burnet. 94.
Skipper, Chequered 16.
Dingy. 13.

Great-Headed. 26.
Grizzled. 10.

Large. 27.

Lulworth. 22.

Pearl. 24.

Scarce Small. 21.

Small. 20.

Skippers, Giant. 32.
sloane, Cydimon. 48.
sloanus, Cydimon. 48.
Papilio. 48.

Small Black Arches. 178.
Chocolate-Tip. 280.
Skipper. 20.

Scarce. 21.

smaragdina, Charidea. 117.

Pompostola. 117.
sophia, Hesperia. 39.

Synemon. 39.
speciosa, Deiopeia. 169.

Utetheisa. 169.

.Speckled Footman. 165.
Sphinx cerberus. 113.
exulans. 89.
filipenduloe. 94.
filipendulse major. 94
flavicornis. in.
geryon. 99.
globularke. 100.
graminis. 91.
infausta. 101.
ligata. 103.

X

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

3°6

Sphinx lonicerce 91, 93.
loti. 93.
meliloti. 93.
minos. 87.
phegea. 102.
piloseltae. 87.
pratorum. 90.
purpuralis. 87.
quercus. 103.
statices. 98.
trifolii. 90.
vicioe. 63.

sphinx, Asteroscopus. 232.
Bombyx. 232.

Brachionycha. 232.

Noctua. 232.

Spilarctia. 127, 133.
lutea. 127, 133.
zatima. 133.

Spilosoma. 127, 129.
acrea. 128.
arge. 1 50.

lubricipeda. 127, 130, 133.
mendica. 135.
menthastri. 130.
papyratia. 1 32.
radiata. 133.
urticoe. 132.
virgo. 149.
walkeri. 130.

Spilosomatinae. 126.

Spiris. 163.

splendida, Burgena. 69.

Spotted Muslin-Moth. 134.

Sprawler. 231.

statices, Adscita. 98, 99.

Atychia. 98.

Ino. 98.

Procris. 98.

Sphinx. 98.

Stauropus. 229.
fagi. 229.

Steropes paniscus. 17.
stoninus, Sarrothripus. 175.
striata, Bombyx. 164.

Coscinia. 164.

Emydia. 164.

Strophidia. 43.

subochracea, Anthrocera. 89, 90.

subochracea, Zygaena. 89, 90.
sulphurea, Bombyx. 224.
surinamensis, Leilus. 45.
Swallow Prominent. 275.
Lesser. 277.

Swallow-tailed Butterflies. 52.
sybaris, Ilypercompa. 122.
Noctua. 122.

Phakena. 122.
sylvana, Pyralis. 154.
sylvanus, Augiades. 27.
Hesperia. 28.

Pamphila. 28.

Papilio. 27.

Synemon. 3/39.
catocaloides. 40.
sophia. 39.

Syntomis. 102.

phegea. 103.

Syrichthus alveolus. 10.
malvoe. 10.
malvae, var. taras. 11.

tages, Hesperia. 13.
Nisoniades. 13.

Papilio. 13.

Thanaos. 12.

Thanaus. 13, 14.

Thymele. 13.
talaus, Entheus. 7, note.
Hesperia. 7.

Papilio. 7.

Paraminus. 7.
taras, Hesperia. 11.

Syrichthus malvae, var. 1 1 .
Tascina, 34.
metallica. 34.
orientalis. 34.
tau, Aglia. 37.
temperata, Calodesma. 12 1.

Eucyane. 12 1.
tenuicornis, Adscita. 100.
Terasion. 229.
terrifica, Bombyx. 257.
tessellata, Noctua. 152.
testudinana, Tortrix. 225.
testudo, Bombyx. 224.

Limacodes. 225.
tettensis, Abantis. 8.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

0

°/

Thaliura. 49.

rhipheus. 50.

Thanaos. 12.

tages. 13.

Thanaus. 12.
tages. 13, 14.

thaumas, Adopcea. 19, 20, 21, 22.
Hesperia. 20.

Pamphila, 20.

Papilio. 20.

Thaumatocampa. 252.
Thaumatopoea. 252.

processionea. 253.
thrax, Casyapa. 15.

Erionota. 15.

Hesperia. 15.

Papilio. 15.

Thymara. S3,
papilionaria. 84.
zaida. 84.

Thymaridae. 83.

Thymele alveolus. 10.

tages. 13.

Thymelicus. 19.
christi. 24.
vibex. 19.

Thyretes. 105.

monteiroi. 105.

Thyretinse. 104.

Thyridia. 39.
thyrsis, Gangara. 15.

Tinea bella. 168, 169.
cucullatella. 176.
irrorella. 17 1.
ludwigella. 177.
pulchella. 167.

Tineoe. 83.

tiresia, Anthomyza. 123.
tiresias, Anthomyza. 123.

Attacus. 123.

Tirumala. 75.

Tortrix asellana. 226.
avellana. 224.
bicolorana. 155-
degenerana. i75-
dilutana. 175.
mundana. 173.
prasina. 155.
prasinana. 154, 155.

Tortrix punctana. 175.
quercana. 155.
ramosana. 175*
revayana. 175.
testudinana. 225.
undulana. 175.
viridana. 153.

Tortrix, Green Oak. 153.
torva, Bombyx. 266.
transalpina, Anthrocera. 95.
tremula, Bombyx. 265, 275.
Notodonta. 265.

Pheosia. 275, 2 76.
trepida, Bombyx. 264, 265.
Notodonta, 265.

Peridea. 265.

Triangle Moth. 225.

Trichura. 1 1 3.

cerberus. 113.

Trichurince. 113.
tricolor, Devanica. 76.

Eterusia. 76.

Heterusia. 76.

trifolii, Anthrocera. 88, 90, 92.
Sphinx. 90.

Zygsena. 90.
trimacula, Bombyx. 235.

Drymonia. 235, 236.
tritophus, Bombyx. 266.

Notodonta. 265.

Tussock, Nut-tree. 225.

Pale. 222.

Tympanophora. 15 1.

undulana, Tortrix. 175.
unicolor, Scopelodes. 219.

Urania. 41, 44, 49, 50.
boisduvalii. 46.
crameri. 50.
fernandinoe. 46.
fulgens. 46, 47.
prometheus. 50.
rhipheus. 50.

ripheus, var. madagascariensis.

5°;

Uranidia. 41, 44.
fulgens. 48.
leilus. 41.

Uraniidoe. 41, 43

3°8

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Urapteroides. 43.

Urbanus celebrisicarus. 36.
juvenis niveus. 9.

Urbicola. 19, 20.
comma. 19.

urophora, Cercophora. 114,

urticae, Spilosoma. 132.

Utetheisa. 166, 180.
bella. 168.
pulchella. 1 67*
speciosa. 169.
venusta. 169.

Utethesia. 167.

vanadis, Antbrocera. 89.

Zygaena. 89.

Vapourer Moth. 226.
variegata, Bombyx. 261.

Ptilophora. 261.
venata, Anaphe. 240.
venula, Papilio. 20.
venusta, Euprepia. 169.

Utetheisa. 169.
versicolor, Hesperia. 4.

Mimoniades. 4.
vespertina, Cyllopoda. 187.

Phalcidona. 187.
vicioe, Anthrocera. 93.

Sphinx. 93.

vidua, Bombyx. 145, 257.
villica, Arctia. 145.'

Bombyx. 145.

Eyprepia. 145.
vinula, Bombyx. 2^9*

Cerura. 249.
virginica, Ctenucha. 119*
virgo, Apantesis. 149.

Arctia. 149.

Bombyx. 149.

Euprepia. 149.

Phalcena. 149.

Spilosoma. 1 \g.
virgula, Papilio. 21.
viridana, Tortrix. 153.

vulnerans, Bombyx. 216.

Doratifera. no, 216.
vulpinaria, Geometra, 138.

walkeri, Spilosoma. 130.

Water Ermine Moth. 13 1.
westwoodi, Episteme. 65.
White Ermine Moth. 130.

Prominent. 269.

Wood Tiger Moth. 140.

Woolly Bear. 145.

Xanthospilopteryx. 66, 190.

africana. 67.

Xanthyris osera. 187.

Xylina cassinea. 232.

zaida, 'Thymara. 8p
zampa, Nyctalemon. 55.
zatima, Spilarctia. I 3.
ziczac, Bombyx. 263.

Notodonta. 26 3.
zodiaca, Alcidis. 53, note.

Zoote. 143.

Zygaena. 86, 97, 102, 103.
caudata. 114.
eboraca. 92.
exulans. 89.
filipendulae. 94.
flavicornis. ill,
fulvia. 91.
lonicerae. 91.
loti. 91.
meliloti. 93.
minos. 87.
negamica. 95.
nubigena. 87.
phegea. 101, 105.
pythia. 87.
scabiosae. 90.
trifolii. 90.
vanadis. 89.

Zygaenidae. 75, 83, 85, 10S, no.
Zygaeninae. 85, 101, 105.

4.

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